Wikipedia tumwiki https://tum.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jani_likulu MediaWiki 1.45.0-wmf.8 first-letter Media Special Talk User User talk Wikipedia Wikipedia talk File File talk MediaWiki MediaWiki talk Template Template talk Help Help talk Category Category talk TimedText TimedText talk Module Module talk Event Event talk 0 39923 112850 110263 2025-07-05T01:49:35Z CommonsDelinker 72 Removing [[:c:File:ApartheidSignEnglishAfrikaans.jpg|ApartheidSignEnglishAfrikaans.jpg]], it has been deleted from Commons by [[:c:User:Abzeronow|Abzeronow]] because: per [[:c:Commons:Deletion requests/File:ApartheidSignEnglishAfrikaans.jpg|]]. 112850 wikitext text/x-wiki {{short description|South African history}} {{Use dmy dates|date=March 2018}} {{History of South Africa}} {{Culture of South Africa}} {{SouthAfrica state}} {{Infobox flag | Name = Republic of South Africa | Article = | Image = Flag of South Africa.svg | Nickname = | Morenicks = | Use = 110110 | Symbol = | Proportion = | Design = The flag of Republic of South Africa was adopted on 26 April 1994. It replaced the flag that had been used since 1928, and was chosen to represent multiculturalism and ethnic diversity in the country's new, post-apartheid democratic society. | Designer = }} Ŵanthu ŵakwambilira ŵakamba kukhala ku [[South Africa]] vyaka vyakujumpha 100,000 ivyo vyajumpha. Mbiri yakale ya charu cha South Africa yili kugaŵika mu vigaŵa viŵiri: nyengo ya malibwe na nyengo ya visulo. Viŵaro vya viŵeto vya [[Australopithecine]] vikusangika ku Taung na mu mphanji za malibwe gha malibwe gha limestone ku Sterkfontein, Swartkrans na Kromdraai. Mu 1999, wupu wa Unesco ukati malo agha ntchiharo cha pa charu chose.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.britannica.com/place/South-Africa/History#ref1003524 |title=South Africa - History |publisher=Britannica |date=2020-10-11 |access-date=2020-10-18}}</ref> Ŵanthu ŵakwambilira awo ŵakakhalanga ku South Africa ŵakaŵa Khoisan, Khoekhoe, na San. Kufuma waka mu 1000 B.C.E., ŵanthu awo ŵakafuma ku vyaru vya kumanjiliro gha dazi na vyapakati ku Africa ŵakamba kusama. Ŵanyake ŵakakhalanga kwaŵekha, kweni ŵanyake ŵakaŵa mu gulu la ŵanthu ŵa mitundu yakupambanapambana. Ŵanthu aŵa ŵakaŵa ŵa mitundu yiŵiri panji kujumpha apa: Khoisan, Bantu, English, Afrikaners, Austronesians, East Asians na South Asians. Ŵanthu ŵa ku Europe ŵakamba kusanda mumphepete mwa nyanja ya Africa mu ma 1300. Mu vyaka vya m'ma 1400 na 1500, ŵanthu ŵa ku Portugal ŵakenda mumphepete mwa nyanja ya kumanjiliro gha dazi kwa Africa, ŵakalemba na kupanga mapu gha mumphepete mwa nyanja. Mu 1488, ŵakazingilira Cape of Good Hope. Mu 1652, kampani ya Dutch East India Company yikakhazikiska malo gha malonda mu tawuni ya Cape Town pasi pa muwuso wa Jan van Riebeeck. Ŵantchito ŵa ku Europe awo ŵakakhazikika mu tawuni iyi ŵakamba kumanyikwa na zina lakuti Free Burghers. Pamanyuma pakuti ŵa ku Britain ŵanjira mu charu cha Cape Colony mu 1795 na 1806, ŵanthu ŵanandi ŵakasamukira mu vyaru vinyake.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.geskiedenis.sariemarais.com/groot%20trek.html |title=Sarie Marais.Com Geskiedenis |publisher=Geskiedenis.sariemarais.com |access-date=2020-10-18 |archive-date=28 June 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190628124326/http://www.geskiedenis.sariemarais.com/groot%20trek.html |url-status=dead }}</ref>Vinthu ivyo vikasangika mu chigaŵa ichi mu vyaka vya m'ma 1800 vikawovwira kuti chigaŵa ichi chiŵe pa malo ghapacanya pa caru cose. Kweniso vinthu ivi vikapangiska kuti paŵe nkhondo pakati pa ŵanthu ŵa ku Boer na Ufumu wa Britain. Pamanyuma pa kutondeka kwa ma Boers mu Nkhondo ya Anglo-Boer panji South African War (1899-1902), Union of South Africa yikapangika nga ni boma la Britain pa 31 May 1910 mu ndondomeko ya South Africa Act 1909, iyo yikasazga maboma ghanayi gha Britain: Cape Colony, Colony of Natal, Transvaal Colony, na Orange River Colony. Mu 1934, charu ichi chikaŵa pasi pa Ufumu wa Britain. Ufumu wa ufumu uwu ukamara pa 31 May 1961, ndipo ukasinthika na boma la republic. Kwamba mu 1948 mpaka mu 1994, ndyali za ku South Africa zikayendeskeka na mtundu wa Afrikaner. Mu 1948, boma likakhazikiska vyakuti ŵanthu ŵa mitundu yakupambana na mitundu yinyake ŵachitenge vinthu mwakupambana. Pa Epulero 27, 1994, pamanyuma pa vilimika vinandi vya kulimbana, kulimbana na ŵasilikari, na ŵanthu ŵa mitundu yose awo ŵakasuskanga apartheid, chipani chakwamba cha ŵanthu ŵafipa, African National Congress (ANC) chikathereska ŵanthu ŵa mitundu yose pa chisankho chakwamba cha demokilase mu charu ichi. Kufuma waka pa nyengo iyi, African National Congress ndiyo yikulongozga charu cha South Africa, pamoza na South African Communist Party na Congress of South African Trade Unions. == Mbiri yakwambilira (pambere 1652) == {{Main|Early history of South Africa}} === Nkhani za mu nyengo yakale === {{see|People of Africa}} Ŵasayansi awo ŵakufufuza ivyo vikachitika pambere ŵanthu ŵandambe kulemba mbiri yawo, ŵamanya kuti charu icho sono chikuchemeka South Africa chikaŵa pakati pa malo agho ŵanthu ŵakasambira. Vinthu ivi vikaŵako vyaka 2.5 miliyoni ivyo vyajumpha. Ŵanthu ŵakamba kukhala mu malo agha vyaka pafupifupi 125,000 ivyo vyajumpha mu nyengo ya malibwe, nga umo vikulongosorekera na ivyo ŵanthu ŵakufukura vinthu vyakale ŵali kusanga mu mphanji za mu mlonga wa Klasies. Ŵanthu ŵakwambilira awo ŵakakhalanga ku malo agha ŵakaŵa ŵanthu ŵa mtundu wa DNA awo ŵakafuma ku chigaŵa cha kumpoto cha kumanjiliro gha dazi kwa Africa. Kumwera kwa Africa kukaŵa ŵanthu awo ŵakayowoyanga chiyowoyero cha Bantu, awo ŵakafuma ku chigaŵa cha kumanjiliro gha dazi kwa Africa. Pulofesa Raymond Dart wakabowozga chiwangwa cha mwana munyake wa vyaka 2.51 mu 1924, uyo wakaŵa wakwamba kusanga Australopithecus africanus. Mu 1938, Robert Broom wakasanga hominid munyake wakukhora chomene, zina lake Paranthropus robustus, ku Kromdraai, ndipo mu 1947, wakasanga vinyama vinyake vya Australopithecus africanus ku Sterkfontein. Mu 2002, ku mphanji ya Blombos, ŵakasanga malibwe agho ghakaŵa na vithuzithuzi vyakupambanapambana ivyo vikalembeka vyaka 70,000 ivyo vyajumpha. Ici cikulongosoreka kuti nchakuwonerapo cakwambilira ca luso lwakupatulika panji luso lwaciyelezgelo ilo likaŵako na ŵanthu ŵa mtundu wa Homo sapiens.<ref>{{cite news| url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/sci/tech/1753326.stm | work=BBC News | title='Oldest' prehistoric art unearthed | date=10 January 2002}}</ref> Mu vyaka vyasonosono apa, vyamoyo vinyake vinandi vya mtundu uwu vyawoneka. Cinyake ico nchakale comene ni Little Foot, cinthu ca viwangwa vya malundi vya munthu uyo wali na vyaka vyapakati pa 2.2 na 3.3 miliyoni. Clarke. - Kasi? Cinyake ico ŵakasanga ni Australopithecus sediba uyo wali na vyaka 1.9 miliyoni. Mu 2015, ŵanthu ŵakamanya kuti kuli mtundu unyake wa Homo naledi uwo ukasangika kufupi na Johannesburg. Ŵanji ŵakuti ni cinthu cakuzirwa comene ico ŵasayansi ŵasanga mazuŵa ghano.<ref>[http://news.nationalgeographic.com/2015/09/150910-homo-naledi-human-ancestor-species-reaction-science/ ''National Geographic'', "New Human Ancestor Elicits Awe—and Many Questions"], 10 September 2015. Accessed 20 September 2015</ref> ===San na Khoikhoi=== Ŵanthu awo ŵakakhalako mu nyengo iyi ŵakamanyikwanga kuti mba fuko la San na Khoikhoi. Ŵanthu aŵa ŵakucemeka Khoisan, zina ilo ŵanthu ŵa ku Europe ŵakulemba kufuma ku mazina gha mafuko agha. Ŵanthu ŵa mtundu wa Khoisan awo ŵakakhalanga kumwera kwa Africa ndiwo ŵakamba kupatukana na ŵanthu ŵa mtundu wa Homo sapiens awo ŵalipo sono. Ŵanthu aŵa ŵakumanya kuti ŵakukhala mu chigaŵa cha kumpoto cha kumwera kwa Africa.<ref>{{cite journal|vauthors=Chen YS, Olckers A, Schurr TG, Kogelnik AM, Huoponen K, Wallace DC |title= mtDNA variation in the South African Kung and Khwe, and their genetic relationships to other African populations|doi=10.1086/302848|year=2000|journal=The American Journal of Human Genetics|volume=66|issue=4|pages=1362–83|pmid=10739760|pmc=1288201}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal|title= History of click-speaking populations of Africa inferred from mtDNA and Y chromosome genetic variation|pmid= 17656633|url= http://www.africandna.com/ScienPapers%5CHistory_of_Click-Speaking_Populations_of_Africa.pdf|year= 2007|last1= Tishkoff|first1= SA|last2= Gonder|first2= MK|last3= Henn|first3= BM|last4= Mortensen|first4= H|last5= Knight|first5= A|last6= Gignoux|first6= C|last7= Fernandopulle|first7= N|last8= Lema|first8= G|last9= Nyambo|first9= TB|last10= Ramakrishnan|first10= U.|last11= Reed|first11= F. A.|last12= Mountain|first12= J. L.|volume= 24|issue= 10|pages= 2180–95|doi= 10.1093/molbev/msm155|journal= Molecular Biology and Evolution|display-authors= 8|archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20110420053808/http://www.africandna.com/ScienPapers%5CHistory_of_Click-Speaking_Populations_of_Africa.pdf|archive-date= 20 April 2011|df= dmy-all|doi-access= free}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal|vauthors=Schlebusch CM, Naidoo T, Soodyall H |title=SNaPshot minisequencing to resolve mitochondrial macro-haplogroups found in Africa|doi=10.1002/elps.200900197|year=2009|journal=Electrophoresis|volume=30|issue=21|pages=3657–64|pmid=19810027|s2cid=19515426}}</ref> Ŵanthu ŵa mtundu wa San na Khoikhoi ŵakupambana chomene na ŵanthu ŵa mitundu yinyake chifukwa cha ntchito izo ŵakuchita. Ŵanthu ŵa mtundu wa San ŵakakhalanga mu mizi, kweni Khoikhoi ŵakaliskanga viŵeto. Ŵanthu ŵa mtundu wa Khoikhoi ŵakumanya yayi uko ŵakafuma.<ref>Karim Sadr, [https://web.archive.org/web/20151120051616/http://www.karimsadr.com/resources/Sadr%202008%20SAH.pdf ''Invisible Herders: The Archaeology of Khoekhoe Pastoralists,''] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151120051616/http://www.karimsadr.com/resources/Sadr%202008%20SAH.pdf|date=20 November 2015}} [[University of the Witwatersrand|University of Witwatersrand]], South Africa</ref><ref>C. Garth Sampson, [https://web.archive.org/web/20200124165250/http://www.nieu-bethesda.com/images/stories/history/prehistoricherders.pdf ''Prehistoric Livestock Herders in the Upper Seacow River Valley'']{{Dead link|date=July 2018 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> Ivyo ŵanthu ŵakufukura vinthu vyakale ŵali kusanga mu malo agha vikulongora kuti ŵanthu ŵa mtundu wa Khoikhoi ŵakamba kukhala mu malo agha vyaka pafupifupi 2,000 ivyo vyajumpha. Kuumaliro wa vyaka vya m'ma 1500 na kukwambilira kwa m'ma 1600, ŵanthu ŵakwamba ŵa ku Europe kufika ku Cape, ŵakakumana na ŵanthu ŵa mtundu wa Khoikhoi. Nyengo yikati yajumphapo, ŵanthu ŵa ku England na ku Netherlands awo ŵakendanga pa nyanja, ŵakamba kusinthiska visulo na ng'ombe na mberere. Ŵanthu ŵanandi ŵakugomezga kuti cifukwa cakuti pakaŵa viŵeto vinandi, mu ma 1700, kampani ya Dutch East India Company yikakhazikiska malo agho sono ni msumba wa Cape Town. Mu 1652, kampani ya Dutch East India Company yikati yakhazikiska malo agha, Khoikhoi ŵakamba kulimbana na Ŵachidachi pa nkhani ya malo. Ŵanthu ŵakamba kwiba ng'ombe na kwiba viŵeto. Nkhondo yakwamba ya Khoikhoi na Dutch yikacitika mu 1659, yachiŵiri mu 1673, ndipo yacitatu mu 1674 na 1677. Pa nyengo iyo ŵakathereskekera na kuchimbizgika ku Cape Peninsula na vigaŵa vyakuzingilizga, ŵanthu ŵa mtundu wa Khoikhoi ŵakakomeka na nthenda ya nthomba iyo yikamba kwiza na ŵanthu ŵa ku Netherlands.<ref>SA History Online, [http://www.sahistory.org.za/dated-event/smallpox-epidemic-strikes-cape Smallpox epidemic strikes Cape]</ref> === Ŵanthu ŵa mtundu wa Bantu === {{Main|Bantu peoples of South Africa}} [[File:Makuleke1.JPG|thumb|Nkhulaŵiska mu malo agho mukaŵa maji ghanandi gha Mlonga wa Luvuvhu (kumalyero) na Mlonga wa Limpopo (kutali na kumazere)]] Ŵanthu ŵa mtundu wa Bantu ndiwo ŵakamba kusama mu charu cha Africa.<ref>''Molecular Biology and Evolution'' [https://web.archive.org/web/20110416143255/http://mbe.oxfordjournals.org/content/26/7/1581.abstract "Genetic and Demographic Implications of the Bantu Expansion: Insights from Human Paternal Lineages"] (Abstract). Oxford Journals. 30 March 2009. Accessed 11 July 2015</ref> Ŵanthu awo ŵakayowoyanga chiyowoyero cha Bantu ŵakafika kumwera kwa Africa kufuma ku Congo cha m'ma 400 B.C.E. Ŵanthu ŵa mtundu wa Bantu ŵakiza mu chigaŵa cha Khoikhoi, ndipo ŵakachichizga ŵanthu ŵa mu chigaŵa ichi kuti ŵasamire ku malo ghakomira. Ŵanthu ŵanyake awo ŵali kufuma ku mitundu ya Nguni (Ŵazulu, Ŵachixhosa, Ŵaswazi, na Ŵandebele) ŵakakhalanga kufupi na kumafumiro gha dazi kwa charu icho sono chikuchemeka South Africa.<ref name=":0">{{Cite book|title=Queen Victoria's Enemies 1: Southern Africa|url=https://archive.org/details/queenvictoriasen02knig|url-access=limited|last=Knight|first=Ian|publisher=Osprey|year=1989|isbn=085045901X|editor-last=Windrow|editor-first=Martin|location=Great Britain|pages=[https://archive.org/details/queenvictoriasen02knig/page/n3 3]–4}}</ref> Ŵanthu ŵanyake awo sono ŵakuchemeka Ŵasotho na Ŵatswana (Ŵatswana, Ŵapedi, na Ŵasotho) ŵakakhalanga mu chigaŵa cha Highveld, apo ŵanthu ŵa ku Venda, Lemba, na Tsonga ŵakakhalanga kumpoto kwa charu cha South Africa. Ufumu wa Mapungubwe, uwo ukaŵa kufupi na mphaka ya kumpoto kwa charu cha South Africa, apo milonga ya Limpopo na Shashe yikukumana na Zimbabwe na Botswana, ukaŵa ufumu wakwamba wa ŵanthu ŵakwambilira ku Southern Africa pakati pa AD 900 na 1300. Ufumu uwu ndiwo ukaŵa ukuru comene pa caru cose pambere ukanalekeka cifukwa ca kusintha kwa nyengo mu vyaka vya m'ma 1400. Ŵakuzenga ŵakacitanga vinthu vyachisulo, mkuŵa, na golide kuti ŵajitozgere pakukongozga na malonda. Ufumu uwu ukaŵa na mazaza pa malonda agho ghakachitikanga mu vipata vya kumafumiro gha dazi kwa Africa, ku Arabia, India na China, kweniso kumwera kwa Africa, ndipo ukaŵa usambazi chifukwa cha kusinthana golide na njovu na vinthu vinyake nga ni vyakununkhira vya ku China na malibwe gha ku Persia. Ŵanthu awo ŵakayowoyanga chiyowoyero cha Bantu na chiyowoyero cha Khoisan ŵakamanyanga yayi umo ŵanthu aŵa ŵakenderananga, nangauli pali ukaboni wakuti ŵanthu aŵa ŵakakolerana na chiyowoyero chawo. === Kuwusa kwa chikoloni === ==== Ntchito ya Portugal ==== {{See also|Portugal in the Age of Discovery|Portuguese discovery of the sea route to India|l2=Discovery of the sea route to India|Bartolomeu Dias|Vasco da Gama|Portuguese Empire}} [[File:Bartolomeu Dias, South Africa House (cut).JPG|thumb|right|Cikozgo ca Bartolomeu Dias pa ofesi ya South Africa ku London. Wakaŵa munthu wakwamba wa ku Europe kuzingilira kumwera kwa Africa.]] Munthu munyake wa ku Portugal, zina lake Bartolomeu Dias, ndiyo wakaŵa munthu wakwamba wa ku Europe kusanda mumphepete mwa nyanja ya South Africa mu 1488, apo wakakhumbanga kusanga nthowa yakwendera ku vyaru vya kumanjiliro gha dazi. Mu Novembala 1497, ngalaŵa za ku Portugal, izo vikalongozgekanga na Vasco da Gama, zikenda pa mtunda wa mtunda utali chomene. Pa Disembala 16, ŵasilikari aŵa ŵakajumpha mu Mlonga wa Great Fish mumphepete mwa kumafumiro gha dazi kwa South Africa, uko Dias wakawerako. Da Gama wakathya nyanja iyo wakajumphangapo kuti Natal, kung'anamura Khisimasi. Ngalaŵa ya Da Gama yikalutanga kumpoto ku Zanzibar ndipo pamanyuma yikafika kumafumiro gha dazi.