Botswana

<mediawiki xmlns="http://www.mediawiki.org/xml/export-0.11/" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xsi:schemaLocation="http://www.mediawiki.org/xml/export-0.11/ http://www.mediawiki.org/xml/export-0.11.xsd" version="0.11" xml:lang="tn">
  <siteinfo>
    <sitename>Wikipedia</sitename>
    <dbname>tnwiki</dbname>
    <base>https://tn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tsebe_ya_konokono</base>
    <generator>MediaWiki 1.47.0-wmf.15</generator>
    <case>first-letter</case>
    <namespaces>
      <namespace key="-2" case="first-letter">Pego</namespace>
      <namespace key="-1" case="first-letter">Faphegileng</namespace>
      <namespace key="0" case="first-letter" />
      <namespace key="1" case="first-letter">Puisano</namespace>
      <namespace key="2" case="first-letter">Modirisi</namespace>
      <namespace key="3" case="first-letter">Puisano ya modirisi</namespace>
      <namespace key="4" case="first-letter">Wikipedia</namespace>
      <namespace key="5" case="first-letter">Puisano ya Wikipedia</namespace>
      <namespace key="6" case="first-letter">Setshwantsho</namespace>
      <namespace key="7" case="first-letter">Puisano ya setshwantsho</namespace>
      <namespace key="8" case="first-letter">MediaWiki</namespace>
      <namespace key="9" case="first-letter">Puisano ya MediaWiki</namespace>
      <namespace key="10" case="first-letter">Tempolete</namespace>
      <namespace key="11" case="first-letter">Puisano ya tempolete</namespace>
      <namespace key="12" case="first-letter">Thuso</namespace>
      <namespace key="13" case="first-letter">Puisano ya thuso</namespace>
      <namespace key="14" case="first-letter">Karolo</namespace>
      <namespace key="15" case="first-letter">Puisano ya karolo</namespace>
      <namespace key="710" case="first-letter">TimedText</namespace>
      <namespace key="711" case="first-letter">TimedText talk</namespace>
      <namespace key="828" case="first-letter">Module</namespace>
      <namespace key="829" case="first-letter">Module talk</namespace>
      <namespace key="1728" case="first-letter">Event</namespace>
      <namespace key="1729" case="first-letter">Event talk</namespace>
    </namespaces>
  </siteinfo>
  <page>
    <title>Botswana</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>1020</id>
    <revision>
      <id>54199</id>
      <parentid>50945</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-08-18T02:03:20Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>InternetArchiveBot</username>
        <id>8156</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5</comment>
      <origin>54199</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="141924" sha1="9dkrysppo01hetogo0srmjspd0f3n18" xml:space="preserve">{{Featured article}}

{{Infobox country
| conventional_long_name                = Botswana
| common_name                = Botswana
| native_name                = Lefatshe ja Botswana ([[Setswana]])&lt;br/&gt;Republic of Botswana ([[Sekgoa]])
| image_flag                = Flag of Botswana.svg
| image_coat                = Coat of arms of Botswana.svg
| national_motto                = {{native phrase|tn|Pula|paren=no}}&lt;br /&gt;
| national_anthem                = {{native phrase|tn|[[Fatshe leno la rona]]|paren=no}}&lt;br /&gt;{{parabr}}{{center|[[File:United States Navy Band - Fatshe leno la rona.ogg]]}}
| image_map                = {{Switcher|[[File: Botswana (centered orthographic projection).svg|frameless]]|Show globe|[[File:Location Botswana AU Africa.svg|upright=1.15|frameless]]|Show map of Africa|default=1}}
| map_caption                = 
| capital                = [[Gaborone]]
| coordinates                = {{Coord|24|39.5|S|25|54.5|E|type:city|display=inline}}
| largest_city                = capital
| official_languages                = [[Sekgoa]]&lt;ref name=&quot;gov.bw languages&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=About Our Country |url=https://www.gov.bw/about-our-country |access-date=2022-04-17 |website=Gov.bw |quote=Botswana has a number of tribes across the country, collectively known as Batswana. The official language is English and Setswana is the national language, although there are other spoken languages.}}&lt;/ref&gt;
| languages_type                = Diteme Bosetšhaba
| languages                = [[Setswana]]&lt;ref name=&quot;gov.bw languages&quot; /&gt;
| ethnic_groups                = {{Unbulleted list|79% [[Batho ba letso la Setswana|Batswana]] |9% [[Batho ba letso la Kalanga|Kalanga]] |3% [[Basarwa|Barwa]] |9% Ba bangwe {{small|(go akaretsa [[Kgalagadi language|Bakgalagadi]], [[Indians in Botswana|Makula]], le [[White people in Botswana|Makgoa]])}}}}
| ethnic_groups_year                = 2012
| religion                = {{Unbulleted list|73%
 [[Christianity in Botswana|Sekerêsete]] |—66% [[Protestantism]] |—7% Other [[Christian]] |20% [[Irreligion in Botswana|Basenatumelo]] |6% [[African traditional religion|Traditional faiths]] |1% Tsê dingwe{{efn|Including [[Baháʼí Faith in Botswana|Baháʼí]], [[Hinduism in Botswana|Hindu]], and [[Islam in Botswana|Seinêêdi]].&lt;ref name=pew/&gt;}}}}
| demonym                = {{Unbulleted list|Batswana |Motswana }}
| government_type                = [[Unitary state|Unitary]] [[Dominant-party system|dominant-party]] [[List of countries by system of government#Parliamentary republics with an executive presidency|parliamentary republic with an executive presidency]]&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Africa :: Botswana – The World Factbook - Central Intelligence Agency |url=https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/botswana/ |website=www.cia.gov |access-date=17 December 2019 |archive-date=9 January 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210109202201/https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/botswana |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal |last1=Selolwane |first1=Onalenna |title=Monopoly Politikos: How Botswana's Opposition Parties Have Helped Sustain One-Party Dominance |journal=African Sociological Review |date=2002 |volume=6 |issue=1 |pages=68–90 |doi=10.4314/asr.v6i1.23203 |jstor=24487673 |doi-access=free }}&lt;/ref&gt;
| leader_title1                = [[Tautona wa Botswana|Tautona]]
| leader_name1                = [[Duma Boko]]
| leader_title2                = [[Mothusa Tautona wa Botswana|Mothusa Tautona]]
| leader_name2                = [[Ndaba Gaolathe]]
| leader_title3                = [[Motsamaisa dipuisano tsa palamente ya Botswana|Motsamaisa dipuisano tsa palamente]]
| leader_name3                = [[Dithapelo Keorapetse]]
| legislature                = [[Khudutlhamaga ya Botswana|Khudutlhamaga]]
| sovereignty_type                = Boipuso
| sovereignty_note                = go tswa [[Bogosi jo bo Kopaneng]]
| established_event1                = Established ([[Molaomotheo wa Botswana|Molaomotheo]])
| established_date1                = 30 Lwêtse 1966
| area_km2                = 581,730
| area_rank                = 47th &lt;!-- Area rank should match [[List of countries and dependencies by area]] --&gt;
| area_sq_mi                = 224,610 &lt;!--Do not remove per [[WP:MOSNUM]]--&gt;
| area_footnote                = &lt;ref&gt;{{cite report|url = http://www.fao.org/3/a-az171e.pdf | publisher = United Nations Food and Agriculture Organization | website = fao.org | title = Global Forest Resources Assessment 2015 – Country Report – Botswana | page = 9 | date = 2015 | quote = Total Country Area ('000)ha / 58 173 }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;!-- 58,173,000 hectares is 581,730 km2 --&gt;
| percent_water                = 2.7
| population_estimate                = {{UN_Population|Botswana}}{{UN_Population|ref}}
| population_census                = 2,346,179&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Statistics Botswana |date=May 2022 |title=2022 POPULATION AND HOUSING CENSUS PRELIMINARY RESULTS V2 |url=https://www.statsbots.org.bw/sites/default/files/census_documents/2022%20Population%20and%20Housing%20Census%20Preliminary%20Results.pdf |access-date=2 July 2022 |website=Statistics Botswana}}&lt;/ref&gt;
| population_estimate_year                = {{UN_Population|Year}}
| population_estimate_rank                = 145th
| population_census_year                = 2022
| population_density_km2                = 4.1
| population_density_sq_mi                = 10.62
| population_density_rank                = 231st
| GDP_PPP                = $43.474 billion&lt;ref name=&quot;imf2021gdp&quot;&gt;{{cite web |title=IMF Country Specific Data |url=https://www.imf.org/external/pubs/ft/weo/2021/01/weodata/weorept.aspx?sy=2019&amp;ey=2019&amp;scsm=1&amp;ssd=1&amp;sort=country&amp;ds=.&amp;br=1&amp;pr1.x=67&amp;pr1.y=3&amp;c=616&amp;s=NGDPD%2CPPPGDP%2CNGDPDPC%2CPPPPC&amp;grp=0&amp;a= |access-date=10 August 2019}}&lt;/ref&gt;
| GDP_PPP_year                = 2022
| GDP_PPP_rank                = 120
| GDP_PPP_per_capita                = $19,287&lt;ref name=imf2021gdp/&gt;
| GDP_PPP_per_capita_rank                = 99
| GDP_nominal                = $16.948 billion&lt;ref name=imf2021gdp/&gt;
| GDP_nominal_year                = 2022
| GDP_nominal_rank                = 120
| GDP_nominal_per_capita                = $7,519&lt;ref name=&quot;imf2019gdp&quot;&gt;{{cite web |title=IMF Country Specific Data |url=https://www.imf.org/external/pubs/ft/weo/2019/01/weodata/weorept.aspx?sy=2019&amp;ey=2019&amp;scsm=1&amp;ssd=1&amp;sort=country&amp;ds=.&amp;br=1&amp;pr1.x=67&amp;pr1.y=3&amp;c=616&amp;s=NGDPD%2CPPPGDP%2CNGDPDPC%2CPPPPC&amp;grp=0&amp;a= |access-date=10 August 2019}}&lt;/ref&gt;
| GDP_nominal_per_capita_rank                = 101
| Gini                = 53.3
| Gini_year                = 2015
| Gini_change                = decrease &lt;!--increase/decrease/steady--&gt;
| Gini_ref                = &lt;ref name=&quot;WBgini&quot;&gt;{{cite web |url= https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/SI.POV.GINI?locations=BW |title= GINI index (World Bank estimate) |publisher= World Bank |access-date= 20 April 2019 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20171213083923/https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/SI.POV.GINI?locations=BW |archive-date= 13 December 2017 |url-status= live}}&lt;/ref&gt;
| Gini_rank                = 
| HDI                = 0.735&lt;!--number only, between 0 and 1--&gt;
| HDI_year                = 2019&lt;!-- Please use the year to which the data refers, not the publication year--&gt;
| HDI_change                = increase &lt;!--increase/decrease/steady--&gt;
| HDI_ref                = &lt;ref name=&quot;UNHDR&quot;&gt;{{cite web|url=http://hdr.undp.org/sites/default/files/hdr2020.pdf|title=Human Development Report 2020|language=en|publisher=[[United Nations Development Programme]]|date=15 December 2020|access-date=15 December 2020}}&lt;/ref&gt;
| HDI_rank                = 100th
| currency                = [[Botswana pula|Pula]]
| currency_code                = BWP
| time_zone                = [[Central Africa Time]]&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.elaws.gov.bw/desplaylrpage1.php?id=1399|last=Chapter: 01:04|title=Interpretation Act 1984 (§40(1))|date=20 July 1984|access-date=11 September 2020|archive-date=28 March 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170328201053/http://www.elaws.gov.bw/desplaylrpage1.php?id=1399|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;
| utc_offset                = +2
| utc_offset_DST                = 
| time_zone_DST                = 
| date_format                = yyyy-mm-dd&lt;br /&gt;dd/mm/yyyy&lt;sup&gt;a&lt;/sup&gt;
| drives_on                = left
| calling_code                = [[+267]]
| cctld                = [[.bw]]
| official_website                = [http://www.gov.bw/ http://www.gov.bw/]
| footnote_a                = 
}}

Lefatshe la '''Botswana''' le kwa borwa jwa [[Aforika]], ke lefatshe le le dikaganyeditsweng ke a mangwe, ka jalo ga le a bapa le lewatle. Botswana e sephaphathi go ya ka lefatshe, ka bokana ka 70% ya kgaolo ya yone e le karolo ya [[Sekaka sa Kalahari]]. Pele ga le tsaya boipusô ka kgwedi ya Lwetse e tlhôla malatsi ale masome a mararo ka ngwaga wa 1966 ko go ''Enyelane,'' le ne le bidiwa [[Bechuanaland]]. Lefatshe la Botswana le dikaganyeditswe ke la [[Aforika Borwa]] kwa borwa-botlhaba go fitlha kwa borwa-bophirima, [[Namibia]] kwa bophirima, [[Zambia]] kwa bokône le [[Zimbabwe]] kwa bokône-botlhaba. Ka palo ya batho e sa fetang didikadike di le 2.4 go sekae,e bile le ka lekanngwa le lefatshe le Fora ka bophara, Botswana ke nngwe ya mafatshe a a  nang le batho ba le mmalwa thata mo lefatsheng.Ke puso-setšhaba ya batho ba Batswana, ba ba bopang mo e ka nnang 80% ya baagi. Lefatshe lê lê bidiwa Botswana, le rêêlelwa ka banni ba bantsi ba lône eleng Batswana ka letsô.

Setlhopha sa morafe wa BaTswana se tswa thata mo [[bathong ba ba buang Se-Bantu]] ba ba neng [[ba fudugela kwa borwa jwa Aforika]], go akaretsa le Botswana wa segompieno, ka makhubu a le mmalwa pele ga [[AD]] 600. Ka 1885, [[Maesemane]] a ne a dira lefelo leno kolone mme a itsise gore ke lefelo le le sirelediwang le le bidiwang [[Bechuanaland]]. Jaaka karolo ya [[go tlosa bokolone mo Aforika]], Bechuanaland e ne ya nna [[rephaboliki e e ikemetseng ya Mafatshe a Selekane]] ka fa tlase ga leina la yone la ga jaana ka Lwetse a le masome mararo ka 1966. Fa e sa le ka nako eo, e nnile [[rephaboliki ya palamente]] e e nang le rekoto e e tlhomameng ya [[Ditlhopho mo Botswana|ditlhopho]] tsa batho ka batho tse di sa kgaotseng, le fa e ne di sekametse ka fa go [[Botswana Democratic Party]] go fitlha ka [[Ditlhopho tsa kakaretso tsa ngwaga wa 2024|2024]]. E sale ka 2024, Botswana ke lone lefatshe le tshenyetso setshaba e leng kwa tlase mo go lone mo nagengkgolo ya Aforika go ya ka [[Corruptions Perceptions Index]] e e gatisitsweng ke [[Transparency International]].

Itsholelo ya Botswana ka kakaretso e itemogetse kgolo e e tsepameng fa e sale e tsaya boipuso. E laolwa ke [[Bojanala jwa lefatshe la Botswana|bojanala]] le [[meepo]]; Lefatshe la Botswana le ntsha diteemane tse dintsi go gaisa mafatshe ape fela. [[Letseno lotlhe lwa yone lwa bosetšhaba ka tlhogo]] ([[tekatekano ya maatla a go reka]]) lo lo ka nnang $20,158 go tloga ka 2024 (ka diphopholetso dingwe ke lwa bone ka bogolo mo Aforika) lo naya lefatshe leno [[maemo a a kwa godimo a botshelo]] le [[Human Development Index]] ya bobedi e e kwa godimo ya kontinente ya [[Aforika e e kwa Borwa jwa Sahara]], morago ga Aforika Borwa. Le fa go ntse jalo, Botswana o tsweletse ka go lwantshana le dipalo tse di kwa godimo tsa letlhoko la ditiro. Lefatshe la Botswana ke leloko la  Southern African Customs Union, Southern African Development Community, Mafatshe a Selekane le Lekgotla la Ditshaba.

Pina ya setshaba ya Botswana ke [[fatshe leno la rona|fatshe lêno la rona]], ê e tlhamilwêng ke [[Rre K T Motsete]]. Madi a a dirisiwang kwa Botswana ke [[Pula]].

Botswana ke lefatshe lê lê farologanyeng le mafatshe a mangwê mo Aforika. Morago ga pusô ya Enyelane, Botswana o ne a tsaya boipusô ka di-30 tsa Lwetse 1966. Morago ga boipusô, lefatshe ja Botswana le ne la dirisanya mmôgô le pusô ya Enyelane go itlhabolola. Babusi ba Botswana ka nakô êo ba ne ba leka ka bojotlhê go ntsha Botswana mo tlalêng. Tomokoraga e nê ya busa lefatshe jêno e êtêlêtswe pele ke Serêtsê Khama, tautona wa ntlha wa Botswana.

Gompiêno Botswana ke lengwe la mafatshe a a tlhabologang ka bofêfo mô lefatshing ka bophara. Ntswa mafatshe a mangwê mo Aforika a tshwênngwa ke tlala le tsê dingwe jaaka dintwa le tsiêtsôsetshaba, Botswana e sa e kgôna go fênya mmaba mô e bileng e bilêng sekai mo Aforika.

== Tlhamo ya lefoko ==
Leina la lefatshe le le kaya &quot;Lefatshe la [[Batho ba letso la Setswana|Motswana]]&quot;, go kaya morafe o o leng montsi mo Botswana.&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot;&gt;[https://web.archive.org/web/20230221181327/https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/botswana &quot;Botswana&quot;]. ''[[:en:The_World_Factbook|The World Factbook]]'' (2025 ed.). [[:en:Central_Intelligence_Agency|Central Intelligence Agency]]. Retrieved 13 Phalane 2025. ([https://web.archive.org/web/20251117191406/https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/about/archives/download/factbook-2007.zip Archived 2007 edition].)&lt;/ref&gt; Molaomotheo wa Botswana o amogela puso ya Tswana e e tshwanang.&lt;ref&gt;Monaka, Kemmonye Collete; Chebanne, Anderson Monthusi (2019). [https://www.jstor.org/stable/26907070 &quot;Setswana and the Building of a Nation State&quot;]. ''Anthropological Linguistics''. '''61''' (1): 75–93. ISSN 0003-5483. JSTOR 26907070. Archived from the original on 7 April 2023. Retrieved 13 Phalane 2025.&lt;/ref&gt; Leina la [[demonym]] la ''Batswana'' le ne le dirisiwa mo Batswaneng kwa tshimologong,&lt;ref&gt;Bolaane, Maitseo; Mgadla, Part Themba (1997). ''[[iarchive:batswana00bola|Batswana]]''. The Rosen Publishing Group. p. 1. ISBN 9780823920082.&lt;/ref&gt; mme gape le simolotse go dirisiwa ka kakaretso jaaka lereo la baagi botlhe ba Botswana.&lt;ref&gt;[http://voicesofafrica.co.za/botswanan-batswana-its-complicated/ &quot;Botswanan or Batswana? It's complicated – Voices of Africa&quot;]. Voices of Africa. 17 August 2015. [https://web.archive.org/web/20180106231817/http://voicesofafrica.co.za/botswanan-batswana-its-complicated/ Archived] from the original on 6 January 2018. Retrieved 13 Phalane 2025.&lt;/ref&gt; Ka Setswana, ''Batswana'' ka thutapuo ke bontsi; sebopego sa yone sa bongwe, se se ka rayang leloko le le lengwe la Motswana kgotsa moagi a le mongwe fela wa Botswana, ke ''Motswana''.

== Ditso ==

=== Pele ga ditso ===
Go fopholediwa gore di-hominid di ne di nna mo Botswana ka nako ya [[Pleistocene]].&lt;ref&gt;Pickford, Martin; Mein, Pierre; Senut, Brigitte (1 April 1994). [https://journals.co.za/doi/abs/10.10520/AJA00382353_5386 &quot;Fossiliferous Neogene karst fillings in Angola, Botswana and Namibia&quot;]. ''South African Journal of Science''. '''90''' (4): 227–230. [[:en:Hdl_(identifier)|hdl]]:[[hdl:10520/AJA00382353_5386|10520/AJA00382353_5386]]. [https://web.archive.org/web/20240417201733/https://journals.co.za/doi/abs/10.10520/AJA00382353_5386 Archived] from the original on 17 April 2024. Retrieved 13 Phalane 2025.&lt;/ref&gt; Didiriswa tsa matlapa le masalela a diphologolo di supa gore mafelo otlhe a lefatshe a ne a agilwe bonnye dingwaga di le dikete tse makgolo a mane tse di fetileng.&lt;ref&gt;Morton, Fred; Ramsay, Jeff; Mgadla, Part Themba (2008). ''Historical dictionary of Botswana''. Historical dictionaries of Africa (4th ed.). Lanham (Md.): the Scarecrow press. p. 34. ISBN 978-0-8108-5467-3.&lt;/ref&gt;
[[Setshwantsho:Two Rhino.jpg|left|thumb|215x215px|Setshwantsho sa 'Ditshukudu Tse Pedi' kwa [[Tsodilo]], [[lefelo la UNESCO la ditso]]]]
Go ne go bolelwa fa e le lefelo la botsalo jwa batho botlhe ba segompieno go tswa dingwaga di ka nna dikete tse makgolo a mabedi tse di fetileng.&lt;ref&gt;Chan, Eva KF; [[:en:Axel_Timmermann|Timmermann, Axel]]; Baldi, Benedetta F.; Moore, Andy E.; Lyons, Ruth J.; Lee, Sun-Seon; Kalsbeek, Anton MF; Petersen, Desiree C.; Rautenbach, Hannes; Förtsch, Hagen EA; Bornman, MS Riana; Hayes, Vanessa M. (28 October 2019). [https://www.nature.com/articles/s41586-019-1714-1 &quot;Human origins in a southern African palaeo-wetland and first migrations&quot;]. ''Nature''. '''575''' (7781). Nature Research: 185–189. Bibcode:2019Natur.575..185C. doi:10.1038/s41586-019-1714-1. &lt;nowiki&gt;PMID 31659339&lt;/nowiki&gt;. S2CID 204946938. Archived from the original on 29 October 2019. Retrieved&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;[https://www.bbc.com/news/science-environment-50210701 &quot;Origin of modern humans 'traced to Botswana'&quot;]. [[:en:BBC|BBC]]. 28 October 2019. [https://web.archive.org/web/20240415020902/https://www.bbc.com/news/science-environment-50210701 Archived] from the original on 15 April 2024. Retrieved 13 Phalane 2025.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;[https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2019/10/29/ancestral-homeland-of-modern-humans-in-botswana-study-finds &quot;Ancestral homeland of modern humans in Botswana, study finds&quot;]. Al Jazeera. Retrieved 13 Phalane 2025.&lt;/ref&gt; Bosupi jo bo tlogetsweng ke batho ba segompieno, jaaka ditshwantsho tse di takilweng mo logageng, bo na le dingwaga di ka nna dikete tse masome a supa le boraro.&lt;ref&gt;Staurset, S.; Coulson, S. (2014). &quot;Sub-surface movement of stone artefacts at White Paintings Shelter, Tsodilo Hills, Botswana: Implications for the Middle Stone Age chronology of central southern Africa&quot;. ''Journal of Human Evolution''. '''75''': 153–165. [[:en:Bibcode_(identifier)|Bibcode]]:[https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2014JHumE..75..153S 2014JHumE..75..153S]. [[:en:Doi_(identifier)|doi]]:[[doi:10.1016/j.jhevol.2014.04.006|10.1016/j.jhevol.2014.04.006]]. [[:en:PMID_(identifier)|PMID]] [https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/24953669 24953669].&lt;/ref&gt; Baagi ba ntlha ba ba itsegeng ba borwa jwa Aforika go akanngwa gore e ne e le bagolwagolwane ba batho ba gompieno ba [[San]] (&quot;Bushmen&quot;) le ba [[Khoi]]. Ditlhopha tseno ka bobedi di bua [[dipuo tsa click]] go tswa mo malwapeng a mannye a dipuo tsa [[Khoe-Kwadi]], [[Kx’a]] le [[Tuu]] tse maloko a tsone a neng a tsoma, a phutha le go gweba mo dikgaolong tse di telele. Fa dikgomo di ne di tsenngwa la ntlha mo borwa jwa Aforika dingwaga di ka nna dikete tse padi tse di fetileng, bodisa bo ne jwa nna karolo e kgolo ya itsholelo ka kgaolo e ne e na le mabala a magolo a bojang a a senang [[dintsi tsa tsetse]].&lt;ref&gt;Wilmsen, Edwin N. (1992). ''Land filled with flies: a political economy of the Kalahari'' (2nd pr ed.). Chicago, Ill.: University of Chicago Press. pp. 71–5. ISBN 978-0-226-90015-5.&lt;/ref&gt;
[[Setshwantsho:Domboshaba stone wall 3.jpg|thumb|190x190px|Lebota la matlapa la Domboshaba la boraro]]
[[Setshwantsho:The plate that was used in the past at Domboshaba monument.jpg|thumb|190x190px|Sejana se se neng se dirisiwa mo nakong e e fetileng kwa sefikantsweng sa Domboshaba. Dijana tse di ne di dirilwe ka maje.]]
Ga go tlhaloganyesege gore [[batho ba ba buang Se-Bantu]] ba ne ba fudugela leng la ntlha mo nageng go tswa kwa bokone, le fa AD 600 e lebega e le phopholetso ya tumalano. Mo motlheng oo, bagolwagolwane ba Kalanga ya segompieno ba ne ba fudugela kwa lefelong le gompieno le bidiwang bokone-botlhaba jwa lefatshe. Ba-proto-Kalanga bano ba ne ba golagantswe thata le dinaga kwa Zimbabwe gammogo le kgaolo ya Mapungubwe. Masalela a le mangwe a a tlhomologileng a paka e ke marope a [[Domboshaba]], lefelo la setso le boswa mo Botswana le le neng la nna mo go lone kwa tshimologong go ela kwa bokhutlong jwa paka e Kgolo ya Zimbabwe (1250–1450), ka mabota a matlapa a a nang le bogodimo jo bo magareng jwa dimitara di le 1.8. Lefelo le ke lefelo le le tlotliwang ke batho ba ba nnang mo kgaolong eo, mme go dumelwa fa kgosi e ne e nna kwa godimo ga thaba le bathusi kgotsa bathusi ba gagwe. Mafelo ano, a a leng kwa ntle ga melelwane ya Botswana ya ga jaana, go lebega a ne a na le metlhape e megolo ya dikgomo—go lebega e le ka dipalo tse di atamelang kitlano ya dikgomo tsa segompieno—mo lefelong le jaanong e leng Kgaolo ya Legare.&lt;ref&gt;Denbow, James (1986). &quot;A New Look at the Later Prehistory of the Kalahari&quot;. ''The Journal of African History''. '''27''' (1): 15. doi:[[doi:10.1017/S0021853700029170|10.1017/S0021853700029170]]. JSTOR 181334. S2CID 163079138&lt;/ref&gt; Moago ono o mogolo wa go rua dikgomo o ne wa atlega go fitlha ka 1300 mme go lebega o ne wa boela morago morago ga go phutlhama ga Mapungubwe. Mo pakeng eo, ditlhopha tsa ntlha tse di buang Setswana, [[Bakgalagadi]], di ne tsa fudugela kwa dikgaolong tse di kwa borwa jwa [[Sekaka sa Kalahari|Kalahari]]. Batho ba ba farologaneng bao ba ne ba golagantswe le ditsela tsa kgwebo tse di neng di feta ka [[Noka ya Limpopo]] go ya kwa Lewatleng la India. Dithoto tsa kgwebo go tswa kwa Asia jaaka dibaga di ne tsa tsena mo Botswana, go ka direga thata gore di ne di ananngwa ka lenaka la tlou, gauta le [[lenaka la tshukudu]].&lt;ref&gt;Denbow, James; Klehm, Carla; Dussubieux, Laure (April 2015). [https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/antiquity/article/glass-beads-of-kaitshaa-and-early-indian-ocean-trade-into-the-far-interior-of-southern-africa/9BB659F4DA38A560EF64C4E8E3F49AFA &quot;The glass beads of Kaitshàa and early Indian Ocean trade into the far hinterland of southern Africa&quot;]. ''Antiquity''. '''89''' (344): 361–377. doi:10.15184/aqy.2014.50. ISSN 0003-598X. S2CID 161212483. Archived from the original on 24 May 2019. Retrieved  13 Phalane 2025.&lt;/ref&gt;

Matlha a radio-carbon a bonno jwa [[Thaba ya Toutswemogala]] Iron Age a simolola ka ngwagakgolo wa bosupa go ya kwa bokhutlong jwa bo lesome le boferabongwe, se se supang gore go ne go nniwa mo go one dingwaga di feta sekete.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;[https://whc.unesco.org/en/tentativelists/1340/ &quot;Toutswemogala Hill Iron Age Settlement&quot;]. [[:en:UNESCO_World_Heritage_Centre|UNESCO World Heritage Centre]]. Retrieved 13 Phalane 2025.&lt;/ref&gt; Thaba e ne e le karolo ya go tlhamiwa ga mafatshe a ntlha mo borwa jwa Aforika, ka dikgomo jaaka motswedi o mogolo wa itsholelo.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt; Bonno jwa Toutswe bo akaretsa bodilo jwa matlo, dithotobolo tse dikgolo tsa boloko jwa kgomo jo bo dirilweng ka galase, le diphitlho fa sebopego se se kokomogileng e le lobota lwa matlapa.&lt;ref&gt;Dichaba, Tsholofelo Sele (2009). [https://repository.rice.edu/server/api/core/bitstreams/9b50f2c1-a371-4c9b-9baa-0f80c353ecbf/content &quot;From Monuments to Cultural Landscapes&quot;]. ''Rethinking Heritage Management in Botswana''. [[:en:Rice_University|Rice University]]: 42.&lt;/ref&gt; Ka ngwaga wa 1000 AD, batho ba Toutswe ba ne ba fudugela kwa Botswana.&lt;ref&gt;[https://www.eskom.co.za/eia/tx/wp-content/uploads/migrated/MahikengIsang/DEIR-Appendicies/Ann-G-Specialist-Reports-2/G_5a.%20AIA%20Botswana%20Component.pdf Archaeological impact assessment for the Bosa transmission line project from Theisang substation to the Tlokweng border post in the South Eastern and Kgatleng districts of Botswana] (PDF). ''[[:en:Eskom|Eskom]].com'' (Report). Lentswe Archaeological Consultants. 2017. p. 10.&lt;/ref&gt;

Le fa go ntse jalo, temothuo le yone e nnile le seabe se se botlhokwa mo botshelong jo boleele jwa tiro e e atolositsweng ya Toutswemogala Hill, ka ge dibopego tse dintsi tsa polokelo ya dijo le tsone di fitlhetswe mo lefelong leo. Dikarolo tse dintsi tse di farologaneng tsa bodilo jwa matlo di ile tsa bontsha gape go nna ga batho foo makgolokgolo a dingwaga. Go goroga ga bagolwagolwane ba babui ba Setswana ba ba neng ba tla go laola kgaolo go santse go tshwanetse ga bewa letlha ka tlhomamo. Maloko a [[Bakwena]], bogosi ka fa tlase ga moeteledipele yo o bidiwang Kgabo II, ba ne ba dira tsela ya bone go tsena mo Kalahari e e kwa borwa ka AD 1500 moragonyana, mme batho ba gagwe ba ne ba lelekela baagi ba Bakgalagadi kwa bophirima go tsena mo sekakeng. Fa dingwaga di ntse di feta, makala a le mmalwa a [[Bakwena]] a ne a fudugela kwa mafelong a a mabapi. [[Bangwaketse]] ba ne ba nna mo mafelong a a kwa bophirima, fa [[Bangwato]] ba ne ba fudugela kwa bokone botlhaba kwa mafelong a pele a Kalanga.&lt;ref&gt;[[:en:David_Magang|Magang, David]] (2008). ''The Magic of Perseverance: The Autobiography of David Magang''. Cape Town: Centre for Advanced Studies of African Society. pp. 10–14. ISBN 978-1-920287-70-2.&lt;/ref&gt; E se kgale morago ga moo, lekala la Bangwato le le neng le itsege jaaka Batawana le ne la fudugela kwa [[Okavango|Okavango Delta]], gongwe ka dingwaga tsa bo 1790.&lt;ref&gt;Tlou, T. (1974). &quot;The Nature of Batswana States: Towards a Theory of Batswana Traditional Government – The Batawana Case&quot;. ''Botswana Notes and Records''. '''6''': 57–75. [[:en:ISSN_(identifier)|ISSN]] [https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0525-5090 0525-5090]. [[:en:JSTOR_(identifier)|JSTOR]] [https://www.jstor.org/stable/40959210 40959210].&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Mfecane le Dintwa tsa Batswana le Maburu ===
[[Setshwantsho:Kapstaaten 1905.png|left|thumb|213x213px|Mmepe wa Jeremane wa Aforika Borwa wa 1905, o o bontshang lefelo le le sa ntseng le sa kgaoganngwa la [[Bechuanaland]].]]
Dikwalo tsa ntlha tse di amanang le Botswana wa segompieno di tlhagelela ka ngwaga wa 1824. Dikwalo tse di supa fa Bangwaketse ba ne ba fetogile mmuso o o renang mo kgaolong eo. Ka fa tlase ga puso ya ga Makaba II, Bangwaketse ba ne ba rua metlhape e megolo ya dikgomo mo mafelong a sekaka a a sireleditsweng sentle, mme ba dirisa bokgoni jwa bone jwa sesole go tlhasela baagisani ba bone.&lt;ref&gt;Morton, Fred. [https://www.academia.edu/11134264 &quot;The Rise of a Raiding State: Makaba II's Ngwaketse, 1780–1824&quot;]. pp. 5–9. [https://web.archive.org/web/20200816031919/https://www.academia.edu/11134264/The_Rise_of_a_Raiding_State_Makaba_IIs_Ngwaketse_1780_1824 Archived] from the original on 16 August 2020. Retrieved 13 Phalane 2025.&lt;/ref&gt; Ka nako e, dikgosi tse dingwe mo lefelong leo di ne di na le diroto di le dikete tse lesome kgotsa go feta mme di ne di atlegile thata.&lt;ref&gt;Morton, B. (1993). &quot;Pre-1904 Population Estimates of the Tswana&quot;. ''Botswana Notes and Records''. '''25''': 89–99. [[:en:JSTOR_(identifier)|JSTOR]] [https://www.jstor.org/stable/40979984 40979984].&lt;/ref&gt; Tekatekano eno e ne ya tla kwa bokhutlong ka nako ya [[Mfecane]] (1823–1843) fa tatelano ya batho ba ba tlhaselang go tswa kwa Aforika Borwa e ne e tsena mo lefatsheng. Le fa Bangwaketse ba ne ba kgona go fenya [[Bakololo]] ba ba neng ba tlhasetse ka ngwaga wa 1826, fa nako e ntse e tsamaya dikgosi tsotlhe tse dikgolo mo Botswana tsa tlhaselwa, tsa koafadiwa le go humanega. Bakololo le [[AmaNdebele]] ba ne ba tlhasela gangwe le gape mme ba tsaya dipalo tse di kwa godimo tsa dikgomo, basadi le bana go tswa mo Batswaneng – bontsi jwa bone ba ne ba kgweelediwa kwa sekakeng kgotsa kwa mafelong a botshabelo jaaka ditlhoa tsa dithaba le magaga. Ke fela morago ga 1843, fa Ba-Amandebele ba ne ba fudugela kwa bophirima jwa Zimbabwe, fa matshosetsi ano a ne a kokobela.&lt;ref&gt;Morton, Barry (14 January 2009). &quot;The Hunting Trade and the Reconstruction of Northern Tswana Societies after the Difaqane, 1838–1880&quot;. ''South African Historical Journal''. '''36''': 220–239. [[:en:Doi_(identifier)|doi]]:[[doi:10.1080/02582479708671276|10.1080/02582479708671276]]&lt;/ref&gt;
[[Setshwantsho:Sechele Gustav Fritsch 1865.jpg|thumb|214x214px|[[Setshele I|Sechele I]], yo o neng a eteletse pele Mokgatlho wa Merafe ya Batswana  kgatlhanong le [[Maburu]] ka 1852]]
Ka dingwaga tsa bo 1840 le bo 1850, kgwebisano le bagwebi ba ba neng ba le kwa [[Cape Colony]] e ne ya bulega mme ya kgontsha magosi a [[Batho ba letso la Setswana|Batswana]] go aga sesha. [[Bakwena]], Bangwaketse, Bangwato le Batawana ba ne ba dirisana mmogo go laola kgwebo ya lonaka lwa tlou e e neng e dira madi a mantsi mme ba dirisa madi ao go reka dipitse le ditlhobolo kwa ntle, mme seo se ne sa dira gore ba kgone go tlhoma taolo mo lefelong le gompieno le bidiwang Botswana. Thulaganyo e e ne e weditswe ka bontsi ka 1880, mme ka jalo Batswana ba ne ba fenya Basarwa, Kalanga, Bakgalagadi le batho ba bangwe ba ba kwa tlase ba ga jaana.&lt;ref&gt;Morton, Barry (1997). &quot;The Hunting Trade and the Reconstruction of Northern Tswana Societies after the Difaqane, 1838–1880&quot;. ''South African Historical Journal''. '''36''': 220–239. [[:en:Doi_(identifier)|doi]]:[[doi:10.1080/02582479708671276|10.1080/02582479708671276]].&lt;/ref&gt;

Morago ga [[Loeto lo logolo]], [[MaAfrikanere]] go tswa kwa Koloning ya Kapa ba ne ba itlhoma mo melelwaneng ya Botswana kwa [[Teransefala]]. Ka 1852, kopano ya dikgosi tsa [[Batho ba letso la Setswana|Batswana]] e e neng e eteletswe pele ke [[Setshele I|Sechele I]] e ne ya fenya ditlhaselo tsa Maaforika kwa [[Ntwa ya Dimawe|Ntweng ya Dimawe]] mme, morago ga dingwaga di ka nna robedi tsa dikgotlhang le dintwa tse di neng di kgaotsa, kwa bofelong ba ne ba fitlhelela tumalano ya kagiso kwa [[Potchefstroom]] ka 1860. Go tloga ka nako eo, molelwane wa Botswana le wa Aforika Borwa wa gompieno o ne wa dumalanwa, mme maAfrikanere le Batswana ba ne ba gweba le go dira mmogo ka kagiso.&lt;ref&gt;[[:en:David_Magang|Magang, David]] (2008). ''The Magic of Perseverance: The Autobiography of David Magang''. Cape Town: Centre for Advanced Studies of African Society. pp. 28–38. ISBN 978-1-920287-70-2.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Ramsay, J. (1991). &quot;The Botswana-Boer War of 1852–53: How the Batswana Achieved Victory&quot;. ''Botswana Notes and Records''. '''23''': 193–208. [[:en:JSTOR_(identifier)|JSTOR]] [https://www.jstor.org/stable/40980851 40980851].&lt;/ref&gt;

Ka 1884, Batawana, mophato wa dipitse wa lotso lwa BaTswana o o neng o le kwa bokone o o neng o eteletswe pele ke Kgosi Moremi, o ne wa lwa le go fenya tlhaselo ya MaNdebele kwa bokone jwa Botswana kwa [[Ntwa ya Khutiyabasadi|Ntweng ya Khutiyabasadi]]. Se e ne e le tshimologo ya go phutlhama ga Bogosi jwa Ndebele kwa Zimbabwe, mme bo ne jwa thusa bolaodi jo bo buang Setswana.&lt;ref&gt;Ramsay, Jeff. [http://www.mmegi.bw/index.php?aid=72905&amp;dir=2017/november/06 &quot;The Guns of Khutiyabasadi (II)&quot;]. ''[[:en:Mmegi|Mmegi]]''. [https://web.archive.org/web/20201124091704/https://www.mmegi.bw/index.php?aid=72905&amp;dir=2017/november/06 Archived] from the original on 24 November 2020. Retrieved 13 Phalane 2025.&lt;/ref&gt;

Ka ntlha ya maemo a masha a kagiso, kgwebo e ne ya atlega fa gare ga 1860 le 1880. [[Barongwa]] ba Bakeresete ba ne ba kgona go dirisa seo thata. [[Balutere]] le [[Mokgatlho wa Barongwa wa London]] ka bobedi ba ne ba tlhongwa mo lefatsheng ka 1856. Ka 1880, motse mongwe le mongwe o mogolo o ne o na le morongwa yo o nnang mo go one, mme tlhotlheletso ya bone e ne ya gola ka iketlo. [[Khama III]], yo o neng a busa go tloga ka 1875 go fitlha ka 1923, e ne e le wa ntlha mo dikgosing tsa Batswana go dira Bokeresete bodumedi jwa puso, mme molao o mogolo wa setso sa Batswana o ne wa fetoga ka ntlha ya seo. Bokeresete bo ne jwa nna bodumedi jwa semmuso mo dikgosing tsotlhe ka [[Ntwa ya Lefatshe ya Ntlha]].&lt;ref&gt;Landau, Paul Stuart (1995). ''The Realm of the Word: Language, Gender, and Christianity in the Southern African Kingdom''. Portsmouth (N.H.) London Cape Town (South Africa): James Currey. ISBN 0-435-08963-3.&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Bokolone ===
[[Setshwantsho:Dikgosis on the 3 dikgosi monument.jpg|thumb|190x190px|Dikgosi tsa Bechuanaland kwa Lontone. Ka fa molemeng: w:[[Kgosi Sebele I|Sebele I]]; Bogare: w:[[Bathoen I]]; Ka fa mojeng: w:[[Khama III]].]]
[[Setshwantsho:1960 6d Bechuanaland Protectorate stamp.jpg|thumb|190x190px|Setempe sa 1960 sa Tshireletso ya Bechuanaland.]]
Ka nako ya [[Go Kgaratlhela Aforika]], [[Mmusomogolo wa Jeremane]] le Borithane ka bobedi di ne di eletsa kgaolo ya Botswana. Ka nako ya [[Bokopano jwa kwa Berlin]], Borithane e ne ya swetsa go tsenya Botswana go sireletsa Tsela e e yang kwa Bokone mme ka jalo e golaganye Koloni ya Kapa le mafelo a yona a a kwa bokone go ya pele. E ne ya gapa dikgaolo tsa Tswana ka letlhakore le le lengwe ka Firikgong 1885 mme morago ga moo ya romela [[Warren Expedition]] kwa bokone go tiisa taolo mo kgaolong le go tlhatswa dikgosi pelo go amogela taolo ya Borithane. Le fa ba ne ba belaela, ba ne ba feleletsa ba dumalana le ''fait accompli'' e.&lt;ref&gt;Morton, Barry; Ramsay, Jeff. [https://www.academia.edu/15645705 &quot;The Invention and Perpetuation of Botswana's National Mythology, 1885–1966&quot;]. pp. 4–7. Retrieved 13 Phalane 2025 – via academia.edu.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Warren informed Chiefs Bathoen of Bangwaketse, Khama of Bangwato and Sebele of Bakwena about the protection in May 1885 (Mogalakwe, 2006).&quot; (from T.E. Malebeswa (2020): ''Tribal Territories Act, indirect rule, chiefs and subjects'')&lt;/ref&gt;

Ka 1890, mafelo a a kwa bokone jwa didikirii di le masome mabedi le bobedi a ne a okediwa mo Tshireletsong e ntšhwa ya Bechuanaland. Ka dingwaga tsa bo 1890, kgaolo e ntsha e ne ya kgaoganngwa ka dipolokelo tse robedi tse di farologaneng, ka lefatshe le lennye le le lekaneng le le neng la tlogelwa jaaka lefatshe le le gololesegileng la baagi ba basweu. Mo tshimologong ya dingwaga tsa bo 1890, puso ya Borithane e ne ya tsaya tshwetso ya go neela Bechuanaland Protectorate go [[Kompone ya Borithane ya Aforika Borwa]]. Leano le, le le neng le le mo tseleng ya go ungwa le fa baeteledipele ba Batswana ba ne ba kopa ba ba neng ba etela Enyelane go ipelaetsa, le ne la feleletsa le sentswe ke go palelwa ga [[Jameson Raid]] ka Firikgong 1896.&lt;ref&gt;Morton, Barry; Ramsay, Jeff. [https://www.academia.edu/15645705 &quot;The Invention and Perpetuation of Botswana's National Mythology, 1885–1966&quot;]. pp. 7–11. [https://web.archive.org/web/20211028165308/https://www.academia.edu/15645705 Archived] from the original on 28 October 2021. Retrieved 13 Phalane 2025 – via academia.edu.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Parsons, Neil (3 February 1998). ''King Khama, Emperor Joe, and the Great White Queen: Victorian Britain Through African Eyes''. Chicago, Ill.: University of Chicago Press. ISBN 978-0-226-64745-6.&lt;/ref&gt;

Fa [[Kopano ya Aforika Borwa]] e ne e tlhamiwa go tswa mo dikoloning tse dikgolo tsa Borithane mo kgaolong e ka 1910, Dikgaolo tsa Khomišene e e Kwa Godimo—Bechuanaland Protectorate, [[Basutoland]] (e jaanong e bidiwang [[Lesotho]]) le [[Swaziland]] (e jaanong e leng [[Eswatini]])—di ne di sa akarediwe, mme go ne ga dirwa thulaganyo ya gore moragonyana di akarediwe. Le fa go ntse jalo, UK e ne ya simolola go buisana le baagi ba yone gore ba eletsa eng. Le fa dipuso tse di latelanang tsa Aforika Borwa di ne di batla gore mafelo ao a fetisediwe kwa taolong ya tsone, UK e ne ya nna ya diega; ka ntlha ya moo, ga e ise e ko e direge. Go tlhophiwa ga puso [[ya Bosetšhaba]] ka 1948, e e neng ya tlhoma [[tlhaolele]], le go ikgogela morago ga Aforika Borwa mo [[Mafatsheng a Selekane]] ka 1961, e ne ya fedisa tsholofelo nngwe le nngwe ya gore UK kgotsa dikgaolo tseo di dumalane go tsenngwa mo Aforika Borwa.&lt;ref&gt;Hayes, Frank (1980). &quot;South Africa's Departure from the Commonwealth, 1960–1961&quot;. ''The International History Review''. '''2''' (3): 453–484. doi:[[doi:10.1080/07075332.1980.9640222|10.1080/07075332.1980.9640222]]. ISSN 0707-5332. JSTOR [https://www.jstor.org/stable/40105085 40105085].&lt;/ref&gt;

Katoloso ya bolaodi jwa bogareng jwa Borithane le go fetoga ga puso ya lefatshe go ne ga felela ka gore ka 1920 go tlhomiwe makgotla a mabedi a bagakolodi go emela Maaforika le Bayuropa ka bobedi.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot;&gt;[https://web.archive.org/web/20120603024427/http://www.eisa.org.za/WEP/botoverview4.htm &quot;Botswana: Late British colonialism (1945–1966)&quot;]. ''eisa.org''. Archived from [http://www.eisa.org.za/WEP/botoverview4.htm the original] on 3 June 2012. Retrieved 13 Phalane 2025.&lt;/ref&gt; Lekgotla la Aforika le ne le na le ditlhogo di le robedi tsa merafe ya Batswana le maloko mangwe a a tlhophilweng.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt; Dikgoeletso ka 1934 di ne di laola puso le dithata tsa merafe. Lekgotla la bagakolodi la Yuropa le Aforika le ne la tlhamiwa ka 1951, mme molaomotheo wa 1961 o ne wa tlhoma lekgotla la peomolao la ditherisano.&lt;ref&gt;[https://clintonwhitehouse3.archives.gov/Africa/botswana.html &quot;Botswana&quot;]. ''clintonwhitehouse3.archives.gov''. [https://web.archive.org/web/20240602105543/https://clintonwhitehouse3.archives.gov/Africa/botswana.html Archived] from the original on 2 June 2024. Retrieved 13 Phalane 2025.&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Boipuso ===
[[Setshwantsho:Botswana Independence Talks, 1965 - 2.png|thumb|220x220px|[[Seretse Khama]] (''ka fa mojeng'') le [[Quett Masire]] (''ka fa molemeng'') kwa dipuisanong tsa boipuso kwa Lontone, ka 1965]]
Ka Seetebosigo 1964, United Kingdom e ne ya amogela dikakanyetso tsa gore go nne le puso ya ya batho ka batho mo Botswana. Bokopano jwa boipuso bo ne jwa tshwarelwa kwa Lontone ka Tlhakole 1966.&lt;ref&gt;[https://www.britishpathe.com/video/VLVA1T4XABSD8UKW27D8CE76D4K2H-UK-BECHUANALAND-INDEPENDENCE-CONFERENCE-OPENS-IN-LONDON/query/Bechuanaland &quot;U.K.: Bechuanaland independence conference opens in London 1966&quot;]. ''British Pathé historical collection''. [https://web.archive.org/web/20240604175143/https://www.britishpathe.com/asset/143349/ Archived] from the original on 4 June 2024. Retrieved 13 Phalane 2025.&lt;/ref&gt; Setilo sa puso se ne sa fudusiwa ka ngwaga wa 1965 go tswa kwa [[Mahikeng]] kwa [[Aforika Borwa|Aferika Borwa]], go ya kwa [[Gaborone]] e e neng e sa tswang go tlhongwa, e e neng e le gaufi le molelwane wa Botswana le Aforika Borwa. Go ikaegilwe ka molaomotheo wa 1965, lefatshe le ne la tshwara ditlhopho tsa lone tsa ntlha tsa kakaretso ka fa tlase ga tshwanelo ya botlhe ya go tlhopha mme la bona boipuso ka Lwetse a le malatsi a masome mararo 1966.&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.britishempire.co.uk/article/fireworksatmidnight.htm &quot;Fireworks at Midnight&quot;]. ''Britishempire.co.uk''. [https://web.archive.org/web/20161103054412/http://www.britishempire.co.uk/article/fireworksatmidnight.htm Archived] from the original on 3 November 2016. Retrieved 13 Phalane 2025.&lt;/ref&gt; [[Seretse Khama|Sir Seretse Khama]], moeteledipele mo mokgatlhong wa boipuso,&lt;ref&gt;Rotberg, Robert I. (3 March 2023). &quot;Botswana: Africa's Democratic Exception&quot;. ''[https://academic.oup.com/book/45388/chapter/389337356 Overcoming the Oppressors]''. Oxford University PressNew York. pp. 192–231. [[:en:Doi_(identifier)|doi]]:[[doi:10.1093/oso/9780197674208.003.0008|10.1093/oso/9780197674208.003.0008]]. ISBN 978-0-19-767420-8.&lt;/ref&gt; o ne a tlhophiwa go nna tautona wa ntlha, mme morago ga moo a tlhophiwa gape gabedi.&lt;ref&gt;Zuber, David (4 April 2022). [https://www.blackpast.org/global-african-history/people-global-african-history/seretse-khama-1921-1980/ &quot;Seretse Khama (1921–1980) •&quot;]. [https://web.archive.org/web/20240606131806/https://www.blackpast.org/global-african-history/people-global-african-history/seretse-khama-1921-1980/ Archived] from the original on 6 June 2024. Retrieved 13 Phalane 2025.&lt;/ref&gt;

Khama o ne a tlhokafala mo maemong a gagwe ka 1980. Botautona bo ne jwa fetela kwa go mothusatautona wa nako eo, [[Quett Masire]], yo o neng a tlhophiwa ka boene ka 1984 mme a tlhophiwa gape ka 1989 le 1994. Masire o ne a tlogela tiro ka 1998. O ne a tlhatlhangwa ke [[Festus Mogae]], yo o neng a thophiwa ka 1999 mme a tlhophiwa gape ka 2004. Botautona bo ne jwa fetela kwa go [[Ian Khama Seretse Khama|Ian Khama]] ka 2008 (morwa tautona wa ntlha), yo o neng a ntse a direla jaaka mothusa tautona wa ga Mogae fa e sale a tlogela maemo a gagwe a go nna Molaodi wa [[Sesole sa Botswana]] ka 1998 go tsaya karolo e ya setšhaba. Ka Moranang a rogwa 2018, [[Mokgweetsi Masisi|Mokgweetsi Eric Keabetswe Masisi]] o ne a ikanisiwa jaaka tautona wa botlhano wa Botswana, a tlhatlhama Ian Khama.&lt;ref&gt;[https://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-13040376 &quot;Botswana country profile&quot;]. ''BBC News''. 3 April 2018. [https://web.archive.org/web/20210307103607/https://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-13040376 Archived] from the original on 7 March 2021. Retrieved 13 Phalane 2025.&lt;/ref&gt; Kganetsano e e neng e ntse e le teng ka nako e telele ka ga molelwane o o kwa bokone le [[Caprivi Strip]] ya [[Namibia]] e ne ya nna setlhogo sa katlholo ya [[Kgotlatshekelo ya Boditšhabatšhaba ya Bosiamisi]] ka Sedimonthole 1999. E ne ya atlhola gore [[Setlhaketlhake sa Sedudu|Setlhaketlhake sa Kasikili]] ke sa Botswana.&lt;ref&gt;[https://web.archive.org/web/20110716112332/http://www.southern-eagle.com/namibia/namgeninfo.html &quot;Namibia General Information&quot;]. Southern-eagle.com. 21 March 1990. Archived from [http://www.southern-eagle.com/namibia/namgeninfo.html the original] on 16 July 2011. Retrieved 13 Phalane 2025.&lt;/ref&gt;

Lekoko la Botswana Democratic Party le ne la busa lefatshe kwantle ga go kgaotsa go tloga ka ditlhopho tsa ntlha tsa 1965 go fitlha ka [[Ditlhopho tsa kakaretso tsa ngwaga wa 2024|ditlhopho tsa kakaretso tsa 2024]], tse di neng tsa fenngwa ke [[Umbrella for Democratic Change]].&lt;ref&gt;Muia, Wycliffe; Zane, Damian (1 November 2024). [https://www.bbc.com/news/articles/c238n5zr51yo &quot;Botswana ruling party rejected after 58 years in power&quot;]. ''BBC News''. Retrieved 13 Phalane 2025.&lt;/ref&gt; Ka Ngwanatsele a rogwa 2024, [[Duma Boko]], moeteledipele wa UDC, o ne a ikanisiwa jaaka tautona wa Botswana, a nna tautona wa ntlha go sa emele BDP.&lt;ref&gt;Okachi, George (4 November 2024). [https://www.dw.com/en/world-headlines-ignore-botswanas-peaceful-power-transition/video-70686382 &quot;Why is Botswana's peaceful power transfer being ignored?&quot;]. Deutsche Welle. Retrieved 13 Phalane 2025.&lt;/ref&gt;

Ka 2025, Botswana e ne ya nna lefelo la [[mathata a magolo a kalafi]].&lt;ref&gt;[https://www.bbc.com/news/articles/c78zg67x38zo &quot;Botswana declares national public health emergency&quot;]. ''[[:en:BBC_News|BBC News]]''. 26 August 2025. Retrieved 13 Phalane 2025.&lt;/ref&gt;

== Lefelo ==
[[Setshwantsho:Botswana map of Köppen climate classification.svg|thumb|200x200px|Mmepe wa Botswana wa [[Köppen climate classification]]]]
Ka bogolo jwa dikilometara di le 581 730 (sekwere sa dimaele di le 224 607), Botswana ke lefatshe la bo masome mane le boferabobedi ka bogolo mo lefatsheng.&lt;ref&gt;[https://web.archive.org/web/20240531105844/https://dxnews.com/a25rj_botswana/ &quot;A25DX – A25RJ Botswana – News – Information&quot;]. ''dxnews.com''. Archived from the original on 31 May 2024. Retrieved 13 Phalane 2025.&lt;/ref&gt; Gape e na le bogodimo jo bo ka nnang dimitara di le sekete (3 300 ft) kwa godimo ga bogodimo jwa lewatle.&lt;ref&gt;[https://www.goway.com/destinations/africa/botswana &quot;Botswana Safari Vacation Packages 2025/2026 | Goway Travel&quot;]. ''www.goway.com''. [https://web.archive.org/web/20240531110907/https://www.goway.com/travel-information/africa-middle-east/botswana/geography-and-maps/ Archived] from the original on 31 May 2024. Retrieved 13 Phalane 2025.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;[https://www.botswana.co.za/Botswana_Regional_Info-travel/where-is-botswana.html &quot;Where is Botswana?&quot;]. ''botswana.co.za''. [https://web.archive.org/web/20240531222419/https://www.botswana.co.za/Botswana_Regional_Info-travel/where-is-botswana.html Archived] from the original on 31 May 2024. Retrieved 13 Phalane 2025.&lt;/ref&gt; Botswana e sephaphathi thata, e rata go nna mo lefelong le le bidikamang ka iketlo.&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot; /&gt; [[Sekaka sa Kalahari]] ke sone se tetseng mo Botswana, se se akaretsang go fitlha go 70% ya bogodimo jwa lefatshe la lone.&lt;ref&gt;[https://kids.nationalgeographic.com/geography/countries/article/botswana &quot;Botswana Country Profile – National Geographic Kids&quot;]. ''Geography''. 20 March 2014. [https://web.archive.org/web/20240531111339/https://kids.nationalgeographic.com/geography/countries/article/botswana Archived] from the original on 31 May 2024. Retrieved 13 Phalane 2025.&lt;/ref&gt;
[[Setshwantsho:Okavango Delta, Botswana (2674364913).jpg|thumb|220x220px|[[Makgobokgobo a Okavango]]]]
Lefelo la [[Noka ya Limpopo]], e leng sebopego se segolo sa lefatshe la borwa jotlhe jwa Aforika, le bontlhabongwe mo Botswana, ka megopo ya melatswana ya yone e e elelang, [[Noka ya Notwane|Notwane]], [[Noka ya Bonwapitse|Bonwapitse]], [[Mahalapye]], [[Noka ya Lotsane|Lotsane]], [[Molapo wa Motloutse|Motloutse]] le [[Noka ya Shashe|Shashe]], tse di mo karolong e e kwa botlhaba jwa lefatshe.&lt;ref&gt;[https://www.fao.org/4/y5744e/y5744e07.htm &quot;Drought impact mitigation and prevention in the Limpopo River Basin&quot;]. ''fao.org''. [https://web.archive.org/web/20240604175114/https://www.fao.org/4/y5744e/y5744e07.htm Archived] from the original on 4 June 2024. Retrieved 13 Phalane 2025.&lt;/ref&gt; Ya Notwane e tlamela motsemogolo ka metsi ka [[Gaborone dam|Letamo la Gaborone]].&lt;ref&gt;[https://www.wuc.bw/wuc-content.php?cid=139 &quot;WUC&quot;]. ''wuc.bw''. [https://web.archive.org/web/20160627051722/http://www.wuc.bw/wuc-content.php?cid=139 Archived] from the original on 27 June 2016. Retrieved 13 Phalane 2025.&lt;/ref&gt; [[Noka ya Chobe]] e kopana le [[Noka ya Zambezi]] kwa lefelong le le bidiwang [[Kazungula, Zambia|Kazungula]].&lt;ref&gt;[http://2summers.net/2013/07/01/crossing-a-river-where-four-countries-meet/ &quot;Crossing a River Where Four Countries Meet&quot;]. ''2Summers''. 1 July 2013. [https://web.archive.org/web/20240531233844/https://2summers.net/2013/07/01/crossing-a-river-where-four-countries-meet/ Archived] from the original on 31 May 2024. Retrieved 13 Phalane 2025.&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Mefutafuta ya ditshedi le tshomarelo ===
[[Setshwantsho:Cebras de Burchell (Equus quagga burchellii), vista aérea del delta del Okavango, Botsuana, 2018-08-01, DD 28.jpg|thumb|200x200px|Dipitse tsa naga di tsamayatsamaya mo Mogobeng wa Okavango]]
Botswana e na le mafelo a a farologaneng a bonno jwa diphologolo tsa naga.&lt;ref name=&quot;:3&quot;&gt;[https://www.awf.org/country/botswana &quot;Botswana | African Wildlife Foundation&quot;]. ''www.awf.org''. [https://web.archive.org/web/20240531215139/https://www.awf.org/country/botswana Archived] from the original on 31 May 2024. Retrieved 13 Phalane 2025.&lt;/ref&gt; Mo godimo ga mafelo a delta le a sekaka, go na le [[mafelo a bojang]] le [[di-savanna]].&lt;ref name=&quot;:3&quot; /&gt; Bokone jwa Botswana bo na le nngwe ya dipalopalo tse di mmalwa tse di setseng tsa [[ntša ya naga ya Aforika]] e e mo kotsing ya go nyelela.&lt;ref&gt;[https://www.canids.org/species/view/African-wild-dog &quot;African wild dog | Canids&quot;]. ''www.canids.org''. [https://web.archive.org/web/20240604175214/https://www.canids.org/species/view/African-wild-dog Archived] from the original on 4 June 2024. Retrieved 13 Phalane 2025.&lt;/ref&gt; [[Chobe National Park]] mo [[Kgaolo ya Chobe|Kgaolong ya Chobe]] e na le ditlou tse dintsi go gaisa tsotlhe mo lefatsheng tsa [[Ditlou tsa Aforika|Aforika]]. Phaka e akaretsa dikilometara di ka nna dikete tse lesome le motso (4,247 sq mi) mme e tshegetsa mefuta e ka nna makgolo mararo le masome matlhano ya dinonyane.&lt;ref&gt;Moseley, William G. [https://www.aljazeera.com/opinions/2013/4/21/too-many-elephants-in-african-parks &quot;Too many elephants in African parks?&quot;]. Al Jazeera. [https://web.archive.org/web/20240531233829/https://www.aljazeera.com/opinions/2013/4/21/too-many-elephants-in-african-parks Archived] from the original on 31 May 2024. Retrieved 13 Phalane 2025.&lt;/ref&gt; Botswana ke karolo ya Lefelo la Tshomarelo la Kavango Zambezi (KAZA), mmogo le Zimbabwe, Zambia, Namibia le Angola. Karolo ya tumalano e letla motsamao o o gololesegileng wa diphologolo tsa naga magareng ga mafatshe a a tsayang karolo. &quot;Mafelo a go gasama ga diphologolo tsa naga&quot; a le marataro a supilwe go ikaegilwe ka ditsela tsa ditso tsa go fuduga ga diphologolo tsa naga&lt;ref&gt;[https://www.worldwildlife.org/magazine/issues/spring-2016/articles/five-countries-work-toward-a-common-goal-in-southern-africa &quot;Five countries work toward a common goal in southern Africa | Magazine Articles | WWF&quot;]. ''World Wildlife Fund''. Retrieved 13 Phalane 2025.&lt;/ref&gt;

Mo Botswana [[khurumetso ya sekgwa]] e ka nna 27% ya bogolo jwa lefatshe lotlhe, e e lekanang le diheketara di le 15,254,700 (ha) tsa sekgwa ka 2020, go tswa go diheketara di le 18,803,700 (ha) ka 1990. Ka 2020, sekgwa se se itsosolosang ka tlhago se ne se akaretsa diheketara di le 15,254,700, sa sekgwa se se itsosolosang ka tlhago 0% e ne ya begwa e le [[sekgwa sa motheo]] (se se nang le mefuta ya ditlhare tsa naga e e senang ditshupo tse di bonalang sentle tsa tiro ya batho) mme mo e ka nnang 11% ya kgaolo ya sekgwa e e sireleditsweng e ne ya fitlhelwa mo teng. Mo ngwageng wa 2015, 24% ya kgaolo ya sekgwa e begilwe e le ka fa tlase ga setshaba le 76% ya mong yo o ikemetseng.&lt;ref&gt;''[https://openknowledge.fao.org/server/api/core/bitstreams/a6e225da-4a31-4e06-818d-ca3aeadfd635/content Terms and Definitions FRA 2025 Forest Resources Assessment, Working Paper 194]''. Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations. 2023.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;[https://fra-data.fao.org/assessments/fra/2020/BWA/home/overview &quot;Global Forest Resources Assessment 2020, Botswana&quot;]. ''Food Agriculture Organization of the United Nations''.&lt;/ref&gt;

Chobe National Park le [[Moremi Game Reserve]] (mo Okavango Delta) ke mafelo a magolo a bojanala.&lt;ref&gt;Bunge, Bianca (31 May 2021). [https://secretafrica.com/top-10-tourist-attractions-in-botswana/ &quot;Top 10 Tourist Attractions In Botswana&quot;]. ''Secret Africa''. [https://web.archive.org/web/20230531201917/https://secretafrica.com/top-10-tourist-attractions-in-botswana/ Archived] from the original on 31 May 2023. Retrieved 13 Phalane 2025.&lt;/ref&gt; Dipolokelo tse dingwe di akaretsa [[Lefelo la diphologolo la Central Kalahari]] le le fitlhelwang kwa Sekakeng sa Kalahari mo [[Kgaolo ya Ghanzi|Kgaolong ya Ghanzi]]; [[Makgadikgadi Pans National Park]] le [[Nxai Pan National Park]] tse di mo [[Kgaolo ya Legare (Botswana)|Kgaolong ya Legare]] mo [[Makgadikgadi Pan]].&lt;ref&gt;[https://www.itravelto.com/place/Central-Botswana.html &quot;Central Botswana | Botswana Safari&quot;]. ''www.itravelto.com''. [https://web.archive.org/web/20240531233838/https://www.itravelto.com/place/Central-Botswana.html Archived] from the original on 31 May 2024. Retrieved 13 Phalane 2025.&lt;/ref&gt;

Lefatshe la Botswana le lebagane le mathata a mabedi a magolo [[a tikologo]], komelelo le [[go fetoga sekaka]], tse di golaganeng thata. Dikotara di le tharo tsa batho le diphologolo tsa naga di ikaegile ka metsi a a ka fa tlase ga lefatshe ka ntlha ya komelelo. Tiriso ya [[metsi a ka fa tlase ga lefatshe]] ka go epa didiba tse di kwa teng e fokoditse ditlamorago tsa komelelo ka tsela nngwe. Metsi a a fa godimo ga lefatshe a a tlhokega mo Botswana, mme temothuo e e kwa tlase ga 5% mo lefatsheng e kgona go tswelela ka pula. Mo e e setseng 95% ya lefatshe, go rua leruo ke motswedi o mogolo wa lotseno lwa kwa magaeng. Mo e ka nnang 71% ya lefatshe la lefatshe le dirisediwa phulo ya tlhakanelo, e e nnileng selo se segolo se se bakileng go fetoga ga naga sekaka le kgogolego ya mmu e e potlakileng mo lefatsheng.&lt;ref name=&quot;:4&quot;&gt;Darkoh, Michael. [https://web.archive.org/web/20101010191509/http://www.rala.is/rade/ralareport/darkoh.pdf &quot;Desertification in Botswana&quot;] (PDF). IS: Rala. pp. 61–64. Archived from [http://www.rala.is/rade/ralareport/darkoh.pdf the original] (PDF) on 10 October 2010. Retrieved 13 Phalane 2025.&lt;/ref&gt;

E re ka go rua leruo go solegetse batho ba lefatshe la Botswana dipoelo, ba tsweletse ka go dirisa lefatshe leo ka dipalo tse di golang tsa diphologolo ka tsela e e gakgamatsang. Go tloga ka 1966 go fitlha ka 1991, palo ya leruo e ne ya gola go tswa go didikadike di le 1.7 go ya go didikadike di le tlhano le sephatlo.&lt;ref name=&quot;:4&quot; /&gt; Fela jalo, palo ya batho e oketsegile go tswa go 574,000 ka 1971 go ya go sedikadike le sephatlo ka 1995, e leng koketsego ya 161% mo dingwageng di le masome mabedi le bone.&lt;ref&gt;[https://www.comptonherald.org/joa-botswana &quot;Botswana&quot;]. ''Compton Herald''. [https://web.archive.org/web/20240501224436/https://www.comptonherald.org/joa-botswana Archived] from the original on 1 May 2024. Retrieved 13 Phalane 2025. &lt;/ref&gt; Baitseanape ba tikologo ba bega gore Okavango Delta e a oma ka ntlha ya go oketsega ga phulo ya leruo.&lt;ref name=&quot;:5&quot;&gt;[http://www.afrol.com/articles/21794 &quot;Botswana, US sign 'Debt-for-Nature' agreement&quot;]. Afrol. [https://web.archive.org/web/20091201140712/http://www.afrol.com/articles/21794 Archived] from the original on 1 December 2009. Retrieved 13 Phalane 2025.&lt;/ref&gt; Okavango Delta ke nngwe ya mafelo a magolo a a metsi a a nang le dikgwa tse dinnye mo Botswana e bile ke nngwe ya mafelo a magolo a a kwa teng ga naga mo lefatsheng; thulaganyo ya tikologo e botlhokwa thata mo go tsheleng ga diphologolo di le dintsi.&lt;ref name=&quot;:5&quot; /&gt;

Lephata la Dikgwa le Ditsompelo tsa Dikgwa le setse le simolotse go tsenya mo tirisong porojeke ya go busetsa dimela tsa selegae mo baaging ba Kgalagadi Borwa, Kweneng Bokone le Boteti.&lt;ref&gt;Mogotsi, Kebadire; Kanego, Arabang; Sebele, Neelo; Kgaswane, Medi; Gabaitse, H. [https://web.archive.org/web/20100724145917/http://www.unccd.int/IYDD/documents/NOTCDIB.pdf &quot;New opportunities for combating desertification in Botswana: Women in action for sustainable land and natural resources management&quot;] (PDF). UNCCD. Archived from [https://web.archive.org/web/20100724145917/http://www.unccd.int/IYDD/documents/NOTCDIB.pdf the original] (PDF) on 24 July 2010. Retrieved 13 Phalane 2025.&lt;/ref&gt; Go tsenngwa gape ga dimela tsa selegae go tlaa thusa go fokotsa go senyega ga lefatshe. [[Puso ya Amerika]] le yone e dirile tumalano le lefatshe la Botswana, e ba neetse US$7 million go fokotsa sekoloto sa Botswana ka US$8.3 million. US e ne ya tlhomamisa gore Botswana e tlaa tlhoma mogopolo mo tshomarelong e e tseneletseng ya lefatshe.&lt;ref name=&quot;:5&quot; /&gt; Lefatshe le ne le na le maduo a palogare a [[Forest Landscape Integrity Index]] ya 2018 a 9.13/10, e e baya mo maemong a bo ferabobedi lefatshe ka bophara mo mafatsheng a le lekgolo le masome a supa le bobedi.&lt;ref&gt;Grantham, H. S.; Duncan, A.; Evans, T. D.; Jones, K. R.; Beyer, H. L.; Schuster, R.; Walston, J.; Ray, J. C.; Robinson, J. G.; Callow, M.; Clements, T.; Costa, H. M.; DeGemmis, A.; Elsen, P. R.; Ervin, J.; Franco, P.; Goldman, E.; Goetz, S.; Hansen, A.; Hofsvang, E.; Jantz, P.; Jupiter, S.; Kang, A.; Langhammer, P.; Laurance, W. F.; Lieberman, S.; Linkie, M.; Malhi, Y.; Maxwell, S.; Mendez, M.; Mittermeier, R.; Murray, N. J.; Possingham, H.; Radachowsky, J.; Saatchi, S.; Samper, C.; Silverman, J.; Shapiro, A.; Strassburg, B.; Stevens, T.; Stokes, E.; Taylor, R.; Tear, T.; Tizard, R.; Venter, O.; Visconti, P.; Wang, S.; Watson, J. E. M. (2020). [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7723057 &quot;Anthropogenic modification of forests means only 40% of remaining forests have high ecosystem integrity – Supplementary Material&quot;]. ''Nature Communications''. '''11''' (1): 5978. Bibcode:2020NatCo..11.5978G. doi:10.1038/s41467-020-19493-3. ISSN 2041-1723. PMC 7723057. &lt;nowiki&gt;PMID 33293507&lt;/nowiki&gt;.&lt;/ref&gt;

[[United Nations Development Programme]] (UNDP) le bolela fa lehuma e le lone bothata jo bogolo jo bo dirang gore go dirisiwe ditsompelo go feta selekanyo, go akaretsa le lefatshe, mo Botswana. UNDP e ne ya tsenelela mo porojekeng e e neng ya simololwa kwa morafeng wa borwa jwa Struizendam mo Botswana. Maikaelelo a porojeke ke go tsaya malebela mo &quot;kitsong ya setso le dithulaganyo tsa taolo ya lefatshe tsa setso&quot;. Baeteledipele ba mokgatlho oo ba tshwanetse go nna batho ba ba mo setšhabeng go gogela batho ba tlholego, mme seo se oketsa ditšhono tsa bone tsa go bona lotseno, ka jalo se fokotsa lehuma. UNDP gape e boletse gore puso e tshwanetse go diragatsa melao ka katlego go letla batho go laola metswedi ya bone ya selegae mme lenaneo le fa puso tshedimosetso go thusa mo tlhabololong ya melao.&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.afrol.com/articles/13090 &quot;Botswana villages fighting desertification&quot;]. Afrol. [https://web.archive.org/web/20091102221242/http://www.afrol.com/articles/13090 Archived] from the original on 2 November 2009. Retrieved 13 Phalane 2025.&lt;/ref&gt;

== Puso le dipolotiki ==
[[Setshwantsho:Duma Boko 2025 (cropped).jpg|thumb|208x208px|[[Duma Boko]] ke [[Tautona wa Botswana]] go tloga ka 2024.]]
Botswana ke [[rephaboliki ya palamente]] e e laolwang ke [[Molaomotheo wa Botswana]].&lt;ref name=&quot;:6&quot;&gt;Sebudubudu, David; Maripe, Bugalo; Botlhomilwe, Mokganedi Z.; Malila, Ikanyeng S. (2013). [https://www.jstor.org/stable/45341655 &quot;The Mutation of Parliament into a &quot;Registration Chamber&quot;: Executive Dominance over the Legislature in Botswana&quot;]. ''The African Review: A Journal of African Politics, Development and International Affairs''. '''40''' (2): 33–59. ISSN 0856-0056. JSTOR 45341655. Archived from the original on 14 November 2022. Retrieved 14 Phalane 2025.&lt;/ref&gt; Ke puso ya batho ka batho e telele go gaisa e e sa kgaotseng mo Aforika.&lt;ref name=&quot;:8&quot;&gt;Sebudubudu, David; Bodilenyane, Keratilwe; Kwerepe, Phana (2016). [https://www.jstor.org/stable/45342124 &quot;The Politics of Opposition Electoral Coalitions and Alliances in Botswana&quot;]. ''The African Review: A Journal of African Politics, Development and International Affairs''. '''43''' (1): 1–26. ISSN 0856-0056. JSTOR 45342124. [https://web.archive.org/web/20231013182227/https://www.jstor.org/stable/45342124 Archived] from the original on 13 October 2023. Retrieved 14 Phalane 2025.&lt;/ref&gt; Setilo sa yone sa puso se kwa [[Gaborone]].&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot; /&gt; Ditheo tsa puso ya Botswana di tlhomilwe morago ga gore e nne setšhaba se se ikemetseng ka nosi ka 1966. Thulaganyo ya puso ya Botswana e ikaegile ka [[tsamaiso ya Westminster]] ya United Kingdom le dipuso tsa merafe ya batho ba Tswana.&lt;ref name=&quot;:6&quot; /&gt; Botswana e na le [[puso e e kopantsweng]] e mo go yone molao wa bosetšhaba o emisetsang molao wa selegae.&lt;ref&gt;Mooketsane, K.; Bodilenyane, K.; Motshekgwa, B. (2017). [https://journals.co.za/doi/abs/10.10520/EJC-6a061f80d &quot;Is decentralisation in Botswana a democratic fallacy?&quot;]. ''African Journal of Public Affairs''. '''9''' (5): 47–60. hdl:10520/EJC-6a061f80d. [https://web.archive.org/web/20240604175122/https://journals.co.za/doi/abs/10.10520/EJC-6a061f80d Archived] from the original on 4 June 2024. Retrieved 14 Phalane 2025.&lt;/ref&gt; Melao ya selegae e tlhamiwa ke makgotla a selegae le makgotla a dikgaolo.&lt;ref name=&quot;:7&quot;&gt;Sharma, Keshav C. (23 August 2020). [https://search.informit.org/doi/abs/10.3316/informit.928945225837497 &quot;Role of local government in Botswana for effective service delivery: Challenges, prospects and lessons&quot;]. ''Commonwealth Journal of Local Governance'' (7): 135–142. [https://web.archive.org/web/20240604175124/https://search.informit.org/doi/abs/10.3316/informit.928945225837497 Archived] from the original on 4 June 2024. Retrieved 14 Phalane 2025.&lt;/ref&gt; Ba tlhotlhelediwa thata ke dipuso tsa merafe, tse di eteletsweng pele ke kgosi ya morafe.&lt;ref name=&quot;:7&quot; /&gt;

[[Palamente ya Botswana]] e na le Tautona le [[Kokoano Bosetšhaba]], e e dirang jaaka lekgotla la peomolao la setšhaba le le tlhomameng le le le nosi, fa ''[[Ntlo ya Dikgosi]]'' e direla setlhopha sa bagakolodi se se dirilweng ke dikgosi tsa merafe le maloko a mangwe a a tlhomilweng.&lt;ref&gt;Norton, Philip (21 December 2004). [[doi:10.1080/1357233042000322436|&quot;How many bicameral legislatures are there?&quot;]]. ''The Journal of Legislative Studies''. '''10''' (4): 1–9. doi:[[doi:10.1080/1357233042000322436|10.1080/1357233042000322436]]. ISSN 1357-2334. S2CID 143950774. Archived from the original on 4 June 2024. Retrieved 14 Phalane 2025.&lt;/ref&gt; Lekala la khuduthamaga la Botswana le eteletswe pele ke [[Tautona wa Botswana]], yo o dirang jaaka tlhogo ya lefatshe le tlhogo ya puso.&lt;ref name=&quot;:6&quot; /&gt; Maloko a palamente a tlhopha tautona,&lt;ref name=&quot;:9&quot;&gt;Botlhale, Emmanuel; Lotshwao, Kebapetse (2013). [https://www.jstor.org/stable/90024373 &quot;The Uneasy Relationship Between Parliament and the Executive in Botswana&quot;]. ''Botswana Notes and Records''. '''45''': 39–51. [[:en:ISSN_(identifier)|ISSN]] [https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0525-5090 0525-5090]. [[:en:JSTOR_(identifier)|JSTOR]] [https://www.jstor.org/stable/90024373 90024373]. [https://web.archive.org/web/20240213145751/https://www.jstor.org/stable/90024373 Archived] from the original on 13 February 2024. Retrieved 14 Phalane 2025.&lt;/ref&gt; mme tautona o tlhoma [[Mothusa Tautona wa Botswana|mothusa-tautona]] le [[matona]].&lt;ref&gt;Beaulier, Scott A.; Subrick, J. Robert (2006). [http://link.springer.com/10.1007/s10602-006-0002-x &quot;The Political Foundations of Development: The Case of Botswana&quot;]. ''Constitutional Political Economy''. '''17''' (2): 103–115. doi:10.1007/s10602-006-0002-x. ISSN 1043-4062. S2CID 59354401. Archived from the original on 4 June 2024. Retrieved 14 Phalane 2025. &lt;/ref&gt; Tautona o na le dithata tse di bonalang mo Botswana, mme lekgotla la peomolao ga le na dithata tse dintsi tsa go tlhola tautona fa a setse a tlhomilwe.&lt;ref name=&quot;:9&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Mogalakwe, Monageng; Nyamnjoh, Francis (2 January 2017). [[doi:10.1080/02589001.2017.1286636|&quot;Botswana at 50: democratic deficit, elite corruption and poverty in the midst of plenty&quot;]]. ''Journal of Contemporary African Studies''. '''35''' (1): 1–14. doi:10.1080/02589001.2017.1286636. ISSN 0258-9001.&lt;/ref&gt; Boatlhodi bo akaretsa Kgotla Kgolo ya Ditsheko ya Botswana, Kgotlatshekelo ya Boikuelo le Dikgotlatshekelo tsa Bommakaseterata.&lt;ref&gt;[https://web.archive.org/web/20110218013129/http://www.gov.bw/en/Ministries--Authorities/Ministries/Administration-of-Justice-AOJ/About-AOJ1/The-Hierarchy-of-the-Courts/ &quot;The Hierarchy of the Courts&quot;]. ''Government of Botswana''. Archived from [http://www.gov.bw/en/Ministries--Authorities/Ministries/Administration-of-Justice-AOJ/About-AOJ1/The-Hierarchy-of-the-Courts/ the original] on 18 February 2011.&lt;/ref&gt; Dikgetse gantsi di rarabololwa ke dikgotlatshekelo tsa setso tse di okametsweng ke dikgosi tsa merafe.&lt;ref name=&quot;:7&quot; /&gt;

[[Ditlhopho mo Botswana]] di tshwarwa dingwaga dingwe le dingwe di le tlhano mme di okametswe ke [[Lekgotla le le Ikemetseng la Ditlhopho]] (IEC).&lt;ref name=&quot;:10&quot;&gt;Mogalakwe, Monageng (2 January 2015). [[doi:10.1080/02589001.2015.1021210|&quot;An assessment of Botswana's electoral management body to deliver fair elections&quot;]]. ''Journal of Contemporary African Studies''. '''33''' (1): 105–120. doi:10.1080/02589001.2015.1021210. ISSN 0258-9001. S2CID 154949350. Archived from the original on 4 June 2024. Retrieved 14 Phalane 2025.&lt;/ref&gt; Botswana e tsamaisa [[tsamaiso ya makoko a mantsi]] e mo go yone [[makoko a mantsi a sepolotiki]] a gaisanang mo ditlhophong.&lt;ref name=&quot;:8&quot; /&gt; E ne e le lefatshe la lekoko le le laolang le mo go lone [[Botswana Democratic Party]] e neng e busa ka puso ya bontsi go tloga ka boipuso ka 1966 go fitlha ka 2024.&lt;ref&gt;Somolekae, Gloria (1 January 2005). [https://www.africaportal.org/publications/political-parties-in-botswana/ Political Parties in Botswana] (Report). Electoral Institute for Sustainable Democracy in Africa. p. 6. [https://web.archive.org/web/20230601230322/https://www.africaportal.org/publications/political-parties-in-botswana/ Archived] from the original on 1 June 2023. Retrieved 14 Phalane 2025.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;[[:en:Botswana#CITEREFHillbomBolt2018|Hillbom &amp; Bolt 2018]], p. 74.&lt;/ref&gt; Ditlhopho tsa setšhaba di amogelwa jaaka [[tse di gololesegileng le tse di siameng]], fela lekoko le le busang le na le bomolemo jwa setheo se makoko a mangwe a se nang one.&lt;ref name=&quot;:10&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Sebudubudu, David; Botlhomilwe, Mokganedi Zara (2010). [https://journals.co.za/doi/10.10520/EJC88240 &quot;The management of elections: the case of Botswana&quot;]. ''Politeia''. '''29''' (1): 65–77. [https://web.archive.org/web/20240604175631/https://journals.co.za/doi/10.10520/EJC88240 Archived] from the original on 4 June 2024. Retrieved 14 Phalane 2025.&lt;/ref&gt; [[Makgamu]] a tlwaelesegile mo makokong a sepolotiki a Botswana, mme ditlhopha di le mmalwa di tlhamile makoko a masha ka go kgaogana le a a tlhomilweng.&lt;ref name=&quot;:8&quot; /&gt; Fa e sale ka 2019, [[Umbrella for Democratic Change]] e ntse e dira jaaka kopano ya makoko a kganetso.&lt;ref&gt;[https://www.reuters.com/article/us-botswana-politics-idUSKBN15I2JN &quot;Botswana opposition groups unite to challenge ruling BDP&quot;]. ''Reuters''. 3 February 2017. [https://web.archive.org/web/20221114062454/https://www.reuters.com/article/us-botswana-politics-idUSKBN15I2JN Archived] from the original on 14 November 2022. Retrieved 14 Phalane 2025.&lt;/ref&gt; Ditlhopho tsa bosheng di ne tsa tshwarwa ka 2024, fa lekoko la Botswana Democratic Party le ne la latlhegelwa ke bontsi jwa lone lekgetlho la ntlha mo ditsong, mme seo sa fedisa puso ya lone ya dingwaga di le masome a matlhano le boferabobedi mo lefatsheng leo. Ditlhopho di ne tsa bona [[Duma Boko]] a tlhophiwa go nna tautona.&lt;ref&gt;[https://www.bbc.com/news/articles/cx2yx5nk1l0o &quot;Botswana election: Duma Boko – the politician who did the unthinkable&quot;]. BBC. November 2024. Retrieved 14 Phalane 2025.&lt;/ref&gt;

Mo dingwageng tsa ntlha tsa Botswana, dipolotiki tsa lone di ne di laolwa ke Tautona [[Seretse Khama]] le mothusa-tautona (tautona wa moragonyana) [[Quett Masire]].&lt;ref&gt;[[:en:Botswana#CITEREFLeith2005|Leith 2005]], p. 58.&lt;/ref&gt; Fa e sale ka [[Khuduthamaga ya Kgabo]] ka 1991, makgamu le dikgaisano tsa sepolotiki di laotse sepolotiki sa Botswana. Lekoko la [[Barata-Phathi]] le ne le eteletswe pele ke [[Peter Mmusi]], [[Daniel Kwelagobe]] le [[Ponatshego Kedikilwe]], fa lekoko la [[A Team]] le ne le eteletswe pele ke [[Mompati Merafhe]] le [[Jacob Nkate]].&lt;ref&gt;Ntuane, Botsalo (2018). [https://www.jstor.org/stable/90026925 &quot;President Festus Mogae: The Regent Who Became King&quot;]. ''Botswana Notes and Records''. '''50''': 333–338. ISSN 0525-5090. JSTOR 90026925. Archived from the original on 3 October 2023. Retrieved 14 Phalane 2025.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:11&quot;&gt;Lotshwao, Kebapetse; Suping, Kekgaoditse (2013). [https://www.researchgate.net/publication/310771824 &quot;The 2010 split of the Botswana Democratic Party&quot;]. ''Pula: Botswana Journal of African Studies''. '''27''' (2): 343–360. [https://web.archive.org/web/20240604175735/https://www.researchgate.net/publication/310771824_The_2010_split_of_the_Botswana_Democratic_Party Archived] from the original on 4 June 2024. Retrieved 14 Phalane 2025.&lt;/ref&gt; Fa [[Festus Mogae]] le [[Ian Khama Seretse Khama|Ian Khama]] ba nna tautona le mothusa tautona, ka go latelana, ba ne ba itebaganya le setlhopha sa A. Khama o ne a leleka A Team mo lekokong ka 2010 morago ga go nna tautona.&lt;ref name=&quot;:11&quot; /&gt; Kgaisano e ntsha e ne ya bopega ka 2018 fa motlhatlhami wa ga Khama yo o tlhophilweng, Mokgweetsi Masisi a ne a nna tautona. O ne a ganetsa Khama, mme bobedi jo bo ne jwa bopa kgaisano ya sepolotiki e e tswelelang go tlhotlhoregela mo dipolotiking tsa Batswana ka dingwaga tsa bo 2020.&lt;ref&gt;Seabo, Batlang; Nyenhuis, Robert (2021). [https://www.cambridge.org/core/product/identifier/S000202062100069X/type/journal_article &quot;Botswana's 2019 General Elections: A Referendum on General Ian Khama&quot;]. ''African Studies Review''. '''64''' (4): 854–883. doi:10.1017/asr.2021.69. ISSN 0002-0206. Archived from the original on 4 June 2024. Retrieved 14 Phalane 2025. &lt;/ref&gt;

Botswana e ne ya bewa mo maemong a &quot;puso ya batho ka batho e e nang le diphoso&quot; mme e le ya bo 33 mo dinageng di le 167 mo [[Democracy Index (The Economist)]], e e neng e le maemo a bobedi a a kwa godimo mo Aforika, le maemo a a kwa godimo mo kontinenteng ya Aforika (ke fela setšhaba sa setlhaketlhake sa [[Mauritius]] se se kwa lewatleng se se neng se fenya maemo a yone).&lt;ref&gt;[https://www.eiu.com/n/campaigns/democracy-index-2023/ &quot;Democracy Index 2023&quot;]. ''Economist Intelligence Unit''. [https://web.archive.org/web/20240214215250/https://www.eiu.com/n/campaigns/democracy-index-2023/ Archived] from the original on 14 February 2024. Retrieved 14 Phalane 2025.&lt;/ref&gt; Le fa go ntse jalo, go ya ka [[V-Dem Democracy Indices]] ya 2024, Botswana e ntse e itemogela tiragalo ya [[go boela morago ga puso ya batho ka batho]] mo dingwageng di le lesome tse di fetileng, mme ya rekota maduo a yone a a kwa tlase go gaisa otlhe mo ditshupaneng tseno. Ditshupane di tlhaola Botswana jaaka puso ya batho ka batho ya ditlhopho e e mo ‘kgaolong e e bosetlha’ fa gare ga puso ya batho ka batho ya ditlhopho le puso ya boikgethelo ya ditlhopho. Go feta foo, di bontsha gore Botswana e latlhegetswe ke maemo a yone jaaka &quot;puso ya batho ka batho e e gololesegileng&quot; ka 2021, ka dikarolo tsa yone tsa kgololesego, tsa go tsaya karolo le tsa dipuisano di fokotsega &quot;ka maemo a a botlhokwa go ya ka dipalopalo&quot;, ka karolo ya bofelo e lemogilwe jaaka e e nnang &quot;e e maswe thata&quot;.&lt;ref&gt;[https://www.v-dem.net/documents/44/v-dem_dr2024_highres.pdf &quot;V-Dem Democracy Index&quot;] (PDF). ''V-Dem''. pp. 14, 16, 21, 28. [https://web.archive.org/web/20240307211425/https://www.v-dem.net/documents/44/v-dem_dr2024_highres.pdf Archived] (PDF) from the original on 7 March 2024. Retrieved 14 Phalane 2025.&lt;/ref&gt;

[[Transparency International]] [[Corruption Index]] ya 2023 e beile Botswana mo maemong a boraro a tshenyetso setshaba jo bo kwa tlase mo Aforika, ka fa tlase fela ga [[Cape Verde]] le [[Seychelles]].&lt;ref&gt;[https://www.transparency.org/en/cpi/2023 &quot;2023 Corruption Perceptions Index: Explore the results&quot;]. ''Transparency.org''. 30 January 2024. [https://web.archive.org/web/20230204001659/https://www.transparency.org/en/cpi/2023 Archived] from the original on 4 February 2023.&lt;/ref&gt; Botswana gape ke leloko la [[Mafatshe a selekane|Mafatshe a Selekane]].&lt;ref&gt;[https://thecommonwealth.org/our-member-countries &quot;Member countries&quot;]. ''Commonwealth''. [https://web.archive.org/web/20221031175159/https://thecommonwealth.org/our-member-countries Archived] from the original on 31 October 2022. Retrieved &lt;/ref&gt;

=== Dikamano le mafatshe a sele le sesole ===
[[Setshwantsho:Botswanatroopsboardplane.png|thumb|200x200px|Masole a Botswana a palama sefofane sa [[sesole sa Botswana]] go ya kwa Mozambique ka Phukwi 2021.]]
Ka nakô ya boipusô, lefatshe ja Botswana le ne le sena sesôlê sê se nitlameng. E ne e le morago ga gore Masôlê a [[Rhodesia]] le a [[Sesole sa Aforika Borwa|Aforika Borwa]] a lwantshiwê ke mephatô ya [[Zimbabwe People's Revolutionary Army]] le [[Umkhonto we Sizwe]]&lt;ref&gt;Parks, Michael (20 May 1986). [https://www.latimes.com/archives/la-xpm-1986-05-20-mn-6620-story.html &quot;S. Africa Raids 3 Nearby Nations : Attacks Rebel Bases in Capitals of Zimbabwe, Zambia and Botswana&quot;]. ''Los Angeles Times''. [https://web.archive.org/web/20120111150242/http://articles.latimes.com/1986-05-20/news/mn-6620_1_african-national-congress Archived] from the original on 11 January 2012. Retrieved 14 Phalane 2025.&lt;/ref&gt; mme [[Botswana Defence Force]] (BDF) ya tlhamiwa ka ngwaga wa 1977.&lt;ref name=&quot;:12&quot;&gt;[https://web.archive.org/web/20110706162757/http://www.gov.bw/en/Ministries--Authorities/Ministries/State-President/Botswana-Defence-Force-BDF/About-the-BDF1/History-of-the-BDF/ &quot;History of the BDF&quot;]. ''gov.bw''. 25 August 2011. Archived from [http://www.gov.bw/en/Ministries--Authorities/Ministries/State-President/Botswana-Defence-Force-BDF/About-the-BDF1/History-of-the-BDF/ the original] on 6 July 2011.&lt;/ref&gt; Tautona ê nê e le [[molaodi wa sesôlè]] gape a tlhopha khansele ya itshireletso. Sesôlê sa Botswana se maloko a ka tshwara selekanyo sa 12,000. Ka 2019, Botswana e ne ya saena tumalano ya UN ya [[treaty on the Prohibition of Nuclear Weapons]].&lt;ref&gt;[https://treaties.un.org/Pages/ViewDetails.aspx?src=TREATY&amp;mtdsg_no=XXVI-9&amp;chapter=26&amp;clang=_en &quot;Chapter XXVI: Disarmament – No. 9 Treaty on the Prohibition of Nuclear Weapons&quot;]. United Nations Treaty Collection. 7 July 2017. [https://web.archive.org/web/20190806220546/https://treaties.un.org/Pages/ViewDetails.aspx?src=TREATY&amp;mtdsg_no=XXVI-9&amp;chapter=26&amp;clang=_en Archived] from the original on 6 August 2019. Retrieved 14 Phalane 2025.&lt;/ref&gt;

Go latêla phetogô ya sepôlôtiki sa Aforika Borwa le sa kgaolo, sesôlê sa Botswana se nê sa itlama go sirêlêtsa diphôlôgôlô tsa tlhôlêgê, [[go baakanyetsa dibetso tsa tlhôlêgô]], gape tshegetsa go lêre kagisô kwa mafatsheng a sele. Lefatshe ja United States ke lengwe lê le thusang Botswana ka ditlhabololô, le sônê [[Botswana Defence Force|sesôlê sa Botswana]], ka bontsi jwa bônê ba fiwa ithuthuntshô ke ba lefatshe la U.S. Ithuthuntshô ê e tsêwa e le ya kônôkônô.&lt;ref name=&quot;:12&quot; /&gt; Puso ya Botswana e ne ya naya Amerika tetla ya go sekaseka kgonagalo ya go tlhoma lefelo la Africa Command ([[AFRICOM]]) mo lefatsheng leo.&lt;ref&gt;U.S. Army Africa Public Affairs; Daniel, Spc. Tynisha; March, Meredith; Sampson, Sgt. Karen (15 January 2017). [https://web.archive.org/web/20170718193102/http://www.africom.mil/media-room/article/27819/botswana-defence-force-u-s-army-leaders-meet-in-europe &quot;Botswana Defence Force, U.S. Army Leaders Meet in Europe&quot;]. ''africom.mil''. Archived from [http://www.africom.mil/media-room/article/27819/botswana-defence-force-u-s-army-leaders-meet-in-europe the original] on 18 July 2017.&lt;/ref&gt;

Botswana ke lefatshe la bo masome matlhano le le nang le kagiso mo lefatsheng, go ya ka [[Global Peace Index]].&lt;ref&gt;[https://www.economicsandpeace.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/06/GPI-2024-web.pdf &quot;2024 Global Peace Index&quot;] (PDF). p. 20.&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Ditshwanelo tsa setho ===
[[Ditshwanelo|Lefelo la Botswana la Ditshwanelo tsa Setho]], [[Ditshwanelo]], le tlhomilwe ka 1993.&lt;ref&gt;[https://web.archive.org/web/20180218204716/http://www.ditshwanelo.org.bw/ &quot;Ditshwanelo&quot;]. ''ditshwanelo.org.bw''. 16 January 2018. Archived from [http://www.ditshwanelo.org.bw/ the original] on 18 February 2018.&lt;/ref&gt; Go fitlha ka Seetebosigo 2019, ditiro tsa go ratana ka bong bo le bongwe di ne di le kgatlhanong le molao mo Botswana. Tshwetso ya Kgotla Kgolo ya Ditsheko ya Botswana ya Seetebosigo a le lesome le motso wa ngwaga oo e ne ya phimola dipeelo tsa Molao wa Bosenyi tse di neng di otlhaya &quot;kitso ya nama ya motho ope kgatlhanong le thulaganyo ya tlholego&quot; le &quot;ditiro tsa maitseo a a makgwakgwa&quot;, mme seo sa dira gore Botswana e nne nngwe ya mafatshe a le masome mabedi le bobedi a Aforika a a dirileng gore batho ba bong jo bo tshwanang ba se ka ba nna molato kgotsa ba nne mo molaong.&lt;ref&gt;Fox, Kara. [https://www.cnn.com/2019/06/11/africa/botswana-lgbtq-ruling-intl/index.html &quot;Botswana scraps gay sex laws in big victory for LGBTQ rights in Africa&quot;]. CNN. [https://web.archive.org/web/20190611111110/https://www.cnn.com/2019/06/11/africa/botswana-lgbtq-ruling-intl/index.html Archived] from the original on 11 June 2019. Retrieved 13 Phalane 2025.&lt;/ref&gt; [[Katlholelo loso]] ke katlholo ya semolao ya polao mo Botswana, mme dipolao di dirwa ka go kalediwa.&lt;ref&gt;Tshosa, Onkemetse (25 May 2021). [https://www.biicl.org/files/2216_tshosa_death_penalty_botswana.pdf &quot;THE DEATH PENALTY IN BOTSWANA IN THE LIGHT OF INTERNATIONAL LAW: THE CASE FOR ABOLITION&quot;] (PDF). p. 3. [https://web.archive.org/web/20210525162623/https://www.biicl.org/files/2216_tshosa_death_penalty_botswana.pdf Archived] (PDF) from the original on 25 May 2021. Retrieved 14 Phalane 2025.&lt;/ref&gt;
[[Setshwantsho:Bosquimanos-Grassland Bushmen Lodge, Botswana 04.jpg|thumb|220x220px|Monna wa Mosarwa (San) ]]

==== San le merafe e mengwe ya tlholego ====
Bontsi jwa batho ba tlholego ba San ba fudusitswe ka dikgoka go tswa mo lefatsheng la bone go ya kwa mafelong a a beetsweng kwa thoko. Go dira gore ba fuduge, ba ne ba kganelwa go bona metsi mo lefatsheng la bone mme ba ne ba lebana le go tshwarwa fa ba ka tsoma, e leng motswedi wa bone o mogolo wa dijo.&lt;ref name=&quot;:13&quot;&gt;[https://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-24821867 &quot;Botswana bushmen: Modern life is destroying us&quot;]. ''BBC News''. 7 January 2014. [https://web.archive.org/web/20160325015238/http://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-24821867 Archived] from the original on 25 March 2016. Retrieved 14 Phalane 2025.&lt;/ref&gt; Mafeloa bone a mo gare ga tshimo e e humileng thata ya diteemane mo lefatsheng. Semmuso, puso e ganetsa gore go na le kgolagano epe le meepo, e bolela fa go fudusiwa e le go somarela diphologolo tsa naga le thulaganyo ya tikologo, le fa batho ba San ba ntse ba tshela ka tsela e e tswelelang mo lefatsheng ka dingwaga di le dikete.&lt;ref name=&quot;:13&quot; /&gt; Mo dipeeletsong, ba kgaratlha thata go bona tiro, mme botagwa bo aname.&lt;ref name=&quot;:13&quot; /&gt;

Ka Phatwe a le masome mabedi le bone 2018, [[Mmegi yo o Kgethegileng wa UN wa Bathopotlana]], Fernand de Varennes, o ne a ntsha pegelo e e neng e ikuela mo Botswana &quot;go oketsa maiteko a go lemoga le go sireletsa ditshwanelo tsa batho ba babotlana mabapi le ditirelo tsa setšhaba, tiriso ya lefatshe le didirisiwa, le tiriso ya [[dipuo tse di potlana]] mo thutong le mo mafelong mangwe a a botlhokwa.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;[https://www.ohchr.org/en/press-releases/2018/08/botswana-minorities-need-boost-education-and-health-care-says-un-expert#:~:text=GENEVA%20%2F%20GABORONE%20(24%20August%202018,on%20Minorities%2C%20Fernand%20de%20Varennes. &quot;Botswana minorities need boost in education and health care, says UN expert urging Bill of Right&quot;]. United Nations. [https://web.archive.org/web/20240604175645/https://www.ohchr.org/en/press-releases/2018/08/botswana-minorities-need-boost-education-and-health-care-says-un-expert#:~:text=GENEVA%20%2F%20GABORONE%20(24%20August%202018,on%20Minorities%2C%20Fernand%20de%20Varennes. Archived] from the original on 4 June 2024. Retrieved 14 Phalane 2025.&lt;/ref&gt;

== Dikarolo tsa botsamaisi ==
[[Setshwantsho:Districts of Botswana in 1977.jpg|left|thumb|271x271px|Dikgaolo tsa Botswana ka 1977]]
[[Setshwantsho:The Subdistricts of Botswana..png|thumb|221x221px|Dikgaolo le Dikgaolo-Potlana tsa Botswana]]
Botswana e kgaogantswe ka dikgaolo tsa tsamaiso di le lesome, dikgaolo tsa toropo di le pedi, ditoropo di le nne,&lt;ref name=&quot;:14&quot;&gt;[https://www.geonames.org/BW/administrative-division-botswana.html &quot;Administrative Division of Botswana&quot;]. ''geonames.org''. [https://web.archive.org/web/20240223075024/https://www.geonames.org/BW/administrative-division-botswana.html Archived] from the original on 23 February 2024. Retrieved 14 Phalane 2025.&lt;/ref&gt; dikgaolopotlana di le lesome le motso mme, ka kakaretso, dikarolo tsa tsamaiso di le lesome le borataro.&lt;ref name=&quot;:14&quot; /&gt; Ba:

* Legare
* Chobe
* Francistown
* Gaborone
* Ganzi
* Jwaneng
* Kgalagadi
* Kgatleng
* Kweneng
* Lobatse
* Bokone Botlhaba
* Bokone Bophirima
* Borwa Botlhaba
* Borwa
* Selibe Phikwe
* Toropo ya Sowa&lt;ref name=&quot;:14&quot; /&gt;

Tseno di tsamaisiwa ke balaodi ba selegae ba le lesome le borataro (makgotla a dikgaolo, makgotla a toropo kgotsa makgotla a toropo).&lt;ref&gt;[https://web.archive.org/web/20170606002454/http://www.gov.bw/en/Ministries--Authorities/ &quot;Botswana Government Ministries &amp; Authorities&quot;]. Archived from [http://www.gov.bw/en/Ministries--Authorities/ the original] on 6 June 2017.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.statoids.com/ubw.html &quot;Botswana Districts&quot;]. ''statoids.com''. [https://web.archive.org/web/20110812073605/http://www.statoids.com/ubw.html Archived] from the original on 12 August 2011. Retrieved 14 Phalane 2025.&lt;/ref&gt;

Ka ngwaga wa 1977, dikarolo tsa tsamaiso ya Botswana e ne e le Ngamiland, Chobe, Francistown, Ngwato, Tuli, Ghanzi, Kgalagadi, Ngwaketse, Kweneng, Gaborone le Lobatse.&lt;ref&gt;[https://www.loc.gov/resource/g8601f.ct002720/ &quot;Botswana, administrative divisions&quot;]. ''Library of Congress, Washington, D.C. 20540 United States''. [https://web.archive.org/web/20240601053842/https://www.loc.gov/resource/g8601f.ct002720/ Archived] from the original on 1 June 2024. Retrieved 14 Phalane 2025.&lt;/ref&gt; Ka ngwaga wa 2006, Chobe e ne ya tlosiwa mo go nneng karolo ya tsamaiso, mme leina la Ngamiland la fetolwa go nna kgaolo ya Bokone Bophirima. Chobe e ne ya busiwa ka Mopitlo a le masome mararo le motso ka 2014. Ka lone letsatsi leo, go ne ga tsenngwa gape le dikgaolo tsa tsamaiso tsa Francistown, Gaborone, Jwaneng, Lobatse, Selibe Phikwe, le Toropo ya Sowa.&lt;ref name=&quot;:14&quot; /&gt;

== Itsholelo ==
Fa e sale Botswana a bona boipuso, e nnile le nngwe ya dikelo tsa kgolo e e bonako mo lotsenong lwa motho ka bongwe mo lefatsheng.&lt;ref&gt;[https://2009-2017.state.gov/r/pa/ei/bgn/1830.htm#econ &quot;Botswana&quot;]. ''U.S. Department of State''. 20 January 2009. [https://web.archive.org/web/20190604183438/https://2009-2017.state.gov/r/pa/ei/bgn/1830.htm#econ Archived] from the original on 4 June 2019.&lt;/ref&gt; Pele e ne e le lengwe la mafatshe a a humanegileng thata mo lefatsheng—ka GDP ya motho ka bongwe e e ka nnang US$70 ka ngwaga kwa bofelong jwa dingwaga tsa bo 1960&lt;ref&gt;Maundeni, Zibani; Mpabanga, Dorothy; Mfundisi, Adam (1 January 2007). [https://www.africaportal.org/publications/consolidating-democratic-governance-in-southern-africa-botswana/ &quot;Consolidating Democratic Governance in Southern Africa : Botswana&quot;]. ''Africa Portal''. [https://web.archive.org/web/20230326031142/https://www.africaportal.org/publications/consolidating-democratic-governance-in-southern-africa-botswana/ Archived] from the original on 26 March 2023. Retrieved 15 Phalane 2025.&lt;/ref&gt;—Botswana e iphetotse go nna lefatshe la lotseno lo lo kwa godimo lo lo magareng. GDP ka tlhogo e godile go tswa go $439 ka 1950 go ya go $15,842 ka 2018.&lt;ref&gt;[https://ourworldindata.org/grapher/maddison-data-gdp-per-capita-in-2011us &quot;GDP per capita&quot;]. ''Our World in Data''. [https://web.archive.org/web/20190720172734/https://ourworldindata.org/grapher/maddison-data-gdp-per-capita-in-2011us Archived] from the original on 20 July 2019. Retrieved 15 Phalane 2025.&lt;/ref&gt; Le fa Botswana e ne e na le didirisiwa tse dintsi, letlhomeso le le siameng la setheo le ne la letla lefatshego beeletsa gape lotseno lwa didirisiwa go dira lotseno lo lo tlhomameng lwa isago.&lt;ref&gt;Baten, Jörg (2016). ''A History of the Global Economy. From 1500 to the Present''. Cambridge University Press. p. 159. ISBN 9781107507180.&lt;/ref&gt; Ka phopholetso nngwe, le na le lotseno lotlhe lwa bosetšhaba lwa bone lo lo kwa godimo mo tekatekanong ya maatla a go reka mo Aforika, se se le nayang maemo a a kwa godimo a botshelo mo Aforika, go tsamaelana le a Mexico.&lt;ref&gt;Kästle, Klaus (24 July 2009). [http://www.nationsonline.org/oneworld/GNI_PPP_of_countries.htm &quot;GNI PPP table&quot;]. Nationsonline.org. [https://web.archive.org/web/20100115190433/http://www.nationsonline.org/oneworld/GNI_PPP_of_countries.htm Archived] from the original on 15 January 2010. Retrieved 15 Phalane 2025.&lt;/ref&gt; Go tloga ka 2022, seelo sa letlhoko la ditiro se ne se le kwa go 25.4%, fa letlhoko la ditiro la basha le fitlheletse 45.41% ka 2023.&lt;ref&gt;[https://www.botswanalmo.org.bw/labour_statistics &quot;Labour Statistics | Botswana Labour Market Observatory&quot;]. ''www.botswanalmo.org.bw''. Retrieved 15 Phalane 2025.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;[https://www.statista.com/statistics/811692/youth-unemployment-rate-in-botswana/ &quot;Botswana – youth unemployment rate 2004–2023&quot;]. ''Statista''. Retrieved  15 Phalane 2025.&lt;/ref&gt; Tshedimosetso ya bosheng e e leng teng go tswa ka 2015/2016 e fopholetsa gore 17.2% ya baagi ba Botswana ba humanegile ka ditsela tse dintsi, mme 19.7% e nngwe e mo kotsing.&lt;ref&gt;[https://hdr.undp.org/sites/default/files/Country-Profiles/MPI/BWA.pdf &quot;Multidimensional Poverty Index Botswana&quot;] (PDF). ''United Nations Development Programme: Human Development Reports''. 2023. Retrieved 15 Phalane 2025.&lt;/ref&gt;

[[Lephata la kgwebo le madirelo la Botswana]] le rwele maikarabelo a go rotloetsa [[tlhabololo ya dikgwebo]] lefatshe leo ka bophara. Go ya ka [[Letlole la Boditšhabatšhaba la Madi]], kgolo ya itsholelo e ne e le palogare ya go feta 9% ka ngwaga go tloga ka 1966 go fitlha ka 1999. Botswana e na le maemo a a kwa godimo a kgololesego ya itsholelo fa e bapisiwa le mafatshe a mangwe a Aforika.&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.mmegi.bw/index.php?sid=4&amp;aid=99&amp;dir=2007/September/Thursday6/ &quot;Botswana ranked Africa's leader in economic freedom&quot;]. mmegi.bw. 19 May 2017. [https://web.archive.org/web/20170822145230/http://www.mmegi.bw/index.php?sid=4&amp;aid=99&amp;dir=2007/September/Thursday6/ Archived] from the original on 22 August 2017. Retrieved 15 Phalane 2025.&lt;/ref&gt; Puso e tshegeditse melao e e siameng ya matlole, le fa go ne go na le ditlhaelo tsa kabo ya madi ka go latelana ka 2002 le 2003, le maemo a a sa reng sepe a dikoloto tsa kwa ntle. Le amogetse tekanyetso e e kwa godimo ya sekoloto sa puso mo Aforika mme e bolokile dipolokelo tsa kananyo ya mafatshe a sele (go feta $7 bilione ka 2005/2006) e e ka nnang dingwaga di le pedi le sephatlo tsa diromelwateng tsa ga jaana.&lt;ref&gt;Mugoti, Godfrey (2009). ''Africa (a-z)''. [Place of publication not identified]: Lulu Com. p. 66. ISBN 978-1-4357-2890-5. OCLC 946180025.&lt;/ref&gt;

Molaomotheo o tlamela ka boatlhodi jo bo ikemetseng, mme puso e tlotla seo mo tirisong. Tsamaiso ya semolao e lekane go dira ditirisano tsa kgwebo tse di sireletsegileng, le fa go salela kwa morago mo go ntseng go oketsega ga dikgetsi go thibela ditsheko ka nako. Botswana e mo maemong a bobedi fela morago ga Aforika Borwa mo mafatsheng a Aforika e e kwa borwa jwa Sahara mo International Property Rights Index ya 2014.&lt;ref&gt;[http://internationalpropertyrightsindex.org/countries?r=A&amp;f=ipri&amp;o=desc &quot;The International Property Rights Index 2014: Africa by Score&quot;]. The International Property Rights Index. [https://web.archive.org/web/20151208141240/http://internationalpropertyrightsindex.org/countries?r=A&amp;f=ipri&amp;o=desc Archived] from the original on 8 December 2015. Retrieved 15 Phalane 2025.&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Matlapa le ditswammung tse di tlhwatlhwakgolo ===
[[Setshwantsho:Jwaneng Open Mine.jpg|thumb|220x220px|[[Moepo wa diteemane wa Jwaneng|Moepo wa teemane wa Jwaneng]], o o humileng go gaisa mo lefatsheng.&lt;ref&gt;[https://www.mining.com/featured-article/ranked-worlds-richest-diamond-mines/ &quot;RANKED: World's richest diamond mines&quot;]. ''Mining.com''. Retrieved 13 Phalane 2025.&lt;/ref&gt;]]
Mo Botswana, Lephata la Meepo le Ditswammung, Kgotetse le Tshireletsego ya Maatla le boloka tshedimosetso mabapi le meepo mo lefatsheng lotlhe.&lt;ref&gt;[https://archive.today/20130910164527/http://www.mines.gov.bw/ &quot;Department of Mines&quot;]. 20 July 2007. Archived from [http://www.mines.gov.bw/ the original] on 10 September 2013. Retrieved 15 Phalane 2025.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.gov.bw/ &quot;The Government of Botswana – Home&quot;]. 9 February 2008. [https://web.archive.org/web/20080209200236/http://www.gov.bw/ Archived] from the original on 9 February 2008. Retrieved 15 Phalane 2025.&lt;/ref&gt; [[Debswana]], e leng kompone e kgolo ya [[meepo ya diteemane]] e e dirang mo Botswana, ke kompone e e kopanetsweng, sephatlo sa yone ke ya puso.&lt;ref&gt;[[:en:Joe_Nocera|Nocera, Joe]] (8 August 2008). [https://www.nytimes.com/2008/08/09/business/worldbusiness/09nocera.html &quot;Diamonds are Forever in Botswana&quot;]. ''[[:en:The_New_York_Times|The New York Times]]''. [https://web.archive.org/web/20110829063851/http://www.nytimes.com/2008/08/09/business/worldbusiness/09nocera.html Archived] from the original on 29 August 2011. Retrieved 15 Phalane 2025.&lt;/ref&gt;

Madirelo a diteemane a tlamela ka bokana ka 40% ya lotseno lotlhe lwa puso.&lt;ref&gt;[http://web.worldbank.org/WBSITE/EXTERNAL/COUNTRIES/AFRICAEXT/BOTSWANAEXTN/0,,menuPK:322821~pagePK:141132~piPK:141107~theSitePK:322804,00.html &quot;Botswana Country Brief&quot;]. World Bank. [https://web.archive.org/web/20090427113006/http://web.worldbank.org/WBSITE/EXTERNAL/COUNTRIES/AFRICAEXT/BOTSWANAEXTN/0,,menuPK:322821~pagePK:141132~piPK:141107~theSitePK:322804,00.html Archived] from the original on 27 April 2009. Retrieved 15 Phalane 2025.&lt;/ref&gt; Lefatshe la Botswana ga le ise le simolole go epa uranium; le fa go ntse jalo, Porojeke ya Uranium ya Letlhakane mo Aforika ke nngwe ya diporojeke tse dikgolo tsa uranium tse di iseng di tlhabololwe.&lt;ref&gt;[https://lotusresources.com.au/projects/letlhakane-overview/ &quot;Letlhakane Overview&quot;]. ''Lotus Resources''. [https://web.archive.org/web/20240313041901/https://lotusresources.com.au/projects/letlhakane-overview/ Archived] from the original on 13 March 2024. Retrieved 15 Phalane 2025.&lt;/ref&gt; Puso e itsisitse mo tshimologong ya 2009 gore ba tla leka go farologanya itsholelo ya bone le go tila go ikaega thata ka diteemane.&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.11ikc.com/showcontent.aspx?MenuID=2013 &quot;International Kimberlite Conference – Host Country – Botswana&quot;]. ''11ikc.com''. [https://web.archive.org/web/20240531230207/http://www.11ikc.com/showcontent.aspx?MenuID=2013 Archived] from the original on 31 May 2024. Retrieved 15 Phalane 2025.&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Bojanala ===
[[Setshwantsho:Red-billed oxpecker (Buphagus erythrorhynchus) on impala (Aepyceros melampus).jpg|thumb|Red-billed oxpecker mo godimo ga phala kwa Chobe.]]
[[Mokgatlho wa Bojanala wa Botswana]] ke setlhopha sa bojanala sa semmuso sa lefatshe.&lt;ref&gt;[https://www.botswanatourism.co.bw/ &quot;Home | Botswana Tourism Organisation&quot;]. ''www.botswanatourism.co.bw''. [https://web.archive.org/web/20240124120158/https://www.botswanatourism.co.bw/ Archived] from the original on 24 January 2024. Retrieved 15 Phalane 2025.&lt;/ref&gt; Mafelo a mangwe mo Botswana a akaretsa Gaborone Yacht Club le Kalahari Fishing Club. Lefatshe leo le na le dilo tsa tlholego tse di kgatlhang jaaka [[Gaborone dam|letamo la Gaborone]] le [[Mokolodi Nature Reserve|tshireletso ya tlholego ya Mokolodi]]. Go na le [[mabala a golofo]] a Mokgatlho wa Golofo wa Botswana (BGU) o o tlhokomelang.&lt;ref&gt;[https://web.archive.org/web/20090808044920/http://www.botswanagolfunion.org.bw/ &quot;Botswana Golf Union (BGU)&quot;]. ''botswanagolfunion.org.bw''. 20 September 2011. Archived from [http://www.botswanagolfunion.org.bw/ the original] on 8 August 2009.&lt;/ref&gt; Ka 2014, [[Okavango Delta]] ya Botswana, e leng delta e kgolo go gaisa mo lefatsheng, e ne ya kwalwa jaaka [[Lefelo la Boswa jwa Lefatshe]] la sekete.&lt;ref&gt;[https://whc.unesco.org/en/news/1159 &quot;World Heritage List reaches 1000 sites with inscription of Okavango Delta in Botswana&quot;]. UNESCO. [https://web.archive.org/web/20180726234253/http://whc.unesco.org/en/news/1159 Archived] from the original on 26 July 2018. Retrieved 15 Phalane 2025.&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Mafaratlhatlha ===
[[Setshwantsho:PSX 20190111 022104.jpg|thumb|180x180px|[[Air Botswana]] 31/12/18]]
[[Setshwantsho:Francistown interchange Botswana.png|thumb|220x220px|Thapama Interchange, [[Francistown]], [[Botswana]]]]
Botswana e na le diporo tsa dikilometara di le 971, ditsela tsa dikilometara di le 18 443,8 le maemelo a difofane a le masome a ferabongwe le bobedi, mme a le lesome le bobedi a one a na le ditsela tse di didilweng. Mo ditseleng tseo, dikilometara di le 7 383.2 di didilwe, fa dikilometara tse dingwe di le 11 060.6 di sa dilwa.&lt;ref&gt;[https://www.gov.bw/about-our-country &quot;About Our Country § Transport&quot;]. [[:en:Government_of_Botswana|Government of Botswana]]. [https://web.archive.org/web/20231022105828/https://www.gov.bw/about-our-country Archived] from the original on 22 October 2023. Retrieved 15 Phalane 2025.&lt;/ref&gt; Setlamo sa difofane sa setshaba ke sa [[Air Botswana]], se se fofang mo gae le kwa mafatsheng a mangwe mo Aforika. [[Botswana Railways]] ke kompone ya bosetšhaba ya diterena, e e dirang thata mo thulaganyong ya diterena tsa kgaolo ya Borwa jwa Aforika. Botswana Railways e fa ditiro tsa dipalamo tse di tsamaisang mefuta e e farologanyeng ya ditirelo mo makalaneng a meepo le madirelo , gammogo le ditirelo tsa terena ya bapalami le maemelodikepe a a omileng.&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.gov.bw/en/ministries--authorities/ministries/ministry-of-transport-and-communications/departments/department-of-roads/divisions/ &quot;Ministry of Transport and Communications&quot;]. [https://web.archive.org/web/20180729080321/http://www.gov.bw/en/ministries--authorities/ministries/ministry-of-transport-and-communications/departments/department-of-roads/divisions Archived] from the original on 29 July 2018. Retrieved 15 Phalane 2025.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.botswanarailways.co.bw/profile &quot;Botswana Railways&quot;]. [https://web.archive.org/web/20190121232609/http://www.botswanarailways.co.bw/profile Archived] from the original on 21 January 2019. Retrieved 15 Phalane 2025.&lt;/ref&gt;

Fa re bua ka mafaratlhatlha a motlakase mo Botswana, lefatshe leo le ntsha magala a motlakase mme le reka oli kwa ntle ga lefatshe leo. Bosheng jaana, lefatshe le tsere kgatlhego e kgolo mo metsweding ya kgotletso a a ntšhwafadiwang mme e tlhamile leano le le tseneletseng la go ngoka babeeletsi mo madirelong a kgotletsoa a ntšhwafadiwang a phefo, a letsatsi le a biomass. Diteishene tsa motlakase tsa Botswana di akaretsa [[Seteishene sa Motlakase sa Morupule B]] (600 MW), [[Seteishene sa Motlakase sa Morupule A]] (132 MW), [[Seteishene sa Motlakase sa Orapa]] (90 MW), [[Seteishene sa Motlakase sa Phakalane]] (1.3 MW) le [[Seteishene sa Motlakase sa Mmamabula]] (300 MW), tseo go lebeletsweng gore di tla nna tsa maranyane mo nakong e sa fediseng pelo. [[Sefetlhamotlakase sa letsatsi]] sa 200-MW se mo kgatong ya go rulaganngwa le go tlhamiwa kwa Lephateng la Meepo, Maranyane le Tshireletsego ya Kgotletso.&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.sundaystandard.info/unusual-tourism-ministry-solar-power-plant-tender-raises-eyebrows &quot;Unusual Tourism ministry solar power plant tender raises eyebrows&quot;]. ''Sunday Standard''. Gaborone. 3 December 2017. [https://web.archive.org/web/20201028231344/https://www.sundaystandard.info/unusual-tourism-ministry-solar-power-plant-tender-raises-eyebrows/ Archived] from the original on 28 October 2020. Retrieved 15 Phalane 2025.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;[https://web.archive.org/web/20190121232514/http://www.mmegi.bw/index.php?sid=1&amp;aid=1253&amp;dir=2012/June/Friday22/ &quot;Botswana – energy sector overview&quot;]. ''mmegi.bw''. 22 June 2012. Archived from [http://www.mmegi.bw/index.php?sid=1&amp;aid=1253&amp;dir=2012/June/Friday22/ the original] on 21 January 2019.&lt;/ref&gt;

Lefatshe ja Botswana le ntse le nosiwa mêtse ke makalana a a farologaneng mô dingwagêng difetileng. Water Utilities Corporation e ntse e nosa ditorôpô le ditorôpôkgolo. Mô godimo ga môo, kômpône êno, e ntse e tshwaragane le Lephata ja Mêtse le Dikhansele tsa Dikgaolô ka bokete jwa mêtse go abiwa le mafelo a mangwê a lefatshe leno. Maikaêlêlô a Lenanêô ja go Dira Diphêtogô mô Mhamêng wa Mêtse ke go rarabolola ditsamaisô tsêno marara, go bêng jalo go nne bonôlô go isa mêtse kwa bathung.Eeng sê se tlamilêng gore go diragadiwê Lenanêô ja go Dira Diphêtogô mô Mhamêng wa Mêtse? Kanokô ya Lenanêôlegolo ja Setshaba ja Phatlalatsô Mêtse ja 2005-2006, le ne la re go diriwê diphêtogôdigolo mô mhamêng wa mêtse, mme dingwe tsa tsônê e le gore, go kgaoganngwê tsamaisô ya mhama wa mêtse le makalana a mangwê a a thusang ka ditirêlô. Morago ga dikanokô tsêo, ba ne ba gakolola gore Water Utilities Corporation e tsêyê tsamaisô yôtlhê ya go nosa lefatshe jêno&lt;ref&gt;www.mmewr.gov.bw/downloads/download.php?dir&lt;/ref&gt;.

==Dipalopalo==
Go tloga ka 2024, [[Batho ba letso la Setswana|Batswana]] ke morafe o o nang le bontsi mo Botswana, ba dira mo e ka nnang 79% ya baagi, ba latelwa ke [[Bakalaka|Ba-Kalanga]] ka 11% le [[Basarwa|Ba-San]] (Basarwa) ka 3%. 7% e e setseng e na le [[Batswana ba Basweu]]/Batswana ba Yuropa,&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot; /&gt; [[Makula|Maindia]],&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot; /&gt; le palo ya merafe e mengwe e mennye ya Borwa jwa Aforika.

Ditlhopha tsa tlholego di akaretsa [[Bayeyi|Bayei]], Bambukushu, [[Basubia]], Baherero le [[Bakgalagadi]]. Batho ba bannye ba Maindia ba bopilwe ke bafaladi ba bsheng le ditlogolwana tsa bafaladi ba Maindia ba ba gorogileng go tswa kwa [[Mozambique]], [[Kenya]], [[Tanzania]], [[Mauritius]] le Aforika Borwa.&lt;ref&gt;[https://www.med.upenn.edu/radiationoncologymedicalresidency/assets/user-content/documents/Botwana%20Handbook.pdf &quot;Botswana U-PENN Partnership&quot;] (PDF). p. 10. [https://web.archive.org/web/20240531100746/https://www.med.upenn.edu/radiationoncologymedicalresidency/assets/user-content/documents/Botwana%20Handbook.pdf Archived] (PDF) from the original on 31 May 2024. Retrieved 15 Phalane 2025.&lt;/ref&gt;
[[Setshwantsho:Bevölkerungspyramide Botswana 2016.png|thumb|220x220px|Pyramid ya baagi ba Botswana, 2016]]
Fa e sale ka ngwaga wa 2000, ka ntlha ya go senyega ga maemo a itsholelo kwa [[Zimbabwe]], palo ya [[batho ba Zimbabwe kwa Botswana]] e tlhatlogetse go nna dikete di le masomesome.&lt;ref&gt;[https://zimbabwe.iom.int/news/zimbabwe-diaspora-botswana-commends-goz-engagement-efforts-acknowledges-iom-support#:~:text=Due%20to%20its%20proximity%20to,financial%20services%20among%20other%20sectors. &quot;Zimbabwe diaspora in Botswana commends GoZ engagement efforts, acknowledges IOM support&quot;]. ''IOM Zimbabwe''. [https://web.archive.org/web/20230925164056/https://zimbabwe.iom.int/news/zimbabwe-diaspora-botswana-commends-goz-engagement-efforts-acknowledges-iom-support#:~:text=Due%20to%20its%20proximity%20to,financial%20services%20among%20other%20sectors. Archived] from the original on 25 September 2023. Retrieved 15 Phalane 2025.&lt;/ref&gt; Batho ba ba kwa tlase ga dikete tse some [[Basarwa|ba San]] ba santse ba tshela mokgwa wa bona wa botshelo wa setso wa [[go tsoma le go kgetla]]. Go tloga ka bogareng jwa dingwaga tsa bo 1990, puso ya bogareng ya Botswana e ntse e leka go ntsha Basarwa mo mafatsheng a bona a ditso, gongwe ka gonne ba nna mo kgaolong e e humileng ka diteemane.&lt;ref&gt;[https://web.archive.org/web/20160808232807/http://news.nationalgeographic.com/news/2004/09/0914_040914_labushmen_2.html &quot;African Bushmen Tour U.S. to Fund Fight for Land&quot;]. ''National Geographic''. 9 September 2004. Archived from [http://news.nationalgeographic.com/news/2004/09/0914_040914_labushmen_2.html the original] on 8 August 2016.&lt;/ref&gt;

Ka 2010, [[James Anaya]], jaaka Mmegi yo o Kgethegileng ka ga seemo sa ditshwanelo tsa setho le dikgololesego tsa motheo tsa batho ba tlholego mo Lekgotleng la Ditshaba, o tlhalositse go latlhegelwa ke lefatshe jaaka seabe se segolo mo mathateng a mantsi a batho ba tlholego ba Botswana ba lebaneng le one, a nopola go ntshiwa ga Basarwa kwa [[Central CKGR Game Reserve]] (CKGR)&lt;ref&gt;[https://kubwafive-safaris.com/visit-central-kalahari-game-reserve-in-botswana/ &quot;Visit Central Kalahari Game Reserve In Botswana&quot;]. ''Kubwa Five Safaris''. [https://web.archive.org/web/20201027071139/https://kubwafive-safaris.com/visit-central-kalahari-game-reserve-in-botswana/ Archived] from the original on 27 October 2020. Retrieved 15 Phalane 2025.&lt;/ref&gt; e le sekai se se kghethegileng.&lt;ref name=&quot;:15&quot;&gt;Anaya, James (2 June 2010). [http://unsr.jamesanaya.org/docs/countries/2010_report_botswana_en.pdf Addendum – The situation of indigenous peoples in Botswana] (PDF) (Report). United Nations Human Rights Council. A/HRC/15/37/Add.2. [https://web.archive.org/web/20181006041536/http://unsr.jamesanaya.org/docs/countries/2010_report_botswana_en.pdf Archived] (PDF) from the original on 6 October 2018. Retrieved 15 Phalane 2025.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;sup&gt;:2&lt;/sup&gt; Gareng ga dikgakololo tsa ga Anaya mo pegong e e yang kwa Lekgotleng la Ditshwanelo tsa Batho la Lekgotla La Ditshaba e ne e le gore mananeo a tlhabololo a tshwanetse go rotloetsa, ka go rerisana le merafe ya tlholego jaaka batho ba San le Bakgalagadi, ditiro tse di tsamaelanang le setso sa merafe eo jaaka ditiro tsa setso tsa go tsoma le go kokoanya&lt;sup&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:15&quot; /&gt;:19&lt;/sup&gt;
{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
! colspan=&quot;10&quot; |Ditoropo tse dikgolo mo Botswana

Palobatho ya Botswana 2022
|-
!Rank
!Leina
!Kgaolo
!Palo ya batho
!Rank
!Leina
!Kgaolo
!Palo ya batho
|-
|1
|[[Gaborone]]
|[[Kgaolo ya Borwa-Botlhaba|Borwa-Botlhaba]]
|246,325
|11
|[[Kanye]]
|[[Kgaolo ya Borwa|Borwa]]
|48,028
|-
|2
|[[Francistown]]
|[[Kgaolo ya Bokone-Botlhaba|Bokone-Botlhaba]]
|103,417
|12
|[[Selebi-Phikwe|Selibe Phikwe]]
|[[Kgaolo ya Legare (Botswana)|Legare]]
|42,488
|-
|3
|[[Mogoditshane]]
|[[Kgaolo ya Kweneng|Kweneng]]
|88,006
|13
|[[Letlhakane]]
|[[Kgaolo ya Legare (Botswana)|Legare]]
|36,338
|-
|4
|[[Maun]]
|[[Kgaolo ya Bokone-Bophirima|Bokone-Bophirima]]
|84,993
|14
|[[Ramotswa]]
|[[Kgaolo ya Borwa-Botlhaba|Borwa-Botlhaba]]
|33,271
|-
|5
|[[Molepolole]]
|[[Kgaolo ya Kweneng|Kweneng]]
|74,674
|15
|[[Lobatse]]
|[[Kgaolo ya Borwa-Botlhaba|Borwa-Botlhaba]]
|29,772
|-
|6
|[[Serowe]]
|[[Kgaolo ya Legare (Botswana)|Legare]]
|55,676
|16
|[[Mmopane]]
|[[Kgaolo ya Kweneng|Kweneng]]
|25,345
|-
|7
|[[Tlokweng]]
|[[Kgaolo ya Borwa-Botlhaba|Borwa-Botlhaba]]
|55,508
|17
|[[Thamaga]]
|[[Kgaolo ya Kweneng|Kweneng]]
|25,297
|-
|8
|[[Palapye]]
|[[Kgaolo ya Legare (Botswana)|Legare]]
|52,636
|18
|[[Moshupa]]
|[[Kgaolo ya Borwa|Borwa]]
|23,858
|-
|9
|[[Mochudi]]
|[[Kgaolo ya Kgatleng|Kgatleng]]
|50,317
|19
|[[Tonota]]
|[[Kgaolo ya Legare (Botswana)|Legare]]
|23,296
|-
|10
|[[Mahalapye]]
|[[Kgaolo ya Legare (Botswana)|Legare]]
|48,431
|20
|[[Bobonong]]
|[[Kgaolo ya Legare (Botswana)|Legare]]
|21,216
|}

=== Diteme ===
Teme ya semmuso mo Botswana ke Sekgoa, mme ê e buiwang thata mô Botswana ke [[Setswana]],&lt;ref&gt;[https://www.gov.bw/about-our-country &quot;About Our Country&quot;]. ''Gov.bw''. [https://web.archive.org/web/20231022105828/https://www.gov.bw/about-our-country Archived] from the original on 22 October 2023. Retrieved 13 Phalane  2025. Botswana o na le merafe e le mmalwa go ralala lefatshe, e e kopanetsweng e le Batswana. Puo ya semmuso ke Sekgowa mme Setswana ke puo ya setshaba, le fa go na le dipuo tse dingwe tse di buiwang.&quot;&lt;/ref&gt; ke sônê se golaganyang merafe ê farologanyeng go utlwana. Mo Setswaneng, ditlhongwa di botlhokwa go gaisa ka fa di leng ka teng mo dipuong tse dingwe tse dintsi, ka gonne Setswana ke [[puo ya Bantu]] mme e na le ditlhopha tsa maina tse di supiwang ke ditlhongwa tse. Di akaretsa ''Bo'', e e kayang lefatshe, ''Ba'', e e kayang batho, ''Mo'', e e leng motho a le mongwe, le ''Se'' e e leng puo. Sekai, morafe o mogolo wa Botswana ke morafe wa Tswana, ke ka moo leina la Botswana le bidiwang lefatshe la teng. Batho ka kakaretso ke Batswana, motho a le mongwe ke Motswana, mme puo e ba e buang ke Setswana.&lt;ref&gt;[https://www.botswana.co.za/Cultural_Issues-travel/cultural-people-botswana.html &quot;Culture and Traditions of Botswana&quot;]. [https://web.archive.org/web/20240421205122/https://www.botswana.co.za/Cultural_Issues-travel/cultural-people-botswana.html Archived] from the original on 21 April 2024. Retrieved 13 Phalane 2025.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;[https://www.sahistory.org.za/article/tswana &quot;South African History Online&quot;]. [https://web.archive.org/web/20240203180415/https://www.sahistory.org.za/article/tswana Archived] from the original on 3 February 2024. Retrieved 13 Phalane 2025.&lt;/ref&gt; 

Ka gore go merafe ê e farologanyeng, Botswana o nale diteme tsê dingwe tsê di buiwang ke merafe êo, jaaka:
{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
|-
! Teme !! Morafe
|-
| Sesarwa || [[Basarwa|Barwa]]
|-
|Sekgôthu
|[[Bakgôthu]]
|-
| Sebirwa || &lt;small&gt;[[Babirwa]]&lt;/small&gt;
|-
| Sesubiya || [[Basubiya]]
|-
| Sekalaka || [[Bakalaka]]
|-
| Sekgalagadi || [[Bakgalagadi]]
|-
| Sehambukushu || [[Bahambukushu]]
|-
| Seherero || [[Baherero]]
|-
| Sengwato || [[Bangwato]]
|-
| Setswapong || [[Batswapong]]
|}

=== Tumelo ===
Go fopholediwa gore 77% ya baagi ba naga ba itlhaola e le Bakeresete. [[Ma-Anglican]], [[Ma-Methodist]] le [[Kereke ya Phuthego e e Kopaneng ya Borwa jwa Aforika]] ke bontsi jwa mekgatlho ya Bokeresete. Gape lefatshe le le na le diphuthego tsa:

* [[Bolutere]]
* [[Kolobetso]]
* [[Kereke ya Roma]]
* [[Kereke ya ga Jesu Keresete ya Baitshepi ba Malatsi a Bofelo]]
* [[Kereke ya Dutch Reformed]]
* [[Mennonites]]
* [[Badumedi ba Sabata]]
* [[Basupi ba ga Jehofa]]
* [[Kereke ya Orthodox ya Serbia]]

Go ya ka palo ya batho ya 2001, setšhaba seo se na le [[Muslims]] ba ka nnadikete tse tlhano (bogolo jang ba ba tswang kwa Asia Borwa), [[Bahindu]] ba le dikete tse tharo le ba le makgolo a supa ba [[Tumelo ya Baháʼí]]. Mo e ka nnang 20% ​​ya baagi ba itshupa [[ba se na bodumedi]].&lt;ref&gt;[https://web.archive.org/web/20131216190527/http://www.globalreligiousfutures.org/countries/botswana/religious_demography#/?affiliations_religion_id=0&amp;affiliations_year=20100 &quot;Botswana&quot;]. ''Pew Research Center's Religion &amp; Public Life Project''. 2010. Archived from [http://www.globalreligiousfutures.org/countries/botswana/religious_demography#/?affiliations_religion_id=0&amp;affiliations_year=20100 the original] on 16 December 2013.&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Botsogo ===
Tsamaiso ya tlhokomelo ya botsogo ya Botswana e ntse e tokafala le go atologa ka iketlo.&lt;ref name=&quot;:16&quot;&gt;[https://www.unicef.org/botswana/health-and-nutrition &quot;Health and nutrition&quot;]. ''unicef.org''. [https://web.archive.org/web/20220331124951/https://www.unicef.org/botswana/health-and-nutrition Archived] from the original on 31 March 2022. Retrieved 15 Phalane 2025.&lt;/ref&gt; Ka tlhamalalo, dikelo tsa dintsho tsa masea le tsa baimana di ntse di fokotsega ka iketlo.&lt;ref&gt;[https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/botswana/ &quot;Africa :: Botswana — The World Factbook – Central Intelligence Agency&quot;]. Central Intelligence Agency. [https://web.archive.org/web/20240208191649/https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/botswana/ Archived] from the original on 8 February 2024. Retrieved 15 Phalane 2025.&lt;/ref&gt; Diperesente di le masome a ferabobedi le botlhano tsa baagi ba nna mo lefelong la botsogo la dikilometara di le tlhano. Diperesente di le masome a supa le boraro tsa basadi ba ba imileng ba fitlhelela ditirelo tsa tlhokomelo ya pele ga pelegi bonnye makgetlho a le mane. Mo e ka nnang diperesente di le lekgolo tsa matsalo mo Botswana a diragala kwa dikokelong.&lt;ref name=&quot;:16&quot; /&gt;
[[Setshwantsho:Scottish Livingstone Hospital 228.jpg|thumb|220x220px|[[Scottish Livingstone Hospital]] kwa [[Molepolole]]]]
Lephata la Botsogo&lt;ref&gt;[https://web.archive.org/web/20171024133244/http://www.moh.gov.bw/ &quot;Ministry of Health&quot;]. Archived from [http://www.moh.gov.bw/ the original] on 24 October 2017. Retrieved 15 Phalane 2025.&lt;/ref&gt; mo Botswana le na le maikarabelo a go okamela boleng le kabo ya tlhokomelo ya botsogo mo lefatsheng lotlhe. [[Botshelo jo bo solofetsweng]] fa ngwana a tsholwa e ne e le masome matlhano le botlhano ka 2009 go ya ka World Bank, e e neng e wetse tlase go tswa mo setlhoeng sa masome marataro le bone le sephatlo sa 0.1 ka 1990 go ya kwa tlase kwa go masome mane le boferabongwe ka 2002.&lt;ref&gt;[http://data.worldbank.org/country/botswana &quot;World Bank Botswana Data&quot;]. [https://web.archive.org/web/20110709120507/http://data.worldbank.org//country//botswana Archived] from the original on 9 July 2011. Retrieved 15 Phalane 2025.&lt;/ref&gt; Fa e sale ka palobatho ya Botswana ya 2011, dingwaga tsa ga jaana tsa botshelo di fopholediwa go nna dingwaga di le masome a matlhano le bone le .06.&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot; /&gt;

[[Mokgatlho wa Kankere mo Botswana|Mokgatlho wa kankere wa Botswana]] ke mokgatlho wa boithaopo o e seng wa puso o o leng leloko la lekgotla la boditšhabatšhaba la taolo ya kankere. Mokgatlho o tlaleletsa ditirelo tse di leng teng ka go tlamela ka mananeo a thibelo ya kankere le go tsibosa ka boitekanelo, go tlhofofatsa phitlhelelo ya ditirelo tsa botsogo tsa balwetse ba kankere le go neelana ka tshegetso le kgakololo mo go ba ba amegang.&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.uicc.org/membership/cancer-association-botswana &quot;Cancer Association of Botswana&quot;]. Union for International Cancer Control. [https://web.archive.org/web/20130528080003/http://www.uicc.org/membership/cancer-association-botswana Archived] from the original on 28 May 2013. Retrieved 15 Phalane 2025.&lt;/ref&gt; Maduo a Botswana a 2024 a Global Hunger Index (GHI) ke 20.7.&lt;ref&gt;[https://www.globalhungerindex.org/ranking.html &quot;Global Hunger Index Scores by 2024 GHI Rank&quot;]. ''Global Hunger Index (GHI) – peer-reviewed annual publication designed to comprehensively measure and track hunger at the global, regional, and country levels''. Retrieved 15 Phalane 2025.&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Segajaja sa HIV/AIDS ===
[[Setshwantsho:Life expectancy in select African countries, 1950–2019.jpg|thumb|290x290px|Tebelelo ya botshelo mo mafatsheng a a tlhophilweng a Borwa jwa Aforika, 1950–2019. [[HIV/AIDS]] e dirile gore dingwaga tsa botshelo di fokotsege.]]
Fela jaaka mo mafelong a mangwe mo Aforika e e kwa Borwa jwa Sahara, [[manokonoko a AIDS mo itsholelong]] a magolo thata. Ditshenyegelo tsa tlhabololo ya itsholelo di ne tsa fokodiwa ka 10% ka 2002–2003 ka ntlha ya ditlhaelo tsa kabo ya madi tse di ipoeletsang le ditshenyegelo tse di tlhatlogang mo ditirelong tsa tlhokomelo ya botsogo. Lefatshe la Botswana le amilwe thata ke [[segajaja sa AIDS]]; ka 2006, go ne ga fopholediwa gore dingwaga tsa botshelo fa motho a tsholwa di ne di wetse tlase go tswa go dingwaga di le masome marataro le botlhano go ya go di le masome mararo le botlhano.&lt;ref&gt;Kallings, LO (2008). [[doi:10.1111/j.1365-2796.2007.01910.x|&quot;The first postmodern pandemic: 25 years of HIV/AIDS&quot;]]. ''J Intern Med''. '''263''' (3): 218–243. [[:en:Doi_(identifier)|doi]]:[[doi:10.1111/j.1365-2796.2007.01910.x|10.1111/j.1365-2796.2007.01910.x]]. [[:en:PMID_(identifier)|PMID]] [https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/18205765 18205765]. [[:en:S2CID_(identifier)|S2CID]] [https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:205339589 205339589].&lt;/ref&gt; Botshelo jo bo solofetsweng ke dingwaga di le masome marataro le borataro le.4 go tloga ka 2024.&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot; /&gt;

Ka 2003, puso e ne ya simolola thulaganyo e e tseneletseng e e neng e akaretsa melemo ya mahala kgotsa e e tlhwatlhwatlase ya [[antiretroviral]] mmogo le letsholo la tshedimosetso le le diretsweng go emisa go anama ga mogare ono; ka 2013, go feta 40% ya bagolo kwa Botswana ba ne ba kgona go bona kalafi ya diritibatsi.&lt;ref name=&quot;:17&quot;&gt;[https://web.archive.org/web/20160620173755/http://files.unaids.org/en/media/unaids/contentassets/documents/unaidspublication/2014/unaids_gap_report_en.pdf &quot;The Gap Report&quot;] (PDF). Geneva: UN AIDS. 2014. Archived from [https://web.archive.org/web/20160620173755/http://files.unaids.org/en/media/unaids/contentassets/documents/unaidspublication/2014/unaids_gap_report_en.pdf the original] (PDF) on 20 June 2016. Retrieved 15 Phalane 2025.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;sup&gt;: 28&lt;/sup&gt; Mo setlhopheng sa dingwaga di le 15–19, go anama go ne go fopholediwa go 6% mo basading le 3.5% mo banneng ka 2013,&lt;ref name=&quot;:17&quot; /&gt;&lt;sup&gt;:33&lt;/sup&gt;, mme mo setlhopheng sa 20–24, 15% mo basading le 5% mo banneng.&lt;ref name=&quot;:17&quot; /&gt;&lt;sup&gt;:33&lt;/sup&gt; Botswana ke nngwe ya mafatshe a le masome mabedi le motso a a tlang pele a a supilweng ke setlhopha sa AIDS sa UN ka 2011 mo Leanong la Lefatshe Lotlhe go fedisa dipalo tse disha HIV mo baneng le go boloka bomme ba bone gore ba tshele.&lt;ref name=&quot;:17&quot; /&gt;&lt;sup&gt;:38&lt;/sup&gt; Ka fa tlase ga 10% ya basadi ba ba imileng ba ba nang le mogare wa HIV ba ne ba sa amogele melemo ya antiretroviral ka 2013, ka phokotsego e kgolo, e e tsamaelanang (go feta 50%) ya palo ya dipalo tse disha tsa HIV mo baneng ba ba ka fa tlase ga dingwaga di le tlhano. Ka fa tlase ga 10% ya basadi ba ba imileng ba ba tshwaeditsweng ke HIV ba ne ba sa amogele melemo ya antiretroviral ka 2013, ka phokotsego e kgolo, e e tsamaelanang (go feta 50%) ya phokotsego ya dipalo tse disha tsa HIV mo baneng ba ba ba ka fa tlase ga dingwaga tse tlhano.&lt;ref name=&quot;:17&quot; /&gt;&lt;sup&gt;:39,40&lt;/sup&gt;  Mo mafatsheng a Leano la Lefatshe Lotlhe la UN, batho ba ba tshelang ka HIV kwa Botswana ke bone ba ba amogelang kalafi ya diritibatsi ka diperesente tse di kwa godimo: e ka nna 75% mo bagolong (dingwaga di le lesome le botlhano le go feta) le e ka nna 98% mo baneng.&lt;ref name=&quot;:17&quot; /&gt;&lt;sup&gt;:237&lt;/sup&gt;

Lefatshe le amilwe thata ke [[HIV/AIDS mo Botswana|segajaja sa HIV/AIDS]]. Ka 2002, Botswana e nnile lefatshe la ntlha go aba ka [[melemo ya anti-retroviral]] (ARVs) go thusa go lwantsha leroborobo leo.&lt;ref&gt;Rollnick, Roman (September 2002). [https://www.un.org/africarenewal/magazine/september-2002/botswanas-high-stakes-assault-aids &quot;Botswana's high-stakes assault on AIDS&quot;]. ''[[:en:Africa_Renewal|Africa Renewal]]''. '''16''' (10). United Nations: 6–9. [[:en:PMID_(identifier)|PMID]] [https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/12458550 12458550]. [https://web.archive.org/web/20230113083425/https://www.un.org/africarenewal/magazine/september-2002/botswanas-high-stakes-assault-aids Archived] from the original on 13 January 2023. Retrieved 15 Phalane 2025.&lt;/ref&gt; Le fa go ne ga simololwa mananeo a go dira gore kalafi e nne teng le go ruta batho ka segajaja se,&lt;ref&gt;Powell, Alvin (16 April 2009). [https://news.harvard.edu/gazette/story/2009/04/mogae-shifts-stress-to-hiv-prevention/ &quot;Mogae shifts stress to HIV prevention&quot;]. ''[[:en:Harvard_Gazette|Harvard Gazette]]''. [[:en:Harvard_University|Harvard University]]. [https://web.archive.org/web/20230329064055/https://news.harvard.edu/gazette/story/2009/04/mogae-shifts-stress-to-hiv-prevention/ Archived] from the original on 29 March 2023. Retrieved 15 Phalane 2025.&lt;/ref&gt; palo ya batho ba ba nang le AIDS e ne ya tlhatloga go tswa go 290 000 ka 2005 go ya go 320 000 ka 2013.&lt;ref name=&quot;:17&quot; /&gt;&lt;sup&gt;:A20&lt;/sup&gt;   Le fa go ntse jalo, mo dingagweng tse di sa tswang go feta, lefatshe le dirile diphithelelo tse di bonalang mo go lwantsheng HIV/AIDS, ka maiteko a a dirwang go tlamela ka kalafi e e siameng le go fokotsa seelo sa phetisetso ya mogare go tswa mo go mmangwana go ya kwa leseeng.&lt;ref&gt;[https://www.unaids.org/en/resources/presscentre/pressreleaseandstatementarchive/2021/december/emtct_botswana &quot;Botswana is first country with severe HIV epidemic to reach key milestone in the elimination of mother-to-child HIV transmission&quot;]. Brazzaville: UN AIDS. 2021. [https://web.archive.org/web/20220731120716/https://www.unaids.org/en/resources/presscentre/pressreleaseandstatementarchive/2021/december/emtct_botswana Archived] from the original on 31 July 2022. Retrieved 15 Phalane 2025.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;[[:en:Centers_for_Disease_Control_and_Prevention|&quot;Partnership for Success: CDC and Botswana Lead Progress Toward HIV Epidemic Control&quot;]]. [[:en:Centers_for_Disease_Control_and_Prevention|Centers for Disease Control and Prevention]]. 30 September 2022. [https://web.archive.org/web/20230329064059/https://www.cdc.gov/globalhivtb/who-we-are/success-stories/success-story-pages/partnership-for-success.html Archived] from the original on 29 March 2023. Retrieved 15 Phalane 2025.&lt;/ref&gt;

Ka lenaneo la lefatshe ka bophara la Thibelo ya Phetiso ya HIV go tswa go Mmangwana go ya kwa Leseeng, Botswana e fokoditse phetiso ya HIV go tswa mo go bomme ba ba nang le mogare go ya kwa baneng ba bone go tswa mo go kanna ka 40% ka 2003 go ya go 4% ka 2010. Ka fa tlase ga boeteledipele jwa ga [[Festus Mogae]], puso ya Botswana e ne ya kopa thuso ya kwa ntle mo go fodiseng batho ba ba nang le HIV/ AIDS mme ya bona thuso ka bonako go tswa go [[Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation]] le Mokgatlho wa Merck, o mmogo o neng wa bopa African Comprehensive HIV/AIDS Partnership (ACHAP). Balekane ba bangwe ba ntlha ba akaretsa [[Botswana–Harvard AIDS Institute]] ya [[Sekolo sa Harvard sa Boitekanelo jwa Setšhaba]] le Tirisanommogo ya Botswana–UPenn ya [[Yunibesithi ya Pennsylvania]]. Go ya ka Pego ya UNAIDS ya 2011, phitlhelelo ya kalafi mo lefatsheng lotlhe—e e tlhalosiwang jaaka 80% kgotsa go feta—e fitlheletswe mo Botswana.&lt;ref&gt;''[http://www.unaids.org/en/media/unaids/contentassets/documents/unaidspublication/2011/JC2216_WorldAIDSday_report_2011_en.pdf World AIDS Day Report]'' (PDF), UNAIDS, 2011, [https://web.archive.org/web/20130601011732/http://www.unaids.org/en/media/unaids/contentassets/documents/unaidspublication/2011/JC2216_WorldAIDSday_report_2011_en.pdf archived] (PDF) from the original on 1 June 2013, retrieved 15 Phalane 2025.&lt;/ref&gt;

== Setso ==
[[Setshwantsho:Tomeletso Seeretsi.jpg|thumb|175x175px|Tomeletso Sereetsi wa Sereetsi &amp; The Natives a diragatsa kwa Maitisong Theatre mo Gaborone. Setshwantsho ka Thalefang Charles]]
[[Setshwantsho:Tswana Small Basket.jpg|thumb|175x175px|Tlatlana ya Setswana]]
Mmino wa Botswana bontsi ke wa lentswe le go diragadiwa, fa gongwe go sena meropa go ikaegile ka moletlo; gape o dirisa thata diletswa tsa megala. Mmino wa setso wa Botswana o na le diletswa jaaka setinkane (mofuta wa piano e nnye), segankure/segaba (mofuta wa seletswa sa Setšhaena sa [[erhu]]), moropa (''meropa'' go kaya bontsi) le phala (phala e e dirisiwang thata ka nako ya meletlo). Diatla ka dinako tse dingwe di dirisiwa jaaka diletswa tsa mmino le tsone, ka go opa diatla mmogo kgotsa kgatlhanong le ''phathisi'' (letlalo la podi le le retolotsweng ka fa teng le le phuthetsweng mo lefelong la potongwane, le dirisiwa fela ke banna) go tlhama mmino le moribo. Pina ya setshaba ke &quot;[[Fatshe leno la rona]]&quot;, e e kwadilweng le go tlhamiwa ke [[Kgalemang Tumediso Motsete]]; e ne ya amogelwa fa go ne go bonwa boipuso ka 1966.&lt;ref&gt;Makgala, Christian John (3 July 2014). &quot;Neil Parsons, National Coat of Arms, and Introduction of the Pula Currency in Botswana, 1975–1976&quot;. ''South African Historical Journal''. '''66''' (3): 504–520. [[:en:Doi_(identifier)|doi]]:[[doi:10.1080/02582473.2014.898081|10.1080/02582473.2014.898081]]. [[:en:ISSN_(identifier)|ISSN]] [https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0258-2473 0258-2473]. [[:en:S2CID_(identifier)|S2CID]] [https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:159475736 159475736].&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;[https://dailynews.gov.bw/news-detail/31255 &quot;Welcome to Daily News .:. General - Birth of nation&quot;]. ''dailynews.gov.bw''. [https://archive.today/20200126140631/http://www.dailynews.gov.bw/news-details.php?nid=31255 Archived] from the original on 26 January 2020. Retrieved 16 Phalane 2025.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;[https://www.knowbotswana.com/botswana-music.html &quot;Botswana Music&quot;]. ''KnowBotswana''. [https://web.archive.org/web/20200321163524/http://www.knowbotswana.com/botswana-music.html Archived] from the original on 21 March 2020. Retrieved 16 Phalane 2025.&lt;/ref&gt;

Kwa bokone jwa Botswana, bomme ba metse ya Etsha le [[Gumare]] ba itsege ka botswerere jwa bone jwa go dira diroto ka [[setlhare sa mokola]] le [[mebala]] ya selegae. Diroto ka kakaretso di logwa ka mefuta e meraro: mebanki e megolo e e nang le dikhurumelo e e dirisediwang go boloka; ditlatlana tse dikgolo tse di bulegileng tsa go rwala dilo mo tlhogong kgotsa tsa go hehera mabele a a photlhilweng; le ditshelo tse dinnye tsa go hehera mabele a a thugilweng. Diroto tse di dirisa mmala ka tlhomamo.&lt;ref&gt;[[:en:Botswana#CITEREFCunninghamMilton1987|Cunningham &amp; Milton 1987]].&lt;/ref&gt;

Ditshwantsho tsa bogologolo go tswa kwa Botswana le Aforika Borwa di bontsha ditshwantsho tsa go tsoma, diphologolo le batho, mme di dirilwe ke Bakhoisan (Kung San/Bushmen) dingwaga di feta dikete tse masome mabedi tse di fetileng mo teng ga [[Sekaka sa Kalahari]].&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.visionaryartexhibition.com/4/post/2017/05/an-introduction-to-bushman-rock-art.html &quot;An Introduction to Bushman Rock Art&quot;]. ''VISIONARY ART EXHIBITION''. [https://web.archive.org/web/20240604180649/https://www.visionaryartexhibition.com/archaic-visions/an-introduction-to-bushman-rock-art Archived] from the original on 4 June 2024. Retrieved 15 Phalane 2025.&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Dijo ===
Dijo tsa bosetšhaba ke [[Nama ya Seswaa|seswaa]], nama e e thugilweng e e dirilweng ka nama ya podi kgotsa ya kgomo, kgotsa nama e e omisitsweng, e e fodisitsweng ya [[Segwapa]] go simolola ka nama ya kgomo go ya go nama ya diphologolo, e ka nna di-fillet tsa nama tse di segilweng go nna megalanyana go tsamaya ka meralo ya mesifa, kgotsa dikarolo tse di sephaphathi tse di segilweng go kgabaganya moralo. Dijo tsa Botswana di na le setshwano sengwe le dijo tse dingwe tsa borwa jwa Aforika.&lt;ref&gt;[https://www.botswana.co.za/Cultural_Issues-travel/food-of-botswana.html &quot;The Food of Botswana – Traditional Botswana Cuisine&quot;]. ''botswana.co.za''. [https://web.archive.org/web/20230106140404/https://www.botswana.co.za/Cultural_Issues-travel/food-of-botswana.html Archived] from the original on 6 January 2023. Retrieved 15 Phalane 2025.&lt;/ref&gt;

Dikai tsa dijo tsa Botswana ke: [[bogobe]], [[phaletshe]] (bogobe jwa mmidi), [[Boerewors|boroso]], [[setampa]], [[Magwinya]] le [[phane]]. Bogobe bo dirwa ka go tsenya boupi jwa mabele, mmidi kgotsa lebelebele mo metsing a a belang, bo bo bo fuduiwa go nna motogo o o boleta, mme bo apewe ka iketlo. Sejo se se bidiwang ''ting'' se dirwa fa mashi le sukiri di tsenngwa mo mabelen kgotsa mmiding o o bedisitsweng. Ting e e senang mashi le sukiri ka dinako tse dingwe e jewa ka nama kgotsa merogo ka nako ya dijo tsa motshegare kgotsa tsa maitseboa. Tsela e nngwe ya go dira bogobe ke go tsenya madila le lerotse. Morafe wa Kalanga o bitsa sejo seno ''thopi''. Madila a diriwa ka mashi a a bedisitsweng a setso a a tshwanang le [[yogurt]] kgotsa [[sour cream]].&lt;ref&gt;Ohenhen, Regina; Imarenezor, E.P.K; Kihuha, A.N. (2013), [https://www.researchgate.net/publication/315493533 &quot;Microbiome of madila – a southern-african fermented milk product&quot;], ''International Journal of Basic and Applied Sciences'', vol. 2 (2) (2013) 170–175, [https://web.archive.org/web/20240604180657/https://www.researchgate.net/publication/315493533_Microbiome_of_madila_-_a_southern-african_fermented_milk_product archived] from the original on 4 June 2024, retrieved 16 Phalane 2025.&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Metshameko ===
[[Setshwantsho:Francistown Stadium Botswana.jpg|thumb|210x210px|[[Obed Itani Chilume Stadium|Lebala la Metshameko la Obed Itani Chilume]]]]
[[Kgwele ya dinao]] ke motshameko o o tumileng thata mo Botswana. Go iponela phatlha go ya kwa Sejaneng sa Ditšhabatšhaba sa Aforika sa 2012 ke phitlhelelo e e kwa godimo ya setlhopha sa bosetšhaba go fitlha ga jaana. Metshameko e mengwe e e ratwang ke softball, [[cricket]], tennis, [[rugby]], badminton, [[handball]], golf le mabelo.&lt;ref&gt;[https://web.archive.org/web/20090114095524/http://www.gov.bw/cgi-bin/news.cgi?d=20060126 &quot;Sparks to fly at Diamond&quot;]. Botswana Press Agency (BOPA). 26 January 2006. Archived from [http://www.gov.bw/cgi-bin/news.cgi?d=20060126 the original] on 14 January 2009. Retrieved 16 Phalane 2025.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;[https://web.archive.org/web/20061003050400/http://www.gov.bw/cgi-bin/news.cgi?d=20040813 &quot;Opinion the Academic World&quot;]. Botswana Press Agency (BOPA). Archived from [http://www.gov.bw/cgi-bin/news.cgi?d=20040813 the original] on 3 October 2006. Retrieved 15 Phalane 2025.&lt;/ref&gt; Botswana ke leloko le le tshwaraganeng le Lekgotla la Boditšhabatšhaba la Kirikete. Lefatshe la Botswana le ne la nna leloko la lekgotla la mafatshefatshe la Badminton le la Africa Badminton Federation ka ngwaga wa 1991. Lekgotla la [[Botswana Golf Union]] le na le liki ya batshameki ba golofo ba ba sa itseng go le kalo e mo go yone batshameki ba golofo ba gaisanang mo dikgaisanyong le mo dikgaisanong tsa bommampodi. Motabogi [[Nijel Amos]] o ne a gapela Botswana setsele sa ntlha sa diolimpiki ka 2012, a tsaya [[selefera]] mo lebelong la dimitara di le 800.

