Wikipedia tumwiki https://tum.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jani_likulu MediaWiki 1.45.0-wmf.6 first-letter Media Special Talk User User talk Wikipedia Wikipedia talk File File talk MediaWiki MediaWiki talk Template Template talk Help Help talk Category Category talk TimedText TimedText talk Module Module talk 0 25998 112821 111222 2025-06-19T02:28:25Z InternetArchiveBot 6449 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 112821 wikitext text/x-wiki {{short description|Political elections for public offices in Zambia}}{{Nkhani iwemi}} {{Politics of Zambia}} Pa maungano gha chigaŵa gha mu [[Zambia]], ŵanthu ŵakuŵa na vipani vinandi. Pa nyengo yimoza pera, pulezidenti na wupu wakulongozga ŵakusankhika kuti ŵateŵetere vyaka vinkhondi.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Bach|first=S|date=1999|title=Political policy: president and parliament in Zambia|url=https://www.emerald.com/insight/content/doi/10.1108/13552529910273934/full/html|journal=Journal of Management History|volume=5|pages=183–198}}</ref> == Mbiri ya visankho == === Pambere kujilamulia === Mu 1918, ŵanthu ŵankhondi ŵa mu Wupu Wakulongozga ŵakasankhika. Pa nyengo iyi, ŵanthu ŵa ku Britain awo ŵakaŵa na vyaka vyakujumpha 21 pera ndiwo ŵakaŵa na wanangwa wa kusankha.<ref name="MG">Michael Gelfand (1961) ''Northern Rhodesia in the days of the charter: medical and social study, 1878-1924'', Basil Blackwell, p138</ref> Mu 1920 na 1922, pakaŵaso maungano gha chigaŵa. Mu 1924, ŵakapanga wupu wa malango uwo ukaŵa na ŵanthu ŵankhondi. Pambere maungano gha mu 1929 ghandambe, ŵanthu 7 ndiwo ŵakasankhika. Mu 1932, 1935, na 1938, pakaŵaso mavoti ghanyake. Mu 1941, ŵanthu 8 ŵakasankhika, ndipo Northern Rhodesian Labour Party yikapokera vithuzithuzi 5. Ndipouli, ŵakati ŵathereskeka pa vyaru vinyake mu 1944, chipani ichi chikamara. Pambere maungano gha 1948 ghandambe, ŵimiliri ŵa wupu uwu ŵakasazgikira kufika pa 10, ndipo ŵaŵiri ŵa ku Africa ŵakimikika. Mu 1953, boma la Rhodesia na Nyasaland likapangika. Mu chaka chenechichi, kukaŵaso maungano ghakwamba. Northern Rhodesia yikaŵa na vithuzithuzi vinkhondi na viŵiri, ndipo ŵanthu ŵatatu ŵakimiranga ŵanthu ŵa ku Africa. Ŵanthu ŵatatu pera mu Africa ndiwo ŵakaŵa na wanangwa wa kuvota. Chipani cha Federal Party chikapokera vithuzithuzi 7 pa vithuzi 8. Mu 1954, apo pakaŵa kusintha kwa malango, chiŵelengero cha malo ghakusankhika mu Northern Rhodesian Legislative Council chikakwera kufika pa 12. Mu 1954, chipani cha Federal Party chikathereska pa vigaŵa 10. Pa mavoti gha mu 1958, chipani cha United Federal Party (UFP) chikathereska ŵanthu ŵanandi. Dango la "Lennox-Boyd" likapangiska kuti wupu wa wupu wakulongozga uŵe na ŵanthu 22. Chikaŵa na mipando 12 ya "ŵanthu wose" ndipo ŵanandi ŵakaŵa ŵa ku Europe, mipando 6 ya "ŵanthu ŵapadera" iyo yikaŵa ya ŵanthu ŵa ku Africa, mipando yiŵiri ya ŵanthu ŵa ku Africa, na mipando yiŵiri ya ŵanthu ŵa ku Europe. Gulu la UFP likalutilira kuŵa na mipando yinandi, ndipo likapokera mipando 13. Pa nyengo ya maungano gha mu 1962, pakaŵaso ndondomeko yinyake iyo yikapangiska kuti paŵe maungano gha vyaru viŵiri. Nangauli UFP yikapokera vithuzithuzi vinandi, kweni United National Independence Party (UNIP) na Northern Rhodesian African National Congress (NRANC) ŵakamanya kupanga boma. Pa maungano ghakulondezgapo mu 1964, maungano agha ghakacitikanga mwakuyana na ndondomeko yiphya. Chilato chake chikaŵa cha UNIP, icho chikapokera vithuzithuzi 55 pa vithuzithuzi 75, ndipo Kenneth Kaunda wakazgoka nduna yikuru, ndipo pamasinda wakazgoka purezidenti apo Zambia yikaŵa yakujiyimira pawekha pa Okutobala 24, 1964. === Pamasinda pa ufulu === Pa