<ref>Felipe Fernandez-Armesto, ''Pathfinders: A Global History of Exploration'', New York: Norton 2006, pp. 177–178.{{ISBN|0-393-06259-7}}</ref> Many Portuguese words are still found along the coast of South Africa including Saldanha, Algoa, Natal, Agulhas, Benguela and Lucia. ==== Ntchito ya Netherlands ==== {{See also|:Category:Dutch exploration in the Age of Discovery|l1=Dutch Republic in the Age of Discovery|:Category:Maritime history of the Dutch East India Company|l2=Maritime history of the Dutch East India Company|Dutch East India Company|l3=Dutch East India Company (VOC)|First Dutch Expedition to Indonesia|Second Dutch Expedition to Indonesia|Brouwer Route|Jan Huyghen van Linschoten}} [[File:Vereenigde Oostindische Compagnie spiegelretourschip Amsterdam replica.jpg|thumb|right|180px|Chithuzi cha munthu waku East India wa Dutch East India Company/United East Indies Company (VOC). Gulu la Dutch East India Company ndilo likawovwira chomene pa nyengo iyo ŵanthu ŵa ku Netherlands ŵakasandanga vinthu (cha m'ma 1590 m'paka 1720) kweniso pa nyengo iyo ŵanthu ŵa ku Netherlands ŵakalembanga mapu (cha m'ma 1570 m'paka 1670).]] ==Chikoloni cha Dutch (1652–1815)== {{Main|Dutch Cape Colony}} {{See also|History of South Africa (1652–1815)|Economic history of South Africa|Military history of South Africa|Khoikhoi–Dutch Wars|Dutch Empire|7=:Category:Maritime history of the Dutch East India Company|l7=Maritime history of the Dutch East India Company|8=:Category:Military history of the Dutch East India Company|l8=Military history of the Dutch East India Company|9=:Category:Dutch exploration in the Age of Discovery|l9=Dutch Republic in the Age of Discovery}} {{See also|History of Cape Town|Stellenbosch|Swellendam|Graaff-Reinet|Franschhoek|Huguenots in South Africa|Cape Dutch|Dorsland Trek|Afrikaner nationalism|Christianity in South Africa|Afrikaner Calvinism|Dutch Reformed Church in South Africa|Cape Dutch architecture|Roman-Dutch law|South African wine}} [[File:Aernout Smit Table Bay, 1683 William Fehr Collection Cape Town.jpg|thumb|right|Kuwona Table Bay na sitima za Dutch East India Company (VOC), c. 1683.]] [[File:Jan van Riebeeck.jpg|thumb|right|Jan van Riebeeck, Mulara wakwamba wa Dutch East India Company]] [[File:Vignoble de Groot Constantia Afrique du Sud.jpg|thumb|right|Groot Constantia ndiyo ni malo ghakale comene ghakusungirako mpheska ku South Africa. Vinyo wa ku South Africa (wa vinyo wa mu caru ciphya) ni cinthu cinyake cakuzirwa comene ico ŵanthu ŵa mu nyengo ya VOC ŵakaleka. Mbiri ya vyachuma ya South Africa yikamba mu nyengo ya VOC.]] Mu 1652, kampani ya Dutch East India Company (Vereenigde Oostindische Compagnie, panji VOC) yikadumura kuti yikhazikiske malo ghakukhazikika ku Cape. VOC, yimoza mwa vyaru vikuruvikuru vya ku Europe ivyo vikendanga mu nthowa ya vyakununkhira, yikaŵa na khumbo la kuzenga malo agha yayi. Pa chifukwa ichi, gulu lichoko waka la VOC ilo likalongozgekanga na Jan van Riebeeck likafika ku Table Bay pa 6 Epulero 1652. Ŵasilikari ŵa VOC ŵakakhalanga ku Cape kuti ŵapeleke vyakurya ku ngaraŵa zawo. Cape na VOC ŵakeneranga kukora ŵalimi ŵa ku Netherlands kuti ŵakhazikiske minda iyo yikapelekanga vyakurya ku ngaraŵa izo zikendanga pafupi na malo agha. Gulu lichoko waka la ŵanthu awo ŵakakhalanga ku malo agha, likakura comene ndipo ŵakamba kusanuzga minda yawo kumpoto na kumafumiro gha dazi. Ŵanthu aŵa ŵakaŵa ŵasilikari na ŵalimi ŵa VOC awo ŵakatondeka kuwelera ku Holland apo ŵakamalizganga nchito yawo. Wupu wa VOC ukatozgaso ŵazga 71,000 kufuma ku India, Indonesia, East Africa, Mauritius, na Madagascar.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://theculturetrip.com/africa/south-africa/articles/the-untold-stories-of-slavery-at-cape-towns-iziko-slave-lodge/|title=The Untold Stories of Slavery at Cape Town's Iziko Slave Lodge|last=Collinson|first=Lee-Shay|date=9 February 2017|website=Culture Trip}}</ref>[[File:Jan Van Riebeeck Statue Cape Town.jpg|left|thumb|The [[Statue of Jan van Riebeeck|statue]] of [[Jan van Riebeeck]], the founder of [[Cape Town]], in Heerengracht Street.]] [[File:Cape Town, Castle of Good Hope - panoramio.jpg|right|thumb|Castle of Good Hope (Kasteel de Goede Hoop mu ChiDutch), Cape Town. Msumba wa Kaapstad/Cape Town ukazengeka mu 1652.]] Ŵanandi mwa ŵanthu aŵa ŵakaŵa ŵa tchalitchi la Dutch Reformed Church, kweni pakaŵaso Ŵachijeremani ŵanyake awo ŵakaŵa ŵa tchalitchi la Lutheran. Mu 1688, Ŵachidachi na Ŵachijeremani ŵakalongozgana na Ŵaguenot ŵa ku France, Ŵaprotesitanti ŵa chisopa cha Calvin awo ŵakacimbiranga nthambuzgo za cisopa mu France mu nyengo ya Fumu ya Katolika, Fumu Louis XIV. Van Riebeeck wakawonanga kuti ntchiheni chomene kugwiliskira ntchito ŵazga awo ŵakakhalanga mu vigaŵa vya Khoi na San, ntheura VOC yikamba kutolera ŵazga ŵanandi chomene kufuma ku vyaru ivyo vikaŵa pasi pa Indonesia. Nyengo yikati yajumphapo, van Riebeeck na VOC ŵakamba kugwiliskira ntchito ŵanthu ŵa mtundu wa Khoikhoi na San. Ŵana awo ŵakababika pakati pa ŵanthu ŵa ku Netherlands na ŵazga ŵa ku Khoi-San na ku Malaŵi ŵakachemekanga kuti Cape Coloureds na Cape Malays. Ŵanandi awo ŵakababika na ŵazga aŵa ŵakazgoka ŵazungu. Ŵanthu ŵanandi ŵa ku South Africa awo ŵakuchemeka kuti "ŵatuŵa" ŵali kufuma ku mitundu yakupambanapambana, ndipo ŵakamba kukhala ku Cape pakati pa ŵanthu ŵa ku Europe na ŵazga ŵa ku Asia na ku Africa. Simon van der Stel, kazembe wakwamba wa caru ca Dutch, uyo wakaŵa wakumanyikwa comene cifukwa ca kupanga vinyo la ku South Africa, nayo wakaŵa wa mafuko ghakupambanapambana.<ref>F Wallis, ''Nuusdagboek: Feite en Fratse oor 1000 Jaar'' Cape Town: Human &Rousseau 2000</ref> == Ukoloni wa Britain, Mfecane na Boer Republics (1815-1910) == === Britain ku Cape === {{Main|British Cape Colony|History of South Africa (1815–1910)}} [[File:Punch Rhodes Colossus.png|thumb|upright|Rhodes Colossus Cecil Rhodes wakwendendeka "Cape to Cairo"]] Mu 1787, pambere Nkhondo Yakwamba ya ku France yindachitike, gulu linyake la ku Netherlands ilo likamanyikwanga na zina lakuti Patriot Party, likayezga kuwuskapo boma la William V. Nangauli chigaluka ichi chikaphyoka, kweni chikaŵaso na nkhongono pamanyuma pakuti France yanjira mu Netherlands mu 1794/1795. Ŵalwani aŵa ŵakapharazga kuti charu cha Batavia chili pafupi na France. Pakuzgora, mulara wa boma uyo wakakhalanga ku England, wakalemba Makalata gha Kew, ndipo wakaphalira ŵalongozgi ŵa vigaŵa kuti ŵajipeleke ku ŵasilikari ŵa Britain. Kufuma apo, mu 1795 Ŵanung'una ŵakakora Cape kuti ŵaleke kunjira mu mawoko gha Ŵafarisi. Mu 1803, ŵa ku Netherlands ŵakawezga msumba uwu.<ref>{{Cite web |title=South Africa - British occupation of the Cape {{!}} Britannica |url=https://www.britannica.com/place/South-Africa/British-occupation-of-the-Cape |access-date=2022-07-12 |website=www.britannica.com |language=en}}</ref> Mu 1805, ŵa ku Britain ŵakatora Cape iyi mu nyengo ya Nkhondo za Napoleon. Nga mba Dutch awo ŵakaŵa pambere iwo ŵandaŵeko, Ŵabritishi nawo ŵakakhumbanga yayi kuluta ku Cape Colony. Mulimo wawo wakwamba ukaŵa wakuti mu 1806 ŵakanjizge ŵanthu ŵa ku Europe mu ciyowoyero na mitheto ya ku Britain. Mu 1806, dango la ku Cape likazomerezga kuti charu ichi chikhalilire na "wenelero na wanangwa uwo chikaŵa nawo", ndipo ichi chikapangiska kuti charu cha South Africa chileke kwendera fundo za Ufumu wa Britain. Mu 1815, pa ungano wa ku Vienna, Britain yikazomera kuti ndiyo yili na mazaza pa chigaŵa ichi. Ici cikapangiska kuti ŵanthu ŵanandi ŵa ku Netherlands ŵafumeko ku Britain. Pakati pajumpha nyengo, mu 1820, boma la Britain likaciska ŵanthu pafupifupi 5,000 awo ŵakasamukira ku Britain (ŵanandi ŵakaŵa awo ŵakagwiranga nchito ya malonda) kuti ŵafume mu Britain. Ŵanandi awo ŵakakhazikika mu 1820 ŵakakhala ku Grahamstown na Port Elizabeth. Ndondomeko ya Britain yakukhwaskana na South Africa yikasintha apo maboma ghakalondezgana, kweni mu vyaka vya m'ma 1800 vyose vikakhumbikwanga kuvikilira nthowa ya malonda iyo yikalutanga ku India. Kweni cifukwa ca nkhondo izo zikacitika pa mphaka na Ŵaburu, ŵanthu aŵa ŵakamba kutinkha boma la Britain.<ref name=":0" /> === Ku Europe, ŵanthu ŵakasanda malo gha mukati === Mulara wa ŵasilikari ŵa Dutch East India Company, zina lake Robert Jacob Gordon, wakaŵa yumoza wa ŵanthu ŵakwambilira ŵa ku Europe awo ŵakendera mu vigaŵa vinyake vya mu charu ichi apo wakalongozganga ŵasilikari ŵa Dutch pa Cape of Good Hope, kufuma mu 1780 m'paka mu 1795. Ivyo Gordon wakacita pakati pa 1777 na 1786, vili kulembeka mu mabuku gha masausandi ghanandi agho ghakucemeka Gordon Atlas, kweniso mu magazini ghake agho ghakasangika mu 1964. Pakwamba, ŵanthu ŵa ku Europe ŵakakhalanga mwamtende na ŵanthu ŵa mtundu wa Xhosa. Ndipouli, pakaŵa mphindano ya malo, ndipo ivi vikapangiska kuti mu 1779 paŵe nkhondo ya viŵeto. Ŵanthu ŵa ku Britain, David Livingstone na William Oswell, ndiwo ŵakayamba kwendera mu chipalamba cha Kalahari mu 1849. Pamanyuma, wupu wa Royal Geographical Society ukamupa mendulo ya golide Livingstone cifukwa ca kusanga Nyanja ya Ngami mu mapopa.<ref>Norbert C. Brockman, [https://web.archive.org/web/20150708065808/http://www.dacb.org/stories/southafrica/livingstone1_david.html ''An African Biographical Dictionary''] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150708065808/http://www.dacb.org/stories/southafrica/livingstone1_david.html |date=8 July 2015 }}, Santa Barbara, California 1994. Accessed 7 July 2015</ref> === Nkhondo na kusazgikira kwa vinthu mu caru ca Zulu === {{Main|Zulu people|Difaqane}} [[File:Shaka's Empire map.svg|thumb|400px|Kuwuka kwa Ufumu wa Zulu{{color box|#aa4400}} mu nyengo ya muwuso wa Shaka, ŵanthu ŵa mafuko ghanyake ŵakachimbira mu vigaŵa vinandi vya kumwera kwa Africa. Ŵanthu ŵakuchimbira nkhondo ya ku Zulu {{color box|#ffb380}} Ŵanyake mwa ŵanthu aŵa ŵakaŵa ŵa Soshangane, Zwangendaba, Ndebele, Hlubi, Ngwane, na Mfengu. Ŵanthu ŵanyake ŵakakakika pakati pa Ufumu wa Zulu na ŵa Voortrekkers na Ufumu wa Britain {{color box|#F08080}} nga ni Xhosa {{color box|#008000}}.]] Ŵanthu ŵa mtundu wa Zulu ŵali mu fuko la Nguni ndipo pakwamba ŵakaŵa ŵa fuko lichoko chomene ilo lili kumpoto kwa KwaZulu-Natal. M'ma 1820 kukaŵa nyengo ya masuzgo ghakuru chifukwa cha kusazgikira kwa ŵasilikari ŵa Ufumu wa Zulu, uwo ukasinthanga muwuso wa mafuko gha mu Africa na maufumu. Ŵanthu awo ŵakuyowoya Chisotho ŵakumanya nyengo iyi kuti ni difaqane ("kusama mwakuchichizgika"); ndipo awo ŵakuyowoya Chisulu ŵakuyichema kuti mfecane ("kuswa"). Ŵanthu ŵakuyowoya vinandi vyakukhwaskana na ivyo vikupangiska nthenda iyi. Fundo yinyake njakuti ŵanthu ŵakaguliskanga ŵazga kufuma ku Delgoa Bay ku Mozambique, kumpoto kwa Zululand. Ŵanthu ŵanandi awo ŵakusanda mdauko ŵakumanya kuti Mfecane yikaŵa nkhani ya vinthu ivyo vikacitika pambere Ufumu wa Zulu undaŵeko. Kweni pakaŵa vinthu vinandi ivyo vikacitika pambere Shaka Zulu wandafike pa mazaza. Mu 1818, mafuko gha Nguni mu charu cha Zululand ghakazenga ufumu pakati pa Mlonga wa Tugela na Pongola. Shaka wakazenga ŵasilikari ŵanandi, ndipo wakaleka kulondezga mitheto ya mafuko. Kufuma apo, wakambiska ntchito yikuru yakupharazga, kukoma panji kuzgora ŵazga awo ŵakamususkanga mu vigaŵa ivyo wakapoka. Ŵasilikari ŵake ŵakalangika chomene. Shaka Zulu mu vyakuvwara vya nkhondo vya Ŵazulu Ŵazulu ŵakapangiska kuti mafuko ghanandi gha ku mizi ghafumemo mu vigaŵa vyawo na kwamba kuwusa vigaŵa vinyake. Ivi vikapangiska kuti paŵe vyaru vinandi, chomenechomene vya Sotho (lero ni Lesotho) na Swaziland. Ivi vikapangiska kuti mitundu yinyake nga ni Matebele, Mfengu, na Makololo yikanjire pamoza. Mu 1828 Shaka wakakomeka na ŵakuru ŵake Dingaan na Umhlangana. Dingaan uyo wakaŵa na maluso ghacoko waka, wakazgoka fumu, ndipo wakalutilira kulamulira ŵanthu. Kweniso Dingaan wakayezga kukolerana na ŵamalonda ŵa ku Britain awo ŵakakhalanga mumphepete mwa nyanja ya Natal, kweni vinthu vikamba kunangika. Ŵanthu ŵakuyowoya kuti ŵanthu 1 miliyoni panji 2 miliyoni ŵakafwa na mphepo ya Mfecane.<ref name="Walter1969">{{cite book|author=Walter, Eugene Victor |year=1969 |title=Terror and Resistance: A Study of Political Violence, with Case Studies of Some Primitive African Communities|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=k-3mmwEACAAJ|isbn=9780195015621 }}</ref><ref>{{Cite periodical|author=Charters, R. A. |year=1839 |title=Notices Of The Cape And Southern Africa, Since The Appointment, As Governor, Of Major-Gen. Sir Geo. Napier |periodical=United Service Journal and Naval and Military Magazine|location=London |publisher=Henry Colburn |volume=1839, Part III |issue=September, October, November|pages=19–25, 171–179, 352–359, page 24}}</ref><ref>Encyclopædia Britannica, 15th edition</ref><ref name="Hanson2007">{{cite book|author=Hanson, Victor Davis |year=2001 |title=Carnage and Culture: Landmark Battles in the Rise to Western Power|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=XGr16-CxpH8C|location=New York |publisher=Knopf Doubleday Publishing Group|isbn=978-0-307-42518-8|page=313}}</ref> === Ŵanthu ŵa Boer na vyaru vyawo === {{Main|Boer Republics}} Mu 1806, ŵanthu ŵanandi ŵa ku Cape Colony awo ŵakayowoyanga Ciholanji ŵakamba kwenda mu tumagulu. Paumaliro, mu ma 1830, ŵanthu ŵanandi ŵa ku Boer ŵakasamukira ku malo ghanyake. Cifukwa cimoza ico ŵakafumira mu cigaŵa ca Cape ni cifukwa cakuti ŵanthu ŵakayowoyanga Cingelezi. Chisopa chikaŵa chakuzirwa comene mu mitheto ya ŵanthu ŵa mu caru ici, ndipo Baibolo na maungano gha mpingo vikacitikanga mu Ciholandi. Mwakuyana waka, sukulu, makhoti, na malonda mpaka apo ŵa ku Britain ŵakiza, vyose vikacitikanga mu ciyowoyero ca ku Netherlands. Dango la ciyowoyero likapangiska kuti ŵanthu ŵaleke kugomezgana, kweniso kuti ŵaleke kukhorwa. Nkhani ya ŵanthu ŵakwambilira ŵa ku trekboers Cifukwa cinyake ico ŵalimi ŵazungu awo ŵakayowoyeranga Ciholanji ŵakafumiranga ku Cape ni cifukwa cakuti boma la Britain likamazga wuzga pa Zuŵa la Kufwatuka, pa Disembala 1, 1838. Ŵalimi ŵakadandawuranga kuti ŵangakwaniska yayi kuwezgerapo ŵazga ŵawo kwambura kutaya ndalama zinandi.