Ka ngwaga wa 2011, [[Amantle Montsho]] o ne a nna [[mmampodi wa lefatshe]] mo lobelong lwa dimitara di le makgolo a mane mme a ikgapela sekgele sa ntlha sa Botswana sa mabelo mo maemong a lefatshe. Motlodi wa high jump [[Kabelo Kgosiemang]] ke [[mmampodi wa Aforika]] makgetlho a le mararo. [[Isaac Makwala]] ke motabogi yo o itsegeng ka dimitara di le 400 yo e neng e le mofenyi wa seetsele sa gauta kwa Metshamekong ya Mafatshe a Selekane ka 2018. [[Baboloki Thebe]] e ne e le mofenyi wa seetsele sa  selefera mo dimitara di le 200 kwa Diolimpiking tsa Basha tsa Selemo tsa 2014 mme o ne a fitlha kwa makgaolakgannyeng kwa 2014 World Junior Championships mo mabelong. [[Ross Branch|Ross Branch Ross]], mokgweetsi wa dithuthuthu, o tshotse maemo a ntlha mo Bommampoding ba Aforika Borwa ba Kgabaganyo ya Lefatshe mme o kile a gaisana kwa [[Dakar Rally]]. [[Letsile Tebogo]] o tlhomile rekoto ya lefatshe ya basha mo dimitara di le 100 ka nako ya 9.94 kwa Dikgaisanong tsa Lefatshe Lotlhe tsa Mabelo tsa 2022,&lt;ref&gt;Ramsay, George (4 October 2022). [https://www.cnn.com/2022/10/04/sport/letsile-tebogo-interview-athletics-spt-intl/index.html &quot;Teenage sprinter Letsile Tebogo wants to be remembered as an athletics great&quot;]. CNN. [https://web.archive.org/web/20240701143613/https://www.cnn.com/2022/10/04/sport/letsile-tebogo-interview-athletics-spt-intl/index.html Archived] from the original on 1 July 2024. Retrieved 16 Phalane 2025.&lt;/ref&gt; mme, go tloga ka 2024, o na le nako ya boraro e e gaisang mo lefatsheng ya dimitara di le 100 le dimitara di le 300 ya metsotswana e le 30.69.&lt;ref&gt;[https://worldathletics.org/athletes/botswana/letsile-tebogo-14883897 &quot;Letsile TEBOGO | Profile | World Athletics&quot;]. ''worldathletics.org''. [https://web.archive.org/web/20240418081510/https://worldathletics.org/athletes/botswana/letsile-tebogo-14883897 Archived] from the original on 18 April 2024. Retrieved 16 Phalane 2025.&lt;/ref&gt; Ka Phatwe a supa 2021, Botswana e ne ya gapa seetsele sa bronze mo kgaisanong ya Banna ya dimitara di le 4 × 400 kwa Diolimpiking kwa Tokyo. Botswana e nnile setšhaba sa ntlha sa Aforika go tshegetsa Sejana sa Lefatshe sa Basha sa Bolotloa.&lt;ref&gt;[http://big5.news.cn/gate/big5/www.xinhuanet.com//english/2017-06/23/c_136387328.htm &quot;Botswana ready to host Netball World Youth Cup – Xinhua | English.news.cn&quot;]. ''big5.news.cn''. [https://web.archive.org/web/20240531003008/http://big5.news.cn/gate/big5/www.xinhuanet.com//english/2017-06/23/c_136387328.htm Archived] from the original on 31 May 2024. Retrieved 16 Phalane 2025.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;[https://www.nwyc2017.com/content/netball-world-youth-cup-gaborone-2017 &quot;Netball World Youth Cup Gaborone 2017 | NWYC2017&quot;]. 22 July 2019. [https://web.archive.org/web/20240604180649/https://www.nwyc2017.com/content/netball-world-youth-cup-gaborone-2017 Archived] from the original on 4 June 2024. Retrieved 16 Phalane 2025.&lt;/ref&gt; Ka Phatwe a ferabobedi 2024, Letsile Tebogo o ne a gapa seetsele sa gauta wsa ntlha sa Botswana sa Diolimpiki tsa Diolimpiki tsa 2024 kwa Paris morago ga go fetsa mo maemong a ntlha mo [[Makgaolakgang a banna a 200m|makgaolakgannyeng a banna a 200m]], a fetsa ka nako ya metsotswana e le 19.46.&lt;ref&gt;[https://www.nbcolympics.com/news/letsile-tebogo-stuns-american-trio-200m-olympic-gold-paris &quot;Letsile Tebogo stuns American trio for 200m Olympic gold in Paris | NBC Olympics&quot;]. ''www.nbcolympics.com''. Retrieved 16 Phalane 2025.&lt;/ref&gt;

Motshameko wa dikarata wa [[bridge]] o na le balatedi ba ba nonofileng; o ne wa tshamekiwa la ntlha mo Botswana dingwaga di ka nna masome mane tse di fetileng, mme wa gola ka go tuma ka dingwaga tsa bo 1980. Barutabana ba le bantsi ba dikolo tsa batswakwa ba Borithane ba ne ba ruta motshameko ono ka tsela e e sa rulaganngwang kwa dikolong tse dikgolwane tsa Botswana. Mokgatlho wa Botswana wa Bridge (BBF) o tlhomilwe ka 1988. Bridge o ntse o a ratwa mme BBF e na le maloko a a fetang makgolo a ferabobedi.&lt;ref&gt;[https://web.archive.org/web/20080227184536/http://www.bnsc.co.bw/affiliates/bridge_federation.htm &quot;Botswana Bridge Federation&quot;]. Botswana National Sports Council. Archived from [http://www.bnsc.co.bw/affiliates/bridge_federation.htm the original] on 27 February 2008. Retrieved 16 Phalane 2025.&lt;/ref&gt; Ka 2007, BBF e ne ya laletsa [[Mokgatlho wa Bridge wa Seesemane]] go tshwara thulaganyo ya go ruta ya beke yotlhe ka Motsheganong 2008.&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.ebu.co.uk/general/news/2008/BotswanaTrip.htm &quot;English Bridge Union&quot;]. English Bridge Union. [https://web.archive.org/web/20080227184536/http://www.ebu.co.uk/general/news/2008/BotswanaTrip.htm Archived] from the original on 27 February 2008. Retrieved 16 Phalane 2025.&lt;/ref&gt;

== Thuto ==
[[Setshwantsho:University of Botswana 20200310.jpg|thumb|175x175px|Sekolo sa legare sa Mmadikolo wa Botswana e supa lefelo la Baithuti]]
[[Setshwantsho:University of Botswana, Library 20200321.jpg|thumb|175x175px|Mo motlobong wa dibuka kwa [[Mmadikolo wa Botswana]]]]
Botswana e nnile le kgatelopele mo thutong fa e sale e bona boipuso ka 1966 fa go ne go na le dialogane tsa diyunibesithi di le masome mabedi le bobedi fela mo lefatsheng&lt;ref&gt;[[:en:Botswana#CITEREFDionne2016|Dionne 2016]].&lt;/ref&gt; le gape phesente e nnye thata ya baagi e e neng e tsena sekolo se segolwane. Botswana e okeditse seelo sa yone sa batho ba bagolo ba ba itseng go bala le go kwala go tswa go 69% ka 1991 go ya go 83% ka 2008.&lt;ref name=&quot;:18&quot;&gt;[http://stats.uis.unesco.org/ &quot;UNESCO Institute for Statistics&quot;]. UNESCO. [https://web.archive.org/web/20080725065836/http://stats.uis.unesco.org/ Archived] from the original on 25 July 2008. Retrieved 16 Phalane 2025.&lt;/ref&gt; Mo mafatsheng a Aforika a a kwa borwa jwa Sahara, Botswana e na le nngwe ya dikelo tse di kwa godimo tsa go itse go bala le go kwala.&lt;ref name=&quot;:19&quot;&gt;[https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/field/literacy/ &quot;Literacy – The World Factbook&quot;]. Central Intelligence Agency. [https://web.archive.org/web/20230401014237/https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/field/literacy/ Archived] from the original on 1 April 2023. Retrieved 16 Phalane 2025.&lt;/ref&gt; Go tloga ka 2024, 88.5% ya baagi ba dingwaga di le lesome le botlhano le go feta ba ne ba kgona go bala le go kwala mme ba ne ba itse go bala le go kwala ka go latelana.&lt;ref name=&quot;:19&quot; /&gt;

[[Lephata la Thuto la Botswana]]&lt;ref&gt;[https://web.archive.org/web/20130517105334/http://www.moe.gov.bw/index.php?id=10 &quot;Ministry of Education and Skills Development: Home&quot;]. Moe.gov.bw. 27 July 2011. Archived from [http://www.moe.gov.bw/index.php?id=10 the original] on 4 August 2012. Retrieved 16 Phalane 2025.&lt;/ref&gt; le berekela go tlhoma metlobo ya dibuka mo dikolong tse di potlana ka tirisanommogo le [[African Library Project]].&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.africanlibraryproject.org/about-us/our-partners/139-library-partner-botswana-ministry-of-education &quot;Library Partner – Botswana Ministry of Education&quot;]. Africanlibraryproject.org. [https://web.archive.org/web/20110903102928/http://www.africanlibraryproject.org/about-us/our-partners/139-library-partner-botswana-ministry-of-education Archived] from the original on 3 September 2011. Retrieved 16 Phalane 2025.&lt;/ref&gt; [[Puso ya Botswana]] e solofela gore go beeletsa karolo e kgolo ya lotseno lwa bosetšhaba mo thutong go tla dira gore lefatshe le se ka la ikaega thata ka diteemane go tshela mo itsholelong ya yone, mme e se ka ya ikaega thata ka batswakwa go bona badiri ba yone ba ba nang le bokgoni.&lt;ref name=&quot;:20&quot;&gt;[https://web.archive.org/web/20140416191627/http://www.unevoc.unesco.org/worldtvetdatabase1.php?ct=BWA &quot;UNESCO-UNEVOC's Botswana profile&quot;]. UNESCO. Archived from [http://www.unevoc.unesco.org/worldtvetdatabase1.php?ct=BWA the original] on 16 April 2014. Retrieved 16 Phalane 2025.&lt;/ref&gt; NPVET ((National Policy on Vocational Education and Training) e simolodisitse melawana e e  tshegetsang thuto ya tiro ya diatla.&lt;ref name=&quot;:20&quot; /&gt; Botswana e beeletsa 21% ya madi a puso e a dirisa mo thutong.&lt;ref name=&quot;:18&quot; /&gt;

Ka Firikgong 2006, Botswana e ne ya itsise go tsenngwa gape ga dituediso tsa sekolo morago ga dingwaga di le masome a mabedi tsa thuto ya mahala ya puso,&lt;ref&gt;[https://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/africa/4601360.stm &quot;Botswana brings back school fees&quot;]. ''BBC News''. 11 January 2006. [https://web.archive.org/web/20060203014610/http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/africa/4601360.stm Archived] from the original on 3 February 2006.&lt;/ref&gt; le fa puso e santse e tlamela ka dithuso tsa madi a go ithuta ka botlalo le ditshenyegelo tsa go tshela go moagi mongwe le mongwe wa Botswana yo o kwa yunibesithing, e ka tswa e le kwa [[Mmadikolo wa Botswana]] kgotsa, fa moithuti a eletsa go tswelela ka thuto e e feletseng e e seyong mo gae, ba neelwa thuso ya madi a go ithuta kwa moseja.&lt;ref&gt;[https://www.collegescholarships.org/scholarships/country/botswana.htm &quot;Scholarship Funding to Study in Botswana&quot;]. ''collegescholarships.org''. [https://web.archive.org/web/20240601060607/https://www.collegescholarships.org/scholarships/country/botswana.htm Archived] from the original on 1 June 2024. Retrieved 16 Phalane 2025.&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Tsa maranyane ===
[[Setshwantsho:Lady Physicist.jpg|thumb|230x230px|Physicist mo laboratoring kwa [[Botswana International University of Science and Technology]]]]
Ka 2015, Botswana e ne ya rulaganya go dirisa tsa maranyane go kabakanya itsholelo ya yone mme ka jalo e fokotse go ikaega ga yone ka meepo ya diteemane.&lt;ref name=&quot;:21&quot;&gt;''[http://unesdoc.unesco.org/images/0023/002354/235406e.pdf UNESCO Science Report: towards 2030]'' (PDF). Paris: UNESCO. 2015. pp. 546–547. [[:en:ISBN_(identifier)|ISBN]] &lt;bdi&gt;[[:en:Special:BookSources/978-92-3-100129-1|978-92-3-100129-1]]&lt;/bdi&gt;. [https://web.archive.org/web/20170322210919/http://unesdoc.unesco.org/images/0023/002354/235406e.pdf Archived] (PDF) from the original on 22 March 2017. Retrieved 16 Phalane 2025.&lt;/ref&gt; Botswana e phatlaladitse ''Melawana ya yone ya Bosetšhaba e e tlhabolotsweng ya Dipatlisiso le Maranyane'' ka 2011, mo teng ga porojeke ya UNESCO e e tshegediwang ke Setheo sa Spain sa Tirisanommogo le Tlhabololo ya Boditšhabatšhaba (AECID). Melawana e e tlhamilwe mo ditokomaneng tsa togamaano tse di akaretsang ''Leano la Bosetšhaba la Tlhabololo la Botswana la 2016'' le ''Tebelopele ya 2016''.&lt;ref name=&quot;:21&quot; /&gt; ''Melawana ya Bosetšhaba e e tlhabolotsweng ya Dipatlisiso le Maranyane'' (2011) e beile seelo sa go tlhatlosa ditshenyegelo tsotlhe tsa selegae mo [[Dipatlisiso le ditlhabololo|dipatlisisong le tlhabololong]] (R&amp;D) go tswa go 0.26% ya GDP ka 2012 go ya go feta 2% ya GDP ka 2016. Seelo se se ka fitlhelelwa fela mo nakong e e beilweng ka go tlhatlosa tiriso ya madi a setšhaba mo R&amp;D.&lt;ref name=&quot;:21&quot; /&gt; Botswana e na le nngwe ya dipalo tse di kwa godimo tsa babatlisisi mo Aforika e e kwa borwa jwa Sahara: makgolo a mararo le masome a mane le bone mo baaging ba le sedikadike (ka dipalo tsa ditlhogo), fa go bapisiwa le palogare ya masome a ferabongwe le motso mo baaging ba le sedikadike ba kontinentepotlana ka 2013.&lt;ref name=&quot;:21&quot; /&gt; Botswana e ne e le mo maemong a bo masome a ferabobedi le bosupa mo [[Global Innovation Index]] ka 2024.&lt;ref&gt;[[:en:World_Intellectual_Property_Organization|World Intellectual Property Organization]] (2024). ''[https://www.wipo.int/web-publications/global-innovation-index-2024/en/ Global Innovation Index 2024: Unlocking the Promise of Social Entrepreneurship]''. World Intellectual Property Organization. p. 18. [[:en:Doi_(identifier)|doi]]:[[doi:10.34667/tind.50062|10.34667/tind.50062]]. ISBN 978-92-805-3681-2. Retrieved 16 Phalane 2025.&lt;/ref&gt;

Ka ngwaga wa 2009, kompone e e kwa Botswana ya Deaftronics e ne ya simolola sedirisiwa se se thusang go utlwa se se dirisang maatla a letsatsi morago ga dingwaga di le thataro se ntse se dira sekao sa sone. Fa e sa le ka nako eo, Deaftronics e setse e rekisitse didirisiwa tse di fetang dikete tse lesome tse di thusang go utlwa. Sediriswa sengwe le sengwe se se thusang go utlwa se tlhwatlhwa ya $100 se le sengwe, se akaretsa dibeteri di le nne tse di tšhajiwang (tse di tsayang dingwaga di le tharo) le tšhajara ya letsatsi e e dirisiwang mo go tsone. Sedirisiwa se ga se ture fa se bapisiwa le didirisiwa tse dintsi tse di tshwanang, tse di ka simololang ka bokana ka $600.&lt;ref&gt;[https://qz.com/africa/443630/botswanas-hearing-aid-pioneers-are-betting-on-solar-power-to-go-global/ &quot;Botswana's hearing aid pioneers are betting on solar power to go global&quot;]. ''Quartz Africa''. 6 July 2015. [https://web.archive.org/web/20190109205421/https://qz.com/africa/443630/botswanas-hearing-aid-pioneers-are-betting-on-solar-power-to-go-global/ Archived] from the original on 9 January 2019. Retrieved 16 Phalane 2025.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;[https://www.deutschland.de/en/solar-powered-hearing-aids-botswana &quot;Solar Powered Hearing Aids, Botswana&quot;]. ''deutschland.de''. 2 June 2017. [https://web.archive.org/web/20190109205130/https://www.deutschland.de/en/solar-powered-hearing-aids-botswana Archived] from the original on 9 January 2019. Retrieved 16 Phalane 2025.&lt;/ref&gt; Ka ngwaga wa 2011, Lephata la Botswana la Dipatlisiso tsa Temo-thuo (DAR) le ne la ntsha dikgomo tsa Musi, tse di diretsweng go tokafatsa boleng jwa nama ya kgomo. Jaaka motswako wa mefuta ya [[Kgomo ya Tswana|Tswana]], [[Bonsmara]], [[Brahman]], [[Tuli]] le [[Simmental]],&lt;ref&gt;Kgathileng, Tebogo (27 July 2015). [https://dailynews.gov.bw/news-detail/21751 &quot;Dept pleads for marketing of Musi&quot;]. ''Botswana Daily News''. [https://web.archive.org/web/20201124011303/http://www.dailynews.gov.bw/news-details.php?nid=21751 Archived] from the original on 20 May 2020. Retrieved 16 Phalane 2025.&lt;/ref&gt; go solofelwa gore motswako o tla lebisa kwa go ntsheng nama ya kgomo e e oketsegileng.&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.mmegi.bw/index.php?sid=1&amp;aid=166&amp;dir=2011%2FSeptember%2FThursday8%2F &quot;Hardy breed named Musi at unveiling&quot;]. ''mmegi.bw''. 6 August 2007. [https://web.archive.org/web/20190110013727/http://www.mmegi.bw/index.php?sid=1&amp;aid=166&amp;dir=2011/September/Thursday8/ Archived] from the original on 10 January 2019. Retrieved 16 Phalane 2025.&lt;/ref&gt; Ka ngwaga wa 2016, Setheo sa Botswana sa Dipatlisiso le Boitshimololedi sa Maranyane (BITRI) se ne sa tlhama sedirisiwa sa go tlhatlhoba [[bolwetse jwa tlhako le molomo]] ka bonako ka tirisanommogo le Setheo sa Mekento sa Botswana le Setheo sa Tlhatlhobo ya Dijo sa Canada. Sediriswa se se tlhamilweng kwa Botswana se dira gore go kgonege go tlhatlhoba bolwetse mo lefelong.&lt;ref&gt;[http://news.rapidmicromethods.com/2016/12/bitri-develops-rapid-foot-and-mouth.html &quot;BITRI Develops Rapid Foot and Mouth Disease Test Kit&quot;]. ''rapidmicromethods.com''. 20 December 2016. [https://web.archive.org/web/20190110013809/http://news.rapidmicromethods.com/2016/12/bitri-develops-rapid-foot-and-mouth.html?m=1 Archived] from the original on 10 January 2019. Retrieved 16 Phalane 2025.&lt;/ref&gt;

Thulaganyo ya [[Square Kilometre Array]] (SKA) ([[MeerKAT]]) e na le dijana le dieriele di le diketekete tse di anameng mo dikgaolong tse dikgolo tse di golagantsweng mmogo go bopa thelesekoupo e le nngwe e kgolo. Dijana tse dingwe di tlaa bo di le kwa mafatsheng a mangwe a robabobedi a Aforika, Botswana e le gareng ga tsone. Botswana e ne ya tlhophiwa go tsaya karolo ka ntlha ya lefelo la yone le le siameng mo lobopong le le kwa borwa le mo tikologong, e leng se se ka kgontshang go kokoanya tshedimosetso bonolo go tswa mo lobopong. Puso ya Botswana e agile thelesekoupo ya SKA ya pele kwa Kgale View, e leng Mafaratlhatlha a Aforika a Ditlhatlhobo tsa Mola o Moleele Thata (AVN). E ne ya romela baithuti go bona dithuso tsa thuto ya bolepadinaledi.&lt;ref&gt;[https://dailynews.gov.bw/news-detail/10829 &quot;Botswana takes part in revolutionary mission&quot;]. [https://web.archive.org/web/20201124005832/http://www.dailynews.gov.bw/mobile/news-details.php?nid=10829&amp;flag= Archived] from the original on 24 November 2020. Retrieved 16 Phalane 2025.&lt;/ref&gt;
[[Setshwantsho:BOTSAT-1 Satellite.png|thumb|200x200px|BOTSAT-1 Satellite]]
Lefatshe la Botswana le simolodisitse lenaneo la lone la dingwaga tse tharo la go aga le go simolodisa Satellite, Botswana Satellite Technology (Sat-1 Project) kwa Gaborone kgwedi ya Sedimonthole e tlhola malatsi a le lesome le boferabobedi 2020, e e simolodisitsweng go dirisiwa rokete ya SpaceX kgwedi ya Mopitlo e le lesome le botlhano.  [[Botswana International University of Science and Technolog|Botswana International University of Science and Technology]] (BIUST) e ne ya etelela pele tlhabololo ya sathalaete, ka tshegetso ya setegeniki go tswa go balekane ba bangwe, mme ke sathalaete ya 3U hyperspectral Earth Observation. Sathalaete e ikaeletse go tlamela ka tshedimosetso ya go ela tlhoko tikologo, temothuo e e nepagetseng, thulaganyo ya ditoropo, le taolo ya dibetso tsa tlholego.&lt;ref&gt;[https://dailynews.gov.bw/news-detail/60276 &quot;Satellite technology development giant leap&quot;]. ''Botswana Daily News''. 20 December 2020. Archived from [http://www.itwebafrica.com/more-countries/botswana/237043-botswana-opens-first-tech-assembly-plant the original] on 15 April 2021. Retrieved 16 Phalane 2025.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Africa, Space in (23 December 2020). [https://africanews.space/botswana-launches-national-space-program/ &quot;Botswana Launches National Space Program&quot;]. [https://web.archive.org/web/20210102034103/https://africanews.space/botswana-launches-national-space-program/ Archived] from the original on 2 January 2021. Retrieved 16 Phalane 2025.&lt;/ref&gt; Ka 2016, mo [[lekaleaneng la IT]], Almaz o ne a bula kompone ya ntlha ya go kopanya dikhomphiutara.&lt;ref&gt;[https://web.archive.org/web/20190110013902/http://www.itwebafrica.com/more-countries/botswana/237043-botswana-opens-first-tech-assembly-plant &quot;Botswana opens first tech assembly plant&quot;]. ''itwebafrica.com''. Archived from [http://www.itwebafrica.com/more-countries/botswana/237043-botswana-opens-first-tech-assembly-plant the original] on 10 January 2019. Retrieved 16 Phalane 2025.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;[https://web.archive.org/web/20190109205218/http://www.thepatriot.co.bw/business/item/3389-almaz-enters-botswana-ict-sector.html &quot;Almaz enters Botswana ICT sector&quot;]. ''The Patriot''. Archived from [http://www.thepatriot.co.bw/business/item/3389-almaz-enters-botswana-ict-sector.html the original] on 9 January 2019. Retrieved 16 Phalane 2025.&lt;/ref&gt; Ditec, e leng kompone ya Botswana, le yone e dira megalayaletheka, e di tlhama le go di dira ka tsela e e rileng. Ditec e dira tiro e e kgethegileng ya go dira gore didirisiwa tse di tsamaisiwang ke Microsoft di bereke ka pharologanyo.&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.botswanayouth.com/youth-company-shines-with-their-locally-made-ditec-pioneer-phone/ &quot;Youth Company Shines With Their Locally Made Ditec Pioneer Phone&quot;]. ''botswanayouth.com''. 5 August 2016. [https://web.archive.org/web/20190109205346/http://www.botswanayouth.com/youth-company-shines-with-their-locally-made-ditec-pioneer-phone/ Archived] from the original on 9 January 2019. Retrieved 16 Phalane 2025.&lt;/ref&gt;

Ka Ngwanatsele a le lesome le boferabongwe 2021, bamaranyane kwa Laboratoring ya Tshupetso ya HIV ya Botswana Harvard (BHHRL) ba ne ba ribolola la ntlha mofuta wa Omicron wa [[COVID-19]], kwa ntlheng o ne o bidiwa B.1.1.529 mme morago ga moo wa bidiwa &quot;Omicron&quot;, mme ya nna lefatshe la ntlha mo lefatsheng go ribolola mofuta oo. Fa e sa le ka tshimologo ya 2021, ba ribolotse disampole di ka nna dikete tse pedi le makgolo mararo tse di nang le mogare wa SARS-CoV-2 ka tatelano ya tshika. Go ya ka Dr. Gaseitsiwe, dithomelo tsa tatelano ya tshika tsa Botswana kwa GISAID di gareng ga tse di kwa godimo thata mo kgaolong ya Aforika go ya ka tlhogo ya motho, di lekana le moagisane wa lone wa Aforika Borwa yo o nang le ditsompelo tse dintsi. Setheo sa Botswana sa Harvard sa AIDS sa Tirisanommogo (BHP) se ne sa agiwa ka 2003, dingwaga di le pedi morago ga gore mokgatlho o o akaretsang o bule BHHRL, e leng laboratori ya sone ya patlisiso ya HIV e e agilweng ka maikaelelo e e neng e le nngwe ya tsa ntlha mo kontinenteng.&lt;ref&gt;Flood, Zoe (14 December 2021). [https://www.aljazeera.com/features/2021/12/14/inside-the-botswana-lab-that-discovered-omicron &quot;Inside the Botswana lab that discovered Omicron&quot;]. Al Jazeera. [https://web.archive.org/web/20211214111713/http://www.aljazeera.com/features/2021/12/14/inside-the-botswana-lab-that-discovered-omicron Archived] from the original on 14 December 2021. Retrieved 16 Phalane 2025.&lt;/ref&gt;

== Ditshedimosetso tse dingwe ==

* [[Moalo wa Botswana]]
* [[Lenaane la ditlhamo ka ga Botswana]]

==Metswedi==
{{Reflist}}
{{Commons|Botswana}}

{{Africa topic}}
[[Karolo:Botswana| ]]</text>
      <sha1>9dkrysppo01hetogo0srmjspd0f3n18</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Wikipedia</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>2077</id>
    <revision>
      <id>54163</id>
      <parentid>54118</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-08-17T20:25:58Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>InternetArchiveBot</username>
        <id>8156</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Add 1 book for [[en:Wikipedia:Verifiability|verifiability]] (20260817)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]]</comment>
      <origin>54163</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="243216" sha1="d20isiy7t6onsuqwk0l8nbhckgwnfz7" xml:space="preserve">{{Infobox website
| name = Wikipedia
| logo = [[File:Wikipedia-logo-v2-tn.svg|250px]]
| logo_caption = Sekano sa [[Wikipedia]]
| screenshot = Wikipedia Portal Screenshot (2022).svg{{!}}border
| screenshot_alt = Wikipedia portal showing the different languages sorted by article count
| collapsible = yes
| caption = Tebego ya tsebe ya konokono ya Wikipedia ka komputara
| type = [[Maranyane a encyclopedia]]
| language_count = {{NUMBEROF|languages|Wikipedia}}
| country_of_origin = United States
| owner = {{Unbulleted list|[[Wikimedia Foundation]]|}}
| authors = {{Unbulleted list|[[Jimmy Wales]]|[[Larry Sanger]]}}
| url = {{URL|https://www.wikipedia.org/|wikipedia.org}}
| commercial = Nyaa
| registration = Wa ithopela
| num_users = [[List of Wikipedias#Statistics totals|&gt;{{formatnum:{{#expr:{{NUMBEROF|ACTIVEUSERS|totalactive.wikipedia}}}}}}]] active editors&lt;ref&gt; To be considered [[Special:ActiveUsers|active]], a user must make at least one edit or other action in a given month.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;br /&gt;[[list of Wikipedias#Statistics totals|&gt;{{formatnum:{{#expr:{{NUMBEROF|USERS|totalactive.wikipedia}}}}}}]] registered users
| launch_date = {{Start date and age|mf=yes|p=yes|br=yes|2001|1|15}}
| current_status = Active
| content_license = {{Nowrap|[[Creative Commons license|CC Attribution / Share-Alike]] 3.0}}&lt;br /&gt;Most text is also dual-licensed under [[GNU Free Documentation License|GFDL]]; media licensing varies
| programming_language = [[LAMP (software bundle)|LAMP]] platform&lt;ref name=&quot;roadchap&quot;&gt;{{cite web |url=https://rogchap.com/2011/09/06/top-40-website-programming-languages/ |title= Top 40 Website Programming Languages |website= rogchap.com |author= Chapman, Roger |date= September 6, 2011 |access-date= September 6, 2011 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130922015103/https://rogchap.com/2011/09/06/top-40-website-programming-languages/ |archive-date= September 22, 2013}}&lt;/ref&gt;
| oclc = 52075003
}}

Wikipedia [e] ke [[:en:Encyclopedia|ensaetlopedia]] ya mahala ya maranyane e e kwadilweng le go tlhokomelwa ke setšhaba sa baithaopi, ba ba itsiweng jaaka [[:en:Wikipedians|Bawikipedia]], ka [[:en:Open_collaboration|tirisanommogo e e bulegileng]] le serweboleta sa [[:en:Wiki|wiki]] sa [[:en:MediaWiki|MediaWiki]]. E tlhomilwe ke [[:en:Jimmy_Wales|Jimmy Wales]] le [[:en:Larry_Sanger|Larry Sanger]] ka ngwaga wa 2001, Wikipedia e ntse e amogelwa fa e sale ka ngwaga wa 2003 ke [[:en:Wikimedia_Foundation|Mokgatlho wa Wikimedia]], [[:en:501(c)(3)_organization|mokgatlho wa Amerika o o sa direng dipoelo]] o o tshegediwang thata ke meneelo ya babadi.&lt;ref&gt;[[:en:Lisa_Seitz-Gruwell|Seitz-Gruwell, Lisa]] (October 23, 2023)[[foundationsite:news/2022/11/03/7-reasons-you-should-donate-to-wikipedia/|. &quot;7 reasons you should donate to Wikipedia&quot;]]. [[:en:Wikimedia_Foundation|Wikimedia Foundation]]. [https://web.archive.org/web/20241008212455/https://wikimediafoundation.org/news/2023/10/23/7-reasons-you-should-donate-to-wikipedia/ Archived] from the original on October 8, 2024. Retrieved December 27, 2023.&lt;/ref&gt; Wikipedia ke buka e kgolo go tsotlhe ya [[:en:Reference_work|tshedimosetso e e dirisediwang go batla tshedimosetso,]] gape ke yone e e balwang thata mo ditsong.&lt;ref&gt;[https://www.economist.com/international/2021/01/09/wikipedia-is-20-and-its-reputation-has-never-been-higher &quot;Wikipedia is 20, and its reputation has never been higher]&quot;. ''[https://www.economist.com/international/2021/01/09/wikipedia-is-20-and-its-reputation-has-never-been-higher The Economist]''. January 9, 2021. [https://web.archive.org/web/20210107165356/https://www.economist.com/international/2021/01/09/wikipedia-is-20-and-its-reputation-has-never-been-higher Archived] from the original on January 7, 2021. Retrieved February 25, 2021.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;[[:en:Chris_Anderson_(writer)|Anderson, Chris]] (May 8, 2006). [https://content.time.com/time/specials/packages/article/0,28804,1975813_1975844_1976488,00.html &quot;Jimmy Wales – The 2006 Time 100&quot;.] ''[https://content.time.com/time/specials/packages/article/0,28804,1975813_1975844_1976488,00.html Time]''. [https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/80/Wikipedia-logo-v2.svg/500px-Wikipedia-logo-v2.svg.png Archived] from the original on October 12, 2022. Retrieved November 11, 2017.&lt;/ref&gt;

Kwa tshimologong e ne e le teng ka Seesemane fela, Wikipedia e godile [[:en:List_of_Wikipedias|go fitlha dipuo di feta]] [[:en:List_of_Wikipedias|makgolo a mararo]] mme ke nngwe ya [[:en:List_of_most-visited_websites|lefelo la tshedimosetso mo maranyaneng tse di etelwang thata]] mo lefatsheng go tloga ka ngwaga wa 2026. [[:en:English_Wikipedia|Wikipedia ya Seesemane]], e e nang le [[:en:Article_(publishing)|dipego]] di feta didikadike di le supa, e sa ntse e le yone e kgolo go gaisa tsotlhe mo dikgatisong, tse mmogo di nang le dipego di feta didikadike di le masome a a marataro le bosupa mme gape e amogela maeto a a fetang didikadike di le sekete le makgolo a matlhano tsa didirisiwa tse di farologaneng le diphetogo di ka nna didikadike di le lesome le boraro kgwedi le kgwedi, e leng palogare ya diphetogo di ka nna tlhano ka motsotswana. Go fitlha ka kgwedi ya Sedimonthole ka ngwaga wa 2025, mo e ka nnang karolo ya masome a mabedi le botlhano mo lekgolong ya batho ba ba etelang Wikipedia ba ne ba tswa kwa lefatsheng la United States, fa lefatshe la Japane le ne le emela mo e ka nnang karolo ya bosupa mo lekgolong, mme mafatshe a United Kingdom, Germany le Russia tsotlhe di ne di emela mo e ka nnang karolo ya botlhano mo lekgolong nngwe le nngwe.&lt;ref&gt;[https://www.similarweb.com/website/wikipedia.org/#geography &quot;wikipedia.org]&quot;. ''Similarweb''. [https://web.archive.org/web/20200605091241/https://www.similarweb.com/website/wikipedia.org#geography Archived] from the original on June 5, 2020. Retrieved January 9, 2026.&lt;/ref&gt;

Wikipedia e ile ya akgolwa ka ntlha ya popego ya yone ya ka fa gare le setso, e e [[:en:Democratization_of_knowledge|kgontshang go dira gore kitso e nne ya]] [[:en:Democratization_of_knowledge|puso ya batho ka batho]], le ka ntlha ya go akaretsa dilo tse dintsi ka dikgang tse di farologaneng, [[:en:Censorship_of_Wikipedia|Wikipedia e ile ya tlhotlhomisiwa]] ke dipuso dingwe tsa bosetšhaba, go simolola ka ditsebe tse di rileng go ya kwa saeteng yotlhe, ka dinako tse dingwe ka ntlha ya go kgala puso kgotsa ka ntlha ya diteng tse di tsewang di le bosula .&lt;ref&gt;Treisman, Rachel (April 1, 2022). [https://www.npr.org/2022/04/01/1090279187/russia-wikipedia-fine &quot;Russia threatens to fine Wikipedia if it doesn't remove some details about the war]&quot;. ''[[:en:NPR|NPR]]''. [https://web.archive.org/web/20221202215844/https://www.npr.org/2022/04/01/1090279187/russia-wikipedia-fine Archived] from the original on December 2, 2022. Retrieved January 22, 2023.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Skipper, Ben (December 7, 2015). [https://www.ibtimes.co.uk/chinas-government-has-blocked-wikipedia-its-entirety-again-1532138 &quot;China's government has blocked Wikipedia in its entirety again&quot;]. ''International Business Times UK''. [https://web.archive.org/web/20180503111142/https://www.ibtimes.co.uk/chinas-government-has-blocked-wikipedia-its-entirety-again-1532138 Archived] from the original on May 3, 2018. Retrieved May 2, 2018.&lt;/ref&gt; Ensaekolopedia eo e kile ya tshwaiwa diphoso ka ntlha ya go sekamela mo letlhakoreng le le lengwe mo mokgweng wa yone wa go tlhagisa tshedimosetso. Sekao ke go se neye basadi tshiamelo e e lekanang le ya banna (gender bias) le go sa emele dinaga tsa Borwa jwa Lefatshe (Global South) ka tekatekano. Gape, boikanyego jwa tshedimosetso ya Wikipedia bo ne bo belaelwa gantsi mo dingwageng tsa bo-2000, mme go simolola kwa bofelong jwa dingwaga tsa bo-2010, e simolotse go amogelwa le go akgolwa thata. Ditlhogo tsa Wikipedia tse di buang ka ditiragalo tse di sa tswang go diragala di dirisiwa gantsi ke batho ba le bantsi e le metswedi ya tshedimosetso ya bosheng.  

[[Category:Wikipedia]]

== Ditso ==

Go ne ga lekeletswa diensaetlolopedia tse di farologaneng tsa tirisanommogo tsa mo mafaratlhatlheng (inthanete) pele ga go simololwa ga Wikipedia, mme tsotlhe tsa atlega fela e seng mo go kalo kalo. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Garber |first=Megan |date=October 12, 2011 |title=The contribution conundrum: Why did Wikipedia succeed while other encyclopedias failed? |url=https://www.niemanlab.org/2011/10/the-contribution-conundrum-why-did-wikipedia-succeed-while-other-encyclopedias-failed/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230210114540/https://www.niemanlab.org/2011/10/the-contribution-conundrum-why-did-wikipedia-succeed-while-other-encyclopedias-failed/ |archive-date=February 10, 2023 |access-date=June 5, 2016 |website=Nieman Lab}}&lt;/ref&gt; Wikipedia e simolotse e le lenaneo le le tlaleletsang Nupedia, e leng thulaganyo ya mahala ya mafaratlhatlha a inthanete ya ensaetlolopedia ya puo ya Sekgoa e makwalo a yone a neng a kwalwa ke baitseanape le go sekasekwa ka fa tlase ga thulaganyo e e tlhomameng. &lt;ref name=&quot;KockJungSyn2016&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Kock |first=Ned |author-link=Ned Kock |last2=Jung |first2=Yusun |last3=Syn |first3=Thant |date=2016 |title=Wikipedia and e-Collaboration Research: Opportunities and Challenges |url=https://cits.tamiu.edu/kock/pubs/journals/2016JournalIJeC_WikipediaEcollaboration/Kock_etal_2016_IJeC_WikipediaEcollaboration.pdf |url-status=live |journal=[[International Journal of e-Collaboration]] |publisher=IGI Global |volume=12 |issue=2 |pages=1–8 |doi=10.4018/IJeC.2016040101 |issn=1548-3681 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160927001627/https://cits.tamiu.edu/kock/pubs/journals/2016JournalIJeC_WikipediaEcollaboration/Kock_etal_2016_IJeC_WikipediaEcollaboration.pdf |archive-date=September 27, 2016}}&lt;/ref&gt; E tlhomilwe ka Mopitlo a le malatsi a le boferabongwe, ngwaga wa 2000, e le ya Bomis, e leng kompone ya web portal . Batho ba bagolo ba yone e ne e le Mookamedi-mogolo wa Bomis e bong Jimmy Wales le Larry Sanger, morulaganyi-mogolo wa Nupedia mme moragonyana wa Wikipedia.   Nupedia e neilwe teseletso lantlha ka fa tlase ga teseletso ya yone ya Diteng tse di Buletsweng tsa Nupedia. Pele ga Wikipedia e tlhongwa, Nupedia e ne ya fetogela kwa Teseletso ya Dikwalo ya Mahala ya GNU se se rotloediwa ke Richard Stallman .  Gantsi Wales o fiwa tlotla gore o ne a kgona go tlhalosa ka botlalo maikano a go dira ensaetlolopedia e makwalo a yone a kgonang go kwalwa le go baakangwa ke setshaba , fa Sanger ene a bokelwa go tswa ka leano la go dirisa wiki go fitlhelela maikano ao. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2015-01-15 |title=Tech Rewind: How Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia came to be |url=https://www.mid-day.com/lifestyle/health-and-fitness/article/tech-rewind--how-wikipedia--the-free-encyclopedia-came-to-be-15915177 |access-date=2026-01-08 |website=Mid-day |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ka Firikgong a le malatsi a le lesome, ngwaga wa 2001, Sanger o ne a ntsha mogopolo mo dithomelong  tsa Nupedia go tlhama wiki gore e bereke go &quot;thusa&quot; lenaneo la Nupedia. &lt;ref name=&quot;nupedia feeder from WP 1&quot; group=&quot;W&quot;&gt;{{Cite news|last=Sanger|first=Larry|date=January 10, 2001|title=Let's Make a Wiki|url=https://www.nupedia.com/pipermail/nupedia-l/2001-January/000676.html|access-date=December 26, 2008|publisher=[[Internet Archive]]}}&lt;/ref&gt; 

=== Tshimololo le kgolo ===
Wikipedia e simolodisitswe ka Firikgong a le malatsi a le lesome le botlhano ka ngwaga wa 2001, (ka dinako tse dingwe le bidiwa &quot;Letsatsi la Wikipedia&quot;), {{sfn|McDowell|Vetter|2022|page=7}} e le kgatiso e le nngwe ya puo ya Sekgoa e e nang le leina la kgolagano ya ''www.wikipedia.com'',  mme le ne la bolelwa ke Sanger mo dithomelong tsa Nupedia. Leina le, le le duleng ka Sanger go thibela tshenyo epe e e ka nnang teng mo leineng la Nupedia, &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|last=Larry Sanger|author-link=Larry Sanger|date=11 January 2001|title=Re: [Advisory-l] The wiki...|publisher=Nupedia mailing list|url=http://www.nupedia.com/pipermail/nupedia-l/2001-January/000680.html|access-date=10 July 2026|archivedate=14 April 2003|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20030414021138/http://www.nupedia.com/pipermail/nupedia-l/2001-January/000680.html}}&lt;/ref&gt; le simolotse mo motswakong wa mafoko ''wiki'' le ''encyclopedia'' .   Wales o boletse gore kgopolo ya Wikipedia e ne ya tlhotlhelediwa ke dikgopolo tsa thulaganyo e e sa rulaganngwang e e neng e amana le Friedrich Hayek le [[Austrian School|Sekolo sa tsa itsholelo sa kwa Austria]] morago ga gore moitseanape wa tsa itsholelo yo o ratang kgololesego e bong Mark Thornton a supe megopolo ye . &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|date=2009-04-15|title=Wikipedia's Model Follows Hayek - WSJ|url=https://www.wsj.com/articles/SB123976347774119699}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Mangu-Ward |first=Katherine |date=2007-05-30 |title=Wikipedia and Beyond |url=https://reason.com/2007/05/30/wikipedia-and-beyond/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210725210204/https://reason.com/2007/05/30/wikipedia-and-beyond/ |archive-date=July 25, 2021 |access-date=2026-04-21 |website=Reason.com |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt; Segolobogolo, Wales o ne ya tlhotlhelediwa ke polelo ya ga Hayek ya Tiriso ya Kitso mo Setšhabeng e e neng e bolela gore e ne e le &quot;konokono&quot; mo mogopolong wa gagwe ka ga &quot;kafa a ka laolang lenaneo la Wikipedia ka teng&quot;. &lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt; Molao wa tsamaiso ya yone o o botlhokwa wa &quot; pono e e sa tseyeng letlhakore &quot; o ne wa simolola mo ngwageng wa yone wa ntlha . {{sfn|McDowell|Vetter|2022|page=29}}Mme fela,  go ne go na le melao e mmalwa, mme e ne e bereka e sa laolwe ke Nupedia.  Bomis kwa tshimologong e ne e ikaeletse gore e nne kgwebo e e dirang dipoelo. &lt;ref name=&quot;Seth-Finkelstein&quot;&gt;{{Cite news|date=September 25, 2008|title=Read me first: Wikipedia isn't about human potential, whatever Wales says|work=[[The Guardian]]|location=London|url=https://www.theguardian.com/technology/2008/sep/25/wikipedia.internet|access-date=January 23, 2023}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Wikipedia e ne ya bona bakwadi/batlatsi ba ntlha go tswa mo Nupedia, dipego tsa ''Slashdot'', le go dira dikgolagano tsa enjene ya patlo ya webo. Dikgatiso tsa puo di ne tsa tlhamiwa go simolola ka Mopitlo 2001, mme palo yotlhe ya tse di ne di dirisiwang di le lekgolo le masome a le marataro le bongwe kwa bokhutlong jwa ngwaga wa 2004.   Nupedia le Wikipedia di ne tsa nna mmogo go fitlhela disefara tsa  Nupedia di emisetswa ruri ka 2003, mme dikwalo tsa yone di ne tsa tsenngwa mo Wikipedia. Wikipedia ya Sekgoa e fetile letshwao la dikwalo tse di didikadike di le pedi (2 million) ka Lwetse a le malatsi a le boferabongwe, ngwaga wa 2007, mme se se ne sa e dira gore e nne ensaetlolopedia e kgolo go gaisa tsotlhe tse di kileng tsa kokoanngwa, e feta ''Ensaetlolopedia ya Yongle'' e e neng ya dirwa kwa China ka nako ya puso ya ga Ming ka 1408, e e neng e tshwere rekoto ya teng dingwaga di ka nna makgolo a le marataro. 

Ka ntlha ya go tshaba papatso ya dikgwebo le go tlhoka taolo, badirisi ba Wikipedia ya Sepanishe ba ne ba tswa mo Wikipedia go tlhama {{Lang|es|[[Enciclopedia Libre]]}} ka Tlhakole 2002. &lt;ref name=&quot;EL fears and start 1&quot; group=&quot;W&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=[long] Enciclopedia Libre: msg#00008 |url=https://osdir.com/ml/science.linguistics.wikipedia.international/2003-03/msg00008.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081006065927/https://osdir.com/ml/science.linguistics.wikipedia.international/2003-03/msg00008.html |archive-date=October 6, 2008 |access-date=December 26, 2008 |website=Osdir}}&lt;/ref&gt; Morago ga moo Wales o ne a ntsha kitsiso ya gore Wikipedia ga e kitla e bontsha dikgang tsa ipapatso mme ya fetola kgolagano ya dikhomphiutha go tswa go ''wikipedia.com'' go ya go ''wikipedia.org'' .  &lt;ref group=&quot;W&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Vibber |first=Brion |date=August 16, 2002 |title=Brion VIBBER at pobox.com |url=https://lists.wikimedia.org/pipermail/wikipedia-l/2002-August/003982.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140620071550/https://lists.wikimedia.org/pipermail/wikipedia-l/2002-August/003982.html |archive-date=June 20, 2014 |access-date=December 8, 2020 |website=[[Wikimedia]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Morago ga paka ya ntlha ya kgolo e e kwa godimo, &lt;ref name=&quot;wikisym slowing growth 1&quot; /&gt; go lebega selekanyo sa kgolo ya Wikipedia ya Sekgoa go ya ka dipalo tsa dikwalo tse disha le tsa bakwadi e ne ya tsholetsega thata go bapa le ngwaga wa 2007 o simolola. &lt;ref name=&quot;guardian WP user peak 1&quot;&gt;{{Cite news|title=Wikipedia approaches its limits|url=https://www.theguardian.com/technology/2009/aug/12/wikipedia-deletionist-inclusionist|access-date=March 31, 2010}}&lt;/ref&gt; Kgatiso e e ne ya fitlhelela dikwalo di le didikadike di le tharo ka Phatwe 2009. Dikwalo di ka nna sekete le makgolo a le boferabobedi di ne di tsenngwa mo ensaetlolopedia ye ka letsatsi ka ngwaga wa 2006; ka 2013 palogare eo e ne e tsamaela makgolo a le boferabobedi. &lt;ref group=&quot;W&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=((Editors of Wikipedia)) |author-link=Special:History/Wikipedia:Modelling Wikipedia extended growth |title=Wikipedia:Modelling Wikipedia extended growth |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Modelling_Wikipedia_extended_growth |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110826234512/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Modelling_Wikipedia%27s_growth |archive-date=August 26, 2011 |access-date=January 23, 2023 |website=Wikipedia, The Free Encyclopedia |publisher=[[Wikimedia Foundation]]}}&lt;/ref&gt; Setlhopha kwa Lekalaneng la Dipatlisiso la Palo Alto se ne sa amanya go fokotsega mo ga kgolo le &quot;go oketsega ga kgokagano le ditshenyegelo tse di kwa godimo, go se akarediwe batho ba basha mo lenaneong, le go gana diphetogo tse disha&quot;.  Ba bangwe ba ne ba akantsha gore kgolo e ne ya fokotsega ka gonne dikwalo tse di ka bidiwang &quot; [[wiktionary:low-hanging fruit|tse di motlhofo thata]] &quot;— tsa ditlhogo tse di tshwanelwang ke go nna dikwalo—di ne di setse di tlhamilwe le go agiwa thata.  &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|last=Cohen|author-link=Noam Cohen|title=Wikipedia&amp;nbsp;– Exploring Fact City|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2009/03/29/weekinreview/29cohen.html}}&lt;/ref&gt; 

Ka Ngwanatsele 2009, mmatlisisi mongwe kwa Sekolong sa dithuto tse dikgolwane sa Rey Juan Carlos kwa Madrid, kwa Spain, o ne a fitlhela gore Wikipedia ya Sekgoa e ne e latlhegetswe ke bakwadi/batlatsi ba le dikete di le masome a mane le boferabongwe mo dikgweding tsa ntlha tse tharo tsa 2009; fa e bapisiwa, e ne e latlhegetswe ke bakwadi ba le dikete di le nne le makgolo a le boferabongwe fela mo pakeng e e tshwanang ka 2008. &lt;ref name=&quot;guardian editors leaving 1&quot;&gt;{{Cite news|url=https://www.theguardian.com/technology/2009/nov/26/wikipedia-losing-disgruntled-editors|title=Wikipedia falling victim to a war of words|work=The Guardian|location=London|first=Jenny|last=Kleeman|date=November 26, 2009|access-date=December 13, 2016}}&lt;/ref&gt;  ''Pego ya The Wall Street''  e ne ya umaka melao e e farologaneng e e dirisiwang mo go direng dikwalo le dikganetsano tse di amanang le diteng tsa one gareng ga mabaka a a dirang gore go nne le tlwaelo  ya kgang ye. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Fowler |first=Geoffrey A. |last2=Angwin |first2=Julia |date=November 27, 2009 |title=Volunteers Log Off as Wikipedia Ages |url=https://www.wsj.com/articles/SB125893981183759969 |url-access=subscription |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221204041034/https://www.wsj.com/articles/SB125893981183759969 |archive-date=December 4, 2022 |access-date=January 23, 2023 |website=[[The Wall Street Journal]]}}&lt;/ref&gt; Wales o ne a ganetsa dikgang tse ka 2009, a ganela dikgang tsa phokotsego le go belaela mokgwa wa patlisiso eo. &lt;ref name=&quot;telegraph Wales WP not losing editors 1&quot;&gt;{{Cite news|last=Barnett|first=Emma|date=November 26, 2009|title=Wikipedia's Jimmy Wales denies site is 'losing' thousands of volunteer editors|work=[[The Daily Telegraph]]|location=London|url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/technology/wikipedia/6660646/Wikipedias-Jimmy-Wales-denies-site-is-losing-thousands-of-volunteer-editors.html|access-date=March 31, 2010}}&lt;/ref&gt; Morago ga dingwaga di le pedi, ka 2011, o ne a amogela gore go nnile le phokotsego e nnye, a lemoga phokotsego go tswa go &quot;bakwadi ba ba fetang dikete di le masome a mararo le borataro go le sekae&quot; ka Seetebosigo 2010 go ya go ba le dikete di le masome a mararo le botlhano le makgolo a le boferabobedi ka Seetebosigo 2011. Mo go yone potsolotso eo, o ne a bolela gape gore palo ya bakwadi e ne e &quot;tlhomame e bile e tswelelela pele&quot;. &lt;ref name=&quot;wiki-women&quot;&gt;{{Cite news|last=Rawlinson|first=Kevin|date=August 8, 2011|title=Wikipedia seeks women to balance its 'geeky' editors|newspaper=The Independent|url=https://www.independent.co.uk/life-style/gadgets-and-tech/news/wikipedia-seeks-women-to-balance-its-geeky-editors-2333605.html|access-date=April 5, 2012}}&lt;/ref&gt; Setlhogo sa lekwalo la 2013 la ''MIT Technology Review'', &quot;Go wela tlase ga Wikipedia&quot;, se ne sa belaela polelo e, sa bega gore fa e sale ka 2007 Wikipedia e ne e latlhegetswe ke nngwetharong ya bakwadi ba yone ba ba ithaopileng, mme sa akantsha gore ba ba setseng ba ne ba tlhomile mogopolo thata mo dintlheng tse dinnye. &lt;ref name=&quot;Simonite-2013&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Simonite |first=Tom |date=October 22, 2013 |title=The Decline of Wikipedia |url=https://www.technologyreview.com/2013/10/22/175674/the-decline-of-wikipedia/ |url-status=live |journal=[[MIT Technology Review]] |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220731083716/https://www.technologyreview.com/2013/10/22/175674/the-decline-of-wikipedia/ |archive-date=July 31, 2022 |access-date=November 30, 2013}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ka Phukwi 2012, ''The Atlantic'' e ne ya bega gore palo ya batsamaisi le yone e ne e fokotsega. &lt;ref name=&quot;Meyer-2012&quot;&gt;{{Cite news|last=Meyer|first=Robinson|date=July 16, 2012|title=3 Charts That Show How Wikipedia Is Running Out of Admins|work=The Atlantic|url=https://www.theatlantic.com/technology/archive/2012/07/3-charts-that-show-how-wikipedia-is-running-out-of-admins/259829|access-date=January 23, 2023}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ka Ngwanatseele 2013, bukana ya ditshwantsho ya ''New York'' e ne ya bolela jaana, &quot;Wikipedia, webosaete ya borataro e e dirisiwang thata, e lebagane le mathata a tsamaiso ya one.&quot;  Palo ya bakwadi ba esaentlolopedia ya Sekgoa ba ba e dirisang gangwe le gape fa e sa le ka nako eo e ntse e tlhomame morago ga nako e telele ya go wela tlase. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|last=F.|first=G.|date=May 5, 2013|title=Who really runs Wikipedia?|newspaper=The Economist|url=https://www.economist.com/the-economist-explains/2013/05/05/who-really-runs-wikipedia|access-date=November 26, 2021}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Mandiberg |first=Michael |date=February 23, 2020 |title=Mapping Wikipedia |url=https://www.theatlantic.com/technology/archive/2020/02/where-wikipedias-editors-are-where-they-arent-and-why/605023/ |url-access=subscription |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211115131524/https://www.theatlantic.com/technology/archive/2020/02/where-wikipedias-editors-are-where-they-arent-and-why/605023 |archive-date=November 15, 2021 |access-date=November 26, 2021 |website=The Atlantic}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Ka Firikgong a le malatsi a le masome a mabedi, ngwaga wa 2014, Subodh Varma yo o neng a begela ''The Economic Times'' o ne a supa gore ga se fela gore kgolo ya Wikipedia e ne e eme, e ne e &quot;latlhegetswe ke palo ya dipono tsa dikwalo di ka nna lesome mo lekgolong ngogola. Go nnile le phokotsego ye e ka nnang dikadikadike di le dikete tse pedi (2 billion) fa gare ga Sedimonthole 2012 le Sedimonthole 2013. Diphetolelo tsa yone tse di ratiwang thata ke tsone tse di eteletseng pele mo tsebeng: dipono tsa dikwalo tsa Wikipedia ya Sekgoa di fokotsegile ka lesome le bobedi mo lekgolong (12%), tsa mofuta wa Sejeremane di fokotsegile ka lesome le bosupa mo lekgolong (17%)  mme tsa mofuta wa Sejapane di fokotsegile ka boferabongwe mo lekgolong (9%).&quot; &lt;ref name=&quot;economictimes.indiatimes.com&quot;&gt;{{Cite news|last=Varma|first=Subodh|date=January 20, 2014|title=Google eating into Wikipedia page views?|work=The Economic Times|url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/articleshow/29094246.cms|access-date=February 10, 2014}}&lt;/ref&gt; Varma o ne a tlatsa a re, &quot;Le fa baokamedi ba Wikipedia ba akanya gore se se ka tswa se bakilwe ke diphoso tsa go tsaa dipalo, baitseanape ba bangwe ba akanya gore lenaneo la Google la Knowledge Graphs le le simolotsweng ngogola le ka tswa le ne le tsaya badirisi ba Wikipedia.&quot; &lt;ref name=&quot;economictimes.indiatimes.com&quot; /&gt; Fa go ikgolagangwa le ene, Clay Shirky, morutintshi-mmogo kwa Sekolo sa dithuto tse dikgolwane sa New York le modiri ka ene kwa Lekalana la Setšhaba le mafaratlhatlha a Inthanete la Berkman Klein la Harvard o ne a bolela gore o belaela gore bontsi jwa go fokotsega ga go lebelewa ga ditsebe go bakilwe ke Dikerafo tsa Kitso, a bolela jaana, &quot;Fa o ka kgona go bona karabo ya potso ya gago mo tsebeng ya patlo, ga o tlhoke go [tobetsa] go ya pele.&quot; &lt;ref name=&quot;economictimes.indiatimes.com&quot; /&gt; Kwa bokhutlong jwa Sedimonthole 2016, Wikipedia e ne ya fiwa maemo a botlhano mo webosaeteng e e itseweng thata mo lefatsheng lotlhe ka bophara. &lt;ref name=&quot;Alexa&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Alexa Top 500 Global Sites |url=https://www.alexa.com/topsites |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210203120227/https://www.alexa.com/topsites |archive-date=February 3, 2021 |access-date=December 28, 2016 |website=[[Alexa Internet]]}}&lt;/ref&gt; Go ema ka Firikgong 2023, go setse go nopotswe dikwalo di le dikete di le masome a matlhano le botlhano le makgolo a le bosupa le masome a le boferabongwe le bongwe (55 791) tsa Wikipedia ya Sekgoa makgetho a le dikete di le masome a le boferabongwe le bobedi le makgolo a le mararo (92 300 ) mo dibukaneng tsa barutegi, &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Citations of Wikipedia as an Online Resource |url=https://exaly.com/online-resource/146983/en.wikipedia.org |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221104134042/https://exaly.com/online-resource/146983/en.wikipedia.org |archive-date=November 4, 2022 |access-date=November 4, 2022 |publisher=exaly}}&lt;/ref&gt; tse go tswa mo go tsone tiriso ya dikitso tsa dikhomphiutha e neng e le tsebe e e nopotsweng thata. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Citations of Cloud Computing |url=https://exaly.com/online-document/8348259/articles/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221104134042/https://exaly.com/online-document/8348259/articles/ |archive-date=November 4, 2022 |access-date=November 4, 2022 |publisher=exaly}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Dithulaganyo tse di berekang le yone ===
Wikipedia e tlhamile mananeo a le mmalwa a a berekang le ensaetlolopedia, tse gape e leng diwiki tse di tsamaisiwang ke [[Wikimedia Foundation|Mokgatlho wa Wikimedia]] . [[Wikimedia Foundation|Mananeo a mangwe a Wikimedia]] a a akaretsa Wiktionary, lenaneo la bukana ya ithunthuntso mafoko e e neng ya simololwa ka Sedimonthole 2002,  Wikiquote, kokoanyo ya dinopolo tse di tlhamilweng beke morago ga gore Wikimedia e simololwe, &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book |last=Woods |first=Dan |year=2007 |title=Wikis for dummies |url=https://archive.org/details/wikisfordummies0000wood |last2=Theony |first2=Peter |publisher=[[Wiley (publisher)|John Wiley &amp; Sons]] |isbn=978-1-118-05066-8 |edition=1st |location=Hoboken, NJ |page=[https://archive.org/details/wikisfordummies0000wood/page/58 58] |chapter=3: The Thousand Problem-Solving Faces of Wikis |oclc=1300481129 |ol=5741003W}}&lt;/ref&gt; Wikibooks, kokoanyo ya dibukathuto tsa mahala tse di kwadilweng ka tirisanommogo, &lt;ref group=&quot;W&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=((Editors of Meta-Wiki)) |author-link=m:Special:History/Talk:Science Hypertextbook project |title=Talk:Science Hypertextbook project |url=https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=153077 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230319183224/http://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=153077 |archive-date=March 19, 2023 |access-date=February 4, 2023 |website=Wikimedia Meta-Wiki}}&lt;/ref&gt; [[Wikimedia Commons]] . e e neng e diretswe metswedi ya dikgang ya kitso e e gololesegileng,  Wikinews, ya bobegadikgang jo bo dirisanang mmogo,  le Wikiversity, lenaneo la go tlhama didirisiwa tsa go ithuta tsa mahala le go tlamela ka ditiro tsa go ithuta ka inthanete. &lt;ref group=&quot;W&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=((Editors of Wikiversity)) |author-link=v:Special:History/Wikiversity:History of Wikiversity |title=Wikiversity:History of Wikiversity |url=https://en.wikiversity.org/wiki/Wikiversity:History_of_Wikiversity |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150724204635/https://en.wikiversity.org/wiki/Wikiversity:History_of_Wikiversity |archive-date=July 24, 2015 |access-date=February 4, 2023 |website=Wikiversity |publisher=[[Wikimedia Foundation]]}}&lt;/ref&gt; Lenaneo le lengwe la Wikipedia, Wikispecies, le nankolola mefuta ya ditshedi tsotlhe, mme ga e a bulegela go ka tlaletswa ke setšhaba. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |date=February 18, 2005 |title=NET News: Calling All Taxonomists |journal=Science |volume=307 |issue=5712 |page=1021 |doi=10.1126/science.307.5712.1021a |s2cid=220095354 |doi-access=free}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ka 2012, Wikivoyage, e leng kaedi ya mesepele e e ka tlaleletswang, &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Luyt |first=Brendan |date=January 1, 2020 |title=A new kind of travel guide or more of the same? Wikivoyage and Cambodia |journal=Online Information Review |volume=45 |issue=2 |pages=356–371 |doi=10.1108/OIR-03-2020-0104}}&lt;/ref&gt; le Wikidata, e leng motheo wa kitso o o ka tlaleletswang le one, di ne tsa simololwa. &lt;ref group=&quot;W&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Roth |first=Matthew |date=March 30, 2012 |title=The Wikipedia data revolution |url=https://diff.wikimedia.org/2012/03/30/the-wikipedia-data-revolution/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230210114634/https://diff.wikimedia.org/2012/03/30/the-wikipedia-data-revolution/ |archive-date=February 10, 2023 |access-date=February 4, 2023 |website=Diff |publisher=[[Wikimedia Foundation]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Diphitlhelelo ===
[[File:List_of_Wikipedia_articles_by_language_-_March_2024.svg|thumb|[[Cartogram]] showing number of articles in the top 88 Wikipedias ({{as of|2024|3|lc=y|post=).}} The size of the circles for Wikipedias that have less than a million articles is fixed and not proportional to the size of the Wikipedia. The smallest Wikipedia that made the cutoff is the [[Haitian Creole]] Wikipedia with 69K articles.{{efn|As of April 2026, the [[Haitian Creole]] Wikipedia, with 72K articles, is in 91st place when ranked by number of articles.}}&lt;br /&gt; The languages are roughly grouped by region:
&lt;br /&gt;{{hlist|{{legend0|#4C0099|[[Northern Europe]]}}|{{legend0|#CC0000|[[Southern Europe]]}}|{{legend0|#CCCC00|[[Eastern Europe]]}}|{{legend0|#CC6600|[[Middle East]]}}|{{legend0|#4C9900|[[East Asia]]}}|{{legend0|#00CDFF|[[Indian subcontinent]]}}|{{legend0|#660000|[[Sub-Saharan Africa]]}}|{{legend0|#808080|[[Central Asia]]}}|{{legend0|#6600CC|[[Caribbean]]}}}}
]]
Ka Firikgong 2007, Wikipedia e ne ya nna nngwe ya diwebosaete tse di lesome tse di tumileng thata kwa Amerika, go ya ka Comscore Networks. &lt;ref name=&quot;Comscore-2007&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=February 15, 2007 |title=New Year's Resolutions Reflected in January U.S. Web Traffic |url=https://ir.comscore.com/static-files/45b068e1-1cee-412a-b48f-21ec34e7b59d |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210819190445/https://ir.comscore.com/static-files/45b068e1-1cee-412a-b48f-21ec34e7b59d |archive-date=August 19, 2021 |access-date=January 23, 2023 |website=[[Comscore]] |page=3 |format=PDF}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ka badirisi ba yone ba ba kgethegileng ba le didikadike di le masome a mane le bobedi le dikete di le makgolo a le boferabongwe (42.9), e ne ya nna mo maemong a boferabongwe, e feta ''The New York Times'' (maemo a lesome) le Apple (maemo a lesome le bongwe). &lt;ref name=&quot;Comscore-2007&quot; /&gt; Se se ne sa tshwaya koketsego e e bonalang go feta Firikgong 2006, fa Wikipedia e ne e le mo maemong a bomasome a le mararo le boraro, ka badirisi ba kgethegileng ba le didikadike di le lesome le boferabobedi le dikete di le makgolo a le mararo ka (18.3 million).  Ka 2014, e ne ya amogela dipono tsa ditsebe di le didikadike di le dikete tse di boferabobedi (8 billion) kgwedi le kgwedi. &lt;ref group=&quot;W&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Wikimedia Traffic Analysis Report&amp;nbsp;– Wikipedia Page Views Per Country |url=https://stats.wikimedia.org/wikimedia/squids/SquidReportPageViewsPerCountryOverview.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111020212633/http://stats.wikimedia.org/wikimedia/squids/SquidReportPageViewsPerCountryOverview.htm |archive-date=October 20, 2011 |access-date=March 8, 2015 |publisher=Wikimedia Foundation}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ka Tlhakole a le malatsi ae boferabongwe, 2014, ''The New York Times'' e ne ya bega gore Wikipedia e ne e na le &amp;nbsp;dipono tsa ditsebe di le dikadikadike di le dikete tse dilesome le boferabobedi (18 billion) le badirisi ba ba kgethegileng ba le didikadike di le makgolo a le matlhano (500 million) ka kgwedi, &quot;go ya ka ditekanyetso tsa comScore&quot;. &lt;ref name=&quot;small screen&quot;&gt;{{Cite news|last=Cohen|first=Noam|author-link=Noam Cohen|date=February 9, 2014|title=Wikipedia vs. the Small Screen|work=[[The New York Times]]|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2014/02/10/technology/wikipedia-vs-the-small-screen.html?_r=0|access-date=January 22, 2023}}&lt;/ref&gt; Go ema ka Mopitlo 2023, e ne le mo maemong a borataro ka go tuma go ya kaSimilarweb.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Similarweb |title=Top Websites Ranking – Most Visited Websites In The World |url=https://www.similarweb.com/top-websites/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220210041116/https://www.similarweb.com/top-websites/ |archive-date=February 10, 2022 |access-date=March 4, 2023 |website=[[Similarweb]]}}&lt;/ref&gt; Jeff Loveland le Joseph Reagle ba nganga gore, mo tsamaisong, Wikipedia e latela mokgwa wa tsela e e telele wa diensaetlolopedia tsa ditso tse di kokoantseng ditokafatso ka bonya ka bonya ka &quot; go kokoanya ga stigmergy &quot;. &lt;ref name=&quot;sagepub WP and encyclopedic production 1&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Loveland |first=Jeff |last2=Reagle |first2=Joseph |date=January 15, 2013 |title=Wikipedia and encyclopedic production |journal=New Media &amp; Society |volume=15 |issue=8 |page=1294 |doi=10.1177/1461444812470428 |issn=1461-4448 |s2cid=27886998}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref name=&quot;theatlantic WP actually a reversion 1&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Rosen |first=Rebecca J. |date=January 30, 2013 |title=What If the Great Wikipedia 'Revolution' Was Actually a Reversion? |url=https://www.theatlantic.com/technology/archive/2013/01/what-if-the-great-wikipedia-revolution-was-actually-a-reversion/272697 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221229051117/https://www.theatlantic.com/technology/archive/2013/01/what-if-the-great-wikipedia-revolution-was-actually-a-reversion/272697/ |archive-date=December 29, 2022 |access-date=February 9, 2013 |website=[[The Atlantic]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Ka Firikgong a le malatsi a le lesome le boferabobedi, ngwaga wa 2012, Wikipedia ya Sekgoa e ne ya nna le seabe mo motseletseleng wa ditshupetso tse di rulagantsweng kgatlhanong le melao e mebedi e e neng e tshitshintswe kwa Lekgotlaneng la United States — Molao wa go Emisa go Utswa bodiratsi/dikwalo mo mafaratlhatlheng (SOPA) le Molao wa PROTECT IP (PIPA)—ka go fifatsa ditsebe tsa yone dioura di le masome a mabedi le bone . &lt;ref name=&quot;LA Times Jan 19&quot;&gt;{{Cite news|title=Wikipedia: SOPA protest led eight million to look up reps in Congress|url=https://latimesblogs.latimes.com/technology/2012/01/wikipedia-sopa-blackout-congressional-representatives.html|access-date=March 6, 2012}}&lt;/ref&gt; Batho ba feta didikadike di le lekgolo le le lengwe le masome a mabedi ba bone tsebe e e neng e tlhalosa go fifafatsa moo e e neng e tsere maemo a diteng tsa ensaetlolopedia nakwana e e seng ya sennela ruri. &lt;ref name=&quot;BBC WP blackout protest 1&quot;&gt;{{Cite news|title=Wikipedia joins blackout protest at US anti-piracy moves|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/technology-16590585|access-date=January 19, 2012}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref group=&quot;W&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=SOPA/Blackoutpage |url=https://wikimediafoundation.org/wiki/SOPA/Blackoutpage |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180622185443/https://wikimediafoundation.org/wiki/SOPA/Blackoutpage |archive-date=June 22, 2018 |access-date=January 19, 2012 |publisher=Wikimedia Foundation}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Ka Firikgong 2013, 274301 Wikipedia, e leng asteroid, e ne ya bidiwa ka Wikipedia; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|last=Workman|first=Robert|date=January 5, 2013|title=Asteroid Re-Named 'Wikipedia'|work=[[Space.com]]|url=https://www.space.com/19643-asteroid-named-wikipedia.html|access-date=January 23, 2023}}&lt;/ref&gt; ka Phalane 2014, Wikipedia e ne ya tlotlomatswa ka ''Sefikantswe sa Wikipedia'' ; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|last=Katz|first=Leslie|date=October 27, 2014|title=A Wikipedia monument? It's true (we're pretty sure)|work=[[CNET]]|url=https://www.cnet.com/tech/services-and-software/a-wikipedia-monument-its-true-were-pretty-sure/|access-date=January 23, 2023}}&lt;/ref&gt; mme, ka Phukwi 2015, ditshutiso tsa Wikipedia di le lekgolo le le lengwe le borataro (106) mo go tse di dikete di le bosupa le makgolo a le mane le masome a le bosupa le boraro (7 473) tse di nang le ditsebe di le makgolo a le masupa 700 di ne tsa nna teng e le Wikipedia e e Gatisitsweng . &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Sawers |first=Paul |date=June 18, 2015 |title=You can soon buy a 7,471-volume printed version of Wikipedia for $500,000 |url=https://venturebeat.com/business/you-can-soon-buy-a-7471-volume-printed-version-of-wikipedia-for-500000/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221017154940/https://venturebeat.com/business/you-can-soon-buy-a-7471-volume-printed-version-of-wikipedia-for-500000/ |archive-date=October 17, 2022 |access-date=January 24, 2023 |website=VentureBeat}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ka Moranang 2019, sefofane sa Iseraele se se fologang mo ngweding, Beresheet, se ne sa wela mo godimo ga [[Ngwedi]] se tshotse dikhophi tsa dikwalo tsa Wikipedia ya sekgoa tsotlhe di gateletswe mo dipoleiting tse ditshesane tsa nikele; baitseanape ba re go ka direga gore dipoleiti tse di ne tsa seka tsa amega fa tiragalo e ya go wa ga sefofane e diragala. &lt;ref name=&quot;WRD-20190805&quot;&gt;{{Cite news|last=Oberhaus|first=Daniel|date=August 5, 2019|title=A Crashed Israeli Lunar Lander Spilled Tardigrades On The Moon|work=[[Wired (magazine)|Wired]]|url=https://www.wired.com/story/a-crashed-israeli-lunar-lander-spilled-tardigrades-on-the-moon/|access-date=August 6, 2019}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref name=&quot;VOX-20190806&quot;&gt;{{Cite news|last=Resnick|first=Brian|title=Tardigrades, the toughest animals on Earth, have crash-landed on the moon&amp;nbsp;– The tardigrade conquest of the solar system has begun.|url=https://www.vox.com/science-and-health/2019/8/6/20756844/tardigrade-moon-beresheet-arch-mission|date=August 6, 2019|work=[[Vox (website)|Vox]]|access-date=August 6, 2019}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ka Seetebosigo 2019, baitseanape ba maranyane ba ne ba bega gore 16 GB otlhe wa dikwalo tse di tswang mo Wikipedia ya Sekgoa o tsentswe mo DNA ya maitirelo . &lt;ref name=&quot;CNET-20190629&quot;&gt;{{Cite news|last=Shankland|first=Stephen|date=June 29, 2019|title=Startup packs all 16&amp;nbsp;GB of Wikipedia onto DNA strands to demonstrate new storage tech&amp;nbsp;– Biological molecules will last a lot longer than the latest computer storage technology, Catalog believes.|work=[[CNET]]|url=https://www.cnet.com/news/startup-packs-all-16gb-wikipedia-onto-dna-strands-demonstrate-new-storage-tech/|access-date=August 15, 2023}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Ka Firikgong a le lesome le boferabobedi, 2023, Wikipedia e ne ya simolodisa webosaete e ntšha e e baakantsweng , e e bidiwang &quot; Vector 2022 &quot;. &lt;ref name=&quot;Pearl-2023&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Pearl |first=Mike |date=January 18, 2023 |title=Yes, Wikipedia looks weird. Don't freak out. |url=https://mashable.com/article/new-wikipedia-redesign |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230120012235/https://mashable.com/article/new-wikipedia-redesign |archive-date=January 20, 2023 |access-date=January 23, 2023 |website=[[Mashable]]}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref name=&quot;Tech Desk-2023&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Tech Desk |date=January 18, 2023 |title=Wikipedia gets a facelift after 10 years: A look at new interface and features |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/technology/wikipedia-gets-a-facelift-after-10-years-a-look-at-new-interface-and-features/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230119054103/https://indianexpress.com/article/technology/wikipedia-gets-a-facelift-after-10-years-a-look-at-new-interface-and-features/ |archive-date=January 19, 2023 |access-date=January 22, 2023 |website=The Indian Express}}&lt;/ref&gt; E ne e na le tsebe ya lenaneo e e tlhamilweng sesha, e sutisetsa tafole ya diteng kafa molemeng go e dira baara e e kafa thoko, le diphetogo di le dintsi fa go tobediwang teng go tlhopha tse o batlang go di dirisa jaaka sedirisiwa sa go tlhopha puo. &lt;ref name=&quot;Tech Desk-2023&quot; /&gt; &lt;ref group=&quot;W&quot;&gt;{{Cite news|date=January 18, 2023|title=Wikipedia Gets a Fresh New Look: First Desktop Update in a Decade Puts Usability at the Forefront|work=[[Wikimedia Foundation]]|url=https://wikimediafoundation.org/news/2023/01/18/wikipedia-gets-a-fresh-new-look-first-desktop-update-in-a-decade-puts-usability-at-the-forefront/|access-date=January 22, 2023}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ntšhafatso e e ne ya amogela tsibogo e e sa siamang kwa tshimologong, segolobogolo fa bakwadi botlhe ba Wikipedia ya Seswahili ba ne ba tlhopha go busetsa diphetogo morago. &lt;ref name=&quot;Pearl-2023&quot; /&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Rauwerda |first=Annie |date=January 18, 2023 |title=Wikipedia's Redesign Is Barely Noticeable. That's the Point. |url=https://slate.com/technology/2023/01/wikipedia-redesign-vector-2022-skin.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230120005241/https://slate.com/technology/2023/01/wikipedia-redesign-vector-2022-skin.html |archive-date=January 20, 2023 |access-date=January 23, 2023 |website=Slate Magazine}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Bobedi jo, Sanger le Wales ba ne tsenelela dipotsolotso tse di phatlalatsa kwa bokhutlong jwa 2025 ka ga dikakanyo tsa bone ka ga maemo le seemo sa Wikipedia, go fitlha go felela fa dingwageng tsa one tse di masome a mabedi le botlhano e ntse e le mo tirisong ka Firikgong a le lesome le botlhano, ngwaga wa 2026; Wales o ne a tlhagelela mo thulaganyong ya dikgang tsa PBS mo lenaneong  la GZERO World e e neng e botsolodiwa ke Ian Bremmer  mme Sanger o ne a tlhagelela mo Dikgannyeng tsa Fox, e e neng e botsolodiwa ke Ashley Rindsberg .  Buka ya ga Wales ya ''Melao e e Supa ya go Ikanyega'' e ne ya gatisiwa ke Penguin Random House ka Phalane 2025 . E ne ya tlhalosiwa ke mogatisi jaaka &quot;kakanyo e e tseneletseng ka ga mathata a lefatshe a go ikanyega le kitso&quot; e le buka e e kanokang &quot;melao ya go tshepana&quot; e e letleletseng kgolo le katlego ya Wikipedia. &lt;ref name=&quot;Penguin&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=The Seven Rules of Trust |url=https://www.penguinrandomhouse.com/books/734278/the-seven-rules-of-trust-by-jimmy-wales-with-dan-gardner/ |access-date=22 October 2025 |website=[[Penguin Random House]] |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Ditlamorago tsa maranyane a botlhale jwa maiterelo (generative AI ) mo dipalong tsa dipono tsa ditsebe tsa Wikipedia ===
Fa e sa le ka Firikgong 2024, Mokgatlho wa Wikimedia o begile koketsego ya sephatlo mo lekgolong ya tiriso tsa dibandwith go tswa mo go bapaleng diteng tsa bobegakgang mo mananeong a one otlhe. Go ya ka mokgatlho yo, kgolo e e amana le mananeo a a iperekisang ka boone, kgotsa di-bot tsa &quot; scraper &quot;, tse di kokoanyang ditshutiso tsa kitso mo ditsebeng tsa Wikimedia gore di dirisiwe mo go katiseng didirisiwa tse ditona tsa puo le ditiro tse di amanang le tsone. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Weaver |first=Tanya |date=2025-04-04 |title=AI scraper bots putting costly strain on Wikimedia infrastructure |url=https://eandt.theiet.org/2025/04/04/ai-scraper-bots-are-putting-costly-strain-wikimedias-infrastructure |access-date=2025-10-22 |website=eandt.theiet.org}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Ka Phalane 2025, Mokgatlho wa Wikimedia o ne wa bega palo kakanyetso e le boferabobedi mo lekgolong ya phokotsego ya pharakano fa go bapisiwa le kgwedi e e tshwanang ka 2024 mo diponong tse di dirilweng ke batho. Ba bua gore se se bontsha tiriso ya Maranyane a botlhale jwa maitirelo le metswedi ya dikgang di sedimosa ka fa batho ba ratang go batla kitso/dikgang ka teng. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Ha |first=Anthony |date=2025-10-18 |title=Wikipedia says traffic is falling due to AI search summaries and social video |url=https://techcrunch.com/2025/10/18/wikipedia-says-traffic-is-falling-due-to-ai-search-summaries-and-social-video/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20251221202413/https://techcrunch.com/2025/10/18/wikipedia-says-traffic-is-falling-due-to-ai-search-summaries-and-social-video/ |archive-date=December 21, 2025 |access-date=2025-10-22 |website=TechCrunch}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Miller |first=Marshall |date=2025-10-17 |title=New User Trends on Wikipedia |url=https://diff.wikimedia.org/2025/10/17/new-user-trends-on-wikipedia/ |access-date=2025-10-22 |website=Diff}}&lt;/ref&gt;
== Tirisanommogo ya bakwadi ==

[[File:History_Comparison_Example_(Vector).png|thumb|Dipharologano tse di gateletsweng mo dikwalong tsa setlhogo se le sengwe]]

=== Melawana ===
Ka ntlha ya go tuma ga Wikipedia mo go ntseng go oketsega, dikgatiso dingwe, di akaretsa le tsa Sekgoa, di simolodisitse melawana e e laolang go tlaleletsa dikwalo fa gongwe. Ka sekai, mo Wikipedia ya sekgoa le dikgatiso dingwe tsa dipuo, badirisi ba ba nang le diphetogo di le lesome tsa dikwalo mme gape ba na le malatsi a le mane e le badirisi ke bone fela ba ba ka dirang dikwalo tse disha.  Mo Wikipedia ya Sekgoa, gareng ga tse dingwe, ditsebe tse di bakang dikganetsano thata, tse di masisi, kgotsa tse di nang le kgonagalo ya go senngwa di ile tsa sirelediwa ka selekanyo se se farologaneng. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|last1=Hafner|first1=Katie|date=June 17, 2006|title=Growing Wikipedia Refines Its 'Anyone Can Edit' Policy|work=The New York Times|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2006/06/17/technology/17wiki.html|access-date=December 5, 2016}}&lt;/ref&gt; Tsebe e e senngwang gantsi e ka nna &quot;e e sireleditsweng bontlhabongwe&quot; kgotsa &quot;e e sireleditsweng e netefaditswe gape e atolositswe&quot;, se se rayang gore ke fela bakwadi ba ba &quot;tlhomamisitsweng&quot; kgotsa ba ba &quot;netefaditsweng mo go atolositsweng&quot; ba ka e fetolang. {{sfn|McDowell|Vetter|2022|pages=12–13}}Setlhogo se se bakang dikganetsano thata se ka nna sa lotlelwa gore e nne batsamaisi fela ba ba ka dirang diphetogo.  Lekwalo la 2021 mo ''Columbia Journalism Review'' le ne la supa melawana ya Wikipedia ya go sireletsa ditsebe jaaka &quot;gongwe tsela e e botlhokwa thata&quot; e e nang le yone ya go &quot;laola mmaraka wa yone wa megopolo&quot;. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Harrison |first=Stephen |last2=Benjakob |first2=Omer |date=January 14, 2021 |title=Wikipedia is twenty. It's time to start covering it better. |url=https://www.cjr.org/opinion/wikipedia-is-twenty-its-time-to-start-covering-it-better.php |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230117150508/https://www.cjr.org/opinion/wikipedia-is-twenty-its-time-to-start-covering-it-better.php |archive-date=January 17, 2023 |access-date=January 15, 2021 |website=[[Columbia Journalism Review]]}}&lt;/ref&gt; Wikipedia e abetse di- bot ditiro dingwe . tsamaiso ya algorithm ya mofuta yoo e bonolo go tsenngwa mo tirisong le go lekanyediwa, mme go gana go amogela diphetogo mo go itirisang (automated rejection ) go ka tswa go nnile le seabe mo go fokotsegeng ga bakwadi ba ba matlhagatlhaga ba Wikipedia. &lt;ref name=&quot;Ren-2024&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Ren |first=Yuqing |last2=Zhang |first2=Haifeng |last3=Kraut |first3=Robert E. |date=February 29, 2024 |title=How Did They Build the Free Encyclopedia? A Literature Review of Collaboration and Coordination among Wikipedia Editors |url=https://dl.acm.org/doi/10.1145/3617369 |url-status=live |journal=ACM Transactions on Computer-Human Interaction |volume=31 |issue=1 |pages=1–48 |doi=10.1145/3617369 |issn=1073-0516 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240912194101/https://dl.acm.org/doi/10.1145/3617369 |archive-date=September 12, 2024 |access-date=September 12, 2024}}&lt;/ref&gt; Di-bot di tshwanetse go amogelwa ke badirisi pele ga ditiro tsa tsone di tsenngwa mo tirisong. {{sfn|McDowell|Vetter|2022|page=36}}

Mo dikgannyeng tse dingwe, bakwadi botlhe ba letlelelwa go romela diphetogo, fela go tlhokega tshekatsheko mo bakwading bangwe, go lebilwe diemo dingwe. Ka sekai, Wikipedia ya Sejeremane e boloka &quot;diphetolo tse di tlhomameng&quot; tsa dikwalo tse di fentseng go tlhatlhobiwa mo go rileng.  Morago ga diteko tse di tsereng nako e telele le dipuisano tsa badirisi, Wikipedia ya Sekgoa e ne ya tlhagisa thulaganyo ya &quot;diphetogo tse di santseng di letilwe&quot; ka Sedimonthole ngwaga wa 2012. &lt;ref name=&quot;BInsider pending changes intro 1&quot;&gt;{{Cite news|last=Henderson|first=William|date=December 10, 2012|title=Wikipedia Has Figured Out A New Way To Stop Vandals In Their Tracks|work=[[Insider Inc.|Business Insider]]|url=https://www.businessinsider.com/pending-changes-safeguard-on-wikipedia-2012-12|access-date=January 22, 2023}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ka fa tlase ga thulaganyo ye, diphetogo tsa badirisi ba basha le ba ba sa kwadisiwang mo dikwalong dingwe tse di bakang dikganetsano kgotsa tse di nnang di senngwa di sekasekwa ke badirisi ba ba tlhomameng pele ga di gatisiwa. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|last1=Frewin|first1=Jonathan|date=June 15, 2010|title=Wikipedia unlocks divisive pages for editing|journal=BBC News|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/10312095|access-date=August 21, 2014}}&lt;/ref&gt; Le fa go ntse jalo, melawana ya go tlaleletsa dikwalo e fokotsa go nna le seabe ga bakwadi ga mmogo le maiteko a go kabakanya morafe wa badirisi. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Ajmani |first=Leah |last2=Vincent |first2=Nicholas |last3=Chancellor |first3=Stevie |date=September 28, 2023 |title=Peer Produced Friction: How Page Protection on Wikipedia Affects Editor Engagement and Concentration |url=https://dl.acm.org/doi/10.1145/3610198 |url-status=live |journal=Proceedings of the ACM on Human-Computer Interaction |volume=7 |issue=CSCW2 |pages=1–33 |doi=10.1145/3610198 |issn=2573-0142 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240915061444/https://dl.acm.org/doi/10.1145/3610198 |archive-date=September 15, 2024 |access-date=September 15, 2024}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Dikwalo tse di amanang le kgotlhang ya Iseraele le Palestina di bewa ka fa tlase ga tshireletso e e atolositsweng e e netefaditsweng. &lt;ref name=&quot;Harrison-2023&quot;&gt;{{Cite news|last=Harrison|first=Stephen|date=October 26, 2023|title=Wikipedia Is Covering the War in Israel and Gaza Better Than X|url=https://slate.com/technology/2023/10/wikipedia-elon-musk-gaza-hamas-israel-x-twitter-dispute.html|access-date=December 20, 2023|work=[[Slate (magazine)|Slate]]|issn=1091-2339}}&lt;/ref&gt; Bakwadi gape ba ka dira phetogo ya go boela morago mafoko a bone gangwe fela ka letsatsi go ralala ensaetlolopedia yotlhe mme ba ka thibelwa ruri go tlaleletsa dikwalo tse di amanang le yone. Melawana e e simolotswe ka 2008. &lt;ref name=&quot;Benjakob-2020a&quot;&gt;{{Cite news|last=Benjakob|first=Omer|date=October 4, 2020|title=The Second Intifada Still Rages on Wikipedia|url=https://www.haaretz.com/israel-news/2020-10-04/ty-article/.highlight/the-second-intifada-still-rages-on-wikipedia/0000017f-e7fb-da9b-a1ff-efff2c230000|access-date=March 6, 2024|newspaper=[[Haaretz]]}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ka Firikgong 2025, Komiti ya Katlholo e ne ya  simolodisa &quot;melawana e e lekalekanang ya go tlaleletsa dikwalo&quot;, e e tlhokang gore badirisi ba ba nang le dithibelo ba neele fela nngwetharong ya diphetolo tsa bone mo dikwalong tse di amanang le kgotlhang ya Iseraele le Palestina le fa go se na melao epe ya boitshwaro jo bo sa siamang e e robilweng.  &lt;ref name=&quot;Elia-Shalev-2025&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Elia-Shalev |first=Asaf |date=January 24, 2025 |title=Edit wars over Israel spur rare ban of 8 Wikipedia editors — from both sides |url=https://www.jta.org/2025/01/23/israel/edit-wars-over-israel-spur-rare-ban-of-8-wikipedia-editors-from-both-sides |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250610091420/https://www.jta.org/2025/01/23/israel/edit-wars-over-israel-spur-rare-ban-of-8-wikipedia-editors-from-both-sides |archive-date=June 10, 2025 |access-date=May 27, 2025 |website=[[Jewish Telegraphic Agency]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Tshekatsheko ya diphetogo ===
[[File:Wikipedia_editing_interface.png|thumb|tsebe ya diphetolo ya Wikipedia]]
Le fa diphetogo di sa sekasekwe ka thulaganyo, sofotewere ya Wikipedia e tlamela ka didirisiwa tse di letlelelang mongwe le mongwe go sekaseka diphetogo tse di dirilweng ke ba bangwe. Tsebe ya Ditso ya lekwalo lengwe le sengwe e golagana le diphetolo dingwe le dingwe tsa yone.{{efn|Revisions with libelous content, criminal threats, or copyright infringements may be removed completely.}} Mo dikwalong ka bontsi, mongwe le mongwe o ka lebelela diphetogo tse disha mme gape a baakanya diphetolo tsa ba bangwe ka go tobetsa kgokagano e e mo tsebeng ya Ditso tsa lekwalo la teng. Badirisi ba ba kwadisitsweng ba ka nna ba tlhokometse dikwalo tse di ba kgatlhang ka go nna le &quot;lenaneo la ditebelelo&quot; gore ba kgone go itsisiwe ka diphetogo.  &quot;Kanoko ya ditsebe tse disha&quot; ke thulaganyo e mo go yone dikwalo tse di sa tswang go tlhamiwa di tlholwang go bona gore a di na le mathata a a bonalang. 

Ka 2003, moithuti wa setlankana sa PhD sa dithuto tsa itsholelo Andrea Ciffolilli o ne a bolela gore ditshenyegelo tse di kwa tlase tsa go nna le seabe mo wiki di ne tsa dira gore go nne le tlhabololo ya tirisanommogo, le gore dikarolo tsa mofuta yoo di ne di letlelela gore go nne motlhofo go bona diphetolo tse di fetileng tsa tsebe, mme go ne go thusa ka &quot;dikatlholo tse di agang&quot; go na le &quot;dikatlholo tse di senyang&quot;. &lt;ref name=&quot;FMonday collaborative effort 1&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Ciffolilli |first=Andrea |date=December 2003 |title=Phantom authority, self-selective recruitment and retention of members in virtual communities: The case of Wikipedia |journal=First Monday |volume=8 |issue=12 |doi=10.5210/fm.v8i12.1108 |doi-access=free}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Tshenyo ===
Phetogo epe e e tshosetsang go thokgama ga Wikipedia ka bomo e tsewa e le go senya. Mefuta e e tlwaelegileng thata e e bonalang ya go senya e akaretsa go oketsa ka dilo tse di fatlhang le metlae e e sa siamang; gape e ka akaretsa ipapatso le mefuta e mengwe ya spam.  Ka dinako tse dingwe bakwadi ba senya dikwalo ka go tlosa diteng kgotsa go tsenya tsebe e e senang sepe gotlhelele. Mefuta e e sa tlwaelegang thata ya tshenyo,  jaaka go tlaletsa dikwalo ka dikgang tse di utlwalang mme di se boammaaruri ka bomo, di ka nna dingalo thata go lemosega. Batho ba ba senyang dikwalo ba ka tsenya fomate e e sa amaneng le sepe, ba fetola motheo wa tsebe jaaka setlhogo sa tsebe kgotsa go aroganngwa ga yone ka ditlhopha, ba dirisa khoutu e e ka fa tlase ga lekwalo ka boferefere, kgotsa ba dirisa ditshwantsho ka tsela e e kgoreletsang. 

[[File:John_Seigenthaler_Sr._speaking.jpg|alt=White-haired elderly gentleman in suit and tie speaks at a podium.|left|thumb|Mmegadikgang wa MoAmerika John Seigenthaler (1927–2014), setlhogo sa tiragalo ya buka ya botshelo jwa ga Seigenthaler]]
Tshenyo e e bonalang ka kakaretso e motlhofo go ka ntshiwa mo dikwalong tsa Wikipedia; nako ya bogare ya go e lemoga le go e baakanya ke metsotso e le mmalwa.   Le fa go ntse jalo, tshenyo ye nngwe e tsaya lobaka thata go ka lemogwa le go baakanngwa. 

Mo tiragalong ya buka ya botshelo jwa ga Seigenthaler, mokwadi mongwe yo o neng a ipipile leina a sa itsiwe o ne a tsenya kgang ye e e seng boammaaruri mo lekwalong la botshelo jwa moeteledipele wa sepolotiki wa Amerika e bong John Seigenthaler ka Motsheganong 2005, a mo kaya mo go maaka jaaka mmelaelwa wa polao ya ga John F. Kennedy .  E ne ya nna e sa baakanngwa dikgwedi di le nne.  Seigenthaler, mookamedi yo o simolotseng ''USA Today'' le motlhami wa lekgotlana la kgololesego ya  Lekalana la Phetolo ya Ntlha  kwa Sekolo sa dithuto tse dikgolwane sa Vanderbilt, o ne a leletsa motlhami-mmogo wa Wikipedia e bong Jimmy Wales mme a mmotsa gore a o na le tsela epe ya go itse gore ke mang yo o tsentseng kgang ye e senang boammaaruri yeo. Wales o ne a re ga itse, le fa mong wa molato a ne a feleletsa a latedisiwa. &lt;ref name=&quot;book The World is Flat 1&quot;&gt;{{Cite book |last=Friedman |first=Thomas L. |year=2007 |title=The World is Flat |publisher=[[Farrar, Straus &amp; Giroux]] |isbn=978-0-374-29278-2 |page=124}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Buchanan |first=Brian |date=November 17, 2006 |title=Founder shares cautionary tale of libel in cyberspace |url=https://archive.firstamendmentcenter.org/news.aspx?id=17798 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121221140311/https://archive.firstamendmentcenter.org/news.aspx?id=17798 |archive-date=December 21, 2012 |access-date=November 17, 2012 |publisher=[[First Amendment Center]]}}&lt;/ref&gt; Morago ga tiragalo e, Seigenthaler o ne a tlhalosa Wikipedia e le &quot;sedirisiwa sa patlisiso se se nang le diphoso gape se sena maikarabelo&quot;.  Tiragalo e e ne ya dira gore go dirwe diphetogo tsa melawana kwa Wikipedia tsa go gagamatsa go netefadiwa ga dikwalo tse di buang ka matshelo a batho ba ba tshelang. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|last=Helm|first=Burt|title=Wikipedia: &quot;A Work in Progress&quot;|url=https://www.businessweek.com/stories/2005-12-13/wikipedia-a-work-in-progress|date=December 13, 2005|access-date=July 26, 2012}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Dikganetsano le dintwa tsa go tlaleletsa dikwalo ===
Bakwadi ba Wikipedia gantsi ba na le go sa dumalane mabapi le diteng, tse di ka tlotliwang mo ditsebeng tsa Puisano tsa dikwalo. Dikganetsano di ka felela ka diphetogo tse di gaisanang gangwe le gape mo dikwalong, tse di bidiwang &quot;ntwa ya go tlaleletsa&quot;.  &lt;ref name=&quot;NBC WP editorial warzone 12&quot;&gt;{{Cite news|last=Coldewey|first=Devin|date=June 21, 2012|title=Wikipedia is editorial warzone, says study|department=Technology|work=[[NBC News]]|url=https://sys03-public.nbcnews.com/technology/wikipedia-editorial-warzone-says-study-838793|access-date=March 26, 2021|archivedate=August 26, 2014|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140826113318/http://sys03-public.nbcnews.com/technology/wikipedia-editorial-warzone-says-study-838793}}&lt;/ref&gt; E bonwa ke botlhe jaaka seemo se se senyang didirisiwa mme go sena kitso epe e e mosola e e tsengwang, &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book |last=Kalyanasundaram |first=Arun |date=December 2015 |title=2015 Winter Simulation Conference (WSC) |last2=Wei |first2=Wei |last3=Carley |first3=Kathleen M. |last4=Herbsleb |first4=James D. |publisher=IEEE |isbn=978-1-4673-9743-8 |location=Huntington Beach, CA |pages=276–287 |chapter=An agent-based model of edit wars in Wikipedia: How and when is consensus reached |citeseerx=10.1.1.715.2758 |doi=10.1109/WSC.2015.7408171}}&lt;/ref&gt; gape e a kgalwa ka e tsewa e dira ngwao ya gore bakwadi ba nne le kgaisano e nang le kgotlhang   &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book |last=Suh |first=Bongwon |date=2009 |title=Proceedings of the 5th International Symposium on Wikis and Open Collaboration |last2=Convertino |first2=Gregorio |last3=Chi |first3=Ed H. |last4=Pirolli |first4=Peter |publisher=ACM Press |isbn=978-1-60558-730-1 |location=Orlando, FL |pages=1–10 |chapter=The singularity is not near |doi=10.1145/1641309.1641322 |doi-access=free}}&lt;/ref&gt; se se amangwang le dikarolo tsa bong tsa banna tsa setso . &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|last=Torres|first=Nicole|date=June 2, 2016|title=Why Do So Few Women Edit Wikipedia?|url=https://hbr.org/2016/06/why-do-so-few-women-edit-wikipedia|access-date=August 20, 2019}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Bear |first=Julia B. |last2=Collier |first2=Benjamin |date=March 2016 |title=Where are the Women in Wikipedia? Understanding the Different Psychological Experiences of Men and Women in Wikipedia |journal=Sex Roles |volume=74 |issue=5–6 |pages=254–265 |doi=10.1007/s11199-015-0573-y |s2cid=146452625}}&lt;/ref&gt; Dipatlisiso di itebagantse thata le, sekai, go tlhoka botho ka dikganetsano, &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Khazraie |first=Marzieh |last2=Talebzadeh |first2=Hossein |date=February 7, 2020 |title=&quot;Wikipedia does NOT tolerate your babbling!&quot;: Impoliteness-induced conflict (resolution) in a polylogal collaborative online community of practice |url=https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0378216620300771 |url-status=live |journal=Journal of Pragmatics |volume=163 |pages=46–65 |doi=10.1016/j.pragma.2020.03.009 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240914115833/https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0378216620300771 |archive-date=September 14, 2024 |access-date=September 15, 2024}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Smirnov |first=Ivan |last2=Oprea |first2=Camelia |last3=Strohmaier |first3=Markus |date=December 1, 2023 |editor-last=Ognyanova |editor-first=Katherine |title=Toxic comments are associated with reduced activity of volunteer editors on Wikipedia |url=https://academic.oup.com/pnasnexus/article/doi/10.1093/pnasnexus/pgad385/7457939 |url-status=live |journal=PNAS Nexus |volume=2 |issue=12 |doi=10.1093/pnasnexus/pgad385 |issn=2752-6542 |pmc=10697426 |pmid=38059265 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241007101400/https://academic.oup.com/pnasnexus/article/doi/10.1093/pnasnexus/pgad385/7457939 |archive-date=October 7, 2024 |access-date=September 15, 2024 |doi-access=free |article-number=pgad385}}&lt;/ref&gt; tlhotlheletso ya dikampa tsa bakwadi tse di gaisanang, &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Lerner |first=Jürgen |last2=Lomi |first2=Alessandro |date=December 21, 2020 |title=The free encyclopedia that anyone can dispute: An analysis of the micro-structural dynamics of positive and negative relations in the production of contentious Wikipedia articles |url=https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0378873318300467 |url-status=live |journal=Social Networks |volume=60 |pages=11–25 |doi=10.1016/j.socnet.2018.12.003 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241126001010/https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0378873318300467 |archive-date=November 26, 2024 |access-date=September 15, 2024}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Morris-O'Connor |first=Danielle A. |last2=Strotmann |first2=Andreas |last3=Zhao |first3=Dangzhi |date=April 4, 2023 |title=The colonization of Wikipedia: evidence from characteristic editing behaviors of warring camps |url=https://www.emerald.com/insight/content/doi/10.1108/JD-04-2022-0090/full/html |url-status=live |journal=Journal of Documentation |volume=79 |issue=3 |pages=784–810 |doi=10.1108/JD-04-2022-0090 |issn=0022-0418 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231020151300/https://www.emerald.com/insight/content/doi/10.1108/JD-04-2022-0090/full/html |archive-date=October 20, 2023 |access-date=November 14, 2023}}&lt;/ref&gt; popego ya dipuisano, &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Ziembowicz |first=Karolina |last2=Roszczyńska-Kurasińska |first2=Magdalena |last3=Rychwalska |first3=Agnieszka |last4=Nowak |first4=Andrzej |date=October 3, 2022 |title=Predicting conflict-prone disputes using the structure of turn-taking: the case of Wikipedia |url=https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/1369118X.2021.1924224 |url-status=live |journal=Information, Communication &amp; Society |volume=25 |issue=13 |pages=1987–2005 |doi=10.1080/1369118X.2021.1924224 |issn=1369-118X |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241007091334/https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/1369118X.2021.1924224 |archive-date=October 7, 2024 |access-date=September 15, 2024}}&lt;/ref&gt; le phetogo ya dikgotlhang go tlhoma mogopolo mo metsweding. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book |last=Chhabra |first=Anamika |date=August 25, 2020 |title=Proceedings of the 16th International Symposium on Open Collaboration |last2=Kaur |first2=Rishemjit |last3=Iyengar |first3=S. R.S. |publisher=ACM |isbn=978-1-4503-8779-8 |pages=1–10 |chapter=Dynamics of Edit War Sequences in Wikipedia |doi=10.1145/3412569.3412585 |access-date=September 15, 2024 |chapter-url=https://dl.acm.org/doi/10.1145/3412569.3412585 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240915052238/https://dl.acm.org/doi/10.1145/3412569.3412585 |archive-date=September 15, 2024 |url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref name=&quot;Ruprechter&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Ruprechter |first=Thorsten |last2=Santos |first2=Tiago |last3=Helic |first3=Denis |date=September 9, 2020 |title=Relating Wikipedia article quality to edit behavior and link structure |journal=Applied Network Science |volume=5 |issue=1 |doi=10.1007/s41109-020-00305-y |issn=2364-8228 |doi-access=free |article-number=61}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Taha Yasseri wa Sekolo sa dithuto tse dikgolwane sa Oxford o ne a sekaseka dikgotlhang tsa go tlaleletsa/kwala dikwalo le go rarabololwa ga tsone mo patlisisong ya 2013.  &lt;ref name=&quot;Yasseri-2014&quot;&gt;{{Cite book |last=Yasseri |first=Taha |author-link=Taha Yasseri |year=2014 |title=The Most Controversial Topics in Wikipedia: A Multilingual and Geographical Analysis |last2=Spoerri |first2=Anselm |last3=Graham |first3=Mark |last4=Kertész |first4=János |author-link4=János Kertész |publisher=Scarecrow Press |editor-last=Fichman, P. |doi=10.2139/SSRN.2269392 |ssrn=2269392 |editor-last2=Hara, N.}}&lt;/ref&gt; Yasseri o ne a nganga gore go boela morago mo go bonolo fela kgotsa ditiro tsa &quot;go dirolola&quot; e ne e se selekanyo se se botlhokwa thata sa boitshwaro jo bo sa siamang jwa tiro kwa Wikipedia. O ne a ikaegile boemong jwa seo ka leano la &quot;bakwadi ba le babedi ba bereka mmogo go boela ditlaleletso morago&quot;, le e leng gore mokwadi a le mongwe o tlaabo a busetsa morago go tlaleletsa ga mokwadi yo mongwe yo morago ga moo, ka tatelano, a boelang go busetsa tlaleletso ya mokwadi wa ntlha morago. Maduo a ne a tsenngwa mo lenaneong la diphetolelo di le mmalwa tsa dipuo tsa Wikipedia. Dikgotlhang tsa dipalo tse tharo tse di tona mo Wikipedia ya Sekgoa e ne e le tsa dikwalo tsa ga George W. Bush, botlhokapuso, le Muhammad . &lt;ref name=&quot;Yasseri-2014&quot; /&gt; Fa go bapisiwa, mo Wikipedia ya Jeremane, dikgotlhang tsa dipalo tse tharo tse di tona ka nako ya patlisiso e ne e le tsa dikwalo tse di neng di bua ka Croatia, Scientology, le megopolo ka tiragalo ya 9/11 . &lt;ref name=&quot;Yasseri-2014&quot; /&gt; Ka 2020, babatlisisi ba ne ba supa dikgato tse dingwe ka maitsholo a bakwadi, go feta go boela morago ditlaleletso ka bobedi, go supa dikgotlhang tsa go tlaleletsa dikwalo go ralala Wikipedia. &lt;ref name=&quot;Ruprechter&quot;/&gt;

Bakwadi gape ba ngangisana ka go phimolwa ga dikwalo mo Wikipedia, ka dingangisano tse di ntseng jalo di ka nna dikete di le makgolo a le matlhano fa e sa le Wikipedia e simololwa go tloga ka 2019. Fa lekwalo le sena go tlhophiwa go phimolwa, kganetsano gantsi e laolwa ke ditlhopo tsa ntlha (gore a le bolokwe kgotsa le phimolwe) le ka go umaka melawana ya tse di rileng tsa setlhogo. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Mayfield |first=Elijah |last2=Black |first2=Alan W. |date=November 7, 2019 |title=Analyzing Wikipedia Deletion Debates with a Group Decision-Making Forecast Model |url=https://dl.acm.org/doi/10.1145/3359308 |url-status=live |journal=Proceedings of the ACM on Human-Computer Interaction |volume=3 |issue=CSCW |pages=1–26 |doi=10.1145/3359308 |issn=2573-0142 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240915025504/https://dl.acm.org/doi/10.1145/3359308 |archive-date=September 15, 2024 |access-date=September 15, 2024}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Melao le diteng ==

Wikipedia e na le  mafelo a maina a a farologaneng a le lesome le bongwe mme dikwalo tsa yone di teng mo ''lefelong la maremelelo'' . Mafelo a mangwe a maina a na le ketapele pele ga setlhogo sa tsebe ya one mme a diragatsa maikaelelo a a farologaneng. Sekai, lefelo la maina a lenaneo le o a dirisa ketapele ''ya Wikipedia'' mme gape le dirisediwa dipuisano tse di amanang le go ipusa. Bontsi jwa babadi ga ba itse ka mafelo a a mangwe a maina. {{sfn|McDowell|Vetter|2022|page=3}}

Melaometheo ya morafe wa badirisi ba Wikipedia e akareditswe mo &quot;Dipilara tse Tlhano&quot;, fa melaometheo e e tseneletseng ya go tlaleletsa dikwalo e tlhagisiwa mo melaong le dikaedi tse dintsi tse di diretsweng  go bopa diteng mo go tshwanetseng.  Dipilara tse tlhano tseo ke:

* Wikipedia ke ensaetlolopedia
* Wikipedia e kwadilwe ka tsela e e sa tseyeng letlhakore
* Diteng tsa Wikipedia ke tsa mahala tse mongwe le mongwe a ka di dirisang, a di tlaleletsa, le go di anamisa
* Bakwadi ba Wikipedia ba tshwanetse go tshwarana ka tlotlo le maitseo
* Wikipedia ga e na melao e e kgopo

Melao e e tlhamilweng ke badirisi e bolokwa mo lefelong la maina la Wikipedia, mme bakwai ba Wikipedia ba kwala le go tlhabolola melao le dikaelo tsa webosaete go ya ka tumalano ya badirisi. &lt;ref name=&quot;pcworld who's behind WP&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=February 6, 2008 |title=Who's behind Wikipedia? |url=https://www.pcworld.idg.com.au/index.php/id;1866322157;fp;2;fpid;2 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080209110303/https://www.pcworld.idg.com.au/index.php/id%3B1866322157%3Bfp%3B2%3Bfpid%3B2 |archive-date=February 9, 2008 |access-date=February 7, 2008 |website=PC World |page=2}}&lt;/ref&gt; Kwa tshimologong, melao ya dikgatiso tse e seng tsa Sekgoa tsa Wikipedia e ne e beilwe mo thanolong ya melao ya Wikipedia ya Sekgoa. Fa e sa le ka nako eo e ile ya fapoga golo gongwe. 

=== Melao ya diteng le dikaelo ===
Go ya ka melao ya morafe wa badirisi ba Wikipedia ya Sekgoa, lekwalo lengwe le lengwe mo Wikipedia le tshwanetse go nna le setlhogo se se maleba go nna mo  [[wiktionary:encyclopedic|ensaetlolopedia]] mme e se lekwalo le le kwadilweng kana le utlwalega jaaka buka ya tlhaloso ya mafoko.  Setlhogo gape se tshwanetse go fitlhelela maemo a Wikipedia a &quot;notability&quot;, se se rayang gore setlhogo se tshwanetse gore a bo se kile sa akarediwa thata mo metsweding e e ikanyegang e e ikemetseng ka nosi mo setlhogong sa lekwalo leo. {{sfn|McDowell|Vetter|2022|pages=53–54}}Wikipedia e ikaeletse go fetisa fela kitso e e setseng e tlhomilwe gape e lemogwa ka jalo ga e a tshwanela go tlhagisa dipatlisiso tsa ntlha tsa setlhogo sa palo. {{sfn|McDowell|Vetter|2022|page=32}}Ditlhogo tsa dipalo tse dingwe, jaaka tsa mapolotiki le barutegi, di na le melwana e e kgethegileng.  {{sfn|McDowell|Vetter|2022|pages=53–54}}La bofelo, Wikipedia e tshwanetse go supa karolo e e sa tseyeng letlhakore. Se se fitlhelelwa ka go soboka metswedi e e ikanyegang, go dirisa puo e e sa tseyeng letlhakore, le go tlhomamisa gore go tlhagisiwa dintlha tse dintsintsi go ikaegile ka gore di tlhagelela go le kana kang. Dikgang/kitso gape e tshwanetse gore a bo e ka netefadiwa. {{sfn|McDowell|Vetter|2022|pages=5–7}}Lekwalo le le senang dinopolo le ka nna la tshwaiwa kgotsa la phimolwa gotlhelele. {{sfn|McDowell|Vetter|2022|page=33}}Se ka dinako tse dingwe se ka dira gore go phimolwe lekwalo(tshedimosetso) , le fa e le boammaaruri, e le gore ga e na metswedi sentle. &lt;ref name=&quot;IHT WP valid info wrong removable 1&quot;&gt;{{Cite news|last=Cohen|first=Noam|author-link=Noam Cohen|date=August 9, 2011|title=For inclusive mission, Wikipedia is told that written word goes only so far|page=18|newspaper=[[International Herald Tribune]]}}&lt;/ref&gt; Jaaka fa melao ya Wikipedia e ntse e fetoga mo tsamaong ya nako, gape e nna dingalo, palo ya yone e ile ya gola. Ka 2008, go ne go na le ditsebe tsa melao di le masome a mane le bone le ditsebe tsa dikaelo di le makgolo a mabedi le masome a le mane le boferabobedi (248); ka 2013, barutegi ba ne ba bala ditsebe tsa melao di le makgolo a le mararo le masome a le boferabobedi le boraro (383) le ditsebe tsa dikaelo di le makgolo a le mane le masome a le mane le boferabongwe (449). &lt;ref name=&quot;Ren-2024&quot;/&gt;

== Tsamaiso/Puso ==

Puso ya ntlha ya Wikipedia e ne ya kopanya dikarolo tsa puso ya batho ka batho le tsa tatelano ya maemo fa nako e ntse e tsamaya. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Sanger |first=Larry |author-link=Larry Sanger |date=April 18, 2005 |title=The Early History of Nupedia and Wikipedia: A Memoir |url=https://features.slashdot.org/story/05/04/18/164213/the-early-history-of-nupedia-and-wikipedia-a-memoir |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090525051304/http://features.slashdot.org/features/05/04/18/164213.shtml |archive-date=May 25, 2009 |access-date=January 24, 2023 |website=[[Slashdot]]}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Kostakis |first=Vasilis |date=March 2010 |title=Identifying and understanding the problems of Wikipedia's peer governance: The case of inclusionists versus deletionists |url=https://firstmonday.org/ojs/index.php/fm/article/view/2613/2479 |url-status=live |journal=First Monday |volume=15 |issue=3 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210310125049/https://firstmonday.org/ojs/index.php/fm/article/view/2613/2479 |archive-date=March 10, 2021 |access-date=March 26, 2021}}&lt;/ref&gt; Lekwalo ga le tsewe e le la motlhami wa lone kgotsa mokwadi ope yo mongwe, le fa e le yo go buiwang ka ene (setlhogo) mo go lone.  Bakwadi ba ba mo maemong a a siameng mo morafeng ww badirisi ba ka kopa ditshwanelo tse dingwe tsa bodirisi, se se ka ba nayang bokgoni jwa setegeniki jwa go dira ditiro dingwe tse di kgethegileng. Ditshwanelo dingwe tsa bodirisi di neelwa ka go itirisa (automatically), jaaka ditlhopha tse ''di netefaditsweng ka go itirisa'' le ''tse di netefaditsweng tse di atolositsweng'', fa dingwaga tsa akhaonte le diphetogo tsa dikwalo tse di batliwang di fitlhelelwa. {{sfn|McDowell|Vetter|2022|pages=12–13}}

=== Batsamaisi ===
Bakwadi ba ba nang le kitso ya bodirisi ba ka tlhopha go tsenelela ditlhopho tsa &quot; botsamaisi &quot;,  jo bo akaretsang bokgoni jwa go phimola ditsebe kgotsa go di thibela gore di se ka tsa fetolwa mo dikgetseng tsa tshenyo e e masisi kgotsa dikgotlhang tsa dikwalo. Batsamaisi ga ba a tshwanela go nna le dithata dipe tse di kgethegileng tsa go dira ditshwetso; go na le seo, dithata tsa bone di lekanyeditswe thata mo go direng diphetogo tse di botlhokwa thata tsa mananeo  mme ka jalo ga di letlelelwe bakwadi ba ba tlwaelesegileng, le go diragatsa dithibelo tse di ikaeletseng go thibela bakwadi ba ba kgoreletsang go dira diphetogo tse di senang mosola. &lt;ref name=&quot;:6&quot; group=&quot;W&quot; /&gt;

Ka 2012, bakwadi ba le mmalwa ba ne ba nna batsamaisi fa ba bapisiwa le dingwaga tsa pele tsa Wikipedia,  bontlhabongwe jwa lobaka la kgang e e le gore thulaganyo ya go tlhatlhoba batsamaisi ba ba ka nnang teng e ne e setse e gagametse thata. &lt;ref name=&quot;Meyer-2012&quot;/&gt; Ka 2022, go ne ga nna le kopo e e neng ya baka dikganetsano thata ya botsamaisi ka ga maikutlo a ntlhopheng yo o neng a le kgatlhanong le Trump; kwa bofelong, ba ne ba newa botsamaisi. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Harrison |first=Stephen |date=June 16, 2022 |title=Inside Wikipedia's Historic, Fiercely Contested &quot;Election&quot; |url=https://slate.com/technology/2022/06/wikipedia-administrator-election-tamzin.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220824123521/https://slate.com/technology/2022/06/wikipedia-administrator-election-tamzin.html |archive-date=August 24, 2022 |access-date=July 22, 2022 |website=[[Slate (magazine)|Slate]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Tharabololo ya dikgotlhang ===

Mo tsamaong ya nako, Wikipedia e tlhamile thulaganyo ya go rarabolola dikgotlhang e e sa tlhomamang tota-tota. Go tlhomamisa tumalano gareng ga morafe wa badirisi, bakwadi ba ka tlhagisa dikgang kwa makgotlaneng a badirisi a a maleba, ba batla dikakgelo kwa ntle ka dikopo tsa maikutlo a boraro, kgotsa ba simolola dipuisano tsa morafe wa badirisi ka kakaretso, yo o bidiwang &quot;kopo ya kakgelo&quot;,  e mo go yone di-bot di tsenyang puisano eo mo lenaneong le le kopantsweng la dipuisano, mme bakwadi a bo ba lalediwa go tsaya karolo, mme morago ba sutlhe puisano eo mo lenaneong morago ga malatsi a le masome a boraro.  Le fa go ntse jalo, bakwadi ba na le tshwanelo ya go tswala (le go sutlha) puisano eo pele kgotsa morago ga nako. Fa maduo a puisano a sa bonale sentle, mokwadi yo o gaufi yo o sa amegeng yo gantsi a leng mo maemong a a siameng a ka ntsha katlholo go ya ka maatla a mabaka a a ntshiwang le palo ya batho ba ba ngangisanang mo matlhakoreng otlhe. &lt;ref name=&quot;Bandler-2024&quot;&gt;{{Citation|last=Bandler|first=Aaron|date=June 21, 2024|title=Wikipedia Editors Label ADL Only Reliable for Antisemitism When 'Israel and Zionism Are Not Concerned'|url=https://jewishjournal.com/news/united-states/372532/wikipedia-editors-label-adl-only-reliable-for-antisemitism-when-israel-and-zionism-are-not-concerned/|access-date=May 3, 2025}}&lt;/ref&gt; Badirisi ba Wikipedia ba gatelela gore thulaganyo e ga se go tlhopha ka go umaka dipego tsa maikutlo mo dipuisanong tseo jaaka &quot;!vote&quot;, e mo go lone letshwao la  kgakgamatso e leng letshwao la go ganetsa ka tsela e e utlwalang mme le bidiwa &quot;nnyaa&quot;. &lt;ref&gt;{{Citation|last=Harrison|first=Stephen|title=Wikipedia's War on the Daily Mail|date=July 1, 2021|work=Slate|url=https://slate.com/technology/2021/07/wikipedia-daily-mail-generally-unreliable.html|access-date=May 13, 2025|issn=1091-2339}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Wikipedia e rotloetsa ditharabololo tsa dikgotlhang, tse Jemielniak a reng di kgethegile thata mo dithutong tsa mokgatlho, le fa go nnile le kgatlhego ya bosheng jaana mo go ageng tumalano mo lephateng le. &lt;ref name=&quot;Jemielniak&quot;&gt;{{Cite book |last=Jemielniak |first=Dariusz |year=2014 |title=Common Knowledge?: An Ethnography of Wikipedia |publisher=[[Stanford University Press]] |isbn=978-0-8047-9120-5 |location=Stanford, CA |doi=10.2307/j.ctvqsdrf9 |jstor=j.ctvqsdrf9}}&lt;/ref&gt; Reagle le Sue Gardner ba nganga gore mekgwa ya go aga tumalano e tshwana le e e dirisiwang ke ba-Quakers . &lt;ref name=&quot;Jemielniak&quot; /&gt;{{Rp|page=62}}Pharologanyo le diphuthego tsa ba-Quaker ke go tlhoka motsamaisi fa go na le go sa dumalana, e leng seabe se se tshamekiwang ke mokwaledi mo diphuthegong tsa Ba-Quaker. &lt;ref name=&quot;Jemielniak&quot; /&gt;{{Rp|page=83}}

==== Komiti ya Katlholo ====
Komiti ya Katlholo e okametse thulaganyo ya bofelo ya tharabololo ya dikgotlhang. Le fa gantsi dikgotlhang di tsoga ka ntlha ya go sa dumalane ka megopolo e mebedi e e ganetsanang ka lekwalo le tshwanetseng go balega ka teng, Komiti ya Katlholo e gana tota ka go dira tshwetso ka tlhamalalo ka mogopolo yo o tshwanetseng go amogelwa. &lt;ref name=&quot;Hoffman-2009&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Hoffman |first=David A. |last2=Mehra |first2=Salil K. |date=March 5, 2009 |title=Wikitruth Through Wikiorder |url=https://scholarlycommons.law.emory.edu/elj/vol59/iss1/3/ |url-status=live |journal=Emory Law Journal |volume=59 |issue=1 |ssrn=1354424 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210613214656/https://scholarlycommons.law.emory.edu/elj/vol59/iss1/3/ |archive-date=June 13, 2021 |access-date=November 15, 2024}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Ditshekatsheko tsa dipalopalo di supa gore komiti ya Wikipedia ya Sekgoa e itlhokomolosa diteng tsa dikgotlhang mme go na le moo e remelela thata mo goreng dikgotlhang di tsamaisiwe jang,  e sa dire thata go rarabolola dikgotlhang le go dira kagiso fa gare ga bakwadi ba ba ganetsenang, mme e ntsha bakwadi ba ba dingalo e ntse e letla bakwadi ba tlhaga go boela go tsaya karolo gape. &lt;ref name=&quot;Hoffman-2009&quot;/&gt; Ka jalo, komiti ga e laole diteng tsa dikwalo, le fa ka dinako tse dingwe e kgala diphetogo tsa diteng fa e tsaya gore diteng tse disha di tlola melao ya Wikipedia (sekai, fa diteng tse disha di tsewa di tsaya letlhakore).{{efn|The committee may directly rule that a content change is inappropriate, but may not directly rule that certain content is inappropriate.}} Ditharabololo tse di dirisiwang gantsi di akaretsa dikgalemo le go beewa leitlho thata( di dirisiwa mo dikgetseng di le masome a le marataro le boraro mo lekgolong (63%)) le go kobela ruri bakwadi mo dikwalong (masome a le mane le boraro mo lekgolong (43%)), dikgang tsa setlhogo (masome a le mabedi le boraro mo lekgolong (23%)), kgotsa mo Wikipedia (lesome le borataro mo lekgolong(16%)). &lt;ref name=&quot;Hoffman-2009&quot; /&gt; Go kobelwa ruri mo go feletseng mo Wikipedia gantsi go beetswe fela dikgetse di tshwana le go ipaya o le motho yo mongwe le boitshwaro jwa go sa dirisana le batho ba bangwe sentle .  Fa boitshwaro e se go ipaya o le motho yo mongwe kgotsa go nna kgatlhanong le go tshela sentle le batho ba bangwe, mme e le jwa dintwa tsa dikwalo le go roba melao e mengwe ya go tlaleletsa/kwala dikwalo, ditharabololo di na le go ema ka dikgalemo fela. &lt;ref name=&quot;Hoffman-2009&quot; /&gt;

== Morafe wa badirisi  ==

[[File:Wikimania_-_the_Wikimentary.webm|start=00:04|thumbtime=00:16|thumb|Setshwantsho sa motshikinyego saWikimania 2005{{snd}}bokopano jwa ngwaga le ngwaga jwa badirisi ba Wikipedia le mananeo a mangwe a a tsamaisiwang ke [[Wikimedia Foundation|Mokgatlho wa Wikimedia]], o ne o tshwaretswe kwa Frankfurt am Main, kwa Jeremane, ka Phatwe a le malatsi a le mane go fitlhela a le boferabobedi.]]
Lekwalo lengwe le lengwe le modirisi mongwe le mongwe wa Wikipedia o na le tsebe e a amanang le yone gape e e kgethegileng ya &quot;puo&quot;. Dilo tse di bopa tsela ya konokono ya dipuisano gore bakwadi ba kgone go abelana megopolo, go rulaganya le go ngangisana. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Viégas |first=Fernanda B. |author-link=Fernanda B. Viégas |last2=Wattenberg |first2=Martin M. |author-link2=Martin M. Wattenberg |last3=Kriss |first3=Jesse |last4=van Ham |first4=Frank |date=January 3, 2007 |title=Talk Before You Type: Coordination in Wikipedia |url=https://www.research.ibm.com/visual/papers/wikipedia_coordination_final.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070205111038/https://www.research.ibm.com/visual/papers/wikipedia_coordination_final.pdf |archive-date=February 5, 2007 |access-date=June 27, 2008 |publisher=Visual Communication Lab, [[IBM Research]]}}&lt;/ref&gt; Morafe wa Wikipedia o tlhalositswe fa o tswana le setlhopha sa bodumedi, &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|url=https://www.theguardian.com/technology/2005/dec/15/wikipedia.web20|title=Log on and join in, but beware the web cults|first1=Charles|last1=Arthur|date=December 15, 2005|access-date=December 26, 2008}}&lt;/ref&gt; le fa go sa tewe ka mekgwa e e sa lolamang fela ka dinako tsotlhe.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|url=https://www.cnn.com/2003/TECH/internet/08/03/wikipedia/index.html|title=Wikipedia: The know-it-all Web site|first1=Kristie|last1=Lu Stout|publisher=CNN|date=August 4, 2003|access-date=December 26, 2008}}&lt;/ref&gt; Go rata go nna seoposengwe ga one, le fa go tlhoka go mpampetsa mo go akaretsang go tlhokomologa dintlha tsa go itshupa, go biditswe &quot; go nna kgatlhanong le go itseela kwa maemong a a kwa godimo &quot; . &lt;ref group=&quot;W&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Sanger |first=Larry |author-link=Larry Sanger |date=December 31, 2004 |title=Why Wikipedia Must Jettison Its Anti-Elitism |url=https://www.kuro5hin.org/story/2004/12/30/142458/25 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211101011352/http://www.kuro5hin.org/story/2004/12/30/142458/25 |archive-date=November 1, 2021 |access-date=March 26, 2021 |website=[[Kuro5hin]], Op–Ed |quote=There is a certain mindset associated with unmoderated Usenet groups [...] that infects the collectively-managed Wikipedia project: if you react strongly to trolling, that reflects poorly on you, not (necessarily) on the troll. If you [...] demand that something be done about constant disruption by trollish behavior, the other listmembers will cry &quot;censorship&quot;, attack you, and even come to the defense of the troll. [...] The root problem: anti-elitism, or lack of respect for expertise. There is a deeper problem [...] which explains both of the above-elaborated problems. Namely, as a community, Wikipedia lacks the habit or tradition of respect for expertise. As a community, far from being elitist, it is anti-elitist (which, in this context, means that expertise is not accorded any special respect, and snubs and disrespect of expertise are tolerated). This is one of my failures: a policy that I attempted to institute in Wikipedia's first year, but for which I did not muster adequate support, was the policy of respecting and deferring politely to experts. (Those who were there will, I hope, remember that I tried very hard.)}}&lt;/ref&gt;
[[File:Editing_Hoxne_Hoard_at_the_British_Museum.ogv|right|thumb|Badiri ba Wikipedia le batlhokomedi ba [[Motlobo wa ditso wa Borithane]] ba dirisana mmogo mo lekwalong la Hoxne Hoard ka Seetebosigo 2010.]]

Wikipedia ga e tlhoke gore bakwadi ba yone le ba na le seabe ba itshupe gore ke bomang.  Fa Wikipedia e ntse e gola, potso ya  &quot;Ke mang yo o kwalang Wikipedia?&quot; e ne ya nna nngwe ya dipotso tse di neng di botswa thata teng.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book |last=Kittur |first=Aniket |year=2007 |title=CHI '07: Proceedings of the SIGCHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems |publisher=Viktoria Institute |chapter=Power of the Few vs. Wisdom of the Crowd: Wikipedia and the Rise of the Bourgeoisie |citeseerx=10.1.1.212.8218}}&lt;/ref&gt; Jimmy Wales o kile a bolela gore ke fela &quot;morafe&amp;nbsp;... setlhopha se se ineetseng sa baithaopi ba le makgolo a le mmalwa&quot; se se dirang bontsi jwa ditshwaelo mo Wikipedia le gore ka jalo lenaneo le &quot;le tshwana fela le mokgatlho mongwe le mongwe yo o tlwaelesegileng&quot;. &lt;ref name=&quot;blodget&quot;&gt;{{Cite news|last=Blodget|first=Henry|date=January 3, 2009|title=Who The Hell Writes Wikipedia, Anyway?|work=[[Insider Inc.|Business Insider]]|url=https://www.businessinsider.com/2009/1/who-the-hell-writes-wikipedia-anyway|access-date=January 26, 2023}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ka Wikipedia e ikaegile ka tiro ya boithaopo, bakwadi gantsi ba remelela mo dikgannyeng tse di ba kgatlhang. {{sfn|McDowell|Vetter|2022|pages=61–62}}

Wikipedia ya Sekgoa e na le dikwalo di le didikadile di le bosupa le dikete di le makgolo a mabedi le boferabongwe le masome a le matlhano le bone ({{self-reference link|Special:Statistics|{{NUMBEROFARTICLES}}}}), bakwadi ba ba kwadisitsweng ba le didikadike di le masome a matlhano le boraro le dikete di le makgolo a marataro le masome a le bosupa le botlhano le makgolo a le mararo le masome a le mane le bongwe ({{self-reference link|Special:ListUsers|{{NUMBEROFUSERS}}}}), le bakwadi ba ba ba tlhaga ba dinako tsotlhe ba le dikete di le makgolo a mabedi le masome a le mane le boferabongwe le makgolo a le mararo le masome a le boferabobedi le bosupa( {{self-reference link|Special:ActiveUsers|{{NUMBEROFACTIVEUSERS}}}} ). Mokwadi o tsewa a le tlhaga fa a dirile phetogo/tlaleletso e le nngwe kgotsa go feta mo malatsing a le masome a mararo a a fetileng.  Bakwadi ba ba palelwang ke go sela morago mekgwa ya Wikipedia, e e tshwanang le go saena ditshwaelo tsa tsebe ya puisano, ba ka supa ka tlhamalalo gore ke batho ba ba tswang kwa ntle ga Wikipedia, mme se sa oketsa kgonagalo ya gore badirisi ba ba mo teng ga Wikipedia ba ka nna ba lebisa kgotsa ba fokotsa ditshwaelo tsa bone. Go nna modirisi yo o mo teng ga Wikipedia go akaretsa ditshenyegelo tse di sa reng sepe: motsaakarolo o solofetswe go ithuta dikhoutu tsa maranyane tse di rileng tsa Wikipedia, go ineela mo thulaganyong e ka dinako dingwe e leng dingalo ya go rarabolola dikgotlhang, le go ithuta &quot;ngwao e e makatsang e e humileng metlae le dikakgelo tsa mo teng&quot;. &lt;ref name=&quot;labor squeeze on WP 1&quot; /&gt; Bakwadi ba ba sa tseneng mo teng ga ensaetlolopedia ke &quot; badirisi ba maemo a bobedi &quot; mo Wikipedia ka tsela nngwe, &lt;ref name=&quot;labor squeeze on WP 1&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |year=2010 |title=Wikipedia's Labor Squeeze and its Consequences |url=https://digitalcommons.law.scu.edu/facpubs/5/ |url-status=live |journal=Journal on Telecommunications and High Technology Law |volume=8 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230126220032/https://digitalcommons.law.scu.edu/facpubs/5/ |archive-date=January 26, 2023 |access-date=January 26, 2023 |via=Santa Clara Law Digital Commons}}&lt;/ref&gt; ka gonne &quot;batsayakarolo ba amogetswe semmuso ke maloko a morafe wa wiki, ba ba nang le kgatlhego e e tseneletseng mo go somareleng boleng jwa tiro e e ntshiwang, go lebilwe go nna le seabe ga bone mo go tswelelang&quot;, &lt;ref name=&quot;legal edu and WP 1&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |date=March 2007 |title=Wikipedia and the Future of Legal Education |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_journal-of-legal-education_2007-03_57_1/page/n8 |journal=Journal of Legal Education |publisher=[[Association of American Law Schools]] |volume=57 |issue=1 |pages=3–9 |jstor=42894005}}&lt;/ref&gt; mme ditso tsa go nna le seabe tsa bakwadi ba ba sa itsiweng ba sa ikwadisa mme ba lemogwa ka . diaterese tsa bone fela ga di amane le mokwadi ope ka tlhomamo. &lt;ref name=&quot;legal edu and WP 1&quot; /&gt; Bakwadi ba basha gantsi ba sokola go tlhaloganya marara a Wikipedia. Bakwadi ba ba nang le maitemogelo/kitso ba rotloediwa gore ba seka ba &quot;tlhasela&quot; badirisi ba ba sha gore ba kgone go dira mowa wa go amogela batho. {{sfn|McDowell|Vetter|2022|pages=10–11}}

=== Dipatlisiso ===
Patlisiso ya 2007 e e dirilweng ke babatlisisi go tswa kwa Dartmouth College e bone gore &quot;badirisi ba ba sa itsiweng le ba ba sa tseyeng karolo thata mo Wikipedia&amp;nbsp;... ke motswedi o o ikanyegang wa kitso fela jaaka badirisi ba ba ikwadisang mo saeteng e&quot;. &lt;ref name=&quot;sciam good samaritans 1&quot;&gt;{{Cite news|url=https://www.sciam.com/article.cfm?id=good-samaritans-are-on-the-money|title=Wikipedia &quot;Good Samaritans&quot; Are on the Money|work=Scientific American|date=October 19, 2007|access-date=December 26, 2008}}&lt;/ref&gt; Jimmy Wales o boletse ka 2009 gore &quot;[Go] bonala gore go feta sephatlo mo lekgolong (50%) ya diphetogo tsotlhe di dirwa ke 0.7% fela ya badirisi&amp;nbsp;... Batho ba le makgolo a matlhano le masome a mabedi le bone&amp;nbsp;... Mme tota, bobedi mo lekgolong (2%) e etlhaga thata, e leng batho ba le sekete le makgolo a mane , ba dirile 73.4% ya diphetogo tsotlhe.&quot; &lt;ref name=&quot;blodget&quot;/&gt; Le fa go ntse jalo, morulaganyi wa ''Business Insider'' gape e le mmegadikgang Henry Blodget o bontshitse ka 2009 gore mo bontlhengbongwe jwa dikwalo tse di tlhophilweng fela go sena lenaneo, bontsi jwa diteng tsa Wikipedia (tse di lekanngwang ka selekanyo sa mokwalo o o tsentsweng o o sa ntseng o le teng go fitlha ka sampole ya bosheng) di tlhamilwe ke &quot;batho ba ba tswang kwa ntle&quot;, fa bontsi jwa go kwala le go fomata go dirwa ke &quot;badirisi ba ba mo teng&quot;. &lt;ref name=&quot;blodget&quot; /&gt;

Ka 2008, setlhogo sa bukana ya ditshwantsho le dikgang y''a Slate'' e ne ya bega gore &quot;bongwe fela mo lekgolong la badirisi ba Wikipedia ke bone ba ba dirang mo e ka nnang sephatlo sa diphetogo tsa saete e.&quot; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|url=https://www.slate.com/id/2184487|title=The Wisdom of the Chaperones|date=February 22, 2008|first=Chris|last=Wilson|work=[[Slate (magazine)|Slate]]|access-date=August 13, 2014}}&lt;/ref&gt; Mokgwa o wa go sekaseka go tsaa karolo o ne wa ganetswa morago ke Aaron Swartz, yo o neng a lemotsha gore dikwalo di le mmalwa tse a neng a di tsaya disampole di ne di na le dikarolo tse ditona tsa diteng tsa tsone (tse di lekanngwang ka palo ya ditlhaka) tse di neng di dirilwe ke badirisi ba ba nang le dipalo tse di kwa tlase tsa bokwadi/go tlaleletsa.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Swartz |first=Aaron |date=September 4, 2006 |title=Raw Thought: Who Writes Wikipedia? |url=https://www.aaronsw.com/weblog/whowriteswikipedia |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140803134036/https://www.aaronsw.com/weblog/whowriteswikipedia |archive-date=August 3, 2014 |access-date=February 23, 2008}}&lt;/ref&gt; Thutopatlisiso ya 2008 e fitlhetse gore batho ba Wikipedia ba ne ba sa dumalane thata, ba sa bulegela megopolo, e bile ba se kelo-tlhoko go feta ba bangwe, &lt;ref name=&quot;liebertonline view on WP users 1&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Amichai-Hamburger |first=Yair |last2=Lamdan |first2=Naama |last3=Madiel |first3=Rinat |last4=Hayat |first4=Tsahi |year=2008 |title=Personality Characteristics of Wikipedia Members |journal=CyberPsychology &amp; Behavior |publisher=Mary Ann Liebert, Inc. |volume=11 |issue=6 |pages=679–681 |doi=10.1089/cpb.2007.0225 |pmid=18954273}}&lt;/ref&gt; le fa kakgelo morago e ne ya supa diphoso tse di masisi, di akaretsa gore phatliso e ne e supa go bulegela megopolo mo go kwa godimo le gore dipharologano tsa setlhopha sa taolo le disampole di ne di le dinnye. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=McGreal |first=Scott A. |date=March 11, 2013 |title=The Misunderstood Personality Profile of Wikipedia Members |url=https://www.psychologytoday.com/blog/unique-everybody-else/201303/the-misunderstood-personality-profile-wikipedia-members |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230716155007/https://www.psychologytoday.com/intl/blog/unique-everybody-else/201303/the-misunderstood-personality-profile-wikipedia-members |archive-date=July 16, 2023 |access-date=June 5, 2016 |website=[[Psychology Today]]}}&lt;/ref&gt; Go ya ka patlisiso ya 2009, go na le &quot;bosupi jwa kganetso e e golang go tswa mo morafeng wa badirisi ba Wikipedia mabapi le diteng tse disha&quot;. &lt;ref name=&quot;newscientist WP boom to bust 1&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Giles |first=Jim |date=August 4, 2009 |title=After the boom, is Wikipedia heading for bust? |url=https://www.newscientist.com/article/dn17554-after-the-boom-is-wikipedia-heading-for-bust.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150421215605/http://www.newscientist.com/article/dn17554-after-the-boom-is-wikipedia-heading-for-bust.html |archive-date=April 21, 2015 |access-date=September 18, 2017 |website=New Scientist}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Kabakanyo ya badirisi ===
Dipatlisiso di le mmalwa di supile gore bontsi jwa batsaakarolo ba ba ithaopileng mo Wikipedia ke banna. Maduo a patlisiso ya [[Wikimedia Foundation|Mokgatlho wa Wikimedia]] ka 2008 a supile gore bakwadi ba Wikipedia ba le lesome le boraro mo lekgolong(13%) fela e ne e le basadi. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|last=Cohen|first=Noam|author-link=Noam Cohen|title=Define Gender Gap? Look Up Wikipedia's Contributor List|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2011/01/31/business/media/31link.html?_r=0|work=The New York Times|date=January 31, 2011|access-date=October 28, 2013}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ka ntlha ya se, dikolo tsa dithuto tse di kgolwane go ralala United States di ne tsa leka go kgothatsa basadi go nna batsaakarolo ba Wikipedia. &lt;ref name=&quot;CBC News-2013&quot; /&gt; Ka tsela e e tshwanang, bontsi jwa dikolo tse di kgolwane tse, di akaretsa  Yale le Brown, di ne di akgola baithuti ba ba tlhamang kgotsa ba ba tlaleletsa lekwalo le le amanang le basadi mo go tsa maranyane kgotsa mafaratlhatlha.&lt;ref name=&quot;CBC News-2013&quot;&gt;{{Cite news|url=https://www.cbc.ca/news/canada/toronto/ocad-to-storm-wikipedia-this-fall-1.1412807|title=OCAD to 'Storm Wikipedia' this fall|work=CBC News|date=August 27, 2013|access-date=August 21, 2014}}&lt;/ref&gt; Andrew Lih, morutintshi-mogolo gape e le mankge wa maranyane, o ne a re lebaka la go bo a ne a akanya gore palo ya banna ba ba nang le seabe e feta palo ya basadi thata ke ka gore go itshupa o le mosadi go ka nna ga dira gore motho a ipeye mo kotsing ya &quot;boitshwaro jo bo maswe, jo bo tshosang&quot;. &lt;ref name=&quot;Bloomberg 2016&quot;&gt;{{Cite news|date=December 22, 2016|title=Is Wikipedia Woke?|work=Bloomberg Businessweek|url=https://www.bloomberg.com/news/features/2016-12-22/how-woke-is-wikipedia-s-editorial-pool?|access-date=September 21, 2022}}&lt;/ref&gt; Dipego di supile gore MaAforika a emetswe ke dipalo tse di kwa tlase tsa bakwadi mo Wikipedia. &lt;ref name=&quot;memeb&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Walker |first=Andy |date=June 21, 2018 |title=The startling numbers behind Africa's Wikipedia knowledge gaps |url=https://memeburn.com/2018/06/wikipedia-wikimania-africa-numbers/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230319170357/http://memeburn.com/2018/06/wikipedia-wikimania-africa-numbers/ |archive-date=March 19, 2023 |access-date=January 26, 2023 |website=memeburn}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Dikgatiso tsa dipuo ==

Mo bogompienong, go na le dikgatiso tsa dipuo di le makgolo a mararo le masome a mane le bosupa ({{NUMBEROF|active|Wikipedia}}) tsa Wikipedia (tse gape di bidiwang ''diphetolelo tsa puo'', kgotsa fela ''Wikipedias'' ). Go tloga ka {{CURRENTMONTHNAME}} {{CURRENTYEAR}}, di-Wikipedia tse thataro tse dikgolo, ka tatelano ya palo ya dikwalo, ke tsa Sekgoa ({{Wikipedia rank by size/WP|1}}),  {{Wikipedia rank by size/WP|2}}, Sejeremane {{Wikipedia rank by size/WP|3}}, Sefora {{Wikipedia rank by size/WP|4}}, {{Wikipedia rank by size/WP|5}}, le {{Wikipedia rank by size/WP|6}} . &lt;ref name=&quot;WP list of WPs by article 1&quot; group=&quot;W&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Wikipedia:List of Wikipedias |url=https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/List_of_Wikipedias#All_Wikipedias_ordered_by_number_of_articles |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181224190350/https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/List_of_Wikipedias#All_Wikipedias_ordered_by_number_of_articles |archive-date=December 24, 2018 |access-date={{CURRENTMONTHNAME}} {{CURRENTDAY}}, {{CURRENTYEAR}} |website=Wikimedia Meta-Wiki}}&lt;/ref&gt; DiWikipedia tsa bobedi le ya botlhano ka botona di beilwe mo maemong ao ke bot e e tlhamang dikwalo ya Lsjbot, e ka go tloga ka ngwaga wa 2013 e neng e tlhamile dikwalo di tsamaela sephatlo mo Wikipedia ya Se-Swedish, le bontsi jwa dikwalo mo Wikipedia ya Se-Cebuano le ya Se-Waray . Dipuo tse ka bobedi ke tsa Philippines .

Mo godimo ga tse thataro tse di kwa godimo, di-Wikipedia tse dingwe di le lesome le bobedi di na le dikwalo tse di fetang sedikadike nngwe le nngwe ya tsone ( Se{{Wikipedia rank by size/WP|7}}, Se{{Wikipedia rank by size/WP|8}}, Se{{Wikipedia rank by size/WP|9}}, Se{{Wikipedia rank by size/WP|10}}, {{Wikipedia rank by size/WP|11}}, {{Wikipedia rank by size/WP|12}}, {{Wikipedia rank by size/WP|13}}, {{Wikipedia rank by size/WP|14}}, {{Wikipedia rank by size/WP|15}}, {{Wikipedia rank by size/WP|20}} {{Wikipedia rank by size/WP|16}}, {{Wikipedia rank by size/WP|21}} {{Wikipedia rank by size/WP|17}}, le {{Wikipedia rank by size/WP|18}} ), tse dingwe di le bosupa go feta di na le dikwalo tse di fetang dikete di le makgolo a matlhano {{Wikipedia rank by size/WP|22}}, {{Wikipedia rank by size/WP|23}}, {{Wikipedia rank by size/WP|24}}, le {{Wikipedia rank by size/WP|25}} ), tse dingwe tse di masome a mane le bone ba di na le tse di fetang dikete di le lekgolo , mme di le masome a boferabobedi le bobedi di na le tse di fetang dikete di le lesome. &lt;ref name=&quot;WP list of WPs by article 1&quot; group=&quot;W&quot;/&gt; E e tona go gaisa, Wikipedia ya Sekgoa, e na le dikwalo di feta didikadike di le bosupa le dikete di le makgolo a mabedi (7.2 million). Go tloga go ema ka Firikgong 2021, Wikipedia ya Sekgoa e amogela masome a le mane le boferabobedi mo lekgolong (48%) ya pharakano e e kokoantsweng ya Wikipedia, mme palo e e setseng e kgaogantswe mo gareng ga dipuo tse dingwe. Dikgatiso tse di kwa godimo di le lesome di emela mo e ka nnang masome a le boferabobedi le botlhano mo lekgolong (85%) ya pharakano yotlhe. 

Ka Wikipedia e beilwe mo Webo ka jalo e le ya lefatshe ka bophara, batsaakarolo mo kgatisong e le nngwe ya puo ba ka nna ba dirisa diteme (tsa puo e le nngwe) tse di farologaneng kgotsa ba ka tswa ba tswa kwa mafatsheng a a farologaneng (jaaka go ntse ka kgatiso ya Sekgoa).&lt;sup class=&quot;noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact&quot; style=&quot;white-space:nowrap;&quot;&gt;&amp;#x5B; ''&lt;span title=&quot;This claim needs references to reliable sources. (February 2026)&quot;&gt;citation needed&lt;/span&gt;'' &amp;#x5D;&lt;/sup&gt; Dipharologano tse di ka baka dikgotlhang dingwe ka ga dipharologano tsa go peleta (sekao, colour kgatlhanong ''le color'' ) &lt;ref name=&quot;WP spelling MOS 1&quot; group=&quot;W&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Spelling |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Spelling |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210104005104/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Spelling |archive-date=January 4, 2021 |access-date=November 6, 2023 |website=Wikipedia}}&lt;/ref&gt; kgotsa matlhakore. &lt;ref name=&quot;WP countering bias 1&quot; group=&quot;W&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Wikipedia:WikiProject Countering systemic bias |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:WikiProject_Countering_systemic_bias |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210104005153/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:WikiProject_Countering_systemic_bias |archive-date=January 4, 2021 |access-date=December 11, 2023 |website=Wikipedia}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Le fa dikgatiso tse di farologaneng tsa dipuo di tshegetswa ka melao ya lefatshe lotlhe jaaka &quot; pono e e sa tseyeng letlhakore &quot;, di farologana mo dintlheng dingwe tsa melao le tiriso, segolobogolo mo go reng a ditshwantsho tse di sa newang teseletso ka kgololesego di ka dirisiwa ka maikaelelo a tiriso e e siameng . &lt;ref name=&quot;WP meta fair use 1&quot; group=&quot;W&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Non-free content |url=https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Non-free_content |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230116024114/http://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Non-free_content |archive-date=January 16, 2023 |access-date=January 27, 2023 |website=Wikimedia Meta-Wiki}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref name=&quot;IBM visual WP 1&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Viégas |first=Fernanda B. |date=January 3, 2007 |title=The Visual Side of Wikipedia |url=https://www.research.ibm.com/visual/papers/viegas_hicss_visual_wikipedia.pdf |journal=Visual Communication Lab, IBM Research |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20061024012919/https://www.research.ibm.com/visual/papers/viegas_hicss_visual_wikipedia.pdf |archive-date=October 24, 2006 |access-date=October 30, 2007}}&lt;/ref&gt; Diteng tsa dikwalo tse di buang ka setlhogo se le sengwe di ka farologana thata magareng ga dipuo, go ikaegile ka gore bakwadi ba dirisa metswedi efe le mabaka a mangwe. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Fians |first=Guilherme |date=September 16, 2025 |title=Wikipedia: Editing the narrative |url=https://www.ciol.org.uk/wikipedia-editing-narrative |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250924020710/https://www.ciol.org.uk/wikipedia-editing-narrative |archive-date=September 24, 2025 |access-date=September 27, 2025 |publisher=[[Chartered Institute of Linguists]]}}&lt;/ref&gt; 

Jimmy Wales o tlhalositse Wikipedia jaaka &quot;maiteko a go tlhama le go anamisa ensaetlolopedia ya mahala ya boleng jo bo kwa godimo jo kgonegang mo mothong mongwe le mongwe mo lefatsheng ka puo ya gagwe&quot;.  Le fa kgatiso nngwe le nngwe ya puo e dira e ikemetse ilka nosi, go dirwa maiteko mangwe a go di okamela tsotlhe. Di golagantswe ka bontlhabongwe ke Meta-Wiki, le wiki ya Mokgatlho wa Wikimedia e e neetsweng go tlhokomela mananeo otlhe a yone (Wikipedia le a mangwe). &lt;ref name=&quot;WP metawiki maintenance 1&quot; group=&quot;W&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Meta-Wiki |url=https://meta.wikimedia.org/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130714061722/https://meta.wikimedia.org/ |archive-date=July 14, 2013 |access-date=March 24, 2009 |publisher=Wikimedia Foundation}}&lt;/ref&gt; Sekai, Meta-Wiki e fa dipalopalo tse di botlhokwa mo dikgatisong tsotlhe tsa puo tsa Wikipedia, &lt;ref name=&quot;WP meta stats 1&quot; group=&quot;W&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Meta-Wiki Statistics |url=https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Statistics |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080326192946/http://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Statistics |archive-date=March 26, 2008 |access-date=March 24, 2008 |publisher=Wikimedia Foundation}}&lt;/ref&gt; gape e tlhokomela lenaneo la dikwalo tse Wikipedia nngwe le nngwe e tshwanetseng go nna le tsone. &lt;ref name=&quot;WP meta articles on all sites 1&quot; group=&quot;W&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=List of articles every Wikipedia should have |url=https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/List_of_articles_every_Wikipedia_should_have |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080321020418/http://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/List_of_articles_every_Wikipedia_should_have |archive-date=March 21, 2008 |access-date=March 24, 2008 |publisher=Wikimedia Foundation}}&lt;/ref&gt; Lenaneo le le amana le diteng tsa kwa tshimologong tsa dithuto: bayokerafi, ditso, dithuto tsa dipopego tsa lefatshe, tsa setšhaba, setso, maranyane, mafaratlhatlha, le dipalo. &lt;ref name=&quot;WP meta articles on all sites 1&quot; group=&quot;W&quot; /&gt; Ga go thona gore dikwalo tse di amanang thata le puo e e rileng di se ka tsa nna le tse di tshwanang le tsone mo kgatisong e nngwe. Sekai, dikwalo tse di buang ka ditoropo tse dinnye kwa United States di ka nna tsa nna teng fela ka Sekgoa, le fa di fitlhelela ditlhokego tse di kgethegileng tsa mananeo a Wikipedia tsa dipuo tse dingwe. 

[[File:User_-_demography.svg|thumb|Palo kakanyetso ya botsaakarolo go tswa mo dikgaolong tse di farologaneng mo lefatsheng lotlhe ka bophara go ya kwa dikgatisong tse di farologaneng tsa Wikipedia &lt;ref name=&quot;PLoS One 2012&quot; /&gt;]]
Dikwalo tse di ranotsweng di emela fela karolo e nnye ya dikwalo mo dikgatisong di le dintsi, ka gore dikgatiso tseo ga di letlelele gore dikwalo di ranolwe ka botlalo mo go itirisang (automated). Dikwalo tse di leng teng ka dipuo tse di fetang bongwe di ka fa &quot;dikgokagano tsa interwiki&quot;, tse di golaganyang le dikwalo tse di tshwanang le tsone mo dikgatisong tse dingwe. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Massa |first=Paolo |last2=Scrinzi |first2=Federico |date=January 4, 2013 |title=Manypedia: Comparing language points of view of Wikipedia communities |journal=[[First Monday (journal)|First Monday]] |volume=18 |issue=1 |doi=10.5210/fm.v18i1.3939 |doi-access=free}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref group=&quot;W&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Manual:Interwiki |url=https://www.mediawiki.org/wiki/Manual:Interwiki |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101203112631/https://www.mediawiki.org/wiki/Manual:Interwiki |archive-date=December 3, 2010 |access-date=January 27, 2023 |website=MediaWiki |publisher=[[Wikimedia Foundation]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Thuto-patlisiso e e gatisitsweng ke ''PLOS One'' ka 2012 le yone e ne ya nna le palo kakanyetso ya dikarolo tsa go nna le seabe mo dikgatisong tse di farologaneng tsa Wikipedia go tswa kwa dikgaolong tse di farologaneng tsa lefatshe. E ne ya bega gore selekanyo sa diphetogo tse di dirilweng go tswa kwa Amerika Bokone e ne e le masome a le matlhano le bongwe mo lekgolong (51%) mo Wikipedia ya Sekgoa, le masome a le mabedi le botlhano mo lekgolong (25%) mo Wikipedia ya Sekgoa e e motlhofo . &lt;ref name=&quot;PLoS One 2012&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Yasseri |first=Taha |last2=Sumi |first2=Robert |last3=Kertész |first3=János |author-link3=János Kertész |date=January 17, 2012 |title=Circadian Patterns of Wikipedia Editorial Activity: A Demographic Analysis |journal=[[PLOS One]] |volume=7 |issue=1 |arxiv=1109.1746 |bibcode=2012PLoSO...730091Y |doi=10.1371/journal.pone.0030091 |pmc=3260192 |pmid=22272279 |doi-access=free |article-number=e30091}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Dipalo tsa bakwadi ba Wikipedia ya Sekgoa ===
Ka Mopitlo a rogwa, 2014, ''The Economist'', mo lekwalong la setlhogo sa &quot;Isago ya Wikipedia&quot;, e ne ya umaka tshekatsheko e e amanang le tshedimosetso e e gatisitsweng ke Mokgatlho wa Wikimedia e e bolelang gore &quot;palo ya bakwadi ba mofuta wa puo ya Sekgoa e wetse tlase ka nngwetharong mo dingwageng di le bosupa.&quot; &lt;ref name=&quot;economist1&quot;&gt;{{Cite news|date=March 1, 2014|title=The future of Wikipedia: WikiPeaks?|newspaper=The Economist|url=https://www.economist.com/news/international/21597959-popular-online-encyclopedia-must-work-out-what-next-wikipeaks|access-date=March 11, 2014}}&lt;/ref&gt; Seelo sa go tlhokafala ga bakwadi ba ba tlhaga mo Wikipedia ya Sekgoa se ne sa umakiwa ke ''The Economist'' jaaka se se farologaneng thata le dipalopalo tsa Wikipedia e e mo dipuong tse dingwe (Wikipedia e e seng ya Sekgoa). ''The Economist'' e ne ya bega gore palo ya ba na le seabe ba ba nang le palogare ya diphetogo di le tlhano kgotsa go feta ka kgwedi e ne e eme golo go le gongwe fa e sale ka 2008 mo Wikipedia ya dipuo tse dingwe, e le bakwadi ba ka nna dikete di masome a mane le bobedi (42 000) mo gare ga dipharologano tse e seng tsa sepe tsa dipaka tsa bakwadi ba ka nna dikete di le pedi go ya kwa godimo kgotsa kwa tlase. Palo ya bakwadi ba ba tlhaga mo Wikipedia ya Sekgoa, fa e bapisiwa mo go tsepameng, e ne ya umakiwa e le kwa setlhoeng ka 2007 e tsamaela dikete di le masome a matlhano (50,000) mme ya wela kwa tlase go nna dikete di le masome a mararo (30,000) kwa tshimologong ya 2014. &lt;ref name=&quot;economist1&quot; /&gt;

Go farologana le seo, tshekatsheko ya Wikipedia ka dipuo tse dingwe (Wikipedia e e seng ya Sekgoa) e supa katlego mo go tshwareng bakwadi ba ba tlhaga ka tsela e e kgonang go ntšhwafadiwa le e e tswelelang, ka dipalo tsa bone di nna di sa fetoge di nna fela fa diketeng di le masome mane le bobedi. Ga gona kakgelo epe e e dirilweng mabapi le maemo a a farologaneng a melao ya bokwadi  mo Wikipedia ka dipuo tse dingwe (Wikipedia e e seng ya Sekgoa) e ka ntshang tsela e nngwe e e kgonegang mo Wikipedia ya Sekgoa go tokafatsa sentle dielo tsa go tlhokafala ga bakwadi mo Wikipedia ya puo ya Sekgoa. &lt;ref name=&quot;economist1&quot;/&gt;

== Kamogelo ==

&lt;sup class=&quot;plainlinks noexcerpt noprint asof-tag update&quot; style=&quot;display:none;&quot;&gt;[https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Wikipedia&amp;action=edit &amp;#x5B; tlhabolola &amp;#x5D;]&lt;/sup&gt;
[[Category:Articles containing potentially dated statements from 2014]]
[[Category:All articles containing potentially dated statements]]  
&lt;ref name=&quot;Jemielniak&quot;/&gt; Ba ba neng ba e sekaseka ba boletse gore Wikipedia e bontsha go tsaya letlhakore ka tsela e e sa siamang .Ka 2010, mokwadi wa ditlhogo le mmegadikgang Edwin Black o ne a tlhalosa Wikipedia e le motswako wa &quot;boammaaruri, bonnete jo bo sa felelang, le maaka mangwe&quot;. &lt;ref name=&quot;EdwinBlack&quot;&gt;{{Cite news|first=Edwin|last=Black|author-link=Edwin Black|date=April 19, 2010|work=[[History News Network]]|publisher=[[Columbian College of Arts and Sciences]]|title=Wikipedia – The Dumbing Down of World Knowledge|url=https://historynewsnetwork.org/article/125437|access-date=October 21, 2014}}&lt;/ref&gt; 

Metswedi e le mmalwa ya dikgang le baitseanape ba beile Wikipedia molato wa go tsaya letlhakore mo megopolong . Motlhami-mmogo wa Wikipedia Larry Sanger, yo o tlogetseng Wikipedia ka 2002 go tlhoma diwebosaete tse di gaisanang, o boletse gore Wikipedia e fetogile &quot;maaka&quot; e phatlalatsa dikgang tsa molema mo sepolotiking mme a tlhagisa gore lefelo le (Wikipedia) ga le sa tlhole le ikanyega.Ka 2022, molwela-kgololesego John Stossel o ne a ntsha mogopolo wa gore Wikipedia, lenaneo le a neng a le tshegetsa ka madi nako nngwe, go ne go lebega le fetogile thata mo tsamaong ya nako mo go tseyeng letlhakore la molema, segolobogolo mo dikgannyeng tsa sepolotiki. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=April 27, 2022 |title=Wikipedia Bias |url=https://www.johnstossel.com/wikipedia-bias/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221209214140/https://www.johnstossel.com/wikipedia-bias/ |archive-date=December 9, 2022 |access-date=January 29, 2023 |website=StosselTV}}&lt;/ref&gt; 

Mo godimo ga moo, beke e le nngwe morago ga go kobiwa ga ga Vibber, WMF e ne ya koba babereki ba le barataro fa e ntse e tswala [[Wikimedia Foundation|setlhopha sa yone sa Community Tech]], mme se sa gakatsa maiteko a go ithola marapo ga bakwadi le go feta. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Greis |first=Friedhelm |date=28 May 2026 |title=Nach Entlassung von Entwicklern: Wikipedia-Autoren drohen mit Streik |trans-title=After dismissal of developers Wikipedia writers threaten strike |url=https://www.golem.de/news/nach-entlassung-von-entwicklern-wikipedia-autoren-drohen-mit-streik-2605-209132.html |url-status=live |access-date=2026-06-15 |website=Golem.de |language=de}}&lt;/ref&gt; Baokamedi ba WMF ba ne ba bolela gore babereki ba Community Tech ba ka dira dikopo tsa maemo a a farologaneng mo mokgatlhong, le gore thulaganyo ya lenaneo la dikeletso e tla rulaganngwa sesha, gape gore WMF e tla amogela lekgotlana le le bonang tshegetso e bontsi go tswa mo babereking. 

Ba bangwe ba ne ba tshwaya diphoso ka tsela e e tshwanang. &lt;ref name=&quot;Orlowski2005&quot;&gt;{{Cite news|last=Orlowski|first=Andrew|date=December 16, 2005|title=Wikipedia science 31% more cronky than Britannica's Excellent for Klingon science, though|url=https://www.theregister.com/2005/12/16/wikipedia_britannica_science_comparison/|access-date=February 25, 2019}}&lt;/ref&gt; 

Moitseanape wa tsa Itsholelo Tyler Cowen o ne a kwala jaana: &quot;Fa ke ne ke ka tshwanelwa ke go akanyetsa gore a Wikipedia kgotsa setlhogo sa lekwalodikgang se se buang ka itsholelo se ka tswa se le boammaaruri morago ga go akanya ka lobaka lo loleele, ke ne ke tla tlhopha Wikipedia.&quot; O akgela ka gore metswedi mengwe ya setso ya dibuka tse e seng tsa dipolelo di na le go tlhoka tekatekano ga thulaganyo, mme maduo a padi tse, go ya ka kakanyo ya gagwe, di begwa go feta selekanyo mo dikwalong tsa dibukana tsa ditshwantsho mmogo le tshedimosetso e botlhokwa e e sa feleletsweng mo dipegong tsa dikgang. Amy Bruckman o nganga gore, ka ntlha ya palo ya basekaseki, &quot;diteng tsa tsebe e e tlwaelesegileng ya Wikipedia tota ke mofuta o o ikanyegang go gaisa wa tshedimosetso o o kileng wa tlhamiwa&quot;. &lt;ref name=&quot;PC 2021&quot;&gt;{{Cite news|last=Stuart|first=S.C.|title=Wikipedia: The Most Reliable Source on the Internet?|url=https://www.pcmag.com/news/wikipedia-the-most-reliable-source-on-the-internet}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ka Lwetse 2022, mmegadikgang wa ''The Sydney Morning Herald'' e bong Liam Mannix o ne a bolela gore: &quot;Ga go na lebaka la go solofela gore Wikipedia e nnete .&amp;nbsp;... Mme le fa go ntse jalo e nnete [go ntse jalo].&quot; 

Batshwayadiphoso ba bolela gore go bo Wikipedia e bulegile le go tlhoka metswedi e e siameng ya bontsi jwa tshedimosetso/kitso go dira gore e se ka ya ikanyega. &lt;ref name=&quot;TNY reliability issues 1&quot;&gt;{{Cite news|last=Schiff|first=Stacy|author-link=Stacy Schiff|date=July 23, 2006|title=Know It All|magazine=[[The New Yorker]]|url=https://www.newyorker.com/magazine/2006/07/31/know-it-all|access-date=January 29, 2023}}&lt;/ref&gt; 

Go tsibogela kgang ya bakwadi ba ba duelwang go bua ka dikgang dingwe le dikgang tsa go bokwadi tse di sa senolwang, Wikipedia e ne ya bega mo lekwalong mo ''The Wall Street Journal'' gore e ne ya nonotsha melao ya yone kgatlhanong le go kwalwa/tlaleletsa mo go sa senolwang. &lt;ref name=&quot;Elder-2014&quot;&gt;{{Cite news|date=June 16, 2014|title=Wikipedia Strengthens Rules Against Undisclosed Editing|magazine=[[The Wall Street Journal]]|url=https://www.wsj.com/articles/BL-DGB-35861|access-date=January 29, 2023}}&lt;/ref&gt; 

Wales o gatelela gore diensaetlolopedia tsa mofuta ope fela gantsi ga di a tshwanela go dirisiwa jaaka metswedi e e ka umakiwang, mme ga go a tshwanela go ikaegiwa ka tsone. 

Setlhopha sa tekeletso se ne sa laelwa go ithuta pele ga ba tla mo ntlwaneng ya borutelo le go bona ditshwaelo ka bonako pele ga ba tsena (mofuta wa ntlwana ya borutelo e e fetotsweng), fa setlhopha sa taolo se ne sa newa ditaelo tse di tlhamaletseng mo ntlwaneng ya borutelo (mofuta o o tlwaelegileng wa mo ntlwaneng ya borutelo). Morago ga moo ditlhopha tse di ne tsa laelwa go dirisana mmogo go tlhama dikwalo tsa Wikipedia, tse di neng di tla bewa matshwao go ya ka boleng morago ga dithutopatlisiso. 

Ka Mopitlo a le malatsi a le matlhano, 2014, Julie Beck, fa a ne a kwalela bukana ya ditshwantsho ya ''The Atlantic'' mo lekwalong le le bidiwang &quot;Motswedi wa #1 wa Dingaka wa Tshedimosetso ya Tlhokomelo le Botsogo: Wikipedia&quot;, o ne a bolela gore &quot;sephatlo mo lekgolong sa dingaka di batla tlhaloso ya malwetsi mo saeteng ya (Wikipedia), mme bangwe ba kwala dikwalo tse ka bobone go tokafatsa boleng jwa tshedimosetso e e leng teng.&quot;  Mo lekwalong le le latelang mo ''The Atlantic'' la Motsheganong a le malatsi a bosupa, ka ngwaga wa 2014, setlhogo se ne se re &quot;A Wikipedia e ka Tsamaya e Nna Mokwalo o o Tlhomameng wa Kalafi?&quot;, Julie Beck o ne a nopola mafoko a ga  James Heilman wa WikiProject Medicine a re: &quot;Gore fela dikgokedi tsa kitso di sekasekilwe ke balekane ga go reye gore ke tsa boleng jo bo kwa godimo.&quot;  Beck o ne a oketsa a re: &quot;Wikipedia e na le thulaganyo ya yone ya go sekaseka ga balekane pele ga dikwalo di ka tlhaolwa jaaka tse di 'siameng' kgotsa tse di 'tlhagisiwang'. Heilman, yo o kileng a nna le seabe mo thulaganyong eo pele, a re kwa tlase ga 'bongwe mo lekgolong' jwa dikwalo tsa kalafi tsa Wikipedia di ne tsa atlega.&quot; &lt;ref name=&quot;theatlantic.com&quot; /&gt;

=== Go akaretsa ditlhogo le go tsaya letlhakore ===

Wikipedia e batla go tlhama tshoboko ya kitso yotlhe ya batho ka sebopego sa ensaetlolopedia ya mo inthaneteng, ka setlhogo sengwe le sengwe se akareditswe ka ensaetlolipedia mo lekwalong le le lengwe. E re ka e na le di-terabyte tsa mafelo a go baya mo disiking, e ka nna le ditlhogo tse dintsi thata go feta tse di ka akarediwang ke ensaetlolopedia epe e e gatisitsweng .  Selekanyo se se tlhomameng le mokgwa wa go akaretsa ditlhogo mo Wikipedia o nna o sekasekwa ke bakwadii ba yone, mme go sa dumalane ga go tlwaelesega (bona go phimola le go akaretsa ). &lt;ref name=&quot;Economist disagreements not uncommon&quot;&gt;{{Cite news|date=March 6, 2008|title=The battle for Wikipedia's soul|newspaper=The Economist|url=https://www.economist.com/printedition/displaystory.cfm?story_id=10789354|access-date=March 7, 2008|issn=0013-0613}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref name=&quot;telegraph WP torn apart 1&quot;&gt;{{Cite news|title=Wikipedia: an online encyclopedia torn apart|newspaper=The Daily Telegraph|date=November 10, 2007|url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/technology/3354752/Wikipedia-an-online-encyclopedia-torn-apart.html|access-date=November 23, 2010}}&lt;/ref&gt; Wikipedia e na le dilo tse batho bangwe ba ka nnang ba di fitlhela di sa amogelesege, di kgopisa kgotsa di na le ditshwantsho tse di fatlhang tsa tlhakanelo dikobo.  Molao wa gore &quot;Wikipedia ga e bipe&quot; ka dinako tse dingwe e itshupile e tsosa dikganetsano: ka 2008, Wikipedia e ne ya gana boikuelo jwa mo inthaneteng kgatlhanong le go akarediwa ga ditshwantsho tsa ga Muhammad mo kgatisong ya Sekgoa ya lekwalo la yone la ga Muhammad, go nopotswe molao o. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20230130231600/https://www.nytimes.com/2008/02/05/books/05wiki.html|date=February 5, 2008|title=Wikipedia Islam Entry Is Criticized|newspaper=[[The New York Times]]|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2008/02/05/books/05wiki.html|access-date=January 30, 2023|issn=0362-4331|archivedate=January 30, 2023}}&lt;/ref&gt; Go nna teng ga ditshwantsho tse di fatlhang tsa tlhakanelo dikobo, ga mmogo le dilo tse di masisi tsa sepolotiki le bodumedi mo Wikipedia go dirile gore di bipiwe ke balaodi ba bosetšhaba kwa China  le Pakistan,  gareng ga mafatshe a mangwe. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Moon |first=Mariella |date=March 12, 2022 |title=Prominent editor of Russian Wikipedia pages detained in Belarus |url=https://www.yahoo.com/now/mark-bernstein-russian-wikipedia-pages-detained-in-belarus-104102452.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220313173559/https://www.yahoo.com/now/mark-bernstein-russian-wikipedia-pages-detained-in-belarus-104102452.html |archive-date=March 13, 2022 |access-date=January 30, 2023 |website=[[Yahoo! Inc. (2017–present)|Yahoo!]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;  &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Arthur |first=Charles |date=December 8, 2008 |title=Wikipedia row escalates as internet watchdog considers censoring Amazon US over Scorpions image |url=http://www.theguardian.com/technology/2008/dec/08/amazon-internet-censorship-iwf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230210114545/https://www.theguardian.com/technology/2008/dec/08/amazon-internet-censorship-iwf |archive-date=February 10, 2023 |access-date=January 30, 2023 |website=[[The Guardian]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Ka thulaganyo ya yone ya &quot;Wikipedia e Rata Metlobo ya dibuka&quot;, Wikipedia e dirisane mmogo le metlobo ya dibuka e metona ya setšhaba di tshwana le Motlobo wa dibuka wa Setšhaba wa New York wa dithuto tsa bodiragatsi go atolosa go akaretsa ga yone ditlhogo le dikwalo tse di sa emelwang sentle. &lt;ref name=&quot;NYT subjects and articles&quot;&gt;{{Cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2011/10/21/theater/editing-wikipedia-at-the-new-york-public-library-for-the-performing-arts.html|title=Wikipedia's Deep Dive Into a Library Collection|last=Petrusich|first=Amanda|work=The New York Times|date=October 20, 2011|access-date=October 28, 2011}}&lt;/ref&gt; Patlisiso nngwe ya 2011 e e dirilweng ke babatlisisi kwa Sekolo sa dithuto tse di kgolwane sa Minnesota e bontshitse gore bakwadi ba banna le ba basadi ba remelela mo dikgannyeng tse di farologaneng tsa bokwadi. Go ne go na le basadi ba le bantsi mo setlhopheng sa &quot;batho le dithuto ysa bodiragatsi&quot;, fa banna ba ne ba remelela thata mo tsa &quot;lefatshe le maranyane&quot;.  Mokwadi mongwe wa ''The Guardian'' ka 2014 o ne a bolela gore go dirilwe maiteko a mantsi go tlamela ka dikgokedi tsa kitso tsa lenaneo la badiragatsi ba basadi ba ditshwantsho tsa tlhakanelo dikobo go na le lenaneo la bakwadi ba basadi . &lt;ref name=&quot;GuardianAugust2014&quot;&gt;{{Cite news|date=August 7, 2018|title=The Guardian view on Wikipedia: evolving truth|work=[[The Guardian]]|url=https://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/2014/aug/07/guardian-view-wikipedia-evolving-truth|access-date=January 31, 2023}}&lt;/ref&gt;

==== Go tsaya letlhakore ga thulaganyo ====
Melao ya Wikipedia e ka nna ya lekanyetsa &quot;bokgoni jwa yone jwa go emela kitso ya lefatshe lotlhe ka boammaaruri&quot;. Ka sekai, Wikipedia e tsaya fela metswedi e e gatisitsweng e le e e ka ikanngwang. Kitso ya molomo ya ditso tsa Setso ga se ka metlha e bonalang mo dikgatisong. Ditlhogo tse di kgaphetsweng kwa thoko le tsone di ka tlhoka go akarediwa thata mo metsweding e e ikanyegang. Ka jalo diteng tsa Wikipedia di lekanyeditswe ka ntlha ya go tlhoka tekatekano mo go tona ga thulaganyo. {{sfn|McDowell|Vetter|2022|pages=37, 38, 47}}

Dithuto tsa thuto tsa Wikipedia di bontshitse gore palogare ya motsaakarolo mo Wikipedia ya Sekgoa ke monna yo mosweu wa Lekgoa yo o rutegileng, yo o nang le tshekamelo ya gore ke lekgoa la monna, wa dingwaga di le lesome le botlhano go ya kwa go di masome a mane le boferabongwe (15–49), go tswa kwa lefatsheng le le tlhabologileng, le bontsi jwa yone e leng la Bokeresete. &lt;ref name=&quot;Livingstone2010&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Livingstone |first=Randall M. |date=November 23, 2010 |title=Let's Leave the Bias to the Mainstream Media: A Wikipedia Community Fighting for Information Neutrality |url=https://www.journal.media-culture.org.au/index.php/mcjournal/article/view/315 |url-status=live |journal=M/C Journal |volume=13 |issue=6 |doi=10.5204/mcj.315 |issn=1441-2616 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221121135911/https://www.journal.media-culture.org.au/index.php/mcjournal/article/view/315 |archive-date=November 21, 2022 |access-date=November 23, 2022 |doi-access=free}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ntlha ya pono e e tsamaelanang (POV) e emetswe go feta selekanyo. &lt;ref name=&quot;Hube2017&quot;&gt;{{Cite book |last=Hube |first=Christoph |date=April 3, 2017 |title=Proceedings of the 26th International Conference on World Wide Web Companion – WWW '17 Companion |publisher=International World Wide Web Conferences Steering Committee |isbn=978-1-4503-4914-7 |location=Republic and Canton of Geneva, CHE |pages=717–721 |chapter=Bias in Wikipedia |doi=10.1145/3041021.3053375 |chapter-url=https://doi.org/10.1145/3041021.3053375}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref name=&quot;Bjork-James-2021&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Bjork-James |first=Carwil |date=July 3, 2021 |title=New maps for an inclusive Wikipedia: decolonial scholarship and strategies to counter systemic bias |journal=New Review of Hypermedia and Multimedia |volume=27 |issue=3 |pages=207–228 |bibcode=2021NRvHM..27..207B |doi=10.1080/13614568.2020.1865463 |s2cid=234286415}}&lt;/ref&gt; Go tlhoka tekatekano mo ga dipalopalo tsa bakwadi go felela go baka gore go nne le go tlhoka tekatekano mo setsong, mo go tseyeng letlhakore mo go tsa bong, le mo Wikipedia . &lt;ref name=&quot;Ackerly-2022&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Ackerly |first=Brooke A. |last2=Michelitch |first2=Kristin |date=2022 |title=Wikipedia and Political Science: Addressing Systematic Biases with Student Initiatives |journal=PS: Political Science &amp; Politics |volume=55 |issue=2 |pages=429–433 |doi=10.1017/S1049096521001463 |s2cid=247795102 |doi-access=free}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book |last=Beytía |first=Pablo |date=April 20, 2020 |title=Companion Proceedings of the Web Conference 2020 |publisher=Association for Computing Machinery |isbn=978-1-4503-7024-0 |series=WWW '20 |location=New York |pages=806–810 |chapter=The Positioning Matters |doi=10.1145/3366424.3383569 |access-date=May 8, 2023 |chapter-url=https://doi.org/10.1145/3366424.3383569 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240428132221/https://dl.acm.org/doi/10.1145/3366424.3383569 |archive-date=April 28, 2024 |url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; Go na le mefuta e mebedi e e anameng ya go tsaya letlhakore, e e ''sa tlhamalalang'' (fa setlhogo se tlogetswe) le ''e e tlhamaletseng'' (fa POV e e rileng e emetswe go feta selekanyo mo lekwalong kgotsa ke dikgokedi tsa kitso). &lt;ref name=&quot;Hube2017&quot; /&gt;

Ditshekatsheko tsa barutegi tsa dikwalo tsa Wikipedia di fitlhetse gore le fa dikwalo di nna di le nnete bile di se na tshedimosetso e e fapogileng, ga di a felela e bile ga di tlhagise dipono tsotlhe ka tsela e e sa tseyeng letlhakore . &lt;ref name=&quot;Ackerly-2022&quot;/&gt; Ka 2011, Wales o ne a bolela gore go sa lekalekane ga kakaretso ya ditlhogo ke sesupo sa palo ya bakwadi, a nopola ka sekai &quot;dibuka tsa botshelo tsa basadi ba ba tumileng mo ditsong le dintlha tse di amanang le tlhokomelo ya bana ba ba sa ntseng ba le bannye&quot;. &lt;ref name=&quot;wiki-women&quot;/&gt; Padi ya Phalane a le malatsi a masome a mabedi, 2013, e e kwadilweng ke Tom Simonite mo ''Tlhatlhobong ya Maranyane'' ya MIT ya setlhogo se se reng &quot; Go wela tlase ga Wikipedia &quot; e ne ya bua ka ditlamorago tsa go tsaya letlhakore ga thulaganyo le go fokotsega ga melawana mo [[Wikipedia|go fokotsegeng ga palo ya bakwadi]] . &lt;ref name=&quot;Simonite-2013&quot;/&gt;

Patlisiso e e dirilweng ke Mark Graham wa Lefelo la Inthanete la Oxford ka 2009 e bontshitse gore go anamisiwa ga ditlhogo tsa dikwalo go ya ka mafelo ga go lekalekane thata, mme Aforika ke yone e e sa emelwang sentle. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Graham |first=Mark |date=November 12, 2009 |title=Mapping the Geographies of Wikipedia Content |url=https://zerogeography.net/post/144973716228/mapping-the-geographies-of-wikipedia-content |url-status=usurped |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161002051150/https://zerogeography.net/post/144973716228/mapping-the-geographies-of-wikipedia-content |archive-date=October 2, 2016 |website=Zerogeography}}&lt;/ref&gt; Mo dikgatisong di le masome a mararo tsa dipuo tsa Wikipedia, dikwalo le dikarolo tsa ditso ka kakaretso di ikaegile ka Yuropa mme di remeletse mo ditiragalong tsa bosheng. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book |last=Strohmaier |first=Markus |date=March 6, 2017 |title=Multilingual historical narratives on Wikipedia |url=https://search.gesis.org/research_data/SDN-10.7802-1411?doi=10.7802/1411 |publisher=[[GESIS – Leibniz Institute for the Social Sciences]] |chapter=KAT50 Society, Culture |doi=10.7802/1411 |quote=Wikipedia narratives about national histories (i) are skewed towards more recent events (recency bias) and (ii) are distributed unevenly across the continents with significant focus on the history of European countries (Eurocentric bias). |access-date=January 31, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230131023846/https://search.gesis.org/research_data/SDN-10.7802-1411?doi=10.7802/1411 |archive-date=January 31, 2023 |url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Diteng tse di masisi ===
Wikipedia e ile ya kgalwa ka ntlha ya go letlelela tshedimosetso ka ga diteng tse di botlha thata. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|last=Maxton|first=Richard|date=September 9, 2008|title=Wikipedia attacked over porn pages|journal=Macquarie Network|url=http://livenews.com.au/Articles/2008/09/09/Wikipedia_attacked_over_porn_pages}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ditlhogo tse di bontshang se batshwayadiphoso bangwe ba se biditseng diteng tse di sa siamang (tse di tshwanang le boloko jwa setho, setopo, serwe sa bonna sa motho, molomo wa serwe sa bosadi, le go nna maponapona) di na le ditshwantsho tse di botlha le tshedimosetso e e feletseng e e ka bonwang motlhofo ke mongwe le mongwe yo o nang le inthanete, go akaretsa le bana.  Lefelo le gape le akaretsa diteng tsa tlhakanelodikobo tse di tshwanang le ditshwantsho le ditshwantsho tsa motshikinyego tsa go itshwaratshwara dirwe tsa tlhakanelodikobo le go rota, ditshwantsho tsa zoophilia, le dinepe tsa difilimi tsa tlhakanelodikobo mo dikwalong tsa lone. Gape le na le dinepe tse e seng tsa thobalano tsa bana ba ba sa aparang . 