ma general elections mu 1968 pakaŵa mavoti ghakwamba gha purezidenti, apo Kaunda wakathereska mulongozgi wa Zambia African National Congress (NRANC) Harry Nkumbula na mavoti 82%. Vipinda 10 ivyo vikaŵa vyakukhalira mu Nyumba ya Malango vikafumiskikapo ndipo chiŵelengero cha ŵanthu awo ŵakasankhika chikafika pa 105. UNIP yikapokera vithuzi 81. Mu 1973, caru cikazgoka boma la chipani cimoza; pa viwoneskero vya boma mu caka cenecici, Kaunda wakathereskeka na ŵanthu yayi, ndipo ŵanthu 89% ŵakazomera. Sono Nyumba ya Malango yikaŵa na vithuzithuzi 125, ŵanthu 10 awo ŵakimikika na pulezidenti, kweniso mulara wa Nyumba ya Malango. Nangauli UNIP ndiyo yikaŵa chipani pera, kweni ŵanthu ŵatatu pera ndiwo ŵakakhalanga pa mpando uliwose. Ndondomeko yeneyiyi ndiyo ŵakagwiliskiranga nchito pa maungano gha 1978, 1983 na 1988, ndipo Kaunda wakasankhikaso nyengo yiliyose. Mu 1991, boma likambaso kulamulira na vipani vinandi. Kaunda wakathereskeka na Frederick Chiluba wa Movement for Multi-Party Democracy (MMD) pa mavoti gha purezidenti, ndipo Chiluba wakapokera mavoti 76%. MMD yikapokera vithuzithuzi 125 pa vithuzithuzi 150 ivyo vikasankhika mu wupu wa National Assembly, apo chiŵelengero cha ŵanthu awo ŵakimikika na pulezidenti chikakhira kufika pa 8. Chiluba wakasankhikaso pa mavoti gha mu 1996, apo MMD yikasanga vithuzi 131 ndipo UNIP yikataya vithuzi vyose 25 ivyo yikasanga mu 1991. Mu 2001, munthu wa MMD Levy Mwanawasa wakathereska pa mavoti gha purezidenti na 29% pera mu malo gha ŵanthu 11. Chipani cha MMD chikaŵa na vithuzithuzi 69 mu Nyumba ya Malango, ndipo vipani vyakususka vikaŵa na vithuzithuzi vinandi. Mwanawasa wakasankhikaso mu 2006 na 43% ya mavoti, nangauli MMD yikatondeka kuwina malo ghanandi mu National Assembly. Mwanawasa wakati wafwa mu 2008, ŵakachita mavoti gha purezidenti kuti munthu uyo wakakhalapo pa nyengo ya mavoti gha vyaka vinkhondi ndiyo waŵepo. Chisankho chinapambana ndi Rupiah Banda wa MMD. Pa chisankho cha 2011, chipani cha Patriotic Front (PF) Michael Sata wakasankhika kuŵa purezidenti na mavoti 42%, apo chipani cha PF chikaŵa chipani chikuru chomene mu National Assembly, ndipo chikapokera vithuzithuzi 60. Pambuyo pa imfa ya Sata mu 2014, chisankho china cha pulezidenti chinachitika mu 2015 ndipo chinapambana ndi Edgar Lungu wa PF, yemwe analandira 48% ya mavoti. == Ndondomeko yakusankha == Mu Zambia, munthu wakwenera kuŵa na vyaka 18 kuti waŵe na wanangwa wa kuvota. Awo ŵakukhumba kuvota ŵakwenera kuŵa na makadi gha boma na makadi gha awo ŵakukhumba kuvota. === Mlongozgi wa charu === Pakati pa 1991 na 2016, pulezidenti wakasankhika mu chigaŵa chimoza pera. Ndipouli, pambere mavoti gha mu 2016 ghandambe, boma likaŵa na vigaŵa viŵiri. Kufika mu 2016, para pulezidenti wafwa, ŵakachitanga mavoti ghachokoghachoko kuti ŵasankhe pulezidenti uyo wazamukhala mu malo agha vyaka vinkhondi. Ndipouli, mu 2015, boma likasintha malango gha boma kuti paŵe wachiŵiri kwa pulezidenti uyo wazamukhala mu malo agha vyaka vinkhondi. === Nyumba ya Malango === Pa mamembala 164 gha National Assembly, 156 ŵakusankhika na ndondomeko ya first-past-the-post mu vigaŵa vya mamembala ghamoza, ndipo ŵanyakeso 8 ŵakusoleka na purezidenti na Speaker na Deputy speaker yumoza wakusankhika kufuma kuwaro kwa National Assembly. Awo ŵakukhumba kunjira mu wupu wakulongozga ŵakwenera kuŵa na vyaka 21.