<ref>SA History.org [http://www.sahistory.org.za/topic/slavery-south-africa ''Slavery in South Africa''] Accessed 23 April 2015</ref> Ŵalimi ŵakaguliska ŵazga ndalama zinandi. Ŵenecho ŵa ŵazga awo ŵakagura ŵazga pa ngongoli panji kuŵapeleka nga mbukaboni wa ngongoli, ŵakasuzgikanga comene. Britain yikapeleka ndalama zakukwana 1 200 000 British Pounds ku ŵakukhazikika ŵa ku Netherlands, pa cigaŵa cakuti ŵalimi ŵa ku Netherlands ŵapeleke ivyo ŵakukhumba ku Britain ndiposo kuti mtengo wa ŵazga uŵe wakukwana kanandi waka na ndalama izo ŵakapika. Ici cikapangiska kuti ŵanthu ŵa ku Netherlands ŵaleke kukhorwa. Ŵanthu aŵa ŵakagomezganga kuti boma la Cape Colony likapoka ndalama izo ŵakeneranga kupeleka kuti ŵazga ŵawo ŵafwatuke. Awo ŵakapika ndalama, ŵakeneranga kukapempha ku Britain mwekha panji kwizira mwa munthu munyake. Ndalama izo ŵantchito ŵakatoranga zikaŵa zakuyana waka na za muzga yumoza, ntheura awo ŵakakhumbanga muzga yumoza pera ŵakapokeranga kanthu yayi.<ref name="krugerp">{{cite book|last=Kruger|first=Paul|title=Memoirs of Paul Kruger|year=1902|publisher=George R Morang and Co|location=Canada|page=[https://archive.org/details/memoirsofpaulkru00kruguoft/page/n26 3]|isbn=9780804610773 |url=https://archive.org/details/memoirsofpaulkru00kruguoft}}</ref> ==== Charu cha South Africa ==== {{Main|South African Republic}} [[File:Flag of Transvaal.svg|thumb|left|200px|[[Flag of the South African Republic]], often referred to as the ''Vierkleur'' (meaning four-coloured)]] Charu cha South Africa (Dutch: Zuid-Afrikaansche Republiek panji ZAR, kuti chileke kupambanika na charu cha South Africa), kanandi chikuchemeka Transvaal ndipo nyengo zinyake Republic of Transvaal. Chikaŵa boma lakujiyimira palokha ndipo ŵanthu ŵa mu vyaru vinyake ŵakalimanya. Ufumu wa Britain ukazomera kuti charu ichi ntchakujiyimira paŵekha apo ukachita phangano la Sand River Convention pa 17 January 1852. Boma ili likathereska ŵasilikari ŵa Britain pa Nkhondo Yakwamba ya ku Boer ndipo likalutilira kuŵa lakujiyimira palokha m'paka pa 31 May 1902. Pamanyuma pa nkhondo iyi, caru ca South Africa cikacemeka Transvaal Colony.<ref>Boereafrikana.com [http://www.boereafrikana.com/Geskiedenis.htm ''Geskiedenis'']. Accessed 6 June 2015</ref> ==== Boma la Free State ==== {{Main|Orange Free State}} [[File:Flag of the Orange Free State.svg|thumb|200px|[[Flag of the Orange Free State|Flag of the Republic of the Orange Free State]]]]Boma la Orange Free State likafuma mu ufumu wa Britain uwo ukaŵa na mazaza pa Mlonga wa Orange. Britain, cifukwa ca masuzgo agho yikaŵa nagho cifukwa ca Nkhondo ya ku Crimean ku Europe, yikawezga ŵasilikari ŵake mu 1854, apo Boers ŵakayowoya kuti malo agha pamoza na malo ghanyake gha mu cigaŵa ici ni caru ca Boer, ico ŵakacema Orange Free State. Mu Malichi 1858, pamanyuma pa kulimbana pa malo, kwiba viŵeto, na kuwukira, boma la Orange Free State likapharazga nkhondo ku ufumu wa Basotho. Nkhondo zinandi zikacitika pakati pa Ŵaburu na Ŵasotho mu vilimika 10 vyakulondezgapo.<ref>Cameron, T. (ed) ''An Illustrated History of South Africa''. Johannesburg: Jonathan Ball Publishers, 1986, pp. 137, 138, 143, 147–9, 169. {{ISBN|0715390511}}</ref> Zina lakuti Orange Free State likasinthikaso kuŵa Orange River Colony, ilo likapangika na Britain pamanyuma pakuti likapoka charu ichi mu 1900. Mu 1904, chigaŵa ichi chikaŵa na ŵanthu ŵakukwana 400,000. Kweni mu 1910, chikaŵa pasi pa boma la Orange Free State. ====Natalia==== {{Main|Natalia Republic}} Natalia yikaŵa boma la ŵanthu ŵa ku Boer ilo likamara nyengo yichoko waka, ndipo likakhazikiskika mu 1839 na ŵanthu ŵa ku Boer Voortrekkers awo ŵakafuma ku Cape Colony. Mu 1824, gulu la ŵanalume 25 awo ŵakalongozgekanga na Mulara F. G. Farewell, ŵakafuma ku Cape Colony ndipo ŵakakhazikika kumpoto kwa nyanja ya Bay of Natal. Mu 1838, ŵanthu ŵa mtundu wa Boer Voortrekkers ŵakakhazikiska boma la Natalia mu chigaŵa ichi. Mu usiku wa pa 23 m'ma 1842, ŵasilikari ŵa Britain ŵakawukira msasa wa Voortrekker ku Congella. Ŵasilikari ŵa boma la Britain ŵakawelera ku Durban, uko ŵakazingilizga. Munthu munyake wakwendeska malonda, zina lake Dick King, na muteŵeti wake, Ndongeni, awo pamasinda ŵakazgoka vinkhara vya ŵanthu, ŵakachimbira na kuluta ku Grahamstown, mtunda wa makilomita 600 mu mazuŵa 14 kuti ŵakakhozge ŵasilikari ŵa Britain. Ŵasilikari ŵakiza ku Durban pati pajumpha mazuŵa 20, ndipo ŵasilikari ŵakathera. Mu 1844, ŵa Boer ŵakazomera kuti ŵanjireso mu ufumu wa Britain. Ŵanthu ŵanandi ŵa ku Natalia Boers awo ŵakakana kuzomerezga Ufumu wa Britain, ŵakenda mu mapiri gha Drakensberg kuti ŵakakhale mu vigaŵa vya Orange Free State na Transvaal.<ref>''The Voortrekkers: A history of the Voortrekkers Great Trek 1835–1845'', [http://www.voortrekker-history.co.za/trekkers_leave_great_trek.php#.VYGAKPmqqko Voortrekkers leave Natal] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150622110948/http://www.voortrekker-history.co.za/trekkers_leave_great_trek.php#.VYGAKPmqqko |date=22 June 2015 }} Accessed 17 June 2015</ref> ===Cape Colony=== {{main|Cape Colony|Parliament of the Cape of Good Hope}} [[File:Sir Harry G W Smith.jpg|thumb|Harry Smith]] Pakati pa 1847 na 1854, Harry Smith, kazembe wa Cape Colony, wakapoka malo agho ghakaŵa kumpoto kwa malo agho ŵanthu ŵa ku Britain na Dutch ŵakakhalanga. Smith wakalutilira kusazgirako malo gha Cape Colony ndipo wakasangana na ŵanthu ŵa ku Orange River awo ŵakakondwa yayi na ivyo ŵakachitanga. Mu 1848, ŵanthu ŵa ku Cape Mounted Rifles ŵakathereska ŵanthu ŵa ku Boomplaats. Kweniso kukolerana na ufumu wa Britain kukapangiska kuti mu 1850 paŵe nkhondo pakati pa ŵasilikari ŵa Britain na ŵanthu ŵa mtundu wa Xhosa. Kwambira m'ma 1800, Cape of Good Hope, iyo yikaŵa chigaŵa chikuru chomene kumwera kwa Africa, yikamba kujiyimira payekha. Mu 1854, boma ili likapika mazaza ghakwendeskera malango, ndipo likachemeka Cape Parliament. Mu 1872, pamanyuma pa kulimbana kwa nyengo yitali, boma ili likaŵa na ŵalara na nduna yikuru. Kweni Cape Cape yikaŵa chigaŵa cha Ufumu wa Britain, nangauli yikaŵa yakujiyimira. Charu cha Cape Colony chikaŵa chachilendo chomene kumwera kwa Africa chifukwa malango ghake ghakakanizganga ŵanthu kusankhana mitundu, ndipo mwakupambana na vyaru vya Boer, ŵanthu ŵakasankhiranga mu vyaru vinyake. Pakwamba, vinthu vikamba kwenda makora pa nkhani ya vyachuma. Ndipouli, cifukwa cakuti ŵa ku Britain ŵakakhumbanga kuti caru ca kumwera kwa Africa ciŵe mu wupu wa Britain, ŵanthu ŵa mitundu yakupambanapambana ŵakamba kutinkhana. Pa nyengo yeneyira, ŵanthu ŵakasanga malibwe gha dayamondi pafupi na Kimberley na golide mu Transvaal, ndipo pamasinda vinthu vikamba kwenda makora yayi. Pakuŵa Nduna Yikuru ya Cape, Rhodes wakathereska ŵanthu ŵa mitundu yakupambanapambana, ndipo ndyali zake zikambiska Nkhondo Yachiŵiri ya ku Boer.<ref>{{Cite book|title=A New History of Southern Africa|author=Neil Parsons|isbn=0333570103|publisher=Macmillan, London|year=1993|url=https://archive.org/details/newhistoryofsout0000pars}}</ref> ===Natal=== {{Main|Colony of Natal}} [[File:Indians arriving in South Africa.jpg|thumb|Ŵantchito ŵa ku India ŵakiza ku Durban]] Mu 1654, ŵazga ŵa ku India awo ŵakakhalanga mu vyaru ivyo vikaŵa pasi pa boma la Dutch, ŵakiza ku South Africa. Kuumaliro wa 1847, apo boma la Britain likakolerana na boma la Boer la Natalia, pafupifupi ŵanthu wose ŵa ku Boer ŵakafumamo mu charu ichi. Ŵanji awo ŵakakhalanga mu vigaŵa ivi ŵakaŵa ŵa ku Britain, ndipo pakati pa 1849 na 1851 pakafika ŵanthu 5,000. Kuzakafika mu 1860, ŵazga ŵakalekeka mu 1834, ndipo mu 1843, ŵakati ŵanjira mu charu cha Natal (lero ni KwaZulu-Natal), ŵanthu ŵa ku Britain ŵakawelera ku India kuti ŵamazge suzgo la ŵantchito. Mu caka ici, ngaraŵa yakucemeka SS Truro yikafika mu dowoko la Durban na ŵanthu ŵakujumpha 300. Mu vilimika 50 vyakulondezgapo, ŵateŵeti na ŵantchito ŵa ku India ŵakukwana 150,000 ŵakafika, kweniso "Ŵaindiya ŵanandi" awo ŵakaŵa na wanangwa wa kwenda. Kuzakafika mu 1893, apo loya kweniso munthu wakulimbikira vya wanangwa wa ŵanthu, Mahatma Gandhi, wakafika mu tawuni ya Durban, mu Natal mukaŵa ŵanthu ŵanandi ŵa ku India kuluska ŵazungu. Nkhondo ya Gandhi yakuvikilira wanangwa wa ŵanthu yikaŵa yakutondeka; m'paka mu 1994, apo boma la South Africa likamba kulamulira ŵanthu mwaurunji, ŵanthu ŵa ku India ŵakasuzgikanga na malango ghanandi agho ghakaŵasuzganga.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Indianness Reconfigured, 1944-1960: The Natal Indian Congress in South Africa - The O'Malley Archives |url=https://omalley.nelsonmandela.org/omalley/index.php/site/q/03lv02424/04lv02730/05lv02914/06lv02917.htm |access-date=2022-07-12 |website=omalley.nelsonmandela.org}}</ref> === Ŵanthu ŵa ku Griqua === {{Main|Griqua people}} [[File:Nicolaas Waterboer - Griqua leader and politician of the Cape Colony.jpg|thumb|Nicolaas Waterboer, muwusi wa Griqualand, 1852-1896]] Kuumaliro wa ma 1700, ŵanthu ŵa ku Cape Colony ŵakamba kuŵa na ŵanthu ŵanandi ŵa mitundu yakupambanapambana awo ŵakachemekanga "ŵanthu ŵa mitundu" awo ŵakaŵa ŵana ŵa ŵanthu ŵa mitundu yakupambanapambana pakati pa ŵanalume ŵa ku Dutch, ŵanakazi ŵa Khoikhoi, na ŵazga ŵanakazi awo ŵakafuma ku vyaru vya ku Dutch. Ŵanthu ŵa mitundu yakupambanapambana aŵa ndiwo ŵakaŵa ŵanthu ŵakwamba ŵa mtundu wa Griqua. Ŵakaŵa pasi pa muwuso wa muzga munyake zina lake Adam Kok, ndipo "ŵanthu ŵa mitundu" aŵa ŵakamba kwenda kumpoto, kujumpha mu chigaŵa icho sono chikuchemeka Northern Cape Province. Ŵanthu ŵanyake ŵakuti ulendo wa vikoko vya Griqua uwu "njimoza mwa vinthu vyakuzizwiska chomene vya m'ma 1800". Pa ulendo wawo utali, ŵakalongozgana na ŵanthu ŵa mtundu wa San na Khoikhoi, ŵanthu ŵa mafuko gha ku Africa, kweniso ŵazungu ŵanyake awo ŵakagaluka. Mu 1800, ŵakamba kwambuka mphaka ya kumpoto iyo yikaŵa mumphepete mwa Mlonga wa Orange, ndipo ŵakafika ku malo ghambura ŵanthu, agho ŵakaghacemanga kuti Griqualand. Mu 1825, Dr. John Philip, uyo wakaŵa mulaŵiliri wa London Missionary Society ku Southern Africa, wakakhuŵilizga gulu la ŵanthu ŵa mtundu wa Griqua kuti ŵasamire ku malo ghakucemeka Philippolis, agho ghakaŵa malo gha upharazgi ku San. Philip wakakhumbanga kuti ŵamunyumba ya Griqua ŵavikilire ofesi ya ŵamishonale ku vigeŵenga vya mu chigaŵa ichi. Kweniso ŵakakhumbanga kuti iyi yiŵe linga lakukhora kuti ŵanthu ŵatuŵa awo ŵakakhalanga ku Cape Colony ŵaleke kwiza kumpoto. Cifukwa ca mphindano pakati pa ŵanthu ŵa mtundu wa Griqua na awo ŵakakhalanga ku malo agha, ŵasilikari ŵa Britain ŵakatumika ku malo agha mu 1845. Ici cikaŵa kwamba kwa vilimika vinkhondi na viŵiri vya kucitako vinthu vya ku Britain mu cigaŵa ici.<ref>Karel Schoeman, ''The British Presence in the Transorange 1845–1854'', Human & Rosseau, Cape Town, 1992, p.11, {{ISBN|0-7981-2965-4}}</ref> Mu 1861, ŵanthu ŵanandi ŵa mtundu wa Philippolis Griquas ŵakaluta ku malo ghanyake kuti ŵaleke kukakika na boma la Orange Free State. Ŵakasamukira kumafumiro gha dazi kwa Quathlamba (uko sono ni mapiri gha Drakensberg), ndipo ŵakakhala mu malo ghakucemeka "Nomansland". Kufuma apo, mu 1874 charu cha East Griqualand chikapokeka na Britain, ndipo mu 1879 chikazgoka chigaŵa cha Cape Colony. Griqualand wakwambilira, kumpoto kwa Mlonga wa Orange, wakatoleka na Britain ndipo wakacemeka Griqualand West pamanyuma pakuti mu 1871 ŵakasanga malibwe gha daimondi ghanandi ku Kimberley. Nangauli pakaŵavya mphaka izo zikalembeka, kweni mulongozgi wa Griqua, Nicolaas Waterboer, wakati malo agha ghakaŵa gha Griqua. Maboma gha Boer gha Transvaal na Orange Free State nagho ghakakwesananga kuti ghaŵe na malo agha, kweni Britain ndiyo yikaŵa na mazaza pa malo agha. Mu 1878, Waterboer wakalongozga gulu lakugalukira maboma, ndipo ŵakamukora na kumujalira mu caru cinyake.<ref>EJ Verwey: ''New Dictionary of South African Biography'', Vol I, Human Sciences and Research (HSRC) Press, Pretoria: 1995</ref> === Nkhondo na Ŵachixhosa === Mu nyengo yakwambilira, ŵanthu ŵa ku Europe ŵakamanyanga yayi mphaka za charu chawo na malo agho ŵakakhalanga. Kwa Moshoeshoe, mulongozgi wa BaSotho wa ku Lesotho, ntchawanangwa cha mahachi na viŵeto.<ref>Paul Germond, ''Chronicles of Basutoland'', Morija (Lesotho): Morija Sesuto Books, 1967, pp. 144f, 252–53</ref><ref>Elizabeth Eldredge, ''A South African Kingdom'', Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1993, pp. 48–9, {{ISBN|052144067X}}</ref>Ŵanthu ŵa ku Europe awo ŵakakhalanga kumwera kwa Africa ŵakagomezganga kuti munthu uyo wakupeleka msonkho uwu ndiyo wakugura na kuŵa mweneko wa malo. Apo ŵanthu ŵa ku Europe ŵakambanga kupanga minda yikuruyikuru mu charu chose kuti ŵasange malo ghakutowa ghakuryapo, ŵanthu ŵa ku Bantu awo ŵakasamukira kumwera kufuma ku Central Africa, ŵakaŵasuska. Nkhondo izo zikacitika pa mphaka zikamanyikwa kuti Nkhondo za Xhosa (izo zikayowoyeka mu nyengo yira kuti Nkhondo za Kafir panji Nkhondo za Cape Frontier). <ref>{{cite journal|title=Surgeon-General SIR CHARLES MacDONAGH CUFFE, K.C.B., LL.D|journal=BMJ|volume=2|issue=2859|year=1915|pages=589|issn=0959-8138|doi=10.1136/bmj.2.2859.589-b|pmc=2303193}}</ref>Ku chigaŵa cha kumwera kwa South Africa, ŵanthu ŵa mtundu wa Boer na ŵa mtundu wa Xhosa ŵakalimbananga mumphepete mwa Mlonga wa Great Fish, ndipo mu 1779 Nkhondo Yakwamba ya Ŵa Xhosa yikamba. Kwa vyaka pafupifupi 100, Ŵachixhosa ŵakarwa nkhondo na ŵanthu awo ŵakakhalanga mu charu ichi. Mu Nkhondo yacinayi ya Ŵa Xhosa, iyo yikacitika kwambira mu 1811 m'paka mu 1812, ŵamazaza ŵa Britain ŵakacicizga Ŵa Xhosa kuti ŵambuke Mlonga Ukuru wa Somba na kuzenga vigongwe mumphepete mwa mphaka iyi. Kuŵikapo mtima kwa ŵasilikari ŵa Britain pa vyachuma mu vigaŵa vya kumwera kwa Africa kwambira mu 1820, ndipo comenecomene pamanyuma pa kusanga dayamondi yakwamba ku Kimberley na golide mu Transvaal, kukacitiska kuti ŵanthu ŵambe kukhumba malo na ŵantchito ŵa ku Africa. Mu 1818 mphindano pakati pa ŵalongozgi ŵa Xhosa ŵaŵiri, Ndlambe na Ngqika, zikamara apo Ngqika wakathereskeka, kweni ŵa ku Britain ŵakalutilira kumumanya Ngqika kuŵa mulongozgi mukuru. Wakalomba wovwiri ku Britain kuti wawovwire Ndlambe, uyo wakawezgera mu 1819 pa Nkhondo ya Cinkhondi ya ku Frontier. ==== Nkhondo na Ŵazulu ==== [[File:Cetshwayo-c1875.jpg|thumb|200px|Fumu [[Cetshwayo kaMpande|Cetshwayo]] (ca. 1875)]]Ku chigaŵa cha kumafumiro gha dazi kwa charu cha South Africa, mu chigaŵa icho ŵanthu ŵa mtundu wa Boer ŵakachemanga kuti Natalia. Ŵanthu ŵakamba kwiba ng'ombe, ndipo gulu la ŵanthu ŵa ku Boer awo ŵakalongozgekanga na Piet Retief ŵakakomeka. Pamanyuma pakuti ŵasilikari ŵa Retief ŵakomeka, Ŵaburu ŵakajivikilira ku Ŵazulu pa Mlonga wa Ncome pa Disembala 16, 1838. Ŵasilikari ŵakukwana 5,000 ŵa mtundu wa Zulu ndiwo ŵakaŵa pa nkhondo iyi. Ŵaburu ŵakamba kujikora pa mtunda pa Mlonga wa Ncome, ndipo ŵakakanizgika na magaleta ghawo. Ŵasilikari ŵa mtundu wa Zulu pafupifupi 3,000 ŵakafwa pa nkhondo iyo yikachemeka kuti Nkhondo ya Mlonga wa Ndopa.