Setlhogo sa Wikipedia se se buang ka ''Virgin Killer'' —alebamo ya 1976 ya setlhopha sa mmino wa rock sa Jeremane sa Scorpions —se na le setshwantsho sa khabara ya ntlhantlha ya alebamo eno, se se bontshang mosetsana yo o sa aparang sepe yo o sa ntseng a gola . Khabara ya ntlhantlha e e neng ya gololwa e ne ya baka dikganetsano mme ga bewa e sele mo mafatsheng a mangwe. Ka Sedimonthole 2008, go kgona go bona lekwaloa Wikipedia ''ya Virgin Killer'' go ne ga thibelwa malatsi a le mane ke bontsi jwa batlamedi ba ditirelo tsa Inthanete kwa United Kingdom morago ga gore Mokgatlho wa Internet Watch (IWF) o dire tshwetso ya gore khabara ya alebamo e ne e le setshwantsho se se sa siamang se se seng kafa molaong mme wa tsenya URL ya lekwalo le mo &quot;lenaneong la dikwalo tse di tlositsweng&quot; la tlamela ba ditirelo tsa inthanete kwa Borithane ka lone. &lt;ref name=&quot;Register ISP censorship&quot;&gt;{{Cite news|title=Brit ISPs censor Wikipedia over 'child porn' album cover|first=Cade|last=Metz|newspaper=[[The Register]]|date=December 7, 2008|url=https://www.theregister.co.uk/2008/12/07/brit_isps_censor_wikipedia|access-date=May 10, 2009}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Ka Moranang 2010, Sanger o ne a kwalela Biro ya Dipatlisiso ya Bosetšhaba lekwalo, a tlhalosa matshwenyego a gagwe a gore ditlhopha tse pedi tsa ditshwantsho tse di mo Wikimedia Commons di ne di na le ditshwantsho tsa thobalano tsa bana, mme di ne di tlola molao wa puso wa Amerika wa ditshwantsho tse di leswe . &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|url=https://www.smh.com.au/technology/technology-news/wikipedia-rejects-child-porn-accusation-20100428-tsvh|title=Wikipedia rejects child porn accusation|date=April 29, 2010|work=The Sydney Morning Herald|access-date=May 14, 2017}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref name=&quot;Inquirer child abuse allegations&quot;&gt;{{Cite news|date=April 29, 2010|title=Wikipedia denies child abuse allegations: Co-founder grassed the outfit to the FBI|work=The Inquirer|url=https://www.theinquirer.net/inquirer/news/1603521/wikipedia-denies-child-abuse-allegations|access-date=October 9, 2010|archivedate=May 1, 2010|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20100501174521/http://www.theinquirer.net/inquirer/news/1603521/wikipedia-denies-child-abuse-allegations}}&lt;/ref&gt; Moragonyana Sanger o ne a tlhalosa gore ditshwantsho tse, tse di neng di amana le go tlhakanela dikobo le bana le tse dingwe tse di neng di amana le go tlhakanela dikobo le bana, e ne e se tsa bana ba mmatota, mme o ne a re e ne e le &quot; ditshwantsho tse di leswe tsa go sotlaka bana ka thobalano &quot;, ka fa tlase ga Molao wa PROTECT wa 2003 .  Molao oo o thibela ditshwantsho tsa thobalano tsa bana le dinepe tsa dipopae le ditshwantsho tsa bana tse di fatlhang go ya ka molao wa Amerika .  Sanger o ne a tlhagisa gape matshwenyego a gagwe ka go kgona go bona ditshwantsho tse di mo Wikipedia tse kwa dikolong. &lt;ref name=&quot;TET child porn accusations&quot;&gt;{{Cite news|title=Wikipedia blasts co-founder's accusations of child porn on website|date=April 29, 2010|journal=The Economic Times|url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/infotech/internet/Wikipedia-blasts-co-founders-accusations-of-child-porn-on-website/articleshow/5871943.cms|access-date=April 29, 2010}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Mmueledi wa [[Wikimedia Foundation|Mokgatlho wa Wikimedia]] Jay Walsh o ile a gana kgang ya ga Sanger ka maatla,  a re Wikipedia e ne e se na &quot;dilo tse di ka bonwang di se ka fa molaong. Fa re ne re na le tsone, re ne re tla di tlosa.&quot;  Morago ga ngongorego ya ga Sanger, Wales elne ya phimola ditshwantsho tsa tlhakanelodikobo kwa ntle ga go buisana le morafe wa badirisi. Fa bakwadi ba baithaopi ba sena go nganga gore tshwetso e e dirilwe ka bonako, Wales o ne a ithaopela go tlogela dithata dingwe tse a neng a di tshwere jaaka karolo ya maemo a gagwe a go nna motlhami-mmogo. O ne a kwala mo molaetseng o o yang kwa lenaneong la go romela melaetsa la Mokgatlho wa Wikimedia gore kgato e ne e le &quot;mo kgatlhegong ya go rotloetsa dipuisano ka ga dikgang tsa mmatota tsa filosofi/diteng, go na le go nna ka ga me le ka fa ke tsereng kgato ka bonako ka teng&quot;. &lt;ref name=&quot;BBC News Wales cedes rights&quot;&gt;{{Cite news|url=https://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/technology/10104946.stm|title=Wikimedia pornography row deepens as Wales cedes rights|work=BBC News|date=May 10, 2010|access-date=May 19, 2010}}&lt;/ref&gt; Batshwayadiphoso, ba akaretsa le Wikipediocracy, ba ne ba lemoga gore bontsi jwa ditshwantsho tse di fatlhang tse di phimotsweng mo Wikipedia fa e sale ka 2010 di tlhagile gape. &lt;ref name=&quot;XBIZ&quot;&gt;{{Cite news|date=September 17, 2013|title=Wikipedia Gives Porn a Break|work=XBIZ.com|url=https://newswire.xbiz.com/view.php?id=169017|access-date=November 10, 2013}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Sephiri ===
Matshwenyego mangwe a sephiri mo kgannyeng ya Wikipedia a amana le tshwanelo ya motho ya go nna moagi yo o ikemetseng go na le go nna motho wa setšhaba mo matlhong a molao. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book |last=McStay |first=Andrew |date=2014 |title=Privacy and Philosophy: New Media and Affective Protocol |publisher=[[Peter Lang (publisher)|Peter Lang]] |isbn=978-1-4541-9163-6 |series=Digital Formation |volume=86 |doi=10.3726/978-1-4539-1336-9}}&lt;/ref&gt;{{efn|See [https://web.archive.org/web/20101130081035/https://texaspress.com/index.php/publications/law-media/731-law-a-the-media-in-texas--libel-cases &quot;Libel&quot;] by David McHam for the legal distinction.}} Ke ntwa fa gare ga tshwanelo ya go sa itsiwe mo inthaneteng le tshwanelo ya go sa itsiwe mo botshelong jwa mmatota . Melao ya sephiri ya Mokgatlho wa Wikimedia e bolela gore, &quot;re dumela gore ga o a tshwanela go tlhoka go tlamela ka tshedimosetso ya gore o mang gore o nne le seabe mo mokgatlhong wa kitso ya mahala&quot;, mme e bolela gore &quot;tshedimosetso ya gago&quot; e ka nna ya abelanwa &quot;Ka mabaka a semolao&quot;, &quot;Go Go Sireletsa, Rona le Ba bangwe&quot;, kgotsa &quot;Go Tlhaloganya le go Lekeletsa&quot;. &lt;ref group=&quot;W&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Privacy policy |url=https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Privacy_policy |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230131204008/https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Privacy_policy |archive-date=January 31, 2023 |access-date=February 1, 2023 |website=Wikimedia Foundation}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Ka Ferikgong 2006, kgotlatshekelo ya Jeremane e ne ya laela gore Wikipedia ya Jeremane e tswalwe mo teng ga Jeremane ka gonne e ne e bolela leina ka botlalo la ga Boris Floric, aka &quot;Tron&quot;, yo o neng a tlhasela mo maranyaneng yo o tlhokafetseng. Ka Tlhakole a le malatsi a le boferabongwe, ngwaga wa 2006, taelo e e neng e le kgatlhanong le Wikimedia Deutschland e ne ya menolwa, mme kgotlatshekelo ya gana kgopolo ya gore tshwanelo ya ga Tron ya go nna le sephiri kgotsa ya batsadi ba gagwe e ne e gatakiwa. &lt;ref name=&quot;heise Tron public issue 1&quot;&gt;{{Cite news|last1=Kleinz|first1=Torsten|title=Gericht weist einstweilige Verfügung gegen Wikimedia Deutschland ab [Update]|url=https://www.heise.de/newsticker/meldung/Gericht-weist-einstweilige-Verfuegung-gegen-Wikimedia-Deutschland-ab-Update-173587.html|work=Heise Online|publisher=[[Heinz Heise]]|date=September 2, 2006|language=de}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Wikipedia e na le &quot;  &quot; se se dirisang Znuny, e leng lefelo la sofotewere ya mahala ya motswedi o o bulegileng sa OTRS &lt;ref group=&quot;W&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Volunteer Response Team |url=https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Volunteer_Response_Team |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230202072211/https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Volunteer_response_team |archive-date=February 2, 2023 |access-date=February 1, 2023 |website=Wikimedia Meta-Wiki}}&lt;/ref&gt; go emelana le dipotso ntle le tlhoka go senola maina a batho ba ba amegang. Se se dirisiwa, ka sekai, mo go netefatseng tetla ya go dirisa ditshwantsho le metswedi e mengwe ya dikgang mo lenaneong. &lt;ref group=&quot;W&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=OTRS – A flexible Help Desk and IT-Service Management Software |url=https://www.otrs.com/en/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131030215341/https://www.otrs.com/en/ |archive-date=October 30, 2013 |access-date=June 9, 2012 |website=Open Technology Real Services |publisher=OTRS.com}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Mo bokhutlong jwa Moranang 2023, Mokgatlho wa Wikimedia o itsisitse gore Wikipedia ga e kitla e ineela mo ditlhomamisong dipe tsa dingwaga tse di ka tlhokwang ke molao wa UK wa Molao wa Pabalesego ya Inthanete . Rebecca MacKinnon wa Mokgatlho wa Wikimedia o ne a bolela gore go tlholwa mo go ntseng jalo go tlaa lhulana le boineelo jwa webosaete jwa go kokoanya tshedimosetso e nnye ka batho ba ba tsenyang letsogo le babadi ba yone. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/technology-65388255|title=Wikipedia will not perform Online Safety Bill age checks|work=BBC|date=April 28, 2023|access-date=May 1, 2023}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Kgethololo ya bong ===
Wikipedia e ne ya tlhalosiwa ka 2015 e le lefelo le e nang le setso sa ntwa sa [[Go Tlhaola Batho ka Bong|go tlhaola batho ka bong]] le go tshwenya . &lt;ref name=&quot;Paling&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Paling |first=Emma |date=October 21, 2015 |title=Wikipedia's Hostility to Women |url=https://www.theatlantic.com/technology/archive/2015/10/how-wikipedia-is-hostile-to-women/411619/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221231105811/https://www.theatlantic.com/technology/archive/2015/10/how-wikipedia-is-hostile-to-women/411619/ |archive-date=December 31, 2022 |access-date=October 24, 2015 |website=[[The Atlantic]]}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Auerbach |first=David |date=December 11, 2014 |title=Encyclopedia Frown |url=https://www.slate.com/articles/technology/bitwise/2014/12/wikipedia_editing_disputes_the_crowdsourced_encyclopedia_has_become_a_rancorous.html |url-status=live |journal=Slate |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151023233133/http://www.slate.com/articles/technology/bitwise/2014/12/wikipedia_editing_disputes_the_crowdsourced_encyclopedia_has_become_a_rancorous.html |archive-date=October 23, 2015 |access-date=October 24, 2015}}&lt;/ref&gt; Go lemogiwa ga tiriso ya puo e e sotlang gone ga buiwa fa e le lebaka le le neng la tlhagisiwa ka 2013 la go tlhoka tekatekano ya bong jwa bakwadi Wikipedia. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|last=Murphy|first=Dan|date=August 1, 2013|title=In UK, rising chorus of outrage over online misogyny|work=[[The Christian Science Monitor]]|url=https://www.csmonitor.com/World/Security-Watch/Backchannels/2013/0801/In-UK-rising-chorus-of-outrage-over-online-misogyny|access-date=February 1, 2023}}&lt;/ref&gt; Go nnile le di-Edit-a-thon go rotloetsa bakwadi ba basadi le go oketsa go akaretsa dikgang tsa basadi. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|title=High Museum to host virtual Wikipedia edit-a-thon to boost entries about women|url=https://www.ajc.com/lifestyles/high-museum-host-virtual-wikipedia-edit-thon-boost-entries-about-women/TxxMEMGWHqFfaNMpV8y9DN/|access-date=October 24, 2020}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Ka Motsheganong 2018, mokwadi wa Wikipedia o ne a gana lekwalo le le neng le rometswe ka Donna Strickland ka ntlha ya go tlhoka go begwa mo metsweding ya dikgang. &lt;ref group=&quot;W&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Draft:Donna Strickland |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Draft:Donna_Strickland&amp;oldid=842614385 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230210114656/https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Draft:Donna_Strickland&amp;oldid=842614385 |archive-date=February 10, 2023 |access-date=February 1, 2023 |website=Wikipedia, The Free Encyclopedia |publisher=[[Wikimedia Foundation]]}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref name=&quot;Schlanger-2018&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Schlanger |first=Zoë |last2=Purtill |first2=Corinne |date=October 2, 2018 |title=Wikipedia rejected an entry on a Nobel Prize winner because she wasn't famous enough |url=https://qz.com/1410909/wikipedia-had-rejected-nobel-prize-winner-donna-strickland-because-she-wasnt-famous-enough/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181025085329/https://qz.com/1410909/wikipedia-had-rejected-nobel-prize-winner-donna-strickland-because-she-wasnt-famous-enough/ |archive-date=October 25, 2018 |access-date=February 1, 2023 |website=[[Quartz (publication)|Quartz]]}}&lt;/ref&gt; Dikgwedi di le tlhano morago ga tiragalo e, Strickland o ne a gapa Seetsele sa Nobel mo dithutong tsa Maranyane  gore o na &quot;le ditlhamo tse di tona mo lephateng la Maranyane a laser&quot;, mme a nna mosadi wa boraro go amogela seetsele se. &lt;ref name=&quot;Schlanger-2018&quot; /&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=October 2, 2018 |title=The Nobel Prize in Physics 2018 |url=https://www.nobelprize.org/prizes/physics/2018/press-release/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181002141926/https://www.nobelprize.org/prizes/physics/2018/press-release/ |archive-date=October 2, 2018 |access-date=February 1, 2023 |website=The Nobel Prize}}&lt;/ref&gt; Pele ga a fenya seetsele se, Strickland o ne a umakiwa fela mo Wikipedia mo lekwalong le le neng le bua ka mmereki ka ene le mofenyi-mmogo wa seetsele e bong Gérard Mourou . &lt;ref name=&quot;Schlanger-2018&quot; /&gt; Go kgaphelwa thoko ga gagwe mo Wikipedia go ne ga dira gore Wikipedia e bonwe molato wa go tlhaola batho ka bong, mme Corinne Purtill yo o neng a kwalela ''Quartz'' o ne a bolela gore &quot;gape ke thuto e e tlhamaletseng ka dikotsi tsa go kgetholola ka bong mo metsweding ya dikgang, le ditlamorago tse di anameng tsa go sa emelwe sentle.&quot; &lt;ref name=&quot;Purtill-2018&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Purtill |first=Corinne |date=October 3, 2018 |title=Sexism at Wikipedia feeds off the sexism in the media |url=https://qz.com/1412718/wikipedia-has-a-problem-with-sexism-so-does-the-media/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230201022552/https://qz.com/1412718/wikipedia-has-a-problem-with-sexism-so-does-the-media |archive-date=February 1, 2023 |access-date=February 1, 2023 |website=[[Quartz (publication)|Quartz]]}}&lt;/ref&gt; Purtill o amanya kgang e le go tlhoka tekatekano ga bong mo go begeng ga bobegakgang. &lt;ref name=&quot;Purtill-2018&quot; /&gt;

Patlisiso e e tseneletseng ya 2008, e e gatisitsweng ka 2016, ke Julia B. Bear wa Sekolo sa dithuto tse di kgolwane tsa Kgwebo ya sa Stony Brook le Benjamin Collier wa Sekolo sa dithuto tse di kgolwane sa Carnegie Mellon ba fitlhetse dipharologano tse di tona tsa bong mo go tshepeng boitseanape, go sa phuthologa ga bakwadi, le go tsibogela ditshwaelo tse di botlhokwa. &quot;Basadi ba begile gore ga ba tshepe boitseanape jwa bone, ba tlhagisitse go sa phuthologa mo go tona mo bokwading(se gantsi se akaretsang kgotlhang), mme ba begile maikutlo a a seng molemo thata mo ditshwaelong tse di botlhokwa fa ba bapisiwa le banna.&quot; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |date=January 4, 2016 |title=Where are the Women in Wikipedia ? – Understanding the Different Psychological Experiences of Men and Women in Wikipedia |url=https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s11199-015-0573-y |url-status=live |journal=Sex Roles |publisher=[[Springer Science+Business Media|Springer Science]] |volume=74 |issue=5–6 |pages=254–265 |doi=10.1007/s11199-015-0573-y |s2cid=146452625 |url-access=subscription |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211027122538/https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s11199-015-0573-y |archive-date=October 27, 2021 |access-date=June 27, 2021}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== ''Dikwalo tse di tseneletseng tse di boferabongwe '' ===
''&quot;Dithesis di le boferabongwe&quot;'' di kaya mogopolo wa diphetogo o o gatisitsweng ke Larry Sanger ka Phalane 2025. ''Dithesis tse di boferabongwe'' tsa ga Sanger mo Wikipedia di tlhagisa lenaneo la tshekatsheko e e botlhokwa la diphetogo la Wikipedia. Mogopolo o ke karolo ya maiteko a gagwe a a anameng a go lebagana le se Sanger a se tsayang e le dikgang tsa thulaganyo mo teng ga Wikipedia, tse di akaretsang, go tsaya letlhakore ga megopolo, go tlhoka go nna mo pepeneneng mo maemong a bakwadi, le tsamaiso e e sa direng sentle ya go dira ditshwetso e e theilweng morago ga ditumalano. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2025-10-04 |title=Wikipedia Co-Founder Unveils Plan To Fix Website's Biased 'Engine of Defamation' |url=https://www.nysun.com/article/wikipedia-co-founder-unveils-plan-to-fix-websites-biased-engine-of-defamation |access-date=2026-01-08 |website=The New York Sun |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2025-12-11 |title=Nine Theses on Wikipedia |url=https://larrysanger.org/nine-theses/ |access-date=2026-01-08 |website=LarrySanger.org |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Tsamaiso ==

=== Mokgatlho wa Wikimedia le mekgatlho e e amanang le one ===
[[File:Sue_Gardner_during_her_presentation_at_Wikimania_2013.jpg|thumb|Sue Gardner, mookamedi mogolo wa ntlha, ka 2013 kwa Wikimania]]
Wikipedia e tshwarwa le go tlamelwa ka madi ke [[Wikimedia Foundation|Mokgatlho wa Wikimedia]], e leng mokgatlho o o sa direng dipoelo gape o tsamaisang mananeo a a amanang le Wikipedia tse di tshwanang le Wiktionary le Dibuka tsa Wikipedia . &lt;ref group=&quot;W&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=May 30, 2018 |title=Wikimedia Projects |url=https://wikimediafoundation.org/our-work/wikimedia-projects/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231011065720/https://wikimediafoundation.org/our-work/wikimedia-projects/ |archive-date=October 11, 2023 |access-date=February 1, 2023 |website=Wikipedia, The Free Encyclopedia |publisher=[[Wikimedia Foundation]]}}&lt;/ref&gt; Mokgatlho o o ikaegile ka meneelo ya setšhaba le dithuso tsa madi go duelela ditiro tsa one. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|title=Wikimedia's approach to coronavirus: Staffers can work 20 hours a week, get paid for full time|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/business/2020/03/17/wikimedias-approach-coronavirus-staffers-can-work-20-hours-week-get-paid-full-time/|access-date=February 25, 2021|date=March 17, 2020}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref name=&quot;financialstatements&quot; group=&quot;W&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=October 12, 2022 |title=Wikimedia Foundation, Inc. – Consolidated Financial Statements – June 30, 2022 and 2021 |url=https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/foundation/2/26/Wikimedia_Foundation_FY2021-2022_Audit_Report.pdf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230210114545/https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/foundation/2/26/Wikimedia_Foundation_FY2021-2022_Audit_Report.pdf |archive-date=February 10, 2023 |access-date=June 5, 2016 |publisher=Wikimedia Foundation}}&lt;/ref&gt; Pampiri ya 990 ya Tirelo ya Lotseno ya 2020 e bontsha lotseno lwa $124,60.&amp;nbsp;milione le ditshenyegelo tse e ka nnang tsa $112,200 &amp;nbsp;milione, ka dithoto tse di ka nnang $1 200,20 milione le tse di duelelwang di ka nna $11&amp;nbsp;milione. &lt;ref group=&quot;W&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=May 17, 2022 |title=Wikimedia Foundation 2020 Form 990 |url=https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/foundation/e/e4/Wikimedia_Foundation_2020_Form_990.pdf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220524102009/https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/foundation/e/e4/Wikimedia_Foundation_2020_Form_990.pdf |archive-date=May 24, 2022 |access-date=October 14, 2014 |website=[[Wikimedia Foundation]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Ka Motsheganong 2014, Mokgatlho wa Wikimedia o ne wa bitsa Lila Tretikov jaaka Mookamedi-mogolo wa one wa bobedi wa khuduthamaga, a tsaya marapo a ga Sue Gardner. &lt;ref group=&quot;W&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=May 1, 2014 |title=Press releases/WMF announces new ED Lila Tretikov |url=https://wikimediafoundation.org/wiki/Press_releases/WMF_announces_new_ED_Lila_Tretikov |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140503035438/https://wikimediafoundation.org/wiki/Press_releases/WMF_announces_new_ED_Lila_Tretikov |archive-date=May 3, 2014 |access-date=June 14, 2014 |website=[[Wikimedia Foundation]]}}&lt;/ref&gt; ''The Wall Street Journal'' e ne ya bega ka Motsheganong a le bongwe, 2014, gore dikitso tsa ga Tretikov tsa maranyane, go tswa mo dingwageng tsa gagwe kwa Sekolong sa dithuto tse di kgolwane sa California di naya Wikipedia tshono ya go tlhabologa ka tsela e e tsepameng thata e e kaelwang ke polelo ya gagwe e e boelediwang gantsi ya gore, &quot;Tshedimosetso, fela jaaka phefo, e tlhoka go nna mahala.&quot; &lt;ref name=&quot;Jeff Elder 2014&quot;&gt;{{Cite news|date=May 1, 2014|title=Wikipedia's New Chief: From Soviet Union to World's Sixth-Largest Site|url=https://www.wsj.com/articles/BL-DGB-34824|access-date=February 1, 2023}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref name=&quot;nytimes.com&quot;&gt;{{Cite news|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20230210114542/https://www.nytimes.com/2014/05/02/business/media/open-source-software-specialist-selected-as-executive-director-of-wikipedia.html?_r=0|date=May 1, 2014|title=Media: Open-Source Software Specialist Selected as Executive Director of Wikipedia|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2014/05/02/business/media/open-source-software-specialist-selected-as-executive-director-of-wikipedia.html?_r=0|access-date=February 1, 2023|archivedate=February 10, 2023}}&lt;/ref&gt; Setlhogo sone se sa ''Wall Street Journal'' se ne sa bega ka dikaelo tse tsa tlhabololo go ya ka potsolotso le mmueledi Jay Walsh wa Wikimedia, yo o neng a &quot; re Tretikov o tla rarabolola kgang eo ya ( go duela batho go go buelelela ) e le selo se se tlang pele. 'Tota re kgaratlhela go dira dilo mo pepeneneng .&amp;nbsp;... Re gatelela gore go duela bakwadi go go buelelela ga go amogelesege.' Maiteko a go akaretsa batho ba ba farologaneng ba ba nang le seabe, tshegetso e e botoka ya dipuisano tsa Wikipedia, didirisiwa tse disha tsa lefatshe, go bona diteng tsa selegae bonolo, le didirisiwa tse dintsi tsa badirisi mo lefatsheng la bobedi le la boraro le tsone ke ditlapele&quot;, Walsh o ne a bolela jalo. &lt;ref name=&quot;Jeff Elder 2014&quot; /&gt;

Morago ga go tsamaya ga ga Tretikov mo Wikipedia ka ntlha ya mathata a a amanang le tiriso ya karolo ya &quot;tshireletso e e feteletseng&quot; e mefuta mengwe ya puo ya Wikipedia e e amogetseng, &lt;ref group=&quot;W&quot;&gt;{{Cite news|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20230125043521/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Wikipedia_Signpost/2014-08-13/News_and_notes|date=August 13, 2014|title=Media Viewer controversy spreads to German Wikipedia|url=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Wikipedia_Signpost/2014-08-13/News_and_notes|access-date=February 1, 2023|archivedate=January 25, 2023}}&lt;/ref&gt; Katherine Maher o ne a nna Mookamedi-mogolo wa boraro wa Mokgatlho wa Wikipedia ka Seetebosigo 2016. &lt;ref group=&quot;W&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Lorente |first=Patricio |date=March 16, 2016 |title=Wikimedia Foundation Board of Trustees welcomes Katherine Maher as interim Executive Director |url=https://diff.wikimedia.org/2016/03/16/board-welcomes-katherine-maher/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230210114634/https://diff.wikimedia.org/2016/03/16/board-welcomes-katherine-maher/ |archive-date=February 10, 2023 |access-date=February 1, 2023 |website=Diff |publisher=[[Wikimedia Foundation]]}}&lt;/ref&gt; Maher o ne a bolela gore nngwe ya ditlapele tsa gagwe e tla nna kgang ya go tshwenngwa ga bakwadi e e tlwaelesegileng mo Wikipedia jaaka go supilwe ke lekgotlana la Wikipedia ka Sedimonthole. O boleletse ''Bloomberg Businessweek'' mabapi le kgang ya go tshwenngwa a re: &quot;Go dira gore batho ba akanye gore se ke selo se se tlang pele mo morafeng wa badirisi.&amp;nbsp;... [mme paakanyo eo e tlhoka gore] e tshwanetse go nna go feta go bua fela.&quot; &lt;ref name=&quot;Bloomberg 2016&quot;/&gt;

Maher o ne a nna mokaedi wa khuduthamaga go fitlha ka Moranang 2021. &lt;ref name=&quot;axios&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Salmon |first=Felix |date=February 4, 2021 |title=Exclusive: End of the Maher era at Wikipedia |url=https://www.axios.com/exclusive-the-end-of-the-maher-era-at-wikipedia-c1ed1408-bab7-4308-9407-db093e24c80d.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210204180613/https://www.axios.com/exclusive-the-end-of-the-maher-era-at-wikipedia-c1ed1408-bab7-4308-9407-db093e24c80d.html |archive-date=February 4, 2021 |access-date=April 16, 2021 |website=Axios}}&lt;/ref&gt; Maryana Iskander o ne a tlhomiwa go nna Mookamedimogolo yo o tsenang ka Lwetse 2021, mme a tsaya maemo a ka Firikgong 2022. O ne a bolela gore nngwe ya dilo tse a tla remelelang mo go tsone e tla nna go oketsa kabakanyo mo morafeng wa badirisi ba Wikimedia. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|last=Lima|first=Cristiano|date=September 14, 2021|title=Wikimedia taps leader of South African nonprofit as its next CEO|newspaper=The Washington Post|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/technology/2021/09/14/wikipedia-maryana-iskander-ceo/|access-date=September 14, 2021|issn=0190-8286}}&lt;/ref&gt; Iskander o ne a dira go fitlha ka Firikgong 2026, fa Bernadette Meehan a ne a tsaya marapo a go nna Mookamedimogolo.

Wikipedia gape e engwe nokeng ke mekgatlho le ditlhopha di le dintsi tse di dirisanang le Mokgatlho wa Wikimedia mme di tsamaisiwa ka bonosi, tse di bidiwang [[Wikimedia Foundation|ditlhopha tse di dirisanang le mokgatlho wa Wikimedia]] . Tse di akaretsa dikgaolo tsa Wikimedia (tse e leng mekgatlho ya setšhaba kgotsa e e kwa tlase ga ya setšhaba, jaaka Wikimedia Deutschland le Wikimedia Fora), mekgatlho ya ditlhogo (e e tshwanang le Amical Wikimedia ya setšhaba sa puo ya Se-Catalan ), le ditlhopha tsa badirisi. Ditlhopha tse di tsaya karolo mo go rotloetseng, go tlhabololeng, le go thusa Wikipedia ka madi. &lt;ref group=&quot;W&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Wikimedia chapters |url=https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Wikimedia_chapters |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20051112001834/https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Wikimedia_chapters |archive-date=November 12, 2005 |access-date=February 1, 2023 |website=Wikimedia Meta-Wiki}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Ditiro tsa sofotewere le tshegetso/kemo nokeng ===

Go dira ga Wikipedia go ikaegile ka MediaWiki, e leng sofotewere ya wiki e e itiretsweng, e le ya mahala gape e bulegile se se kwadilweng ka PHP mme se agilwe mo thulaganyong ya polokelo ya tshedimosetso ya MySQL . &lt;ref name=&quot;nedworks database system&quot; group=&quot;W&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Bergsma |first=Mark |title=Wikimedia Architecture |url=https://www.nedworks.org/~mark/presentations/san/Wikimedia%20architecture.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090303204708/https://www.nedworks.org/~mark/presentations/san/Wikimedia%20architecture.pdf |archive-date=March 3, 2009 |access-date=June 27, 2008 |publisher=Wikimedia Foundation}}&lt;/ref&gt; Sofotewere e e akaretsa ditiriso tsa go dira mananeo a tshwana le puo e kgolo, dilo tse di farologaneng, thulaganyo ya go fetoladithempoleite, le go kaela gape URL . &lt;ref group=&quot;W&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=MediaWiki Features |url=https://www.wikimatrix.org/show/mediawiki |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230202020544/https://www.wikimatrix.org/show/mediawiki |archive-date=February 2, 2023 |access-date=February 2, 2023 |website=WikiMatrix}}&lt;/ref&gt; MediaWiki e na le teseletso ka fa tlase ga Teseletso ya Botlhe ya GNU (GPL) mme e dirisiwa ke mananeo otlhe a Wikimedia, ga mmogo le mananeo a mangwe a mantsi a wiki. &lt;ref name=&quot;nedworks database system&quot; group=&quot;W&quot; /&gt; &lt;ref group=&quot;W&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Project:Copyrights |url=https://www.mediawiki.org/w/index.php?title=Project:Copyrights&amp;oldid=262877 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211022061355/https://www.mediawiki.org/w/index.php?title=Project:Copyrights&amp;oldid=262877 |archive-date=October 22, 2021 |access-date=February 2, 2023 |website=MediaWiki |publisher=[[Wikimedia Foundation]]}}&lt;/ref&gt; Kwa tshimologong, Wikipedia e ne e tsamaisiwa mo UseModWiki e e kwadilweng ka Perl ke Clifford Adams (Kgato ya ntlha), e kwa tshimologong e neng e tlhoka CamelCase go dira dikgokagano tsa dikwalo; mofuta wa go dirisa masaka a mabedi se ne sa tsenngwa moragonyana. &lt;ref group=&quot;W&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=UseMod: UseModWiki |url=https://www.usemod.org/cgi-bin/wiki.pl |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20001017191620/http://www.usemod.com/cgi-bin/wiki.pl |archive-date=October 17, 2000 |website=UseModWiki}}&lt;/ref&gt; Go simolola ka Firikgong 2002 (Kgato ya bobedi), Wikipedia e ne ya simolola go dira mo enjeneng ya wiki ya PHP e e nang le polokelo ya tshedimosetso ya MySQL; sofotewere e e ne e direlwa Wikipedia ke Magnus Manske . Sofotewere ya Kgato ya bobedi e ne ya fetolwa gangwe le gape go emelana le tlhokego e e neng e oketsega ka lobelo lo logolo . Ka Phukwi 2002 ( Kgato ya boraro ), Wikipedia e ne ya fetogela kwa sofotewereng ya kokomane ya boraro, e leng MediaWiki, e e neng e kwadilwe ke Lee Daniel Crocker .

Dikatoloso di le mmalwa tsa MediaWiki di tsentswe go atolosa tiro ya sofotewere ya MediaWiki.  Ka Moranang 2005, katoloso ya Lucene &lt;ref group=&quot;W&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Snow |first=Michael |date=April 18, 2005 |title=Internal search function returns to service |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Wikipedia_Signpost/2005-04-18/Lucene_search |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120731211712/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Wikipedia_Signpost/2005-04-18/Lucene_search |archive-date=July 31, 2012 |access-date=February 2, 2023 |website=Wikipedia, The Free Encyclopedia |publisher=[[Wikimedia Foundation]]}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref group=&quot;W&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Vibber |first=Brion |title=[Wikitech-l&amp;#93; Lucene search |url=https://lists.wikimedia.org/pipermail/wikitech-l/2005-April/016297.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130330033506/http://lists.wikimedia.org/pipermail/wikitech-l/2005-April/016297.html |archive-date=March 30, 2013 |access-date=February 26, 2009 |website=[[Wikimedia Foundation]]}}&lt;/ref&gt; e ne ya tsenngwa mo patlong e e diritsweng mo teng ya MediaWiki mme Wikipedia e ne ya fetoga go tswa go MySQL go ya go Lucene go dirisiwa mo patlong. Moragonyana Lucene e ne ya emisediwa ka Patlisiso ya Cirrus e e theilweng mo Patlong ya Elastic . &lt;ref group=&quot;W&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Extension:CirrusSearch |url=https://www.mediawiki.org/wiki/Extension:CirrusSearch |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210413230335/https://www.mediawiki.org/wiki/Extension:CirrusSearch |archive-date=April 13, 2021 |access-date=February 2, 2023 |website=MediaWiki}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ka Phukwi 2013, morago ga go dira diteko tse di tseneletseng tsa beta, katoloso ya WYSIWYG (Se o se Bonang ke se o se fiwang), VisualEditor, e ne ya bulwa gore e dirisiwe ke botlhe. &lt;ref name=&quot;thenextwebve&quot;&gt;{{Cite news|title=Wikimedia rolls out WYSIWYG visual editor for logged-in users accessing Wikipedia articles in English|url=https://thenextweb.com/insider/2013/07/02/wikimedia-rolls-out-its-wysiwyg-visual-editor-for-logged-in-users-accessing-wikipedia-articles-in-english/|access-date=February 2, 2023}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/technology/wikipedia/10196578/Wikipedia-introduces-new-features-to-entice-editors.html|title=Wikipedia introduces new features to entice editors|access-date=August 18, 2013}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref name=&quot;TheEconomistVE&quot;&gt;{{Cite news|url=https://www.economist.com/blogs/babbage/2011/12/changes-wikipedia|title=Changes at Wikipedia: Seeing things|access-date=July 28, 2013}}&lt;/ref&gt; E ne ya ganwa le go tshwaiwa diphoso thata, mme ya tlhalosiwa e le &quot; bonya gape e na le diphoso&quot;. &lt;ref name=&quot;Orlowski, Andrew&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Orlowski |first=Andrew |date=August 1, 2013 |title=Wikipedians say no to Jimmy's 'buggy' WYSIWYG editor |url=https://www.theregister.co.uk/2013/08/01/wikipedians_reject_wysiwyg_editor/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130804115056/http://www.theregister.co.uk/2013/08/01/wikipedians_reject_wysiwyg_editor |archive-date=August 4, 2013 |access-date=August 18, 2013 |website=The Register}}&lt;/ref&gt; Karolo e ne ya fetolwa go tswa mo go tlhopheng go tswa go ya kwa go tlhopheng go tsena morago ga moo. &lt;ref group=&quot;W&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Forrester |first=James |date=April 25, 2013 |title=The alpha version of the VisualEditor is now in 15 languages |url=https://diff.wikimedia.org/2013/04/25/visualeditor-alpha-in-15-languages/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230210114634/https://diff.wikimedia.org/2013/04/25/visualeditor-alpha-in-15-languages/ |archive-date=February 10, 2023 |access-date=February 2, 2023 |website=Diff |publisher=[[Wikimedia Foundation]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Go kwala mo go itirisang ===
Mananeo a dibalamakgolo(dikhompiutara) a a bidiwang di-bot gantsi di ile tsa dirisiwa go dira ditiro tse di motlhofo le tse di boelediwang, tse di tshwanang le go baakanya diphoso tse di tlwaelesegileng jaaka go peleta le mathata a mefuta ya tiriso, kgotsa go simolola dikwalo tse di tshwanang le go tsenya tsa dintlha tse digeographic ka mokgwa o o tlwaelegileng go tswa mo go wa tshedimosetso ya dipalopalo.  &lt;ref name=&quot;meetbots&quot;&gt;{{Cite news|last=Nasaw|first=Daniel|date=July 24, 2012|title=Meet the 'bots' that edit Wikipedia|work=[[BBC News]]|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/magazine-18892510|access-date=February 2, 2023}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|last=Halliday|first=Josh|title=Boot up: The Wikipedia vandalism police, Apple analysts, and more|url=https://www.theguardian.com/technology/blog/2012/jul/26/boot-up-wikipedia-apple|work=[[The Guardian]]|date=July 26, 2012|access-date=September 5, 2012}}&lt;/ref&gt; Mongwe wa bakwadi ba ba neng ba ntsha kganetsano, e bong Sverker Johansson, o ne a tlhama dikwalo ka bot ya gagwe ya Lsjbot, e go neng ga begwa gore e tlhama dikwalo di ka nna dikete di le lesome mo Wikipedia ya Se-Swedish ka malatsi a a rileng. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|date=July 13, 2014|title=For This Author, 10,000 Wikipedia Articles Is a Good Day's Work|url=https://online.wsj.com/articles/for-this-author-10-000-wikipedia-articles-is-a-good-days-work-1405305001|access-date=August 18, 2014}}&lt;/ref&gt; Mo godimo ga moo, go na le di-bot tse di diretsweng go itsise bakwadi ka go itirisa fa ba dira diphoso tse di tlwaelesegileng tsa bokwadi (tse di tshwanang le dinopolo tse di sa tsamaelaneng kgotsa masaka a a sa tshwaneng). &lt;ref group=&quot;W&quot;&gt;{{Cite news|last=Aude|date=March 23, 2009|title=Abuse Filter is enabled|publisher=Wikipedia, The Free Encyclopedia|url=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Wikipedia_Signpost/2009-03-23/Abuse_Filter|access-date=February 2, 2023}}&lt;/ref&gt; Diphetolo tse di supilweng ka maaka ke di-bot e le tiro ya mokwadi yo o kobilweng di ka busediwa ke bakwadi ba bangwe. Bot e e lwantshanang le go senya e rulaganyeditswe go lemoga le go ntsha tshenyo ka bonako. &lt;ref name=&quot;meetbots&quot; /&gt; Di-bot di kgona go supa diphetogo go tswa mo diakhaontong tse di rileng kgotsa mo ditlhopheng tsa diaterese tsa IP, jaaka go diragetse ka nako ya go thuntshiwa ga sefofane sa MH17 ka Phukwi 2014 fa go ne go begwa gore diphetogo di dirilwe ka di-IP tse di laolwang ke puso ya Russia. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=July 21, 2014 |title=MH17 Wikipedia entry edited from Russian government IP address |url=https://www.aljazeera.com/program/the-stream/2014/7/21/mh17-wikipedia-entry-edited-from-russian-government-ip-address |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161116002928/https://stream.aljazeera.com/story/201407211855-0023944 |archive-date=November 16, 2016 |access-date=July 22, 2014 |website=[[Al Jazeera English|Al Jazeera]]}}&lt;/ref&gt; Di-bot mo Wikipedia di tshwanetse go amogelwa pele di tsenngwa mo tirisong.  Go ya ka Andrew Lih, go ne go tla nna thata go akanya ka go atolosiwa ga Wikipedia mo go diragalang gompieno go dira dikadikadike  tsa dikwalo fa go ne go sa dirisiwe di-bot tse di ntseng jalo. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book |last=Lih |first=Andrew |year=2009 |title=The Wikipedia Revolution |publisher=[[Hachette Books]] |isbn=978-1-4013-0371-6 |pages=99–106 |oclc=232977686}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Ka Mopitlo 2026, moemedi wa AI, Tom, o ne a dira diphetogo mo Wikipedia ka fa tlase ga akhaonto ya TomWikiAssist. Akhaonto e e ne ya thibelwa ka ntlha ya go nna bot e e sa amogelweng. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Maiberg |first=Emmanuel |date=March 30, 2026 |title=An AI Agent Was Banned From Creating Wikipedia Articles, Then Wrote Angry Blogs About Being Banned |url=https://www.404media.co/an-ai-agent-was-banned-from-creating-wikipedia-articles-then-wrote-angry-blogs-about-being-banned/ |url-access=registration |access-date=April 12, 2026 |website=[[404 Media]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Ditiro tsa hardwere le tshegetso/kemo nokeng ===
[[File:Wikipedia_webrequest_2022.png|alt=Diagram showing flow of data between Wikipedia's servers.|thumb|Setshwantsho sa lenaneo la thulaganyo go ema ka Phatwe 2022
[[Category:Articles containing potentially dated statements from August 2022]]
[[Category:All articles containing potentially dated statements]]]]

Wikipedia mo bogompienong e dira mo ditlhopheng tse di kgethegileng tsa disefara tsa Linux tse di dirisang tsamaiso ya tiriso ya Debian . &lt;ref group=&quot;W&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Debian |url=https://wikitech.wikimedia.org/wiki/Debian |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210418084905/https://wikitech.wikimedia.org/wiki/Debian |archive-date=April 18, 2021 |access-date=April 9, 2021 |website=Wikitech |publisher=[[Wikimedia Foundation]]}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ka Firikgong a le masome a mabedi, 2013, Wikipedia e ne e fuduseditse lefelo la yone la konokono la tshedimosetso kwa lefelong la Equinix kwa Ashburn, kwa Virginia . &lt;ref group=&quot;W&quot; name=&quot;:0&quot;/&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|url=https://www.datacenterknowledge.com/archives/2013/01/14/its-official-equinix-ashburn-is-wikimedias-home/|title=It's Official: Ashburn is Wikipedia's New Home|first=Jason|last=Verge|access-date=June 5, 2016|date=January 14, 2013}}&lt;/ref&gt; Lefelo la bobedi la tshedimosetso ya tiriso le ne la tlhamiwa ka 2014 kwa Carrollton, Texas, go tokafatsa go ikanyega ga Wikipedia. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Data centers - Wikitech |url=https://wikitech.wikimedia.org/wiki/Data_centers |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230129081929/https://wikitech.wikimedia.org/wiki/Data_centers |archive-date=January 29, 2023 |access-date=October 4, 2025 |website=wikitech.wikimedia.org}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Bergsma |first=Mark |date=May 5, 2014 |title=Wikimedia Foundation selects CyrusOne in Dallas as new data center |url=https://diff.wikimedia.org/2014/05/05/wikimedia-foundation-selects-cyrusone-in-dallas-as-new-data-center/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180715011353/https://blog.wikimedia.org/2014/05/05/wikimedia-foundation-selects-cyrusone-in-dallas-as-new-data-center/ |archive-date=July 15, 2018 |access-date=October 4, 2025 |website=Diff}}&lt;/ref&gt; Mafelo a a  tshedimosetso ka bobedi a dira e le a konokono, mo dipakeng tse di farologaneng, mme e nngwe e dira jaaka ya bobedi ya tshedimosetso. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Switch Datacenter - Wikitech |url=https://wikitech.wikimedia.org/wiki/Switch_Datacenter |access-date=October 4, 2025 |website=wikitech.wikimedia.org}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ka 2017, Wikipedia e ne ya tsenya setlhopha sa go boloka tshedimosetso mo lefelong la Equinix kwa Singapore, e leng la ntlha la mofuta ono kwa Asia. &lt;ref group=&quot;W&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=⚓ T156028 Name Asia Cache DC site |url=https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T156028 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190512040933/https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T156028 |archive-date=May 12, 2019 |access-date=May 12, 2019 |website=Wikimedia Phabricator}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ka 2022, go ne ga bulwa lefelo la go boloka tshedimosetso kwa Marseille, kwa Fora. &lt;ref group=&quot;W&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=⚓ T282787 Configure dns and puppet repositories for new drmrs datacenter |url=https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T282787 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230210114545/https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T282787 |archive-date=February 10, 2023 |access-date=February 2, 2023 |website=Wikimedia Phabricator}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ka 2024, go ne ga bulwa lefelo la go boloka tshedimosetso kwa São Paulo, e leng la ntlha la mofuta o kwa Amerika Borwa. &lt;ref group=&quot;W&quot; name=&quot;Magru&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last= |first= |date=July 26, 2024 |title=The journey to open our first data center in South America |url=https://diff.wikimedia.org/2024/07/26/the-journey-to-open-our-first-data-center-in-south-america/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240921054425/https://diff.wikimedia.org/2024/07/26/the-journey-to-open-our-first-data-center-in-south-america/ |archive-date=September 21, 2024 |access-date=November 29, 2024 |website=Diff |publisher=[[Wikimedia Foundation]]}}&lt;/ref&gt; Go ema ka Ngwanatseele 2024, ditlhopha tsa go boloka di-cache di kwa Amsterdam, kwa San Francisco, kwa Singapore, kwa Marseille le kwa São Paulo. &lt;ref name=&quot;:13&quot; group=&quot;W&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=April 22, 2013 |title=Wikimedia servers |url=https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Wikimedia_servers |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211120023847/https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Wikimedia_servers |archive-date=November 20, 2021 |access-date=January 24, 2023 |website=Wikimedia Meta-Wiki}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref group=&quot;W&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Data centers |url=https://wikitech.wikimedia.org/wiki/Data_centers |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230129081929/https://wikitech.wikimedia.org/wiki/Data_centers |archive-date=January 29, 2023 |access-date=February 2, 2023 |website=Wikitech |publisher=[[Wikimedia Foundation]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Dipatlisiso tsa mo teng le tlhabololo ya tsamaiso ===
Morago ga palo e e golang ya meneelo(madi) e e tsenang ka 2013 e e fetang dinomoro di le supa, &lt;ref name=&quot;Simonite-2013&quot;/&gt; Mokgatlho o o fitlheletse selekanyo sa dithoto tse di bonwang di tshwanelega go akanyediwa ka fa tlase ga melaometheo ya itsholelo ya mokgatlho wa madirelo go supa tlhokego ya go beeletsa gape madi/meneelo mo dipatlisisong le mo tlhabololong ya Mokgatlho. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book |last=Scherer |first=Frederic M. |author-link=Frederic M. Scherer |date=2009 |title=Industrial Market Structure and Economic Performance |url=https://ssrn.com/abstract=1496716 |publisher=Academy for Entrepreneurial Leadership Historical Research Reference in Entrepreneurship, [[University of Illinois at Urbana–Champaign]] |ssrn=1496716 |access-date=February 2, 2023 |orig-date=1970 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240428132257/https://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=1496716 |archive-date=April 28, 2024 |url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; Mananeo a mabedi a dipatlisiso tse di ntseng jalo tsa mo teng le tlhabololo a nnile tlhamo ya Modiri wa Ditshwantsho le thebo ya &quot;Ke a leboga&quot; e e fitlhelwang mo ditsong tsa go kwala, tse di neng tsa tlhamiwa go tokafatsa mathata a go lapisega ga mokwadi. &lt;ref name=&quot;Simonite-2013&quot; /&gt; &lt;ref name=&quot;Orlowski, Andrew&quot;/&gt; Dipalo kakanyetso tsa go beeletsa gape ke mekgatlho ya madirelo mo dipatlisisong tsa mo teng le tlhabololo di ne tsa ithutiwa ke Adam Jaffe, yo o kwadileng gore go ne go tshwanetse go laolwa selekanyo sa 4% go ya go 25% ka ngwaga, ka maranyane a maemo a a kwa godimo se se tlhokang seelo se se kwa godimo sa tshegetso ka go beeletsa gape mo mokgatlhong. &lt;ref name=&quot;Trajtenberg-2002&quot;&gt;{{Cite book |last=Trajtenberg |first=Manuel |year=2002 |title=Patents, Citations, and Innovations: A Window on the Knowledge Economy |url=https://direct.mit.edu/books/book/2593/Patents-Citations-and-InnovationsA-Window-on-the |last2=Jaffe |first2=Adam B. |publisher=[[MIT Press]] |isbn=978-0-262-27623-8 |pages=89–153 |doi=10.7551/mitpress/5263.001.0001 |access-date=February 2, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230202174803/https://direct.mit.edu/books/book/2593/Patents-Citations-and-InnovationsA-Window-on-the |archive-date=February 2, 2023 |url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ka maemong a 2013 a meneelo ya Wikimedia e kwadilwe jaaka e le didolara di le dikadikadike di le masome a mane ke botlhano, &lt;ref group=&quot;W&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Peters |first=David |last2=Walsh |first2=Jay |year=2013 |title=Wikimedia Foundation 2012–13 Annual Report |url=https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/c/ce/Wmf_AR12_v11_SHIP_2pp_hyper_14jan14.pdf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230210114540/https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/c/ce/Wmf_AR12_v11_SHIP_2pp_hyper_14jan14.pdf |archive-date=February 10, 2023 |access-date=February 2, 2023 |website=[[Wikimedia Foundation]]}}&lt;/ref&gt; selekanyo sa tekanyetso se se badilweng se se akantshitsweng ke Jaffe sa go beeletsa gape mo dipatlisisong le mo tlhabololong se fa gare ga didolara di le 1.8.&amp;nbsp;dimilione le 11.3&amp;nbsp; milione ka ngwaga. &lt;ref name=&quot;Trajtenberg-2002&quot; /&gt; Ka 2019, selekanyo sa meneelo se ne sa begwa ke Mokgatlho wa Wikimedia gore ke didikadike tsa di dolara di le lekgolo le masome a mabedi ka ngwaga, &lt;ref group=&quot;W&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |year=2020 |title=2019 to 2020 Annual Report – Statement of Activities – Audited (July 1, 2019 – June 30, 2020) |url=https://wikimediafoundation.org/about/annualreport/2020-annual-report/financials/#section-2 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230202174803/https://wikimediafoundation.org/about/annualreport/2020-annual-report/financials/#section-2 |archive-date=February 2, 2023 |access-date=February 2, 2023 |website=[[Wikimedia Foundation]]}}&lt;/ref&gt; go tlhabolola dipalokakanyetso tsa ga Jaffe tsa maemo a a kwa godimo a tshegetso go nna magareng ga dimilione di le $3.08 le 19,2&amp;nbsp;milione ka ngwaga. &lt;ref name=&quot;Trajtenberg-2002&quot; /&gt;[[File:Wikipedia_Library_owl.svg|alt=Wikipedia Library logo|thumb|Sekano sa motlobo wa dibuka wa Wikipedia]]
=== Dikgatiso tsa dikgang tse di mo teng ===
Mananeo a le mantsi a Wikimedia a na le dikgatiso tsa dikgang tsa mo teng. Lekwalodikgang la mo inthaneteng la [[Wikimedia Foundation|Wikimedia]] ''la The Signpost'' le ne la tlhongwa ka 2005 ke Michael Snow, motsamaisi wa Wikipedia yo o neng a tla nna leloko la khuduthamaga ya batlhokomedi ba Mokgatlho wa Wikimedia ka 2008. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=McCarthy |first=Caroline |date=July 18, 2008 |title=Wikimedia Foundation edits its board of trustees |url=https://www.cnet.com/culture/wikimedia-foundation-edits-its-board-of-trustees/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160301224408/https://www.cnet.com/news/wikimedia-foundation-edits-its-board-of-trustees/ |archive-date=March 1, 2016 |access-date=February 2, 2023 |website=[[CNET]]}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|archiveurl=Noam Cohen}}&lt;/ref&gt; Kgatiso e e akaretsa dikgang le ditiragalo go tswa kwa Wikipedia ya Sekgoa, Mokgatlho wa Wikimedia, le [[Wikimedia Foundation|mananeo a mangwe a Wikipedia]] . 

=== Motlobo wa dibuka wa Wikipedia ===
Bakwadi ba Wikipedia ka dinako tse dingwe ba sokola go fitlhelela metswedi e e duelwang e e tlhokegang go tokafatsa dikwalo. {{sfn|McDowell|Vetter|2022|page=64}}Motlobo wa dibuka wa Wikipedia ke motswedi wa bakwadi ba Wikipedia o o nayang phitlhelelo ya mahala ya dikgatiso tse dintsi tsa mo maranyaneng, gore ba kgone go leba le go di nopola fa ba ntse ba kwala mo ensaetlolopedieng . &lt;ref name=&quot;orlowitz&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Orlowitz |first=Jake |date=January 2018 |title=The Wikipedia Library: the biggest encyclopedia needs a digital library and we are building it |url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/327963422 |url-status=live |journal=JLIS.it |volume=9 |issue=3 |doi=10.4403/jlis.it-12505 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240428132509/https://www.researchgate.net/publication/327963422_The_wikipedia_library_The_biggest_encyclopedia_needs_a_digital_library_and_we_are_building_it |archive-date=April 28, 2024 |access-date=February 2, 2023 |via=[[ResearchGate]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;  Bagatisi ba feta masome a marataro ba tlhophile go dirisana mmogo le motlobo wa dibuka wa Wikipedia go tlamela ka phitlhelelo ya didirisiwa tsa bone: fa ICE Publishing e ne ya kopana go dira le bone ka 2020, mmueledi o ne a re &quot;Ka go kgontsha bakwadi ba Wikipedia go fitlhelela  diteng tsa rona mahala, re solofela go tsweledisa pele didirisiwa tse morafe o wa batlisisi ba di didirisang- ba kwala le go baakanya dikwalo tsa ditlhogo tsa Civil Engineering tse di balwang ke babadi ba le diketekete kgwedi le kgwedi.&quot; &lt;ref name=&quot;hall&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Hall |first=Sam |date=June 24, 2020 |title=ICE Publishing partners with The Wikipedia Library |url=https://www.icevirtuallibrary.com/page/ice-news/106-wikipedia-library |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221113161530/https://www.icevirtuallibrary.com/page/ice-news/106-wikipedia-library |archive-date=November 13, 2022 |access-date=October 26, 2021 |website=ICE Virtual Library}}&lt;/ref&gt;


== Refferences ==
&lt;references /&gt;

== Phitlhelelo ya diteng ==

=== Teseletso ya diteng ===
Fa lenaneo le le simololwa ka 2001, mafoko otlhe mo Wikipedia a ne a akarediwa ke GNU Free Documentation License (GFDL), e leng teseletso ya Copyleft e e letlang go anamisiwa gape, go tlhamiwa ga dibuka tse di tswang mo go yone, le go dirisiwa ga diteng ga kgwebo fa bakwadi ba ntse ba na le tshwanelo ya tiro ya bone.  GFDL e diretswe dibukana tsa tiriso tsa sofotewere tse di tlang le mananeo asofotewere ya mahala tse di nang le teseletso ka fa tlase ga GPL . Se se dirile gore e nne tshwetso e e bokoa ya bukana ya tshupiso ka kakaretso: ka sekai, GFDL e tlhoka gore dikgatiso gape tsa didirisiwa go tswa mo Wikipedia di tle le moriti o o feletseng ya mokwalo wa GFDL. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Frequently Asked Questions about the GNU Licenses |url=https://www.gnu.org/licenses/gpl-faq.en.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220318014154/https://www.gnu.org/licenses/gpl-faq.en.html |archive-date=March 18, 2022 |access-date=February 2, 2023 |website=GNU Operating System |publisher=[[Free Software Foundation]]}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ka Sedimonthole 2002, go ne ga gololwa teseletso ya Creative Commons ; e ne e diretswe ditiro tsa botlhami ka kakaretso, e seng fela dibukana tsa tiriso tsa sofotewere. Lenaneo la Wikipedia le ne la batla go fetogela kwa Creative Commons. &lt;ref name=&quot;WPF switch to CC&quot; group=&quot;W&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Vermeir |first=Walter |date=December 1, 2007 |title=Resolution:License update |url=https://wikimediafoundation.org/wiki/Resolution:License_update |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110903084619/http://wikimediafoundation.org/wiki/Resolution:License_update |archive-date=September 3, 2011 |access-date=December 4, 2007 |website=Wikimedia Foundation}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ka gore GFDL le Creative Commons di ne di sa tsamaisane, ka Ngwanatseele 2008, morago ga kopo ya lenaneo, Mokgatlho wa Sofotewere ya Mahala (FSF) o ne wa golola mofuta o mosha wa GFDL o o neng o diretswe ka tlhamalalo go letla Wikipedia go naya CC BY-SA teseletso ya diteng tsa yone ka Phatwe 1, 2009  Ka Moranang 2009, Wikipedia le mananeo a yone a dingwe di ne tsa tshwara referantamo ya baagi botlhe, e e neng ya dira tshwetso ya go fetola ka Seetebosigo 2009.  &lt;ref name=&quot;MW licensing QA&quot; group=&quot;W&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Licensing update/Questions and Answers |url=https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Licensing_update/Questions_and_Answers |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200716170801/https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Licensing_update/Questions_and_Answers |archive-date=July 16, 2020 |access-date=February 15, 2009 |website=Wikimedia Meta-Wiki}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref name=&quot;MW licensing timeline 1&quot; group=&quot;W&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Licensing_update/Timeline |url=https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Licensing_update/Timeline |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220817062932/https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Licensing_update/Timeline |archive-date=August 17, 2022 |access-date=April 5, 2009 |website=Wikimedia Meta-Wiki}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref name=&quot;WP blog license migration&quot; group=&quot;W&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Walsh |first=Jay |date=May 21, 2009 |title=Wikimedia community approves license migration |url=https://diff.wikimedia.org/2009/05/21/wikimedia-community-approves-license-migration |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210113042618/https://diff.wikimedia.org/2009/05/21/wikimedia-community-approves-license-migration/ |archive-date=January 13, 2021 |access-date=May 21, 2009 |website=Diff |publisher=[[Wikimedia Foundation]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Go tshwarwa ga dithoto tsa ditshwantsho (sekai, dithoto tsa dinepe) go a farologana go ralala dikgatiso tsa puo. Dikgatiso tse dingwe tsa puo, jaaka Wikipedia ya Sekgoa, di akaretsa dithoto tsa ditshwantsho tse e seng tsa mahala ka fa tlase ga thuto ya tiriso e e siameng, &lt;ref group=&quot;W&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Wikipedia:Non-free content |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Non-free_content |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230127162916/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Non-free_content |archive-date=January 27, 2023 |access-date=February 2, 2023 |website=Wikipedia, The Free Encyclopedia |publisher=[[Wikimedia Foundation]]}}&lt;/ref&gt; fa tse dingwe di tlhophile go se dire jalo, bontlhabongwe jwa lebaka e le ka ntlha ya go tlhoka dithuto tsa tiriso e e siameng mo mafatsheng a bone (sekai, mo molaong wa ditshwanelo tsa botlhami wa Japane ). Dithoto tsa ditshwantsho/bobegadikgang tse di akareditsweng ke diteseletso tsa diteng tsa mahala (sekai, Creative Commons ' CC BY-SA ) di abelanwa go ralala dikgatiso tsa puo ka polokelo ya Wikimedia Commons, e leng lenaneo le le tsamaisiwang ke Mokgatlho wa Wikimedia. &lt;ref group=&quot;W&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Commons:Fair use |url=https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Commons:Fair_use |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230131061136/https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Commons:Fair_use |archive-date=January 31, 2023 |access-date=February 2, 2023 |website=Wikipedia, The Free Encyclopedia |publisher=[[Wikimedia Commons]]}}&lt;/ref&gt; Go amogela ga Wikipedia ga melao e e farologaneng ya boditšhabatšhaba ya ditshwanelo tsa botlhami mabapi le ditshwantsho go dirile gore bangwe ba lemoge gore go akaretsa ga yone ga dikgang tsa dinepe go saletse kwa morago ga boleng jwa mokwalo wa ensaetlolopedia e. &lt;ref name=&quot;NYT photos on WP&quot;&gt;{{Cite news|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20130308110221/http://www.nytimes.com/2009/07/20/arts/20funny.html|title=Wikipedia May Be a Font of Facts, but It's a Desert for Photos|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2009/07/20/arts/20funny.html|access-date=March 9, 2013|archivedate=March 8, 2013}}&lt;/ref&gt; Mokgatlho wa Wikimedia ga se moabi wa diteseletso tsa diteng mo Wikipedia kgotsa mananeo a a amanang le one mme ke tirelo fela ya go amogela batho ba ba nang le seabe mo Wikipedia le ba ba o nayang diteseletso, e leng maemo a a neng a sirelediwa ka katlego ka 2004 kwa kgotlatshekelo kwa Fora. &lt;ref name=&quot;reuters French defamation case&quot;&gt;{{Cite news|title=Wikipedia cleared in French defamation case|url=https://www.reuters.com/article/internetNews/idUSL0280486220071102|access-date=November 2, 2007}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref name=&quot;ars tech WP dumb suing case&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Anderson |first=Nate |date=May 2, 2008 |title=Dumb idea: suing Wikipedia for calling you &quot;dumb&quot; |url=https://arstechnica.com/news.ars/post/20080502-dumb-idea-suing-wikipedia-for-calling-you-dumb.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110806121938/http://arstechnica.com/tech-policy/news/2008/05/dumb-idea-suing-wikipedia-for-calling-you-dumb.ars |archive-date=August 6, 2011 |access-date=May 4, 2008 |website=[[Ars Technica]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Mefuta ya phitlhelelo ===
Ka gore diteng tsa Wikipedia di anamisiwa ka fa tlase ga teseletso e e bulegileng, mongwe le mongwe o ka di dirisa gape kgotsa a di anamisa gape ntle le go duedisiwa.  Diteng tsa Wikipedia di gatisitswe ka mefuta e le mentsi, mo inthaneteng le kwa ntle ga inthanete, kwa ntle ga webosaete ya Wikipedia.

Go na le diketekete tsa &quot; mafelo a a tshwanang &quot; a a gatisang gape diteng go tswa mo Wikipedia; tse pedi tse di tlhageletseng tse gape di akaretsang diteng tse di tswang mo metsweding e mengwe ke Reference.com le Answers.com . &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Reference.com Expands Content by Adding Wikipedia Encyclopedia to Search Capabilities |url=http://www.lexico.com/about/pr20050915.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090225094122/http://www.lexico.com/about/pr20050915.html |archive-date=February 25, 2009 |website=Lexico Publishing Group, LLC}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Definition of Answers.com |url=https://www.pcmag.com/encyclopedia/term/answerscom |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230203151141/https://www.pcmag.com/encyclopedia/term/answerscom |archive-date=February 3, 2023 |access-date=February 3, 2023 |website=[[PCMag]]}}&lt;/ref&gt; Sekai se sengwe ke Wapedia, e e neng ya simolola go bontsha diteng tsa Wikipedia ka mofuta o o siametseng tiriso ya mogala wa letheka  pele ga Wikipedia ka boyone e dira jalo. &lt;ref name=&quot;:16&quot; group=&quot;W&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Seifi |first=Joe |date=August 27, 2007 |title=Wapedia review |url=https://appsafari.com/utilities/1144/wapedia/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220423185926/https://appsafari.com/utilities/1144/wapedia/ |archive-date=April 23, 2022 |access-date=February 2, 2023 |website=appSafari}}&lt;/ref&gt; Dienjini dingwe tsa patlo tsa webo di dirisa diteng tsa Wikipedia ka tsela e e kgethegileng fa di bontsha maduo a patlo: dikai tsa tsone di akaretsa Microsoft Bing ( ka maranyane a a tserweng mo Powerset )  le DuckDuckGo .

Dikokoanyo tsa dikwalo tsa Wikipedia di gatisitsee mo disking tsa pono . Mofuta wa Sekgoa o o neng wa gololwa ka 2006 o ne o na le dikwalo di ka nna dikete di le pedi. &lt;ref group=&quot;W&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Wikipedia 0.5 available on a CD-ROM |url=http://www.wikipediaondvd.com/site.php |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130602060411/http://www.wikipediaondvd.com/site.php |archive-date=June 2, 2013 |website=Wikipedia On DVD}}&lt;/ref&gt; Mofuta wa puo ya Se-Polish go tloga ka 2006 o na le dikwalo di ka nna dikete di le makgolo a mabedi le masome a le mane, &lt;ref name=&quot;WM polish WP on dvd&quot; group=&quot;W&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Polish Wikipedia on DVD |url=https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Polska_Wikipedia_na_DVD_%28z_Helionem%29/en |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221229040017/https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Polska_Wikipedia_na_DVD_(z_Helionem)/en |archive-date=December 29, 2022 |access-date=December 26, 2008 |website=Wikimedia Meta-Wiki}}&lt;/ref&gt; mofuta wa puo ya Sejeremane go tloga ka 2007/2008 o na le dikwalo di feta dikete di le makgolo a le marataro le masome a mabedi,  mme mofuta wa puo ya Sepanishe go tloga ka 2011 o na le dikwalo di le dikete di le makgolo a le boferabobedi le masome a le boferabobedi le borataro. &lt;ref group=&quot;W&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=¿Qué es la CDPedia? |url=http://python.org.ar/pyar/Proyectos/CDPedia |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110702023520/http://python.org.ar/pyar/Proyectos/CDPedia |archive-date=July 2, 2011 |website=Py Ar |language=es}}&lt;/ref&gt; Mo godimo ga moo, &quot;Wikipedia ya Dikolo&quot;, motseletsele wa di-CD / di-DVD tsa Wikipedia tse di dirilweng ke Wikipedia le SOS Children, ke di tlhophilweng mahala go tswa mo Wikipedia e e diretsweng thuto ya bana ba dingwaga di le boferabobedi go ya go di le lesome le bosupa. &lt;ref group=&quot;W&quot;&gt;{{Cite news|title=2008–09 Wikipedia for Schools goes online|url=https://en.wikinews.org/wiki/2008-09_Wikipedia_for_Schools_goes_online}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Go nnile le maiteko a go tsenya karolwana e e tlhophilweng ya dikwalo tsa Wikipedia mo sebopegong sa buka e e gatisitsweng. &lt;ref name=&quot;WP into books 1&quot;&gt;{{Cite news|title=Wikipedia turned into book|url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/newstopics/howaboutthat/5549589/Wikipedia-turned-into-book.html|access-date=February 3, 2023}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref name=&quot;WP schools selection 1&quot; group=&quot;W&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Wikipedia Selection for Schools |url=https://schools-wikipedia.org |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120804093730/https://schools-wikipedia.org/ |archive-date=August 4, 2012 |access-date=July 14, 2012 |website=Wikipedia, The Free Encyclopedia |publisher=[[Wikimedia Foundation]]}}&lt;/ref&gt; Fa e sa le ka 2009, dibuka di le dikete di le masomesome tse di gatisitsweng fa di batliwa tse di thusitseng go dirwa ga dikwalo tsa Wikipedia tsa Sekgoa, Sejeremane, Se-Russia le Sefora di ile tsa gatisiwa ke kompone ya Amerika ya Books LLC le ke dikompone tse tharo tse di potlana tsa kwa Mauritius tsa mogatisi wa Jeremane  VDM . 

Webosaete ya DBpedia, e e simolotsweng ka 2007, e ntsha tshedimosetso mo mabokosong a tshedimosetso le mo dipolelong tsa ditlhopha tsa Wikipedia ya puo ya Sekgoa. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Bizer |first=Christian |last2=Lehmann |first2=Jens |last3=Kobilarov |first3=Georgi |last4=Auer |first4=Sören |last5=Becker |first5=Christian |last6=Cyganiak |first6=Richard |last7=Hellmann |first7=Sebastian |date=September 2009 |title=DBpedia – A crystallization point for the Web of Data |journal=Journal of Web Semantics |volume=7 |issue=3 |pages=154–165 |citeseerx=10.1.1.150.4898 |doi=10.1016/j.websem.2009.07.002 |s2cid=16081721}}&lt;/ref&gt; Wikimedia e tlhamile lenaneo la Wikidata ka maikaelelo a a tshwanang a go boloka dintlha tsa motheo go tswa mo tsebeng nngwe le nngwe ya Wikipedia le mananeo a mangwe a Mokgatlho wa Wikimedia le go e dira gore e nne teng ka sebopego sa bokao jo bo ka bodiwang, jwa RDF . &lt;ref group=&quot;W&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Wikidata:Introduction |url=https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Wikidata:Introduction |access-date=February 3, 2023 |website=Wikidata |publisher=[[Wikimedia Foundation]]}}&lt;/ref&gt; Go ema ka Tlhakole 2013, e na le diteng tse di fetang didikadike di le lesome. &lt;ref group=&quot;W&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Wikidata:Statistics |url=https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Wikidata:Statistics |access-date=February 3, 2023 |website=Wikidata |publisher=[[Wikimedia Foundation]]}}&lt;/ref&gt; WikiReader ke sediriswa se se kgethegileng se se balelang kwa godimo se se nang le moriti wa Wikipedia o o seng mo inthaneteng, e e neng ya simolodisawa ke OpenMoko mme ya gololwa la ntlha ka 2009. &lt;ref group=&quot;W&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Moeller |first=Erik |date=October 13, 2009 |title=OpenMoko Launches WikiReader |url=https://diff.wikimedia.org/2009/10/13/openmoko-launches-wikireader/ |access-date=January 19, 2023 |website=Diff |publisher=[[Wikimedia Foundation]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Go tsaya diteng tsotlhe tsa Wikipedia gore di dirisiwe gape go na le dikgwetlho, ka gore go dira ditshwantsho tse di tshwanang ka tlhamalalo ka Web crawler ga go rotloediwe. Wikipedia e gatisa &quot; dithotobolo &quot; tsa diteng tsa yone, mme tse ke tsa mafoko fela; go ema ka 2023  ga go na thotobolo e e leng teng ya ditshwantsho tsa Wikipedia. &lt;ref name=&quot;WP image data dumps 1&quot; group=&quot;W&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Data dumps/What's available for download |url=https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Data_dumps/What%27s_available_for_download |access-date=February 3, 2023 |website=Wikimedia Meta-Wiki}}&lt;/ref&gt; [[Wikimedia Foundation|Kgwebo ya Wikimedia]] ke tharabololo ya go dira dipoelo ka se. 

Dipuo di le mmalwa tsa Wikipedia le tsone di na le tafole ya dikgang, e mo go yone baithaopi ba arabang dipotso tse di bodiwang ke setšhaba. Go ya ka patlisiso e e dirilweng ke Pnina Shachaf mo ''Journal of Documentation'', boleng jwa tafole ya dikgang ya Wikipedia bo ka bapisiwa le tafole ya dikgang ya motlobo wa dibuka e e tlwaelesegileng, ka bonnete jwa masome a matlhano le botlhano mo lekgolong. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Shachaf |first=Pnina |date=October 16, 2009 |title=The paradox of expertise: is the Wikipedia Reference Desk as good as your library? |url=http://eprints.rclis.org/20329/1/Paradox%20of%20expertise-final.pdf |journal=Journal of Documentation |volume=65 |issue=6 |pages=977–996 |doi=10.1108/00220410910998951}}&lt;/ref&gt;

==== Phitlhelelo ka mogala wa letheka ====

[[File:Wikipedia_on_Mobile_screenshot_(2024)_(cropped).png|thumb|Mogala wa letheka o o bontshang Tsebekgolo ya Wikipedia ya Sekgoa ka Phalane malatsi a le mabedi, 2024]]
[[File:Wikipedia_page_views_by_device_type.webp|thumb|Dipono tsa tsebe ya Wikipedia go ya ka lefelo]]
Sedirisiwa sa ntlha sa Wikipedia e ne e le gore badirisi ba kgone go bala le go kwaditeng tsa yone ba dirisa sedirisiwa fela sa patlo se se tlwaelesegileng sa webo ka kgolagano e e tlhomameng ya inthanete . Le fa diteng tsa Wikipedia di ntse di fitlhelelwa ka webo ya mogala wa letheka fa e sale ka Phukwi 2013, ''The New York Times'' ka Tlhakole 9, 2014, e ne ya nopola Erik Möller, mothusa mookamedi wa Mokgatlho wa Wikimedia, e bolela gore phetogo ya pharakano ya inthanete go tswa mo dikhompiutareng go ya kwa megaleng ya letheka e ne e le tona e bile e le selo se se bakang matshwenyego. Setlhogo sa ''The New York Times'' se ne sa bega dipalopalo tsa tshwantshanyo tsa diphetogo tse di dirwang ka mogala wa letheka a bolela gore, &quot;Ke palo ya masome a le mabedi mo lekgolong ya babadi ba Wikipedia ya puo ya Sekgoa ba ba balang dikwalo ka megala ya letheka, palo e e kwa tlase thata go na le palo ya pharakano megala ya letheka mo mafelong a mangwe a bobegakgang, a bontsi jwa one a tsamaelang palo ya sephatlo mo lekgolong. Mme go fetogela kwa megaleng ya letheka go ntse bonya le go feta.&quot; Ka 2014 ''The New York Times'' e begile gore Möller o abetse &quot;setlhopha sa batlhami ba disofotewere ba le lesome ba ba remelelang mo  tirisong ya megala ya letheka&quot;, mo palong yotlhe ya babereki ba ka nna makgolo a le mabedi ba ba berekang kwa Mokgatlhong wa Wikimedia. Nngwe ya matshwenyego a matona a a umakilweng ke ''The New York Times'' ka &quot;go tlhabaela&quot; ke gore Wikipedia e rarabolole ka katlego mathata le palo ya bakwadi ba ensaetlolopedia ya mo inthaneteng e ba gogelang go kwala le go tlhokomela diteng tsa yone ka mogala wa letheka. &lt;ref name=&quot;small screen&quot;/&gt; Ka 2023, babereki ba Mokgatlho wa Wikimedia ba ne ba godile go nna babereki ba ba fetang makgolo a le masupa. &lt;ref name=&quot;WF10.23.23&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Seitz-Gruwell |first=Lisa |author-link=Lisa Seitz-Gruwell |date=October 23, 2023 |title=7 reasons you should donate to Wikipedia |url=https://wikimediafoundation.org/news/2022/11/03/7-reasons-you-should-donate-to-wikipedia/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241008212455/https://wikimediafoundation.org/news/2023/10/23/7-reasons-you-should-donate-to-wikipedia/ |archive-date=October 8, 2024 |access-date=December 27, 2023 |publisher=[[Wikimedia Foundation]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Phitlhelelo ya Wikipedia ka mogala wa letheka e ne ya kgonega go tloga ka 2004, ka Porothokholo ya Wireless Application (WAP), ka tirelo ya Wapedia . &lt;ref name=&quot;:16&quot; group=&quot;W&quot;/&gt; Ka Seetebosigo 2007, Wikipedia e ne ya simolola en.mobile.wikipedia.org, e leng webosaete ya semmuso ya didirisiwa tse di senang megala. Ka 2009, go ne ga gololwa semmuso tirelo e ntšha ya megala ya letheka, e e mo go en.m.wikipedia.org, e e direlang megala ya letheka e e  gatetseng pele thata e tshwana le iPhone, didirisiwa tsa Android, kgotsa didiriswa tsa WebOS . &lt;ref name=&quot;WM mobile added 1&quot; group=&quot;W&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=June 30, 2009 |title=Wikimedia Mobile is Officially Launched |url=https://techblog.wikimedia.org/2009/06/wikimedia-mobile-launch |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100111101614/http://techblog.wikimedia.org/2009/06/wikimedia-mobile-launch/ |archive-date=January 11, 2010 |access-date=July 22, 2009 |website=Wikimedia Technical Blog |publisher=[[Wikimedia Foundation]]}}&lt;/ref&gt; Mekgwa e mengwe e le mmalwa ya go fitlhelela Wikipedia ka mogala wa letheka e ile ya bonala fa e sa le ka nako eo. Didiriswa le ditiriso di le dintsi di tokafatsa go bontshiwa ga diteng tsa Wikipedia mo megaleng ya letheka, fa tse dingwe gape di akaretsa ditiriso tse dingwe di tshwana le tiriso ya tshedimosetso ya Wikipedia e e tshwanang le tshedimosetso ya lefatshe . &lt;ref name=&quot;androgeoid.com LPOI WP 1&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=May 15, 2011 |title=Local Points Of Interest In Wikipedia |url=https://androgeoid.com/2011/04/local-points-of-interest-in-wikipedia |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110601092809/http://androgeoid.com/2011/04/local-points-of-interest-in-wikipedia/ |archive-date=June 1, 2011 |access-date=May 15, 2011 |website=AndroGeoid}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref name=&quot;ilounge iphone gems WP&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Hollington |first=Jesse David |date=November 30, 2008 |title=iPhone Gems: Wikipedia Apps |url=https://www.ilounge.com/index.php/articles/comments/15802 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090112235945/http://www.ilounge.com/index.php/articles/comments/15802/ |archive-date=January 12, 2009 |access-date=July 22, 2008 |website=iLounge}}&lt;/ref&gt;

App ya Android ya Wikipedia e ne ya gololwa ka Firikgong 2012, e ne ya tsenngwa ke batho ba ba fetang dikete di le makgolo a le matlhano le gape e nae dikakgelo tsa ditshekatsheko tse di siameng, mme ya bona maduo a a fetang bone mo botlhanong mo patlisisong ya badirisi ba ka nna dikete di le makgolo a mabedi 200 000 ba ba neng ba e tsenya go tswa mo Google. &lt;ref group=&quot;W&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Finc |first=Tomasz |date=January 26, 2012 |title=Announcing the Official Wikipedia Android App |url=https://diff.wikimedia.org/2012/01/26/announcing-the-official-wikipedia-android-app/ |access-date=February 3, 2023 |website=Diff |publisher=[[Wikimedia Foundation]]}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref group=&quot;W&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Wikipedia |url=https://play.google.com/store/apps/details?id=org.wikipedia&amp;hl=en |access-date=February 3, 2023 |website=[[Google Play]]}}&lt;/ref&gt; Mofuta wa iOS o ne wa gololwa ka Moranang a le boraro, 2013, mme wa nna le tshekatsheko e e tshwanang. &lt;ref group=&quot;W&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=August 4, 2014 |title=Wikipedia Mobile on the App Store on iTunes |url=https://apps.apple.com/us/app/wikipedia-mobile/id324715238 |access-date=August 21, 2014 |website=[[App Store (iOS/iPadOS)]] |publisher=[[Apple Inc.]]}}&lt;/ref&gt; [[Wikipedia Zero (Setswana)|Wikipedia Zero]] e ne e le maiteko a Mokgatlho wa Wikimedia a go atolosa phitlhelelo ya ensaetlolopedia e kwa mafatsheng a a santseng a tlhabologa ka go dirisana le badiredi ba ditirelo tsa megala ya letheka go letla phitlhelelo ya mahala. &lt;ref name=&quot;:17&quot; group=&quot;W&quot; /&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|last=Ellis|first=Justin|date=January 17, 2013|title=Wikipedia plans to expand mobile access around the globe with new funding|url=https://www.niemanlab.org/2013/01/wikipedia-plans-to-expand-mobile-access-around-the-globe-with-new-funding|access-date=April 22, 2013|work=Nieman Lab}}&lt;/ref&gt; E ne ya emisiwa ka Tlhakole 2018 ka ntlha ya go tlhoka go tsaya karolo ga badiredi ba ditirelo tsa megala ya letheka. &lt;ref name=&quot;:17&quot; group=&quot;W&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=February 16, 2018 |title=Building for the future of Wikimedia with a new approach to partnerships |url=https://diff.wikimedia.org/2018/02/16/partnerships-new-approach/ |access-date=May 12, 2019 |website=Diff |publisher=[[Wikimedia Foundation]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Andrew Lih le Andrew Brown ka bobedi ba dumela gore go kwala mo Wikipedia ka megala ya letheka go thata, mme se se kgoba marapo batho ba basha ba ba ka eletsang go tsenya letsogo. &lt;ref name=&quot;Lih-2015&quot; /&gt; &lt;ref name=&quot;Brown-2015&quot; /&gt; Lih o bolela gore palo ya bakwadi ba Wikipedia e ntse e a fokotsega morago ga dingwaga di le mmalwa, &lt;ref name=&quot;Lih-2015&quot; /&gt; mme Tom Simonite wa ''MIT Technology Review'' o bolela gore popego le melao ke yone e e dirang se. Simonite a re bangwe badirisi [[Morafe wa Wikipedia|ba Wikipedia]] ba dirisa melao le dikaelo tsa  go laola ba bangwe mme bakwadi bao ba na le kgatlhego e e tseneletseng ya go nna fela ka boitshwaro jo bo ntseng jalo. &lt;ref name=&quot;Simonite-2013&quot;/&gt; Lih o boletse gore go na le go sa dumalane magareng ga batsayakarolo ba ba leng teng gore se se ka rarabololwa jang. Lih o tshogela bokamoso jwa Wikipedia jwa nako e telele fa Brown ene a tshaba gore mathata a Wikipedia a tla nna a le teng, mme diensaetlolopedia tse di gaisanang le yone ga di kitla ka e ema pele. &lt;ref name=&quot;Lih-2015&quot;&gt;{{Cite news|last=Lih|first=Andrew|date=June 20, 2015|title=Can Wikipedia Survive?|newspaper=The New York Times|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2015/06/21/opinion/can-wikipedia-survive.html|access-date=February 3, 2023}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref name=&quot;Brown-2015&quot;&gt;{{Cite news|last=Brown|first=Andrew|date=June 25, 2015|title=Wikipedia editors are a dying breed. The reason? Mobile|newspaper=[[The Guardian]]|url=https://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/2015/jun/25/wikipedia-editors-dying-breed-mobile-smartphone-technology-online-encyclopedia|access-date=February 3, 2023}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Phitlhelelo kwa China ===
Phitlhelelo ya Wikipedia e thibetswe kwa boremelelong jwa China fa e sa le ka Motsheganong 2015.   &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Henochowicz |first=Anne |date=May 20, 2015 |title=Chinese Wikipedia Blocked by Great Firewall |url=https://chinadigitaltimes.net/2015/05/chinese-wikipedia-blocked-by-great-firewall/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170504212406/https://chinadigitaltimes.net/2015/05/chinese-wikipedia-blocked-by-great-firewall/ |archive-date=May 4, 2017 |access-date=May 4, 2017 |website=[[China Digital Times]]}}&lt;/ref&gt; Se se ne sa dirwa morago ga gore Wikipedia e simolole go dirisa encryption ya HTTPS, e e neng ya dira gore go bipa dilo dingwe go nne thata. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Perez |first=Sarah |date=June 12, 2015 |title=The Wikimedia Foundation Turns On HTTPS By Default Across All Sites, Including Wikipedia |url=https://techcrunch.com/2015/06/12/the-wikimedia-foundation-turns-on-https-by-default-across-all-sites-including-wikipedia/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200824001601/https://techcrunch.com/2015/06/12/the-wikimedia-foundation-turns-on-https-by-default-across-all-sites-including-wikipedia/ |archive-date=August 24, 2020 |access-date=June 3, 2020 |website=[[TechCrunch]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Tlhotlheletso ya yone ==

=== Motswedi o o ikanyegang wa go lwantsha dikgang tse di seng boammaaruri ===
Ka 2017–18, morago ga go tlhatloga ga dipeo tsa maaka, Facebook le YouTube ka bobedi di ne tsa itsise gore di tla ikaega ka Wikipedia go thusa badirisi ba tsone go sekaseka dipego le go gana dikgang tsa maaka. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Hughes |first=Taylor |last2=Smith |first2=Jeff |last3=Leavitt |first3=Alex |date=April 3, 2018 |title=Helping People Better Assess the Stories They See in News Feed with the Context Button |url=https://about.fb.com/news/2018/04/news-feed-fyi-more-context/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230111152311/https://about.fb.com/news/2018/04/news-feed-fyi-more-context/ |archive-date=January 11, 2023 |access-date=January 23, 2023 |website=[[Meta Platforms|Meta]]}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref name=&quot;Cohen-2018&quot; /&gt; Noam Cohen, fa a kwala mo go ''The Washington Post'' o ne a re, &quot;Go ikaega ga YouTube ka Wikipedia go baakanya seemo go akantsha ka lefelo le lengwe le le  tlhokang dikgang tse di boammaaruri, e leng neteweke ya botsalano ya Facebook, e e neng ya itsise ngogola gore Wikipedia e tla thusa badirisi ba yone go tlosa ' dikgang tse di seng boammaaruri '.&quot; &lt;ref name=&quot;Cohen-2018&quot;&gt;{{Cite news|archiveurl=Noam Cohen}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Constine |first=Josh |date=April 3, 2018 |title=Facebook fights fake news with author info, rolls out publisher context |url=https://techcrunch.com/2018/04/03/facebook-author-info/ |access-date=July 15, 2021 |website=[[TechCrunch]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Babadi ===
Ka Tlhakole 2014, ''The New York Times'' e ne ya bega gore Wikipedia e ne e le mo maemong a botlhano mo lefatsheng lotlhe mo diwebosaeteng tsotlhe, e bolela gore &quot;Ka dipono tsa ditsebe di le didikadike di le lesome le boferabobedi le palo e e ka nnang dikadikadike di le makgolo a le matlhano ya baeng ba ba kgethegileng ka kgwedi,&amp;nbsp;... Wikipedia e latela fela Yahoo, Facebook, Microsoft, le Google, e leng yone e tona go di feta tsotlhe e na le &amp;nbsp;baeng ba ba kgethegileng ba le didikadike di le 1.2.&quot; &lt;ref name=&quot;small screen&quot;/&gt; Le fa go ntse jalo, maemo a yone a ne a wela kwa tlase go ya kwa maemong a bolesome le boraro lefatshe ka bophara ka Seetebosigo 2020 ka ntlha ya go tlhatloga ga go tuma ga diwebosaete tsa China tsa go reka dithoto mo inthaneteng. &lt;ref name=&quot;Alexa&quot;/&gt; Webosaete e e ne ya boela mo maemong a yone go tloga ka Moranang 2022. &lt;ref name=&quot;Alexa&quot; /&gt;

Mo godimo ga kgolo ya palo ya dikwalo tsa yone,  Wikipedia e kgonne go ipaya mo maemong a go nna webosaete ya metswedi ka kakaretso fa e sa le e tlhongwa ka 2001.  Palo ya babadi ba Wikipedia lefatshe ka bophara e fitlheletse didikadike di le makgolo a mararo le masome a marataro le botlhano kwa bokhutlong jwa 2009. &lt;ref name=&quot;365M&quot; group=&quot;W&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=West |first=Stuart |date=2010 |title=Wikipedia's Evolving Impact: slideshow presentation at TED2010 |url=https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/3a/TED2010%2C_Stuart_West_full_presentation_updated_with_January_data.pdf |access-date=February 3, 2023 |website=[[Wikimedia Foundation]]}}&lt;/ref&gt; Lenaneo la Inthanete Pew le Botshelo jwa Amerika le ne ya fitlhela gore bongwetharo jwa badirisi ba Inthanete ba kwa United States ba ne ba etela Wikipedia.  Ka 2011, ''Business Insider'' e ne ya fa Wikipedia tlhwatlhwa ya didikadike tsa didolara di le nne fa e ne e letlelela di-ipapatso. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=SAI |date=October 7, 2011 |title=The World's Most Valuable Startups |url=https://www.businessinsider.com/2011-digital-100#7-wikimedia-foundation-wikipedia-7 |access-date=June 14, 2014 |website=Business Insider}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Go ya ka &quot;Patlisiso ya Babadi ba Wikipedia ya 2011&quot;, palogare ya dingwaga tsa babadi ba Wikipedia masome a mararo le borataro , ka tekatekano e e ka nnang teng fa gare ga bong. Mo e ka nnang sephatlo sa babadi ba Wikipedia ba etela lefelo le makgetho a a fetang botlhano ka kgwedi, mme palo e e tshwanang ya babadi ba batla Wikipedia ka tlhamalalo mo maduong a bone mo dienjeneng tsa tshenko. Mo e ka nnang palo ya masome a le mane le bosupa mo lekgolong (47%) ya babadi ba Wikipedia ga ba lemoge gore Wikipedia ke mokgatlho o o sa direng dipoelo. &lt;ref group=&quot;W&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=February 6, 2012 |title=Research: Wikipedia Readership Survey 2011/Results – Meta |url=https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Research:Wikipedia_Readership_Survey_2011/Results |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131209125719/https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Research:Wikipedia_Readership_Survey_2011/Results |archive-date=December 9, 2013 |access-date=April 16, 2014 |website=Wikimedia Meta-Wiki}}&lt;/ref&gt; Go ema ka Tlhakole 2023, Wikipedia e ngoka didirisiwa tse di kgethegileng di le didikadike di le pedi kgwedi le kgwedi, mme Wikipedia ya Sekgoa e amogela&amp;nbsp;dipono tsa ditsebe di le didikadike di le lesome kgwedi le kgwedi. &lt;ref name=&quot;Wikimedia_Stats&quot; group=&quot;W&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Wikistats – Statistics For Wikimedia Projects |url=https://stats.wikimedia.org/#/all-wikipedia-projects |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200711051858/https://stats.wikimedia.org/#/all-wikipedia-projects |archive-date=July 11, 2020 |access-date=August 8, 2023 |website=[[Wikimedia Foundation]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;

==== Bolwetsi jwa Covid-19 ====
Ka nako ya [[Bolwetse jwa Mogare wa Khorona 2019|bolwetsi jwa lefatshe lotlhe jwa Covid-19]], go bega ga leroborobo le ga Wikipedia le ntwa kgatlhanong le tshedimosetso e e seng boammaaruri go ne ga elwa tlhoko ke babegadikgang ba ditšhabatšhaba, mme ga tlisa koketsego ya babadi ba Wikipedia ka kakaretso.    &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|last=Dodds|first=Laurence|date=April 3, 2020|title=Why Wikipedia is winning against the coronavirus 'infodemic'-GB|work=[[The Daily Telegraph]]|url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/technology/2020/04/03/wikipedia-winning-against-coronavirus-infodemic/|access-date=February 3, 2023|issn=0307-1235}}&lt;/ref&gt; Noam Cohen o ne a kwala mo ''Wired'' gore maiteko a Wikipedia a go lwantsha tshedimosetso e e seng nnete e e amanang le leroborobo le a ne a farologana le a diwebosaete tse dingwe tse ditona, a re, &quot;Ntle le fa Twitter, Facebook le tse dingwe di ka ithuta go rarabolola tshedimosetso e e semg boammaaruri ka tsela e e botoka thata, Wikipedia e tla nna lefelo la bofelo le le gaisang mo Inthaneteng.&quot; &lt;ref name=&quot;Cohen-2020&quot; /&gt; Ka Phalane 2020, [[World Health Organisation|Mokgatlho wa Lefatshe Lotlhe wa Botsogo]] o wa dira kitsiso ya gore o ntsha ka kgololesego teseletso ya ditshwantsho tsa ithunthuntso tsa one le dilo tse dingwe go dirisiwa mo mananeong a Wikimedia. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|date=October 22, 2020|title=Wikipedia and W.H.O. Join to Combat Covid-19 Misinformation|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2020/10/22/health/wikipedia-who-coronavirus-health.html|access-date=February 3, 2023}}&lt;/ref&gt; Go ne go na le dikwalo tsa Wikipedia tse di amanang le COVID-19 di ka nna dikete di le bosupa mo diWikipedia go ralala DiWikipedia tse di lekgolo le masome a le boferabobedi le boferabobedi tse di farologaneng, go ema ka Ngwanatseele 2021. &lt;sup class=&quot;plainlinks noexcerpt noprint asof-tag update&quot; style=&quot;display:none;&quot;&gt;[https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Wikipedia&amp;action=edit &amp;#x5B; tlhabolola &amp;#x5D;]&lt;/sup&gt;
[[Category:Articles containing potentially dated statements from November 2021]]
[[Category:All articles containing potentially dated statements]] 
&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Kenton |first=Amanda |last2=Humborg |first2=Christian |date=November 29, 2021 |title=Digital regulation must empower people to make the internet better |url=https://techcrunch.com/2021/11/28/digital-regulation-must-empower-people-to-make-the-internet-better/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220530140630/https://techcrunch.com/2021/11/28/digital-regulation-must-empower-people-to-make-the-internet-better/ |archive-date=May 30, 2022 |access-date=February 3, 2023 |website=[[TechCrunch]]}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation web cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot; id=&quot;CITEREFKentonHumborg2021&quot;&gt;Kenton, Amanda; Humborg, Christian (November 29, 2021). [https://techcrunch.com/2021/11/28/digital-regulation-must-empower-people-to-make-the-internet-better/ &quot;Digital regulation must empower people to make the internet better&quot;]. ''[[TechCrunch]]''. [https://web.archive.org/web/20220530140630/https://techcrunch.com/2021/11/28/digital-regulation-must-empower-people-to-make-the-internet-better/ Archived] from the original on May 30, 2022&lt;span class=&quot;reference-accessdate&quot;&gt;. Retrieved &lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;February 3,&lt;/span&gt; 2023&lt;/span&gt;.&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Wales |first=Jimmy |date=August 26, 2021 |title=Learning to trust the internet again |url=https://www.aljazeera.com/opinions/2021/8/26/learning-to-trust-the-internet-again |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210827002411/https://www.aljazeera.com/opinions/2021/8/26/learning-to-trust-the-internet-again |archive-date=August 27, 2021 |access-date=February 3, 2023 |website=[[Al Jazeera English|Al Jazeera]]}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation web cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot; id=&quot;CITEREFWales2021&quot;&gt;Wales, Jimmy (August 26, 2021). [https://www.aljazeera.com/opinions/2021/8/26/learning-to-trust-the-internet-again &quot;Learning to trust the internet again&quot;]. ''[[Al Jazeera English|Al Jazeera]]''. [https://web.archive.org/web/20210827002411/https://www.aljazeera.com/opinions/2021/8/26/learning-to-trust-the-internet-again Archived] from the original on August 27, 2021&lt;span class=&quot;reference-accessdate&quot;&gt;. Retrieved &lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;February 3,&lt;/span&gt; 2023&lt;/span&gt;.&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Bokao jwa Tlhotlheletso ===
[[File:Wikipedia_Monument_2.JPG|thumb|''Sefikantswe sa Wikipedia'' kwa Słubice, kwa Poland, se se dirilweng ke Mihran Hakobyan (2014)]]
Diteng tsa Wikipedia gape di ile tsa dirisiwa mo dithutong, mo dibukeng, mo diphuthegong, le mo dikgetsing tsa kgotlatshekelo.   &lt;ref name=&quot;ssrn.com Wikipedian Justice 1&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Sharma |first=Raghav |date=February 19, 2009 |title=Wikipedian Justice |doi=10.2139/ssrn.1346311 |s2cid=233749371 |ssrn=1346311}}&lt;/ref&gt; Webosaete ya Palamente ya Canada e bua ka lekwalo la Wikipedia le le buang ka lenyalo la batho ba bong jo bo tshwanang mo karolong ya &quot; dikgokagano tse di amanang le se&quot; mo lenaneong la yone la &quot;dipadi tse dingwe&quot; tsa ''Molao wa Lenyalo la Semmuso'' . &lt;ref name=&quot;parl.gc.ca same-sex marriage&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=An Act respecting certain aspects of legal capacity for marriage for civil purposes |url=https://www.parl.ca/LegisInfo/en/bill/38-1/C-38?view=about |access-date=February 3, 2023 |website=LEGISinfo |publisher=[[Parliament of Canada]]}}&lt;/ref&gt; Dipolelo tsa ensaetlolopedia e di ntse di dirisiwa thata jaaka motswedi ke mekgatlho e tshwana le dikgotlatshekelo tsa puso ya United States le Mokgatlho wa Lefatshe Lotlhe wa Dithoto Tsa Botlhale jwa tlhaloganyo  —le mororo bogolo jang e le go tshegetsa tshedimosetso fela go na le gore tshedimosetso e e dirisiwe go tsaya tshwetso mo kgetsing.  Diteng tse di tlhagelelang mo Wikipedia le tsone di ile tsa umakiwa jaaka motswedi le go umakiwa mo dipegong dingwe tsa Mokgatlho wa go tsaya ditlholwa wa United States .  Ka Sedimonthole 2008, lekwalodikgang la maranyane ''la RNA Biology'' le ne la simolola karolo e ntšha ya go tlhalosa malapa a dimolekhule tsa RNA mme le tlhoka gore bakwadi ba ba neng ba na le seabe mo karolong e le bone ba romele lekwalo le le kwadilweng ka lelapa la RNA gore se gatisiwe mo Wikipedia.  Wikipedia gape e dirisitswe jaaka motswedi mo bobegadikgannyeng, &lt;ref name=&quot;ajr.org WP in the newsroom&quot;&gt;{{Cite news|last1=Shaw|first1=Donna|date=February–March 2008|title=Wikipedia in the Newsroom|url=https://www.ajr.org/Article.asp?id=4461|access-date=February 11, 2008}}&lt;/ref&gt;  gantsi kwantle ga go tlhalosiwa, mme babegadikgang ba le mmalwa ba ile ba kobiwa mo ditirong ka ntlha ya go utswa diteng mo Wikipedia . &lt;ref name=&quot;shizuoka plagiarized WP 1&quot;&gt;{{Cite news|title=Shizuoka newspaper plagiarized Wikipedia article|date=July 5, 2007|url=https://www.japannewsreview.com/society/chubu/20070705page_id=364}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|last1=Richter|first1=Bob|date=January 9, 2007|title=Express-News staffer resigns after plagiarism in column is discovered|url=https://www.mysanantonio.com/news/metro/stories/MYSA010307.02A.richter.132c153.html}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref name=&quot;starbulletin.com Inquiry prompts dismissal&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Bridgewater |first=Frank |title=Inquiry prompts reporter's dismissal |url=https://archives.starbulletin.com/2006/01/13/news/story03.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230128202726/https://archives.starbulletin.com/2006/01/13/news/story03.html |archive-date=January 28, 2023 |access-date=February 4, 2023 |website=[[Honolulu Star-Bulletin]]}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Coscarelli |first=Joe |date=July 29, 2014 |title=Plagiarizing Wikipedia Is Still Plagiarism, at BuzzFeed or the New York Times |url=https://nymag.com/intelligencer/2014/07/new-york-times-buzzfeed-wikipedia-plagiarism.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220818021218/https://nymag.com/intelligencer/2014/07/new-york-times-buzzfeed-wikipedia-plagiarism.html |archive-date=August 18, 2022 |access-date=February 4, 2023 |website=Intelligencer |publisher=[[New York (magazine)|New York]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Ka 2006, bukana ya ''Time'' e ne ya lemoga go nna le seabe ga Wikipedia (mmogo le YouTube, Reddit, MySpace, le Facebook) mo kgolong e e bonako ya tirisanommogo mo inthaneteng le dipuisano tsa didikadike tsa batho lefatshe ka bophara.  Ka Lwetse 16, 2007, ''The Washington Post'' e ne ya bega gore Wikipedia e ne e le selo se se botlhokwa thata mo letsholong la ditlhopho la 2008 kwa United States, e bua e re: &quot;Go kwala leina la ntlhopheng mo Google, mme magareng ga maduo a ntlha go na le tsebe ya Wikipedia, go dira gore se se nne botlhokwa fela jaaka ipapatso epe fela e e tlhalosang ntlhopheng. Go setse go kwalwa le baakangwa dikwalo ka bontlhopheng ba maemo a botautona go ngangisanwa ka tsone makgetho a le mantsi letsatsi le letsatsi.&quot; &lt;ref name=&quot;WP.com WP election usage&quot;&gt;{{Cite news|date=September 17, 2007|title=On Wikipedia, Debating 2008 Hopefuls' Every Facet|newspaper=[[The Washington Post]]|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2007/09/16/AR2007091601699_pf.html|access-date=December 26, 2008}}&lt;/ref&gt; Lekwlo la Reuters la Phalane 2007, la setlhogo sa &quot;Tsebe ya Wikipedia letshwao la bosheng la maemo&quot;, le ne la bega gore mo bosheng go nna le lekwalo la Wikipedia le le buang ka wena go netefatsa go itsege ga motho. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|last=Ablan|first=Jennifer|date=October 22, 2007|title=Wikipedia page the latest status symbol|work=[[Reuters]]|url=https://www.reuters.com/article/domesticNews/idUSN2232893820071022?sp=true|access-date=October 24, 2007}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Lengwe la makgetho a ntlha a Wikipedia e neng ya nna le seabe mo kgannyeng ya puso e ne e le ka Lwetse 28, 2007, fa Mopolotiki wa Moitaly e bong Franco Grillini a ne a botsa tona wa metswedi le ditiro tsa setso ka ga tlhokego ya kgololesego ya go bona dilo tsotlhe . O boletse gore go tlhoka kgololesego e e ntseng jalo go ne ga pateletsa Wikipedia, &quot;webosaete ya bosupa e e batliwang thata&quot;, go thibela ditshwantsho tsotlhe tsa dikago le botaki jwa segompieno jwa Italy, mme a bolela gore se se senya thata lotseno lwa bajanala. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Grillini |first=Franco |author-link=Franco Grillini |date=March 30, 2009 |title=Comunicato Stampa. On. Franco Grillini. Wikipedia. Interrogazione a Rutelli. Con &quot;diritto di panorama&quot; promuovere arte e architettura contemporanea italiana. Rivedere con urgenza legge copyright |trans-title=Press release. Honorable Franco Grillini. Wikipedia. Interview with Rutelli about the &quot;right to view&quot; promoting contemporary art and architecture of Italy. Review with urgency copyright law |url=https://www.grillini.it/show.php?4885 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090330141810/https://www.grillini.it/show.php?4885 |archive-date=March 30, 2009 |access-date=December 26, 2008 |language=it}}&lt;/ref&gt;

[[File:Wikipedia,_an_introduction_-_Erasmus_Prize_2015.webm|thumbtime=00:36.00|thumb|Wikipedia, matseno – Seetsele sa Erasmus sa 2015]]
[[File:Quadriga-verleihung-rr-02.jpg|thumb|Jimmy Wales o amogela seetsele sa 2008 sa Quadriga sa ''Letsholo la Tshedimosetso'' mo boemong jwa Wikipedia.]]
Setlhopha sa tiro se se neng se eteletswe pele ke Peter Stone ( se se neng se tlhamilwe jaaka karolo ya lenaneo kwa Stanford la Thutopatlisiso ya Dingwaga di le Lekgolo ka Botlhale jwa Maitirelo ) mo pegong ya sone se ne sa bitsa Wikipedia &quot;sekai se se itsegeng thata sa go batla batho ba le bantsi .{{nbsp}}... se se fetang thata metswedi ya tshedimosetso e e kokoantsweng ka fa go tlwaelesegileng ka teng, e tshwana le diensaetlolopedia le dithanolo, ka selekanyo le boteng&quot;. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=&lt;!-- Staff writer(s); no by-line. --&gt; |date=September 2016 |title=Artificial Intelligence and Life in 2030 |url=https://ai100.stanford.edu/2016-report/section-i-what-artificial-intelligence/ai-research-trends |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221208003001/https://ai100.stanford.edu/2016-report/section-i-what-artificial-intelligence/ai-research-trends |archive-date=December 8, 2022 |access-date=September 3, 2016 |website=One Hundred Year Study on Artificial Intelligence (AI100) |publisher=[[Stanford University]]}}&lt;/ref&gt; 

Mo setlhogong sa kakanyo sa 2017 sa ''Wired'', Hossein Derakhshan o tlhalosa Wikipedia jaaka &quot; nngwe ya dipilara tsa bofelo tse di setseng tsa webo e e bulegileng le e e sa tlhomamang &quot; mme a bapisa go nna teng ga yone jaaka motswedi wa kitso e e theilweng mo dikwalong le ditirelo tsa dikgang le tsa neteweke ya botsalano, mme tsone di dirisiwa thata jaaka thelebishene. Mo go Derakhshan, maikaelelo a Wikipedia jaaka ensaetlolopedia a emela ngwao ya Motlha wa Tshedimoso wa go dirisa tlhaloganyo go fenya maikutlo, selo se a se tsayang se le &quot;mo kotsing&quot; ka ntlha ya &quot;go fetoga ka iketlo go tswa mo setsong sa go kwala go ya kwa go sa go tsaya dinepe, se se rayang go fetoga go tswa mo tirisong ya tlhaloganyo go ya kwa maikutlong, go tsamaelana le bodiragatsi&quot;. Go na le &quot; {{Lang|la|[[sapere aude]]}} &quot; ( {{literal translation|dare to know|lk=on}}  go batla go itse), dineteweke tsa botsalano di dirile gore go nne le setso sa &quot;go se go nne le sebete sa go batla go itse&quot;. Se se diragala gape fa Wikipedia e lebagane le &quot;bothata jo bo tshwenyang thata&quot; go feta go tlamelwa ka madi, e leng &quot;seelo se se fokotsegang sa kgolo ya palo ya ba ba tsenyang letsogo mo webosaeteng&quot;. Ka ntlha ya mo, kgwetlho ya Wikipedia le ba ba e dirisang ke go &quot;boloka Wikipedia le tsholofetso ya yone ya kokoanyo ya mahala le e e bulegileng ya kitso yotlhe ya batho mo gare ga phenyo ya thelebishene e ntšha le ya bogologolo—kafa go ka kokoanngwang le go bolokwa kitso ka teng fa go sena ope yo o kgathalang ka go itse.&quot; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|last=Derakhshan|first=Hossein|author-link=Hossein Derakhshan|date=October 19, 2017|title=How Social Media Endangers Knowledge|url=https://www.wired.com/story/wikipedias-fate-shows-how-the-web-endangers-knowledge/|department=Business|magazine=[[Wired (magazine)|Wired]]|publisher=Condé Nast|issn=1059-1028|access-date=October 22, 2018}}&lt;/ref&gt;

==== Dietsele ====
[[File:Wikipedia_team_visiting_to_Parliament_of_Oviedo_Spain_2015.JPG|thumb|Setlhopha sa Wikipedia se etetse Palamente ya Asturias]]
[[File:Spanish_Wikipedians_meetup.jpg|thumb|Kopano ya badirisi ba Wikipedia morago ga moletlo wa kabo dietsele wa Asturias wa 2015]]
Wikipedia e fentse dietsele di le dintsi, e amogetse dietsele tsa yone tsa ntlha tse pedi tse di tona ka Motsheganong 2004. &lt;ref group=&quot;W&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Trophy shelf |url=https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Trophy_shelf |access-date=February 4, 2023 |website=Wikimedia Meta-Wiki}}&lt;/ref&gt; Sa ntlha e ne e le Nica ya Gauta ya Merafe ya Dijithale ya kgaisano ya ngwaga le ngwaga ya Prix Ars Electronica ; se se ne sa tla ka thuso ya madi a a kana ka €10 000 (£6 588; $12 700) le taletso ya go diragatsa go ipolela kwa Moletlong wa PAE Cyberarts kwa Austria moragonyana mo ngwageng oo. Sa bobedi e ne e le Sekgele sa Webby sa Baatlhodi sa setlhogo sa &quot;morafe&quot;. &lt;ref name=&quot;webbyawards WP awards 1&quot;&gt;{{Cite news|url=https://www.webbyawards.com/webbys/winners-2004.php|title=Webby Awards 2004|publisher=The International Academy of Digital Arts and Sciences|year=2004}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Ka Lwetse 2008, Wikipedia e ne ya amogela seetsele sa Quadriga  sa ''Letsholo la Tshedimosetso'' sa lephata la Jeremane mmogo le Boris Tadić, Eckart Höfling, le Peter Gabriel . Seetsele se se ne sa abelwa Wales ke David Weinberger . &lt;ref name=&quot;loomarea.com WP award 1&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Die Quadriga – Award 2008 |url=https://loomarea.com/die_quadriga/e/index.php?title=Award_2008 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080915140714/https://loomarea.com/die_quadriga/e/index.php?title=Award_2008 |archive-date=September 15, 2008 |access-date=December 26, 2008}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Ka 2015, Wikipedia e ne ya abelwa gotlhe Seetsele sa ngwaga le ngwaga sa Erasmus,se se akgolang ditshwaelo tse di kgethegileng mo setsong, mo setšhabeng kgotsa mo dithutong tsa batho, &lt;ref name=&quot;EP2015&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Erasmus Prize – Praemium Erasmianum |url=https://www.erasmusprijs.org/?lang=en&amp;page=Erasmusprijs |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150115214241/https://www.erasmusprijs.org/?lang=en&amp;page=Erasmusprijs |archive-date=January 15, 2015 |access-date=January 15, 2015 |website=Praemium Erasmianum Foundation}}&lt;/ref&gt; le Seetsele sa Kgosigadi ya Asturias sa Tirisanommogo ya Boditšhabatšhaba. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Premio Princesa de Asturias de Cooperación Internacional 2015 |trans-title=Princess of Asturias Award of International Cooperation 2015 |url=https://www.fpa.es/es/premios-princesa-de-asturias/premiados/2015-wikipedia.html?especifica=0&amp;idCategoria=0&amp;anio=2015&amp;especifica=0 |access-date=June 17, 2015 |website=Fundación Princesa de Asturias |language=es}}&lt;/ref&gt; Fa a bua kwa Palamenteng ya Asturia kwa Oviedo, toropo e e tshwarang moletlo wa dietsele, Jimmy Wales o ne a akgola tiro ya badirisi ba Wikipedia ya Asturia . &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|date=October 22, 2015|title=Los fundadores de Wikipedia destacan la versión en asturiano|language=es|newspaper=La Nueva España|url=https://www.lne.es/sociedad-cultura/2015/10/22/fundadores-wikipedia-destacan-version-asturiano/1830529.html|access-date=October 20, 2015}}&lt;/ref&gt;

==== Metlae ====
Rrametlae Stephen Colbert o tshwantshitse kgotsa o umakile Wikipedia mo dikarolong di le mmalwa mo pontshong ya gagwe ya ''The Colbert Report'' mme a tlhama lefoko le le amanang le lone la ''wikiality'', le le rayang gore &quot;mmogo re ka tlhama boammaaruri jo rotlhe re dumalanang ka jone—boammaaruri jo re sa tswang go dumalana ka jone&quot;.  Sekai se sengwe se ka bonwa mo go &quot;Wikipedia e Keteka Dingwaga di le makgolo a le masupa le masome a le matlhano tsa Boipuso jwa Amerika&quot;, lekwalo la tsebe ya ntlha ya Phukwi 2006 mo ''The Onion'', &lt;ref name=&quot;onion WP 750 years 1&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=July 26, 2006 |title=Wikipedia Celebrates 750 Years Of American Independence |url=https://www.theonion.com/articles/wikipedia-celebrates-750-years-of-american-indepen,2007/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100325234026/http://www.theonion.com/articles/wikipedia-celebrates-750-years-of-american-indepen,2007/ |archive-date=March 25, 2010 |access-date=October 15, 2006 |website=[[The Onion]]}}&lt;/ref&gt; mmogo le lekwalo mo ''The Onion la'' 2010 la  &quot;Molao wa LA' Tsebe ya Wikipedia e Lebilweng Makgetho a le makgolo a le boferabobedi le masome a le bosupa le bone  Gompieno&quot;. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=November 24, 2010 |title='L.A. Law' Wikipedia Page Viewed 874 Times Today |url=https://www.theonion.com/articles/la-law-wikipedia-page-viewed-874-times-today,18521/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150405113731/http://www.theonion.com/articles/la-law-wikipedia-page-viewed-874-times-today,18521/ |archive-date=April 5, 2015 |access-date=February 4, 2023 |website=[[The Onion]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Mo tiragalong ya metlae ya thelebišene ya Amerika ya Moranang 2007 ya ''The Office'', motsamaisi wa ofisi ( Michael Scott ) o bontshiwa a ikaegile ka lekwalo la kakanyetso laWikipedia go bona tshedimosetso ka maano a dipuisano go mo thusa go buisana ka tuelo e e kwa tlase ya mmereki.  Babogedi ba lenaneo le ba ne ba leka go oketsa go umakiwa ga tsebe e mo tiragalong e jaaka karolo ya setlhogo sa mmatota sa Wikipedia se se buang ka dipuisano, mme maiteko a a ne a thibelwa ke badirisi ba bangwe mo tsebeng ya puisano ya setlhogo se. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|last=Jesdanun|first=Anick|date=April 12, 2007|title='Office' fans, inspired by Michael Scott, flock to edit Wikipedia|newspaper=[[USA Today]]|url=https://usatoday30.usatoday.com/tech/webguide/internetlife/2007-04-12-office-wikipedia_N.htm|access-date=December 12, 2014}}&lt;/ref&gt;

&quot; My Number One Doctor &quot;, e leng karolo ya 2007 ya lenaneo la thelebišene ''la Scrubs'', e ne e tshameka ka kgopolo ya gore Wikipedia ke sedirisiwa se se sa ikanyegeng sa motswedi, go na le tiragalo e mo go yone Perry Cox a tsibogelang molwetse mongwe yo o reng lekwalo la Wikipedia le mmontsha gore go ja dijo tse di sa butswang go busetsa morago ditlamorago tsa kankere ya marapo mme a tlatsa gore mokwadi wa lekwalo leo ke yo o kwadileng la Kaedi ya dipontsho tsa lenaneo la Battlestar Galactica gape.

Ka 2008, webosaete ya metlae ''ya CollegeHumor'' e ne ya tlhagisa motshameko wa ditshwantsho o o bidiwang &quot;Morutuntshi Wikipedia&quot;, se mo go sone Morutuntshi Wikipedia wa maitirelo a laelang baithuti ka motswako wa dipolelo tse di sa netefadiweng le tse di sa utlwaleng sentle fale le fale.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Frucci |first=Adam |date=September 16, 2008 |title=If Wikipedia Was a Professor, College Would Be Awesome [Citation Needed] |url=https://gizmodo.com/if-wikipedia-was-a-professor-college-would-be-awesome-5050507 |access-date=May 28, 2026 |website=Gizmodo}}&lt;/ref&gt;  Motshameko wa metlae ''wa ga Dilbert'' wa Motsheganong a le boferabobedi, 2009, o bontsha moanelwa yo o tshegetsang polelo e e sa kgonegeng ka go re, &quot;Mphe metsotso e le lesome mme o bo o tlhola Wikipedia.&quot;  Ka Phukwi 2009, BBC Radio 4 e ne ya gasa motseletsele wa metlae e e bidiwang ''Bigipedia'', e e neng e beilwe mo webosaeteng e e neng e le setshwantsho sa Wikipedia. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Wolf |first=Ian |date=June 4, 2010 |title=Bigipedia given second series |url=https://www.comedy.co.uk/radio/news/319/bigipedia_given_second_series/ |access-date=February 4, 2023 |website=[[British Comedy Guide]]}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation web cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot; id=&quot;CITEREFWolf2010&quot;&gt;Wolf, Ian (June 4, 2010). [https://www.comedy.co.uk/radio/news/319/bigipedia_given_second_series/ &quot;Bigipedia given second series&quot;]. ''[[British Comedy Guide]]''&lt;span class=&quot;reference-accessdate&quot;&gt;. Retrieved &lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;February 4,&lt;/span&gt; 2023&lt;/span&gt;.&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt; Mengwe ya metshameko e e ne e tlhotlheleditswe ka tlhamalalo ke Wikipedia le dikwalo tsa yone. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Interview With Nick Doody and Matt Kirshen |url=https://www.comedy.org.uk/guide/radio/bigipedia/interview/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090731150008/http://www.comedy.org.uk/guide/radio/bigipedia/interview |archive-date=July 31, 2009 |access-date=July 31, 2009 |website=[[British Comedy Guide]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Ka Phatwe 23, 2013, webosaete ya ''New Yorker'' e ne ya gatisa dipopae tse di nang le mafoko a : &quot;Hee, Manning, a o akanyeditse ntwa ya maemedi e se se tsileng go e simolola mo tsebeng ya gago ya Wikipedia?&quot; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Flake |first=Emily |author-link=Emily Flake |date=August 23, 2013 |title=Manning/Wikipedia cartoon |url=https://www.condenaststore.com/-sp/Dammit-Manning-have-you-considered-the-pronoun-war-that-this-is-going-t-Cartoon-Prints_i9813981_.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141012052730/https://www.condenaststore.com/-sp/Dammit-Manning-have-you-considered-the-pronoun-war-that-this-is-going-t-Cartoon-Prints_i9813981_.htm |archive-date=October 12, 2014 |access-date=August 26, 2013 |website=Conde Nast Collection}}&lt;/ref&gt; Dipopae tse di ne di bua ka Chelsea Elizabeth Manning (yo o tshotsweng e le Bradley Edward Manning), molweladitshwanelo wa Moamerika, mopolotiki, le lesole la nako e e fetileng la Sesole sa United States yo o neng a sa tswa go tswa e le mosadi yo o fetogileng bong . &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=August 22, 2013 |title='I am Chelsea': Read Manning's full statement |url=http://www.today.com/news/i-am-chelsea-read-mannings-full-statement-6C10974052 |access-date=February 4, 2023 |website=[[Today (American TV program)|Today]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Ka Seetebosigo 2024, ''Nature'' e ne ya gatisa tsebe ya puisano ya Wikipedia e e itlhametsweng ka fa tlase ga setlhogo se se reng &quot;Fankase e e jang polasetiki e bakile letsatsi la katlholo&quot; ka Emma Burnett. Tsebe e ya puisano e ne e amana le setlhogo se se itlhametsweng se se tlhalosang ditlamorago tse di sa ikaelelwang tsa go gololwa ga fankase e e jang polasetiki go phepafatsa mahura a a tsholotsweng. Lekwalo le le ne le na le ditlhogo tsa tsebe ya puisano tse di fitlhelwang mo Wikipedia, jaaka dipuisano tsa diphetogo mo tshekatshekong ya lekwalo. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Burnett |first=Emma |date=June 12, 2024 |title=Plastic-eating fungus caused doomsday[2] [3] |url=https://www.nature.com/articles/d41586-024-01723-z |journal=Nature |doi=10.1038/d41586-024-01723-z |issn=0028-0836 |pmid=38867010 |access-date=May 28, 2026 |doi-access=free}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Kgatiso ===
[[File:WikiMedia_DC_2013_Annual_Meeting_08.JPG|right|thumb|Setlhopha sa Badiri ba Wikimedia ba kgaolo ya Wikimedia DC kwa phuthegong ya ngwaga le ngwaga ya Wikimedia ya DC ya 2013 ba eme fa pele ga ''Encyclopædia Britannica'' ''(kwa morago ka fa molemeng)'' kwa Bobolokelong jwa setšhaba jwa Amerika]]
Ditlamorago tsa itsholelo tsa Wikipedia tse di bonalang thata e nnile loso lwa diensaetlolopedia tsa kgwebo, segolobogolo diphetolelo tse di gatisitsweng jaaka ''Encyclopædia Britannica'', tse di neng di sa kgone go gaisana le tse dingwe tsa mahala. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Bosman |first=Julie |date=March 13, 2012 |title=After 244 Years, Encyclopaedia Britannica Stops the Presses |url=https://mediadecoder.blogs.nytimes.com//2012/03/13/after-244-years-encyclopaedia-britannica-stops-the-presses/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230103001340/https://archive.nytimes.com/mediadecoder.blogs.nytimes.com/2012/03/13/after-244-years-encyclopaedia-britannica-stops-the-presses/ |archive-date=January 3, 2023 |access-date=January 26, 2015 |website=The New York Times}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=March 20, 2012 |title=Encyclopedia Britannica Dies At The Hands Of Wikipedia [Infographic] |url=https://www.gizmocrazed.com/2012/03/encyclopedia-britannica-dies-at-the-hands-of-wikipedia-infographic/ |url-status=usurped |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140629152825/http://www.gizmocrazed.com/2012/03/encyclopedia-britannica-dies-at-the-hands-of-wikipedia-infographic/ |archive-date=June 29, 2014 |access-date=June 14, 2014 |website=GizmoCrazed}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref name=&quot;FT effect on traditional media&quot;&gt;{{Cite news|archiveurl=Christopher Caldwell (journalist)}}&lt;/ref&gt; Padi ya ga Nicholas Carr ya 2005 ya &quot;The amorality of Web 2.0 &quot; e kgala diwebosaete tse di nang le diteng tse di tlhamilweng ke badirisi (jaaka Wikipedia) ka ntlha ya go dira gore batlhagisi ba diteng ba baitseanape (le, go ya ka pono ya gagwe, ba ba kwa godimo) ba tswe mo kgwebong, ka gonne &quot;mahala a feta boleng ka dinako tsotlhe&quot;. Carr o ne a kwala gore &quot;Se se tlhagelelang mo diponong tse di itumedisang tsa Web 2.0 ke taolo ya batho ba ba senang maitemogelo thata. Nna ga ke kgone go akanya ka sepe se se tshosang go feta se.&quot; &lt;ref name=&quot;RType WP traditional media effect 1&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Carr |first=Nicholas |author-link=Nicholas G. Carr |date=October 3, 2005 |title=The amorality of Web 2.0 |url=https://www.roughtype.com/archives/2005/10/the_amorality_o.php |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220804031256/https://www.roughtype.com/?p=110 |archive-date=August 4, 2022 |access-date=July 15, 2006 |website=Rough Type}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ba bangwe ba ganetsa mogopolo wa gore Wikipedia, kana maiteko a a tshwanang le yone, a tla tlosa dikgatiso tse di tlwaelesegileng gotlhe gotlhe. Chris Anderson, yo e kileng ya bo e le morulaganyi-mogolo wa ''Wired'', o ne a kwala mo go ''Nature'' gore mokgwa wa Wikipedia wa &quot; botlhale jwa matshwititswiti &quot; ga o kitla o tsaya maemo a dibukana tse di kwa godimo tsa Maranyane tse di nang le dithulaganyo tse di gagametseng tsa go sekasekwa . 

Tlhotlheletso ya Wikipedia mo kgwebong ya go gatisa dibuka tsa matshelo a batho e nnile selo se se tshwenyang bangwe. Molatedi wa tshedimosetso ya go gatisa dibuka Nielsen BookScan o boletse ka 2013 gore thekiso ya dibuka tsa matshelo a batho e ne ya wela tlase &quot;ka mashetla tota&quot;. &lt;ref name=&quot;Flood-2013&quot; /&gt; Kathryn Hughes, motlhatlheledi wa go kwala botshelo kwa Sekolong sa dithuto tse dikgolwane sa East Anglia le mokwadi wa dibuka tse pedi tsa botshelo jwa motho o ne a kwala jaana, &quot;Se se tshwenyang ke gore, fa o ka kgona go bona tshedimosetso eo yotlhe go tswa mo Wikipedia, go setse eng sa botshelo jwa motho?&quot; &lt;ref name=&quot;Flood-2013&quot;&gt;{{Cite news|last=Flood|first=Alison|date=February 7, 2013|title=Alison Flood: ''Should traditional biography be buried alongside Shakespeare's breakfast?''|journal=[[The Guardian]]|url=https://www.theguardian.com/books/booksblog/2013/feb/07/traditional-biography-shakespeare-breakfast|access-date=June 14, 2014}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Tiriso mo patlisisong ===
Wikipedia e dirisitswe thata jaaka khophase ya patlisiso ya dipuo mo thutapuong ya dikhompiutara, go batla tshedimosetso le go dirisa puo ya tlholego . &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Mayo |first=Matthew |date=November 23, 2017 |title=Building a Wikipedia Text Corpus for Natural Language Processing |url=https://www.kdnuggets.com/building-a-wikipedia-text-corpus-for-natural-language-processing.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230528034621/https://www.kdnuggets.com/2017/11/building-wikipedia-text-corpus-nlp.html |archive-date=May 28, 2023 |access-date=February 4, 2023 |website=KDnuggets}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Lindemann |first=Luke |date=February 19, 2021 |title=Wikipedia Corpus |url=https://lukelindemann.com/wiki_corpus.html |access-date=February 4, 2023 |website=lukelindemann.com}}&lt;/ref&gt; Segolobogolo, gantsi e dira jaaka motheo wa kitso o o ikaeletseng bothata jwa go golaganya dilo, jo morago ga moo bo bidiwang &quot;wikification&quot;,  le bothata jo bo amanang le jone jwa go tlhalosa bokao jwa mafoko .  Mekgwa e e tshwanang le wikification e ka dirisiwa gape go batla dikgokagano tse di &quot;tlhaelang&quot; mo Wikipedia. 

Ka 2015, babatlisisi ba Fora e bong José Lages wa Sekolo sa dithuto tse dikgolwane sa Franche-Comté kwa Besançon le Dima Shepelyansky wa Sekolo sa dithuto tse dikgolwane sa Paul Sabatier kwa Toulouse ba ne ba gatisa maemo a dikolo tse dikgolwane tsa ithutelo ditiro tsa lefatshe lotlhe go ya ka dinopolo tsa barutegi tsa Wikipedia. &lt;ref name=&quot;mitmining&quot;&gt;{{Cite news|title=Wikipedia-Mining Algorithm Reveals World's Most Influential Universities: An algorithm's list of the most influential universities contains some surprising entries|url=https://www.technologyreview.com/view/544266/wikipedia-mining-algorithm-reveals-worlds-most-influential-universities/|access-date=December 27, 2015|work=[[MIT Technology Review]]|date=December 7, 2015|archivedate=February 1, 2016|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160201174817/https://www.technologyreview.com/view/544266/wikipedia-mining-algorithm-reveals-worlds-most-influential-universities/}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref name=&quot;harvardisonlymarmow&quot;&gt;{{Cite news|title=Harvard is only the 3rd most influential university in the world, according to this list|url=https://www.marketwatch.com/story/two-universities-beat-harvard-in-this-surprising-school-ranking-2015-12-09|access-date=December 27, 2015|work=[[MarketWatch]]|date=December 10, 2015}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref name=&quot;wikipediarankingtimesworldunifranche&quot;&gt;{{Cite news|title=Wikipedia Ranking of World Universities: the top 100. List ranks institutions by search engine results and Wikipedia appearances|url=https://www.timeshighereducation.com/features/wikipedia-ranking-world-universities-top-100|access-date=December 27, 2015|work=[[Times Higher Education]]|date=December 15, 2015}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ba dirisitse PageRank, CheiRank le dithulaganyo tse di tshwanang &quot; di latelwa ke palo ya go tlhagelela mo dikgatisong di le masome a mabedi le bone tsa dipuo tse di farologaneng tsa Wikipedia (tatelano e e fologang) le lekgolo la dingwaga le di tlhomilweng mo go lone (tatelano e e tlhatlogang)&quot;. &lt;ref name=&quot;wikipediarankingtimesworldunifranche&quot; /&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Lages, J. |last2=Patt, A. |last3=Shepelyansky, D. |year=2016 |title=Wikipedia ranking of world universities |journal=[[European Physical Journal B|Eur. Phys. J. B]] |volume=89 |page=69 |arxiv=1511.09021 |bibcode=2016EPJB...89...69L |doi=10.1140/epjb/e2016-60922-0 |s2cid=1965378}}&lt;/ref&gt; Patlisiso e e ne ya tlhabololwa ka 2019. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Coquidé, C. |last2=Lages, J. |last3=Shepelyansky, D.L. |year=2019 |title=World influence and interactions of universities from Wikipedia networks. |journal=[[European Physical Journal B|Eur. Phys. J. B]] |volume=92 |page=3 |arxiv=1809.00332 |bibcode=2019EPJB...92....3C |doi=10.1140/epjb/e2018-90532-7 |s2cid=52154548}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Ka Sedimonthole 2015, John Julius Norwich o boletse, mo lekwalong le le gatisitsweng mo pampiring ya dikgang ya ''The Times'', gore jaaka rraditso o ne a dirisa Wikipedia &quot;makgetho a ka nna  lesome le bobedi ka letsatsi&quot;, mme &quot;ga ise e mo lapise&quot;. O ne a e tlhalosa e le &quot;motswedi o o mosola jaaka ope fela o o leng teng&quot;, o o nang le mefuta e e anameng mo e leng gore ga go kgonege go bona motho, lefelo, kgotsa selo se e se tlogetseng go sa buiwa ka sone le gore o ne a ka se ka a kwala dibuka tsa gagwe tse pedi tsa bofelo kwa ntle ga yone. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=December 13, 2015 |title=All hail Wikipedia |url=https://www.thetimes.com/article/all-hail-wikipedia-l6t9cnhkl5m |access-date=October 1, 2024 |website=The Times}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Thutopatlisiso ya MIT ya 2017 e supa gore mafoko a a dirisiwang mo dikwalong tsa Wikipedia a feleletsa a le mo dikgatisong tsa maranyane. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Thompson |first=Neil |last2=Hanley |first2=Douglas |date=February 13, 2018 |title=Science Is Shaped by Wikipedia: Evidence From a Randomized Control Trial |journal=MIT Sloan Research Paper No. 5238-17 |location=Rochester, NY |doi=10.2139/ssrn.3039505 |s2cid=30918097 |ssrn=3039505 |via=[[SSRN]]}}&lt;/ref&gt; Dithuto tse di amanang le Wikipedia di ntse di dirisa go ithuta ka motšhini le botlhale jwa maitirelo &lt;ref name=&quot;NYT-20230718&quot;&gt;{{Cite news|last=Gertner|first=Jon|title=Wikipedia's Moment of Truth – Can the online encyclopedia help teach A.I. chatbots to get their facts right — without destroying itself in the process? + comment|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2023/07/18/magazine/wikipedia-ai-chatgpt.html#permid=126389255|date=July 18, 2023|work=[[The New York Times]]|access-date=July 19, 2023}}&lt;/ref&gt; go tshegetsa ditiro tse di farologaneng. Nngwe ya dikarolo tse di botlhokwa thata ke go lemoga ka go itirisa ga go senngwa ga dikwalo   le go sekaseka boleng jwa tshedimosetso mo Wikipedia. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Asthana |first=Sumit |last2=Halfaker |first2=Aaron |author-link2=Aaron Halfaker |date=November 2018 |editor-last=Lampe |editor-first=Cliff |title=With Few Eyes, All Hoaxes are Deep |journal=Proceedings of the ACM on Human-Computer Interaction |location=New York City |publisher=[[Association for Computing Machinery]] |volume=2 |issue=CSCW |at=21 |doi=10.1145/3274290 |issn=2573-0142 |doi-access=free}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Petroni |first=Fabio |last2=Broscheit |first2=Samuel |last3=Piktus |first3=Aleksandra |last4=Lewis |first4=Patrick |last5=Izacard |first5=Gautier |last6=Hosseini |first6=Lucas |last7=Dwivedi-Yu |first7=Jane |last8=Lomeli |first8=Maria |last9=Schick |first9=Timo |last10=Bevilacqua |first10=Michele |last11=Mazaré |first11=Pierre-Emmanuel |last12=Joulin |first12=Armand |last13=Grave |first13=Edouard |last14=Riedel |first14=Sebastian |date=2023 |title=Improving Wikipedia verifiability with AI |journal=[[Nature Machine Intelligence]] |volume=5 |issue=10 |pages=1142–1148 |arxiv=2207.06220 |doi=10.1038/s42256-023-00726-1 |doi-access=free}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Mananeo a a tsamaelanang ==

Diensaetlolopedia di le mmalwa tse di dirisanang tsa bobegakgang tse di akaretsang diphetolo tse di kwadilweng ke setšhaba di ne di le teng bogologolo pele ga Wikipedia e tlhongwa. Ya ntlha ya tsone e ne e le Lenaneo la BBC Domesday  la 1986, le le neng le akaretsa mokwalo (o o tsentsweng mo dikhomphuteng tsa BBC Micro ) le dinepe go tswa mo bathong ba ba neng ba tsaa karolo ba feta sedikadike kwa UK, mme e ne e akaretsa thuto ka lefelo, botaki le ngwao ya UK. E ne e le ensaetlolopedia ya ntlha ya bobegakgang e e dipego (mme gape e ne e le yone ya ntlha e e tona ya bobegakgang e e golagantsweng ka dikgolagano tsa mo teng), ka bontsi jwa dikwalo di fitlhelelwa ka moalo  wa UK. Setshwantsho sa bodirisi le karolo ya diteng tsa Lenaneo la Domesday di ne tsa dirwa mo webosaeteng go fitlha ka 2008 . 

Diensaetlolopedia di le mmalwa tse di nang le diteng tse di gololesegileng, tse di dirisanang mmogo di ne tsa tlhamiwa ka nako e le nngwe le Wikipedia (sekai , Everything2 ),  mme moragonyana di le dintsi di ne tsa kopanngwa mo lenaneong le(sekai, GNE ). &lt;ref group=&quot;W&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=The Free Encyclopedia Project |url=https://www.gnu.org/encyclopedia/encyclopedia.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250916022442/https://www.gnu.org/encyclopedia/encyclopedia.html |archive-date=September 16, 2025 |access-date=February 4, 2023 |website=GNU Operating System}}&lt;/ref&gt; Nngwe ya diensaetlolopedia tsa bogologolo tsa mo inthaneteng tse di atlegileng thata tse di neng di akaretsa dikwalo tsa batho e ne e le h2g2, e e neng ya tlhamiwa ke Douglas Adams ka 1999 . Ensaetlolopedia ya h2g2 e ne e sa gagamala thata, e remeletse mo dikwalong tse di nang le metlae mme gape di ruta. 

Diwebosaete tsa kitso ya tirisanommogo tse di neng tsa latela di tlhotlheleditswe ke Wikipedia. Tse dingwe di dirisa tshekatsheko e e tlwaelesegileng ya balekane, di tshwana le ''Ensaetlolopedia ya Botshelo'' le diensaetlolopedia tsa mo inthaneteng tsa wiki ''tsa Scholarpedia'' le Citizendium . &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Encyclopedia of Life |url=http://naturalhistory.si.edu/research/eol |access-date=February 4, 2023 |website=[[National Museum of Natural History]] |publisher=[[Smithsonian Institution|Smithsonian]]}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Scholarpedia: the free peer-reviewed encyclopedia |url=http://applied-neuroscience.org/index.php?option=com_content&amp;task=view&amp;id=79 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120222104006/http://applied-neuroscience.org/index.php?option=com_content&amp;task=view&amp;id=79 |archive-date=February 22, 2012 |website=Society of Applied Neuroscience}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ya bofelo e simolotswe ke Sanger ka maiteko a go tlhama mofuta o mongwe o o ikanyegang wa Wikipedia.  &lt;ref name=&quot;JayLyman&quot;&gt;{{Cite news|first=Jay|last=Lyman|url=https://www.crmbuyer.com/story/53137.html|title=Wikipedia Co-Founder Planning New Expert-Authored Site|publisher=LinuxInsider|date=September 20, 2006|access-date=June 27, 2007|archivedate=September 28, 2007|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20070928002933/http://www.crmbuyer.com/story/53137.html}}&lt;/ref&gt;</text>
      <sha1>d20isiy7t6onsuqwk0l8nbhckgwnfz7</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Nko</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>2946</id>
    <revision>
      <id>54181</id>
      <parentid>18085</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-08-17T21:08:49Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>InternetArchiveBot</username>
        <id>8156</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Add 1 book for [[en:Wikipedia:Verifiability|verifiability]] (20260817)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]]</comment>
      <origin>54181</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="7006" sha1="2nkv51exl5n2zs3gxikf4y5br9l5qdq" xml:space="preserve">{{Featured article}}
[[File:Puppy's nose.JPG|thumb|right|Nko ([[ntša]])]]
[[File:Neus1.jpg|thumb|right|Nko ([[botlhe]])]]
'''Nko''' ke karolo nngwe ya mmele  mo ditshiding tse di na le lerapo la mokwatla e e dirisiwa go sireletsa mesima ya phefo, e letelelang phefo go tsena le go tswa mo ga makgwafo, go thatswa phefo e dirisanya le molomo. Fa morago ga nko go na le nama e gokeletsweng mo nkong  e diphatlhana tsa phefo. Fa morago ga kgetsana ya phefo, phefo e feta mo mometsong, e bong e dirisiwa mo dirweng tsotlhe tsa mmele, e e salang e bo e dirisiwa mo makgwafong. Mo bathong, nko e fithelwa fa gare ga sefatlhego; mo ditshiding tse dinngwe e fa godimo ga molomo.

== Kabakanyo ya phefo ==
Nko e dirisiwa go lomaganya lefatshe le mmele wa motho  ka go laola phefo e e tsenang mo mmeleng e bo e e thuthafatsa, le go ntsha metsi a mo phefong pele e ka tsena mo mmeleng jaaka go diragala mo dikameleng. 
Nko e na le moritshana mo teng ga yone, o o diriwang go kganela dilo tse di sa thokegeng go tsena mo teng.

== Botlhale jwa ditaelo ==
Nko e e metsi ya dintsa e dirisiwa go dupa tsela. 
Diphologolo di dirisa dirwe tsa mmele tse di amogelwa bo tsididi, kwa  nko e leng tsididi teng ke gone ko di go dirisang go lemoga tsela e monko o tswang teng.

== Kago ya mekgwa ya go hema phefo ==
[[File:Malayan Tapir Profile.jpg|thumb|right|178px|Nko ya kolobe ya naga.]]
Mo ditshiding tsa metsi le dithapi tse di na le makgwafo, diphatlhana tsa phefo, di bulega go nna dikgetsana tse di bulegelang mo godimo ga molomo. 
Dikgetsana tse di dirisa serwe se se dirisiwang go hema phefo e bong dibokwana tsa nko e bo di dirisa dinama tse di lepeletseng tse gaufi le tsone. ko nteng ga dipopego tse di thwanang le ditshidi tsa metsi, thapi e e na le makgwafo,gape ga e dirise nko ya yone go hema, ka gore di hema ka molomo ya tsone.  Ditshidi tsa metsi di nale serwe se dirisiwang go dupa, go na le dikoloti, mo ke kgetsi fela, fa e se mo ditshiding tse di rileng tsa metsi fela ,e dirasanya mmogo le dirwe tse di fithelwang mo nkong.&lt;ref name=&quot;VB&quot;&gt;{{cite book |author=Romer, Alfred Sherwood|author2=Parsons, Thomas S.|year=1977 |title=The Vertebrate Body |url=https://archive.org/details/vertebratebody0000rome_a5a9|publisher=Holt-Saunders International |location= Philadelphia, PA|pages= [https://archive.org/details/vertebratebody0000rome_a5a9/page/453 453]–458|isbn= 0-03-910284-X}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Nko ya sika la dikwena e tona go feta ya diphologolo tse dingwe gape e fithelwa ko teng teng fa godimo ga legano.  Dikwena tsone di na le nko e e telele thata go di feta, e e thusang phologolo fo hema fa e tibile ko tlase ga metsi.   Nko ya sika la kwena e kgaogantswe  gararo:'' bontle jwa yone'' phata ya konokono ya phefo . Dirwe tse di dirisiwa go oketsa go tsiboga ga mmele.  Serwe se se dupang se agilwe sentle mo dinogeng le dikgathotsing, mo eleng gore ga di sa thole di amana gope le nko, di bulega fela fa godimo ga molomo. Serwe se se nnye mo dikhudung, mo e leng gore se tselela fela se tshwaraganye le nko, gape ga seyo mmo dikweneng tse di godileng thata.&lt;ref name=&quot;VB&quot;/&gt; 

Dinonyane di nale nko e e tshwanang le ya sika la dikwena, nko ya teng e bopilwe fa godimo ga molomo wa yone.  E ntswa di sa kgone go nka sentle, ntlwana ya phefo e nnyee, le fa e sena dikalo tse tharo, kago ya teng e e thata e tshwanang le ya diphologolotse di tsholang bana. Mo dinonyane ka bontsi, jaaka maphoi le  merubisi, nko e sireditswe ke lonaka le le thata.   Serwe se se dupang mo dinonyaneng o fithela se le teng se sa felela kana se seyo gothelele, go ya ka mefuta ya dinonyane.&lt;ref name=&quot;VB&quot;/&gt;

[[File:Lightmatter elephanttrunk.jpg|thumb|right|Ditlou di nale nko e  e kgona go tshwara]]
Mo diphologolong di le di ntsi di na le nko e tona, e tsaya bophara jwa legatla lotlhe.  Mo dithopeng tse dingqwe jaakaditshwene kgotsa di kgabo, mmantlhwane, and diphologolo tsa lewatle, nko e nnyenyefaditswe, gape diphologolo tse ga di kgone go dupa sentle.  Nko ya diphologolo tse di tsalang bane e okeditswe, ka kago ya  tlatso e ntsha bodilo jwa meno kwa godimo, go e dira bontlha bongwe jwa nko go tlogela bodilo jwa tlatso go nna fa godimo ga legano.   Nko e e godisitsweng e e, e na le marapo a mararo a mo nkong a tswakatswakane go dira selo se se itsopileng, se thusa go thuthafatsa phefo pele e goroga ko makgwafong. Go bulega mo le gone go goroga ko marapo a legata, a dira phatha tsa phefo tse di bitswang kgetsi tsa phefo.&lt;ref name=&quot;VB&quot;/&gt;

Mo diphologolong tsa  lewatles, nko e fokoditswe go nna mola wa nko,  e e fudugetseng fa godimo ga thogo, e ntsa pobego ya mmele le go kgona go hema ko tlase ga metsi. Nko ya  tlou yone e bopegile jaaka, serwe se se maaula se se leele, se se bidiwang pogo. 

Serwe se se dupang sa diphologolo tse di tsalang bana se tshwana le sa sika lo kwena. Mo diphologolong ka bontsi, se fithelwa mo bodilong jwa phatha e e tletseng phefo wa , o o bulegelang mo leganong, o dirisa ''diso tse mo dithaeng''   go feta ka bodilo jwa tlatso, mme o bolege sentlentle nkong.  Mme fela se se lathegile mo bo mmanthwane le mo ditshweneng, le batho tota.&lt;ref name=&quot;VB&quot;/&gt;

== Mo dithaping ==
Thapi e na le go dupa mo bokoa, mo e leng gore ga gana mosola mo metsi a di tshelelang mo go one.  Di na le nko mme, ntswa, e sa tshwane le tsa dikoloti, ga e na kgolagana le legano le fa e le go diriswa mo hemeng phefo. 
Mme le fa ntwa go ntse jaalo, e na le dikgwamanyana fa morago ga mola wa nko mo lethakoreng le le fa pele la thogo.  Mo nakong tse dintsi mola ona o kgaogangwa ke nama e e tsopileng ga bedi, go letelela metsi go feta ka nko ka lethakore le lengwe go tswa ka le lengwe.&lt;ref name=&quot;VB&quot;/&gt; 


Dikgwamana tse di bapile le nama e fithelwang mo nkong gape gantsi di na le go itsopa mo teng, go oketsa lefelo la bodilo. Mo di dithaengs,dikgwamana tse di tsenelela mo di phatha tse di mo marapong a thogo tse di tlaleletsang jaaka marapo a meno, fa mothaping e e senang marapos, di dira diphatanya tse di dikologang. Fa dintshwantsangwa le di koloti, phatha e e tletseng phefo ya dithapi ga e na mamina-a a na le ditshidi, ka gore ke matute a tholego.&lt;ref name=&quot;VB&quot;/&gt;  

Mo ditshiding tse di na le lerapo la mokgwatla, the thapi tse di senang marapo a dithaa le thapi e e nnang mo boteng jwa lewatle, go na le mola wa nko o le mongwe le kgesi e e dirisiwang go phepafatsa phefo.  Ke nnete gore  phatha e e tetseng phefo le yone e bulegela mo matute a kwa tlase ga bo boko. Se ga se thokege mme, setshidi se se na le lerapo la mokwatla, se se sa leng se le teng ko tshimologong. Sekai ke ditswa mmung tsa thapi tse di nale le mela ya nko tse pedi, gape ke nngwe ya ditshidi tsa ntlha.&lt;ref name=&quot;VB&quot;/&gt;

== O ka tsibogela ==
* Nko ya motho
* Borogo jwa phtha e tona e e na le phefo
* bodilo jo bo metsi jwa lefatshe le se nang sepe mo moleng wa nko mo diphologolong tse dintsi, ae seyo mo [[di tshidi tsa maoto a mabedi]] jaaka motho.

== Tse di lateng ketse di dirisitsweng go batla kitso ee kwadilweng fa ==
{{reflist}}

== Dikgoge tsa kwa ntle ==
* {{commons-inline|nose}}

[[Category:Nko| ]]</text>
      <sha1>2nkv51exl5n2zs3gxikf4y5br9l5qdq</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Maranya a Kakanyo</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>2988</id>
    <revision>
      <id>54183</id>
      <parentid>31680</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-08-17T21:09:42Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>InternetArchiveBot</username>
        <id>8156</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Add 1 book for [[en:Wikipedia:Verifiability|verifiability]] (20260817)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]]</comment>
      <origin>54183</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="7383" sha1="gs0suts0b6vrpp5d8cuotywkh0tmuk7" xml:space="preserve">{{Featured article}}
'''Maranyane a kakanyo kgotsa'''  ('''IT''') ke papadi,lepeano,letlotlo le go ntsha ga modumo,ditshwantsho,mokwalo le dinomoro tsa kakanyotse di dirisanyang le motlakasedi itebagantse le go tlhakanya dikhomputara le tsa ditlhaeletsanyo.&lt;ref&gt;{{citation |last1=Longley |first1=Dennis |last2=Shain |first2=Michael |title=Dictionary of Information Technology |year=1985 |edition=2 |publisher=Macmillan Press |isbn=0-333-37260-3|page=164}}&lt;/ref&gt; Lefoko le lone ka bosha jwa go tlhaloganyesega jwa lone le bonasegile ka ngwaga wa 1958 mo koranteng ya ''Harvard Business Review'' ,e mo go yone mokwadi Leavitt le Whisler ba akgetseng gore &quot;kakanyo e ntsha ga e na  leina lele ikemetseng ka nosi lele setseng le simolodisitswe. Re tla le bitsa maranyane a Kakanyo kgotsa ka bokhutshwane (IT).&quot;.&lt;ref name=&quot;OEDIT&quot;&gt;{{citation |contribution=information technology {{subscription}} |series=Oxford English Dictionary |url=http://dictionary.oed.com/ |publisher=[[Oxford University Press]] |edition=2 |year=1989 |accessdate=20&amp;nbsp;November 2010 |title=Archive copy |archivedate=2006-06-25 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20060625103623/http://dictionary.oed.com/ }}&lt;/ref&gt; Nngwe ya tsa segompino tse di tlhagogang mo ntheng ya tsa Maranyane a kakanyo ke tse di tla tlang  e le, dikhomputara tsa kitso tlhabologileng , dikhomputara tsa maemo,kakanyo ya maranyane a tlhabologileng,kwa godimo kokoanyo ya kitso le tse dingwe.

== Kakanyo ka kakaretso ==
[[File:2005ICT.PNG|thumb|right|400px|kakanyo ya tsa go itsese ka maranyane mo ngwageng 2005]]
IT ke lefelo le go laolwang kakanyo le go paralatsa mafelo ka go faralogana aa akaretsang mme go kganelwa ke dilo tse di tshwanang le go bopelela, maranyane aa berekisang khomputara, kitso ee faphegileng , tse di dirang khomputara ,  kitso ee tlhalogangwang ke khomputara le go aga kitso. Ka bokhutshwane, sepe se tlhokanang le kitso,ee akanyediwang ka go bonala kana nngwe tsela,ka go dirisiwa ga di CD,ke bontlha bongwe jwa maranyane a kakanyetso. IT e thusa bagwebi ka dithuso tse nne tse di faphegileng tsa:go dira gore kgwebo e itirise ka maranyane,go tlisa kakanyetso,go ikgolaganya le bareki,le didirisiwa tse di rotloetsang maduo aa mantle. 

Baitsanape ba maranyane a kakanyo ba dira ditiro tse di farologanyeng(maranyane a kakanyo aa lekanyeng) aa rulagantsweng go tswa mo go tsenyeng topo go diragatsa di toga-maano, kgolaganyo ya dikhomputara  le kakanyo Nngwe ya ditiro tsa baitsanape ba maranyane a kakanyo ba ka di dirang ke go laola kakanyo,go dira le kgolaganyo, dikago tsa khomputara,go dira le kakanyo le maranyane a khomputara,le gone go laola le kokamelo ya tsotlhe ka kakaretso. Maranyane a kakanyo a simolotse go gasagasamela pele go nale go tlwaela khomputara ya motho a le mongwe  le maranyane a kgolaganyo,le tse dingwe tse dintsi tse di dirisang maranyane jaaka go dirisa megala ya letlheka, disupaditshwantsho,le megala ee dirang ka esi, le tse dingwe, mo go oketsang letlhoko la ditiro. 

Mo nakong ee fitlileng,lekgotla la Accreditation Board for Engineering and Technology  gape le la Association for Computing Machinery  ba ikgolagantse go bopa maitlamo le seemo sa togamaano ka dithuto &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=ABET |url=http://www.abet.org/forms.shtml#For_Computing_Programs_Only |access-date=2011-10-30 |archive-date=2010-03-16 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100316041456/http://www.abet.org/forms.shtml#For_Computing_Programs_Only |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt; tsa boemo jwa maranyaneng a katso jaaka aa pharologanyo fa a tshwantshangwa &lt;ref&gt;{{citation |last1=Isbell |first1=Charles |last2=Impagliazzo |first2=John |last3=Stein |first3=Lynn |last4=Proulx |first4=Viera |last5=Russ |first5=Steve |last6=Forbes |first6=Jeffrey |last7=Thomas |first7=Richard |last8=Fraser |first8=Linda |last9=Xu |first9=Yan |year=2009 |month=December |title=(Re)Defining Computing Curricula by (Re)Defining Computing |publisher=Association for Computing Machinery, ACM |isbn= 978-1-60558-886-5}}&lt;/ref&gt;le  maranyane a khomputara  le kakanyo ka kakaretso gompino. SIGITE (Setlhopa se se haphegileng mo thutong)&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.sigite.org/ ACM-SIGITE]&lt;/ref&gt; ke lekalana la ACM le le berekang ka ditlhopana go netefatsa maitlamo a. Dithuso ka maranyane a kakanyo lefatshe ka bophara e ne e le didikadike tsa makgolokgolo a makgolo a supa,masome a borataro le boraro ka ngwaga wa 2009.&lt;ref name=&quot;gartner.com&quot;&gt;{{citation |url=http://www.gartner.com/it/page.jsp?id=1363713 |contribution=Gartner Says Worldwide IT Services Revenue Declined 5.3 Percent in 2009 |publisher=Gartner |accessdate=20&amp;nbsp;November 2010 |title=Archive copy |archivedate=2011-09-08 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110908033835/http://www.gartner.com/it/page.jsp?id=1363713 }}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Selekanyo sa kgolo ya maranyane ==
Hilbert le Lopez &lt;ref name=&quot;HilbertLopez2011&quot;&gt;[http://www.sciencemag.org/content/332/6025/60 &quot;Nonofo ya maranyane a tsa lefatshe ka letlotlo,go itsese,le go bala maranyane&quot;], Martin Hilbert le Priscila López (2011), Science (journal), 332(6025), 60-65;go atamela koranta fa: martinhilbert.net/WorldInfoCapacity.html&lt;/ref&gt; ba kaya kgolo ya mararanyane e fetlogang (jaaka o kare molao wa Moore):motshine oo itebagantseng le selekanyo sa go bala kakanyo go bua ka kgobololo o ntsifetse gabedi mo kgweding tse lesome le bone gare ga ngwaga wa 1986 le 2007; selekanyo sa lefatshe sa tiriso ya dikhomputara ka kakaretso se oketsegile gabedi mo kgweding di le lesome le borobabobedi mo dingwageng tse di lesome; selekanyo sa ditlhaeletsanyo tsa lefatshe ka bophara se oketsegile gabedi mo kgweding tse masome a mararo le bone; selekanyo sa letlotlo la lefatshe lotlhe le ne le tlhokana le kgobololo ya kgwedi tse masome a mane go ntsifala mo ngwageng tse (tharo); gape selekanyo sa go gasagasa kitso se ntsifetse gabedi mo kgoboleng ya ngwaga tse 12.3.&lt;ref name=&quot;HilbertLopez2011&quot;/&gt;

== onani ==
*Kakanyo le maranyane a dipusanyo  (ICT)
* Maranyane a khomputara

== Dipadi tsa kwa: ==
{{reflist|colwidth=30em}}

== Palo pele ==
{{refbegin}}
*Adelman, C. (2000). ''A Parallel Post-secondary Universe: The Certification System in Information Technology'' . Washington, D.C.: U.S. Department of Education.
*Allen, T., and M.S. Morton, eds. 1994. ''Information Technology and the Corporation of the 1990s'' . New York: Oxford University Press.
*Shelly, Gary, Cashman, Thomas, Vermaat, Misty, and Walker, Tim. (1999). ''Discovering Computers 2000: Concepts for a Connected World'' . Cambridge, Massachusetts: Course Technology.
*Webster, Frank, and Robins, Kevin. (1986). ''Information Technology—A Luddite Analysis'' . Norwood, NJ: Ablex.
*{{citation |title=The Global Information Technology Report 2008–2009 |publisher=World Economic Forum and INSEAD |year=2009 |isbn=978-92-95044-19-7 |url=http://www.weforum.org/pdf/gitr/2009/gitr09fullreport.pdf}}
{{refend}}
*{{cite book
 |first=Steven 
 |last=Blais
 |title=Business Analysis: Best Practices for Success
 |url=https://archive.org/details/businessanalysis0000blai
 |publisher=[[John Wiley &amp; Sons]]
 |date=December 2011
 |isbn=1118076001}}

== Dikgoge tsa kwa ntle ==
{{wikiversity}}
*[http://www.itil-officialsite.com/home/home.asp Motlobo wa dibuka wa kitso ka kakanyo (ITIL)]

{{DEFAULTSORT:Information Technology}}
[[Category:Maranyane aa mo tirisong]]
[[Category:Maranyane a kakanyo]]
[[Category:Maranyane a tsa kgaso]]
[[Category:go ntsha motsweding]]</text>
      <sha1>gs0suts0b6vrpp5d8cuotywkh0tmuk7</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Mathangwane</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>3082</id>
    <revision>
      <id>54214</id>
      <parentid>54090</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-08-18T11:03:56Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>InternetArchiveBot</username>
        <id>8156</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5</comment>
      <origin>54214</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="27971" sha1="puxysw3q6yj6u5f4a2calwpe6hgdn2w" xml:space="preserve">{{Infobox Botswana Place|image=Closeup View of Botswana 50years of independence commemorative plaque in Mathangwane.jpeg|BotswanaMap={{Location map|Botswana
|width = 240
|float = none
|lat_deg = -20.99
|lon_deg = 27.33
}}|Population=5918 (2022)&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Population and Housing Census 2022: Population of Cities, Towns and Districts|url=https://www.statsbots.org.bw/population-and-housing-census-2022-population-cities-towns-and-districts|website=Statistics Botswana|access-date=2022-06-07|date=2022-06-10}}&lt;/ref&gt;|District=Central}}

'''Mathangwane''' ke motse wa [[Botswana]] o o fitlhelwang mo kgaolong ya legare, o tsamaisiwa ke kgaolo-potlana ya khansele ya Tutume.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Tutume Sub Council Members |url=https://tutume.cdc.gov.bw/index.php/about/council-members |access-date=2025-10-08 |archive-date=2020-09-29 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200929155927/http://tutume.cdc.gov.bw/index.php/about/council-members |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt; Motse o o ka nna dikhilomithara di le masome a mabedi le botlhano kwa bophirima jwa [[Francistown]] go bapa le [[tsela e kgolo ya A3]], o mo kgolaganong ya dinoka tsa [[Noka ya Shashe|Shashe]] le [[Vukwi]]. E fitlhelwa thata mo lotshitshing lwa molema lwa noka ya Shashe. Go ya ka Palo ya Batho le Matlo ya 2011, Mathangwane o ne a na le baagi ba le 5,075.&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.cso.gov.bw/templates/cso/file/File/2011%20Census%20_Alphabetical%20Index%20_Population%20of%20Villages.pdf 2011 Alphabetical Index of Villages] [https://web.archive.org/web/20150923212014/http://www.cso.gov.bw/templates/cso/file/File/2011%20Census%20_Alphabetical%20Index%20_Population%20of%20Villages.pdf Archived] 23 September 2015 at the [[:en:Wayback_Machine|Wayback Machine]], [http://www.cso.gov.bw/ Central Statistics Office]&lt;/ref&gt;

Motse ono o tlhaolwa ke mekgatšha ya one e mentsi ya dinoka, e e bopilweng thata ke [[melatswana]] ya [[Noka ya Shashe]]. Mekgatšha eno ka tlwaelo e dira jaaka [[melelwane]] ya tlholego ya dikgotlana tsa motse, tse mo lefelong la bone di bidiwang ''[[Kgotla|dikgotlana]]''.

== Ditso ==
[[Setshwantsho:Shashe River Crossing Bridge in Mathangwane.jpg|thumb|200x200px|Borogo jwa tsela e kgolo ya A3 jwa mela e mebedi jwa tsela e le nngwe ya dikoloi tsa Shashe River Crossing kwa Mathangwane jo bo agilweng mo bogareng jwa dingwaga tsa bo 1990 bo ne jwa fedisa dikotsi tsa dikoloi tse pele di neng gotwe ke tsa meya e e bosula .]]
[[Motse]] o go tswa mo ditsong ke bonno jwa [[morafe wa kalanga]] mme ka setso o laolwa ke [[She]] Itekeng Mongwaketsi Mathangwane.&lt;ref&gt;[https://web.archive.org/web/20110831041314/http://thuto.info/blog/?p=355 &quot;Botswana Donor : Kgosi (Chief) Itekeng Mathangwane ~ A Gift of Land&quot;]. Archived from [http://thuto.info/blog/?p=355 the original] on 31 August 2011. Retrieved 8 Phalane 2025.&lt;/ref&gt; Ka 2008, go ne ga itsisiwe dithulaganyo tsa go gopola [[dingwaga di le lekgolo]] tsa motse o, le fa dintlha tsa meletlo e di sa ntse di sa tlhaloganyesege sentle.&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.mmegi.bw/index.php?sid=1&amp;aid=43&amp;dir=2008/April/Monday14/ Mathangwane Hits Centenary Mark], [http://www.mmegi.bw/ Mmegi Online]&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Ditiragalo tsa bofelo jwa lekgolo la bo masome mabedi la dingwaga ===
Ka dingwaga tsa bo 1980, borogo jo bo tshesane jwa ntlha jo bo neng bo feta [[Noka ya Shashe]]—e e neng e le kgolagano e e botlhokwa le [[Francistown]]—bo ne jwa itsege thata ka dikotsi tse di neng di diragala gangwe le gape. Ditumelabotlhodi ka ga moya o o bosula o o tlhorontshang borogo jono di ne tsa anama thata go fitlha bo emisediwa ka jone mo bogareng jwa dingwaga tsa bo 1990. Borogo jo bosha jo bo nang le mela e mebedi bo ne jwa tokafatsa pabalesego thata, jwa emisa mokgwa o o sa bolong go nna teng wa dikotsi.

=== Kgolo ya baagi le diphetogo tsa lefatshe ===
Morago ga go tlhomiwa ga Francistown jaaka toropo ka 1997 le mathata a [[itsholelo]] le a [[sepolotiki]] a [[Zimbabwe]], Mathangwane e ne ya itemogela [[kgolo]] e e bonako ya baagi. Bafaladi ba ne ba akaretsa baagi ba Botswana go tswa kwa merafeng e mengwe ba ba neng ba batla matlo a a rekegang gaufi le Francistown le batshabi ba Zimbabwe ba ba neng ba tshaba pogiso. Go tsena moo go ne ga dira gore puso e abele gape dikarolo tsa lefatshe la temothuo la baagi [[ba tlholego]] gore le dirisiwe ke batho ba ba sa tswang go goroga, mme seo sa tsosa dikgotlhang tsa selegae.&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.bedia.co.bw/article.php?id_mnu=62 Available Land in Botswana] [https://web.archive.org/web/20110706162745/http://www.bedia.co.bw/article.php?id_mnu=62 Archived] 6 July 2011 at the [[:en:Wayback_Machine|Wayback Machine]]&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Go rulaganngwa sesha ga dipolotiki ===
Ka 2003, Mathangwane e ne ya nna [[ntlokgolo]] ya Kgaolo ya botlhophi e e neng e sa tswa go tlhamiwa ya '''''Tonota-Bokone''''' morago ga gore dikgaolo tsa botlhophi tsa palamente tsa Botswana di atologe go tswa go masome mane go ya go masome matlhano le bosupa.&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.parliament.gov.bw/pgcontent.php?UID=603 History of the Parliament] [https://web.archive.org/web/20101013172659/http://www.parliament.gov.bw/pgcontent.php?UID=603 Archived] 13 October 2010 at the [[:en:Wayback_Machine|Wayback Machine]], [https://web.archive.org/web/20090628185105/http://www.parliament.gov.bw/ Parliament of Botswana]&lt;/ref&gt; Le fa go ntse jalo, morago ga dikopano tse di neng di gotetse tsa [[Kgotla]] (kopano ya setso ya setšhaba), banni ba ne ba gana leina la &quot;Tonota-Bokone&quot; jaaka le sa tsamaisane le setso. Moragonyana kgaolo ya botlhophi e ne ya bidiwa '''''Shashe-Bophirima''''' go supa boitshupo jwa selegae.&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.mmegi.bw/index.php?sid=1&amp;aid=507&amp;dir=2012%2FAugust%2FWednesday15&amp;fb_comment_id=10151374219919498_31100874 Villagers request name changed]&lt;/ref&gt;

== Seemo sa Loapi ==

=== Moalo wa Seemo sa Loapi ===
{| class=&quot;wikitable mw-collapsible&quot;
! colspan=&quot;14&quot; |Tshedimosetso ya Seemo sa Loapi ya Mathangwane
|-
!Kgwedi
!Fir
!Tlh
!Mop
!Mor
!Mot
!See
!Phu
!Pha
!Lwe
!Pha
!Ngw
!Mor
!Ngwaga
|-
!Rekote e e kwa godimo °C (°F)
|30.1
(86.2)
|29.4
(84.9)
|29.1
(84.4)
|27.4
(81.3)
|25.3
(77.5)
|22.3
(72.1)
|22.7
(72.9)
|25.4
(77.7)
|29
(84)
|31.5
(88.7)
|30.8
(87.4)
|29.7
(85.5)
|27.73
(81.91)
|-
!Mean daily maximum °C (°F)
|24.1
(75.4)
|23.5
(74.3)
|22.7
(72.9)
|20.5
(68.9)
|16.9
(62.4)
|13.9
(57.0)
|14.2
(57.6)
|16.8
(62.2)
|20.7
(69.3)
|24
(75)
|24.3
(75.7)
|23.9
(75.0)
|20.46
(68.83)
|-
!Mean daily minimum °C (°F)
|18.2
(64.8)
|17.7
(63.9)
|16.4
(61.5)
|13.6
(56.5)
|8.6
(47.5)
|5.6
(42.1)
|5.7
(42.3)
|8.2
(46.8)
|12.4
(54.3)
|16.5
(61.7)
|17.9
(64.2)
|18.1
(64.6)
|13.24
(55.83)
|-
!Average precipitation mm (inches)
|102
(4.0)
|91
(3.6)
|49
(1.9)
|27
(1.1)
|5
(0.2)
|2
(0.1)
|0
(0)
|1
(0.0)
|8
(0.3)
|26
(1.0)
|66
(2.6)
|90
(3.5)
|467
(18.4)
|-
!Average precipitation days (≥ 0.1 mm)
|10
|7
|5
|2
|0
|0
|0
|0
|1
|3
|7
|9
|44
|-
!Average relative humidity (%)
|60
|60
|60
|51
|48
|49
|45
|38
|32
|34
|43
|52
|48
|-
| colspan=&quot;14&quot; |Motswedi: [[Climate-Data.org]],&lt;ref&gt;&quot;[https://en.climate-data.org/africa/botswana/central-district/mathangwane-922557/#climate-table Climate data for cities worldwide]&quot;. Climate-Data.org. Retrieved 8 Phalane 2025.&lt;/ref&gt; '''Mathangwane''' e itemogetse mogote o o kwa godimo ya rekoto ka Firikgong 2016&lt;ref&gt;[http://allafrica.com/stories/201601112526.html &quot;Botswana: Heat Wave Breaks Maximum Temperature Records&quot;.]&lt;/ref&gt;
|}
'''Setsuatsue sa Dineo (2017)'''

Ka Tlhakole 2017, [[Setsuatsue sa Dineo|Setsuatsue]] [[Setsuatsue sa Dineo|sa Dineo]] se ne sa baka merwalela e e masisi kwa Mathangwane le mafelo a a mabapi.&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.mmegi.bw/index.php?aid=66642&amp;dir=2017/february/15 Cyclone Dineo to trigger weekend downpours]&lt;/ref&gt; Sefefo seo se sentse thata [[tsela e kgolo ya A3]] e e fa gare ga [[Francistown]] le [[Sebina]] [[Junction]], ga mmogo le dikarolo tse di kwa [[bokone]] jwa [[motse]] go tswa kwa [[Nata]] go ya kwa [[Gweta]]. Go tswalwa ga ditsela ka nakwana go ne ga tsenngwa tirisong ka ntlha ya matshwenyego a pabalesego, go kgoreletsa pharakano ya kgaolo.&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.botswanaguardian.co.bw/news/item/2381-a3-road-along-nata-village-damaged-in-the-wake-of-flash-floods.html A3 road along Nata village damaged in the wake of flash floods]&lt;/ref&gt; Go diega ga dipaakanyo ke [[Lephata la Dipalamo le Ditlhaeletsano]] go dirile gore go nne le maemo a a kotsi mo ditseleng, mme seo sa dira gore dikotsi tsa dikoloi tse di bolayang batho di oketsege gaufi le Mathangwane.&lt;ref&gt;[https://web.archive.org/web/20190429073029/https://thevoicebw.com/fatal-car-crash-a3-highway/ Fatal car crash on A3 highway].&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.mmegi.bw/index.php?aid=69384&amp;dir=2017/june/08 Cyclone Dineo leaves P572m bill for roads].&lt;/ref&gt;

== Ditlamelo ==

=== Dikolo ===
Mathangwane o na le [[dikolo tse dipotlana]] di le pedi (''Sekolo se se botlana sa Mathangwane'' le ''se se botlana sa Mpatane''), [[sekolo se segolwane]] se le sengwe (''[[Sekole se segolwane sa Chamabona]]'') le mafelo a mabedi a go tlhokomela bana motshegare. Sekolo se segolwane, se kwa tshimologong se neng se bidiwa ''Chamabona Community Junior Secondary School'', se ne sa tsenngwa ka botlalo mo thulaganyong ya thuto ya puso mo tshimologong ya dingwaga tsa bo 2000.

Fa ba sena go wetsa ditlhatlhobo tsa setlankana se sebotlana, baithuti ka tlwaelo ba ikwadisa kwa [[dikolong tse dikgolwane]] tse di mo mafelong a a mabapi, go akaretsa le ''Sekolo sa Noka ya Shashe'', ''[[MsterSpei College|Kholetšhe ya Mater Spei]]'', ''[[Kholetšhe ya Baagi ya Tutume McConnell]]'', kgotsa ''[[Sekolo se Segolwane sa Masunga]]''. Phitlhelelo e e lekanyeditsweng ya thuto e kgolwane ya selegae go tswa mo ditsong go beile kgatelelo ya itsholelo mo malwapeng a letseno le le kwa tlase, mme seo se dirile gore go nne le dikelo tse di kwa godimo tsa go tlogela sekolo le go sa dire sentle mo ditlhatlhobong tsa Mophatlo wa Botlhano.

=== Ditsela ===
[[Tsela e kgolo ya A3]] e feta mo motseng, mme ditsela tsotlhe tse di mo teng ga di a tsenngwa sekontiri mme gantsi ga di tsamaege ka nako ya dipula tse di maatla. Mekgatšha ya dinoka e e sa tsenngwang borogo e gakatsa dikgwetlho tsa go tsamaya ka dipaka tsa dipula ka ntlha ya [[morwalela]] wa tshoganyetso.

Ka 2007, go ne ga itsisiwe maano a ''Mmandunyane-[[Shashe-Mooke|Shashe Mooke]]-[[Borolong]]-Chadibe-'''Mathangwane''''' a a boleele jwa dikilometara di le 70 ), a a neng a ikaeletse go tokafatsa mafaratlhatlha a selegae.&lt;ref&gt;[https://web.archive.org/web/20120315024607/http://www.cdc.gov.bw/On%20going%20%20projets.pdf &quot;Central District Council Projects&quot;] (PDF). Archived from [https://www.cdc.gov.bw/On%20going%20%20projets.pdf the original] (PDF) on 15 March 2012. Retrieved 8 Phalane 2025.&lt;/ref&gt; Arup Botswana e ne ya newa konteraka ya porojeke eno, mme kago e ne ya emisiwa go ya go ile ka ntlha ya mathata a kabo ya madi ka nako ya [[mathata a madi a 2008]].&lt;ref&gt;[http://allafrica.com/stories/200903100099.html Central District Council Prioritises Projects]&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Lefelo la bookelo ===
Lefelo le le nosi la tlhokomelo ya botsogo la motse ke Kokelwana ya Mathangwane, e e nang le baoki ba kakaretso le ngaka ya kalafi ya nakwana. Fa e sale ka 2000, ditlhabololo di akareditse phaposi ya pelegi le kharabene e e tsamayang e e dirang jaaka Voluntary [[HIV]] Counselling and Testing (VCT).&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |url=http://www.avert.org/aids-botswana.htm |title=HIV and AIDS in Botswana |access-date=2025-10-08 |archive-date=2013-01-16 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130116002649/http://avert.org/aids-botswana.htm |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt; Lenaneo la bosetšhaba la HIV/AIDS la Botswana, le le akgolwang ke [[Lekgotla la Lefatshe la Botsogo]] ka ntlha ya go tsenngwa mo tirisong ga lone ga kalafi ya antiretroviral ka bontsi, le tshegetsa letsholo leno.&lt;ref&gt;[https://www.who.int/3by5/support/june2005_bwa.pdf WHO estimate of number of people requiring treatment in Botswana]&lt;/ref&gt; Balwetse ba ba lwalang thata ba romelwa kwa kokelong ya Nyangabwe Referral (Francistown), fa dikgang tse di masisi [[tsa tlhaloganyo]] di fetisediwa kwa kokelong ya Jubilee.

=== Metsi a a nowang ===
Mathangwane e ne ya golaganngwa le tlamelo ya metsi ya [[Letamo la Shashe]] ka 2001, mme seno sa dira gore go tlhabololwe lefelo la go phepafatsa la letamo go fitlhelela tlhokego.&lt;ref&gt;[https://archive.today/20120803201042/http://www.eepublishers.co.za/view.php?sid=14216 Water treatment plant upgrade]&lt;/ref&gt; Pele ga 2010, ditirelo tsa metsi di ne di tsamaisiwa ka [[Tutume]] (75 km go tswa foo). Fa e sale [[Koporasi ya Ditirelo tsa Metsi|Koporasi ya Ditirelo tsa Metsi (WUC)]], e tsaya taolo ka fa tlase ga Lenaneo la Diphetogo tsa Lekala la Metsi, lefelo la selegae la tirelo ya bareki la WUC le ntse le dira mo motseng.

=== Dikgwetlho ===

* Ditirelo tse di sa phatlaladitsweng: Baagi ba fitlhelela mananeo a puso kwa ditoropong tse di kgakala (sekai, [[Francistown]], [[Tonota]], [[Tutume]]), mme seno se fokotsa go tsaya karolo.
* '''Komiti ya Tlhabololo ya Motse (VDC) e e sa direng sentle''': Go farologana le metse e e bapisiwang, Mathangwane e tlhaela diporojeke tsa baagi (sekai, ditale tse di hirisiwang, holo ya baagi) ka ntlha ya go tsenngwa ga VDC mo dipolotiking. Gantsi baithaopi ba baya dikeletso tsa bone tsa sepolotiki kwa pele ga maiteko a tlhabololo.

== Dipalopalo ==

=== Popego ya baagi ===
Mathangwane o kgaogantswe ka dikgotlana tsa morafe (''dikgotlana''), nngwe le nngwe e laolwa ke kgosi e potlana (''Kgosana''). Dikgotla tsa motheo di akaretsa:

* '''Mathangwane''' (kgotla e kgolo),
* '''Mpatane''',
* '''Nkuelegwa''',
* '''Mashungwa''',
* '''Matshegong/Mathiwa''' (e e bidiwang Palamakuwe ka puo ya tlwaelo, leina la botsalano le le tswang mo go itsegeng ga kgotla ka dikokoano tse di matlhagatlhaga tsa loago mo masimologong a bo1980).

Go ne ga tlhagelela dikgotlana tse dingwe fa motse o ntse o atologa. Go fitlha kwa tshimologong ya dingwaga tsa bo 2000, Hobona—bonno jo bo dikhilomitara di le lesome kwa bophirima jwa Mathangwane go bapa le tsela ya Francistown-Nata—o ne o dira jaaka nngwe ya ''dikgotlana'' tsa bogologolo, go ya ka ditso e ne e eteletswe pele ke ''Kgosana'' Seitshwenyeng Hobona.

=== Mealo ya bonno ya setso ===
Go ka direga gore bonno kwa Mathangwane bo tlhabologile ka ntlha ya go fitlhelela metsi a a sa feleng go tswa kwa dinokeng tsa [[Noka ya Shashe|Shashe]] le Vukwi. Kwa bokhutlong jwa lekgolo la bomasome mabedi la dingwaga, motse ono o ne o aname go bapa le mabopo a noka a a kwa bokone le a a kwa borwa, mme go na le ditsha tsa temothuo tsa dipaka tse di rileng kwa bophirima. Lotshitshi lwa botlhaba lwa noka ya Shashe le wela mo kgaolong ya Bokone Botlhaba mme lo tserwe thata ke dipolase tsa kgwebo le dipolase tse di tsamaisiwang go tswa kwa [[Masunga]].

Kgolo ya baagi le diporojeke tsa go aga metsi tse di neng di eteletswe pele ke puso ka dingwaga tsa bo 2000 di ne tsa tlhotlheletsa kabo ya lefatshe la bonno mo mafelong a bophirima a a neng a dirisiwa pele ke balemibarui ba selegae ba ba itshedisang. Lefelo le le ne la itsege ka tsela e e sa rulaganngwang jaaka ''New Xadi'', e leng tshupiso ya mananeo a puso ya Botswana a go fudusetsa merafe ya San e e neng e fudusitswe kwa [[Central Kalahari Game Reserve]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Statement by Ditshwanelo - The Botswana Centre For Human Rights |url=http://www.ditshwanelo.org.bw/images/African%20Commission%20Statement%20by%20DITSHWANELO.pdf |access-date=2025-10-08 |archive-date=2016-03-05 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160305093131/http://www.ditshwanelo.org.bw/images/African%20Commission%20Statement%20by%20DITSHWANELO.pdf |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Dipolotiki ==

=== Tshekatsheko ya ditso ===
Lekoko la [[Botswana Democratic Party]] (BDP) le ntse le laola ditlhopho tsa [[puso ya selegae]] ya Mathangwane fa e sale Botswana e bona [[boipuso ka 1965]], mme la tlhoma motse ono jaaka kago ya phemelo ya BDP. Mfi Chite, o simolotse tiro ka Phalane 1974 morago ga [[paakanyo ya molaomotheo ya 1972]] e e neng ya kopanya ''[[Borolong]]'', ''Chadibe'', ''Makobo, Mathangwane'', ''[[Natale]]'', le ''[[Shashe-Mooke|Shashe Mooke]]'' go nna kgotla e le nngwe ya puso ya selegae, e e kgaoganeng le [[Tonota]]. Setlhopha se se ne sa phatlaladiwa ka bontlhabongwe ka 1982, mme ''Borolong, [[Natale]] le Shashemoke'' tsa tlosiwa go bopa dikgotla tse di farologaneng. Mfi Chite o ne a nna le setilo sa BDP ka [[ditlhopho tsa kakaretso]] tsa 1979 le 1984 pele ga a tlogela tiro ka 1989. Motlhatlhami wa gagwe, Mfi Rabeka Hulela, o ne a direla go fitlha a tlhokafala ka 1998, morago ga moo ba setilo se ne sa nna se sena ope go fitlha Mfi Tabona Munyadzwe ([[Botswana Democratic Party|BDP]]) a fenya [[ditlhopho tsa 1999]].