<ref>[http://www.ipu.org/parline-e/reports/2359_B.htm Electoral system] IPU</ref> == Ma Referendum == Kufuma apo charu cha Zambia chikapokera wanangwa mu 1964, pakaŵa ma referendamu ghaŵiri. Mu 1969, ŵanthu 85 pa 100 ŵaliwose ŵakazomerezga kuti paŵe maungano gha ŵanthu wose. Mu 2016, ŵanthu ŵanandi ŵakakolerana na fundo iyi, kweni ŵakaŵapo ŵachoko chomene. == Wonaniso == * [[:en:By-elections_in_Zambia|By-elections in Zambia]] == Ukaboni == <references group="" responsive="1"></references> == External links == * [https://web.archive.org/web/20160506221656/http://www.elections.org.zm/ Electoral Commission of Zambia] * [http://psephos.adam-carr.net/countries/z/zambia/ Zambia] Adam Carr's Election Archive * [https://web.archive.org/web/20110318011325/http://africanelections.tripod.com/zm.html Elections in Zambia] African Elections Database {{Zambian elections}}{{Africa in topic|Elections in}}{{Zambia topics}} hcwcf1gwlep923j8opadh6nyfwstho2 0 46837 112820 112757 2025-06-19T00:29:45Z InternetArchiveBot 6449 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 112820 wikitext text/x-wiki {{short description|Branch of mathematics concerning chance and uncertainty}} {{Distinguish|probability theory|game theory|graph theory|statistics}} {{other uses}} [[File:Dice Distribution (bar).svg|thumb|250px|Kuthekera kwa kuguzira manambara ghanandi mwakugwiliskira nchito madayisi ghaŵiri]] '''Kusanda Mwaŵi''' ni nthavi ya samuzi na viŵelengero vyakukhwaskana na ivyo vikuchitika na kulongosora kwa manambara umo vingachitikira panji kuleka kuchitika. Mwaŵi wa kuchitika ni nambara iyo yili pakati pa 0 na 1; para nambara ya mwaŵi njikuru, ndikuti mwaŵi wakuchitika ngukuruso. Nambala iyi kanandi yikulongosoreka nga ni peresenti (%), kufuma pa 0% mpaka 100%. Chiyelezgero chipusu nkhuponya ndalama ya mbwaghaya (yambura kusankhana). Pakuti ndalama iyi njakwenelera, vigaŵa viŵiri ivyo vikufumamo ("mitu" na "michira") Vinthu vyose viŵiri ivi vingacitika; chiŵerengero cha "mitu" chikuyana na chiŵerengero cha "michira"; ndipo pakuti palije vyakuchitika vinyake ivyo vingachitika, chiŵelengero cha "mitu" panji "michira" ni 1/2 (icho chingalembekaso kuti 0.5 panji 50%). Mazgu agha ghapika axiomatic masamu formalization mu ''probability theory'', iyo yikugwiriskirika nchito comene mu vigaŵa vya masambiro nga ni viŵelengero, masamu, [[Kasanthulo|sayansi]], ndalama, kutchova njuga, vinjeru vyakupangika, kusambira kwa makina, sayansi ya kompyuta, maseŵero theory, na filosofe the drawing expects of the, mwachiyelezgero. Fundo ya mwaŵi theory yikugwiriskirikaso nchito pakulongosora umo vinthu vikwendera na umo ndondomeko zakusuzga vikuchitikira nyengo zose. Mazgu agha ghapika [[Probability axioms|mazina ghakukhozgeka]] ghaku khazikiska masamu mu ''[[Fundo ya mwaŵi]]'', iyo yikugwiriskirika ncito comene mu [[vigaŵa vya kusambira]] nga ni [[viŵelengero]], [[masamu]], [[sayansi]], [[ndalama]], [[kutchova njuga]], [[mahara ghakupangika]], [[kusambira vya makina]], [[sayansi ya kompyuta]], [[filosofi,] pa nkhani ya kukhazikika pafupipafupi uko kukulindilirika. Probability theory yikugwiriskirikaso ncito kurongosora umo [[vinthu vyakusuzga]] vikucitikira ndiposo umo vikucitikira nyengo zose.<ref>[http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/477530/probability-theory Probability Theory]. The Britannica website.</ref> ==Mbiri la lizgu== {{see also|mbiri ya probability#Etymology|Glossary of probability and statistics}} {{further|Likelihood}} Lizgu la ''probability'' [[Etymology|likufuma]] ku lizgu la Latin {{Lang|la|probabilitas}}, Lizgu ili lingang'anamuraso "[[:wiktionary:probity|probity]]", muyezo wa [[mazaza]] ya [[kaboni]] mu [[mulandu wa malango]] ku Europe, ndipo kanandi wakakolerana na [[ufumu]] wa kaboni. Mu nthowa yinyake, ici cikupambana comene na ng’anamuro la mazuŵa ghano la ''kuthemba'', ilo mwakupambana ni chipimilo cha kulemera kwa [[umboni wa empirical]], ndipo likufikapo kufuma ku [[kughanaghana kwakupangiska]] na [[kurongosora kwa viŵelengero]].