<ref>Ngubane, Jordan K. ''An African Explains Apartheid''. New York: Praeger, 1970. pp.40–41</ref><ref>Donald R Morris, ''The Washing of the Spears'', London: Cardinal, 1973, p.148-50 {{ISBN|0 351 17400 1}}</ref> Mu 1879, ufumu wa Zulu ukatoleka na ufumu wa Britain. Fumu Carnarvon yikati yafika makora pa Canada, ŵanthu ŵakaghanaghananga kuti ndyali izo zikachitanga nthena, pamoza na ŵasilikari, zingawovwira maufumu gha mu Africa, vigaŵa vya mafuko, na vyaru vya Ŵaburu mu South Africa. Mu 1874, Henry Bartle Frere wakatumika ku South Africa kuŵa mwimiliri wa Ufumu wa Britain kuti wakacite mulimo uwu. Pa masuzgo agha pakaŵa boma la South Africa na ufumu wa Zululand. Frere, kwambura kuzomerezgeka na boma la Britain, ndipo wakakhumbanga kutimbanizga nkhondo na Ŵazulu, wakapeleka ulongozgi kwa Themba Cetshwayo pa Disembala 11, 1878. Kufuma apo, Bartle Frere wakatuma Fumu Chelmsford kuti yikawukire caru ca Zululand. Nkhondo iyi yikumanyikwa cifukwa ca nkhondo zinandi zakuthiska ndopa, kusazgapo kutonda kwa Ŵazulu pa Nkhondo ya ku Isandlwana, kweniso cifukwa cakuti yikaŵa cinthu cakuzirwa comene mu nyengo ya ufumu wa caru cose. Kuwina kwa Ŵazulu, uko kukaŵa umaliro wa wanangwa wa mtundu wa Ŵazulu, kukacitika na wovwiri wa ŵanthu awo ŵakakolerananga na Ŵazulu. Ŵanalume ŵa ku Britain ŵakamba kupanga minda yikuru ya shuga mu chigaŵa icho sono chikuchemeka KwaZulu-Natal Province. ==== Nkhondo na Basotho ==== [[File:King Moshoeshoe of the Basotho with his ministers.jpg|thumb|Themba Moshoeshoe pamoza na ŵapharazgi ŵake]] Kwambira mu ma 1830, ŵanthu ŵanandi ŵakufuma ku Cape Colony ŵakambuka Mlonga wa Orange ndipo ŵakamba kufika ku chigaŵa chakumwera cha Lower Caledon Valley, uko kukaŵa ŵaliska ŵa viŵeto ŵa Basotho. Mu 1845, ŵanthu ŵa ku Britain ŵakasazga phangano na ŵanthu ŵa ku Moshoeshoe. Pakaŵavya mphaka pakati pa malo agho kukaŵa ŵanthu ŵatuŵa na ufumu wa Moshoeshoe, ntheura pakaŵa nkhondo. Moshoeshoe wakaghanaghananga kuti wakupeleka malo ghakuliskako viŵeto ku ŵanthu awo ŵakakhalanga mu charu ichi mwakuyana na dango la ku Africa lakuti ŵanthu ŵaŵikenge malo ghawo mu malo gha ŵanthu awo ŵakakhalanga mu charu ichi. Ŵanthu awo ŵakakhalanga mu vigaŵa ivi ŵakakhumbanga yayi kuŵa pasi pa mazaza gha Moshoesoe kweniso pakati pa Ŵafrika.<ref>David B Coplan, ''Unconquered Territory: Narrating the Caledon Valley'', Journal of African Cultural Studies, Vol 13, No 2, December 2000, p.192</ref> Ŵanalume ŵa ku Britain, awo pa nyengo iyo ŵakaŵa na mazaza pa chigaŵa icho chikaŵa pakati pa milonga ya Orange na Vaal, ŵakawona kuti ntchakukhumbikwa kupanga mphaka na kugaŵa chigaŵa ichi. Ivi vikapangiska kuti Ŵasotho na Ŵanandi ŵa ku Britain ŵathereskeke na ŵasilikari ŵa Moshoeshoe pa nkhondo ya Viervoet mu 1851. Pakupeleka cilango ku Basotho, kazembe na mulongozgi wa Cape Colony, George Cathcart, wakatuma ŵasilikari ku Mlonga wa Mohokare. Cifukwa cakuti wakakana kulipira ndalama zose, mu 1852 ku Berea Plateau kukawuka nkhondo, ndipo ŵasilikari ŵa Britain ŵakakomeka comene. Mu 1854, ŵa ku Britain ŵakapeleka chigaŵa ichi ku Ŵaburu. Malo agha pamoza na ghanyake ghakazgoka Republic of the Orange Free State.<ref>Information department, Government of Lesotho, [https://web.archive.org/web/20061107030932/http://www.lesotho.gov.ls/about/default.php ''About Lesotho'']. Accessed 1 May 2015</ref> Kufuma mu 1858 m'paka 1868, pakaŵa nkhondo pakati pa ufumu wa Basotho na boma la Orange Free State. Mu nkhondo izo zikacitika pamanyuma pake, boma la Orange Free State likayezga kwambura kucitapo kanthu kuti lipoke msumba wa Thaba Bosiu, apo Ŵasotho ŵakacitanga nkhondo mu vigaŵa vya Free State. Vyaru vinandi na malo ghakuliskako viŵeto vikaparanyika. Pa 15 Okutobala, 1858, Moshoeshoe wakalemba phangano la mtende. Mu 1865, nkhondo yikambaso. Pamanyuma pa kupempha wovwiri ku ufumu wa Britain, Moshoeshoe wakalemba phangano la Thaba Bosiu mu 1866, apo Basotho ŵakapeleka malo ghanandi ku Orange Free State. Pa Malichi 12, 1868, Nyumba ya Malamulo ya Britain yikati Ufumu wa Basotho ni boma la Britain ilo likuvikilirika na Ufumu wa Britain. Nkhondo pakati pa Orange Free State na Basotho yikamara.<ref>James S Olson, Robert S Shadle (eds.) ''Historical Dictionary of the British Empire'', Greenwood Press: Westport, Connecticut 1996, p.118 {{ISBN|0-313-27917-9}}</ref> Pamanyuma, charu ichi chikachemeka Basutoland ndipo pasono chikuchemeka Lesotho. ==== Nkhondo na Ŵandebele ==== [[File:G.S. Smithard; J.S. Skelton (1909) - The Voortrekkers.jpg|thumb|Boer ''Voortrekkers'' depicted in an early artist's rendition]]Mu 1836, apo ŵanthu ŵakuchemeka Boer Voortrekkers (ŵapayiniya) ŵakafika ku chigaŵa cha kumpoto cha kumanjiliro gha dazi kwa charu cha South Africa, ŵakakumana na gulu la ŵanthu ŵakuchemeka Ndebele. Nkhondo zinandi zikacitika, ndipo Mzilikazi wakathereskeka. Wakafumamo mu chigaŵa ichi na kuluta na ŵanthu ŵake kumpoto ku malo agho pamasinda ghakazgoka chigaŵa cha Matabele ku Southern Rhodesia (uko sono ni Zimbabwe). Ŵanthu ŵanyake ŵa mtundu wa Ndebele awo ŵakakhalanga mu vigaŵa vyakupambanapambana ŵakasangana na ŵanthu ŵa mtundu wa Voortrekkers, chomenechomene mu chigaŵa icho pamanyuma chikazgoka Northern Transvaal. Mu Seputembala 1854, ŵanthu 28 ŵa mtundu wa Boer awo ŵakaŵapa mulandu wa kwiba ng'ombe ŵakakomeka pa ngozi zitatu. Mokopane na ŵalondezgi ŵake ŵakaghanaghananga kuti ŵanthu ŵaheni ŵizenge na kuŵawukira. Kuumaliro wa Okutobala, ŵasilikari ŵa Boer awo ŵakakhozgekanga na ŵanthu ŵa fuko la Kgatla ŵakazingilizga mphanji. Pakati pajumpha masabata ghatatu, ŵanthu 1,000 na 3,000 ŵakafwa mu mphanji. Awo ŵakapona ŵakakoleka na kuzgoka ŵazga.<ref>Isabel Hofmeyr, ''We Spend Our Years as a Tale that is Told: Oral Historical Narrative in a South African Chiefdom''. Witwatersrand University Press, Johannesburg: 1993, pp.109–111</ref> ==== Nkhondo na Ŵapedi ==== Nkhondo za ku Bapedi, izo zikumanyikwaso kuti Nkhondo za ku Sekhukhune, zikaŵa zinkhondo zitatu zakupambanapambana izo zikachitika pakati pa 1876 na 1879 kwimikana na ŵanthu ŵa ku Bapedi awo ŵakaŵa pasi pa Themba Sekhukhune I, mu chigaŵa cha kumpoto kwa charu ichi. Kweniso pakaŵa mphindano cifukwa cakuti Sekhukhune wakakana kuzomerezga ŵanthu awo ŵakapenjanga golide kuti ŵapenje golide mu caru ico iyo wakawonanga kuti nchakujiyimira yekha. Nkhondo Yakwamba ya ku Sekhukhune ya 1876 yikacitika na Ŵaburu, ndipo nkhondo yaciŵiri ya ku Sekhukhune ya 1878/1879 yikacitika na ŵa ku Britain.<ref>H W Kinsey,[http://samilitaryhistory.org/vol025hk.html "The Sekukuni Wars"], ''South African Military History Journal'', Vol 2 No 5 – June 1973. Accessed 28 June 2015</ref> Pa nyengo ya nkhondo yaumaliro, Sekukuni (uyo wakalembekangaso Sekhukhune) na ŵanthu ŵanyake ŵakabisama mu mphanji ya mu mapiri. Paumaliro wakajipeleka ku ŵasilikari ŵa ku Boer na ku Britain pa 2 December 1879. Sekhukhune, ŵamumbumba yake na ŵasilikari ŵanyake ŵa Bapedi ŵakajalirika mu jele ku Pretoria kwa vyaka viŵiri. Ŵakasanga yayi golide mu vigaŵa ivyo vikaŵa pasi pa ufumu wa Roma.<ref>SA History Online, [http://www.sahistory.org.za/people/king-sekhukhune ''King Sekhukhune'']. Accessed 29 June 2015</ref> === Kusanga dayamondi === [[File:CecilRhodes.jpg|upright|thumb|left|Cecil John Rhodes, wakayambiska De Beers Consolidated Mines ku Kimberley]]Malibwe ghakwamba agho ghakasangika pakati pa 1866 na 1867 ghakaŵa gha mu malo agho ghakaŵa kumwera kwa Mlonga wa Orange. Kuzakafika mu 1869, dayamondi ŵakayisanga kutali na mlonga uliwose, mu malibwe ghakukhoma ghakucemeka blueground, agho pamasinda ghakacemekanga kimberlite. Malo agha ghakaŵa na mphaka zambura kupulikikwa makora kweniso ŵanthu ŵakakwesananga pa nkhani ya malo. Boma la South Africa (Transvaal), Orange Free State Republic, na mtundu wa Griqua awo ŵakaŵa na mitundu yakupambanapambana awo ŵakalongozgekanga na Nicolaas Waterboer ndiwo ŵakakhumbanga malo agha.<ref>Dougie Oakes, ''Illustrated History of South Africa: The Real Story'', Reader's Digest:Cape Town 1992, p.166 {{ISBN|9781874912279}}</ref> Kazembe wa Cape Colony, Henry Barkly, wakapangiska ŵanthu wose awo ŵakakhumbanga kuŵa na boma kuti ŵapulikire ivyo mweruzgi wakadumura, ntheura Robert W. Keate, mulaŵiliri mulara wa boma la Natal, wakapempheka kuti waŵe mweruzgi. Keate wakapeleka katundu uyu ku Griqua. Ŵasilikari ŵa ku Waterboer, ŵakawopa kuti ŵangakumana na boma la Orange Free State, ndipo ŵakapempha wovwiri ku Britain. Kufuma apo, mu 1871, Griqualand yikazgoka koloni lakwimira ufumu ndipo yikachemeka Griqualand West. Mu 1877, charu cha Griqualand West chikapelekeka ku boma la Cape Colony. Ŵagiriki ŵakasangirapo candulo cilicose yayi cifukwa ca kukoloneska panji kukolerana na caru cawo. Ŵakapokerapo yayi usambazi wa dayamondi uwo ukasangika ku Kimberley. Pamanyuma, ŵanthu ŵa ku Griqua ŵakaŵasuska. Kuzakafika m'ma 1870 na 1880, migodi ya Kimberley yikapanganga dayamondi pafupifupi 95 peresenti pa caru cose.<ref>Diamond Museum, Cape Town, [http://www.capetowndiamondmuseum.org/about-diamonds/south-african-diamond-history/ ''History of Diamonds'']. Accessed 1 June 2015</ref> Ŵanthu ŵakamba kupenja golide na vinthu vinyake chifukwa cha usambazi uwo ŵakasanganga ku Kimberley. Vinthu ivyo vikasangika ku Cape Colony kufuma ku Kimberley vikapangiska kuti mu 1872 Cape Colony yipike udindo wa boma, chifukwa yikaŵa pasi pa boma la Britain yayi. Usambazi uwo ukafuma ku migodi ya dayamondi ya ku Kimberley, uwo ukakwera katatu kufuma mu 1871 m'paka mu 1875, ukakhozga chomene ŵanthu ŵa ku Cape Colony. Mu 1888, Cecil John Rhodes, uyo wakaŵa mulara wa migodi ku Britain, wakawovwira kukhazikiska De Beers Consolidated Mines ku Kimberley, pamanyuma pakuti wagura na kusazga migodi iyi na ndalama izo mbumba ya Rothschild yikapeleka. Ŵanthu ŵanandi ŵa ku Africa awo ŵakagwiranga nchito ya kunozga dayamondi ku Kimberley ŵakakondwanga comene cifukwa ca nchito iyi. Ŵasayansi ŵanyake ŵakuti usambazi uwo ukapangika ku Kimberley ndiwo ukambiska nkhondo ya ku Africa iyo yikacitika mu 1902.<ref>Christopher Oldstone-Moore, [http://www.wright.edu/~christopher.oldstone-moore/imperiallecture.htm The Imperialist Venture], Wright State University. Accessed 24 May 2015</ref><ref>Stacey Greer,[http://historyproject.ucdavis.edu/lessons/view_lesson.php?id=21 South African Diamond Mines 1970s] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150524154746/http://historyproject.ucdavis.edu/lessons/view_lesson.php?id=21 |date=24 May 2015 }}, University of California, Davis. Accessed 24 May 2015</ref> === Kusanga golide === {{Main|Witwatersrand Gold Rush}} [[File:Johannesburg, South Africa (1896).jpg|thumb|300px|right|Johannesburg pambere kulije migodi ya golide iyo yikapangiska kuti uŵe msumba wamoyo]]Nangauli pali nkhani zinandi, kweni palije ukaboni wakukhorweska wakuti mbanjani awo ŵakasanga golide panji umo likasangikira kuumaliro wa vyaka vya m'ma 1800 ku Witwatersrand, mu chigaŵa cha Transvaal.<ref>P Holz, [https://web.archive.org/web/20150527205302/http://www.heritageportal.co.za/article/greatest-discovery-them-all ''The Greatest Discovery of them all''] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150527205302/http://www.heritageportal.co.za/article/greatest-discovery-them-all |date=27 May 2015 }}, (originally published in Guide Book, Geological Society of South Africa). Accessed 27 May 2015.</ref> Mu Febuluwale 1886, ŵanthu ŵakasanga golide mu famu yinyake ku Witwatersrand. Ndipouli, kupaturako malo ghacoko waka, malo agho kukaŵa golide ghanandi ghakaŵa kuti ghabenekelereka na malibwe ghanandi. Pakakhumbikwanga ndalama zinandi na maluso gha ma injiniya kuti ŵasange na kufumiska golide mu malo ghakupambanapambana agho ghakaŵa pasi pa charu.<ref>Extract from ''New History of South Africa'', by Hermann Giliomee and Bernard Mbenga (eds.) [https://web.archive.org/web/20131101083245/http://newhistory.co.za/Part-3-Chapter-8-The-story-of-gold-Johannesburg-an-instant-city/ Chapter 8, "The story of gold"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131101083245/http://newhistory.co.za/Part-3-Chapter-8-The-story-of-gold-Johannesburg-an-instant-city/ |date=1 November 2013 }}. Accessed 27 May 2015</ref> Pakati pajumpha vilimika viŵiri kufuma apo ŵakasangira golide ku Witwatersrand, ŵakazenga mabungwe ghanayi ghakwendeska migodi. Yachiŵiri yikapangika na Hermann Eckstein mu 1887, ndipo pamanyuma yikamba kucemeka Rand Mines. Pamanyuma pake, Cecil Rhodes na Charles Rudd ŵakaluta na kampani yawo ya Gold Fields of South Africa. Rhodes na Rudd ŵakaŵa kuti ŵasanga ndalama zinandi cifukwa ca kuguliska dayamondi ku Kimberley.<ref>Goldavenue.com [http://info.goldavenue.com/Info_site/in_arts/in_civ/in_rush_safrica.html ''South African Gold Rush: 1885''] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110421002356/http://info.goldavenue.com/Info_site/in_arts/in_civ/in_rush_safrica.html |date=21 April 2011 }} Accessed 30 May 2015.</ref> Mu 1895, ndalama zinandi zikaguliskika mu migodi ya golide ya ku Witwatersrand. Vinthu ivi ndivyo vikawovwiranga chomene pa malonda pa charu chose. Pa ŵamalonda ŵakumanyikwa 25 ŵa ku vyaru vinyake awo ŵakagwiranga nchito ya kunozga migodi ya golide ku Witwatersrand, 15 ŵakaŵa Ŵayuda, 11 ŵakaŵa ŵa ku Germany panji Austria, ndipo 9 ŵakaŵa Ŵayuda. Ŵanthu ŵanandi ŵa ku Europe awo ŵakaŵa Ŵayuda, ŵakakopeka na malonda agho ghakacitika cifukwa ca kusanga golide. Ŵayuda awo ŵakakhalanga mu South Africa mu 1880 ŵakaŵa pafupifupi 4,000. Kweni mu 1914, ŵakaŵa kuti ŵakukwana 40,000. Ŵanandi mwa ŵanthu aŵa ŵakafuma ku Lithuania. Kweni umo wakulemba mbiri munyake wakayowoyera, ŵanthu awo ŵakagwiranga nchito mu migodi iyi ŵakaŵa "ŵakofya, ŵankhaza, ndiposo ŵakusuzga", ntheura ŵakaŵatemwanga yayi ŵanthu ŵafipa ŵa ku Africa. Kulemba ŵantchito ŵa mitundu yinyake kukaŵa kwakusuzga, nangauli ŵakapika malipiro ghawemi. Pakati pa 1903, pa ŵanthu 90,000 ŵa fuko lakuda awo ŵakagwiranga nchito mu vyamalonda mu 1899, ŵakakhalapo hafu pera. Ŵakapangana kuti ŵambe kutolera ŵantchito ŵa ku China awo ŵakaŵa ŵakunozgeka kugwira nchito pa malipiro ghacoko comene kuluska ŵa ku Africa. Ŵanthu ŵakwamba 1,000 ŵa ku China ŵakiza mu Juni 1904. Mu Janyuwale 1907, ŵanthu 53,000 ŵa ku China ŵakagwiranga nchito mu migodi ya golide.