Ka 2000, Ookame Ntobedzi ([[Botswana Democratic Party|BDP]]) o ne a bona kgotlana mo [[ditlhophong tsa tlaleletso]] morago ga loso lwa ga Munyadzwe.&lt;ref&gt;[https://web.archive.org/web/20070612030713/http://www.gov.bw/cgi-bin/news.cgi?d=20000825 &quot;Mathangwane bye-election on Saturday (August 26, 2000)&quot;].  from the original on 11 March 2002. Retrieved 8 Phalane 2025.&lt;/ref&gt; Tlhabololo ya molaotheo ya 2003 e ne ya kgaoganya Mathangwane go nna '''''Mathangwane Bokone''''' le '''''Mathangwane Borwa'''''. [[Botswana Democratic Party|BDP]] e ne ya nna le manno ka bobedi mo [[ditlhophong tsa kakaretso tsa 2004]], mme Ntobedzi a ne a emetse kgaolo ya borwa mme Mfi Gilbert Nkhukhu e le kgaolo ya bokone. Morago ga loso lwa ga Nkhukhu ka 2007, Ipuseng Chikanda ([[Botswana Democratic Party|BDP]]) o ne a fenya ditlhopho tsa tlaleletso tsa Mathangwane Bokone, a tsweledisa taolo ya lekoko.&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.mmegi.bw/index.php?sid=1&amp;aid=103&amp;dir=2007/March/Tuesday6 Why opposition parties lost Mathangwane]&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Diphetogo tsa ditlhopho (2009–2010) ===
Ditlhopho tsa setshaba tsa 2009 di ne tsa tshwaya phetogo e e sa tlwaelegang fa lekoko la [[Botswana Congress Party (BCP)]] le ne la tsaya dikgotla tseo ka bobedi. Kwa Mathangwane Borwa, James Dlamini ([[BCP]]) o ne a fenya Ntobedzi, fa Kenosi Mabalane ([[BCP]]) a ne a ntsha Chikanda mo setilong kwa Mathangwane Bokone. Tatlhegelo eno e e neng e ise e ko e nne teng ya [[Botswana Democratic Party|BDP]] e ne ya dira gore kganetso e latofatse ka tiriso e e sa siamang ya ditsompelo tsa puso ka nako ya ditlhopho tsa tlaleletso tsa palamente tsa Tonota-North tsa 2010, tse BDP e neng ya feleletsa e di fentse.&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.mmegi.bw/index.php?sid=1&amp;aid=3704&amp;dir=2010/July/Friday23 Tonota-North has been regarded as a safe haven for the ruling party]&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;[https://web.archive.org/web/20101222121950/http://gazettebw.com/index.php?option=com_content&amp;view=article&amp;id=7475%3Amolao-wins-tonota-north&amp;catid=19%3Anorthcast&amp;Itemid=2 &quot;Molao wins Tonota-North&quot;]. Archived from [http://gazettebw.com/index.php?option=com_content&amp;view=article&amp;id=7475:molao-wins-tonota-north&amp;catid=19:northcast&amp;Itemid=2 the original] on 22 December 2010. Retrieved 8 Phalane 2025.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.mmegi.bw/index.php?sid=1&amp;aid=4649&amp;dir=2010/September/Monday6 The Botswana Democratic Party (BDP) has retained the Tonota North parliamentary seat]&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.mmegi.bw/index.php?sid=6&amp;aid=4484&amp;dir=2010/August/Monday30 Hobona has a chance in Tonota North]&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;[https://web.archive.org/web/20110711081001/http://www.gazettebw.com/index.php?option=com_content&amp;view=article&amp;id=6867:bnf-supports-bcp-at-tonota-north&amp;catid=19:northcast&amp;Itemid=2 &quot;BNF supports BCP at Tonota-North&quot;]. Archived from [http://www.gazettebw.com/index.php?option=com_content&amp;view=article&amp;id=6867:bnf-supports-bcp-at-tonota-north&amp;catid=19:northcast&amp;Itemid=2 the original] on 11 July 2011. Retrieved 8 Phalane 2025.&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Go boa ga BDP (2014–2019) ===
Ka 2014, melelwane ya dikgaolotlhopho e ne ya baakanngwa: '''''Tonota Bokone''''' e ne ya bidiwa '''''Shashe-Bophirima''''', mme dikgotla tse pedi tsa Mathangwane di ne tsa kopana go nna selo se le sengwe ('''''Kgotla ya Mathangwane''''') morago ga go tlosa Chadibe le Hobona. BDP e ne ya bona taolo gape mo [[ditlhophong tsa kakaretso tsa 2014]], ka nako ya fa Nehemiah Gerald Hulela a ne a fenya Mabalane. Loso lwa ga Hulela ka Ngwanatsele a le masome mabedi le botlhano 2018 lo ne lwa tlogela kgotla esena moemedi go fitlha ka ditlhopho tsa 2019, mme seno sa boeletsa phatlha e e tshwanang ya morago ga loso lwa ga Mfi Hulela ka 1998.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |url=http://www.electionsbotswana.org/constituency/shashe%20west/ |title=Shashe-West Constituency Representatives |access-date=2025-10-08 |archive-date=2024-12-04 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241204061437/http://www.electionsbotswana.org/constituency/shashe%20west/ |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.mmegi.bw/index.php?aid=62504&amp;dir=2016/august/23 The 2019 Botswana general elections, early arrival!]&lt;/ref&gt; jaaka ka 1998.

=== Pele ga ditlhopho tsa 2019 ===
Pele ga ditlhopho tsa 2019, mopalamente wa BDP Hon. Fidelis MacDonald Molao o itsisitse go tsosolosiwa ga Tsela ya Mmandunyane-Shashe Mooke-Borolong-Chadibe-Mathangwane e e neng e eme tsi, e atolositswe go nna dikhilomithara di le 82 mme e golagane le Makobo le [[Natale]]. Puso e ne ya baakanya lebaka la yone la go diega, e umaka go fudusiwa ga magae go na le [[mathata a matlole a 2008]].&lt;ref&gt;[https://web.archive.org/web/20180815112621/https://thevoicebw.com/mandunyane-mathangwane-road-to-cost-p750-million/ Mandunyane-Mathangwane road to cost P750 million]&lt;/ref&gt; Baithaopi ba babedi ba pele ba Komiti ya Tlhabololo ya Motse (VDC) ba ne ba gaisana mo setilong sa kgotlana ka fa tlase ga [[Botswana Democratic Party|BDP]] le [[Umbrella for Democratic Change (UDC)]], se se supang go tsenngwa ga komiti mo dipolotiking.

=== Maduo a ditlhopho tsa 2019 ===
BDP e ne ya tsaya gape Kgotla ya Mathangwane, mme Hon. Samora Gabaake o bone ditalama di le 1 250 kgatlhanong le Thabani Modisaotsile wa UDC (ditalama di le 1 022).&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Botswana 2019 General Elections REPORT - ''Document Page Number 57'' |url=https://www.iec.gov.bw/images/Botswana_2019_General_Elections_REPORT(1).pdf |access-date=2025-10-08 |archive-date=2024-06-08 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240608173526/https://www.iec.gov.bw/images/Botswana_2019_General_Elections_REPORT(1).pdf |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt; Lekoko leo gape le ne la nna le setilo sa palamente ya Shashe-West, ka gonne Molao o ne a gapa ditalama di le 7 181, a feta Alfred Alfa Mashungwa wa UDC (ditalama di le 5 911), Gaorewe Keagile wa [[Alliance for Progressives]] (ditalama di le 608), le Blackie Master wa [[Botswana Patriotic Front]] (ditalama di le 483).&lt;ref&gt;[https://www.mmegi.bw/news/triumphant-molao-decries-loss-of-3-wards/news Triumphant Molao Decries Loss of 3 Wards]&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Botswana 2019 General Elections REPORT - ''Document Page Number 40'' |url=https://www.iec.gov.bw/images/Botswana_2019_General_Elections_REPORT(1).pdf |access-date=2025-10-08 |archive-date=2024-06-08 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240608173526/https://www.iec.gov.bw/images/Botswana_2019_General_Elections_REPORT(1).pdf |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Madirelo ==

=== Temo le leruo ===
Itsholelo ya Mathangwane e ikaegile ka temothuo, mme mafelo a a mabapi a tletse ka temo ya dijalo le thuo ya dikgomo. Dipolase tse dinnye tsa dikoko le merogo di tlamela ka dikungo kwa Francistown le kwa mebarakeng ya selegae.

=== Kgwebo le ditirelo ===
Mathangwane o tlhoka lefelo le legolo la mabenkele mme o amogela setlhopha sa dikgwebo tse di sa tlhomamang go bapa le tsela ya Francistown–Nata. A akaretsa mabenkele a a rekisang diaparo, dijo tse di apewang ka bonako, bojalwa, dilo tsa go aga le dikarolo tsa dikoloi. Disalon tsa moriri tsa dipaka, tse di dirang ka ditaele tsa moriri tse di nang le popego ya Afro, di atlega ka dinako tsa meletlo. Lekala le lennye mme le tlhomame le akaretsa dikgwebo tsa go bopa ditena tse di tlhagisang ditena tse di gateletsweng ka konkoreite go aga matlo.

Ditirelo tsa kgwebo jaaka go dira ditshipi, go tsenya diphaephe, go aga ditena, le go tsenya motlakase di tlamelwa ke badiri ba ba ikemetseng ba ba dirang mo teng ga lekala le le sa tlhomamang.

=== Thekiso ya matlo le kago ===
Go nna gaufi le Francistown go dirile gore go batlwe matlo, ka go tla ga badiri ba toropo ba ba batlang matlo a go hirisa kgotsa go reka lefatshe. Se se dirile gore boleng jwa dithoto bo tlhatloge ka bonako mo motseng. Le fa go ntse jalo, kgolo mo go tlhameng ditiro semmuso e sa ntse e le kwa tlase.

=== Dikgwetlho ===
Dieelo tse di kwa godimo tsa bosenyi di kgoreleditse bonno jwa leruri le go kgoreletsa tlhabololo ya dikgwebopotlana, go kgoreletsa pharologano e e anameng ya itsholelo.&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.mmegi.bw/index.php?sid=1&amp;aid=7&amp;dir=2009/January/Thursday29 Choppers will boost war on crime - Tsimako]&lt;/ref&gt;

== Metshameko ==

=== Kgwele ya dinao ===
[[Kgwele ya dinao]] ke [[motshameko]] o o tumileng thata mo Mathangwane. Motse o tshwara Kgaisano ya Kgwele ya Dinao ya Moletlo wa Mathangwane ngwaga le ngwaga, e e simololang ka Sedimonthole a le masome mabedi le botlhano ka metshameko ya ditlhopha e e simololang.&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.mmegi.bw/index.php?aid=65606&amp;dir=2016/december/22 Festive soccer spectacles return bigger]&lt;/ref&gt; Kgaisano eno e na le [[ditlhopha tse pedi]] tsa ditlhopha di le tlhano tse di gaisanang ka mokgwa wa tikologo, o mo go one setlhopha sengwe le sengwe se rulaganyeditsweng go ya kwa setlhopha sengwe le sengwe se tshamekang metshameko e le mene mo teng ga setlhopha sa sone. Ditlhopha di bona dintlha di le tharo fa di fenya, e le nngwe fa di tshameka maleka, mme ga di bone epe fa di latlhegetswe. Ditlhopha tse pedi tse di kwa godimo go tswa mo setlhopheng sengwe le sengwe di tswelela kwa kgatong ya go kgaola, e e tshwarwang ka [[Letsatsi la Ngwaga o Mosha]]. Kgato ya go kgaola e akaretsa di-semi-final (bafenyi ba setlhopha kgatlhanong le bafenyi ba maemo a bobedi), playoff ya maemo a boraro (e e dirang jaaka curtain-raiser, le makgaolakgang go tlhomamisa [[mmampodi]].

=== Ketleetso le dietsele ===
[[Dikgwebo]] tsa selegae le [[batho ka bongwe]] ba tshegetsa kgaisano eno ka madi, ba ntsha madi a moputso wa diphitlhelelo tse di jaaka &quot;Monosi wa dino yo o Kwa Godimo&quot; le &quot;Motshameki wa Kgaisano.&quot; Ditlhopha tse tharo tse di kwa godimo di newa dietsele (tsa gauta, tsa selefera le tsa boronse), fa tse di leng bommampodi tsone di nna le [[sekgele]] go fitlha ka kgaisano e e latelang.

=== Dithulaganyo le matlole ===
Babogedi ba duela madi a go tsena, mme [[barekisi]] ba duela madi a mantsi. Madi a akaretsa dituelo tsa [[molaolamotshameko]], tshireletso ya letsatsi la bofelo, le dithulaganyo. Ka nako ya dikgato tsa setlhopha, tshireletso e laolwa ke baemedi ba setlhopha. Metshameko e tshwarelwa mo lebaleng le le lengwe la go tshameka, ka palogare ya metshameko e le mene letsatsi le letsatsi ka go ikhutsa ga nakwana, mme e konelwa kwa bokhutlong jwa ngwaga.

== Boipuso jwa Botswana jwa Dingwaga di le masome a matlhano ==
Mathangwane o ne a keteka ngwaga wa bo masome matlhano wa boipuso jwa Botswana ka Lwetse a le masome mararo 2016, mmogo le metse lefatshe ka bophara.&lt;ref&gt;[https://web.archive.org/web/20161006052412/http://www.botswanaembassy.org/page/history-of-democracy-in-botswana &quot;History of democracy in Botswana&quot;]. Archived from [http://www.botswanaembassy.org/page/history-of-democracy-in-botswana the original] on 6 October 2016. Retrieved 8 Phalane 2025.&lt;/ref&gt; Go ne ga tshwarelwa meletlo kwa ''Kgotleng e Kgolo'', kwa go neng ga bulwa letlapa la segopotso gaufi le lefelo leo. Tiragalo eno e ne e na le dipontsho tsa dikereke tsa lefelo leo, ditlhopha tsa mebino ya setso, le bagolwane ba motse ba ba emetseng kgotlana nngwe le nngwe, ba ba neng ba ntsha ba ba neng ba le teng ka dipina, mebino le maboko bodutu. Tiragalo e e ne e le la ntlha mo ditsong tsa bosheng gore ''Kgotlakgolo'' e fitlhelele bokgoni jo bo tletseng, mme ya ngoka batho ba bantsi ba ba sa tlwaelesegang go tswa mo basheng le bagolwane.

== Ditshedimosetso tse dingwe ==

* [[Itsholelo ya Botswana]]
* [[Thuto mo Botswana]]
* [[Botsogo mo Botswana]]
* [[Ditshwanelo tsa Setho mo Botswana]]

== Metswedi ==
{{Reflist}}
[[Category:Botswana]]</text>
      <sha1>puxysw3q6yj6u5f4a2calwpe6hgdn2w</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Ian Khama Seretse Khama</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>3108</id>
    <revision>
      <id>54204</id>
      <parentid>53707</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-08-18T06:50:28Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>InternetArchiveBot</username>
        <id>8156</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5</comment>
      <origin>54204</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="36809" sha1="lpo5f4kxbe4bah4j4vxhdgzxiv7du6k" xml:space="preserve">
 '''Seretse Khama Ian Khama'''; &lt;ref&gt;[http://www.mmegi.bw/index.php?aid=57671&amp;dir=2016/february/11 &quot;President Khama has a new official name&quot;]. ''Mmegi Online''. 11 February 2016. Retrieved 18 July 2017.&lt;/ref&gt;o tshotswe ka kgwedi ya  Tlhakole e le masome a mabedi le bosupa ka ngwaga wa sekete, makgolo a robabongwe le masome a matlhano le boraro (1953) &lt;ref&gt;[http://www.pretorianews.co.za/index.php?fArticleId=4330211 &quot;True to tradition, Khama is born to rule Botswana&quot;,] Sapa-AFP (''Pretoria News''), 1 April 2008.&lt;/ref&gt;ke radipolotiki wa Motswana e bile e le modiredi wa pele wa sesole yo o kileng a nna Tautona wa bone wa Botswana go tloga ka kgwedi ya  Moranang e thola bongwe ka ngwaga wa dikete tse pedi le borobabobedi (2008) go fitlha ka kgwedi ya [[Botswana Defence Force|Moranang]] e thola bongwe ka ngwaga wa dikete tse pedi le borobabobedi (2018). Morago ga go direla ele moeteledi pele wa sesole sa Botswana, o ne a tsenelela polotiki, abo a nna [[Mothusa Tautona wa Botswana|mothusa tautona wa Botswana]] go simolola ka ngwaga wa 1998 go fitlha ka  ngwaga wa dikete tse pedi le borobabobedi (2008), morago ga moo a tlhatlhama ppp[[Festus Mogae]] jaaka Tautona ka kgwedi ya  Moranang e thola bongwe ka ngwaga wa dikete tse pedi le borobabobedi (2008). O fentse paka e e tletseng mo [[Ditlhopho tsa ngwaga wa 2009 tsa lefatshe la Botswana|ditlhophong tsa ngwaga wa ngwaga wa dikete tse pedi le borobabongwe(2009)]] mme a tlhophiwa gape ka kgwedi ya Phalane ka ngwaga wa dikete tse pedi le lesome le bone (2014). &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=H.E. Lt General Serêtsê Khama Ian Khama {{!}} The AAS |url=https://www.aasciences.africa/fellow/he-lt-general-seretse-khama-ian-khama |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210416093446/https://www.aasciences.africa/fellow/he-lt-general-seretse-khama-ian-khama |archive-date=16 April 2021 |access-date=2021-04-16 |website=www.aasciences.africa}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Botshelo jwa gagwe jwa pele ==
Ian Khama ke ngwana wa bobedi wa ga Seretse Khama (yo neng a tshotswe ka kgwedi ya Phukwi e thola bongwe ka ngwaga wa sekete, makgolo a robabongwe le masome a mabedi le bongwe (1921) a bo a tlhokafala ka kgwedi ya Phukwi le le lesome le boraro ka ngwaga wa sekete, makgolo a robabongwe le borobabobedi (1980), moeteledipele wa Botswana wa boipuso le mopresidente wa gagwe go tloga ka ngwaga wa sekete, makgolo a robabongwe le masome a marataro le borataro (1966) go fitlha ka ngwaga wa sekete , makgolo a robabongwe le masome a robabobedi (1980), le Lady Khama. O belegetswe kwa Chertsey, Surrey, fa rraagwe a ne a nna kwa botshwarong kwa United Kingdom, ka ntlha ya kganetso ya puso ya bokoloniale le puso e e neng e sa tswa go tlhongwa ya tlhaolele mo Aforika Borwa ka ntlha ya lenyalo la gagwe le mosadi wa mosweu.&lt;ref&gt;Arnold, Guy (29 May 2002)[https://www.theguardian.com/news/2002/may/29/guardianobituaries . &quot;Obituary: Lady Ruth Khama&quot;.] ''The Guardian''.&lt;/ref&gt;

Gape ke setlogolo sa ga [[Sekgoma II]] (o tshotswe ka ngwaga wa sekete, makgolo a robabobedi le masome a marataro le borobabongwe (1869) a bo a thokafala ka ngwaga wa sekete, makgolo a robabongwe le masome a mabedi le botlhano (1925), yo e neng e le moeteledipele wa batho ba [[Bangwato|Bamangwato,]] le setlogolo sa ga [[Khama III]] (o tshotswe ka ngwaga wa sekete, makgolo a robabobedi le masome a mararo le bosupa (1837) a bo a thokafala ka ngwaga wa sekete, makgolo a robabongwe le masome a mabedi le boraro (1923), kgosi ya bone. Rragomogolo wa gagwe wa Kgosikgolo Sekgoma I e ne e le tlhogo ya batho ba Bamangwato (o tshotswe ka ngwaga wa sekete, makgolo a robabobedi le lesome le botlhano (1815) a bo a thokafala ka ngwaga wa sekete, makgolo a robabobedi le masome a robabobedi le botlhano (1885). Leina &quot;Seretse&quot; le raya &quot;mmu o o kopanyang&quot; mme o ne wa fiwa rraagwe go keteka poelano ya ga rraagwe le rremogoloagwe; poelano eno e ne ya tlhomamisa gore Seretse Khama o tlhatlogela mo setulong sa bogosi fa rraagwe yo o tsofetseng a ne a tlhokafala ka ngwaga wa sekete, makgolo a robabongwe le masome a mabedi le botlhano (1925). Ian Seretse Khama o teeletswe ka rraagwe go tsweletsa boswa jono jwa hisetori. Gape o itsiwe ka leina Ian Khama go farologanya ene le rraagwe. [[Tshekedi Khama II|Tshekedi Khama II,]] morwarraagwe Ian Khama, o ne a teeletswe ka malome wa bone, Tshekedi Khama yo e neng e le motlhokomedi le motlhokomedi wa ga [[Seretse Khama]], Tautona wa ntlha wa [[Botswana]].&lt;ref&gt;[https://www.sahistory.org.za/people/president-seretse-khama &quot;President Seretse Khama &amp;#x7C; South African History Online&quot;.] ''www.sahistory.org.za''.&lt;/ref&gt;

== Thuto le tiro ya sesole ==
Ian Khama o ne a rutwa kwa [[Waterford Kamhlaba]], United World College kwa [[Mbabane]],&lt;ref&gt;[https://web.archive.org/web/20120414133341/http://www.waterford.sz/information/waterford_kamhlaba_background/ &quot;Waterford Kamhlaba Background&quot;.] Archived from the original on 14 April 2012. Retrieved 23 December 2010.&lt;/ref&gt;le kwa Royal Military Academy Sandhurst.&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.int.iol.co.za/index.php?set_id=1&amp;click_id=68&amp;art_id=nw20080330125727131C535360 Gordon Bell &quot;Botswana's leader to keep winning formula&quot;,] Reuters (''IOL''), 30 March 2008.&lt;/ref&gt;Ke mokgweetsi wa sefofane yo o nang le bokgoni.&lt;ref&gt;[https://www.sundaystandard.info/inside-how-khamaocos-love-for-flying-took-away-botswanaocos-innocence/ &quot;Inside how Khama's love for flying took away Botswana's innocence | Sunday Standard&quot;.] 11 November 2018. Retrieved 21 May 2024.&lt;/ref&gt;Ka kgwedi ya Moranang wa sekete, makgolo a robabongwe le masome a supa le bosupa (1977), Khama o ne a tlhophiwa jaaka brigadier general a le dingwaga di le masome a mabedi le bone  ka nako ya Bo Tautona jwa ga [[Seretse Khama|Sir Seretse Khama]], a mo dira Motlatsa Molaodi wa Motlatsa Tautona wa maloba [[Lt. Gen. Mompati Merafh]]&lt;nowiki/&gt;e. Moragonyana o ne a direla jaaka Molaodi wa [[Botswana Defence Force (BDF)]] go tloga ka ngwaga wa sekete, makgolo a robabongwe le masome a robabobedi le borobabongwe (1989 )go fitlha ka ngwaga wa sekete, makgolo a robabongwe le masome a robabongwe le borobabobedi (1998). Ka nako eno, Khama o ne a amogela ditlotla tsa sesole, go akaretsa le Founder Officer Medal ka go nna karolo ya Botswana Defence Force fa e ne e tlhomiwa ka ngwaga wa sekete, makgolo a robabongwe le masome a supa le bosupa (1977), Duty Code Order ka go ineela mo tirong, le Distinguished Service Medal ka ngwaga wa sekete, makgolo a robabongwe le masome a robabongwe le bosupa (1997) morago ga dingwaga di le masome a mabedi tsa tirelo.&lt;ref&gt;[https://www.weekendpost.co.bw/18290/news/khama-barred-from-using-bdf-facilities/ &quot;Khama barred from using BDF facilities&quot;.] ''Botswana Weekend Post''. 24 June 2019. Retrieved 21 May 2024.&lt;/ref&gt;

== Tiro ya sepolotiki ==
Khama ka nako ya ketelo ya semmuso kwa Chile ka ngwaga wa dikete tse pedi le lesome le bosupa (2017)

Khama, yo o neng a direla jaaka Molaodi wa Botswana Defence Force, o ne a itsise ka kgwedi ya  Sedimonthole e le lesome le borataro ka ngwaga wa sekete, makgolo a robabongwe le masome a robabongwe le bosupa (1997) gore o tla tlogela tiro ya gagwe ka kgwedi ya Mopitlwe e le masome a mararo le bongwe ka ngwaga wa sekete, makgolo a robabongwe le masome a robabongwe le borobabobedi (1998). Ka gore e ne e le letlha le le tshwanang le la go tlogela tiro ga Tautona Quett Masire, e ne ya tsosa dikakanyo tsa sepolotiki ka ga Khama.&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Botswana: Army commander announces he will retire at end of March 1998&quot;, SAPA news agency (nl.newsbank.com), 18 December 1997. [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ian_Khama#cite_note-10]&lt;/ref&gt;Ka kgwedi ya  Moranang e thola bongwe ka ngwaga wa sekete, makgolo a robabongwe le masome a robabongwe le borobabobedi (1998), fa Motlatsa-Tautona Festus Mogae a ne a tlhatlhama Masire jaaka Tautona, Khama o ne a tlhophiwa jaaka motlatsa-Tautona e yo mošwa. Le fa go ntse jalo, Khama o ne a se na setilo mo Kokoanong ya Bosetšhaba, mme ka jalo o ne a sa kgone go simolola tiro ya gagwe jaaka motlatsa-Tautona . Kwa tshimologong ya kgwedi ya Phukwi ka ngwaga wa sekete, makgolo a robabongwe le masome a robabongwe le borobabobedi (1998) o ne a fenya ditlhopho ka bontsi kwa Serowe North, a amogela dithopho di le  dikete tse pedi le makgolo a robabongwe le masome a robabobedi le borataro kgatlhanong le dithopho di le masome a robabobedi le borataro tsa moemedi wa lekoko la kganetso la Botswana National Front.&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Botswana: Ian Khama wins by-election and can therefore be vice-president&quot;, SAPA news agency (nl.newsbank.com), 6 July 1998. [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ian_Khama#cite_note-11]&lt;/ref&gt;Ka kgwedi ya Phukwi e le lesome le boraro , o ne a tsaya setilo sa gagwe mo Kokoanong ya Bosetšhaba mme a ikana jaaka motlatsa-Tautona.&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Botswana: Ian Khama takes parliamentary seat, sworn in as vice-president&quot;, SAPA news agency (nl.newsbank.com), 13 July 1998.[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ian_Khama#cite_note-12]&lt;/ref&gt;Ka ditiro tse, o ne a tlogela maemo a gagwe a go nna tlhogo ya morafe a a neng a ise a ke a a tseye, ka gore dikgosi tsa molaotheo tsa Botswana wa segompieno di thibetswe semolao go nna le seabe mo dipolotiking tsa makoko. Bontsi jwa Bamangwato ba setso ba ne ba tswelela go mo tsaya jaaka moeteledipele wa bone.&lt;ref&gt;[https://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/africa/7325400.stm &quot;Botswana's new high flyer&quot;]. ''BBC''. 2 April 2008. Retrieved 21 May 2024.&lt;/ref&gt;

Morago ga phenyo ya Botswana Democratic Party (BDP) mo ditlhophong tsa kakaretso tsa kgwedi ya Phalane ka ngwaga wa sekete, makgolo a robabongwe le masome a robabongwe le borobabongwe (1999), Khama o ne a sala e le motlatsa-Tautona mmogo le Tona ya Merero ya BoTautona le Tsamaiso ya Setšhaba. &lt;ref&gt;Ernest Chilisa, [http://www.int.iol.co.za/index.php?set_id=1&amp;click_id=84&amp;art_id=ct19991022203723103B320924 &quot;Major shake-up after Botswana poll&quot;,] ''Saturday Star'' (''IOL''), 22 October 1999.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Botswana: President Mogae appoints new cabinet&quot;, Radio Botswana (nl.newsbank.com), 21 October 1999.[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ian_Khama#cite_note-15]&lt;/ref&gt; Mogae o ne a fa Khama ngwaga o le mongwe wa khunologo moragonyana mo ngwageng oo, tshwetso e e neng ya tshwaiwa phoso thata ke lekoko la Botswana Congress Party&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;&quot;Botswana: President Mogae faces court action&quot;, PANA news agency (nl.newsbank.com), 23 December 1999.[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ian_Khama#cite_note-Court-16]&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Botswana: Vice-president's year-long sabbatical leave criticized&quot;, PANA news agency (nl.newsbank.com), 3 January 2000.[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ian_Khama#cite_note-Year-17]&lt;/ref&gt;le Lekgotla la Botswana la Mekgatlho e e seng ya Puso. Khama's leave e ne ya simolola go dira ka kgwedi ya Ferikgong e thola bongwe ka ngwaga wa dikete tse pedi (2000).&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt; O ne a boela mo tirong ya gagwe jaaka motlatsa-Tautona ka kgwedi ya Lwetse e thola bongwe ka ngwaga wa dikete tse pedi (2000), le fa a ne a emisediwa jaaka Tona ya Merero ya Tautona le Tsamaiso ya Setšhaba ka nako eo.&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Botswana: Vice-president &quot;resumes duty&quot;; cabinet reshuffle reported&quot;, Radio Botswana (nl.newsbank.com), 30 August 2000.[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ian_Khama#cite_note-18]&lt;/ref&gt;

Khama, yo e neng e setse e le leloko la BDP Central Committee,&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot;&gt;[http://www.irinnews.org/Report.aspx?ReportId=44427 &quot;BOTSWANA: Feature{{spaced ndash}}leadership contest may test stability&quot;,] IRIN, 19 June 2003.&lt;/ref&gt;o ne a tlhophiwa jaaka Modulasetilo wa BDP ka kgwedi ya Phukwi e le masome a mabedi le bobedi ka ngwaga wa dikete tse pedi le boraro (2003) kwa bokopano jwa  mokgatlho; o ne a fenya modulasetilo wa pele, [[Ponatshego Kedikilwe]], a amogela diboutu di le makgolo a matlhano le lesome le bobedi  kgatlhanong le di le makgolo a mabedi le lesome le borobabongwe tsa Kedikilwe.Khama o ne a tshegeditswe ke Tautona Mogae mo maemong a gagwe, go bula tsela ya gore Khama kgabagare a tlhatlhame Mogae jaaka Tautona.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.irinnews.org/Report.aspx?ReportId=45114 &quot;BOTSWANA: Khama win eases Mogae's concerns&quot;,] IRIN, 23 July 2003.&lt;/ref&gt;

Ka ngwaga wa dikete tse pedi le bosupa (2007), Khama o ne a tlhagelela mo thelebišeneng ya British mo thulaganyong ya dikoloi ya BBC ya Top Gear, a kopana le ba ba neng ba le teng fa ba ne ba ipaakanyetsa go kgabaganya [[Makgadikgadi Pan]] kwa bokone jwa Botswana ka koloi ya Top Gear: Botswana Special.&lt;ref&gt;[[:en:Top_Gear:_Botswana_Special|Top Gear: Botswana Special, Top Gear Series 10, episode 4, BBC]], broadcast 4 November 2007.&lt;/ref&gt;

== BoTautona ==

=== Paka ya nakwana, 2008 - 2009 ===
Mogae o ne a tlogela maemo a gagwe, jaaka a ne a boletse gore o tla dira jalo,&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.int.iol.co.za/index.php?set_id=1&amp;click_id=84&amp;art_id=nw20070715145732985C233999 &quot;Botswana's Mogae set to retire&quot;], AFP (''IOL''), 15 July 2007.&lt;/ref&gt;ka kgwedi ya Moranang e le bongwe ka ngwaga wa dikete tse pedi le borobabobedi (2008); Khama o ne a mo tlhatlhama jaaka Tautona. Kwa moletlong wa gagwe wa go ikana kwa Gaborone, Khama o ne a re go tla nna le tswelelopele mo pholising mme ga go na &quot;diphetogo tse di tseneletseng&quot;, le fa a rile &quot;phetogo ya setaele le kgatelelo e e kgethegileng mo mererong e le mmalwa&quot; e ka nna ya bonala, mme a gatelela boineelo jwa gagwe mo temokerasing.&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.int.iol.co.za/index.php?set_id=1&amp;click_id=3045&amp;art_id=nw20080401141813169C274076 &quot;New president calms nerves&quot;,] AFP (''IOL''), 1 April 2008.&lt;/ref&gt; Ka bonako fela o ne a dira phetogo e kgolo mo kabineteng, mme a tlhoma [[Mompati Merafhe,]] yo e neng e le Tona ya Merero ya Selegae, jaaka mothusa-Tautona yo mošwa.&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.mmegi.bw/2008/April/Wednesday2/129.php &quot;Khama fires five ministers&quot;] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171001212957/http://www.mmegi.bw/2008/April/Wednesday2/129.php|date=2017-10-01}}, ''Mmegi Online'', 2 April 2008.&lt;/ref&gt; Fa a sena go nna Tautona, Khama o ne a tlogela maemo a gagwe jaaka Modulasetilo wa BDP; [[Daniel Kwelagobe]] o ne a tlhophiwa go mo emisetsa.&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.gov.bw/cgi-bin/news.cgi?d=20080408&amp;i=DK_is_BDP_chairman &quot;DK is BDP chairman&quot;,] BOPA, 8 April 2008.&lt;/ref&gt; Khama ga a ka a tlhophiwa go nna Tautona mo ngwageng wa gagwe wa ntlha a le mo kantorong, o ne a tlhophiwa ka ntlha ya maemo a gagwe jaaka motlatsa Tautona. Babegadikgang bangwe ba sepolotiki jaaka [[Kenneth Good]] ba bona seno jaaka phoso mo tsamaisong ya ditlhopho mo Botswana.&lt;ref&gt;Good, Kenneth (2008). ''Diamonds, Dispossession and Democracy in Botswana''. London: African Issues [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ian_Khama#cite_note-29]&lt;/ref&gt;

Tautona Khama o ne a tlhalosa ka tlhamalalo keletso ya gagwe ya go tlhoma lekgetho la bojalwa la 70%,&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot;&gt;Pitso, Joseph M. N.; Obot, Isidore S. (2011). &quot;Botswana alcohol policy and the presidential levy controversy&quot;. ''Addiction''. '''106''' (5): 898–905. doi:[[doi:10.1111/j.1360-0443.2011.03365.x|10.1111/j.1360-0443.2011.03365.x]]. ISSN&amp;#x20;1360-0443. PMID&amp;#x20;21477246.&lt;/ref&gt;le le ikaeletsweng go lwantsha bothata jwa go nwa bojalwa go feta tekano kwa Botswana.&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot; /&gt;Go ise go ye kae, go ne ga lemogiwa gore go duedisiwa lekgetho leo go ne go tla nna le ditlamorago tse di sa siamang mo madirelong a bojalwa, a a neng a gana go duedisiwa lekgetho leo, mmogo le dibareng le mafelo a mangwe a go nwa. Moragonyana Tautona o ne a tlhoma lekgetho la 30% morago ga go buisana le baeteledipele ba madirelo, go akaretsa le Botswana Confederation of Commerce, Industry and Manpower. &lt;ref&gt;[https://web.archive.org/web/20250304230715/https://clubofmozambique.com/news/khama-the-jihadist-who-battled-alcohol/ &quot;Khama, the jihadist who battled alcohol&quot;]. ''Club of Mozambique''. 22 March 2016. Archived from the original on 4 March 2025. Retrieved 11 June 2020.&lt;/ref&gt;[[SAB Miller]] o ne a tlhomamisa kemedi ya sedipolomate sa Borithane go leka go fokotsa lekgetho.&lt;ref&gt;[https://www.ft.com/content/dc6381e4-3e90-11de-9a6c-00144feabdc0 &quot;Botswana sobers up&quot;]. ''Financial Times''.&lt;/ref&gt;

Ka ngwaga wa dikete tse pedi le borobabobedi (2008), molao wa Media Practitioners Act o ne wa fetisetswa mo molaong wa Botswana,&lt;ref&gt;[https://web.archive.org/web/20240226132956/https://www.researchictafrica.net/countries/botswana/Media_Practitioners_Act_2008.pdf &quot;Media Practitioners Act, 2008&quot;] (PDF). Parliament of Botswana. 22 December 2008. Archived from the original (PDF) on 26 February 2024. Retrieved 10 June 2020.&lt;/ref&gt;mme o ne wa tshwaiwa diphoso jaaka o o kgoreletsang kgololosego ya puo ke metswedi e le mmalwa ya dikgang.&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.mmegi.bw/index.php?aid=80548&amp;dir=2019/april/15 &quot;Mmegi Online :: Media Practitioners Act: MISA disappointed&quot;.] ''Mmegi Online''. 15 April 2019&lt;/ref&gt;Puo ya molao e batla go rotloetsa maemo a bobegadikgang a a nang le botswerere. Molao o itshupile o le bokete go o diragatsa kgotsa go o diragatsa.&lt;ref&gt;Lesemela, Keikantse (29 January 2019). [https://web.archive.org/web/20211203222748/https://www.botswanaguardian.co.bw/news/item/3957-pressure-mounts-on-masisi-to-repeal-draconian-media-practitioners-act.html &quot;Pressure mounts on Masisi to repeal draconian Media Practitioners' Act&quot;.] ''Botswana Guardian''. Archived from the original on 3 December 2021. Retrieved 10 June 2020.&lt;/ref&gt;

Ka ngwaga wa dikete tse pedi le borobabongwe (2009), Khama o ne a tlhagelela mo go [[CNN's African Voices]] e e neng e bontsha setshwantsho se se siameng sa Khama, mme ya re Botswana ke &quot;kgang ya katlego&quot; ya Aforika.&lt;ref&gt;[https://edition.cnn.com/2009/WORLD/africa/03/05/av.iankhama/index.html &quot;African Voices: Ian Khama&quot;.] ''CNN''&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Ditlhopho tsa 2009 ===
Mo ditlhophong tsa kakaretso tsa Botswana tsa ngwaga wa dikete tse pedi le borobabongwe (2009), Khama o ne a tlhophiwa go nna Tautona wa ntlha mo pakeng tse pedi. Ka tsela ya sepolotiki, letsholo la ditlhopho la ga Khama le ne le laolwa ke go ngangisana ga ka fa gare ga [[Botswana Democratic Party]] (BDP),&lt;ref&gt;[https://web.archive.org/web/20241203053055/http://www.times.co.sz/feed/letters/8999-is-multi-party-politics-democracy.txt &quot;Is Multi-Party Politics Democracy?&quot;]. ''Times Of Swaziland''. 6 September 2009&lt;/ref&gt;e e neng e kgaogantswe ka makoko a mabedi a magolo, A-Team&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.mmegi.bw/index.php?sid=1&amp;aid=1122&amp;dir=2010/March/Monday22/ &quot;Mmegi Online :: The BDP split: End of an era?&quot;]. ''Mmegi Online''. 22 March 2010. Retrieved 25 May 2020&lt;/ref&gt; le makoko a Barata Phati.&lt;ref&gt;Lotshwao, Kebapetse (2014). [[doi:10.2139/ssrn.2497797|&quot;Donor Assistance and Democracy in Botswana&quot;.]] ''SSRN Working Paper Series''. doi:10.2139/ssrn.2497797. ISSN&amp;#x20;1556-5068. S2CID&amp;#x20;155532700.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.mmegi.bw/index.php?sid=1&amp;aid=1904&amp;dir=2010/April/Friday23 &quot;Mmegi Online :: We are almost there: Barata-Phathi&quot;]. ''Mmegi Online''. 23 April 2010. Retrieved 25 May 2020&lt;/ref&gt;A-Team e ne e eteletswe pele ke Tautona Khama, [[Jacob Nkate]], yo e kileng ya bo e le tona ya thuto, le motlatsa Tautona wa pele wa moswi [[Mompati Merafhe]]. Lekoko la Barata Phati le ne le eteletswe pele ke Mokwaledi Kakaretso wa BDP wa maloba [[Daniel Kwelagobe]], yo pele e neng e le modulasetilo wa lekoko, moswi Gomolemo Motswaledi, le motlatsa Tautona wa maloba yo o tlogetseng tiro [[Ponatshego Kedikilwe]], yo o neng a eletsa go tlisa diphetogo tsa molaotheo eseng fela mo BDP mme gape le mo molaotheong wa naga. Pele ga ditlhopho tsa ngwaga wa dikete tse pedi le borobabongwe (2009), Motswaledi, yo a neng a tlogela maikemisetso a gagwe a go lwela setilo kwa Serowe gore a tle a kgone go bulela morwarraagwe Ian Khama, Tshekedi Khama II tsela, le ene o ne a sa letlelelwa go emela Gaborone fa a ne a thulana le Tautona Khama.&lt;ref&gt;Botlhomilwe, Mokganedi Zara; Sebudubudu, David; Maripe, Bugalo (2011). &quot;Limited freedom and intolerance in Botswana&quot;. ''Journal of Contemporary African Studies''. '''29''' (3): 331–348. doi:[[doi:10.1080/02589001.2011.581501|10.1080/02589001.2011.581501]]. S2CID&amp;#x20;153771262.&lt;/ref&gt; Motswaledi o ne a latlhegelwa ke kgetsi kgatlhanong le Khama fa Kgotlatshekelo Kgolo e ne ya atlhola gore Tautona o ne a itumelela tshireletso ya molaotheo go tswa mo kgotlatshekelo ka ntlha ya maemo a gagwe.&lt;ref&gt;Party Systems and Democracy in Africa, Doorenspleet, R., Nijzink, [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ian_Khama#cite_note-42]&lt;/ref&gt;Morago ga tiragalo e, batshwayadiphoso ba ne ba latofatsa Khama ka go nna le mekgwa ya go busa ka thata; Go feta halofo ya BDP Central Committee ka nako nngwe ba ne ba akanya gore Khama o ne a dira go feta maatla a gagwe.&lt;ref name=&quot;:3&quot;&gt;[https://www.sundaystandard.info/khama-reinstates-motswaledi/ &quot;Khama reinstates Motswaled&quot;.] ''Sunday Standard''. 1 September 2009.&lt;/ref&gt;Ba bangwe, go akarediwa Khama le baemedi ba gagwe ba semolao, ba rile o ne a tsenya kgalemo fela jaaka karolo ya seabe sa gagwe jaaka tlhogo ya lekoko.&lt;ref name=&quot;:3&quot; /&gt;

Khama o fentse 53.26% ya diboutu, le bontsi jwa ditulo mo bokopano jwa setšhaba.&lt;ref&gt;[https://web.archive.org/web/20221116071459/https://www.eisa.org/wep/bot2009presults.htm &quot;EISA Botswana: 2009 National Assembly election results&quot;.] ''www.eisa.org''.&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Paka ya ntlha, 2009-2014 ===
Morago ga ditlhopho tsa ngwaga wa dikete tse pedi le borobabongwe (2009), Motswaledi o ne a tswa mo BDP go bopa lekoko le lengwe la sepolotiki, [[Botswana Movement for Democracy]] (BMD).&lt;ref&gt;Lotshwao, Kebapetse; Suping, Kekgaoditse (2013). [https://www.researchgate.net/publication/310771824 &quot;The 2010 split of the Botswana Democratic Party&quot;]. ''Botswana Journal of African Studies'' (27). PULA &amp;#x2013; via ResearchGate.&lt;/ref&gt;

Khama o ne a baya thibelo ya go tsoma ditlou ka ngwaga wa dikete tse pedi le lesome le bone (2014).&lt;ref&gt;[https://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-51413420 &quot;Botswana auctions off permits to hunt elephants&quot;]. ''BBC News''. 7 February 2020.&lt;/ref&gt;

Loso lwa ga John Kalifatis, yo loso lwa gagwe lo diragetseng ka nako ya dipatlisiso tsa bogodu, lo diragetse kwa tshimologong ya botlhogo jwa ga Khama.&lt;ref&gt;[https://bulawayo24.com/index-id-news-sc-africa-byo-69629.html &quot;Who murdered Botswana's John Kalafatis&quot;.] ''Bulawayo24 News''.&lt;/ref&gt; Polelo ya sepodisi ka ga Kalifatis e balega jaana: &quot;Moswi, John Kalafatis, o ne a na le lekwalo la go mo tshwara le le neng le ntshitswe kgatlhanong le ene ka kgwedi ya Ferikgong e le lesome le bobedi ka ngwaga wa dikete tse pedi le borobabongwe (2009) ka ntlha ya bogodu jwa dibetsa gareng ga tse dingwe. Ka nako eo yotlhe, o ne a ntse a tshaba tshiamiso&quot;.&lt;ref name=&quot;:4&quot;&gt;[https://web.archive.org/web/20200610220632/http://www.elaws.gov.bw/desplaylrpage.php?id=4601&amp;dsp=2 &quot;STATE v MOTHOBI AND OTHERS 2011 2 BLR 330 HC&quot;]. ''High Court, Lobatse''. 22 June 2011. Archived from the original on 10 June 2020.&lt;/ref&gt;Batlhankedi ba ba amegang ba ne ba bolela gore ba ne ba dumela ka phoso gore o ne a batla go tshwara tlhobolo ya gagwe ka nako ya go thuntshiwa.&lt;ref&gt;PIET, BAME (31 March 2017). [http://www.mmegi.bw/index.php?aid=67880&amp;dir=2017/march/31 &quot;Mmegi Online :: Kalafatis brother demands P16million from govt&quot;]. ''Mmegi Online''.&lt;/ref&gt; Metswedi e mengwe e ganetsa se, e bile e bolela gore Kalafatis o bolailwe ke maloko a Botswana Defense Force. &lt;ref&gt;PIET, BAME (31 March 2017). [http://www.mmegi.bw/index.php?aid=67880&amp;dir=2017/march/31 &quot;Mmegi Online :: Kalafatis brother demands P16million from govt&quot;]. ''Mmegi Online''.&lt;/ref&gt;Maloko a mararo a BDF a a neng a le molato wa loso lwa ga Kalifatis a ne a bonwa molato wa polao, mme mongwe le mongwe a atlholelwa dingwaga di le lesome le motso mo kgolegelong.&lt;ref name=&quot;:4&quot; /&gt; Ba amogetse boitshwarelo jwa mopresidente go tswa go Khama ka ngwaga wa dikete tse pedi le lesome le bobedi(2012). Se se ne sa bonwa jaaka bosupi ke metswedi mengwe gore Khama o ne a na le seabe mo polaong.&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.mmegi.bw/index.php?sid=1&amp;aid=763&amp;dir=2012/June/Tuesday5 &quot;Mmegi Online :: Khama frees Kalafatis killers&quot;]. ''Mmegi Online''. 8 March 2010.&lt;/ref&gt; Mmueledi wa mosekisi wa ga Kalifatis o ne a re &quot;Ke eng se a se kgatlhegelang thata mo batlhaseding bano, re ka se belaele jang gore o ne a kgatlhegela kgetsi eno ka namana...?&quot;&lt;ref&gt;[https://www.sundaystandard.info/khama-sets-kalafatis-killers-free/ &quot;Khama sets Kalafatis killers free&quot;]. ''Sunday Standard''. 7 June 2012.&lt;/ref&gt;

== Ditlhopho tsa 2014 ==
Mo ditlhophong tsa kakaretso tsa Botswana tsa ngwaga wa dikete tse pedi le lesome le bone (2014), Khama o ne a fenya paka ya gagwe ya bobedi. Lekoko la gagwe le amogetse 46.45% ya diboutu, le bontsi jwa ditulo mo Kokoanong ya Bosetšhaba.&lt;ref&gt;[https://web.archive.org/web/20230325074535/https://www.eisa.org/wep/bot2014results.htm &quot;EISA Botswana: 2014 National Assembly election results&quot;.] ''www.eisa.or''&lt;/ref&gt;Pele ga ditlhopho, radipolotiki wa kganetso [[Gomolemo Motswaledi]] o ne a tlhokafala mo thulanong ya pharakano ka kgwedi ya  Phukwi e le masome a mararo ngwaga wa dikete tse pedi le lesome le bone (2014). Le fa go ne go na le kakanyo ya gore tiragalo e e ne e tlhotlhelediwa ke sepolotiki, mapodisi a ne a swetsa ka gore loso e ne e le kotsi. &lt;ref&gt;[https://www.sundaystandard.info/diss-whistleblower-claims-motswaledi-was-assassinated/ &quot;DISS whistleblower claims Motswaledi was assassinated&quot;.] ''Sunday Standard''. 1 September 2014.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.bulawayo24.com/index-id-news-sc-africa-byo-51431.html &quot;President Khama election rival killed in car accident&quot;.] Bulawayo24 News. 30 July 2014. Retrieved 30 July 2014.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;[https://web.archive.org/web/20150923212614/http://www.dailynews.gov.bw/news-details.php?nid=13332 &quot;Gomolemo Motswaledi passes on&quot;]. ''Botswana Daily News''. Radio Botswana. 30 July 2014. Archived from the original on 23 September 2015. Retrieved 30 July 2014.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:5&quot;&gt;[http://www.bulawayo24.com/index-id-news-sc-africa-byo-51601.html &quot;Gomolemo Motswaledi killed?&quot;.] ''Bulawayo24''. Bulabayo24. 3 August 2014. Retrieved 3 August 2014.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:5&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref&gt;[https://web.archive.org/web/20140808072823/http://www.botswanaguardian.co.bw/news/971-was-motswaledi-killed.html &quot;Was Gomolemo Motswaledi killed?&quot;.] ''Botswana Guardian''. Botswana Guardian. 3 August 2014. Archived from the original on 8 August 2014. Retrieved 3 August 2014.&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Paka ya bobedi, 2014-2018 ===
Ka ngwaga wa dikete tse pedi le lesome le botlhano (2015), Khama o ne a fiwa kemo ya bongaka ya tlotlo mo go tsa saense ya sepolotiki go tswa kwa Yunibesithing ya Konkuk kwa Korea Borwa.&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.botswanaguardian.co.bw/news/item/1565-dr-ian-khama-the-politics-ofhonorary-degrees.html &quot;Dr Ian Khama; the politics of honorary degrees – Botswana Guardian&quot;.] ''www.botswanaguardian.co.bw''.&lt;/ref&gt;Morago ga go amogela degree, sereto sa semmuso sa ga Khama e ne e le &quot;Motlotlegi Tautona Lefotenente Kakaretso Ngaka Seretse Khama Ian Khama&quot;.&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.mmegi.bw/index.php?aid=57671&amp;dir=2016/february/11 &quot;Mmegi Online :: President Khama has a new official name&quot;.] ''Mmegi Online''. 11 February 2016.&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Maikutlo a sepolotiki ===
Khama o ne a nna kgatlhanong le puso ya Zimbabwe, segolo thata [[Robert Mugabe]]. &lt;ref&gt;[[&quot;Botswana's Khama tells Mugabe to go&quot;]]. ''Reuters''. 17 November 2017 &amp;#x2013; via www.reuters.com.&lt;/ref&gt;O ne a dira jalo ka go gana go amogela puso ntle le fa e ne e na le maloko a [[Movement for Democratic Change]] (MDC) e e eteletsweng pele ke [[Morgan Tsvangirai.]] &lt;ref&gt;Banya, Nelson (14 August 2008). [https://www.reuters.com/article/uk-zimbabwe-crisis-idUKWEA608420080814 &quot;Khama to boycott summit if no Zimbabwe deal&quot;.] ''Reuters'' &amp;#x2013; via www.reuters.com.&lt;/ref&gt;Khama o ne gape a kgala tiro ya Tautona ya Sudan Omar al-Bashir mo kgaolong ya Darfur&lt;ref&gt;[https://web.archive.org/web/20200610204521/http://iccnow.org/?mod=newsdetail&amp;news=3368 Article Title]&lt;/ref&gt;mme a nna moganetsi wa dipuso tsa bosetlhogo mo Afrika mmogo le Tautona Jakaya Kikwete wa Tanzania le Tautona Levy Mwanawasa wa Zambia.&lt;ref&gt;[https://www.thezimbabwean.co/2008/05/liberation-leaders-who-become-tyrants/ &quot;Liberation leaders who become tyrants&quot;.] ''www.thezimbabwean.co''. Retrieved 21 May 2024.&lt;/ref&gt;

Khama o ne a tshwaiwa diphoso ke batho bangwe ka go tsaya ditshwetso tse di sa siamang, go akaretsa le Tautona wa maloba Quett Masire, yo a neng a re BDP e ne ya tsewa ke batho ba ba batlang go solegelwa molemo ke maemo a a kwa godimo a puso.&lt;ref&gt;Morton, Barry. [https://www.academia.edu/33661982 &quot;President Masire's Final Message to Botswana&quot;] &amp;#x2013; via www.academia.edu&lt;/ref&gt;

Ka fa tlase ga Khama, puso e tlhomile gape le Directorate of Intelligence and Security Services (DISS) e e nang le dithata tsa sepodisi, e e tsewang e le e e tshwanang le ya Botswana ya Federal Bureau of Investigation kwa United States. Le fa gone mofuta ono wa mekgatlho e se mosha e bile o fitlhelwa mo dinageng di le dintsi, o na le baganetsi kwa Botswana ba ba bolelang gore go na le matshosetsi a sekae fela a mo gae kana a a tsenang mo dinageng tse dingwe a mapodise le masole a sa kgoneng go a laola. Bangwe, go akaretswa le motsamaisi wa Open Society Initiative for Southern Africa, Siphosami Malunga, ba ne ba ganetsa gore setheo, se kwa tshimologong se neng se eteletswe pele ke tsala ya ga Tautona Khama, Issac Kgosi, se ka nna sa tsiediwa motlhofo le go dirisiwa kgatlhanong le baba ba sepolotiki kgotsa ba bangwe ba ba tshwayang Tautona kgotsa tsamaiso ya gagwe diphoso.&lt;ref&gt;[https://www.theafricareport.com/16645/botswana-unravels-unmasking-africas-democracy-poster-child/ &quot;Botswana unravels: unmasking Africa's democracy poster child&quot;]. ''The Africa Report.com''. 28 August 2019.&lt;/ref&gt;

Mo letlhakoreng la ikonomi, Khama e ntse e le mmueledi wa go tlosa Botswana mo go ikaegeng thata ka ditaemane le go farologanya ikonomi ya yone, segolo thata mo lephateng la temothuo le bojanala.&lt;ref&gt;[https://www.sardc.net/en/southern-african-news-features/botswana-determined-to-diversify-its-economy/ &quot;Botswana determined to diversify its economy&quot;.] 13 October 2009.&lt;/ref&gt;

Khama o ne a thibela go tsoma ditlou ka nako ya fa e ne e le tautona, mme a tshegetsa maiteko a go di sireletsa kwa Botswana. Ka ngwaga wa dikete tse pedi le lesome le borobabobedi (2018), o ne a tshwaya phoso [[Tautona Donald Trump]] ka go rotloetsa go thukhutha ditlou.&lt;ref&gt;[https://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-43435013 &quot;Botswana's Ian Khama: Trump encouraging elephant poaching&quot;.] ''BBC News''. 16 March 2018.&lt;/ref&gt;

E re ka Khama e ne e le motho yo o neng a sa nwe bojalwa, o ne a le kgatlhanong thata le bojalwa, a bo tsaya e le bothata jo bo masisi. &lt;ref&gt;[https://www.healthdata.org/news-events/insights-blog/acting-data/president-ian-khama-emboldened-evidence-reduce-harms-alcohol &quot;President Ian Khama: Emboldened by evidence to reduce harms of alcohol use in Botswana&quot;.] Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation. 11 May 2015. Retrieved 9 January 2025.&lt;/ref&gt;

O ne a tsaya kgato e e gagametseng mo dikgannyeng tsa ditshwanelo tsa batho tsa kwa Korea Bokone. Morago ga go kgaola dikamano le Korea Bokone ka ngwaga wa dikete tse pedi le lesome le bone (2014) ka ntlha ya go tlola ditshwanelo tsa botho, o ne a tlhalosa bosetlhogo jwa ditshwanelo tsa botho mo bogosing jwa motshabi 'jo bo maswe go feta mathata a batshabi ba Aforika', segolobogolo ka nako ya leuba le legolo ka bo ngwaga wa sekete,makgolo a robabongwe le masome a robabongwe (1990). O ne a fa Yonhap News Agency potsolotso ka nako ya ketelo ya gagwe kwa Seoul, South Korea ka ngwaga wa dikete tse pedi le lesome le botlhano (2015), a tshwaya diphoso baeteledipele ba Bokone ka go 'tshela mo nakong ya Stone Age' mme a bitsa ditiro tsa bona tsa go nna dikgoka di sa amogelesege.&lt;ref&gt;[https://cnnews.chosun.com/client/news/print.asp?cate=c01&amp;mcate=&amp;nNewsNumb=20140338965 &quot;北韩人权惨无人道 竟不如非洲难民 韩国之眼 朝鲜日报网&quot;] (in Korean).&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;[https://web.archive.org/web/20151024165837/http://www.yonhapnews.co.kr/bulletin/2015/10/23/0200000000AKR20151023161000043.HTML &quot;보츠와나 대통령 &quot;北 인권후퇴, 관계유지 가치 없었다&quot;&quot;] (in Korean). 23 October 2015. Archived from the original on 24 October 2015.&lt;/ref&gt;

== Go tlogela tiro ==
Ka kgwedi ya  Moranang e thola bongwe ka ngwaga wa dikete tse pedi le lesome le borobabobedi (2018), [[Mokgweetsi Masisi]] o ne a ikana jaaka Tautona wa botlhano  wa Botswana, a tlhatlhama Ian Khama le dingwaga tsa gagwe tse di lesome tsa boporesidente. Morago ga go sa utlwane le Masisi ka makgetlo a le mmalwa, segolo thata go mo latofatsa ka go nna le mekgwa ya go busa ka tsela e e gagametseng,&lt;ref&gt;[https://www.ft.com/content/b7362496-f71a-11e9-9ef3-eca8fc8f2d65 &quot;President Mokgweetsi Masisi holds on to power in Botswana poll&quot;.] ''Financial Times''. 25 October 2019.&lt;/ref&gt; Khama o ne a swetsa go tlogela BDP mme a tsenela Botswana Patriotic Front (BPF), e e neng e sa tswa go tlhamiwa e e neng e kgaogane le BDP. O ne a lwela BPF, e e neng ya fenya ditulo di le tharo mo ditlhophong tsa kakaretso tsa ngwaga wa dikete tse pedi le lesome le borobabongwe (2019) kwa kgaolong ya Serowe.&lt;ref&gt;[https://www.britannica.com/place/Botswana &quot;Botswana – Botswana since independence&quot;.] ''Encyclopedia Britannica''. Retrieved 26 May 2020.&lt;/ref&gt;

Ka ngwaga wa dikete tse pedi le lesome le borobabobedi (2018), morago ga go tlogela maemo a botautona, Khama o ne a nna leloko la Boto ya Bolaodi ya Conservation International, e e leng mokgatlho wa kwa United States, o gape o dirang kwa Botswana.&lt;ref&gt;Co, Maverick Maven (25 July 2018). [https://web.archive.org/web/20190520100700/http://botswanaunplugged.com/10895/khama-joins-conservation-international-as-a-distinguished-fellow/ &quot;Khama joins Conservation International as a Distinguished Fellow&quot;]. ''BotswanaUnplugged''. Archived from the original on 20 May 2019. Retrieved 23 May 2020.&lt;/ref&gt;Ka ngwaga wa dikete tse pedi le masome a mabedi le bongwe (2021), Khama o ne a ya kwa botshwarong ka boene, ka nako eo a neng a bolela gore go ne go na le leano la go mo tsenya botlhole.&lt;ref&gt;[https://www.bbc.com/news/articles/c4gr0p1000go &quot;How friends became foes in Africa's diamond state&quot;.] ''BBC News''. 9 October 2024. Retrieved 9 October 2024.&lt;/ref&gt;

Ka kgwedi ya Sedimonthole ka ngwaga wa dikete tse pedi le masome a mabedi le bobedi (2022) kgotlatshekelo ya kwa Botswana e ne ya ntsha lekwalo la go tshwara Khama ka ntlha ya go nna le dibetsa tse tlhano tse di seng ka fa molaong morago ga go retelelwa ke go tlhagelela kwa kgotlatshekelo.&lt;ref&gt;[https://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-64124882 &quot;Ian Khama: Botswana issues arrest warrant for former president&quot;.] ''BBC News''. 30 December 2022. Retrieved 31 December 2022.&lt;/ref&gt;Ka kgwedi ya Lwetse e le lesome le boraro ka ngwaga wa dikete tse pedi le masome a mabedi le bone (2024), Ian Khama o ne a boela kwa Botswana morago ga dingwaga di le tharo a le kwa botshwarong, go tla go tlhagelela kwa kgotlatshekelo le go kopa go gololwa fa a santse a emetse tsheko.&lt;ref&gt;[https://www.bbc.com/news/articles/cd0509kke8mo.amp &quot;Surprise return to Botswana by ex-president to face trial&quot;]. ''BBC News''. 13 September 2024. Retrieved 14 September 2024.&lt;/ref&gt; Ka  kgwedi ya Ngwanatsele e le masome a mararo ka ngwaga wa dikete tse pedi le masome a mabedi le bone (2024), o tsere maemo a gagwe gape jaaka Kgosikgolo wa BamaNgwato, a tsaya leina la bogosi Khama IV, mo gare ga meletlo kwa Serowe Sports Complex e e neng e tsenetswe ke batlotlegi ba bosetšhaba le ba boditšhabatšhaba, go khutlisa lekgolo la dingwaga la puso ya BamaNgwato.&lt;ref&gt;Sechele, Sechele (22 November 2024). [https://www.mmegi.bw/news/khama-iv-finally-breaks-bangwato-royal-jinx/news &quot;Khama IV finally breaks BaNgwato royal jinx&quot;.] ''Mmegi''. Mahalapye. Retrieved 26 January 2025.&lt;/ref&gt;Puso e e tlang morago ga ditlhopho tsa Botswana tsa 2024 e ne ya latlha ditatofatso tsa dibetsa, tse Khama a neng a re ke maano a sepolotiki a puso ya pele ya ga Masisi.&lt;ref&gt;Makhaiza, Larona (2 December 2024). [https://www.mmegi.bw/news/still-not-safe-for-tshekedi-and-anthony/news &quot;'Still not safe for Tshekedi and Anthony'&quot;.] ''Mmegi''. Retrieved 26 January 2025.&lt;/ref&gt;

Ka kgwedi ya  Ferikgong e le masome a mabedi ka ngwaga wa dikete tse pedi le masome a mabedi le botlhano (2025), Khama o ne a ikana jaaka leloko la Ntlo ya Dikgosi, lekgotla la bagakolodi ba ditlhogo tsa boswa ba ba gakololang Palamente. &lt;ref&gt;[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=98QCPvLy1QA &quot;Ian Khama Returns as Paramount Chief Sworn into Ntlo ya Dikgosi&quot;.] ''SnapFlash''. 21 January 2025. Retrieved 26 January 2025.&lt;/ref&gt;Ka kgwedi ya  Lwetse ka ngwaga wa dikete tse pedi le botlhano (2025), jaaka karolo ya leano la mokgatlho la go atamalana le Khama ka fa tlase ga boeteledipele jwa Mpho Balopi, BDP e ne ya itsise go phimolwa ga go lelekwa ga Khama ka ngwaga wa dikete tse pedi le lesome le borobabongwe (2019) go tswa mo mokgatlhong, ka go dira jalo ya busetsa botokololo jwa gagwe. &lt;ref&gt;Basimanebotlhe, Tsaone (25 September 2025). [https://www.mmegi.bw/news/bdp-rescinds-khamas-membership-termination/news &quot;BDP rescinds Khama's membership termination&quot;.] ''Mmegi Online''. Retrieved 25 September 2025&lt;/ref&gt;

== Metswedi ==
[[Karolo:Tautona wa Botswana]]</text>
      <sha1>lpo5f4kxbe4bah4j4vxhdgzxiv7du6k</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Mokoro wa kwa Kazungula</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>3281</id>
    <revision>
      <id>54173</id>
      <parentid>31701</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-08-17T20:38:10Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>InternetArchiveBot</username>
        <id>8156</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Add 1 book for [[en:Wikipedia:Verifiability|verifiability]] (20260817)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]]</comment>
      <origin>54173</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="4699" sha1="1388pdgfefmrv22mpkjd5k3t4wp9bhk" xml:space="preserve">[[File:KazungulaFerry.jpg|thumb|200px|Ngwe ya mekoro ya pantuni ee kgabaganyang noka ya Zambezi kwa Kazungula]]
'''Mokoro wa kwa Kazungula'''  ke  pantoni ee kgabaganyang boleele jwa selekanyo sa makgolo a mane a noka ya Zambezi gare ga [[Botswana| Botswana]] le [[Zambia| Zambia]]. Ke nngwe ya mekoro ee metona mo borwa bogare jwa Aferika, o nale nonofo ya selekanyo sa 70 tonnes. Thuso e e fiwa ke bakgweetsi ba le babedi ba mokoro gape ba direla fa melelwaneng ya Kazungula, Zambia le Kazungula, Botswana.&lt;ref&gt;komponi ya kgatiso ya Camerapix: &quot;ditaelo tsa go ya Zambia. kompini ya kgatiso Camerapix, Nairobi, 1996.&lt;/ref&gt; 

E kopanya tsela ya  Livingstone- Sesheke (ee kopanelang kwa [[ Trans–Caprivi]] kwa [[Katima Mulilo]] gape e bo e aga bontlha bongwe jwa [[Walvis Bay]]) go ya kwa go ee tona mo bokone-borwa jwa Botswana go fetla ka [[Francistown]] le [[Gaborone]] go ya [[Aferika Borwa]],gape le go ya kwa {8 } Kasane-[[ tseleng ee fetlang kwa maphothophothong a Victoria]] go tsena mo [[ Zimbabwe]]. E direla mafatshe a mararo go kaela dikoloi mo (Zambia, Zimbabwe le Botswana)gape le a mangwe a mararo ebong (Namibia, South Africa le DR Congo).&lt;ref&gt;Terracarta/Mmepe wa mesepele wa mafatshefatshe, Vancouver Canada: &quot;Zambia, kgatiso ya bobedi&quot;, 2000.&lt;/ref&gt;

Ka ngwaga wa 2003 mokoro o ne wa tlhagogelwa ke  kotsi  fa koloi ya mogobagoba e e neng e rwele phetelela ya kwa Zambia e ne ya menola mokoro mme batho ba le lesome le borobabobedi ba ileng ba nwela mo metsing. Kotsi e e ne ya lebagangwa ba ba kalang bokete jwa dithoto mo Zambia go tlhoka go lebisisa bokete jwa dikoloi.&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.times.co.zm/news/viewnews.cgi?category=6&amp;amp;id=1170838563 Times of Zambia website] &quot;Stiffer law against overloading ready&quot; 7 February, 2007, accessed 1 March 2007.&lt;/ref&gt;

Ka kgwedi ya Phatwe ngwaga wa 2007 puso ya lefatshe la Zambia le Botswana ba ne ba tlhalosa ka maikaelelo a go dira borogo fa lefelong le go emisetsa mokoro. &lt;ref&gt;[http://palapye.wordpress.com/2007/08/04/zambia-botswana-reach-kazungula-bridge-deal/ &quot;Zambia and Botswana reach Kazungula bridge deal.&quot;] ''Palapye News blog.''  Retrieved 30 November 2007.
&lt;/ref&gt; 

Kwa Kazungula bokopanelo jwa mafatshe a mane ebong (Zambia, Zimbabwe, Botswana, Namibia)a tla ka selekanyonyana se sennye kgotsa selekanyo sa lesome go kopanela fa lefelong le le rileng (CLARIFY  THIS SENTENCE) &quot;Edwin Mogoelelwa&quot;. Go nna go fetoga ga metswedi ya noka gape le go tlhoka kgolagano kgotsa ntlha ya botlhokwa go baka go sa kgonagaleng ka teng ga ntlha  ee leng teng gompienong. &lt;ref&gt;{{cite book| title = African Boundaries: A Legal and Diplomatic Encyclopaedia | url = https://archive.org/details/africanboundarie0000brow | first = Ian  | last = Brownlie | coauthors = Ian R. Burns | pages = [https://archive.org/details/africanboundarie0000brow/page/n1139 1098]–1108 | chapter = Botswana-Zambia (Quadripoint issue) | publisher = C. Hurst &amp; Co. | location = [[London]] | year = 1979 | isbn = 0-903983-87-7}}; summarized at [https://web.archive.org/web/20110716052216/http://www.nicolette.dk/diverse/african_tripoints.htm#bwzmzw African tripoints: Botswana-Namibia-Zambia] by Michael Donner / Jesper Nielsen.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book| title = International Law and the Protection of Namibia's Territorial Integrity | first = S. | last = Akweenda | pages = 201–3 | chapter = VI: Quadripoint Theory | publisher = Martinus Nijhoff  | location = [[Netherlands]] | date = 1997-04-23 | isbn = 90-411-0412-7}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Mafatshe a a kgatlhwa thata ke go aga borogo,Botswana le Zambia, a mo ntlheng e ngwe mo go lebegang a kopanela molelwane yo o kgotsa selekanyo sa lesome, mo go ka diragalang gore go tlhokege dirisiwa ga molelwane mongwe wa baagisanyi. Popego ya noka gape le letsogo la noka mo lefelong e ela mo kgonagalong ya go bokhutlo jwa gore borogo bo tla nna fa kae go tsweng gaufi le fa ntlheng ya lefelo gape jaana gongwe e tsenelela kwa molelwaneng wa Zimbabwe. Zimbabwe o nale borogo le Zambia kwa maphothophothong a Victoria , sekgele sa dikhilomethara tse di masome a bosupa go tsweng kwa Kazungula. Namibia o nale makgabaganyo le Zambia gale kwa Katima Mlilo go tswa sekgele sa dikhilomethara tse di lekgolo le masome a matlhano kwa godimo ga noka. Bao ba ba tlang ba tswa Aferika Borwa go ya moepong wa kopore kwa Zambia kgotsa Lusaka ka tsela,ba tsena ka Zimbabwe ba dikhilomethara tse di mmalwa gaufi.

==Bokhutlo==

Mokoro o thusa batho go tlolela kwa mafatsheng a mane a ka jalo se se tlisa kutlwisisanyo gareng ga mafatshe a mane.

==Dipadi tse dingwe==
&lt;references&gt;&lt;/references&gt;

[[Category:Mokoro wa Zambia]]
[[Category:Bokgabaganyo jwa molelwane wa Botswana–Zambia]]
[[Category:Noka ya Zambezi]]
[[Category:Mekoro ya Botswana]]</text>
      <sha1>1388pdgfefmrv22mpkjd5k3t4wp9bhk</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Sekalaka</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>3284</id>
    <revision>
      <id>54160</id>
      <parentid>53550</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-08-17T20:21:36Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>InternetArchiveBot</username>
        <id>8156</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Add 1 book for [[en:Wikipedia:Verifiability|verifiability]] (20260817)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]]</comment>
      <origin>54160</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="5259" sha1="6gut0brwbem6mrz7n7xhubzvx3bxmls" xml:space="preserve">{{distinguish|Sekaranga}}
{{Infobox language
|name          = Sekalanga
|nativename    = ''Ikalanga''
|pronunciation = 
|states        = {{ZWE}}&lt;br&gt;{{BWA}}
|region        = ##Southern Africa##
|speakers      = 850,000
|ethnicity     = ##Kalanga people##&lt;br&gt;#formerly# ##Lemba people|Lemba##
|familycolor= Niger-Congo
|fam2=##Atlantic–Congo languages|Atlantic–Congo##
|fam3=##Benue–Congo languages|Benue–Congo##
|fam4=##Bantoid languages|Bantoid##
|fam5=##Southern Bantoid languages|Southern##
|fam6=##Bantu languages|Bantu##
|fam7=##Shona language|Shona## #S#10#
|iso3          = kck
}}
{{Incubator|code=kck}}

'''Puo ya sekalaka ''' , kgotsa '''''Ikalanga/TjiKalanaga'' ''' ,ke puo ya Sebantu e e buiwang ke morafe wa Bakalaka, dingwaga tse di makgolokgolo a lekgolo le masome a matlhano mo [[Botswana|Botswana]] gape le makgolokgolo a makgolo a bosupa mo [[Zimbabwe|Zimbabwe]] '' diteme tsa mafatshe'' Ke puo ya Sebantu ee itsegeng ka go atabala ga modumo, e e farologanyeng e e pheletsang puo, gape le ditlhaka tse di bakang go hema Se batlile go tshwana le puo ya Seshona.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|title=Ikalanga phonetics and phonology: a synchronic and diachronic study.|url=https://archive.org/details/ikalangaphonetic0000math|last=Mathangwane|first=Joyce T.|publisher=Stanford, CA: CSLI Publications.|year=1999}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Sekalaka se lemogiwa e le teme ya semmuso ke molaomotheo wa Zimbabwe wa ngwaga wa dikete pedi lesome le boraro gape se rutiwa kwa dikolong kwa mafelong a babui ba puo e o ba leng bantsi. Teme ya Sekalaka e tshwana thata le diteme tsa Nambya, TshiVenda le KheLobedu tsa kwa Zimbabwe le [[Aforika Borwa|Aforika Borwa.]] 

==Tshimologo==
Bakalaka le Bashona ba fudugile mo ditlhopeng go tsweng mo kgaolong e e ngwefela mo bokone# Batho ba ba buang puo ya Sekalaka ba akanyediwa go nna ba ntlha# Ba agile pele mo Aferika Borwa# Matota a bone a metse a bidiwa matota a Mapungubwe# Puo ya bone e supa pharologanyo e e nyenyane mo go ya Bashona#

#Khutliso ya gore Bakalaka ba bua jaaka Bashona ke nngwe ya khutliso e e dirilweng mo ditsong# Go tla tlhalogangwa gore e ke ntlwa e e ntseng e diragala mo dingwageng tse di borobabobedi gompieno# Moragonyana ka ngwaga wa 1927 barongwa ba Rhodesia ba ne ba batla go dira mokwalo o o akaretsang Seshona ka kakaretso, mme ga ba dumalana ka Sekalanga mo go akarediweng jaaka teme ya Seshona# Ba ne ba kopa thuso ya ga moipobodi Clement M# Doke, le baipobodi ba ba ithutileng Sebantu kwa Mmadikolo wa Witwatersrand# Morago ga ngwaga o mongwefela wa go ithuta mo Zimbabwe, o ne a khutlisa ka gore Sekalaka se ka seke se tshwane le Seshona ka gore ga se tshwane gope le mo go ka bitswang Seshona# Ka go rialo, teko e e motlhofo e e supang boammaruri jwa se ke e: bao ba ba buang teme e e bidiwang Seshona ga ba tlhaloganye Sekalaka fa ba bua Sekalaka, le fa Bakalaka ba tlhaloganya Bashona# 

==Ditso tsa Puo ya Sekakalaka==

Sekalaka ke puo e e pharologanyo ka boyone le dipuo tse di latelang: se se biditsweng TjiKalanga tjekuDombodema #jaaka se buiwa kwa kgaolong ya Plumtree, leina pele le biditswe ke UCCSA ngwaga wa 1929#, Lilima, Talahunda, Jahunda, Nanzwa#kgotsa Nambya#, Venda, Lobedu, Hlengwe gape le Lozwi# Go tshwanetse ga lemogwa gore tsotlhe tse ke dipuo tse di farologanyeng ka botsone, mme ka ditso di supa fa di simolotse kwa Bukalanga/Vhukalanga# #E tlhoka go atlolosiwa#### 

Sekalaka ke, sekai,yone puo e e nang le'''''l'' '''  modumo; tse dingwe tsa Seshona di nale modumao wa '''''r'' '''  fela# Puo e tshwana le ya setlhopa sa Balobedu-baka-Modjadji ba dipuo tse di akaretsang Shona, Karanga, Zezuru, Venda, Birwa, Tjililima le Shankwe# Go tsweng mo go se go dumelwa fa ba tswa mo bathong ba ba tlholegang kwa mafelong a ##Limpopo|Limpopo##/Drakensburg mo ##Aferika Borwa|Aferika Borwa## gape ba aga mo bokone jwa Botswana le mo Zimbabwe# Matota a bogologolo a Bakalaka a tshwana le matota a kwa Zimbabwe# Matota a nale dipopego tse di tshwanang le tsa kwa matoteng a Zimbabwe# Matota a kwa Mapungubwe a fetla a kwa Zimbabwe# Go elatlhoko mo go tlhomamisa gore baagi ba matota a kwa Zimbabwe ,Khami,Lusvingo le a mangwe mo bophirima jwa Zimbabwe gape le mo botlhaba jwa Botswana ke a Bakalaka# Bakalaka ke dikokomane tsa morafe wa Sebutua#

==Bokhutlo==

Sekalaka ke puo ee tumileng fela thata mo Botswana,ebile batho ba nale kgatlhego ya go batla go se ithuta.Morafe wa bakalaka go dumelwa fa e le mengwe ya merafe e e utlwanang le kagiso ebile ba rata kutlwsisanyo thata.

==Metswedi==
{{Reflist}}

==Tshekatsheko ya bakwadi==
* Chebanne, A# M# &amp;amp; Rodewald, M# K &amp;amp; Pahlen, K# W# #1995# ''A re kwaleng Sekalaka: Buka ya go kwala sekalaka se se buiwang mo Botswana'' # Gaborone: Botswana Society#
* Mathangwane, Joyce T# #1999# ''Ikalanga phonetics and phonology: a synchronic and diachronic study#''  Stanford, CA: CSLI Publications#

==Dikgolagano tsa kwa ntle==
*{{ethnologue|kck}}
*[http://llmap.org/languages/kck.html Map of Kalanga language #Ikalanga/TjiKalanaga# from the LL-Map Project]
*[http://multitree.org/codes/kck Information about Kalanga language from the MultiTree Project]

{{Languages of Botswana}}
{{Languages of Zimbabwe}}

[[Category:Dipuo tsa mo Botswana]]
[[Category:Dipuo tsa mo Zimbabwe]]
[[Category:Puo ya Shona]]

{{nc-lang-stub}}</text>
      <sha1>6gut0brwbem6mrz7n7xhubzvx3bxmls</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Setlhaketlhake sa Impalila</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>3468</id>
    <revision>
      <id>54161</id>
      <parentid>45461</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-08-17T20:23:26Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>InternetArchiveBot</username>
        <id>8156</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Add 1 book for [[en:Wikipedia:Verifiability|verifiability]] (20260817)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]]</comment>
      <origin>54161</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="2475" sha1="sarcxdbaxz70olbk297001dr6226fjk" xml:space="preserve">[[File:Zambezi Flood Plain, Namibia (EO-1).jpg|thumb|Phukwi 2010 satellite view of the Zambezi floodplain, west of the Zambezi-Chobe confluency, showing Impalila Island on the right edge of the picture.]]
'''Impalila'''  (yo nako dingwe a kwadiwang gotwe '''Mpalila''' ) ke setlhaketlhake se se kgakala mo botlhaba jwa ntlha ya lefatshe la [[Namibia|Namibia]], se se thibetsweng mo bokone ke metsi a noka ya  Zambezi  gape le mo borwa le mesi a noka ya  Chobe . Ke motse wa banni ba ka tshwra masome a mararo mo metsaneng  e le masome a mabedi le botlhano,&lt;ref name=&quot;Bradt&quot;&gt;{{cite book|author=Chris McIntyre|title=Botswana|url=https://archive.org/details/isbn_9781841623085|publisher=[[Bradt Travel Guides]]|year=2010|isbn= 978 1 84162 308 5|pages=[https://archive.org/details/isbn_9781841623085/page/n212 193]-193}}&lt;/ref&gt; go akarediwa Batswana  (go tswa mo [[Botswana|Botswana]]) gape le  morafe wa Masubia  (go tswa mo  [[Namibia|Namibia]]).&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Namibian.org |url=http://www.namibian.org/travel/lodging/private/impalila_island.html |access-date=2012-01-10 |archive-date=2010-10-11 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101011191230/http://namibian.org/travel/lodging/private/impalila_island.html |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;

Impalila gantsi o tsenwa ka  [[Kasane|Kasane]] mo Botswana, mo ntlheng ya lotshitshi la noka ya  Chobe. Go nale letso la ma Namibia gape le poso ya ba lephata la tsa phudugo mo setlhaketlhakeng. Gape go nale lefelo la maemelo a difofane la selekanyo sa lekgolokgolo le makgolo a mararo le di fofelang mo go lone, le le dirisiwang ke ba kompone ya charter flights go tlisa bajanala mo mafelong a go gorogelang baeng mo go one mo setlhaketlhakeng. Lefelo la difofane le ne le dirisiwa ke masole ka ngwaga wa 1980 ke sesole sa Aferika Borwa , ka botlhale lefelo le le mo boemong mo go lebaganeng le   Botswana, [[Zambia|Zambia]] gape le [[Zimbabwe|Zimbabwe]].&lt;ref name=&quot;Bradt&quot;&gt;&lt;/ref&gt;

Impalila o eteletswe pele ke kgosi,yo o nang le ditlhata tsa go ka abela batlhoki lefatshe.

==Dikgge tsa kwa ntle==
[[Botswana]]
[[Zambia]]
[[Zimbabwe]]
[[Namibia]]
[[South Aferika]]

==Dipadi tse dingwe==
{{reflist}}

{{Namibia-geo-stub}}

{{coord|17|47|00|S|25|13|24|E|region:NA-CA_type:isle_source:kolossus-dewiki|display=title}}

[[Category:Ditlhakelhake tsa Namibia]]
[[Category:Kgabaganyo ya mololwane  wa Botswana–Namibia]]
[[Category:Ditlhaketlhake tsa dinoka  tsa Aferika]]
[[Category:Noka ya Zambezi]]
[[Category:Kgaolo la Caprivi]]</text>
      <sha1>sarcxdbaxz70olbk297001dr6226fjk</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Ngwao ya Botswana</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>3629</id>
    <revision>
      <id>54165</id>
      <parentid>52693</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-08-17T20:28:22Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>InternetArchiveBot</username>
        <id>8156</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Add 2 books for [[en:Wikipedia:Verifiability|verifiability]] (20260817)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]]</comment>
      <origin>54165</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="27446" sha1="77867ya5v6jc62cxcyryjf9wepr5cke" xml:space="preserve">[[Setshwantsho:Botswana_traditional_baskets.jpg|thumb|Ditlatlana ]]
[[Setshwantsho:Traditional_House_at_the_national_museum_Botswana.jpg|thumb|Ntlo ya Setswana kwa motlobong wa ditso tsa Setswana]]
[[Setshwantsho:Magadi_in_Kang.jpg|thumb|Magadi (lenyalo la setso)]]
Kwa ntle ga go supa teme ya ditlhopha tsa batho tse di remeletseng mo [[Botswana]], ''[[Setswana]]'' ke letlhaodi le le dirisiwang go tlhalosa khumo ya ditso tsa ngwao ya Batswana - le fa e ka tswa e le maloko a merafe [[Setswana|ya Setswana]] kgotsa ya baagi fela botlhe ba lefatshe la Botswana. batswana ba dumela ngwaong e nonofileng ya Botho-Ubuntu, &lt;nowiki&gt;''&lt;/nowiki&gt;Batho ga ba ikemela ka bonosi, ba tshela ka go ipelega, mme ele karolo ya sechaba, ba tshela mmogo ebile ba belegana.&lt;ref&gt;Turaki, Y.: 2006, Foundations of African Traditional Religion and Worldview (Word Alive Publishers, Nairobi).&lt;/ref&gt; Batswana ba dumela mo go dirisaneng mmogo le go bopagana mmogo.                                                                      

Leina Batswana le dirisiwa go kaya batho  ba lefatshe la Botswana le morafe wa batho ba ba dirang ngwao e tshwanang le go bua puo  e tshwanang mo lefatsheng le le mabapi la Aforika Borwa. Botswana ke legae la merafe e e farologaneng, go akaretsa Batswana (jaaka Barolong, Bakwena, Bangwato, Batlokwa, Bakgatla, Baphuthing, Bataung, Bangwaketse, Batawana, Bahurutshe, Balete); BaKalanga (BaLilima, Baperi, BaWumbe, BaNambya); Ovaherero (Baherero, Ovambanderu); Wayei, Bambukushu; Veekuhane (Basubiya in Setswana); Ditlhopha tsa Khoe le San; le Batswapong le Batshweneng.&lt;ref&gt;[https://www.botswanaembassy.or.jp/tourist.php?La=E&amp;Show=2 &quot;Culture &amp; History | Embassy of Botswana, Japan&quot;]. ''www.botswanaembassy.or.jp''. Retrieved 2021-05-23.&lt;/ref&gt; Nngwe le nngwe ya ditlhopha tse di na le ka fa di tsamaisang ngwao tsa tsone ka teng,le fa go ntse jalo,ka ntlha ya go nna mmogo le go nyalana dingwaga di feta lekgolo, di simolotse go tshwana,O ka kgona go bona se mo tseleng e dipuo le ditso di fetogang ka yone. Dipuo di ka farologana thata go ikaegile ka kgaolo kgotsa puo ya letso, fela tsotlhe di tsewa e le dipuo tsa Botswana. Bangwe ba Batswana le bone ba nna kwa Porofenseng ya Bokone-Bophirima jwa Aforika Borwa, gammogo le mo Botswana.                                                                      

== Metswedi ==

== Dipadi ==

=== Alexander McCall Smith ===
Botswana ke lefelo la ditiragalo la motseletsele wa dipadi tsa masaitseweng ebile di tumile  tse bidiwang [[:en:The_No._1_Ladies'_Detective_Agency|'The No.1 Ladies' Detective Agency]] tse di kwadilweng ke [[Alexander McCall Smith]] (yo o tshotsweng ka ngwaga wa 1948). Moanelwamogolo e bong, Precious Ramotswe, o nna kwa [[Gaborone]] . Padi ya ntlha mo motseletseleng o wa [[:en:The_No._1_Ladies'_Detective_Agency|The No.1 Ladies' Detective Agency]], e ne ya tlhagelela ka ngwaga wa 1998 kwa ga Mmamosadinyana (le ka ngwaga wa 2001 kwa Amerika). Dibuka tse di mowa-o-ko-tlase tse, di ratiwa ka ntlha ya thuto ya tsone ka matshelo a  batho le go supa setso sa beng gae. Go ne ga tlhamiwa motseletsele wa motshameko wa setshwantsho sa motshikhinyego  [[:en:BBC_Television|ke komponi ya BBC]] o o [[The No. 1 Ladies' Detective Agency (TV series)|nang le leina le le tshwanang]], mme motseletsele o, o ne wa tlhagelela ka kgwedi ya Mopitlo e le masome a le mabedi le boraro ka ngwaga wa 2008 kwa ga [[:en:United_Kingdom|Mmamosadinyana]], mme motseletsele otlhe o ne wa simolola ka kgwedi ya Mopitlo e le lesome le botlhano ka ngwaga wa 2009.&lt;ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Dowell, Ben (2008). &quot;BBC will screen Minghella's final drama&quot;. The Guardian. Pilot aired 23 March 2008; series premiered 15 March 2009.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;/ref&gt;

== Dipadi ==

=== Alexander McCall Smith ===
Botswana ke lefelo la ditiragalo la motseletsele wa dipadi tsa masaitseweng ebile di tumile  tse bidiwang [[:en:The_No._1_Ladies'_Detective_Agency|'The No.1 Ladies' Detective Agency]] tse di kwadilweng ke [[Alexander McCall Smith]] (yo o tshotsweng ka ngwaga wa 1948). Moanelwamogolo e bong, Precious Ramotswe, o nna kwa [[Gaborone]] . Padi ya ntlha mo motseletseleng o wa [[:en:The_No._1_Ladies'_Detective_Agency|The No.1 Ladies' Detective Agency]], e ne ya tlhagelela ka ngwaga wa 1998 kwa ga Mmamosadinyana (le ka ngwaga wa 2001 kwa Amerika). Dibuka tse di mowa-o-ko-tlase tse, di ratiwa ka ntlha ya thuto ya tsone ka matshelo a  batho le go supa setso sa beng gae. Go ne ga tlhamiwa motseletsele wa motshameko wa setshwantsho sa motshikhinyego  [[:en:BBC_Television|ke komponi ya BBC]] o o [[The No. 1 Ladies' Detective Agency (TV series)|nang le leina le le tshwanang]], mme motseletsele o, o ne wa tlhagelela ka kgwedi ya Mopitlo e le masome a le mabedi le boraro ka ngwaga wa 2008 kwa ga [[:en:United_Kingdom|Mmamosadinyana]], mme motseletsele otlhe o ne wa simolola ka kgwedi ya Mopitlo e le lesome le botlhano ka ngwaga wa 2009.&lt;ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Dowell, Ben (2008). &quot;BBC will screen Minghella's final drama&quot;. The Guardian. Pilot aired 23 March 2008; series premiered 15 March 2009.&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Norman Rush ===
Norman Rush, yo e neng ele mokaedi wa mokgatlho wa [[:en:Peace_Corps|Peace Corps]] mo Botswana go tloga ka ngwaga wa 1978 go fitlhelela ka ngwaga wa 1983, o ne a  dirisa Botswana ele lefelo la ditiragalo mo dibukeng tsotlhe tsa gagwe tse di gatisitsweng, tse ka kakaretso di itebagantseng le baagi ba batswakwa. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book |last=Mugoti |first=Godfrey |date=2009 |title=Africa (a-z). |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Plvuddy_4NYC&amp;q=Norman+Rush,+who+served+as+a+Peace+Corps+director+in+Botswana+from+1978+to+1983,+uses+the+country+as+the+setting+of+all+of+his+published+books,+which+gener&amp;pg=PA71 |publisher=Lulu.com |isbn=978-1-4357-2890-5 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Dipadi ==

=== Unity Dow ===
[[Unity Dow]] (yo o tshotsweng ka ngwaga wa 1959) ke moatlhodi, molwela ditshwanelo tsa batho, e bile ke mokwadi go kwa lefatsheng la Botswana. O goletse kwa magaeng mme o godisitswe ka  mekgwa ya setso sa Aferika. Mme wa gagwe o ne a sa kgone go bala Sekgoa, mme gantsi go tsaya ditshwetso  e ne e le tiro ya borre. O ne a tswelela go nna mmueledi mme bontsi jwa dithutego tsa ga gagwe o ne a di diretse kwa moseja. Dithutego tse tsa gagwe, di ne tsa baka gore batho ba mo tlotle fa ba bangwe ba ne ba nna le dipelaelo.&lt;ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Unity Dow (born 1959) grew up in a traditional rural village; her mother could read and write Setswana but not English, and she later studied law partly in Scotland, reflecting Western education. Source: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unity_Dow&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;sup class=&quot;noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact&quot; style=&quot;white-space:nowrap;&quot;&gt;&amp;#x5B; ''&lt;nowiki&gt;&lt;span title=&quot;This claim needs references to reliable sources. (October 2024)&quot;&gt;go tlhokega nopolo&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/nowiki&gt;'' &amp;#x5D;&lt;/sup&gt;

=== Unity Dow ===
[[Unity Dow]] (yo o tshotsweng ka ngwaga wa 1959) ke moatlhodi, molwela ditshwanelo tsa batho, e bile ke mokwadi go kwa lefatsheng la Botswana. O goletse kwa magaeng mme o godisitswe ka  mekgwa ya setso sa Aferika. Mme wa gagwe o ne a sa kgone go bala Sekgoa, mme gantsi go tsaya ditshwetso  e ne e le tiro ya borre. O ne a tswelela go nna mmueledi mme bontsi jwa dithutego tsa ga gagwe o ne a di diretse kwa moseja. Dithutego tse tsa gagwe, di ne tsa baka gore batho ba mo tlotle fa ba bangwe ba ne ba nna le dipelaelo.&lt;ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Unity Dow (born 1959) grew up in a traditional rural village; her mother could read and write Setswana but not English, and she later studied law partly in Scotland, reflecting Western education. Source: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unity_Dow&lt;/ref&gt; 

Jaaka mmueledi, o ne a akgolwa thata ka ntlha ya boemo jwa gagwe mo ditshwanelong tsa basadi. E ne e le mongongoregi mo tshekong e e neng e letlelela gore bana ba basadi ba ba ba tshodisitsweng ke batswaka ba lemogiwe fa [[Batho ba letso la Setswana|e le Batswana]] . Ngwao le molao wa pele ga o ne o supa fa ngwana a ka nna Motswana fela fa ntate wa gagwe e le Motswana. Moragonyana o ne a nna mosadi wa ntlha go nna moatlhodi wa kgotla-tshekelo-kgolo mo Botswana.&lt;ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Dow, Unity. “Attorney General of Botswana v. Unity Dow (1992)”. Botswana Court of Appeal; she challenged laws denying citizenship through mothers, leading to recognition of women’s rights in nationality law; later became Botswana’s first female High Court judge. Source: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unity_Dow&lt;/ref&gt;

== Dipadi ==

=== Unity Dow ===
[[Unity Dow]] (yo o tshotsweng ka ngwaga wa 1959) ke moatlhodi, molwela ditshwanelo tsa batho, e bile ke mokwadi go kwa lefatsheng la Botswana. O goletse kwa magaeng mme o godisitswe ka  mekgwa ya setso sa Aferika. Mme wa gagwe o ne a sa kgone go bala Sekgoa, mme gantsi go tsaya ditshwetso  e ne e le tiro ya borre. O ne a tswelela go nna mmueledi mme bontsi jwa dithutego tsa ga gagwe o ne a di diretse kwa moseja. Dithutego tse tsa gagwe, di ne tsa baka gore batho ba mo tlotle fa ba bangwe ba ne ba nna le dipelaelo.&lt;ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Unity Dow (born 1959) grew up in a traditional rural village; her mother could read and write Setswana but not English, and she later studied law partly in Scotland, reflecting Western education. Source: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unity_Dow&lt;/ref&gt; 

Jaaka mmueledi, o ne a akgolwa thata ka ntlha ya boemo jwa gagwe mo ditshwanelong tsa basadi. E ne e le mongongoregi mo tshekong e e neng e letlelela gore bana ba basadi ba ba ba tshodisitsweng ke batswaka ba lemogiwe fa [[Batho ba letso la Setswana|e le Batswana]] . Ngwao le molao wa pele ga o ne o supa fa ngwana a ka nna Motswana fela fa ntate wa gagwe e le Motswana. Moragonyana o ne a nna mosadi wa ntlha go nna moatlhodi wa kgotla-tshekelo-kgolo mo Botswana.&lt;ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Dow, Unity. “Attorney General of Botswana v. Unity Dow (1992)”. Botswana Court of Appeal; she challenged laws denying citizenship through mothers, leading to recognition of women’s rights in nationality law; later became Botswana’s first female High Court judge. Source: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unity_Dow&lt;/ref&gt;

Jaaka mokwadi, o gatisitse dibuka di le tharo. Gantsi setlhogo sa dibuka tse ke dikgang tse di amanang le kgogakgogana fa gare ga mekgwa ya botshelo ya kwa moseja le ya setso. Fa godimo ga moo, di akaretsa kgatlhego ya gagwe mo dikgannyeng tsa bong le lehuma la setšhaba sa Botswana.&lt;ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;“Unity Dow”. Wikipedia. She has published multiple novels that address tensions between Western and traditional values, as well as gender issues and social challenges in Botswana. Source: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unity_Dow&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Bessie Head ===

== Dipadi ==

=== Unity Dow ===
[[Unity Dow]] (yo o tshotsweng ka ngwaga wa 1959) ke moatlhodi, molwela ditshwanelo tsa batho, e bile ke mokwadi go kwa lefatsheng la Botswana. O goletse kwa magaeng mme o godisitswe ka  mekgwa ya setso sa Aferika. Mme wa gagwe o ne a sa kgone go bala Sekgoa, mme gantsi go tsaya ditshwetso  e ne e le tiro ya borre. O ne a tswelela go nna mmueledi mme bontsi jwa dithutego tsa ga gagwe o ne a di diretse kwa moseja. Dithutego tse tsa gagwe, di ne tsa baka gore batho ba mo tlotle fa ba bangwe ba ne ba nna le dipelaelo.&lt;ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Unity Dow (born 1959) grew up in a traditional rural village; her mother could read and write Setswana but not English, and she later studied law partly in Scotland, reflecting Western education. Source: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unity_Dow&lt;/ref&gt; 

Jaaka mmueledi, o ne a akgolwa thata ka ntlha ya boemo jwa gagwe mo ditshwanelong tsa basadi. E ne e le mongongoregi mo tshekong e e neng e letlelela gore bana ba basadi ba ba ba tshodisitsweng ke batswaka ba lemogiwe fa [[Batho ba letso la Setswana|e le Batswana]] . Ngwao le molao wa pele ga o ne o supa fa ngwana a ka nna Motswana fela fa ntate wa gagwe e le Motswana. Moragonyana o ne a nna mosadi wa ntlha go nna moatlhodi wa kgotla-tshekelo-kgolo mo Botswana.&lt;ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Dow, Unity. “Attorney General of Botswana v. Unity Dow (1992)”. Botswana Court of Appeal; she challenged laws denying citizenship through mothers, leading to recognition of women’s rights in nationality law; later became Botswana’s first female High Court judge. Source: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unity_Dow&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;/ref&gt;

Jaaka mokwadi, o gatisitse dibuka di le tharo. Gantsi setlhogo sa dibuka tse ke dikgang tse di amanang le kgogakgogana fa gare ga mekgwa ya botshelo ya kwa moseja le ya setso. Fa godimo ga moo, di akaretsa kgatlhego ya gagwe mo dikgannyeng tsa bong le lehuma la setšhaba sa Botswana.&lt;ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;“Unity Dow”. Wikipedia. She has published multiple novels that address tensions between Western and traditional values, as well as gender issues and social challenges in Botswana. Source: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unity_Dow&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Bessie Head ===

== Dipadi ==

=== Unity Dow ===
[[Unity Dow]] (yo o tshotsweng ka ngwaga wa 1959) ke moatlhodi, molwela ditshwanelo tsa batho, e bile ke mokwadi go kwa lefatsheng la Botswana. O goletse kwa magaeng mme o godisitswe ka  mekgwa ya setso sa Aferika. Mme wa gagwe o ne a sa kgone go bala Sekgoa, mme gantsi go tsaya ditshwetso  e ne e le tiro ya borre. O ne a tswelela go nna mmueledi mme bontsi jwa dithutego tsa ga gagwe o ne a di diretse kwa moseja. Dithutego tse tsa gagwe, di ne tsa baka gore batho ba mo tlotle fa ba bangwe ba ne ba nna le dipelaelo.&lt;ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Unity Dow (born 1959) grew up in a traditional rural village; her mother could read and write Setswana but not English, and she later studied law partly in Scotland, reflecting Western education. Source: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unity_Dow&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;/ref&gt; 

Jaaka mmueledi, o ne a akgolwa thata ka ntlha ya boemo jwa gagwe mo ditshwanelong tsa basadi. E ne e le mongongoregi mo tshekong e e neng e letlelela gore bana ba basadi ba ba ba tshodisitsweng ke batswaka ba lemogiwe fa [[Batho ba letso la Setswana|e le Batswana]] . Ngwao le molao wa pele ga o ne o supa fa ngwana a ka nna Motswana fela fa ntate wa gagwe e le Motswana. Moragonyana o ne a nna mosadi wa ntlha go nna moatlhodi wa kgotla-tshekelo-kgolo mo Botswana.&lt;ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Dow, Unity. “Attorney General of Botswana v. Unity Dow (1992)”. Botswana Court of Appeal; she challenged laws denying citizenship through mothers, leading to recognition of women’s rights in nationality law; later became Botswana’s first female High Court judge. Source: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unity_Dow&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;/ref&gt;

Jaaka mokwadi, o gatisitse dibuka di le tharo. Gantsi setlhogo sa dibuka tse ke dikgang tse di amanang le kgogakgogana fa gare ga mekgwa ya botshelo ya kwa moseja le ya setso. Fa godimo ga moo, di akaretsa kgatlhego ya gagwe mo dikgannyeng tsa bong le lehuma la setšhaba sa Botswana.&lt;ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;“Unity Dow”. Wikipedia. She has published multiple novels that address tensions between Western and traditional values, as well as gender issues and social challenges in Botswana. Source: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unity_Dow&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Bessie Head ===
[[Bessie Head]] ( yo o tshotsweng ka ngwaga wa1937 mme a tshela go fitlhelela ngwaga wa 1986) ke mokwadi yo o itsegeng thata mo Borwa jwa Aferika. Ka 1964, o ne a tshabela puso ya tlhaolele kwa Aferika Borwa kwa Botswana mme a feta a kwala dibuka ka lefatshe la Botswana. O ne a nna koo go tloga ka ngwaga wa 1964 (fa e ne e santse e le [[Bechuanaland]]) go fitlhelela a tlhokafala a le dingwaga di le masome a mane le boferabongwe  ka ngwaga wa 1986. O ne a nna kwa motseng wa [[Serowe]], mme dibuka tsa gagwe tse di tumileng thata go akaretsa ''[[When Rain Clouds Gather|Fa Maru a Pula a Kopana]]'', ''[[Maru (padi)|Maru]]'', le ''Potso ya Maatla'' di beilwe koo.&lt;ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Encyclopaedia Britannica. &quot;Bessie Head.&quot; https://www.britannica.com/biography/Bessie-Head&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Susan Williams ===

== Dipadi ==

=== Unity Dow ===
[[Unity Dow]] (yo o tshotsweng ka ngwaga wa 1959) ke moatlhodi, molwela ditshwanelo tsa batho, e bile ke mokwadi go kwa lefatsheng la Botswana. O goletse kwa magaeng mme o godisitswe ka  mekgwa ya setso sa Aferika. Mme wa gagwe o ne a sa kgone go bala Sekgoa, mme gantsi go tsaya ditshwetso  e ne e le tiro ya borre. O ne a tswelela go nna mmueledi mme bontsi jwa dithutego tsa ga gagwe o ne a di diretse kwa moseja. Dithutego tse tsa gagwe, di ne tsa baka gore batho ba mo tlotle fa ba bangwe ba ne ba nna le dipelaelo.&lt;ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Unity Dow (born 1959) grew up in a traditional rural village; her mother could read and write Setswana but not English, and she later studied law partly in Scotland, reflecting Western education. Source: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unity_Dow&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;/ref&gt; 

Jaaka mmueledi, o ne a akgolwa thata ka ntlha ya boemo jwa gagwe mo ditshwanelong tsa basadi. E ne e le mongongoregi mo tshekong e e neng e letlelela gore bana ba basadi ba ba ba tshodisitsweng ke batswaka ba lemogiwe fa [[Batho ba letso la Setswana|e le Batswana]] . Ngwao le molao wa pele ga o ne o supa fa ngwana a ka nna Motswana fela fa ntate wa gagwe e le Motswana. Moragonyana o ne a nna mosadi wa ntlha go nna moatlhodi wa kgotla-tshekelo-kgolo mo Botswana.&lt;ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Dow, Unity. “Attorney General of Botswana v. Unity Dow (1992)”. Botswana Court of Appeal; she challenged laws denying citizenship through mothers, leading to recognition of women’s rights in nationality law; later became Botswana’s first female High Court judge. Source: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unity_Dow&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;/ref&gt;

Jaaka mokwadi, o gatisitse dibuka di le tharo. Gantsi setlhogo sa dibuka tse ke dikgang tse di amanang le kgogakgogana fa gare ga mekgwa ya botshelo ya kwa moseja le ya setso. Fa godimo ga moo, di akaretsa kgatlhego ya gagwe mo dikgannyeng tsa bong le lehuma la setšhaba sa Botswana.&lt;ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;“Unity Dow”. Wikipedia. She has published multiple novels that address tensions between Western and traditional values, as well as gender issues and social challenges in Botswana. Source: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unity_Dow&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Bessie Head ===
[[Bessie Head]] ( yo o tshotsweng ka ngwaga wa1937 mme a tshela go fitlhelela ngwaga wa 1986) ke mokwadi yo o itsegeng thata mo Borwa jwa Aferika. Ka 1964, o ne a tshabela puso ya tlhaolele kwa Aferika Borwa kwa Botswana mme a feta a kwala dibuka ka lefatshe la Botswana. O ne a nna koo go tloga ka ngwaga wa 1964 (fa e ne e santse e le [[Bechuanaland]]) go fitlhelela a tlhokafala a le dingwaga di le masome a mane le boferabongwe  ka ngwaga wa 1986. O ne a nna kwa motseng wa [[Serowe]], mme dibuka tsa gagwe tse di tumileng thata go akaretsa ''[[When Rain Clouds Gather|Fa Maru a Pula a Kopana]]'', ''[[Maru (padi)|Maru]]'', le ''Potso ya Maatla'' di beilwe koo.&lt;ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Encyclopaedia Britannica. &quot;Bessie Head.&quot; https://www.britannica.com/biography/Bessie-Head&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Susan Williams ===
Buka ya setlhogo sa  '''Color Bar:  Go fenya ga ga [[Seretse Khama]] le morafe wa gagwe' e e kwadilweng ke mme Susan Williams yo e leng mokwadi le moitseanape wa ditso'', e bua ka dikgang tsa [[:en:Interracial_marriage|lenyalo fa gare ga batho ba merafe e e farologaneng]] le mathata a rre [[Seretse Khama]] le mohumagadi wa gagwe mme [[Ruth Williams Khama]] ba iphitlhetseng ba lebagane le one.

Kokoanyo ya dibuka tse di kwadilweng ka bokhutshwane di supa dipolelo tsa nnete ebile di tshegisa go akaretsa 'Whatever You Do, Don't Run', (e e golotsweng kwa ga [[:en:United_Kingdom|Mmamosadinyana]] le [[Aforika Borwa|Aferikaborwa]] ka setlhogo sa 'Dont Run Whatever You Do' ), e na le dipolelo di le dintsi go tswa kwa lefatsheng la Botswana tse di kwadilweng ke mokaedi wa diphologolo tsa naga, rre [[:en:Peter_Allison|Peter Allison]] .&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book |last=Allison |first=Peter |year=2007 |title=Whatever You Do, Don't Run: True Tales of a Botswana Safari Guide |url=https://archive.org/details/whateveryoudodon00alli |publisher=Globe Pequot Press |isbn=9780762745654}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Dipadi ==

[[Setshwantsho:Botswana_traditional_baskets.jpg|thumb|Ditlatlana ]]
[[Setshwantsho:Traditional_House_at_the_national_museum_Botswana.jpg|thumb|Ntlo ya Setswana kwa motlobong wa ditso tsa Setswana]]
[[Setshwantsho:Magadi_in_Kang.jpg|thumb|Magadi (lenyalo la setso)]]
Kwa ntle ga go supa teme ya ditlhopha tsa batho tse di remeletseng mo [[Botswana]], ''[[Setswana]]'' ke letlhaodi le le dirisiwang go tlhalosa khumo ya ditso tsa ngwao ya Batswana - le fa e ka tswa e le maloko a merafe [[Setswana|ya Setswana]] kgotsa ya baagi fela botlhe ba lefatshe la Botswana. 

=== Alexander McCall Smith ===
Botswana ke lefelo la ditiragalo la motseletsele wa dipadi tsa masaitseweng ebile di tumile  tse bidiwang [[:en:The_No._1_Ladies'_Detective_Agency|'The No.1 Ladies' Detective Agency]] tse di kwadilweng ke [[Alexander McCall Smith]] (yo o tshotsweng ka ngwaga wa 1948). Moanelwamogolo e bong, Precious Ramotswe, o nna kwa [[Gaborone]] . Padi ya ntlha mo motseletseleng o wa [[:en:The_No._1_Ladies'_Detective_Agency|The No.1 Ladies' Detective Agency]], e ne ya tlhagelela ka ngwaga wa 1998 kwa ga Mmamosadinyana (le ka ngwaga wa 2001 kwa Amerika). Dibuka tse di mowa-o-ko-tlase tse, di ratiwa ka ntlha ya thuto ya tsone ka matshelo a  batho le go supa setso sa beng gae. Go ne ga tlhamiwa motseletsele wa motshameko wa setshwantsho sa motshikhinyego  [[:en:BBC_Television|ke komponi ya BBC]] o o [[The No. 1 Ladies' Detective Agency (TV series)|nang le leina le le tshwanang]], mme motseletsele o, o ne wa tlhagelela ka kgwedi ya Mopitlo e le masome a le mabedi le boraro ka ngwaga wa 2008 kwa ga [[:en:United_Kingdom|Mmamosadinyana]], mme motseletsele otlhe o ne wa simolola ka kgwedi ya Mopitlo e le lesome le botlhano ka ngwaga wa 2009.&lt;ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;https://books.google.com/books/about/A_Carrion_Death.html?id=POM3tkiTzIAC&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Norman Rush ===
Norman Rush, yo e neng ele mokaedi wa mokgatlho wa [[:en:Peace_Corps|Peace Corps]] mo Botswana go tloga ka ngwaga wa 1978 go fitlhelela ka ngwaga wa 1983, o ne a  dirisa Botswana ele lefelo la ditiragalo mo dibukeng tsotlhe tsa gagwe tse di gatisitsweng, tse ka kakaretso di itebagantseng le baagi ba batswakwa. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book |last=Mugoti |first=Godfrey |date=2009 |title=Africa (a-z). |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Plvuddy_4NYC&amp;q=Norman+Rush,+who+served+as+a+Peace+Corps+director+in+Botswana+from+1978+to+1983,+uses+the+country+as+the+setting+of+all+of+his+published+books,+which+gener&amp;pg=PA71 |publisher=Lulu.com |isbn=978-1-4357-2890-5 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Unity Dow ===
[[Unity Dow]] (yo o tshotsweng ka ngwaga wa 1959) ke moatlhodi, molwela ditshwanelo tsa batho, e bile ke mokwadi go kwa lefatsheng la Botswana. O goletse kwa magaeng mme o godisitswe ka  mekgwa ya setso sa Aferika. Mme wa gagwe o ne a sa kgone go bala Sekgoa, mme gantsi go tsaya ditshwetso  e ne e le tiro ya borre. O ne a tswelela go nna mmueledi mme bontsi jwa dithutego tsa ga gagwe o ne a di diretse kwa moseja. Dithutego tse tsa gagwe, di ne tsa baka gore batho ba mo tlotle fa ba bangwe ba ne ba nna le dipelaelo.&lt;ref&gt;&lt;/ref&gt; 

Jaaka mmueledi, o ne a akgolwa thata ka ntlha ya boemo jwa gagwe mo ditshwanelong tsa basadi. E ne e le mongongoregi mo tshekong e e neng e letlelela gore bana ba basadi ba ba ba tshodisitsweng ke batswaka ba lemogiwe fa [[Batho ba letso la Setswana|e le Batswana]] . Ngwao le molao wa pele ga o ne o supa fa ngwana a ka nna Motswana fela fa ntate wa gagwe e le Motswana. Moragonyana o ne a nna mosadi wa ntlha go nna moatlhodi wa kgotla-tshekelo-kgolo mo Botswana.&lt;ref&gt;&lt;/ref&gt;

Jaaka mokwadi, o gatisitse dibuka di le tharo. Gantsi setlhogo sa dibuka tse ke dikgang tse di amanang le kgogakgogana fa gare ga mekgwa ya botshelo ya kwa moseja le ya setso. Fa godimo ga moo, di akaretsa kgatlhego ya gagwe mo dikgannyeng tsa bong le lehuma la setšhaba sa Botswana.&lt;ref&gt;&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Bessie Head ===
[[Bessie Head]] ( yo o tshotsweng ka ngwaga wa1937 mme a tshela go fitlhelela ngwaga wa 1986) ke mokwadi yo o itsegeng thata mo Borwa jwa Aferika. Ka 1964, o ne a tshabela puso ya tlhaolele kwa Aferika Borwa kwa Botswana mme a feta a kwala dibuka ka lefatshe la Botswana. O ne a nna koo go tloga ka ngwaga wa 1964 (fa e ne e santse e le [[Bechuanaland]]) go fitlhelela a tlhokafala a le dingwaga di le masome a mane le boferabongwe  ka ngwaga wa 1986. O ne a nna kwa motseng wa [[Serowe]], mme dibuka tsa gagwe tse di tumileng thata go akaretsa ''[[When Rain Clouds Gather|Fa Maru a Pula a Kopana]]'', ''[[Maru (padi)|Maru]]'', le ''Potso ya Maatla'' di beilwe koo.&lt;ref&gt;&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Susan Williams ===
Buka ya setlhogo sa  '''Color Bar:  Go fenya ga ga [[Seretse Khama]] le morafe wa gagwe' e e kwadilweng ke mme Susan Williams yo e leng mokwadi le moitseanape wa ditso'', e bua ka dikgang tsa [[:en:Interracial_marriage|lenyalo fa gare ga batho ba merafe e e farologaneng]] le mathata a rre [[Seretse Khama]] le mohumagadi wa gagwe mme [[Ruth Williams Khama]] ba iphitlhetseng ba lebagane le one.

Kokoanyo ya dibuka tse di kwadilweng ka bokhutshwane di supa dipolelo tsa nnete ebile di tshegisa go akaretsa 'Whatever You Do, Don't Run', (e e golotsweng kwa ga [[:en:United_Kingdom|Mmamosadinyana]] le [[Aforika Borwa|Aferikaborwa]] ka setlhogo sa 'Dont Run Whatever You Do' ), e na le dipolelo di le dintsi go tswa kwa lefatsheng la Botswana tse di kwadilweng ke mokaedi wa diphologolo tsa naga, rre [[:en:Peter_Allison|Peter Allison]] .&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book |last=Allison |first=Peter |year=2007 |title=Whatever You Do, Don't Run: True Tales of a Botswana Safari Guide |url=https://archive.org/details/whateveryoudodon00alli |publisher=Globe Pequot Press |isbn=9780762745654}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Michael Stanley ===
Ka ngwaga wa 2008, padi ya masaitsiweng ya setlhogo  sa '&lt;nowiki/&gt;''A Carrion Death''' e e kwadilweng ke Michael Stanley e ne ya itsise ka rre [[David &quot;Kubu&quot; Bengu|David &quot; Kubu &quot; Bengu]]  yo e neng e le lepodisi le le itebagantseng le ditlhotlhomiso mo lephateng la dipatlisiso tsa borukutlhi mo Botswana . Rre Kubu yo o sa lebalesegeng o nna mo Gaborone. Padi e, ke tsamaiso ya sepodisi e gape e neelang matseno a Botswana wa segompieno.&lt;ref&gt;https://books.google.com/books/about/A_Carrion_Death.html?id=POM3tkiTzIAC&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Bakwadi ba bangwe ===

* [[:en:Caitlin_Davies|Caitlin Davies]], yo o tsholetsweng kwa ga Mmamosadinyana
* [[Unity Dow]]
* [[Bessie Head]], o o tsholetsweng kwa Aferikaborwa
* [[Moteane Melamu]]
* [[Barolong Seboni]] mmoki
* [[Andrew Sesinyi]]

== Bobegadikgang ==
Padi e kgolo

== Botaki ==
Kwa bokone jwa lefatshe la Botswana, basad ba BaYeyi le Mambukushu mo metseng ya Etsha le Gumare ba itege thata ka bokgoni jwa bone jwa go loga ditlatlana (ditlatlana tsa Botswana) ka setlhare sa mokola le go metako yamo gae. Ditlatlana tse, gantsi di logwa ka mefuta e m eraro ; ditlatlana tse ditona tse di si nang le dikhurumelo, tse di irisisiwang go beela dilo, tse dikgolwane mme di budlegile, tse di rwalwang mo tlhogong kana di ka  dirisetswa go tlhotlha mabele a a thubilweng. le megopo e mitlha  e e diresetswang go tlhotlha mabele a a sidilweng. Botaki jwa ditlatlna tse, bo ntse bo a tokafadiwa ka dinako tsotlhe ka tiriso ya mebala le meralo e e bokota fa ntse di logelwa go rekisiwa mo kgwebong.

Mafelo a mangwe a tunumileng mo go tsa botaki le tiro ya diable a akareetsa  Thamaga Pottery kana Oodi Weavers, a a mo borwa -bolhaba jwa lefatshe la Botswana.

Ditshwantsho tsa botaki tsa bogologolo thata tsa kwa Botswana le Aforika Borwa di supa go tsoma , di na le ditshwantsho tsa diphologolo le tsa batho, mme di ne tsa thapiwa/tshwantshiwa ke Basarwa/Kung San dingwaga di le dikete di le masome a mabedi (20000) tse di fetileng mo teng ga sekaka sa Kgalagadi.

== Mmino ==</text>
      <sha1>77867ya5v6jc62cxcyryjf9wepr5cke</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Nama</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>4442</id>
    <revision>
      <id>54193</id>
      <parentid>30616</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-08-17T21:17:02Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>InternetArchiveBot</username>
        <id>8156</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Add 1 book for [[en:Wikipedia:Verifiability|verifiability]] (20260817)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]]</comment>
      <origin>54193</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="1603" sha1="g5azz43fa7eumivn00j6u73sbdi33zo" xml:space="preserve">[[File:FoodMeat.jpg|thumb|300x300px|Nama tse di farologaneng]]

Nama ke sejo se se tswang mo di diphologolong.&lt;ref&gt;Ayyıldız, Esat. [https://ia601504.us.archive.org/30/items/klasik-arap-edebiyatinda-et-motifi/Klasik%20Arap%20Edebiyat%C4%B1nda%20Et%20Motifi.pdf “Klasik Arap Edebiyatında Et Motifi”]. ''International Malatya Gastronomy Culture and Tourism Conference''. ed. Aynur Ismayilova – Gunay Rzayeva. 19-24. Malatya: IKSAD Publishing House, 2022.&lt;/ref&gt; E jewa ke batho, Bogologolo go ne go tsumiwa go bolawa diphologolo gore ba kgone go ja nama ya tsone. E rile fa tlhabologo e tsena go be go simololwa go ruiwa ga dikoko, dinku, dikolobe le dikgomo  gore ba kgone go di bolaya ba je nama motlhofo.&lt;ref name=&quot;Lawrie&quot;&gt;{{cite book|last=Lawrie|first=R.A.|author2=Ledward, D A.|title=Lawrie's meat science|url=https://archive.org/details/lawriesmeatscien0000lawr|publisher=Woodhead Publishing Limited|location=Cambridge|year=2006|edition=7th|isbn=978-1-84569-159-2}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Nama e nale menontshana le mafura a a seametse mmele, e bo e jewa ka dijo e le seshabo. E kgona go jewa e le tala(segwapa&lt;strong&gt;),&lt;/strong&gt; mme ka nako e ntsi e jewa e apeilwe e bo e natifisiwa ka go farologana. Nama e e sa butswang e kgona go senyega fa e sa tsidifadiwa morago ga dioura.

Go jewa ga nama go farologane lefatshe ka bophara, go tswa fela gore o wa ngwao efe kgotsa lefatshe lefe. Bangwe go tswa mo ngwaong wa bone ba kgona go nna ba sa je nama, bangwe e le mabapi le botsogo jwa bone kgotsa ngwao.

== Bona gape ==

* [[Segwapa]]

* [[Merogo]]

* [[Supo]]

== Metswedi ==
{{Reflist|colwidth = 30em}}</text>
      <sha1>g5azz43fa7eumivn00j6u73sbdi33zo</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Lerapo</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>4469</id>
    <revision>
      <id>54188</id>
      <parentid>22207</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-08-17T21:14:02Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>InternetArchiveBot</username>
        <id>8156</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Add 2 books for [[en:Wikipedia:Verifiability|verifiability]] (20260817)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]]</comment>
      <origin>54188</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="1151" sha1="6ffekqfcz02to0dak58i07dwoxtd040" xml:space="preserve">[[File:Paleopathology; Human femurs from Roman period, Tell Fara Wellcome L0008764.jpg|thumbnail|]]

Mo mmeleng wa motho fa tsholwa gona le marapo a le makgolo a le mabedi le masome a supa, ,&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book|title = The Anatomy and Biology of the Human Skeleton|url = https://archive.org/details/anatomybiologyo00stee|author = Steele, D. Gentry; Claud A. Bramblett|year = 1988|publisher = Texas A&amp;M University Press|page = [https://archive.org/details/anatomybiologyo00stee/page/6 4]|isbn = 0-89096-300-2}}&lt;/ref&gt; mme bontsi jwa marapo a kopana ha motho a ntse a gola mme go sale marapo a sa kopanang a le makgolo a mabedi le borataro mo mothong yo fagare ka kgolo,&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book|title = Mammal anatomy : an illustrated guide.|url = https://archive.org/details/mammalanatomyill0000unse|date = 2010|publisher = Marshall Cavendish|location = New York|isbn = 9780761478829|pages = [https://archive.org/details/mammalanatomyill0000unse/page/129 129]}}&lt;/ref&gt; go sa balwe marapo a masesanyane. Lerapo le letona mo mmeleng wa motho ke lerapo la serope ko se tshwaraganang le noka mme le lenye ke lerapo le le mo tsebeng.

== References ==
{{Reflist|30em}}</text>
      <sha1>6ffekqfcz02to0dak58i07dwoxtd040</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Baebele</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>4470</id>
    <revision>
      <id>54185</id>
      <parentid>37736</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-08-17T21:11:12Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>InternetArchiveBot</username>
        <id>8156</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Add 1 book for [[en:Wikipedia:Verifiability|verifiability]] (20260817)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]]</comment>
      <origin>54185</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="908" sha1="svo0wwqpvv1xwxl1v21p0bwv8q10ke4" xml:space="preserve">[[File:Holy bible book.jpg|thumb|right|300px|Baebele]]
[[Setshwantsho:Biblija - sveto pismo.jpg|thumb|Baebele]]
Baebele (go tswa mo Koine Greek τὰ βιβλία, ''tà biblía'', &quot;the books&quot;) ke thulaganyo ya dikwalo tse di boitshepho tumelong ya bajuta le bakeresete. Ga gona baebele le dibaebele tse di harologanang ka dikwalo.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book |title = The Bible: A Very Short Introduction|url = https://archive.org/details/bibleveryshortin0000rich|edition = |last = Riches|first = John|year = 2000|publisher = Oxford University Press|location = Oxford|isbn = 978-0-19-285343-1|pages = [https://archive.org/details/bibleveryshortin0000rich/page/7 7]–8}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ditumelo ka go farologana di itiretse dithulaganyo tse di farologanyeng di dirisa dikwalo tse di fitlhelwang mo baebeleng. bontsi ja tsone di a nyalana mme seo se tlatsa boleng le kutlwisiso mo sedumeding..

== Motswedi ==
{{Reflist|30em}}</text>
      <sha1>svo0wwqpvv1xwxl1v21p0bwv8q10ke4</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Kgolo ya Ngwana</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>4996</id>
    <revision>
      <id>54164</id>
      <parentid>22063</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-08-17T20:27:29Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>InternetArchiveBot</username>
        <id>8156</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Add 2 books for [[en:Wikipedia:Verifiability|verifiability]] (20260817)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]]</comment>
      <origin>54164</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="5885" sha1="oyxbu6fcackmvjhvk7y4sv46vd7u5ng" xml:space="preserve">[[File:Walter_de_Maria_Vertikaler_Erdkilometer.jpg|thumb|Exploring]]
'''Kgolo ya ngwana''' refers to the [biological, psychological] le diphethogo tsa maikutlo a tlhagelelang mo bathong magareng a matsalo  le bofelelo ba [adolescence], fa motho a tswelelapele go tloga  [dependency] go ya go kemonosi [autonomy] e e tletseng. Ke tsela e e sa feleng e o ka  akanyetsang tatelano ya yona le fa e na le tswetsopele e e itlhophileng ya ngwana mongwe le mongwe. Ga e tsweleIe ka kgato e e tshwanang mme kgato nngwe le nngwe e tshwaetswa ke mefuta/mekgwa ya kgolo e e tlhagileng pele. Ka gonne diphetogo tsa kgolo di ka tlhotlhelediwa ke [genetic factors] le ditiragalo dingwe tsa pele ga tswalo/tsalo, [genetics] le [prenatal development] gole gontsi di akareditswe jaaka bontlhanngwe jwa thuto ya kgolo ya ngwana. Mafoko a a amanang nayo a akaretsa [developmental psychology], e e kaelelwang go kgolo gotlhelele ya botshelo, le [pediatrics], lekala la tsa [medicine] le le amanang le tlhokomelo ya bana. Diphetogo tsa kgolo di diragala e le ditlamorago tsa [genetically-controlled] processes tse di bidiwang [maturation],&lt;ref name=&quot;Toga 2006&quot;&gt;{{cite journal|author=Toga AW, Thompson PM, Sowell ER|title=Mapping brain maturation|journal=Trends in Neurosciences|volume=29|issue=3|pages=148–59|year=2006|pmid=16472876|pmc=3113697|doi=10.1016/j.tins.2006.01.007|last2=Thompson|last3=Sowell}}CS1 maint: Multiple names: authors list ([//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_Multiple_names:_authors_list link]) 
[[Category:CS1 maint: Multiple names: authors list]]&lt;/ref&gt; kgotsa e le ditlamorago dintlha tsa tikologo le boithuti, le fa ka setlwaedi e akaretsa tirisano magareng a tse pedi. E ka diragala e le ditlamorago tsa boleng ba motho le bokgoni ba rona go ithuta go tswa tikologong ya rona.  

Go na le mefuta e e farologaneng ditlhaloso tsa dikga tsa kgolo ya ngwana, ka ge sekga sengwe le sengwe e le tsweletsopele le pharologano ya motho go ya ka tshimololo le bofelo. Dikga le dikao dingwe tsa kgolo tse diamanang le ngwaga go ya ka makgetlho a a rileng ke: newborn (ages 0–4 weeks); infant (ages 4 weeks – 1 year); toddler (ages 1–3 years); preschooler (ages 4–6 years); school-aged child (ages 6–11 years); adolescent (ages 12–19).&lt;ref name=&quot;kail&quot;&gt;{{cite book|author=Kail, Robert V|title=Children and Their Development (6th Edition) (Mydevelopmentlab Series)|url=https://archive.org/details/childrentheirdev0000kail_t4k0_6ed|publisher=Prentice Hall|location=Englewood Cliffs, N.J|year=2011|isbn=978-0-205-03494-9|oclc=727047867}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Theories ==

=== Ecological systems ===
Gape e bidiwa &quot;development in context&quot; kgotsa &quot;human ecology&quot; theory, ecological systems theory, ka tlhago e tlhamilwe ke Urie Bronfenbrenner e nankola mehuta e mene ya nested environmental systems, tse di nang le khuetso e e bi-directional  ka gare le magareng ga disystemo. disystemo tse nne tse ke microsystem, mesosystem, exosystem, and macrosystem. Systemo nngwe le nngwe e nna le karolo/seabe, mareo le melao e e segololo se tonna e ka bopang kgolo. Go tloga ka phatlhalatso ka 1979, seteitemente segolo sa Bronfenbrenner mabapi le theori e, ''The Ecology of Human Development''&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book|author=Bronfenbrenner, Urie|title=The ecology of human development: experiments by nature and design|publisher=Harvard University Press|location=Cambridge|year=1979|isbn=978-0-674-22456-8|oclc=4515541}}&lt;/ref&gt; ebile le khuetso ka bophara ka tsele ya phekelo eo dipsychologist le ba bangwe ba ithutang batho le ditikologo tsa bone. Ka ntlha ya khuetso e ya popego-theo ya kgolo, ditikologo tse — go tloga lelapeng go ya go tsa moruo le go dipopelo tsa sepolotiki — di bonwa e le karolo ya tsela ya botshelo go tloga bongwaneng go ya bogoding/kgolong .&lt;ref name=&quot;Smith, Cowie, Blades, 2011&quot;&gt;{{cite book|author1=Blades, Mark|author2=Smith, Peter K.|author3=Cowie, Helen|title=Understanding Children's Development|url=https://archive.org/details/understandingchi0000smit_t9n2|publisher=Wiley-Blackwell|year=2011|isbn=978-1-4051-7601-9|oclc=620124946}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Piaget ===
Jean Piaget e ne e le seruti sa moSwiss seo se simolotseng dithuto tsa kgolo ya tlhaloganyo mengwageng ya bo 1920. Dikgatlhego tsa ga Piaget tsa ntlha e ne e le tseo di dirang ka ditsela/mekgwa eo diphoofolo/diphologolo di tlwaelang ditikologo tsa tsona ka teng mme dikwalo tsa gagwe tsa matlhale tsa ntlha ka serutwa se di ne tsa phatlhalatswa fa a le mengwaga e e lesome. Tiragalo e e ne ya mo rotloetsa go latela Ph.D. ya Zoology, eo e neng ya mo isa kwa kgatlhegong ya gagwe ya bobedi mo go epistemology.&lt;ref name=&quot;SHAFFER&quot;&gt;{{cite book|last=Shaffer|first=David R.|title=Social and personality development|year=2009| publisher=Wadsworth
|location=Australia|isbn=978-0-495-60038-1|edition=6th}}&lt;/ref&gt; Epistemology e entsha lefata go tloga go philosophy mme e dira ka tlhogo ya kitso. Piaget o ne a dumela/kgolwa gore tlhago ya kitso e tswa mo go Psychology, ka jalo o ile a ya Paris mme a simolola go dira diteko tsa ntlha tsa “standardized intelligence test” kwa Alfred Binet laboratories; se se ne sa huetsa tsela-tiro ya gagwe segolo. Fa a ntse a tsweletsa diteko tsa tlhaloganyo a simolola go godisa kgatlhego e e itlhokoditseng ya ka moo go tlhaloganya ga bana go diregang ka teng. Ka ntlha e, o ne a aga laboratory ya gagwe mme a nna mengwa a kwala ka ka moo go tlhaloganya ga ngwana go golang ka teng a ba a leka go fitlhelela ka moo bana ba golang ka teng go ya ka dikgato tse di farologaneng tsa go akanya/tlhaloganya/nagana. Se se dirile gore Piaget a tlhagise dikgato tse nne tsa botlhokwa tsa kgolo ya go tlhaloganya: sensorimotor stage (tsalo go fitlha go ngwaga wa bobedi), preoperational stage (age 2 to 7), concrete-operational stage (ages 7 to 12), and formal-operational stage (ages 11 to 12, and thereafter).&lt;ref name=&quot;SHAFFER&quot; /&gt;

== Theories ==

== References ==
{{reflist|30em}}</text>
      <sha1>oyxbu6fcackmvjhvk7y4sv46vd7u5ng</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Phitlhelelo Puo/Loleme</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>5002</id>
    <revision>
      <id>54158</id>
      <parentid>54134</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-08-17T20:20:58Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>InternetArchiveBot</username>
        <id>8156</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Add 2 books for [[en:Wikipedia:Verifiability|verifiability]] (20260817)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]]</comment>
      <origin>54158</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="6444" sha1="0d21riez2dcjfdmnnvf5v58szfwa19w" xml:space="preserve">'''Phitlhelelo Puo/Loleme''' ke tsela e batho ba fitlhelelang bokgoni go bona le go tlhaloganya puo [language], gape le go tsweletsa le go dirisa mantswe [words] le mafoko sentences] go buisana. Phitlhelelo puo ke nngwe ya dilo tse di botlhokwa mo maitshwarong a batho,&lt;ref name=&quot;Friederici 2011&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|last1=Friederici|first1=AD.|title=The brain basis of language processing: from structure to function|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_physiological-reviews_2011-10_91_4/page/1357|journal=Physiol Rev|volume=91|issue=4|pages=1357–92|date=Oct 2011|doi=10.1152/physrev.00006.2011|pmid=22013214}}&lt;/ref&gt;  ka gonne diphedi tse dingwe ga di dirisi puo go golalagana [non-humans do not communicate by using language].&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|last1=Kosslyn|first1=Stephen M.|last2=Osherson|first2=Daniel N.|title=An invitation to cognitive science|url=https://archive.org/details/invitationtocogn0001unse|year=1995|publisher=MIT Press|location=Cambridge, Mass.|isbn=978-0-262-65045-8|oclc=613819557}}&lt;/ref&gt; Phitlhelelo puo go le gontsi go lebisitswe go phitlhelelo-puo-pele, e e ithutang ka moo masea a fitlheleng puo ya tsalo [native language]. Se se farologantshwa le phitlhelelo puo-pedi [''second-language acquisition''], eo e dirang le phitlhelelo (mo baneng [children] le bagolong) ya go atisa puo tse dingwe. 

Bokgoni ba go tswelela go dirisa puo go tlhoka gore o fumane didiriswa di le dintsi di akaretsa phonology, morphology, syntax, semantics, le tlotlontswe [vocabulary] e e tibileng. Puo e ka buiwa jaaka mo puong, kgotsa ka matsogo/diatla jaaka letshwao [ sign]. Boteng ba puo ya motho bo emetswe mo bobokong.  Le fa boteng ba puo ya motho bo na le bofelo, mongwe a ka bua kgotsa a tlhaloganya mafoko a a mmalwa a a se nang bofelo, se se itshetlegile mo moreong wa [[syntactic] o go tweng ke [recursion]. Sesupo se kaya gore mongwe le mongwe o na le [recursive mechanisms] tse tharo tseo di dumellelang mafoko go ba [indeterminately]. Mechanisms e me raro e ke: [''relativization'', ''complementation'' and ''coordination]''.&lt;ref name=&quot;Lightfoot, 2010&quot;&gt;{{cite journal|last1=Lightfoot|first1=David|title=Language acquisition and language change|journal=Wiley Interdisciplinary Reviews: Cognitive Science|volume=1|issue=5|year=2010|pages=677–684|issn=1939-5078|doi=10.1002/wcs.39}}&lt;/ref&gt; Gape, bonneteng, go na le two main guiding principles mo phitlhelelong ya puo ya ntlha, se ke, speech perception ka gale e etelela speech production le  the gradually evolving system seo ka sone bana ba ithutang puo se agiwang kgato e le nngwe ka sebaka/nako, o simolola ka pharologanyo magareng a individual phonemes.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book|author=Fry, Dennis|year=1977|title=Homo loquens, Man as a talking animal|url=https://archive.org/details/homoloquensmanas00fryd|publisher=Cambridge University Press|pages=[https://archive.org/details/homoloquensmanas00fryd/page/n120 107]–108|isbn=0-521-29239-5}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== History ==
[[File:Learning_box.svg|thumb|Lepokisi la go fitlhelela puo ]]
Philosophers in ancient societies ba ne ba na le kgatlhego ya ka moo batho ba fitlheletseng bokgoni ba go utlwisisa le go tlhagisa puo sesheng pele diteko tsa empirical methods tsa go leka dithiori tseo di tlhagiswa, le fa go le jalo, ba ne ba lebega ba tsaa phitlhelelo puo jaaka bontlhangwe jwa bokgoni jwa motho go ka fitlhelela kitso le go ithuta mantswe [concepts].&lt;ref name=&quot;Innateness and Language&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|title=Innateness and Language|url=http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/innateness-language/#ChoCasAgaSki|publisher=Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy}}&lt;/ref&gt; Dikakanyo tse di itshetlegileng mo tebelelong ya sesheng mabapi le phitlhelelo puo di ne tsa proposwa ke Plato, yo o akantseng gore [word-meaning mapping] ka sebopego sengwe e tsaletswe/ ke tlhago. Go tlaleletsa, Sanskrit grammarians ba ne tlhotlhomisa go feta disentshwari tse di somepedi gore a bokgoni ba motho go itse bokao ba lentswe ke ba go fiwa ke Modimo (ka tsalo/tlhago) kgotsa bo fetisitswe go tswa tshekeng tsa pele ba ithutwa go tswa go tseo di setseng di itsewa: ngwana a ithuta lefoko la kgomo ka go utlwelela dibui tse ditshepegileng di bua ka kgomo.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal|last1=Noam|first1=Chomsky|last2=Skinner|first2=B. F.|year=1959|title=A Review of B. F. Skinner's Verbal Behavior|url=http://cogprints.org/1148/|journal=Language|volume=35|issue=|pages=26–58|doi=10.2307/411334|jstor=411334}}&lt;/ref&gt;{{reflist|2}}In a more modern context, empiricists, like Thomas Hobbes and John Locke, argued that knowledge (and, for Locke, language) emerge ultimately from abstracted sense impressions. These arguments lean towards the &quot;nurture&quot; side of the argument: that language is acquired through sensory experience, which led to Rudolf Carnap's Aufbau, an attempt to learn all knowledge from sense datum, using the notion of &quot;remembered as similar&quot; to bind them into clusters, which would eventually map into language.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|last=Kendra A. Palmer|author=Kendra A. Palmer|year=2009|title=Understanding Human Language: An In-Depth Exploration of the Human Facility for Language|url=http://www.studentpulse.com/articles/82/2/understanding-human-language-an-in-depth-exploration-of-the-human-facility-for-language|publisher=StudentPulse.com|accessdate=22 August 2012}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Proponents of behaviorism argued that language may be learned through a form of operant conditioning. In B. F. Skinner's ''Verbal Behaviour'' (1957), he suggested that the successful use of a sign, such as a word or lexical unit, given a certain stimulus, reinforces its &quot;momentary&quot; or contextual probability. Since operant conditioning is contingent on reinforcement by rewards, a child would learn that a specific combination of sounds stands for a specific thing through repeated successful associations made between the two. A &quot;successful&quot; use of a sign would be one in which the child is understood (for example, a child saying &quot;up&quot; when he or she wants to be picked up) and rewarded with the desired response from another person, thereby reinforcing the child's understanding of the meaning of that word and making it more likely that he or she will use that word in a similar situation in the future. Some empiricist theories of language acquisition include the statistical learning theory. Charles F. Hockett of language acquisition, relational frame theory, functionalist linguistics, social interactionist theory, and usage-based language acquisition.

== See also ==
{{reflist|2}}</text>
      <sha1>0d21riez2dcjfdmnnvf5v58szfwa19w</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>5 Love Languages</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>5049</id>
    <revision>
      <id>54168</id>
      <parentid>27854</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-08-17T20:32:48Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>InternetArchiveBot</username>
        <id>8156</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Add 2 books for [[en:Wikipedia:Verifiability|verifiability]] (20260817)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]]</comment>
      <origin>54168</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="1644" sha1="g56okfya8og0we1y0mfyujtoaxqz74d" xml:space="preserve">{{Infobox book
&lt;!-- |italic title = (see above) --&gt;|name=The Five Love Languages|image= |author=[[Gary Chapman (author)|Gary Chapman]]|title_orig=The Five Love Languages: How to Express Heartfelt Commitment to Your Mate|translator=|illustrator=|cover_artist=|country=United States|language=Sekgoa|series=|subject=Marato|genre=|publisher=[[Moody Publishers#Northfield Publishing|Northfield Publishing]]|publisher2=|pub_date=1995|english_pub_date=|media_type=|pages=|awards=|ISBN=9781415857311|oclc=|dewey=|congress=|preceded_by=|preceded_by_quotation_marks=|followed_by=|followed_by_quotation_marks=|wikisource=}}
'''The Five Love Language''' ke buka e e kwadilweng ka 1995 ke Gary Chapman.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|title=The Five Love Languages: How to Express Heartfelt Commitment to Your Mate|url=https://archive.org/details/fivelovelanguage0000chap_r1u7|author=[[Gary Chapman (author)|Gary Chapman]]|year=1995|publisher=[[Moody Publishers#Northfield Publishing|Northfield Publishing]]|isbn=978-1881273158}}&lt;/ref&gt; E tlhalosa mekgwa e le tlhano ya go supa le go bontsha lerato le  Chapman a le bitsang  &quot;dipuo tsa lerato&quot;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|page=[https://archive.org/details/10bestdecisionsc0000farr/page/n126 125]|title=The 10 Best Decisions a Couple Can Make|url=https://archive.org/details/10bestdecisionsc0000farr|author=Pam Farrel|publisher=[[Harvest House]]|year=2005|isbn=978-0736934732}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Tshoboko ==
Goya ka Chapman, mefota e le metlhano ya &quot;Diteme tsa lerato&quot; ke;
* kamogelo ya dimpho
* Nako e e botlhokwa
* mafoko a thotloetso (dithapelo)
* mekgwa ya  kamano

==Metswedi==
{{Reflist}}


[[Category:Pages with unreviewed translations]]</text>
      <sha1>g56okfya8og0we1y0mfyujtoaxqz74d</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Tunisia</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>8634</id>
    <revision>
      <id>54170</id>
      <parentid>46873</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-08-17T20:34:43Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>InternetArchiveBot</username>
        <id>8156</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Add 1 book for [[en:Wikipedia:Verifiability|verifiability]] (20260817)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]]</comment>
      <origin>54170</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="58000" sha1="3ar5p54uwed4bege10ggl6zrqcr6g1r" xml:space="preserve">Tunisia,e e itsegeng semmuso e le '''Rephaboliki ya''' Tunisia, ke [[Dinaga tsa Afrika|lefatshe]] le le kwa bokone jwa [[Aferika]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Embassy of the Republic of Tunisia|url=https://www.tunisianembassy.org/|access-date=2021-09-30|publisher=Embassy of the Republic of Tunisia}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ke karolo ya kgaolo ya Maghreb ya [[Afrika Bokone|Aferika Bokone]], e tshwaraganetse molelwane le [[Algeria]] go ya kwa bophirima le borwabophirima, le  [[Libya]] go ya kwa borwabotlhaba, le [[Lewatle la Mediterranean]] go ya kwa bokone le botlhaba. E na le mafelo a ditso a [[Carthage]] a a saleng a nna teng go tloga ka lekgolo la bo9 la dingwaga, mmogo le Great Mosque ya [[Kairouan]]. E itsege ka kago ya yone ya bogologolo, marekisetso le bontle jwa lotshitshi la lewatle jo bo akaretsang 163,610 km2 (63,170 sq mi), mme e na le baagi ba le dimilione di le 12,1. E akaretsa bokhutlo jwa botlhaba jwa [[Dithaba tsa Atlas]] le bokone jwa sekaka sa [[Sahara]]; bontsi jwa karolo e kgolo ya sebatla sa yone ke sa temo. Dikilometara di le 1,300 (810 mi) tsa lotshitshi ke tse go kopanang teng dikgaolo tsa Afrika tse di leng mo  bophirima le botlhaba jwa Mediterranean Basin. [[Tunisia]] o ikanegile mo bokone jwa Aferika, ko makopanelong a [[Cape Angela]]; mme motsemogolo wa lone le toropokgolo ke Tunis, e e mo lotshitshing lwa bokonebotlhaba, mme e naya lefatshe leina la lone.

Go simolola mo metlheng ya maloba, baagi ba tlholegilng kwaTunisia ke Ba-[[Imazighen]] . [[Phoenicia|Ba-Fenikia]] ba ile ba tla go thibelela koo morago mo lekgolong la bo12 la dingwaga BC, ba tlhoma metse e le mmalwa, mme  [[Carthage]] e ne ya fetoga go nna le maatla mo lekgolong la bosupa la dingwaga BC. Carthage e ne e le mmusomogolo wa [[:en:Mercantile|mercantile]] le batlhabani bagolo ba sesole kgatlhanong le [[Repaboliki ya Roma|Rephaboliki ya Roma]] go fitlha ka 146 BC, fa e ne e fenngwa ke Baroma ba saleng ba thibeletse mo Tunisia dingwaga di le makgolo a robabobedi tse di fitileng. Baroma ba ne ba tlisa [[Sekeresete|Bokeresete]] mme ba tlogela  Amphitheatre ya El Jem e le ditso. Ba letso la [[Semoseleme]] ba ne ba fenya Tunisia mo lekgolong le bosupa la dingwaga AD, (e atlega go nna le dikgaolo di le 697 morago ga tse 647 kwa tshimologong), mme ba tlisa [[Boiselamo]] le [[Go Nna Moarabia|setso sa Searabia]] mo baaging ba lefelo leo. Morago ga moo, ka 1546, Mmusomogolo wa Ottoman o ne wa tlhoma taolo koo, mo dingwageng tse di fetang Makgolo a mararo, go fitlha ka ngwaga wa 1881, fa Bafora ba fenya Tunisia. Ka 1956, [[Boipuso jwa Tunisia|Tunisia e ne ya tsaya boipuso]] mme ya nna  Rephaboliki ya Tunisia ka fa tlase ga boeteledipele jwa ga [[Habib Bourguiba]] ka thuso ya batsosolosi jaaka Chedly Kallala, [[Farhat o Hutseditswe|Farhat]] Hached le [[Salah ben Youssef]].  Gompieno, setso le boitshupo jwa Tunisia di theilwe ka go kopana ga ditso le merafe e e farologanyeng go tswa bogologolong.

Ka 2011, Dikgoberego tsa Tunisia, tse di neng di bakiwa ke go sa kgotsofalela  kgololesego le temokerasi ka fa tlase ga puso ya ga tautona [[Zine El Abidine Ben Ali]], ya dingwaga tse di masome mabedi le bone, di ile tsa menola puso ya gagwe mme tsa rotloetsa mokgatlho o mogolo wa Arab Spring go ralala kgaolo.Go ne ga nna le Ditlhopho tsa palamente tsa makoko a le mantsi moragonyana fela ga moo; lefatshe le ne la bowa gape la tshwara ditlhopho tsa palamente ka Phalane a tlhola malatsi a le masome mabedi le borataro ka 2014&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|url=http://www.jeuneafrique.com/Article/ARTJAWEB20140625141745/|title=Tunisie : les législatives fixées au 26 octobre et la présidentielle au 23 novembre}}&lt;/ref&gt;, le tsa botautona  Ngwanaatsele a tlhola malatsi a le masome a mabedi le boraro ka 2014.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|title=Tunisia holds first post-revolution presidential poll|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-africa-30165471}}&lt;/ref&gt;  Tunisia e ne ya nna repaboliki ya temokerasi ya boemedi jwa tautona   morago ga referendum ya molaotheo ya 2022, Go tloga ka 2014 go ya kwa go 2020, Tunisia o ne a tsewa jaaka lefatshe le le nosi le le nag le kgololesego mo  Lefatsheng la Maarabia, go ya ka Economist Intelligence Unit's Democracy Index&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|url=https://infographics.economist.com/2022/democracy-index-2021/index.html|title=Democracy Index 2021|access-date=22 February 2022}}&lt;/ref&gt;, mme e ne ya tsewa e le puso ya boleng mo tshupaneng ya 2021.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Democracy Index 2021: The China challenge|url=https://www.eiu.com/n/campaigns/democracy-index-2021/|website=Economist Intelligence Unit|access-date=2 March 2022|page=6–7|archive-date=10 February 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220210003136/https://www.eiu.com/n/campaigns/democracy-index-2021/|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ke lengwe la mafatshe a le mmalwa mo [[Aferika]] a a  leng kwa godimo mo Human Development Index, le na le [[Lenaane la dinaga tsa Aforika ka GDP (PPP) ka motho|letseno le le kwa godimo go gaisa]] mo kontinenteng, le le mo maemong a bo 129 mo GDP ya letseno.

Tunisia e kopantswe sentle le setšhaba sa boditšhabatšhaba. Ke leloko la United Nations, La [[Francophonie]], Arab League, OIC, African Union, COMESA, Non-Aligned Movement, International Criminal Court, le Group of 77, gareng ga tse dingwe. E na le tirisano mmogo e e siameng le mafatshe a Yuropa mo go tsa itsholelo le sepolotiki, segolo jang Fora&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.diplomatie.gouv.fr/fr/dossiers-pays/tunisie/ &quot;Tunisie – France-Diplomatie – Ministère des Affaires étrangères et du Développement international&quot;]. &lt;/ref&gt;, le Italy,&lt;ref&gt;{{in lang|fr}} [http://www.jolpress.com/italie-matteo-renzi-tunisie-article-824677.html &quot;Pourquoi l'Italie de Matteo Renzi se tourne vers la Tunisie avant l'Europe&quot;].&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|last=Ghanmi|first=Monia|date=12 September 2014|url=http://magharebia.com/fr/articles/awi/articles/2014/09/12/feature-02|title=La Tunisie renforce ses relations avec l'Italie|language=fr|work=Magharebia}}&lt;/ref&gt; ka ntlha ya go kopanela molelwane. Tunisia gape e na le tumalano ya tirisanommogo le European Union mme e ne ya tsaya maemo a go sa nna mophato o mogolo wa Nato ya  [[USA|United States]].

== Maina ==
Lefoko Tunisia le tswa mo go Tunis; e leng lefelo le le mo khubung ya toropo le motsemogolo wa ''Tunisia'' wa segompieno. Mokgwa wa leina leo wa segompieno, le kgolagano ya lone le Selatine ''{{Nowrap|-ia}}'', o tswa mo  Seforeng {{Lang|fr|Tunisie}}&lt;ref name=&quot;adrian2&quot;&gt;{{cite book|last=Room|first=Adrian|title=Placenames of the World: Origins and Meanings of the Names for 6,600 Countries, Cities, Territories, Natural Features, and Historic Sites|url=https://archive.org/details/placenamesofworl02edroom|publisher=McFarland|year=2006|page=[https://archive.org/details/placenamesofworl02edroom/page/n394 385]|isbn=978-0-7864-2248-7}}&lt;/ref&gt;, mme gantsi o amanngwa le modi wa Berber, o o ranololwang e le {{Lang|ber-Latn|tns}}, o o rayang &quot;go robala&quot; kgotsa go &quot;kampa&quot;.&lt;ref name=&quot;peter-ross2&quot;&gt;{{cite book|first1=Peter M.|last1=Rossi|first2=Wayne Edward|last2=White|title=Articles on the Middle East, 1947–1971: A Cumulation of the Bibliographies from the Middle East Journal|publisher=Pierian Press, [[University of Michigan]]|year=1980|page=132}}&lt;/ref&gt; Nako tse dingwe o amanngwa le modimo wa sesadi wa Punic Tanith (kgotsa Tunit)&lt;ref name=&quot;adrian2&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book|last=Taylor|first=Isaac|title=Names and Their Histories: A Handbook of Historical Geography and Topographical Nomenclature|publisher=BiblioBazaar, LLC|year=2008|page=281|isbn=978-0-559-29668-0}}&lt;/ref&gt;, le motse wa bogologolo wa Tynes.&lt;ref name=&quot;adrian&quot;&gt;{{Cite book}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;hann-war2&quot;&gt;{{cite book|title=[[Ab urbe condita (Livy)|History of Rome]]|volume=Hannibal's War: Books Twenty-one to Thirty|publisher=Oxford University Press|year=2006|page=705|isbn=978-0-19-283159-0|author=[[Livy]]|editor1-first=John|editor1-last=Yardley|editor2-last=Hoyos|editor2-first=Dexter|name-list-style=amp}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Leina la Sefora la {{Lang|fr|Tunisie}} le ne la amogelwa mo dipuong dingwe tsa Yuropa ka diphetogo tse ditshesane, go tsenngwa leina le le kgethegileng go fa tlhaloso ya lefatshe. Dipuo tse dingwe di tlogetse leina le sa fetolwa ka gope, jaaka Se-Russia e leng Túни́с (Tunís) le [[Sespan|Se-Spain]] {{Lang|ru|Туни́с}}. Mo kgannyeng e, leina le le dirisiwa go kaya lefatshe le toropo, jaaka go ntse ka Searabia تونس, mme fela motho o ka kgona farologanya bobedi jo go ya ka se go buiwang ka sone.

== Hisitori ==

=== Bogologolo ===
 
Mekgwa ya temothuo  ne ya fitlha kwa Mokgatšheng wa Nile go tswa kgaolong ya Fertile Crescent kwa 5000 BC, mme ya anamela kwa Maghreb ka 4000 BC. Ka nako eo ,Ditšhaba tsa temothuo mo dipoeng tse di bongola tsa lotshitshi lwa bogare jwa Tunisia ke badimo ba merafe ya gompieno ya Berber.
[[Setshwantsho:Carthaginianempire.PNG|left|thumb|Mafelo a a ikaegileng ka Carthage le a a sireleditsweng ka Dintwa tsa Punic.]]
Mo bogologolong go ne go dumelwa fa Aferika a thamilwe ke morafe wa [[Gaetuli|Ba-Gaetuli]] le Ba-Libya, bobedi jo e ne e le bakgarakgatshegi. Go ya ka mokwadi wa hisitori wa Moroma Sallust, modingwana Hercules o ne a swela kwa Spain mme masole a gagwe a a  buwa dipuo tse di farologaneng kwa botlhaba ba ne ba tlogelwa go nna mo lefelong leo, fa ba bangwe ba ne ba fudugela kwa [[Aferika]]. Baperesia ba ne ba tsamaela kwa Bophirima mme ba nyalana le Ba-Gaetuli mme ba fetoga nna Ba-Numidia. Ba-Meda ba ne ba nna foo mme ba itsiwe jaaka Mauri, moragonyana Moors.&lt;ref&gt;Banjamin Isaac, ''The Invention of Racism in Classical Antiquity'', Princeton University Press, 2013 p.147&lt;/ref&gt;

Ba-Numidia le Ba-Moor ba ne ba tswa mo morafeng o e leng gore Ba-Berber ba ne ba tswa mo go one. Tlhaloso ya re Numidian ke Nomad mme tota batho ba e ne e le bakgarakgatshegi go fitlha ka puso ya Masinissa ya morafe wa Massyli.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://hannibalbarca.webspace.virginmedia.com/carthage-numidians.htm|title=Carthage and the Numidians|publisher=Hannibalbarca.webspace.virginmedia.com|access-date=28 October 2011|archive-date=31 March 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120331154523/http://hannibalbarca.webspace.virginmedia.com/carthage-numidians.htm|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://fanaticus.org/DBA/armies/II40-57.html|title=Numidians (DBA II/40) and Moors (DBA II/57)|publisher=Fanaticus.org|date=12 December 2001|access-date=28 October 2011|archive-date=27 September 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110927024947/http://www.fanaticus.org/DBA/armies/II40-57.html|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Kwa tshimologong go ya ka hisitori e e kwadilweng, morafe wa [[Batho ba Ba-Berber|Berber]] ke one baagi ba Tunisia. Lotshitshi lwa yone lo agilwe ke Ba-Fenike bogologo mo tshimologong ya lekgolo la bo12 la dingwaga BC (Bizerte, Utica). Toropo ya Carthage e theilwe mo lekgolong la bo9 la dingwaga BC ke Bafenikia. Bathami ba bolela gore Dido go tswa kwa Ture, yo jaanong e leng Lebanona wa segompieno, o tlhomilwe toropo ka 814 BC, se se buiwa gape ke mokwadi wa Mogerika Timaeus wa Tauromenium. Baagi ba Carthage ba ne ba tisa ditso le tumelo ya bone go tswa kwa Phoenicia, e jaanong e leng Lebanon le mafelo a a bapileng le ene.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://www.shca.ed.ac.uk/Administration/Committees/documents/TheCityofCarthage.pdf|title=The City of Carthage: From Dido to the Arab Conquest|access-date=8 January 2013|archive-date=10 August 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120810075556/http://www.shca.ed.ac.uk/Administration/Committees/documents/TheCityofCarthage.pdf|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Morago ga dintwa tse di tlhomaganeng le ditoropo tsa Gerika tsa Sicily mo lekgolong la botlhano la dingwaga BC, Carthage e ne ya nna maatla mme kgabagare ya nna yone toropo e e thabologileng thata mo Bophirima jwa [[Mediterranean]]. Batho ba Carthage ba ne ba obamela medimo ya Botlhabagare ka go farologana ba akaretsa [[Baale]] le [[Tanit]]. Letshwao la ga Tanit, le e leng setshwantsho sa mosadi se se nang le matsogo a a atlolotsweng le seaparo se seleele, ke setshwantsho se se fitlhelwang mo mafelong a bogologolo ebile se itsege thata. Batlhami ba Carthage gape ba ne ba tlhoma [[Tophet]], e e neng ya fetolwa mo metlheng ya Roma.
[[Setshwantsho:Mommsen_p265.jpg|left|thumb|Sefikantswe sa mogenerale wa Carthage Hannibal Barca]]
Tlhaselo ya Carthage ya Italy e e neng e eteletswe pele ke [[Hannibal]] ka nako ya [[Ntwa ya Bobedi ya Punic]], e le nngwe ya dintwa tse di latelenang kgatlhanong le Roma, ene ya batla go kgoreletsa go gola ga Roma go nna le maatla. Go tloga kwa bokhutlong jwa Ntwa ya Bobedi ya Punic ka 202 BC, Carthage o ne a bereka jaaka moemedi wa Rephaboliki ya Roma dingwaga di le masome matlhano ka go latelana .&lt;ref&gt;[[Appian]]. &lt;/ref&gt;

Morago ga [[Ntwa ya Carthage (c. 149 BC)|Ntwa ya Carthage]] e e simologileng ka 149 BC ka nako ya [[Ntwa ya Boraro ya Punic]], Roma e ne ya fenya Carthage ka 146 BC{{sfn|Steel|2013|p=9–10}}. Morago ga phenyo ya bone, Baroma ba ne ba fetola leina la Carthage go nna [[Afrika (Porofense ya Roma)|Aferika]], ba e kopanya jaaka porofense.

Ka nako ya puso ya Roma, lefelo le jaanong e leng Tunisia le ne la itumelela ditlhabologo tse dikgolo thata. Itsholelo, bogolo jang ka nako ya Mmusomogolo, e ne ya gola: khumo ya lefelo le e ne e ikaegile ka temothuo.Granary of the Empire jaaka le bidiwa, e lengTunisia le lotshitshi la [[Tripolitania]] , le ne le ntsha ditone di le milione o le mongwe tsa mabele ngwaga le ngwaga, mme kwatara ya tsone e ne e romelwa kwa Mmusomogolong, go ya ka kakanyetso nngwe. Dijalo tse dingwe di ne di akaretsa dinawa, difeige, morara le maungo a mangwe.
[[Setshwantsho:Temple_du_Capitole_(Dougga).JPG|thumb|Marope a Lefelo la Boswa Jwa Lefatshe la Dougga]]
Mo lekgolong la bobedi la dingwaga, kagaisano ya tse di romelwang kwa ntle e ne e le magare ga oli ya motlhware le mabele. Mo godimo ga temo le go tshwara le go tsaya diphologolo tse di sa tlwaelesegang tsa naga go tswa kwa dithabeng tsa bophirima, tse dikgolo go dirwa lego romelwa kwa ntle di ne di akaretsa matsela, mmabole, beine, logong, diruiwa, dilo tsa letsopa jaaka African Red Slip, le wulu.

Go ne go na le dilo tse dintsi tsa mosaics le letsopa, tse di neng di romelwa kwa Italy, mo kgaolong ya legare ya El [[Djem]] (kwa go neng go na le lefelo la bobedi le legolo mo Mmusomogolong wa Roma).

Bishopo wa Berber [[Donatus Magnus]] e ne e le mosimolodi wa setlhopha sa Bokeresete se se itsegeng ka [[Donatists]]&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite encyclopedia|url=http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/169009/Donatist|title=Donatist|encyclopedia=Encyclopædia Britannica}}&lt;/ref&gt;. Mo lekgolong la botlhano le la borataro la dingwaga (go tloga ka 430 go ya go 533 AD), Majeremane a Ba-Vandal ba ne ba tlhasela le go busa kwa Bokonebophirima jwa Aforika bo akaretsa Tripoli wa gompieno. Kgaolo eno e ne ya fengwa gape motlhofo ka 533 Xi 534 AD, ka nako ya puso ya Mmusimogolo [[Justinian I]], ke [[Mmusomogolo wa Byzantium|Baroma ba Botlhaba]] ba ba neng ba eteletswe pele ke Moeteledi pele mogolo [[Belisarius]].&lt;ref&gt;Bury, John Bagnell (1958) ''History of the Later Roman Empire from the Death of Theodosius I. to the Death of Justinian'', Part 2, Courier Corporation. pp.124–148&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Metlha ya Bogare ===
 
[[Setshwantsho:Statue_de_Okba_ibn_Nafi_al_Fihri_en_Algérie.jpg|thumb|Uqba ibn Nafi o ne a etelela pele phenyo ya Ba-Umayyad ya Tunisia kwa bofelong jwa lekgolo la bo7 la dingwaga]]
Mo sephatlong sa bobedi sa lekgolo la bo7 la dingwaga le karolo ya ntlha ya lekgolo la bo8 la dingwaga, phenyo ya Baarabia ba mamoseleme e ne ya diragala mo kgaolong eo. Ba ne ba tlhoma toropo ya bone ya  ntlha ya Boiselamo kwa Bokonebophirima jwa [[Aferika]], Kairouan. toropo ena e ne e le teng ka 670 AD fa [[Mosque ya Uqba]], kgotsa Mosque o mogolo wa Kairouan, o ne o agiwa.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book|last1=Davidson|first1=Linda Kay|last2=Gitlitz|first2=David Martin|title=Pilgrimage: From the Ganges to Graceland: An Encyclopedia|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=YVYkrNhPMQkC&amp;pg=PA302|date=2002|publisher=ABC-CLIO|isbn=978-1-57607-004-8|page=302}}&lt;/ref&gt; Mosque o ke lefelo la bogologolo le le boitshepo le le tlotlegang thata kwa Bophirima jwa Bamoseleme o o nang le [[Minaret|tora]] ya bogologolo go di feta tsotlhe mo lefatsheng;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book|last=Bosworth|first=Clifford Edmund|title=Historic Cities of the Islamic World|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=UB4uSVt3ulUC&amp;pg=PA264|year=2007|publisher=BRILL|isbn=978-90-04-15388-2|page=264}}&lt;/ref&gt; gape e tsewa e le tiro ya botswerere ya botaki le dikago.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://www.kairouan.org/en/culture/unesco.htm|title=Kairouan inscription as World Heritage|publisher=Kairouan.org|access-date=2 May 2010|archive-date=22 April 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120422091651/http://www.kairouan.org/en/culture/unesco.htm|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Tunis e ne ya gapiwa ka 695, ya gapiwa gape ke Baroma ba Botlhaba ba Byzantium ka 697, mme ya latlhegelwa go ya go ile ka 698. Phetogo go tswa mo mokgatlhong wa Bakeresete ba Berber ba ba buang Selatine go ya kwa mokgatlhong o o buang Searabia e tsere dingwaga di feta 400 (tsamaiso e e tshwanang kwa Egepeto le Fertile Crescent e tsere mengwaga e le 600) mme ya felela ka go nyelela ga Bakeresete le Selatine mo lekgolong la bo12 kgotsa la bo13 la dingwaga. Bontsi jwa baagi e ne e se Bamoseleme go fitlha kwa bofelong jwa lekgolo la bo9 la dingwaga; bontsi bo ne bo le mo lekgolong la bo10 la dingwaga. Gape, Bakeresete bangwe ba Tunisia ba ne ba fuduga; bangwe ba ba humileng ba setšhaba ba ne ba dira jalo morago ga phenyo ka 698 mme ba bangwe ba ne ba amogelwa ke babusi ba Norman kwa Sicily kgotsa Italy mo lekgolong la bo11 le la bo12 la dingwaga, e leng lefelo le le neng le le le neng la ya kwa go lone ka ntlha ya go amana ga dikgaolo tse pedi ka dingwaga di le 1200.&lt;ref&gt;Jonathan Conant (2012). &lt;/ref&gt;

Babusi ba Baarabia ba Tunis ba ne ba tlhoma [[Aghlabids|losika lwa segosi lwa Aghlabid]], lo lo neng la busa Tunisia, [[Tripolitania]] le botlhaba jwa Algeria go tloga ka 800 go ya go 909.&lt;ref name=&quot;lapidus&quot; /&gt; Tunisia e ne ya atlega ka fa tlase ga puso ya Baarabia fa go ne go agiwa ditsamaiso tse di anameng go tlamela ditoropo ka metsi a a dirisiwang mo magaeng le go nosetsa a a neng a rotloetsa temothuo (segolobogolo temothuong ya motlhware).&lt;ref name=&quot;lapidus&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|pages=302–303}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;tunisia-lp2&quot;&gt;{{cite book|last1=Ham|first1=Anthony|last2=Hole|first2=Abigail|last3=Willett|first3=David.|title=Tunisia|publisher=[[Lonely Planet]]|year=2004|edition=3|page=65|isbn=978-1-74104-189-7}}&lt;/ref&gt;Katlego eo e ne ya dira gore go nne le botshelo jwa manobonobo kwa kgotleng mme e ne ya tshwaiwa ke go agiwa ga metse e mesha ya segosi jaaka al-Abbasiya (809) le Raq Adda (877).&lt;ref name=&quot;lapidus&quot; /&gt;

Morago ga go fenya Cairo, Ba-Fatimid ba ne ba tlogela Tunisia le dikarolo tsa Algeria Botlhaba go ya go Ba-Zirid ka (972 Xi1148).&lt;ref name=&quot;stearns&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|pages=129–131}}&lt;/ref&gt; Zirid Tunisia e ne ya atlega mo mafelong a le mantsi: temothuo, madirelo, kgwebo, le thuto ya sedumedi le ya boitshediso.&lt;ref name=&quot;locfatamids2&quot;&gt;{{cite book|last=Houtsma|first=M. Th.|title=E. J. Brill's First Encyclopaedia of Islam, 1913–1936|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=wpM3AAAAIAAJ&amp;pg=PA852|year=1987|publisher=BRILL|isbn=978-90-04-08265-6|page=852}}&lt;/ref&gt; Le fa go ntse jalo, beteledipele jwa Zirid emirs bo ne bo itlhokomolositse se, pheletsong sa amangwa le sepolotiki se se sa iketlang mme se sa baka kwelo tlase mo go tsa kgwebo le temothuo kwa Tunisia.&lt;ref name=&quot;lapidus&quot;/&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;islamic-dynasties&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|pages=105–112}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;history-of-africa&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|pages=171–173}}&lt;/ref&gt;
[[Setshwantsho:Panorama_of_the_courtyard_of_the_Great_Mosque_of_Kairouan.jpg|thumb|Matlhatlaganyane a Great Mosque ya Kairouan. E simolotswe ka ngwaga wa 670, e simolotse ka sebopego sa yone sa jaanong go tloga ka nako ya Aghlabid (lekgolo la bo9 la dingwaga). Ke mosque wa bogologolo go di feta tsotlhe mo Maghreb.]]
Go senngwa ga ipapatso ya Tunisia ke [[Banu Hilal]], morafe o o ratang ntwa wa Baarabia wa Bedouin o o neng o rotloediwa ke Ba-Fatimid ba Egepeto go gapa Aforika wa Bokonebophirima, go ne ga dira gore itsholelo ya selegae le ya ditoropo e wele tlase.&lt;ref name=&quot;stearns&quot;/&gt; Maduo a se a ne a baka gore batho ba fudugele kwa toropong mme palo ya batho ya nna potlana, madirelo le one a fetoga go tswa mo temothuong go tsena mo tirong ya diatla.&lt;ref&gt;Abulafia, ''The Norman Kingdom of Africa'', 27.&lt;/ref&gt; Mokwalahisitori wa Moarabia [[Ibn Khaldun]] o kwadile gore dinaga tse di sentsweng ke batlhasedi ba Banu Hilal di fetogile sekaka se se omeletseng.&lt;ref name=&quot;islamic-dynasties&quot;/&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://www.galtoninstitute.org.uk/Newsletters/GINL9603/PopCrises3.htm|title=Populations Crises and Population Cycles, Claire Russell and W.M.S. Russell|publisher=Galtoninstitute.org.uk|access-date=19 January 2013|archive-date=27 May 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130527170154/http://www.galtoninstitute.org.uk/Newsletters/GINL9603/PopCrises3.htm|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Ditoropodikgolo tsa Tunisia di ne tsa fenngwa ke Ba-Norman ba Sicily ka fa tlase ga [[Bogosi jwa Afrika]] mo lekgolong la bo12 la dingwaga, mme [[Ba-Norman|Ba-Normand]] ba ne ba fudusediwa kwa [[Sicily|Sicily,]] morago ga phenyo ya Tunisia ka 1159 le1160 ke [[Ba-Almohad]]. Ditlhopha tsa Bakeresete ba Tunisia di ne tsa nna teng kwa [[Nefzaoua]] go fitlha ka lekgolo la bo14 la dingwaga&lt;ref name=&quot;hrbek2&quot;&gt;{{cite book|last1=Hrbek|first1=Ivan|title=Africa from the Seventh to the Eleventh Century|date=1992|publisher=UNESCO. International Scientific Committee for the Drafting of a General History of Africa. J. Currey|isbn=0852550936|page=34|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=qDFcD0BuekQC&amp;pg=PA34}}&lt;/ref&gt;. Ba-Almohad ba ne ba busa Tunisia ka mmusi, thatathata wa losika lwa ga Caliph. Go sa kgathalesege bolengteng jwa barena  ba basha, lefatshe le, le ne le tshabelelwa ke dikhuduego le dintwa tse di tsweletseng pele fa gare ga batho ba motse, Baarabia le Ba-Turkey ba ba neng ba gwanta mo mekgwatlheng, ba neng ba amangwa le motlhasedi wa Mo-Armenia wa Momoselema e bong Karakush.. [[Ba-Ayyubid]] le bone ba ne ba thibelela kwa Tunisia magareng ga 1182 le 1183 le1184 le 1187.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal|doi=10.3989/alqantara.2013.010|title=Saladin and the Ayyubid Campaigns in the Maghrib|journal=Al-Qanṭara|volume=34|issue=2|pages=267–295|year=2013|last1=Baadj|first1=Amar|doi-access=free}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Matshosetsi a magolo a puso ya Ba-Almohad kwa Tunisia e ne e le Ba-Banu Ghaniya, masika a [[Ba-Almoravid]], ba ba neng ba leka go busetsa puso ya Ba'Almohad mo Maghreb go tswa kwa ba thibeletseng teng kwa [[Mallorca]]. ba ne ba atlega mo go busengTunisia wotlhe ka 1200 go fitlha ba fenngwa ke masole a Almohad ka 1207. Morago ga katlego ee, Ba-Almohad ba ne ba tlhoma Walid Abu Hafs jaaka mmusi wa Tunisia. Tunisia o ne a tswelela a nna karolo ya puso ya Almohad, go fitlha ka 1230 fa morwa Abu Hafs a ipolela fa a ikemetse. Ka nako ya puso ya [[Losika lwa segosi lwa Ba-Hafsid|losika lwa segosi lwa]] Hafsid, botsalano ka tsa kgwebo tse di nang le maungo di ne tsa tlhomiwa le makgotla a le mmalwa a Bakeresete a Mediterranean. Kwa bokhutlong jwa lekgolo la bo16 la dingwaga, lotshitshi lo ne la nna boremelelo jwa dirukutlhi.

=== Tunisia ya Ba-Ottoman ===
Mo dingwageng tsa bofelo tsa bogosi jwa Hafsid, Spain e ne ya gapa metse e e fa lotshitshing e le mentsi, mme e ne ya busediwa ke [[Mmusomogolo wa Ba-Ottoman|Mmusomogolo wa Ottoman]] .
[[Setshwantsho:Frans_Hogenberg_battle_of_Tunis.jpg|left|thumb|Go fenngwa ga Tunis ke Charles V le go gololwa ga makgoba a dikepe a Bakeresete ka 1535]]
Ka fa tlase ga taolo ya [[Hayreddin Barbarossa|Barbarossa Hayreddin Pasha]] morwarraagwe Oruç Reis, yo e neng e le [[Kapudan Pasha]] wa Ottoman Fleet ka nako ya puso ya ga [[Suleiman yo Mogolo|Suleiman  the Magnificent]] , [[Go fenngwa ga Tunis (1534)|Ba-Ottoman wa Tunis]] o ne a nna le phenyo ya ntlha ka 1534. Le fa go ntse jalo,  Ba-Ottoman ba ne ba gapa Tunisia gape go tswa kwa Spain ka 1574 ka fa tlase ga Kapudan Pasha [[Uluç Ali Reis]] fa Ba-Attoman ba gapa se pele e neng e le [[Hisitori ya Tunisia ya bogare|Hafsid Tunisia]], ba se boloka go fitlha Bafora ba gapa Tunis ka 1881.

Kafa tlase ga puso ya Turkey go tswa kwa Algiers, Ottoman Porte e ne ya tlhoma mmusi yo o bidiwang [[Pasha]] ka kemonokeng ya masole a [[Maina a a kwa tlase|Janissary]] kwa [[Tunisia|Tunis]]. Mme, Tunisia e ne ya nna porofense e e ikemetseng ka nosi, ka fa tlase ga [[bey]] ya selegae. Ka fa tlase ga babusi ba Turkey, ba-beys, Tunisia e ne ya bona boipuso. losika lwa ga Hussein lwa bo-beys, lo lo neng lwa tlhomiwa ka 1705, lo ne lwa tswelela go fitlha ka 1957&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book|last=Bosworth|first=Clifford Edmund|title=The New Islamic Dynasties: A Chronological and Genealogical Manual|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=mKpz_2CkoWEC&amp;pg=PA55|year=2004|publisher=Edinburgh University Press|isbn=978-0-7486-2137-8|page=55}}&lt;/ref&gt;. Ka nako tsotlhe diphetogo tse di ne gwetlhiwa ke Algiers mme di sa atlege. Ka nakong eo, dikhansele tse di laolang tse di neng di laola Tunisia di ne di sa ntse di dirilwe ke bontsi jwa batswakwa ba ba neng ba tsweletse ka go dira kgwebo ya puso ka [[puo ya Se-Turkey]].

Ditlhaselo mo dikepeng tsa Yuropa di ne di dirwa ke batsamaisi ba dikepe, thata go tswa kwa Algiers le Tunis le [[Tripoli, Libya|Tripoli]], le fa go ntse jalo ditlhaselo di ne tsa wela tlase, Yuropa o ne a nna le maatla mme kgabagare a pateletsa gore di fedisiwe. Ka fa tlase ga Mmusomogolo wa Ottoman, melelwane ya Tunisia e ne ya khutla; mme a latlhegelwa ke taolo kwa bophirima (Constantine) le kwa botlhaba (Tripoli).
[[Setshwantsho:St_Louis_Cathedral_-_Carthage_-_Tunisia_-_1899.jpg|thumb|St Louis Cathedral - Carthage - Tunisia - 1899]]
Leroborobo  le ne la tlhasela Tunisia ka 1784 go ya go1785, 1796 go ya go1797 le 1818go ya go 1820.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book|last=Panzac|first=Daniel|title=Barbary Corsairs: The End of a Legend, 1800–1820|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=_dyeFP5Hyc4C&amp;pg=PA309|year=2005|publisher=BRILL|isbn=978-90-04-12594-0|page=309}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Mo lekgolong la bo19 la dingwaga, babusi ba Tunisia ba ne ba lemoga maiteko a a tsweletseng a go fetola sepolotiki le loago mo motsemogolong wa Ottoman. Bey wa Tunis ka nako eo, ka dipone tsa gagwe a tsaya sekao ka Turkey, o ne a leka go dira ditlhabologo tsa segompieno tsa mekgatlho le itsholelo.&lt;ref name=&quot;Clancy-Smith19972&quot;&gt;{{cite book|last=Clancy-Smith|first=Julia A.|title=Rebel and Saint: Muslim Notables, Populist Protest, Colonial Encounters (Algeria and Tunisia, 1800–1904)|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ApCtcGPHOxIC&amp;pg=PA157|year=1997|publisher=University of California Press|isbn=978-0-520-92037-8|page=157}}&lt;/ref&gt; Sekoloto sa boditšhabatšhaba sa Tunisia se ne sa gola go feta dikakanyo. Seno e ne e le lebaka kgotsa seipato sa gore masole a Fora a tlhome puso e e sireletsang ka 1881.