<ref name="Emergence">[[Ian Hacking|Hacking, I.]] (2006) ''The Emergence of Probability: A Philosophical Study of Early Ideas about Probability, Induction and Statistical Inference'', Cambridge University Press, {{ISBN|978-0-521-68557-3}} {{page needed|date=June 2012}}</ref> ==Bekaniso== {{main|Outline of probability}} * [[Contingency (philosophy)|Contingency]] * [[Equiprobability]] * [[Fuzzy logic]] * [[Heuristic (psychology)]] == Notes == {{NoteFoot}} == References == {{Reflist}} ==Bibliography== * [[Olav Kallenberg|Kallenberg, O.]] (2005) ''Probabilistic Symmetries and Invariance Principles''. Springer-Verlag, New York. 510 pp.&nbsp;{{isbn|0-387-25115-4}} * Kallenberg, O. (2002) ''Foundations of Modern Probability,'' 2nd ed. Springer Series in Statistics. 650 pp.&nbsp;{{isbn|0-387-95313-2}} * Olofsson, Peter (2005) ''Probability, Statistics, and Stochastic Processes'', Wiley-Interscience. 504 pp {{isbn|0-471-67969-0}}. ==External links== {{Wikiquote}} {{Wikibooks}} {{Commons category}} {{Library resources box |by=no |onlinebooks=no |others=no |about=yes |label=Probability}} * [http://www.math.uah.edu/stat/ Virtual Laboratories in Probability and Statistics (Univ. of Ala.-Huntsville)] * {{In Our Time |Probability |b00bqf61 |Probability}} * [https://web.archive.org/web/20081216153436/http://wiki.stat.ucla.edu/socr/index.php/EBook Probability and Statistics EBook] * [[Edwin Thompson Jaynes]]. ''Probability Theory: The Logic of Science''. Preprint: Washington University, (1996). – [https://web.archive.org/web/20160119131820/http://omega.albany.edu:8008/JaynesBook.html HTML index with links to PostScript files] and [http://bayes.wustl.edu/etj/prob/book.pdf PDF] (first three chapters) * [http://www.economics.soton.ac.uk/staff/aldrich/Figures.htm People from the History of Probability and Statistics (Univ. of Southampton)] * [http://www.economics.soton.ac.uk/staff/aldrich/Probability%20Earliest%20Uses.htm Probability and Statistics on the Earliest Uses Pages (Univ. of Southampton)] * [https://web.archive.org/web/20170630173713/http://jeff560.tripod.com/stat.html Earliest Uses of Symbols in Probability and Statistics] on [http://jeff560.tripod.com/mathsym.html Earliest Uses of Various Mathematical Symbols] * [http://www.celiagreen.com/charlesmccreery/statistics/bayestutorial.pdf A tutorial on probability and Bayes' theorem devised for first-year Oxford University students] * [http://ubu.com/historical/young/index.html U B U W E B :: La Monte Young] pdf file of [[An Anthology of Chance Operations]] (1963) at [[UbuWeb]] * [https://web.archive.org/web/20110727200156/http://www.dartmouth.edu/~chance/teaching_aids/books_articles/probability_book/book.html Introduction to Probability – eBook] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110727200156/http://www.dartmouth.edu/~chance/teaching_aids/books_articles/probability_book/book.html |date=27 July 2011 }}, by Charles Grinstead, Laurie Snell [https://web.archive.org/web/20120325135243/https://bitbucket.org/shabbychef/numas_text/ Source] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120325135243/https://bitbucket.org/shabbychef/numas_text/ |date=25 March 2012 }} ''([[GNU Free Documentation License]])'' * {{in lang|en|it}} [[Bruno de Finetti]], ''[http://amshistorica.unibo.it/35 Probabilità e induzione]'', Bologna, CLUEB, 1993. {{isbn|88-8091-176-7}} (digital version) * [https://feynmanlectures.caltech.edu/I_06.html Richard Feynman's Lecture on probability.] {{Logic |overview}} {{Glossaries of science and engineering}} {{Portal bar|Mathematics}} {{Authority control}} [[Category:Probability| ]] aoc63t9u6chrj8mm1ngp2by9f24yap6