<ref>Jones (1995), p.53</ref> === Nkhondo Yakwamba ya Anglo-Boer === {{Main|First Boer War}} [[File:South Africa late19thC map.png|thumb|right|Malo gha mu chigaŵa mu nyengo ya nkhondo za Anglo-Boer: <br />{{colorbox|green}} [[South African Republic]]/Transvaal<br />{{colorbox|orange}} [[Orange Free State]]<br />{{colorbox|blue}} British [[Cape Colony]]<br />{{colorbox|red}} [[Natalia Republic]]]]Mu 1877, boma la Britain likakolerana na boma la Transvaal Boer apo likakhumbanga kukolerana na vyaru vinyake vya kumwera kwa Africa. Nkhondo yakwamba ya Anglo-Boer, iyo yikumanyikwaso kuti Boer Insurrection, yikamba mu 1880.<ref>Rayne Kruger, ''Goodbye Dolly Gray: The story of the Boer War'', London: Pimlico 1996, p.7 {{ISBN|978-0-7126-6285-7}}</ref>Nkhondo iyi yikamara mwaluŵiro chomene apo ŵakawina nkhondo ya Majuba Hill (27 February 1881). Charu ichi chikamba kujithemba ndipo chikachemekanga Zuid-Afrikaansche Republiek ("South African Republic"). Paul Kruger, yumoza wa ŵalongozgi ŵa ciwukirano ici, wakaŵa purezidenti wa ZAR mu 1883. Pa nyengo yeneyira, ŵa ku Britain, awo ŵakawonanga kuti ŵakutondeka pa nkhondo ya ku Majuba, ŵakalutilira kukhumba kukolerana na vyaru vya kumwera kwa Africa. Ŵakawona kuti iyi yikaŵa nthowa yiwemi yakucitira vinthu na ŵanthu ŵacenje awo ŵakaŵa ŵanandi comene mu cigaŵa ici, kweniso kuti ŵalutilire kuŵa na vilato vyawo mu cigaŵa ici.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Southern Africa - European and African interaction in the 19th century {{!}} Britannica |url=https://www.britannica.com/place/Southern-Africa/European-and-African-interaction-in-the-19th-century |access-date=2022-07-12 |website=www.britannica.com |language=en}}</ref> Nkhondo za Anglo-Boer zikacitika cifukwa ca mphindano yakuti ni mtundu wuli uwo ukeneranga kulamulira migodi ya golide ya ku Witwatersrand. Usambazi ukuru wa migodi iyi ukaŵa mu mawoko gha "ŵakaronga ŵa ku Europe" awo ŵakalongozganga ŵantchito ŵakufuma ku vyaru vinyake, ŵantchito ŵakwendeska migodi, ŵantchito ŵakumanya kupanga vinthu, na ŵantchito ŵantchito awo Ŵaburu ŵakaŵachemanga kuti "uitlander". Ŵalendo aŵa ŵakasuskanga cifukwa cakuti ŵakaŵakananga mwaŵi wa kwimilira mu nyumba za malango na wa kuvota. Kweniso ŵakadandawuranga kuti boma likucedwa kupeleka malaisensi na vikalata, kweniso kuti boma likucita makora yayi vinthu. Mu 1895, gulu la ŵasilikari awo ŵakateŵeteranga mu kampani ya Cecil John Rhodes yakuchemeka Rhodesian Charter Company ndipo ŵakalongozgekanga na Kaputeni Leander Starr Jameson ŵakanjira mu ZAR na cilato cakuti ŵambiske chigaluka pa cirwa ca Witwatersrand na kukhazikiska boma la Britain. Nkhondo iyi yikamanyikwa kuti Jameson Raid. Nkhondo iyi yikamara apo ŵasilikari ŵa Boer ŵakaŵawukira. Pulezidenti Kruger wakaghanaghananga kuti boma la Cape Colony ilo likalamuliranga na Cecil John Rhodes ndilo likakolerana na chigaluka ichi. Kruger wakachita phangano na boma la Orange Free State, ilo likaŵa pafupi na charu cha Boer. Ici cikapangiska kuti nkhondo yaciŵiri ya Anglo-Boer yileke kwambaso. === Nkhondo Yachiŵiri ya Anglo-Boer === {{Main|Second Boer War}} [[File:Hobhouse.jpg|thumb|upright|right|Emily Hobhouse wakachitanga kampeni yakususkana na vinthu viheni ivyo vikachitikanga mu misasa yakuyuzgirako ŵanthu ku South Africa.]] Mu 1899, pakaŵaso mphindano pakati pa Britain na Boers, ndipo ŵakakhumbanga kuti ŵazungu 60,000 awo ŵakakhalanga ku Witwatersrand ŵaŵe na wanangwa wa kuvota. Pambere ivi vindacitike, boma la Pulezidenti Paul Kruger likazomerezganga yayi kuti ŵalendo ŵagwirenge nchito iyi. Kruger wakakana ivyo Britain likakhumbanga ndipo wakacema ŵasilikari ŵa Britain kuti ŵafumemo mu caru ca South Africa. Ŵanandi ŵakakana, ndipo Kruger wakaŵaphalira kuti ŵarwe nawo nkhondo. Nkhondo yachiŵiri iyi, iyo yikumanyikwaso kuti Nkhondo ya ku South Africa, yikatora nyengo yitali kuluska yakwamba. Ŵanthu ŵanyake ŵakuti ŵasilikari ŵa Britain na ŵa ku South Africa awo ŵakaŵa mu caru ici ŵakaŵa ŵanandi comene kuluska ŵanthu ŵa mu vyaru viŵiri ivi. Kuzakafika mu Juni 1900, msumba wa Pretoria, uwo ukaŵa waumaliro pa misumba yikuruyikuru ya Ŵaburu, ukajipeleka. Ndipouli, ŵanthu ŵa ku Boer awo ŵakaŵa na mtima wakununkha ŵakalutilira kulimbana na ŵasilikari kwa vyaka viŵiri. Ŵaburu ŵakalutilira kurwa nkhondo. Mwanakazi munyake wa ku Britain, zina lake Emily Hobhouse, wakaluta ku misasa yakuyuzgirako ŵanthu ku South Africa ndipo wakalemba lipoti ilo likasuska vinthu viheni ivyo vikacitikanga. Kuzakafika mu 1902, ŵanakazi na ŵana 26,000 ŵa ku Boer ŵakaŵa kuti ŵafwa cifukwa ca matenda ndiposo kulekelereka mu misasa.<ref>Owen Coetzer, ''Fire in the Sky: The destruction of the Orange Free State 1899–1902'', Johannesburg: Covos Day, 2000, pp.82–88 {{ISBN|0-620-24114-4}}.</ref> Nkhondo ya Anglo-Boer yikakhwaska mafuko ghose mu South Africa. Ŵanthu ŵa mitundu yose yiŵiri ŵakagwiliskiranga nchito ŵanthu ŵa mitundu yinyake kuti ŵaŵawovwire pa nkhondo. Kafukufuku wakulongora kuti ŵanthu ŵafipa yayi. Ŵanandi ŵakaŵikika mu malaro ghambura mazina. Ndipouli, ŵanthu ŵa mitundu yinyake 17,182 ŵakafwa na matenda mu misasa yakuyuzgirako ŵanthu ku Cape pera. Ŵalara ŵa misasa ya ŵakayidi ŵakalembanga yayi nyifwa za ŵanthu ŵafipa.<ref>Nosipho Nkuna, [http://samilitaryhistory.org/vol113nn.html "Black involvement in the Anglo–Boer War, 1899–1902"], ''Military History Journal of the South African Military History Society'', Vol 11 No 3/4 – October 1999. Accessed 6 June 2015</ref> Kufuma apo nkhondo yikambira mu Okutobala 1899 m'paka apo kukakhazikiskikira mtende pa Meyi 31, 1902, nkhondo iyi yikakoma ŵasilikari ŵa ufumu wa Roma ŵakukwana 22,000 na ŵasilikari ŵa boma la Republican 7,000. Mu phangano la mtende ilo likacemeka kuti Treaty of Vereeniging, maboma gha ŵa Boer ghakazomera muwuso wa Britain, ndipo ŵa Britain ŵakajipeleka kuti ŵazengeso malo agho ŵakaŵa na mazaza pawo. == Mgwilizano wa charu cha South Africa (1910-1948) == {{Main|History of South Africa (1910–1948)|Union of South Africa}} [[File:Uniegebou in Pretoria, Suid-Afrika c1925.jpeg|thumb|Union Buildings, boma la boma, Pretoria, c. 1925]] Mu vyaka vyakulondezgapo nkhondo za Anglo-Boer, Britain yikamba kuwunganya vyaru vinayi ivyo vikaŵa pasi pa boma la Britain, kusazgapo vyaru ivyo vikaŵa pasi pa boma la Boer, kuŵa charu chimoza chakujiyimira paŵekha. Ivi vikachitika mu 1909, apo Dango la South Africa Act likazomerezga kuti charu cha Cape Colony, Natal, Transvaal, na Orange Free State viŵe charu chimoza. Kuyana na dango ili, wupu uwu ukazgoka chigaŵa chakujiyimira paŵekha cha Ufumu wa Britain. Ŵalara ŵa boma ŵakasuzganga ŵanthu mu zina la boma. Vyaru vya British High Commission nga ni Basutoland (sono ni Lesotho), Bechuanaland (sono ni Botswana), na Swaziland (sono ni Eswatini) vikalutilira kulamulirika na Britain.<ref>Leonard M. Thompson, ''A history of South Africa'' (Yale University Press, 2001).</ref> Pakati pa malango ghanyake ghakofya agho ghakaŵa ghakususkana na ŵanthu ŵa mitundu yinyake, kusazgapo dango lakuti ŵanthu ŵa mitundu yinyake ŵaleke kuvota, Nyumba ya Malango ya ku South Africa yikapanga dango lakuti mu 1913 malo gha ŵanthu ŵa mitundu yinyake ghaŵe gha ŵanthu ŵa mitundu yinyake. Ŵazungu, awo ŵakaŵa 20 peresenti ya ŵanthu, ŵakaŵa na 90 peresenti ya malo. Dango lakukhwaskana na malo liŵenge libwe lapakona la kusankhana mitundu kwa vyaka 90.<ref name="Natives' Land Act">"[http://www.sahistory.org.za/pages/chronology/thisday/1913-06-19.htm 19 June 1913 Native Land Act] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101014095049/http://www.sahistory.org.za/pages/chronology/thisday/1913-06-19.htm |date=14 October 2010 }}", ''This day in history'', publish date unknown (accessed 20 December 2007).</ref> [[File:DFMalanPortret.jpg|thumb|upright|Daniel François Malan, mulongozgi wa National Party kufuma mu 1934 mpaka 1953]] Mulara wa ŵasilikari Louis Botha ndiyo wakaŵa mulongozgi wa boma lakwamba la wupu uphya uwu, ndipo Jan Smuts wakaŵa wachiŵiri wake. Chipani chawo cha South African National Party, icho pamasinda chikachemekanga South African Party panji SAP, chikalondezganga fundo yakuti ŵazungu ŵakoleranenge na Britain. Ŵa Boer awo ŵakaŵa ŵankhongono chomene ŵakajipatura pasi pa muwuso wa Jenerale Barry Hertzog, ndipo ŵakambiska National Party (NP) mu 1914. Chipani cha National Party chikavikiliranga ŵanthu ŵa ku Afrika, ndipo chikachiskanga ŵanthu ŵa mitundu yiŵiri kuti ŵaŵe ŵakupambana, kweniso kuti ŵaŵe ŵakujiyimira ŵekha.<ref>Thompson, ''A history of South Africa'' (2001).</ref> Ŵanthu awo ŵakakhorwa yayi na umo Britain yikagwilira ntchito mu vyaru vya ku Europe ŵakamba kugaluka mu Seputembala 1914. Ŵanthu ŵakagaluka ŵakamara, ndipo mulara wa ŵasilikari yumoza ŵakamuphalira kuti wakomeke. Mu 1924, chipani cha National Party, icho chikaŵa na ŵanthu ŵanandi chomene, chikamba kuwusa pamoza na chipani cha Labour. Chiyowoyero cha Afrikaans, icho kale chikawonekanga nga ni chiyowoyero cha ku Netherlands, chikanjira m'malo mwa chiyowoyero cha Dutch. Mu 1925, Cingelezi na Ciholandi vikaŵa viyowoyero viŵiri vya boma. Wupu wa South Africa ukamara pa referendum pa 5 Okutobala 1960, apo ŵanthu ŵanandi ŵa ku South Africa ŵakazomera kufumamo mu wupu wa British Commonwealth. === Nkhondo Yakwamba ya Caru Cose === {{Main|Jan Smuts|Military history of South Africa during World War I}} [[File:British Empire 1921 IndianSubcontinent.png|thumb|300px|Ufumu wa Britain ukaŵa pa mapu pa nyengo iyo ukaŵa pa malo ghapacanya comene m'ma 1910 na m'ma 1920. (India wakuwoneka makora mu viyuni.) Ku South Africa, pakati, kuli pakati pa vigaŵa viŵiri vya Ufumu.]] Apo Nkhondo Yakwamba ya Caru Cose yikambanga, caru ca South Africa cikakolerana na Britain na ŵasilikari ŵanyake kuti ŵarwe na ufumu wa Germany. Mulara wa boma, Louis Botha, na mulara wa boma, Jan Smuts, wose ŵakaŵa ŵasilikari ŵa Nkhondo Yachiŵiri ya ku Boer. Gulu linyake la ŵasilikari ŵa South Africa likakana kurwa nkhondo na Ŵachijeremani kweniso ŵalwani ŵanyake ŵa boma. Pa Okutobala 14, 1914, boma likapharazga dango lakukanizga nkhondo, ndipo ŵasilikari awo ŵakalongozgekanga na Louis Botha na Jan Smuts ŵakathereska ŵanthu awo ŵakagalukira boma. Ŵalongozgi ŵa gulu la ŵakugaluka ŵakaŵeruzga, ŵakaŵapa ndalama zinandi, na kuŵakaka vyaka 6 m'paka 7.<ref name="google2012">{{cite book|author=Bill Nasson|title=Springboks On The Somme – South Africa in the Great War 1914 – 1918|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=w0kv8HfrLUoC|year=2012|publisher=Penguin |isbn=9780143027164}}</ref> Ŵanthu ŵa ku South Africa ŵakaŵa ŵakupambana mitundu. Ŵasilikari ŵa Britain ndiwo ŵakaŵa ŵankhongono comene pa nkhondo iyi. Kweniso ŵanthu ŵa ku India (ŵakulongozgeka na Mahatma Gandhi) ŵakakolerana na nkhondo iyi. Ŵanthu ŵa ku Afrika ŵakaŵa ŵakupambana, ndipo ŵanyake nga ni Botha na Smuts ŵakaŵa na udindo ukuru pa nkhondo ya Britain. Ŵanthu ŵanandi awo ŵakakhalanga ku mizi ŵakakana fundo iyi. Wupu wa ŵantchito ukagaŵikana. Ŵanthu ŵanandi ŵa mitundu yinyake awo ŵakakhalanga mu matawuni ghakurughakuru ŵakakolerana na nkhondo iyi chifukwa ŵakagomezganga kuti yingaŵawovwira kuti ŵaŵe na umoyo uwemi. Ŵanyake ŵakatenge fundo iyi njambura kuzirwa pa nkhani ya wanangwa wawo. Ŵanandi ŵakateŵeteranga mu mawupu gha ŵanthu ŵa mitundu yinyake mu vyaru vya kumafumiro gha dazi kwa Africa na France.<ref name="google2012" /> Ŵanthu awo ŵakakhalanga mu caru ici ŵakaŵa pafupifupi 6 miliyoni. Pakati pa 1914 na 1918, ŵanthu ŵakujumpha 250,000 ŵa mitundu yose ŵakateŵetera mu caru cawo. Ŵanandi ŵakateŵeteranga mu gulu la ŵasilikari ŵa Britain, ndipo ŵanthu ŵakujumpha 3,000 ŵakamba kuteŵetera mu gulu la ŵasilikari ŵa Britain. Vikuwoneka kuti pa ŵanalume wose ŵazungu awo ŵakaŵa ŵacekuru kuti ŵanjire usilikari, pafupifupi 50 peresenti ndiwo ŵakateŵeteranga pa nyengo ya nkhondo iyi. Ŵachikuda 83,000 na ŵanthu ŵa mitundu yakupambanapambana na ŵa ku Asia 2,500 nawo ŵakateŵeteranga ku German South-West Africa, East Africa, Middle East, panji ku Western Front ku Europe. Ŵanthu ŵakujumpha 7,000 ŵa ku South Africa ŵakakomeka, ndipo pafupifupi 12,000 ŵakapwetekeka.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Great Britain. War Office|url=http://archive.org/details/statisticsofmili00grea|title=Statistics of the military effort of the British Empire during the Great War, 1914-1920|date=1922|publisher=London H.M. Stationery Off|others=Robarts - University of Toronto}}</ref> Ŵanthu 8 ŵa ku South Africa ndiwo ŵakapokera Victoria Cross, uyo ni mphumphu ya nkhondo yapachanya chomene ya Ufumu wa Britain. Nkhondo ya ku Delville Wood na kubira kwa sitima ya nkhondo yakucemeka SS Mendi, ndivyo vikaŵa vyakofya comene. [[File:Botha and Smuts in uniforms, 1917.jpg|thumb|right|Ŵalongozgi ŵa ŵasilikari ŵa Smuts (kumalyero) na Botha ŵakaŵa ŵa mu British Imperial War Cabinet mu nyengo ya Nkhondo Yakwamba ya Caru Cose.]]Ŵanthu 25,000 ŵa ku South Africa ŵakalembeka ntchito na British War Cabinet kuti ŵagwirenge nchito mu South African Native Labour Contingent (SANLC). 21,000 ŵa iwo ŵakatumika ku France kuti ŵakateŵetere nga ni ŵantchito ŵa ku French ports. Pa 21 February 1917, ŵanthu 616 ŵa mu gulu la 5th Battalion la SANLC ŵakabira mu nyanja apo sitima ya nkhondo ya SS Mendi, iyo ŵakendangamo kuluta ku France, yikaswa ngalaŵa yinyake kufupi na Isle of Wight. Nkhondo ya ku Mendi yikaŵa yimoza mwa masoka ghakofya comene mu nyengo ya Nkhondo Yakwamba ya Caru Cose. Boma la South Africa likapeleka yayi mendulo ya nkhondo ku ŵasilikari ŵa fuko lakuda ndipo mendulo yapadera iyo Themba George V likapeleka ku "ŵasilikari ŵa mu caru ici" awo ŵakateŵeteranga Ufumu, iyo ni British War Medal mu mkuŵa, yikazomerezgeka yayi ndipo yikapelekeka yayi ku SANLC. Ŵanthu ŵa mitundu yakupambanapambana awo ŵakakolerana na nkhondo iyi ŵakakwiya chomene apo ku South Africa kukaŵavya uyo wakazomerezga kuti ŵazungu ŵambe kulamulira. Boma la Britain likapokera wovwiri ukuru comene kufuma ku South Africa. Vinyake ivyo vikaŵa mu vyaru viŵiri vya ku Africa ivyo vikaŵa na ŵasilikari ŵa Germany vikaŵa mu mawoko gha South Africa pera panji na wovwiri ukuru wa South Africa. Ŵanthu ŵa mitundu yose ŵakawovwira ŵasilikari ŵa vyaru vinyake kuti ŵarwe na Ufumu wa Ottoman. Maboti gha ku South Africa agho ghakaŵa ku chigaŵa cha kumwera kwa Africa ghakaŵa ghakukhumbikwa comene pakurwa nkhondo pa caru cose. Pakuti ŵasilikari ŵa Royal Navy ŵakasanganga malo ghakupumulirapo na kugwiliskira nchito mafuta, ŵakate ŵakwaniskenge kukolerana na boma la Britain. Ku South Africa ndiko kukafuma golide wakukwana vigaŵa viŵiri pa vigaŵa vitatu vya ufumu wa Britain. Apo nkhondo yikambanga, ŵalara ŵa Bank of England ku London ŵakakolerana na South Africa kuti ŵaleke kupeleka golide ku Germany, ndipo ŵakacicizga ŵeneco ŵa migodi kuti ŵaguliske ku British Treasury pera, pa mtengo uwo ukanozgeka na Treasury. Ivi vikawovwira kuti ŵagure vilwero na vyakurya ku United States na vyaru vinyake.