=== Tunisia ya Sefora (1881-1956) ===
[[Setshwantsho:A_Churchill_tank_and_other_vehicles_parade_through_Tunis,_8_May_1943._NA2880.jpg|thumb|Tanka ya Boritane e ralala Tunis morago ga gore motse o tsewe mo masoleng a Axis, ka 8 Motsheganong 1943]]
Ka 1869, Lefatshe la Tunisia le ne la ipolela fa le sa kgone go duela mme komiti ya madi ya boditšhabatšhaba e ne ya tsaya taolo ya itsholelo ya lone. Ka 1881, Bafora ba ne ba tlhasela Tunisia ka masole a ka nna 36 000 ba dirisa seipato sa gore o  tlhasetse [[Algeria]], mme ba pateletsa Bey go dumalana le ditsetana tsa 1881 Treaty of Bardo (Al Qasr as Sa'id).&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book|last=Gearon|first=Eamonn|title=The Sahara: A Cultural History|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=TKh_21ZERH4C&amp;pg=PA117|year=2011|publisher=Oxford University Press|isbn=978-0-19-986195-8|page=117}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ka tumalano e, Tunisia e ne ya dirwa [[Go thopiwa ga Tunisia ke Fora|puso ya Fora]] semmuso, le fa Italy e ne e sa dumalane le se. Ka fa tlase ga bokolone jwa Fora, g Bayuropa ba ne ba rotloediwa go fudugela kwa lefatsheng leo thata; palo ya bakolone ba Fora e ne ya gola go tswa go 34 000 ka 1906 go ya go 144 000 ka 1945. Ka 1910 go ne go na le Ma-Italy a le 105,000 kwa Tunisia.

Ka nako ya [[Ntwa ya Lefatshe II]], Tunisia ya Sefora e ne e laolwa ke puso ya [[Vichy Fora|Vichy]] kwa Metropolitan France, [[Molao wa Vichy o o kgatlhanong le Bajuda|Molao]] o o kgatlhanong le Bajuta o o neng o tlhomilwe ke puso ya Vichy o ne wa tsenngwa mo tirisong kwa Bokonebophirima jwa Aferika e e laolwang ke Vichy le mafelo a mangwe a Fora a a kwa moseja. Ka jalo, pogiso, le polao ya Bajuta go tloga ka 1940 go ya go 1943 e ne e le karolo ya Polao ya Kgailo kwa Fora.

Ka Ngwanaatsele 1942 go fitlha ka Motsheganong 1943, bontlha jwa Tunisia jo bo neng bo laolwa ke Vichy bo ne jwa gapiwa ke Jeremane. SS Commander [[Walter Rauff]] o ne a tswelela go tsenya mo tirisong &quot;Tshwetso ya Bofelo&quot; koo. Go tloga ka 1942 go ya go 1943, Tunisia e ne e le boremelelo jwa jwa [[Letsholo la Tunisia|ipapatso ya Tunisia]], dintwa tse di sa feleng magareng ga masole a [[Mebuso ya Axis|Axis]] le Allied. Ntwa e, e simolotse ka katlego ya ntlha ya masole a Jeremane le a Italy, mme go nna le dijo tse dintsi le palo e e kwa godimo ya Balekane go ne ga dira gore [[Letsholo la Tunisia|Axis e ineele]] ka Motsheganong a tlhola malatsi a le lesome le boraro 1943.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book|first=Gordon|last=Williamson|author-link=Gordon Williamson (writer)|title=Afrikakorps 1941–43|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=h1c44ccxC_sC&amp;pg=PA24|year=1991|publisher=Osprey|isbn=978-1-85532-130-4|page=24}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book|last=Palmer|first=Michael A.|title=The German Wars: A Concise History, 1859–1945|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=4eHKE9NIwbMC&amp;pg=PA199|year=2010|publisher=Zenith Imprint|isbn=978-0-7603-3780-6|page=199}}&lt;/ref&gt; Letsholo la dikgwedi di le thataro la go golola Tunisia mo pusong ya Axis le ne la supa bokhutlo jwa Ntwa ya Lefatshe II mo Afrika.

=== Go Lwela Boipuso (1943-1956) ===

=== Morago ga boipuso (1956-2011) ===
[[Setshwantsho:Habib_Bourguiba_portrait4.jpg|thumb|214x214px|Habib Bourguiba e ne e le Tautona wa ntlha wa Tunisia, go tloga ka 1957 go fitlha ka 1987]]
Tunisia e ne ya bona boipuso go tswa kwa Fora ka Mopitlo a tlhola malatsi a le masome mabedi ka 1956 le [[Habib Bourguiba]] e le Tonakgolo&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-14107720|title=Tunisia profile|date=2017-11-01|work=BBC News|access-date=2020-04-05|language=en-GB}}&lt;/ref&gt;. Boipuso jwa Tunisia bo ketekwa  Mopitlo a tlhola malatsi a le masome mabedi ngwaga le ngwaga .&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://allafrica.com/view/group/main/main/id/00016135.html|title=Tunisia Celebrates Independence Day|date=20 March 2012|access-date=19 March 2019|website=[[AllAfrica.com]]}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ngwaga morago ga moo, Tunisia e ne ya bolelwa e le repaboliki, mme Bourguiba e le ene Tautona wa ntlha.&lt;ref name=&quot;BBC2&quot;&gt;{{cite news|title=Habib Bourguiba: Father of Tunisia|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/obituaries/703907.stm|publisher=BBC|date=6 April 2000}}&lt;/ref&gt; Go tloga ka boipuso ka 1956 go fitlha ka phetogo ya 2011, puso le Constitutional Democratic Rally (RCD), [[Neo Destour]] le Socialist Destourian Party, ba ne ba le bangwe. Morago ga pego ya [[Amnesty International]], ''[[The Guardian]]'' e ne ya bitsa Tunisia &quot;lengwe la Mafatshe a segompieno mme a gatelela mo lefatsheng la Maarabia&quot;.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|last=Black|first=Ian|url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2010/jul/13/amnesty-criticises-tunisia-human-rights|title=Amnesty International censures Tunisia over human rights|work=The Guardian|date=13 July 2010|access-date=19 January 2013|location=London}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Ka Ngwanatsele 1987, dingaka di ne tsa bolela gore Bourguiba ga a itekanela go busa&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/obituaries/703907.stm|title=Habib Bourguiba: Father of Tunisia|website=BBC News|access-date=20 July 2018}}&lt;/ref&gt;,, mme ka go menola puso ntleng le tshololo ya madi, Tonakgolo Zine El Abidine Ben Ali o ne a tsaya maemo a go nna tautona go ya ka Molawana wa 57 wa [[molaotheo wa Tunisia]].&lt;ref name=&quot;BBC2&quot;/&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/1987/11/07/world/a-coup-is-reported-in-tunisia.html?pagewanted=1|title=A Coup Is Reported in Tunisia|access-date=2 May 2010}}&lt;/ref&gt; Segopotso sa go tlhatlhama ga ga Ben Ali, Ngwanaatsele a tlhola malatsi a supa, se ne sa ketekwa jaaka letsatsi la boitapoloso la bosetšhaba. O ne a tlhophiwa gape ka bontsi jo bogolo morago ga ngwaga tse tlhano makgetho a le mantsi (go feta 80 lekgolong ya ditlhopho), la bofelo e ne e le kaPhalane a tlhola malatsi a le masome mabedi le botlhano ka 2009, go fitlha a tshaba mo lefatsheng leo ka ntlha ya dikhuduego tsa batho ka Hirikgong 2011.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|last=Vely|first=Yannick|url=http://www.parismatch.com/Actu/International/Ben-Ali-tunisie-election-143751|title=Ben Ali, sans discussion|publisher=ParisMatch.com|date=23 November 2009|access-date=2 May 2010}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Ben Ali le ba lelwapa la gagwe ba ne ba latofadiwa ka tshenyetso setshaba le go gopela itsholelo ya lefatshe.&lt;ref name=&quot;sandiegounion-tribune.com&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|last=Ganley|first=Elaine|url=http://www.sandiegounion-tribune.com/news/2011/jan/17/tunisians-hail-fall-of-ex-leaders-corrupt-family/|title=Tunisians hail fall of ex-leader's corrupt family|publisher=Sandiegounion-tribune.com|date=17 January 2011|access-date=10 December 2022|archive-date=16 July 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110716003853/http://www.sandiegounion-tribune.com/news/2011/jan/17/tunisians-hail-fall-of-ex-leaders-corrupt-family/|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt; Balwela Kgololesego ya itsholelo ba ne ba kaya ditshono tse dingwe tsa go sa dirise madi sentle,&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|last=Tsourapas|first=Gerasimos|s2cid=154822868|date=2013|title=The Other Side of a Neoliberal Miracle: Economic Reform and Political De-Liberalization in Ben Ali's Tunisia|journal=Mediterranean Politics|volume=18|issue=1|pages=23–41|doi=10.1080/13629395.2012.761475}}&lt;/ref&gt; fa maloko a a bosula a lelwapa la ga Trabelsi, segolobogolo ba ba gaufi le  [[Trabelsi yo o Tlhomilweng|Imed Trabelsi]] le [[Belhassen Trabelsi]] ba ne ba laola mohama wa tsa kgwebo ka bontsi mo lefatsheng. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://www.radicalparty.org/it/node/5065065|title=Tunisie: comment s'enrichit le clan Ben Ali?|publisher=RadicalParty.org|access-date=2 May 2010}}&lt;/ref&gt; Mohumagadi wa ntlha [[Leila Ben Ali]] o ne a tlhalosiwa jaaka &quot;motho yo o tshwakgotsweng ke mabenkele&quot; ebile gokaiwa fa a dirisa sefofane sa puso go tsaya maeto a a seng kafa molaong go ya kwa ditoropong tsa difeshene tsa Yuropa.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite magazine|title=Caught in the Net: Tunisia's First Lady|url=https://foreignpolicy.com/articles/2007/12/13/caught_in_the_net_tunisias_first_lady|magazine=Foreign Policy|date=13 December 2007}}&lt;/ref&gt; Tunisia e ganne kopo ya Fora ya go ntsha ditlogolo tse pedi tsa ga Tautona, go tswa mo letlhakoreng la ga Leila, ba ba neng ba bonwa molato wa go utswana dikepe tse dikgolo tse pedi kwa boemakepeng jwa Fora ke mosekisi wa Puso ya Fora.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://lci.tf1.fr/france/justice/2009-09/un-trafic-de-yachts-entre-la-france-et-la-tunisie-en-proces-4865862.html|title=Ajaccio – Un trafic de yachts entre la France et la Tunisie en procès|date=30 September 2009|access-date=10 December 2022|archive-date=3 March 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160303204309/http://lci.tf1.fr/france/justice/2009-09/un-trafic-de-yachts-entre-la-france-et-la-tunisie-en-proces-4865862.html|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt; Go ya ka Le Monde, mogwe wa ga Ben Ali o ne a siametse go tsaya puso ya lefatshe leo.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|last=Florence Beaugé|url=http://www.tunisiawatch.com/?p=1141|title=Le parcours fulgurant de Sakhr El-Materi, gendre du président tunisien Ben Ali|website=Le Monde|date=24 October 2009|access-date=2 May 2010|archive-date=21 January 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110121043720/http://www.tunisiawatch.com/?p=1141|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Mekgatlo ya ditshwanelo tsa setho e e ikemetseng ka nosi, jaaka [[Amnesty International]], [[Freedom House]], le Protection International, di kwadile gore go ne ga nna kgatako ya ditshwanelo tsa setho tse di tlwaelesegileng le tsa sepolotiki.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.amnesty.org/en/region/tunisia|title=Tunisia|publisher=Amnesty International|access-date=2 May 2010}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://www.protectionline.org/Kamel-Jendoubi-Sihem-Bensedrine.html|title=Protectionline.org|publisher=Protectionline.org|date=18 January 2010|access-date=2 May 2010|archive-date=29 April 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110429093617/http://www.protectionline.org/Kamel-Jendoubi-Sihem-Bensedrine.html|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ba kaya fa puso e ne e kgoreletsa tiro ya makgotla a ditshwanelo tsa batho a selegae.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://www.rfi.fr/actufr/articles/053/article_27950.asp|title=Droits de l'Homme : après le harcèlement, l'asphyxie|publisher=RFI.fr|date=16 December 2004|access-date=2 May 2010|archive-date=5 May 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130505125306/http://www.rfi.fr/actufr/articles/053/article_27950.asp|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ka 2008, go ya ka [[kgololesego ya go gatisa]], Tunisia e ne e le mo maemong a bo 143 mo go a le 173.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://fr.rsf.org/dans-le-monde-de-l-apres-11-22-10-2008,28879|title=Dans le monde de l'après-11 septembre, seule la paix protège les libertés|publisher=RSF.org|date=22 October 2008|access-date=2 May 2010|archive-date=14 January 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110114230027/http://fr.rsf.org/dans-le-monde-de-l-apres-11-22-10-2008,28879|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Morago ga phetogo (go tloga ka 2011) ===
[[Setshwantsho:Tunisia_Unrest_-_VOA_-_Tunis_14_Jan_2011_(2).jpg|thumb|226x226px|Tunisia ka 14 Hirikgong 2011 ka nako ya Phetogo e Kgolo ya Tunisia]]
Diphetogo tsa Tunisia e ne e le letsholo le le tseneletseng la [[Kganetso ya Setšhaba|kganetso ya selegae]] le le neng le tlhotlhelediwa ke letlhoko la ditiro, [[Go oketsega ga dijo|tlhaelo ya dijo]], [[Bonweenwee|Tshenyetso Sechaba]],&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|author=[[Yasmine Ryan]]|url=http://english.aljazeera.net/indepth/features/2011/01/2011126121815985483.html|title=How Tunisia's revolution began|publisher=Al Jazeera English|date=26 January 2011|access-date=13 February 2011}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.alarabiya.net/articles/2011/01/15/133592.html|title=Wikileaks might have triggered Tunis' revolution|work=Alarabiya|date=15 January 2011|access-date=13 February 2011}}&lt;/ref&gt;go tlhoka [[Kgololesego ya go bua|kgololesego ya puo]]   le kgololesego mo go tsa sepolotiki &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|last=Spencer|first=Richard|url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/africaandindianocean/tunisia/8258077/Tunisia-riots-US-warns-Middle-East-to-reform-or-be-overthrown.html|archive-url=https://wayback.archive-it.org/all/20171010045358/http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/africaandindianocean/tunisia/8258077/Tunisia-riots-Reform-or-be-overthrown-US-tells-Arab-states-amid-fresh-riots.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=10 October 2017|title=Tunisia riots: Reform or be overthrown, US tells Arab states amid fresh riots|work=The Telegraph|date=13 January 2011|access-date=14 January 2011|location=London}}&lt;/ref&gt;le go tshelelela mo lehumeng.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|last=Ryan|first=Yasmine|url=http://english.aljazeera.net/indepth/features/2011/01/20111614145839362.html|title=Tunisia's bitter cyberwar|work=Al Jazeera English|access-date=16 January 2011|date=14 January 2011}}&lt;/ref&gt; Diyuniti tsa badiri di ne di bolelwa e le karolo e e botlhokwa ya ditshupetso.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://www.defenddemocracy.org/index.php?option=com_content&amp;task=view&amp;id=11792083&amp;Itemid=347|title=Trade unions: the revolutionary social network at play in Egypt and Tunisia|publisher=Defenddemocracy.org|access-date=11 February 2011}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ditshupetso di tlhotlheleditse Arab Spring, letsholo la ditiro tse di tshwanang go ralala lefatshe la Maarabia.

Loso lwa ga [[Mohamed Bouazizi]] le ne la gwetlha gore go nne le ditshupiso tsa morafe, mogwebi yo mo botlana wa dingwaga di le  masome mabedi le borataro  wa Tunisia, yo o neng a ikgapela botshelo ka go itshuba ka molelo Sedimonthole a tlhola malatsi a le lesome le bosupa ka 2010 a ngongoregela go gapiwa ga dithoto tsa gagwe le go nyenyefadiwa ke modiredi wa mmasepala yo o bidiwang [[Faida Hamdy]]. Shakgalo  le tshenyo di ne tsa oketsega morago ga loso lwa ga Bouazizi Hirekgong a tlhola malatsi a le mane  ka 2011, mme seno se ne sa dira gore Moporesidente wa nako e telele [[Zine El Abidine Ben Ali]] a tlogele tiro mme a siye mo lefatsheng ka Hirikgong a tlhola malatsi a le lesome le bone ka 2011, morago ga dingwaga di le 23 a le mo pusong.

Ditshupetso di ne tsa tswelela go thibela mokgatlho o o busang le go ntsha maloko otlhe a one mo pusong ya phetogo e e neng e tlhomilwe ke [[Mohammed Ghannouchi]]. Kgabagare puso e ntšhwa e ne ya ineela mo dilong tse di neng di batliwa. Kgotlatshekelo ya Tunisia e ne ya thibela mokgatlho o o tswang mo pusong wa RCD mme ya gapa didirisiwa tsotlhe tsa one. Taelo ya tona ya selegae e ne ya thibela tiriso ya &quot;mapodise a sepolotiki&quot;, masole a a kgethegileng a a neng a dirisiwa go tshosetsa le go bogisa boradipolotiki.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|url=https://www.koreatimes.co.kr/www/news/opinon/2011/01/137_80292.html|title=When fleeing Tunisia, don't forget the gold|newspaper=Korea Times|date=25 January 2011|access-date=19 January 2013}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Ka Mopitlo a tlhola malatsi a le mararo ka 2011, moporesidente wa nakwana o ne a itsise gore [[Ditlhopho tsa Kokoano ya Molaotheo ya Tunisia, 2011|ditlhopho tsa Kokoano ya Molaotheo]] di tla tshwarwa ka Phukwi a tlhola malatsi a le masome mabedi le bone ka 2011.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|title=Interim President Announces Election of National Constituent Assembly on July 24|date=3 March 2011|newspaper=Tunis Afrique Presse}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ka Seetebosigo a tlhola malatsi a le boferabongwe ka 2011, tonakgolo o ne a itsise gore ditlhopho di tla tlosoloswa  go fitlha ka 23 Phalane a tlhola malatsi a le masome mabedi le boraro ka 2011.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|title=Tunisian PM Announces October Date for Elections|date=9 June 2011|newspaper=BBC Monitoring Middle East}}&lt;/ref&gt; Balebeledi ba ditlhpho ba boditšhabatšhaba le ba mo gae ba ne ba bolela fa ditlhopho di ne di gololesegile e bile di siame. Ennahda Movement, Mokgatlho o pele e neng e thibetswe ka fa tlase ga puso ya ga Ben Ali, e ne ya tswa mo ditlhophong e le lekoko le legolo, le na le ditilo di le 89 mo palong ya di le 217.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|title=Tunisia Moves to the Next Stage|newspaper=Middle East Report|date=8 November 2011|url=http://merip.org/mero/mero110811|access-date=1 January 2019|archivedate=15 September 2018|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20180915101944/https://www.merip.org/mero/mero110811}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ka Sedimonthole a tlhola malatsi a le lesome le bobedi 2011, [[Moncef Marzouki]] o ne a tlhophiwa go nna moporesidente.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|title=Former dissident sworn in as Tunisia's president|url=http://latimesblogs.latimes.com/world_now/2011/12/tunisia-president-moncef-marzouki.html|newspaper=Los Angeles Times|access-date=13 December 2011|date=13 December 2011}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Ka Mopitlo 2012, Ennahda e ne ya bolela fa e sa eme nokeng Sharia go nna motswedi o mogolo wa molao metheo mo molaong o montsha wa go tshegetsa mokgwa wa lefatshe wa naga. Maikemisetso a ga  Ennahda mo kgannyeng e a ne a kgalwa ke Baiselamo ba ba gagametseng, ba ba neng ba sharia e e gagametseng mme ba ne ba amogelwa ke makoko a lefatshe.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Tunisia's constitution will not be based on Sharia: Islamist party|date=27 March 2012|url=http://www.alarabiya.net/articles/2012/03/27/203529.html|publisher=Al Arabiya|access-date=18 February 2013}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ka Tlhakole a tlhola malatsi a le marataro ka 2013, [[Chokri Belaid]], moeteledipele wa kganetso ya lefela e bile e le moganetsi yo o tumileng wa ga Ennahda, o ne a bolawa.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|title=Tunisian opposition leader Chokri Belaid shot dead outside his home|url=https://www.latimes.com/news/la-fg-wn-tunisian-leader-assassinated-20130206,0,4371497.story|newspaper=Los Angeles Times|access-date=18 February 2013|first=Jeffrey|last=Fleishman|date=6 February 2013}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Ka 2014, Moporesidente [[Moncef Marzouki]] o ne a tlhoma Khomišene ya Boammaaruri le Boitsholo ya Tunisia, e le maiteko a go boseletsa kagiso mo sechabeng. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://www.undp.org/content/undp/en/home/presscenter/articles/2014/06/09/tunisia-launches-truth-and-dignity-commission.html|title=Tunisia launches Truth and Dignity Commission|website=UNDP|date=9 June 2014|access-date=22 December 2016|archive-date=1 April 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190401030751/https://www.undp.org/content/undp/en/home/presscenter/articles/2014/06/09/tunisia-launches-truth-and-dignity-commission.html|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Tunisia e ne ya tlhaselwa gabedi mo mohameng wa bajanala ke dirukhuthi tsa mafatshe a sele ka 2015, la ntlha go bolawa batho ba le masome a mabedi le bobedi kwa [[Bardo National Museum (Tunis)|Bardo National Museum]], mme moragonya ga bolawa batho bale masome mararo le borobabobedi   kwa Sousse beachfront. Tautona wa Tunisia e bong [[Beji Caid Essebsi]] o ne a ntšhafatsa maemo a tshoganyetso ka Phalane ka dikgwedi tse dingwe tse tharo.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|url=http://www.al-monitor.com/pulse/originals/2016/10/why-is-the-state-of-emergency-renewed-three-times-tunisia.html|title=The real reason Tunisia renewed its state of emergency}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Setlhopha sa Tunisia sa Dialogue Quartet sene sa fenya tlotla ya  [[Kagiso ya Nobel]] ya 2015 ka ntlha ya tiro ya sone ya go aga kagiso le sepolotiki se se tlhomameng mo  Tunisia.&lt;ref&gt;&quot;The Nobel Peace Prize 2015&quot;. &lt;/ref&gt;

==== Boporesidente jwa Kais Saied (2019-go fitlha jaanong) ====
Tautona wa ntlha wa Tunisia yo o tlhophilweng ka fa molaong  e bong [[Beji Caid Essebsi]] o tlhokafetse ka Phukwi 2019.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|title=Tunisian President Beji Caid Essebsi dies aged 92|url=https://www.france24.com/en/20190725-tunisia-president-essebsi-dies-aged-92|work=France 24|date=25 July 2019|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; O ne a tlhatlhamiwa ke [[Kais Saied]] go nna tautona wa Tunisia morago ga phenyo  ya gagwe e kgolo mo [[Ditlhopho tsa boporesidente tsa Tunisia tsa 2019|ditlhophong tsa bo tautona tsa Tunisia tsa 2019]] ka Phalane.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|date=2019-10-14|title=Tunisia election: Kais Saied to become president|language=en-GB|work=BBC News|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-50032460}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ka Phalane a tlhola matsi a le masome mabedi le boraro 2019, Kais Saied o ne a ikanisiwa go nna Tautona yo mosha wa Tunisia.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|title=Tunisia's new president sworn in after surprise election win|url=https://www.france24.com/en/20191023-tunisia-s-new-president-sworn-in-after-surprise-election-win|work=France 24|date=23 October 2019|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Ka Phukwi a tlhola malatsi a le masome a mebedi le botlhano ka 2021, mo ditshupetsong tse di tsweletseng pele tebang le go sa dire sentle ga puso le tshenyetso sechaba le go oketsega ga dikgetsi tsa COVID-19, [[Kais Saied]] o ne a emisa palamente, a koba tonakgolo mme a tlosa go sirelediwa ga maloko a palamente.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|last=Yee|first=Vivian|date=2021-07-26|title=Tunisia's Democracy Verges on Dissolution as President Moves to Take Control|language=en-US|work=The New York Times|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2021/07/26/world/middleeast/tunisia-government-dismissed-protests.html|archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20211228/https://www.nytimes.com/2021/07/26/world/middleeast/tunisia-government-dismissed-protests.html|archive-date=2021-12-28|url-access=limited|access-date=2021-07-26|issn=0362-4331}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|date=2021-07-25|title=Tunisian president sacks PM, suspends parliament after violent protests|url=https://www.france24.com/en/live-news/20210725-tunisian-president-saied-sacks-prime-minister-mechichi-suspends-parliament|access-date=2021-07-26|website=France 24}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ka Lwetse 2021, Saied o ne a re o tla tlhoma komiti go thusa go kwala diphetogo tse disha tsa molaotheo.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|title=Tunisian president moves to cement one-man rule|url=https://www.cnn.com/2021/09/23/africa/tunisian-president-reforms-political-system-intl/index.html|access-date=24 September 2021|work=CNN|agency=Reuters|date=23 September 2021}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ka Lwetse a tlhola malatsi a le masome mabedi le boferabongwe, o ne a tlhoma [[Najla Bouden]] go nna tonakgolo e ntšhwa mme a mo naya tiro ya go bopa [[Kabinete ya ga Bouden|Kabinete]], e e neng ya ikanisiwa Phalane a tlhola malatsi a le Lesome le bongwe.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|last1=Amara|first1=Tarek|last2=Mcdowall|first2=Angus|date=2021-09-29|title=Tunisian leader names new PM with little experience at crisis moment|language=en|work=Reuters|url=https://www.reuters.com/world/africa/tunisian-president-names-romdhane-prime-minister-2021-09-29/|access-date=2021-10-13}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|date=2021-10-11|title=New Tunisian government sworn in|url=https://www.aa.com.tr/en/africa/new-tunisian-government-sworn-in/2388732|access-date=2021-10-13|website=Anadolu Agency}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Ka Tlhakole a tlhola malatsi a le mararo ka 2022, Tunisia e ne ya tlhophiwa go nna leloko la African Union's Peace and Security Council (AU) ka paka ya 2022 go ya go 2024, go ya ka Lephataa la Mafatshe a Sele la Tunisia. Go ya ka lephata, patlisiso e ne ya tshwarwa ka nako ya kopano ya bo masome a mane ya Khansele ya Khuduthamaga ya AU, e e neng e tshwaretswe kwa motsemogolong wa Ethiopia wa Addis Ababa.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|title=Tunisia elected member of African Union security council|url=http://www.xinhuanet.com/english/africa/20220204/6e6021e10aa54258a50dc2edf902b6ad/c.html|access-date=4 February 2022|publisher=Xinhua|date=4 February 2022}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Ka Tlhakole 2022, Tunisia le International Monetary Fund di sa ntse di le mo dipuisanong tsa ntlha ka tsholofelo ya go bona thuso ya didolara di le dibilione go ikitsha mo kwelotsaseng ya itsholelo , dikoloto tsa setšhaba, go tlhatloga ga ditlhwatlhwa le letlhoko la ditiro.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|title=Tunisia's talks with the IMF: What's at stake?|url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2022/2/18/tunisias-talks-with-the-imf-whats-at-stake|access-date=20 February 2022|work=Al Jazeera|agency=AFP|date=18 February 2022}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Boalo jwa lefatshe ==
[[Setshwantsho:Koppen-Geiger_Map_TUN_present.svg|thumb|Go kgaoganngwa ga tlelaemete ya Köppen kwa Tunisia. Tlelaemete ke ya Mediterranean go ya kwa lotshitshing kwa bokone, kwa karolo e kgolo ya lefatshe e leng sekaka.]]
Tunisia o mo lotshitshing lwa [[Mediterranean]] kwa Bokonebophirima jwa Afrika, fa gare ga Lewatle la Atlantic le Nile Delta. O mo melelwaneng wa [[Algeria]] kwa bophirima (965 km) le borwabophirima jwa [[Libya]] kwa borwabotlhaba (459 km).&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|date=2002|title=Présentation générale du pays|url=https://scid.tn/fr/profil-environnemental/presentation-generale-du-pays.html|access-date=6 November 2022|archive-date=6 November 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221106135908/https://scid.tn/fr/profil-environnemental/presentation-generale-du-pays.html|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt; E fa gare ga latitudes [[Bokone jwa bo30|30°]] le [[38th parallel north|38°N]], le longitudes [[Meridian ya bosupa e e kwa botlhaba|7°]] le [[Meridian ya bo12 kwa botlhaba|12°E]]. Go retologela kwa borwa jwa lotshitshi lwa Mediterranean kwa bokone jwa Tunisia go naya lefatshe mabopo a mabedi a a tlhomologileng a Mediterranean, bophirima-botlhaba kwa bokone, le bokone-botlhabatsatsi kwa botlhaba.

Le fa e le nnye ka bogolo, Tunisia e na le tikologo e kgolo e e farologanyeng thata ka ntlha ya bontsi jwa yone kwa bokone le borwa. Bogolo jwa yone jwa botlhaba le bophirima bo lekanyeditswe. Dipharologano kwa Tunisia, fela jaaka Maghreb yotlhe, ke dipharologano tsa tikologo tsa bokone le borwa tse di tlhalosiwang thata ka go fokotsega ga pula go ya kwa borwa go tswa kwa ntlheng nngwe le nngwe..Karolo e e kwa botlhaba ya Dithaba tsa Atlas ya Dorsal, e ralala Tunisia go ya kwa bokonebotlhaba go tswa kwa molelwaneng wa Algeria kwa bophirima go ya kwa Cape Bon peninsula kwa botlhabatsatsi. Bokone jwa Dorsal ke Tell, kgaolo e e kaiwang ka  dithaba tse di kwa tlase, tse di pitlaganeng le dipoa, gape e le go atolosiwa ga dithaba go ya kwa bophirima kwa Algeria. Mo [[Khroumire|Khroumerie]], kwa bokonebophirima jwa Tell ya Tunisia, bogodimo bo fitlha go {{Convert|1050|m|ft}} 1,050 (3,440 ) mme kapoko e nna teng mariga.

[[Sahel, Tunisia|Sahel]], ke lebala le le atlolositsweng mo botlhaba jwa Tunisia jwa Mediterranean, ke lengwe la mafelo a a kwa godimo mo lefatsheng a go jalwang motlhware teng. Mo teng ga naga go tswa kwa Sahel, fa gare ga Dorsal le dithaba tse di farologaneng kwa borwa jwa Gafsa, go na le Steppes. Bontsi jwa kgaolo ya borwa ke sekaka se se omeletseng.

Tunisia e na le lotshitshi lwa lewatle lwa boleele jwa dikilometara di le 1,148 (713 mi). Mo go tsa lewatle, lefatshe le bolela gore le na le lefelo le le tshwaraganeng la 24 nautical miles (44 kilometres), le lewatle la 12 nautical miles (22 kilometres).&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|title=Tunisia's talks with the IMF: What's at stake?|url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2022/2/18/tunisias-talks-with-the-imf-whats-at-stake|access-date=20 February 2022|work=Al Jazeera|agency=AFP|date=18 February 2022}}&lt;/ref&gt; Toropo ya Tunis e agilwe mo thoteng go ya kwa letsheng la Tunis. Dithaba tseo di na le mafelo a a tshwanang le Notre-Dame de Tunis, Ras Tabia, La Rabta, La Kasbah, Montfleury le La Manoubia a a kwa godimo ka dimetara di le 50 (160 feet). Toropokgolo e fa gare ga ditsela tsa karolo e tshesane ya lefatshe fa gare ga Letsha la Tunis le Séjoumi.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Visit Tunis, Tunisia|url=https://visitafrica.site/tunis.html|access-date=2021-04-13|website=visitafrica.site|archive-date=2021-04-18|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210418193746/https://visitafrica.site/tunis.html|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Tlelaemete ya Tunisia ke ya [[Tlelaemete ya Mediterranean|Mediterranean]] kwa bokone, e na le mariga a pula e e bothitho le selemo se se mogote, se se omileng.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://www.bbc.co.uk/weather/world/country_guides/results.shtml?tt=TT000720|title=Climate of Tunisia|publisher=BBC|access-date=2 May 2010}}&lt;/ref&gt; Borwa jwa lefatshe go sekaka. Lefelo le le kwa bokone le dithaba, le fa le ya kwa borwa, le fetoga go nna lebala le le mogote, le bogare jo bo omileng. Borwa bo omeletse go sekae, mme bo kopana le [[Sahara]]. Motseletsele wa [[Matsha a letswai a Tunisia|matsha a letswai]], a a itsegeng jaaka chotts kgotsa shatts, a mo moleng wa botlhaba-bophirima kwa ntlheng ya bokone ya Sahara, ''go'' tswa kwa [[Kgogometso ya Gabes|Kgogometsong ya Gabes]] go ya kwa [[Algeria]].  [[Chott el Djerid]] o ko tlase mo {{Convert|1544|m|ft}} 17 (56 ft) mme [[Jebel ech Chambi]] o kwa godimo ga lewatle mo dimetara tse 1,544 (5,066 ).&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|pages=1270–}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Ditshedi tse di farologaneng ===
Tunisia ke legae la dikgaolo di le tlhano tsa lefatshe: [[Mediterranean conifer|Mediterranean conifer le dikgwa tse di kopantsweng,]] [[Saharan halophytics]], [[Mediterranean dry woodlands|Mediterranean dry woodlands and steppe]], [[Mediterranean woodlands and forests]], le [[North Sahara steppe and woodlands]].&lt;ref name=&quot;DinersteinOlson20172&quot;&gt;{{cite journal|last1=Dinerstein|first1=Eric|last2=Olson|first2=David|last3=Joshi|first3=Anup|last4=Vynne|first4=Carly|last5=Burgess|first5=Neil D.|last6=Wikramanayake|first6=Eric|last7=Hahn|first7=Nathan|last8=Palminteri|first8=Suzanne|last9=Hedao|first9=Prashant|last10=Noss|first10=Reed|last11=Hansen|first11=Matt|last12=Locke|first12=Harvey|last13=Ellis|first13=Erle C|last14=Jones|first14=Benjamin|last15=Barber|first15=Charles Victor|last16=Hayes|first16=Randy|last17=Kormos|first17=Cyril|last18=Martin|first18=Vance|last19=Crist|first19=Eileen|last20=Sechrest|first20=Wes|last21=Price|first21=Lori|last22=Baillie|first22=Jonathan E. M.|last23=Weeden|first23=Don|last24=Suckling|first24=Kierán|last25=Davis|first25=Crystal|last26=Sizer|first26=Nigel|last27=Moore|first27=Rebecca|last28=Thau|first28=David|last29=Birch|first29=Tanya|last30=Potapov|first30=Peter|last31=Turubanova|first31=Svetlana|last32=Tyukavina|first32=Alexandra|last33=de Souza|first33=Nadia|last34=Pintea|first34=Lilian|last35=Brito|first35=José C.|last36=Llewellyn|first36=Othman A.|last37=Miller|first37=Anthony G.|last38=Patzelt|first38=Annette|last39=Ghazanfar|first39=Shahina A.|last40=Timberlake|first40=Jonathan|last41=Klöser|first41=Heinz|last42=Shennan-Farpón|first42=Yara|last43=Kindt|first43=Roeland|last44=Lillesø|first44=Jens-Peter Barnekow|last45=van Breugel|first45=Paulo|last46=Graudal|first46=Lars|last47=Voge|first47=Maianna|last48=Al-Shammari|first48=Khalaf F.|last49=Saleem|first49=Muhammad|display-authors=1|title=An Ecoregion-Based Approach to Protecting Half the Terrestrial Realm|journal=BioScience|volume=67|issue=6|year=2017|pages=534–545|issn=0006-3568|doi=10.1093/biosci/bix014|pmid=28608869|pmc=5451287|doi-access=free}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Puso le dipolotiki ==
&lt;div class=&quot;thumb tmulti tright&quot;&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;thumbinner multiimageinner&quot; style=&quot;width:292px;max-width:292px&quot;&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;trow&quot;&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;tsingle&quot; style=&quot;width:135px;max-width:135px&quot;&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;thumbimage&quot; style=&quot;height:191px;overflow:hidden&quot;&gt;[[File:Kais_Saied_2021_(cropped).jpg|alt=|191x191px]]&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;thumbcaption&quot;&gt;[[Kais Saied]]&lt;br /&gt;[[President of Tunisia|Tautona go tswa ka]] 2019&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;tsingle&quot; style=&quot;width:153px;max-width:153px&quot;&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;thumbimage&quot; style=&quot;height:191px;overflow:hidden&quot;&gt;[[File:الرئيس_تبون_يستقبل_رئيسة_الحكومة_التونسية_0-24_screenshot_(cropped).png|alt=|192x192px]]&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;thumbcaption&quot;&gt;[[Najla Bouden]]&lt;br /&gt;[[Prime Minister of Tunisia|Tonakgolo go tswa]] 2021&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
[[Category:Pages using multiple image with auto scaled images]]


== Ditshupiso ==

=== Ditshupiso ===

[[Karolo:Pages with unreviewed translations]]</text>
      <sha1>3ar5p54uwed4bege10ggl6zrqcr6g1r</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Augusta Henriques</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>8726</id>
    <revision>
      <id>54196</id>
      <parentid>31242</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-08-18T00:33:28Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>InternetArchiveBot</username>
        <id>8156</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5</comment>
      <origin>54196</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="2935" sha1="az4utnjy4a4ws9l3f337s3p9pv741al" xml:space="preserve">'''Augusta Henrique'''s ke molweladiphetogo, morutintshi le tona wa puso go tswa kwa [[:en:Guinea-Bissau|Guinea-Bissau]], o ka ngwaga wa 2012 a neng a amogela seetsele sa [[:en:Ramsar_Wetland_Conservation_Award|Ramsar Wetland Conservation Award.]] &lt;ref&gt;Hub, IISD's SDG Knowledge. [http://sdg.iisd.org/news/ramsar-announces-2012-award-winners/ &quot;Ramsar Announces 2012 Award Winners | News | SDG Knowledge Hub | IISD]&quot;. Retrieved 2022-07-03.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Diop, Salif; Barusseau, Jean-Paul; Descamps, Cyr (2014-06-02). [https://books.google.co.bw/books?id=8JPIAwAAQBAJ&amp;dq=augusta+henriques&amp;pg=PA199&amp;redir_esc=y#v=onepage&amp;q=augusta%20henriques&amp;f=false ''The Land/Ocean Interactions in the Coastal Zone of West and Central Africa''.] Springer. [[:en:ISBN|ISBN]]&amp;nbsp;[[:en:Special:BookSources/978-3-319-06388-1|&lt;bdi&gt;978-3-319-06388-1&lt;/bdi&gt;.]]&lt;/ref&gt;

Ka ngwaga wa 1991 Henriques o ne a tshwaragenela le mongwe  tiro ya go simolodisa lekgotla le le ikemetseng ka nosi la Tiniguena, le letsholo la lone e leng la mefutafuta ya ditshedi le go tsaya karolo ga sechaba kwa Guinea-Bissau.&lt;ref&gt;equality, Inter Pares globalize. [https://web.archive.org/web/20220818023237/https://interpares.ca/voice/augusta-henriques-lifetime-activist-preservation-biodiversity-guinea-bissau &quot;Augusta Henriques: a lifetime activist for preservation of biodiversity in Guinea-Bissau&quot;]. ''Inter Pares''. Retrieved 2022-07-03.&lt;/ref&gt; O ne gape e le mongwe wa batlhokomedi bantlha ba motheo wa Education with production, mokgatlho wa bopelotlhomogi o o tlhabolotsweng ke [[:en:Patrick_van_Rensburg|Patrick van Rensberg.]]&lt;ref&gt;Shillington, Kevin (2020-07-01). [https://books.google.co.bw/books?id=7ga5DwAAQBAJ&amp;dq=augusta+henriques&amp;pg=PA250&amp;redir_esc=y#v=onepage&amp;q=augusta%20henriques&amp;f=false ''Patrick van Rensburg: Rebel, visionary and radical educationist, a biography''.] NYU Press. [[:en:ISBN|ISBN]]&amp;nbsp;[[:en:Special:BookSources/978-1-77614-604-8|&lt;bdi&gt;978-1-77614-604-8&lt;/bdi&gt;.]]&lt;/ref&gt;

Henriques o emetse lefatshe mo lefatsheng ka bophara, go akaretsa e le moemedi kwa [[:en:International_Union_for_Conservation_of_Nature|International Union for Conservation of Nature]] (IUCN).&lt;ref&gt;''[https://books.google.co.bw/books?id=SwAIt01PMZ4C&amp;dq=augusta+henriques&amp;pg=PA14&amp;redir_esc=y#v=onepage&amp;q=augusta%20henriques&amp;f=false Proceedings]''. IUCN. 1997. [[:en:ISBN|ISBN]]&amp;nbsp;&lt;bdi&gt;[[:en:Special:BookSources/978-2-8317-0394-7|978-2-8317-0394-7]]&lt;/bdi&gt;.&lt;/ref&gt; O berekile kwa Ministry of National Education e ele tlhogo ya dithuto tsa bagolo.&lt;ref&gt;''[https://books.google.co.bw/books?id=nkhBd6D9l8oC&amp;q=augusta+henriques&amp;redir_esc=y Afrika: German Review of Political, Economic and Cultural Affairs in Africa and Madagascar]''. Afrika Verlag. 1984.&lt;/ref&gt;

== Dipadi tse dingwe ==

* [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=jwgmx3_H0XI Tiniguena (&quot;this land is our land&quot;): Augusta Henriques] (baesekopo)

== Metswedi ==


[[Karolo:Batho ba ba santseng bale mo botshelong]]
[[Karolo:Basadi]]</text>
      <sha1>az4utnjy4a4ws9l3f337s3p9pv741al</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Vickie Dawn Jackson</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>9555</id>
    <revision>
      <id>54187</id>
      <parentid>36074</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-08-17T21:12:42Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>InternetArchiveBot</username>
        <id>8156</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Add 3 books for [[en:Wikipedia:Verifiability|verifiability]] (20260817)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]]</comment>
      <origin>54187</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="12527" sha1="7t5zase46sfopyjehphkjwpq36ysn8p" xml:space="preserve">Vickie Dawn Carson Jackson (née Carson; born February lesome le boraro, 1966) &lt;ref&gt;&quot;Vickie Dawn Jackson&quot;. ''The Texas Tribune''. Archived from the original on September 18, 2012. Retrieved August 14, 2021.[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Texas_Tribune]&lt;/ref&gt; ke mmolai wa kwa 

{{Infobox person|name=Vickie Dawn Jackson|birth_name=Vickie Dawn Carson|birth_date={{Birth date and age|1966|2|13}}|birth_place=[[Montague County, Texas]], U.S.|criminal penalty=[[Life imprisonment]]|criminal charge=[[Capital murder]]}}

Amerika yo o bolaileng bobotlana balwetsi ba le 10 kwa Nocona General Hospital kwa Nocona, Texas magareng ga 2000 le 2001, a dirisa seokobatsi sa mesifa se se dirang gore motho a se ka a kgona go tsamaya. Le fa a ne a ganetsa gore ga a na molato, o ne a bonwa molato mo ditatofatsong tsotlhe mme a atlholelwa botshelo jotlhe kwa kgolegelong. &lt;ref&gt;&quot;Nurse sentenced to life for killing 10 patients&quot;. The Marshall News Messenger. October 6, 2006.[https://www.newspapers.com/clip/43415476/jackson-life-sentence/]&lt;/ref&gt;

== Bomorago ==
O tshotswe ka February lesome le boraro, 1966, kwa Montague County, Texas, mme ga go itsiwe thata ka botshelo jwa ga Jackson fa a ne a sa le monnye. E ne e le mooki yo o nang le laesense go tloga ka 1989, yo o neng a dira kwa dikokelong tse dingwe di le mmalwa le kwa legaeng la batsofe go dikologa North Texas, kwa bofelong o ne a bona tiro kwa Nocona General Hospital nako nngwe kwa bokhutlong jwa 2000.&lt;ref&gt;Megan K. Stack (June 27, 2001). &quot;Digging for Answers Into Hospital's Deadly Winter&quot;. ''Los Angeles Times''. p. 7.[https://www.newspapers.com/clip/43413697/jackson-10-bodies-exhumed-2/]&lt;/ref&gt; Sepetlele se itsege ka go alafa balwetse ba ba tsofetseng ba ba nang le malwetse a a sa reng sepe, mme se ne se tsewa e le sengwe sa ditheo tse 100 tse di gaisang mo nageng go sa kgathalesege gore se na le maemo a a kwa tlase go le kana kang.&lt;ref&gt;Megan K. Stack (June 27, 2001). &quot;Digging for Answers Into Hospital's Deadly Winter&quot;. ''Los Angeles Times''. p. 7.[https://www.newspapers.com/clip/43413697/jackson-10-bodies-exhumed-2/]&lt;/ref&gt;

== Dintsho tse di gakgamatsang le dipatlisiso ==
Fa gare ga Sedimonthole 2000 le Tlhakole 2001, kwa Nocona General Hospital go ne ga nna le koketsego e kgolo e e sa tlwaelegang ya dintsho tsa balwetse, ba botlhe ba neng ba le fa gare ga dingwaga di le 62 le 100 mme ba ne ba na le botsogo jo bo siameng pele.&lt;ref&gt;Angela K. Brown (June 12, 2001). &quot;2 bodies dug up in inquiry into alleged lethal injections at hospital&quot;. El Paso Times.[https://www.newspapers.com/clip/43388394/jackson-moore-and-nichols-exhumed/]&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;Megan K. Stack (June 27, 2001). &quot;Digging for Answers Into Hospital's Deadly Winter&quot;. ''Los Angeles Times''. p. 1.[https://www.newspapers.com/clip/43413611/jackson-10-bodies-exhumed-1/]&lt;/ref&gt;Le fa gone seno se ne se laetswe kwa tshimologong ka ntlha ya go bo balwetse ba ne ba tsofetse e bile ba na le thulaganyo e e bokoa ya mmele ya go lwantsha malwetse, go ne ga anama magatwe mo lefelong leno a gore gongwe mongwe o ne a ba bolaile ka boomo. Seno kgabagare se ne sa dira gore motsamaisi wa bookelo, Charles E. Norris go ikgolaganya le rakhemisi mongwe ka go sa dumalane go a neng a go lemogile: mo nakong eno, go ne go na le dibotlolo tsa Mivacron tse di neng di nyelela, tse kwa tshimologong di neng di tsewa e le ka ntlha ya go sa laole ditlamelo sentle, e re ka di ne di sa tsewe e le selo se se bolayang.&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Probe Continues In Deaths At North Texas Hospital&quot;. Tyler Morning Telegraph. April 8, 2001.[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tyler_Morning_Telegraph]&lt;/ref&gt; Morago ga go buisana le rakhemisi, le go bona gore dintsho tsotlhe di diragetse ka nako ya tiro e le nngwe fela, Norris o ne a laela gore dikhabinete tse di nang le Mivacron di tswalelwe mme di fitlhelelwe fela ke balebedi, le gore mapodise a tshwanetse go itsisiwe ka bonako.&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Probe Continues In Deaths At North Texas Hospital&quot;. Tyler Morning Telegraph. April 8, [https://www.newspapers.com/clip/43386301/jackson-death-probe/ 2001]&lt;/ref&gt;

Morago ga moo, go ne ga simololwa patlisiso e e kopanetsweng ke mapodise a lefelo leo, Texas Rangers le FBI go batlisisa ka dintsho tsa balwetse ba ba fetang masome a mabedi ba go neng go ka direga gore ba ne ba tshwerwe ka Mivacron. &lt;ref&gt;&quot;Patients' bodies ordered exhumed; hospital tied to possible poisonings&quot;. The Clarion-Ledger. May 4, 2001.[https://www.newspapers.com/clip/43413192/jackson-12-bodies-to-be-exhumed/]&lt;/ref&gt;Fa go ntse go epololwa mabitla kwa bokone jwa Texas le Oklahoma,&lt;ref&gt;Angela K. Brown (June 12, 2001). &quot;2 bodies dug up in inquiry into alleged lethal injections at hospital&quot;. El Paso Times.[https://www.newspapers.com/clip/43388394/jackson-moore-and-nichols-exhumed/]&lt;/ref&gt; makwalodikgang a ne a senola gore go ne go tsentswe kgetsi ya semolao mo boemong jwa molwetse mongwe wa polio, Donnelly Reid wa dingwaga tse masome a marataro le bongwe, yo o neng a bolela gore mongwe wa baoki, Vickie Dawn Jackson, yo o neng a lelekilwe, o ne a mo tsentse seokobatsi mo thulaganyong ya gagwe ya IV&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Patients' bodies ordered exhumed; hospital tied to possible poisonings&quot;. The Clarion-Ledger. May 4, 2001.[https://www.newspapers.com/clip/43413192/jackson-12-bodies-to-be-exhumed/]&lt;/ref&gt;. Le fa gone Reid a ne a falola masetlapelo ano ka ntlha ya mooki yo mongwe yo o neng a tla go mo thusa, o ne a swa dikgwedi di le pedi moragonyana ka ntlha ya nyumonia&lt;ref&gt;Megan K. Stack (June 27, 2001). &quot;Digging for Answers Into Hospital's Deadly Winter&quot;. ''Los Angeles Times''. p. 7.[https://www.newspapers.com/clip/43413697/jackson-10-bodies-exhumed-2/]&lt;/ref&gt;. Beke morago ga moo, bana ba ga Boyd Bruce Burnett wa dingwaga tse boferabobedi le bosupa, ba ne ba isa kgetsi e nngwe gape, ba bolela gore Jackson o ne a mo tsentse seokobatsi se se neng sa dira gore a swe ka Seetebosigo masome a mabedi le bone, 2000.&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Second civil lawsuit filed in suspicious patient deaths&quot;. The Monitor. May 12, 2001.[https://www.newspapers.com/clip/43413287/jackson-burnett-lawsuit-filed/]&lt;/ref&gt;

== Go tshwarwa, go sekisiwa le go tsenngwa mo kgolegelong ==
Fa a sena go kobiwa kwa bookelong, Jackson o ne a bona tiro e ntšha kwa lebenkeleng la korosari la mo lefelong leo, koo a neng a tshwarwa ka Phukwi lesome le borataro, 2002, ka ditatofatso tsa dipolao tse nnè tse di masisi.&lt;ref&gt;Lianne Hart (July 18, 2002). &quot;Nurse Accused of Four Killings&quot;. ''Los Angeles Times''.[https://www.newspapers.com/clip/43386247/jackson-wyler/]&lt;/ref&gt; O ne a isiwa kgolegelong go ya go letela tsheko ka beile ya didolara di le dimilione di le pedi, fa balaodi ba ntse ba tsweletse ka go epolola le go tlhatlhoba ditopo tsa batho ba bangwe ba ba ka tswang ba bolailwe. &lt;ref&gt;Lianne Hart (July 18, 2002). &quot;Nurse Accused of Four Killings&quot;. ''Los Angeles Times''.[https://www.newspapers.com/clip/43386247/jackson-wyler/]&lt;/ref&gt;Tsheko ya gagwe e ne ya rulaganyediwa go tshwarwa ka Phalane 2004, mme go ne ga ntshiwa taelo ya gore kgetsi eno e se ka ya buiwa, e e neng e thibela babueledi gore ba se ka ba senola dintlha tse di rileng kwantle fela ga gore basekisi ba ne ba ka se batle gore a atlholelwe loso&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Nurse indicted in six more deaths&quot;. The Southern Illinoisan. January 27, [https://www.newspapers.com/clip/43800121/jackson-2nd-indictment/ 2004]&lt;/ref&gt;. Ka January 2004, Jackson o ne a latofadiwa ka dipolao tse dingwe gape tse thataro, mme madi a gagwe a beile a ne a tlhatlosiwa go tswa go diranta di le dimilione di le pedi go ya go diranta di le dimilione di le thataro.&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Nurse indicted in six more deaths&quot;. The Southern Illinoisan. January 27, 2004.[https://www.newspapers.com/clip/43800121/jackson-2nd-indictment/]&lt;/ref&gt;

Tsheko ya ntlha ya ga Jackson kgabagare e ne ya felela ka gore a se ka a atlholwa, ka gonne moatlhodi o ne a swetsa ka gore dikakgelo tse di neng di buiwa ke mosekisi Ralph Guerrero di ne di dirile gore baatlhodi ba nne le maikutlo a a sa siamang ka molatofadiwa. &lt;ref&gt;Angela K. Brown (March 15, 2005). &quot;Judge declares mistrial in nurse's murder case&quot;. The Monitor.[https://www.newspapers.com/clip/43415294/jackson-mistrial/]&lt;/ref&gt;Ka ntlha ya seo, tsheko e e neng e tla latela e ne ya fudusediwa kwa San Angelo, mme go ne go tla tlhophiwa setlhopha se sesha sa baatlhodi. Guerrero o ne a boleletse baatlhodi gore babatlisisi ba ne ba bone dijana tsa Mivacron kwa legaeng la ga Jackson, mme a akantsha gore manyalo a gagwe a a neng a sa atlege le go latlhegelwa ke tshwanelo ya go tlhokomela bana ba gagwe e ka tswa e ne e le mabaka a a dirileng gore a swetse go bolaya balwetse ba gagwe.&lt;ref&gt;Angela K. Brown (March 15, 2005). &quot;Judge declares mistrial in nurse's murder case&quot;. The [https://www.newspapers.com/clip/43415294/jackson-mistrial/ Monitor]&lt;/ref&gt;

Kwa tshekong ya gagwe ya bobedi, FBI Special Agent David Burns o ne a supa kgatlhanong le Jackson, a senola gore mo dipotsolotsong di le mmalwa le ene, o ne a swetsa gore o bolaile balwetse ka ntlha ya go galefa ka go bo a ne a &quot;batla dilo thata&quot;, le gore o ne a lekile go gobatsa ba bangwe ba le mmalwa, go akaretsa mosetsana wa dingwaga tse 14 le mosadi wa dingwaga tse 40 yo o nang le bolwetse jwa Crohn. &lt;ref&gt;&quot;Nurse sentenced to life for killing 10 patients&quot;. The Marshall News Messenger. October 6, 2006.[https://www.newspapers.com/clip/43415476/jackson-life-sentence/]&lt;/ref&gt;Fa a ne a bodiwa gore ke ka ntlha yang fa a ne a ikutlwa a tlhoka go ba bolaya, o ne a araba fela a re ga a itse. Kwa bokhutlong, Jackson o ne a gana go ganetsa ditatofatso tse di lesome tsa polao e e masisi, a amogela katlholo ya botshelo jotlhe mo kgolegelong fa a ne a ka tila go sekisiwa ke setlhopha sa baatlhodi le go dira gore morwadie a ntshe bosupi kgatlhanong le ene.&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Nurse sentenced to life for killing 10 patients&quot;. The Marshall News Messenger. October 6, 2006.[https://www.newspapers.com/clip/43415476/jackson-life-sentence/]&lt;/ref&gt; Morago ga go bonwa molato, o ne a ntsha polelo ka mmueledi wa gagwe a bolela gore ga a na molato mme a supa kutlwelobotlhoko ya gagwe go balelapa la batswasetlhabelo, e e neng ya se ka ya amogelwa sentle.&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Nurse sentenced to life for killing 10 patients&quot;. The Marshall News Messenger. October 6, 2006.[https://www.newspapers.com/clip/43415476/jackson-life-sentence/]&lt;/ref&gt; Ene le setlhopha sa gagwe ba ne ba ya kwa tshekong ya bosupi ka 2015, ba batla tsheko e ntšha le go ganwa ga lekwalo le le kwadilweng, mme ga go ise go begiwe sepe ka matswela a maiteko ao.

&lt;ref&gt;Taylor Barnes (July 10, 2015). &quot;Only On 6: &quot;Angel of Death&quot; Vickie Jackson Back in Court&quot;. News Channel 6. Archived from the original on August 13, 2021. Retrieved August 13, [https://www.newschannel6now.com/story/29515504/only-on-6-angel-of-death-vickie-jackson-back-in-court/ 2021]&lt;/ref&gt;Go tloga ka Phatwe 2021, o ntse a le kwa kgolegelong kwa Christina Melton Crain Unit kwa Gatesville, mme letsatsi la gagwe la pele la go gololwa ka parole ke ka 2042

== Batswasetlhabelo ==
{| class=&quot;wikitable sortable&quot;
!Palo
!Leina
!Bong
!Dingwaga
!Letsatsi la loso
|-
|1
|Donna Alice Jennings
|F
|100
|Sedimonthole 11, 2000
|-
|2
|Sanford Ray Mitchell
|M
|62
|Sedimonthole 20, 2000
|-
|3
|James Wesley Gore
|M
|80
|Sedimonthole 29, 2000
|-
|4
|Jimmy Ray Holder
|M
|65
|Hirikgong 7, 2001
|-
|5
|Dorothy Jean Vandenburg
|F
|78
|Hirikgong 7, 2001
|-
|6
|J. T. Nichols
|M
|80
|Hirikgong11, 2001
|-
|7
|John Walter Williams
|M
|78
|Hirikgong 11, 2001
|-
|8
|Omo Ovella Glenn Wyler
|F
|95
|Hirikgong 24, 2001
|-
|9
|Orvel Lee Moore Jr.
|M
|82
|Hirikgong 30, 2001
|-
|10
|Everett E. Jackson
|M
|92
|Tlhakole 2,2001
|}

== Dipego tsa Baebele ==

* {{Cite book|title=Inside the Minds of Healthcare Serial Killers: Why They Kill|url=https://archive.org/details/insidemindsofhea0000rams|author=Katherine M. Ramsland|publisher=Praeger|date=August 30, 2007|isbn=978-0275994228}}
* {{Cite book|title=Forensic Nursing Science|url=https://archive.org/details/forensicnursings0000lync|author=Virginia A. Lynch and Janet Barber Duval|publisher=Elsevier Canada|date=July 23, 2010|isbn=978-0323066372}}
* {{Cite book|title=Healthcare Crime: Investigating Abuse, Fraud, and Homicide|url=https://archive.org/details/healthcarecrimei0000pyre|author=Kelly M. Pyrek|publisher=CRC Press|date=January 19, 2011|isbn=9781439820339}}

== Mo metsweding ya tshedimosetso le mo setsong ==
Mo setlheng sa bobedi sa motseletsele wa dibidio tsa kwa Boritane wa Nurses Who Kill, kgetsi ya ga Jackson e ne ya tlhalosiwa mo kgaolong ya bobedi. Kgetsi eno e akareditswe mo go Nightingale No more: the Case of Vicki Dawn Jackson - On the Podcast Killer Psyche

== Metswedi ==</text>
      <sha1>7t5zase46sfopyjehphkjwpq36ysn8p</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Fade Ogunro</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>9610</id>
    <revision>
      <id>54201</id>
      <parentid>50546</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-08-18T05:13:20Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>InternetArchiveBot</username>
        <id>8156</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Rescuing 2 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5</comment>
      <origin>54201</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="7342" sha1="3zczam4iqabjf4iiga0tz0kxzclyhuw" xml:space="preserve">'''Fade Ogunro''' ke moitsanape mo go tsa kgaso, mo seromamoweng le mo thelebisheneng, ke modiri wa ditshwantsho tsa motshikinyengo gape ke mosegi wa diaparo. Ke mosemolodi le mookamed wa Bookings Africa eleng thulaganyo ya maranyane e bapatsang talente mo Aferika. Ke monni wa kgaolwana ya Ekiti kwa botlhatsatsi-bophirima ga lefatshe la Nigeria. O bua [[Sekgowa]], [[Sefora]] le [[Sepotokisi]].&lt;ref&gt;[https://web.archive.org/web/20211119132131/https://africamusiclaw.com/amls-nigerian-women-in-entertainment-video-fade-ogunro-shares-insight-on-her-video-production-company/ #SCHICKWOMAN: FADE OGUNRO IS THE MEDIAPRENEUR TAKING OVER AFRICA&quot;]. December 26, 2017&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;[[:en:Fade_Ogunro#cite_note-auto-2|&quot;AML's Nigerian Women in Entertainment: (Video) Fade Ogunro Shares Insight on her Video Production Company, Film Factory&quot;.]] December 9, 2013.&lt;/ref&gt;

== Dithuto le ditiro ==
Fade Ogunro o dule kwa [[Nigeria]] a ya [[United Kingdom]] le batsadi ba gagwe fa nne a santse a nale dingwaga tse supa.&lt;ref&gt;[https://web.archive.org/web/20240605130127/https://cdn.punchng.com/wp-content/uploads/2021/12/30200649/e.jpg &quot;ICYMI: E-banking faces threat as customers lose huge savings to fraudsters – Punch Newspapers&quot;]. ''Punch Newspapers – The most widely read newspaper in Nigeria''. Retrieved 2020-08-14.&lt;/ref&gt; O ithutetse bobegadikgang le go nna mokwadi kwa mmadikolo wa Roehampton kwa UK.&lt;ref&gt;[https://web.archive.org/web/20211119140650/https://woman.ng/2016/01/i-have-turned-30-its-time-for-me-to-focus-more-on-my-company-fade-ogunro-on-the-real-reason-she-left-radio/ &quot;&quot;I Have Turned 30...It's Time For Me To Focus More On My Company!&quot; - Fade Ogunro On The Real Reason She Left Radio&quot;.] January 20, 2016. Archived from [https://woman.ng/2016/01/i-have-turned-30-its-time-for-me-to-focus-more-on-my-company-fade-ogunro-on-the-real-reason-she-left-radio/ the original] on November 19, 2021. Retrieved May 24, 2020.&lt;/ref&gt;Morago ga dithuto tsa gagwe kwa mmadikolo, o ile a berekela lekalana la Google kwa UK. O ile a boela morago kwa Nigeria ka 2010 a bo a simolola go dira mo seromamoweng sa [[Continental]] ka ngwaga ole mongwe. O ile a berekela dikgang tsa PM, pampiri ya dikgang ya [[Guardian]], seromamowa sa 234 Next le Beat 99.9 FM.&lt;ref&gt;[./Https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fade_Ogunro #SCHICKWOMAN: FADE OGUNRO IS THE MEDIAPRENEUR TAKING OVER AFRICA&quot;.] December 26, 2017&lt;/ref&gt;O tsamaisa thulaganyo tsa seromamowa ka mafelo a beke kwa Beat 99.9FM. Ke mogokaganyi wa thulaganyo ya thelebishene e bidiwang Glam Report. O ile a tlogela kwa seromamoweng sa Beat 99.9FM ka ngwaga wa 2016.&lt;ref&gt;[https://www.pulse.ng/entertainment/celebrities &quot;Ex OAP explains why she left radio&quot;]. ''Pulse Nigeria''. January 12, 2016.&lt;/ref&gt;

Ka Moranang ka ngwaga wa 2019, o ile a tlhomamisa lenaneo la maranyane la Bookinga Africa. Lenaneo le le letlelela ba tsaya karolo to batlisisa ka batho ba ditalente tse di farologaneng, e goroga kwa bathong, e bile ditlhwatlhwa tsa dithuso e di tshwantshanya le barekisi ba bangwe. Lenaneo le le nale dikarololwana di le lesome le bone tsa ditalente tse di farologaneng e bile di bonala kwa Nigeria, Kenya, [[Aforika Borwa|Aforika Borwa.]]&lt;ref&gt;[[:en:Fade_Ogunro|Awodipe, Tobi (2019-11-16). &quot;Fade Ogunro to revolutionise young entrepreneurs, pan-african marketplace with Bookings Africa - Nigeria and World News&quot;.]] ''The Guardian Nigeria News - Nigeria and World News''. Retrieved 2020-08-14.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;[https://www.thisdaylive.com/index.php/2019/10/26/fade-ogunro-launches-bookings-africa-for-talents-sourcing/ &quot;Fade Ogunro Launches 'Bookings Africa ' for Talents Sourcing&quot;.] October 25, 2019.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;[https://web.archive.org/web/20211119132119/https://idafrica.ng/dayo-adeyelure-and-fade-ogunro-to-share-insights-at-neclive-7/ &quot;Dayo Adeyelure And Fade Ogunro To Share Insights At NECLive 7&quot;.] April 21, 2019. Archived from [https://idafrica.ng/dayo-adeyelure-and-fade-ogunro-to-share-insights-at-neclive-7/ the original] on November 19, 2021. Retrieved May 24, 2020.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;[[:en:Fade_Ogunro|&quot;Fade Ogunro Biography - Age&quot;]]. April 19, 2016.&lt;/ref&gt;Ke mosimolodi le mookamedi wa lephata la kgaso kwa FilmFactoryNG eleng kgweebo ya tsa kgaso. O tsamaisa thulaganyo ya ditshupo tsa diaparo e bidiwang Fashion Friday with Fade.&lt;ref&gt;[https://web.archive.org/web/20211119132131/https://africamusiclaw.com/amls-nigerian-women-in-entertainment-video-fade-ogunro-shares-insight-on-her-video-production-company/ &quot;AML's Nigerian Women in Entertainment: (Video) Fade Ogunro Shares Insight on her Video Production Company, Film Factory&quot;.] December 9, 2013.&lt;/ref&gt; Ke ene mosadi wa ntlha go nna karolo ya [[Global Campaign Board of Cherie Blair]] [[Foundation]] ya bomme, lekalana le le thusa bomme ba ba die=rang dikgweebo ka madi a kwa tlase le madi a fa gare lefatshe ka bophara.&lt;ref&gt;[https://guardian.ng/news/cherie-blair-foundation-appoints-ogunro-on-its-global-campaign-board/ &quot;Cherie Blair Foundation appoints Ogunro on its global campaign board&quot;]. ''The Guardian Nigeria News - Nigeria and World News''. 2021-02-18. Retrieved 2021-11-25.&lt;/ref&gt;

Mme Ogunro ke sebini sa pele sa mmino wa [[ballerina]]. O ile a tlhotlheletsa Anthony Mmesoma Madu, o dingwaga tse lesome le bongwe o setshwantsho sa gagwe sa mmino wa balllerina se ileng sa nna mmamoratwa mo maranyaneng ka ngwaga wa 2020.&lt;ref&gt;Brara, Noor (2020-08-19). [https://www.nytimes.com/2020/08/19/arts/dance/lagos-ballet-school-viral-video.html &quot;In Lagos, a Homegrown Ballet Academy Leaps Into the Spotlight&quot;]. ''The New York Times''. [https://search.worldcat.org/search?q=n2:0362-4331 ISSN 0362-4331.] Retrieved 2021-11-25.&lt;/ref&gt;

== Botshelo jwa gagwe ==
Ogunro ke morwadie Sesan Ogunro Snr, ke mongwe wa batlhami ba lekalana la batho ba ba bapatsang kwa Nigeria o ileng a bolawa ka ngwaga wa 2013.&lt;ref&gt;[https://www.premiumtimesng.com/news/151951-ekiti-broadcasting-service-boss-ogunro-killed-lagos.html?tztc=1 &quot;Ekiti Broadcasting Service boss, Ogunro killed in Lagos | Premium Times Nigeria&quot;]. 2013-12-23. Retrieved 2021-11-25.&lt;/ref&gt;Ke kgaitsadie [[Sesan Ogunro]] eleng mogokaganyi wa ditshwantsho tsa motshikinyego e bile a nale kompone ya kgaso e bidiwa [[Film Factory together]].&lt;ref&gt;Eze, Mary Jane (12 January 2016). [https://www.thenigerianvoice.com/news/202741/ex-beat-fm-oap-fade-ogunro-speaks-on-how-she-managed-two-h.html &quot;Ex-Beat FM OAP, Fade Ogunro Speaks On How She Managed 'Two Husbands' At A Time&quot;.] The Nigerian Voice. Retrieved 14 September 2020.&lt;/ref&gt;

Bona gape

* [[The Ascension (2face Idibia album)]]&lt;ref&gt;'''''The Ascension''''' is the sixth studio album by Nigerian singer 2face Idibia. It was released on July 21, 2014, by Hypertek Digital and 960 Music Group, and serves as the follow-up to his fifth studio album ''Away and Beyond'' (2012). The album features guest appearances from Machel Montano, Vector, Bridget Kelly, Rocksteady, Dammy Krane, Sir Victor Uwaifo, Iceberg Slim, Kim Almarcha, Shurwayne Winchester and Fally Ipupa. It was produced by Leriq, Alton Berti, Bolji Beats, Dezay, Dnyce, Fabio Litto, Femdouble, GSol the Producer, Jay Sleek, Kodjo, Masterkraft and Rolly. ''The Ascension'' debuted at number 12 on the ''Billboard'' World Albums chart and received generally mixed reviews from music critics. 2face made history as the first Nigerian musician to debut an album on the aforementioned ranking.&lt;/ref&gt;

== Metswedi ==</text>
      <sha1>3zczam4iqabjf4iiga0tz0kxzclyhuw</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Goreng thuto e le botlhokwa</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>10099</id>
    <revision>
      <id>54202</id>
      <parentid>38177</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-08-18T06:19:17Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>InternetArchiveBot</username>
        <id>8156</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5</comment>
      <origin>54202</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="2001" sha1="tmy7mndb2fla2wxnfffjqg5pvirjo32" xml:space="preserve">'''[[Thuto mo Aforika Borwa|Thuto]]''' e botlhokwa ka gonne e naya batho ka bongwe maatla a go nna le kitso le bokgoni jwa go akanya ka kelotlhoko jo bo tlhokegang gore ba atlege mo botshelong. Ka thuto batho ba ka tlhaloganya lefatshe le le ba dikologang ka tsela e e tseneletseng, ba nne le dilo tse ba di ratang le tse ba di kgatlhegelang, le go tlhagoela ditalente le bokgoni jwa bone jo bo kgethegileng. Thuto e bula dikgoro tsa ditshono tse ntšha , e dira gore batho ba kgone go bona ditiro tsedi botoka, dituelo tse di kwa godimo le go nna le tshireletsego e kgolo ya tiro ka go nna le thuto, batho ba ka fedisa modikologo wa lehuma , ba tokafatsa maemo a bone a loago le ikonomi, le go dira  ditshwetso tse di nang le kitso ka botsogo jwa bone, madi le matshelo a bona ka namana.&lt;ref&gt;ttps://leverageedu.com/blog/importance-of-education/&lt;/ref&gt; 

'''Thuto e re thusa ke eng?'''

Mo godimo ga moo, thuto e na le seabe se se botlhokwa thata mo go tlhabololeng '''[[Setšhaba sa Tlhabololo sa Afrika Borwa|setšhaba]]''' ka kakaretso. Batho ba ba rutegileng ba na le seabe mo baaging ba bona ka go tsaya karalo mo thulaganyong ya temokerasi, go nna le seabe mo tirelong ya setŝhaba, le go kgweetsa boitshimololedi le kgatelopele.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |url=https://www.worldvision.ca/stories/education/why-is-education-important |title=Archive copy |access-date=2024-08-31 |archive-date=2024-08-31 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240831083408/https://www.worldvision.ca/stories/education/why-is-education-important |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt; [[Thuto mo Aforika Borwa|Thuto]] e rotloetsa go tlhaloganya ga lefatshe lotlhe, '''[[tirisannommogo]]''' le '''[[kagiso]]''' ka go rotloetsa go lemoga le go ananya ditso tse di farologaneng. Ka go beeletsa mo thutong, re ka tlhama setŝhaba se se nang le kitso,se se nang le boitshimoledi, le se se lekalekaneng mo batho ba ka fitlhelang bokgoni jwa bone ka botlalo le go nna le seabe se se nang le bokao mo lefatsheng le ba dikologileng. 

DITSHUPISO</text>
      <sha1>tmy7mndb2fla2wxnfffjqg5pvirjo32</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Goya Museum</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>10351</id>
    <revision>
      <id>54203</id>
      <parentid>39275</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-08-18T06:20:53Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>InternetArchiveBot</username>
        <id>8156</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5</comment>
      <origin>54203</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="4692" sha1="hin9tfnfcel1cpxvzvncgjl462jo7bb" xml:space="preserve">[[Setshwantsho:(Castres) Façade du musée Goya vu de la cour intérieure.jpg|thumb| '''Façade du musée Goya vu de la cour intérieure.''']]
'''Musiamo wa Goya''' (Sefora: Musée Goya) ke musiamo wa botaki o o kwa Castres, kwa Fora.&lt;ref&gt;[https://web.archive.org/web/20091004061820/http://www.amis-musees-castres.asso.fr/goya/anglais.htm Goya Museum] Archived 2009-10-04 at the Wayback Machine, Les amis des Musées de Castres.&lt;/ref&gt; Musiamo ono o ne wa tlhongwa la ntlha ka 1840 mme o ne wa tewa ka motaki wa Mo-Spain e bong Francisco Goya ka gonne o ntse o dira tiro ya botaki jwa Se-Hispanic, fa e sa le ka 1947.

== Hisetori le kokoanyo ==
Musiamo o mo Ntlong ya Bogosi ya bogologolo ya ga Bishopo, e e agilweng ka 1675 mme e theilwe mo polaneng ya ga Jules Hardouin Mansart, yo e neng e le moagi wa Ntlo ya Bogosi ya Versailles.&lt;ref&gt;[https://web.archive.org/web/20091004061820/http://www.amis-musees-castres.asso.fr/goya/anglais.htm Goya Museum] Archived 2009-10-04 at the Wayback Machine, Les amis des Musées de Castres.&lt;/ref&gt;Ditshingwana tseno di ne di tlhamilwe ke André Le Nôtre, yo le ene a neng a bereka kwa Versailles. 
[[Setshwantsho:Musée Goya 6.jpg|thumb|'''Musée Goya''']]
Musiamo o tshotse ditshwantsho di le 5000 tse di nang le ditshwantsho di le 420 tsa Fora le kokoanyo ya dibetsa di le 612.&lt;ref&gt;[https://www.museegoya.fr/en/la-collection/les-principaux-fonds-et-collections Collection of the Goya Museum], site museegoya.fr.&lt;/ref&gt;Mme e neetswe thata mo botaking jwa Spain jo bo nang le kokoanyo e kgolo go gaisa kwa Fora, go akaretsa ditshwantsho di le 200,&lt;ref&gt;[https://www.museegoya.fr/fr/collections/peintures-espagnoles?p=1 Spanish paintings of the Goya Museum], site museegoya.fr.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;[http://www2.culture.gouv.fr/public/mistral/joconde_fr?ACTION=CHERCHER&amp;FIELD_1=DOMN&amp;VALUE_1=peinture&amp;FIELD_9=Ecole&amp;VALUE_9=espagne&amp;FIELD_10=Museofile&amp;VALUE_10=M5031 Spanish paintings of the Louvre Museum on the State database Joconde (now replaced by POP),] site culture.gouv.fr.&lt;/ref&gt;kgatlhanong le tse di takilweng di le 173 kwa Louvre,&lt;ref&gt;[https://web.archive.org/web/20250119232732/https://collections.louvre.fr/recherche?limit=100&amp;advanced=1&amp;collection&amp;#91;0&amp;#93;=8&amp;author&amp;#91;0&amp;#93;=806 Spanish paintings of the Louvre Museum, site louvre.fr].&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;[http://www2.culture.gouv.fr/public/mistral/joconde_fr?ACTION=CHERCHER&amp;FIELD_1=DOMN&amp;VALUE_1=peinture&amp;FIELD_9=Ecole&amp;VALUE_9=espagne&amp;FIELD_10=Museofile&amp;VALUE_10=M5031 Spanish paintings of the Louvre Museum on the State database Joconde (now replaced by POP), site culture.gouv.fr.]&lt;/ref&gt;mmogo le ditshwantsho tse di betlilweng di le 140, madi a tshipi go tloga ka Bogologolo go fitlha ka 19th c. le ditshwantsho le digatiso di ka nna 1000, jaaka motseletsele o o feletseng wa ditshwantsho tse nne tsa Goya (Caprichos, Masetlapelo a Ntwa, Los Disparates le La Tauromaquia), motseletsele wa Gaudí ka Joan Miró le digatiso di le 83 ka Salvador Dalí. 
[[Setshwantsho:(Castres) La Junte des Philippines - Francisco de Goya - Musée Goya.jpg|thumb|'''La Junte des Philippines - Francisco de Goya - Musée Goya''']]
Ditshwantsho tsa yona di simolola ka ngwagakgolo wa bo 14 go fitlha gompieno, mme Francisco Goya ka boene o emetswe ke ditshwantsho tse tharo tse di takilweng ke morwa wa motaki Marcel Briguiboul ka 1894, Junta ya Philippines (c. 1815, tiro e kgolo go gaisa tsotlhe ya ga Goya), Setshwantsho sa Boitshepo sa Boemakepe (Francisra del Fora)80. Mazo (ka Sefora) (mo e ka nnang ka 1815-1820). Bataki ba bangwe mo kokoanyong eno ba akaretsa Juan Rexach, Lluís Borrassà, Alejo Fernández, Francisco de Osona, Vicente Macip, Diego Velázquez, Bartolomé Esteban Murillo (Mohumagadi wa Rona wa Rosari), Cano, Juan Pantoja de la Cruz, Francisco Ribalta, Sebastián de Llanos le Valdés, Claudio Coello, Pedro Orrente, Sebastián Muñoz, Francisco Varela, Pedro Nuñez wa Villavicencio, Gregorio Bausá, Francisco Bayeu le Subias, Velázquez, Antonio Muñoz Degrain, Federico wa Madrazo le Kuntz, Mariano Fortuny le Madrazo, Aureliano wa Beruete, Antonio wa La Gandara, Joaquín Sorolla, Santiago Rusiñol, Pablo Picasso, Juan Gris, Mallo, Oscar Dominguez, Celso Lagar, Ismaele wa Serna, Hermenegildo Anglada Camarasa, Antoni Clavé, Rafaele Durancamps, Manolo Millares, Carlos Pradal le Mogakolodi Blasco. Musiamo o o tlhabolotsweng gotlhelele o ne wa bulwa gape ka 15 Moranang 2023 ka diphaposi di le 23 mo 1500 m2 le holo ya dipontsho mo ntlong ya pele ya baitlami e e bapileng ya Les Cèdres.&lt;ref&gt;[https://www.ladepeche.fr/2023/04/18/pres-de-5-000-personnes-sont-venues-decouvrir-le-nouveau-musee-goya-11141575.php Reopening of the Goya Museum, 18 April 2023, ''ladepeche.fr''.]&lt;/ref&gt;

== Metswedi ==</text>
      <sha1>hin9tfnfcel1cpxvzvncgjl462jo7bb</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Leslie Berland</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>11224</id>
    <revision>
      <id>54209</id>
      <parentid>43409</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-08-18T09:16:44Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>InternetArchiveBot</username>
        <id>8156</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5</comment>
      <origin>54209</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="5166" sha1="35ic682afbnp0q0uols6sjd21pmpzy2" xml:space="preserve">Leslie Berland ke Mothusa-tautona wa Khuduthamaga le Modiredi yo Mogolo wa Papatso wa [[Verizon]].&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;[https://www.verizon.com/about/our-company/executive-bios/leslie-berland Leslie Berland&quot;.] ''www.verizon.com''. Retrieved 2024-07-24&lt;/ref&gt;

== Thuto ==
Berland o amogetse dikirii ya [[Bachelor ya Maranyane]] kwa [[Kholetšheng ya Tlhaeletsano ya Yunibesithi ya Boston]].&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;

== Mokgwa wa go itshetsa le tswelelopele ==
Ferikgong 2023 go fitlha ka Sedimonthole 2023, e ne e le CMO kwa [[Peloton]].&lt;ref&gt;Spangler, Todd (2023-12-06). [https://variety.com/2023/digital/news/verizon-cmo-leslie-berland-1235824988/ &quot;Verizon Hires Leslie Berland, Former Peloton and Twitter CMO, as Marketing Boss&quot;]. ''Variety''. Retrieved 2024-07-24.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;[https://www.retaildive.com/news/peloton-chief-marketing-officer-to-resign-leslie-berland-verizon/701850/ &quot;Peloton chief marketing officer resigns&quot;]. ''Retail Dive''. Retrieved 2024-07-25&lt;/ref&gt;

2016-2022 o ne a na le seabe se se mabedi sa CMO le tlhogo ya batho&lt;ref&gt;[https://www.bloomberg.com/profile/person/16431541 &quot;Leslie Berland&quot;.] ''www.bloomberg.com''. Retrieved 2020-01-12.&lt;/ref&gt; kwa [[Twitter]].&lt;ref&gt;[https://web.archive.org/web/20250123213632/https://www.jagranjosh.com/current-affairs/leslie-berland-appointed-as-chief-marketing-officer-of-twitter-inc-1454060610-1 &quot;Leslie Berland appointed as Chief Marketing Officer of Twitter Inc&quot;.] ''Jagranjosh.com''. 2016-01-30. Retrieved 2020-01-12&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;[https://www.verizon.com/about/news/verizon-appoints-leslie-berland-chief-marketing-officer &quot;Verizon appoints Leslie Berland as Chief Marketing Officer&quot;.] ''www.verizon.com''. 2023-12-06. Retrieved 2024-07-24.&lt;/ref&gt;

2005-2016 e ne e le EVP ya papatso ya lefatshe lotlhe, papatso, le tirisanommogo ya maranyane kwa [[American Express.]]&lt;ref&gt;[https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/news/microsofts-mixer-platform-silent-popular-streamers-registered-sex-offender-comments-1261386 &quot;Microsoft's Mixer Platform Ends Partnership With Popular Streamer Following &quot;Registered Sex Offender&quot; Comments&quot;]. ''The Hollywood Reporter''. 10 December 2019. Retrieved 2020-01-12.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Chaykowski, Kathleen. [https://www.forbes.com/sites/kathleenchaykowski/2016/01/26/twitter-hires-american-express-exec-leslie-berland-as-cmo/ &quot;Twitter Hires Former American Express Exec Leslie Berland As CMO&quot;.] ''Forbes''. Retrieved 2020-01-12.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;[https://www.mmaglobal.com/speakers/leslie-berland &quot;Leslie Berland&quot;]. ''MMA Global''. Retrieved 2024-07-24&lt;/ref&gt;

Gape o ne a na le ditiro tsa PR kwa [[Ketchum]]&lt;ref&gt;[https://www.digitalinformationworld.com/2019/10/twitter-cmo-leslie-berland-shares-an-important-career-advice-for-youngsters.html Twitter CMO Leslie Berland Shares An Important Career Advice For Youngsters: Read It Here!&quot;]. 7 October 2019. Retrieved 2020-01-12.&lt;/ref&gt;le kwa GCI Health.&lt;ref&gt;Connley, Courtney (2019-09-30). [https://www.cnbc.com/2019/09/30/twitter-cmo-leslie-berland-on-career-advice-young-people-should-avoid.html &quot;Twitter CMO Leslie Berland says young people should ignore this common piece of career advice&quot;.] ''CNBC''. Retrieved 2020-01-12&lt;/ref&gt; O mo botong ya bagakolodi ba [[Lekgotla la Dipapatso]]&lt;ref&gt;[https://www.adcouncil.org/About-Us/Leadership/Board-of-Directors &quot;Board of Directors&quot;.] ''AdCouncil''. Retrieved 2020-01-12&lt;/ref&gt; le ba LEAP.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;

== Dikakgolo ==
[[Forbes]] e ne ya baya Berland mo maemong a #3 mo lenaaneng la bone la di-CMO tse di nang le tlhotlheletso go gaisa mo lefatsheng.&lt;ref&gt;Rooney, Jenny. [https://www.forbes.com/sites/jenniferrooney/2018/06/21/the-worlds-most-influential-cmos-2018/ &quot;The World's Most Influential CMOs 2018&quot;]. ''Forbes''. Retrieved 2021-01-20&lt;/ref&gt; [[Fast Company]] e ne ya baya Berland mo maemong a borataro&lt;ref&gt;[https://www.adweek.com/inside-the-brand/cmo-moves/leslie-berland-twitter-leading-with-impact/ &quot;Twitter CMO Leslie Berland on Leading with Impact&quot;.] ''Inside the Brand''. 9 October 2018. Retrieved 2020-01-12.&lt;/ref&gt; mo bathong ba bone ba le lekgolo ba ba nang le bokgoni jwa go itlhamela dilo mo kgwebong&lt;ref&gt;Koh, Yoree (26 January 2016). [https://www.wsj.com/articles/twitter-taps-new-chief-marketing-officer-1453816116 &quot;Twitter Appoints a Marketing Chief&quot;.] ''WSJ''. Retrieved 2020-01-12&lt;/ref&gt; ka ntlha ya go tlhotlheletsa boeteledipele jwa AmEx go dira gore dipolatefomo tsa media wa botsalano di tle pele.&lt;ref&gt;Carr, Austin (2012-04-27). [https://www.fastcompany.com/3018190/6-leslie-berland &quot;6. Leslie Berland&quot;.] ''Fast Company''. Retrieved 2020-01-12.&lt;/ref&gt; O ne a tlhagelela mo lenaaneng la Boitlhamedi jwa [[Motlha wa Papatso 50|Advertising Age 50]].&lt;ref&gt;[https://adage.com/article/digital/twitter-names-amex-s-lesie-berland-cmo/302347 &quot;Twitter Names AmEx's Leslie Berland Its CMO&quot;.] ''adage.com''. 2016-01-26. Retrieved 2020-01-12&lt;/ref&gt; Ka 2018, o ne a tlhomiwa go nna leloko la Boto ya Bosetšhaba ya Bakaedi kwa [[Mokgatlhong wa Make a Wish]]&lt;ref&gt;Davis, Richard K. [https://wish.org/managing-our-funds &quot;Our Path Forward&quot;.] ''Wish.Org''&lt;/ref&gt;

== Botshelo jwa gagwe ==
Berland o nna kwa Manhattan le barwa ba gagwe ba babedi.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;

== Metswedi ==
&lt;references /&gt;
[[Karolo:Batho ba ba tshelang]]</text>
      <sha1>35ic682afbnp0q0uols6sjd21pmpzy2</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Isabel V. Hull</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>11235</id>
    <revision>
      <id>54205</id>
      <parentid>43039</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-08-18T07:01:59Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>InternetArchiveBot</username>
        <id>8156</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5</comment>
      <origin>54205</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="3162" sha1="pxv3qdgpuz0lx0e06dp80k25bejcynt" xml:space="preserve">{{Infobox person|name=Isabel V Hull|birth_date=1949|nationality=American|alma mater=University of Michigan (BA)
Yale University (PhD)|occupation=Mokwadi, Motlhatlheleladithuto, moitseanape wa ditso}}

'''Isabel Virginia Hull''' (o o tshotsweng ka 1949) ke motlhatlhelela dithuto tsa ditso wa pele wa kwa John Stambaugh, gape e le modulasetilo wa pele wa lephata la ditso kwa [[Cornell University.]] O itebagantse le ditso tsa [[Germany]] go tswa ka 1700 go tsena 1945, mme segolo a lebile tsa popego ya mapolotiki, sepolotiki, le bong. Fa e sale ka Firikgong ngwaga wa 2006,Hull o berekile mo lekgotleng la bokwadi jwa ditso tsa gompieno.

== Thuto ==
Hull o amogetse BA ya gagwe go tswa [[University of Michigan]] ka 1970 le PhD kwa [[Yale University]] ka 1978. O ruta ka ntwa ya ntlha ya mafatshe, ditso tsa Germany go tswa 1648 go tsena gompieno le molao wa mafatshe.

== Tshekatsheko ==
Maemo a Hull a itseweng thata ka one, a a itshupang mo dibukeng tse pedi tsa gagwe tsa mo bosheng, ke gore lefatshe la Germany pele le ka nako ya ntwa ya ntlha ya mafatshe o ne a sa khathale ka molao wa mafatshe mo bagakeng le gore seabe sa bone mo go tsiseng ntwa se ne se feta sa ba bangwe. Ka 2014,Hull o ne a gatisa pamipitshana e e buang ka go dira le go roba molao ka nako ya ntwa, a tlhodumela go tswalelwa ga Germany. Buka e e ne ya kgalwa ke baitseanape ba bangwe ba ditso ka go bo e reteletswe ke go ela tlhoko setho le go tlhomamisa kganelo.&lt;ref&gt;Ziemann, Benjamin. &quot;[https://web.archive.org/web/20251008084308/https://www.hsozkult.de/index.php Rezension zu: I. Hull: A Scrap of Paper&quot;]. ''H-Soz-Kult. Kommunikation und Fachinformation für die Geschichtswissenschaften''&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Moyn, Samuel (June 5, 2014). [https://www.wsj.com/articles/book-review-a-scrap-of-paper-by-isabel-v-hull-1402010920 &quot;Book Review: 'A Scrap of Paper' by Isabel V. Hull&quot;.] ''The Wall Street Journal''. Retrieved 08 October 2025.&lt;/ref&gt;

Michael Geyer wa University of Chicago o ne a supile fa Isabel V Hull e le mongwe wa baitseanape ba ditso ba ba atlegileng thata, wa maemo a ntlha a kokomane ya gagwe, o supilwe mo dikganngnyeng tsa VICE fa e le mongwe wa baithuti ba ba di gogang kwa pele mo seabeng sa bosetšhaba mo ditsong.&lt;ref&gt;Pearl, Mike (December 5, 2015). [https://www.vice.com/en/article/we-asked-a-fascism-expert-if-donald-trump-is-a-fascist-124/ &quot;We Asked a Fascism Expert if Donald Trump Is a Fascist&quot;]. ''Vice News''. Retrieved 08 October 2025.&lt;/ref&gt; Ke mofenyi wa seetsele sa Ralph Waldo Emerson le Leo Gershoy ka 1996, ke leloko la [[American Academy of Arts and Sciences]] ebile e nnile moithuti wa Guggenheim le wa ditshekatsheko wa Alexander von Humboldt-Stiftung. Ka ngwaga wa 2013, o ne a atswiwa ka mpho ya kemo nokeng ya ditshekatsheko tsa gagwe ke Max Weber Stiftung le Historisches Kolleg.

== Dibuka ==

* ''The Entourage of Kaise Wilhem II,'' 1888 go tsena 1918.: Cambridge University Press. 1982.
* ''Sexuality, State and Civil Society in Germany'', 1700 go tsena 1815. Ithaca: Cornell University Press, 1996
* ''Absolute Destruction:Military Culture and the Practices of war in Imperial Germany.'' Ithaca:Cornell University Press, 2005.

== Metswedi ==</text>
      <sha1>pxv3qdgpuz0lx0e06dp80k25bejcynt</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Lerato Moloi</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>11630</id>
    <revision>
      <id>54207</id>
      <parentid>44219</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-08-18T09:13:53Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>InternetArchiveBot</username>
        <id>8156</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5</comment>
      <origin>54207</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="4064" sha1="kudjpkln9rlzq2tqqznq7sr2bw9gf1j" xml:space="preserve">{{Infobox person|occupation=Model,&lt;br&gt;Actor,&lt;br&gt;Television producer,&lt;br&gt;Entrepreneur,&lt;br&gt;Film director|citizenship=[[South Africa]]|birth_place=[[Limpopo River]]|birth_date={{birth date and age|1985|01|13|df=y}}|name=Lerato Moloi}}
'''Lerato Moloi''' ke [[mosupi wa diaparo]] wa [[Aforika Borwa]], yo ka ngwaga wa 2009, a neng a nna sefatlhego sa ntlha sa batho ba bantsho sa letshwaokgwebo la ditlolo la [[Elizabeth Arden]]. Kwa tshimologong, Moloi o ne a kgatlhegela thuto ya tlhaloganyo, mme morago ga go etela setheo sa go dira ditshwantsho le mmaagwe le kgaitsadie yo mmotlana, o ne a kgatlhegela go dira ditshwantsho. Tiro ya gagwe ya go nna motlelara e simolotse semmuso a le dingwaga di le lesome le bosupa mme go tsaya dinepe ga gagwe ga ntlha ga seporofešenale e ne e le ga [[Elle Magazine]]. 

Kganetsano e ne ya tsoga ka ngwaga wa 2000 fa setheo sengwe sa go dira ditshwantsho kwa New York se ne se bolelela Moloi gore o tlhoka go fokotsa boima jwa mmele pele ga a dira ditshwantsho. Tiragalo eno e ne ya tsosa dingangisano tsa boditšhabatšhaba ka tiriso ya dikai tse di nang le boima jo bo kwa tlase mo Intasetering ya Feshene.

Moloi o boleletse [[BBC News]] gore, &quot;Basetsana ba bannye mo Aforika ba tshwenyegile thata ka go nna basesane-fa re ntse re kopana le bobegakgang jwa bophirima ke ka fa re nwelelang&quot;.&lt;ref&gt;Moloi, Lerato. [1], &quot;BBC News: In The Eye of the Beholder,&quot; 3 December 2003, retrieved 3 September 2011&lt;/ref&gt; Ka ngwaga wa 2002, o ne a tsaya karolo mo kgaisanong ya [[M-Net]] Face of Africa mme a nna mofenyi wa makgaolakgang.&lt;ref&gt;Hapa, Nani.[2], &quot;Mimi Magazine,&quot;January, 2009, retrieved 3 September 2011&lt;/ref&gt;

Moloi o ne a dira sekao sa mofuta wa tlhokomelo ya letlalo wa &quot;Krimi ya Diura di le Robedi&quot; ya ga Elizabeth Arden. Jaaka sefatlhego sa ntlha se sentsho sa ga Elizabeth Arden, Moloi o boletse gore o batla go nyeletsa tlhamane ya gore tshireletso ya UV ga e botlhokwa mo basading ba mmala.&lt;ref&gt;Moloi, Lerato. [3], &quot;Mimi Magazine,&quot; January, 2009, retrieved 3 September 2011.&lt;/ref&gt;

Moloi e ne e le [[mogaisani wa MasterChef]] yo o Tumileng wa Aforikaborwa ka ngwaga wa 2015.

== Botshelo jwa motho ka namana ==
Moloi o ne a nyetswe ke Sibusiso Hlatshwayo, mokapelo wa gagwe wa nako e telele go tswa kwa sekolong se segolo, ngwaga pele ga tlhalo ya bone ka ngwaga wa 2011. O na le ngwana a le 1 le ene, Muhle, yo o tshotsweng ka ngwaga wa 2010, mme ngwana wa gagwe yo mogolo go tswa mo botsalanong jo bo fetileng, ke Keoratile.

Ka kgwedi ya Phukwi ngwaga wa 2020, go ne ga begwa fa Moloi a ne a tshwarelwa [[go nyatsa kgotlatshekelo]] morago ga gore a gane go tlosa [[tweet]] e mo go yone a neng a latofatsa gore o ne a tlhaselwa ka tlhakanelodikobo ke banna ba le bararo, yo mongwe wa bone a neng a mo umaka leina e le rametlae Mongezi &quot;Tol Ass Mo&quot; Ngcobondwane. Go begwa fa Ngcobondwane a tsere dikgato tsa semolao mme a laelwa ke kgotlatshekelo go tlosa tweet eo. Ka 19 Seetebosigo o ne a kwadile jaana mo Twitter: &quot;Moment's ago, ke sa tswa go saena &amp; ke amogetse makwalo a mmueledi a go batla, taelo ya tshireletso ya nakwana; jalo le jalo, go tswa mo monneng yo o mpeteletseng ka 2014. Ke sa ntse ke sa tshoge! Ga nkitla ke didimala!&quot;. ka ntlha ya ditatofatso tsa maaka tse di neng di beilwe kgatlhanong le ene.&lt;ref&gt;Citizen reporter (2 July 2020). &quot;[https://citizen.co.za/lifestyle/your-life-entertainment-your-life/entertainment-celebrities/2312719/model-arrested-after-refusing-to-take-down-metoo-tweets-refuses-to-back-down/amp/ Model arrested after refusing to take down #MeToo tweets, refuses to back down&quot;]. [[:en:The_Citizen_(South_African_newspaper)|The Citizen]]. Retrieved 6 July 2020.

Smith-Spark, Laura. &quot;Is Ultra-Thin Going Out of Fashion.&quot; BBC News 27, September 2006: n. pag. Web. 3 Sep 2011. [https://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/europe/5384106.stm &lt;https://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/europe/5384106.stm&gt;.]&lt;/ref&gt;

== Tse di kwa ntle ==

* [https://web.archive.org/web/20160303233910/http://www.mimimagazine.com/2009/january/index.html &lt;nowiki&gt;4]&lt;/nowiki&gt;]- Full Article About Lerato Moloi

== Metswedi ==</text>
      <sha1>kudjpkln9rlzq2tqqznq7sr2bw9gf1j</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>54208</id>
      <parentid>54207</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-08-18T09:13:55Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>KiranBOT</username>
        <id>11660</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>removed AMP tracking from URLs ([[:m:User:KiranBOT/AMP|details]]) ([[User talk:Usernamekiran|report error]]) v3.1.1s</comment>
      <origin>54208</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="4025" sha1="416kcsad3tv80pny7x69bc9qmohi9x7" xml:space="preserve">{{Infobox person|occupation=Model,&lt;br&gt;Actor,&lt;br&gt;Television producer,&lt;br&gt;Entrepreneur,&lt;br&gt;Film director|citizenship=[[South Africa]]|birth_place=[[Limpopo River]]|birth_date={{birth date and age|1985|01|13|df=y}}|name=Lerato Moloi}}
'''Lerato Moloi''' ke [[mosupi wa diaparo]] wa [[Aforika Borwa]], yo ka ngwaga wa 2009, a neng a nna sefatlhego sa ntlha sa batho ba bantsho sa letshwaokgwebo la ditlolo la [[Elizabeth Arden]]. Kwa tshimologong, Moloi o ne a kgatlhegela thuto ya tlhaloganyo, mme morago ga go etela setheo sa go dira ditshwantsho le mmaagwe le kgaitsadie yo mmotlana, o ne a kgatlhegela go dira ditshwantsho. Tiro ya gagwe ya go nna motlelara e simolotse semmuso a le dingwaga di le lesome le bosupa mme go tsaya dinepe ga gagwe ga ntlha ga seporofešenale e ne e le ga [[Elle Magazine]]. 

Kganetsano e ne ya tsoga ka ngwaga wa 2000 fa setheo sengwe sa go dira ditshwantsho kwa New York se ne se bolelela Moloi gore o tlhoka go fokotsa boima jwa mmele pele ga a dira ditshwantsho. Tiragalo eno e ne ya tsosa dingangisano tsa boditšhabatšhaba ka tiriso ya dikai tse di nang le boima jo bo kwa tlase mo Intasetering ya Feshene.

Moloi o boleletse [[BBC News]] gore, &quot;Basetsana ba bannye mo Aforika ba tshwenyegile thata ka go nna basesane-fa re ntse re kopana le bobegakgang jwa bophirima ke ka fa re nwelelang&quot;.&lt;ref&gt;Moloi, Lerato. [1], &quot;BBC News: In The Eye of the Beholder,&quot; 3 December 2003, retrieved 3 September 2011&lt;/ref&gt; Ka ngwaga wa 2002, o ne a tsaya karolo mo kgaisanong ya [[M-Net]] Face of Africa mme a nna mofenyi wa makgaolakgang.&lt;ref&gt;Hapa, Nani.[2], &quot;Mimi Magazine,&quot;January, 2009, retrieved 3 September 2011&lt;/ref&gt;

Moloi o ne a dira sekao sa mofuta wa tlhokomelo ya letlalo wa &quot;Krimi ya Diura di le Robedi&quot; ya ga Elizabeth Arden. Jaaka sefatlhego sa ntlha se sentsho sa ga Elizabeth Arden, Moloi o boletse gore o batla go nyeletsa tlhamane ya gore tshireletso ya UV ga e botlhokwa mo basading ba mmala.&lt;ref&gt;Moloi, Lerato. [3], &quot;Mimi Magazine,&quot; January, 2009, retrieved 3 September 2011.&lt;/ref&gt;

Moloi e ne e le [[mogaisani wa MasterChef]] yo o Tumileng wa Aforikaborwa ka ngwaga wa 2015.

== Botshelo jwa motho ka namana ==
Moloi o ne a nyetswe ke Sibusiso Hlatshwayo, mokapelo wa gagwe wa nako e telele go tswa kwa sekolong se segolo, ngwaga pele ga tlhalo ya bone ka ngwaga wa 2011. O na le ngwana a le 1 le ene, Muhle, yo o tshotsweng ka ngwaga wa 2010, mme ngwana wa gagwe yo mogolo go tswa mo botsalanong jo bo fetileng, ke Keoratile.

Ka kgwedi ya Phukwi ngwaga wa 2020, go ne ga begwa fa Moloi a ne a tshwarelwa [[go nyatsa kgotlatshekelo]] morago ga gore a gane go tlosa [[tweet]] e mo go yone a neng a latofatsa gore o ne a tlhaselwa ka tlhakanelodikobo ke banna ba le bararo, yo mongwe wa bone a neng a mo umaka leina e le rametlae Mongezi &quot;Tol Ass Mo&quot; Ngcobondwane. Go begwa fa Ngcobondwane a tsere dikgato tsa semolao mme a laelwa ke kgotlatshekelo go tlosa tweet eo. Ka 19 Seetebosigo o ne a kwadile jaana mo Twitter: &quot;Moment's ago, ke sa tswa go saena &amp; ke amogetse makwalo a mmueledi a go batla, taelo ya tshireletso ya nakwana; jalo le jalo, go tswa mo monneng yo o mpeteletseng ka 2014. Ke sa ntse ke sa tshoge! Ga nkitla ke didimala!&quot;. ka ntlha ya ditatofatso tsa maaka tse di neng di beilwe kgatlhanong le ene.&lt;ref&gt;Citizen reporter (2 July 2020). &quot;[https://www.citizen.co.za/lifestyle/entertainment/celebrity-news/model-arrested-after-refusing-to-take-down-metoo-tweets-refuses-to-back-down/ Model arrested after refusing to take down #MeToo tweets, refuses to back down&quot;]. [[:en:The_Citizen_(South_African_newspaper)|The Citizen]]. Retrieved 6 July 2020.

Smith-Spark, Laura. &quot;Is Ultra-Thin Going Out of Fashion.&quot; BBC News 27, September 2006: n. pag. Web. 3 Sep 2011. [https://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/europe/5384106.stm &lt;https://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/europe/5384106.stm&gt;.]&lt;/ref&gt;

== Tse di kwa ntle ==

* [https://web.archive.org/web/20160303233910/http://www.mimimagazine.com/2009/january/index.html &lt;nowiki&gt;4]&lt;/nowiki&gt;]- Full Article About Lerato Moloi

== Metswedi ==</text>
      <sha1>416kcsad3tv80pny7x69bc9qmohi9x7</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Aïssata Tall Sall</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>12589</id>
    <revision>
      <id>54197</id>
      <parentid>46882</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-08-18T00:37:09Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>InternetArchiveBot</username>
        <id>8156</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5</comment>
      <origin>54197</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="9177" sha1="14vj2jk49zh3a4a9rok3416glfoz4ug" xml:space="preserve">[[Setshwantsho:Aïssata Tall Sall.jpg|thumb|Aïssata Tall Sall]]
'''Aïssata Tall Sall''' (o belegwe ka 12 Sedimonthole 1957) ke mmueledi le mopolotiki wa kwa [[Senegal]] yo o neng a dira jaaka Tona ya Merero ya Boditšhabatšhaba go tloga ka Ngwanatsele 2020 go fitlha ka Phalane 2023.
== Tiro ya gagwe ==
Tall o belegwe ka 12 Sedimonthole 1957 kwa [[:en:Podor|Podor]][https://web.archive.org/web/20251216050403/https://www.senegel.org/en/people-society/celebrities/peopledetails/1862 &lt;nowiki&gt;[1]&lt;/nowiki&gt;] mme o tswa mo lelapeng la [[:en:Marabout|Marabout]] le le neng le le kelotlhoko. [https://www.jeuneafrique.com/mag/234955/politique/senegal-aissata-tall-sall-objectif-presidentielle/ &lt;nowiki&gt;[2]&lt;/nowiki&gt;] Ke ene yo mogolo mo baneng ba le robongwe ba basetsana le ba le babedi ba basimane mme o ne a fudugela kwa [[:en:Dakar|Dakar]] go ya go ithuta morago ga sekolo sa poraemari. O ne a ithuta molao kwa [[:en:University_of_Dakar|University of Dakar]] mme fa Bar Council e ne e sa batle go ba tsenya, ene le babueledi ba bangwe ba le masome a mararo ba ne ba ba isa kwa Kgotlatshekelo ya Boikuelo mme ba fenya. O ne a kwadisiwa kwa Senegal Bar ka 1982.[https://web.archive.org/web/20221021201046/https://ordredesavocats.sn/trouver-un-avocat-inscrit-a-lordre/sall-aissata-tall/ &lt;nowiki&gt;[ 3]&lt;/nowiki&gt;]
[[Setshwantsho:Secretary Blinken Meets with Senegalese Foreign Minister Aissata Sall (51700602131).jpg|thumb|Aïssata Tall Sall]]


Tall o ne a ithutetse molao wa kgwebo pele a tsenela dipolotiki. E ne e le mmueledi mo ditlhatlhobong tsa sepolotiki tse di kgatlhanong le puso ya ga [[:en:Abdoulaye_Wade|Wade]] go tloga ka 2000 go fitlha ka 2012.[https://www.jeuneafrique.com/mag/234955/politique/senegal-aissata-tall-sall-objectif-presidentielle/ &lt;nowiki&gt;[2]&lt;/nowiki&gt;] O ne gape a emela bagenerale ba kwa [[Ivory Coast]] e bong [[:en:Lassana_Palenfo|Lassana Palenfo]] le [[:en:Ibrahim_Coulibaly|Ibrahim Coulibaly]], Tautona wa pele wa [[Mauritania]] [[:en:Mohamed_Khouna_Ould_Haidalla|Mohamed Khouna]] [[:en:Mohamed_Khouna_Ould_Haidalla|Ould Haidalla]], tautoma wa pele  wa [[Togo]] [[:en:Agbéyomé_Kodjo|Agbéyomé Kodjo]] le tautona wa nakwana wa kwa [[Mali]] [[:en:Dioncounda_Traoré|Dioncounda Traoré]]. Ka nako ya tsheko ya ga Palenfo le Coulibaly, motlhami wa difilimi [[:en:Abderrahmane_Sissako|Abderrahmane Sissako]] o ne a mo atamela mme a itlhalosa mo filiming ya 2006 [[:en:Bamako_(film)|Bamako]], ka kgetsi kgatlhanong le [[:en:IMF|IMF]] le [[:en:World_Bank|World Bank]]. [https://www.jeuneafrique.com/mag/234955/politique/senegal-aissata-tall-sall-objectif-presidentielle/ &lt;nowiki&gt;[2]&lt;/nowiki&gt;]

Tall o ne a direla jaaka Tona ya Tlhaeletsano mo pusong ya [[:en:Abdou_Diouf|Abdou Diouf]] go tloga ka 1998 go fitlha ka 2000.[https://www.jeuneafrique.com/mag/234955/politique/senegal-aissata-tall-sall-objectif-presidentielle/ &lt;nowiki&gt;[2]&lt;/nowiki&gt;] O ne a tlhophiwa go nna ratoropo wa [[:en:Podor|Podor]] ka Moranang 2009 mme a tlhophiwa gape ka Seetebosigo 2014. Gape e ne e le leloko la Kokoano Bosetšhaba mo mokgatlhong wa Benno Bokk Yaakaar (&quot;United in the Same Hope&quot;)[https://web.archive.org/web/20251216050403/https://www.senegel.org/en/people-society/celebrities/peopledetails/1862 &lt;nowiki&gt;.[ 1]&lt;/nowiki&gt;]

Tall ke leloko la [[:en:Socialist_Party_of_Senegal|Socialist Party of Senegal]]. Ka Seetebosigo 2014, o ne a tsenela ditlhopho tsa ka fa gare tsa go nna Mokwaledi Kakaretso wa Lekoko kgatlhanong le [[:en:Ousmane_Tanor_Dieng|Ousmane Tanor Dieng]]. Le fa go ntse jalo, kgaisano ya ditlhopho e ne ya khutlisiwa ke moporesidente wa Komiti ya Bosetšhaba ya Tsamaiso le Tlhatlhobo le ratoropo wa [[:en:Dakar|Dakar]], [[:en:Khalifa_Sall|Khalifa Sall]], a tlhalosa gore go na le matshosetsi a go se utlwane le go tshwaragana, mme Tanor a tlhophiwa gape a sa ganediwa. [https://www.jeuneafrique.com/52509/politique/aissata-tall-sall-je-n-ai-pas-sollicit-le-retrait-de-ma-candidature-la-t-te-du-ps &lt;nowiki&gt;[ 6][2]&lt;/nowiki&gt;] O ne a tlogela lekoko ka nakwana ka 2018 go tlhoma mokgatlho wa gagwe o o bidiwang &quot;Daring the Future&quot;[https://www.bbc.com/afrique/region-43832073 &lt;nowiki&gt;,[7]&lt;/nowiki&gt;] mme ga a ka a amogela ditshaeno tse di lekaneng go tsenela ditlhopho.[https://ze-africanews.com/en/senegal-aissata-tall-sall-1st-woman-in-foreign-affairs/ &lt;nowiki&gt;[ 5]&lt;/nowiki&gt;]

Tall o ne a tshegetsa [[:en:Macky_Sall|Macky Sall]] ka nako ya ditlhopho tsa Botautona Tlhakole 2019, a re e ne e le &quot;mo dikgatlhegong tsa Sengal&quot; mme o ne a tlhomiwa go nna &quot;Morongwa yo o Kgethegileng&quot; wa Moeteledipele. O ne a tlhophiwa go nna Tona ya Merero ya Selegae mo Kabineteng ya ga Sall ka di 1 Ngwanatsele 2020, mosadi wa ntlha mo maemong a. [https://ze-africanews.com/en/senegal-aissata-tall-sall-1st-woman-in-foreign-affairs/ &lt;nowiki&gt;[5]&lt;/nowiki&gt;] [https://web.archive.org/web/20210302011524/https://emedia.sn/AISSATA-TALL-SALL-1ERE-FEMME-MINISTRE-DES-AFFAIRES-ETRANGERES.html &lt;nowiki&gt;[10]&lt;/nowiki&gt;] Kwa moletlong wa go neelana ka seabe go tswa kwa pele ga gagwe [[:en:Amadou_Ba_(politician,_born_1961)|Amadou Ba]], o ne a tlhalosa tsela e e neng e lebagane le go lwantsha &quot;bofaladi jo bo seng ka fa molaong&quot; le mogopolo wa gore katlego e ka kgonega fela kwa mafelong a mangwe. [https://www.en24news.com/2020/11/aissata-tall-sall-sets-out-her-roadmap.html &lt;nowiki&gt;[ 11]&lt;/nowiki&gt;]

Tall o boletse fa keletso ya gagwe e le go nna mosadi wa ntlha go nna tlhogo ya naga mo Afrika e e buang Sefora.[https://web.archive.org/web/20251216050403/https://www.senegel.org/en/people-society/celebrities/peopledetails/1862 &lt;nowiki&gt;[ 1]&lt;/nowiki&gt;][[https://www.jeuneafrique.com/mag/234955/politique/senegal-aissata-tall-sall-objectif-presidentielle/ &lt;nowiki&gt;2]&lt;/nowiki&gt;]

Ka Sedimonthole 2024, Aïssata Tall Sall o ne a tlhophiwa go nna moeteledipele wa kganetso, go etelela pele setlhopha sa palamente sa Takku Wallu Senegal, se se neng sa fenya ditulo di le 16 mo Kokoanong ya Bosetšhaba. [https://www.lemonde.fr/afrique/article/2024/12/05/au-senegal-aissata-tall-sall-nouvelle-cheffe-de-l-opposition_6432219_3212.html &lt;nowiki&gt;[12]&lt;/nowiki&gt;]

== Botshelo jwa gagwe ==
Tall o nyetswe ke Issa Sall, yo e leng moatlhodi. O bua Sefora le Se-[[:en:Pular_language|Pular]]. [https://www.jeuneafrique.com/mag/234955/politique/senegal-aissata-tall-sall-objectif-presidentielle/ &lt;nowiki&gt;[2]&lt;/nowiki&gt;]

== Metswedi ==
[https://web.archive.org/web/20251216050403/https://www.senegel.org/en/people-society/celebrities/peopledetails/1862 &lt;nowiki&gt;[1] &quot;Aissata Tall Sall&quot;&lt;/nowiki&gt;]. Senegel - Senegalese Next Generation of Leaders.

[2] Ba, Mehdi (15 June 2015). [https://www.jeuneafrique.com/mag/234955/politique/senegal-aissata-tall-sall-objectif-presidentielle/ &quot;Sénégal : Aïssata Tall Sall, objectif présidentielle]&quot; (in French). Jeune Afrique. Retrieved 16 November 2020.

[https://web.archive.org/web/20221021201046/https://ordredesavocats.sn/trouver-un-avocat-inscrit-a-lordre/sall-aissata-tall/ &lt;nowiki&gt;[3] &quot;Sall Aissata Tall&quot;&lt;/nowiki&gt;] (in French). Ordre Des Avocats u Senegal.

[https://www.calltoeurope.eu/assets/9ada808b-8e0f-4139-880a-7da06174d77f/aissa_tall_sall%20_1.pdf &lt;nowiki&gt;[4] &quot;Biography&lt;/nowiki&gt;]&quot; (PDF). all To Europe IV. Retrieved 16 November 2020.

[5] Roy, Sylviane Sofia (2 November 2020). [https://ze-africanews.com/en/senegal-aissata-tall-sall-1st-woman-in-foreign-affairs/ &quot;Senegal: Aïssata Tall Sall 1st Woman in Foreign Affairs]&quot;. Ze-Africa News. Retrieved 16 November 2020.

[6] Ba, Mehdi (8 June 2014). &quot;[https://www.jeuneafrique.com/52509/politique/aissata-tall-sall-je-n-ai-pas-sollicit-le-retrait-de-ma-candidature-la-t-te-du-ps Aissata Tall Sall : « Je n'ai pas sollicité le retrait de ma candidature à la tête du PS »&quot;] (in French). Jeune Afrique. Retrieved 16 November 2020.

[https://www.bbc.com/afrique/region-43832073 &lt;nowiki&gt;[7] &quot;La député de l'opposition, Me Aissata Tall Sall, rejette le projet de loi&lt;/nowiki&gt;]&quot; (in French). BBC. 19 April 2018. Retrieved 16 November 2020.

[[https://www.lequotidien.sn/nouvelle-nomination-au-palais-aissata-tall-sall-enfile-la-robe-denvoyee-speciale/ &lt;nowiki&gt;8] &quot;Nouvelle nomination au Palais&lt;/nowiki&gt; : Aïssata Tall Sall enfile la robe d'Envoyée spéciale&quot;]. Le Quotidien (in French). 8 November 2019. Retrieved 16 November 2020.

[https://www.newsy-today.com/last-minute-macky-sall-appoints-aissata-tall-sall/ &lt;nowiki&gt;[9] &quot;Last minute: Macky Sall appoints Aissata Tall Sall&lt;/nowiki&gt;]&quot;. Newsy Today. 9 November 2019. Retrieved 16 November 2020.

[10] Fall, Babacar (1 November 2020). &quot;[https://web.archive.org/web/20210302011524/https://emedia.sn/AISSATA-TALL-SALL-1ERE-FEMME-MINISTRE-DES-AFFAIRES-ETRANGERES.html AISSATA TALL SALL, 1ÈRE FEMME MINISTRE DES AFFAIRES ÉTRANGÈRES]&quot; (in French). emedia. Retrieved 16 November 2020.

[11] Mbaye, Momar (7 November 2020)[https://www.en24news.com/2020/11/aissata-tall-sall-sets-out-her-roadmap.html . &quot;Aissata Tall Sall sets out her roadmap]&quot;. EN24. Retrieved 16 November 2020.

[12]Cretois, Jules (5 December 2024). [https://www.lemonde.fr/afrique/article/2024/12/05/au-senegal-aissata-tall-sall-nouvelle-cheffe-de-l-opposition_6432219_3212.html &quot;Au Sénégal, Aïssata Tall Sall, nouvelle cheffe de l'opposition]&quot;. Le Monde. Retrieved 6 December 2024.</text>
      <sha1>14vj2jk49zh3a4a9rok3416glfoz4ug</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Noga</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>12712</id>
    <revision>
      <id>54166</id>
      <parentid>54125</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-08-17T20:28:51Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>InternetArchiveBot</username>
        <id>8156</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Add 1 book for [[en:Wikipedia:Verifiability|verifiability]] (20260817)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]]</comment>
      <origin>54166</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="17960" sha1="cq6df4747jbtxne7dczqfuvshfy84ow" xml:space="preserve">'''Dinoga''' ke digagabi tse ditelele tse di se nang maoto tsa kgaolwana ya Serpentes.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |vauthors=Reeder TW, Townsend TM, Mulcahy DG, Noonan BP, Wood PL, Sites JW, Wiens JJ |year=2015 |title=Integrated analyses resolve conflicts over squamate reptile phylogeny and reveal unexpected placements for fossil taxa |journal=[[PLOS ONE]] |volume=10 |issue=3 |bibcode=2015PLoSO..1018199R |doi=10.1371/journal.pone.0118199 |issn=1932-6203 |pmc=4372529 |pmid=25803280 |doi-access=free |article-number=e0118199}}&lt;/ref&gt; Cladistically di-squamates, '''Dinoga''' ke ectothermic, Amniote vertebrates e e apesitsweng ke dikgapetla tse aparaneng jaaka maloko a mangwe a setlhopha. Mefuta e le mentsi ya dinoga e na le ditlhogotse di nang le manonyeletso a le mmalwa go feta bagologolwane ba tsone ba mokgantitswane le ba losika lwa tsone, me seno se dira gore di kgone go kometsa diphologolo tse dikgolo go feta ditlhogo tsa tsone (cranial kinesis). Go kgona go amogela mebele ya tsone e mesesane, dirwe tsa dinoga tse di kopantsweng (tse di jaaka diphilo) di tlhagelela di le fa pele ga tse dingwe go na le go nna di bapile, mme bontsi bo na le makgwafo a le mangwe fela a a dirang. Mefuta mengwe e na le Lebanta la pelvic le le nang le para ya manala a vestigial mo matlhakoreng o o mabedi a cloaca. Mekgantitswane e itlhageletse ka bo tsone go nna le mebele e meleele e e se nang le ditokololo kgotsa e e nang le ditokololo tse di fokoditsweng thata bonnye makgetlo a masome a mabedi le botlhano ka phetogo e e masome a mabedi le botlhano ka phetoge e e kopaneng, e e lebisang kwa masikeng a le mantsi a mekgantitswane tse di senang maoto.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |vauthors=Wiens JJ, Brandley MC, Reeder TW |date=January 2006 |title=Why does a trait evolve multiple times within a clade? Repeated evolution of snakelike body form in squamate reptiles |url=http://doc.rero.ch/record/13623/files/PAL_E653.pdf |url-status=live |journal=Evolution; International Journal of Organic Evolution |volume=60 |issue=1 |pages=123–41 |bibcode=2006Evolu..60..123W |doi=10.1554/05-328.1 |pmid=16568638 |s2cid=17688691 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230202043249/https://doc.rero.ch/record/13623/files/PAL_E653.pdf |archive-date=2 February 2023 |access-date=21 January 2023}}&lt;/ref&gt; Tseno di tshwana le dinoga, fela ditlhopha di le mmalwa tse di tlwaelegileng tsa Mekgantitswane e e se nang maoto di na le matlho le ditsebe tse di kwa ntle, tse dinoga di se nang tsone, le fa molao ono o se wa lefatshe lotlhe (bona Amphisbaenia, Dibamidae, le Pygopodidae).

Dinoga tse di tshelang di fitlhelwa mo kontinenteng nngwe le nngwe kwa ntle ga Antarctica, mme mo bontsing jwa lefatshe le lennye, tse di sa akarediweng di akaretsa ditlhaketlhake dingwe tse dikgolo, tse di jaaka Ireland, Iceland, Greenland le ditlhaketlhake tsa New Zealand, mmogo le ditlhaketlhake tse dintsi tse dinnye tsa mewatle la Atlantic a bogare a Pacific. &lt;ref name=&quot;Bauchot&quot;&gt;{{Cite book |year=1994 |title=Snakes: A Natural History |url=https://archive.org/details/snakesnaturalhis0000bauc/page/220 |publisher=Sterling Publishing Co., Inc. |isbn=978-1-4027-3181-5 |editor-last=Bauchot |editor-first=Roland |location=New York |page=220 |url-access=registration}}&lt;/ref&gt; Mo godimo ga moo, dinoga tsa lewatle di aname thata mo mawatleng otlhe a India le a Pacific. Malapa a lemogwa ga jaana, a a nang le mefuta e ka nna 520 le mefuta e e ka nnang go feta 4,170.Di farologana ka bogolo go tswa mo dinogeng tse dinnye, tse di boleele jwa {{Convert|10.4|cm|in|-long}}tsa noga ya tlhale ya Barbados &lt;ref name=&quot;zootaxa&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Hedges |first=S. Blair |name-list-style=vanc |date=August 4, 2008 |title=At the lower size limit in snakes: two new species of threadsnakes (Squamata: Leptotyphlopidae: Leptotyphlops) from the Lesser Antilles |url=http://www.mapress.com/zootaxa/2008/f/zt01841p030.pdf |url-status=live |journal=[[Zootaxa]] |volume=1841 |pages=1–30 |doi=10.11646/zootaxa.1841.1.1 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080813023833/http://www.mapress.com/zootaxa/2008/f/zt01841p030.pdf |archive-date=August 13, 2008 |access-date=August 4, 2008 |doi-access=free}}&lt;/ref&gt; go ya python e e nang ya di-motor letlowa le di 6.95 (boleele jwa 22.8. &lt;ref name=&quot;SunBear&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Fredriksson |first=G. M. |year=2005 |title=Predation on Sun Bears by Reticulated Python in East Kalimantan, Indonesian Borneo |url=http://dare.uva.nl/document/161117 |url-status=live |journal=Raffles Bulletin of Zoology |volume=53 |issue=1 |pages=165–168 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140709001708/http://dare.uva.nl/document/161117 |archive-date=July 9, 2014}}&lt;/ref&gt; Mofuta wa masaledi a ditshedi ''tsa Titanoboa cerrejonensis'' e ne e le boleele jwa12.8 moters (42 ft). &lt;ref name=&quot;head&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |display-authors=6 |vauthors=Head JJ, Bloch JI, Hastings AK, Bourque JR, Cadena EA, Herrera FA, Polly PD, Jaramillo CA |date=February 2009 |title=Giant boid snake from the Palaeocene neotropics reveals hotter past equatorial temperatures |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_nature-uk_2009-02-05_457_7230/page/715 |journal=[[Nature (journal)|Nature]] |volume=457 |issue=7230 |pages=715–7 |bibcode=2009Natur.457..715H |doi=10.1038/nature07671 |pmid=19194448 |s2cid=4381423}}&lt;/ref&gt; Go akanngwa gore dinoga di tlhagile go tswa mo ditshenekeging tse di epang kgotsa tse di nnang mo metsing, gongwe ka nako ya Jurassic, ka masaledi a ntlha a a itsiweng a a fa gare ga 143 le 167 &amp;nbsp;Ma fetileng. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Perkins |first=Sid |name-list-style=vanc |date=27 January 2015 |title=Fossils of oldest known snakes unearthed |url=https://www.science.org/content/article/fossils-oldest-known-snakes-unearthed |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150130043614/http://news.sciencemag.org/paleontology/2015/01/fossils-oldest-known-snakes-unearthed |archive-date=30 January 2015 |access-date=29 January 2015 |website=news.sciencemag.org}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |vauthors=Caldwell MW, Nydam RL, Palci A, Apesteguía S |date=January 2015 |title=The oldest known snakes from the Middle Jurassic-Lower Cretaceous provide insights on snake evolution |journal=[[Nature Communications]] |volume=6 |bibcode=2015NatCo...6.5996C |doi=10.1038/ncomms6996 |hdl=11336/37995 |pmid=25625704 |doi-access=free |hdl-access=free |article-number=5996}}&lt;/ref&gt; Mefutafuta ya dinoga tsa segompieno e ne ya tlhagelela ka nako ya Paleocene ( c.&amp;nbsp;66 go ya go 56&amp;nbsp;Ma o o fetileng, morago ga tiragalo ya go nyelela ga dilo tsa Cretaceus–Paleogene ). Ditlhaloso tsa bogologolo thata tsa dinoga di ka fitlhelwa mo Papyrus ya Brooklyn .

Bontsi jwa mefuta ya dinoga ga di na botlhole mme tse di nang le botlhole di bo dirisa thata go bolaya le go fenya diphologolo tse di bolailweng go na le go iphemela. Bangwe ba na le botlhole jo bo nonofileng thata jo bo ka gobatsang batho ka tsela e e botlhoko kgotsa jwa bolaya.

Lefoko la seesemane snaca le tswa mo seesemaneng sa bagologolo snaca, ka bosone go tswa mo sejeremaneng sa potoro-sejeremane anak-an (bapisa le sejeremane Schnake 'noga ya mogala, noga ya bojang ya snok ya Se-Sweden), go tswa mo moding wa  Seporoto-Indo-Yuropa {{Lang|ine-x-proto|*(s)nēg-o-}} 'Sanskrit nāgá 'noga'. &lt;ref&gt;Proto-IE: {{Lang|ine-x-proto|*(s)nēg-o-}}, Meaning: snake, Old Indian: nāgá- m. 'snake', Germanic: {{Lang|gem|*snēk-a-}} m., {{Lang|gem|*snak-an-}} m., {{Lang|gem|*snak-ō}} f.; {{Lang|gem|*snak-a-}} vb., Russ. meaning: {{Lang|ru|жаба}} ({{Lang|ru|змея}}), References: WP ({{Lang|de|[[Indogermanisches etymologisches Wörterbuch|Vergleichendes Wörterbuch der indogermanischen Sprachen]]}}) II 697 f.&lt;/ref&gt; .le gape le neng la naya sneak jaaka ' &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=snake (n.) |url=https://www.etymonline.com/word/snake |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100719112253/http://www.etymonline.com/index.php?term=snake |archive-date=July 19, 2010 |access-date=September 22, 2009 |website=etymonline.com}}&lt;/ref&gt;  Se-Indo-Yuropa {{Lang|ine-x-proto|*serp-}} ‘go gagaba’, &lt;ref name=&quot;serpent&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Definition of serpent |url=http://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/serpent |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071017210917/http://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/serpent |archive-date=October 17, 2007 |access-date=12 October 2006 |website=Merriam-Webster Online Dictionary}}&lt;/ref&gt; {{Lang|grc|ἕρπω}} ( . &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book |last=Gamkrelidze |first=Thomas V. |date=2010 |title=Indo-European and the Indo-Europeans: A Reconstruction and Historical Analysis of a Proto-Language and Proto-Culture. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=M2aqp2n2mKkC&amp;pg=PA193 |last2=Ivanov |first2=Vjaceslav V. |publisher=Walter de Gruyter |isbn=978-3-11-081503-0 |page=193}}&lt;/ref&gt; go gagaba le sanskit sorpent

Dinoga tsotlhe tsa segompieno di tlhophilwe mo teng ga setlhophapotlana sa serpentes mo thulaganyong ya Linnean, karolo ya squamata, le fa go bewa ga tsona ka nepo mo teng ga di squamates go sa ntse go ganetsanwa. 

Ditlhopha tse pedi tse di kwa tlase tsa Dinoga ke Alethinofidia le Skolekofidia .  Kgaoganyo e e ikaegile ka diponagalo tsa popego le tatelano ya DNA ya mitochondrial . Alethinophidia ka dinako tse dingwe e kgaoganngwa go nna Henophidia le Caenophidia, mme ya bofelo e na le dinoga tsa &quot;di-colubroid&quot; ( di-colubride, dinoga, di-elapid, di-hydrophid, le di-atractaspid ) le di-acrochordid, fa malapa a mangwe a di-alethinophidia a na le di-Henophidia. &lt;ref name=&quot;Pou92&quot;&gt;{{Cite book |year=2002 |title=Herpetology: Third Edition |url=https://archive.org/details/herpetology0000unse_q9v1 |vauthors=Pough FH |publisher=Pearson [[Prentice Hall]] |isbn=978-0-13-100849-6 |orig-date=1992}}&lt;/ref&gt; Le fa e seyo gompieno, Madtsoiidae, lelapa la dinoga tse dikgolo, tsa bogologolo, tse di tshwanang le di-python, di ne tsa tshela go fitlha dingwaga di le 50 000 tse di fetileng kwa Australia, di emetswe ke mefuta e e jaaka ''Wonambi'' . &lt;ref name=&quot;Vasuki&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Datta |first=Debajit |last2=Bajpai |first2=Sunil |date=2024-04-18 |title=Largest known madtsoiid snake from warm Eocene period of India suggests intercontinental Gondwana dispersal |journal=[[Scientific Reports]] |language=en |volume=14 |issue=1 |page=8054 |bibcode=2024NatSR..14.8054D |doi=10.1038/s41598-024-58377-0 |issn=2045-2322 |pmc=11549349 |pmid=38637509 |doi-access=free}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Dithuto tsa sešweng tsa dimolekhule di tshegetsa monofili ya di -clade tsa dinoga tsa segompieno, di-scolecophid, di-typhlopid + di-anomalepid, di-alethinophid, di-alethinofid tsa konokono, di-uropeltid ( ''Cylindrophis'', ''Anomochilus'', di-uropeltines), di-makrostomatane le di-booid, di-boid. &lt;ref name=&quot;Lee&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Lee |first=Michael S. Y. |last2=Hugall |first2=Andrew F. |last3=Lawson |first3=Robin |last4=Scanlon |first4=John D. |name-list-style=vanc |year=2007 |title=Phylogeny of snakes (Serpentes): combining morphological and molecular data in likelihood, Bayesian and parsimony analyses |journal=[[Systematics and Biodiversity]] |volume=5 |issue=4 |pages=371–389 |bibcode=2007SyBio...5..371L |doi=10.1017/S1477200007002290 |hdl=2440/44258 |s2cid=85912034 |hdl-access=free}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Malapa ===
{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
| colspan=&quot;100%&quot; style=&quot;text-align:center; background:#bbf;&quot; |Infraorder '''Alethinophidia''' 25 families
|-
! style=&quot;background:#f0f0f0;&quot; |Family&lt;ref name=&quot;NRDB-Cs&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Search results for Higher taxa: snake |url=https://reptile-database.reptarium.cz/advanced_search?taxon=snake&amp;submit=Search |access-date=7 February 2025 |website=The Reptile Database |publisher=Hamburg Museum of Zoology}}&lt;/ref&gt;
! style=&quot;background:#f0f0f0;&quot; |Taxon author&lt;ref name=&quot;NRDB-Cs&quot; /&gt;
! style=&quot;background:#f0f0f0;&quot; |Genera&lt;ref name=&quot;NRDB-Cs&quot; /&gt;
! style=&quot;background:#f0f0f0;&quot; |Species&lt;ref name=&quot;NRDB-Cs&quot; /&gt;
! style=&quot;background:#f0f0f0;&quot; |Common name
! style=&quot;background:#f0f0f0;&quot; |Geographic range
|-
|Acrochordidae
|Bonaparte, 1831
| style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot; |1
| style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot; |3
|Wart snakes
| style=&quot;width:40%&quot; |Western India and Sri Lanka through tropical Southeast Asia to the Philippines, south through the Indonesian/Malaysian island group to Timor, east through New Guinea to the northern coast of Australia to Mussau Island, the Bismarck Archipelago and Guadalcanal Island in the Solomon Islands.
|-
|Aniliidae
|Stejneger, 1907
| style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot; |1
| style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot; |1
|False coral snake
|Tropical South America.
|-
|Anomochilidae
|Cundall, Wallach, 1993
| style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot; |1
| style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot; |3
|Dwarf pipe snakes
|West Malaysia and on the Indonesian island of Sumatra.
|-
|Atractaspididae
|Günther, 1858
| style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot; |12
| style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot; |72
|Burrowing asps
|Africa and the Middle East
|-
|Boidae
|Gray, 1825
| style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot; |14
| style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot; |61
|Boas
|Northern, Central and South America, the Caribbean, southeastern Europe and Asia Minor, Northern, Central and East Africa, Madagascar and Reunion Island, the Arabian Peninsula, Central and southwestern Asia, India and Sri Lanka, the Moluccas and New Guinea through to Melanesia and Samoa.
|-
|Bolyeriidae
|Hoffstetter, 1946
| style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot; |2
| style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot; |2
|Splitjaw snakes
|[[Mauritius]].
|-
|Colubridae
|Oppel, 1811
| style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot; |258&lt;ref name=&quot;NRDB-Cs&quot; /&gt;
| style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot; |2055&lt;ref name=&quot;NRDB-Cs&quot; /&gt;
|Typical snakes
|Widespread on all continents, except Antarctica.&lt;ref name=&quot;Spa04&quot;&gt;{{Cite book |last=Spawls |first=S. |date=2004 |title=A Field Guide To The Reptiles Of East Africa |last2=Howell |first2=K. |last3=Drewes |first3=R. |last4=Ashe |first4=J. |publisher=A &amp; C Black Publishers Ltd |isbn=0-7136-6817-2 |location=London}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
|Cyclocoridae
|[[Jeffrey L.Weinell|Weinell]] &amp; [[Rafe M.Brown|Brown]], 2017
| style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot; |5
| style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot; |8
|Cyclocorids
|The Philippines
|-
|Cylindrophiidae
|Fitzinger, 1843
| style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot; |1
| style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot; |14
|Asian pipe snakes
|Sri Lanka east through Myanmar, Thailand, Cambodia, Vietnam and the Malay Archipelago to as far east as Aru Islands off the southwestern coast of New Guinea. Also found in southern China (Fujian, Hong Kong and on Hainan Island) and in Laos.
|-
|Elapidae
|Boie, 1827
| style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot; |55
| style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot; |389
|Elapids
|On land, worldwide in tropical and subtropical regions, except in Europe. Sea snakes occur in the Indian Ocean and the Pacific.
|-
|Homalopsidae
|Bonaparte, 1845
| style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot; |28
| style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot; |53
|Homalopsids
|Southeastern Asia and northern Australia.
|-
|Lamprophiidae
|Fitzinger, 1843
| style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot; |16
| style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot; |89
|Lamprophiids (formerly included Atracaspididae, Psammophiidae, and several other families)
|Africa (including the Seychelles)
|-
|Loxocemidae
|Cope, 1861
| style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot; |1
| style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot; |1
|Mexican burrowing snake
|Along the Pacific versant from Mexico south to Costa Rica.
|-
|Micrelapidae
|[[Sunandan Das|Das]] ''et al''., 2023
| style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot; |1
| style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot; |4
|Two-headed snakes
|Eastern Africa and the Levant
|-
|Pareidae
|Romer, 1956
| style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot; |3
| style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot; |20
|Snail-eating snakes
|Southeast Asia and islands on the Sunda Shelf (Sumatra, Borneo, Java, and their surrounding smaller islands).
|-
|Prosymnidae
|Kelly, Barker, Villet &amp; Broadley, 2009
| style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot; |1
| style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot; |16
|Shovel-snout snakes
|Subsaharan Africa
|-
|Psammodynastidae
|Das ''et al''., 2024
| style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot; |1
| style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot; |2
|Mock vipers
|Tropical Asia
|-
|Psammophiidae
|[[Monique Bourgeois|Bourgeois]], 1968
| style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot; |8
| style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot; |55
|Psammophiids
|Africa (including Madagascar), Asia and southern Europe
|-
|Pseudaspididae
|Cope, 1893
| style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot; |2
| style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot; |2
|Pseudaspidids
|Subsaharan Africa
|-
|Pseudoxyrhophiidae
|[[Herndon G. Dowling|Dowling]], 1975
| style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot; |22
| style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot; |89
|Pseudoxyrhophiids
|Mostly Madagascar and the Comoros; 5 species in subsaharan Africa, 1 in Socotra
|-
|Pythonidae
|Fitzinger, 1826
| style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot; |8
| style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot; |40
|Pythons
|Subsaharan Africa, India, Myanmar, southern China, Southeast Asia and from the Philippines southeast through Indonesia to New Guinea and Australia.
|-
|Tropidophiidae
|Brongersma, 1951
| style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot; |2
| style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot; |34
|Dwarf boas
|West Indies; also Panama and northwestern South America, as well as in northwestern and southeastern Brazil.
|-
|Uropeltidae
|Müller, 1832
| style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot; |8
| style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot; |55
|Shield-tailed snakes
|Southern India and Sri Lanka.
|-
|Viperidae
|Oppel, 1811
| style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot; |35
| style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot; |341
|Vipers
|The Americas, Africa, and Eurasia east to Wallace's Line.
|-
|Xenodermidae
|Cope, 1900
| style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot; |6
| style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot; |18
|Dragon and odd-scaled snakes
|East Asia, Southern and southeastern Asia, and islands on the Sunda Shelf (Sumatra, Borneo, Java, and their surrounding smaller islands).
|-
|Xenopeltidae
|Bonaparte, 1845
| style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot; |1
| style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot; |2
|Sunbeam snakes
|Southeast Asia from the Andaman and Nicobar Islands, east through Myanmar to southern China, Thailand, Laos, Cambodia, Vietnam, the Malay Peninsula and the East Indies to Sulawesi, as well as the Philippines.
|-
|Xenophidiidae
|Wallach &amp; Günther, 1998
| style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot; |1
| style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot; |2
|Spine-jawed snakes
|Borneo and peninsular Malaysia.
|}
[[Karolo:Pages using multiple image with auto scaled images]]</text>
      <sha1>cq6df4747jbtxne7dczqfuvshfy84ow</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Nkwe e tshweu</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>12738</id>
    <revision>
      <id>54159</id>
      <parentid>47649</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-08-17T20:21:09Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>InternetArchiveBot</username>
        <id>8156</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Add 1 book for [[en:Wikipedia:Verifiability|verifiability]] (20260817)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]]</comment>
      <origin>54159</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="5683" sha1="thngqmya06lysp1thy8ebadcd0egr2k" xml:space="preserve">[[Setshwantsho:Standing_white_tiger.jpg|thumb|Nkwe e tshweu e e tshwerweng kwa Dirapeng tsa Diphologolo tsa Singapore]]
'''Nkwe e tshweu''' ke sebopego sa nkwe ya leswefe, e e bidiwang nkwe ya Bengal. Dinkwe tse ditshweu di na le methalo e mentsho e e tlwaelegileng ya nkwe mme ka tsela e nngwe boboa jwa yone bo bosweu kgotsa bo batlile go nna bosweu mme e na le matlho a a botala jwa legodimo. Ditiragalo tsa tlholego tsa sefetolabosika di begwa ka dinako tse dingwe kwa nageng kwa India. Bontsi jwa dinkwe tse ditshweu ke ditlamorago tsa go tsadisana ka boomo go itlosa bodutu ga batho, mokgwa o o thibetsweng ke Mokgatlho wa Dirapa tsa Diphologolo le lefelotshero la ditlhapi mo ditheong tse di eletsang go newa tetlelelosemmuso. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Henry |first=Leigh |date=July 13, 2021 |title=The Truth About White Tigers |url=https://www.worldwildlife.org/stories/the-truth-about-white-tigers |access-date=September 2, 2025 |website=World Wildlife Fund}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=June 2011 |title=White tigers, lions, and alligators, and king cheetahs: Welfare and Conservation Implications of Intentional Breeding for the Expression of Rare Recessive Alleles |url=https://assets.speakcdn.com/assets/2332/aza_white_paper_inbreeding_for_rare_alleles_18_jan_2012.pdf |access-date=September 3, 2025 |website=Board Approved Policies and Position Statements}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Pharologano ==
[[Setshwantsho:MadridZoo-Panthera_tigris_tigris.jpg|right|thumb|Nkwe e tshweu kwa Dirapeng tsa Diphologolo tsa Madrid]]
Dinkwe tse ditshweu di ile tsa begwa kwa India go tloga ka lekgolo la bo16 la dingwaga CE. Nkwe ya ntlha e tshweu e ne ya tshwarwa ka 1915. Nkwe e tshweu e e bidiwang Mohan e ne ya tshwarwa ke kgosi ya Rewa, Martand Singh, ka 1951 go tswa kwa sekgweng sa Mukundpur, Kgaolo ya Sidhi se jaanong e leng karolo ya Sanjay Dubri Tiger Reserve. Dinkwe tse dintsi tse ditshweu tse di fitlhelwang mo dirapeng tsa diphologolo go ralala lefatshe ke bana ba ga Mohan.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=The White Tigers of Rewa |url=https://www.outlookindia.com/traveller/mp/inspire-me/wildlife/white-tigers-rewa/ |access-date=2025-02-08 |website=Outlook Traveller |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book |last=Tiwari, S.K |year=1997 |title=Wildlife Sanctuaries of Madhya Pradesh |publisher=APH Publishing Corporation |isbn=9788170248101 |pages=113–116 |chapter=Sanjay Dubri Game Sanctuary |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=VQOPXzvk4zcC&amp;pg=PA113}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book |last=Pabla, HS, Dr |year=2019 |title=Wardens in Shackles |publisher=Educreation Publishing |isbn=9781795878876 |pages=173–174 |chapter=Reintroduction of White Tiger in Sanjay Tiger Reserve |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=HViRDwAAQBAJ&amp;pg=PA174}}&lt;/ref&gt; Go ya ka Kailash Sankhala, nkwe ya bofelo e tshweu e e kileng ya bonwa kwa sekgweng e ne ya thuntshiwa ka 1958.&lt;ref name=&quot;sankhala1977&quot;&gt;{{Cite book |last=Sankhala |first=K. |year=1997 |title=Tiger! The Story Of The Indian Tiger |url=https://archive.org/details/tigerstoryofindi0000sank |publisher=Simon and Schuster |isbn=978-0-00-216124-4}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Sunquist |first=Fiona |date=December 2000 |title=The Secret Of The White Tiger |journal=National Geographic World |page=26}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Iverson&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Iverson |first=S.J. |year=1982 |title=Breeding White Tigers |journal=Zoogoer |volume=11 |pages=5–12}}&lt;/ref&gt; Dinkwe tse ditshweu di farologane ka ntlha ya mmala wa boboa jwa tsone. Boboa jo bosweu bo bakiwa ke go tlhaela ga pheomelanin, e e fitlhelwang mo dinkweng tse di nang le boboa jwa namune. Fa di bapisiwa le dinkwe tsa mmala wa namune, dinkwe tse ditshweu di gola ka bonako le go nna bokete go feta dinkwe tsa Bengal tsa mmala o o namune. Dinkwe tse ditshweu di a be di godile ka botlalo fa di le dingwaga di le 2-3, dinkwe tse ditswheu tse ditona di fitlhela bokete jwa dikilogerama tse 200 go ya go di le 230 e bile di kgona go gola go fitlhelela dimetara di le 3 ka boleele. Fela jaaka dinkwe tsotlhe, methalo ya dinkwe tse ditshweu e tshwana le menwana, ga go na dinkwe tse pedi tse di nang le mokgwa o o tshwanang. Methalo ya nkwe ke mmala wa letlalo; fa e le gore motho o ne a tshwanetse go beolwa, letsela la yone le le kgethegileng le ne le tla bonala.

Gore nkwe e tshweu ya Bengal e tsholwe, batsadi ka bobedi ba tshwanetse go nna le jiini e e sa tlwaelegang ya go nna le mmala o mosweu, e e diragalang ka tlholego fela mo e ka nnang gangwe mo matsalong a le 10 000. &lt;ref name=&quot;animalcorner.co.uk&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=White Bengal Tiger |url=http://www.animalcorner.co.uk/rainforests/bengalwhite.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080401075203/http://www.animalcorner.co.uk/rainforests/bengalwhite.html |archive-date=2008-04-01 |website=Animal Corner}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ditshedi tse ditshweu tse di methalo e mentsho di kwadilwe sentle mo mefutengpotlana ya nkwe ya Bengal ( ''Panthera tigris'' ) mmogo le go begwa mo hisitoring mo mefutengpotlana e mengwe e le mmalwa. &lt;ref name=&quot;animalcorner.co.uk&quot; /&gt; Ga jaana,  dinkwe tse ditshweu di le makgolo a le mmalwa di tshwerwe mo lefatsheng lotlhe, mme di ka nna lekgolo di fitlhelwa kwa India. Mebala ya tsona e e kgethegileng e dirile gore di ratwe kwa dirapeng tsa diphologolo, le mo boitlosobodutung jo bo bontshang diphologolo tse di sa tlwaelegang. Go tlhokafala ga tsone go ka tswa go bakilwe ke gore alili e e boelang morago ke ditlamorago tsa phetogo ya dijiini ya nako e le nngwe kgotsa ka gonne dinkwe tse ditshweu di tlhoka go iphitlha go go lekaneng, go fokotsa bokgoni jwa tsone jwa go latela diphologolo tse di di bolayang kgotsa go tila dibatana tse dingwe tse di jang ditshedi tse dingwe.</text>
      <sha1>thngqmya06lysp1thy8ebadcd0egr2k</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Tlhobaelo</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>12840</id>
    <revision>
      <id>54189</id>
      <parentid>48003</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-08-17T21:14:32Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>InternetArchiveBot</username>
        <id>8156</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Add 1 book for [[en:Wikipedia:Verifiability|verifiability]] (20260817)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]]</comment>
      <origin>54189</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="7892" sha1="j1bl0jk42lurf732z8dap098gtbxnw8" xml:space="preserve"> 

'''Go tlhobaela''' ke maikutlo a a supiwang ke seemo se se sa itumediseng sa tlhakatlhakano ya ke fa teng,mme se akaretsa maikutlo a letshogo ka ga ditiragalo tse di solofetsweng . &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book |year=2008 |title=Abnormal Psychology |url=https://archive.org/details/abnormalpsycholo0000unse_j6d5 |vauthors=Davison GC |publisher=Veronica Visentin |isbn=978-0-470-84072-6 |location=Toronto |page=[https://archive.org/details/abnormalpsycholo0000unse_j6d5/page/154 154]}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book |date=2014-11-27 |title=Expectancy and emotion |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=z0aPBQAAQBAJ&amp;pg=PP1 |vauthors=Miceli M, Castelfranchi C |publisher=Oxford University Press |isbn=978-0-19-150927-8 |location=Oxford |language=en |access-date=2022-05-09 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230117022600/https://books.google.com/books?id=z0aPBQAAQBAJ&amp;pg=PP1 |archive-date=2023-01-17 |url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref name=&quot;Chand_2022&quot;&gt;{{Cite book |date=2022 |title=StatPearls |vauthors=Chand SP, Marwaha R |publisher=StatPearls Publishing |location=Treasure Island (FL) |chapter=Anxiety |pmid=29262212 |quote=Anxiety is linked to fear and manifests as a future-oriented mood state that consists of a complex cognitive, affective, physiological, and behavioral response system associated with preparation for the anticipated events or circumstances perceived as threatening. |access-date=2022-12-15 |chapter-url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK470361/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220621101211/http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK470361/ |archive-date=2022-06-21 |url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; Go tlhobaela go farologana le poifo ka gonne poifo e tlhalosiwa jaaka tsibogo ya maikutlo mo matshosetsing a ga jaana, fa go tlhobaela e le go lebelela matshosetsi a a tlang . &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |vauthors=Crocq MA |date=September 2015 |title=A history of anxiety: from Hippocrates to DSM |journal=Dialogues in Clinical Neuroscience |volume=17 |issue=3 |pages=319–325 |doi=10.31887/DCNS.2015.17.3/macrocq |pmc=4610616 |pmid=26487812}}&lt;/ref&gt; Gantsi e tsamaya le go tshoga jaaka go tsamayatsamaya kwa le kwa, go ngongorega ga mmele, le go tlhotlhomisa . 

Go tlhobaela ke maikutlo a go se iketle le go tshwenyega,gantsi a anameng e bile a sa tope mo selong se se rileng, mme e le karabelo e e feteletseng mo seemong se motho a se bonang fela ka maikutlo a gagwe jaaka se se tshosang.  Gantsi go tsamaya le go gagamala ga mesifa, &lt;ref name=&quot;DSM-5 189&quot;&gt;{{Cite book |last=American Psychiatric Association |year=2013 |title=Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders |url=https://archive.org/details/diagnosticstatis0005unse/page/189 |publisher=American Psychiatric Publishing |isbn=978-0-89042-555-8 |edition=5th |location=Arlington, VA |page=[https://archive.org/details/diagnosticstatis0005unse/page/189 189]}}&lt;/ref&gt; go sa iketle, go lapa, go sa kgone go hema, go gagamala mo karolong ya mpa, go feroga sebete le mathata a go tlhoma mogopolo. Go tlhobaela go amana thata le poifo, &lt;ref name=&quot;Chand_2022&quot;&gt;{{Cite book |date=2022 |title=StatPearls |vauthors=Chand SP, Marwaha R |publisher=StatPearls Publishing |location=Treasure Island (FL) |chapter=Anxiety |pmid=29262212 |quote=Anxiety is linked to fear and manifests as a future-oriented mood state that consists of a complex cognitive, affective, physiological, and behavioral response system associated with preparation for the anticipated events or circumstances perceived as threatening. |access-date=2022-12-15 |chapter-url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK470361/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220621101211/http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK470361/ |archive-date=2022-06-21 |url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; e e leng tsibogelo ya matshosetsi a mmatota kgotsa a a lemogiwang ka bonako ( tsibogo ya go lwa kgotsa go tshaba ); go tlhobaela go akaretsa go amana thata le poifo, e leng karabelo mo kotsing ya nnete kgotsa e motho a akanyang gore e teng ka nako eo. &lt;ref name=&quot;DSM-5 189&quot; /&gt; Batho ba ba lebaganeng le tlhobaelo ba ka nna ba ikgogela morago mo maemong a a tsositseng tlhobaelo mo nakong e e fetileng. 

Maikutlo a tshwanela dipaka tsa nako go tsibogela ditiragalo tse di rileng, mme ka jalo a fetoga go nna nngwe ya mathata a le mantsi a go tlhobaela (sekao, bolwetse jwa go tlhobaela ka kakaretso, bolwetse jwa go tshoga ). &lt;ref name=&quot;Robinson Pike Cornwell Grillon 2019 pp. jnnp–2019–321400&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |vauthors=Robinson OJ, Pike AC, Cornwell B, Grillon C |date=December 2019 |title=The translational neural circuitry of anxiety |journal=Journal of Neurology, Neurosurgery, and Psychiatry |publisher=BMJ |volume=90 |issue=12 |pages=1353–1360 |doi=10.1136/jnnp-2019-321400 |pmid=31256001 |s2cid=195758112 |quote=Anxiety is an adaptive response that promotes harm avoidance, but at the same time excessive anxiety constitutes the most common psychiatric complaint. |doi-access=free}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref name=&quot;Treating and Preventing Adolescent Mental Health Disorders: What We Know and What We Don't Know. A Research Agenda for Improving the Mental Health of Our Youth&quot;&gt;{{Cite book |year=2005 |title=Treating and preventing adolescent mental health disorders: what we know and what we don't know. A research agenda for improving the mental health of our youth |url=https://oxfordmedicine.com/view/10.1093/9780195173642.001.0001/med-9780195173642-chapter-10 |publisher=Oxford University Press |isbn=978-0-19-517364-2 |veditors=Evans DL, Foa EB, Gur RE, Hendin H, O'Brien CP, Seligman ME, Walsh BT |publication-place=New York |doi=10.1093/9780195173642.001.0001 |oclc=56324679 |access-date=2021-06-02 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211216111841/https://oxfordmedicine.com/view/10.1093/9780195173642.001.0001/med-9780195173642-chapter-10 |archive-date=2021-12-16 |url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; Pharologano fa gare ga bolweetse jwa go tlhobaela le go tlhobaela jaaka maikutlo a a tlwaelegileng ke gore batho ba ba nnang le bolwetse jwa go tlhobaela ba itemogela go tlhobaela ka tsela e e feteletseng kgotsa e e sa kgaotseng mo e ka nnang dikgwedi di le 6, kgotsa mo nakong e khutshwane mo baneneg. &lt;ref name=&quot;DSM-5 189&quot;&gt;{{Cite book |last=American Psychiatric Association |year=2013 |title=Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders |url=https://archive.org/details/diagnosticstatis0005unse/page/189 |publisher=American Psychiatric Publishing |isbn=978-0-89042-555-8 |edition=5th |location=Arlington, VA |page=[https://archive.org/details/diagnosticstatis0005unse/page/189 189]}}&lt;/ref&gt; Mathata a go tlhobaela ke mangwe a mathata a tlhaloganyo a a sa feleng mme gantsi a tsaya masomesome a dingwaga. &lt;ref name=&quot;Lancet2021&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |vauthors=Hovenkamp-Hermelink JH, Jeronimus BF, Myroniuk S, Riese H, Schoevers RA |date=May 2021 |title=Predictors of persistence of anxiety disorders across the lifespan: a systematic review |url=https://pure.rug.nl/ws/files/177228875/Predictors_of_persistence_of_anxiety_disorders_across_the_lifespan_a_systematic_review.pdf |url-status=live |journal=The Lancet. Psychiatry |volume=8 |issue=5 |pages=428–443 |doi=10.1016/S2215-0366(20)30433-8 |pmid=33581052 |s2cid=231919782 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230405003039/https://pure.rug.nl/ws/files/177228875/Predictors_of_persistence_of_anxiety_disorders_across_the_lifespan_a_systematic_review.pdf |archive-date=2023-04-05 |access-date=2023-04-05}}&lt;/ref&gt; Go tlhobaela go ka itemogelwa gape le mo teng ga mathata a mangwe a tlhaloganyo (ka sekai, bolwetse jwa go tlhobaela thata, bolwetse jwa go ngomoga pelo morago ga go utlwa botlhoko thata mo maikutlong ). &lt;ref name=&quot;Marras et al. (2016)&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |vauthors=Marras A, Fineberg N, Pallanti S |date=August 2016 |title=Obsessive compulsive and related disorders: comparing DSM-5 and ICD-11 |journal=CNS Spectrums |volume=21 |issue=4 |pages=324–333 |doi=10.1017/S1092852916000110 |pmid=27401060 |s2cid=13129793}}&lt;/ref&gt;</text>
      <sha1>j1bl0jk42lurf732z8dap098gtbxnw8</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Rabete Sobukwe</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>12848</id>
    <revision>
      <id>54194</id>
      <parentid>48084</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-08-17T21:17:20Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>InternetArchiveBot</username>
        <id>8156</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Add 1 book for [[en:Wikipedia:Verifiability|verifiability]] (20260817)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]]</comment>
      <origin>54194</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="12736" sha1="mdtl6rf202n6fa85flqrq6l7f1nd45q" xml:space="preserve"> 

'''Robert Mangaliso Sobukwe''' OMSG (5 Sedimonthole 1924 – 27 Tlhakole 1978) e ne e le mofetogedi wa Aforika Borwa yo o kgatlhanong le tlhaolele le leloko le le simolotseng lekoko la Pan Africanist Congress (PAC), a dira jaaka moporesidente wa ntlha wa lekoko leno.

Sobukwe o ne a tsewa jaaka motshegetsi yo o maatla wa bokamoso jwa [[Bo-Aforika-Jotlhe|Mo-]][[Aferika|Afrika]] Borwa mme a le kgatlhanong le tirisanommogo ya sepolotiki le mongwe le mongwe yo e seng MoAfrika, a tlhalosa &quot;MoAfrika&quot; jaaka mongwe le mongwe o o nnang le go ikanyega go Aforika le yo o ipaakanyetsang go ikobela mo pusong ya bontsi jwa MaAfrika.&lt;ref name=&quot;Maaba3&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Maaba |first=Brown Bavusile |date=2001 |title=The Archives of the Pan Africanist Congress and the Black Consciousness-Orientated Movements |journal=History in Africa |volume=28 |pages=417–438 |doi=10.2307/3172227 |jstor=3172227 |s2cid=145241623}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ka Mopitlwe 1960, Sobukwe o ne a rulaganya le go simolola letsholo la go ngongoregela melao ya dipasa, mme ka ntlha ya seo o ne a atlholelwa dingwaga di le tharo mo kgolegelong ka ntlha ya go rotloetsa batho. Ka 1963, go tsenngwa tirisong ga &quot;Sobukwe Clause,&quot; go ne ga dira gore a kgone go ntšhafatsa katlholo ya gagwe ya kgolegelo go ya go ile,&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=2014 Archive - Why Robert Sobukwe is not dead |url=https://www.ru.ac.za/perspective/2014archive/whyrobertsobukweisnotdead.html |access-date=2025-06-07 |website=www.ru.ac.za}}&lt;/ref&gt; mme morago ga moo Sobukwe o ne a fudusediwa kwa Robben Island go ya go tswalelwa a le nosi. Kwa bokhutlong jwa ngwaga wa gagwe wa borataro kwa Robben Island, o ne a gololwa mme a tsenngwa mo kgolegelong go fitlha a tlhokafala ka 1978.&lt;ref name=&quot;:03&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Robert Sobukwe {{!}} South African History Online |url=https://www.sahistory.org.za/people/robert-sobukwe |access-date=2022-04-06 |website=www.sahistory.org.za}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Bonyana ==

=== Bongwana: 1924-1947 ===
Sobukwe o bonwe kwa Graaff-Reinet kwa [[Eastern Cape|Porofenseng ya Kapa Botlhaba]] ka la bo 5 Sedimonthole 1924. &lt;ref name=&quot;:03&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Robert Sobukwe {{!}} South African History Online |url=https://www.sahistory.org.za/people/robert-sobukwe |access-date=2022-04-06 |website=www.sahistory.org.za}}&lt;/ref&gt; Robert Sobukwe e ne e le ngwana wa bofelo mo lapeng. O ne a na le bana ba le batlhano ba ba neng ba na le bomorwarraagwe ba le bane le kgaitsadie a le mongwe. &lt;ref name=&quot;:03&quot; /&gt; Fa rraagwe yo o neng a tswa kwa Lesotho a ne a dira jaaka mokwaledi wa lebenkele la kakaretso le go rema dikgong ka nako e e rileng, mmaagwe Sobukwe wa Moxhosa o ne a dira jaaka modiri wa mo gae mo magaeng a basweu. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Sobukwe: A Great Soul {{!}} Alexander Street, part of Clarivate |url=https://search.alexanderstreet.com/preview/work/bibliographic_entity%7Cvideo_work%7C2479727 |access-date=2025-10-22 |website=search.alexanderstreet.com}}&lt;/ref&gt; Thuto ya ntlha ya ga Robert e ne e le sekolo sa borongwa kwa Graaff Reinet se se mo [[Aforika Borwa|Aforikaborwa]] . &lt;ref name=&quot;:03&quot; /&gt; Fa a le dingwaga di le 15, Sobukwe o ne a tswelela mme kgabagare a wetsa thuto ya gagwe ya sekondari kwa Setheong sa Healdtown, se se neng se naya baithuti botlhe thuto ya Bokeresete ya Methodist le dithuto tsa bonono jwa boitseanape. &lt;ref name=&quot;:13&quot;&gt;{{Cite book |last=Pogrund |first=Benjamin |date=1991 |title=Sobukwe and apartheid |url=https://archive.org/details/sobukweapartheid0000pogr |publisher=Rutgers University Press |isbn=0-8135-1692-7 |oclc=23179056}}&lt;/ref&gt; Fa a fetsa dithuto tsa gagwe koo o ne a ikwadisetsa Khoso ya Katiso ya Barutabana ba Poraemari dingwaga di le pedi. Le fa go ntse jalo ga a ka a amogela tiro ya borutabana. Moragonyana thuto ya ga Sobukwe e ne ya ema ka 1943 fa a ne a tsenwa ke bolwetse jwa mafatlha. &lt;ref name=&quot;:03&quot; /&gt;

=== Fort Hare: 1947-1949 ===
Ka 1947, Sobukwe o ne a ikwadisa kwa South African Native College kwa Fort Hare, e e neng ele yunibesithi e e eteletseng pele ya dithuto tsa maemo a ntlha ya baithuti ba bantsho ka nako eo. &lt;ref name=&quot;:03&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Robert Sobukwe {{!}} South African History Online |url=https://www.sahistory.org.za/people/robert-sobukwe |access-date=2022-04-06 |website=www.sahistory.org.za}}&lt;/ref&gt; Sobukwe o ne a ikwadisetsa BA kwa Fort Hare, a ithuta Seesemane, Sexhosa le Native Administration(tsamaiso ya dikgaolo tsa Bantustan mo AforikaBorwa). &lt;ref name=&quot;:03&quot; /&gt; Le fa kwa tshimologong Sobukwe a ne a sa kgatlhegele dipolotiki, go ithuta Native Administration,mmogo le go kopana le dipuisano tsa dipolotiki kwa Fort Hare go ne ga dira gore a kgatlhegele thata kgang eo. &lt;ref name=&quot;:03&quot; /&gt; Moragonyana, o ne a simolola go tlhoma mogopolo thata mo pokong le mo terameng. Tsepamo ya gagwe mo dipolotiking e ne e tlhotlhelediwa ke motlhatlheledi wa gagwe, Cecil Ntloko,yo e neng ele molatedi wa All African Convention (AAC). Sobukwe le ditsala tsa gagwe tse tharo ba ne ba simolola kgatiso ya letsatsi le letsatsi e e bidiwang Beware. Kgatiso eo ene e rotloetsa go se dirisa mmogo le go nyatsa Native Representative Councils le Native Advisory Boards. &lt;ref name=&quot;:03&quot; /&gt;

&lt;nowiki&gt;*&lt;/nowiki&gt; O ne a nna leloko la Mokgatlho wa Basha wa African National Congress (ANCYL) ka 1948. Mokgatlho ono o ne o tlhomilwe mo khamphaseng ya yunibesithi ke Godfrey Pitje, yo moragonyana a neng a nna poresidente wa one. Ka 1949, Sobukwe o ne a tlhophiwa go nna moporesidente wa ntlha wa Lekgotla la Baemedi ba Baithuti ba Fort Hare, kwa a neng a itshupa e le sebui se se tlhomologileng. Ka ngwaga wa 1949, Sobukwe o ne a kopana le Veronica Mathe kwa bookelong jwa Alice. Moragonyana baratani bano ba ne ba nyalana ka 1950. &lt;ref name=&quot;:03&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Robert Sobukwe {{!}} South African History Online |url=https://www.sahistory.org.za/people/robert-sobukwe |access-date=2022-04-06 |website=www.sahistory.org.za}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Dipolotiki tse di tlwaelegileng ==

=== Standerton: 1950-1954 ===
Ka 1950, Sobukwe o ne a tlhomiwa go nna morutabana kwa sekolong se segolo kwa Standerton, maemo a a neng a a latlhegelwa fa a ne a bua a ema nokeng [[Letsholo la kganetso|Letsholo la Kganetso ka 1952]] ; le fa go ntse jalo, moragonyana o ne a busediwa. Ka 1952, Sobukwe o ne a fitlhelela go itsege ka go tshegetsa Letsholo la Kganetso. &lt;ref name=&quot;:4&quot;&gt;{{Citation|last1=Gerhart|first1=Gail M.|title=Black Power in South Africa: The Evolution of an Ideology|date=1978|url=https://doi.org/10.1525/9780520341470-011|work=|publisher=University of California Press|access-date=2022-04-29}}&lt;/ref&gt; Mo pakeng e o ne a sa amege ka tlhamalalo mo ditirong tse di tlwaelegileng tsa ANC, mme o ne a santse a le mo maemong a mokwaledi wa lekala la mokgatlho kwa Standerton. &lt;ref name=&quot;:4&quot; /&gt;

=== Johannesburg: 1954–1959 ===
Ka 1954, morago ga go fudugela kwa [[Johannesburg]], Sobukwe o ne a nna motlhatlheledi wa Dithuto tsa Seaforika kwa Yunibesithing ya Witwatersrand . &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=2017-09 - Robert Sobukwe immortalised at Wits - Wits University |url=https://www.wits.ac.za/news/latest-news/general-news/2017/2017-09/robert-sobukwe-immortalised-at-wits.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220708101004/https://www.wits.ac.za/news/latest-news/general-news/2017/2017-09/robert-sobukwe-immortalised-at-wits.html |archive-date=8 July 2022 |access-date=2022-04-29 |website=www.wits.ac.za}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref name=&quot;SAinfo2&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Alexander |first=Mary |date=2025-03-05 |title=Robert Sobukwe: 'There is only one race. The human race' |url=https://southafrica-info.com/history/robert-sobukwe-one-race-human-race/ |access-date=2025-10-22 |website=South Africa Gateway |language=en-GB}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ka nako ya gagwe kwa Johannesburg o ne a nna morulaganyi wa lekwalodikgang la ''The Africanist'' mme go ise go ye kae a simolola go nyatsa ANC ka ntlha ya go itetla go laolwa ke batshegetsi ba Progressive Party, e a neng a e bitsa &quot;batho ba ba gololesegileng-ba-molemeng-ba-merafe e mentsi&quot;. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Robert Sobukwe &amp;#124; South African History Online |url=https://www.sahistory.org.za/people/robert-sobukwe}}&lt;/ref&gt; O ne a emela Temokerasi ya Bososialise ya Boaforika. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Robert Sobukwe Inaugural Speech, April 1959 &amp;#124; South African History Online |url=https://www.sahistory.org.za/archive/robert-sobukwe-inaugural-speech-april-1959}}&lt;/ref&gt; E ne e le motshegetsi yo o tlhoafetseng wa dikakanyo tsa Boaforika ka ga kgololesego mo Aforika Borwa mme a gana kgopolo ya go dira le Basweu. &lt;ref name=&quot;:4&quot;&gt;{{Citation|title=Black Power in South Africa: The Evolution of an Ideology|url=https://doi.org/10.1525/9780520341470-011|work=|access-date=2022-04-29}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation cs2&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot; id=&quot;CITEREFGerhart1978&quot;&gt;Gerhart, Gail M. (1978), &lt;span class=&quot;id-lock-subscription&quot; title=&quot;Paid subscription required&quot;&gt;[[doi:10.1525/9780520341470-011|''Black Power in South Africa: The Evolution of an Ideology'']]&lt;/span&gt;, University of California Press, [[Doi (identifier)|doi]]:[[doi:10.1525/9780520341470-011|10.1525/9780520341470-011]]&lt;span class=&quot;reference-accessdate&quot;&gt;, retrieved &lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;29 April&lt;/span&gt; 2022&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Pan-Africanist Congress: 1959–1960 ===

==== Popego le kgopolo ====
Sobukwe e ne e le modumedi yo o nonofileng mo [[Bo-Aforika-Jotlhe|bokamosong jwa Boaforika]] ya Aforika Borwa mme o ne a gana sekao sengwe le sengwe se se akantshang go dira le mongwe le mongwe kwa ntle ga Maaforika, a tlhalosa Moaforika jaaka mongwe le mongwe yo o nnang mo Aforika le go duela boikanyegi jwa gagwe le yo o ipaakanyeditseng go ineela mo pusong ya bontsi jwa Maaforika. &lt;ref name=&quot;Maaba3&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Maaba |first=Brown Bavusile |date=2001 |title=The Archives of the Pan Africanist Congress and the Black Consciousness-Orientated Movements |journal=History in Africa |volume=28 |pages=417–438 |doi=10.2307/3172227 |jstor=3172227 |s2cid=145241623}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation journal cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot; id=&quot;CITEREFMaaba2001&quot;&gt;Maaba, Brown Bavusile (2001). &quot;The Archives of the Pan Africanist Congress and the Black Consciousness-Orientated Movements&quot;. ''History in Africa''. '''28''': &lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;417–&lt;/span&gt;438. [[Doi (identifier)|doi]]:[[doi:10.2307/3172227|10.2307/3172227]]. [[JSTOR (identifier)|JSTOR]]&amp;nbsp;[https://www.jstor.org/stable/3172227 3172227]. [[S2CID (identifier)|S2CID]]&amp;nbsp;[https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:145241623 145241623].&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt; O ne a gola a sa kgotsofalela kgatelopele ya kgaratlho ya kgololesego ka dingwaga tsa bo 1950, tse mo go tsona puso ya tlhaolele e neng e tswelela go tlhagisa mekgwa e mešwa ya go gatelela kgaratlho ya kgololesego. &lt;ref name=&quot;:05&quot;&gt;{{Cite book |last=Kondlo |first=Kwandiwe Merriman |date=2010 |title=In the twilight of the revolution : the Pan Africanist Congress of Azania (South Africa), 1959-1994 |others=Patrick Harries, Petra Kerckhoff, Pan Africanist Congress of Azania |isbn=978-3-905758-51-1 |edition=Second |location=Basel, Switzerland |oclc=908063411}}&lt;/ref&gt; Go tshwana le maloko a le mantsi a ANC, Sobukwe o ne a sa tlhole a na le bopelotelele ka go palelwa ga ANC go fitlhelela dipholo. &lt;ref name=&quot;:05&quot; /&gt; Sobukwe, yo e neng e lemoganetsi wa bokomonisi,     le ene o ne a gana kgolagano ya ANC le Mokgatlho wa Bokomonisi wa Aforika Borwa. Moragonyana o ne a tlogela ANC go ya go tlhama Khonkerese ya Pan Africanist (PAC), mme a tlhophiwa go nna Moporesidente wa yone wa ntlha ka 1959. &lt;ref name=&quot;Maaba3&quot; /&gt; : 421 
[[Setshwantsho:Founding_members_of_the_Pan_Africanist_Congress_in_1957.jpg|thumb|Robert Sobukwe (moleng o o kwa pele, wa bobedi go tswa molemeng) le maloko a mangwe a a simolotseng Khonkerese ya Pan Africanism ka 1957.]]