<ref>Russell Ally, "War and gold—the Bank of England, the London gold market and South Africa's gold, 1914–19," ''Journal of Southern African Studies'' (1991) 17#2 pp 221–38 [https://www.jstor.org/stable/2637235 in JSTOR]</ref> === Nkhondo Yachiŵiri ya Caru Cose === {{Main articles|Military history of South Africa during World War II}} Mu nyengo ya Nkhondo Yachiŵiri ya pa Charu Chose, maboti gha ku South Africa, nga ni Cape Town, Durban, na Simon's Town, ghakaŵa ghakuzirwa chomene ku ŵasilikari ŵa ku Britain. Wupu wa South Africa wakuwona vya mlengalenga (Special Signals Service) ukawovwira chomene pakovwira ŵanthu kuti ŵamanye malo agho kuli mawoko gha mlengalenga. Kuzakafika mu Ogasiti 1945, ŵasilikari ŵa South African Air Force pamoza na ŵasilikari ŵa Britain na Dutch awo ŵakaŵa ku South Africa, ŵakakora ngalaŵa za ŵalwani 17, kovwira ŵanthu 437 awo ŵakapona ku maboti agho ghakanjira mu nyanja.<ref>Andre Wessels, ''South African Military History Journal'', Vol. 11 No. 5, June 2000, South African Military History Society.</ref><ref name="John Keene 1995">{{cite book|author=John Keene|title=South Africa in World War II|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=_iN6AAAAIAAJ|year=1995|publisher=Human & Rousseau|isbn=978-0-7981-3388-3}}</ref>[[File:Simonstown Harbour.jpg|thumb|left|300px|Mu nyengo ya Nkhondo Yachiŵiri ya Caru Cose, ŵasilikari ŵa vyaru vyakupambanapambana ŵakagwiliskiranga nchito dowoko la Simon's Town na msasa wa ŵasilikari ŵa ku South Africa.]] Ŵanthu pafupifupi 334,000 ŵa ku South Africa ŵakajipeleka kuti ŵateŵetere ŵasilikari nyengo zose. Pa ŵanthu aŵa, pafupifupi 9,000 ŵakafwa. Pa Juni 21, 1942, ŵasilikari pafupifupi 10,000 ŵa ku South Africa, awo ŵakimiranga chigaŵa chimoza pa vigaŵa vitatu vya ŵasilikari wose ŵa ku South Africa, ŵakakoleka na ŵasilikari ŵa German Field Marshal Rommel mu msumba wa Tobruk, ku Libya. Ŵalongozgi ŵanandi ŵa ndege za nkhondo ŵa ku South Africa ŵakateŵeteranga mu Royal Air Force pa Nkhondo ya Britain, kusazgapo Adolph "Sailor" Malan uyo wakalongozga 74 Squadron ndipo wakaparanya ndege 27 za ŵalwani.<ref>Alfred Price, ''Spitfire Mark V Aces, 1941–45''. Oxford: Osprey Publishing 1997, p. 65. {{ISBN|978-1-85532-635-4}}.</ref> Mulara Jan Smuts ndiyo wakaŵa mulara wa ŵasilikari wa ku Britain pera uyo wakapemphanga ulongozgi kwa Winston Churchill, uyo wakaŵa nduna yikuru ya Britain. Smuts wakacemeka ku Imperial War Cabinet mu 1939 pakuŵa munthu mulara comene wa ku South Africa uyo wakatemwanga nkhondo. Pa 28 May 1941, Smuts wakasankhika kuŵa Field Marshal wa British Army, ndipo wakaŵa munthu wakwamba wa ku South Africa kuŵa na udindo uwu. Nkhondo yikati yamara, Smuts wakimilira South Africa ku San Francisco apo ŵakalembanga chikalata cha United Nations Charter mu Meyi 1945. Nga ni umo wakacitira mu 1919, Smuts wakaciska ŵimiliri kuti ŵapange wupu wankhongono wa pa caru cose kuti usungilire mtende. Smuts wakalembaso phangano la mtende la ku Paris, ilo likapeleka mtende mu Europe. Ntheura wakaŵa yekha uyo wakalembeska phangano ili.<ref name="John Keene 1995"/> ==== Ŵanthu ŵakutemwa Germany na Nazi ==== Nkhondo Yakwamba ya Caru Cose yikati yamara, mu 1914, ku South Africa kukacitika nkhondo yakususkana na boma la South West Africa. Wakawelera mu 1923, ndipo wakalutilira kugwira nchito ku South Africa nga ni mswiri wa boma la Germany. Mu 1896, Kaiser Wilhelm wa ku Germany wakakwiyiska Britain mwa kutuma malumbo kwa mulongozgi wa boma la Boer Paul Kruger pamanyuma pakuti ŵasilikari ŵa Kruger ŵakakora gulu la ŵasilikari ŵa British South Africa Company awo ŵakacitanga nkhondo na kuwukira, ndipo ŵakathera. Germany ndiyo yikapelekanga vilwero ku Ŵabowa pa nyengo ya nkhondo ya Anglo-Boer. Boma la Kaiser Wilhelm likanozga vyakuti maboma ghaŵiri gha Boer ghagure futi za Mauser na mabomba ghanandi gha gunpowder. Kampani ya ku Germany yakucemeka Ludwig Loewe, iyo pamasinda yikamanyikwa kuti Deutsche Waffen-und Munitionfabriken, yikapeleka futi 55,000 ku Ŵaburu mu 1896.<ref>Paul Scarlata, [http://www.shootingtimes.com/long-guns/longgun_reviews_st_boermodel_201007/ The 1893/95 "Boer Model" Mauser]. Accessed 21 May 2015</ref> Kukwambilira kwa m'ma 1940, gulu la Nazi la Ossewa Brandwag (OB) likaŵa na ŵanthu 500,000, kusazgapo John Vorster, uyo wakaŵa nduna yikuru ya boma, na Hendrik van den Bergh, uyo wakaŵa mulara wa ŵapolisi. Nyengo yichoko waka, gulu la Boerenasie (Boer Nation) na magulu ghanyake agho ghakatinkhanga Ŵayuda, ghakaŵakolerana nawo. Nkhondo yikati yamara, gulu la OB likaŵa limoza mwa magulu ghakwimikana na boma agho ghakaŵa mu chipani cha National Party. Gulu la South African Afrikaner Weerstandsbeweging panji AWB (lakuyowoya kuti Afrikaner Resistance Movement), gulu la nkhondo la Nazi ilo likafuma mu ma 1970, ndipo likaŵa lakugwira ntchito m'paka pakati pa ma 1990, likagwiliskiranga ntchito ndembera iyo yikuyana chomene na swastika.<ref>Anti-defamation League, [http://www.adl.org/combating-hate/hate-on-display/c/triskele.html Hate on Display], Accessed 25 April 2015</ref><ref>[[:File:Afrikaner Weerstandsbewegung flag.svg|AWB neo-Nazi insignia]]</ref> Mu vyaka vya m'ma 1990, AWB yikayezga kutimbanizga kusintha kwa chalo ku demokilase. Pamanyuma pa maungano ghakwamba gha vyaru vinandi mu 1994, ŵasilikari ŵanandi ŵakakolerana na AWB. Pa 11 March 1994, mamembala mazana ghanandi gha AWB ghakaŵa chigaŵa cha gulu la ŵasilikari awo ŵakanjira mu chigaŵa cha Bophuthatswana, mu chiyezgo chakutondeka kukhozga mulongozgi wake wambura kutemweka, Chief Lucas Mangope. Mulongozgi wa AWB Eugène Terre'Blanche wakakomeka na ŵantchito ŵa mu famu pa 3 Epulero 2010. Ŵanthu ŵanandi ŵa mu Afrika awo ŵakaŵa ŵakujiyuyura ŵakaŵa ŵakugomezgeka ndipo ŵakakolerananga yayi na ivyo AWB yikachitanga.<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20160304191439/http://sun025.sun.ac.za/portal/page/portal/Arts/Departemente1/geskiedenis/docs/coming_to_terms_with_past_present.pdf Wessel Visser, ''Coming to terms with the past and the present: Afrikaner experience and reaction to the "new" South Africa''] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304191439/http://sun025.sun.ac.za/portal/page/portal/Arts/Departemente1/geskiedenis/docs/coming_to_terms_with_past_present.pdf |date=4 March 2016 }}, (Seminar lecture presented at the Centre of African Studies, University of Copenhagen, 30 September 2004), p.2. Accessed 3 May 2015.</ref>[[File:The Union of South Africa, Its Land and Its People (1956), Encyclopedia Britannica Films, Inc..webm|thumb|Buku la Encyclopedia Britannica lakulongosora vya South Africa kufuma mu 1956]] == Nyengo ya apartheid (1948-1994) == {{Main|Apartheid}} === Malango gha katangale === Ndondomeko ya kusankhana mitundu yikafuma ku malango gha vyaru vinyake agho ghakaŵako mu nyengo ya muwuso wa ŵa Dutch mu ma 1700, ndipo ghakalutilira na kusazgikira mu nyengo ya ufumu wa Britain. Kwambira mu 1948, maboma gha National Party ghakazomerezga na kusazgirako ndondomeko ya kusankhana mitundu na kukana wanangwa wa ŵanthu kuŵa dango la apartheid, ilo likamara mu 1991. Pa nyengo iyi, dango lakuzirwa chomene likaŵa la Homeland Citizens Act la mu 1970. Dango ili likakhozga chomene dango la Native Land Act la mu 1913, ilo likaŵa lakuti "vigaŵa vyakupatulika". Chikazomerezga kuti ŵanthu ŵanandi ŵa ku Africa ŵafumiskike mu matawuni gha ku South Africa na South West Africa (lero ni Namibia) na kuluta ku malo agho ŵanthu ŵakughacemanga kuti "Bantustans" panji "makaya ghakwambilira" gha mafuko gha ŵanthu ŵafipa gha ku South Africa. Ndondomeko yeneyiyi yikagwiraso nchito ku South West Africa, uko South Africa yikalutilira kuŵa na mazaza gha League of Nations pamanyuma pa Nkhondo Yakwamba ya Caru Cose. Ŵanthu ŵa ku South Africa awo ŵakakolerana na muwuso wa apartheid ŵakayezga kuzomerezga fundo ya bantustan mwa kuyowoya kuti boma la Britain likagaŵa India mu 1947.<ref>Susan Mathieson and David Atwell, "Between Ethnicity and Nationhood: Shaka Day and the Struggle over Zuluness in post-Apartheid South Africa" in ''Multicultural States: Rethinking Difference and Identity'' edited by David Bennett {{ISBN|0-415-12159-0}} (Routledge UK, 1998) p.122</ref>[[File:Bantustans in South Africa.svg|thumb|300px|right|Mapu gha caru ca ŵanthu ŵafipa ku South Africa paumaliro wa muwuso wa apartheid mu 1994]] Nangauli vinthu vikuruvikuru vikacitika mu nyengo iyi, kweni apartheid ndiyo yikaŵa yikuru comene pa nkhani za mdauko wa mu nyengo iyi, kusazgapo nkhondo zaciwawa na nkhondo za mu caru ca South Africa. Kuzakafika mu 1987, ndalama zose izo zikagwiliskirika pa nkhondo zikaŵa pafupifupi 28% ya bajeti ya boma. Pamanyuma pa kuwukira kwa Soweto mu 1976 na kukanizgika kwa wanangwa wa ŵanthu, ma Joint Management Centres (JMCs) agho ghakacitanga milimo yawo mu vigaŵa 34 ivyo boma likati ni vyakofya comene ghakazgoka cinthu cakuzirwa comene pa ndondomeko ya kuvikilira wanangwa wa ŵanthu. Ŵapolisi na ŵasilikari awo ŵakaŵa na mazaza pa JMC pakatikati pa vyaka vya m'ma 1980 ŵakaŵa na mazaza pa vyakucita pa vigaŵa vyose, kwambira ku nduna mpaka ku boma.<ref>Desiree Hansson, "Changes in counter-revolutionary state strategy in the decade 1979–89", in Desiree Hansson and Dirk van Zyl Smit (eds.), ''Towards Justice?: Crime and state control in South Africa'', Cape Town: Oxford University Press 1990, pp.45–50 {{ISBN|0 19 570579 3}}</ref> ===UN embargo=== Pa Disembala 16, 1966, wupu wa United Nations General Assembly ukadumura kuti apartheid ni "kwananga kwa ŵanthu". Pa Novembala 30, 1973, wupu wakulongozga ukazomerezga fundo ya mtundu wa apartheid. Pulogiramu iyi yikamba kugwira nchito pa Julayi 18, 1976. Pa Okutobala 23, 1984, wupu wa UN Security Council ukazomera fundo iyi. Ungano uwu ukati muwuso wa apartheid ukaŵa wambura kuzomerezgeka na dango kweniso ukaŵa waupusikizgi cifukwa ukaswa Dango la Wupu wa United Nations.<ref>John Dugard, [http://legal.un.org/avl/ha/cspca/cspca.html ''Convention on the Suppression and Punishment of the Crime of Apartheid''], New York: UN Office of Legal Affairs, 2013. Accessed 26 July 2015</ref>Pa Novembala 12, 1974, wupu wa UN ukafumiska kale South Africa mu wupu uwu. Pa Novembala 4, 1977, Wupu wa Wupu Wakulongozga ukaŵika dango lakuti ŵanthu ŵaleke kugura na kuguliska vilwero ku vyaru vinyake. Charu ichi chikazomerezgekaso mu wupu wa UN mu 1994 pamanyuma pakuti cazgoka caru ca demokilase. Boma la Apartheid la South Africa likakolerana na ivyo UN likadumura kuti ŵathereske ŵasilikari ŵa Israyeli. Vipolopolo vyakukwana 400 vya M-113A1 na futi za 106 mm vyambura kuponyamo ŵanthu ivyo vikapangika mu United States vikapelekeka ku South Africa kwizira mu Israyeli.<ref>International Defence and Aid Fund, ''The Apartheid War Machine'', London, 1980.</ref> === Kukoma ŵanthu kwambura mulandu === Pakati pa ma 1980, ŵapolisi na ŵasilikari ŵakakomanga ŵanthu awo ŵakususkana na boma. Kuzakafika pakati pa 1987, wupu wakuwona vya wanangwa wa ŵanthu (Human Rights Commission) ukamanya kuti mu caru ici mukaŵa ŵanthu ŵakukwana 140 awo ŵakakomeka cifukwa ca ndyali. Nakuti tingamanya yayi unandi wa awo ŵali kufwa. Ŵapharazgi ŵakazomerezgekanga yayi kulemba, kujambura panji kujambula vinthu ivi, apo boma likaŵa na pulogiramu yake yakubisira ŵanthu uthenga wautesi. Pa nyengo yeneyira, magulu gha ŵanthu awo ŵakakhalanga mu vigaŵa vyawo ghakachitanga nkhaza pa ŵanthu ŵa mu vigaŵa ivi na ŵalongozgi awo ŵakakanizganga apartheid. Boma likati ivi vikacitika cifukwa ca nkhaza za ŵanthu ŵa mitundu yinyake.<ref>Peter Harris, "The role of rightwing vigilantes in South Africa", in ''States of Terror'', Catholic Institute of International Relations, London: 1989, pp. 2–3 {{ISBN|1-85287-019-2}}</ref> Komiti ya Unenesko na Kuphemana (TRC) yikati yasanga kuti gulu lakubisika la ŵasilikari na ŵapolisi awo ŵakaŵa kale panji awo ŵachali kuteŵetera, kanandi ŵakukolerana na ŵanthu ŵakunyoloka, ŵakacitanga vinthu ivyo vingawoneka nga ni kwambiska vivulupi. Pakati pa 1960 na 1994, kuyana na ma statistics gha Truth and Reconciliation Commission, Inkatha Freedom Party yikaŵa na mulandu wa nyifwa za ŵanthu 4,500, ŵapolisi ŵa South African Police 2,700, ndipo ANC pafupifupi 1,300. Kukwambilira kwa 2002, ŵapolisi ŵa ku South Africa ŵakatondeska gulu la ŵanthu ŵazungu ilo likakhumbanga kuwukira boma. Ŵanthu ŵakukwana makumi ghaŵiri, kusazgapo ŵalaraŵalara ŵa ŵasilikari ŵa South Africa ŵakakakika cifukwa ca mulandu wa upusikizgi na kukoma ŵanthu, pamanyuma pa kuphulika kwa bomba mu Soweto. Ŵapolisi ŵakakanizga boma kuwukira boma, ndipo ŵanthu ŵakamba kughanaghana kuti boma la demokilase ilo likaŵako mu 1994 ndakuzomerezgeka yayi. Pakumalizga mulimo wake mu 2004, Komiti iyi yikapeleka mazina gha ŵanthu 300 ku National Prosecuting Authority (NPA) kuti yikayezge na kuŵeruzga. Ni vigaŵa vichoko waka ivyo vikaŵa na milandu.<ref>Ranjeni Munusamy, [http://www.dailymaverick.co.za/article/2013-03-25-the-trcs-unfinished-business-old-wounds-new-oppressor/#.VTj-SNKqqkr Unfinished business of the TRC], ''Daily Maverick'' 23 March 2013. Accessed 23 April 2015.</ref><ref>Paul Seils, [https://www.huffingtonpost.com/paul-seils/political-pardons-would-d_b_6810864.html Political pardons would damage the legacy of South Africa's Truth and Reconciliation Commission], ''Huffington Post'', 6 March 2015. Accessed 25 April 2015.</ref> === Ntchito za nkhondo mu vyaru vya ku mphepete === {{see also|South African Border War|Angolan Civil War}} Paumaliro wa muwuso wa apartheid, ŵasilikari ŵa ku South Africa ŵakakanizganga maboma ghapafupi, kovwiranga ŵanthu ŵakususka boma, kunanga vinthu, na kuwukira malo gha ANC. Vyaru ivi, ivyo vikaŵa vyakukolerana na vyaru vya kumwera kwa Africa, vikacemekanga kuti Frontline States: Angola, Botswana, Lesotho, Mozambique, Swaziland, Tanzania, Zambia, ndipo kwambira mu 1980, Zimbabwe.<ref>M Evans, [http://www.sahistory.org.za/sites/default/files/Fronline%20States.pdf The Frontline States], ''Zambezia'' (1984/5), Vol XII, University of Zimbabwe. Accessed 11 April 2016.</ref><ref>Scott Thomas, ''The Diplomacy of Liberation: Foreign relations of the ANC since 1960'', London: I B Taurus 1996, p.18 {{ISBN|1850439931}}</ref> [[File:SADF-Operations 4.jpg|right|thumb|250px|Ŵabali ŵa gulu la ŵasilikari ŵa parachute la 44 ŵakendeskanga nkhondo ya ku mphaka ya South Africa.]] Kukwambilira kwa Novembala, 1975, pamanyuma pakuti Portugal yapeleka wanangwa ku Angola, caru ico kale cikaŵa mu Africa, nkhondo yikamba pakati pa UNITA na MPLA. Kuti UNITA yileke kuparanyika na kukhozga muwuso wa boma laubwezi, South Africa yikanjilirapo pa 23 Okutobala, kutuma ŵasilikari pakati pa 1,500 na 2,000 kufuma ku Namibia kuya kumwera kwa Angola kuti ŵarwe na MPLA. Pakuzgora ku nkhondo ya South Africa, Cuba wakatuma ŵasilikari 18,000 mu ciphalizgano cikuru ico cikacemekanga kuti Operation Carlota. Ku Cuba, pakwamba MPLA yikaŵa na ŵapharazgi ŵa nkhondo ŵakukwana 230. Kuwukira kwa Cuba kukawovwira kuti SADF na UNITA vileke kunjilirapo na kukhozga muwuso wa MPLA mu Angola. Pakati pajumpha vilimika 10, ŵasilikari 36,000 ŵa ku Cuba ŵakatumika mu caru cose kuti ŵawovwire MPLA kulimbana na UNITA. Nkhondo ya mukati mu Angola yikapangiska kuti ŵanthu 550,000 ŵafwe. Ŵanthu ŵanandi ŵakafwa pakati pa 1992 na 1993, pamanyuma pakuti nkhondo ya ku South Africa na Cuba yamara.<ref>Inge Tvedten, Angola: Struggle for Peace and Reconstruction</ref><ref>SIPRI Yearbook: Stockholm International Peace Research Institute</ref><ref>[[Victoria Brittain]], ''Hidden Lives, Hidden Deaths: South Africa's crippling of a continent'', London: Faber 1990, p. 2, {{ISBN|0571142168}}.</ref> Pakati pa 1975 na 1988, ma SADF ghakalutilira kunjilira mu Angola na Zambia kuti ŵaparanyenge maofesi gha PLAN agho ghakaŵa pa mphaka na Namibia kweniso kuti ŵawovwire UNITA. Nkhondo ya mabomba iyo yikapangika na ŵasilikari 200 ŵa ku South Africa pa 4 May 1978 ku Cassinga kumwera kwa Angola, yikapangiska kuti ŵanthu pafupifupi 700 ŵa ku South West Africa ŵakomeke, kusazgapo ŵasilikari ŵa PLAN na ŵanakazi na ŵana ŵanandi. Mulara wa gulu la ŵasilikari ŵa parachute ku South Africa, Koloneli Jan Breytenbach, wakati "ŵasilikari ŵa ku vyaru vya kumanjiliro gha dazi ŵakuti agha ndigho ghakaŵa ghakuru comene kufuma pa Nkhondo Yachiŵiri ya Caru Cose". Boma la Angola likati ciŵiya ico cikaŵa pa nkhondo iyi cikaŵa msasa wa ŵanthu ŵakuchimbira kwawo. Pa Meyi 6, 1978, wupu wa United Nations Security Council ukadumura kuti caru ca South Africa nchakucita cinthu ciheni. Pa Ogasiti 23, 1981, ŵasilikari ŵa ku South Africa ŵakanjiliraso mu Angola na wovwiri wa CIA. Gulu la ŵasilikari ŵa Angola, apo likagomezganga kuti charu cha South Africa chaŵawukira, likakhozgeka na ŵasilikari ŵa ku Cuba pamoza na ŵasilikari ŵa PLAN na ANC, awo wose ŵakaŵa na vilwero vyakufuma ku Soviet Union. Gulu la ŵasilikari na ŵasilikari ŵa ku South Africa awo ŵakalongozganga vinthu vya ndyali, ŵakagwiranga lumoza nchito na ŵasilikari ŵa ku America, Britain, na West Germany. Ku South Africa na ku Cuba, wose ŵakatonda nkhondo ya ku Cuito Cuanavale, iyo yikulongosoreka kuti "njakofya comene mu Africa kufuma pa Nkhondo Yachiŵiri ya Caru Cose". Ndipouli, ŵasilikari ŵa ku South Africa ŵakataya mazaza ghawo pa nkhondo kweniso luso lawo. Kuŵapo kwa South Africa mu Angola kukamara pamanyuma pa kusazga phangano la United Nations ilo likamanyikwa kuti New York Accords pakati pa maboma gha Angola, Cuba na South Africa, ilo likapangiska kuti ŵasilikari wose ŵa vyaru vinyake ŵafumemo mu Angola kweniso kuti South Africa nayo wafumemo mu South West Africa (lero ni Namibia), uko UN yikuwona kuti kuli na ŵasilikari ŵambura kuzomerezgeka kwambira mu 1966.<ref>UN General Assembly, res n° 2154 (XXI), 17 November 1966. Available at http://www.un.org/documents/ga/res/21/ares21.htm [Recovered 1 October 2015]</ref><ref>United Nations, [http://peacemaker.un.org/namibia-genevaprotocol88 UN Resolution 435 of 1978] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150518081735/http://peacemaker.un.org/namibia-genevaprotocol88 |date=18 May 2015 }} Accessed 1 May 2015</ref> Mu ma 1980, chalo cha South Africa chikapelekaso wovwiri ku gulu la Resistência Nacional Moçambicana (RENAMO) mu charu cha Mozambique, apo likarwa nkhondo na boma la FRELIMO.<ref>B Turok (ed), ''Witness from the Frontline: Aggression and resistance in southern Africa'', London: Institute for African Alternatives, 1990 {{ISBN|1 870425 12X}}</ref><ref>Edgerton, Robert B, Africa's armies: from honor to infamy: a history from 1791 to the present (2002) p.109</ref><ref>"B&J": Jacob Bercovitch and Richard Jackson, ''International Conflict: A Chronological Encyclopedia of Conflicts and Their Management 1945–1995'' (1997).</ref> === Kulimbana na apartheid === [[File:Murder at Sharpeville 21 March 1960.jpg|thumb|Chithuzi cha kuphana kwa ku Sharpeville mu March 1960]]Ŵanthu awo ŵakachitanga vinthu mwakukolerana na mtundu wa Afrikaans, ŵakaŵa waka ŵanthu ŵa mtundu wakufipa yayi. Mu ma 1950, gulu linyake la ŵasilikari la Torch Commando likapangika, ndipo ŵakalongozgekanga na ŵasilikari awo ŵakarwa nkhondo na ŵasilikari ŵa Axis mu Europe na North Africa. Pa nyengo iyo gulu ili likaŵa na ŵanthu 250,000, likaŵa gulu likuru comene la ŵanthu ŵatuŵa awo ŵakasuskanga boma. Kufika mu 1952, moto uwo ukaŵa mu gulu la ŵanthu ŵatuŵa ukazimwika, apo gulu la Torch Commando likamara chifukwa cha malango gha boma agho ghakaŵa pasi pa Dango la Kukanizga Chikomyunizimu, 1950. Pamanyuma, ŵanthu ŵanyake ŵa mu gulu la Torch Commando ŵakazgoka ŵalongozgi ŵa gulu la African National Congress.<ref>''Sunday Times'' (Johannesburg), ''Insight'' section. 1 November 1998</ref> Kwamba mu 1940 m'paka mu 1960, ŵanthu ŵakamba kulimbana na apartheid. Pamanyuma pa kukomeka kwa ŵanthu 69 mu Sharpeville mu Malichi 1960, na kukhazikiska boma la vyakofya, na kukanizga maboma gha anti-apartheid nga ni African National Congress (ANC), Pan-Africanist Congress (PAC), na Communist Party of South Africa. Wupu wa ANC, Umkhonto weSizwe (MK, kung'anamura Mkondo wa Mtundu) ukayowoya kuti nkhaza ni zaurunji chifukwa cha kujivikilira na nkhondo yaurunji. Kwambira mu ma 1960 m'paka mu 1989, MK wakacitanga viheni vinandi na kuwukira ŵasilikari na ŵapolisi. Komiti ya Unenesko na Kuphemana yikati mu 2003, nangauli ANC yikayowoya kuti yikurwa waka nkhondo na ŵapolisi, "ŵanandi awo ŵakafwa pa nkhondo iyi ŵakaŵa ŵanthu bweka". Gulu lakufwatuka ku vyaru likapambana mu vyaka vya m'ma 1960 apo gulu la "Africanist" mukati mwa ANC likakananga kuti pakaŵe mgwirizano pakati pa ANC na Communist Party of South Africa. Ŵalongozgi ŵa chipani cha Communist mu South Africa ŵakaŵa ŵazungu.<ref>Apartheid Museum, Johannesburg [https://web.archive.org/web/20150923172619/http://www.apartheidmuseum.org/sites/default/files/files/downloads/Learners%20book%20Chapter4.pdf Resistance to Apartheid] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150923172619/http://www.apartheidmuseum.org/sites/default/files/files/downloads/Learners%20book%20Chapter4.pdf |date=23 September 2015 }} Accessed 26 April 2015</ref> Ŵa Africanists ŵakafumako ku ANC na kupanga Pan-Africanist Congress na gulu lake la ŵasilikari lakucemeka Poqo, ilo likamba kugwira nchito comene mu vigaŵa vya Cape. Mu vyaka vya m'ma 1990, Poqo wakachemeka kuti Azanian People's Liberation Army (APLA). Gulu ili likachitanga ukhuluku kuti lisange ndalama na vilwero. Ŵanthu ŵanandi ŵakafwa panji kupwetekeka na mabandi agha. Mu 1993, ciŵelengero ca ŵanthu ŵambura mulandu awo ŵakacitiranga nkhaza ŵazungu cikakwera. APLA yikakana kuti ivyo ŵakacita vikaŵa vyakusankhana mitundu, ndipo yikati vikacitikanga kwimikana na boma la apartheid cifukwa ŵatuŵa wose, kuyana na PAC, ŵakacitanga nawo ndyali ya apartheid. Ŵanthu 11 ŵakafwa ndipo 58 ŵakapwetekeka pa ngozi iyo yikacitikira tchalitchi la Cikhristu ku Cape Town mu 1993.<ref>South African Broadcasting Corporation and South African History Archive,[http://sabctrc.saha.org.za/glossary/apla_attacks.htm Truth Commission Special Report: APLA attacks.] Accessed 26 April 2015</ref> Ŵasambiri ŵanandi na ŵanthu ŵanyake awo ŵakachimbilira ku vyaru vyapafupi, comenecomene ku Botswana, kuti ŵaleke kukakika pamanyuma pa kuwukira kwa Soweto pa Juni 16, 1976, ŵakapanga malo ghakutowa ghakusankhira ŵasilikari ŵa ANC na PAC. Kuwukira uku kukacitika cifukwa ca malango gha boma agho ghakakanizga ŵana ŵa sukulu ŵa ku Africa kuti ŵaŵazgenge mu ciyowoyero ca ciAfrikaans. Chigaluka ichi chikafika mu charu chose. Apo nkhondo iyi yikamara, ŵanthu ŵanandi ŵakakomeka na kupwetekeka. Mu 1983, gulu la United Democratic Front (UDF) likapangika na ŵanthu pafupifupi 400. Pa nyengo iyo UDF yikaŵa na ŵanthu ŵanandi comene mu 1987, yikaŵa na mawupu pafupifupi 700 na ŵanthu pafupifupi 3,000,000. Ŵakachita nkhaza zinandi izo zikamanyikwanga kuti "kuleka kuwusa". Ŵakakoma ŵanthu ŵanandi ŵa chipani cha opposition, comenecomene ŵa Inkatha Freedom Party, ndipo nyengo zinyake ŵakaŵawotcha ŵamoyo. Pakati pa African National Congress (ANC) na UDF pakaŵa ubwezi wakukhora, wakuthemba pa fundo yakuyana ya Freedom Charter. Pamanyuma pa kukanizgika kwa milimo yake, mu 1988 UDF yikasinthika na Mass Democratic Movement, wupu uwo ukaŵa na magulu ghakwimikana na apartheid. Ŵakayidi 130 ŵa ndyali ŵakakomeka pa khuni la mphinjika mu jele la Pretoria Central pakati pa 1960 na 1990. Ŵanthu awo ŵakakakika ŵakaŵa ŵa Pan Africanist Congress na United Democratic Front.<ref>News24.com [http://www.news24.com/SouthAfrica/News/remains-of-83-hanged-prisoners-to-be-exhumed-from-kgosi-mampuru-ii-20160323 Remains of hanged prisoners to be exhumed.] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160323061434/http://www.news24.com/SouthAfrica/News/remains-of-83-hanged-prisoners-to-be-exhumed-from-kgosi-mampuru-ii-20160323 |date=23 March 2016 }} Accessed 25 March 2016.</ref> == Nyengo ya apartheid (1994~pano) == {{Main|History of South Africa (1994–present)}} [[File:Frederik de Klerk with Nelson Mandela - World Economic Forum Annual Meeting Davos 1992.jpg|thumb|left|250px|[[Frederik W. de Klerk]] and [[Nelson Mandela]], two of the driving forces in ending apartheid]] Nkhondo ya Soviet Union mu ma 1980 yikati yamara, African National Congress (ANC) yikakolerana na South African Communist Party, ndipo yikaleka kugomezga Soviet Union kuti yipelekenge vilwero na wovwiri wa ndyali. Kweniso cikang'anamuranga kuti boma la apartheid lingalekaso yayi kukolerana na apartheid na kuzomerezgeka kwake na kuvikilira visambizgo vya Cikristu na civilisation cifukwa ca rooi gevaar, kung'anamura "soka liswesi" panji kofya kwa cikomyunizimu. Vigaŵa vyose viŵiri vikakanizgika kukhala pa thebulu la kudumbiskirana, ndipo mu Juni 1991, malango ghose gha katangale ghakalekeka.<ref>United Nations Yearbook 1992 [https://books.google.com/books?id=BTdmYFgvyi0C&dq=apartheid+laws+rescinded&pg=PA108 Apartheid laws rescinded] UN Dept of Public Information, Accessed 3 May 2015</ref> Pakuwona umo ŵanthu ŵa mu vyaru vinyake na vyaru vinyake ŵakasuskira apartheid mu ma 1980, kusazgapo nkhondo, vivulupi vya ŵanthu, ndyali na visambizgo vyautesi vya caru cose, kweniso kuyuzgika na gulu lakususka apartheid pa caru cose, Pulezidenti F. W. de Klerk wakapharazga vya kuwuskapo dango lakukanizga African National Congress, Pan Africanist Congress na South African Communist Party, kweniso kufwatura Nelson Mandela uyo wakaŵa mu jele pa Febuluwale 2, 1990, pamanyuma pa kukhala mu jele vyaka 27. Pa ungano wa ŵanthu wose uwo ukacitika pa 17 Malici 1992, ŵanthu ŵacenje ŵakavota 68% kuti ŵaŵe na demokilase. Pamanyuma pa kudumbiskana kwa nyengo yitali mu wupu wa Convention for a Democratic South Africa (CODESA), pa Julayi 26, 1993, ŵakalemba dango ilo likapeleka wanangwa ku vyaru vyose. Kufuma pa 26 m'paka pa 29 Epulero, 1994, ŵanthu ŵa ku South Africa ŵakavota pa mavoti ghakwamba. Gulu la African National Congress ndilo likathereska, ndipo likaluska chomene gulu la National Party na la Inkatha Freedom Party. Chipani cha Democratic Party na Pan Africanist Congress, pamoza na ŵanyake, vikaŵa vyakwimikana na boma mu nyumba ya malango yakwamba ya caru ici. Nelson Mandela wakasankhika kuŵa purezidenti pa 9 Meyi 1994 ndipo wakapangiska boma la wupu wa National Unity, ilo lili na ANC, National Party na Inkatha. Pa 10 Meyi 1994 Mandela wakasankhika kuŵa purezidenti muphya wa South Africa mu Pretoria pamoza na Thabo Mbeki na F. W. De Klerk kuŵa vice-president wake. Boma la National Unity likamara paumaliro wa pharalamende yakwamba mu 1999, apo ANC yikaŵa chipani pera pa mazaza uku yikukolerana na Congress of South African Trade Unions (COSATU) na South African Communist Party. Pamanyuma pa kudumbiskana comene, kweniso pamanyuma pa maungano gha mawupu ghakuvikilira wanangwa wa ŵanthu, ŵanthu ŵekhaŵekha na ŵanthu bweka, Nyumba ya Malamulo yikapanga dango liphya la malango mu 1996. Ŵakalekeska chilango cha nyifwa, ŵakamba kunozga malo na kugaŵira ŵanthu malo, ndipo ŵakaŵika malango ghakwendeskera ntchito. Gulu la ANC likaŵa na mazaza chifukwa cha fundo za Socialist izo zikalembeka mu chikalata cha wanangwa. Chikalata ichi chikati "usambazi wa caru cithu, uwo mbusambazi wa ŵanthu ŵa ku South Africa, uzamuwezgeka ku ŵanthu. Mubali Nelson Mandela, uyo wakaŵa mulara wa ANC, wakayowoya mu mazgu ghake pa 25 January 1990 kuti: "Ndondomeko ya ANC njakuti migodi, mabanki, na vyamaseŵero viŵe vya boma, ndipo tingakwaniska yayi kusintha maghanoghano ghithu pa nkhani iyi". Pamanyuma pa kutonda kwa ANC mu 1994, suzgo la ukavu likamara yayi. Boma la ANC, likasintha fundo zake ndipo likamba kulondezga fundo za ŵanthu awo ŵakutemwa vinthu viphya. Msonkho wa usambazi wa ŵanthu ŵasambazi comene ukaseŵeka kuti uŵawovwire kusanga ndalama zakwendeskera vinthu vyawo. Makampani ghakurughakuru ghakazomerezgekanga kusamukira ku vyaru vinyake. Kuyana na Solomon Johannes Terreblanche, nkhwantha ya vya cuma ya ku South Africa, boma likapeleka mwaŵi ku ŵamalonda ŵaheni cifukwa ca "masuzgo agho ghazamuŵapo mu miwiro yakunthazi".<ref>Solomon Johannes Terreblanche, ''Lost in Transformation'', Johannesburg: KMM Review Publishing, 2012, {{ISBN|0620537256}}, quoted in Ronnie Kasrils, [https://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/2013/jun/24/anc-faustian-pact-mandela-fatal-error "How the ANC's Faustian pact sold out South Africa's poorest"], ''The Guardian'' 24 June 2013. Accessed 26 October 2015.</ref> === Kusama === Nyengo ya apartheid yikati yajumphapo, ŵanthu ŵanandi ŵa ku South Africa ŵakafumamo mu charu ichi chifukwa cha masuzgo gha vigeŵenga. Mu 2008, wupu unyake (South African Institute of Race Relations) ukati kufuma mu 1995, pa ŵanthu pafupifupi 4,000,000 awo ŵakaŵa mu charu cha South Africa apo muwuso wa katangale ukamalira, pakaŵa ŵanthu ŵatuŵa 800,000 panji kujumpha. Ŵazungu ŵanandi ŵa ku South Africa awo ŵakayowoyanga Chingelezi na Cifurikansi ŵakamba kukhala mu Australia, New Zealand, North America, na ku UK uko ŵanthu pafupifupi 550,000 ŵa ku South Africa ŵakasamukira.