* Benjamin Pogrund, mokwadi wa bayokerafi ya ga Robert Sobukwe ''ya Sobukwe le Tlhaolele'' ( 1990 ) le ''ya Motho a ka Swa Botoka Jang: Botshelo jwa ga Robert Sobukwe'' ( 2003 )
* Lenaane la batho ba ba ka laolwang ke ditaelo tsa thibelo ka fa tlase ga tlhaolele

== Ditshupiso ==
{{Reflist}}

== Dikgokagano tsa kwa ntle ==

* Robert Sobukwe - Leader of The Africanist
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20070220073918/http://www.wits.ac.za/histp/sobukwe.htm Collection of historical papers on Robert Mangaliso Sobukwe] at The University of the Witwatersrand Library
* Austil Mathebula, [https://web.archive.org/web/20160719134845/http://citizen.co.za/342634/compared-to-luthuli-sobukwe-is-a-heavyweight/ &quot;Robert Sobukwe, a lesser known hero&quot;], ''The Citizen'', 19 March 2015
* [https://southafrica-info.com/history/robert-sobukwe-one-race-human-race/ Robert Sobukwe: ‘There is only one race. The human race.’], South Africa Gateway, 21 March 2023
* [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=VoPT5x_q9MY Robert Sobukwe - A Tribute To Integrity - Kevin Harris - 1996] on YouTube
{{Authority control}}</text>
      <sha1>mdtl6rf202n6fa85flqrq6l7f1nd45q</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Tumelabotlhodi</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>12853</id>
    <revision>
      <id>54176</id>
      <parentid>48126</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-08-17T20:43:47Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>InternetArchiveBot</username>
        <id>8156</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Add 4 books for [[en:Wikipedia:Verifiability|verifiability]] (20260817)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]]</comment>
      <origin>54176</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="6156" sha1="6g0jdwn5vuqzukpjcc13flf51lghzmz" xml:space="preserve">'''tumelo''' ke tumelo nngwe le nngwe kgotsa tiro e e tsewang ke batho ba ba sa direng e le e e sa utlwaleng kgotsa e e fetang ya tlholego. Gantsi e dirisiwa mo ditumelong le mo ditlwaelong tse di amanang le lesego, tlholelo, bosalemone, dipheko, tepo dinaledi, go bolelela isagwe, mewa, le dilo dingwe tse di sa tlwaelegang, segolobogolo tumelo ya gore ditiragalo tsa mo isagweng di ka bolelelwa pele ke ditiragalo tse di rileng tse di sa amaneng le nako e e fetileng.&lt;ref name=&quot;vyse21&quot;&gt;{{Cite book |last=Vyse |first=Stuart A. |author-link=Stuart Vyse |year=2000 |title=Believing in Magic: The Psychology of Superstition |url=https://archive.org/details/believinginmagic0000vyse |publisher=Oxford University Press |isbn=978-0-1951-3634-0 |location=Oxford, England |pages=[https://archive.org/details/believinginmagic0000vyse/page/19 19]–22}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot;&gt;{{Cite book |last=Chardonnens |first=L. S. |year=2007 |title=Chapter Four. Superstition and prognostication |url=https://brill.com/view/book/9789047420422/Bej.9789004158290.i-608_006.xml |publisher=Brill |isbn=978-90-474-2042-2 |language=en |access-date=28 December 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210118173448/https://brill.com/view/book/9789047420422/Bej.9789004158290.i-608_006.xml |archive-date=18 January 2021 |url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Lefoko ''tumelo botlhodi'' gape le dirisiwa go kaya bodumedi jo bo sa dirweng ke bontsi jwa setšhaba se se rileng go sa kgathalesege gore a bodumedi jo bo leng teng bo na le tumelo boto e go tweng ke yone kgotsa modumedi otlhe a a dirwang ke batho ba ba kgatlhanong le bodumedi.&lt;ref name=&quot;vyse21&quot;&gt;{{Cite book |last=Vyse |first=Stuart A. |author-link=Stuart Vyse |year=2000 |title=Believing in Magic: The Psychology of Superstition |url=https://archive.org/details/believinginmagic0000vyse |publisher=Oxford University Press |isbn=978-0-1951-3634-0 |location=Oxford, England |pages=[https://archive.org/details/believinginmagic0000vyse/page/19 19]–22}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation book cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot; id=&quot;CITEREFVyse2000&quot;&gt;[[Stuart Vyse|Vyse, Stuart A.]] (2000). ''Believing in Magic: The Psychology of Superstition''. Oxford, England: Oxford University Press. pp.&amp;nbsp;&lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;19–&lt;/span&gt;22. [[ISBN (identifier)|ISBN]]&amp;nbsp;[[Special:BookSources/978-0-1951-3634-0|&lt;bdi&gt;978-0-1951-3634-0&lt;/bdi&gt;]].&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt;

Ditlwaelo tsa bodumedi tse di farologanang le ditumelo tse di amogelwang ka tlwaelo mo setsong se se rileng ka dinako tse dingwe di bidiwa tumelo botlhodi; ka tsela e e tshwanang, ditlwaelo tse disha tse di tlisitsweng mo setšhabeng sa bodumedi se se tlhomilweng le tsone di ka tsewa jaaka tumelo boto ka maiteko a go di kgaphela kwa thoko. Gape, go bontsha boineelo jo bo feteletseng gantsi go ile ga tshwaiwa jaaka boitshwaro jwa tumelo botlhodi.&lt;ref name=&quot;vyse21&quot;&gt;{{Cite book |last=Vyse |first=Stuart A. |author-link=Stuart Vyse |year=2000 |title=Believing in Magic: The Psychology of Superstition |url=https://archive.org/details/believinginmagic0000vyse |publisher=Oxford University Press |isbn=978-0-1951-3634-0 |location=Oxford, England |pages=[https://archive.org/details/believinginmagic0000vyse/page/n34 19]–22}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation book cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot; id=&quot;CITEREFVyse2000&quot;&gt;[[Stuart Vyse|Vyse, Stuart A.]] (2000). ''Believing in Magic: The Psychology of Superstition''. Oxford, England: Oxford University Press. pp.&amp;nbsp;&lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;19–&lt;/span&gt;22. [[ISBN (identifier)|ISBN]]&amp;nbsp;[[Special:BookSources/978-0-1951-3634-0|&lt;bdi&gt;978-0-1951-3634-0&lt;/bdi&gt;]].&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Superstition |url=https://dictionary.cambridge.org/dictionary/english/superstition |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181108184349/https://dictionary.cambridge.org/dictionary/english/superstition |archive-date=8 November 2018 |access-date=30 December 2020 |website=dictionary.cambridge.org |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; [o tlhoka topolo go tlhomamisa]&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Selberg |first=Torunn |date=December 2003 |title=Taking Superstitions Seriously |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/pdf/30035120.pdf |journal=Folklore |volume=114 |issue=3 |pages=297–306 |doi=10.1080/0015587032000145342 |jstor=30035120 |s2cid=145299302}}&lt;/ref&gt; [o tlhoka nopolo go tlhomamisa)   

Go tlhaola sengwe jaaka ''tumelo botlhodi'' ka kakaretso go bontsha pono e e nyatsang. Dilo tse di umakiwang jaaka tse di ntseng jalo ka puo e e tlwaelegileng gantsi di umakiwa jaaka tumelo ya setso mo ditlhamane tsa setso.

Le fa go bopiwa ga lefoko la Selatina go phepafatsa, go tswa mo lediring super-stare, &quot;go ema, go ema; ''go falola''&quot;, bokao jwa lone jwa ntlha ga bo phepafale. E ka tlhalosiwa jaaka &quot;'go ema mo godimo ga selo ka go gakgamala kgotsa ka poifo&quot;, mme go ile ga akantshiwa dilo tse dingwe tse di ka diregang, e.g. go ikutlwa o feteletse dilo, ke gore, go nna kelotlhoko thata kgotsa go dira meletlo thata mo go direng meetlo ya bodumedi, kgotsa go sa ntse go na le mekgwa ya bodumedi ya bogologolo, e e sa utlwaleng.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book |year=1982 |title=Oxford Latin Dictionary |url=https://archive.org/details/oxfordlatindicti0000unse_z4k3 |publisher=Oxford University Press |location=Oxford, England}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book |last=Turcan |first=Robert |year=1996 |title=The Cults of the Roman Empire |url=https://archive.org/details/cultsofromanempi00robe |publisher=Blackwell |others=Nevill, Antonia (trans.) |isbn=978-0-631-20047-5 |location=Oxford, England |pages=[https://archive.org/details/cultsofromanempi00robe/page/10 10–12] |url-access=registration}}. {{Cite book |year=1989 |title=Oxford English Dictionary |url=https://archive.org/details/oxfordenglishdic0006unse |publisher=Oxford University Press |edition=Second |location=Oxford, England |quote=The etymological meaning of L. superstitio is perhaps 'standing over a thing in amazement or awe.' Other interpretations of the literal meaning have been proposed, e.g., 'excess in devotion, over-scrupulousness or over-ceremoniousness in religion' and 'the survival of old religious habits in the midst of a new order of things'; but such ideas are foreign to ancient Roman thought. |url-access=registration}}&lt;/ref&gt;</text>
      <sha1>6g0jdwn5vuqzukpjcc13flf51lghzmz</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Dingaka tsa setso tsa Borwa jwa Aforika</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>12880</id>
    <revision>
      <id>54169</id>
      <parentid>54117</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-08-17T20:33:25Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>InternetArchiveBot</username>
        <id>8156</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Add 1 book for [[en:Wikipedia:Verifiability|verifiability]] (20260817)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]]</comment>
      <origin>54169</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="3972" sha1="i6tmmlu88s1is2b6t9f6um44kefcilq" xml:space="preserve">'''Dingaka tsa setso tsa Borwa jwa Aforika''' ke dingaka tsa go alafa mo Aforika Borwa . Ba dira ditiro tse di farologaneng tsa loago le tsa sepolotiki mo setšhabeng jaaka go bolelela pele, go fodisa malwetse a mmele, maikutlo le a semoya, go kaela dingwao tsa botsalo kgotsa loso, go batla dikgomo tse di latlhegileng, go sireletsa batlhabani, go lwantsha boloi le go anela hisitori, thuto ya lobopo, le dikgopolo tsa ngwao ya bone .

Go  mefuta e mebedi e megolo ya dingaka tsa setso mo merafeng ya baNguni,baSotho le baTsonga ya Aforika Borwa: motlhodi wa ditiragalo ( '''''sangoma''''' ) le ngaka ya ditlhare ( '''''ngaka tshupe''''' ) . Dingaka tse ke di ngaka tse di bontshiwang tlotlo thata mo Aforika Borwa le go tlotliwa mo setšhabeng se go akanngwang gore bolwetse bo tlholwa ke boloi, kgotlhelo (go kopana le dilo tse di sa itshekang kgotsa ditiragalo) kgotsa ka go ikgokomosa bagolo. [ 1 ] [ 2 ] Go fopholediwa gore go na le dingaka tsa setso di ka nna 200,000 mo Aforikaborwa fa di tshwantshiwa le dingaka di le 25,000 tse di katisitsweng mo tirong ya go alafa ya ditshedi. [ 3 ] Dingaka tsa setso di rerisiwa ke bokana ka 60% ya baagi ba Aforika Borwa, gantsi ka tirisanommogo le ditirelo tsa segompieno tsa kalafi ya ditshedi. [ 4 ] Gore go nne le kutlwano fa gare ga batshedi le baswi, e e leng botlhokwa gore motho a tshele botshelo jo bo senang mathata, dingaka tsa setso di dumela gore bagolo ba tshwanetse go bontshiwa tlotlo ka go dira dingwao le go ntsha ditlhabelo tsa diphologolo. [ 5 ] Ba dira dingwao tsa go bitsa ka go fisa dimela tse di jaaka ''mpepho'' ( ''Helichrysum petiolare'' ), go bina, go opela, go tsamaisa kgotsa go tshameka meropa.

Dingaka tsa setso gantsi di naya balwetse ba bone ''melemo''- diokobatsi tse di dirilweng ka dimela, diphologolo le diminerale - tse di nang le bokao jwa semoya. Gantsi melemo eno e nale tshwantshetso e e maatla; ka sekai, mafura a tau a ka baakanyediwa bana go rotloetsa bopelokgale. Go na le melemo ya sengwe le sengwe go tloga ka bolwetse jwa mmele le jwa tlhaloganyo, go sa utlwane ga loago le mathata a semoya go ya go metswako ya tshireletso, lorato le lesego.


[[Setshwantsho:Sangomas-greeting.jpg|thumb|Ba Sangoma ba dumedisana]]


Dingaka di bitseditswe go fodisa, mme ka tsona go dumelwa gore bagologolwane ba ba tswang kwa lefatsheng la memoya ba ka neela thuto le kgakololo ya go fodisa malwetse, go tlhoka kutlwano mo setšhabeng le mathata a semoya. [ 15 ] Dingaka tsa setso di bereka mo ntlwaneng e e boitshepo ya go fodisa kgotsa ''segotlo'', kwa ba dumelang gore bagologolwane ba bona ba nna teng. [ 16 ] Moo go senang ‘segotlo’ sa mmatota, go ka dirisiwa lefelo le le boitshepo le lennye la nakwana le le bidiwang ''segotlo.'' .

Dingaka di dumela gore di kgona go bona kgakololo le kaelo go tswa mo bagolong ba bone go thusa balwetse ba bone ka go tsenwa ke moya ke bagolo, kgotsa ka bongaka, ka marapo a go bolelela pele, kgotsa ka go tlhalosa dipono . [ 12 ] [ 17 ] Mo maemong a go nna le dilo, dingaka di itirela go nna mo badimong ka go letsa meropa, go bina le go opela, mme di letlelela boikgogomoso jwa tsone go kgaogana gore mogologolwane a tseye mmele wa tsone le go buisana ka tlhamalalo le molwetse, kgotsa di bina ka kelotlhoko go feta bokgoni ba tsone bo bo boletsweng. [ 18 ]

== DITSHUPISO ==
* {{Cite book |last=Campbell |first=Susan Schuster |year=1998 |title=Called to Heal |publisher=Zebra Press |isbn=978-1-86872-240-2 |location=Halfway House}}
* {{Cite book |last=Cumes |first=David |year=2004 |title=Africa in my bones |url=https://archive.org/details/africainmyboness0000cume |publisher=New Africa Books |isbn=978-0-86486-556-4 |location=Claremont}}
* {{Cite journal |last=Niagia |first=Santuah F |date=May 2002 |title=Traditional medicine gets healthy recognition |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_the-lancet_2002-05-18_359_9319/page/1760 |journal=The Lancet |volume=359 |issue=9319 |pages=1760 |doi=10.1016/S0140-6736(02)08676-2 |pmid=12049880}}</text>
      <sha1>i6tmmlu88s1is2b6t9f6um44kefcilq</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Evan Mawarire</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>13111</id>
    <revision>
      <id>54200</id>
      <parentid>54018</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-08-18T05:09:00Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>InternetArchiveBot</username>
        <id>8156</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5</comment>
      <origin>54200</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="12032" sha1="guzgumjalywmncpefrft0p5lp5n0nvh" xml:space="preserve">{{Infobox person|name=Evan Mawarire|image=Evan Mawarire.jpg|birth_name=Evan Mawarire|birth_date=Mopitlo a le malatsi a supa ngwaga wa sekete, makgolo a robabaongwe masome a supa le bosupa|birth_place=[[Rhodesia]] kwa e leng [[Zimbabwe]] gompieno|occupation=Moruti, molwela ditshwanelo tsa puso ya batho ka batho|years active=ngwaga wa 2016 go tsena gompieno e le mopolotiki|known for=megwanto ya 2016 go tsena 2017; #ThisFlag|spouse=Samantha Mwarire|children=ba bararo}}

'''Evan Mawarire''' (yo o tshotsweng ka Mopitlo a supa ka ngwaga wa 1977) &lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Cite news|url=https://www.herald.co.zw/mawarire-is-no-saint/#disqus_thread|title=Mawarire is no saint|access-date=2018-10-26|language=en-GB}}&lt;/ref&gt; ke moruti wa kwa lefatsheng la [[Zimbabwe]] le [[molweladitshwanelo]] tsa puso ya batho ka batho. O ne a itsege thata ka nako ya [[ditshupegetso tsa kwa Zimbabwe tsa 2016–17]] tse di neng di gwetlha puso ya ga [[Robert Mugabe]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|url=https://time.com/4659284/evan-mawarie-zimbabwe-this-flag-bail-denied/|title=Evan Mawarire, Pastor Behind Zimbabwe's #ThisFlag Protest Movement, Denied Bail|access-date=17 January 2018|archivedate=4 January 2018|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20180104153513/http://time.com/4659284/evan-mawarie-zimbabwe-this-flag-bail-denied/}}&lt;/ref&gt; Go begilwe fa Mawarire a kopile batho ba Zimbabwe go ngangapala le go gana go boela tirong morago ga ditshupegetso.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-36791126|title=Zimbabwe pastor Evan Mawarire calls for more protests|access-date=17 January 2018}}&lt;/ref&gt; Kwa bokhutlong jwa 2017, [[BBC News]] e ne ya bega gore Mawarire o ne a gololwa ke kgotlatshekelo ya Zimbabwe kwa a neng a lebanwe ke katlholo ya dingwaga di ka nna masome mabedi mo kgolegelong fa a ne a ka bonwa molato ka ntlha ya go leka go menola puso ya ga Robert Mugabe. Diketekete di ne tsa tla kwa tshekong ya gagwe mme se sa tsosa mokgatlho wa loago o o neng wa emelana le tshenyetso setshaba, tshiamololo le lehuma.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-42171375|title=Zimbabwe court acquits Mugabe critic Evan Mawarire|access-date=11 February 2018}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ka Phukwi a le lesome le boraro ka 2017 bonnye jwa babueledi ba le lekgolo le masome a matlhano ba ne ba ema ka dinao kwa kgotlatshekelong go emela Mawarire, fa diketekete di ne di kokoane kwa ntle ga kgotlatshekelo ya [[Harare]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Meet Evan Mawarire, the Zimbabwean Pastor Risking His Life for Political Change |url=https://time.com/4676282/evan-mawarire-interview-zimbabwe-politics-elections/ |access-date=2018-02-18 |website=[[Time (magazine)|Time]] |language=en-US |archive-date=2018-02-22 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180222152142/http://time.com/4676282/evan-mawarire-interview-zimbabwe-politics-elections/ |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Botshelo jwa pele le thuto ==
Batsadi ba gagwe e ne e le badirelapuso mme o ne a godisediwa mo lelwapeng la Sekeresete.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot;&gt;{{Cite news|url=https://www.nationalreview.com/magazine/2017/07/10/evan-mawarire-zimbabwes-freedom-pastor/|title=Zimbabwe's Freedom Pastor|last=Nordlinger|first=Jay|date=2017-07-09|work=National Review|access-date=2018-10-26|language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt; O feditse nako ya gagwe ya bongwana kwa Harare, pele ga a fudugela kwa [[Kgaolong ya Mashonaland Bophirima]]. O tsene sekolo se se botlana sa Amandas kwa toropong ya [[Concession]].&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt; Go tloga ka 1990 go ya kwa ngwageng wa 1992, o ne a tsena [[Sekolo sa Prince Edward]] kwa Harare, pele ga a fudugela kwa Sekolong se Segolo sa Charles Clack kwa [[Magunje]], e leng sekolo sa borongwa sa [[Salvation Army]], go wetsa dithuto tsa gagwe go tloga ka 1993 go ya kwa ngwageng wa sekete makgolo a robabaongwe masome a robabongwe le bone.Fa a le dingwaga di le lesome le borataro, o ne a tlhophiwa go ya kwa palamenteng ya bana ya Zimbabwe, e e neng e tlhametswe go ipelela letsatsi la mafatshefatshe la Ngwana wa moAforika.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt; O ne gape a tlhophiwa go nna Tautona wa bana wa Zimbabwe.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt; O ne a tswelela go ithuta kwa [[Harare Institute of Technology]], kwa a neng a aloga ka diploma ya dithuto tsa Motlakase wa Dikoloi ka ngwaga wa sekete makgolo a robabongwe masome a robabongwe le borataro.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;

== Tsa pereko ==
O ne a bereka mo go tsa kgwebo dingwaga di le mmalwa, mme ka nako yone eo a ne a ithaopa kwa kerekeng ya gagwe, a ruta kwa sekolong sa Tshipi.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot;/&gt; O ne a bona tiro ya kwa kerekeng ya gagwe e mo kgotsofatsa go gaisa, mme ka 2002 o ne a tlogela tiro ya gagwe mme a ya sekolong sa boruti.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt; Go tloga ka 2002 go fitlha ka 2007, e ne e le moruti wa banana le basha kwa Celebration Churches International kwa Harare, pele ga a dira jaaka mokaedi wa kgaolo wa kereke kwa [[United Kingdom]] go tloga ka 2007 go fitlha ka 2010.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;/&gt; Ka 2010, o ne a tlhoma kereke ya gagwe ya His Generation kwa Harare. &lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;

== Letsholo la #ThisFlag ==
&lt;nowiki&gt;#&lt;/nowiki&gt;This Flag, ke letsholo la puso ya batho ka batho kwa Zimbabwe le le tlhamilweng ke Mawarire ka maikaelelo a go ntsha puso ya ga tautona Robert Mugabe.&lt;ref&gt;[https://www.nationalreview.com/magazine/2017/07/10/evan-mawarire-zimbabwes-freedom-pastor/ &quot;Evan Mawarire, the anti-Mugabe&quot;]. ''www.nationalreview.com''. Retrieved 10 August 2026&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;[https://iharare.com/the-story-behind-evan-mawarirethe-man-who-started-this-flag-movement/ &quot;The story behind Evan Mawarire, The man who started #This Flag Movement&quot;]. ''iHarare''. Retrieved 10 August 2026&lt;/ref&gt; Letsholo le gape le ne le bonwa ke bangwe e le lengwe la matsholo a setshaba la sepolotiki le le nang le thotloetso e tona thata mo ditsong tsa Zimbabwe.&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot;&gt;Lane, Rosemary (2023-05-03). [https://www.georgetown.edu/news/georgetown-announces-graduation-speakers-for-the-class-of-2023/ &quot;Georgetown Announces Graduation Speakers for the Class of 2023&quot;.] ''Georgetown University''. Retrieved 10 June 2026&lt;/ref&gt; Martin Runganga, lepodisi la ditshekatsheko mo lephateng la tshenyo la Zimbabwe o ne a tshwantshanya Mawarire le Boko Haram a supa fa Mawarire a timetsa batho ba Zimbabwe ka tumelo go tshwana le Boko Haram.&lt;ref&gt;[https://www.news24.com/Africa/Zimbabwe/zimbabwes-pastor-evan-mawarire-is-like-boko-haram-witness-20171001 &quot;Zimbabwe: Zimbabwe's Pastor Evan Mawarire is like Boko Haram, Witness&quot;.] ''news24''. Retrieved 10 August 2026&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;[https://www.heraldonline.co.zw/witness-equates-mawarire-to-boko-haram/ &quot;Witness equates Mawarire to Boko Haram&quot;.] ''The Herald''. Retrieved 10 August 2026&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;[https://web.archive.org/web/20180308231717/https://mainnews.net/africa/zimbabwes-pastor-evan-mawarire-is-like-boko-haram-witness/ &quot;Zimbabwe's Pastor Evan Mawarire Is Like Boko Hara]m&quot;. ''Main News''. Retrieved 10 August 2026&lt;/ref&gt; Bangwe kwa Zimbabwe ba ne ba tshwantshanya letsholo le le la ga Martin Luther King JR. la ditshwanelo tsa setho.&lt;ref&gt;[https://www.ibtimes.co.uk/zimbabwe-who-pastor-evan-mawarire-man-behind-thisflag-subversive-protest-movement-1569674 &quot;Who is Pastor Evan Mawarire, the man behind #ThisFlag subversive protest movement?&quot;.] ''International Business Times''. Retrieved 10 August 2026&lt;/ref&gt; Pampiri ya puso ya kwa Zimbabwe ya The Herald, e ne e re Mawarire ke motsietsi o o tsieditseng bakereki ba kereke ya gagwe kwa United Kingdom gore a seka a duela lekgetho.&lt;ref&gt;[https://www.heraldonline.co.zw/mawarire-is-no-saint/ &quot;Mawarire is no saint&quot;.] ''The herald''. Retrieved 10 August 2026&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Go tshwarwa ===
Ka Phukwi ngwaga wa dikete pedi lesome le motso, Mawarire o ne a tshwarelwa go tlhotlheletsa tirisodikgoka kwa Zimbabwe, mme sepodisi sa Zimbabwe sene sa gapa mogala wa gagwe wa lotheka. &lt;ref&gt;[https://web.archive.org/web/20220812191627/https://www.newsday.co.zw/2016/07/developing-police-arrest-mawarire-want-phone/ &quot;Developing: Cops seize Mawarire's phone&quot;.] ''News Day''. Retrieved 10 August 2026&lt;/ref&gt;Ka Tlhakole a rogwa ngwaga wa dikete pedi lesome le bosupa, Mawarire o ne a tshwarwa mabapi le go leka go thankgola Robert Mugabe kwa mamelong a difofane a Robert Grabriel Mugabe International Airport kwa Zimbabwe faa bowa kwa [[USA|United States]].&lt;ref&gt;[https://web.archive.org/web/20181027061508/https://www.enca.com/africa/pastor-mawarire-arrested-on-return-to-zimbabwe-from-us &quot;Pastor Mawarire arrested on return to Zimbabwe from US&quot;.] ''enca''. Retrieved 10 August 2026&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;[https://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-38826079 &quot;Zimbabwe's #ThisFlag pastor Evan Mawarire detained on return&quot;.] ''BBC''. Retrieved 10 August 2026&lt;/ref&gt; Ka Seetebosigo ngwaga wa dikete pedi lesome le bosupa, Mawarire o ne a tshwarelwa go rapela le baithuti ba ba neng ba le mo mogwantong kwa sekolong se segolwane sa ithutelo ditiro sa University of Zimbabwe.&lt;ref&gt;[https://mg.co.za/news/africa/2017-06-26-thisflag-leader-mawarire-arrested-for-praying-with-students-at-protest/ &quot;#ThisFlag leader Mawarire arrested for 'praying with students' at protest&quot;.] ''Mail and Guardian''. Retrieved 10 August 2026&lt;/ref&gt; Ka Lwetse ngwaga wa dikete pedi lesome le bosupa, Mawarire o ne a tshwarwa ke sepodisi sa Zimbabwe a tshwarelwa go bua ka mathata a itsholelo kwa kerekeng ya gagwe. Moruti Evan Mawarire o ne a tshwarwa gape ka Firikgong a le lesome le borataro ngwaga wa dikete pedi lesome le borobabongwe morago ga go botsa le go rulaganya go ema kgatlhanong le go oketsega ga ditlhwatlhwa le go tlhoka go busa ka tshwanelo. Ka fa tlase ga ga tautona o mohsas [[Emmerson Mnangagwa]], Mawarire o ne a tshwarelwa go leka go menola puso.

=== Polotiki ya Zimbabwe ===
Moragonyana fela Morgan Tsvangirai a sena go tlhokafala go ne ga begiwa gore Mawarire o ne a bona Tsvangirai e le motho wa botlhokwa mo bosweng jwa Zimbabwe morago ga boipuso ka a ne a le kgatlhanong le puso ya ga Mugabe a le kwa ntle, se se mo farologanya le ba ba tsileng pele ga gagwe. Moragonyana ga matsalo a ga Mugabe a dinwaga di le masome a robabaongwe le bone, fa a le kwa bokopanong jwa ditshwanelo tsa setho le puso ya batho ka batho kwa Geneva, Mawarire o ne a bua ka go nna sebete se molangwana ga gagwe ka go gololesega ga ditlhopho tsa Zimbabwe tsa ngwaga wa dikete pedi lesome le borobabobedi. Ga go a tlhomamisega gore a Mwarire o batla go emela ditlhopho tsa botautona jwa lefatshe la Zimbabwe mme o ganeditse keletso epe. Ka Mopitlo ngwaga wa dikete pedi lesome le borobababedi, Mwarire o ne a itsise faa  tla a emela maemo a puso ya mo gae kwa [[Harare]].

=== Maemo a gagwe mo lefatsheng ka bophara ===
Forbes e ne ya gatisa tsebe e e buang ka fa Mwarire a duleng mo go nneng ese mang go nna molwela ditshwanelo tsa setho o o itsegeng a dirisa maranyane go lwela puso ya batho ka batho. Pampiri ya Foreign Policy e ne ya mo fa tlotla ya go nna mongwe wa batho ba ba akanyang thata ba le lekgolo ka ngwaga wa dikete pedi lesome le borataro. Pampiri ya [[Aforika Borwa]] ya Daily Maverick e ne ya re ke motho wa Aforika wa ngwaga ka ngwaga wa dikete pedi lesome le borataro. Evan Mawarire o tsene sekolo kwa [[Stanford University]], a le mo katisong ya molao le go tlhabolola puso ya batho ka batho. Ka ngwaga wa dikete pedi le masome a mabedi, o ne a tlhophiwa go nna mokatisiwa wa Yale ke sekolo sa Yale university, e le lenaneo la mafatshefatshe la boeteledipele le le amanyang le bo le katisa setlhopha sa batho ba ba tswang mo mehameng e e farologaneng. Ka ngwaga wa dikete pedi masome mabedi le boraro, o ne a lalediwa go nna mongwe wa dibui tse tharo tse di neng di gakolola dialogane kwa [[Georgetown School of Foreign Service]], ene le [[Daria Navalnaya]] le [[Debra Tice]].&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Berg, Matt; Hawkins, Ari (2023-05-19). [https://www.politico.com/newsletters/national-security-daily/2023/05/19/georgetown-invited-navalnys-kid-to-commencement-chaos-followed-00097832 &quot;Georgetown invited Navalny's kid to commencement. 'Chaos' followed&quot;.] ''POLITICO''. Retrieved 10 August 2026&lt;/ref&gt;

== Botshelo jwa gagwe ==
Mawarire le mosadi wa gagwe Samantha ba na le bana ba le bararo.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt;

== Metswedi ==
{{reflist}}</text>
      <sha1>guzgumjalywmncpefrft0p5lp5n0nvh</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Betty Makoni</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>13120</id>
    <revision>
      <id>54198</id>
      <parentid>50939</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-08-18T01:13:35Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>InternetArchiveBot</username>
        <id>8156</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5</comment>
      <origin>54198</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="11633" sha1="9mocsews4yqbuthj96b97a91dh92owl" xml:space="preserve">'''Hazviperi''' '''Betty Makoni''' ke molweladitshwanelo tsa basadi ba lefatshe la Zimbabwe yo ka 1999 a neng a tlhoma Kgokagano ya Bana ba Basetsana, mokgatlho wa bopelotlhomogi o o tshegetsang batswasetlhabelo ba basha ba Zimbabwe ba ba sotlwang ka thobalano.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|url=http://edition.cnn.com/2009/LIVING/06/04/cnnheroes.betty.makoni/index.html|title=Child rape survivor saves 'virgin myth' victims|accessdate=2009-12-27|work=CNN|date=2009-10-01}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Cite news|title=The Truth About: Betty Makoni|url=http://www.newzimbabwe.com/news-1148-The+Truth+About+Betty+Makoni/news.aspx|accessdate=15 August 2014|date=13 October 2009|archivedate=13 May 2016|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160513075540/http://www.newzimbabwe.com/news-1148-The+Truth+About+Betty+Makoni/news.aspx}}&lt;/ref&gt; Fa e sa le ka nako eo, mafaratlhatlha ao a ile a atologela kwa Amerika, Yuropa le kwa mafatsheng a a farologaneng a Aforika.

O amogetse dithuto tsa digerata di le pedi kwa [[Yunibesithing ya Zimbabwe]], mme o abetswe dietsele di le mmalwa tsa bosetšhaba le tsa boditšhabatšhaba. Makoni o ne a nna khutsana fa a ne a sa ntse a le ngwana mme a sotliwa ka tlhakanelodikobo,&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Child Rights Activist Betty Makoni &quot;Lights Up the Dark&quot; for Abused and Disadvantaged Young Girls |url=https://thewip.net/contributors/2007/10/zimbabwean_child_rights_activi.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091118151507/http://www.thewip.net/contributors/2007/10/zimbabwean_child_rights_activi.html |archive-date=2009-11-18 |access-date=2010-01-01}}&lt;/ref&gt; ke ene setlhogo se segolo mo filiming ya ditokomane ya ''[[Tapestries of Hope]]'' .

== Botshelo jwa pele ==
Botshelo jwa ga Makoni bo simolotse&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Betty Makoni - World's Children's Prize |url=https://worldschildrensprize.org/betty-makoni |access-date=2025-11-12 |website=worldschildrensprize.org}}&lt;/ref&gt; kwa St Mary's kwa motsesetoropong o o humanegileng wa [[Chitungwiza]], kwa [[Zimbabwe]]. O ne a fetsa bontsi jwa botshelo jwa gagwe jwa pele a lebile rraagwe a betsa mmaagwe mo e ka nnang bosigo bongwe le bongwe, mme go tsweng foo batsadi ba gagwe ka bobedi ba ne ba tlaa mmetsa le batsalwaleene ba batlhano. Makoni o ne a kgarametswa a sa le monnye thata go batla tiro le go tshegetsa batsalwaleene ba le batlhano. Fa a le dingwaga di le thataro, kwa lefelong la bofelo la bareki la letsatsi la gagwe la tiro, Makoni o ne a tsena mo lebentleleng le ditsala tsa gagwe mme a tswalelwa mo teng. Mong wa lebenkele o ne a tswelela ka go mo betelela le ditsala tsa gagwe tsotlhe, a dumela gore go betelela makgarejwana go tla tlisa lesego.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Interview with Muzvare Betty Makoni |url=https://www.royalholloway.ac.uk/about-us/our-alumni/for-alumni/alumni-news/muzvare-betty-makoni-interview |access-date=2025-11-12 |website=www.royalholloway.ac.uk |language=en-gb}}&lt;/ref&gt; Dingwaga di le tharo morago ga foo mmaagwe o ne a tlhokafala mo kotsing ya kgokgontsho ya mo gae, mo diatleng tsa ga rraagwe, fa a ne a imile mme ka bonako fela morago ga moo o ne a romelwa kwa sekolong se se nang le marobalo se se neng se itsege thata ka go betsa bana.

== Tiro ==
Ka ngwaga wa 2000 o ne a simolodisa Girl Child Network, ka tsholofelo ya go tshegetsa ditshwanelo tsa basetsana le go aga maatla fa gare ga bone.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;/&gt; Fa mosetsana a ne a tlhoka go engwa nokeng ka gonne a ne a betelelwa, a patelesega go tlogela sekolo, a tlhoka madi a go duelela dijo, diaparo kgotsa sengwe le sengwe se mosetsana a neng a se tlhoka, Betty o ne a le teng. Mo tirong ya gagwe yotlhe mo Girl Child Network, Betty o kgonne go ema basetsana ba ka nna 40,00 nokeng mo tirong ya gagwe yotlhe, mme mekgatlho e le mentsi ya lefatshe ya kgaolo e ile ya boeletsa sekao se se tsenngwang tirisong ke Girl Child Network.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt; Kgokagano e ya Bana ba Basetsana e tswelela go atologa go ralala lefatshe,&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book |last=van Reisen |first=M.E.H. |year=2010 |title=Zimbabwe: Women's Voices |url=https://repository.tilburguniversity.edu/server/api/core/bitstreams/0d742742-9c56-4ebe-94eb-b49adbef88ab/content |last2=Kwinjeh |first2=G. |last3=Luecke |first3=L. |publisher=EEPA |series=Report of the European Parliamentary Hearing |location=Brussels |access-date=18 November 2025 |archive-date=7 December 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20251207050143/https://repository.tilburguniversity.edu/server/api/core/bitstreams/0d742742-9c56-4ebe-94eb-b49adbef88ab/content |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt; go ya kwa USA, Yuropa le dikarolo tsa Aforika go ema basetsana nokeng go ralala lefatshe. Ka go atlega ga yone, go ntse fela jalo le ka tiro ya ga Betty Makoni, e jaanong a direlang jaaka Mokhuduthamaga wa Girl Child Network Lefatshe Lotlhe.

== Metse ya Nonotsho (&quot;matlo a a babalesegileng&quot;) ==
Fa tiro ya gagwe e ntse e gola, Makoni o ne a atolosa Girl Child Network go nna tsamaiso ya lefatshe ka bophara e e neng e akaretsa &quot;metse ya nonotsho&quot;,&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2009-11-01 |title=Zimbabwe Gender Activist Fights to Protect Victims of Violence against Women and Girls |url=https://www.voanews.com/a/a-13-2008-04-29-voa8/401755.html |access-date=2025-11-22 |website=Voice of America |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; matlo a a babalesegileng a a diretsweng basetsana ba ba tshabang kgokgontsho ya thobalano le kgokgontsho ya mo gae. [https://www.ashoka.org/en-us/fellow/betty-makoni Dikago tsa GCN] tse di jaaka tse di neelana ka mafelo a tshireletso a tshoganyetso, diphetisetso tsa kalafi, kgakololo ya tlhaloganyo, thuso ya semolao, le tshegetso ya go kopanngwa gape ga bafalodi. Metse e ya nonotsho gape e dira gabedi jaaka dikago tsa gore makgarebe a amogele kgakololo, thuto ya bokgoni jwa botshelo, tlhabololo ya boeteledipele, le tshegetso ya thuto. Go ya ka ditlhogo tsa dikgang, diketekete tsa makgarebe a a feta mo magaeng a a babalesegileng, makgolokgolo a bone a boela sekolong kgotsa a simolola matshelo a masha, a a ikemetseng le ditiro morago ga go tsosolosiwa mono.

== Ditlotla ==

* Ka 2003 Mokgatlho wa Samiti ya Lefatshe ya Basadi o ne wa abela Makoni Sekgele sa Boitlhamedi jwa Basadi mo Botshelong jwa Magae.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Pradervand |first=Elly |title=Series on Women Changing the World: Betty Makoni, Zimbabwe |url=https://www.huffingtonpost.com/elly-pradervand/women-changing-the-world_b_1459341.html |access-date=15 August 2014 |website=The Huffington Post}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* Ka 2007, Makoni o fentse Mokgele wa Lefatshe wa Bana wa Ditshwanelo tsa Bana.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last= |year=2010 |title=Betty Makoni |url=http://worldschildrensprize.org/betty-makoni |access-date=20 January 2012 |publisher=World's Children's Prize}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* Ka 2008, Amnesty Boditšhabatšhaba e ne ya mo naya Sekgele sa yone sa Ginetta Sagan ka ntlha ya tiro ya gagwe le GCN.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last= |year=2011 |title=Ginetta Sagan Award Winners |url=http://www.amnestyusa.org/about-us/grants-and-awards/ginetta-sagan-fund/ginetta-sagan-award-winners |access-date=20 January 2012 |publisher=[[Amnesty International]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* Ka 2009, Makoni o ne a newa seetsele sa CNN Heroes&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=CNN Heroes - Special Reports from CNN.com |url=https://www.cnn.com/SPECIALS/cnn.heroes/archive09/betty.makoni.html |access-date=2025-11-19 |website=www.cnn.com}}&lt;/ref&gt; ya go sireletsa batho ba ba se nang maatla .
* O ne a bidiwa Mogaka wa Lefatshe Lotlhe wa Ditshwanelo tsa Bana mmogo le batho ba ba tlhomologileng ba ba jaaka [[Nelson Mandela]] le Graca Machel&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Introducing myself and my journal: We are born victorious and not victims |url=https://www.worldpulse.org/story/introducing-myself-and-my-journal-we-are-born-victorious-and-not-victims-379 |access-date=2025-11-19 |website=World Pulse |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* Ka 2006 Makoni le The Girl Child Network ba ne ba amogela sekgele se se eletsegang thata sa Lente e Khibidu ya Ditšhabakopano&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2006-08-17 |title=UN-organized 'Red Ribbons' awarded for local AIDS initiatives {{!}} UN News |url=https://news.un.org/en/story/2006/08/189292 |access-date=2025-11-19 |website=news.un.org |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; ka ntlha ya go samagana le go tlhoka tekatekano ga bong go go bakang leroborobo la HIV/AIDS .
* Betty Makoni o ne a umakiwa mo gare ga [[Hillary Clinton]] le baeteledipele ba le bantsi ba lefatshe jaaka basadi ba le 150 ba ba tshikinyang lefatshe&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2012-03-05 |title=150 Women Who Shake the World |url=https://www.newsweek.com/150-women-who-shake-world-66131 |access-date=2025-11-19 |website=Newsweek |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* Dietsele tsa Basadi mo Difiliming le mo Thelebišeneng-Los Angeles –USA&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Q&amp;A: Catching up with the top 10 CNN Heroes - CNN.com |url=https://www.cnn.com/2009/LIVING/12/25/top.10.heroes.qa/index.html |access-date=2025-11-19 |website=www.cnn.com}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* Sekgele sa Porojekete ya Bagaka ba Thutlwa ya 2009&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Zimbabwe |url=https://www.giraffe.org/global/zimbabwe |access-date=2025-11-19 |website=www.giraffe.org |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Botshelo jwa gagwe ==
Makoni o ne a tswa kwa Zimbabwe ka 2008, morago ga go amogela matshosetsi a le mantsi a polao a a amanang le tiro ya gagwe ya go sireletsa basetsana mo kgokgontshong ya thobalano.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Part Two of our Interview with Betty Makoni of Girl Child Network – The Pixel Project |url=https://www.thepixelproject.net/2010/11/20/part-two-of-our-interview-with-betty-makoni-of-girl-child-network/ |access-date=2025-11-26 |website=www.thepixelproject.net}}&lt;/ref&gt; Mo dipotsolotsong, o tlhalositse gore bontsi jwa go buelela ga gagwe go dirile gore a tlhame baba ba ba maatla, go akaretsa le batho ba ba nang le tlhotlheletso ya sepolotiki, le gore o ne a nna setlhogo sa ditatofatso tsa letsholo la go senngwa leina la boitshwaro jo bo sa siamang jwa madi.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2015-10-13 |title=Betty Makoni {{!}} Activist and Humanatarian {{!}} The Legacy Project |url=https://thelegacyproject.co.za/betty-makoni-activist-humanatarian/ |access-date=2025-12-05 |language=en-US |archive-date=2025-12-11 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20251211082414/https://thelegacyproject.co.za/betty-makoni-activist-humanatarian/ |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt; Moragonyana, le boruni jo bo ikemetseng jwa KPMG bo ne jwa mo tlosa ditatofatso tsotlhe. Mo nakong eo, o ne a bega gore o ne a tshosediwa ka go bolawa gangwe le gape ka mogala wa letheka mme o ne a tlhagisiwa ke ba tirelo ya sephiri ya Zimbabwe gore botshelo jwa gagwe bo mo kotsing. Morago ga se, Makoni o ne a swetsa go tshabela kwa Aforika Borwa pele a fudugela le lelapa la gagwe kwa Enyelane&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|title=The Truth About: Betty Makoni|url=http://www.newzimbabwe.com/news-1148-The+Truth+About+Betty+Makoni/news.aspx|accessdate=15 August 2014|archivedate=13 May 2016|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160513075540/http://www.newzimbabwe.com/news-1148-The+Truth+About+Betty+Makoni/news.aspx}}&lt;/ref&gt; kwa a nnang teng ga jaana mme o tsweletse ka tiro ya gagwe a babalesegile. Jaana o nyalane le monna wa gagwe Irvine Nyamapfene yo a nnang nae le bana ba le bararo.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Betty Makoni shines in Hollywood, another award |url=http://www.zimdiaspora.com/index.php?option=com_content&amp;view=article&amp;id=2324:betty-makoni-shines-in-hollywood-another-award&amp;catid=38:travel-tips&amp;Itemid=18 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161107014421/http://www.zimdiaspora.com/index.php?option=com_content&amp;view=article&amp;id=2324:betty-makoni-shines-in-hollywood-another-award&amp;catid=38:travel-tips&amp;Itemid=18 |archive-date=2016-11-07 |access-date=2009-12-27}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Metswedi ==</text>
      <sha1>9mocsews4yqbuthj96b97a91dh92owl</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Sister Namibia</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>13260</id>
    <revision>
      <id>54179</id>
      <parentid>50022</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-08-17T20:47:33Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>InternetArchiveBot</username>
        <id>8156</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Add 1 book for [[en:Wikipedia:Verifiability|verifiability]] (20260817)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]]</comment>
      <origin>54179</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="13270" sha1="m4hanlq08123iv2abbq2nh6c7lm3hwo" xml:space="preserve">'''Sister Namibia''', yo pele a neng a itsege jaaka '''Sister Namibia Collective''', ke mokgatlho wa basadi o o sa tseyeng letlhakore o ebile e se wa puso (NGO) o o kwa [[Windhoek]], [[Namibia]]. Mokgatlho ono o tlhomilwe ka 1989 pele ga Namibia e bona boipuso go tswa mo go [[Aforika Borwa|Aforikaborwa]]. Sister Namibia e buelela ditshwanelo tsa basadi e bile e nna le seabe mo ditirong tse di rotloetsang tekatekano e e tletseng ya bong mo lefatsheng le le se nang tirisodikgoka, tlhaolele le kgatelelo.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Frank |first=Liz |last2={{!}}Khaxas |first2=Elizabeth |year=2006 |title=Sister Namibia: Fighting for All Human Rights for All Women |journal=Feminist Africa |volume=6 |pages=83}}&lt;/ref&gt; Go tloga fa o tlhongwa, tiro e kgolo ya mokgatlho ono e ntse e le go tlhagisa Lokwalo la Sister Namibia. Ka dingwaga tsa bo 1990 Sister Namibia e ne ya atolosa ditiro tsa yone go akaretsa mananeo a thuto, dipatlisiso, go nna le seabe mo metsweding ya dikgang, le ditiro tsa setso go tshegetsa ditshwanelo tsa basadi.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book |last=Boslaugh |first=Sarah |year=2013 |title=The Multimedia Encyclopedia of Women in Today's World |publisher=SAGE Publications |editor-last=Stange |editor-first=Mary Zeiss |location=Thousand Oaks, CA |pages=1803–1805 |doi=10.4135/9781452270388.n391 |editor-last2=Oyster |editor-first2=Carol K. |editor-last3=Sloan |editor-first3=Jane E.}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Ditso ==

=== Tshimologo ===
Go tlhamiwa ga Sister Namibia Collective go latela kgang ya kgololosego ya Namibia. Morago ga Ntwa ya Lefatshe ya ntlha, [[Kgolagano ya Ditšhaba]] e ne ya laela gore Namibia, e ka nako eo e neng e itsege jaaka [[Aforika Borwa Bophirima]], e laolwe ke [[Aforika Borwa|Aforikaborwa]]. Ga se fela gore [[tlhaolele]] e ne ya gapelediwa ka fa tlase ga puso ya Aforika Borwa, mme le ditshwanelo tsa basadi di ne tsa thibelwa. E re ka basadi ba ba nyetsweng ba ne ba tsewa e le bana ba bannye kafa molaong, ba ne ba ka kgona go dira ditirisano tsa semolao fela fa banna ba bone ba ba naya tetla.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot;&gt;{{Cite book |last=Frank |first=Liz |year=2000 |title=Lesbian Histories and Cultures |publisher=Garland |isbn=0815319207 |editor-last=Zimmerman |editor-first=Bonnie |location=New York |pages=[https://archive.org/details/encyclopediaofle00bzim/page/532 532] |chapter=Namibia |chapter-url=https://archive.org/details/encyclopediaofle00bzim/page/532}}&lt;/ref&gt; Basadi ba Namibia ba ne ba nna le karolo e e botlhokwa ya boeteledipele jwa sepolotiki le jwa sesole mo ntweng e telele ya boipuso mme baeteledipele bano ba ne ba netefatsa gore ditshwanelo tsa basadi di nna karolo ya serala sa kgololesego.&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot;&gt;{{Cite book |last=Frank |first=Liz |year=1996 |title=Amazon to Zami: Towards a Global Lesbian Feminism |last2={{!}}Khaxas |first2=Elizabeth |publisher=Cassell |isbn=0304332038 |editor-last=Reinfelder |editor-first=Monika |location=London |pages=[https://archive.org/details/amazontozamitowa00rein/page/113 113] |chapter=Lesbians in Namibia |chapter-url=https://archive.org/details/amazontozamitowa00rein/page/113}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Fa Namibia e ne e tsaya boipuso ka 1990, molaomotheo o mosha o ne wa tlhomamisa “ditshwanelo tse di lekanang le tse di ka se amogiweng tsa maloko otlhe a lelapa la motho […] go sa kgathalesege lotso, mmala, tlholego, bong, bodumedi, tumelo kana maemo mo setšhabeng kana mo itsholelo.”&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=The Constitution of The Republic of Namibia |url=http://www.orusovo.com/namcon/}}&lt;/ref&gt; Le fa go ntse jalo, ditshireletso tsa ditshwanelo tsa batho ka fa tlase ga molao, di ne di sa bonale ka metlha mo tirisong. Setlhopha sa Sister Namibia se ne sa tlhamiwa ke [[Elizabeth Khaxis]] le Liz Frank ka ntlha ya go lemoga ga bone gore basadi ba le bantsi kwa Namibia ba ne ba sa itse le gore ba na le ditshwanelo tsa setho. Maikaelelo a Sister Namibia Collective e ne e le go tlamela ka thuto le tshedimosetso ka ga ditshwanelo tsa basadi tsa semolao le go tlamela ka didirisiwa le bokgoni gore basadi ba kgone go batla ditshwanelo tsa bone.&lt;ref name=&quot;:3&quot;&gt;{{Cite book |last={{!}}Khaxas |first=Elizabeth |year=2001 |title=Holding on to the Promise: Women's Human Rights and the Beijing +5 Review |publisher=Rutgers Center for Women's Global Leadership |isbn=0971141207 |editor-last=Meillon |editor-first=Cynthia |location=New Brunswick, NJ |pages=60 |chapter=Organizing for Sexual Rights: The Namibian Women's Manifesto}}&lt;/ref&gt; Setlhopha se ne se dira ka tsela e e sa tlhomamang mo dingwageng tsa ntlha se sena kago kgotsa badiri ba ba duelwang. Tiro ya yone e kgolo ka nako eo e ne e le go gatisa Sister Namibia Magazine “go bua kgatlhanong le mefuta yotlhe ya kgatelelo le go tlhaola basadi, le go kwala basadi gape mo ditsong tsa Namibia.”&lt;ref name=&quot;:7&quot;&gt;{{Cite book |last=Frank |first=Liz |year=1996 |title=Amazon to Zami: Towards a Global Lesbian Feminism |url=https://archive.org/details/amazontozamitowa00rein/page/110 |last2={{!}}Khaxas |first2=Elizabeth |publisher=Cassell |isbn=0304332038 |editor-last=Reinfelder |editor-first=Monika |location=London |pages=[https://archive.org/details/amazontozamitowa00rein/page/110 110]}}&lt;/ref&gt; Lokwalo lo ne lwa tlhamiwa ka didirisiwa tse dinnye ke baithaopi ba ba neng ba kopana kwa matlong a maloko.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book |last=Currier |first=Ashley |year=2016 |title=Understanding Southern Social Movements |url=https://archive.org/details/understandingsou0000unse_y8k8 |last2=Thomann |first2=Matthew |publisher=Routledge |isbn=978-1138898004 |editor-last=Fadaee |editor-first=Simin |location=Abingdon, Oxon, UK |pages=[https://archive.org/details/understandingsou0000unse_y8k8/page/95 95] |chapter=Gender and sexual diversity organizing in Africa}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Bobueledi jwa LGBTIQ ===
Ka 1993 Sister Namibia Collective e ne ya atolosa maikaelelo a yone a go buelela go nna mokgatlho wa ntlha wa Namibia go sireletsa ka matlhagatlhaga ditshwanelo tsa batho ba ba ratanang le ba bong jo bo tshwanang.&lt;ref name=&quot;:7&quot;/&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book |last={{!}}Khaxas |first=Elizabeth |year=2001 |title=Holding on to the Promise: Women's Human Rights and the Beijing +5 Review |publisher=Rutgers Center for Women's Global Leadership |editor-last=Meillon |editor-first=Cynthia |location=New Brunswick, NJ |pages=61 |chapter=Organizing for Sexual Rights: The Namibian Women’s Manifesto}}&lt;/ref&gt; Lokwalo lwa Sister Namibia o ne wa simolola go akaretsa dikgang ka matshelo le dikgaratlho tsa basadi ba ba ratanang le ba bong jo bo tshwanang le jwa bone fa Collective yone e ne ya nna mogwetlhi yo o tlhamaletseng wa letlhoo la batho ba bong jo bo tshwanang mo dikgannyeng. Thatano ka bong jo bo tshwanang e ne e se kgang e e neng e ngangisanwa ka yone phatlalatsa mo dingwageng tsa ntlha tsa boipuso jwa Namibia, mme morago ga gore Tautona wa Zimbabwe [[Robert Mugabe]] a kgale baratani ba bong jo bo tshwanang a re ke “ba ba kwa tlase ga dikolobe le dintša” le gore “ga se SeAforika” ka 1995 go phatlaladiwe thata, badiredibagolo ba Namibia ba ne ba latela.&lt;ref name=&quot;:4&quot;&gt;{{Cite book |last=Long |first=Scott |year=2003 |title=More than a Name: State-Sponsored Homophobia and Its Consequences in Southern Africa |url=https://archive.org/details/morethannamestat00long/page/1 |last2=Brown |first2=A. Widney |last3=Cooper |first3=Gail |publisher=Human Rights Watch |isbn=1564322866 |location=New York |pages=[https://archive.org/details/morethannamestat00long/page/1 1]}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ka Phalane 1995 [[Hadino Hishongwa]], Mothusa-Tona wa Namibia wa Ditsha, Go Fudusiwa ga Batho le go Tsosolosa, o ne a bolelela mmegadikgang mongwe gore go ratana ka bong bo tshwana le “kankere kana AIDS” mme a akantsha gore go ratana ka bong ba “ariwe go tlosa matute a e seng a tlholego.”&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book |last=Long |first=Scott |year=2003 |title=More than a Name: State-Sponsored Homophobia and Its Consequences in Southern Africa |url=https://archive.org/details/morethannamestat00long/page/25 |last2=Brown |first2=A. Widney |last3=Cooper |first3=Gail |publisher=Human Rights Watch |isbn=1564322866 |location=New York |pages=[https://archive.org/details/morethannamestat00long/page/25 25]}}&lt;/ref&gt; Sister Namibia o ne a ntsha karabo e e neng e tshegediwa ke molaomotheo wa Namibia jaana: “Re dumela gore banna le basadi ba ba ratanang le ba bangwe ba tshwanetse go nna le ditshwanelo tse di tshwanang le tsa batho ba bong jo bo sa tshwaneng le bone mo dikarolong tsotlhe tsa botshelo.”&lt;ref name=&quot;:5&quot;&gt;{{Cite book |last=Rothschild |first=Cynthia |year=2005 |title=Written Out: How Sexuality Is Used to Attack Women's Organizing |publisher=International Gay and Lesbian Human Rights Commission and Center for Women's Global Leadership |isbn=0971141231 |editor-last=Long |editor-first=Scott |location=New York and New Brunswick, NJ |pages=164 |editor-last2=Fried |editor-first2=Susana T.}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ka Sedimonthole 1996 kwa Bokopanong jwa boraro jwa Basadi ba South West Africa People's Organization (SWAPO) kwa [[Gobabis]], Tautona wa Namibia [[Sam Nujoma]] o ne a tswa mo puong ya gagwe e a neng a e baakantse mme a tlhagisa gore batho ba ba ratanang le batho ba bong jo bo tshwanang ba ne ba dirisa puso ya batho ka batho ya Namibia botlhaswa mme a bolela gore “go tshwanetse ga tsewa dikgato tsotlhe tse di tlhokegang go re lwantsha bana ba rona mo tsela e e sa siamang batho ba ba ratanang ka bong jo bo tshwanang  ba tshwanetse go kgalwa le go ganwa mo setšhabeng sa rona.”&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book |last=Rothschild |first=Cynthia |year=2005 |title=Written Out: How Sexuality Is Used to Attack Women's Organizing |publisher=International Gay and Lesbian Human Rights Commission and Center for Women's Global Leadership |isbn=0971141231 |editor-last=Long |editor-first=Scott |location=New York and New Brunswick, NJ |pages=163 |editor-last2=Fried |editor-first2=Susana T.}}&lt;/ref&gt; Sister Namibia o ne a batla gore Nujoma a kope maitshwarelo mme a kopa gore batho ba Namibia ba “eme mmogo gone jaanong mme ba bue kgatlhanong le seno kgotsa mofuta ope fela wa puo ya letlhoo le kgatelelo kgatlhanong le leloko lepe la merafe ya rona.” Ka ntlha ya tshwetso ya yone ya go ema kgatlhanong le badirelapuso go sireletsa ditshwanelo tsa batho ba ba seng bantsi ba bong, le ka ntlha ya go akaretsa mantswe a basadi ba ba ratanang ka bong jo bo tshwanang le batho ba ba ratanang le bong ka bobedi mo Lekwalong lwa Sister Namibia, [[International Gay and Lesbian Human Rights Commission (IGLHRC)]] e ne ya naya Sister Namibia seetsele sa [[Felipa de Souza Award]].&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot;/&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |year=1997 |title=An Award Came our Way |journal=Sister Namibia |volume=9 |issue=2 |pages=16}}&lt;/ref&gt; Mo tshimologong ya 1997, go tsibogela ditshwaelo tsa go ila batho ba bong jo bo tshwanang tse di neng tsa dirwa ke Tautona Sam Nujoma, Sister Namibia o ne a tlamela ka lefelo la dikopano mme a thusa go tlhoma [[Namibia's Rainbow Project|The Rainbow Project]], e leng mafaratlhatlha a go buelela le go ema nokeng banna ba ba ratanang le ba bong jo bo tshwanang kwa Namibia.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Frank |first=Liz |last2={{!}}Khaxas |first2=Elizabeth |year=2006 |title=Sister Namibia: Fighting for All Human Rights for All Women |journal=Feminist Africa |volume=6 |pages=85}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Thuto le bobegadikgang ==

=== ''Lokwalo lwa Sister Namibia'' ===
''Lokwalo lwa Sister Namibia'' le ntse le gatisiwa makgetlho a le mantsi ka ngwaga fa e sale ka 1989 ka dipuo di le tharo: [[Sekgowa|Seesemane]], [[Seburu|Seaforikanse]], le [[Seshiwambo]]. Lokwalo lono lo dirisiwa go &quot;lemosa basadi, banna le bašha ka ditsela tse ditsamaiso tsa sepolotiki, loago, setso, semolao le tsa itsholelo tsa maatla di laolang basetsana le basadi ka tsone.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Frank |first=Liz |title=Sister Namibia: Fighting for all human rights for all women |url=http://agi.ac.za/sites/agi.ac.za/files/fa_6_profile_1.pdf |access-date=2026-05-14 |archive-date=2016-07-30 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160730215201/http://agi.ac.za/sites/agi.ac.za/files/fa_6_profile_1.pdf |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt; E akaretsa diporofaele tsa basadi ba ba nang le tlhotlheletso mmogo le mekwalo e e mangaga, ditshekatsheko go tswa mo dibukeng tse di akareditsweng mo lefelong la bone la metswedi, le mekwalo ya tshedimosetso e e tlhalosang ka botlalo ditlhogo jaaka tirisodikgoka kgatlhanong le basadi, basadi mo pusong ya Namibia, le dikgang tsa botsogo jwa basadi.&lt;ref name=&quot;:8&quot; /&gt; Lekwalo lono lo anamisiwa kotara nngwe le nngwe go ralala Namibia. Foromo ya peeletso e teng mo maranyaneng a bone go dira diotara tsa boditšhabatšhaba. Mabolokelo a dikgatiso tse di simolotseng ka ya ntlha, e e gatisitsweng ka Phukwi 1989, e teng le mo maranyaneng a bone. Maikaelelo a Sister Namibia ka lokwalo lono ke go tlhoma mogopolo mo dikgannyeng tse basadi ba Namibia ba lebaganeng le tsone. Gape ba batla gore basadi ba kgone go itlhalosa ka ditshwantsho tse di kwadilweng le tsa botaki, ba lemoge dikgang tse di jaaka letlhoo la batswantle le go dirisiwa botlhaswa mo itsholelong, le go gwetlha kgatelelo ka thuto.&lt;ref name=&quot;:8&quot;&gt;{{Cite book |last=Shapiro |first=Janet |year=1998 |title=I am a Woman: an Evaluation Report on the Sister Namibia Collective. |publisher=Nell and Shapiro |location=Johannesburg, South Africa |pages=2}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Lefelo la Didirisiwa ===

== Dikgato ==

== Metswedi ==</text>
      <sha1>m4hanlq08123iv2abbq2nh6c7lm3hwo</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Nyumonia</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>13281</id>
    <revision>
      <id>54172</id>
      <parentid>50068</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-08-17T20:37:31Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>InternetArchiveBot</username>
        <id>8156</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Add 1 book for [[en:Wikipedia:Verifiability|verifiability]] (20260817)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]]</comment>
      <origin>54172</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="8324" sha1="2f8c5pyzt51ylaid1gpkje4xtomktmj" xml:space="preserve">{{Infobox medical condition|name=Pneumonia|synonym=Pneumonitis|image=Chest radiograph in influensa and H influenzae, posteroanterior, annotated.jpg|image_size=|image_thumbtime=|alt=|caption=[[Chest radiograph|Chest X-ray]] of a pneumonia caused by [[influenza]] and ''[[Haemophilus influenzae]]'', with patchy consolidations, mainly in the right upper lobe (arrow)|pronounce={{IPAc-en|nj|uː|ˈ|m|əʊ|n|i|ə}} {{respell|new|MOHN|ee-ə}}|specialty=[[Pulmonology]], [[Infectious disease (medical specialty)|infectious disease]]|symptoms=Cough, difficulty breathing, [[rapid breathing]], fever&lt;ref name=Ash2007/&gt;|complications=|onset=|duration=Few weeks&lt;ref name=Behera2010&gt;{{cite book|last=Behera|first=D.|title=Textbook of pulmonary medicine|year=2010|publisher=Jaypee Brothers Medical Pub.|location=New Delhi|isbn=978-81-8448-749-7|pages=296–97|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=0TbJjd9eTp0C&amp;pg=PA296|edition=2nd|access-date=27 July 2020|archive-date=14 September 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160914155329/https://books.google.com/books?id=0TbJjd9eTp0C&amp;pg=PA296|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;|types=|causes=Bacteria, virus, [[aspiration pneumonia|aspiration]]&lt;ref name=RespText09/&gt;&lt;ref name=Jeff2010/&gt;|risks=[[Cystic fibrosis]], [[Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease|COPD]], [[sickle cell disease]], [[asthma]], [[diabetes mellitus|diabetes]], [[heart failure]], history of [[smoking]], older age&lt;ref name=NIH2011Risk/&gt;&lt;ref name=-BMJ2012&gt;{{cite journal | last1=Caldeira | first1=D. | last2=Alarcao | first2=J. | last3=Vaz-Carneiro | first3=A. | last4=Costa | first4=J. | title=Risk of pneumonia associated with use of angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitors and angiotensin receptor blockers: systematic review and meta-analysis | journal=The BMJ | publisher=BMJ | volume=345 | issue=jul11 1 | date=2012-07-11 | issn=1756-1833 | pmid=22786934 | pmc=3394697 | doi=10.1136/bmj.e4260 | pages=e4260 | quote=Susceptibility is higher among elderly people (≥65 years)}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=CDC2020SCD/&gt;|diagnosis=Based on symptoms, [[chest X-ray]]&lt;ref name=NIH2011Diag/&gt;|differential=[[Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease|COPD]], [[asthma]], [[pulmonary edema]], [[pulmonary embolism]]&lt;ref name=BMJ06&gt;{{cite journal | vauthors = Hoare Z, Lim WS | title = Pneumonia: update on diagnosis and management | journal = BMJ | volume = 332 | issue = 7549 | pages = 1077–79 | date = May 2006 | pmid = 16675815 | pmc = 1458569 | doi = 10.1136/bmj.332.7549.1077 | url = http://www.bmj.com/content/332/7549/1077.full.pdf | access-date = 27 July 2020 | archive-date = 9 April 2020 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20200409062318/https://www.bmj.com/content/332/7549/1077 | url-status = live }} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200409062318/https://www.bmj.com/content/332/7549/1077 |date=9 April 2020 }}&lt;/ref&gt;|prevention=[[Vaccine]]s, [[handwashing]], not smoking&lt;ref name=NIH2011Pre/&gt;|treatment=|medication=[[Antibiotic]]s, [[antiviral]]s, [[oxygen therapy]]&lt;ref name=NIH2011Tx/&gt;&lt;ref name=Lancet11/&gt;|prognosis=|frequency=450 million (7%) per year&lt;ref name=Lancet11/&gt;&lt;ref name=CochraneTx13/&gt;|deaths=Four million per year&lt;ref name=Lancet11/&gt;&lt;ref name=CochraneTx13/&gt;|named after=}}'''Pneumonia''' ke seemo sa go ruruga ga makgwafo se se amang thata ditshika tse dinnye tsa mowa tse di itsegeng jaaka di-alveoli.&lt;ref name=&quot;RespText09&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|editor-last=McLuckie|editor-first=A.|title=Respiratory disease and its management|url=https://archive.org/details/respiratorydisea0000mclu|year=2009|publisher=Springer|location=New York|isbn=978-1-84882-094-4|page=[https://archive.org/details/respiratorydisea0000mclu/page/51 51]}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;AcuteCare09&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|last=Leach, Richard E.|title=Acute and Critical Care Medicine at a Glance|edition=2nd|publisher=Wiley-Blackwell|year=2009|isbn=978-1-4051-6139-8|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=7u_wu5VCsVQC&amp;pg=PT168|df=dmy-all|access-date=27 July 2020|archive-date=20 April 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210420180054/https://books.google.com/books?id=7u_wu5VCsVQC&amp;pg=PT168|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; Dikai tsa teng gantsi di akaretsa go gotlhola mo go na le sehuba se se phaphaletseng, go opiwa ke tlhogo, letshololo, le bothata jwa go hema.&lt;ref name=&quot;Ash2007&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|last=Ashby|first=Bonnie|last2=Turkington|first2=Carol|title=The encyclopedia of infectious diseases|edition=3rd|publisher=Facts on File|location=New York|year=2007|page=242|isbn=978-0-8160-6397-0|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=4Xlyaipv3dIC&amp;pg=PA242|access-date=2011-04-21|df=dmy-all|archive-date=20 April 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210420180124/https://books.google.com/books?id=4Xlyaipv3dIC&amp;pg=PA242|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; Bokete jwa seemo sa bolwetsi bo a farologana.&lt;ref name=&quot;Ash2007&quot; /&gt;

Pneumonia gantsi e bakiwa ke megare  le ditshedinyana tse dingwe tse di sa tlwaelesegang , le melemo e mengwe kgotsa mabaka a tshwanang le bolwetsi jo bo bakiwang ke masole a mmele a koafatsang mmele.&lt;ref name=&quot;RespText09&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Jeff2010&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|last=Jeffrey C. Pommerville|title=Alcamo's Fundamentals of Microbiology|edition=9th|publisher=Jones &amp; Bartlett|location=Sudbury, MA|year=2010|page=323|quote=|isbn=978-0-7637-6258-2|oclc=|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=RJNQwQB8IxIC&amp;pg=PA323|access-date=|archive-date=20 April 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210420180101/https://books.google.com/books?id=RJNQwQB8IxIC&amp;pg=PA323|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; Dilo tse di kotsi di akaretsa malwetse a tshwana Cystic fibrosis, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), sickle cell disease, phupelo, bolwetse jwa sukiri, malwetse a polo, ga o kile wa goga motsoko,go sa gotlhola sentle le masole a mmele a bokoa Tlhatlhobo gantsi e ikaegile ka dikai,   ditlhatlhobo tsa madi, le go godisa maranyane a sputum di ka thusa go tlhomamisa tlhatlhobo. Bolwetse jo bo ka kgaoganngwa go ya ka gore bo bonwe kae, jaaka nyumonia e e bonweng mo setšhaba kgotsa kwa kokelong e e amanang le tlhokomelo ya botsogo.

Mekento ya go thibela mefuta mengwe ya nyumonia e teng.&lt;ref name=&quot;NIH2011Pre&quot; /&gt; Mekgwa e mengwe ya thibelo e akaretsa go tlhapa diatla le go sa gogeng. Kalafi e ikaegile ka se se bakang bolwetsi. Pneumonia e go dumelwang gore e bakiwa ke megare e e alafiwang ka Dibolayamegare. Fa nyumonia e le masisi, motho yo o amegileng o  o robadiwa kwa kokelong&lt;ref name=&quot;NIH2011&quot; /&gt; Kalafi ya go thusa go hema ka pefo ya Oxygen e ka dirisiwa fa selekanyo se le kwa tlase.&lt;ref name=&quot;NIH2011Tx&quot; /&gt;

Ngwaga le ngwaga, nyumonia e ama batho ba ka nna dimilione di le makgolo a mane le masome a matlhano lefatshe ka bophara (7% ya baagi) mme e felela ka dintsho di ka nna dimilione dile nne.&lt;ref name=&quot;Lancet11&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|vauthors=Ruuskanen O, Lahti E, Jennings LC, Murdoch DR|title=Viral pneumonia|journal=Lancet|volume=377|issue=9773|pages=1264–75|date=April 2011|pmid=21435708|doi=10.1016/S0140-6736(10)61459-6|pmc=7138033}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;CochraneTx13&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|vauthors=Lodha R, Kabra SK, Pandey RM|title=Antibiotics for community-acquired pneumonia in children|journal=The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews|volume=6|issue=6|page=CD004874|date=June 2013|pmid=23733365|doi=10.1002/14651858.CD004874.pub4|pmc=7017636}}&lt;/ref&gt; &amp;nbsp;Ka go simolodisawa ga dibolayamegare le mekento mo lekgolong la bo masome a mabedi la dingwaga, go tshela go tokafetse thata.&lt;ref name=&quot;Lancet11&quot; /&gt; Le fa go ntse jalo, mo mafatsheng a mangwe a tlhabologang, le mo bathong ba ba godileng thata, ba bannye thata le ba ba lwalang ka lobaka lo loleele, nyumonia e sa ntse e le selo se segolo se se bakang loso.&lt;ref name=&quot;Lancet11&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|last=George|first=Ronald B.|title=Chest medicine : essentials of pulmonary and critical care medicine|year=2005|publisher=Lippincott Williams &amp; Wilkins|location=Philadelphia|isbn=978-0-7817-5273-2|page=353|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ZzlX2zJMbdgC&amp;pg=PA353|edition=5th|access-date=27 July 2020|archive-date=2 May 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210502042842/https://books.google.com/books?id=ZzlX2zJMbdgC&amp;pg=PA353|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; Pneumonia gantsi e khutshwafatsa nako ya go boga mo go ba ba setseng ba le gaufi le go tlhokafala mme ka jalo e bidiwa &quot;tsala ya monnamogolo&quot;.

== Ditshupiso ==
&lt;references /&gt;
[[Category:Translated from MDWiki]]</text>
      <sha1>2f8c5pyzt51ylaid1gpkje4xtomktmj</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Kgotlholo e tona/Bolwetsi jwa mafatlha</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>13287</id>
    <revision>
      <id>54180</id>
      <parentid>50101</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-08-17T21:08:20Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>InternetArchiveBot</username>
        <id>8156</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Add 3 books for [[en:Wikipedia:Verifiability|verifiability]] (20260817)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]]</comment>
      <origin>54180</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="11135" sha1="9ma5tty32n01cf3yeh7oeeq63fzpq9z" xml:space="preserve">{{Infobox medical condition|name=Tuberculosis|synonym=Koch's disease,&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Tuberculosis (Concept Id: C0041296) - MedGen - NCBI |url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/medgen/22513#:~:text=clinical%20entity,without%20genetic%20inheritance. |website=www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov |access-date=3 February 2025 |language=en |archive-date=16 November 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221116163006/https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/medgen/22513#:~:text=clinical%20entity,without%20genetic%20inheritance. |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt; phthisis, phthisis pulmonalis, consumption|image=Tuberculosis-x-ray-1.jpg|image_size=|image_thumbtime=|alt=|caption=[[Chest radiograph|Chest X-ray]] of a person with advanced tuberculosis: Infection in both lungs is marked by white arrow-heads, and the formation of a cavity is marked by black arrows.|pronounce=|specialty=[[Infectious disease (medical specialty)|Infectious disease]], [[pulmonology]]|symptoms=[[Chronic cough]], [[fever]], [[hemoptysis|cough with bloody mucus]], weight loss&lt;ref name=WHO2015Fact/&gt;|complications=|onset=|duration=|types=|causes=''[[Mycobacterium tuberculosis]]''&lt;ref name=WHO2015Fact/&gt;|risks=Smoking, [[HIV/AIDS]]&lt;ref name=WHO2015Fact/&gt;|diagnosis=[[Chest X-ray|CXR]], [[microbial culture|culture]], [[tuberculin skin test]]&lt;ref name=WHO2015Fact/&gt;|differential=[[Pneumonia]], [[histoplasmosis]], [[sarcoidosis]], [[coccidioidomycosis]]&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book|last1=Ferri|first1=Fred F. |title=Ferri's differential diagnosis : a practical guide to the differential diagnosis of symptoms, signs, and clinical disorders|url=https://archive.org/details/ferrisdifferenti0000ferr|date=2010|publisher=Elsevier/Mosby|location=Philadelphia, PA|isbn=978-0-323-07699-9|page=Chapter T|edition=2nd}}&lt;/ref&gt;|prevention=Screening those at high risk, treatment of those infected, [[vaccination]] with [[bacillus Calmette-Guérin]] (BCG)&lt;ref name=Haw2014/&gt;&lt;ref name=TBCon2008/&gt;&lt;ref name=Harr2013/&gt;|treatment=[[Antibiotic]]s&lt;ref name=WHO2015Fact/&gt;|medication=|prognosis=|frequency=25% of people (latent TB)&lt;ref name=WHO2018Fact/&gt;|deaths=1.5&amp;nbsp;million (2018)&lt;ref name=Report2019&gt;{{cite web |title=Global Tuberculosis Report |url=https://www.who.int/tb/publications/global_report/tb19_Exec_Sum_12Nov2019.pdf?ua=1 |website=WHO |publisher=WHO |access-date=24 March 2020 |date=2019 |archive-date=17 December 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191217003608/https://www.who.int/tb/publications/global_report/tb19_Exec_Sum_12Nov2019.pdf?ua=1 |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt;|named after=}}

'''Bolwetse jwa mafatlha''' ( '''TB''' ) ke bolwetse jo bo tshelanwang jo gantsi bo bakiwang ke mogare wa''Mycobacterium tuberculosis'' ( MTB ).&lt;ref name=&quot;WHO2015Fact&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|title=Tuberculosis (TB)|url=https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/tuberculosis|website=www.who.int|language=en|access-date=2020-05-08|archive-date=30 July 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200730165218/https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/tuberculosis|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; Bolwetse jwa mafatlha ka kakaretso bo ama mafatlha, mme bo ka ama gape le dikarolo tse dingwe tsa mmele.&lt;ref name=&quot;WHO2015Fact&quot; /&gt; Bontsi jwa Meg are ga e ga e bontshe dikai dipe,mme mo lebakeng leo e itsege jaaka bolwetse jwa mafatlha jo bo fitlhegileng.&lt;ref name=&quot;WHO2015Fact&quot; /&gt; Palo e ka tshwarang 10% ya megare tse di fitlhegileng di tswelela go nna bolwetse jo bo matlhagatlhaga jo, fa bo tlogelwa bo sa alafiwe, bo bolayang mo e ka nnang Sephatlo sa ba ba amegang.&lt;ref name=&quot;WHO2015Fact&quot; /&gt; Dikai tsa tlwaelo tsa TB tse di matlhagatlhaga ke go gotlhola mo go sa foleng mo go nang le mamina a a nang le madi, letshoroma, go fufula bosigo, le go fokotsega ga boima jwa mmele.&lt;ref name=&quot;WHO2015Fact&quot; /&gt; E ne e bidiwa &quot; '''tiriso''' &quot; mo dusting ka ntlha ya go fokotsa boima jwa mmele.&lt;ref name=&quot;Cha1998&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|title=The Chambers Dictionary.|year=1998|publisher=Allied Chambers India Ltd.|location=New Delhi|isbn=978-81-86062-25-8|page=352|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=pz2ORay2HWoC&amp;pg=RA1-PA352|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150906201311/https://books.google.com/books?id=pz2ORay2HWoC&amp;pg=RA1-PA352|archive-date=6 September 2015|df=dmy-all}}&lt;/ref&gt; Tshwaetso ya dirwe tse dingwe e ka baka dikai tse di farologaneng.&lt;ref name=&quot;ID10&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|first=N Franklin|last=Adkinson|first2=John E|last2=Bennett|first3=Robert Gordon|last3=Douglas|first4=Gerald L|last4=Mandell|title=Mandell, Douglas, and Bennett's principles and practice of infectious diseases|year=2010|publisher=Churchill Livingstone/Elsevier|location=Philadelphia, PA|isbn=978-0-443-06839-3|page=Chapter 250|edition=7th}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Bolwetse jwa mafatlha bo anamisiwa go tswa mo mothong yo mongwe go ya kwa go yo mongwe ka mowa fa batho ba ba nang le TB e e matlhagatlhaga mo mafatlheng a bona ba gotlhola, ba kgwa mathe, ba bua, kgotsa ba ethimola.&lt;ref name=&quot;WHO2015Fact&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;CDC2012B&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|title=Basic TB Facts|url=https://www.cdc.gov/tb/topic/basics/default.htm|publisher=[[Centers for Disease Control and Prevention]] (CDC)|access-date=11 February 2016|date=13 March 2012|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160206032136/http://www.cdc.gov/tb/topic/basics/default.htm|archive-date=6 February 2016|df=dmy-all}}&lt;/ref&gt; Batho ba ba nang le TB e e fitlhegileng ga ba anamise bolwetse jono.&lt;ref name=&quot;WHO2015Fact&quot; /&gt; Megare e e matlhagatlhaga e tlhagelela gantsi mo bathong ba ba nang le HIV/AIDS le mo go ba ba gogang.&lt;ref name=&quot;WHO2015Fact&quot; /&gt; Temogo ya TB e e matlhagatlhaga e ikaegile ka maranta be a X-ray ya mafatlha, mmogo le tlhatlhobo ya maekerosekopo le setso sa diedi tsa mmele.&lt;ref name=&quot;AP&quot; /&gt; Go tlhatlhoba TB e e fitlhegileng go ikaegile ka teko ya letlalo ya tuberculin (TST) kgotsa diteko tsa madi.&lt;ref name=&quot;AP&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|vauthors=Konstantinos A|year=2010|title=Testing for tuberculosis|journal=Australian Prescriber|volume=33|issue=1|pages=12–18|doi=10.18773/austprescr.2010.005|doi-access=free}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Thibelo ya TB e akaretsa go tlhatlhoba ba ba mo kotsing e kgolo, go lemoga le go alafa dikgetse go sa le gale, le go enta ka moento wa bacillus Calmette-Guérin (BCG).&lt;ref name=&quot;Haw2014&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|vauthors=Hawn TR, Day TA, Scriba TJ, Hatherill M, Hanekom WA, Evans TG, Churchyard GJ, Kublin JG, Bekker LG, Self SG|display-authors=6|title=Tuberculosis vaccines and prevention of infection|journal=Microbiology and Molecular Biology Reviews|volume=78|issue=4|pages=650–71|date=December 2014|pmid=25428938|pmc=4248657|doi=10.1128/MMBR.00021-14}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;TBCon2008&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|last=Organization|first=World Health|title=Implementing the WHO Stop TB Strategy: a handbook for national TB control programmes|date=2008|publisher=[[World Health Organization]] (WHO)|location=Geneva|isbn=978-92-4-154667-6|page=179|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=EUZXFCrlUaEC&amp;pg=PA179|df=dmy-all|access-date=28 July 2020|archive-date=2 June 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210602232631/https://books.google.com/books?id=EUZXFCrlUaEC&amp;pg=PA179|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Harr2013&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|last=Harris|first=Randall E.|title=Epidemiology of chronic disease: global perspectives|url=https://archive.org/details/epidemiologyofch0000harr|date=2013|publisher=Jones &amp; Bartlett Learning|location=Burlington, MA|isbn=978-0-7637-8047-0|page=[https://archive.org/details/epidemiologyofch0000harr/page/682 682]|ref=https://books.google.com/books?id=KJLEIvX4wzoC&amp;pg=PA682}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ba ba mo kotsing e kgolo ba akaretsa batho ba ba nang le TB e e matlhagatlhaga mo malapeng, kwa tirong, le mo setšhabeng.&lt;ref name=&quot;TBCon2008&quot; /&gt; Kalafi e tlhoka tiriso ya dibolayamegare tse dintsi mo pakeng e telele.&lt;ref name=&quot;WHO2015Fact&quot; /&gt; Go gana dibolayamegare ke bothata jo bo golang ka dikelo tse di oketsegang tsa bolwetse jwa mafatlha jo bo sa alafegeng ka diokobatsi tse dintsi (MDR-TB) le bolwetse jwa mafatlha jo bo sa alafegeng thata ka melemo (XDR-TB).&lt;ref name=&quot;WHO2015Fact&quot; /&gt;

Go tloga ka ngwaga wa 2018 go akanngwa gore kotara e le nngwe ya baagi ba lefatshe ba na le tshwaetsego e e fitlhegileng ya TB.&lt;ref name=&quot;WHO2018Fact&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|title=Tuberculosis (TB)|url=http://www.who.int/en/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/tuberculosis|publisher=[[World Health Organization]] (WHO)|access-date=15 September 2018|date=16 February 2018|archive-date=19 September 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180919171550/http://www.who.int/en/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/tuberculosis|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; Megare e mesha e diragala mo go bokana ka 1% ya baagi ngwaga le ngwaga.&lt;ref name=&quot;WHO2002&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|title=Tuberculosis|url=http://www.who.int/mediacentre/factsheets/who104/en/print.html|publisher=World Health Organization (WHO)|year=2002|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130617193438/http://www.who.int/mediacentre/factsheets/who104/en/print.html|archive-date=17 June 2013|df=dmy-all}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ka ngwaga wa 2018, go ne go na le dikgetse di feta dimilione di le 10 tsa TB e e dirang e e neng ya felela ka 1.5.&amp;nbsp;dintsho di le dimilione di le le some. Se se dira gore e nne selo sa ntlha se se bakang dintsho ka ntlha ya bolwetse jo bo tshelanwang.&lt;ref name=&quot;WHO2017Report&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://www.who.int/tb/publications/global_report/en/|title=Global tuberculosis report|publisher=World Health Organization (WHO)|access-date=2017-11-09|archive-date=30 October 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171030205301/http://www.who.int/tb/publications/global_report/en/|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; Go tloga ka ngwaga we 2018, bontsi jwa dikgetse tsa TB di diragetse kwa dikgaolong tsa Borwa-Botlhaba jwa Asia (44%), Aforika (24%) le Pacific Bophirima (18%), mme go feta 50% ya dikgetse di ne tsa lemogiwa mo mafatsheng a robabobedi: India (27%), China (9%), Indonesia (8%), Philippines (6%), Pakistan (4%).&lt;ref name=&quot;WHO2017Report&quot; /&gt; Palo ya dikgetsi tse diša ngwaga le ngwaga e fokotsegile fa e sale ka ngwaga wa dikete tse pedi.&lt;ref name=&quot;WHO2015Fact&quot; /&gt; Palo e e ka tshwarang 80% ya batho kwa mafatsheng ale mantis a Asia le Aforika ba tlhatlhobiwa ba na le mogare fa 5–10% ya batho ba baagi ba United States ba tlhatlhobiwa ka tlhatlhobo ya tuberculin.&lt;ref name=&quot;Robbins&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|title=Robbins Basic Pathology|url=https://archive.org/details/robbinsbasicpath0000unse_q0t1|date=2007|publisher=Elsevier|last=Kumar|first=Vinay|last2=Robbins|first2=Stanley L.|isbn=978-1-4160-2973-1|edition=8th|location=Philadelphia|oclc=69672074}}&lt;/ref&gt; Bolwetse jwa mafatlha bo ntse bo le teng mo bathong go tloga bogologolo tala.&lt;ref name=&quot;Lancet11&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|vauthors=Lawn SD, Zumla AI|title=Tuberculosis|journal=Lancet|volume=378|issue=9785|pages=57–72|date=July 2011|pmid=21420161|doi=10.1016/S0140-6736(10)62173-3|url=https://www.semanticscholar.org/paper/a18da0d39f1a2c68d3eee0529e35f7d2bd715803|access-date=28 July 2020|archive-date=27 August 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210827165456/https://www.semanticscholar.org/paper/Tuberculosis-Lawn-Zumla/e5221448d0c46a5e455b3c835ea6f8348fd084dd|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Ditshupiso ==
{{Reflist}}
[[Category:Translated from MDWiki]]</text>
      <sha1>9ma5tty32n01cf3yeh7oeeq63fzpq9z</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Sepsis</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>13289</id>
    <revision>
      <id>54184</id>
      <parentid>50116</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-08-17T21:10:37Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>InternetArchiveBot</username>
        <id>8156</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Add 2 books for [[en:Wikipedia:Verifiability|verifiability]] (20260817)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]]</comment>
      <origin>54184</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="18145" sha1="338ep3r95065gf6q3eggrsxuobay7jn" xml:space="preserve">{{Infobox medical condition|name=Sepsis|synonym=Septicemia, blood poisoning|image=Bloodculturetubes.JPG|image_size=|image_thumbtime=|alt=|caption=[[Blood culture]] bottles: orange cap for [[anaerobes]], green cap for [[aerobes]], and yellow cap for blood samples from children&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=http://d2xk4h2me8pjt2.cloudfront.net/webjc/attachments/74/c6e3e84-blood-culture-and-isolator-collection-instructions.pdf |title=Blood Culture Collection |publisher=WVUH Laboratories |date=7 April 2012 |access-date=23 March 2020 |archive-date=23 March 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200323163301/http://d2xk4h2me8pjt2.cloudfront.net/webjc/attachments/74/c6e3e84-blood-culture-and-isolator-collection-instructions.pdf |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt;|pronounce={{IPAc-en|ˈ|s|ɛ|p|s|ᵻ|s}}|specialty=[[Infectious disease (medical specialty)|Infectious disease]]|symptoms=[[Fever]], [[tachycardia|increased heart rate]], [[hypotension|low blood pressure]], [[hyperventilation|increased breathing rate]], [[mental confusion|confusion]]&lt;ref name=CDC2014Q&gt;{{cite web |title= Sepsis Questions and Answers |url= https://www.cdc.gov/sepsis/basic/qa.html |website= cdc.gov |publisher= [[Centers for Disease Control and Prevention]] (CDC) |access-date= 28 November 2014 |date= 22 May 2014 |url-status=live |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20141204083832/http://www.cdc.gov/sepsis/basic/qa.html |archive-date= 4 December 2014 }}&lt;/ref&gt;|complications=|onset=|duration=|types=|causes=[[immune system|Immune response]] triggered by an infection&lt;ref name=Tint2011&gt;{{cite book |last1= Jui |first1= Jonathan |chapter= Ch. 146: Septic Shock |editor-last1= Tintinalli |editor-first1= Judith E. |editor-last2= Stapczynski |editor-first2= J. Stephan |editor-last4= Cline |editor-first4= David M. |editor-last3= Ma |editor-first3= O. John |editor-last5= Cydulka |editor-first5= Rita K. |editor-last6= Meckler |editor-first6= Garth D. |display-editors= 1 | collaboration = [[American College of Emergency Physicians]] |title= Tintinalli's Emergency Medicine: A Comprehensive Study Guide |url= https://archive.org/details/tintinallisemerg0000unse_7edi |edition= 7th |location= New York |publisher= [[McGraw-Hill Education|McGraw-Hill]] |pages= [https://archive.org/details/tintinallisemerg0000unse_7edi/page/1003 1003]–14 |year= 2011 |  chapter-url= |isbn=9780071484800 }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Deutschman2014&quot;&gt;{{cite journal |last1= Deutschman |first1= CS |last2= Tracey |first2= KJ  | title = Sepsis: Current dogma and new perspectives | journal = [[Immunity (journal)|Immunity]] | volume = 40 | issue = 4 | pages = 463–75 | date = April 2014 | pmid = 24745331 | doi = 10.1016/j.immuni.2014.04.001 |doi-access=free }}&lt;/ref&gt;|risks=Young or old age, [[cancer]],  [[diabetes mellitus|diabetes]], [[major trauma]], [[burn]]s&lt;ref name=CDC2014Q /&gt;|diagnosis=[[Systemic inflammatory response syndrome]] (SIRS),&lt;ref name=Tint2011 /&gt; [[SOFA score#Quick SOFA score|qSOFA]]&lt;ref name= &quot;Sepsis–3_2016&quot;&gt;{{cite journal | vauthors = Singer M, Deutschman CS, Seymour CW, Shankar-Hari M, Annane D, Bauer M, Bellomo R, Bernard GR, Chiche JD, Coopersmith CM, Hotchkiss RS, Levy MM, Marshall JC, Martin GS, Opal SM, Rubenfeld GD, van der Poll T, Vincent JL, Angus DC |display-authors=2 | title = The Third International Consensus Definitions for Sepsis and Septic Shock (Sepsis-3) | journal = [[JAMA (journal)|JAMA]] | volume = 315 | issue = 8 | pages = 801–10 | date = February 2016 | pmid = 26903338 | pmc = 4968574 | doi = 10.1001/jama.2016.0287 }}&lt;/ref&gt;|differential=|prevention=|treatment=[[Intravenous therapy|Intravenous fluids]], [[antimicrobial]]s&lt;ref name=CDC2014Q /&gt;&lt;ref name= &quot;SSC–G2016&quot;&gt;{{cite journal | vauthors = Rhodes A, Evans LE, Alhazzani W, Levy MM, Antonelli M, Ferrer R, Kumar A, Sevransky JE, Sprung CL, Nunnally ME, Rochwerg B, Rubenfeld GD, Angus DC, Annane D, Beale RJ, Bellinghan GJ, Bernard GR, Chiche JD, Coopersmith C, De Backer DP, French CJ, Fujishima S, Gerlach H, Hidalgo JL, Hollenberg SM, Jones AE, Karnad DR, Kleinpell RM, Koh Y, Lisboa TC, Machado FR, Marini JJ, Marshall JC, Mazuski JE, McIntyre LA, McLean AS, Mehta S, Moreno RP, Myburgh J, Navalesi P, Nishida O, Osborn TM, Perner A, Plunkett CM, Ranieri M, Schorr CA, Seckel MA, Seymour CW, Shieh L, Shukri KA, Simpson SQ, Singer M, Thompson BT, Townsend SR, Van der Poll T, Vincent JL, Wiersinga WJ, Zimmerman JL, Dellinger RP | display-authors = 2 | title = Surviving Sepsis Campaign: International Guidelines for Management of Sepsis and Septic Shock: 2016 | journal = [[Intensive Care Medicine (journal)|Intensive Care Medicine]] | volume = 43 | issue = 3 | pages = 304–377 | date = March 2017 | pmid = 28101605 | doi = 10.1007/s00134-017-4683-6 |doi-access= free }}&lt;/ref&gt;|medication=|prognosis=10 to 80% risk of death&lt;ref name= &quot;Sepsis–3_2016&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=Jawad2012/&gt;|frequency=0.2–3 per 1000 a year (developed world)&lt;ref name=Jawad2012/&gt;&lt;ref name=Martin2012&gt;{{cite journal | vauthors = Martin GS | title = Sepsis, severe sepsis and septic shock: Changes in incidence, pathogens and outcomes | journal = [[Expert Review of Anti-infective Therapy]] | volume = 10 | issue = 6 | pages = 701–6 | date = June 2012 | pmid = 22734959 | pmc = 3488423 | doi = 10.1586/eri.12.50 }}&lt;/ref&gt;|deaths=|named after=}}'''Sepsis''' ke boemo jo bo ka tsenyang botshelo mo kotsing jo bo nnang teng fa tsela e mmele o tsibogelang megare ka yone e baka kgobalo mo ditshikig le mo dirweng tsa one.&lt;ref name=&quot;Sepsis–3_2016&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal| vauthors = Singer M, Deutschman CS, Seymour CW, Shankar-Hari M, Annane D, Bauer M, Bellomo R, Bernard GR, Chiche JD, Coopersmith CM, Hotchkiss RS, Levy MM, Marshall JC, Martin GS, Opal SM, Rubenfeld GD, van der Poll T, Vincent JL, Angus DC |display-authors=2 | title = The Third International Consensus Definitions for Sepsis and Septic Shock (Sepsis-3) | journal = [[JAMA (journal)|JAMA]] | volume = 315 | issue = 8 | pages = 801–10 | date = February 2016 | pmid = 26903338 | pmc = 4968574 | doi = 10.1001/jama.2016.0287 }}&lt;/ref&gt; Kgato e ya tshimologo e latelwa ke kgatelelo ya masole a mmele.&lt;ref name=&quot;pmid31611560&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|vauthors=Chao C, Muming Y, Yanfen C|title=Pathological Alteration and Therapeutic Implications of Sepsis-Induced Immune Cell Apoptosis|journal=Cell Death &amp; Disease|volume=10|issue=10|pages=782|year=2019|doi=10.1038/s41419-019-2015-1|pmc=6791888|pmid=31611560}}&lt;/ref&gt; Dikai tse di tlwaelesegileng di akaretsa letshoroma, go itaya ga pelo, go hema ka bonako, le go tlhakana tlhogo.&lt;ref name=&quot;CDC2014Q&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|title= Sepsis Questions and Answers |url= https://www.cdc.gov/sepsis/basic/qa.html |website= cdc.gov |publisher= [[Centers for Disease Control and Prevention]] (CDC) |access-date= 28 November 2014 |date= 22 May 2014 |url-status=live |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20141204083832/http://www.cdc.gov/sepsis/basic/qa.html |archive-date= 4 December 2014 }}&lt;/ref&gt; Gape go ka nna le dikai tse di amanang le megare e e rileng, jaaka go gotlhola ka [[nyumonia]], kgotsa go rota mo go  botlhoko ka tshwaetsego ya diphilo.&lt;ref name=&quot;Tint2011&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|chapter= Ch. 146: Septic Shock |editor-last2= Stapczynski |editor-first2= J. Stephan |editor-last4= Cline |editor-first4= David M. |editor-last3= Ma |editor-first3= O. John |editor-last5= Cydulka |editor-first5= Rita K. |editor-last6= Meckler |editor-first6= Garth D. |display-editors= 1 | collaboration = [[American College of Emergency Physicians]] |title= Tintinalli's Emergency Medicine: A Comprehensive Study Guide |url= https://archive.org/details/tintinallisemerg0000unse_7edi |edition= 7th |location= New York |publisher= [[McGraw-Hill Education|McGraw-Hill]] |pages= [https://archive.org/details/tintinallisemerg0000unse_7edi/page/1003 1003]–14 |year= 2011 | chapter-url= |isbn=9780071484800 |last=Jui|first=Jonathan|editor-last=Tintinalli|editor-first=Judith E.}}&lt;/ref&gt; Banana, ba ba godileng, le batho ba ba nang le masole a mmele a a bokoa ba ka nna ba se ka ba nna le dikai dipe  tsa tshwaetsego e e rileng, mme mogote wa  ya mmele o ka nna kwa tlase kgotsa e o go na le go nna le letshoroma .  Sepsis e e masisi ke sepsis e e bakang go sa dire sentle ga dirwe kgotsa go elela ga madi.&lt;ref name=&quot;SSCG2012&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|vauthors=Dellinger RP, Levy MM, Rhodes A, Annane D, Gerlach H, Opal SM, Sevransky JE, Sprung CL, Douglas IS, Jaeschke R, Osborn TM, Nunnally ME, Townsend SR, Reinhart K, Kleinpell RM, Angus DC, Deutschman CS, Machado FR, Rubenfeld GD, Webb SA, Beale RJ, Vincent JL, Moreno R|display-authors=2|title=Surviving Sepsis Campaign: International Guidelines for Management of Severe Sepsis and Septic Shock: 2012|journal=[[Critical Care Medicine (journal)|Critical Care Medicine]]|volume=41|issue=2|pages=580–637|date=February 2013|pmid=23353941|doi=10.1097/CCM.0b013e31827e83af|doi-access=free}}&lt;/ref&gt; Go nna teng ga kgatelelo e e kwa tlase ya madi, lactate e e kwa godimo mo mading, kgotsa go tswa ga motlhapo go go kwa tlase go ka kaya kelelo e e bokoa ya madi.&lt;ref name=&quot;SSCG2012&quot; /&gt; Septic shock ke kgatelelo e e kwa tlase ya madi ka ntlha ya sepsis e e sa tokafaleng morago ga go emisetsa seeledi.&lt;ref name=&quot;SSCG2012&quot; /&gt;

Sepsis ke tsibogo ya masole a mmele ya go ruruga e e tlhotlhelediwang ke tshwaetsego.&lt;ref name=&quot;Tint2011&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Deutschman2014&quot; /&gt; Dikai tsa dibakateria ke tsone tse di tlwaelegileng thata tse di bakang seno, mme ditshwaetso tsa fungal, megare le diporotozoa le tsone di ka baka sepsis.  Mafelo a a tlwaelegileng a tshwaetsego ya ntlha a akaretsa mafatlha, boboko, mosele wa motlhapo, letlalo, le dirwe tsa mpa .  BBatho ba ba mo diphatsa ba akaretsa banana,bagodi, masole a mmele a a bokoa ka mabaka a  kankere kgotsa bolwetse jwa sukiri, kgobalo e kgolo, kgotsa go fisiwa.&lt;ref name=&quot;CDC2014Q&quot; /&gt; Pele, tlhatlhobo ya sepsis e ne e tlhoka go nna teng ga bonnye dikelo tse pedi tsa karabelo ya go ruruga ga thulaganyo (SIRS) mo seemong sa tshwaetsego e e akanngwang.  Ka  ngwaga wa 2016, maduo a a khutshwafaditsweng a tlhatlhobo ya go palelwa ga dirwe tsa mmele ka tatelano (maduo a SOFA), a a itsiweng jaaka maduo a SOFA a a bonako (qSOFA), a ne a tsaya sebaka sa thulaganyo ya go tlhatlhoba ya SIRS.&lt;ref name=&quot;Sepsis–3_2016&quot; /&gt; Ditekanyetso tsa qSOFA tsa sepsis di akaretsa bonnye di le pedi tsa tse tharo tse di latelang: go hema go go oketsegileng, go fetoga ga selekanyo sa go itharabologelwa, le kgatelelo e e kwa tlase ya madi.  Dikaelo tsa sepsis di akantsha gore go bonwe ditso tsa madi pele o simolola dibolayamegare; le fa go ntse jalo, go tlhatlhoba bolwetse jono ga go tlhoke gore madi a tshwaetsege .  Ditshwantsho tsa kalafi di a thusa fa go batliwa lefelo le go ka diregang gore tshwaetsego e nne mo go lone.&lt;ref name=&quot;SSCG2012&quot; /&gt; Dilo tse dingwe tse di ka nnang tsa baka matshwao a a tshwanang le ano di akaretsa anaphylaxis, go sa lekana ga diphilo, selekanyo se se kwa tlase sa madi, go sa dire sentle ga pelo, le go tsenwa ke madi mo makgwafong . 

Sepsis gantsi e tlhoka kalafi ya ka bonako ka dibolayamegare le diedi tse di tsenngwang mo ditshikaneng.&lt;ref name=&quot;CDC2014Q&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;SSC–G2016&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal| vauthors = Rhodes A, Evans LE, Alhazzani W, Levy MM, Antonelli M, Ferrer R, Kumar A, Sevransky JE, Sprung CL, Nunnally ME, Rochwerg B, Rubenfeld GD, Angus DC, Annane D, Beale RJ, Bellinghan GJ, Bernard GR, Chiche JD, Coopersmith C, De Backer DP, French CJ, Fujishima S, Gerlach H, Hidalgo JL, Hollenberg SM, Jones AE, Karnad DR, Kleinpell RM, Koh Y, Lisboa TC, Machado FR, Marini JJ, Marshall JC, Mazuski JE, McIntyre LA, McLean AS, Mehta S, Moreno RP, Myburgh J, Navalesi P, Nishida O, Osborn TM, Perner A, Plunkett CM, Ranieri M, Schorr CA, Seckel MA, Seymour CW, Shieh L, Shukri KA, Simpson SQ, Singer M, Thompson BT, Townsend SR, Van der Poll T, Vincent JL, Wiersinga WJ, Zimmerman JL, Dellinger RP | display-authors = 2 | title = Surviving Sepsis Campaign: International Guidelines for Management of Sepsis and Septic Shock: 2016 | journal = [[Intensive Care Medicine (journal)|Intensive Care Medicine]] | volume = 43 | issue = 3 | pages = 304–377 | date = March 2017 | pmid = 28101605 | doi = 10.1007/s00134-017-4683-6 |doi-access= free }}&lt;/ref&gt; Tlhokomelo e e tswelelang gantsi e tswelela mo yuniting ya tlhokomelo e e tseneletseng .  Fa teko e e lekaneng ya go emisetsa dieledi e sa lekana go boloka kgatelelo ya madi, go tla bo go tlhokega gore go dirisiwe melemo e e tlhatlosang kgatelelo ya madi .  Go ka tlhokega go tsenya mowa ka metšhini le go tlhatswa madi go tshegetsa tiro ya mafatlha le diphilo, ka go latelana.  Go ka nna ga tsenngwa tšhupu ya ditshika tse di fa gare le tšhupu ya ditshika gore di kgone go tsena mo mading le go kaela kalafi.&lt;ref name=&quot;SSCG2012&quot; /&gt; Ditekanyo tse dingwe tse di thusang di akaretsa ntsho ya pelo le go tlala ga okosejene ya vena cava e e kwa godimo.&lt;ref name=&quot;SSCG2012&quot; /&gt; Batho ba ba nang le bolwetse jwa sepsis ba tlhoka dikgato tsa thibelo ya thrombosis e e tseneletseng ya ditshika, diso tsa kgatelelo, le diso tsa kgatelelo ntle le fa maemo a mangwe a thibela ditsereganyo tse di jalo.&lt;ref name=&quot;SSCG2012&quot; /&gt; Batho bangwe ba ka solegelwa molemo ke taolo e e gagametseng ya selekanyo sa sukiri mo mading ka insulin.&lt;ref name=&quot;SSCG2012&quot; /&gt; Tiriso ya di-corticosteroid e a ganetsana, ka ditshekatsheko dingwe di bona mosola,&lt;ref name=&quot;Ann2019&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|last=Annane|first=D|last2=Bellissant|first2=E|last3=Bollaert|first3=PE|last4=Briegel|first4=J|last5=Keh|first5=D|last6=Kupfer|first6=Y|last7=Pirracchio|first7=R|last8=Rochwerg|first8=B|title=Corticosteroids for treating sepsis in children and adults.|journal=The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews|date=6 December 2019|volume=12|pages=CD002243|doi=10.1002/14651858.CD002243.pub4|pmid=31808551|pmc=6953403}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Fang2018&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|vauthors=Fang F, Zhang Y, Tang J, Lunsford LD, Li T, Tang R, He J, Xu P, Faramand A, Xu J, You C|display-authors=2|title=Association of corticosteroid treatment with outcomes in adult patients with sepsis: A systematic review and meta-analysis|journal=[[JAMA Internal Medicine]]|volume=179|issue=2|pages=213–223|date=February 2019|pmid=30575845|pmc=6439648|doi=10.1001/jamainternmed.2018.5849}}&lt;/ref&gt; mme tse dingwe ga di bone.&lt;ref name=&quot;Long2017&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|vauthors=Long B, Koyfman A|title=Controversies in corticosteroid use for sepsis|journal=[[The Journal of Emergency Medicine]]|volume=53|issue=5|pages=653–661|date=November 2017|pmid=28916121|doi=10.1016/j.jemermed.2017.05.024}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Bokete jwa bolwetse bo laola phelelo ka bontlhabongwe.&lt;ref name=&quot;Jawad2012&quot; /&gt; Kotsi ya loso ka ntlha ya sepsis e kwa godimo go fitlha go 30%, fa mo sepsis e e masisi e le kwa godimo go fitlha go 50%, le septic shock 80%.&lt;ref name=&quot;Jawad2012&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|vauthors=Jawad I, Lukšić I, Rafnsson SB|display-authors=2|title=Assessing available information on the burden of sepsis: Global estimates of incidence, prevalence and mortality|journal=Journal of Global Health|volume=2|issue=1|pages=010404|date=June 2012|pmid=23198133|pmc=3484761|doi=10.7189/jogh.01.010404}}&lt;/ref&gt; Sepsis e amile batho ba ka nna dimilione di le masome a mane le borobabongwe  ka ngwaga wa ngwaga wa dikete tse pedi lesome le bosupa , mme go ne ga swa batho ba le dimilione di le lesome le motso (motho a le mongwe mo go ba le batlhano lefatshe ka bophara).&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|last=Rudd|first=Kristina E|last2=Johnson|first2=Sarah Charlotte|last3=Agesa|first3=Kareha M|last4=Shackelford|first4=Katya Anne|last5=Tsoi|first5=Derrick|last6=Kievlan|first6=Daniel Rhodes|last7=Colombara|first7=Danny V|last8=Ikuta|first8=Kevin S|last9=Kissoon|first9=Niranjan|last10=Finfer|first10=Simon|last11=Fleischmann-Struzek|first11=Carolin|last12=Machado|first12=Flavia R|last13=Reinhart|first13=Konrad K|last14=Rowan|first14=Kathryn|last15=Seymour|first15=Christopher W|title=Global, regional, and national sepsis incidence and mortality, 1990–2017: analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study|journal=The Lancet|date=January 2020|volume=395|issue=10219|pages=200–211|doi=10.1016/S0140-6736(19)32989-7|pmid=31954465|pmc=6970225}}&lt;/ref&gt; Mo mafatsheg a a  tlhabologileng, dipalo tse di katshwarang  0,2 go ya go ba le 3 mo go ba le 1000 ba amiwa ke bolwetse jwa sepsis ngwaga le ngwaga, mme seno se felela ka gore go nne le dikgetsi di ka nna milione ka ngwaga kwa United States.&lt;ref name=&quot;Jawad2012&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Martin2012&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal| vauthors = Martin GS | title = Sepsis, severe sepsis and septic shock: Changes in incidence, pathogens and outcomes | journal = [[Expert Review of Anti-infective Therapy]] | volume = 10 | issue = 6 | pages = 701–6 | date = June 2012 | pmid = 22734959 | pmc = 3488423 | doi = 10.1586/eri.12.50 }}&lt;/ref&gt; Dipalopalo tsa malwetse di ntse di oketsega.&lt;ref name=&quot;SSCG2012&quot; /&gt; Sepsis e tlwaelegile thata mo banneng go feta mo basading.&lt;ref name=&quot;Tint2011&quot; /&gt; Ditlhaloso tsa sepsis di simolotse ka nako ya ga Hippocrates.&lt;ref name=&quot;NEJM2013&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|vauthors=Angus DC, van der Poll T|title=Severe sepsis and septic shock|journal=[[The New England Journal of Medicine]]|volume=369|issue=9|pages=840–51|date=August 2013|pmid=23984731|doi=10.1056/NEJMra1208623|doi-access=free}}&lt;/ref&gt; Maina la  &quot;septicemia&quot; le &quot;botlhole jwa madi&quot; a ntse a dirisiwa ka ditsela tse di farologaneng mme ga a tlhole a rotloediwa.&lt;ref name=&quot;NEJM2013&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;1992consensus&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|vauthors=Bone RC, Balk RA, Cerra FB, Dellinger RP, Fein AM, Knaus WA, Schein RM, Sibbald WJ|display-authors=2|title=Definitions for sepsis and organ failure and guidelines for the use of innovative therapies in sepsis.|journal=[[Chest (journal)|Chest]]|volume=101|issue=6|pages=1644–55|date=June 1992|pmid=1303622|doi=10.1378/chest.101.6.1644|quote=Septicemia... has been used... in a variety of ways... We therefore suggest that this term be eliminated from current usage.|url=http://www.reanimatology.com/rmt/article/view/1584|access-date=19 February 2019|archive-date=5 May 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190505181345/https://www.reanimatology.com/rmt/article/view/1584|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Ditshupiso ==
&lt;references /&gt;
[[Category:Translated from MDWiki]]</text>
      <sha1>338ep3r95065gf6q3eggrsxuobay7jn</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Mopalo</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>13293</id>
    <revision>
      <id>54186</id>
      <parentid>54112</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-08-17T21:11:27Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>InternetArchiveBot</username>
        <id>8156</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Add 1 book for [[en:Wikipedia:Verifiability|verifiability]] (20260817)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]]</comment>
      <origin>54186</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="12515" sha1="1fevfg3mqfbxu6f79c43ysf9dh8qag4" xml:space="preserve">{{Infobox medical condition|name=Malnutrition|synonym=Malnourishment|image=A malnourished child in an MSF treatment tent in Dolo Ado.jpg|image_size=280px|image_thumbtime=|alt=|caption=An underfed child in an [[MSF]] treatment tent in [[Dolo Ado|Dolo Ado]]|pronounce=|specialty=[[Intensive care medicine|Critical care medicine]]|symptoms=Problems with physical or mental development, poor energy levels, hair loss, swollen legs and [[abdomen]]&lt;ref name=FFL2010/&gt;&lt;ref name=Young2012/&gt;|complications=|onset=|duration=|types=|causes=Eating a [[Diet (nutrition)|diet]] in which [[nutrient]]s are either not enough or are too much, [[malabsorption]]&lt;ref name=Dor2017/&gt;&lt;ref name=PapadiaDiSabatino2014/&gt;|risks=Not [[breastfeed]], [[gastroenteritis]], [[pneumonia]], [[malaria]], [[measles]]&lt;ref name=WHO2014/&gt;|diagnosis=|differential=|prevention=Improving agricultural practices, reducing [[poverty]], improving [[sanitation]], [[empowering women|empowerment of women]]&lt;ref name=UK2012/&gt;&lt;ref name=solcultivateplanet/&gt;|treatment=Improved [[nutrition]], [[dietary supplements|supplementation]], [[therapeutic food#Ready-to-Use Therapeutic Food|ready-to-use therapeutic foods]], treating the underlying cause&lt;ref name=UK2012/&gt;&lt;ref name=Bh2013/&gt;&lt;ref name=KastinBuchman2002/&gt;|medication=|prognosis=|frequency=821 million undernourished / 11% of the population (2017)&lt;ref name=UNFAO2018/&gt;|deaths=406,000 from nutritional deficiencies (2015)&lt;ref name=GBD2015De/&gt;|named after=}}

'''Mopalo''' ke seemo sa botsogo se se bakwang ke go ja dijo tse mo go tsone dikotla di le nngwe kgotsa go feta di sa lekanang kgotsa di le dintsi thata mo e leng gore dijo tseo di baka mathata a botsogo.   O ka akaretsa dikhalori, poroteine, dikhabohaetereite, mafura, dibitamini kgotsa diminerale.&lt;ref name=&quot;FFL2010&quot; /&gt; Go tlhoka dikotla tse di lekaneng go bidiwa '''Mopalo''' fa go feta selekanyo go bidiwa phepelo e e feteletseng.&lt;ref name=&quot;Young2012&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|last=Young|first=E.M.|title=Food and development|date=2012|publisher=Routledge|location=Abingdon, Oxon|isbn=978-1-135-99941-4|pages=36–38|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=XhwKwNzJVjQC&amp;pg=PA36|access-date=July 15, 2020|archive-date=August 5, 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200805174628/https://books.google.com/books?id=XhwKwNzJVjQC&amp;pg=PA36|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; Mopalo gantsi o dirisiwa go kaya phepelotlase fa motho a sa bone dikhalori tse di lekaneng, poroteine, kgotsa dikotlapotlana.&lt;ref name=&quot;Young2012&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Jones2011&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|title=Essentials of International Health|date=2011|publisher=Jones &amp; Bartlett Publishers|isbn=978-1-4496-6771-9|page=194|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=lt7TqZPZSlIC&amp;pg=PA194|access-date=July 15, 2020|archive-date=August 5, 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200805234948/https://books.google.com/books?id=lt7TqZPZSlIC&amp;pg=PA194|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; Fa go tlhoka phepo go diragala ka nako ya boimana, kgotsa pele ga dingwaga di le pedi, go ka felela ka mathata a leruri a kgolo ya mmele le ya tlhaloganyo.&lt;ref name=&quot;FFL2010&quot; /&gt; Go tlhoka phepo e e feteletseng, go go bidiwang tlala, go ka nna le megare e akaretsang : boleele jo bokhutshwane, mmele o mosesane, maatla a a bokoa thata, le maoto a a rurugileng le mpa.&lt;ref name=&quot;FFL2010&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Young2012&quot; /&gt; Batho le bona gantsi ba tsenwa ke megare mme ba tsenwa ke serame kgapetsakgapetsa.&lt;ref name=&quot;Young2012&quot; /&gt; Dikai tsa tlhaelo ya dikotla tse dinnye di ikaegile dikotla tse dinnye tse di tlhaelang.&lt;ref name=&quot;Young2012&quot; /&gt;

Go sa ja entle gantsi go bakwa ke go tlhoka dijo tse di lekaneng tsa boleng jo bo kwa godimo tse di ka jewang.  Se gantsi se amana le ditlhwatlhwa tse di kwa godimo tsa dijo le lehuma.&lt;ref name=&quot;WHO2014&quot; /&gt; Go tlhoka go amusa go ka nna ga nna le seabe, fela jaaka go ka nna le malwetse a le mmalwa a a tshelanwang a a tshwanang le: gastroenteritis, [[nyumonia]], malaria, le [[Mmokwane|mmoko]], tse di oketsang tlhaelo  ya dikotla.&lt;ref name=&quot;WHO2014&quot; /&gt; Go na le mefuta e mebedi e megolo ya Mopalo: Tlhaelo dikota tsa diporoteine le maatla le go tlhaela dijo.&lt;ref name=&quot;Jones2011&quot; /&gt; Kotla e e kwa tlase ya diporoteine-maatla e na le mefuta e mebedi e e masisi: marasmus (go tlhoka diporoteine le dikhalori) le kwashiorkor (go tlhoka diporoteine fela).&lt;ref name=&quot;Young2012&quot; /&gt; Ditlhaelo tse di tlwaelegileng tsa Mmopamo di akaretsa : tlhaelo ya tshipi, ayodine, le bithamini A.&lt;ref name=&quot;Young2012&quot; /&gt; Ka nako ya boimana, ka ntlha ya tlhokego e e oketsegileng ya mmele, ditlhaelo di ka nna tsa tlwaelega thata.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|editor-last=Arora|editor-first=Mala|editor-last2=Konje|editor-first2=Justin C.|title=Recurrent pregnancy loss|date=2007|publisher=Jaypee Bros. Medical Publishers|location=New Delhi|isbn=978-81-8448-006-1|edition=2nd}}&lt;/ref&gt; Mo mafatsheng mangwe a tlhabologang,dikotla tse di feteletseng ka mokgwa wa bokima jo bo feteletseng e simolola go bonala mo baaging ba ba tshwanang le mmopamo.  Dilo tse dingwe tse di bakang mmopamo di akaretsa anorexia nervosa le loaro le le fokotsang mmele.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|editor-last3=Prentice|first3=Andrew|editor-first=Benjamin|editor-last=Caballero|editor-first2=Lindsay|editor-last2=Allen|title=Encyclopedia of human nutrition|date=2005|publisher=Elsevier/Academic Press|location=Amsterdam|isbn=978-0-08-045428-3|page=68|edition=2nd|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=DHtERWm0mrcC&amp;pg=RA1-PA68|access-date=July 15, 2020|archive-date=August 5, 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200805141617/https://books.google.com/books?id=DHtERWm0mrcC&amp;pg=RA1-PA68|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|title=Stoelting's anesthesia and co-existing disease|date=2012|publisher=Saunders/Elsevier|location=Philadelphia|isbn=978-1-4557-3812-0|page=324|edition=6th|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=yxTtmJYPUV0C&amp;pg=PA324|access-date=July 15, 2020|archive-date=August 5, 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200805182252/https://books.google.com/books?id=yxTtmJYPUV0C&amp;pg=PA324|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Maiteko a go tokafatsa dikotla ke mefuta mengwe e e nonofileng thata ya thuso ya tlhabololo .  Go amusa go ka fokotsa selekanyo sa mopalo le dintsho mo baneng,  mme maiteko a go rotloetsa mokgwa ono a oketsa selekanyo sa go amusa.  Mo baneng ba ba botlana, go tlamela ka dijo (mo godimo ga mashi a lebele) fa gare ga dikgwedi di le thataro le dingwaga di le pedi go tokafatsa ditlamorago.&lt;ref name=&quot;Bh2013&quot; /&gt; Gape go na le bosupi jo bo siameng jo bo tshegetsang tlaleletso ya dikotla tse dinnye di le mmalwa mo basading ka nako ya boimana le mo baneng ba ba botlana mo mafatsheng a tlhabologang.&lt;ref name=&quot;Bh2013&quot; /&gt; Go fitlhelela dijo kwa bathong ba ba di tlhokang thata, bobedi go isa dijo le go tlamela ka madi gore batho ba kgone go reka dijo mo teng ga mebaraka ya selegae go a atlega.&lt;ref name=&quot;UK2012&quot; /&gt;  Go jesa baithuti fela kwa sekolong ga go a lekana.&lt;ref name=&quot;UK2012&quot; /&gt; Tlhokomelo ya mmopamo e e masisi mo teng ga legae la motho ka dijo tsa kalafi tse di siametseng go dirisiwa e a kgonega bontsi jwa nako.&lt;ref name=&quot;Bh2013&quot; /&gt; Mo go ba ba nang le Mmopamo o o  masisi o o aparatsweng  ke mathata a mangwe a botsogo, go kgothalediwa gore ba alafelwe kwa bookelong.&lt;ref name=&quot;Bh2013&quot; /&gt; Se gantsi se akaretsa go laola sukiri e e kwa tlase mo mading le mogote, go samagana le go felelwa ke metsi mo mmeleng, le go jesa ka iketlo.&lt;ref name=&quot;Bh2013&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;WHO2003&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|last=Ann Ashworth|title=Guidelines for the inpatient treatment of severely malnourished children|url=https://archive.org/details/guidelinesforinp0000unse|date=2003|publisher=World Health Organization|location=Geneva|isbn=978-92-4-154609-6}}&lt;/ref&gt; Dibolayamegare tsa ka gale gantsi di a kgothalediwa ka ntlha ya kotsi e e kwa godimo ya megare.&lt;ref name=&quot;WHO2003&quot; /&gt; Dikgato tsa di telele di akaretsa: go tokafatsa mekgwa ya temothuo,  go fokotsa lehuma, go tokafatsa kgeleloleswe, le go rututsha basadi.&lt;ref name=&quot;UK2012&quot; /&gt;

Go ne go na le batho ba le  di dikadike tse  makgolo a robabobedi le masome a mabedi le motso ba ba sa jeng sentle mo lefatsheng ka ngwaga wa dikete tse pedi lesome le borobabobedi( 2018) (10.8% ya palogotlhe ya baagi).  Se ke phokotsego ya selekayo sa didikadike di le lekgolo,masome a supa le borataro (176&amp;nbsp;) tsa batho fa e sale ka ngwaga wa sekete,makgolo a robabongwe le masome a robabongwe(1990) fa 23% e ne e sa fiwe kgotsa e sa je sentle, mme koketsego ya batho ba ka nna didikadike tse masome a mararo le borataro fa e sale ka ngwaga wa dikete tse pedi,le lesome le botlhano, fa 10.6% e ne e sa je kgotsa fiwe dijo sentle.   Ka gwaga wa dikete tse pedi le lesome le bobedi (2012), go ne ga akayetswa gore batho ba bangwe ba le dibilione ba ne ba tlhaela dibitamini, le diminerale.  Ka ngwaga wa  2015, go ne ga akanyediwa gore go tlhoka dikotla tsa diporoteine le maatla go ne ga baka dintsho di le 323 000—e leng palo e e kwa tlase go tswa go dintsho di le 510 000 ka ngwaga wa 1990.&lt;ref name=&quot;GBD2015De&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|title=Global, regional, and national life expectancy, all-cause mortality, and cause-specific mortality for 249 causes of death, 1980-2015: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2015|journal=Lancet (London, England)|date=8 October 2016|volume=388|issue=10053|pages=1459–1544|doi=10.1016/S0140-6736(16)31012-1|url=https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/27733281/|issn=1474-547X|access-date=2 August 2025|archive-date=20 June 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220620045540/https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/27733281/|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;  Ditlhaelo tse dingwe tsa dikotla, tse di akaretsang go tlhaela iodine le go tlhoka madi ka ntlha ya go tlhaela tshipi, di felela ka dintsho tse dingwe gape di le dikete tse masome a robabobedi le boraro (83 000.) &lt;ref name=&quot;GBD2015De&quot; /&gt; Ka ngwaga wa dikete tse pedi le lesome (2010), Mmopamo o o ne o le selekanyo sa1.4% ya dingwaga tsotlhe tsa botshelo tse di fetotsweng tsa bogole.&lt;ref name=&quot;UK2012&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Murray2012&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|last=Murray|first=CJ|title=Disability-adjusted life years (DALYs) for 291 diseases and injuries in 21 regions, 1990–2010: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2010|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_the-lancet_december-15-2012-january-4-2013_380_9859/page/2197|journal=Lancet|date=Dec 15, 2012|volume=380|issue=9859|pages=2197–223|pmid=23245608|doi=10.1016/S0140-6736(12)61689-4}}&lt;/ref&gt; Go dumelwa gore sengwe se se bakang dintsho tsa bana  ke go tlhoka dikotla, le fa gone dintsho tseno di sa kwalwe jalo ka sewelo.  Ka ngwaga wa dikete tse pedi le lesome, go ne ga akanyetswa goro ka baka dintsho di ka nna dimilione di le 1,5 tsa basadi le bana,&lt;ref name=&quot;Lim2012&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|vauthors=Lim SS, Vos T, Flaxman AD, etal|title=A comparative risk assessment of burden of disease and injury attributable to 67 risk factors and risk factor clusters in 21 regions, 1990–2010: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2010|journal=Lancet|volume=380|issue=9859|pages=2224–60|date=December 2012|pmid=23245609|doi=10.1016/S0140-6736(12)61766-8|pmc=4156511}}&lt;/ref&gt; le fa bangwe ba akanyetsa gore palo e ka tswa e feta 3 .&amp;nbsp;miliyone.&lt;ref name=&quot;Bh2013&quot; /&gt; Tlaleletso ya 165&amp;nbsp;go ne ga fopholediwa gore bana ba le dimilione di le lesome ba ne ba sa gole sentle ka ntlha ya Mmopamo ka ngwaga wa 2013.  Mmopamo o tlwaelegile thata mo mofatsheng a tlhabologang.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|last=Liz Young|title=World Hunger Routledge Introductions to Development|date=2002|isbn=978-1-134-77494-4|page=20|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=w4CGAgAAQBAJ&amp;pg=PA20|access-date=July 15, 2020|archive-date=August 1, 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200801015439/https://books.google.com/books?id=w4CGAgAAQBAJ&amp;pg=PA20|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ditlhopha dingwe di na le dipalo tse di kwa godimo tsa go tlhoka dikotla, go akaretsa le basadi—segolobogolo fa ba imile kgotsa ba anyisa— bana ba ba ka fa tlase ga dingwaga di le tlhano, le bagodi. Mo bagoding, go tlhoka dikotla go nna tlwaelo ka ntlha ya mabaka a mmele, a tlhaloganyo le a loago.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|last=|first=|title=Principles and practice of geriatric surgery|date=2011|publisher=Springer|location=Berlin|isbn=978-1-4419-6999-6|page=78|edition=2nd|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=VcgmpMZE6a8C&amp;pg=PA87|access-date=July 15, 2020|archive-date=August 5, 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200805121936/https://books.google.com/books?id=VcgmpMZE6a8C&amp;pg=PA87|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Ditshupiso ==
{{Reflist}}
[[Category:Translated from MDWiki]]</text>
      <sha1>1fevfg3mqfbxu6f79c43ysf9dh8qag4</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Sekgwaripana</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>13297</id>
    <revision>
      <id>54192</id>
      <parentid>54120</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-08-17T21:16:38Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>InternetArchiveBot</username>
        <id>8156</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Add 2 books for [[en:Wikipedia:Verifiability|verifiability]] (20260817)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]]</comment>
      <origin>54192</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="14960" sha1="r98r8w6uo4d8e1x65p8zke38bxesm0e" xml:space="preserve">{{Infobox medical condition|name=Smallpox|synonym=Variola,&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book|last1=Barton|first1=Leslie L.|last2=Friedman|first2=Neil R.|title=The Neurological Manifestations of Pediatric Infectious Diseases and Immunodeficiency Syndromes|date=2008|publisher=Springer Science &amp; Business Media|isbn=978-1-59745-391-2|page=151|url=https://books.google.ca/books?id=GaIyKkRBqIQC&amp;pg=PA151|language=en|access-date=23 July 2020|archive-date=7 August 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200807041212/https://books.google.ca/books?id=GaIyKkRBqIQC&amp;pg=PA151|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; variola vera,&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book|last1=Schaller|first1=Karl F.|title=Colour Atlas of Tropical Dermatology and Venerology|date=2012|publisher=Springer Science &amp; Business Media|isbn=978-3-642-76200-0|page=Chapter 1|url=https://books.google.ca/books?id=Bw8yBwAAQBAJ&amp;pg=PP21|language=en|access-date=23 July 2020|archive-date=7 August 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200807163309/https://books.google.ca/books?id=Bw8yBwAAQBAJ&amp;pg=PP21|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; pox,&lt;ref name=&quot;Fenner_1988&quot;/&gt; red plague&lt;ref name=Peg2017/&gt;|image=Child with Smallpox Bangladesh.jpg|image_size=|image_thumbtime=|alt=|caption=A child with smallpox in [[Bangladesh]] in 1973. The bumps filled with thick fluid and a depression or dimple in the center are characteristic.|pronounce=|specialty=[[Infectious disease (medical specialty)|Infectious disease]]|symptoms={{plainlist
|* '''Early''': [[Fever]], [[vomiting]], mouth sores&lt;ref name=CDC2016Sym/&gt;
* '''Later''': Fluid filled [[blisters]] which [[Wound healing#Proliferative phase|scab]] over&lt;ref name=CDC2016Sym/&gt;}}|complications=[[Scar]]ring of the skin, [[blindness]]&lt;ref name=CDC2016What/&gt;|onset=1 to 3 weeks following exposure&lt;ref name=CDC2016Sym/&gt;|duration=About 4 weeks&lt;ref name=CDC2016Sym/&gt;|types=|causes=''Variola major'', ''Variola minor'' (spread between people)&lt;ref name=CDC2016What/&gt;&lt;ref name=She2004/&gt;|risks=|diagnosis=Based on symptoms and confirmed by [[PCR]]&lt;ref name=CDC2017Diag/&gt;|differential=[[Chickenpox]], [[impetigo]], [[molluscum contagiosum]], [[monkeypox]]&lt;ref name=CDC2017Diag&gt;{{cite web|title=Diagnosis &amp; Evaluation|url=https://www.cdc.gov/smallpox/clinicians/diagnosis-evaluation.html|website=CDC|access-date=14 December 2017|language=en-us|date=25 July 2017|archive-date=9 December 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171209185420/https://www.cdc.gov/smallpox/clinicians/diagnosis-evaluation.html|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;|prevention=[[Smallpox vaccine]]&lt;ref name=CDC2017Tx/&gt;|treatment=[[Supportive care]]&lt;ref name=WHO2007Fact/&gt;|medication=[[Tecovirimat]], [[brincidofovir]], [[cidofovir]]&lt;ref name=CDC2017Tx/&gt;|prognosis=30% risk of death&lt;ref name=CDC2016Sym/&gt;|frequency=[[Eradication of infectious diseases|Eradicated]] (last wild case in 1977)|deaths=|named after=}}'''Bolwetse jwa sekgwaripana''' e ne e le bolwetse jo bo tshelanwang jo bo bakiwang ke nngwe ya mefuta e mebedi ya megare, ''e leng Variola e kgolo'' le ''Variola e nnye''.&lt;ref name=&quot;She2004&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|veditors=Ryan KJ, Ray CG|title=Sherris Medical Microbiology|url=https://archive.org/details/sherrismedicalmi0000unse_q1i3|edition=4th|pages=[https://archive.org/details/sherrismedicalmi0000unse_q1i3/page/525 525]–28|publisher=McGraw Hill|year=2004|isbn=978-0-8385-8529-0}}&lt;/ref&gt; Kgetse ya bofelo e e neng ya tlhaga ka tlholego e ne ya lemogiwa ka kgwedi ya Phalane, ngwaga wa  1977, mme [[World Health Organisation|Mokgatlho wa Lefatshe Lotlhe wa Boitekanelo]] (WHO) o ne wa tlhomamisa gore bolwetse jono bo fedisitswe mo lefatsheng lotlhe ka ngwaga wa 1980.&lt;ref name=&quot;WHO2007Fact&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|title=Smallpox|website=WHO Factsheet|url=http://www.who.int/mediacentre/factsheets/smallpox/en/|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070921235036/http://www.who.int/mediacentre/factsheets/smallpox/en/|archive-date=21 September 2007}}&lt;/ref&gt; Kotsi ya loso morago ga go tsenwa ke bolwetse e ne e ka nna 30%, ka dikelo tse di kwa godimo mo maseeng.&lt;ref name=&quot;CDC2016What&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|title=What is Smallpox?|url=https://www.cdc.gov/smallpox/about/index.html|website=CDC|access-date=14 December 2017|language=en-us|date=7 June 2016|archive-date=7 June 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200607000819/https://www.cdc.gov/smallpox/about/index.html|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Rie2005&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|vauthors=Riedel S|title=Edward Jenner and the history of smallpox and vaccination|journal=Proceedings|volume=18|issue=1|pages=21–5|date=January 2005|pmid=16200144|pmc=1200696|doi=10.1080/08998280.2005.11928028}}&lt;/ref&gt; Gantsi ba ba neng ba falola ba ne ba nna le mabadi a mantsi mo letlalong la bone, mme bangwe ba ne ba sala ba foufetse.&lt;ref name=&quot;CDC2016What&quot; /&gt;

Dikai tsa ntlha tsa bolwetse jono di ne di akaretsa letshoroma le go kgwa.&lt;ref name=&quot;CDC2016Sym&quot; /&gt; Se se ne sa latelwa ke go nna teng ga dintho mo ganong le letshoroma la letlalo.&lt;ref name=&quot;CDC2016Sym&quot; /&gt; Mo malatsing a le mmalwa letshoroma la letlalo le ne la fetoga go nna diso tse di tletseng metsitse di nang le lephatlha fa gare.&lt;ref name=&quot;CDC2016Sym&quot; /&gt; Diso di ne tsa tlhotlhorega mme thubega tsa tlogela mabadi.&lt;ref name=&quot;CDC2016Sym&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|title=Signs and Symptoms|url=https://www.cdc.gov/smallpox/symptoms/index.html|website=CDC|access-date=14 December 2017|language=en-us|date=7 June 2016|archive-date=7 June 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200607083501/https://www.cdc.gov/smallpox/symptoms/index.html|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; Bolwetse bo anamisitswe magareng ga batho kgotsa ka dilo tse di kgotletsweng.&lt;ref name=&quot;CDC2016What&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Leb2013&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.ca/books?id=hRryAAAAQBAJ&amp;pg=PA89|title=Treatment of Skin Disease E-Book: Comprehensive Therapeutic Strategies|last=Lebwohl|first=Mark G.|last2=Heymann|first2=Warren R.|last3=Berth-Jones|first3=John|last4=Coulson|first4=Ian|date=2013|publisher=Elsevier Health Sciences|isbn=978-0-7020-5236-1|page=89|language=en|access-date=23 July 2020|archive-date=25 February 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200225170712/https://books.google.ca/books?id=hRryAAAAQBAJ|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; Thibelo e ne e le thata ka mokento wa sekgwaripana.&lt;ref name=&quot;CDC2017Tx&quot; /&gt; Fa bolwetse jono bo setse bo simolotse, melemo mengwe e e lwantshang megare e ka tswa e ile ya thusa.&lt;ref name=&quot;CDC2017Tx&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|title=Prevention and Treatment|url=https://www.cdc.gov/smallpox/prevention-treatment/index.html|website=CDC|access-date=14 December 2017|language=en-us|date=13 December 2017|archive-date=15 December 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171215110657/https://www.cdc.gov/smallpox/prevention-treatment/index.html|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Ga go itsiwe gore bolwetse jwa sekgwaripana bo tswa kae.&lt;ref name=&quot;CDC2017His&quot; /&gt; Bosupi jwa ntlha jwa bolwetse bo simolotse ka lekgolo la boraro la dingwaga BCE mo di-mummy tsa kwa Egepeto.&lt;ref name=&quot;CDC2017His&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|title=History of Smallpox|url=https://www.cdc.gov/smallpox/history/history.html|website=CDC|access-date=14 December 2017|language=en-us|date=25 July 2017|archive-date=14 June 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200614213232/https://www.cdc.gov/smallpox/history/history.html|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; Bolwetse bo kile jwa tlhagelela ka go runya.&lt;ref name=&quot;WHO2007Fact&quot; /&gt; Kwa Yuropa ya lekgolo la bo lesome le borobabobedi la dingwaga, go akanyediwa gore batho ba le 400 000 ka ngwaga ba ne ba bolawa ke bolwetse jono, mme nngwetharong ya batho ba ba neng ba bolawa ke bolwetse jono e ne ya felela ka gore ba foufale.&lt;ref name=&quot;WHO2007Fact&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Hays2005&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|vauthors=Hays JN|title=Epidemics and Pandemics: Their Impacts on Human History|date=2005|publisher=ABC-CLIO|isbn=978-1-85109-658-9|pages=[https://archive.org/details/epidemicspandemi0000hays/page/151 151]–52|url=https://archive.org/details/epidemicspandemi0000hays|url-access=registration|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; Dintsho tseno di ne di akaretsa dikgosi di le thataro.&lt;ref name=&quot;WHO2007Fact&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Hays2005&quot; /&gt; Go akanyediwa gore sekgwaripana se bolaile batho ba ka nna di milione di le makgolo a mararo  le lesome mo lekgolong la bo masome mabedi la dingwaga &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|first=Hilary|last=Koprowski|first2=Michael B. A.|last2=Oldstone|title=Microbe hunters, then and now|url=https://archive.org/details/microbehuntersth0000unse|publisher=Medi-Ed Press|date=January 1996|isbn=978-0-936741-11-6|page=[https://archive.org/details/microbehuntersth0000unse/page/23 23]}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|vauthors=Henderson DA|title=The eradication of smallpox--an overview of the past, present, and future|journal=Vaccine|volume=29 Suppl 4|pages=D7-9|date=December 2011|pmid=22188929|doi=10.1016/j.vaccine.2011.06.080}}&lt;/ref&gt; le mo e ka nnang dimilione di le makgolo a matlhano mo dingwageng di le lekgolo tsa bofelo tsa go nna teng ga yone.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.ca/books?id=1u7Xw5i7Ky0C&amp;pg=PA12|title=Smallpox : the death of a disease|vauthors=Henderson D|date=2009|publisher=Prometheus Books|isbn=978-1-61592-230-7|page=12|access-date=23 July 2020|archive-date=17 February 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200217120015/https://books.google.ca/books?id=1u7Xw5i7Ky0C|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; Bosheng jaana ka ngwaga wa1967, Go diragetse dikgetse dile dimilione di le lesome le botlhano  ka ngwaga.&lt;ref name=&quot;WHO2007Fact&quot; /&gt;

Go bonala go kentela bolwetse jwa sekgwaripana go simolotse kwa [[China]] ka dingwaga tsa bo 1500.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|last=Needham|first=Joseph|title=Science and Civilisation in China: Volume 6, Biology and Biological Technology, Part 6, Medicine|date=2000|publisher=Cambridge University Press|isbn=978-0-521-63262-1|page=134|url=https://books.google.ca/books?id=6bEZ8Hp8h5sC&amp;lpg=PA259&amp;vq=Smallpox&amp;pg=PA134|access-date=30 March 2020|language=en|archive-date=11 June 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200611132507/https://books.google.ca/books?id=6bEZ8Hp8h5sC&amp;lpg=PA259&amp;vq=Smallpox&amp;pg=PA134|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|title=A History of Immunology|first=Arthur M.|last=Silverstein|pages=293|publisher=Academic Press|year=2009|edition=2nd|url=https://books.google.ca/books?id=2xNYjigte14C&amp;lpg=PA10&amp;vq=Smallpox&amp;pg=PA293|isbn=9780080919461|access-date=23 July 2020|archive-date=5 October 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201005080731/https://books.google.ca/books?id=2xNYjigte14C&amp;lpg=PA10&amp;vq=Smallpox&amp;pg=PA293%2F|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; Yuropa e ne ya amogela mokgwa ono go tswa kwa Asia mo sephatlong sa ntlha sa lekgolo sa bo lesome le borobabobedi la dingwaga.&lt;ref name=&quot;strathern179&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|last=Strathern|first=Paul|year=2005|title=A Brief History of Medicine|publisher=Robinson|location=London|isbn=978-1-84529-155-6|page=179}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ka ngwaga wa 1796 Edward Jenner o ne a tlhagisa mokento wa segompieno wa sekgwaripana.&lt;ref name=&quot;Wolfe2002&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|vauthors=Wolfe RM, Sharp LK|title=Anti-vaccinationists past and present|journal=BMJ|volume=325|issue=7361|pages=430–2|date=August 2002|pmid=12193361|pmc=1123944|doi=10.1136/bmj.325.7361.430|url=http://www.bmj.com/content/325/7361/430.full.pdf|access-date=23 July 2020|archive-date=19 January 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120119014617/http://www.bmj.com/content/325/7361/430.full.pdf|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Smallpox vaccines|url=https://www.who.int/csr/disease/smallpox/vaccines/en/|website=WHO|access-date=27 March 2020|archive-date=30 September 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200930033132/https://www.who.int/csr/disease/smallpox/vaccines/en/|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ka ngwaga wa 1967, WHO e ne ya oketsa maiteko a go fedisa bolwetse jono.&lt;ref name=&quot;WHO2007Fact&quot; /&gt; Bolwetse jwa sekgotlho ke bongwe jwa malwetse a mabedi a a tshelanwang a a fedisitsweng, jo bongwe ke jwa segajaja sa dikoko ka ngwaga wa dikete tse pedi le lesome le motso (2011).&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|last=Guidotti|first=Tee L.|title=Health and Sustainability: An Introduction|date=2015|publisher=Oxford University Press|isbn=978-0-19-932568-9|page=T290|url=https://books.google.ca/books?id=hPRgBwAAQBAJ&amp;pg=PT290|language=en|access-date=23 July 2020|archive-date=26 February 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200226075257/https://books.google.ca/books?id=hPRgBwAAQBAJ|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|last=Roossinck|first=Marilyn J.|title=Virus: An Illustrated Guide to 101 Incredible Microbes|date=2016|publisher=Princeton University Press|isbn=978-1-4008-8325-7|page=126|url=https://books.google.ca/books?id=gTH9CwAAQBAJ&amp;pg=PA126|language=en|access-date=23 July 2020|archive-date=22 February 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200222014051/https://books.google.ca/books?id=gTH9CwAAQBAJ|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; Leina &quot;setlhogo&quot; le ne la dirisiwa la ntlha kwa Boritane mo tshimologong ya lekgolo la bo lesome le borataro la dingwaga go farologanya bolwetse jono le [[Thosola/Rasephiphi|bolwetse jwa mogare]], jo ka nako eo bo neng bo itsege jaaka &quot;setlhogo se segolo&quot;.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=smallpox {{!}} Etymology, origin and meaning of smallpox by etymonline|url=https://www.etymonline.com/word/Smallpox|website=www.etymonline.com|access-date=8 February 2023|language=en|archive-date=9 October 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221009132808/https://www.etymonline.com/word/smallpox|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Bar1997&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|vauthors=Barquet N, Domingo P|title=Smallpox: the triumph over the most terrible of the ministers of death|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_annals-of-internal-medicine_1997-10-15_127_8/page/635|journal=Annals of Internal Medicine|volume=127|issue=8 Pt 1|pages=635–42|date=October 1997|pmid=9341063|doi=10.7326/0003-4819-127-8_Part_1-199710150-00010|citeseerx=10.1.1.695.883}}&lt;/ref&gt; Maina a mangwe a ditso a bolwetse jono a akaretsa pox, speckled monster le sebetso se sehibidu.&lt;ref name=&quot;Fenner_1988&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|vauthors=Fenner F, Henderson DA, Arita I, Ježek Z, Ladnyi ID|chapter=The History of Smallpox and its Spread Around the World|title=Smallpox and its eradication|series=History of International Public Health|volume=6|date=1988|publisher=World Health Organization|location=Geneva|isbn=978-92-4-156110-5|hdl=10665/39485|pages=209–44|chapter-url=https://biotech.law.lsu.edu/blaw/bt/smallpox/who/red-book/9241561106_chp5.pdf|access-date=14 December 2017|archive-date=12 December 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191212171449/https://biotech.law.lsu.edu/blaw/bt/smallpox/who/red-book/9241561106_chp5.pdf|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Peg2017&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|title=Medicine: The Definitive Illustrated History|date=2016|publisher=Pengui|isbn=978-1-4654-5893-3|page=100|url=https://books.google.ca/books?id=dicCDQAAQBAJ&amp;pg=PA100|access-date=23 July 2020|archive-date=22 April 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200422033415/https://books.google.ca/books?id=dicCDQAAQBAJ|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Bar1997&quot; /&gt;

== Ditshupiso ==
&lt;references /&gt;
[[Category:Translated from MDWiki]]</text>
      <sha1>r98r8w6uo4d8e1x65p8zke38bxesm0e</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Bolwetse jwa Sukiri</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>13300</id>
    <revision>
      <id>54174</id>
      <parentid>50163</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-08-17T20:40:35Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>InternetArchiveBot</username>
        <id>8156</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Add 2 books for [[en:Wikipedia:Verifiability|verifiability]] (20260817)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]]</comment>
      <origin>54174</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="13071" sha1="eaeamqflhp6ii5cx4ukh5q79yeujkvt" xml:space="preserve">{{Infobox medical condition|name=Diabetes mellitus|synonym=|image=Blue circle for diabetes.svg|image_size=280px|image_thumbtime=|alt=A hollow circle with a thick blue border and a clear centre|caption=Universal blue circle symbol for diabetes.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|title=Diabetes Blue Circle Symbol |url=http://www.diabetesbluecircle.org |date=17 March 2006 |publisher=International Diabetes Federation |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070805042346/http://www.diabetesbluecircle.org/ |archive-date=5 August 2007 }}&lt;/ref&gt;|pronounce={{IPAc-en|ˌ|d|aɪ|_|ə|'|b|i|_|t|i|z|,_|-|t|I|s}}&lt;/br&gt;{{IPAc-en|'|m|ɛ|l|_|I|_|t|ə|s|,_|m|ə|'|l|aI|-}}|specialty=[[Endocrinology]]|symptoms=[[polyuria|Frequent urination]], [[polydipsia|increased thirst]], [[polyphagia|increased hunger]]&lt;ref name=WHO2013/&gt;|complications=[[Diabetic ketoacidosis]], [[hyperosmolar hyperglycemic state]], [[heart disease]], [[stroke]], [[chronic renal failure|chronic kidney failure]], [[diabetic foot ulcer|foot ulcers]], [[cognitive impairment]], [[diabetic gastroparesis|gastroparesis]]&lt;ref name=WHO2013/&gt;&lt;ref name=Kit2009/&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal | vauthors = Krishnasamy S, Abell TL | title = Diabetic Gastroparesis: Principles and Current Trends in Management | journal = Diabetes Therapy | volume = 9 | issue = Suppl 1 | pages = 1–42 | date = July 2018 | pmid = 29934758 | pmc = 6028327 | doi = 10.1007/s13300-018-0454-9 }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=Sa2016/&gt;|onset=|duration=|types=|causes=|risks='''Type 1''': [[Genealogy|Family history]]&lt;ref name=Change2014&gt;{{cite journal | vauthors = Chiang JL, Kirkman MS, Laffel LM, Peters AL | title = Type 1 diabetes through the life span: a position statement of the American Diabetes Association | journal = Diabetes Care | volume = 37 | issue = 7 | pages = 2034–54 | date = July 2014 | pmid = 24935775 | pmc = 5865481 | doi = 10.2337/dc14-1140 }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;br&gt;'''Type 2''': [[Obesity]], lack of exercise, [[Heredity|genetics]]&lt;ref name=WHO2013/&gt;&lt;ref name=NIH2014Cause&gt;{{cite web|title=Causes of Diabetes|url=http://www.niddk.nih.gov/health-information/health-topics/Diabetes/causes-diabetes/Pages/index.aspx|website=National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases|access-date=10 February 2016|date=June 2014 |url-status=live |archive-date=2 February 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160202083725/http://www.niddk.nih.gov/health-information/health-topics/Diabetes/causes-diabetes/Pages/index.aspx }}&lt;/ref&gt;|diagnosis=High [[blood sugar]]&lt;ref name=WHO2013/&gt;|differential=|prevention=|treatment=[[Healthy diet]], [[physical exercise]]&lt;ref name=WHO2013/&gt;|medication=[[Insulin]], [[anti-diabetic medication]] like [[metformin]]&lt;ref name=WHO2013/&gt;&lt;ref name=AFP09/&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=https://www.msdmanuals.com/professional/endocrine-and-metabolic-disorders/diabetes-mellitus-and-disorders-of-carbohydrate-metabolism/drug-treatment-of-diabetes-mellitus |title=Drug Treatment of Diabetes Mellitus |first=Erika F. |last=Brutsaert |date=February 2017 |access-date=12 October 2018 |archive-date=12 October 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181012214514/https://www.msdmanuals.com/professional/endocrine-and-metabolic-disorders/diabetes-mellitus-and-disorders-of-carbohydrate-metabolism/drug-treatment-of-diabetes-mellitus |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt;|prognosis=|frequency=463 million (8.8%)&lt;ref name=IDF2019/&gt;|deaths=4.2 million (2019)&lt;ref name=IDF2019/&gt;|named after=}}

'''Bolwetse jwa sukiri''' ( '''DM''' ), jo gantsi bo bidiwang '''bolwetse jwa sukiri''', ke setlhopha sa mathata a metaboliki a a tlhaolwang ke selekanyo se se kwa godimo sa sukiri mo mading ka nako e telele.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=About diabetes|url=http://www.who.int/diabetes/action_online/basics/en/|publisher=World Health Organization|access-date=4 April 2014|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140331094533/http://www.who.int/diabetes/action_online/basics/en/|archive-date=31 March 2014}}&lt;/ref&gt; Dikai gantsi di akaretsa go tlhapologa kgapetsakgapetsa, go tshwarwa ke leyora thata le keletso e e tseneletseng ya dijo.&lt;ref name=&quot;WHO2013&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|title=Diabetes Fact sheet N°312|url=http://www.who.int/mediacentre/factsheets/fs312/en/|website=WHO|access-date=25 March 2014|date=October 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130826174444/http://www.who.int/mediacentre/factsheets/fs312/en/|archive-date=26 August 2013}}&lt;/ref&gt; Fa bolwetse jwa sukiri bo sa alafiwe bo ka baka mathata a le mantsi.&lt;ref name=&quot;WHO2013&quot; /&gt; Mathata a a masisi a ka akaretsa ketoacidosis ya sukiri, seemo sa go nna le sukiri e ntsi mo mading, kgotsa loso.&lt;ref name=&quot;Kit2009&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|vauthors=Kitabchi AE, Umpierrez GE, Miles JM, Fisher JN|title=Hyperglycemic crises in adult patients with diabetes|journal=Diabetes Care|volume=32|issue=7|pages=1335–43|date=July 2009|pmid=19564476|pmc=2699725|doi=10.2337/dc09-9032}}&lt;/ref&gt; Mathata a a masisi a nako e telele a akaretsa bolwetse jwa pelo le methapo, [[Go Swa Mohama|bolwetse jwa go swa Mohama]], bolwetse jo bo sa foleng jwa diphilo, diso tsa dinao, go senyega ga ditshika, go senyega ga matlho le go sa kgone go dirisa tlhaloganyo sentle.&lt;ref name=&quot;WHO2013&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Sa2016&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|last=Saedi|first=E|last2=Gheini|first2=MR|last3=Faiz|first3=F|last4=Arami|first4=MA|title=Diabetes mellitus and cognitive impairments.|journal=World Journal of Diabetes|date=15 September 2016|volume=7|issue=17|pages=412–22|doi=10.4239/wjd.v7.i17.412|pmid=27660698|pmc=5027005}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Bolwetse jwa sukiri bo bakwa ke go sa tlhagise insulin sentle ga satlhoko e e lekaneng, kgotsa disele tsa mmele ga di tsibogele insulin e e tlhagisiwang sentle.&lt;ref name=&quot;Green2011&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|veditors=Shoback DG, Gardner D|title=Greenspan's basic &amp; clinical endocrinology|url=https://archive.org/details/greenspansbasicc0000unse|year=2011|publisher=McGraw-Hill Medical|location=New York|isbn=978-0-07-162243-1|chapter=Chapter 17|edition=9th}}&lt;/ref&gt; Go na le mefuta e meraro e megolo ya bolwetse jwa sukiri: &lt;ref name=&quot;WHO2013&quot; /&gt;

* Bolwetse jwa sukiri jwa Mofuta wa ntlha bo bakiwa ke go palelwa ga santlhoko go ntsha insulin e e lekaneng ka ntlha ya go latlhegelwa ke disele tsa beta.&lt;ref name=&quot;WHO2013&quot; /&gt; Mofuta ono o ne o bidiwa &quot;bolwetse jwa sukiri jo bo ikaegileng ka insulin&quot; (IDDM) kgotsa &quot;bolwetse jwa sukiri jwa bana&quot;.&lt;ref name=&quot;WHO2013&quot; /&gt; Go latlhegelwa ke disele tsa beta go bakwa ke tsela e masole a mmele a tsibogelang ka yone.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|title=Hormones|last=Norman|first=Anthony|last2=Henry|first2=Helen|publisher=Elsevier|year=2015|isbn=9780123694447|location=|pages=136–137}}&lt;/ref&gt; Se se bakang tsibogo eno ya masole a mmele ga se itsiwe.&lt;ref name=&quot;WHO2013&quot; /&gt;
* Bolwetse jwa sukiri jwa Mofuta wa bobedi bo simolola ka go sa kgone go dirisa insulin, e leng seemo se mo go sone disele di palelwang ke go tsibogela insulin sentle.&lt;ref name=&quot;WHO2013&quot; /&gt; Fa bolwetse bo ntse bo tswelela, go ka nna ga nna le go tlhoka insulin le gone.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|title=RSSDI textbook of diabetes mellitus|year=2012|publisher=Jaypee Brothers Medical Publishers|isbn=978-93-5025-489-9|page=235|edition=Revised 2nd|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=7H6mYolrtUMC&amp;pg=PA235|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151014172232/https://books.google.com/books?id=7H6mYolrtUMC&amp;pg=PA235|archive-date=14 October 2015}}&lt;/ref&gt; Mofuta ono o ne o bidiwa &quot;bolwetse jwa sukiri jo bo sa ikaegang ka insulin&quot; (NIDDM) kgotsa &quot;bolwetse jwa sukiri jo bo simololang mo bagolong&quot;.&lt;ref name=&quot;WHO2013&quot; /&gt; Selo se se tlwaelegileng se se bakang seno ke kopano ya bokete jo bo feteletseng jwa mmele le go sa itshidila mmele.&lt;ref name=&quot;WHO2013&quot; /&gt;
* Bolwetse jwa sukiri jwa boimana ke mofuta wa boraro o mogolo, mme bo diragala fa basadi ba ba itsholofetseg ba ba senang hditso tsa bolwetse jwa sukiri mo nakong e e fetileng ba nna le selekanyo se se kwa godimo sa sukiri mo mading.&lt;ref name=&quot;WHO2013&quot; /&gt;

Bolwetse jwa sukiri jwa Mofuta wa 1 bo tshwanetse go laolwa ka go tlhabelwa insulin.&lt;ref name=&quot;WHO2013&quot; /&gt; Thibelo le kalafi ya bolwetse jwa sukiri jwa mofuta wa 2 e akaretsa go ja dijo tse di itekanetseng, go ikatisa mmele ka metlha, boima jwa mmele jo bo tlwaelegileng, le go tila go goga motsoko.&lt;ref name=&quot;WHO2013&quot; /&gt; Bolwetse jwa sukiri jwa mofuta wa bobedi bo ka alafiwa ka melemo e e jaaka di-sensitizer tsa insulin tse di nang le insulin kgotsa tse di senang yone.&lt;ref name=&quot;WHO2013Top10&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|title=The top 10 causes of death Fact sheet N°310|url=http://www.who.int/mediacentre/factsheets/fs310/en/|publisher=World Health Organization|date=October 2013|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170530121727/http://www.who.int/mediacentre/factsheets/fs310/en/|archive-date=30 May 2017}}&lt;/ref&gt; Go laola kgatelelo ya madi le go tlhokomela tlhokomelo e e siameng ya maoto le matlho go botlhokwa mo bathong ba ba nang le bolwetse jono.&lt;ref name=&quot;WHO2013&quot; /&gt; Insulin le melemo mengwe e e nowang di ka baka go nna le sukiri e e kwa tlase mo mading.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|veditors=Rippe RS, Irwin JM|title=Manual of intensive care medicine|url=https://archive.org/details/manualofintensiv0000unse_q2v1|year=2010|publisher=Wolters Kluwer Health/Lippincott Williams &amp; Wilkins|isbn=978-0-7817-9992-8|page=[https://archive.org/details/manualofintensiv0000unse_q2v1/page/n580 549]|edition=5th}}&lt;/ref&gt; Go arwa ga batho ba ba mmele motoa go fokotsa boima jwa mmele ka dinako tse dingwe ke tsela e e nang le matswela mo bathong ba ba nang le bolwetse jwa sukiri jwa mofuta wa 2.&lt;ref name=&quot;Picot2009&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|vauthors=Picot J, Jones J, Colquitt JL, Gospodarevskaya E, Loveman E, Baxter L, Clegg AJ|title=The clinical effectiveness and cost-effectiveness of bariatric (weight loss) surgery for obesity: a systematic review and economic evaluation|journal=Health Technology Assessment|volume=13|issue=41|pages=1–190, 215–357, iii–iv|date=September 2009|pmid=19726018|doi=10.3310/hta13410|hdl=10536/DRO/DU:30064294|doi-access=free}}&lt;/ref&gt; Bolwetse jwa sukiri jwa boimana gantsi bo rarabologa morago ga go tsholwa ga lesea.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|last=Cash|first=Jill|title=Family Practice Guidelines|year=2014|publisher=Springer|isbn=978-0-8261-6875-7|page=396|edition=3rd|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=nCjcAgAAQBAJ&amp;pg=PA396|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151031011231/https://books.google.com/books?id=nCjcAgAAQBAJ&amp;pg=PA396|archive-date=31 October 2015}}&lt;/ref&gt;

{{asof|2019}}, an estimated 463&amp;nbsp;million people had diabetes worldwide (8.8% of the adult population), with type 2 diabetes making up about 90% of the cases.&lt;ref name=&quot;IDF2019&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|title=IDF DIABETES ATLAS Ninth Edition 2019|url=https://www.diabetesatlas.org/upload/resources/material/20200302_133351_IDFATLAS9e-final-web.pdf|website=www.diabetesatlas.org|access-date=18 May 2020|language=EN|archive-date=1 May 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200501123853/https://www.diabetesatlas.org/upload/resources/material/20200302_133351_IDFATLAS9e-final-web.pdf|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; Rates are similar in women and men. Trends suggest that rates will continue to rise.&lt;ref name=&quot;IDF2019&quot; /&gt; Diabetes at least doubles a person's risk of early death.&lt;ref name=&quot;WHO2013&quot; /&gt; In 2019, diabetes resulted in approximately 4.2&amp;nbsp;million deaths.&lt;ref name=&quot;IDF2019&quot; /&gt; It is the 7th leading cause of death globally.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=What is Diabetes?|url=https://www.cdc.gov/diabetes/basics/diabetes.html|website=Centers for Disease Control and Prevention|access-date=18 May 2020|language=en-us|date=11 March 2020|archive-date=18 May 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200518120023/https://www.cdc.gov/diabetes/basics/diabetes.html|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=The top 10 causes of death|url=https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/the-top-10-causes-of-death|website=www.who.int|access-date=18 May 2020|language=en|archive-date=24 September 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210924191646/https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/the-top-10-causes-of-death|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; The global [[economic cost]] of diabetes related health expenditure in 2017 was estimated at {{USD|727}} billion.&lt;ref name=&quot;IDF2019&quot; /&gt;  In the United States, diabetes cost nearly US$327&amp;nbsp;billion in 2017.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|date=2018-03-22|title=Economic Costs of Diabetes in the U.S. in 2017|journal=Diabetes Care|volume=41|issue=5|pages=917–928|doi=10.2337/dci18-0007|pmid=29567642|issn=0149-5992|last=American Diabetes Association|pmc=5911784}}&lt;/ref&gt; Average medical expenditures among people with diabetes are about 2.3 times higher.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Deaths and Cost {{!}} Data &amp; Statistics {{!}} Diabetes {{!}} CDC|url=https://www.cdc.gov/diabetes/data/statistics-report/deaths-cost.html|website=cdc.gov|access-date=2 July 2019|language=en-us|date=20 February 2019|archive-date=19 June 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190619112157/https://www.cdc.gov/diabetes/data/statistics-report/deaths-cost.html|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Ditshupiso ==
{{Reflist}}
[[Category:Translated from MDWiki]]</text>
      <sha1>eaeamqflhp6ii5cx4ukh5q79yeujkvt</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Kankere ya makgwafo</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>13372</id>
    <revision>
      <id>54171</id>
      <parentid>50262</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-08-17T20:36:52Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>InternetArchiveBot</username>
        <id>8156</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Add 2 books for [[en:Wikipedia:Verifiability|verifiability]] (20260817)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]]</comment>
      <origin>54171</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="7870" sha1="j2mb37uxd4osvsk778glt16fy5cmqu5" xml:space="preserve">{{Infobox medical condition|name=Lung cancer|synonym=Lung carcinoma|image=LungCACXR.PNG|image_size=|image_thumbtime=|alt=|caption=A [[chest X-ray]] showing a tumor in the lung (marked by arrow)|pronounce=|specialty=[[Oncology]]&lt;ref name=WHO2021.1.inttro/&gt;|symptoms=Coughing (including [[Hemoptysis|coughing up blood]]), weight loss, shortness of breath, [[chest pain]]s&lt;ref name=&quot;Harrison&quot;/&gt;|complications=|onset=~70 years&lt;ref name=&quot;SEER&quot;/&gt;|duration=|types=*[[Small-cell carcinoma|Small-cell lung carcinoma]] (SCLC)
*[[Non-small-cell lung carcinoma]] (NSCLC)&lt;ref name=NCI2016Pt/&gt;|causes=|risks={{hlist|[[Tobacco smoking]]|[[genetics|genetic factors]]|[[radon]] gas|[[asbestos]]|[[air pollution]]&lt;ref name=Kumar2020/&gt;}}|diagnosis=[[Medical imaging]], [[tissue biopsy]]&lt;ref name=Kumar2020/&gt;|differential=|prevention=|treatment=[[Surgery]], [[chemotherapy]], [[radiation therapy|radiotherapy]]&lt;ref name=Kumar2020/&gt;|medication=|prognosis=[[Five-year survival rate]]: 10 to 20% (most countries), 33% (Japan), 27% (Israel), 25% (Republic of Korea)&lt;ref name=&quot;Sung2021&quot;/&gt;|frequency=2.2&amp;nbsp;million new cases in 2020&lt;ref name=&quot;Glob2020&quot;/&gt;|deaths=1.8&amp;nbsp;million (2020)&lt;ref name=&quot;Sung2021&quot;/&gt;|named after=}}

'''Kankere ya makgwafo''', e gape e bidiwang '''kankere ya makgwafo''', ke tlhagala ya makgwafo e e nang le kankere e e tlhaolwang ke go gola ga disele mo go sa laolegeng mo ditogweng tsa makgwafo .  Kgolo e e ka anama go feta makgwafo ka thulaganyo ya go anama mo dithishung tse di gaufi kgotsa mo dikarolong tse dingwe tsa mmele.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|vauthors=Falk S, Williams C|title=Lung Cancer—the facts|edition=3rd|chapter=Chapter 1|pages=[https://archive.org/details/lungcancer0000falk/page/3 3–4]|publisher=Oxford University Press|year=2010|isbn=978-0-19-956933-5|chapter-url=https://archive.org/details/lungcancer0000falk|url=https://archive.org/details/lungcancer0000falk/page/3}}&lt;/ref&gt; Bontsi jwa dikankere tse di simololang mo makgwafong, tse di bidiwang dikankere tsa makgwafo tsa motheo, ke dikankere.&lt;ref name=&quot;WCR2014Chp5.1&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|title=World Cancer Report 2014|url=https://archive.org/details/worldcancerrepor0000unse_p0u5|date=2014|publisher=World Health Organization|isbn=978-92-832-0429-9|pages=Chapter 5.1}}&lt;/ref&gt; Mefuta e mebedi e megolo ke kankere ya makgwafo ya disele tse dinnye (SCLC) le kankere ya makgwafo e e seng ya disele tse dinnye (NSCLC).  Dikai tse ditlwaelegileng thata ke go gotlhola ( go akaretsa le go gotlhola madi ), go fokotsa bokete jwa mmele, go tlhaela mowa, le ditlhabi mo sehubeng.&lt;ref name=&quot;Harrison&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|vauthors=Horn L, Lovly CM|title=Harrison's Principles of Internal Medicine|url=https://archive.org/details/isbn_9781259834806_1|publisher=McGraw-Hill|veditors=Jameson JL, Fauci AS, Kasper DL, Hauser SL, Longo DL, Loscalzo J|year=2018|chapter=Chapter 74: Neoplasms of the lung|edition=20th|isbn=978-1259644030}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Bontsi (&gt;80%) jwa dikgetse tsa kankere ya makgwafo di bakwa ke go goga motsoko lobaka lo loleele .  Lefatshe ka bophara, kankere ya makgwafo mo bathong ba ba iseng ba ko ba goge e a oketsega.  Dikgetse tse gantsi di bakwa ke kopano ya mabaka a lotsalo le go tlhagelela mo gaseng ya radon, asebesetose, mosi wa batho ba bangwe, kgotsa mefuta e mengwe ya kgotlhelo ya mowa.&lt;ref name=&quot;Kumar2020&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|last=White|first=Veronica|last2=Ruperelia|first2=Prina|editor-last=Feather|editor-first=Adam|editor-last2=Randall|editor-first2=David|editor-last3=Waterhouse|editor-first3=Mona|title=Kumar and Clark's Clinical Medicine|date=2020|publisher=Elsevier|isbn=978-0-7020-7870-5|pages=975-982|edition=10th|chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=sl3sDwAAQBAJ&amp;pg=PA975|language=en|chapter=28.Respiratory disease|access-date=19 January 2022|archive-date=19 January 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220119144202/https://books.google.com/books?id=sl3sDwAAQBAJ&amp;pg=PA975|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;MurrayNadel52&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|vauthors=Alberg AJ, Brock MV, Samet JM|title=Murray &amp; Nadel's Textbook of Respiratory Medicine|publisher=Saunders Elsevier|year=2016|chapter=Chapter 52: Epidemiology of lung cancer|edition=6th|isbn=978-1-4557-3383-5}}&lt;/ref&gt; Kankere ya makgwafo e ka bonwa mo di-radiograph tsa mafatlha le mo ditshwantshong tsa tomography (CT).&lt;ref name=&quot;Kumar2020&quot; /&gt; Temogo e netefadiwa ka biopsy e gantsi e dirwang ke bronchoscopy kgotsa CT-kaelo.&lt;ref name=&quot;Holland-Frei78&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|vauthors=Lu C, Onn A, Vaporciyan AA, etal|title=Holland-Frei Cancer Medicine|edition=8th|chapter=Chapter 78: Cancer of the Lung|publisher=People's Medical Publishing House|year=2010|isbn=978-1-60795-014-1}}&lt;/ref&gt; 

Go tila dilo tse di ka nnang kotsi, go akaretsa le go goga motsoko le kgotlelo ya mowa, ke mokgwa o motona wa go thibela bolwetse jono.  Kalafi le ditlamorago tsa nako e telele di ikaegile ka mofuta wa kankere, kgato (selekanyo sa go anama ga yone), le botsogo jwa motho ka kakaretso.  Bontsi jwa dikgetsi ga di alafege.  Dikalafi tse di tlwaelegileng di akaretsa loaro, kalafi ya dikhemikhale, le kalafi ya marang.&lt;ref name=&quot;Kumar2020&quot; /&gt; Ka dinako tse dingwe NSCLC e alafiwa ka go ariwa, fa SCLC yone gantsi e tsibogela botoka kalafi ya dikhemikale le kalafi ya marang.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|vauthors=Chapman S, Robinson G, Stradling J, West S, Wrightson J|title=Oxford Handbook of Respiratory Medicine|edition=3rd|chapter=Chapter 31|page=284|publisher=Oxford University Press|year=2014|isbn=978-0-19-870386-0}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Lefatshe ka bophara ka ngwaga wa dikete tse pedi le masome a mabedi (2020,) kankere ya makgwafo e ne ya tlhagelela ka 2.2.&amp;nbsp;batho ba le dimilione mme ya felela ka 1.8&amp;nbsp;dintsho di le dimilione di le 10.&lt;ref name=&quot;Sung2021&quot; /&gt;  Se se dira gore e nne selo se se tlwaelegileng thata se se bakang dintsho tse di amanang le kankere mo banneng mme e nne selo sa bobedi se se tlwaelegileng thata mo basading morago ga kankere ya mabele .  Le fa go na le phokotsego ka kakaretso ya dikelo, seelo sa batho ba ba iseng ba ko ba goge se farologana magareng ga merafe, fela ka kakaretso se ntse se oketsega, ka 15–20% ya banna ba sa goge mme go feta 50% ya basadi ba sa goge.  Dingwaga tse di tlwaelegileng thata fa bolwetse bo lemogiwa ke dingwaga di le masome a supa (70).  Mo mafatsheng  le mantsi seelo sa go falola sa dingwaga di le tlhano se ka nna lesome (10) go ya go 20%,&lt;ref name=&quot;Sung2021&quot; /&gt; fa kwa Japane e le 33%, kwa Iseraele e le 27%, mme kwa Repaboliking ya Korea e le 25%.&lt;ref name=&quot;Sung2021&quot; /&gt; Ditlamorago ka palogare di maswe thata mo mafatsheng a tlhabologang.&lt;ref name=&quot;Maj2009&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|last=Majumder|first=Sadhan|title=Stem cells and cancer|year=2009|publisher=Springer|location=New York|isbn=978-0-387-89611-3|page=193|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=HaErOupWnO0C&amp;pg=PA193|edition=Online-Ausg.|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151018040051/https://books.google.com/books?id=HaErOupWnO0C&amp;pg=PA193|archive-date=18 October 2015|df=dmy-all}}&lt;/ref&gt; Setlhogo sa ntlha sa tshekatsheko se se neng se bua ka kankere ya makgwafo, se se neng se gatisitswe ka ngwaga wa 1912 ke Isaac Adler, se ne sa akantsha gore e ne e sa lemogiwe sentle.&lt;ref name=&quot;Kloeck2021.1&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|last=Kloecker|first=Goetz|editor-last=Kloecker|editor-first=Goetz|editor-last2=Fraig|editor-first2=Mostafa|editor-last3=Arnold|editor-first3=Susanne M.|editor-last4=Perez|editor-first4=Cesar A.|title=Lung Cancer: Standards of Care|date=7 December 2021|publisher=McGraw-Hill Education|location=New York|isbn=978-1-260-13620-3|pages=3-8|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ugJTzQEACAAJ&amp;newbks=0&amp;hl=en|language=en|chapter=1. History of lung cancer|access-date=27 January 2022|archive-date=28 January 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220128162659/https://books.google.com/books?id=ugJTzQEACAAJ&amp;newbks=0&amp;hl=en|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Ditshupiso ==
{{-}}{{Reflist|30em}}
[[Category:Translated from MDWiki]]</text>
      <sha1>j2mb37uxd4osvsk778glt16fy5cmqu5</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Everjoice Win</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>13587</id>
    <revision>
      <id>54190</id>
      <parentid>53703</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-08-17T21:15:06Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>InternetArchiveBot</username>
        <id>8156</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Add 1 book for [[en:Wikipedia:Verifiability|verifiability]] (20260817)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]]</comment>
      <origin>54190</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="9067" sha1="sjj8f2r6decmk86cypycue247eboswk" xml:space="preserve">'''Everjoice Win''' (Tlhakole a le lesome le bobedi ka 1965 - Mopitlo a ferabongwe ka 2025 ), yo o bidiwang '''EJ''', e ne e le molweladitshwanelo tsa basadi wa kwa [[Zimbabwe]],&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Win |first=Everjoice |title=At the centre of the future |url=https://mg.co.za/article/2007-04-25-at-the-centre-of-future |access-date=8 November 2017 |website=mg.co.za}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Mugugunyeki |first=Moses |title=Condolences messages pour in for women rights activist Everjoice Win |url=https://www.newsday.co.zw/local-news/article/200039350/condolences-messages-pour-in-for-women-rights-activist-everjoice-win |access-date=2025-03-10 |website=NewsDay |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Renowned feminist Everjoice Win dies – DailyNews |url=https://dailynews.co.zw/renowned-feminist-everjoice-win-dies/ |access-date=2025-03-10 |website=dailynews.co.zw}}&lt;/ref&gt; le mokaedi wa mananeo a boditšhabatšhaba a [[ActionAid International]].
[[Setshwantsho:Everjoice_Win_feminist_(cropped).jpg|thumb|Everjoice Win kwa Bokopanong jwa bone jwa Kgaolo ya Basadi ba Aforika kwa Zimbabwe, 2016]]

== Botshelo jwa pele ==
Everjoice Win o tshotswe ka kgwedi ya Tlhakole e le lesome le bobedi ka ngwaga wa 1965 kwa [[Shurugwi]], Rhodesia (e jaanong e bidiwang Zimbabwe).&lt;ref name=&quot;Dictionary of African Biography&quot;&gt;{{Cite book |last=Professor Henry Louis Gates, Jr. |date=2 February 2012 |title=Dictionary of African Biography |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=39JMAgAAQBAJ&amp;pg=RA5-PA175 |last2=Professor Emmanuel Akyeampong |last3=Mr. Steven J. Niven |publisher=OUP USA |isbn=978-0-19-538207-5 |page=175 |access-date=8 November 2017}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;whoswho.co.za&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Everjoice Win - Who's Who SA |url=http://whoswho.co.za/everjoice-win-5921 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180113234625/http://whoswho.co.za/everjoice-win-5921 |archive-date=13 January 2018 |access-date=8 November 2017 |website=whoswho.co.za}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;oxfordreference.com&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |title=Win, Everjoice - Oxford Reference |url=http://www.oxfordreference.com/view/10.1093/acref/9780195382075.001.0001/acref-9780195382075-e-2135 |doi=10.1093/acref/9780195382075.001.0001/acref-9780195382075-e-2135 |access-date=8 November 2017}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ka 1988, o ne a bona dikirii ya gagwe ya ntlha ya ditso tsa itsholelo kwa [[Yunibesithing ya Zimbabwe]].&lt;ref name=&quot;Dictionary of African Biography&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;whoswho.co.za&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;oxfordreference.com&quot; /&gt; O ne a aloga ka Honours mo Ditsong tsa Itsholelo.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Everjoice Win |url=https://africanfeministforum.com/everjoice-win/ |access-date=14 April 2026 |website=African Feminist Forum}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Ms Everjoice Win |url=https://www.soas.ac.uk/staff/everjoice-win |access-date=14 April 2026 |website=SOAS University of London}}&lt;/ref&gt; Win o simolotse tiro ya gagwe ya tlhabololo le Women’s Action Group, e leng mokgatlho wa basadi kwa Zimbabwe o o neng o tlhoma mogopolo mo ditshwanelong tsa basadi tsa semolao le tsa boitekanelo, koo a neng a dira jaaka Motshereganyi wa kgatiso ya bone e e tlwaelesegileng ya thuto ''ya SPEAK OUT/TAURAI/KHULUMANI''.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Everjoice Win |url=https://africanfeministforum.com/everjoice-win/ |access-date=14 April 2026 |website=African Feminist Forum}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Everjoice Win |url=https://www.sourcewatch.org/index.php/Everjoice_Win |access-date=14 April 2026 |website=SourceWatch}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ka dingwaga tsa bo1990, o ne a tsenelela Pan-African Women in Law and Development in Africa (WiLDAF), kwa a neng a eteletse thulaganyo ya Zimbabwe mme a thusa mekgatlho ya Aforika ya ditshwanelo tsa bomme go tsenelela dikopano tsa boditshabatshaba jaaka Vienna Conference on Human Rights, Copenhagen Social Summit, le Beijing conference.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Everjoice Win |url=https://www.sourcewatch.org/index.php/Everjoice_Win |access-date=14 April 2026 |website=SourceWatch}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Ms Everjoice Win |url=https://www.soas.ac.uk/staff/everjoice-win |access-date=14 April 2026 |website=SOAS University of London}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Tiro ==
Go tloga ka 1989 go ya go 1993, Win o ne a direla [[Women's Action Group]].&lt;ref name=&quot;whoswho.co.za&quot;/&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;theconmag.co.za&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Everjoice Win |url=http://www.theconmag.co.za/author/everjoice/ |access-date=8 November 2017 |website=The Con |archive-date=8 July 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250708091326/http://www.theconmag.co.za/author/everjoice/ |url-status=dead }}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation web cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot;&gt;. ''The Con''&lt;span class=&quot;reference-accessdate&quot;&gt;. Retrieved &lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;8 November&lt;/span&gt; 2017&lt;/span&gt;.&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt;

Ka 1992, mmogo le [[Terri Barnes]], Win o ne a gatisa ''To Live a Better Life: An Oral History of Women in the City of Harare, 1930-70''.&lt;ref name=&quot;Dictionary of African Biography&quot;/&gt;

Go tloga ka 1993 go fitlha ka 1997, Win e ne e le mokaedi wa lenaneo la kgaolo ya Zimbabwe ya [[Women in Law and Development in Africa]] (WiLDAF).&lt;ref name=&quot;Dictionary of African Biography&quot;/&gt; Ka 1997, e ne e le mongwe wa maloko a a simolotseng [[Kokoano ya Bosetšhaba ya Molaomotheo ya Zimbabwe]].&lt;ref name=&quot;Dictionary of African Biography&quot; /&gt;

Go tloga ka 2002 go ya go 2003, Win e ne e le mmueledi wa [[Crisis in Zimbabwe Coalition]].&lt;ref name=&quot;Dictionary of African Biography&quot;/&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;whoswho.co.za&quot;/&gt;

Go tloga ka 2004 go ya go 2007, Win e ne e le leloko la boto ya [[Mokgatlho wa Ditshwanelo tsa Basadi mo Tlhabololong]](AWID), kwa [[Toronto]], kwa Canada.&lt;ref name=&quot;Dictionary of African Biography&quot;/&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;whoswho.co.za&quot;/&gt;

Win e ne e le tlhogo ya boditšhabatšhaba/ mokaedi wa boditšhabatšhaba wa mananeo le go nna le seabe ga lefatshe lotlhe ga [[ActionAid International]] fa e sa le ka 2002.&lt;ref name=&quot;whoswho.co.za&quot;/&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Everjoice Win |url=https://www.irinnews.org/authors/everjoice-win |access-date=8 November 2017 |website=irinnews.org}}&lt;/ref&gt; E ne e le Mokaedi wa Mananeo a Boditšhabatšhaba kwa ActionAid.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Everjoice Win |url=https://www.actionaid.org.uk/users/everjoice-win |access-date=2018-03-22 |website=ActionAid UK |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Botshelo jwa gagwe ==
Win o ne a nna kwa [[Johannesburg]], Aforika Borwa.&lt;ref name=&quot;theconmag.co.za&quot;/&gt; O ne a itsege mo tirong ya gagwe le ka namana jaaka “EJ” mo gare ga badirimmogo le ene le mo mekgatlhong ya basadi lefatshe ka bophara.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Everjoice Win |url=https://africanfeministforum.com/everjoice-win/ |access-date=14 April 2026 |website=African Feminist Forum}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|title=Condolences messages pour in for women rights activist Everjoice Win|url=https://www.newsday.co.zw/southerneye/local/article/200024891/condolences-messages-pour-in-for-women-rights-activist-everjoice-win|access-date=14 April 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt; Win e ne e le mokwadi, mokwadi wa di-blog, le motlhotlheletsi yo o tlhagafetseng wa bobegadikgang jwa botsalano yo o neng a nna le seabe mo dikgatisong tse di farologaneng tse di gatisitsweng le tsa mo maranyaneng tse di buang ka ditshwanelo tsa basadi le tshiamiso ya loago.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Everjoice Win |url=https://africanfeministforum.com/everjoice-win/ |access-date=14 April 2026 |website=African Feminist Forum}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Ms Everjoice Win |url=https://www.soas.ac.uk/staff/everjoice-win |access-date=14 April 2026 |website=SOAS University of London}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ka 2020, o ne a tlhomiwa go nna Moporofesara wa Tiriso – Ditshwanelo tsa Basadi ke Sekolo sa Dithuto tsa Botlhaba le Aforika (SOAS), Yunibesithi ya Lontone.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Ms Everjoice Win |url=https://www.soas.ac.uk/staff/everjoice-win |access-date=14 April 2026 |website=SOAS University of London}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Everjoice Win |url=https://www.bond.org.uk/people/everjoice-win |access-date=14 April 2026 |website=Bond}}&lt;/ref&gt; O tlhokafetse ka Mopitlo a ferabongwe ka ngwaga wa 2025 kwa Johannesburg, Aforika Borwa, a le dingwaga di le masome a marataro.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|title=Condolences messages pour in for women rights activist Everjoice Win|url=https://www.newsday.co.zw/southerneye/local/article/200024891/condolences-messages-pour-in-for-women-rights-activist-everjoice-win|access-date=14 April 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Dikgatiso ==

* ''To Live a Better Life: An Oral History of Women in the City of Harare, 1930-70'' (Baobab Books, 1992)
* ''Beating Hunger, the Chivi Experience: A Community-Based Approach to Food Security in Zimbabwe'' (with Kuda Murwira, Cathy Watson, Clare Tawney, et al.) (Intermediate Technology Publications, 2000)&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book |last=Murwira |first=Kuda |year=2000 |title=Beating Hunger, the Chivi Experience: A Community-Based Approach to Food Security in Zimbabwe |url=https://archive.org/details/isbn_9781853395246 |last2=Watson |first2=Cathy |last3=Win |first3=Everjoice J. |last4=Tawney |first4=Clare |last5=Scoones |first5=Ian |publisher=Intermediate Technology Publications |isbn=978-1-85339-524-6}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Metswedi ==

[[Karolo:Articles with hCards]]</text>
      <sha1>sjj8f2r6decmk86cypycue247eboswk</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Petina Gappah</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>13652</id>
    <revision>
      <id>54167</id>
      <parentid>50749</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-08-17T20:30:58Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>InternetArchiveBot</username>
        <id>8156</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Add 1 book for [[en:Wikipedia:Verifiability|verifiability]] (20260817)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]]</comment>
      <origin>54167</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="4324" sha1="tr1tep50gz5gx8ptyrccq7j0zevypb3" xml:space="preserve">'''Petina Gappah''' (yo o tshotsweng ka 1971) ke mmueledi le mokwadi wa kwa Zimbabwe. O kwala ka Seesemane, le fa gape a dirisa [[Seshona]], puo ya gagwe ya ntlha.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|url=https://www.independent.co.uk/arts-entertainment/books/reviews/an-elegy-for-easterly-by-petina-gappah-1693757.html|title=An Elegy for Easterly, by Petina Gappah – Reviews, Books|location=London|first=Susan|last=Williams}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ka 2016, o ne a bidiwa Motho wa Dikwalo wa Aforika wa Ngwaga ke ''[[Brittle Paper]]''.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|last=Edoro|first=Ainehi|title=The 2016 Brittle Paper African Literary Person of the Year Is Petina Gappah|url=https://brittlepaper.com/2016/12/2016-brittle-paper-african-literary-person-year/}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ka 2017 o ne a nna le thuso ya madi a [[go nna Motaki yo o Nnang mo Lefelong la DAAD]] kwa [[Berlin]].

== Ka ga gagwe ==

=== Dingwaga tsa pele ===
Petina Gappah o tsholetswe kwa [[Zambia]], kwa [[Kgaolong ya Copperbelt]]. O rile: &quot;Rre, jaaka badiri ba le bantsi ba bantsho ba ba nang le bokgoni ba ba neng ba sa kgone go bona ditiro kwa Rhodesia e e neng e kgaogantswe, o ne a batla khumo ya gagwe go sele. Ene le mme ba ne ba fudugela kwa [[Kitwe]], toropo e e mo lebanteng la kopore le le neng le gola la Zambia.&quot; O goletse kwa [[Zimbabwe]], kwa batsadi ba gagwe ba neng ba boela teng fa a le dikgwedi di robabongwe. Morago ga Boipuso jwa lefatshe, lelapa la gagwe le ne la fudugela kwa lefelong le pele e neng e le la basweu mo lefelong le jaanong le bidiwang [[Harare]], mme e ne e le mongwe wa baithuti ba ntlha ba bantsho kwa sekolong se se potlana se pele se neng se beetswe bana ba basweu fela.&lt;ref name=&quot;Moss&quot;&gt;Stephen Moss, [https://www.theguardian.com/books/2009/dec/04/guardian-first-book-petina-gappah &quot;Petina Gappah: 'I don't see myself as an African writer{{'&quot;}}], ''The Guardian'', 4 December 2009.&lt;/ref&gt; O simolotse go kwala a le dingwaga di ka nna lesome kgotsa lesome le motso mme kgang ya gagwe ya ntlha e e gatisitsweng e ne e le mo lokwalong lwa [[Sekolo se Segolwane sa St. Dominic]] fa a le dingwaga di le lesome le bone.

=== Thuto le tiro ===
O na le dikirii ya molao kwa [[Yunibesithing ya Zimbabwe]], mme ka 1995 o ne a ya kwa Austria go ya go dira dikirii ya bongaka mo molaong wa boditšhabatšhaba wa kgwebisano kwa [[Yunibesithing ya Graz]], e e kopantsweng le dikirii ya masters kwa [[Yunibesithing ya Cambridge]], mme fa e sa le ka 1998 o ne a nna kwa [[Geneva]], kwa Switzerland, a dira jaaka mmueledi wa molao wa boditšhabatšhaba.&lt;ref name=&quot;Moss&quot;&gt;Stephen Moss, [https://www.theguardian.com/books/2009/dec/04/guardian-first-book-petina-gappah &quot;Petina Gappah: 'I don't see myself as an African writer{{'&quot;}}], ''The Guardian'', 4 December 2009.&lt;/ref&gt;

Gappah o boletse jaana mo potsolotsong ya 2009: &quot;Ke simolotse go kwala ka tlhoafalo ka Motsheganong 2006. Ke ne ka tsenelela Zoetrope Virtual Studio, kgang e ke neng ke e kwadile koo e ne ya gapa leitlho la morulaganyi mongwe kwa lekwalodikgannyeng la maranyane la Per Contra, ke ne ka tsenelela dikgang dingwe mo dikgaisanong, ke ne ka dira sentle mo kgaisanong e le nngwe, mme fa ke ne ke batla mogatisi mo boemong jwa me.&quot; Buka ya gagwe ya ntlha, ''An Elegy for Easterly'', e leng kokoanyo ya dikgankhutshwe, e ne ya gatisiwa ka 2009, mme morago ga moo o ne a gatisa dipadi tse pedi: ''The Book of Memory'' ka 2015 le ''Rotten Row'' ka 2016.

Fa e sa le ka 2017, e ntse e le [[fellow ya DAAD le Mokwadi wa Bonno]] kwa Berlin.

Ka Seetebosigo 2017, o ne a neela Thuto ya Ngwaga le Ngwaga ya ''[[Journal of Southern African Studies]]'', e e nang le setlhogo se se reng &quot;Looking for Dr Livingstone's African Companions&quot;, kwa [[Sekolong sa Dithuto tsa Maemo a a Kwa Godimo]], [[kwa Yunibesithing ya London]] . 

== Go kwala ==

== Dikwalo ==

* {{Cite book |last=Gappah |first=Petina |year=2009 |title=An Elegy for Easterly |publisher= |isbn= |location= |author-mask=2}}
* {{Cite book |last=Gappah |first=Petina |year=2015 |title=The Book of Memory |publisher= |isbn= |location= |author-mask=2}}
* {{Cite book |last=Gappah |first=Petina |year=2016 |title=Rotten Row |url=https://archive.org/details/rottenrow0000gapp |publisher= |isbn= |location= |author-mask=2}}
* {{Cite book |last=Gappah |first=Petina |year=2019 |title=[[Out of Darkness, Shining Light]] |publisher= |isbn= |location= |author-mask=2}}

== Metswedi ==</text>
      <sha1>tr1tep50gz5gx8ptyrccq7j0zevypb3</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Rainwater harvesting</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>13744</id>
    <revision>
      <id>54177</id>
      <parentid>51031</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-08-17T20:45:05Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>InternetArchiveBot</username>
        <id>8156</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Add 2 books for [[en:Wikipedia:Verifiability|verifiability]] (20260817)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]]</comment>
      <origin>54177</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="52886" sha1="omzkkpfge3gm7poiyrq9sop6y56fdsl" xml:space="preserve">[[File:RWH-image.jpg|thumb|Thulaganyo ya go tsaya metsi a pula ya mo gae kwa Uganda. Pula e e welang mo marulelong a kago e fetisiwa ka mosele wa metsi go ya kwa tankeng ya polokelo. ]]

'''Go beeletsa metsi a pula''' ( '''RWH''' ) ke go kokoanya le go boloka metsi a pula, go na le go a letlelela go elela . Metsi a pula a kokoanngwa go tswa kwa godimo ga borulelo mme a lebisiwe kwa tankeng, mo sedibeng, mo mosimeng o o boteng ( sediba kgotsa [[Sediba|bodiba jo bo ikepetsweng]] ), letangwana la ka fa tlase, kgotsa letamo le le nang le go tlhotlhega ga metsi, gore a elele kwa tlase le go busetsa metsi a a ka fa tlase ga lefatshe . Go beeletsa metsi a pula go farologana le go tsaya metsi a pula a tsela ka gonne metsi a a elelang ka tlwaelo a kokoanngwa go tswa mo marulelong le mo godimo ga dikago go bolokwa le go dirisiwa gape morago ga moo. {{rp|10}} Ditiriso tsa one di akaretsa go nosetsa ditshingwana, leruo,&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Rainwater Harvesting for Livestock |url=https://www.ntotank.com/blog/rainwater-harvesting-for-livestock |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181121120251/https://www.ntotank.com/blog/rainwater-harvesting-for-livestock/ |archive-date=2018-11-21 |access-date=2018-11-21 |website=ntotank.com}}&lt;/ref&gt; go nosa, [[Metsi a a nowang|metsi a a dirisiwang mo lwapeng]] a sena go phepafatswa mo go maleba le go bedisiwa mo gae. Metsi a a beeleditsweng a ka dirisiwa gape go bolokwa nako e telele kgotsa go tlatsa metsi a ka fa tlase ga lefatshe . &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book |last=Kinkade-Levario |first=Heather |year=2007 |title=Design for Water: Rainwater Harvesting, Stormwater Catchment, and Alternate Water Reuse |url=https://archive.org/details/designforwaterra0000kink |publisher=[[Douglas &amp; McIntyre|New Society Publishers]] |isbn=978-0-86571-580-6 |location=[[Gabriola Island]], BC |page=[https://archive.org/details/designforwaterra0000kink/page/n46 27] |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Go beeletsa metsi a pula ke nngwe ya mekgwa e e motlhofo gape e le wa bogologolo wa go itlamela ka metsi a malapa, e ntse e dirisiwa kwa Asia Borwa le mafatshe a mangwe dingwaga di le diketekete tse dintsi. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book |last=Bagel |first=Ravi |date=2017 |title=Water, knowledge and the environment in Asia: epistemologies, practices and locales |last2=Stepan |first2=Lea |last3=Hill |first3=Joseph K. W. |isbn=978-1-315-54316-1 |location=London}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ditlhabologo jaaka tsa Baroma di ne tsa dira dithulaganyo tse di tseneletseng tsa go kokoanya metsi, di akaretsa le mesele ya metsi le mesele ya marulelo, e e neng ya thaya motheo wa dithulaganyo di le dintsi tsa segompieno mo meseleng e e sa ntseng e dirisiwa gompieno. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2025-05-09 |title=The History of Rainwater Harvesting: From Roman Aqueducts to Modern Gutters |url=https://rockstarraingutters.com/the-history-of-rainwater-harvesting-from-roman-aqueducts-to-modern-gutters |access-date=2025-05-09 |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt; Thulaganyo ye e ka dirisiwa ka sekale se se farologaneng, go akaretsa le malapa, mafelo a boagisanyi, le merafe, mme gape di ka direla mafelo jaaka dikolo, dikokelo, le dikago tse dingwe tsa setšhaba. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Rural Water Supply Network |title=Rural Water Supply Network Self-supply site |url=https://rural-water-supply.net/en/self-supply |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190114211852/http://www.rural-water-supply.net/en/self-supply |archive-date=2019-01-14 |access-date=2017-03-19 |website=rural-water-supply.net}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== __GO BEELETSA METSI A PULA_ ==

[[File:RWH-image.jpg|thumb|Thulaganyo ya go tsaya metsi a pula ya mo gae kwa Uganda. Pula e e welang mo marulelong a kago e fetisiwa ka mosele wa metsi go ya kwa tankeng ya polokelo. ]]

'''Go beeletsa metsi a pula''' ( '''RWH''' ) ke go kokoanya le go boloka metsi a pula, go na le go a letlelela go elela . Metsi a pula a kokoanngwa go tswa kwa godimo ga borulelo mme a lebisiwe kwa tankeng, mo sedibeng, mo mosimeng o o boteng ( sediba kgotsa [[Sediba|bodiba jo bo ikepetsweng]] ), letangwana la ka fa tlase, kgotsa letamo le le nang le go tlhotlhega ga metsi, gore a elele kwa tlase le go busetsa metsi a a ka fa tlase ga lefatshe . Go beeletsa metsi a pula go farologana le go tsaya metsi a pula a tsela ka gonne metsi a a elelang ka tlwaelo a kokoanngwa go tswa mo marulelong le mo godimo ga dikago go bolokwa le go dirisiwa gape morago ga moo. {{rp|10}} Ditiriso tsa one di akaretsa go nosetsa ditshingwana, leruo,&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Rainwater Harvesting for Livestock |url=https://www.ntotank.com/blog/rainwater-harvesting-for-livestock |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181121120251/https://www.ntotank.com/blog/rainwater-harvesting-for-livestock/ |archive-date=2018-11-21 |access-date=2018-11-21 |website=ntotank.com}}&lt;/ref&gt; go nosa, [[Metsi a a nowang|metsi a a dirisiwang mo lwapeng]] a sena go phepafatswa mo go maleba le go bedisiwa mo gae. Metsi a a beeleditsweng a ka dirisiwa gape go bolokwa nako e telele kgotsa go tlatsa metsi a ka fa tlase ga lefatshe . &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book |last=Kinkade-Levario |first=Heather |year=2007 |title=Design for Water: Rainwater Harvesting, Stormwater Catchment, and Alternate Water Reuse |url=https://archive.org/details/designforwaterra0000kink |publisher=[[Douglas &amp; McIntyre|New Society Publishers]] |isbn=978-0-86571-580-6 |location=[[Gabriola Island]], BC |page=[https://archive.org/details/designforwaterra0000kink/page/n46 27] |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Go beeletsa metsi a pula ke nngwe ya mekgwa e e motlhofo gape e le wa bogologolo wa go itlamela ka metsi a malapa, e ntse e dirisiwa kwa Asia Borwa le mafatshe a mangwe dingwaga di le diketekete tse dintsi. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book |last=Bagel |first=Ravi |date=2017 |title=Water, knowledge and the environment in Asia: epistemologies, practices and locales |last2=Stepan |first2=Lea |last3=Hill |first3=Joseph K. W. |isbn=978-1-315-54316-1 |location=London}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ditlhabologo jaaka tsa Baroma di ne tsa dira dithulaganyo tse di tseneletseng tsa go kokoanya metsi, di akaretsa le mesele ya metsi le mesele ya marulelo, e e neng ya thaya motheo wa dithulaganyo di le dintsi tsa segompieno mo meseleng e e sa ntseng e dirisiwa gompieno. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2025-05-09 |title=The History of Rainwater Harvesting: From Roman Aqueducts to Modern Gutters |url=https://rockstarraingutters.com/the-history-of-rainwater-harvesting-from-roman-aqueducts-to-modern-gutters |access-date=2025-05-09 |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt; Thulaganyo ye e ka dirisiwa ka sekale se se farologaneng, go akaretsa le malapa, mafelo a boagisanyi, le merafe, mme gape di ka direla mafelo jaaka dikolo, dikokelo, le dikago tse dingwe tsa setšhaba. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Rural Water Supply Network |title=Rural Water Supply Network Self-supply site |url=https://rural-water-supply.net/en/self-supply |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190114211852/http://www.rural-water-supply.net/en/self-supply |archive-date=2019-01-14 |access-date=2017-03-19 |website=rural-water-supply.net}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Ditiriso ==

[[File:03242012Taller_sostenibilidad_lore037.jpg|thumb|Thulaganyo ya go tshwara le go boloka metsi a pula, khamphase ya Mexico City, Sekolo sa Monterrey sa Maranyane le Thuto e e kgolwane]]
[[File:Cistern_in_the_Mission_District,_San_Francisco,_California.jpg|thumb|Tanka, Kgaolo ya Borongwa, San Fransisko, California]]
[[File:Gibraltar_East_Side_Water_Catchments_in_1992.jpg|thumb|Go beeletsa ga metsi a pula, Letlhakore la Botlhaba la Gibraltar, 1992]]
[[File:Panarea01.jpg|thumb|Lelwapa, le le nang le dinkgo go kokoanya metsi a pula mo marulelong, Panarea, Ditlhaketlhake tsa Aeolian, kwa bokone jwa Sicily, [[Italia|Italy]] ]]
[[File:UDDT_with_rainwater_harvesting_(3441547910).jpg|thumb|Thulaganyo ya go kokoanya metsi a pula le go tlhapa diatla mo ntlwaneng ya boithomelo kwa [[Kenya]] .]]
[[File:Rainwater_harvesting_in_Burkina_Faso_(2957138439).jpg|thumb|Go beeletswa ga metsi a pula kwa Burkina Faso]]
[[File:Rainwater_Harvesting_and_Plastic_Pond_2.JPG|thumb|Letamo la Polasetiki la go beeletsa Metsi a Pula, Nepal, 2013 ]]
[[File:Rainwater_harvesting_systems_in_Kiribati_(10715703914).jpg|thumb|Thulaganyo ya go beeletsa metsi a pula, kwa Kiribati ]]

=== Tiriso ya mo gae ===
Go beeletsa metsi a pula go tswa mo marulelong go dirisiwa go tlamela ka metsi a a nowang, metsi a mo gae, metsi a leruo, metsi a go nosetsa mo go botlana, le tsela ya go oketsa metsi a a ka fa tlase ga lefatshe. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Rain Water Harvesting in Flats |url=https://www.uttarayangroup.com/blogs/rain-water-harvesting-in-flats-guide-for-new-flats-in-guwahati-residents |website=Uttarayangroup}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Morales Rojas |first=Eli |last2=Díaz Ortiz |first2=Edwin Adolfo |last3=Medina Tafur |first3=Cesar Augusto |last4=García |first4=Ligia |last5=Oliva |first5=Manuel |last6=Rojas Briceño |first6=Nilton B. |date=2021 |title=A Rainwater Harvesting and Treatment System for Domestic Use and Human Consumption in Native Communities in Amazonas (NW Peru): Technical and Economic Validation |journal=Scientifica |language=en |volume=2021 |issue=1 |doi=10.1155/2021/4136379 |issn=2090-908X |pmc=8548140 |pmid=34712503 |doi-access=free |article-number=4136379}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Kenya e setse e ntse e atlega ka go beeletsa metsi a pula go dirisiwa mo matlwaneng a boithomelo, go tlhatswa diaparo le go nosetsa. Fa e sa le go tlhongwa Molao wa Metsi wa 2016, Kenya e beile kwa pele go laola madirelo a lone a temothuo. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Understanding the Kenya 2016 Water Act |url=https://www.2030wrg.org/wp-content/uploads/2016/12/Understanding-the-Kenyan-Water-Act-2016.pdf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210726195032/https://www.2030wrg.org/wp-content/uploads/2016/12/Understanding-the-Kenyan-Water-Act-2016.pdf |archive-date=July 26, 2021 |access-date=July 26, 2021 |website=2030wrg}}&lt;/ref&gt; Mo godimo ga moo, mafelo mangwe kwa Australia a dirisa metsi a pula a a beeleditsweng go apaya le go nwa. &lt;ref name=&quot;Amos 174–190&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Amos |first=Caleb Christian |last2=Rahman |first2=Ataur |last3=Karim |first3=Fazlul |last4=Gathenya |first4=John Mwangi |date=November 2018 |title=A scoping review of roof harvested rainwater usage in urban agriculture: Australia and Kenya in focus |journal=Journal of Cleaner Production |volume=202 |pages=174–190 |bibcode=2018JCPro.202..174A |doi=10.1016/j.jclepro.2018.08.108 |issn=0959-6526 |s2cid=158718294}}&lt;/ref&gt; 

=== Temothuo ===
Mabapi le temothuo ya ditoropo, go beeletsa metsi a pula mo ditoropong go fokotsa ditlamorago tsa go elela ga metsi le merwalela. Go kopanya marulelo a ‘tshomarelo’ a toropo le tse di dirisiwang go beeletsa metsi a pula di fitlhetswe di fokotsa mogote wa dikago ka go feta 1.3 degrees Celsius. Go beeletsa metsi a pula mmogo le temothuo ya ditoropo e ka nna tsela e e ka kgonegang ya go thusa go fitlhelela Maikaelelo a Tlhabololo e e Tswelelang a Ditšhabakopano a ditoropo tse di phepa le tse di tswelelang, botsogo le boitekanelo, le tshireletsego ya dijo le metsi ( Maikaelelo a Tlhabololo e e Tswelelang 6 ). Maranyane a teng, le fa go ntse jalo, a tlhoka go tlhabololwa gore a kgone go dirisa metsi ka tsela e e botoka go fokotsa tshenyo, segolobogolo mo lefelong la toropo.

Matsholo mo mafatsheng a Caribbean a le matlhano a supile gore go beeletsa le go boloka metsi a a elelang a pula go dirisiwa morago go kgona go fokotsa kotsi ya go latlhegelwa ke bontlhabongwe jwa thobo kgotsa yotlhe ya ngwaga ka ntlha ya tlhaelo ya mmu kgotsa metsi . Mo godimo ga moo, dikotsi tse di amanang le morwalela le kgogolego ya mmu ka dipaka tsa pula e ntsi di ne di ka fokotsega. Balemibarui ba bannye, segolo jang ba ba lemang mo dithabeng, ba ka solegelwa molemo thata ke go beeletsa metsi a pula ka gore ba kgona go tshwara metsi a a elelang le go fokotsa ditlamorago tsa kgogolego ya mmu. &lt;ref name=&quot;Fletcher-Paul-2018&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Fletcher-Paul |first=Dr. Lystra |title=Feasibility Study of Rainwater Harvesting for Agriculture in the Caribbean Subregion |url=http://www.fao.org/3/a-bq747e.pdf |url-status=live |journal=FAO |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180425184846/http://www.fao.org/3/a-bq747e.pdf |archive-date=2018-04-25 |access-date=2018-04-25}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Mafatshe a le mantsi, segolo jang a a nang le tikologo e e omeletseng, a dirisa go beeletsa metsi a pula jaaka motswedi o o tlhwatlhwatlase le o o ikanyegang wa metsi a a phepa. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book |last=Zhu |first=Qiang |year=2015 |title=Rainwater Harvesting for Agriculture and Water Supply |publisher=Springer |isbn=978-981-287-964-6 |location=Beijing |page=20 |display-authors=etal}}&lt;/ref&gt; Go tokafatsa nosetso mo ditikologong tse di omeletseng, go agiwa mabotana a mmu go tshwara le go thibela metsi a pula go elela mo dithoteng le mo mekgokoloseng. Le mo dipakeng tsa pula e e kwa tlase, go beeletswa metsi a a lekaneng gore dijalo di gole . &lt;ref name=&quot;PracticalAction-2019&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Rainwater harvesting |url=http://practicalaction.org/rainwater-harvesting-8 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190508110251/https://practicalaction.org/rainwater-harvesting-8 |archive-date=2019-05-08 |access-date=2016-03-03}}&lt;/ref&gt; Metsi a ka kgobokanngwa go tswa mo marulelong, matamo le matangwana a ka agiwa go tshwara metsi a mantsi a pula gore le mo malatsing a pula e nnye kgotsa e seyo, go nne le a a lekaneng go nosetsa dijalo.

=== Madirelo ===

[[Frankfurt airport|Lebala la difofane la Frankfurt]] bo na le thulaganyo e kgolo go gaisa tsotlhe ya go beeletsa metsi a pula kwa Jeremane, go bolokwa metsi a a ka nnang dikhubikimitara di le sedikadike se le se ngwe ka ngwaga. Madi a a dirisitsweng mo thulaganyo e e ne e le didikadike di le 1.5 (USD$63 000) ka 1993. Thulaganyo e e kokoanya metsi mo marulelong a theminale e e ntšhwa e e nang le lefelo la disekweremitara di le dikete di le masome a mabedi le borataro le makgolo a le boferabobedi. Metsi a kokoangwa mo kamoreng e ka fa tlase ya lebala la difofane mo ditankeng di thataro tse di nang le bokgoni jwa polokelo ba dikhubiki mithara di le lekgolo. Metsi a dirisiwa thata mo ntlwaneng ya boithomelo, go nosetsa dimela le go phepafatsa thulaganyo ya go tsidifatsa phefo. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Rainwater harvesting in Germany |url=http://www.rainwaterharvesting.org/international/germany.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190219135902/http://www.rainwaterharvesting.org/international/germany.htm |archive-date=2019-02-19 |access-date=2018-04-24 |website=www.rainwaterharvesting.org}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Go beeletswa ga metsi a pula go ne ga amogelwa kwa The Velodrome – Phaka ya Diolimpiki ya London – gore go okediwe go itsetsepela ga lefelo le. Go ne ga akanyediwa  phokotsego ya tiriso metsi a phaka ye ka masome a le bosupa le boraro mo lekgolong. Le fa go ntse jalo, go ne ga akanngwa gore go beeletsa metsi a pula e ne e le tiriso e e seng mosola thata mo letsenong la madi go oketsa go itsetsepela go na le thulaganyo ya go dirisa metsi a mantsho gape ya phaka. &lt;ref name=&quot;ODA-2011&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=2011 |title=Learning legacy: Lessons learned from the London 2012 Games construction project |url=http://learninglegacy.independent.gov.uk/documents/pdfs/sustainability/154-rainwater-harvesting-sust.pdf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151208062004/http://learninglegacy.independent.gov.uk/documents/pdfs/sustainability/154-rainwater-harvesting-sust.pdf |archive-date=2015-12-08 |access-date=2018-04-24 |website=Olympic Delivery Authority}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Maranyane  ==

Ka tlwaelo, taolo ya metsi a pula ka go dirisa dibeisane tsa go beeletsa go ne go dira tiro e le nngwe fela. Le fa go ntse jalo, taolo e e tokafaditsweng ya nako ya nnete e dira gore mafaratlhatlha a a nne gabedi jaaka motswedi wa go beeletsa metsi a pula kwa ntle le go senya bokgoni jo bo leng teng jwa go beeletsa. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2013-10-03 |title=Rainwater Harvesting - Controls in the Cloud |url=https://www.high-profile.com/rainwater-harvesting-controls-in-cloud-by-steve-roy-marcus-quigley-and-chuck-raymond/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190805142833/https://www.high-profile.com/rainwater-harvesting-controls-in-cloud-by-steve-roy-marcus-quigley-and-chuck-raymond/ |archive-date=2019-08-05 |access-date=11 January 2015 |website=M. C.}}&lt;/ref&gt; Se se dirisitswe kwa ntlokgolong ya EPA go ntsha metsi a a bolokilweng pele ga ditiragalo tsa pula ya matlakadibe, ka jalo go lepalepana le seemo sa bosa mme gape go netefadiwa gore metsi a teng go dirisiwa gape morago. Se se na le mosola wa go oketsa boleng jwa metsi a a golotsweng le go fokotsa selekanyo sa metsi a a golotsweng ka nako ya ditiragalo tse di kopantsweng tsa go phophoma ga kgopoleswe . &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=O'Brien |first=Sara Ashley |date=2014-11-11 |title=The Tech Behind Smart Cities - Eliminating Water Pollution |url=https://money.cnn.com/gallery/technology/2014/11/11/innovative-city-tech/8.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141114145530/http://money.cnn.com/gallery/technology/2014/11/11/innovative-city-tech/8.html |archive-date=2014-11-14 |access-date=13 November 2014 |website=CNN Money}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Braga |first=Andrea |title=Making Green Work, and Work Harder |url=http://www1.villanova.edu/content/dam/villanova/engineering/vcase/sym-presentations/3a3_Making%20Green_Andrea%20Braga.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304195602/http://www1.villanova.edu/content/dam/villanova/engineering/vcase/sym-presentations/3a3_Making%20Green_Andrea%20Braga.pdf |archive-date=4 March 2016 |access-date=30 November 2014 |publisher=Geosyntec |page=5}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Ka kakaretso, matamo a go tlhola a agiwa go kgabaganya melatswana go tokafatsa go tsenelela ga metsi a fa godimo mo dikarolong tsa mmu o o ka fa tlase . Go tsenelela ga metsi mo lefelong le le kgobokanetsweng ke metsi la matamo a go tlhola go ka tokafadiwa ka maitirelo go menagane ka go tlhofofatsa mmu yo o ka fa tlase go dirisiwa dilo tse di thunyang tsa ANFO jaaka di dirisiwa mo meepong e e bulegileng . Ka jalo, matamo a a ka fa tlase a a mo lefelong a ka tlatswa ka bofefo go dirisiwa metsi a a leng teng a fa godimo ka botlalo go dirisiwa mo pakeng ya komelelo.

=== Thulaganyo ya tsamaiso ===
Dithulaganyo tsa go beeletsa metsi a pula di ka farologana ka botegeniki, go tswa mo dithulaganyong tse di ka tsenngwang ka bokgoni jo bonnye, go ya kwa dithulaganyong tse di itirisang tse di tlhokang go rulaganngwa le go tsenngwa ga maemo a a kwa godimo. Thulaganyo ya motheo ya go beeletsa metsi a pula ke tiro ya diphaephe go na le tiro ya setegeniki, ka gonne mafelo otlhe a go tswa metsi a a tswang mo moseleng wa kago a golagantswe ka lethombo go ya kwa tankeng e e ka fa tlase ga lefatshe e e bolokang metsi. Go na le dikarolo tse di tlwaelegileng tse di tsenngwang mo dithulaganyong tse di jalo, jaaka ditlhotlhi tsa pele (bona sekao, setlhotlhi sa vortex ), mesele/mesele, ditshodi tsa polokelo, le go ikaegile ka gore a thulaganyo e na le kgatelelo, gape le dipompo, le didiriswa tsa kalafi jaaka mabone a UV, didiriswa tsa go babalela metsi le didiriswa tsa morago ga go tlhotlha.

Dithulaganyo di bogolo jo bo siameng go fitlhelela tlhokego ya metsi mo pakeng yotlhe ya komelelo ka e tshwanetse go nna kgolo go tshegetsa tiriso ya metsi ya letsatsi le letsatsi. Ka tlhamalalo, lefelo le le tshwarang pula jaaka borulelo jwa kago le tshwanetse go nna le legolo jo bo letlang go ka tshegetsa go elela ga metsi mo go lekaneng. Bogolo jwa tanka ya polokelo ya metsi bo tshwanetse go nna bogolo jo bo lekaneng go tshola metsi a a beeleditsweng.Mo dithulaganyong tsa maranyane a a kwa tlase, go dirisiwa mekgwa e le mentsi ya botegeniki jo bo kwa tlase go tshwara metsi a pula: dithulaganyo tsa marulelo, go beeletsa metsi a a kwa godimo, le go pompa metsi a pula a a setseng a tseneletse mo mmung kgotsa a netse mo matangwaneng le go a boloka mo ditankeng.

=== Go beeletsa ga metsi a pula ka diphanele tsa marang a letsatsi ===
Metswedi ya metsi ya boleng jo bo siameng gaufi le mafelo a a nang le batho e a tlhokega e bile e ja madi a mantsi mo bajibareking. Mo godimo ga marang a letsatsi le a phefo, metsi a pula ke motswedi o mogolo o o ntšhafadiwang mo lefatsheng lengwe le lengwe. Mafelo a magolo a ntse a khurumediwa ke diphanele tsa PV tsa letsatsi ngwaga le ngwaga mo dikarolong tsotlhe tsa lefatshe. Diphanele tsa letsatsi di ka dirisiwa gape go beeletsa bontsi jwa metsi a pula a a welang mo go tsone mme go nwa metsi a a boleng, a a senang megare le dilo tse di emisitsweng, a ka tlhagisiwa ka dithulaganyo tse di motlhofo tsa go tlhotlha le go bolaya megare ka gore metsi a pula a na le letswai le le kwa tlase thata . &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Rain fed solar-powered water purification systems. |url=http://www.windpowerengineering.com/environmental/wind-solar-powered-offgridbox-useful-hurricane-passes/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171021111651/http://www.windpowerengineering.com/environmental/wind-solar-powered-offgridbox-useful-hurricane-passes/ |archive-date=21 October 2017 |access-date=21 October 2017}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2017-12-04 |title=Inverted Umbrella Brings Clean Water &amp; Clean Power To India |url=https://cleantechnica.com/2017/12/04/inverted-umbrella-brings-clean-water-clean-power-india/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180709123311/https://cleantechnica.com/2017/12/04/inverted-umbrella-brings-clean-water-clean-power-india/ |archive-date=2018-07-09 |access-date=5 December 2017}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref name=&quot;inh&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=29 November 2017 |title=New rooftop solar hydro panels harvest drinking water and energy at the same time |url=https://inhabitat.com/new-rooftop-solar-hydropanels-harvest-drinking-water-and-energy-at-the-same-time/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190810113041/https://inhabitat.com/new-rooftop-solar-hydropanels-harvest-drinking-water-and-energy-at-the-same-time/ |archive-date=2019-08-10 |access-date=2017-11-30}}&lt;/ref&gt; Go dirisa metsi a pula go dira didirisiwa tse di okeditsweng boleng jaaka metsi a a nowang a a tsentsweng mo mabotlolong go dira gore dipolante tsa marang a letsatsi tsa PV di nne le dipoelo le mo mafelong a pula e e nang thata kgotsa a a nang le maru ka go dira lotseno lo lo oketsegileng. Bosheng jaana, go kokoanya metsi a pula ka tsela e e somarelang madi mo didibeng tse di leng teng go fitlhetswe go le mosola thata mo go tlhatloseng maemo a metsi a ka fa tlase ga lefatshe kwa India.

=== Tse dingwe tse di tlhamilweng ===
Groasis Waterboxx ke sekai sa maranyane a sekale se se kwa tlase, mo ntlheng e go thusa go jala ditlhare mo lefelong le le omileng. E beeletsa metsi a pula le monyo.

Lenaneo la Lefatshe Lotlhe la Botsamaisi jwa Metsi a Pula ke lenaneo la tshomarelo ya metsi le le rotloeditsweng ke UNCCD le Tswaragano ya Lefatshe Lotlhe ka Metsi . &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Global Rainwater Management Program (GRMP) |url=https://droughtclp.unccd.int/blog/global-rainwater-management-program-grmp |access-date=2026-05-12 |website=droughtclp.unccd.int |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Mosola ==

Go beeletsa metsi a pula go fa thusa ka go phatlalatsa metsi mo go ikemetseng mo dinakong tsa melawana ya dithibelo tsa metsi mo kgaolong, gape mo mafatsheng a a tlhabologileng, gantsi go dirisiwa go tlatsa metsi a a dirisiwang ke botlhe. E tlamela ka metsi fa go nna le leuba, e ka thusa go fokotsa morwalela wa mafelo a a kwa tlase, le go fokotsa tlhokego ya didiba tse di ka kgontshang maemo a metsi a ka fa tlase ga lefatshe go tswelela. Go beeletsa metsi a pula go oketsa go nna teng ga metsi ka dipaka tsa komelelo ka go oketsa metsi a didiba tse di kgadileng. Metsi a a fa godimo a nna a le teng go dira ditiro tse di farologaneng ka jalo go fokotsa go ikaega ka metsi a a ka fa tlase ga lefatshe fela. Go tokafatsa boleng jwa mmu ka go timola letswai la mmu. Ga go bake kgotlelo e bile ga go senye tikologo. Go somarela madi e bile go kgonega motlhofo. Go thusa gape mo go nneng teng ga metsi a a nowang, ka metsi a pula a se letswai gape a sena matswai ape a mangwe. Ditiriso tsa go kokoanya metsi a pula mo thulaganyong ya metsi a toropo di tlamela ka mosola o mogolo mo dithulaganyongpotlana tsa tlamelo ya metsi le tsa metsi a a leswe ka go fokotsa tlhokego ya [[Kgotlelesego ya metsi|metsi a a phepa]] mo dithulaganyong tsa phatlalatso ya metsi, metsi a pula a a elelang a mannye mo dithulaganyong tsa kgopoleswe, &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Behzadian |first=k |last2=Kapelan |first2=Z |date=2015 |title=Advantages of integrated and sustainability based assessment for metabolism-based strategic planning of urban water systems |url=https://ore.exeter.ac.uk/repository/bitstream/10871/17351/1/Behzadian%20and%20Kapelan%202015b.pdf |journal=Science of the Total Environment |volume=527-528 |pages=220–231 |bibcode=2015ScTEn.527..220B |doi=10.1016/j.scitotenv.2015.04.097 |hdl=10871/17351 |pmid=25965035 |hdl-access=free}}&lt;/ref&gt; le phokotso ya go elela ga metsi a pula a a kgotlelang metsi a a phepa mo dinokeng.

Setlhopha segolo sa tiro se remeletse mo tlhabololong ya tshekatsheko ya tsela ya botshelo le mekgwa ya yone ya go dira ditshenyegelo go sekaseka maemo a ditlamorago tsa tikologo le madi a a ka bolokwang ka go tsenya tirisong dithulaganyo tsa go beeletsa metsi a pula. &lt;ref name=&quot;inh&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=29 November 2017 |title=New rooftop solar hydro panels harvest drinking water and energy at the same time |url=https://inhabitat.com/new-rooftop-solar-hydropanels-harvest-drinking-water-and-energy-at-the-same-time/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190810113041/https://inhabitat.com/new-rooftop-solar-hydropanels-harvest-drinking-water-and-energy-at-the-same-time/ |archive-date=2019-08-10 |access-date=2017-11-30}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Phatlalatso ya metsi e e ikemetseng ===
Go beeletsa metsi a pula go thusa ka phatlalatso ya metsi e e ikemetseng ka dinako tsa thibelo metsi. Mo mafelong a metsi a a phepa a tlhwatlhwagodimo, kgotsa go leng thata go a bona, go beeletsa a metsi a pula ke motswedi o o botlhokwa wa metsi a a phepa. Mo mafatsheng a a tlhabologileng, metsi a pula gantsi a beeletswa go dirisiwa jaaka motswedi wa tlaleletso wa metsi go na le motswedi o mogolo, mme go beeletsa metsi a pula gape go ka fokotsa ditshenyegelo tsa metsi tsa lelapa kgotsa selekanyo tiriso ka kakaretso. Metsi a pula a babalesegile go ka nowa fa bajibareki ba dira diphepafatso tse dingwe pele ba ka a nwa. Go bedisa metsig go thusa go bolaya megare. Go oketsa tlaleletso e nngwe mo thulaganyong jaaka diverter ya ntlha ya go tlhatswa le yona ke tsamaiso e e tlwaelegileng go tila dikgotletsi tsa metsi. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Rainwater Collection |url=https://www.cdc.gov/healthywater/drinking/private/rainwater-collection.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200406004255/https://www.cdc.gov/healthywater/drinking/private/rainwater-collection.html |archive-date=2020-04-06 |website=Centers of Disease Control and Prevention (CDC)}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Tlaleletso ka leuba ===
Fa go nna le leuba, metsi a pula a a neng a beeleditswe mo dikgweding tse di fetileng a ka dirisiwa. Fa pula e le nnye mme gape e sa lepege, tiriso ya thulaganyo ya go beeletsa metsi a pula e ka nna botlhokwa mo go tshwareng pula fa e na. Mafatshe a le mantsi a a nang le tikologo e e omeletseng, a dirisa go beeletsa metsi a pula jaaka motswedi o o tlhwatlhwatlase le o o ikanyegang wa metsi a a phepa. Go tokafatsa nosetso mo ditikologong tse di omeletseng, go agiwa mabotana a mmu go tshwara le go thibela metsi a pula go elela go ya kwa tlase. Le mo dipakeng tsa pula e e kwa tlase, go kokoanngwa metsi a a lekaneng gore dijalo di gole . Metsi a ka kgobokanngwa go tswa mo marulelong mme ditanka di ka agiwa go tshwara metsi a mantsi a pula.

Mo godimo ga moo, go beeletsa metsi a pula go fokotsa tlhokego ya metsi go tswa mo didibeng, mme se se dira gore selekanyo sa metsi a a kafa tlase ga lefatshe se kgone go tswelela pele go na le go fokotsega.

=== Tshekatsheko ya go dikogologa ga botshelo ===
Tshekatsheko ya go dikogologa ga botshelo ke mokgwa o o dirisiwang go sekaseka ditlamorago tsa tikologo tsa thulaganyo go tswa mo tshimologong go ya kwa bokhutlong jwa botshelo jwa yone. Devkota et al, &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Devkota |first=J. |last2=Schlachter |first2=H. |last3=Anand |first3=C. |last4=Phillips |first4=R. |last5=Apul |first5=Defne |date=November 2013 |title=Development and application of EEAST: A lifecycle-based model for use of harvested rainwater and composting toilets in buildings |journal=Journal of Environmental Management |volume=130 |pages=397–404 |bibcode=2013JEnvM.130..397D |doi=10.1016/j.jenvman.2013.09.015 |pmid=24141064}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref name=&quot;Devkota 20152&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Devkota |first=Jay |last2=Schlachter |first2=Hannah |last3=Apul |first3=Defne |date=May 2015 |title=Life cycle based evaluation of harvested rainwater use in toilets and for irrigation |journal=Journal of Cleaner Production |volume=95 |pages=311–321 |bibcode=2015JCPro..95..311D |doi=10.1016/j.jclepro.2015.02.021}}&lt;/ref&gt; ba tlhamile mokgwa o o jalo wa go beeletsa metsi a pula, mme ba fitlhela gore moalo wa kago (sekao, dilekanyo) le tiro (sekao, thuto, bonno, jj.) di na le seabe se se botlhokwa mo go diriweng ga thulaganyo ye.

Go emelana le dipharametara tsa tiro tsa dithulaganyo tsa go beeletsa metsi a pula, go ne ga tlhamiwa meteriki o mošwa – tekanyetso ya tlhokego go tlamelo (D/S) – e e supang kakanyetso e e siameng ya kago (tlamelo) le tiro (tlhokego) mabapi le tiragatso ya tikologo ya go beeletsa metsi a pula go tsamaisa leswe mo ntlwaneng ya boithomelo. Ka mogopolo wa gore phatlalatso ya metsi a pula ga e boloke fela metsi a a nowang mme gape e boloka metsi a pula a a tsenang mo mafaratlhatlheng a a kopantsweng a kgopoleswe (ka jalo a tlhoka go phepafadiwa), dipoloko mo mesing ya tikologo di ne di le kwa godimo fa dikago di golagantswe le mafaratlhatlha a a kopantsweng a kgopoleswe fa di bapisiwa le tse di kgaoganeng. &lt;ref name=&quot;Devkota 20152&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Devkota |first=Jay |last2=Schlachter |first2=Hannah |last3=Apul |first3=Defne |date=May 2015 |title=Life cycle based evaluation of harvested rainwater use in toilets and for irrigation |journal=Journal of Cleaner Production |volume=95 |pages=311–321 |bibcode=2015JCPro..95..311D |doi=10.1016/j.jclepro.2015.02.021}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Go fokotsa ditshenyegelo ===
Le fa dithulaganyo tse di tlwaelegileng tsa RWH di ka tlamela ka motswedi wa metsi mo dikgaolong tse di tlhabologang tse di lebaganeng le lehuma, palogare ya ditshenyegelo tsa thulaganyo ya RWH e ka nna tlhwatlhwagodimo go ikaegile ka mofuta wa maranyane a a  dirisiwang. Thuso ya puso le diNGO di ka thusa baagi ba ba lebaganeng le lehuma ka go tlamela ka didirisiwa le thuto e e tlhokegang go tlhama le go tlhokomela dithulaganyo tsa RWH. &lt;ref name=&quot;Cain-2014&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Cain |first=Nicholas L. |date=2014 |title=A Different Path: The Global Water Crisis and Rainwater Harvesting |journal=Consilience |issue=12 |pages=147–157 |issn=1948-3074 |jstor=26476158}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Dipatlisiso dingwe di supa gore go beeletsa metsi a pula ke tharabololo e e dirisiwang thata mo tlhaelong ya metsi le ditiriso tse dingwe tse dintsi , ka ntlha ya go somarela ditshenyegelo le go sa senye tikologo. &lt;ref name=&quot;Cain-2014&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Cain |first=Nicholas L. |date=2014 |title=A Different Path: The Global Water Crisis and Rainwater Harvesting |journal=Consilience |issue=12 |pages=147–157 |issn=1948-3074 |jstor=26476158}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Staddon |first=Chad |last2=Rogers |first2=Josh |last3=Warriner |first3=Calum |last4=Ward |first4=Sarah |last5=Powell |first5=Wayne |date=17 November 2018 |title=Why doesn't every family practice rainwater harvesting? Factors that affect the decision to adopt rainwater harvesting as a household water security strategy in central Uganda |journal=Water International |volume=43 |issue=8 |pages=1114–1135 |bibcode=2018WatIn..43.1114S |doi=10.1080/02508060.2018.1535417 |s2cid=158857347 |doi-access=free}}&lt;/ref&gt; Go aga dithulaganyo tse dišwa tse di bonalang, tse di kopantsweng tsa tlamelo ya metsi, jaaka matamo, go na thata le go senya dithulaganyo tsa tikologo tsa lefelo, go  baka ditshenyegelo tsa setho tsa kwa ntle, mme go na le tiriso e e lekanyeditsweng, bogolosegolo mo mafatsheng a a tlhabologang kgotsa mo merafeng e e humanegileng. Ka fa letlhakoreng le lengwe, go tsenya dithulaganyo tsa go beeletsa metsi a pula go netefadiwa ke dipatlisiso di le mmalwa go tlamela baagi ba lefelo ka motswedi wa metsi o o tswelelang, o o patiwang ke bomosola jo bongwe jo bontsi, go akaretsa tshireletso mo merwaleleng le taolo ya go elela ga metsi, le mo dikgaolong tse di humanegileng tota. &lt;ref name=&quot;Cain-2014&quot; /&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book |last=Furumai |first=Hiroaki |year=2008 |title=Recent application of rainwater storage and harvesting in Japan}}&lt;/ref&gt; Dithulaganyo tsa go beeletsa metsi a pula tse di sa tlhokeng kago e kgolo kgotsa tlhokomelo ya nako le nako ke moitseanape go tswa kwa ntle ga morafe di siame thata mo tikologong mme di ka solegela batho ba lefelo molemo ka nako e telele. &lt;ref name=&quot;Cain-2014&quot; /&gt; Ka jalo, dithulaganyo tsa go beeletsa metsi a pula tse di ka tsenngwang le go tlhokomelwa ke batho ba lefelo leo di na le ditshono tse dikgolo tsa go amogelwa le go dirisiwa ke batho ba le bantsi.

Tiriso ya maranyane mo lefelong e ka fokotsa ditshenyegelo tsa peeletso mo go beeletseng metsi a pula. Maranyane a mo lefelong la go beeletsa metsi a pula e ka nna mogopolo o o kgonegang mo dikgaolong tsa magae ka gonne go tlhokega didirisiwa tse dinnye go di aga. Di tlamela ka motswedi wa metsi o o ikanyegang o o ka dirisiwang go atolosa dipoelo tsa temothuo. Ditanka tse di fa godimo ga lefatshe di kgona go beeletsa metsi go dirisiwa mo gae ; le fa go ntse jalo, diyuniti tse di ntseng jalo di ka nna tsa pala go rekwa ke batho ba ba humanegileng. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Lunduka |first=Rodney |date=2011 |title=ECONOMIC ANALYSIS OF RAINWATER HARVESTING AND SMALL-SCALE WATER RESOURCES DEVELOPMENT |url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/316284488 |access-date=2020-11-25 |website=ResearchGate}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Dikgoreletsi ==

Go beeletsa metsi a pula ke tsela e e dirisiwang thata go boloka metsi a pula mo mafatsheng a nang le dikgang tsa leuba. Dikarolo tse mmalwa tsa dipatlisiso di supile le go simolodisa mefuta le bogeteniki jo bo farologaneng go tlhopha mafelo a a siametseng go beeletswa ga metsi a pula. Dipatlisiso dingwe di ne tsa supiwa le go tlhophiwa mafelo a a tshwanetseng a go ka agiwang matamo, mmogo le go bona moagi wa moalo mo ArcMap 10.4.1. Moalo yo o ne wa kopanya dipharametara di le mmalwa, jaaka go kgokologa, bokgoni jwa go elela ga metsi, khurumetso/tiriso ya lefatshe, thulaganyo ya molatswana, boleng jwa mmu, le kitso tsa metsi go bona gore lefelo le siametse go beeletsa a metsi a pula. 

Metsi a a beeleditsweng go tswa mo dithulaganyong tsa RWH a ka nna mannye ka nako ya pula e e kwa tlase ga palogare mo dikgaolong tse di omeletseng tsa ditoropo jaaka Botlhabagare . RWH e mosola mo mafelong a a tlhabologang ka gonne e kokoanya metsi go nosetsa le go dirisiwa mo gae. Le fa go ntse jalo, metsi a a kgobokantsweng a tshwanetse go sefiwa sentle go netefatsa gore a nowa ka pabalesego. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Lange |first=J. |last2=Husary |first2=S. |last3=Gunkel |first3=A. |last4=Bastian |first4=D. |last5=Grodek |first5=T. |date=2012-03-06 |title=Potentials and limits of urban rainwater harvesting in the Middle East |url=https://hess.copernicus.org/articles/16/715/2012/ |url-status=live |journal=Hydrology and Earth System Sciences |language=en |volume=16 |issue=3 |pages=715–724 |bibcode=2012HESS...16..715L |doi=10.5194/hess-16-715-2012 |issn=1607-7938 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220710023556/https://hess.copernicus.org/articles/16/715/2012/ |archive-date=2022-07-10 |access-date=2020-11-28 |doi-access=free}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Boleng jwa metsi ===
Metsi a pula a ka tlhoka go sekasekwa sentle, le go dirisiwa ka tsela e e maleba go lebilwe pabalesego ya one. Ka sekai, kwa kgaolong ya Gansu, go bolaya megare mo metsing ka letsatsi go dirisiwa ka go bedisa metsi a pula a a beeleditsweng mo dipitseng tsa letsatsi tsa pharabola pele ga a dirisiwa go nowa. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|url=http://english.people.com.cn/90001/90781/6248934.html|last1=Chen|first1=Xuefei|title=Rainwater harvesting benefits farmers in Gansu|journal=People's Daily Online|date=27 August 2007|access-date=10 July 2018}}&lt;/ref&gt; Mekgwa e e bidiwang &quot; maranyane a a maleba &quot; ye etlamela ka megopolo ya go bolaya megare e e mo metsing a a bolokilweng ka tlhwatlhwatlase go a phepafaletsa go nowa.

Le fa metsi a pula ka boone e le motswedi o o phepa wa metsi, gantsi a le botoka go feta metsi a a ka fa tlase ga lefatshe kgotsa metsi a a tswang mo dinokeng kgotsa mo makadibeng, &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Hatch |first=Jacob |title=The Many Benefits of Rainwater Harvesting |url=https://hydrationanywhere.com/the-many-benefits-of-rain-water-harvesting/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161213021007/https://hydrationanywhere.com/the-many-benefits-of-rain-water-harvesting/ |archive-date=13 December 2016 |access-date=3 August 2018 |website=Hydration Anywhere}}&lt;/ref&gt; thulaganyo ya go a kokoanya le go a boloka gantsi e tlogela metsi a kgotlelegile e bile a sa nowe. Metsi a pula a a tsewang mo marulelong a ka nna le mantle a batho, diphologolo le dinonyane, di- moss le di- lichen, lerole le le fokisiwang ke phefo, dikarolwana tse di tswang mo kgotlhelong ya toropo, dibolaya-ditshedi, le di-ione tse di sa tsheleng go tswa mo lewatleng ( Ca, Mg, Na, K, Cl, SO4 ), le digase tse di tswakilweng ( &lt;sub&gt;CO&lt;/sub&gt; &lt;sub&gt;x&lt;/sub&gt;, &lt;sub&gt;NO&lt;/sub&gt; ). Go fitlhetswe selekanyo se se kwa godimo sa dibolaya-ditshedi tmo metsing a pula kwa Yuropa ka dilekanyo tse di kwa godimo tse di diragalang mo puleng ya ntlha ka bonako morago ga nako ya komelelo;  kgobokano ya dikgotleletsi tse le tse dingwe e fokodiwa thata ka go faposa go elela ga ntlha ga metsi a a elelang go ya kwa matlakaleng. Boleng jo bo tokafaditsweng jwa metsi bo ka bonwa gape ka go dirisa mokgwa wa go goga go phaphamisiwa (go na le go tswa mo botlaseng jwa tanka) le ka go dirisa motseletsele wa ditanka, gogela morago go tswa mo go tsa bofelo mo motseletseleng. Go sefiwa pele ke mokgwa o o tlwaelegileng o o dirisiwang mo madirelong go dira gore thulaganyo e nne e itekanetse le go netefatsa gore metsi a a tsenang mo tankeng ga a na motlhaba yo montsi.

Kgopolo ya go beeletsa metsi a pula le go a phepafatsa ka marang a letsatsi go nowa mo malapeng a kwa magaeng e tlhamilwe ke Sekolo sa Patlisiso sa Temothuo sa Nimbkar . &lt;ref name=&quot;Patange-2020&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Low cost drinking water technology – rainwater harvesting with solar purification. Current Science, Vol. 118, No.6, 25 March 2020 |url=https://www.currentscience.ac.in/Volumes/118/06/0872.pdf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220119182928/https://www.currentscience.ac.in/Volumes/118/06/0872.pdf |archive-date=19 January 2022 |access-date=27 March 2020}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Ka kgopolo, thulaganyo ya phatlalatso ya metsi e tshwanetse go tsamaisana le boleng jwa metsi le modirisi wa bofelo. Le fa go ntse jalo, mo mafatsheng a mantsi a a tlhabologileng thata, metsi a a nowang a boleng jo bo kwa godimo a dirisediwa ditiriso tsotlhe. Mokgwa yo o senya madi le maatla mme o dira gore tikologo e nne le ditlamorago tse di sa tlhokegeng. Go tlamela ka metsi a pula a a fetileng mo dikgatong tsa ntlha tsa go sefa tsa tiriso ya metsi a a sa noweng, jaaka go fetisa leswe mo ntlwaneng ya boithomelo, go nosetsa, le go tlhatswa diaparo, e ka nna karolo e e botlhokwa ya leano la taolo ya metsi le le tswelelang.

Ditanka tsa metsi a pula gape di ka nna jaaka bonno jwa menang e e nang le megare. Ka ntlha ya seo, go tshwanetse ga tlhokomelwa go netefatsa gore menang e e namagadi ga e kgone go tsena mo tankeng go baya mae. Ditlhapi tse di jang dibokwana le tsone di ka tsenngwa mo tankeng, kgotsa e ka alafiwa ka dikhemikhale.

== Dikai tsa mafatshe  ==

=== Canada ===

== Ditso ==

Go agiwa le tiriso ya ditanka go boloka metsi a pula go ka latedisiwa go boela kwa Metlheng ya Neolithic, fa ditanka tsa polasetere tse di thibelang metsi di ne di agiwa mo bodiloo mafelong a metse ya Levant, lefelo le legolo kwa Borwabophirima jwa Asia, kwa borwa jwa Dithaba tsa Taurus kwa Bophirima jwa lewatleMediter  Sekaka sa Arabea kwa borwa, le Mesopotamia kwa botlhaba. Ka bokhutlo jwa 4000 BC , ditanka e ne e le dintlha tse di botlhokwa tsa botegeniki tse di tlhagelelang tsa taolo ya metsi tse di dirisiwang mo temothuong ya lefatshe le le omileng . &lt;ref name=&quot;Mays et al. 2013&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Mays |first=Larry |last2=Antoniou |first2=George |last3=Angelakis |first3=Andreas |name-list-style=amp |date=2013 |title=History of water cisterns: Legacies and lessons |journal=Water |volume=5 |issue=4 |pages=1916–1940 |bibcode=2013Water...5.1916M |doi=10.3390/w5041916 |hdl=2286/R.I.43114 |doi-access=free |hdl-access=free}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Go ribolotswe ditanka di le dintsi tsa bogologolo mo dikarolong dingwe tsa Jerusalema le mo lefelong lotlhe le gompieno le bidiwang Iseraele/Palesetina. Mo lefelong le bangwe ba dumelang gore ke la motse wa baebele wa Ai (Khirbet et-Tell), go ne ga bonwa tanka e tona ye dingwaga tsa yone di ka latedisiwang kwa go bo 2500 BC e e neng e na le bokgoni jwa dikhubiki mithara di ka nna sekete le makgolo a le masupa {{Convert|1,700|m3|cuft}} .   . E ne e betlilwe ka lentswe le le thata, e tsentswe matlapa a matona, e bo e tswalelwa ka letsopa gore e se ka ya dutla. &lt;ref name=&quot;Mays et al. 2013&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Mays |first=Larry |last2=Antoniou |first2=George |last3=Angelakis |first3=Andreas |name-list-style=amp |date=2013 |title=History of water cisterns: Legacies and lessons |journal=Water |volume=5 |issue=4 |pages=1916–1940 |bibcode=2013Water...5.1916M |doi=10.3390/w5041916 |hdl=2286/R.I.43114 |doi-access=free |hdl-access=free}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Setlhaketlhake sa Gerika sa Crete gape se itsege ka tiriso ya sone ya ditanka tse ditona tsa go beeletsa le go boloka metsi a pula ka nako ya Minoan go tloga ka 2,600 BC–1,100 BC. Go bonwe ditanka di le nne tse ditona kwa Myrtos-Pyrgos, kwa Archanes le kwa Sakroeach. Tanka e e fitlhetsweng kwa Myrtos-Pyrgos e ne ya fitlhelwa e kgona go tshola metsi a a fetang dikhubiki mithara di le masome a le boferabobedi {{Convert|80|m3|cuft}}   le dingwaga tsa tsone di latedisiwa go fitlha ko go 1700 BC. &lt;ref name=&quot;Mays et al. 2013&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Mays |first=Larry |last2=Antoniou |first2=George |last3=Angelakis |first3=Andreas |name-list-style=amp |date=2013 |title=History of water cisterns: Legacies and lessons |journal=Water |volume=5 |issue=4 |pages=1916–1940 |bibcode=2013Water...5.1916M |doi=10.3390/w5041916 |hdl=2286/R.I.43114 |doi-access=free |hdl-access=free}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Ka bo 300 BC, merafe ya balemirui kwa Balochistan (e jaanong e leng kwa Pakistan, Afghanistan, le Iran), le Kutch, India, ba ne ba dirisa metsi a pula a a beeleditsweng mo temothuong le ditiriso tse dingwe tse dintsi. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Rain water Harvesting |url=http://www.tn.gov.in/dtp/rainwater.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190812001933/http://www.tn.gov.in/dtp/rainwater.htm |archive-date=12 August 2019 |access-date=23 January 2012 |publisher=Tamil Nadu State Government, India}}&lt;/ref&gt; Go beeletsa metsi a pula go ne go dirwa ke dikgosi tsa Chola gape. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|date=17 July 2010|title=Believes in past, lives in future|newspaper=[[The Hindu]]|location=India|url=http://www.hindu.com/mp/2010/07/17/stories/2010071754460800.htm}}&lt;/ref&gt; Metsi a pula a a tswang kwa tempeleng ya Brihadeeswarar (e e kwa Balaganapathy Nagar, kwa Thanjavur, kwa India) a ne a kokoanngwa mo tankeng ya Shivaganga. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|date=24 August 2003|title=Rare Chola inscription found near Big Temple|location=India|url=http://www.hindu.com/2003/08/04/stories/2003080402510500.htm|newspaper=[[The Hindu]]}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ka nako ya moragonyana ya Chola, tanka ya Vīrānam e ne ya agiwa (1011 go ya go 1037 AD) kwa kgaolong ya Cuddalore ya Tamil Nadu go boloka metsi a go nwa le go nosetsa. Vīrānam ke tanka e e boleele jwa dikilometara di le lesome le borataro e e kgonang go boloka metsi a dikhubiki mithara di le sedikadike le dikete di le makgolo a ke mane le masome a le marataro le botlhano {{Convert|1,465,000,000|cuft|m3}}   .

Go beeletsa metsi a pula gape go ne go tlwaelegile mo Mmusomogolong wa Roma . &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book |last=Kamash |first=Zena |date=2010 |title=Archaeologies of Water in the Roman Near East |publisher=Gorgias Press}}&lt;/ref&gt; Le fa diforo tsa metsi tsa Roma di itsege thata, ditanka tsa Roma le tsone di ne di dirisiwa thata mme go agiwa ga tsone go ne ga atologa le Mmusomogolo. &lt;ref name=&quot;Mays et al. 2013&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Mays |first=Larry |last2=Antoniou |first2=George |last3=Angelakis |first3=Andreas |name-list-style=amp |date=2013 |title=History of water cisterns: Legacies and lessons |journal=Water |volume=5 |issue=4 |pages=1916–1940 |bibcode=2013Water...5.1916M |doi=10.3390/w5041916 |hdl=2286/R.I.43114 |doi-access=free |hdl-access=free}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ka sekai, kwa Pompeii, go boloka metsi mo marulelong go ne go tlwaelegile pele ga go agiwa ga mosele wa metsi mo lekgolong lantlha la dingwaga BC. &lt;ref name=&quot;ArchServe-2016&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Water Supply Systems: Cisterns, Reservoirs, Aqueducts {{!}} Roman Building Technology and Architecture, University of California Santa Barbara |url=https://archserve.id.ucsb.edu/courses/arthistory/152k/water.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160718072245/http://archserve.id.ucsb.edu/courses/arthistory/152k/water.html |archive-date=2016-07-18 |access-date=2018-04-13 |website=ArchServe}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ditso tse di tsa tswelela le Mmusomogolo wa Byzantium; ka sekai, Tanka ya Basilica kwa Istanbul.

Le fa toropo ya Venice e ne e sa itsiwe go le kalo, ka makgolokgolo a dingwaga e ne e ikaegile ka go beeletsa metsi a pula. Letsha le le dikologileng Venice ke metsi a a letswai, a a sa tshwanelang go nowa. Baagi ba bogologolo ba kwa Venice ba ne ba tlhoma thulaganyo ya go beeletsa metsi a pula e e neng e theilwe mo didibeng tse di dirilweng ke batho tse di sireleditsweng go kokoanya metsi. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Venetian wells |url=http://www.venicebackstage.org/en/159/i-pozzi-veneziani |url-status=usurped |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190509005248/http://www.venicebackstage.org/en/159/i-pozzi-veneziani/ |archive-date=2019-05-09 |access-date=2016-08-29}}&lt;/ref&gt; Metsi a ne a tsenelela mo bodilong jwa maje jo bo neng bo tlhamilwe ka tsela e e kgethegileng, mme a ne a sefiwa ke  motlhaba, morago ga moo a ne a kokoanngwa kwa tlase ga sediba. Moragonyana, fa Venice e ntse e bona mafelo mo lefatsheng le legolo, e ne ya simolola go reka metsi ka mokoro go tswa kwa dinokeng tsa lefelo leo. Le fa go ntse jalo, didiba tse di ne tsa nna di dirisiwa mme di ne di le botlhokwa thata ka dinako tsa ntwa fa mmaba a ne a ka kgona go thibela metsi a a dirisiwang a lefatshe gale le gale.

== Tiriso mo Ditoropong ==

Mo ditoropong, dithulaganyo tsa go beeletsa metsi a pula di kopanngwa mo mealong ya dikago go fokotsa go elela ga metsi le go tlaleletsa tlamelo ya metsi. Ditoropo di tshwana Melbourne, Singapore le Hyderabad di amogetse melawana e e rotloetsang go beeletsa metsi a pula mo dikagong tsa bonno le tsa kgwebo.  &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=PUB Water from Local Catchment |url=https://www.pub.gov.sg/watersupply/fournationaltaps/localcatchmentwater |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170506104130/https://www.pub.gov.sg/watersupply/fournationaltaps/localcatchmentwater |archive-date=2017-05-06 |access-date=2025-05-24}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Dikai tsa Mafatshe  ==

=== Canada ===

=== Indiya ===
Le fa go beeletswa ga metsi a pula mo toropong go ile ga nna le maatla mo dingwageng tsa bosheng jaana, bosupi bo supa gore go ne go kotulwa metsi a pula kwa metseselegaeng ya India fa e sa le ka metlha ya bogologolo.

=== United Kingdom ===

=== United States ===

=== Mafatshe a mangwe ===
[[File:Rainwater_harvesting_tank_(5981896147).jpg|thumb|Tanka ya go beeletsa metsi a pula kwa [[Rwanda]] .]]

* [[Uganda]] : Go beeletsa metsi a pula go ntse go dirisiwa kwa Uganda go rotloetsa tshireletsego ya metsi mo malapeng le mo morafeng dingwaga di le dintsi. Paakanyo ya thulaganyo ye ya dinako tsotlhe ke kgwetlho e e tswelelang gape go na le dikai tse dintsi tsa dithulaganyo tse di paletsweng ka ntlha ya tlhokomelo e e bokoa. Dipatlisiso di bontshitse gape gore kitsiso ka RWH le gore go ka fitlhelelwa jang didirisiwa tse di tlhokegang go diragatsa RWH go a farologana go ralala setšhaba sa Uganda. 
* [[Thailand]] e na le karolwana e kgolo ya baagi mo kgaolong ya magae e e ikaegileng ka go beeletsa metsi a pula (mo bogompienong e le masome a le mane mo lekgolong).  Go beeletsa metsi a pula go ne ga rotloediwa thata ke puso ka dingwaga tsa bo 1980. Ka dingwaga tsa bo 1990, morago ga gore matlole a madi a puso a tlamele ditanka tsa go beeletsa metsi a fele, makalana a a ikemetseng ka nosi a ne a tsaya kgato a ntsha ditanka di le dikadikadike di mmalwa, tse bontsi jwa tsone di tswelelang go dirisiwa. &lt;ref name=&quot;saladin20162&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Saladin |first=Matthias |date=2016 |title=Rainwater Harvesting in Thailand - learning from the World Champions |url=https://rural-water-supply.net/en/resources/details/759 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190129200110/http://www.rural-water-supply.net/en/resources/details/759 |archive-date=2019-01-29 |access-date=2017-03-13}}&lt;/ref&gt; Se ke sengwe sa dikai tse dikgolo tsa go itlamela ka metsi lefatshe ka bophara.
* Kwa Bermuda, molao o gwetlha gore dikago tsotlhe tse dišwa di akaretse go beeletsa metsi a pula a a lekaneng baagi . &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|author=Harry Low|date=December 23, 2016|title=Why houses in Bermuda have white stepped roofs|work=BBC News|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/magazine-38222271|access-date=2016-12-23}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* New Zealand e na le pula e ntsi kwa Bophirima le Borwa, mme go beeletsa metsi a pula ke tlwaelo mo mafelong a le mantsi a magae, go dirisiwa metsi a marulelo a a kaelwang ka go tshololela mo ditankeng tsa polokelo tse di khurumeditsweng, tsa dilitara di le sekete, ka thotloetso ya bontsi jwa makgotla a lefelo le. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=28 April 2016 |title=Rainwater tanks |url=http://www.gw.govt.nz/rainwater-tanks// |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160414164122/http://www.gw.govt.nz/rainwater-tanks// |archive-date=14 April 2016 |access-date=21 March 2017 |publisher=Greater Wellington Regional Council}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* Kwa Sri Lanka, go beeletsa metsi a pula e nnile mokgwa o o tlwaelegileng wa go bona metsi a temothuo le a go nwa mo malwapeng a a kwa magaeng . Molao wa go rotloetsa go beeletsa ga metsi a pula o ne wa tsenngwa tirisong ka Molao wa Tlhabololo ya Ditoropo (Paakanyo), No. 36 wa 2007. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Parliament Of The Democratic Socialist Republic of Sri Lanka |url=http://www.lankarainwater.org/rwhsl/act_36_2007_e.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131104180251/http://www.lankarainwater.org/rwhsl/act_36_2007_e.pdf |archive-date=2013-11-04 |access-date=2011-12-09}}&lt;/ref&gt; Foramo ya go Beeletsa Metsi a Pula ya Lanka e etelela pele letsholo la Sri Lanka. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Lanka Rain Water Harvesting Forum (LRWHF) |url=http://www.lankarainwater.org/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150203171925/http://www.lankarainwater.org/ |archive-date=2015-02-03 |access-date=2011-12-09}}&lt;/ref&gt; Thulaganyo ya tanka ya cascade ke thulaganyo ya bogologolo ya go nosetsa e e akaretsang setlhaketlhake sa Sri Lanka.
* Kwa Bolivia, go simolotswe mananeo a go beeletsa metsi a pula kwa dikolong tsa kwa magaeng le kwa metsesetoropong go thusa go emelana le tlhaelo ya metsi le go tshegetsa temothuo e e dirwang kwa dikolong . Kwa Cochabamba, maiteko a a eteletsweng pele ke diNGO tsa lefelo leo le morafe a dirisitse ditsamaiso tsa go kokoanya metsi mo marulelong go nosetsa ditshingwana tse di tlamelang baithuti ka dijo. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Archidiacono |first=Stefano |last2=Jeltsje Sanne |first2=Kemerink-Seyoum |last3=Irene |first3=Leonardelli |last4=Carolina |first4=Dominguez Guzman |last5=Tavengwa |first5=Chitata |last6=Zwarteveen |first6=Margreet |date=2024-09-01 |title=Engineering as Tinkering Care: A Rainwater Harvesting Infrastructure in Cochabamba, Bolivia |url=https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/19378629.2024.2304176 |journal=Engineering Studies |volume=16 |issue=3 |pages=206–225 |doi=10.1080/19378629.2024.2304176 |hdl=11245.1/15c42a7c-dc62-41c1-bcc8-00ab5c97b957 |issn=1937-8629 |url-access=subscription |hdl-access=free}}&lt;/ref&gt;</text>
      <sha1>omzkkpfge3gm7poiyrq9sop6y56fdsl</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Letamo la Sidi el Barrak</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>14022</id>
    <revision>
      <id>54210</id>
      <parentid>51805</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-08-18T09:45:18Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>InternetArchiveBot</username>
        <id>8156</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5</comment>
      <origin>54210</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="1422" sha1="2wuje0frli8wivk1rcevnix49w5f1vu" xml:space="preserve">[[Setshwantsho:Barrage Sidi El Barraq.jpg|thumb|Senepe sa Barrage sidi ]]
'''Letamo la Sidi El Barrak''' ke letamo le le dikologilweng ka lesome le borobabobedi (18 km (11 mi) bokone-botlhaba jwa Tabarka le 2 km (1 mi) go tswa kwa Lewatleng la Mediterranean mo nokeng ya Oued Zouara kwa Beja Governorate, [[Tunisia|Tunisia.]] E agilwe magareng ga ngwaga wa sekete, makgolo a robabonge le masome a robabongwe le bone (1994) le wa ngwaga wa dikete tse pedi (2000), maikaelelo magolo a letamo ke go tlamela metsi.&lt;ref&gt;[https://web.archive.org/web/20160817110527/http://www.hidrotehnika.rs/en/tunisie/sidi-el-barrak/ &quot;Sidi el Barrak&quot;]. Hidrotehnika-Hidroenergetika. Retrieved 22 August 2011.&lt;/ref&gt;Jaaka karolo ya porojeke ya Sidi el Barrak Development, metsi a a bolokilweng mo lekadibeng a pompiwa go ya kwa lekadibeng la Seyjame, ka selekanyo sa 265,000,000 m3 (214,839 acre⋅ft) ngwaga le ngwaga. Metsi ano a romelwa kwa Tunis, Cap Bon le kwa Sahel go akaretsa le Sfax gore di dirisiwe ke masepala le mo temothuong. Porojeke yotlhe e weditswe ka ngwaga wa dikete tse pedi le bobedi (2002).&lt;ref&gt;[https://web.archive.org/web/20120320054153/http://www.afdb.org/fileadmin/uploads/afdb/Documents/Project-and-Operations/ADB-BD-IF-2004-111-EN-TUNISIA-SIDI-EL-BARRAK-DAM-CONSTRUCTION-PCR-DEC.PDF &quot;Sidi el Barrak Dam Completion Report&quot;] (PDF). African Development Bank. November 2002. Retrieved 22 August 2011&lt;/ref&gt;

== Metswedi ==</text>
      <sha1>2wuje0frli8wivk1rcevnix49w5f1vu</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Lekadiba la Malebo</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>14121</id>
    <revision>
      <id>54206</id>
      <parentid>52271</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-08-18T09:02:04Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>InternetArchiveBot</username>
        <id>8156</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5</comment>
      <origin>54206</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="30232" sha1="i79izg0h9tsih2xhcaj0iyasa38cpy4" xml:space="preserve">'''Lekadiba la Malebo''' (le pele le neng le bidiwa la '''Stanley'''), le le itsegeng mo ditsong e le Mpumbu, letsha la Nkunda, letsha la Nkuna, letsha la Ntamo, kgotsa letsha la Ngobila,&lt;ref&gt;William Graham Lister Randles, ''L’ancien royaume du Congo des origines à la fin du XIXe siècle'', Éditions de l’École des hautes études en sciences sociales, 2013, p. 44&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Sylvie Ayimpam, ''Vie matérielle, échanges et capitalisme sur la rive méridionale du Pool du fleuve Congo (1815-1930)'', Centre d’Étude des Mondes Africains (CEMAf), 2006, p. 4&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;Okeseleke, Raymond (23 August 2022). [https://web.archive.org/web/20260626104608/https://heshimardc.net/v1/2022/08/23/stanley-pool-site-de-naissance-des-villes-de-kinshasa-et-brazzaville/ &quot;Stanley Pool, site de naissance des villes de Kinshasa et Brazzaville&quot;] [Stanley Pool, the birthplace of the cities of Kinshasa and Brazzaville]. ''Heshima Magazine'' (in French). Kinshasa, Democratic Republic of the Congo. Retrieved 26 June 2026&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot;&gt;Malu-Malu, Muriel Devey (21 July 2024). [https://www.makanisi.org/du-pumbo-au-pool-malebo-levolution-dune-grande-zone-commerciale/ &quot;Du Pumbo au Pool Malebo: l'évolution d'une grande zone commerciale&quot;] [From Pumbo to Pool Malebo: the evolution of a major commercial area]. ''Makanisi'' (in French). Retrieved 26 June 2026&lt;/ref&gt; ke go atologa jaaka letsha ga [[noka ya Congo]] kwa tlase kwa legare la [[Aferika|Aforika]] mo go tlhamang kgampu ya tlholego kwa noka e atologang pele ga e ya kwa tlase mo [[Diphororo tsa Livingstone|diphororong tsa Livingstone]].&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot;&gt;[https://www.britannica.com/place/Malebo-Pool &quot;Malebo Pool&quot;.] ''Encyclopædia Britannica''. Accessed 26 June 2026.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt; Lekadiba le bereka e le molelwane fa gare ga [[Republic of the Congo]] kwa bokone le [[Democratic Republic of the Congo]] kwa borwa, ka ditioropokgolo [[Brazzaville]] le [[Kinshasa]] di lebagane mo lotshitshing lo lo kwa bokone le le lo kwa borwa jwa lone.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt;

Le le dikhilomithara di le makgolo a matlhano, le di le masome a mararo le botlhano ka boleele le a le masome mabedi le boraro ka bophara, lekadiba la Malebi le supiwa ka metsi a a seng boteng, a simolola ka dimithara di le tharo go tsena di le lesome ka boteng, le ntswa merwalela ya dipaka e ka fetola seelo sa metsi thata.&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot; /&gt;

Leina la Malebo, ntsifatso ya lilebo ka teme ya Lilanga, le raya setlhare sa borassus palm se se golang ka bontsi mo lotshitshing lwa lekadiba, ditlhaketlhake, le dikgampu tse di dikologileng, fa leina lekadiba le adimilwe mo seesemaneng, kwa le rayang kgampu le letsha.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:3&quot;&gt;Ayimpam, Sylvie (2006). [https://shs.hal.science/halshs-00723326v1/document &quot;Vie matérielle, échanges et capitalisme sur la rive méridionale du Pool du fleuve Congo (1815-1930)&quot;] [Material life, trade, and capitalism on the southern bank of Pool Malebo, Congo River (1815–1930)]. ''Hal.science'' (in French). Éditions du Centre d'Étude des Mondes Africains (CEMAf). pp. 4–23. Retrieved 26 June 2026&lt;/ref&gt; Le ne la fetolwa leina go nna Stanley ka  ngwaga wa sekete,makgolo a robabobedi le masome a robabobedi le bosupa morago ga Henry Morton Stanley o a neng a tsamaya mo kgaolong, lekadiba le ne la nna le leina la se Aforika ka kgwedi ya Firikgong ngwaga wa sekete,makgolo a robabongwe le masome a supa le bobedi  morago ga molao wa morago ga boipuso wa go dirisa maina a Aforika.&lt;ref name=&quot;:3&quot; /&gt; Pele ga le bonwa ke batho ba Yuropa, lekadiba la Malebo e ne e le lefelo la boremelelo la ngwao, thekiso le sepolotiki mo bathong ba merafe ya Bantu ba kwa legare la [[kgampu ya Congo]].&lt;ref name=&quot;:3&quot; /&gt;

== Popego ==

=== Tlhaloso le leina ===
Lekadiba la Malebo ke lefelo le noka ya Congo e atologang teng go tlhama letsha. Lefoko la sekgoa la lekadiba le raya lefelo la metsi, jaaka letsha kgotsa mogobe. Toropokgolo ya Kinshasa e mo lotshitshing lo lo kwa borwa jwa kga,pu, fa ya Brazzavile e le mo lotshitshing lo lo kwa borwa.&lt;ref name=&quot;:3&quot; /&gt; Pele ga leina la bokolone, merafe ya mo gae e ne e itse lekadiba le ka maina a a farologaneng, a akaretsa N'Tamo (kgotsa Ntamo), Nkouna (kgotsa Nkuna kana Nkunda), Pumbo, Pumbu, Mpumbu kgotsa Ngobila.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;

==== Ntamo le Nkouna ====
Maina N'Tamo (kgotsa Ntamo) le Nkouna (Nkuna kgotsa Nkunda) a supiwa gantsi ke batlhatlhami ba Yuropa, bogolo jang Henry Morton Stanley, ga mmogo le morago mo ditshekatshekong tsa ditso. Go ya ka moitseanape wa kwa Congo Jerome Olland, mo ''L'Histoire francais diu Gabon a Brazzaville'', Stanley o dirisitse lefoko Ntamo go tlhalosa lekadiba la Stanley mo bukeng ya gagwe ya ''In Darkest Africa''.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt; Mo ''Congo francaias du gabon a Brazzaville'', e e gatisitsweng ka  ngwaga wa sekete,makgolo a robabobedi le masome a robabobedi le borobabongwe, motlhatlhami wa mo Fora Leon Guiral (o o tshotsweng ka leina la Leon Pierre Louis Guiral) o supa fa Pierre Savorgnan de Brazza, motlhatlhami wa kwa Italy a bereka kwa france, a kopane le motolokodi Ashimbo Taba kwa Nkouna.&lt;ref&gt;Guiral, Léon (1889). ''[[iarchive:elcongofrancaisd00guir/page/n10/mode/1up|Le Congo francais du Gabon a Brazzaville]]'' [''French Congo from Gabon to Brazzaville''] (in French). Princeton Theological Seminary Library. Paris, France: Plon. p. 106.&lt;/ref&gt; Le fa go ntse jalo, Father Albert Le Gallois, morongwa wa mowa o o boitshepho, o ne a supa mo ''Contribution a la cartographie du Congo francais'' (kgaolo ya Lekadiba la Stanley) gore e ntswa batlhatlhami ba pele ba ne ba supa setlhaketlhake se setona sa bamu ba re ke Nkouna, ga ise a utlwe leina le mo bathong ba Teke ba lotshitshi lo lo kwa mojeng.&lt;ref&gt;Le Gallois, Albert (1912). [https://www.persee.fr/doc/geo_0003-4010_1912_num_21_115_7291 &quot;Contribution à la carthographie du Congo français&quot;] [Contribution to the cartography of French Congo]. ''[[:en:Annales_de_Géographie|Annales de géographie]]'' (in French). '''21''' (115). Paris, France: Armand Colin: 60–69. doi:[https://www.persee.fr/doc/geo_0003-4010_1912_num_21_115_7291 10.3406/geo.1912.7291.]&lt;/ref&gt;

==== Pumbo, Pumbu kgotsa Mpumbu ====
Leina Pumbo (Pombo, Pumbu, kgotsa Mpumbu) le tlhagelela gape mo ditshupong tsa batlhatlhami le dibuka tsa ditso go supa lefelo la lekadiba. Mo Description of Africa, moithuti wa Dutch Olfert Dapper o tlhalosa Pombo e le kgaolo e e mo bookameding jwa Macoco (Makoko), moeteledipele wa Teke.&lt;ref&gt;Dapper, Olfert (1668). [[iarchive:gri_33125009359999|''Naukeurige Beschrijvinge Der Afrikaensche Gewesten Van Egypten, Barbaryen, Libyen, Biledulgerid, Negroslant, Guinea, Ethiopiën, Abyssinie: Vertoont In de Benamingen, Grenspalen, Steden, Revieren, gewassen, Dieren, Zeeden, Drachten, Talen, Rijkdommen, Godsdiensten en Heerschappyen'' [''An Accurate Description of African Places in Egypt, Barbary, Libya, Biledulgerid, Negroland'']]'', Guinea, Ethiopia, Abyssinia: Showing place names, boundaries, crops, animals, timbers, costumes, languages, kingdoms, religions, and dominions'']. Getty Research Institute. Amsterdam, Netherlands: [[:en:Jacob_van_Meurs|Jacob van Meurs]]. p. 533.&lt;/ref&gt; Moitseanape wa ditso wa kwa Belgium Jan Vansina o ranola lefoko le le raya lotshitshi lo lo kwa bokone lwa lekadiba la Stanley, le le neng le na le lefelo la sepolotiki kwa bogosing jwa Teke.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt; Abraham Ndinga Mbo, moitseanape wa ditso go tswa kwa Republic of the Congo, o dirisa leina Pumbo go tlhalosa lekadiba pele ga nako ya bokolone, fa baithuti ba bangwe ba le amanya le lefelo la Bahumbu. Lefoko Pumbo le tlhaloganngwa go raya marekisetso a magolo.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt;

Mo Potrait of Kinshasa, moitsaanape Pascal Kapagama wa sekolo se segolwane sa Kinshasa o supa gore ka lekgolo la dingwag di le lesome le borataro, marekisetso a matona a a neng a itsege ka leina la Mpumbu a ne a le teng kwa lefelong leo, a na le metse e le mmalwa ya bogologolo, e akaretsa Insasa. Leina Insasa le tswa mo go Insa, le le rayang marekisetso, kgotsa insa-nsa, mo go rayang marekisetso a mabotlana, lefoko ki le ne la tsenngwa go dira Kinshasa.&lt;ref&gt;Kapagama, Pascal; Waterhouse, Rachel (July 2009). [https://www.lse.ac.uk/international-development/Assets/Documents/PDFs/csrc-working-papers-phase-two/wp53.2-portrait-of-kinshasa-french.pdf &quot;Portrait of Kinshasa: City on the Edge&quot;] (PDF). ''Lse.ac.uk'' (in French). [[:en:London_School_of_Economics|London, England: Crisis States Research Centr]]&lt;nowiki/&gt;e. p. 2. ISSN 1749-1797. Retrieved 26 June 2026&lt;/ref&gt; Babatlisisi ba Congo Pamphile Mabiala Mantuba-Ngoma le Mathieu Zana Etambala le bone ba amanya ltlhaloso ya marekisetso le lefoko Mpumbu. Mo tsebeng ya bone ya La societe congoalise face a la modernite (1700 - 2010): Melanges eurafricains offerts a Jean-Luc Vellut, o kwala are: &quot;lefelo le noka e oketsegang kwa go lone e ralala Mpumbu e ne e le marekisetso magolo a makgoba kwa legare la Aforika. Marekisetso a, a a kwa go tsamaegang kwa nokeng ya Congo, a ne a na le metse ya pele kwa e leng lekadiba la Malebo gompieno (Lekadiba la Stanley pele). Metse e e ne e amogela dithoto go tswa kwa godimo ga noka, go tswa kwa kgampung ya Kasai le kgaolo ya Mai-Ndombe. Ke fa, fa barekisi ba ba tswang kwa borwa ba neng ba tla go tsaya dithoto go di rekisa gape ba rekisetsa ma Yuropa mo lotshitshing lwa lewatle la Atlantic. Lefelo le la thekiso le ne le bidiwa lefelo la noka ya Congo.&lt;ref&gt;Mantuba-Ngoma, Pamphile Mabiala; Etambala, Mathieu Zana Aziza (2017). [https://api.pageplace.de/preview/DT0400.9782140029059_A49332667/preview-9782140029059_A49332667.pdf#:~:text=Ceux%2Dci%20accueillaient%20tous%20les%20produits,Europ%C3%A9ens%20sur%20la%20c%C3%B4te%20atlan%2D &quot;La société congolaise face à la modernité (1700-2010): Mélanges eurafricains offerts à Jean-Luc Vellut&quot;] [Congolese society facing modernity (1700-2010): Euro-African essays offered to Jean-Luc Vellut] (PDF). ''Api.pageplace.de'' (in French). Paris, France: Éditions L'Harmattan. pp. 14–15. ISBN &lt;bdi&gt;[[:en:Special:BookSources/978-2-343-11120-9|978-2-343-111]]20-9&lt;/bdi&gt;. Retrieved 26 June 2026&lt;/ref&gt;

==== Lekadiba la Stanley le lekadiba la Malebo ====
Ka ngwaga wa sekete,makgolo a robabobedi le masome a robabobedi le bosupa, le ne la neelwa leina la lekadiba la Stanley e le segopotso sa ga Stanley, motlhatlhami wa ntlha wa Yuropa go le bona le go kwala lefelo la lone go na  dikhilomithara di le makgolo a mane.&lt;ref name=&quot;:3&quot; /&gt; Ke Frank Pocock, o a neng a tsamaya le Stanley o fa a berekela Leopold II wa Belgium, o o duleng ka leina le fa ba tsena kwa kgampung e tona ka Mopitlo a le lesome le bobedi ngwaga wa sekete,makgolo a robabobedi le masome a supa le bosupa jaaka Stanleya  bua mo ''Through the dark Continent''.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Stanley, Henry Morton (1878). [[iarchive:throughdarkconti1878stan2|''Through the Dark Continent: Or, The Sources of the Nile Around the Great Lakes of Equatorial Africa, and Down the Livingstone River to the Atlantic Ocean''.]] Harold B. Lee Library. Harper &amp; Brothers.&lt;/ref&gt; Morago ga boipuso jwa lefatshe la Congo-Leopoldville, leina le ne la fetolwa ka Firikgong  ngawa wa sekete,makgolo a robabongwe le masome a supa le bosupa go nna lekadiba la Malebo. Leina Malebo, ntsifatso ya lilebo ka teme ya Lilanga, le raya ditlhare tsa palm tse di phatlaletseng mo lotshitshing lwa lekadiba, ditlhaketlhake le dikgampu tsa Kinshasa. Ka jalo leina lekadiba la Malebo ke lefelo le le tletseng ditlhare le raya letsha la setlhare sa palm.&lt;ref name=&quot;:4&quot;&gt;Mukendi, Michael Tshibangu; Mbale, Henri Kunzi; Ntumba, Jean-Métis; Luyeye, Félicien Lukoki (2020). [https://globaljournals.org/GJSFR_Volume20/5-Floristic-Inventory-of-Invasive.pdf &quot;Floristic Inventory of Invasive Alien Aquatic Plants Found in Malebo Pool in Congo Rivers, Kinshasa, DR. Congo (Case of MOLONDO, MIPONGO, and JAPON Islands)&quot;] (PDF). ''Globaljournals.org''. Framingham, Massachusetts, United States: Global Journals. p. 31–44. ISSN 2249-4626. Retrieved 26 June 2026&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:3&quot; /&gt;

=== Tsela le go tsamaya mo go lone ===
Lekadiba la Malebo le dikhilomithara di le masome a mararo le botlhano ka boleele le dikhilomithara di le masome mabedi le boraro ka bophara, le apesa lefelo la dikhilomithara di le makgolo a matlhano, le na le ditlhaketlhake, se se tona e le setlhaketlhake sa M'Bamou, se se kwa gare se le botona jwa dikhilomithara di le lekgolo le masome a robabobedi gape ke bontlha jwa [[Republic of the Congo]]. Lekadiba ga le boteng, le boteng jwa dimithara di le tharo go tsena di le lesome, le ntswa merwalela ya dipaka dingwe e ka baka gore seelo sa metsi se farologane ka dimithara di le tharo ka ngwaga. Bo kwa godimo ja lefelo ke dimithara di le makgolo a mabedi, masome a supa le bobedi kwa godimo ga seelo sa lewatle.&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt;

Mo borwa jwa lekadiba, ditoropokgolo tsa Brazzaville le Kinshasa di lebagane mo matshitshing a a mo dintlheng tse di farologaneng, se se di dira ditoropokgolo tse di bapileng thata mo lefatsheng ka bophara (kwa nte ga Rome le Vatican City).&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Buron, Thierry (22 November 2020). [https://www.revueconflits.com/brazaville-et-kinshasa-proches-mais-separes/ &quot;Brazzaville et Kinshasa : proches, mais séparées&quot;]. ''Conflits: Revue de Géopolitique'' (in French). [https://web.archive.org/web/20231215134251/https://www.revueconflits.com/brazaville-et-kinshasa-proches-mais-separes/ Archived] from the original on 15 December 2023. Retrieved 26 June 2026&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Jennings, Ken (6 November 2017). [https://www.cntraveler.com/story/the-worlds-closest-capitals-are-just-2-miles-apart &quot;The World's Closest Capitals Are Just 2 Miles Apart&quot;]. ''Condé Nast Traveler''. New York, New York, United States. Retrieved 26 June 2026&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Nordine, Michael (18 July 2024). [https://dailypassport.com/closest-capital-cities/ &quot;These Are the World's Closest Capital Cities&quot;.] ''Daily Passport''. Retrieved 26 June 2206&lt;/ref&gt; Maluku o kwa kgorong ya kgampu, kwa lekadiba la Malebo le tshwayang tshimologo ya noka ya Congo e e tsamaegang go ya Mbandaka, Makanza, Bangui le go ya bokgakala jwa Kisangani, fa kwa tlase ga Bgaliema Bay, noka e feta ka makhubu a mantsi a a itsegeng ka leina la diphororo tsa Livingstone, go ya kwa tlase dikhilomithara di le makgolo a mararo go ya kwa maemelong a dikepe a Matadi.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Stanley, H.M., 1899, Through the Dark Continent, London: G. Newnes, Vol. One ISBN &lt;bdi&gt;[[:en:Special:BookSources/0486256677|0486256677]]&lt;/bdi&gt;, Vol. Two ISBN 0486256685&lt;/ref&gt;

== Ditso ==

=== Ditso tsa pele ===
[[Setshwantsho:Congo River with upstream half of Pool Malebo and Mbamu.jpg|left|thumb|Sesupo sa [[Noka ya Congo]] kwa bokone-bophirima]]
Kamano ya ma Yuropa le noka ya Congo e simologile ka ngwaga wa sekete,makgolo a mane le masome a robabobedi le boraro, fa mokgweetsi wa dikepe wa mo Potokisi Diogo Cao a goroga kwa molomong wa noka a tlhama botsalano gareng ga bogosi jwa portugal le bogosi jwa Kongo. Botsalano jo bo ne jwa fedisa go kgapelwa kwa thoko ga legare la Aforika mo mafaratlhatlheng a dikgaolo ga tshwaya tshimologo ya go kwalwa ka kgaolo e.&lt;ref name=&quot;:3&quot; /&gt; Dipatlsiso tsa marope le puo, boglo jang ya dipuo tsa Bantu, di supa fa , le fa go ntse jalo, go nna ga batho kwa kgampung ya Congo go ne go le teng le pele ga ma Yuropa ba tla, ka bosupi jwa temothuo, le madirelo a tshipi le kopore a ka batlelwa kwa morago dingwaga di le dikete pedi. Go tswa ka sedikadike sa dingwaga di le lesome le borataro go ya kwa pele, kgaolo e ne ya amangwa le kgwebo ya Atlantic, bogolo jang kgwebo ya makgoba ya Atlantic.&lt;ref name=&quot;:3&quot; /&gt; Tsela ya kgwebo e tona e ne ya tlhamega kwa lotshitshing lwa noka ya Congo, e e atologang go tswa kwa lotshitshing lwa Atlantic go ya legareng la kgampu. Lekadiba la Malebo e ne e le ntlha e e botlhokwa ya go isa dithoto mo mafaratlhatlheng a, e a kgaoganya gabedi go nna mafelo a mabedi. Lefelo le le kwa bophirima le tswa kwa lotshitshing go ya lekadibeng, le ne le ikaegile thata ka ditsela tsa lefatshe e bereka e le mosele wa tsamaiso ya dithoto, ka mafelo a a botlhokwa a Tungwa, Tshela, Sao Salvador, Kimongo le Ludima a kopantswe ke mafaratlhatlha a tsela. Lefelo le le kwa botlhaba, le tswa kwa lekadibeng la Malebo go ya Ubangi-Uele, e ne e le lefelo la madirelo, le isa dithoto di tshwana le dinkgwana, letswai, sukiri ya lotlhaka, bojalwa, dinaka tsa tlou, raba le copal.&lt;ref name=&quot;:3&quot; /&gt;
[[Setshwantsho:Bateke, Congo, c. 1900.jpg|thumb|Batho ba Bateke, kwa Congo Free State, ka 1898]]
Lefelo le le dikologileng lekadiba la Malebo go ya kwa bogosing jwa Tio, jobatho ba jone ba le ka fa tlase ga Bateke. Jan Vansina o o kwadileng patlisiso ka bogosi jo, o tlhalosa fa Bateke e ka tswa e le lefoko le le dirisiwang mo ditlhopheng tsa bogosi jwa Tio kgotsa go tlhalosa mekgwa ya bone.&lt;ref name=&quot;:3&quot; /&gt; Go kgabaganya kgaolo ya Kongo, plateau ya Bateke, le mokgatsha wa legare la Congo, lefoko Teke le amanngwa le kakanyo ya go rekisa. Ka puo ya Kikongo, teke o raya go rekisa, le amangwa le mokgwa mogolo wa itsholelo wa batho ba Tio, thekiso, le ka fa batho ba ba mabapi ba neng ba ba bona ka teng: e le barekisi. Vansina o supa gore batho ba Tio e ne e le setlhopha se se tlwaelesegileng kwa legareng la Aforika mo bathong ba Yuropa le ba America ka ntlha ya go nna teng ga bone go dikologa lekadiba la Malebo.&lt;ref name=&quot;:3&quot; /&gt; Batho ba le bantsi ba ba dirilweng makgoba ba ba neng ba rekisediwa ma America, ga mmogo le dinaka tsa tlou go tswa kwa kgampung ya Congo, ba ne ba feta ka lefelo le. Bogosi jwa Tio ka bo bone bo ka tswa bo simologile fa merafe ya sepolotiki e ne e kopana ka fa tlase ga gmoeteledipele a le mongwe Makoko. Go ya ka Isidore Ndaywel e Nziem, mongwe wa merafe e e ne e akaretsa matlotla a bogosi jwa bogologolo jwa N'guunu, kwa lekadibeng la Malebo. Tsamaiso e ya go kopanan e diragetse ka lekgolo la dingwag di le lesome le borataro. Mo tsamaong ya nako, bogosi jwa Tio bo ne jwa aga botsalano jo bo nonofileng jwa kgwebo le mafatshe a a mabapi jaaka Kingdom of Kongo le Loango, mo go netefadisteng go tsamaya ga dithoto fa gare ga lotshitshi lwa Atlantic le mo gae. Lekadiba la Malebo le ne le bereka e le lefelo le go bewang kwa go lone gape e le le le kopanyang tsela ya kgwebo, e le lefelo la boremelelo la kgwebo.&lt;ref name=&quot;:3&quot; /&gt;
[[Setshwantsho:Makoko-iloo.jpg|thumb|Iloo I kgosi wa Bateke ba Mbe]]
Mo borwa jwa lekadiba go ne go nna batho ba merafe ya Mfumu le Humbu (Bahumbu), ba ka puo le ngwao ba neng ba sikana le Bateke mme ba na le ditlhopha tse di farologaneng. Vansina o supa fa Bahumbu ba ne ba laola dikgaolo tse di kwa borwa jwa lekadiba. Magae a bone ka bontsi a ne a le mo gae kwa morago ga dithaba, toropokgolo ya bone e le kwa Lemba.&lt;ref name=&quot;:3&quot; /&gt; Moeteledipele wa Lemba, a le kwa Mbanza-Lemba, o ne a bereka e le mookamedimogolo wa lotshitshi lo lo kwa borwa lwa lekadiba. Mo dingwageng tse dintsi, ma Yuropa a ne a sa kgone go tsenelela kwa kgaolong ya lekadiba la Malebo. Fa le tshwangtshanngwa le mafelo a bophirima jwa Aforika, kgampu ya Congo e dirilwe kolone morago ga sebaka. Dipopego tsa lefatshe tsa tlholego e ne e le sekgoreletsi, mme tshwetso e tserwe ke maiteko a bagwebi ba Bakongo le Bateke a go kganela ma Yuropa, a bagwebi kgotsa barongwa go tsena kwa lekadibeng. Se se bonagala mo tshupong ya ga Francois Bontinck, e e tlhalosang maitemogelo a barongwa ba Italy ka lekgolo la dingwaga di le lesome le bosupa fa ba leka go tsena kwa bogosing jwa makoko ka go kgabaganya bogosi jwa Kongo.&lt;ref name=&quot;:3&quot; /&gt; Maiteko a bone a ntlha a ne a retelelwa, ka morongwa mongwe a ne a betswa a bo a tshosediwa gore o tlaa bolawa. Ba ne ba goroga kwa lekadibeng ka maiteko a bobedi, mme le ka nako eo tsela ya bone ya go tshaba e ne ya felela kwa lotshitshing lo lo kwa borwa, ba ne ba sa letlelelwe go kgabaganya noka go kopana le Makoko. Barongwa ba bangwe ba ne ba kopantshiwa ke go gana mo go tshwanang. Morago ga maiteko a le mmalwa a retetseng, ba ne ba leka go tsena kwa bogosing jwa Makoko ka mosele wa Ngobila, kgaolo ya Bateke, mme ba ne ba tlhaselwa ke balwantwa ba ba utlwang ka kgosi. Motse wa bone o ne wa tshubiwa, kgosi morago a o aga sesha go sele, kgakala le bone. Batlhasedi ba ne ba batla go kganela barongwa, ba tshaba gore kolobetso le thotloetso ya BaKeresete e tlaa nyenyafatsa serodumo sa bone mo kgwebong.&lt;ref name=&quot;:3&quot; /&gt; Batho ba Tio ba ne ba nna kwa lotshitshing lwa bogosi jwa Kongo ka ba ne ba tshwentswe ke gore barongwa ba ba setseng morago tsela ya maPotokisi ya kgwebo ba tlaa bona ditshwanelo tsa itsholelo tsa lefelo tse, jaaka ditshwanelo tsa tsela le madi a a lopiwang mo go ba ba kgabaganyang. Barongwa ba ne ba felela ba boela kwa Kongo ba sa kopana le Makoko. Bogosi jwa Makoko bo ne jwa tswelela ka go rekisetsa barongwa ba ba kwa Kongo, ba ba neng ba eletsa go dira mafelo a borongwa koo, mme go gana ga bagwebi go ne ga netefatsa gore dikeletso tse di seka tsa diragala.&lt;ref name=&quot;:3&quot; /&gt;

=== Kgwebo ya noka le phetogo ya itsholelo ===
[[Setshwantsho:Diapositief glaspositief toverlantaarnplaat – reeks 010.789 – Congo VI. Bevolking (2e verz.) – nr. 29 – Mfinu-mannen, omgeving Kinshasa, asset TwdYoXOYkiH4hcqYV663dQZ5.tif|left|thumb|Banna ba Mfumu kwa Leopoldville]]
Ka lekgolo la dingwaga di le lesome le borobabongwe, kgwebo ya noka ya mosepele o moleele e ne ya gola thata, le ntswa kgwebo ya makgoba e ne e kganetswe semmuso, le kwa lekadibeng la Malebo, dikolotsana tsa batlamedi di ne tsa tsaya dithoto go di isa kwa mafelong a thekiso gaufi le molomo wa noka ya Congo kwa Lower Congo. Bakaedi ba Congo ba ba neg ba kgabaganya kgaolo ba ne ba etelela pele dikete tsa dikolotsana tse di neng di tshotse batho ba ba dirilweng makgoba ga mmogo le chili pepper, dikungwa tsa palm, manoko, sesame le dinaka tsa tlou, le morago raba. Ka sebaka sa malatsi, ditshaba tse di kwa Congo kwa tlase di ne di isa dithoto tsa gin, letsela, ditlhobolo le marumo kwa ma Yuropeng a a neng a bakile borotho ka ditofo tse ditona.&lt;ref name=&quot;:3&quot; /&gt; Ka motlha o, ba Bobangi ba ne ba kopane le Bateke mo kgwebong kwa lekadibeng la Malebo. Ba fuduga kwa Ubangi kwa ba neng ba neng b nna teng pele, ba ne ba fudugela kwa legareng la Congo go ya kwa lekadibeng ka dingwaga di le lekgolo le le lesome le bosupa go tsena lekgolo le borobabongwe. E ne e se batlhasedi, mme ba ne ba ngokiwa ke kgwebo mo kgaolong eo. Ba ipitsa batho ba noka, batho ba Bobangi ba ne ba tsisa maatla a masha mo kgwebong. Mogwebi wa Bobangi o ne  a ka folosa dithotho di le dintsi ka ngwaga kwa lekadibeng,di le bokete jwa ditonne di le masome mane ka ngwaga. Kgwebo ya bone e ne e ikaegile thata ka dinaka tsa tlou le batho ba ba dirilweng makgoba ba ba yang kwa lotshitshing, tse di neng di fetolwa go nne tse di dirilweng ke ma Yuropa jaaka ditlhobolo le matsela.&lt;ref name=&quot;:3&quot; /&gt; Kgwebo ya makgoba e tsweleste go fitlhelela ka 1850 go tsena 1860, fa ba beelediwa ka dilo d tshwana le motsoko. Ka dingwaga tsa 1870, batho ba Bobangi ba ne ba isa dikete di le tlhano go tsena di le thataro tsa dinaka tsa tlou kwa lekadibeng la Malebo. Ba ne ba iponela serodumo sa go nna batsamaisi ba dikepe ba bo maitseanape kwa Congo le metswedi ya noka ya Alima, Likouala le Ikelemba, fa gare ga lekadiba la Malebo le lefelo la Bangala kwa mokgatsheng wa Ubangi. Dikolotsana tsa bone tsa kgwebo di ne di dira mekoro e mebotlana e le lesome go tsena masome a marataro e tshwere dithoto, e ne e tsamaya mo nokeng.&lt;ref name=&quot;:3&quot; /&gt; Puo ya Lilanga, e ne e tsaya mo puong ya kgwebo e e neng e dirisiwa mo Congo le Ubangi, e ne ya anama go nan puo ya boremelelo ya kgwebo mo mafelong a a tletseng batho, le ntswa e tlhamegile ka setlhopha se se botlana sa batho ba noka. Mo nakong, batho ba Bobangi ba ne ba tsaya karolo ba tloga ba okamela kgwebo mo mafaratlhatlheng a kgwebo, maemo a ba nnileng mo go one go fitlhelela go tlhamiwa lefelo la Leopoldville le go simololwa ga go tsamaya ka phefo ke Henry Morton Stanley ka 1881, ditiragalo tse di kganetseng, mme di sa emisa gotlhelele mafaratlhatlha a bone a kgwebo.&lt;ref name=&quot;:3&quot; /&gt;
[[Setshwantsho:DUPONT(1889) pg751 Panorama du Stanley Pool.jpg|thumb|Kwa botlhaba go kgabaganya lekadiba la Stanley go tswa kwa Leopoldville, 1889]]
Fa lekgolo la dingwaga di le lesome le borobabongwe le tla bokhutlong, kgwebo ya noka ya Congo e ne ya phutlhama. Go phutlhama ga yone e ne e le ka ntlha ya go kgaogana ga mafelo a noka mo bookamedi jwa France le jwa Belgium, go simololwa ga mafelo a masha a kgwebo kwa metseng e e mo lotshitshing lwa noka, go simololwa ga go tsamaya ka mowa, le go agiwa ga diporo. Kgwebo ya pele e ne e kopantse Aforika, Yuropa le America e amanya lekadiba la Malebo le itsholelo ya lefatshe mo lekgolong le le lesome le bosupa.&lt;ref name=&quot;:3&quot; /&gt; Mme kgwebo e ne e laolwa ke palo potlana fela ya baokamedi, bontsi e le banni ba ba gaufi le lekadiba ba ba neng ba na le ditshwanelo tsa go rekisa makgoba le dinaka tsa tlou. Dikgosi tse di ne di na le khumo e kgolo ya batho ba ba dirilweng makgoba, dibetsa, le dithoto tse di rekilweng go tswa kwa ntle. Dikgosi tse di neng di le kwa teng ga lefatshe di ne di sena thotloetso e kalo  ya itsholelo, ka di ne di tsaya karolo mo kgwebong ya kgaolo fela ka go romela baemedi kwa lekadibeng.&lt;ref name=&quot;:3&quot; /&gt; Ga mmogo le kgwebo ya lekadiba, go itshetsa mo gae le go betla go ne go ntse go le mosola. Botshelo jwa malatsi otlhe bo ne bo ikaegile thata ka maungo a temothuo le tiro ya diatla, tse di neng di ntsha dipoelo tse di kwa godimo tse di tlhokafalang go ema bagwebi le badiri ba diatla nokeng. Diphetogo tsa itsholelo tse di agileng sesha lefelo leo ka lekgolo la dingwaga di le lesome le borobabongwe di ne tsa ama itsholelo, temothuo le tiro ya diatla. Temothuo e ne ya gola thata. Go fetola cassava go nna dijo go rekisa kwa marekisetsong a noka go ne go tlhoka bomme ba ba berekang, fa go dira motsoko wa thekiso go ne go tlhoka borre, ba bontsi e neng e le makgoba. Dithoto tse di rekilweng tsa tshipi go tswa kwa lotshitshing lwa Atlantic tlhwatlhwa ya tsone e ne ya wela tlase go emela didirisiwa tsa tshipi, digai, le bora tse di dirilweng mo gae. Le go diriwa ga mekoro mo go neng go tlwaelesegile mo bathong ba Bobangi fa ba tshwara ditlhapi le go tsamaya mo metsing go ne ga nyelela. Go bopa dinkgwana gone go ne ga nna botlhokwa le go gaisa.&lt;ref name=&quot;:3&quot; /&gt;
[[Setshwantsho:Bateke Village, Kinshasa - Starr, Frederick, Congo natives - an ethnographic album (1912).png|left|thumb|Motse wa Kinshasa ka 1912]]
Borwa jwa lekadiba la Malebo go ne go na le metse e le mmalwa ya botlhokwa le selekanyo se se farologanang: mengwe e ne e le mo lotshitshing lwa noka, fa e mengwe e ne e le kwa teng. Mo metseng e e mo lotshitshing go ne go na le Ntassa (Kinshasa) le Ntamo (Kintambo), e e neng e bereka e le marekisetso kwa lotshitshing lo lo kwa borwa.&lt;ref name=&quot;:3&quot; /&gt; Metse e tshwana le Nolo, Kingabwa, Mokilao le Kinsuka yone e ne e le mo lotshitshing lwa noka go nna Bateke kwa go yone. Metse e e kwa teng e ne e le ya Bahumbu. Motse mogolo wa bone e ne e le Mbanza-Lemba, lefelo le le botlhokwa la thekiso. Metse e mengwe ya Bahumbu e ne e akaretsa Kimbanza le Kimwenza. Itsholelo le botshelo jwa selegae di ne di farologana mo metseng go ya ka gore a ba nna mo lotshitshing kana kwa teng. Go ya ka Jan Vansina, metse e e mo lotshitshing gaufi le lekadiba la Malebo e ne e ka nna ditoropo tsa thekiso. Go sa tshwane le metse e ekwa teng metse e e ene e le ditlhopha tsa metsana e le thataro kgotsa e supa. Sekai, Kinshasa o ne a dirilwe ka metsana e le mmalwa e gasame le dikgampu tsa Kalina le Ndolo. Bontsi jwa metse e e mo lotshitshing e ne e na le batho ba ba farologaneng ba Tio le Bobangi.&lt;ref name=&quot;:3&quot; /&gt; Go nna ga bone go ne go faphegile: palo potlana ya banna ba ne ba nna kwa lefelong la bokgoba ebile ba le okametse. Bontsi jwa mafelo a a mo lotshitshing a ne a na le batho ba ba dirilweng makgoba ba ka nna makgolo. Metse e metona thata jaaka Kinshasa le Kintambo, e ka tswa e ne e na le makgolo a matlhano go tsena sekete sa baago ba akaretsa basadi. Metse e metona e gangwe le gape e ne e amogela dikolosana tsa bagwebi go tswa go kgabaganya noka ya Congo, ba dikampa tsa bone di neng di nna sebaka sa dibeke ka nako.&lt;ref name=&quot;:3&quot; /&gt; Banni ba lotshitshi ba ne ba lema lefatshe le se kalo mme ba reka dijo mo bathong ba ba kwa teng ba Bahumbu. Banna ba se kae ba ne ba tshwara ditlhapi, mme bontsi bo ne bo ikaegile ka go gweba mo gae. Basadi mo metseng eo ba ne ba bona diphetogo tse ditona mo seabeng sa bone mo itsholelong ka go oketsga ga kgwebo ya noka. Ka masimo a se kae a ne a le gaufi le bonno jo, bomme ba ne ba ikaega ka ditiro tsa diatla, bogolo jang go bopa dinkgwana, le go dira borotho jo bontsi jwa cassava go rekisetsa bakgweetsi ba dikolotsana kwa metseng. Ba ne gape ba tsaya karolo mo marekisetsong, ba rekisa dijo tse di rekilweng mo go bomme ba ba nnang kwa teng. Le ntswa ba ne ba dira tiro e, ditiro tsa bone tsa letsatsi le letsatsi di ne di ba fa nako ya go ikhutsa go gaisa bomme ba ba nnang kwa teng.&lt;ref name=&quot;:3&quot; /&gt;

== Popego ==

=== Seemo sa loapi ===
[[Setshwantsho:Stanley pool01.jpg|thumb|Mmepe wa lekadiba la Stanley]]
Lekadiba la Malebo le itemogela seemosa loapi se sa dipula tse dintsi go ya kwa go sa komelelo le pula nako nngwe se tshwaiwa ke dipaka tse pedi. Paka ya komelelo e nna sebaka sa dikgwedi tse tharo, go tswa ka Seetebosigo go tsena Phatwe, fa paka ya pula e tswa ka Lwetse go tsena Motsheganong, e kgaupediwa ka nakwana ke motlha wa komelelo ka Firikgong go tsena Tlhakole.&lt;ref name=&quot;:4&quot; /&gt; Pula e ntsi ka Ngwanatsele, Morule le Mopitlo, fa Phukwi e le kgwedi e e omeletseng go gaisa dikgwedi tse dingwe. Ka ntlha ya go nna kwa tlase, Kinshasa o na le seemo sa loapi se se molelo mme go le bongola, ka paka ya komelelo go tswa ka Seetebosigo go tsena Lwetse le paka ya pula go tswa ka Lwetse go tsena Motsheganong.&lt;ref name=&quot;:4&quot; /&gt;

=== Dimela ===
Setlhare sa palm le sa papyrus di apesitse lotshitshi lwa noka le lekadiba la Malebo, fa dithunya tsa metsi di kokobetse mo moseleng wa noka gape di tsamaya mo lekadibeng. &lt;ref&gt;[https://web.archive.org/web/20260626104553/https://www.feow.org/ecoregion_details.php%3Feco%3D548 &quot;Malebo Pool&quot;] Archived 2011-10-05 at the Wayback Machine. [https://www.feow.org/ &quot;Freshwater Ecoregions of the World]&quot;. The Nature Conservancy. Accessed 26 June 2206&lt;/ref&gt;

== Metswedi ==</text>
      <sha1>i79izg0h9tsih2xhcaj0iyasa38cpy4</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>HIV/AIDS</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>14385</id>
    <revision>
      <id>54175</id>
      <parentid>54115</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-08-17T20:41:36Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>InternetArchiveBot</username>
        <id>8156</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Add 1 book for [[en:Wikipedia:Verifiability|verifiability]] (20260817)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]]</comment>
      <origin>54175</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="14664" sha1="fyum0il7yt2pjad2l73lpqlhuuwxh0k" xml:space="preserve">{{redir|AIDS}}

{{Infobox medical condition|name=HIV/AIDS|synonym=HIV disease, HIV infection&lt;ref name=AIDS2010GOV/&gt;&lt;ref name=AETC-staging&gt;{{cite web |title=HIV Classification: CDC and WHO Staging Systems {{!}} AIDS Education and Training Centers National Coordinating Resource Center (AETC NCRC) |url=https://aidsetc.org/guide/hiv-classification-cdc-and-who-staging-systems |website=aidsetc.org |publisher=AIDS Education and Training Center Program |access-date=September 10, 2017 |language=en |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171018065658/https://aidsetc.org/guide/hiv-classification-cdc-and-who-staging-systems |archive-date=October 18, 2017 |url-status=dead |df=mdy-all}}&lt;/ref&gt;|image=Red_Ribbon.svg|image_size=280px|image_thumbtime=|alt=A red ribbon in the shape of a bow|caption=The [[red ribbon#AIDS awareness origin|red ribbon]] is a [[awareness ribbon#Awareness Ribbon origin|symbol]] for [[solidarity]] with [[HIV-positive people]] and those living with AIDS.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Wear your red ribbon this World AIDS Day {{!}} UNAIDS |url=http://www.unaids.org/en/resources/presscentre/featurestories/2006/november/20061130redribbonen |website=www.unaids.org |publisher=UNAIDS Secretariat |access-date=September 10, 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170910221331/http://www.unaids.org/en/resources/presscentre/featurestories/2006/november/20061130redribbonen |archive-date=September 10, 2017 |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt;|pronounce=|specialty=[[Infectious diseases (medical specialty)|Infectious disease]]|symptoms='''Early''': Flu-like illness&lt;ref name=WHO2015Fact/&gt;&lt;br /&gt;'''Later''': [[Lymphadenopathy|Large lymph nodes]], fever, weight loss&lt;ref name=WHO2015Fact/&gt;|complications=[[Opportunistic infection]]s, [[tumors]]&lt;ref name=WHO2015Fact/&gt;|onset=|duration=Lifelong&lt;ref name=WHO2015Fact/&gt;|types=|causes=[[HIV|Human immunodeficiency virus]] (HIV)&lt;ref name=WHO2015Fact/&gt;|risks=Exposure to blood, breast milk, sex&lt;ref name=WHO2015Fact/&gt;|diagnosis=Blood tests&lt;ref name=WHO2015Fact/&gt;|differential=|prevention=[[Safe sex]], [[needle exchange]], [[male circumcision]], [[pre-exposure prophylaxis]], [[post-exposure prophylaxis]]&lt;ref name=WHO2015Fact/&gt;|treatment=[[Management of HIV/AIDS|Antiretroviral therapy]]&lt;ref name=WHO2015Fact/&gt;|medication=|prognosis=Near normal life expectancy with treatment&lt;ref name=CDC21015Bas/&gt;&lt;ref name=UN2012Vac/&gt;&lt;br&gt;11 years life expectancy without treatment&lt;ref name=UNAIDS2007/&gt;|frequency={{Plain list|
* 71.3–112.8 million total cases&lt;ref name=UN2022/&gt;
* 1.3 million new cases (2022)&lt;ref name=UN2022/&gt;
* 39.9 million living with HIV (2022)&lt;ref name=UN2022/&gt;
}}|deaths={{Plain list|
* 42.3 million total&lt;ref name=UN2022/&gt;
* 630,000 (2023)&lt;ref name=UN2022/&gt;
}}|named after=}}

'''Mogare wa tlhaelo ya masole a mmele le bolwetse jwa tlhaelo ya masole a mmele''' ( '''HIV/AIDS''' ) ke makalana a a farologanyeng a a bakiwang ke mogare wa tlhaelo ya masole a mmele ( HIV ).&lt;ref name=&quot;pmid11396444&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|vauthors=Sepkowitz KA|title=AIDS – the first 20 years|journal=[[The New England Journal of Medicine]]|volume=344|issue=23|pages=1764–72|date=June 2001|pmid=11396444|doi=10.1056/NEJM200106073442306}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|first=Alexander|last=Krämer|first2=Mirjam|last2=Kretzschmar|first3=Klaus|last3=Krickeberg|title=Modern infectious disease epidemiology concepts, methods, mathematical models, and public health|date=2010|publisher=Springer|location=New York|isbn=978-0-387-93835-6|page=88|edition=Online-Ausg.|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Di0_5x82HykC&amp;pg=PA88|df=mdy-all|access-date=June 27, 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150924081609/https://books.google.com/books?id=Di0_5x82HykC&amp;pg=PA88|archive-date=September 24, 2015|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|first=Wilhelm|last=Kirch|title=Encyclopedia of Public Health|date=2008|publisher=Springer|location=New York|isbn=978-1-4020-5613-0|pages=676–77|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=eSPK7-CHw7oC&amp;pg=PA676|df=mdy-all|access-date=June 27, 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150911141720/https://books.google.com/books?id=eSPK7-CHw7oC&amp;pg=PA676|archive-date=September 11, 2015|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; Morago ga go tsenwa ke mogare ele lantlha motho a ka nna a se ka a lemoga dikai dipe, kgotsa a ka nna a itemogela go tsenwa ke bolwetse jo tshwanang le jwa mohikela.&lt;ref name=&quot;WHO2015Fact&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|title=HIV/AIDS Fact sheet N°360|url=http://www.who.int/mediacentre/factsheets/fs360/en/|publisher=[[World Health Organization]]|access-date=February 11, 2016|date=November 2015|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160217160830/http://www.who.int/mediacentre/factsheets/fs360/en/|archive-date=February 17, 2016|df=mdy-all}}&lt;/ref&gt; Gantsi, seno se latelwa ke nako e telele e e senang dikai.&lt;ref name=&quot;CDC21015Bas&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|title=About HIV/AIDS|url=https://www.cdc.gov/hiv/basics/whatishiv.html|website=CDC|access-date=February 11, 2016|date=December 6, 2015|df=mdy-all|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160224101946/http://www.cdc.gov/hiv/basics/whatishiv.html|archive-date=February 24, 2016|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; Fa tsenwa ke mogare go tswelela pele, go kgoreletsa thata masole a mmele, go oketsa borajw ya go tsenwa ke malwetsi aa tlwaelesegileng  jaaka [[Kgotlholo e tona/Bolwetsi jwa mafatlha|bolwetsi jwa kgoltholo e tona]], malwetsi a mangwe a kgona go nnang teng, le ditlhagala tse di sa tlwaelegang mo bathong ba ba nang le masole a mmele aa tlwaelesegileng.&lt;ref name=&quot;WHO2015Fact&quot; /&gt; Dikai tsedi itshupang morago tse di bidiwa AIDS.&lt;ref name=&quot;CDC21015Bas&quot; /&gt; Kgato e gantsi e amanngwa le go latlhegelwa ke mmele mo gosa rulaganngwang.&lt;ref name=&quot;CDC21015Bas&quot; /&gt;

HIV e anamisiwa thata ke tlhakanelodikobo e e sa sireletsegang (go akaretsa le tlhakanelodikobo ya marago le ya molomo ), go tshelwa madi a a kgotlelesegileng, dinnale tse di tsenngwang mo letlalong, le go tswa mo go mmè go ya kwa ngwaneng ka nakong ya boimana, pelegi kgotsa go anyisa ka lebele.&lt;ref name=&quot;TransmissionM2007&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|veditors=Rom WN, Markowitz SB|title=Environmental and occupational medicine|year=2007|publisher=[[Wolters Kluwer]]/Lippincott Williams &amp; Wilkins|location=Philadelphia|isbn=978-0-7817-6299-1|page=745|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=H4Sv9XY296oC&amp;pg=PA745|edition=4th|df=mdy-all|access-date=June 27, 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150911155744/https://books.google.com/books?id=H4Sv9XY296oC&amp;pg=PA745|archive-date=September 11, 2015|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; Diedi dingwe tsa mmele, jaaka mathe, mofufutso le dikeledi, ga di fetise mogare ono.&lt;ref name=&quot;CDCtransmission&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|publisher=[[Centers for Disease Control and Prevention]]|year=2003|url=https://www.cdc.gov/HIV/pubs/facts/transmission.htm|title=HIV and Its Transmission|access-date=May 23, 2006|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20050204141148/http://www.cdc.gov/HIV/pubs/facts/transmission.htm|archive-date=February 4, 2005}}&lt;/ref&gt; HIV ke leloko la setlhopha sa megare ee di bidiwang retroviruses.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Retrovirus Definition|url=https://aidsinfo.nih.gov/understanding-hiv-aids/glossary/634/retrovirus|website=AIDSinfo|access-date=December 28, 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191228142824/https://aidsinfo.nih.gov/understanding-hiv-aids/glossary/634/retrovirus|archive-date=December 28, 2019|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Mekgwa ya thibelo e akaretsa thobalano e e babalesegileng, mananeo a go fapaanela dinnale, go alafa ba ba tsenweng ke mogare, thibelo ya pele le morago ga go tlhagelela, le go rupa ga banna.&lt;ref name=&quot;WHO2015Fact&quot; /&gt; Bolwetse mo leseyeng gantsi bo ka thibelwa ka go neela mmangwana le ngwana melemo ya antiretroviral.&lt;ref name=&quot;WHO2015Fact&quot; /&gt; Ga go na kalafi kgotsa mokento ; le fa go ntse jalo, kalafi ya antiretroviral e ka dira gore bolwetse bo se ka jwa kekela mme e dire gore motho a tshele lobaka lo lo tlwaelegileng la botshelo.&lt;ref name=&quot;CDC21015Bas&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;UN2012Vac&quot;&gt;{{Cite news|title=The quest for an HIV vaccine|url=http://www.unaids.org/en/resources/presscentre/featurestories/2012/may/20120518vaccinesday/|date=May 18, 2012}}&lt;/ref&gt; Kalafi e simololwa gone foo fa mogare o tshwerwe.&lt;ref name=&quot;WHO2015Tx&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|title=Guideline on when to start antiretroviral therapy and on pre-exposure prophylaxis for HIV|date=2015|publisher=World Health Organization|isbn=978-92-4-150956-5|page=13|url=http://apps.who.int/iris/bitstream/10665/186275/1/9789241509565_eng.pdf?ua=1|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151014071803/http://apps.who.int/iris/bitstream/10665/186275/1/9789241509565_eng.pdf?ua=1|archive-date=October 14, 2015|df=mdy-all}}&lt;/ref&gt; Kwantle ga kalafi, nako ya go tshela morago ga go tsenwa ke mogare ke dingwaga tsedi lesome le bongwe.&lt;ref name=&quot;UNAIDS2007&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|last=[[Joint United Nations Programme on HIV/AIDS|UNAIDS]], World Health Organization|date=December 2007|title=2007 AIDS epidemic update|url=http://data.unaids.org/pub/EPISlides/2007/2007_epiupdate_en.pdf|access-date=March 12, 2008|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080527201701/http://data.unaids.org/pub/EPISlides/2007/2007_epiupdate_en.pdf|archive-date=May 27, 2008}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Ka 2021, batho ba le dimilione dile masome mararo le boferabobedi ba ne ba tshela ka mogare mme go nnile le dintsho di le 650 000.&lt;ref name=&quot;UN2022&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.unaids.org/en/resources/fact-sheet|title=Global HIV &amp; AIDS statistics — 2022 fact sheet|website=[[Joint United Nations Programme on HIV/AIDS|UNAIDS]]|access-date=July 20, 2023|archive-date=December 4, 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191204021652/https://www.unaids.org/en/resources/fact-sheet|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; Go akanyediwa gore dimilione di le 20,6 tsa batho ba ba nna kwa botlhaba le borwa jwa Aferika.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.unaids.org/sites/default/files/media_asset/UNAIDS_FactSheet_en.pdf|title=Fact Sheet - World AIDS Day 2019|website=www.unaids.org|access-date=2019-12-21|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191221165100/https://www.unaids.org/sites/default/files/media_asset/UNAIDS_FactSheet_en.pdf|archive-date=December 21, 2019|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; Mo gare ga nako e bolwetsi jwa AIDS bo neng bo lemogiwa ka jone (mo tshimologong ya bo1980) le 2018, bolwetse jo bo ne jwa baka dintsho tsa batho go akanyediwa go nna dimilione dile 32 .&amp;nbsp;&lt;ref name=&quot;UN2018&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.unaids.org/en/resources/fact-sheet|title=Global HIV &amp; AIDS statistics — 2019 fact sheet|website=www.unaids.org|language=en|access-date=2019-12-21|publisher=UNAIDS|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191204021652/https://www.unaids.org/en/resources/fact-sheet|archive-date=December 4, 2019|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; HIV/AIDS e tsewa e le leroborobo —go runya ga bolwetse jo bo leng teng mo lefelong le legolo mme bo anama ka matlhagatlhaga.&lt;ref name=&quot;Kallings&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|vauthors=Kallings LO|title=The first postmodern pandemic: 25 years of HIV/AIDS|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_journal-of-internal-medicine_2008-03_263_3/page/n7|journal=Journal of Internal Medicine|volume=263|issue=3|pages=218–43|date=March 2008|pmid=18205765|doi=10.1111/j.1365-2796.2007.01910.x}}(subscription required)&lt;/ref&gt; HIV e ne ya tlola go tswa mo diphologolong tse dingwe tse di tshelang go ya kwa bathong kwa bophirima-bogare jwa Afrika mo tshimologong go ya kwa bogareng jwa lekgolo la bo20 la dingwaga.&lt;ref name=&quot;Orgin2011&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|vauthors=Sharp PM, Hahn BH|title=Origins of HIV and the AIDS pandemic|journal=Cold Spring Harbor Perspectives in Medicine|volume=1|issue=1|page=a006841|date=September 2011|pmid=22229120|pmc=3234451|doi=10.1101/cshperspect.a006841}}&lt;/ref&gt; AIDS e ne ya lemogiwa la ntlha ke lekalana la United States la Taolo le Thibelo ya Malwetse (CDC) ka 1981 mme se se e bakang—go ama HIV—se ne sa lemogiwa mo karolong ya ntlha ya dingwaga di le lesome.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|vauthors=Gallo RC|title=A reflection on HIV/AIDS research after 25 years|journal=[[Retrovirology (journal)|Retrovirology]]|volume=3|issue=1|page=72|date=October 2006|pmid=17054781|pmc=1629027|doi=10.1186/1742-4690-3-72}}&lt;/ref&gt;

HIV/AIDS e nnile le ditlamorago tse dikgolo mo setšhabeng, jaaka bolwetse le jaaka motswedi wa kgethololo.&lt;ref name=&quot;UNAIDS2006Ch4&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|publisher=[[Joint United Nations Programme on HIV/AIDS|UNAIDS]]|year=2006|title=2006 Report on the global AIDS epidemic|chapter=The impact of AIDS on people and societies|url=http://data.unaids.org/pub/GlobalReport/2006/2006_GR_CH04_en.pdf|isbn=978-92-9173-479-5|access-date=July 28, 2020|archive-date=October 4, 2006|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20061004001821/http://data.unaids.org/pub/GlobalReport/2006/2006_GR_CH04_en.pdf|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; Bolwetse jo gape bo na le ditlamorago tse dikgolo tsa ikonomi.&lt;ref name=&quot;UNAIDS2006Ch4&quot; /&gt; Go na le dikakanyo tse dintsi tse di fosagetseng ka HIV/AIDS, jaaka tumelo ya gore e ka tshelanwa ka go amana ka tsela e e sa reng sepe e e seng ya thobalano.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|title=Myth Busters|journal=[[Science (journal)|Science]]|volume=351|issue=6268|pages=35|url=http://austintexas.gov/page/myth-busters|access-date=February 14, 2016|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160222160217/http://austintexas.gov/page/myth-busters|archive-date=February 22, 2016|bibcode=2016Sci...351...35E|last=Endersby|first=Jim|year=2016|doi=10.1126/science.aad2891}}&lt;/ref&gt; Bolwetse jono bo ile jwa baka dikganetsano tse dintsi tse di amanang le bodumedi, go akaretsa le maemo a Kereke ya Katoliki jwa go sa tshegetsa tiriso ya sekausu jaaka thibelo.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|last=McCullom|first=Rob|title=An African Pope Won't Change the Vatican's Views on Condoms and AIDS|url=https://www.theatlantic.com/sexes/archive/2013/02/an-african-pope-wont-change-the-vaticans-views-on-condoms-and-aids/273535/|website=The Atlantic|access-date=February 14, 2016|date=February 26, 2013|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160308135849/http://www.theatlantic.com/sexes/archive/2013/02/an-african-pope-wont-change-the-vaticans-views-on-condoms-and-aids/273535/|archive-date=March 8, 2016|df=mdy-all}}&lt;/ref&gt; Go ngokile tlhokomelo ya boditšhabatšhaba ya kalafi le ya sepolotiki mmogo le matlole a magolo fa e sale e supiwa ka dingwaga tsa bo 1980.&lt;ref name=&quot;isbn1-59797-294-0&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|last=Harden, Victoria Angela|title=AIDS at 30: A History|url=https://archive.org/details/aidsat30history0000hard|publisher=Potomac Books Inc|location=|year=2012|page=[https://archive.org/details/aidsat30history0000hard/page/n343 324]|isbn=978-1-59797-294-9|oclc=|doi=}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Ditshupiso ==
{{Reflist}}
[[Category:Translated from MDWiki]]</text>
      <sha1>fyum0il7yt2pjad2l73lpqlhuuwxh0k</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Go nna sekaka ga lefelo</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>14576</id>
    <revision>
      <id>54191</id>
      <parentid>53450</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-08-17T21:15:36Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>InternetArchiveBot</username>
        <id>8156</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Add 1 book for [[en:Wikipedia:Verifiability|verifiability]] (20260817)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]]</comment>
      <origin>54191</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="86277" sha1="3hzp33h6awqogl7r5rm9bm2gqnyxfn4" xml:space="preserve">[[File:Global_distribution_of_dryland_subtypes_based_on_the_aridity_index.png|thumb|dikgaolo tsa lefatshe le le omeletseng  di bontshiwa mo moalong lefatshe ka bophara , go lebilwe seelo sa komelelo se se badilweng mo palogareng ya dingwaga di le masome a mararo ka 1981 go ya go 2010. Dikaka tse di tlwaelesegileng di supiwa ke setlhopha sa hyper-arid (serolwana/mmala wa lephutshe yo o sa gatelelang). ]]
[[File:Somalia,_Mudug,_Dhinowda_(02).jpg|right|thumb|234x234px|Go nna sekaka ga lefelo mo go feteletseng kwa Somalia]]
'''Go nna sekaka ga lefelo''' ke mofuta wa go senyega ga lefatshe mo go diragalang ka iketlo mo lefatshe le le nonneng go fetoga go nna sekaka se se omeletseng ka ntlha ya kopano ya ditiragalo tsa tlholego le ditiro tsa batho.

Selo se se bakang go nna sekaka gantsi ke go latlhegelwa ke bontsi jwa dimela. Se se bakwa ke dintlha di le mmalwa, di le nosi kgotsa di kopantswe, jaaka komelelo, diphetogo tsa loapi, go epa mmu go dira temothuo, go fudisa go feta selekanyo le go rengwa ga dikgwa go bona lookwane kgotsa didirisiwa tsa kago. Le fa dimela di na le seabe se segolo mo go tlhomamiseng popego ya mmu, dithutopatlisiso di bontshitse gore, mo ditikologong tse dintsi, seelo sa kgothego le go elela ga metsi se fokotsega ka bontsi fa go khurumetsa mmu ga dimela go oketsega. &lt;ref name=&quot;:8&quot;&gt;{{Cite book |last=Geeson, Nichola |year=2002 |title=Mediterranean desertification: a mosaic of processes and responses |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=G_0qg0f49GQC&amp;pg=PA58 |publisher=John Wiley &amp; Sons |isbn=978-0-470-84448-9 |page=58 |display-authors=etal |access-date=16 May 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230730161049/https://books.google.com/books?id=G_0qg0f49GQC&amp;pg=PA58 |archive-date=30 July 2023 |url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; Mmu yo o sa sirelediwang fa godimo, le yo omeletseng e fokwa ke phefo kgotsa e gogolwa ke merwalela ya tshoganyetso, mo go tlogelang mmu yo o ka fa tlase yo o sa nonang thata gore o nne mo letsatsing mme o felele o omelela thata o ka seke o ungwe. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Sustainable development of drylands and combating desertification |url=http://www.fao.org/docrep/v0265e/v0265e01.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170804222104/http://www.fao.org/docrep/v0265e/v0265e01.htm |archive-date=4 August 2017 |access-date=21 June 2016}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref name=&quot;Zeng L17401&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Zeng |first=Ning |last2=Yoon |first2=Jinho |date=1 September 2009 |title=Expansion of the world's deserts due to vegetation-albedo feedback under global warming |journal=Geophysical Research Letters |volume=36 |issue=17 |page=L17401 |bibcode=2009GeoRL..3617401Z |doi=10.1029/2009GL039699 |issn=1944-8007 |s2cid=1708267 |doi-access=free}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Banni ba kana masome a le boferabongwe mo lekgolong (90%) ba mafelo a a omeletseng ba nna mo mafatsheng a a santseng a tlhabologa, a mo go one gape ba sokodisiwang ke diemo tsa itsholelo le morafe. &lt;ref name=&quot;:9&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=2010–2020: UN Decade for Deserts and the Fight against Desertification |url=https://www.un.org/en/events/desertification_decade/index.shtml |access-date=11 September 2023 |website=www.un.org |language=EN}}&lt;/ref&gt; Seemo se se gakadiwa ke go fokotsega boleng jwa lefatshe mo go fokotsang go ungwa ga lone, go sa tlhomamang ga methale ya go itshetsa le go nna dingalo gore batho ba fitlhelele metswedi ya madi le ditshono. 

Dikgaolo mo lefatsheng tse di amegang thata di mo Aforika ( kgaolo ya Sahel ), Asia ( Sekaka sa Gobi le Mongolia ) le dikarolo tsa Amerika Borwa . Lefatshe le le omeletseng le tsaya mo e ka nnang masome a mane go ya go a le mane le bongwe mo lekgolong (40–41%) ya lefatshe la Lefatshe (Earth's land) mme ke legae la&amp;nbsp;batho ba le dibilione di le pedi.  Ditlamorago tsa go fetoga ga lefelo go nna sekaka di akaretsa ditsuatsue tsa motlhaba le lerole, go tlhoka go tshepha go nna teng ga dijo, le lehuma . &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Carvalho |first=Keegan |date=2024-12-03 |title=What Is Desertification? Causes, Effects, And Solutions |url=https://earth.org/what-is-desertification/ |access-date=2026-06-23 |website=Earth.Org |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Methale ya go fokotsa kgotsa go busetsa morago go nna sekaka ga lefelo go akaretsa go tokafatsa boleng jwa mmu, go dira dikaka ditala, go laola mafulo, le go jala ditlhare ( go jala dikgwa sesha le go jala dikgwa ) &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=N.V |first=GREEN EARTH GROUP |title=Green Earth {{!}} How to combat desertification |url=https://www.green.earth/desertification |access-date=2026-06-23 |website=www.green.earth |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Mo ditsong tsotlhe tsa popego ya lefatshe, go nna teng ga dikaka go diragetse ka tlholego mo nakong e e telele thata. &lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Desertification |url=https://pubs.usgs.gov/gip/deserts/desertification/ |access-date=11 September 2023 |website=pubs.usgs.gov}}&lt;/ref&gt; Thuto ya segompieno ya go fetoga sekaka ga mafelo e tlhagile go tswa mo thutong ya komelelo ya dingwaga tsa bo 1980 kwa Sahel . &lt;ref name=&quot;:6&quot;&gt;{{Cite book |date=2016 |title=The End of Desertification? |isbn=978-3-642-16013-4 |editor-last=Behnke |editor-first=Roy |series=Springer Earth System Sciences |language=en |doi=10.1007/978-3-642-16014-1 |issn=2197-9596 |editor-last2=Mortimore |editor-first2=Michael}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Ditlhaloso ==

Go nna sekaka ga lefelo ke tiragalo e e diregang ka iketlo ya go oketsega ga komelelo ya mmu . Go nna sekaka ga lefelo go tlhalositswe mo mokwalong wa Tumalano ya Ditšhabakopano ya go Lwantsha go Nna Sekaka (UNCCD) jaaka &quot;go latlhegelwa ke boleng ga mmu mo dikgaolong tse di omileng, tse di omeletseng go le sekae le tse di omileng mme di na le bokgola jo bo kwa tlase mo go bakiwang ke mabaka a a farologaneng, go akaretsa le dipharologano tsa seemo sa loapi le ditiro tsa batho.&quot; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Hulme |first=Mike |last2=Kelly |first2=Mick |date=1993 |title=Exploring the links between Desertification and Climate Change |url=http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/00139157.1993.9929106 |journal=Environment: Science and Policy for Sustainable Development |language=en |volume=35 |issue=6 |pages=4–45 |bibcode=1993ESPSD..35f...4H |doi=10.1080/00139157.1993.9929106 |issn=0013-9157 |url-access=subscription}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Tlhaloso ya Sekaka – Lefelo mo lefatsheng  le selekanyo sa pula le kapoko se leng kwa tlase thata go na le mafelo a mangwe, le palogare ya pula ya ngwaga le ngwaga e leng kwa tlase ga disenthimithara di le masome a mabedi le botlhano. Tlhaloso ka UNO (1995) – Go latlhegelwa ke boleng ga lefatshe mo mafelong a a senang sepe, a a bokgola le a a seng bokgola ka ntlha ya phetogo ya loapi le ditiro tsa batho go bidiwa go nna sekaka. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Desert |url=https://education.nationalgeographic.org/resource/desert |access-date=2026-06-23 |website=education.nationalgeographic.org |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Go tloga ka 2005, go ne go na le kganetsano e tona ka ga tlhaloso e e siameng ya lefoko ''desertification(go nna sekaka)'' ka ditlhaloso tse di fetang lekgolo tsa semmuso tse di neng di le teng. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book |last=Geist |first=Helmut |date=1 October 2017 |title=The Causes and Progression of Desertification |url=https://www.taylorfrancis.com/books/mono/10.4324/9781315240855/causes-progression-desertification-helmut-geist |publisher=Routledge |isbn=978-1-315-24085-5 |location=London |doi=10.4324/9781315240855}}&lt;/ref&gt; E e neng ya amogelwa thata ke ya thanodi ya Sekolo sa dithuto tse di kgolwane sa Princeton e e neng ya e tlhalosa jaaka &quot; tiragalo e lefatshe le le nonneng ''le fetogang sekaka'' ka ntlha ya go rengwa ga dikgwa, [[Leuba|komelelo]] kgotsa temothuo e e sa siamang &quot;.&lt;sup class=&quot;noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact&quot; style=&quot;white-space:nowrap;&quot;&gt;&amp;#x5B; ''&lt;span title=&quot;This claim needs references to reliable sources. (March 2026)&quot;&gt;citation needed&lt;/span&gt;'' &amp;#x5D;&lt;/sup&gt; Tlhaloso e e bontshitse ka tlhamalalo kgolagano ya go fetoga ga lefatshe go nna sekaka le ditiro tsa batho, segolobogolo tiriso ya lefatshe le mekgwa ya taolo ya lefatshe. E ne gape ya tlhagisa ditlamorago tsa itsholelo, loago le tikologo tsa go fetoga sekaka ga lefelo. Le fa go ntse jalo, tlhaloso e ya ntlha ya gore go nna sekaka ga lefelo go ne go akaretsa go atolosiwa ga dikaka ke batho e gannwe ka gonne mogopolo o o ne wa tswelela ka go fetoga fa e sale ka nako eo. 

Gape go na le dikganetsano dingwe mabapi le go aroganngwa ga mefuta ya sekaka, go akaretsa, boammaaruri le mosola wa tlhaloso ya mafoko a a a tshwanang le &quot;sekaka se se dirilweng ke batho&quot; le &quot;sekaka se se senang moalo&quot;. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Geist |first=Helmut J. |last2=Lambin |first2=Eric F. |date=2004 |title=Dynamic Causal Patterns of Desertification |journal=BioScience |language=en |volume=54 |issue=9 |page=817 |doi=10.1641/0006-3568(2004)054[0817:DCPOD]2.0.CO;2 |issn=0006-3568 |doi-access=free}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== tse di bakang go fetoga sekaka ga lefelo ==

=== tsa pele/ntlha fela ===
Selo se se bakang go nna sekaka ga lefelo ga ntlha fela ke go latlhegelwa ke bontsi jwa dimela. Se se bakwa ke dintlha di le mmalwa, di le nosi kgotsa di kopantswe, jaaka komelelo, diphetogo tsa seemo sa loapi, go epa mmu go lema, go fudisa go feta selekanyo le go rengwa ga dikgwa go bona lookwane kgotsa didirisiwa tsa kago. Le fa dimela di na le seabe se segolo mo go tlhomamiseng popego ya mmu, dithutopatlisiso di bontshitse gore, mo ditikologong tse dintsi, seelo sa kgothego ya mmu le go elela ga metsi se fokotsega ka bontsi fa go khurumetsa ga dimela go oketsega. &lt;ref name=&quot;:8&quot;/&gt; Mmu yo o fa godimo yo o sa sirelediwang, le yo o omeletseng e fokwa ke phefo kgotsa di gogolwa ke merwalela ya tshoganyetso, mo go tlogelang dikarolo tse di kwa tlase tsa mmu go fisiwa ke letsatsi mme di omelele thata di palelwe ke go ungwa. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |date=2003-09-01 |title=Measurement of the scarcity of soil in agriculture |url=http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0301420704000340 |journal=Resources Policy |language=en |volume=29 |issue=3-4 |doi=10.1016/j.re |issn=0301-4207 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220414114519/http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0301420704000340 |archive-date=2022-04-14}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Tlhotlheletso ya ditiro tsa batho ===
Dithutopatlisiso tsa ntlha di ne di nganga gore nngwe ya dilo tse di tlwaelesegileng tse di bakang go nna sekaka ga lefelo e ne e le go fudisa go feta selekanyo, go ja dimela go feta selekanyo ke dikgomo le diruiwa tse dingwe. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Charney |first=J. G. |date=April 1975 |title=Dynamics of deserts and drought in the Sahel |url=https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/qj.49710142802 |url-status=live |journal=Quarterly Journal of the Royal Meteorological Society |language=en |volume=101 |issue=428 |pages=193–202 |bibcode=1975QJRMS.101..193C |doi=10.1002/qj.49710142802 |url-access=subscription |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230730161050/https://rmets.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/qj.49710142802 |archive-date=30 July 2023 |access-date=24 May 2022}}&lt;/ref&gt; Le fa go ntse jalo, seabe sa tiriso e e feteletseng ya selegae mo go bakang go nna sekaka ga mafelo mo nakong e e fetileng ya bosheng go na le dikganetsano. &lt;ref name=&quot;:6&quot;/&gt; Jaanong go akanngwa gore komelelo mo kgaolong ya Sahel e bakilwe thata ke go fetoga ga seelo sa pula ka dipaka tse di dirwang ke go fetoga ga mogote wa metsi a fa godimo a lewatle, mo go bakwang thata ke go fetogafetoga ga tlholego le go ntshiwa ga di-aerosol ( dikarolwana tsa sulfate tse di bonaletsang ) le digase tse di bakiwang ke batho. &lt;ref name=&quot;:3&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Biasutti |first=Michela |date=July 2019 |title=Rainfall trends in the African Sahel: Characteristics, processes, and causes |journal=WIREs Climate Change |language=en |volume=10 |issue=4 |bibcode=2019WIRCC..10E.591B |doi=10.1002/wcc.591 |issn=1757-7780 |pmc=6617823 |pmid=31341517 |article-number=e591}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ka ntlha ya se, go fetoga ga mogote wa lewatle le go fokotsega ga mesi ya sulfate go dirile gore kgaolo e e nne tala gape. &lt;ref name=&quot;:3&quot; /&gt; Se se dirile gore barutegi bangwe ba bolele gore go latlhegelwa ke dimela mo go bakiwang ke temothuo ke selo se sennye se se  ka dirang gore lefelo le fetoge sekaka. &lt;ref name=&quot;:6&quot; /&gt;

Diphetogo tsa palo ya batho di na le ditlamorago tse di tona mo go fudiseng go feta selekanyo, go lema go feta selekanyo le go rengwa ga dikgwa, mekgwa ye ya pele e e neng e amogelesega lantlha e setse e sena tswelelopele jaanong. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Epule |first=Terence Epule |last2=Peng |first2=Changhui |last3=Lepage |first3=Laurent |date=February 2015 |title=Environmental refugees in sub-Saharan Africa: a review of perspectives on the trends, causes, challenges and way forward |journal=GeoJournal |volume=80 |issue=1 |pages=79–92 |bibcode=2015GeoJo..80...79E |doi=10.1007/s10708-014-9528-z |issn=0343-2521 |s2cid=154503204}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Go na le mabaka a mantsi a balemibarui ba dirisang temothuo e e tseneletseng go na le temothuo e e tswelelang fela lebaka le legolo ke go oketsa thobo. &lt;ref name=&quot;:52&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=6 August 2019 |title=Explainer: Desertification and the role of climate change |url=https://www.carbonbrief.org/explainer-desertification-and-the-role-of-climate-change |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220210001559/https://www.carbonbrief.org/explainer-desertification-and-the-role-of-climate-change |archive-date=10 February 2022 |access-date=22 October 2019 |website=Carbon Brief |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ka go oketsa thobo, ba tlhoka menontshane e mentsi thata, dibolaya-ditshedi le badiri go tlhokomela didirisiwa. Tiriso e e tswelelang e ya lefatshe e fetsa ka bonako dikotla tsa mmu mo go dirang gore go nna sekaka ga legelo go aname. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=United Nations |title=World Day to Combat Desertification and Drought |url=https://www.un.org/en/observances/desertification-day |access-date=11 September 2023 |website=United Nations |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Intensive agriculture |url=https://www.britannica.com/topic/intensive-agriculture |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080624184604/http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-9042533/intensive-agriculture |archive-date=24 June 2008 |access-date=19 November 2019 |website=Encyclopedia Britannica |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Dipharologanyo tsa tlholego ===
Baitseanape ba maranyane ba dumalana gore go nna teng ga sekaka mo lefelong le sekaka sa Sahara se leng mo go lone jaanong ke ka ntlha ya dipharologanyo tsa tlholego tsa letsatsi ka ntlha ya go dikologa ga Lefatshe. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Tierney |first=Jessica E. |last2=Pausata |first2=Francesco S. R. |last3=deMenocal |first3=Peter B. |date=6 January 2017 |title=Rainfall regimes of the Green Sahara |journal=Science Advances |language=en |volume=3 |issue=1 |bibcode=2017SciA....3E1503T |doi=10.1126/sciadv.1601503 |issn=2375-2548 |pmc=5242556 |pmid=28116352 |article-number=e1601503}}&lt;/ref&gt; Dipharologanyo tse di tshwanang le tse di tlhotlheletsa maatla a Monsoon ya Aforika Bophirima, mo go bakang gore dimela di fetoge gape le go ntsha lerole le le di godisang go gefoga fa seemo sa loapi, pula e na gape go tla go nna le komelelo mo Sahara. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Pausata |first=Francesco S. R. |last2=Messori |first2=Gabriele |last3=Zhang |first3=Qiong |date=15 January 2016 |title=Impacts of dust reduction on the northward expansion of the African monsoon during the Green Sahara period |journal=Earth and Planetary Science Letters |language=en |volume=434 |pages=298–307 |bibcode=2016E&amp;PSL.434..298P |doi=10.1016/j.epsl.2015.11.049 |issn=0012-821X |doi-access=free}}&lt;/ref&gt; Gape go na le kakanyo ya gore phetogo ya Sahara go tswa mo savanna go ya kwa sekakeng ka nako ya bogareng jwa Holocene e ne e le ka bontlhabongwe ka ntlheng ya go fulwa go feta selekanyo ke dikgomo tsa baagi ba lefelo le. &lt;ref name=&quot;Humans as Agents in the Termination of the African Humid Period&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |last=K. Wright |first=David |last2=Rull |first2=Valenti |last3=Roberts |first3=Richard |last4=Marchant |first4=Rob |last5=Gil-Romera |first5=Graciela |date=26 January 2017 |title=Humans as Agents in the Termination of the African Humid Period |journal=Frontiers in Earth Science |volume=5 |page=4 |bibcode=2017FrEaS...5....4W |doi=10.3389/feart.2017.00004 |doi-access=free}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Baitseanape ba tsweletse ka go ithuta dikgaolo tse di botlhokwa, ba netefatsa gore ditiro tsa batho le boitekanelo jwa mmu di kopanela le mabaka a bosa jaaka dilo tse ditona tse di nang le seabe mo go nneng sekaka ga lefelo. Mo Sekakeng sa Mu Us, boitekanelo jwa mmu bo dira 37% ya ditiragalo tsa go nna sekaka fa ditiro tsa bosa le tsa batho di dira go lwantsha tiragalo e ka 46% le 17%, ka go latelana. Go nna sekaka mo teng ga Mongolia go tlhaolwa ka 24% ya mabaka a tsa bosa le 34.7% ya melemo ya mmu mo tikologong e yotlhe. Shaanxi ke sekai se se ganetsenang se mo go sone mabaka a bosa a berekang kgatlhanong le go nna sekaka mme mmu o one o gakatsa seemo, mo go supang ditlhotlheletso tse di farologaneng tsa mabaka a tlholego go tsamaya ka dikgaolo. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Li |first=Jiaying |last2=Li |first2=Yu |last3=Wang |first3=Xuhui |last4=Ma |first4=Zhongxu |date=22 October 2024 |title=Exploring the Spatial-Temporal Patterns, Drivers, and Response Strategies of Desertification in the Mu Us Desert from Multiple Regional Perspectives |journal=Sustainability |language=en |volume=16 |issue=21 |pages=9154 |bibcode=2024Sust...16.9154L |doi=10.3390/su16219154 |issn=2071-1050 |doi-access=free}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Phetogo ya seemo sa loapi ===

Dipatlisiso ka ga go fetoga ga legelo go nna sekaka di farologane, mme ga go na seelo se le sengwe se se ka tlhalosang dintlha tsotlhe. Le fa go ntse jalo, phetogo e e tseneletseng ya seemo sa bosa e santse e solofetswe go oketsa mafelo a a omeletseng mo dikontinenteng tsa Lefatshe: go tswa go 38% kwa bokhutlong jwa lekgolo la dingwaga la bomasome mabedi go ya go 50% kgotsa 56% kwa bokhutlong jwa lekgolo la dingwaga, ka fa tlase ga Ditsela tsa Boemedi tsa &quot;mo bogareng&quot; le tse di thuthafetseng thata tsa dipalo 4.5 le 8.5. Bontsi jwa katoloso bo tla bonwa mo dikgaolong tse di tshwanang le &quot;borwabophirima jwa Amerika Bokone, ntlha e e kwa bokone jwa Aforika, borwa jwa Aforika, le Australia&quot;. &lt;ref name=&quot;:52&quot;/&gt;

Dikgaolo tse di omeletseng di tsere 41% ya moalo jwa lefatshe mme di akaretsa 45% ya lefatshe la temothuo mo lefatsheng ka bophara.  Dikgaolo tse di gareng ga dithulaganyo tsa tikologo tse di mo kotsing thata ya phetogo ya [[Phetogo ya Seemo sa Loapi|seemo sa loapi]] le tiriso ya lefatshe e e bakiwang ke batho ka jalo di mo kotsing ya go fetoga sekaka. Thutopatlisiso e e ikaegileng ka go lebelela seemo ya go nna sekaka ga mafelo e ne ya dirwa ka 2020 mme e ne ya tlhalosa phetogo ya seemo sa loapi, go fetogafetoga ga seemo sa loapi, menontshane ya CO2 mmogo le diphetogo tsa tikologo tse di bakiwang ke tiriso ya lefatshe ka iketlo le ka bonako. &lt;ref name=&quot;Burrell&quot; /&gt; Thutopatlisiso e e ne ya bona gore, magareng ga 1982 le 2015, 6% ya mafatshe a a omeletseng a lefatshe a ne a fetoga go nna sekaka mo go bakilweng ke mekgwa ya tiriso ya lefatshe e e senang tswelelopele e e neng e okeditswe ke phetogo ya seemo sa loapi e e bakiwang ke batho. Le fa go nna tala ga lefatshe ka bophara go le teng, phetogo ya seemo sa loapi e e bakiwang ke batho e digile boleng jwa lefatshe ka 12.6% ( 5.43 milione ya km &lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt; ) mo nageng e e omeletseng eo, mo go nang le seabe mo go fetogeng ga naga go nna sekaka le go ama batho ba le didikadike di le makgolo a mabedi le lesome le boraro , 93% ya bone e le ba ba nnang mo diitsholelong tse di santseng tlhabologang . &lt;ref name=&quot;Burrell&quot; /&gt;

=== Temothuo le ditiro tsa temothuo ===
Ditiro tsa temothuo jaaka go fudisa go feta selekanyo di baka go nna sekaka ga lefelo. Mo tirong e ya temothuo, diruiwa tse di tshwanang le dikgomo di letlelelwa go fula mo karolong ya lefatshe e le nngwe ka nako e telele ntle le go jala bojang go busetsa jo bo fudilweng. Ka ntlha ya se, lefatshe le nna lebala fela, mo go dirang gore le betswe ke mogoten o o tswang mo letsatsing o o dirang gore le thatafale, phefo e e bokete gape le yone e dira gore lefatshe le latlhegelwe ke dikotla tsa lone. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Otterman |first=Joseph |date=1974-11-08 |title=Baring High-Albedo Soils by Overgrazing: A Hypothesized Desertification Mechanism |url=https://doi.org/10.1126/science.186.4163.531 |journal=Science |volume=186 |issue=4163 |pages=531–533 |doi=10.1126/science.186.4163.531 |issn=0036-8075}}&lt;/ref&gt; Go lemolola mmu go feta selekanyo le go jwala mofuta o le mongwe wa semela ke ditiro tse dingwe tsa temothuo tse di bakang go nna sekaka ga lefelo mo Aforika. Go jala semela se le sengwe kgapetsakgapetsa mo lefatsheng le le lengwe go ntsha dikotla tse di botlhokwa mo lefatsheng. Fa mmu o setse o fedile boleng, o latlhegelwa ke menontshane ya one ya tlholego le bokgoni jwa go boloka bokgola, mme se se dire gore mmu o thatafale le go phanyega. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |date=2011-12-30 |title=Desertification, its Causes and why it Matters |url=https://doi.org/10.1002/9781119977759.ch1 |journal=Desertification, Land Degradation and Sustainability |pages=3–39 |doi=10.1002/9781119977759.ch1}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Ditlamorago ==

=== Ditsuatsue tsa motlhaba le lerole ===
[[File:SHB-Red-Dust.jpg|thumb|Setshwantsho sa Borogo jwa Boemadikepe jwa Sydney jo bo khurumeditsweng ke lerole]]
Go nnile le koketsego ya masome a mabedi le botlhano mo lekgolong (25%) ya lerole mo lefatsheng e le dipalo tsa ngwaga le ngwaga magareng ga bokhutlo jwa ngwagakgolo wa bolesomeleboferabongwe go fitlha gompieno. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Stanelle |first=Tanja |last2=Bey |first2=Isabelle |last3=Raddatz |first3=Thomas |last4=Reick |first4=Christian |last5=Tegen |first5=Ina |date=16 December 2014 |title=Anthropogenically induced changes in twentieth century mineral dust burden and the associated impact on radiative forcing |journal=Journal of Geophysical Research: Atmospheres |language=en |volume=119 |issue=23 |pages=13,526–13,546 |bibcode=2014JGRD..11913526S |doi=10.1002/2014JD022062 |hdl=11858/00-001M-0000-0024-A9A2-C |s2cid=128663108 |hdl-access=free}}&lt;/ref&gt; Koketsego ya go nna sekaka ga mafelo gape go okeditse selekanyo sa motlhaba o o motlhofo le lerole le phefo e ka le tsayang la felela le nna setsuatsue. Ka sekai, ditsuatsue tsa lerole kwa Botlhabagare &quot;di nna kgapetsakgapetsa le go nna maatla mo dingwageng tsa bosheng jaana&quot; ka gore &quot;phokotsego ya pula ya paka e telele [e baka] bokgola jo bo kwa tlase jwa mmu le phokotsego ya khurumetso ya dimela &quot;. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Namdari |first=Soodabeh |last2=Karimi |first2=Neamat |last3=Sorooshian |first3=Armin |last4=Mohammadi |first4=GholamHasan |last5=Sehatkashani |first5=Saviz |date=1 January 2018 |title=Impacts of climate and synoptic fluctuations on dust storm activity over the Middle East |journal=Atmospheric Environment |volume=173 |pages=265–276 |bibcode=2018AtmEn.173..265N |doi=10.1016/j.atmosenv.2017.11.016 |issn=1352-2310 |pmc=6192056 |pmid=30344444}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Difefo tsa lerole di ka nna le seabe mo malwetseng mangwe a go hema jaaka nyumonia, malwetsi a letlalo, khupelo le a mangwe a mantsi. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Goudie |first=Andrew S. |date=1 February 2014 |title=Desert dust and human health disorders |journal=Environment International |volume=63 |pages=101–113 |bibcode=2014EnInt..63..101G |doi=10.1016/j.envint.2013.10.011 |issn=0160-4120 |pmid=24275707}}&lt;/ref&gt; Di ka kgotlela metswedi ya metsi e e bulegileng , tsa fokotsa go atlega ga maiteko a lookwane/maatla a a phepa, le go emisa bontsi jwa mefuta ya dipalamo.

Ditsuatsue tsa lerole le motlhaba di ka nna le ditlamorago tse di sa siamang mo seemong sa loapi mo go ka dirang gore go nna sekaka ga lefelo go nne maswe le go feta. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Hu |first=Tiantian |last2=Wu |first2=Di |last3=Li |first3=Yaohui |last4=Wang |first4=Chenghai |date=28 March 2017 |title=The Effects of Sandstorms on the Climate of Northwestern China |journal=Advances in Meteorology |language=en |volume=2017 |issue=1 |bibcode=2017AdMet201735609H |doi=10.1155/2017/4035609 |issn=1687-9309 |doi-access=free |article-number=e4035609}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Wu |first=Yao |last2=Wen |first2=Bo |last3=Li |first3=Shanshan |last4=Guo |first4=Yuming |date=1 June 2021 |title=Sand and dust storms in Asia: a call for global cooperation on climate change |journal=The Lancet Planetary Health |language=English |volume=5 |issue=6 |pages=e329–e330 |bibcode=2021LanPH...5.e329W |doi=10.1016/S2542-5196(21)00082-6 |issn=2542-5196 |pmid=33915087 |s2cid=233460168 |doi-access=free}}&lt;/ref&gt; Dikarolwana tsa lerole mo phefong di phatlalatsa marang a a tsenang go tswa mo letsatsing (Hassan, 2012). Lerole le le ka dira khurumetso ya nakwana ya mogote yo o fa fatshe mme fela mogote wa lefaufau one o tla oketsega. Se se ka senya le go khutshwafatsa botshelo jwa maru se se ka felelang se baka pula e e nnye. &lt;ref name=&quot;:52&quot;/&gt;

=== Go tlhoka go tsepama ga seemo sa go nna teng ga dijo ===
Go nna le dijo mo lefatsheng lotlhe go tshosediwa ke go fetoga ga naga go nna sekaka. Fa palo ya batho e gola, go tshwanetse ga jalwa dijo tse dintsi . Kgwebo ya temothuo e fudusiwa go tswa mo lefatsheng le lengwe go ya kwa go le lengwe. Sekai, Yuropa ka palogare e reka dijo tsa bone di feta sephatlo mo lekgolong go tswa kwa ntle. Mme jalo, 44% ya lefatshe la temothuo le fitlhelwa mo mafatsheng a a omeletseng mme a tlamela ka 60%  ya dijo tsa lefatshe lotlhe ka bophara. Go fetoga ga mafelo go nna sekaka go fokotsa selekanyo sa lefatshe le le nang le tswelelopele la tiriso ya temothuo mme letlhoko la dijalo le tsweletse ka go gola. Mo isagong e e gaufi, letlhoko le tlaa feta thobo. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=WAD {{!}} World Atlas of Desertification |url=https://wad.jrc.ec.europa.eu/globalagriculture |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191209170553/https://wad.jrc.ec.europa.eu/globalagriculture |archive-date=9 December 2019 |access-date=19 November 2019 |website=wad.jrc.ec.europa.eu}}&lt;/ref&gt; Dikgotlhang tse di maswe tsa badisa le balemibarui kwa Nigeria, Sudan, Mali le mafatshe a mangwe mo kgaolong ya Sahel di gakaditswe ke [[Phetogo ya Seemo sa Loapi|phetogo ya seemo sa loapi]], go senyega ga lefatshe le kgolo ya palo ya batho .  &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|date=22 January 2019|title=The battle on the frontline of climate change in Mali|work=BBC News|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/the-reporters-46921487|access-date=18 December 2021}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|date=6 August 2018|title=Farmer-Herder Conflicts on the Rise in Africa|url=https://reliefweb.int/report/world/farmer-herder-conflicts-rise-africa|access-date=18 December 2021}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Koketsego ya lehuma ===
[[File:Soil_erosion,_Southfield_-_geograph.org.uk_-_367917.jpg|thumb|Kgothego ya mmu kwa ntle ga Leuchars]]
Palo e ka nna 90% ya baagi ba mafatshe a a omeletseng ba nna mo mafatsheng a a santseng a tlhabologa, a mo go one gape ba sokolang ka ntlha ya maemo a a bokoa a itsholelo le lefatshe. &lt;ref name=&quot;:9&quot;/&gt; Seemo se se gakadiwa ke go latlhegelwa ke boleng jwa lefatshe ka ntlha ya phokotsego ya bokgoni jwa lone jwa go ungwa, go sa tlhomamang ga maemo a botshelo le bothata jwa go fitlhelela metswedi le ditshono tsa go fetola diemo tse. 

Mafatshe a a sa tlhabologang ka bontsi a amiwa ke seemo sa go fudisa go feta selekanyo, go lapa ga lefatshe le go ntsha metsi a a ka fa tlase ga lefatshe go feta selekanyo ka ntlha ya dikgatelelo tsa go dirisa mafelo a a omeletseng a a kwa thoko go dira temothuo. Batsaa ditshwetso ga ba rate go beeletsa mo dikgaolong tse di omeletseng tse di nang le bokgoni jo bo kwa tlase. Go tlhoka dipeeletso mo go dira gore dikgaolo tse di kgaphelwe kwa thoko. Fa diemo tse di siamang tsa temothuo-seemo sa loapi di kopanngwa le go tlhoka mafaratlhatlha le phitlhelelo ya mebaraka, ga mmogo le mekgwa ya go lema dijo e e sa tlwaelesegang sentle le setšhaba se se sa jesiweng sentle gape se se sa rutegang sentle, bontsi jwa dikgaolo tse di ntseng jaana di kgaphelwa thoko mo tlhabololong. &lt;ref name=&quot;csf-desertification.org&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Cornet A., 2002. Desertification and its relationship to the environment and development: a problem that affects us all. In: Ministère des Affaires étrangères/adpf, Johannesburg. World Summit on Sustainable Development. 2002. What is at stake? The contribution of scientists to the debate: 91–125.. |url=http://www.csf-desertification.org/index.php/bibliotheque/doc_details/119-cornet-antoine-2002-desertification-and-its-relationship-to-the-environment-and-development |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090809142606/http://www.csf-desertification.org/index.php/bibliotheque/doc_details/119-cornet-antoine-2002-desertification-and-its-relationship-to-the-environment-and-development |archive-date=9 August 2009}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Go fetoga ga lefelo go nna sekaka gantsi go dira gore mafelo a a kwa magaeng a se ka a kgona go tshegetsa palo ya batho e e tshwanang le ya pele e e neng e nna gone mo lefelong. Se se felela se baka khudugo ya bontsi mo tswa mo magaeng go ya kwa ditoropong segolobogolo mo Aforika mo go dirang letlhoko la ditiro le mekhukhu . &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book |last=Pasternak, Dov |year=2001 |title=Combating desertification with plants |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=B-i8-DPf6xgC&amp;pg=PA20 |last2=Schlissel, Arnold |publisher=Springer |isbn=978-0-306-46632-8 |page=20 |access-date=16 May 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230730161050/https://books.google.com/books?id=B-i8-DPf6xgC&amp;pg=PA20 |archive-date=30 July 2023 |url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book |last=Briassoulis, Helen |year=2005 |title=Policy integration for complex environmental problems: the example of Mediterranean desertification |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=CpYnV45hVRsC&amp;pg=PA161 |publisher=Ashgate Publishing |isbn=978-0-7546-4243-5 |page=161 |access-date=16 May 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230730161052/https://books.google.com/books?id=CpYnV45hVRsC&amp;pg=PA161 |archive-date=30 July 2023 |url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; Palo ya batshabi ba ba diemo tsa tikologo e a gola ngwaga le ngwaga, mme diponelopele tsa Aforika e e kwa borwa jwa Sahara di bontsha koketsego e e ka nnang teng go tswa mo didikadikeng di le lesome le bone ka 2010 go ya go didikadike di ka nna makgolo a mabedi ka 2050. Se se dira mathata kwa pele mo kgaolong e, ka gore ditšhaba tse di mabapi ga di na bokgoni jwa go tshegetsa palo ya batho ba le bantsi ya batshabi. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Myers |first=Norman |date=29 April 2002 |title=Environmental refugees: a growing phenomenon of the 21st century |journal=Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London. Series B: Biological Sciences |volume=357 |issue=1420 |pages=609–613 |doi=10.1098/rstb.2001.0953 |pmc=1692964 |pmid=12028796}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Epule |first=Terence Epule |last2=Peng |first2=Changhui |last3=Lepage |first3=Laurent |date=5 February 2014 |title=Environmental refugees in sub-Saharan Africa: a review of perspectives on the trends, causes, challenges and way forward |journal=GeoJournal |volume=80 |issue=1 |pages=79–92 |bibcode=2015GeoJo..80...79E |doi=10.1007/s10708-014-9528-z |s2cid=154503204}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Kwa Mongolia,  90% ya lefatshe ke le le omileng le le bokoa, se se dirang gore badisa ba le bantsi ba fudugele kwa toropong go ya go bereka. Ka ditsompelo tse di lekanyeditsweng thata, badisa ba ba nnang mo lefatsheng le le omeletseng ba fudisa ka kelotlhoko thata gore ba kgone go somarela lefatshe. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=1 August 2018 |title=Mongolia's nomadic way of life under threat |url=https://gulfnews.com/lifestyle/mongolias-nomadic-way-of-life-under-threat-1.2259998 |access-date=4 October 2023 |website=gulfnews.com |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Temothuo ke nngwe ya metswedi e megolo ya lotseno mo merafeng ya banni ba sekaka mo Aforika. Koketsego ya go nna sekaka ga mafelo mo dikgaolong tse go sentse lefatshe mo e leng gore batho ga ba tlhole ba kgona go lema le go rua ka tsela e e nang le thobo le go dira dipoelo. Se se amile itsholelo ka tsela e e sa siamang le go oketsa seelo sa lehuma. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Stringer |first=Lindsay C. |last2=Dyer |first2=Jen C. |last3=Reed |first3=Mark S. |last4=Dougill |first4=Andrew J. |last5=Twyman |first5=Chasca |last6=Mkwambisi |first6=David |year=2009 |title=Adaptations to climate change, drought and desertification: local insights to enhance policy in southern Africa |journal=Environmental Science &amp; Policy |volume=12 |issue=7 |pages=748–765 |bibcode=2009ESPol..12..748S |doi=10.1016/j.envsci.2009.04.002}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Le fa go ntse jalo, go na le go oketsega ga bobueledi jwa lefatshe ka bophara, sekai ba UN SDG 15 &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Goal 15 targets |url=https://www.undp.org/content/undp/en/home/sustainable-development-goals/goal-15-life-on-land/targets.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170904001634/https://www.undp.org/content/undp/en/home/sustainable-development-goals/goal-15-life-on-land/targets.html |archive-date=4 September 2017 |access-date=24 September 2020 |website=UNDP |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; go lwantsha go fetoga ga mafelo go nna sekaka le go buseletsa mafatshe a a setseng a amegile.

== Mafelo a amegileng ==

Mafelo a a omeletseng a tsaya mo e ka nnang 40–41% ya kgaolo ya lefatshe lotlhe mme ke magae a batho ba ka feta dibilione di le pedi. &lt;ref name=&quot;:4&quot;&gt;{{Cite book |date=2006 |title=Governing global desertification: linking environmental degradation, poverty and participation |url=https://archive.org/details/governingglobald0000unse |publisher=Ashgate [u.a.] |isbn=978-0-7546-4359-3 |editor-last=Johnson |editor-first=Pierre-Marc |series=Global environmental governance series |location=Aldershot |editor-last2=Johnson |editor-first2=Pierre Marc}}&lt;/ref&gt;  Go nnile le palo kakanyetso ya gore mo e ka nnang 10–20% ya mafelo a a omeletseng a setse a latlhegetswe ke boleng, lefelo lotlhe le le amilweng ke go fetoga sekaka ga mafelo le fa gare ga disekwerekhilomithara di le didikadike di le thataro le lesome le bobedi, gore mo e ka nnang 1–6% ya banni ba mafelo a a omeletseng ba nna mo mafelong a a sekaka, le gore batho ba le bilione ba mo kotsing ya go nna fa go fetogelang go nna sekaka go ya pele. &lt;ref name=&quot;holtz&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=10 October 2017 |title=UNCCD: Impact and role of drylands |url=https://www.unccd.int/un-decade-deserts-and-fight-against-desertification-impact-and-role-drylands |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191107121026/https://www.unccd.int/un-decade-deserts-and-fight-against-desertification-impact-and-role-drylands |archive-date=7 November 2019 |access-date=7 November 2019 |website=UNCCD}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book |last=World Bank |year=2009 |title=Gender in agriculture sourcebook |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=XxBrq6hTs_UC&amp;pg=PA454 |publisher=World Bank Publications |isbn=978-0-8213-7587-7 |page=454 |access-date=16 May 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230730160546/https://books.google.com/books?id=XxBrq6hTs_UC&amp;pg=PA454 |archive-date=30 July 2023 |url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Sahel ===
Ditlamorago tsa phetogo ya loapi le ditiro tsa batho mo go fetogeng sekaka ga lefelo di bonala mo kgaolong ya Sahel ya Aforika. Kgaolo e e tlhaolwa ka seemo sa loapi se se omeletseng go le mogote thata, dipalo tsa mogote tse di kwa godimo le pula e e kwa tlase (100–600&amp;nbsp;mm ka ngwaga). &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Nicholson |first=Sharon E. |date=17 February 2013 |title=The West African Sahel: A Review of Recent Studies on the Rainfall Regime and Its Interannual Variability |journal=International Scholarly Research Notices |language=en |volume=2013 |doi=10.1155/2013/453521 |doi-access=free |article-number=e453521}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ka jalo, komelelo e a laola mo kgaolong ya Sahel. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Riebeek |first=Holli |date=3 January 2007 |title=Defining Desertification: Feature Articles |url=http://earthobservatory.nasa.gov/Features/Desertification/desertification2.php |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161201211259/http://earthobservatory.nasa.gov/Features/Desertification/desertification2.php |archive-date=1 December 2016 |access-date=30 November 2016 |website=earthobservatory.nasa.gov}}&lt;/ref&gt; Sahel e latlhegetswe ke lefatshe le ka nna botona jwa ba 650 000&amp;nbsp;km &lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt; ya lefatshe la yone la temothuo le le nang le dipoelo mo dingwageng di le 50 tse di fetileng;  go anama ga go nna sekaka mo lefelong le go bonala thata. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Nicholson |first=S. E. |last2=Tucker |first2=C. J. |last3=Ba |first3=M. B. |date=1 May 1998 |title=Desertification, Drought, and Surface Vegetation: An Example from the West African Sahel |journal=Bulletin of the American Meteorological Society |volume=79 |issue=5 |pages=815–830 |bibcode=1998BAMS...79..815N |doi=10.1175/1520-0477(1998)079&lt;0815:DDASVA&gt;2.0.CO;2 |doi-access=free}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Land Resource Stresses and Desertification in Africa |url=https://www.nrcs.usda.gov/wps/portal/nrcs/detail/soils/use/?cid=nrcs142p2_054025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220401055308/https://www.nrcs.usda.gov/wps/portal/nrcs/detail/soils/use/?cid=nrcs142p2_054025 |archive-date=1 April 2022 |access-date=24 November 2020 |website=United States Department of Agriculture}}&lt;/ref&gt;
[[File:Village_Telly_in_Mali.jpg|thumb|Kgaolo ya Sahel ya Mali]]
Seemo sa loapi sa Sahara se nnile le diphetogo tse dikgolo mo dingwageng di le dikete di le makgolo tse di fetileng, &lt;ref name=&quot;Lakes&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Kevin White |last2=David J. Mattingly |year=2006 |title=Ancient Lakes of the Sahara |journal=American Scientist |volume=94 |issue=1 |pages=58–65 |doi=10.1511/2006.57.983}}&lt;/ref&gt; se fetogafetoga fa gare ga go metsi (naga ya bojang) le go omelela (sekaka) dingwaga dingwe le dingwe di le dikete di le masome a mabedi, &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|last1=Jennifer Chu|date=2 January 2019|title=A &quot;pacemaker&quot; for North African climate|url=http://news.mit.edu/2019/study-regulating-north-african-climate-0102|access-date=20 January 2020|publisher=MIT News}}&lt;/ref&gt; (tiragalo e go dumelwa gore e bakilwe ke diphetogo tsa nako e telele mo Seemong sa loapi sa Aforika Bokone, se se fetolang tsela ya  Monsooni wa Aforika Bokone , mo e ka nnang ga dingwaga di le dikete di le masome a mane, mo go one go sekama ga axis ya lefatshe go fetogang fa gare ga 22° le 24,5°). &lt;ref name=&quot;ReferenceA&quot;&gt;{{Cite book |last=Houérou |first=Henry N. |date=10 December 2008 |title=Bioclimatology and Biogeography of Africa |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=_Rvs7NkfeLEC&amp;q=Sahara+rainfall+virtually+zero&amp;pg=PA16 |publisher=Springer Science &amp; Business Media |isbn=978-3-540-85192-9 |language=en |access-date=11 December 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230730160547/https://books.google.com/books?id=_Rvs7NkfeLEC&amp;q=Sahara+rainfall+virtually+zero&amp;pg=PA16 |archive-date=30 July 2023 |url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; Dipalopalo dingwe di supile gore, fa e sale ka 1900, Sahara e atologile ka dikholomithara di le makgolo a mabedi le masome a matlhano go ya kwa borwa mo godimo ga karolo ya lefatshe mme go tswa kwa bophirima go ya kwa botlhaba ka dikete di le thataro tsa dikholomithara ka boleele. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Christian Bouquet |date=December 2017 |title=Le Sahara entre ses deux rives. Éléments de délimitation par la géohistoire d'un espace de contraintes |url=http://geoconfluences.ens-lyon.fr/informations-scientifiques/dossiers-regionaux/afrique-dynamiques-regionales/articles-scientifiques/sahara-entre-deux-rives |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220210001607/http://geoconfluences.ens-lyon.fr/informations-scientifiques/dossiers-regionaux/afrique-dynamiques-regionales/articles-scientifiques/sahara-entre-deux-rives |archive-date=10 February 2022 |access-date=25 January 2018 |website=Géoconfluences |quote=Mais il aurait progressé de 250 km vers le sud depuis 1900 (Mainguet, 2003), et dépasserait donc 9 millions de km² soit 30 % de la superficie totale du continent africain.}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Letsha la Chad, le le mo kgaolong ya Sahel, le ile la kgala ka ntlha ya go gogwa ga metsi mo go lone go nosetsa le go fokotsega ga selekanyo sa pula. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Okpara |first=Uche T. |last2=Stringer |first2=Lindsay C. |last3=Dougill |first3=Andrew J. |date=November 2016 |title=Lake drying and livelihood dynamics in Lake Chad: Unravelling the mechanisms, contexts and responses |journal=Ambio |volume=45 |issue=7 |pages=781–795 |bibcode=2016Ambio..45..781O |doi=10.1007/s13280-016-0805-6 |pmc=5055484 |pmid=27371137}}&lt;/ref&gt; Letsha le le ngotlegile ka go feta 90% fa e sale ka 1987, mme se sa fudusa didikadike tsa banni. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Jiang |first=Ingrid |date=12 August 2022 |title=A Remarkable Size Shrinking in Lake Chad |url=https://storymaps.arcgis.com/stories/e63a90f8552d4e5f98f4c56a56c06f9d |access-date=22 September 2023 |website=ArcGIS StoryMaps |language=en-ca |archive-date=2 October 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231002062620/https://storymaps.arcgis.com/stories/e63a90f8552d4e5f98f4c56a56c06f9d |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt; Maiteko a mo bosheng a kgonne go dira kgatelopele nngwe mo go tsosoloseng go le buseletsa mme go sa ntse go tsewa fa le le mo kotsing ya go nyelela gotlhelele. &lt;ref name=&quot;Remote sensing appraisal of Lake Ch&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Onamuti |first=Olapeju Y. |last2=Okogbue |first2=Emmanuel C. |last3=Orimoloye |first3=Israel R. |date=8 November 2017 |title=Remote sensing appraisal of Lake Chad shrinkage connotes severe impacts on green economics and socio-economics of the catchment area |journal=Royal Society Open Science |volume=4 |issue=11 |bibcode=2017RSOS....471120O |doi=10.1098/rsos.171120 |pmc=5717671 |pmid=29291097 |doi-access=free |article-number=171120}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Go fokotsa go nna sekakaga mafelo, letsholo la Great Green Wall (Aforika) le ne la simololwa ka 2007 mme le ne le akaretsa go jala dimela mo karolong e e ka nnang dikholomithara di le dikete di le bosupa le makgolo a le bosupa le masome a masupa le botlhano (7 775 .&amp;nbsp;km), dikholomithara di le lesome le botlhano ka bophara, go akaretswa mo lenaneong le mafatshe a le masome a mabedi le bobedi go fitlha ka 2030. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Great Green Wall Initiative |url=https://www.unccd.int/our-work/ggwi |access-date=22 September 2023 |website=UNCCD |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; Maikaelelo a letsholo le ke tona le la go jala dimela ke go tokafatsa go boloka metsi mo mmung morago ga pula ya paka, ka jalo go rotloetsa tsosoloso ya lefatshe le temothuo ya mo bokamosong. [[Senegal]] e setse e tsentse letsogo mo lenaneong le ka go jala ditlhare tsa diheketara di le dikete di le masome a matlhano. Go bolelwa fa se se tokafaditse boleng jwa lefatshe le go baka koketsego ya tshono ya go gola ga itsholelo mo kgaolong e. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=The Great Green Wall &amp;#124; National Geographic Society |url=https://education.nationalgeographic.org/resource/great-green-wall/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221222164123/https://education.nationalgeographic.org/resource/great-green-wall/ |archive-date=22 December 2022 |access-date=22 December 2022}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Aforika ==

[[File:View_over_Bani_-_Sahel_Region_-_Burkina_Faso.jpg|thumb|Setshwantsho sa Bani - Kgaolo ya Sahel - Burkina Faso]]

=== Kgaolo ya Sahel ===
Sahel, e leng kgaolo ya dikholomithara di dikete di le tlhano le makgolo a le mane e tsanaisana le phetogo ya seemo sa loapi sa Sekaka sa Sahara le dikgwa tse di bokgola tsa Sudan, e emela ngwe ya dikgaolo tsa lefatshe tse di ka tlhaselwang ke go fetoga sekaka ga lefelo ka bofefo. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=June 12, 2026 |title=Case Study: Drought and Desertification in the Sahel |url=https://simplestudy.com/ie/leaving-cert/geography/revision-notes/option-atmosphere-ocean/climate-characteristics-and-economic-development/case-study-drought-and-desertification-in-the-sahel |access-date=June 19, 2026 |publisher=SimpleStudy}}&lt;/ref&gt; Go ya ka dipelo go tswa kwa Lenaneong la Tikologo la Ditšhabakopano (UNEP), go senyega ga tikologo le go nna sekaka go ama mo e ka nnang 45% ya karolo yotlhe ya lefatshe mo teng ga Sahel, e leng mo e ka nnang disekwerekhilomithara di le didikadike di le 2.43 tsa lefatshe le le senyegileng. 

Dilo tse di bakang go nna sekaka kwa Sahel ke ditiro tsa batho le seemo sa loapi. Le fa dipalo tsa mogote mo kgaolong e di ile tsa oketsega ka 0,5°C go ya go 1,5°C mo lekgolong le le fetileng la dingwaga—tse di bakileng dipaka tse di sa tlhomamang thata tsa dipula tsa monsoon—go oketsega ga palo ya batho go ile ga oketsa kgatelelo ya tikologo le gone. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Re-Greening of the Sahel |url=https://adaptation.climate.columbia.edu/content/re-greening-sahel |access-date=June 19, 2026 |publisher=Columbia Climate School}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ka palo ya batho ba kgaolo e e akanyediwang go atologa thata ka 2050, letlhoko la lefatshe le le ka lengwang le la go rua le dirile gore go feta 70% ya mafulo a Sahel a fulwe thata le 80% ya mafatshe a temothuo a itemogele go fokotsega mo go tseneletseng ga dikotla. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=June 3, 2026 |title=Desertification - Sahel case study |url=https://www.green.earth/blog/desertification-sahel-case-study |access-date=June 19, 2026 |publisher=Green Earth}}&lt;/ref&gt; Tatlhegelo e ya khurumetso ya dimela e dira gore mmu o o senang sepe o amiwe ke diphefo tse di omileng tsa Harmattan, mme se se itlhaganedisa go atologa go ya kwa borwa, maemo a go fetoga sekaka se se omileng thata. Dikgato tsa go lwantsha se, segolobogolo letsholo la Great Green Wall, di ikaelela go busetsa diheketara di le didikadike di le lekgolo tsa lefatshe le le senyegileng le ka 2030. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=December 15, 2022 |title=Desertification in Africa: Causes, Effects and Solutions |url=https://earth.org/desertification-in-africa/ |access-date=June 19, 2026 |publisher=Earth.org}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Dithutopatlisiso ==

=== Sahel ===
Mo kgaolong ya Sahel—e e simololang kwa Senegal go ya kwa Chad—go nna sekaka ga legelo go bakwa thata ke kgatelelo e e tseneletseng ya batho e kopantswe le go fetofetoga ga seelo sa pula. Dithutopatlisiso tsa tikologo tsa mo bosheng di supa gore go latlhegelwa ke boleng ga lefatshe mo kgaolong e ke ga popego e bile go a oketsega. &lt;ref&gt;{{Citation|last=Osborne|first=Chetwynd|title=Achieving Land Degradation Neutrality through Active Restoration|date=2021-08-12|work=World Environment Day 2021: Essay Series on United Nations Decade on Ecosystem Restoration 2021-2030|pages=13–15|url=https://doi.org/10.52377/mxya1412|access-date=2026-06-19|publisher=Journal of Academic Research and Essays}}&lt;/ref&gt;

* '''Selekanyo sa go latlhegelwa ke boleng:''' Go ya ka tshedimosetso go tswa kwa Lenaneong la Tikologo la Ditšhabakopano (UNEP), go feta 45% ya kgaolo ya lefatshe kwa Sahel e amiwa thata ke go fetoga lefelo go nna sekaka, mme mo e ka nnang 80% ya masimo a temothuo a kgaolo e a setswe a laotswe gore a latlhegetswe ke boleng.
* '''Go Sutela kwa Borwa (Mafelo a Nigeria a a kwa Pele):''' Kwa &quot;mafelong a a kwa pele&quot; a bokonebotlhaba jwa Nigeria (a a tshwanang le lefelo la Yobe), Sekaka sa Sahara se tsenelela kwa borwa. Tshedimosetso ya go tlhotlhomisa go tswa kgakala e bontsha gore go anama ga dithota tsa motlhaba go oketsegile go menagane go nna gabedi mo dingwageng di le lesome tse di sa tswang go feta, go ya kwa tlase ka seelo sa palo kakanyetso ya dikholomithara di le 0.6 ka ngwaga le go feta diheketara di ka nna dikete di le makgolo a mararo le masome a matlhano le bongwe tsa lefatshe la dijalo ka ngwaga.
* '''Ditiro tsa batho tse di bakamg go fetiga sekaka ga lefelo tsa konokono:''' Le fa phetogo ya seemo sa bosa e na le seabe, dithutopatlisiso mo mafelong ao di supa gore kgolo ya palo ya batho, lehuma la itsholelo le mekgwa mengwe ya temothuo e e tseneletseng ke tsone tse di dirang gore lefelo e nne sekaka ka bofefo. Go fudisa go feta selekanyo fela ka bo gone go dira mo e ka nnang 58% ya tshenyego ya lefatshe go ralala dikgaolo tse di omeletseng go le se kae, ka dipalopalo tsa leruo di apola khurumetso ya dimela tse di sireletsang mmu ka bonako go feta ka fa dimela tse di boang gape di gola ka bo tsone.

=== Lenaka la Aforika ===
Kwa Botlhaba jwa Lenaka la Afrika (bogolo jang Somalia, Ethiopia le Kenya), go nna sekaka ga mafelo go ile ga fefoswa thata ke diemo tsa seemo sa loapi tse di iseng di ko di nne teng e bile di latelana, e se ka ntlheng ya ditiro tsa batho fela. &lt;ref&gt;{{Citation|last=Osborne|first=Chetwynd|title=Achieving Land Degradation Neutrality through Active Restoration|date=2021-08-12|work=World Environment Day 2021: Essay Series on United Nations Decade on Ecosystem Restoration 2021-2030|pages=13–15|url=https://doi.org/10.52377/mxya1412|access-date=2026-06-19|publisher=Journal of Academic Research and Essays}}&lt;/ref&gt;

* '''Kgakgamatso ya seemo sa bosa ya dingwaga di le masome a masupa:''' Magareng ga 2020 le 2023, kgaolo e e ne ya nna le leuba le le sa tlwaelesegang mo ditsong la dingwaga di le dintsi le le neng le bakwa ke tiragalo ya La Niña e e neng ya tswelela dingwaga di le tharo. Se se ne sa felela ka gore go nne le dipaka tsa pula di le tlhano tse di latelanang tse di sa atlegang—e leng paka e e maswe go gaisa tsotlhe ya komelelo e e tsereng nako e telele mo kgaolo e e kileng ya gatisiwa mo dingwageng di le masome a masupa tse di fetileng.
* '''Bokete jwa go sa sireletsega ga lefatshe:''' Go tlhaela ga bokgola jwa mmu mo go feteletseng go dirile gore dimela di swe ka bonako. Kwa Somalia, mo e ka nnang 49% ya lefatshe lotlhe mo bogompienong e itemogela go senyega ga tikologo mo go fa gare, fa 30% e arogantswe jaaka e e senyegileng thata mme e fetogela ka bonako go nna sekaka sa sennela ruri.
* '''Tsa itsholelo ya batho:''' Mekgatlho e e elang tlhoko diemo tsa tikologo di bolela gore ka nako ya leuba/komeleo e e kwa godimo yeo, go feta 95% ya matsha a mannye a metsi a a kwa godimo ga lefatshe a ne a kgala mo dikgaolong tse di omeletseng. Se se ne sa pateletsa merafe ya badisa go tsamaya sekgala se se fa gare ga dikholomithara di le 8.6 le 17.6 go batla metswedi ya metsi e e ka dirisiwang, e e emelang koketsego ya 38% go feta palogare mo ditsong.
* '''Tse di fefosang gore go nne le komelelo:''' Go ya ka ditso, dikomelelo tse di tona mo Lenakeng la Aforika di ne di diragala mo go ka nnang gangwe mo dingwageng dingwe le dingwe di le thataro. Fa e sa le ka 2005, dipalo tse di oketsegile go menagane go nna gabedi; dikomelelo tse di feteletseng jaanong di a ipoeletsa gangwe mo dingwageng dingwe le dingwe di le tharo, mme se ga se fe mmu yo o fa godimo nako e e lekaneng go buseletsa menontshane ya one ya tlholego kgotsa go boloka dikotla.

=== Tshwantshanyo ya Dikgaolo ===
Lenaneo le le latelang le farologanya tse di bakang go fetoga sekaka ga lefelo le ditlamorago tsa go latlhegelwa ke boleng ga lefatshe go ralala dikgaolo ka bobedi : &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Press Release: World AIDS Day - 2014 |url=https://doi.org/10.1163/2210-7975_hrd-5133-2014042 |access-date=2026-06-19 |website=Human Rights Documents online}}&lt;/ref&gt;
{| class=&quot;wikitable sortable&quot;
|+Tshwantshanyo ya Diphetogo tsa go Nna Sekaka ga lefelo 
!Kgaolo 
!Lebaka la konokono 
!Dipalo 
!Ditlamorago tsa Konokono 
|-
|'''Sahel'''
|Ditiro tsa batho (Go fudisa go feta selekanyo, temothuo e e tseneletseng, kgatelelo ya palo ya batho)
|masome a le boferabobedi mo lekgolong (80%) ya masimo a a senyegile kana a latlhegetswe ke boleng
|Go tsenelela ga dithota tsa motlhaba go ya kwa borwa ka 0.6 km ngwaga le ngwaga 
|-
|'''Lenaka la Aforika'''
|Diemo tsa bosa tse di maswe thata (Komelelo e e ipoeletsang ya dingwaga di le dintsi, La Niña)
|tshenyo ya masome a le mararo mo lekgolong (30%) e e masisi ya lefatshe (Somalia)
|Go kgala ga 95% ya metswedi ya metsi e e  godimo ga lefatshe; go swa ka bonako ga dimela.
|}

=== Lenaka la Aforika ===
Mo Lenakeng la Aforika, go nna sekaka ga lefelo go bonala itshupa ka go phutlhama ga thulaganyo ya go tshela ga diphologolo tsa tikologo mo go bakwang ke diemo tse di latelanang, tse di di masisi tsa komelelo. Go nna mo kotsing ga mafulo a kgaolo a a omileng go sekae go ne ga supiwa ke go palelwa mo go tseneletseng ga dipaka tsa dipula tse di latelanang fa gare ga 2023 le 2025, mo go neng ga senya khurumetso ya dimela le go itlhaganedisa go omelela ga mmu o o fa godimo go ralala Somalia, botlhaba jwa Kenya, le borwa jwa Ethiopia. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=December 16, 2025 |title=Alert: An Extremely Poor October to December 2025 Rainfall Season in the Horn of Africa |url=https://reliefweb.int/report/somalia/alert-extremely-poor-october-december-2025-rainfall-season-horn-africa-urgent-action-needed-now-address-severe-food-security-risks-16-december-2025 |access-date=June 19, 2026 |publisher=Food Security and Nutrition Working Group via ReliefWeb}}&lt;/ref&gt; Morago ga go palelwa gotlhelele ga dipula tsa bofelo jwa 2025, Somalia e ne ya itsise gore go na le seemo sa tshoganetso sa setšhaba sa komelelo, ka go senyega ga lefatshe le go latlhegelwa ke metswedi ya metsi a leruo go ne ga fudusa badisa ba ba fetang dikete di le lekgolo le masome a le boferabobedi le botlhano kwa bofelong jwa 2025 le tshimologo ya 2026. 

Go fetoha ga mafelo a bojang a a ungwang go nna mafelo a a tshwanang le sekaka kwa Afrika Botlhaba go gakadiwa ke go rengwa ga dikgwa mo lefelong le go dira magala le go kgaoganngwa ga ditsela tsa setso tsa go fuduga ga batho, mo go bakang gore go nne le leruo le le ntsi mo mafulong a a bokoa. Go tsibogela seemo sa tatlhegelo ya mmu se se anameng, dipuso tsa dikgaolo di fetogetse kwa go direng ditekanyetso-kakanyetso tsa triro ya madi tse di ka kgonang go emelana le seemo sa bosa; ka sekai, maiteko a lefatshe mo diemong tsa tikologo kwa Kenya a remeletse thata mo tsosolosong ya ditikologo tsa mafulo tse di dirisitsweng go feta selekanyo go fokotsa go senyega ga mmu mo go tswelelang, gape le go thibela letlhoko le le tona la dijo mo itsholelong. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=June 11, 2026 |title=Desertification and Drought Day 2026: Insights from evidence of climate-resilient development across Africa and Asia |url=https://clareprogramme.org/update/desertification-and-drought-day-2026-insights-from-evidence-of-climate-resilient-development-across-africa-and-asia/ |access-date=June 19, 2026 |publisher=CLARE Programme}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Sekaka sa Gobi le Mongolia ===

Lefelo le lengwe le le tona le le amiwang ke go fetoga ga sekaka ga lefelo ke Sekaka sa Gobi se se kwa Bokone jwa China le kwa Borwa jwa Mongolia. Sekaka sa Gobi ke sekaka se se atologang ka bonako go gaisa tsotlhe mo lefatsheng, ka gore se fetola go feta disekwerekhilomithara di le dikete di le tharo tsa naga ya bojang go nna naga e e latlhegetsweng ke boleng ngwaga le ngwaga. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Rechtschaffen |first=Daniel |title=How China's Growing Deserts Are Choking The Country |url=https://www.forbes.com/sites/danielrechtschaffen/2017/09/18/how-chinas-growing-deserts-are-choking-the-country/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220216110308/https://www.forbes.com/sites/danielrechtschaffen/2017/09/18/how-chinas-growing-deserts-are-choking-the-country/ |archive-date=16 February 2022 |access-date=28 August 2022 |website=Forbes |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; Le fa Sekaka sa Gobi ka bosone se sa ntse se le kgakala le [[Beijing]], dipego go tswa mo dithutong tsa lefelo di bolela gore go na le dithota tse ditona tsa motlhaba tse di ipopang sekgala sa dikholomithara di le masome a le bosupa fela kwa ntle ga toropo.  &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=25 March 2020 |title=Gobi Desert: A Complete Guide to East Asia's Largest Desert |url=https://www.youngpioneertours.com/gobi-desert-guide/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230730160548/https://www.youngpioneertours.com/gobi-desert-guide/ |archive-date=30 July 2023 |access-date=3 April 2022 |website=Young Pioneer Tours |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Kwa Mongolia, mo e ka nnang 90% ya naga ya bojang e tsewa e le e e ka nnang sekaka ke UN . Palokakanyetso ya 13% ya go nna sekaka ga lefelo kwa Mongolia e bakwa ke mabaka a tlholego; a mangwe ke ka ntlha ya tlhotlheletso ya ditiro tsa batho segolobogolo go fudisa go feta selekanyo le kgothego ya mmu e e oketsegileng mo mafelong a a lemilweng. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=What Is Desertification and How Does It Impact Mongolia? |url=https://breathemongolia.org/en/news-article/desertification-impact-mongolia/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220401180828/https://breathemongolia.org/en/news-article/desertification-impact-mongolia |archive-date=1 April 2022 |access-date=3 April 2022 |website=Breathe Mongolia – English |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Han |first=Jie |last2=Dai |first2=Han |last3=Gu |first3=Zhaolin |date=1 December 2021 |title=Sandstorms and desertification in Mongolia, an example of future climate events: a review |journal=Environmental Chemistry Letters |language=en |volume=19 |issue=6 |pages=4063–4073 |bibcode=2021EnvCL..19.4063H |doi=10.1007/s10311-021-01285-w |issn=1610-3661 |pmc=8302971 |pmid=34335128}}&lt;/ref&gt; Mo pakeng ya 1940 go ya go 2015, palogare ya mogote wa phefo e ne ya oketsega ka 2.24&amp;nbsp;°C. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Han |first=Jie |last2=Dai |first2=Han |last3=Gu |first3=Zhaolin |date=1 December 2021 |title=Sandstorms and desertification in Mongolia, an example of future climate events: a review |journal=Environmental Chemistry Letters |language=en |volume=19 |issue=6 |pages=4063–4073 |bibcode=2021EnvCL..19.4063H |doi=10.1007/s10311-021-01285-w |issn=1610-3661 |pmc=8302971 |pmid=34335128}}&lt;/ref&gt; Paka e e bothitho thata ya dingwaga di le lesome e ne e le mo dingwageng di le lesome tse di sa tswang go feta mo bosheng go fitlha ka 2021. Pula e fokotsegile ka 7% mo pakeng e e mo go bakileng koketsego ya diemo tsa komelelo go ralala Mongolia. Sekaka sa Gobi se tswelela ka go atologa go ya kwa bokone, ka lefatshe le le fetang 70% la Mongolia le le senyegileng ka ntlha ya go fulwa go feta selekanyo, go rengwa ga dikgwa le phetogo ya seemo sa bosa.  Mo godimo ga moo, puso ya Mongolia e kwadile melelo ya dikgwa, go swa ga dimela, ditiro tsa dikgwa tse di sa tsweleleng pele le tsa meepo jaaka dilo tse di bakang go fetoga ga naga sekaka mo nageng e .  Phetogo go tswa mo temothuong ya dinku go ya kwa go ya dipodi gore go kgonwe go fitlhelela ditlhokego tsa go rekisa kwa ntle  boboa jwa cashmere go bakile go senyega ga lefatshe la mafulo. Fa di bapisiwa le dinku, dipodi di dira tshenyo e ntsi mo mafulong ka go ja medi le dithunya. &lt;ref&gt;{{Citation|last1=Dorj|first1=O.|date=2013|pages=217–229|editor-last=Heshmati|editor-first=G. Ali|place=Dordrecht|publisher=Springer Netherlands|language=en|doi=10.1007/978-94-007-6652-5_11|isbn=978-94-007-6651-8|last2=Enkhbold|first2=M.|last3=Lkhamyanjin|first3=S.|last4=Mijiddorj|first4=Kh.|last5=Nosmoo|first5=A.|last6=Puntsagnamil|first6=M.|last7=Sainjargal|first7=U.|title=Combating Desertification in Asia, Africa and the Middle East|chapter=Mongolia: Country Features, the Main Causes of Desertification and Remediation Efforts|editor2-last=Squires|editor2-first=Victor R.}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Go fokotsa ditlamorago tsa letlhoko la madi ka ntlheng ya go fetoga sekaka ga lefelo kwa Inner Mongolia, Bai Jingying o ruta basadi go loga dilo tsa setso, tse morago ga moo ba di rekisang gore ba nne le lotseno lo lo oketsegileng. &lt;ref name=&quot;:02&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Community threads together |url=https://www.chinadailyhk.com/hk/article/252552#Community-threads-together-2021-12-20 |access-date=14 July 2024 |website=chinadailyhk |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;
[[File:10-4-26_沙尘暴_-_panoramio_-_阿留申.jpg|thumb|Ditsuatsue tsa lerole kwa China tse di amanngwang le go fetoga ga lefelo go nna  sekaka mo dikgaolong tsa yone tse di kwa bokone le kwa bokonebophirima]]

=== Amerika Borwa ===
Amerika Borwa ke lefelo le lengwe le le mo kotsing ya go fetoga sekaka, ka 25% ya lefatshe e tlhaolwa jaaka mafelo a a omeletseng &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=16 June 2016 |title=Soil Degradation Threatens Nutrition in Latin America - World |url=https://reliefweb.int/report/world/soil-degradation-threatens-nutrition-latin-america |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220403121753/https://reliefweb.int/report/world/soil-degradation-threatens-nutrition-latin-america |archive-date=3 April 2022 |access-date=3 April 2022 |website=ReliefWeb |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; mme go feta 68% ya lefatshe le nnile le kgothego ya mmu ka ntlha ya go rengwa ga dikgwa le go fudisa go feta selekanyo. &lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=15 June 2018 |title=Why We Should Invest in Land Management in Latin America |url=https://www.nrdc.org/bio/carolina-herrera/why-we-should-invest-land-management-latin-america |access-date=25 September 2023 |website=www.nrdc.org |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; 27 go ya go 43% ya mafelo a lefatshe kwa Bolivia, Chile, Ecuador le Peru a mo kotsing ka ntlha ya go fetoga sekaka. Kwa Argentina, Mexico le Paraguay, lefelo le le fetang sephatlo sa lefatshe le sentswe ke go fetoga sekaka ga lefelo mme ga se le le ka dirisetswang  temothuo. Kwa Amerika Bogare, komelelo e bakile go oketsega ga letlhoko la ditiro le go fokotsega ga pabalesego ya go nna teng ga dijo - gape e baka le go fuduga ga batho. Go ile ga bonwa ditlamorago tse di tshwanang le tse kwa magaeng a Mexico kwa botona jwa disekwerekhilomithara di le sekete tsa lefatshe di latlhegileng ngwaga le ngwaga ka ntlha ya go nna sekaka. &lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt; Kwa Argentina, go fetoga ga sekaka ga lefelo go na le bokgoni jwa go kgoreletsa ditlamelo tsa dijo tsa lefatshe . &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Torres |first=Laura |last2=Abraham |first2=Elena M. |last3=Rubio |first3=Clara |last4=Barbero-Sierra |first4=Celia |last5=Ruiz-Pérez |first5=Manuel |date=7 July 2015 |title=Desertification Research in Argentina |journal=Land Degradation &amp; Development |volume=26 |issue=5 |pages=433–440 |bibcode=2015LDeDe..26..433T |doi=10.1002/ldr.2392 |hdl=11336/48401 |s2cid=129476957 |hdl-access=free}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Go busetsa morago seemo sa go fetoga ga lefelo go nna sekaka ==

[[File:Harsh_Vardhan_addressing_at_the_inauguration_of_the_United_Nations_Convention_to_Combat_Desertification_(UNCCD)_Asia-Pacific_four-day_Regional_Workshop,_in_New_Delhi_(1).JPG|thumb|Bokopano ka 2018 kwa New Delhi jo bo neng bo amana le Tumalano ya Ditšhaba Tse di Kopaneng ya go Lwantsha go Nna Sekaka]]
[[File:North_Sahara._Anti-sand_shields.jpg|thumb|Ditshireleretso kgatlhanong le motlhaba kwa bokone jwa Sahara, [[Tunisia|kwa Tunisia]]]]
[[File:GreeningdesertTharIndia.jpg|thumb|Ditshimo tsa jojoba, jaaka di supiwa, di nnile le seabe mo go lwantsheng ditlamorago tsa go nna sekaka ga lefelo mo Sekaka sa Thar, India . ]]
[[File:Tamarisk_planted_along_roads_in_Xinjiang_near_Cherchen_to_slow_desertification.jpg|thumb|Saxaul e jetswe go bapa le ditsela kwa Xinjiang gaufi le Cherchen go fokotsa go nna sekaka ga lefelo ]]
Mekgwa le dikgato tsa go lwantsha fokotsa kgotsa go busetsa morago go fetoga go nna sekaka ga lefelo e teng. Mo dikgatong dingwe tse, go na le dikgoreletsi di le dintsi tse di itsang go diragatswa ga tsone. Mme le fa go ntse jalo, mo go tse dingwe tharabololo e tlhoka fela gore batho ba dirise ditlhaloganyo tsa bone.

Mogopolo mongwe wa go thusa seemo ke gore ditshenyegelo tsa go amogela mekgwa ya temothuo e e tswelelang ka dinako dingwe di feta dipoelo tsa balemibarui ka bongwe jwa bone, le fa di le mosola mo morafeng le mo tikologong. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Drost |first=Daniel |last2=Long |first2=Gilbert |last3=Wilson |first3=David |last4=Miller |first4=Bruce |last5=Campbell |first5=William |date=1 December 1996 |title=Barriers to Adopting Sustainable Agricultural Practices |url=https://www.joe.org/joe/1996december/a1.php |journal=Journal of Extension |volume=34 |issue=6 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170222053123/https://www.joe.org/joe/1996december/a1.php |archive-date=22 February 2017 |access-date=21 February 2017}}&lt;/ref&gt; Kgang e nngwe ke go tlhoka keletso ya sepolotiki, le go tlhoka madi a go tshegetsa mananeo a go tsosolosa lefatshe le go lwantsha go fetoga ga lefatshe go nna sekaka. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book |last=Briassoulis, Helen |year=2005 |title=Policy integration for complex environmental problems: the example of Mediterranean desertification |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=CpYnV45hVRsC&amp;pg=PA237 |publisher=Ashgate Publishing |isbn=978-0-7546-4243-5 |page=237}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Go nna sekaka ga lefelo go lemogwa jaaka matshosetsi a matona mo mefuteng ya ditshedi . Mafatshe a mangwe a tlhamile maano a tiro a mefutafuta ya ditshedi go lwantsha ditlamorago tsa seemo se, segolobogolo mabapi le tshireletso ya dimela le diphologolo tse di mo kotsing ya go nyelela .  &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Desert reclamation projects |url=http://www.gsafweb.org/TrusteeNews/desertdevelopmen.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090103172821/http://www.gsafweb.org/TrusteeNews/desertdevelopmen.html |archive-date=3 January 2009}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Go tokafatsa boleng jwa mmu ===
Mekgwa ya go dira se e remetse mo dintlheng tse pedi: tlamelo ya metsi, le go baakanya le go nontsha mmu thata. Go baakanya mmu gantsi go dirwa ka tiriso ya dipopoma tsa tshireletso, ditsha tsa dikgong le dithibelaphefo . Dithibelaphefo di dirwa ka ditlhare le matlhare mme di dirisiwa go fokotsa kgothego ya mmu le go latlhegelwa ke metsi ga dimela .

Mebu e mengwe (sekai, mmopa ), ka ntlha ya go tlhoka metsi e ka nna e e kopaneng go na le go nna le motlhofo (jaaka mmu wa motlhaba). Mekgwa e mengwe jaaka zaï kgotsa go epa di tlaabo morago go letla go lengwa ga dijalo. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Our Good Earth – National Geographic Magazine |url=http://ngm.nationalgeographic.com/2008/09/soil/mann-text.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170425181742/http://ngm.nationalgeographic.com/2008/09/soil/mann-text.html |archive-date=25 April 2017 |access-date=21 June 2016}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Mokgwa o mongwe ke go epa mesele . Se se diragala ka go epa mesele ya boleele jwa dimithara di le lekgolo le masomea matlhano le mithara o le mongwe wa boteng mo mmung. Mesele e e tlaabo e dirwa go tsamaisana le mela ya bogodimo jwa naga, go thibela metsi go elela mo teng ga mesela go baka kgothego ya mmu. Go bewa mabota a matlapa go dikologa mesele go thibela gore e seka ya tswalega gape. Mokgwa o o tlhamilwe ke Peter Westerveld. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Home – Justdiggit |url=http://nagafoundation.org/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160402205707/https://nagafoundation.org/ |archive-date=2 April 2016 |access-date=21 June 2016}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Go humisa mmu le go buseletsa menontshane ya one gantsi go fitlhelelwa ke dimela. Mo go tsone, dimela tsa dinawa tse di ntshang naeterojene mo phefong le go e tsenya mo mmung, dimela tse di matute (jaaka Opuntia ), &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Nefzaoui |first=Ali |date=30 January 2014 |title=Cactus as a Tool to Mitigate Drought and to Combat Desertification |journal=Journal of Arid Land Studies |volume=24 |issue=1 |pages=121–124 |hdl=20.500.11766/7319 |hdl-access=free}}&lt;/ref&gt; le dijalo/ditlhare tsa dijo jaaka digrains, barley, dinawa le di-date ke tsone tse di botlhokwa thata. Dithota tsa motlhaba di ka dirisiwa gape go laola go suta ga mmu le kgothego ya motlhaba.

Tsela e nngwe ya go busetsa menontshane ya mmu ke ka tiriso ya monontshane o o nang le naeterojene e ntsi. Ka ntlha ya tlhwatlhwa e e kwa godimo ya monontshane o, balemibarui ba le bantsi ba dipolasepotlana ba palelwa ke go o dirisa, segolobogolo mo dikgaolong tse temothuo ya go ja mo lwapeng e tlwaelesegileng. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Krah |first=Kwabena |last2=Michelson |first2=Hope |last3=Perge |first3=Emilie |last4=Jindal |first4=Rohit |date=1 December 2019 |title=Constraints to adopting soil fertility management practices in Malawi: A choice experiment approach |journal=World Development |volume=124 |doi=10.1016/j.worlddev.2019.104651 |s2cid=202302505 |article-number=104651}}&lt;/ref&gt; Mafatshe a le mmalwa, a akaretsa India, Zambia le Malawi a ile a tsibogela se ka go tsenya mo tirisong dithuso tsa madi go thusa go kgothatsa batho gore ba dirise mokgwa o. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Duflo |first=Esther |last2=Kremer |first2=Michael |last3=Robinson |first3=Jonathan |date=October 2011 |title=Nudging Farmers to Use Fertilizer: Theory and Experimental Evidence from Kenya |url=http://www.nber.org/papers/w15131.pdf |url-status=live |journal=American Economic Review |volume=101 |issue=6 |pages=2350–2390 |doi=10.1257/aer.101.6.2350 |hdl=1721.1/63964 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151002053100/http://www.nber.org/papers/w15131.pdf |archive-date=2 October 2015 |hdl-access=free}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Mafelo mangwe a dipatlisiso (sekai lefelo la Patlisiso la Bel-Air IRD/ISRA/UCAD) le one a dira ditekeletso tsa go kenta mefuta ya ditlhare ka mycorrhiza mo dikgaolong tse di omeletseng. Di-mycorrhiza tota ke di-fungi tse di itshwarelelang mo meding ya dimela. Ka jalo di dira botsalano jwa tirisanommogo le ditlhare, di oketsa bophara jwa medi ya setlhare thata (mo go letlelelang setlhare go kokoanya dikotla tse dintsi thata go tswa mo mmung). &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Département Biologie Végétale – Laboratoire Commun de Microbiologie IRD-ISRA-UCAD |url=http://196.1.95.4/fst/biologie-vegetale/labo_commun.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160624015819/http://196.1.95.4/fst/biologie-vegetale/labo_commun.htm |archive-date=24 June 2016 |access-date=21 June 2016}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Boenjenere jwa ditshedi jwa ditshedi tse dinnye tsa mmu, segolobogolo tse di thusang go dira dijo tsa dimela, le tsone di boletswe le go tshwantshiwa jaaka mokgwa wa go sireletsa mafelo a a omeletseng. Maikaelelo e le go tokafatsa mekgwa ya tirisanommogo e e leng teng magareng ga ditshedi tse dinnye tsa mmu le dimela. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Bioengineered soil microbes may help prevent desertification |url=https://phys.org/news/2020-08-bioengineered-soil-microbes-desertification.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200827204631/https://phys.org/news/2020-08-bioengineered-soil-microbes-desertification.html |archive-date=27 August 2020 |access-date=26 August 2020 |website=phys.org |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Go dira sekaka gore se nne setala ===
Ka gore go na le mefuta e mentsi e e farologaneng ya dikaka, go na gape le mefuta e e farologaneng ya mekgwa ya go tsosolosa dikaka . Sekai sa se ke dipane tsa letswai kwa sekakeng sa Rub' al Khali kwa Saudi Arabia . Dipane tse tsa letswai ke dingwe tsa mafelo a a solofetsang thata mo kgaolong ya sekaka go thusa ka temothuo ya metsi a lewatle e bile di ka tsosolosiwa ntle le tiriso ya metsi a a phepa kgotsa maatla a mantsi. 

Tsosoloso ya tlholego e e laolwang ke balemibarui (FMNR) ke mokgwa o mongwe o o ntshitseng maduo a a atlegileng a go leka go buseletsa lefatshe la sekaka. Fa e sa le ka 1980, mokgwa o wa go lema ditlhare mo lefatsheng le le senyegileng  o ntse o dirisiwa ka katlego e e rileng kwa Niger. Mokgwa o o motlhofo yoo gape o sa ture o letleleletse balemibarui gore ba kgone go tsosolosa disekwerekhilomithara di ka nna dikete di le masome a marataro kwa Niger. Thulaganyo e e akaretsa go kgontsha kgolo ya ditlhare ka go kgaola matlhare a dimela mo go kgethegileng. Masalela go tswa mo ditlhareng tse di kgaotsweng a ka dirisiwa go tlamela ka go bewa fa godimo ga lefatshe le le lemilweng mo masimong ka jalo go oketsa go tshwara metsi ga mmu le go fokotsa go latlhegelwa ke metsi ga mmu. Mo godimo ga moo, ditlhare tse di katoganeng sentle le go kgaolwa dikala di ka oketsa thobo ya dijalo. Lenaneo la Tsosoloso e e Thusiwang ke Humbo e e dirisang mekgwa ya FMNR kwa Ethiopia e amogetse madi go tswa kwa Letloleng la BioCarbon la Banka ya Lefatshe, le le tshegetsang mananeo a a tshwarang kgotsa a somarelang khabone mo dikgweng kgotsa mo dithulaganyong tsa tikologo tsa temothuo. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=18 October 2011 |title=Sprouting Trees From the Underground Forest — A Simple Way to Fight Desertification and Climate Change – Water Matters – State of the Planet |url=http://blogs.ei.columbia.edu/2011/10/18/sprouting-trees-from-the-underground-forest-a-simple-way-to-fight-desertification-and-climate-change/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120623022554/http://blogs.ei.columbia.edu/2011/10/18/sprouting-trees-from-the-underground-forest-a-simple-way-to-fight-desertification-and-climate-change/ |archive-date=23 June 2012 |access-date=11 August 2012 |publisher=Blogs.ei.columbia.edu}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Mokgatlho wa Dijo le Temothuo wa Ditšhaba tse di Kopaneng o simolodisitse Letsholo la Tsosoloso ya Mafatshe a a Omeletseng la FAO ka 2012 go kopanya dithuto le kitso ka go tsosolosa mafatshe a a omeletseng. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Drylands Restoration Initiative |url=http://www.fao.org/forestry/aridzone/restoration/en/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160723220152/http://www.fao.org/forestry/aridzone/restoration/en/ |archive-date=23 July 2016 |access-date=14 April 2016 |publisher=Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ka 2015, FAO e gatisitse dikaelo tsa lefatshe ka bophara tsa go tsosolosa dikgwa le lefatshe la naga le le senyegileng mo mafelong a a omeletseng, ka tirisanommogo le Lephata la Dikgwa le Merero ya Metsi la Turkey le Mokgatlho wa Tirisanommogo le Kgokaganyo wa Turkey. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book |date=June 2015 |title=Global guidelines for the restoration of degraded forests and landscapes in drylands |url=http://www.fao.org/3/a-i5036e.pdf |publisher=Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations |isbn=978-92-5-108912-5 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160423203240/http://www.fao.org/3/a-i5036e.pdf |archive-date=23 April 2016 |url-status=live&lt;!-- |access-date=June 2015 --&gt;}}&lt;/ref&gt;

&quot; Lebota le letala la China &quot; ke sekai sa maemo a a kwa godimo sa mokgwa mongwe o o ntseng o bona katlego mo ntweng  e ya go fetoga ga mafelo go nna sekaka. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=desertification 3D environment |url=https://b2b.partcommunity.com/community/knowledge/en/detail/9815/Desertification#knowledge_article |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210228141238/https://b2b.partcommunity.com/community/knowledge/en/detail/9815/Desertification#knowledge_article |archive-date=28 February 2021 |access-date=25 September 2020}}&lt;/ref&gt; Lebota le ke mofuta o motona thata wa se balemibarui ba Amerika ba se dirileng ka dingwaga tsa bo1930 go emisa seelo sa lerole la Bophirmagare. Leano le le ne ntshiwa kwa bokhutlong jwa dingwaga tsa bo1970, mme le fetogile lenaneo le le tona la boenjenere jwa tikologo le go sa solofelweng gore le ka ema pele ga ngwaga wa 2055. Go ya ka dipego tsa China, go lemilwe di ka nna dibilione di le masome a marataro mo leboteng le legolo le letala la China. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=21 April 2017 |title=China's 'Great Green Wall' Fights Expanding Desert |url=http://news.nationalgeographic.com/2017/04/china-great-green-wall-gobi-tengger-desertification/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170813110737/http://news.nationalgeographic.com/2017/04/china-great-green-wall-gobi-tengger-desertification/ |archive-date=13 August 2017 |access-date=4 May 2017}}&lt;/ref&gt; Lebota le letala la China le fokoditse lefatshe la sekaka kwa China ka palogare ya ngwaga le ngwaga ya disekwerekhilomithara di le sekete le makgolo a le boferabongwe le masome a le boferabobedi. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|date=26 May 2018|title=Across China: A guardian of the great green wall against China's second largest desert|url=http://www.xinhuanet.com/english/2018-05/26/c_137207841.htm|access-date=26 July 2026|archivedate=9 October 2019|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20191009130927/http://www.xinhuanet.com/english/2018-05/26/c_137207841.htm}}&lt;/ref&gt; Dipalo tsa ditsuatsue tsa motlhaba lefatshe ka bophara di wetse tlase ka masome a mabedi mo lekgolong (20%) ka ntlha ya lebota le letala. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Beiser |first=Vince |date=1 September 2017 |title=A tree grows in China: can a &quot;Green Great Wall&quot; stop sand from devouring the countryside? |journal=Mother Jones |volume=83 |issue=4}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ka ntlha ya katlego e China e ntseng e e bona mo go emiseng go anama ga go fetoga ga lefelo go nna sekaka,  maano mo Aforika go simolola &quot;lebota&quot; go bapa le melelwane ya sekaka sa Sahara mmogo le go tlamelwa ka matlole ke Mokgatlho wa Tikologo sa Lefatshe Lotlhe sa Ditšhabakopano a ntse a dirwa mo nakong ya gompieno. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Gadzama |first=Njidda Mamadu |date=2017 |title=Attenuation of the effects of desertification through sustainable development of Great Green Wall in the Sahel of Africa |journal=World Journal of Science, Technology and Sustainable Development |volume=14 |issue=4 |pages=279–289 |doi=10.1108/WJSTSD-02-2016-0021}}&lt;/ref&gt;
[[File:Great_green_wall_map.svg|thumb|Lebota le legolo le letala, mafatshe a a tsayang karolo le Sahel . Ka Lwetse 2020, go ne ga begwa gore GGW e ne ya kgona go lema fela 4% ya lefelo le le neng le rulaganyeditswe tiro ye. ]]
Ka 2024, palo e e ne e oketsegile go fitlha kwa go 30% wa seelo se se beilweng mme e a oketsega. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Heath |first=Victoria |date=2024-10-22 |title=Will Africa's Great Green Wall ever be finished? |url=https://geographical.co.uk/science-environment/will-africas-great-green-wall-ever-be-finished |access-date=2025-03-23 |website=Geographical |language=en-GB}}&lt;/ref&gt; 
Ka 2007 [[African Union|Kopano ya Aforika]] e ne ya simolola lenaneo la Lebota le Legolo le le Tala la Aforika gore e kgone go lwantsha go fetoga ga sekaka ga mafelo mo mafatsheng a le masome a mabedi. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Great Green Wall{{!}}Action Against Desertification{{!}}Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations |url=https://www.fao.org/in-action/action-against-desertification/overview/great-green-wall/en/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220127153831/https://www.fao.org/in-action/action-against-desertification/overview/great-green-wall/en/ |archive-date=27 January 2022 |access-date=27 February 2022 |website=www.fao.org}}&lt;/ref&gt; Lebota le le dikholomithara di le dikete di le boferabobedi ka bophara, le anama go ralala bophara jotlhe jwa kontinente mme go na le didolara di le dibilione di le boferabobedi go tshegetsa lenaneo le. Lenaneo le le tsosolositse diheketara di le didikadike di le masome a mararo le borataro tsa lefatshe, mme ka 2030 letsholo le le rulaganyetsa go busetsa palogotlhe ya diheketara di le didikadike di le lekgolo tsa lefatshe.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Gadzama |first=Njidda |date=2017 |title=Attenuation of the Effects of Desertification through Sustainable Development of Great Green Wall in the Sahel of Africa |journal=World Journal of Science, Technology and Sustainable Development |volume=14 |issue=4 |pages=279–289 |doi=10.1108/WJSTSD-02-2016-0021}}&lt;/ref&gt; Lebota le Legolo le le Tala le tlhodile ditshono di le tse dintsi tsa ditiro mo mafatsheng a a tsayang karolo, ka ditiro di feta dikete di le masome a mabedi tse di tlhamilweng kwa Nigeria fela. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=United Nations Convention to Combat Desertification |date=2019 |title=The Great Green Wall Initiative |url=https://www.unccd.int/actions/great-green-wall-initiative |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191202120122/https://www.unccd.int/actions/great-green-wall-initiative |archive-date=2 December 2019 |access-date=3 December 2019 |website=United Nations Convention to Combat Desertification}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Go fudisa leruo mo go laolwang sentle ===

Dikgaolo tsa bojang tse di tsosolositsweng di boloka CO &lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt; go tswa mo lefaufaung jaaka sediriswa sa menontshane ya dimela. Diruiwa tse di fulang, gantsi di sa tlogelwe go ya kwa le kwa, di ja bojang mme di fokotsa kgolo ya jone. &lt;ref name=&quot;Tlovell&quot;&gt;{{Cite news|url=http://www.newstatesman.com/environment/2011/01/lovell-carbon-ward-climate|title=How fences could save the planet|publisher=newstatesman.com|access-date=5 May 2013|date=13 January 2011}}&lt;/ref&gt; Mokgwa o o akantsweng wa go tsosolosa mafudiso bojang o dirisa magora go kgaogantswe go dira mafulo a mantsi a mannye , go sutisiwa leruo go tswa mafulong a mangwe go ya kwa go a mangwe morago ga letsatsi kgotsa a mabedi gore go kgonwe go dirwa nkare ke mafulo a tlholego mme se se letle bojang go gola ka botlalo. &lt;ref name=&quot;Tlovell&quot; /&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|url=https://news.mongabay.com/2008/02/restoring-soil-carbon-can-reverse-global-warming-desertification-and-biodiversity-loss/|title=Restoring soil carbon can reverse global warming, desertification and biodiversity loss|publisher=mongabay.com|access-date=2 May 2026|date=21 February 2008}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|url=http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,1953692,00.html|title=How eating grass-fed beef could help fight climate change|publisher=[[Time (magazine)|Time]]|access-date=11 May 2013|date=25 January 2010|archivedate=17 August 2013|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20130817083349/http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,1953692,00.html}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ba ba dumalanang le mekgwa ya go fudisa e e laolwang sentle ba bolela gore go oketsa mokgwa o go ka oketsa diteng tsa khabone mo mebung ya lefatshe ya diheketara di le dibilione di le tharo le sephatlo tsa naga ya bojang jwa temothuo le go fokotsa dingwaga di ka nna lesome le bobedi tsa mesi ya CO &lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt; . &lt;ref name=&quot;Tlovell&quot; /&gt; Le fa go ntse jalo, babatlisisi ba le bantsi ba ile ba ganetsa dipolelo tse di ntseng jalo mme ba bolela gore ga di busetse morago go nna sekaka ga lefelo e bile ga di fokotse digase tse di ntshiwang ke tsone. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Briske |first=David D. |last2=Bestelmeyer |first2=Brandon T. |last3=Brown |first3=Joel R. |last4=Fuhlendorf |first4=Samuel D. |last5=Wayne Polley |first5=H. |date=Oct 2013 |title=The Savory Method Can Not Green Deserts or Reverse Climate Change |url=https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0190052813500320 |journal=Rangelands |language=en |volume=35 |issue=5 |pages=72–74 |doi=10.2111/RANGELANDS-D-13-00044.1 |hdl=10150/639967 |hdl-access=free}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Temothuo ya tiriso ya motlakase ===
Babatlisisi kwa bokone jwa China ba akantshitse gore dithulaganyo tsa agrivoltaic tse di beilweng sentle di ka tshegetsa tiro ya thulaganyo ya tikologo ya mo dikakeng, le mo mafelong a a nang le pula e nnye tota. Thutopatlisiso ya 2025 e e sekasekilweng ke balekane e e gatisitsweng mo ''Scientific Reports'' e begile gore palo ya ditshed tse dinnye, boleng jwa mmu le diteng tsa dikotla di tokafetse &quot;ka tsela e e bonalang thata&quot; ka fa tlase ga dithulaganyo tse di kopantsweng tsa agrivoltaic, fa di bapisiwa le dijalo tse di sa diriseng marang a letsatsi le tse di dirisang letsatsi fela mo sekakeng sa Kubuqui, se se amogelang 300mm ya pula fela ngwaga le ngwaga. Babatlisisi ba ne ba amanya dipharologano tse le moriti o o tswang mo diphaneleng, o o neng wa fokotsa mogote wa mmu le go lekanyetsa selekanyo sa metsi a a tswang mo mmung, le tiro ya go thibela phefo ya diphanele, tse di neng di thibela motlhaba go katela dimela, le tirisanommogo le ditlhare tse di lemilweng, tse mmogo di neng tsa dira seemo sa bosa se se siameng go feta dithulaganyo tse dingwe fa di bapisiwa. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Lawrence |first=Kristen |date=2026-01-10 |title=Scientists make incredible discovery after pairing solar panels with crops in desert: 'An effective pathway' |url=https://www.thecooldown.com/green-tech/agrivoltaics-solar-panels-improves-desert-soil-quality/ |access-date=2026-02-03 |website=The Cool Down |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Ma |first=Mingjie |last2=Yang |first2=Fan |last3=Zheng |first3=Xiannian |last4=Yang |first4=Xinghua |last5=Mamtimin |first5=Ali |last6=Zhou |first6=Chenglong |last7=Li |first7=Chaofan |last8=Huo |first8=Wen |last9=Zheng |first9=Xinqian |last10=Wang |first10=Tianhe |last11=He |first11=Peng |last12=Gong |first12=Qing |date=2025-11-29 |title=Integrated photovoltaic-agriculture systems enhance soil health in desert ecosystems: evidence from microbial biomass and nutrient synergies |url=https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC12775456/ |journal=Scientific Reports |volume=16 |issue=1 |pages=472 |doi=10.1038/s41598-025-29815-4 |issn=2045-2322 |pmc=12775456 |pmid=41318781}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Ditso ==

Dikaka tse di itsegeng thata mo lefatsheng di bopilwe ke ditiragalo tsa tlholego tse di dirigatseng mo nakong e telele. Mo bontsing jwa dinako tse, dikaka di ile tsa gola le go ngotlega ka botsone go sa laolwe ke ditiro tsa batho. Dikaka tsa bogologolo ke mawatle a matona a motlhaba a jaanong a sa direng sepe ka gonne a baakantswe ke dimela, dingwe di feta melelwane ya mo bogompienong ya dikaka tsa konokono, tse di tshwanang le Sahara, sekaka se setona e bile se le mogote go di gaisa tsotlhe. &lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot;/&gt;

Bosupi jwa ditso bo bontsha gore go senyega ga lefatshe mo go masisi le mo go tseneletseng mo go neng ga diragala makgolokgolo a dingwaga a a fetileng mo dikgaolong tse di omeletseng go ne go na le mafelo a mararo: Mediterranean, Mogorogoro wa Mesopotamia le Loess Plateau ya China, kwa palo ya batho e neng e le ntsi teng. &lt;ref name=&quot;:7&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Dregne |first=H.E. |title=Desertification of Arid Lands |url=http://www.ciesin.columbia.edu/docs/002-193/002-193.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230428120939/http://www.ciesin.columbia.edu/docs/002-193/002-193.html |archive-date=28 April 2023 |access-date=3 December 2013 |publisher=Columbia University}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Puisano ya ntlha e e itsiweng ka ga kgang e e ne ya tlhagelela ka bonako fela morago ga gore Aforika Bophirima e nne kolone ya Fora, fa Comité d'Etudes e ne e laela gore go dirwe patlisiso ka ga ''desséchement progressif'' go sekaseka go atologa ga Sekaka sa Sahara pele ga ditso. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book |last=Mortimore, Michael |year=1989 |title=Adapting to drought: farmers, famines, and desertification in West Africa |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Dx89AAAAIAAJ&amp;pg=PA12 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |isbn=978-0-521-32312-3 |page=12 |access-date=16 May 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230730160046/https://books.google.com/books?id=Dx89AAAAIAAJ&amp;pg=PA12 |archive-date=30 July 2023 |url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; Thuto ya segompieno ya go fetoga ga mafelo go nna sekaka e tlhagile go tswa mo thutong ya komelelo ya dingwaga tsa bo1980 kwa Sahel . &lt;ref name=&quot;:6&quot;/&gt;</text>
      <sha1>3hzp33h6awqogl7r5rm9bm2gqnyxfn4</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Puisokwalo ya dijithale</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>14719</id>
    <revision>
      <id>54162</id>
      <parentid>53392</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-08-17T20:24:29Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>InternetArchiveBot</username>
        <id>8156</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Add 1 book for [[en:Wikipedia:Verifiability|verifiability]] (20260817)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]]</comment>
      <origin>54162</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="9534" sha1="drhsu2d223rrz0qf1hdxcmfw8hs2emk" xml:space="preserve">[[Setshwantsho:A._Stuart_and_Students.jpg|thumb|Morutabana le baithuti ba gagwe mo laborathoring ya dikhomputara]]
'''Puisokwalo ya dijithale''' ke bokgoni jwa motho jwa go batla, go sekaseka le go fetisa tshedimosetso a dirisa didirisiwa tsa dijithale kgotsa dipolatefomo tsa bobegakgang jwa dijithale, mmogo le bokgoni jwa go tsamaya, go sekaseka, go tlhama le go fetisa tshedimosetso mo ditikologong tsa dijithale. Puisokwalo ya dijithale e kopanya bokgoni jwa setegeniki le jwa go akanya le go  tlhaloganya ; e akaretsa go dirisa dithekenoloji tsa tshedimosetso le tlhaeletsano go tlhama, go sekaseka, le go abelana tshedimosetso.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2017-01-19 |title=Digital Literacy |url=https://literacy.ala.org/digital-literacy/ |access-date=2020-10-22 |website=Welcome to ALA's Literacy Clearinghouse |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt; Gape e akaretsa go sekaseka ka kelotlhoko ditlamorago tsa yona mo setshabeng le mo dipolotiking. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Pangrazio |first=Luciana |date=2016-03-03 |title=Reconceptualising critical digital literacy |url=https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/01596306.2014.942836 |journal=Discourse: Studies in the Cultural Politics of Education |volume=37 |issue=2 |pages=163–174 |doi=10.1080/01596306.2014.942836 |issn=0159-6306 |url-access=subscription}}&lt;/ref&gt; 

Kwa tshimologong, kitso ya tiriso ya dithekenoloji e ne e tlhomile mogopolo mo bokgoning jwa go dirisa didiriswa tsa dijithale le dikhomputara tse di ikemetseng, mme go tla ga inthanete le tiriso ya mmedia wa botsalano go dirile gore go tlhomiwe mogopolo mo didirisiweng tsa selulafouno. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Lynch |first=Matthew |date=2022-07-25 |title=Digital Literacy Training Improves Mobile Learning Outcomes |url=https://www.thetechedvocate.org/digital-literacy-training-improves-mobile-learning-outcomes/ |access-date=2024-12-28 |website=The Tech Edvocate |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Puisokwalo ya dijithale e amana le mefuta e mengwe ya puisokwalo, mme ga e tshwane le yone. Puisokwalo ya tshedimosetso e tlhomile mogopolo mo bokgoning jwa go batla, go sekaseka le go dirisa tshedimosetso ka difomete tse dintsi. Kitso ya bobegakgang e kaya bokgoni jwa go sekaseka le go ranolola melaetsa ya bobegakgang le tlhotlheletso ya yona. Go farologana le seo, puisokwalo ya dijithale e kopanya bokgoni jono fa gape e akaretsa tiriso e e mosola ya didirisiwa tsa dijithale, go tsaya karolo mo ditikologong tsa inthanete, le go tlhama diteng tsa dijithale. Bogolo jo bo anameng jo bo tlhagisa mofuta wa tirisano le wa go tsaya karolo wa mafelo a dijithale. Le fa kitso ya bobegakgang le ya tshedimosetso e ka nna le seabe mo kitsong ya motho ya dijithale, kitso ya dijithale e kaya dipolatefomo tsa dijithale le tsela e tshedimosetso le melaetsa di ranolwang le go fetisiwa ka yona.

== Hisetori ==
Puisokwalo ya dijithale e ne ya tlhalosiwa la ntlha mo bukeng e e gatisitsweng ka 1997 ke Paul Glister. Glister o ne a bua ka bokgoni jwa go bala le go kwala jwa dijithale e le bokgoni jwa go tlhaloganya le go dirisa tshedimosetso ka difomete tse dintsi go tswa mo metsweding e e farologaneng fa e tlhagisiwa ka dikhomputara. Fa e sa le ka tlhaloso eno, thekenoloji ya dijithale e fetogile, mme ya dira gore tlhaloso ya boammaaruri ya go bala le go kwala ya dijithale le yone e fetoge. Le fa puisokwalo ya dijithale e sa lekanyediwe fela mo dikhomputareng, e lemoga dithekenoloji tsa dijithale jaaka sediriswa sa melaetsa e e tlhokang kitso e e rileng go tlhaloganya, go ranola, go kgaoganya boammaaruri le mainane, le go letla gore go agiwe bokao jo bosha. &lt;ref name=&quot;Digital Literacy Unpacked&quot;&gt;{{Cite book |date=2018-08-07 |title=Digital Literacy Unpacked |url=https://doi.org/10.29085/9781783301997 |publisher=Facet |isbn=978-1-78330-199-7 |editor-last=Reedy |editor-first=Katharine |doi=10.29085/9781783301997 |editor-last2=Parker |editor-first2=Jo}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Dipatlisiso ka ga dipuisokwalo tsa dijithale di tswa mo dingwaong tsa dipuisokwalo tsa tshedimosetso le dipatlisiso ka ga dipuisokwalo tsa bobegakgang tse di ikaegileng ka dingwao tsa tlhaloganyo ya loago le tlhaloganyo ya motho, mmogo le dipatlisiso ka ga tlhamo ya mekgwa e e farologaneng, e e ikaegileng ka mekgwa ya thuto-loago.  Puisokwalo ya dijithale e agilwe mo seabeng se se golang sa dipatlisiso tsa saense ya loago mo lephateng la puisokwalo,  mmogo le mo dikgopolong tsa puisokwalo ya ditshwantsho,  puisokwalo ya khomputara,  le puisokwalo ya tshedimosetso . 

Kgopolo ya puisokwalo ya dijithale e tsweletse pele go fetoga go ralala lekgolo la dingwaga la bo 20 le go tsena mo lekgolong la bo 21 la dingwaga go tswa mo tlhalosong ya setegeniki ya bokgoni le bokgoni go ya kwa go tlhaloganyeng ka bophara go dirisana le dithekenoloji tsa dijithale. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book |last=Colin Lankshear |date=2008 |title=Digital literacies: concepts, policies and practices |url=https://archive.org/details/digitalliteracie0000unse_w0u4 |last2=Michele Knobel |publisher=Peter Lang |isbn=978-1-4331-0169-4 |location=New York |oclc=213133349}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Puisokwalo ya dijithale gantsi go tlotliwa ka yone mo bokaong jwa se se tlileng pele ga yone, e leng puisokwalo ya bobegakgang . Thuto ya go itse go bala le go kwala ya bobegakgang e simolotse kwa United Kingdom le United States ka ntlha ya phasalatso ya ntwa ka dingwaga tsa bo 1930 le go tlhatloga ga papatso ka dingwaga tsa bo 1960, ka go latelana. &lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Cite book |last=boyd |first=danah |year=2014 |title=It's Complicated: The Social Lives of Networked Teens |url=https://www.danah.org/books/ItsComplicated.pdf |publisher=Yale University Press |isbn=978-0-300-16631-6 |location=New Haven, Connecticut |pages=https://www.danah.org/books/ItsComplicated.pdf}}&lt;/ref&gt; Go romela melaetsa ka boferefere le go oketsega ga mefuta e e farologaneng ya bobegakgang go ne ga tshwenya barutabana le go feta. Barutabana ba ne ba simolola go rotloetsa thuto ya go itse go bala le go kwala ka bobegakgang go ruta batho ka bongwe go atlhola le go sekaseka melaetsa ya bobegakgang e ba neng ba e amogela. Bokgoni jwa go nyatsa diteng tsa dijithale le tsa bobegakgang bo letla batho go lemoga tlhaolele kgotysa letlhakori le le rileng le go sekaseka melaetsa ka go ikemela. &lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt; Kitso ya dijithale le ya bobegakgang tsoopedi, di akaretsa bokgoni jwa go sekaseka le go tlhaloganya bokao jwa melaetsa, go atlhola gore a tshedimosetso ya ikanyega, le go sekaseka boleng jwa tiro ya dijithale. &lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Martens |first=Hans |last2=Hobbs |first2=Renee |date=30 April 2015 |title=How Media Literacy Supports Civic Engagement in a Digital Age |url=https://digitalcommons.uri.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1048&amp;context=com_facpubs |journal=Atlantic Journal of Communication |volume=23 |issue=2 |pages=4–5 |doi=10.1080/15456870.2014.961636 |s2cid=52208620 |url-access=subscription}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Ka go tlhatloga ga go abelana difaele mo ditirelong tse di jaaka Napster karolo ya maitsholo le boitshwaro e ne ya simolola go akarediwa mo ditlhalosong tsa puisokwalo ya dijithale.  Ditlhomamiso tsa puisokwalo ya dijithale a ne a simolola go akaretsa maikemisetso le maikaelelo a a tshwanang le go sekaseka ka kelotlhoko dikarolo tsa dipolotiki le diphetogo tsa maatla tse di tsenngwang mo dithulaganyong tsa go dira dilo tsa dijithale kgotsa go dira gore tshedimosetso e nne ya dijithale ; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Markham |first=Annette |last2=Pronzato |first2=Riccardo |date=2023-01-01 |title=A critical (theory) data literacy: tales from the field |url=https://www.emerald.com/insight/content/doi/10.1108/ils-06-2023-0087/full/html |journal=Information and Learning Sciences |volume=125 |issue=5/6 |pages=293–320 |doi=10.1108/ILS-06-2023-0087 |issn=2398-5348 |url-access=subscription}}&lt;/ref&gt; mmogo le go tlhaloganya botlhokwa jwa go nna leloko le le nang le maikarabelo mo loagong la setšhaba sa bone ka go anamisa kitso le go thusa ba bangwe go bona ditharabololo tsa dijithale kwa gae, kwa tirong, kgotsa mo seraleng sa bosetšhaba. &lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Martens |first=Hans |last2=Hobbs |first2=Renee |date=30 April 2015 |title=How Media Literacy Supports Civic Engagement in a Digital Age |url=https://digitalcommons.uri.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1048&amp;context=com_facpubs |journal=Atlantic Journal of Communication |volume=23 |issue=2 |pages=4–5 |doi=10.1080/15456870.2014.961636 |s2cid=52208620 |url-access=subscription}}&lt;/ref&gt;


Puisokwalo ya dijithale e ka akaretsa gape go tlhagisa ditlhangwa tsa mekgwa e mentsi ya puisano.  Tlhaloso e e lebile thata go buisa le go kwala mo sedirisiweng sa dijithale, mme gape e akaretsa tiriso ya mekgwa epe fela mo didirisiweng tse dintsi tse di gatelelang bokao jwa matshwao le ditshupo (Semiotiki) go feta go ikaega fela ka ditlhaka (graphemes) . &lt;ref name=&quot;Heitin&quot;&gt;{{Cite news|last=Heitin|first=Liana|url=https://www.edweek.org/ew/articles/2016/11/09/what-is-digital-literacy.html|title=What Is Digital Literacy? - Education Week|date=2016-11-09|work=Education Week|access-date=2020-03-15}}&lt;/ref&gt; Gape e akaretsa kitso ya go tlhagisa mefuta e mengwe ya bobegakgang, jaaka go rekota le go tsenya vidio mo inthaneteng. &lt;ref name=&quot;Heitin&quot; /&gt;

Ka kakaretso, puisokwalo ya dijithale e abelana ka melaometheo e mentsi e e tlhalosang le mafapha a mangwe a a dirisang diphetogo fa pele ga lereo &quot;puisokwalo&quot; go tlhalosa ditsela tsa go nna le kitso kgotsa bokgoni jo bo rileng jwa lefapha. Lereo le le godile ka go tuma mo thutong le mo mafelong a thuto e kgolwane mme le dirisiwa mo maemong a boditšhabatšhaba le a bosetšhaba.</text>
      <sha1>drhsu2d223rrz0qf1hdxcmfw8hs2emk</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Joshua Nkomo</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>14856</id>
    <revision>
      <id>54195</id>
      <parentid>53908</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-08-17T21:18:49Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>InternetArchiveBot</username>
        <id>8156</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Add 4 books for [[en:Wikipedia:Verifiability|verifiability]] (20260817)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]]</comment>
      <origin>54195</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="14343" sha1="m60gq2j1jvd90udardk1nzdeo2xn2eh" xml:space="preserve">{{Infobox officeholder|name=Joshua Nkomo|image=Joshua Nkomo (1978).jpg|caption=Nkomo ka ngwaga wa sekete makgolo a robabaongwe masome a supa le borobabobedi|office=Mothusa tautona wa bobedi wa [[Zimbabwe]]|office1=Tona wa ntlha wa merero ya selegae wa Zimbabwe|term_start=Phatwe a le malatsi a marataro ngwaga wa sekete makgolo a robabongwe masome a robabongwe|term_end=Phukwi a rogwa ngwaga wa sekete makgolo a robabongwe masome a robabongwe le borobabongwe|president=[[Robert Mugabe]]|predecessor=ofisi e ne e le gone e tlhamiwang|successor=[[Joseph Msika]]|term_start1=ngwaga wa sekete makgolo a robabaongwe le masome a robabobedi|term_end1=Tlhakole ngwaga wa sekete makgolo a robabongwe masome a robabaobedi le bobedi|president1=[[Canaan Banana]]|primeminister1=[[Robert Mugabe]]|predecessor1=Herbert Zimuto|successor1=[[Herbert Ushewokunze]]|birth_name=Joshua Mqabuko Nyongolo Nkomo|birth_date=Seetebosigo a le malatsi a supa ngwaga wa sekete makgolo a robabaongwe lesome le bosupa|birth_place=[[Harare]] [[Zimbabwe]]|resting_place=[[National Heroes' Acre]]|party=[[PF-ZAPU]]
[[ZAPU]]|spouse=[[Johanna Fuyana]] (ba nyalane ka ngwaga wa 1949)|children=ba bane|alma_mater=[[Jan H. Hofmeyr School of Social Work]]
[[University of South Africa]]|profession=Mopolotiki, motsoulodi, moeteledipele wa lekgotla la babereki, mogwebi}}

'''Joshua Mqabuko Nyongolo Nkomo''' (o o tshotsweng ka ngwaga wa sekete makgolo a robabongwe lesome le bosupa ka Seetebosigo a le malatsi a supa – a tlhokafala ka Phukwi a rogwa ngwaga wa sekete makgolo a robabongwe masome a robabongwe le borobabongwe) e ne e le mopolotiki o o dirileng phetogo kwa [[Zimbabwe]] &lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot;&gt;{{Cite news|last=Barron|first=Ian|date=1986|title=Nkomo Debt to George in 'Banned' Talk: Zimbabwe Premier blocks trip to Vancouver|url=https://cooperative-individualism.org/barron-ian_zimbabwe-joshua-nkomo-prevented-from-travel-to-vancouver-1986-sep-oct.pdf|work=[[Land&amp;Liberty]]}}&lt;/ref&gt; o a neng a bereka e le mothusa tautona wa lefatshe la Zimbabwe ka fa tlase ga puso ya ga [[Robert Mugabe Jr.|Robert Mugabe]] go tswa ka ngwaga wa sekete, makgolo a robabongwe le masome a robabaongwe go fitlhelela a tlhokafala ka ngwaga wa sekete makgolo a robabongwe masome a robabongwe le borobabongwe. O ne a tlhama le go etelela pele phathi ya [[Zimbabwe African People's Union]] (ZAPU) go tswa ka ngwaga wa sekete makgolo a robabongwe masome a marataro le motso go fitlhelela, morago ga kgatelelo ya sesole ya kwa lefatsheng leo(e e neng e itsige jaaka Gukurahundi ) kwa bophirima jwa Zimbabwe, e e neng e lebagane thata le baema nokeng ba lotso lwa [[Ndebele]] ba ba neng ba eme ZAPU nokeng, ZAPU e ne ya kopana le phathi ya ga Robert Mugabe ya Zimbabwe African National Union (ZANU) ka ngwaga wa sekete makgolo a robabongwe masome a robabobedi le bosupa go tlhama ZANU-PF.

E ne e le moeteledipele wa mokgatlho wa babereki, mme a tswelela pele go nna tautona wa phathi e e neng e ilediwa ya National Democratic Party , mme a tsenngwa mo kgolegelong dingwaga di le lesome ke puso ya batho ba basweu ya Rhodesia . Morago ga go gololwa ga gagwe ka ngwaga wa sekete, makgolo a robabaongwe masome a supa le bone, ZAPU e ne ya nna le seabe mo go phutlhameng ga puso eo, mmogo le ZANU, e e neng ya tlhamiwa ka ngwaga wa sekete makgolo a robabaongwe masome a marataro le boraro. &lt;ref name=&quot;Sibanda-2005-90&quot;&gt;{{Cite book |last=Sibanda |first=Eliakim M. |year=2005 |title=The Zimbabwe African People's Union 1961–87: A Political History of Insurgency in Southern Rhodesia |url=https://archive.org/details/zimbabweafricanp0000siba |publisher=Africa World Press |isbn=978-1-59221-275-0 |location=Trenton, NJ |pages=[https://archive.org/details/zimbabweafricanp0000siba/page/90 90]–93}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Ka ngwaga wa sekete, makgolo a robabongwe masome a robabobedi le boraro, ka a ne a boifa ka dingwaga tsa ntlha tsa Gukurahundi, Nkomo o ne a sia mo lefatsheng la gaabo. Moragonyana ka ngwaga wa sekete, makgolo a robabongwe masome a robabobedi le bosupa, o ne a baya monwana tumalano ya kagisano ya Unity Accord mme se se ne sa baka mekubukubu, tumalano e e ne e tlaa letla ZAPU go kopana le NAZU go emisa kganyaolo. &lt;ref name=&quot;Nyarota-2018-p39&quot;&gt;{{Cite book |last=Nyarota |first=Geoffrey |year=2018 |title=The Graceless Fall of Robert Mugabe: The End of a Dictator's Reign |publisher=Penguin (Random House) |isbn=978-1-77609-346-5 |location=Cape Town, South Africa |page=[https://books.google.com/books?id=mA9mDwAAQBAJ&amp;pg=PT39 39] |chapter=Chapter 3: Silencing divergent voices}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Nkomo o ne fiwa maina a mantsi a metshameko, a akaretsa la Umafukufuku la puo ya Ndebele, &quot;Father Zimbabwe&quot; ka Sekgowa le Chibwechitedza (&quot;lentswe le le boreledi&quot;) ka puo ya seShona. 

== Botshelo jwa a le mmotlana ==
Nkomo o tshotswe ka Seetebosigo a le malatsi a supa ngwaga wa sekete, makgolo a robabongwe lesome le bosupa kwa Matopos, Matabeleland, Rhodesia Borwa (kwa e leng Matobo, Zimbabwe gompieno&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Cite book |last=Jessup |first=John E. |year=1998 |title=An Encyclopedic Dictionary of Conflict and Conflict Resolution, 1945–1996 |url=https://archive.org/details/encyclopedicdict0000jess |publisher=Greenwood Press |page=[https://archive.org/details/encyclopedicdict0000jess/page/533 533]}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book |last=Metrowich |first=Frederick Redvers |year=1969 |title=Rhodesia: Birth of a Nation |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=FshBAAAAYAAJ |publisher=Africa Institute |pages=129 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; )  E ne e le mongwe wa bana ba robabobedi. Rraagwe (ebong Thomas Nyongolo Letswansto Nkomo ) o ne a bereka e le moreri gape e le molemi morui wa dikgomo mme a berekela Mokgatlho wa Barongwa wa Lontone . Mmaagwe e ne e le Mlingo Hadebe. 

Morago ga go fetsa dithuto tsa gagwe tse di potlana kwa Rhodesia Borwa, Nkomo o ne a dira dithuto tsa go betla kwa sekolong sa madirelo sa puso sa Tsholotsho mme a ithuta teng sebaka sa ngwaga pele ga a nna mokgweetsi. Moragonyana o ne a leka go rua diphologolo, mme morago a nna morutabana wa sekolo yo o itebagantseng le tiro ya go betla kwa sekolong sa Manyame kwa Kezi . Ka ngwaga wa sekete makgolo a robabongwe masome a mane le bobedi, a le dingwaga di le masome mabedi le botlhano, ka nako ya fa a le morutabana, o ne a tsaya tshwetso ya gore o tshwanetse go ya kwa Aforika Borwa go ya go tsweledisa dithuto tsa gagwe, go dira tiro ya go betla le go itlhatlosa maemo a thuto. O tsene sekolo kwa Adams College le kwa Sekolong sa Jan H. Hofmeyr kwa Aforika Borwa, &lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Cite book |last=Jessup |first=John E. |year=1998 |title=An Encyclopedic Dictionary of Conflict and Conflict Resolution, 1945–1996 |url=https://archive.org/details/encyclopedicdict0000jess |publisher=Greenwood Press |page=[https://archive.org/details/encyclopedicdict0000jess/page/533 533]}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation book cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot; id=&quot;CITEREFJessup1998&quot;&gt;Jessup, John E. (1998). ''An Encyclopedic Dictionary of Conflict and Conflict Resolution, 1945–1996''. Greenwood Press. p.&amp;nbsp;533.&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt; kwa a neng a kopana teng le [[Nelson Mandela]] le baeteledipele ba bangwe ba mo isagong kwa sekolong se segolwane sa Fort Hare, le ntswa a ne a sa tsene sekolo seo. Ke kwa Sekolong sa Jan Hofmeyr kwa a neng a aloga ka dipoloma ya mmaboipelego ka ngwaga wa sekete makgolo a robabongwe masome a matlhano le bobedi. Nkomo o nyetse mosadi wa gagwe Johanna Fuyana ka Phalane a rogwa ngwaga wa sekete makgolo a robabaongwe masome a mane le borobabongwe.

== Dipolotiki ngwaga wa 1947- go tsena 1964 ==
morago ga go boela kwa Bulawayo ka ngwaga wa sekete makgolo a robabongwe masome a mane le bosupa, o ne a nna leloko la mokgatlho wa babereki ba bantsho ba diterena mme a nna moeteledipele wa Mokgatlho wa babereki ba Diterena mme morago ga moo a nna moeteledipele wa kgaolo ya Rhodesia Borwa ya African National Congress . Ka ngwaga wa sekete makgolo a robabaongwe masome a matlhano le boraro o ne a emela ditlhopho tsa Palamente mo ditlhophong tsa ntlha tsa puso, le fa a ne a latlhegelwa.  Lekalana la ANC la Rhodesia Borwa le ne la fetoga go nna Southern Rhodesia African National Congress (SRANC), mme ka ngwaga wa sekete makgolo a robabaongwe masome a matlhano le bosupa Nkomo o ne a tlhophiwa go nna modulasetilo. &lt;ref name=&quot;Encyc-World-Bio&quot; /&gt; Nkomo o ne a le kwa ntle ga lefatshe ka ngwaga wa sekete makgolo a robabaongwe masome a matlhano le borobabaongwe fa SRANC e ne e ilediwa go tsena mo lefatsheng leo, dithoto tsa yone di tsewa, le bontsi jwa baeteledipele ba yone  ba tshwarwa. 

Ka Firkgong a rogwa ngwaga wa sekete makgolo a robabongwe masome a marataro, National Democratic Party (NDP) e ne ya tlhamiwa ke Nkomo le ba bangwe go tswa mo boeteledipeleng jwa SRANC go tlhatlhama SRANC e e neng e ileditswe, mme ba amogela maikaelelo a bona le popego ya mokgatlho, ga mmogo le go tsenya maloko.  Mo ngwageng oo o ne a nna tautona wa NDP ka kemo nokeng ya ga Robert Mugabe . NDP e ne ya ilediwa ka Morule ngwaga wa sekete makgolo a robabaongwe masome a marataro le motso ke puso ya Rhodesia.

Moragonyana fela Nkomo o ne a tlhama Zimbabwe African Peoples Union ( ZAPU ) a na le Samuel Parirenyatwa, Ndabaningi Sithole, Robert Mugabe, le ba bangwe .  Phathi eo le yone e ne ya ilediwa ke puso ya batho basweu ba ba kwa Rhodesia dikgwedi di robabongwe moragonyana ka Lwetse ngwaga wa sekete makgolo a robabongwe masome a marataro le bobedi. 

ZAPU e ne ya kgaogana ka ngwaga wa sekete makgolo a robabongwe masome a marataro le boraro fa Sithole le Mugabe ba tsaya baema nokeng ba bone mme ba tlhama phathi ya Zimbabwe African National Union (ZANU). &lt;ref name=&quot;Sibanda-2005-90&quot;&gt;{{Cite book |last=Sibanda |first=Eliakim M. |year=2005 |title=The Zimbabwe African People's Union 1961–87: A Political History of Insurgency in Southern Rhodesia |url=https://archive.org/details/zimbabweafricanp0000siba |publisher=Africa World Press |isbn=978-1-59221-275-0 |location=Trenton, NJ |pages=[https://archive.org/details/zimbabweafricanp0000siba/page/90 90]–93}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation book cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot; id=&quot;CITEREFSibanda2005&quot;&gt;Sibanda, Eliakim M. (2005). ''The Zimbabwe African People's Union 1961–87: A Political History of Insurgency in Southern Rhodesia''. Trenton, NJ: Africa World Press. pp.&amp;nbsp;&lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;90–&lt;/span&gt;93. [[ISBN (identifier)|ISBN]]&amp;nbsp;[[Special:BookSources/978-1-59221-275-0|&lt;bdi&gt;978-1-59221-275-0&lt;/bdi&gt;]].&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt; Fa batho bangwe ba re kgaogano e, e bakilwe ke dikgotlhang gareng ga merafe,   kgaogano e ne e tlhotlhelediwa ke go palelwa ga ga Sithole, Mugabe, Takawira le Malianga go amoga taolo ya ZAPU mo go Nkomo.  ZAPU e ne ya tswelelela e le phathi ya merafe e e farologaneng go fitlhelela ka boipuso. &lt;sup class=&quot;noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact&quot; style=&quot;white-space:nowrap;&quot;&gt;&amp;#x5B; ''&lt;nowiki&gt;&lt;span title=&quot;This claim needs references to reliable sources. (July 2021)&quot;&gt;go tlhokega nopolo&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/nowiki&gt;'' &amp;#x5D;&lt;/sup&gt;

== Kgotlhang ya dibetsa ==
Nkomo o ne a tshwarelwa kwa Kampeng ya Gonakudzingwa Restriction ke puso ya ga Ian Smith ka ngwaga wa sekete makgolo a robabongwe masome a marataro le bone, le batho ba ba tshwanang le ene ba ba neng ba le kgatlhanong le puso ebong Ndabaningi Sithole, Edgar Tekere, Enos Nkala, Maurice Nyagumbo, le Mugabe, go fitlhelela ka ngwaga wa sekete makgolo a robabaongwe masome a supa le bone. Paul Tangi Mhova Mkondo moeteledipele wa basha wa baithuti le ene o ne a tshwarwa le bone ka nakwana. Palo e ntsi ya bone ba ne ba gololwa ka ntlha ya kgatelelo ya ga tonakgolo wa Aforika Borwa John Vorster. Morago ga go gololwa ga ga Nkomo, o ne a ya kwa Zambia go tswelela a le kgatlhanong le puso ya Rhodesia ka ditsamaiso tse pedi tsa go nna kgatlhanong le go buisana.

Le sa tshwane le la ZANU la dibetsa, lekgamu la dibetsa la ZAPU - Zimbabwe People's revolutionary Army - le ne le itebagantse le tlhaselo ya ditsuolodi. Ka nak ya boipuso ZIPRA e ne e na le sesole sa sesha, kwa [[Zambia]] le [[Angola]], le na le balwantwa ba Mikoyan, dibomo le batho ba ba itshireleditseng. 

Nkomo o kile a gomagomediwa go bolawa makgetho a le mabedi. La ntlha, kwa Zambia ke Selous Scouts, e ne e le thomo e e bofitlha. Thomo e ne ya emisiwa mme ya lekelediwa gape morago, mo go neng ga seka ga atlega, ke sesole sa Rhodesia se se faphegileng sa difofane. Ka Phatwe ngwaga wa dikete pedi lesome le motso go ne ga begiwa ke BBC gore Nkomo o ne a lmilwe tsebe ke puso ya Britain.&lt;ref&gt;[https://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-14311834 &quot;Did UK warn Mugabe and Nkomo about assassination attempts?&quot;.] BBC News Online. 1 July 2011. Retrieved 07 July 2026&lt;/ref&gt;

Masole a ZAPU a ne a nyenyafatsa puso ya Rhodesia ka nako ya ntwa ya sekgwa. Ditlhaselo tse di begilweng thata ebile e le tsone tse di atlegileng ke go diga difofane tsa Air Rhodesia Vickers Viscount tsa bapagami ba mo gae di le pedi ka di misaele, tse di neng tsa baka dintsho tsa batho ba le lekgolo le bosupa. Ya ntlha, ya Lwetse a le malatsi a mararo ngwaga wa sekete, makgolo a robabongwe masome a supa le borobabobedi e bolaile batho ba le masome a mararo le borobabobedi mo go ba ba masome a matlhano le borataro ba ba neng ba le mo sefofaneng fa se phatlakana, ba bangwe ba le lesome (ba akaretsa basadi le bana) ba ne ba thuntshiwa morago ke ba ZIPRA ba ba neng ba ile go sekaseka tshenyo.&lt;ref&gt;[https://web.archive.org/web/20080307203237/http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,916377,00.html &quot;Seeds of Political Destruction&quot;.] ''Time''. New York. 18 September 1978. Archived from the original on 7 March 2008. Retrieved 07 August 2026&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Lindsell-Stewart, Gavin (5 September 1978). &quot;Three Describe a Night of Terror&quot;. [[:en:The_Herald_(Zimbabwe)|''The Rhodesia Herald''.]] Salisbury: Argus Group: 1.&lt;/ref&gt;

Morago Nkomo o ne a re kganyaolo e ke magatwe fela a a senang lepele le lemorago a a tlhotlhelediwang ke babegadikgang ba Rhodesia, a supa fa a le maswabi ka go wa ga sefofane sa bapagami, mme a buelela tiragalo e fa a re puso ya Rhodesia e ne e itsege ka go tsamaisa masole a yone ka difofane tsa bapagami ba e seng masole. Bafalodi ba ba setseng ba robabaobedi ba ne ba falola batlhasedi ka go iphitlha bosigo botlhe mo sekgweng, bangwe ba ne ba tsamaya ka dinao go ya Karoi go kpa thuso. Bangwe bapagami ba ne ba gobetse mo go masisi ba tsewa ke dikoloi tsa sepodisi ba tlhatlhobiwa ke sesole sa Rhodesia.

== Metswedi ==
[[Karolo:Pages with unreviewed translations]]</text>
      <sha1>m60gq2j1jvd90udardk1nzdeo2xn2eh</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Letty Chiwara</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>14857</id>
    <revision>
      <id>54211</id>
      <parentid>53894</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-08-18T10:07:27Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>InternetArchiveBot</username>
        <id>8156</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5</comment>
      <origin>54211</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="5373" sha1="40wg1d6j18w7cijvgvhyt8vhjbt0oba" xml:space="preserve">
'''Letty Chiwara''' (yo o tshotsweng ka Tlhakole wa 1967 )&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Letty Chiwara |url=https://find-ad-update.company-information.service.gov.uk/officers/qO3mGNrHZDOZLB8YhhaaSsqUea0/appointments |access-date=30 March 2024 |website=Gov.uk}}&lt;/ref&gt; ke modiredi wa [[Ditšhaba Tse di Kopaneng|Lekgotla la Ditshaba]] wa kwa Zimbabwe. Ke Moemedi wa Basadi wa UN kwa Malawi,&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=UN Women Representative in Malawi |url=https://africa.unwomen.org/en/where-we-are/eastern-and-southern-africa/malawi/malawi-representative |access-date=30 March 2024 |website=UN Women}}&lt;/ref&gt; Khomišene ya Kopano ya Aforika, le Khomišene ya Itsholelo ya UN ya Aforika, e leng maemo a a neng a a tsaya ka Motsheganong 2013.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=3 Leadership Journeys ONE Story |url=http://letty.3leadershipjourneysonestory.com/ |access-date=2024-03-29 |website=letty.3leadershipjourneysonestory.com}}&lt;/ref&gt; Pele o ne a direla jaaka Moemedi wa Basadi wa UN kwa [[Ethiopia]]. E ne e le Kgosi ya Basadi ya UNIFEM le ya UN ya Aforika dingwaga di le lesome le bobedi, a le kwa New York City, kwa United States. Chiwara o ne a etelela pele ka katlego tirisanommogo ya togamaano ya Basadi ba UN le mekgatlho e le mmalwa, go akaretsa le Khomišene ya Yuropa, Banka ya Lefatshe, OECD DAG Gender Net, FEMNET, YWCA, Khomišene ya Kopano ya Aforika, UNECA, le Banka ya Ditlhabololo ya Aforika .&lt;ref name=&quot;atlas&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=2020-01-07 |title=ATLAS: Letty Chiwara |url=https://www.atlaswomen.org/profiles/2020/1/7/letty-chiwara |access-date=2024-03-28 |website=ATLAS |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Botshelo jwa pele le thuto ==
Letty Chiwara o goletse mo lefelong la temothuo kwa Zimbabwe le barwarre ba robabobedi, kwa basetsana ka tlwaelo ba neng ba sa bone tshono e ntsi ya thuto le go tshwarwa ka tsela e e kgethegileng. Le fa go ntse jalo, batsadi ba gagwe ba ne ba gana melao eo mme ba mo romela kwa sekolong se se nang le marobalo.&lt;ref name=&quot;atlas&quot;/&gt; Chiwara ke mongwe wa bana ba robabobedi: basetsana ba le batlhano le basimane ba le bararo.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=ATLAS: Letty Chiwara |url=https://www.atlaswomen.org/profile/atlas-letty-chiwara/ |access-date=14 April 2026 |website=ATLAS}}&lt;/ref&gt; Batsadi ba gagwe e ne e le balemibarui ba kwa magaeng ba ba neng ba gana tlwaelo ya selegae ya go ruta basimane fela, mme ba romela bana ba bone botlhe kwa sekolong.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=ATLAS: Letty Chiwara |url=https://www.atlaswomen.org/profile/atlas-letty-chiwara/ |access-date=14 April 2026 |website=ATLAS}}&lt;/ref&gt; O ne a tsena sekolo se se turang sa Roma se se nang le marobalo se a reng ke sone se se dirileng gore a nne le motheo o o nonofileng wa tiro ya gagwe.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=ATLAS: Letty Chiwara |url=https://www.atlaswomen.org/profile/atlas-letty-chiwara/ |access-date=14 April 2026 |website=ATLAS}}&lt;/ref&gt; Dithuto tsa gagwe tsa Bachelor of Arts le Masters wa Philosophy ka bobedi e ne e le tsa Kgopolo ya Loago le Sepolotiki, go tswa kwa Yunibesithing ya Kwa-Zulu Natal le kwa Yunibesithing ya Cambridge ka go latelana&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Fiona Lortan |url=https://www.atmis-au.org/fiona-lortan/ |access-date=14 April 2026 |website=African Transition Mission in Somalia (ATMIS)}}&lt;/ref&gt; Kwa Yunibesithing ya London, o ne a tsaya thuto ya bong e e neng e rutwa ke mokanoki wa basadi e bong Caroline Moser e e neng ya “mpula matlho” mme ya dira gore a tsene mo mokgatlhong wa go fetola mekgwa ya ngwao le ya setso e e thibelelang basadi le basetsana kwa morago.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=ATLAS: Letty Chiwara |url=https://www.atlaswomen.org/profile/atlas-letty-chiwara/ |access-date=14 April 2026 |website=ATLAS}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Tiro ==
Chiwara o ne a dira kwa lefatsheg la gaabo la Zimbabwe e le modiredi wa thulaganyo ya toropo kwa Matabeleland Borwa kwa Harare dingwaga di le nne. Fa a ntse a dira tiro eo, o ne a newa thuso ya madi a go ithuta go dira thuto ya masters ya Thulaganyo ya Tlhabololo ya Ditoropo kwa Yunibesithing ya Lontone. Thuto ya bong ka nako ya dithuto tsa gagwe e ne ya mo tlhotlheletsa go rarabolola go sa lekalekane.&lt;ref name=&quot;atlas&quot;/&gt;

Fa a boela gae go ya go diragatsa tlhokego ya tirelo ya gagwe ya thuso ya madi a sekolo, Chiwara o ne a rola tiro ya gagwe ya puso. Morago ga dikgwedi di robabobedi, o ne a thapiwa go nna mogakolodi kwa UNIFEM kwa Harare. Porojekete eno ya ntlha e ne e akaretsa go tlisa basadi go tswa kwa Southern African Development Community kwa ditshupong tsa kgwebisano. Jaanong o na le maemo a boeteledipele le UN Women kwa Ethiopia, kwa a dirisanang mmogo le Khomišene ya Kopano ya Aforika le Khomišene ya Itsholelo ya UN ya Aforika.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Our Team in Malawi |url=https://malawi.un.org/en/about/our-team |website=malawi.un.org |access-date=2026-08-05 |archive-date=2026-04-26 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260426045344/https://malawi.un.org/en/about/our-team |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Women, Peace and Security in Africa |url=https://www.policycenter.ma/sites/default/files/BIOGRAPHIES-APSACO-2021-final.pdf |website=policycenter.ma}}&lt;/ref&gt; O ne a etelela pele Letsholo la Africa Unite kgatlhanong le tirisodikgoka kgatlhanong le basadi le basetsana mme ga jaana o etelela pele maiteko a go tlhama letsholo le le lebileng mo go fediseng ditiro tse di kotsi le lenyalo la bana mo Aforika.&lt;ref name=&quot;atlas&quot;/&gt;

== Metswedi ==

[[Karolo:Articles with hCards]]</text>
      <sha1>40wg1d6j18w7cijvgvhyt8vhjbt0oba</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Rorbet Sobukwe</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>14867</id>
    <revision>
      <id>54178</id>
      <parentid>53912</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-08-17T20:45:28Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>InternetArchiveBot</username>
        <id>8156</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Add 1 book for [[en:Wikipedia:Verifiability|verifiability]] (20260817)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]]</comment>
      <origin>54178</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="13139" sha1="6sbd19aw1pkxn20omdes96meeju4o5p" xml:space="preserve"> {{Reflist}}{{Authority control}} 
'''Robert Mangaliso Sobukwe''' OMSG (5 Sedimonthole 1924 – 27 Tlhakole 1978) e ne e le mofetogedi wa Aforika Borwa yo o kgatlhanong le tlhaolele le leloko le le simolotseng lekgotla la Pan Africanist Congress (PAC), a direla jaaka moporesidente wa ntlha wa mokgatlho ono.

Sobukwe o ne a tsewa jaaka motshegetsi yo o nonofileng wa isagwe ya [[Bo-Aforika-Jotlhe|Boaforika]] ya [[Aforika Borwa]] mme o ne a le kgatlhanong le tirisanommogo ya sepolotiki le mongwe le mongwe kwa ntle ga Maaforika, a tlhalosa &quot;Moaforika&quot; jaaka mongwe le mongwe yo o nnang mo [[Aferika|Aforika]] le go ikanyega mo go yona le yo o ipaakanyeditseng go ineela mo pusong ya bontsi jwa Maaforika. &lt;ref name=&quot;Maaba3&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Maaba |first=Brown Bavusile |date=2001 |title=The Archives of the Pan Africanist Congress and the Black Consciousness-Orientated Movements |journal=History in Africa |volume=28 |pages=417–438 |doi=10.2307/3172227 |jstor=3172227 |s2cid=145241623}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ka Mopitlwe 1960, Sobukwe o ne a rulaganya le go simolola letsholo la boipelaetso jo bo senang tirisodikgoka kgatlhanong le melao ya go fetisa, e a neng a atlholelwa dingwaga di le tharo kwa kgolegelong ka ntlha ya go tlhotlheletsa. Ka 1963, go tsenngwa tirisong ga &quot;Sobukwe Clause,&quot; go ne ga letla gore katlholo ya gagwe ya kgolegelo e ntšhwafadiwe ka nako e e sa tlhomamang, &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=2014 Archive - Why Robert Sobukwe is not dead |url=https://www.ru.ac.za/perspective/2014archive/whyrobertsobukweisnotdead.html |access-date=2025-06-07 |website=www.ru.ac.za}}&lt;/ref&gt; mme morago ga moo Sobukwe o ne a fudusediwa kwa Robben Island go ya go tswalelwa a le esi. Kwa bokhutlong jwa ngwaga wa gagwe wa borataro kwa Robben Island, o ne a gololwa mme a bewa mo kgolegelong ya mo ntlong go fitlha a tlhokafala ka 1978. &lt;ref name=&quot;:03&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Robert Sobukwe {{!}} South African History Online |url=https://www.sahistory.org.za/people/robert-sobukwe |access-date=2022-04-06 |website=www.sahistory.org.za}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Botshelo jwa bogologolo ==

=== Bongwana: 1924-1947 ===
Sobukwe o bonwe kwa Graaff-Reinet kwa [[Eastern Cape|Porofenseng ya Kapa Botlhaba]] ka la bo 5 Sedimonthole 1924. &lt;ref name=&quot;:03&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Robert Sobukwe {{!}} South African History Online |url=https://www.sahistory.org.za/people/robert-sobukwe |access-date=2022-04-06 |website=www.sahistory.org.za}}&lt;/ref&gt; Robert Sobukwe e ne e le ngwana wa bofelo mo lapeng. O ne a na le bana ba le batlhano ba ba neng ba na le bomorwarraagwe ba le bane le kgaitsadie a le mongwe. &lt;ref name=&quot;:03&quot; /&gt; Fa rraagwe yo o neng a tswa kwa Lesotho a ne a dira jaaka mokwaledi wa lebenkele la kakaretso le go rema dikgong ka nako e e rileng, mmaagwe Sobukwe wa Moxhosa o ne a dira jaaka modiri wa mo gae mo magaeng a basweu. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Sobukwe: A Great Soul {{!}} Alexander Street, part of Clarivate |url=https://search.alexanderstreet.com/preview/work/bibliographic_entity%7Cvideo_work%7C2479727 |access-date=2025-10-22 |website=search.alexanderstreet.com}}&lt;/ref&gt; Thuto ya ntlha ya ga Robert e ne e le sekolo sa borongwa kwa Graaff Reinet se se mo [[Aforika Borwa|Aforikaborwa]] . &lt;ref name=&quot;:03&quot; /&gt; Fa a le dingwaga di le 15, Sobukwe o ne a tswelela mme kgabagare a wetsa thuto ya gagwe ya sekondari kwa Setheong sa Healdtown, se se neng se naya baithuti botlhe thuto ya Bokeresete ya Methodist le dithuto tsa bonono jwa boitseanape. &lt;ref name=&quot;:13&quot;&gt;{{Cite book |last=Pogrund |first=Benjamin |date=1991 |title=Sobukwe and apartheid |url=https://archive.org/details/sobukweapartheid0000pogr |publisher=Rutgers University Press |isbn=0-8135-1692-7 |oclc=23179056}}&lt;/ref&gt; Fa a fetsa dithuto tsa gagwe koo o ne a ikwadisetsa Khoso ya Katiso ya Barutabana ba Poraemari dingwaga di le pedi. Le fa go ntse jalo ga a ka a amogela tiro ya borutabana. Moragonyana thuto ya ga Sobukwe e ne ya ema ka 1943 fa a ne a tsenwa ke bolwetse jwa mafatlha. &lt;ref name=&quot;:03&quot; /&gt;

=== Fort Hare: 1947-1949 ===
Ka 1947, Sobukwe o ne a ikwadisa kwa South African Native College kwa Fort Hare, e e neng ele yunibesithi e e eteletseng pele ya dithuto tsa maemo a ntlha ya baithuti ba bantsho ka nako eo. &lt;ref name=&quot;:03&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Robert Sobukwe {{!}} South African History Online |url=https://www.sahistory.org.za/people/robert-sobukwe |access-date=2022-04-06 |website=www.sahistory.org.za}}&lt;/ref&gt; Sobukwe o ne a ikwadisetsa BA kwa Fort Hare, a ithuta Seesemane, Sexhosa le Native Administration(tsamaiso ya dikgaolo tsa Bantustan mo AforikaBorwa). &lt;ref name=&quot;:03&quot; /&gt; Le fa kwa tshimologong Sobukwe a ne a sa kgatlhegele dipolotiki, go ithuta Native Administration,mmogo le go kopana le dipuisano tsa dipolotiki kwa Fort Hare go ne ga dira gore a kgatlhegele thata kgang eo. &lt;ref name=&quot;:03&quot; /&gt; Moragonyana, o ne a simolola go tlhoma mogopolo thata mo pokong le mo terameng. Tsepamo ya gagwe mo dipolotiking e ne e tlhotlhelediwa ke motlhatlheledi wa gagwe, Cecil Ntloko,yo e neng ele molatedi wa All African Convention (AAC). Sobukwe le ditsala tsa gagwe tse tharo ba ne ba simolola kgatiso ya letsatsi le letsatsi e e bidiwang Beware. Kgatiso eo ene e rotloetsa go se dirisa mmogo le go nyatsa Native Representative Councils le Native Advisory Boards. &lt;ref name=&quot;:03&quot; /&gt;

&lt;nowiki&gt;*&lt;/nowiki&gt; O ne a nna leloko la Mokgatlho wa Basha wa African National Congress (ANCYL) ka 1948. Mokgatlho ono o ne o tlhomilwe mo khamphaseng ya yunibesithi ke Godfrey Pitje, yo moragonyana a neng a nna poresidente wa one. Ka 1949, Sobukwe o ne a tlhophiwa go nna moporesidente wa ntlha wa Lekgotla la Baemedi ba Baithuti ba Fort Hare, kwa a neng a itshupa e le sebui se se tlhomologileng. Ka ngwaga wa 1949, Sobukwe o ne a kopana le Veronica Mathe kwa bookelong jwa Alice. Moragonyana baratani bano ba ne ba nyalana ka 1950. &lt;ref name=&quot;:03&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Robert Sobukwe {{!}} South African History Online |url=https://www.sahistory.org.za/people/robert-sobukwe |access-date=2022-04-06 |website=www.sahistory.org.za}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Dipolotiki tse di tlwaelegileng ==

=== Standerton: 1950-1954 ===
Ka 1950, Sobukwe o ne a tlhomiwa go nna morutabana kwa sekolong se segolo kwa Standerton, maemo a a neng a a latlhegelwa fa a ne a bua a ema nokeng [[Letsholo la kganetso|Letsholo la Kganetso ka 1952]] ; le fa go ntse jalo, moragonyana o ne a busediwa. Ka 1952, Sobukwe o ne a fitlhelela go itsege ka go tshegetsa Letsholo la Kganetso. &lt;ref name=&quot;:4&quot;&gt;{{Citation|last1=Gerhart|first1=Gail M.|title=Black Power in South Africa: The Evolution of an Ideology|date=1978|url=https://doi.org/10.1525/9780520341470-011|work=|publisher=University of California Press|access-date=2022-04-29}}&lt;/ref&gt; Mo pakeng e o ne a sa amege ka tlhamalalo mo ditirong tse di tlwaelegileng tsa ANC, mme o ne a santse a le mo maemong a mokwaledi wa lekala la mokgatlho kwa Standerton. &lt;ref name=&quot;:4&quot; /&gt;

=== Johannesburg: 1954–1959 ===
Ka 1954, morago ga go fudugela kwa [[Johannesburg]], Sobukwe o ne a nna motlhatlheledi wa Dithuto tsa Seaforika kwa Yunibesithing ya Witwatersrand . &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=2017-09 - Robert Sobukwe immortalised at Wits - Wits University |url=https://www.wits.ac.za/news/latest-news/general-news/2017/2017-09/robert-sobukwe-immortalised-at-wits.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220708101004/https://www.wits.ac.za/news/latest-news/general-news/2017/2017-09/robert-sobukwe-immortalised-at-wits.html |archive-date=8 July 2022 |access-date=2022-04-29 |website=www.wits.ac.za}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref name=&quot;SAinfo2&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Alexander |first=Mary |date=2025-03-05 |title=Robert Sobukwe: 'There is only one race. The human race' |url=https://southafrica-info.com/history/robert-sobukwe-one-race-human-race/ |access-date=2025-10-22 |website=South Africa Gateway |language=en-GB}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ka nako ya gagwe kwa Johannesburg o ne a nna morulaganyi wa lekwalodikgang la ''The Africanist'' mme go ise go ye kae a simolola go nyatsa ANC ka ntlha ya go itetla go laolwa ke batshegetsi ba Progressive Party, e a neng a e bitsa &quot;batho ba ba gololesegileng-ba-molemeng-ba-merafe e mentsi&quot;. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Robert Sobukwe &amp;#124; South African History Online |url=https://www.sahistory.org.za/people/robert-sobukwe}}&lt;/ref&gt; O ne a emela Temokerasi ya Bososialise ya Boaforika. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Robert Sobukwe Inaugural Speech, April 1959 &amp;#124; South African History Online |url=https://www.sahistory.org.za/archive/robert-sobukwe-inaugural-speech-april-1959}}&lt;/ref&gt; E ne e le motshegetsi yo o tlhoafetseng wa dikakanyo tsa Boaforika ka ga kgololesego mo Aforika Borwa mme a gana kgopolo ya go dira le Basweu. &lt;ref name=&quot;:4&quot;&gt;{{Citation|last1=Gerhart|first1=Gail M.|title=Black Power in South Africa: The Evolution of an Ideology|date=1978|url=https://doi.org/10.1525/9780520341470-011|work=|publisher=University of California Press|access-date=2022-04-29}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Pan-Africanist Congress: 1959–1960 ===

==== Popego le kgopolo ====
Sobukwe e ne e le modumedi yo o nonofileng mo [[Bo-Aforika-Jotlhe|bokamosong jwa Boaforika]] ya Aforika Borwa mme o ne a gana sekao sengwe le sengwe se se akantshang go dira le mongwe le mongwe kwa ntle ga Maaforika, a tlhalosa Moaforika jaaka mongwe le mongwe yo o nnang mo Aforika le go duela boikanyegi jwa gagwe le yo o ipaakanyeditseng go ineela mo pusong ya bontsi jwa Maaforika. &lt;ref name=&quot;Maaba3&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Maaba |first=Brown Bavusile |date=2001 |title=The Archives of the Pan Africanist Congress and the Black Consciousness-Orientated Movements |journal=History in Africa |volume=28 |pages=417–438 |doi=10.2307/3172227 |jstor=3172227 |s2cid=145241623}}&lt;/ref&gt; O ne a gola a sa kgotsofalela kgatelopele ya kgaratlho ya kgololesego ka dingwaga tsa bo 1950, tse mo go tsona puso ya tlhaolele e neng e tswelela go tlhagisa mekgwa e mešwa ya go gatelela kgaratlho ya kgololesego. &lt;ref name=&quot;:05&quot;&gt;{{Cite book |last=Kondlo |first=Kwandiwe Merriman |date=2010 |title=In the twilight of the revolution : the Pan Africanist Congress of Azania (South Africa), 1959-1994 |others=Patrick Harries, Petra Kerckhoff, Pan Africanist Congress of Azania |isbn=978-3-905758-51-1 |edition=Second |location=Basel, Switzerland |oclc=908063411}}&lt;/ref&gt; Go tshwana le maloko a le mantsi a ANC, Sobukwe o ne a sa tlhole a na le bopelotelele ka go palelwa ga ANC go fitlhelela dipholo. &lt;ref name=&quot;:05&quot; /&gt; Sobukwe, yo e neng e lemoganetsi wa bokomonisi,     le ene o ne a gana kgolagano ya ANC le Mokgatlho wa Bokomonisi wa Aforika Borwa. Moragonyana o ne a tlogela ANC go ya go tlhama Khonkerese ya Pan Africanist (PAC), mme a tlhophiwa go nna Moporesidente wa yone wa ntlha ka 1959. &lt;ref name=&quot;Maaba3&quot; /&gt;: 421 

'''Khonkerese ya Tshimologo'''

Khonkerese ya Boaforika botlhe (PAC) e ne ya tshwarelwa kwa Orlando go tloga ka di 4 tsa Moranang go fitlha ka di 6 Moranang. E ne e le kwa khonkereseng eno kwa Sobukwe a neng a tlhophiwa ka bongwefela jwa pelo go nna mopresidente wa ntlha wa makoko. Batho ba ne ba tlhopha Sobukwe ka ntlha ya botswerere jwa gagwe jwa go bua jaaka sebui sa phatlalatsa fa gape a ne a le botlhale thata le boineelo le lorato lwa tiro e e neng ya dira gore batho ba kgone go mo dikologa bonolo. Mo puong ya gagwe ya ntlha o ne a tlhoma mogopolo mo boemong jwa gagwe jwa go tlhaola merafe e mentsi le kafa a sa dumalaneng le kgopolo eo ka lorato ka gone. Go na le moo o ne a le wa go se tlhaole ka lotso mme o ne a tlisa kakanyo eo mo PAC. &lt;ref name=&quot;:03&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Robert Sobukwe {{!}} South African History Online |url=https://www.sahistory.org.za/people/robert-sobukwe |access-date=2022-04-06 |website=www.sahistory.org.za}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation web cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot;&gt;[https://www.sahistory.org.za/people/robert-sobukwe &quot;Robert Sobukwe | South African History Online&quot;]. ''www.sahistory.org.za''&lt;span class=&quot;reference-accessdate&quot;&gt;. Retrieved &lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;6 April&lt;/span&gt; 2022&lt;/span&gt;.&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt;
[[Setshwantsho:Founding_members_of_the_Pan_Africanist_Congress_in_1957.jpg|thumb|Robert Sobukwe (moleng o o kwa pele, wa bobedi go tswa molemeng) le maloko a mangwe a a simolotseng Khonkerese ya Pan Africanism ka 1957.]]

* Benjamin Pogrund, mokwadi wa bayokerafi ya ga Robert Sobukwe ''ya Sobukwe le Tlhaolele'' ( 1990 ) le ''ya Motho a ka Swa Botoka Jang: Botshelo jwa ga Robert Sobukwe'' ( 2003 )
* Lenaane la batho ba ba ka laolwang ke ditaelo tsa thibelo ka fa tlase ga tlhaolele

== Ditshupiso ==

== Dikgokagano tsa kwa ntle ==

* Robert Sobukwe - Leader of The Africanist
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20070220073918/http://www.wits.ac.za/histp/sobukwe.htm Collection of historical papers on Robert Mangaliso Sobukwe] at The University of the Witwatersrand Library
* Austil Mathebula, [https://web.archive.org/web/20160719134845/http://citizen.co.za/342634/compared-to-luthuli-sobukwe-is-a-heavyweight/ &quot;Robert Sobukwe, a lesser known hero&quot;], ''The Citizen'', 19 March 2015
* [https://southafrica-info.com/history/robert-sobukwe-one-race-human-race/ Robert Sobukwe: ‘There is only one race. The human race.’], South Africa Gateway, 21 March 2023
* [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=VoPT5x_q9MY Robert Sobukwe - A Tribute To Integrity - Kevin Harris - 1996] on YouTube</text>
      <sha1>6sbd19aw1pkxn20omdes96meeju4o5p</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Sekausu</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>14876</id>
    <revision>
      <id>54182</id>
      <parentid>54033</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-08-17T21:09:17Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>InternetArchiveBot</username>
        <id>8156</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Add 1 book for [[en:Wikipedia:Verifiability|verifiability]] (20260817)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]]</comment>
      <origin>54182</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="8694" sha1="kb2x3bd1r2l8lglxetmf8zt42az0fs8" xml:space="preserve">&lt;templatestyles src=&quot;Module:Infobox/styles.css&quot;&gt;&lt;/templatestyles&gt;{{Infobox Birth control|image=Sekausu.jpg|width=200|caption=Sekausu se se sa dirisiwang|pronounce={{IPAc-en|ˈ|k|ɒ|n|d|ə|m}} or {{IPAc-en|uk|ˈ|k|ɒ|n|d|ɒ|m}}|bc_type=Barrier|date_first_use=Ancient&lt;ref name=Hat2007/&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Rubber: 1855&lt;ref name=Al2011/&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Latex: 1920s&lt;ref name=Mc2000/&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Polyurethane: 1994&lt;br /&gt;Polyisoprene: 2008|rate_type=[[Boimana]]|failure_measure=first year, latex|perfect_failure%=2|perfect_failure_ref=&lt;ref name=&quot;Trussell 2011&quot;&gt;{{cite book|last=Trussell|first=James|year=2011|chapter=Contraceptive efficacy|editor1-last=Hatcher|editor1-first=Robert A.|editor2-last=Trussell|editor2-first=James|editor3-last=Nelson|editor3-first=Anita L.|editor4-last=Cates|editor4-first=Willard Jr.|editor5-last=Kowal|editor5-first=Deborah|editor6-last=Policar|editor6-first=Michael S. |title=Contraceptive technology|edition=20th revised|location=New York|publisher=Ardent Media|isbn=978-1-59708-004-0|issn=0091-9721|oclc=781956734|pages=779–863|chapter-url=http://www.contraceptivetechnology.org/wp-content/uploads/2013/09/CTFailureTable.pdf|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131112130150/http://www.contraceptivetechnology.org/wp-content/uploads/2013/09/CTFailureTable.pdf|archive-date=2013-11-12}}&lt;/ref&gt;|typical_failure%=18|typical_failure_ref=&lt;ref name=&quot;Trussell 2011&quot; /&gt;|duration_effect=|reversibility=Ee|user_reminders=Latex condoms are damaged by oil-based [[Personal lubricant|lubricants]]&lt;ref name=Hat2007/&gt;|clinic_interval=|STD_protection_YesNo=Ee&lt;ref name=Hat2007/&gt;|periods=|benefits=Ga go tlhokane le go etela kokelo gape go ga turu&lt;ref name=Hat2007/&gt;|weight_gain_loss=|risks=|medical_notes=}}

'''Sekausu''' ke sediriswa se se bopegileng jaaka kgapetla se se dirisiwang ka nako ya [[thobalano]] go fokotsa kgonagalo ya go ima kgotsa megare e e tshelanwang ka tlhakanelodikobo (STI).&lt;ref name=&quot;Hat2007&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|last=Hatcher|first=Robert Anthony|last2=M.D|first2=Anita L. Nelson|title=Contraceptive Technology|date=2007|publisher=Ardent Media|isbn=9781597080019|pages=297–311|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=txh0LpjjhkoC&amp;pg=PA297|language=en|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170918185600/https://books.google.com/books?id=txh0LpjjhkoC&amp;pg=PA297|archive-date=2017-09-18}}&lt;/ref&gt; Go na le dikausu tsa banna le tsa basadi.&lt;ref name=&quot;WHO2008&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|title=WHO Model Formulary 2008|url=https://archive.org/details/whomodelformular00unse|year=2009|isbn=9789241547659|vauthors=((World Health Organization))|veditors=Stuart MC, Kouimtzi M, Hill SR|hdl=10665/44053|author-link=World Health Organization|publisher=World Health Organization|hdl-access=free|page=[https://archive.org/details/whomodelformular00unse/page/372 372]}}&lt;/ref&gt; Fa e dirisiwa sentle—le go dirisiwa mo tirong nngwe le nngwe ya tlhakanelodikobo—basadi ba bakapelo ba bone ba dirisang dikausu tsa banna ba itemogela selekanyo sa boimana sa 2% ka ngwaga.&lt;ref name=&quot;Hat2007&quot; /&gt; Ka tiriso e e tlwaelegileng seelo sa boimana ke 18% ka ngwaga.  Tiriso ya tsona e fokotsa thata bodiphatsa jwa go ka tsenwa ke thosola, tlelamidia, trichomoniasis, hepatitis B, le [[HIV/AIDS]].&lt;ref name=&quot;Hat2007&quot; /&gt; Gape di sireletsa ka selekanyo se sennye kgatlhanong le dikakana tsa dikarolo dikarolo tsa sephiri, mogare wa papilloma wa motho ( HPV ) le [[Thosola/Rasephiphi|Rasephiphi]].&lt;ref name=&quot;Hat2007&quot; /&gt;

Sekausu sa monna se rwalwa/tsenngwa ka go pitikololwa mo bonneng jo bo emeng pele ga thobalano mme se bereke go sireletsa ka go thibelang peo ya bonna go tsena mo mmeleng wa mokapelo ka nako ta thobalano.&lt;ref name=&quot;Hat2007&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Sp2011&quot; /&gt; Dikausu tsa banna gantsi di dirwa ka latex mme, ka tsela e e sa tlwaelegang, ka polyurethane, polyisoprene, kgotsa mala a nku.&lt;ref name=&quot;Hat2007&quot; /&gt; Dikausu tsa banna di na le bomolemo jwa go dirisiwa bonolo, go bonwa bonolo, le ditlamorago di le mmalwa.&lt;ref name=&quot;Hat2007&quot; /&gt; Mo go ba ba sa tseweng sente ke latex go tshwanetse ga dirisiwa polyurethane kgotsa mofuta o mongwe wa maitirelo.&lt;ref name=&quot;Hat2007&quot; /&gt; Dikausu tsa basadi gantsi di dirilwe ka polyurethane mme di ka dirisiwa makgetlo a le mantsi.&lt;ref name=&quot;Sp2011&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|last=Speroff|first=Leon|last2=Darney|first2=Philip D.|title=A Clinical Guide for Contraception|date=2011|publisher=Lippincott Williams &amp; Wilkins|isbn=9781608316106|pages=305–307|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=f5XJtYkiJ0YC&amp;pg=PT420|language=en|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161114203840/https://books.google.com/books?id=f5XJtYkiJ0YC|archive-date=2016-11-14}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Dikausu jaaka mokgwa wa go thibela malwetse a tlhakanelodikobo di ntse di dirisiwa fa e sa le ka ngwaga wa sekete,makgolo a matlhano le masome a marataro le bone(1564).&lt;ref name=&quot;Hat2007&quot; /&gt; Dikausu tsa rabara di ne tsa nna teng ka ngwaga wa sekete,makgolo a robabobedi le masome a matlhano le botlhano(1855), mme tsa latelwa ke dikausu tsa latex ka dingwaga tsa bo sekete,makgolo a robabongwe le masome a mabedi (1920).&lt;ref name=&quot;Al2011&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|last=Allen|first=Michael J.|title=The Anthem Anthology of Victorian Sonnets|date=2011|publisher=Anthem Press|isbn=9781843318484|page=51|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=GQxdE8Ryz9YC&amp;pg=PR51|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Mc2000&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|last=McKibbin|first=Ross|title=Classes and Cultures: England 1918–1951|date=2000|publisher=Oxford University Press|isbn=9780198208556|page=305|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=xYuoPxzjnXUC&amp;pg=PA305|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; E mo Lenaaneng la Melemo ya Botlhokwa la Mokgatlho wa Lefatshe wa Boitekanelo.&lt;ref name=&quot;WHO21st&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|vauthors=((World Health Organization))|title=World Health Organization model list of essential medicines: 21st list 2019|year=2019|hdl=10665/325771|author-link=World Health Organization|publisher=World Health Organization|location=Geneva|id=WHO/MVP/EMP/IAU/2019.06. License: CC BY-NC-SA 3.0 IGO|hdl-access=free}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ditshenyegelo tsa thekiso mo madirelong a matonakgolo mo mafatsheng a tlhabologang di ka nna 0.03 go ya go US$0.08 nngwe le nngwe.&lt;ref name=&quot;ERC2014&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://mshpriceguide.org/en/single-drug-information/?DMFId=209&amp;searchYear=2015|title=Condoms (Lubricated)|website=International Medical Products Price Guide|publisher=Management Sciences For Health, Inc.|access-date=2 August 2017|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170802170925/http://mshpriceguide.org/en/single-drug-information/?DMFId=209&amp;searchYear=2015|archive-date=2 August 2017}}&lt;/ref&gt; Kwa United States gantsi dikausu di ja madi a a kwa tlase ga R1,00.&lt;ref name=&quot;Sh2011&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|last=Shoupe|first=Donna|title=Contraception|date=2011|publisher=John Wiley &amp; Sons|isbn=9781444342635|page=15|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ksjJcx1CeKcC&amp;lpg=PA15&amp;pg=PA15|language=en|access-date=2020-07-30|archive-date=2020-07-29|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200729155934/https://books.google.com/books?id=ksjJcx1CeKcC&amp;lpg=PA15&amp;pg=PA15|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; Lefatshe ka bophara batho ba ba kwa tlase ga 10% ba ba dirisang sekausu go thibela boimana.&lt;ref name=&quot;Ch2012&quot; /&gt; Dikelo tsa tiriso ya sekausu di kwa godimo mo mo mafatsheng a tlhabologileng.&lt;ref name=&quot;Ch2012&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|last=Chen|first=Lincoln C.|last2=Amor|first2=Jaime Sepulveda|last3=Segal|first3=Sheldon J.|title=AIDS and Women's Reproductive Health|date=2012|publisher=Springer Science &amp; Business Media|isbn=9781461533542|page=6|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=8KWvBQAAQBAJ&amp;pg=PA6|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; Kwa United Kingdom sekausy ke mokgwa wa bobedi o o tlwaelegileng thata wa go thibela pelegi (22%) fa kwa United States e le wa boraro o o tlwaelegileng thata (15%).&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|last=Herring|first=Jonathan|title=Medical Law and Ethics|date=2014|publisher=Oxford University Press|isbn=9780198702269|page=271|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=N9JFAwAAQBAJ&amp;pg=PA271|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|pmid=26556545|year=2015|last=Daniels|first=K.|title=Current Contraceptive Use and Variation by Selected Characteristics Among Women Aged 15–44: United States, 2011–2013|journal=National Health Statistics Reports|issue=86|pages=1–14|last2=Daugherty|first2=J.|last3=Jones|first3=J.|last4=Mosher|first4=W.}}&lt;/ref&gt; Go rekisiwa dibilione di ka nna thataro go ya go di le robongwe ka ngwaga.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|last=Hermann|first=Henry R.|title=Dominance and Aggression in Humans and Other Animals: The Great Game of Life|date=2016|publisher=Academic Press|isbn=9780128092958|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=6sGpDAAAQBAJ&amp;pg=PT529|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Ditshupiso ==
&lt;references /&gt;
[[Category:Sekausu]]
[[Category:Kgotlopo]]
[[Category:Translated from MDWiki]]</text>
      <sha1>kb2x3bd1r2l8lglxetmf8zt42az0fs8</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Belgium</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>14886</id>
    <revision>
      <id>54157</id>
      <timestamp>2026-08-17T12:44:28Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Chotlho</username>
        <id>12488</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Created by translating the page &quot;[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1369796296|Belgium]]&quot;</comment>
      <origin>54157</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="3267" sha1="llcbfm7mrza21czj2xp8sg4z4x3381b" xml:space="preserve">'''Belgium''', [ c ] Bogosi jwa semmuso '''Belgium''', [ d ] ke naga e e kwa Bokonebophirima jwa Yuropa . E mo kgaolong e e kwa tlase e e mo lotshitshing lwa lewatle e e bidiwang Low Countries, e melelwane le Netherlands kwa bokone, Jeremane kwa botlhaba, Luxembourg kwa borwabotlhaba, [[Fora]] kwa borwa le Lewatle la Bokone kwa bophirima. Belgium e akaretsa lefelo la {{Convert|30689|km2|sqmi}}    mme e na le baagi ba ba fetang dimilione di le 11,8;  palo ya baagi ba yone ke {{Convert|383|/km2}}   e mo maemong a bo 22 mo lefatsheng le a borataro kwa Yuropa . Motsemogolo le kgaolo e kgolo ya toropokgolo ke Brussels ; [ a ] ditoropo tse dingwe tse dikgolo ke Antwerp, Ghent, Charleroi, Liège, Bruges, Namur, le Leuven .

Belgium ke puso ya polamente ya molaotheo  e e nang le tsamaiso e e raraaneng ya puso ya bosetshaba e e rulagantsweng go ya ka Dikgaolo le Dipuo. Naga e kgaogantswe ka dikgaolo tse tharo tsa Diporofense tse di ikemetseng ka nosi: &lt;ref name=&quot;dBWtI&quot;&gt;{{Cite book |last=Pateman |first=Robert |date=2006 |title=Belgium |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=lV-k7lGyKl4C&amp;pg=PA27 |last2=Elliott |first2=Mark |publisher=Marshall Cavendish |isbn=978-0-7614-2059-0 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; Kgaolo ya Flemish (Flanders) kwa bokone, Kgaolo ya Walloon (Wallonia) kwa borwa, le Kgaolo ya Brussels-Motsemogolo kwa fa gare. &lt;ref name=&quot;Belgian Constitution&quot;&gt;{{Cite book |date=May 2014 |title=The Belgian Constitution |url=http://www.const-court.be/en/basic_text/belgian_constitution.pdf |publisher=Belgian House of Representatives |location=Brussels, Belgium |page=5 |quote=Article 3: Belgium comprises three Regions: the Flemish Region, the Walloon Region and the Brussels Region. Article 4: Belgium comprises four linguistic regions: the Dutch-speaking region, the French-speaking region, the bilingual region of Brussels-Capital and the German-speaking region. |access-date=10 September 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150810142522/http://www.const-court.be/en/basic_text/belgian_constitution.pdf |archive-date=10 August 2015 |url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt; Belgium gape ke legae la Ditlhopha tse dikgolo tsa dipuo: Setšhaba sa Ba-Flemish se se buang Se-Dutch, se se dirang diperesente di ka nna 60 tsa baagi, le Setšhaba sa Sefora se se buang Sefora, [ e ] se se dirang diperesente di ka nna 40 tsa baagi; Baagi ba bannye ba ba buang Sejeremane, ba ba nang le phesente e le nngwe ya baagi, ba teng kwa Dikantoneng tsa Botlhaba . Pharologano ya dipuo tsa Belgium le dikgotlhang tsa sepolotiki tse di amanang le yone di bonala mo tsamaisong ya yone e e raraaneng ya puso, e e dirilweng ka dipuso di le thataro tse di farologaneng. Belgium ke naga e e tlhabologileng e e nang le intaseteri e e kwa godimo e e tlhabologileng. Ke nngwe ya dinaga tse thataro tse di neng tsa simolola go dira gore go nne le Kopano ya Yuropa, Ka motsemogolo wa yone wa Brussels ele motsemogolo wa boammaaruri EU,Go amogela badiredibagolo ba Khomišene ya Yuropa, Lekgotla la Kopano ya Yuropa, Lekgotla la Dinaga tsa Yuropa, mme nngwe  ya ditulo tse pedi tsa Palamente ya Yuropa (le nngwe ya Strasbourg ) . Brussels gape ke ntlokgolo ya mekgatlho e  mentsi e megolo ya boditšhabatšhaba,e jaaka NATO . [ f ]
[[Karolo:Pages using multiple image with auto scaled images]]</text>
      <sha1>llcbfm7mrza21czj2xp8sg4z4x3381b</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Jan-Wilem Breure</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>14887</id>
    <revision>
      <id>54212</id>
      <timestamp>2026-08-18T10:26:38Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>KgetsiYaMasepa</username>
        <id>12902</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Created by translating the page &quot;[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1369969643|Jan-Willem Breure]]&quot;</comment>
      <origin>54212</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="9876" sha1="asf3pipyy1m6p5deccs13pz5z76bj0i" xml:space="preserve">
'''Jan-Willem Breure'''  (o tshotswe ka 1 Lwetse 1988) ke modiri wa difilimi wa kwa Rwanda le mokaedi wa moletlo. Ke ene mothei wa Dikabelo tsa Septimius, e leng moletlo o o kwa Amsterdam o o amogelwang ka ntlha ya thulaganyo ya one ya ditlhopha tsa &quot;kontinente&quot; e boikaelelo jwa yone e leng go rotloetsa go farologana ga lefatshe lotlhe mo difiliming .. &lt;ref name=&quot;ForbesGe&quot;&gt;{{Cite news|title=The Septimius Awards: The Oscars of Europe and the Rise of Jan-Willem Breure|url=https://forbes.ge/en/the-septimius-awards-the-oscars-of-europe-and-the-rise-of-jan-willem-breure/|date=2025-03-10}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Shanava |first=Nick |date=2025-03-10 |title=The Septimius Awards: The Oscars of Europe and the Rise of Jan-Willem Breure • Forbes Georgia |url=https://forbes.ge/en/the-septimius-awards-the-oscars-of-europe-and-the-rise-of-jan-willem-breure/ |access-date=2026-03-07 |website=Forbes Georgia |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Jan-Willem Breure attends The White House Dinner at Kasteel de Wittenburg in Wassenaar |url=https://vocal.media/journal/jan-willem-breure-attends-the-white-house-dinner-at-kasteel-de-wittenburg-in-wassenaar |access-date=2026-03-07 |website=Journal |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=TEAM – Septimius Awards |url=https://septimiusawards.com/team/ |access-date=2026-03-07 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Botshelo jwa ntlha le thuto ==
Breure o ne a tsholelwa kwa Rwanda mme moragonyana o ne a godisiwa ke lelapa lengwe la barongwa la Madatšhe. O ne a fetsa dingwaga tsa gagwe tsa go tlhamiwa kwa [[Kenya]] le kwa [[Namibia]] pele ga a fudugela kwa Amsterdam, kwa Netherlands. O ne a ithuta kwa Sekolong sa Bogosi sa Botaki kwa The Hague, a dira tiro e e kgethegileng ya go tlhama metswedi ya dikgang e e dirisanang. Maitemogelo a gagwe jaaka moamogedi le kgodiso ya gagwe mo dikontinenteng tse tharo di umakiwa gangwe le gape jaaka ditlhotlheletsi tsa gagwe tsa go tlhoma mogopolo mo &quot;Go Akaretsa Lefatshe Lotlhe&quot; mo go tsa botsweretshi .&lt;ref name=&quot;ElleUa&quot;&gt;{{Cite news|title=The Septimius Awards: Jan-Willem Breure is breaking traditional rules of cinema|url=https://elle.ua/stil-zhizni/blog_stil_zhizni/the-septimius-awards-jan-willem-breure-is-breaking-traditional-rules-of-cinema/|work=Elle Ukraine|date=2024-11-21}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Mokgwa wa go itshetsa le tswelelopele ==

=== Go dira difilimi ===
Difilimi tsa ga Breure gantsi di bua ka ditlhogo tsa tlhaloganyo le tsa loago. Tokomane ya gagwe ya 2012 ya ''[[:en:Are_All_Men_Pedophiles?|Are All Men Pedophiles?]]'' e ne ya sekaseka ditlhong tsa setšhaba ka lense ya kalafi. Tokomane eno e ne ya newa Awate ya Botswerere kwa Moletlong wa Boditšhabatšhaba wa Difilimi wa Kagiso, Tlhotlheletso le Tekatekano. Ka 2012, filimi eno e ne ya fenya Dikgele tsa Bobegakgang jwa Nederland (NVVS).&lt;ref&gt;https://www.rottentomatoes.com/celebrity/jan_willem_breure&lt;/ref&gt; Tokomane ya bobedi ya ga Breure, e e bidiwang ''Do Women Have A Higher Sex Drive?'', e ne ya gololwa ka 2018.&lt;ref&gt;https://tv.apple.com/us/movie/do-women-have-a-higher-sex-drive/umc.cmc.6b4ckbjzqmso8hzqtul8dbwq0&lt;/ref&gt;

Ka 2024 UN Women e ne ya dira kitsiso ya tirisanommogo ya yone le Breure go dira filimi e e bidiwang United Races e e neng e tla gololwa ka 2026. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2025-11-25 |title=Thea Hoekstra, Author at UN Women Nederland |url=https://www.unwomen.nl/author/thea-hoekstra/ |access-date=2026-03-26 |website=UN Women Nederland |language=nl-NL}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Ka Ferikgong 2026, Breure o ne a itsisiwe jaaka mongwe wa maloko a le marataro a juri ya Moletlo wa Difilimi wa Johannesburg o o tshwarelwang ngwaga le ngwaga kwa [[Johannesburg]], [[Gauteng|kwa Gauteng]] mo [[Aforika Borwa|Aforikaborwa]] . &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Webmaster |date=2026-01-09 |title=MEET THE 2026 JOBURG FILM FESTIVAL JURY |url=https://gautengfilm.org.za/2026/01/meet-the-2026-joburg-film-festival-jury/ |access-date=2026-03-07 |website=Gauteng Film Commission |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Vourlias |first=Christopher |date=2026-03-02 |title=Joburg Film Festival Head on Celebrating 'Unseen Hands Behind Filmmaking,' Growing Next Generation of South African Moviegoers |url=https://variety.com/2026/film/news/joburg-film-festival-head-growing-next-generation-south-african-moviegoers-1236673226/ |access-date=2026-03-07 |website=Variety |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Jan-Willem Breure Joins the Joburg Film Festival Jury (JFF) - Septimius Awards Director becomes Judge at South Africa Film Festival in Johannesburg |url=https://vocal.media/geeks/jan-willem-breure-joins-the-joburg-film-festival-jury-jff-septimius-awards-director-becomes-judge-at-south-africa-film-festival-in-johannesburg |access-date=2026-03-07 |website=Geeks |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Diawate tsa Septimius ===
Ka 2017, Breure o ne a tlhoma Moletlo wa Boditšhabatšhaba wa Difilimi wa New Vision (NVIFF), e leng motheo o o rulaganyang Diawate tsa Septimius, tse di bidiwang “Di-Oscar tsa Yuropa”.[1] Dikabelo tseno di tshwarwa ngwaga le ngwaga kwa Tuschinski Theatre kwa Amsterdam mme di tlhomologile ka go kgaoganya ditlhopha tse dikgolo (Modiragatsi yo o Gaisang, Modiragatsi yo o Gaisang, le Filimi e e Gaisang) ka kontinente— [[Aforika Borwa|Afrika]], Asia, Yuropa, Latin America, Amerika Bokone, le Oceania—go tlhomamisa gore go na le kemedi e e lekanang ya talente e e seng ya Bophirima.. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Forbes - The Story of Jan-Willem Breure's Septimius Awards |url=https://vocal.media/journal/forbes-the-story-of-jan-willem-breure-s-septimius-awards |access-date=2026-03-07 |website=Journal |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2025-09-10 |title=Septimius Awards |url=https://filmfreeway.com/SeptimiusAwards |access-date=2026-03-07 |website=FilmFreeway |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

==== Batsayakarolo ba ba Tlhomologileng le Batlotlegi ====
Moletlo ono o ngokile bafenyi ba le bantsi ba Diawate tsa Academy, tsa BAFTA, le tsa Emmy . Bafenyi ba maemo a a kwa godimo le batlakopanong ba akaretsa:

* '''Kevin Spacey''' – Moamogedi wa Kabo ya Phitlhelelo ya Botshelo Jotlhe (2025). &lt;ref name=&quot;PressRelease25&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=2025-09-03 |title=Kevin Spacey, Shohreh Aghdashloo, and Irv Gotti to Receive Lifetime Honors |url=https://septimiusawards.com/press-release/ |publisher=Septimius Awards}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Gardner |first=Chris |date=2025-09-12 |title=Kevin Spacey Dedicates Lifetime Achievement Award to Val Kilmer; Jonathan Majors and Meagan Good Also Honored at Amsterdam Black-Tie Gala |url=https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/movies/movie-news/kevin-spacey-lifetime-achievement-award-friend-val-kilmer-1236369125/ |access-date=2026-03-07 |website=The Hollywood Reporter |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* '''Cuba Gooding Jr.''' – Moamogedi wa Kabo ya Phitlhelelo ya Botshelo Jotlhe (2024). &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=SALTO Amsterdam - Actueel |url=https://www.salto.nl/actueel/ |access-date=2026-03-07 |website=SALTO |language=nl-NL}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* '''Shohreh Aghdashloo''' – Moamogedi wa Sekgele sa Phitlhelelo ya Botshelo Jotlhe (2025).
* '''Tovino Thomas''' —mofenyi wa Modiragatsi yo o Gaisang wa Asia makgetlo a le mabedi (2023, 2025). &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|title=Tovino Thomas wins Best Asian Actor for the second time|url=https://www.thearabianstories.com/2025/09/06/tovino-thomas-wins-best-asian-actor-at-septimius-awards-for-the-second-time/|date=2025-09-06}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* '''Christopher Hampton''' le '''Kevin Willmott''' —bakwadi ba difilimi ba ba fentseng Oscar ba ba ileng ba nna le seabe jaaka batho ba ba tlhophilweng kgotsa batlhagisi.
* [[Nomzamo Mbatha]] yo fentseng ka 2025 &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=20 Days in Mariupol awarded at Septimius Awards in Netherlands |url=https://english.nv.ua/life/20-days-in-mariupol-wins-septimius-award-in-amsterdam-50444729.html |access-date=2026-03-07 |website=NV |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Diawate tsa Feshene tsa Isis ===
Diawate tsa Fešene tsa Isis ke tiragalo ya boditšhabatšhaba ya diawate tsa fešene e e tshwarelwang kwa Amsterdam, kwa Netherlands . Dikabo tseno di ne tsa tlhongwa ke Breure mme di keteka boitshimololedi, go itsetsepela, le go dira diteko tsa botaki mo fesheneng ya segompieno mme gape di dira jaaka serala se se golaganyang feshene, botaki, difilimi, le setso sa dijithale. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=SALTO Amsterdam - Actueel |url=https://www.salto.nl/actueel/ |access-date=2026-04-06 |website=SALTO |language=nl-NL}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Difilimi ==
{| class=&quot;wikitable sortable&quot;
!Ngwaga
! Leina
! Seabo
! Dintlha
|-
| 2014
|Are All Men Pedophiles?
| Mokaedi, Mokwadi
| Awate ya Botswerere (IFFPIE)
|-
| 2018
|Do Women Have a Higher Sex Drive?
| Mokaedi
| Tokomane
|}

== Filosofi ==
Breure ke motshwayadiphoso yo o tlhamaletseng wa go tlhoka tekatekano ga setso sa Bophirima mo dipontshong tse dikgolo tsa diawate jaaka Diawate tsa Academy. O tshegetsa kgopolo ya &quot;Digital Divide&quot;, a buelela dipolatefomo tse di ikemetseng moo batlhami ba mmala le batlhami ba difilimi go tswa kwa Global South ba ka laolang dikanelo tsa bona ntle le go tlhokomela maemo a Eurocentric. &lt;ref name=&quot;ElleUa&quot;&gt;{{Cite news|title=The Septimius Awards: Jan-Willem Breure is breaking traditional rules of cinema|url=https://elle.ua/stil-zhizni/blog_stil_zhizni/the-septimius-awards-jan-willem-breure-is-breaking-traditional-rules-of-cinema/|date=2024-11-21}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation news cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot;&gt;[https://elle.ua/stil-zhizni/blog_stil_zhizni/the-septimius-awards-jan-willem-breure-is-breaking-traditional-rules-of-cinema/ &quot;The Septimius Awards: Jan-Willem Breure is breaking traditional rules of cinema&quot;]. ''Elle Ukraine''. 2024-11-21.&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=The Septimius Awards vs the Roman Emperor Septimius Severus |url=https://vocal.media/journal/the-septimius-awards-vs-the-roman-emperor-septimius-severus |access-date=2026-03-07 |website=Journal |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Ditshupiso ==

[[Karolo:Articles with hCards]]</text>
      <sha1>asf3pipyy1m6p5deccs13pz5z76bj0i</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>54213</id>
      <parentid>54212</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-08-18T10:28:27Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>KgetsiYaMasepa</username>
        <id>12902</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor />
      <origin>54213</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="9880" sha1="hqtzj3476ygu7l1to3a1fl3i9x9dr7w" xml:space="preserve">
'''Jan-Willem Breure'''  (o tshotswe ka 1 Lwetse 1988) ke modiri wa difilimi wa kwa [[Rwanda]] le mokaedi wa moletlo. Ke ene mothei wa Dikabelo tsa Septimius, e leng moletlo o o kwa Amsterdam o o amogelwang ka ntlha ya thulaganyo ya one ya ditlhopha tsa &quot;kontinente&quot; e boikaelelo jwa yone e leng go rotloetsa go farologana ga lefatshe lotlhe mo difiliming .. &lt;ref name=&quot;ForbesGe&quot;&gt;{{Cite news|title=The Septimius Awards: The Oscars of Europe and the Rise of Jan-Willem Breure|url=https://forbes.ge/en/the-septimius-awards-the-oscars-of-europe-and-the-rise-of-jan-willem-breure/|date=2025-03-10}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Shanava |first=Nick |date=2025-03-10 |title=The Septimius Awards: The Oscars of Europe and the Rise of Jan-Willem Breure • Forbes Georgia |url=https://forbes.ge/en/the-septimius-awards-the-oscars-of-europe-and-the-rise-of-jan-willem-breure/ |access-date=2026-03-07 |website=Forbes Georgia |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Jan-Willem Breure attends The White House Dinner at Kasteel de Wittenburg in Wassenaar |url=https://vocal.media/journal/jan-willem-breure-attends-the-white-house-dinner-at-kasteel-de-wittenburg-in-wassenaar |access-date=2026-03-07 |website=Journal |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=TEAM – Septimius Awards |url=https://septimiusawards.com/team/ |access-date=2026-03-07 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Botshelo jwa ntlha le thuto ==
Breure o ne a tsholelwa kwa Rwanda mme moragonyana o ne a godisiwa ke lelapa lengwe la barongwa la Madatšhe. O ne a fetsa dingwaga tsa gagwe tsa go tlhamiwa kwa [[Kenya]] le kwa [[Namibia]] pele ga a fudugela kwa Amsterdam, kwa Netherlands. O ne a ithuta kwa Sekolong sa Bogosi sa Botaki kwa The Hague, a dira tiro e e kgethegileng ya go tlhama metswedi ya dikgang e e dirisanang. Maitemogelo a gagwe jaaka moamogedi le kgodiso ya gagwe mo dikontinenteng tse tharo di umakiwa gangwe le gape jaaka ditlhotlheletsi tsa gagwe tsa go tlhoma mogopolo mo &quot;Go Akaretsa Lefatshe Lotlhe&quot; mo go tsa botsweretshi .&lt;ref name=&quot;ElleUa&quot;&gt;{{Cite news|title=The Septimius Awards: Jan-Willem Breure is breaking traditional rules of cinema|url=https://elle.ua/stil-zhizni/blog_stil_zhizni/the-septimius-awards-jan-willem-breure-is-breaking-traditional-rules-of-cinema/|work=Elle Ukraine|date=2024-11-21}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Mokgwa wa go itshetsa le tswelelopele ==

=== Go dira difilimi ===
Difilimi tsa ga Breure gantsi di bua ka ditlhogo tsa tlhaloganyo le tsa loago. Tokomane ya gagwe ya 2012 ya ''[[:en:Are_All_Men_Pedophiles?|Are All Men Pedophiles?]]'' e ne ya sekaseka ditlhong tsa setšhaba ka lense ya kalafi. Tokomane eno e ne ya newa Awate ya Botswerere kwa Moletlong wa Boditšhabatšhaba wa Difilimi wa Kagiso, Tlhotlheletso le Tekatekano. Ka 2012, filimi eno e ne ya fenya Dikgele tsa Bobegakgang jwa Nederland (NVVS).&lt;ref&gt;https://www.rottentomatoes.com/celebrity/jan_willem_breure&lt;/ref&gt; Tokomane ya bobedi ya ga Breure, e e bidiwang ''Do Women Have A Higher Sex Drive?'', e ne ya gololwa ka 2018.&lt;ref&gt;https://tv.apple.com/us/movie/do-women-have-a-higher-sex-drive/umc.cmc.6b4ckbjzqmso8hzqtul8dbwq0&lt;/ref&gt;

Ka 2024 UN Women e ne ya dira kitsiso ya tirisanommogo ya yone le Breure go dira filimi e e bidiwang United Races e e neng e tla gololwa ka 2026. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2025-11-25 |title=Thea Hoekstra, Author at UN Women Nederland |url=https://www.unwomen.nl/author/thea-hoekstra/ |access-date=2026-03-26 |website=UN Women Nederland |language=nl-NL}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Ka Ferikgong 2026, Breure o ne a itsisiwe jaaka mongwe wa maloko a le marataro a juri ya Moletlo wa Difilimi wa Johannesburg o o tshwarelwang ngwaga le ngwaga kwa [[Johannesburg]], [[Gauteng|kwa Gauteng]] mo [[Aforika Borwa|Aforikaborwa]] . &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Webmaster |date=2026-01-09 |title=MEET THE 2026 JOBURG FILM FESTIVAL JURY |url=https://gautengfilm.org.za/2026/01/meet-the-2026-joburg-film-festival-jury/ |access-date=2026-03-07 |website=Gauteng Film Commission |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Vourlias |first=Christopher |date=2026-03-02 |title=Joburg Film Festival Head on Celebrating 'Unseen Hands Behind Filmmaking,' Growing Next Generation of South African Moviegoers |url=https://variety.com/2026/film/news/joburg-film-festival-head-growing-next-generation-south-african-moviegoers-1236673226/ |access-date=2026-03-07 |website=Variety |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Jan-Willem Breure Joins the Joburg Film Festival Jury (JFF) - Septimius Awards Director becomes Judge at South Africa Film Festival in Johannesburg |url=https://vocal.media/geeks/jan-willem-breure-joins-the-joburg-film-festival-jury-jff-septimius-awards-director-becomes-judge-at-south-africa-film-festival-in-johannesburg |access-date=2026-03-07 |website=Geeks |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Diawate tsa Septimius ===
Ka 2017, Breure o ne a tlhoma Moletlo wa Boditšhabatšhaba wa Difilimi wa New Vision (NVIFF), e leng motheo o o rulaganyang Diawate tsa Septimius, tse di bidiwang “Di-Oscar tsa Yuropa”.[1] Dikabelo tseno di tshwarwa ngwaga le ngwaga kwa Tuschinski Theatre kwa Amsterdam mme di tlhomologile ka go kgaoganya ditlhopha tse dikgolo (Modiragatsi yo o Gaisang, Modiragatsi yo o Gaisang, le Filimi e e Gaisang) ka kontinente— [[Aforika Borwa|Afrika]], Asia, Yuropa, Latin America, Amerika Bokone, le Oceania—go tlhomamisa gore go na le kemedi e e lekanang ya talente e e seng ya Bophirima.. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Forbes - The Story of Jan-Willem Breure's Septimius Awards |url=https://vocal.media/journal/forbes-the-story-of-jan-willem-breure-s-septimius-awards |access-date=2026-03-07 |website=Journal |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2025-09-10 |title=Septimius Awards |url=https://filmfreeway.com/SeptimiusAwards |access-date=2026-03-07 |website=FilmFreeway |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

==== Batsayakarolo ba ba Tlhomologileng le Batlotlegi ====
Moletlo ono o ngokile bafenyi ba le bantsi ba Diawate tsa Academy, tsa BAFTA, le tsa Emmy . Bafenyi ba maemo a a kwa godimo le batlakopanong ba akaretsa:

* '''Kevin Spacey''' – Moamogedi wa Kabo ya Phitlhelelo ya Botshelo Jotlhe (2025). &lt;ref name=&quot;PressRelease25&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=2025-09-03 |title=Kevin Spacey, Shohreh Aghdashloo, and Irv Gotti to Receive Lifetime Honors |url=https://septimiusawards.com/press-release/ |publisher=Septimius Awards}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Gardner |first=Chris |date=2025-09-12 |title=Kevin Spacey Dedicates Lifetime Achievement Award to Val Kilmer; Jonathan Majors and Meagan Good Also Honored at Amsterdam Black-Tie Gala |url=https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/movies/movie-news/kevin-spacey-lifetime-achievement-award-friend-val-kilmer-1236369125/ |access-date=2026-03-07 |website=The Hollywood Reporter |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* '''Cuba Gooding Jr.''' – Moamogedi wa Kabo ya Phitlhelelo ya Botshelo Jotlhe (2024). &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=SALTO Amsterdam - Actueel |url=https://www.salto.nl/actueel/ |access-date=2026-03-07 |website=SALTO |language=nl-NL}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* '''Shohreh Aghdashloo''' – Moamogedi wa Sekgele sa Phitlhelelo ya Botshelo Jotlhe (2025).
* '''Tovino Thomas''' —mofenyi wa Modiragatsi yo o Gaisang wa Asia makgetlo a le mabedi (2023, 2025). &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|title=Tovino Thomas wins Best Asian Actor for the second time|url=https://www.thearabianstories.com/2025/09/06/tovino-thomas-wins-best-asian-actor-at-septimius-awards-for-the-second-time/|date=2025-09-06}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* '''Christopher Hampton''' le '''Kevin Willmott''' —bakwadi ba difilimi ba ba fentseng Oscar ba ba ileng ba nna le seabe jaaka batho ba ba tlhophilweng kgotsa batlhagisi.
* [[Nomzamo Mbatha]] yo fentseng ka 2025 &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=20 Days in Mariupol awarded at Septimius Awards in Netherlands |url=https://english.nv.ua/life/20-days-in-mariupol-wins-septimius-award-in-amsterdam-50444729.html |access-date=2026-03-07 |website=NV |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Diawate tsa Feshene tsa Isis ===
Diawate tsa Fešene tsa Isis ke tiragalo ya boditšhabatšhaba ya diawate tsa fešene e e tshwarelwang kwa Amsterdam, kwa Netherlands . Dikabo tseno di ne tsa tlhongwa ke Breure mme di keteka boitshimololedi, go itsetsepela, le go dira diteko tsa botaki mo fesheneng ya segompieno mme gape di dira jaaka serala se se golaganyang feshene, botaki, difilimi, le setso sa dijithale. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=SALTO Amsterdam - Actueel |url=https://www.salto.nl/actueel/ |access-date=2026-04-06 |website=SALTO |language=nl-NL}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Difilimi ==
{| class=&quot;wikitable sortable&quot;
!Ngwaga
! Leina
! Seabo
! Dintlha
|-
| 2014
|Are All Men Pedophiles?
| Mokaedi, Mokwadi
| Awate ya Botswerere (IFFPIE)
|-
| 2018
|Do Women Have a Higher Sex Drive?
| Mokaedi
| Tokomane
|}

== Filosofi ==
Breure ke motshwayadiphoso yo o tlhamaletseng wa go tlhoka tekatekano ga setso sa Bophirima mo dipontshong tse dikgolo tsa diawate jaaka Diawate tsa Academy. O tshegetsa kgopolo ya &quot;Digital Divide&quot;, a buelela dipolatefomo tse di ikemetseng moo batlhami ba mmala le batlhami ba difilimi go tswa kwa Global South ba ka laolang dikanelo tsa bona ntle le go tlhokomela maemo a Eurocentric. &lt;ref name=&quot;ElleUa&quot;&gt;{{Cite news|title=The Septimius Awards: Jan-Willem Breure is breaking traditional rules of cinema|url=https://elle.ua/stil-zhizni/blog_stil_zhizni/the-septimius-awards-jan-willem-breure-is-breaking-traditional-rules-of-cinema/|date=2024-11-21}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation news cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot;&gt;[https://elle.ua/stil-zhizni/blog_stil_zhizni/the-septimius-awards-jan-willem-breure-is-breaking-traditional-rules-of-cinema/ &quot;The Septimius Awards: Jan-Willem Breure is breaking traditional rules of cinema&quot;]. ''Elle Ukraine''. 2024-11-21.&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=The Septimius Awards vs the Roman Emperor Septimius Severus |url=https://vocal.media/journal/the-septimius-awards-vs-the-roman-emperor-septimius-severus |access-date=2026-03-07 |website=Journal |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Ditshupiso ==

[[Karolo:Articles with hCards]]</text>
      <sha1>hqtzj3476ygu7l1to3a1fl3i9x9dr7w</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Isis Fashion Awards</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>14888</id>
    <revision>
      <id>54215</id>
      <timestamp>2026-08-18T11:17:19Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>KgetsiYaMasepa</username>
        <id>12902</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Created by translating the page &quot;[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1369795981|Isis Fashion Awards]]&quot;</comment>
      <origin>54215</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="6624" sha1="gj830xzbayykkfndi92xcrehntowrgz" xml:space="preserve"> 
'''Dikabo tsa Feshene tsa Isis''' (IFA) ke kgaisano ya feshene e e tlhomang mogopolo mo dilong tsa feshene e e tshwarelwang kwa Netherlands ngwaga le ngwaga. Tiragalo eno e ne ya tlhongwa ke modiri wa difilimi le mokaedi wa diawate  [[Jan-Wilem Breure|Jan-Willem Breure]] . &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=27 May 2024 |title=Jan-Willem Breure: &quot;Accessoireontwerpers worden vaak gezien als de 'underdogs' in de mode-industrie&quot; |url=https://weesmeer.nl/jan-willem-breure-accessoireontwerpers-worden-vaak-gezien-als-de-underdogs-in-de-mode-industrie/ |access-date=11 August 2026 |website=Wees Meer}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Isis Fashion Awards |url=https://www.salto.nl/programma/isis-fashion-awards/ |access-date=11 August 2026 |website=SALTO}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Hisetori ==
Dikabo tsa Feshene tsa Isis di tlhomilwe ke Jan-Willem Breure, yo gape e leng mothei wa Dikabo tsa Septimius.  Tiragalo ya ntlha ya Diawate tsa Feshene tsa Isis e ne ya tshwarwa ka la bo 10 Sedimonthole 2022, kwa Amsterdam, kwa Netherlands . &lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=23 December 2022 |title=Isis Fashion Awards – dé modeshow voor accessoire designers |url=https://www.salto.nl/blog/isis-fashion-awards-de-modeshow-voor-accessoire-designers/ |access-date=11 August 2026 |website=SALTO}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Isis Fashion Awards |url=https://www.salto.nl/programma/isis-fashion-awards/ |access-date=11 August 2026 |website=SALTO}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Fometa ==
Dikabo tsa Feshene tsa Isis di rulagantswe jaaka kgaisano ya runway e e tsepamisitseng mogopolo thata mo ditlhamong tsa ditlaleletsi. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Isis Fashion Awards |url=https://www.salto.nl/programma/isis-fashion-awards/ |access-date=11 August 2026 |website=SALTO}}&lt;/ref&gt; Kgaisano e akareditse mefuta e e farologaneng ya ditlhopha tsa ditlaleletsi, go akaretsa ditlhako, dikgetsi, digalase tsa matlho, mabenyane, ditshupanako, ditlelafo, dikhafo, mabanta, dihutshe le dimaseke. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Isis Fashion Awards — Fashion Show |url=https://www.patreon.com/cw/IsisFashionAwards |access-date=2026-08-11 |website=Patreon |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Kgatiso ya 2024 e ne e tshwerwe ka la bo 1 Seetebosigo kwa Diamond Plaza kwa Rotterdam, kwa Goudleeratelier Van Soest a neng a gapa sekgele sa motlhami yo o gaisang wa ditlaleletsi.&lt;ref&gt;https://www.salto.nl/blog/isis-fashion-awards/&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;https://vocal.media/journal/world-star-hip-hop-covers-viral-isis-fashion-awards-2024-accessories-and-catwalk-models-provoke-discussion-within-the-black-community&lt;/ref&gt; Ditlhagiso tsa lebala la difofane di ne tsa latelwa ke ditshwaelo go tswa mo setlhopheng sa baatlhodi, se se neng se akaretsa seopedi Patricia Paay, motshameki wa mabole Regilio Tuur, Maik de Boer, Carolien Ter Linden, le Maureen Powel.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=23 December 2022 |title=Isis Fashion Awards – dé modeshow voor accessoire designers |url=https://www.salto.nl/blog/isis-fashion-awards-de-modeshow-voor-accessoire-designers/ |access-date=11 August 2026 |website=SALTO}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Kgatiso e ne e akaretsa batlhami ba ba jaaka Annigje Tassen, Vanihila, CinemAromatique, Motlhami wa Obiaocha, Cuvalay, Deniz Terli, Suzan Studio le Goudleeratelier Van Soest. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=21 June 2024 |title=Isis Fashion Awards |url=https://www.salto.nl/blog/isis-fashion-awards/ |access-date=11 August 2026 |website=SALTO}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Isis Fashion Awards 2024 - Een Unieke Modeshow voor Accessoire Ontwerpers |url=https://www.salto.nl/programma/isis-fashion-awards/j9QEjT6myIamCgsA8ISKq/ |access-date=11 August 2026 |website=SALTO}}&lt;/ref&gt; Phanele ya baatlhodi ya kgatiso ya 2025 e ne e akaretsa Donnalyn Bartolome, Letlhafula Noel, Caroline Ter Linden, Carolyn Collinda, Marlon Claessen le Halimalove Mbawa. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Isis Fashion Awards |url=https://www.salto.nl/programma/isis-fashion-awards/ |access-date=11 August 2026 |website=SALTO}}&lt;/ref&gt; Batsayakarolo ba ne ba akaretsa Moakanyetso wa De Parme, MerryMarian, Bopelotelele le Boikaelelo, Maje a a kwa Godimo, Setudio sa Suzan, AL + ER ka Sanghee Moon, Waza o Boetse, Motlhagisi wa Goudleeratelier Van Soest, VoyeurX, Ditlaleletsi ka Criola, ANNIGJE, Abebe K Arts le Odin. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=4 June 2025 |title=De Parme Design Princess Prinses Margarita de Bourbon - Isis Fashion Awards 2025 - Red Carpet Winner |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=R8TaJBRq0A4 |access-date=11 August 2026 |website=YouTube |publisher=Isis Fashion Awards}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Moakanyetso wa De Parme ka Kgosigatsana Margarita de Bourbon de Parme,e ne e le mofenyi wa maemo a ntlha, a latelwa ke MerryMarian mo maemong a bobedi le Bopeloteleele &amp; Boikeletso mo maemong a boraro. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=4 June 2025 |title=De Parme Design Princess Prinses Margarita de Bourbon - Isis Fashion Awards 2025 - Red Carpet Winner |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=R8TaJBRq0A4 |access-date=11 August 2026 |website=YouTube |publisher=Isis Fashion Awards}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=8 July 2025 |title=Hoog Playboy-gehalte bij fetisj-primeur op de Nederlandse catwalk |url=https://playboy.nl/artikel/644472/hoog-playboy-gehalte-bij-fetisj-primeur-op-de-nederlandse-catwalk |access-date=11 August 2026 |website=Playboy Nederland}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Princess Margarita de Bourbon de Parme Wins Best Designer at the Isis Fashion Awards 2025 |url=https://vocal.media/art/princess-margarita-de-bourbon-de-parme-wins-best-designer-at-the-isis-fashion-awards-2025 |access-date=2026-08-11 |website=Art |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;  Kgatiso ya bone ya dikabo e ne ya tshwarwa ka la bo 6 Motsheganong 2026 kwa Moletlong le Ditiragalong tsa De Koning kwa Amsterdam.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt;Thulaganyo e ne ya gasiwa mo SALTO2 ka di 25 Seetebosigo 2026.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=16 June 2026 |title=ISIS FASHION AWARDS 2026 |url=https://www.salto.nl/blog/isis-fashion-awards-2026/ |access-date=11 August 2026 |website=SALTO}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Kgaso ya bobegakgang ==
Dikabo tsa Feshene tsa Isis di kwadilwe go tloga ka 2022 ka mananeo a thelebišene mo SALTO, e leng kgaso ya setšhaba e e direlang Amsterdam. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Isis Fashion Awards |url=https://www.salto.nl/programma/isis-fashion-awards/ |access-date=11 August 2026 |website=SALTO}}&lt;/ref&gt; Tiragalo eno gape e amogetse kgaso mo ''Playboy Nederland'' ka ga go tsaya karolo ga VoyeurX mo kgaisanong ya 2025. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=8 July 2025 |title=Hoog Playboy-gehalte bij fetisj-primeur op de Nederlandse catwalk |url=https://playboy.nl/artikel/644472/hoog-playboy-gehalte-bij-fetisj-primeur-op-de-nederlandse-catwalk |access-date=11 August 2026 |website=Playboy Nederland}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Ditshupiso ==</text>
      <sha1>gj830xzbayykkfndi92xcrehntowrgz</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>54216</id>
      <parentid>54215</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-08-18T11:17:41Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Quinlan83</username>
        <id>8576</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Fix</comment>
      <origin>54216</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="6622" sha1="rohezce8l8dpzzj2g9ckkhmg995hohc" xml:space="preserve">'''Dikabo tsa Feshene tsa Isis''' (IFA) ke kgaisano ya feshene e e tlhomang mogopolo mo dilong tsa feshene e e tshwarelwang kwa Netherlands ngwaga le ngwaga. Tiragalo eno e ne ya tlhongwa ke modiri wa difilimi le mokaedi wa diawate  [[Jan-Wilem Breure|Jan-Willem Breure]] . &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=27 May 2024 |title=Jan-Willem Breure: &quot;Accessoireontwerpers worden vaak gezien als de 'underdogs' in de mode-industrie&quot; |url=https://weesmeer.nl/jan-willem-breure-accessoireontwerpers-worden-vaak-gezien-als-de-underdogs-in-de-mode-industrie/ |access-date=11 August 2026 |website=Wees Meer}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Isis Fashion Awards |url=https://www.salto.nl/programma/isis-fashion-awards/ |access-date=11 August 2026 |website=SALTO}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Hisetori ==
Dikabo tsa Feshene tsa Isis di tlhomilwe ke Jan-Willem Breure, yo gape e leng mothei wa Dikabo tsa Septimius.  Tiragalo ya ntlha ya Diawate tsa Feshene tsa Isis e ne ya tshwarwa ka la bo 10 Sedimonthole 2022, kwa Amsterdam, kwa Netherlands . &lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=23 December 2022 |title=Isis Fashion Awards – dé modeshow voor accessoire designers |url=https://www.salto.nl/blog/isis-fashion-awards-de-modeshow-voor-accessoire-designers/ |access-date=11 August 2026 |website=SALTO}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Isis Fashion Awards |url=https://www.salto.nl/programma/isis-fashion-awards/ |access-date=11 August 2026 |website=SALTO}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Fometa ==
Dikabo tsa Feshene tsa Isis di rulagantswe jaaka kgaisano ya runway e e tsepamisitseng mogopolo thata mo ditlhamong tsa ditlaleletsi. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Isis Fashion Awards |url=https://www.salto.nl/programma/isis-fashion-awards/ |access-date=11 August 2026 |website=SALTO}}&lt;/ref&gt; Kgaisano e akareditse mefuta e e farologaneng ya ditlhopha tsa ditlaleletsi, go akaretsa ditlhako, dikgetsi, digalase tsa matlho, mabenyane, ditshupanako, ditlelafo, dikhafo, mabanta, dihutshe le dimaseke. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Isis Fashion Awards — Fashion Show |url=https://www.patreon.com/cw/IsisFashionAwards |access-date=2026-08-11 |website=Patreon |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Kgatiso ya 2024 e ne e tshwerwe ka la bo 1 Seetebosigo kwa Diamond Plaza kwa Rotterdam, kwa Goudleeratelier Van Soest a neng a gapa sekgele sa motlhami yo o gaisang wa ditlaleletsi.&lt;ref&gt;https://www.salto.nl/blog/isis-fashion-awards/&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;https://vocal.media/journal/world-star-hip-hop-covers-viral-isis-fashion-awards-2024-accessories-and-catwalk-models-provoke-discussion-within-the-black-community&lt;/ref&gt; Ditlhagiso tsa lebala la difofane di ne tsa latelwa ke ditshwaelo go tswa mo setlhopheng sa baatlhodi, se se neng se akaretsa seopedi Patricia Paay, motshameki wa mabole Regilio Tuur, Maik de Boer, Carolien Ter Linden, le Maureen Powel.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=23 December 2022 |title=Isis Fashion Awards – dé modeshow voor accessoire designers |url=https://www.salto.nl/blog/isis-fashion-awards-de-modeshow-voor-accessoire-designers/ |access-date=11 August 2026 |website=SALTO}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Kgatiso e ne e akaretsa batlhami ba ba jaaka Annigje Tassen, Vanihila, CinemAromatique, Motlhami wa Obiaocha, Cuvalay, Deniz Terli, Suzan Studio le Goudleeratelier Van Soest. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=21 June 2024 |title=Isis Fashion Awards |url=https://www.salto.nl/blog/isis-fashion-awards/ |access-date=11 August 2026 |website=SALTO}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Isis Fashion Awards 2024 - Een Unieke Modeshow voor Accessoire Ontwerpers |url=https://www.salto.nl/programma/isis-fashion-awards/j9QEjT6myIamCgsA8ISKq/ |access-date=11 August 2026 |website=SALTO}}&lt;/ref&gt; Phanele ya baatlhodi ya kgatiso ya 2025 e ne e akaretsa Donnalyn Bartolome, Letlhafula Noel, Caroline Ter Linden, Carolyn Collinda, Marlon Claessen le Halimalove Mbawa. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Isis Fashion Awards |url=https://www.salto.nl/programma/isis-fashion-awards/ |access-date=11 August 2026 |website=SALTO}}&lt;/ref&gt; Batsayakarolo ba ne ba akaretsa Moakanyetso wa De Parme, MerryMarian, Bopelotelele le Boikaelelo, Maje a a kwa Godimo, Setudio sa Suzan, AL + ER ka Sanghee Moon, Waza o Boetse, Motlhagisi wa Goudleeratelier Van Soest, VoyeurX, Ditlaleletsi ka Criola, ANNIGJE, Abebe K Arts le Odin. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=4 June 2025 |title=De Parme Design Princess Prinses Margarita de Bourbon - Isis Fashion Awards 2025 - Red Carpet Winner |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=R8TaJBRq0A4 |access-date=11 August 2026 |website=YouTube |publisher=Isis Fashion Awards}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Moakanyetso wa De Parme ka Kgosigatsana Margarita de Bourbon de Parme,e ne e le mofenyi wa maemo a ntlha, a latelwa ke MerryMarian mo maemong a bobedi le Bopeloteleele &amp; Boikeletso mo maemong a boraro. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=4 June 2025 |title=De Parme Design Princess Prinses Margarita de Bourbon - Isis Fashion Awards 2025 - Red Carpet Winner |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=R8TaJBRq0A4 |access-date=11 August 2026 |website=YouTube |publisher=Isis Fashion Awards}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=8 July 2025 |title=Hoog Playboy-gehalte bij fetisj-primeur op de Nederlandse catwalk |url=https://playboy.nl/artikel/644472/hoog-playboy-gehalte-bij-fetisj-primeur-op-de-nederlandse-catwalk |access-date=11 August 2026 |website=Playboy Nederland}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Princess Margarita de Bourbon de Parme Wins Best Designer at the Isis Fashion Awards 2025 |url=https://vocal.media/art/princess-margarita-de-bourbon-de-parme-wins-best-designer-at-the-isis-fashion-awards-2025 |access-date=2026-08-11 |website=Art |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;  Kgatiso ya bone ya dikabo e ne ya tshwarwa ka la bo 6 Motsheganong 2026 kwa Moletlong le Ditiragalong tsa De Koning kwa Amsterdam.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt;Thulaganyo e ne ya gasiwa mo SALTO2 ka di 25 Seetebosigo 2026.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=16 June 2026 |title=ISIS FASHION AWARDS 2026 |url=https://www.salto.nl/blog/isis-fashion-awards-2026/ |access-date=11 August 2026 |website=SALTO}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Kgaso ya bobegakgang ==
Dikabo tsa Feshene tsa Isis di kwadilwe go tloga ka 2022 ka mananeo a thelebišene mo SALTO, e leng kgaso ya setšhaba e e direlang Amsterdam. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Isis Fashion Awards |url=https://www.salto.nl/programma/isis-fashion-awards/ |access-date=11 August 2026 |website=SALTO}}&lt;/ref&gt; Tiragalo eno gape e amogetse kgaso mo ''Playboy Nederland'' ka ga go tsaya karolo ga VoyeurX mo kgaisanong ya 2025. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=8 July 2025 |title=Hoog Playboy-gehalte bij fetisj-primeur op de Nederlandse catwalk |url=https://playboy.nl/artikel/644472/hoog-playboy-gehalte-bij-fetisj-primeur-op-de-nederlandse-catwalk |access-date=11 August 2026 |website=Playboy Nederland}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Ditshupiso ==</text>
      <sha1>rohezce8l8dpzzj2g9ckkhmg995hohc</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
</mediawiki>