<ref>''The Economist'', [http://www.economist.com/node/12295535 "White flight from South Africa"] 25 September 2008. Accessed 18 July 2015</ref> Mu 2021, ŵanthu ŵanandi ŵa ku South Africa ŵakuluta ku vyaru vinyake chaka chilichose. Kufika mu 2019, chiŵelengero cha ŵanthu ŵa mitundu yinyake awo ŵakafumanga mu charu ichi chikaluska cha ŵanthu ŵa mitundu yinyake.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Brophy |first=Selene |date=25 August 2019 |title=More black than white South Africans leaving the country |url=https://www.news24.com/news24/Travel/more-black-than-white-south-africans-leaving-the-country-20190825 |access-date=2022-09-20 |website=News24 |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last= |first= |date=26 August 2019 |title=More skilled black professionals are leaving South Africa |url=https://businesstech.co.za/news/business/336809/more-skilled-black-professionals-are-leaving-south-africa/ |access-date=2022-09-20 |language=en-US}}</ref> ===Ngongole za boma=== {{main|South Africa national debt}} Boma la apartheid likapharazga kuti lilekenge kuwezga ngongoli za caru cinyake pakati pa vyaka vya m'ma 1980, apo likapharazga kuti kuli suzgo likuru cifukwa ca vivulupi. Apo muwuso wa apartheid ukamara mu 1994, boma liphya la demokilase likaŵa na ngongoli yikuru ya R86.7 B (US$14 B pa mtengo wa ndalama) iyo boma la apartheid likaŵa nayo. Boma ilo likaŵa na suzgo la ndalama likakhumbikwiranga kuwezga ngongoli iyi panji kuchepeskeka ngongoli ku vyaru vinyake. Paumaliro, ngongoli yikamara mu Seputembala 2001.<ref>Fin24.com, [http://www.fin24.com/Economy/Apartheid-debt-settled-20010903 Apartheid debt settled] 3 September 2001. Accessed 26 July 2015.</ref> Boma liphya ilo likaŵako pamanyuma pa muwuso wa apartheid likaŵaso na suzgo la ndalama chifukwa likakhumbikwiranga kupeleka munkhwala ku ŵanthu ŵakavu awo ŵakasuzgika na HIV/AIDS. Ku South Africa ndiko kuli ŵanthu ŵanandi chomene awo ŵali na HIV/AIDS kuluska charu chilichose pa charu chapasi. Mu 2011, ŵanthu 5,600,000 ŵakaŵa na nthenda iyi ndipo ŵanthu 270,000 ŵakafwa na HIV. Pa nyengo iyi, ŵana ŵakujumpha 2,000,000 ŵakaŵa ŵalanda cifukwa ca nthenda iyi. Mu 2011, ŵanthu 100,000 ŵakafwa na nthenda ya AIDS kuluska mu 2005.<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20150925103314/http://www.aids.org.za/hivaids-in-south-africa/ Aids Foundation of South Africa] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150925103314/http://www.aids.org.za/hivaids-in-south-africa/ |date=25 September 2015 }}. Accessed 24 September 2015.</ref> ===Labour relations=== [[File:Church on Green Market Square Marikana.JPG|thumb|Church on [[Greenmarket Square]] in Cape Town, South Africa with a banner memorialising the Marikana massacre]] Ŵalendo ŵakagwiranga nchito mu migodi ya ku South Africa, ndipo ŵakagwiranga nchito ŵanthu pafupifupi hafu ya miliyoni. Mu Ogasiti 2012, apo ŵapolisi ŵakakomanga ŵanthu 34 awo ŵakagwiranga ntchito mu migodi, ŵanandi ŵakakomeka. Ŵanthu ŵanandi, mawupu gha wupu wakulongozga, na ŵalongozgi ŵa visopa ŵakasuska ivyo vikacitika. Ŵakawona kuti suzgo likuru ndakuti ŵanthu ŵakugwira nchito mu vyaru vinyake. Makampani gha migodi gha vyaru vinandi, kusazgapo Anglo-American Corporation, Lonmin, na Anglo Platinum, ŵakasuskika kuti ŵakatondeka kumazga suzgo la apartheid.<ref>''Financial Times'',[http://www.ft.com/cms/s/0/e0b9bee0-b0e4-11e3-bbd4-00144feab7de.html#axzz3Ze1AyNHG "South African mining stuck in the past"]. Accessed 9 May 2015</ref> ===Poverty=== {{Main|Poverty in South Africa}} Mu 2014, pafupifupi 47% ya ŵanthu ŵa ku South Africa (ŵanandi ŵakaŵa ŵa fuko lakuda) ŵakakhalanga mu ukavu, ndipo ichi chikupangiska kuti charu ichi chiŵe chimoza mwa vyaru vyambura mtende chomene pa charu chose.<ref>James L. Gibson, [https://web.archive.org/web/20150822232932/https://www.foreignaffairs.com/articles/south-africa/2015-02-10/apartheid-s-long-shadow "Apartheid's Long Shadow"], ''Foreign Affairs'', March/April 2015. Accessed 27 July 2015</ref> Ŵanthu ŵanandi ŵakakondwa yayi na kusintha kwa vinthu pa umoyo wa ŵanthu, boma likaŵa lambura mahara, kweniso ŵanthu ŵakakwiya chomene. Mu 2007, ŵanthu ŵambura kukwana hafu ya awo ŵakachitanga viwawa ŵakaŵa na nkhaza, pakuyaniska na awo ŵakachitanga mu 2014, apo pafupifupi 80% ŵakachitanga nkhaza na ŵamazaza. Kuchedwa kwa kusintha kwa vinthu kukapangiska kuti paŵe mphindano mu wupu wa ANC, Communist Party na Congress of South African Trade Unions.<ref>Independent Online, [http://www.iol.co.za/news/politics/spat-within-tripartite-alliance-runs-deep-1.226909#.Vhpwluyqqko "Spat within tripartite alliance runs deep"], 14 November 2004. Accessed 12 October 2015</ref> ===Corruption=== {{Main|Corruption in South Africa}} Mu nyengo ya muwuso wa Pulezidenti Jacob Zuma, vimbundi vikakura comene mu South Africa. Mu nyengo iyi pakaŵa vigeŵenga vinandi ivyo vikachitikanga chifukwa cha vigeŵenga. Vinthu ivi vikakhwaskanga na masuzgo gha ndalama agho ghakaŵapo chifukwa cha vimbundi mu makampani ghanyake gha boma nga ni Eskom na South African Airways. Vinthu vinyake vya vimbundi ivyo vikachitika mu nyengo iyi ni VBS Mutual Bank na Bosasa.<ref name="Gevisser">{{Cite news|last=Gevisser|first=Mark|url=https://www.theguardian.com/news/2019/jul/11/state-capture-corruption-investigation-that-has-shaken-south-africa|title='State capture': the corruption investigation that has shaken South Africa|date=2019-07-11|work=The Guardian|access-date=2020-02-14|language=en-GB|issn=0261-3077}}</ref> Khoti la Zondo la Kupenjerezga likimikika pa nyengo iyo Cyril Ramaphosa wakaŵa purezidenti kuti lipenjepo pa milandu ya vimbundi. === Energy crisis === {{Main articles|South African energy crisis}} Kwambira mu 2007, ku South Africa kuli suzgo la magesi ilo lakhwaska chomene chuma cha charu ichi. Chifukwa chakwamba cha suzgo ili chikaŵa chakuti pakaŵavya vyakugwilirapo pa kupanga magesi ghaphya kweniso magesi ghakale chomene. Wupu wakupeleka magesi wa Eskom wa boma ukusuzgika na vimbundi na vinthu viheni, chomenechomene pa nyengo iyo Jacob Zuma wakaŵa pulezidenti.<ref>{{Cite web |author=Staff Writer |title=How the ANC government broke Eskom – 2008 versus 2018 |url=https://mybroadband.co.za/news/energy/288412-how-the-anc-government-broke-eskom-2008-versus-2018.html |access-date=2022-09-20 |website=myBoardband |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-05-09 |title=South Africa: How Jacob Zuma helped destroy Eskom |url=https://www.theafricareport.com/201543/south-africa-how-jacob-zuma-helped-destroy-eskom/ |access-date=2022-09-20 |website=The Africa Report.com |language=en-US}}</ref> ===Xenophobia=== {{See also|Xenophobia in South Africa}} Nyengo ya apartheid yikati yajumphapo, ŵanthu ŵanandi ŵakamba kuwukira ŵalendo awo ŵakafumanga ku vyaru vinyake na ŵanthu awo ŵakakhumbanga kupenja malo ghakubisamamo. Kafukufuku munyake uyo wakachitika mu 2006, wakalongora kuti ŵanthu ŵa ku South Africa ŵakutinkha ŵalendo chomene. Wupu wa United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees (UNHCR) ukasanga kuti kuphalizgana pa nkhani ya nchito, bizinesi, mauteŵeti gha boma, na nyumba kukapangiska kuti paŵe mphindano pakati pa ŵanthu ŵakuchimbira kwawo, awo ŵakupenja ciphokwero, ŵanthu ŵakusamukira kunyake, na ŵanthu awo ŵakukhala mu vyaru vinyake. Mu 2008, ŵanthu ŵakujumpha 207,000 ŵakapempha malo ghakuponerako ku South Africa, ndipo mu 2009, 222,300 ŵakapempha malo ghakuponerako. Ŵanthu aŵa ŵakafuma ku Zimbabwe, Burundi, Democratic Republic of Congo, Rwanda, Eritrea, Ethiopia, na Somalia.<ref>UNHCR, [http://www.unhcr.org/cgi-bin/texis/vtx/page?page=49e485aa6 2011 UNHCR country operations profile – South Africa]</ref> ===2021 civil unrest=== {{Main|2021 South African unrest}} Nkhondo za ŵanthu mu vigaŵa vya KwaZulu-Natal na Gauteng ku South Africa zikacitika mu Julayi 2021, chifukwa cha kukakika kwa President wakale Jacob Zuma chifukwa cha kuswa malango, pamanyuma pakuti wakana kupeleka ukaboni ku Zondo Commission, kafukufuku wa milandu ya vimbundi apo wakaŵa president kufuma mu 2009 mpaka 2018. Chiwonetsero chotsutsana ndi kusungidwa m'ndende chinayambitsa chipolowe chachikulu ndi kuba, zomwe zinawonjezereka chifukwa cha kuchotsedwa ntchito ndi mavuto azachuma omwe akuwonjezeka chifukwa cha mliri wa COVID-19.<ref name=cnbc20210713>{{Cite web|date=2021-07-13|title=Deaths climb to 72 in South Africa riots after Zuma jailed|url=https://www.cnbc.com/2021/07/13/deaths-climb-to-72-in-south-africa-riots-after-zuma-jailed.html|access-date=2021-07-15|website=CNBC|language=en}}</ref><ref name=aj20210714>{{Cite web|last=Bauer|first=Nickolaus|title='Little to lose': Poverty and despair fuel South Africa's unrest|url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2021/7/14/little-to-lose-poverty-and-despair-fuel-south-africas-unrest|access-date=2021-07-16|website=www.aljazeera.com|language=en}}</ref> Magazini ya [[The Economist]] yikati nkhaza izi zikaŵa ziheni comene kuluska zose izo zacitikapo mu caru ca South Africa kufuma apo muwuso wa apartheid ukamalira. Ŵapolisi na ŵasilikari ŵakaŵawovwira kuti ŵamazge vivulupi.<ref name=wapo20210712>{{cite news|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/2021/07/12/south-africa-zuma-protests/|title=South Africa deploys military as protests turn violent in wake of Jacob Zuma's jailing|first=Lesley|last=Wroughton|newspaper=Washington Post|date=12 July 2021|access-date=13 July 2021|archive-date=14 July 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210714012249/https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/2021/07/12/south-africa-zuma-protests/|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.iol.co.za/news/south-africa/gauteng/live-updates-looting-violence-continues-in-gauteng-kzn-1f4e0b9c-8c88-494e-8160-aeacff164ec1|title=LIVE UPDATES: Looting and violence in Gauteng and KZN|website=www.iol.co.za|access-date=12 July 2021|archive-date=12 July 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210712153317/https://www.iol.co.za/news/south-africa/gauteng/live-updates-looting-violence-continues-in-gauteng-kzn-1f4e0b9c-8c88-494e-8160-aeacff164ec1|url-status=live}}</ref>Kuzakafika pakati pa mwezi wa Julayi, ŵasilikari pafupifupi 25,000 ŵa South African National Defence Forces ŵakaŵa kuti ŵatumika. Pa Julayi 18, ŵanthu ŵakujumpha 3,400 ŵakakakika, ndipo pa Julayi 22, ŵanthu 337 ŵakafwa chifukwa cha vivulupi. Chiwawa cha mu Julayi 2021 chikukolerana na chiwawa cha taxi ku Cape Town na chiwawa cha Transnet ransomware icho chikapangiska kuti ŵanthu ŵayowoye kuti vinthu ivi vikukolerana. ===Post-apartheid heads of state=== Kuyana na dango ilo likaŵako pamanyuma pa apartheid, pulezidenti ndiyo ni mulara wa boma. Pulezidenti wakusankhika na wupu wa National Assembly ndipo nyengo yake yikumalira pa chisankho. Pulezidenti wangateŵetera nyengo ziŵiri. Para malo ghaŵavya, wachiŵiri wa pulezidenti ndiyo wakuteŵetera nga ni pulezidenti. {|class="wikitable" |- ! colspan=3|President ! colspan=3|Term of office ! rowspan=2|Political party |- ! # ! Portrait ! Name ! Took office ! Left office ! Duration |- ! style="background:{{party color|African National Congress}}; color:white;"|1 | [[File:Nelson Mandela.jpg|60px]] | '''[[Nelson Mandela]]'''<br /><small>(1918–2013)</small> | 10 May 1994 | 16 June 1999 | {{nowrap|5 years}}, {{nowrap|37 days}} | [[African National Congress]] |- ! style="background:{{party color|African National Congress}}; color:white;"|2 | [[File:SthAfrica.ThaboMbeki.01.jpg|60px]] | '''[[Thabo Mbeki]]'''<br /><small>(1942–)</small> | 16 June 1999 | 24 September 2008<br /><small>(resigned)</small> | {{nowrap|9 years}}, {{nowrap|100 days}} | [[African National Congress]] |- ! style="background:{{party color|African National Congress}}; color:white;"|3 | [[File:GeorgeBushKgalemaMotlanthe crop.jpg|60px]] | '''[[Kgalema Motlanthe]]'''<br /><small>(1949–)</small> | 25 September 2008 | 9 May 2009 | {{nowrap|226 days}} | [[African National Congress]] |- ! style="background:{{party color|African National Congress}}; color:white;"|4 | [[File:Jacob G. Zuma - World Economic Forum Annual Meeting Davos 2010.jpg|60px]] | '''[[Jacob Zuma]]'''<br /><small>(1942–)</small> | 9 May 2009 | 14 February 2018<br /><small>(resigned)</small> | {{nowrap|8 years}}, {{nowrap|264 days}} | [[African National Congress]] |- ! style="background:{{party color|African National Congress}}; color:white;"|5 | [[File:Cyril Ramaphosa.jpg|60px]] | '''[[Cyril Ramaphosa]]'''<br /><small>(1952–)</small> | 15 February 2018 | Present | {{Age in years and days|2018|2|15}} | [[African National Congress]] |} ==Wonaniso== *[[Freedom Day (South Africa)]] *[[History of Africa]] *[[Scramble for Africa]] *[[History of Cape Colony]] *[[History of Johannesburg]] *[[History of the Northern Cape]] *[[History of South African wine]] *[[President of South Africa|List of presidents of South Africa]] *[[List of prime ministers of South Africa]] *[[List of heads of state of South Africa]] *[[List of South Africa-related topics]] *[[Military history of South Africa]] *[[Politics of South Africa]] *[[Timeline of South Africa]] *[[Timeline of liberal parties in South Africa]] *[[Years in South Africa]] * History of cities in South Africa: ** Cape Town [[History of Cape Town|history]] and [[Timeline of Cape Town|timeline]] ** Durban [[Durban#History|history]] and [[Timeline of Durban|timeline]] ** Johannesburg [[History of Johannesburg|history]] and [[Timeline of Johannesburg|timeline]] ** Pietermaritzburg [[History of Pietermaritzburg|history]] and [[Timeline of Pietermaritzburg|timeline]] ** Port Elizabeth [[History of Port Elizabeth|history]] and [[Timeline of Port Elizabeth|timeline]] ** Pretoria [[History of Pretoria|history]] and [[Timeline of Pretoria|timeline]] ==Ukaboni== {{reflist|colwidth=30em}} == Vyakulemba vinyake == ===General=== {{Refbegin|30em}} * [[William Beinart|Beinart, William]]. ''Twentieth-Century South Africa''. [[Oxford University Press]]. 2001. * Beck, Roger S. ''History of South Africa'', Greenwood Press, Westport CT: 2000 * Blignaut, Charl. "Untold History with a Historiography: A Review of Scholarship on Afrikaner Women in South African History." ''South African Historical Journal'' 65.4 (2013): 596–617. * Bunting, Brian. ''Rise of the South African Reich'' First published by Penguin Africa Library 1964, revised 1969. * Christopher, A. J. ''The Atlas of Changing South Africa''. 2000. 216 pages. {{ISBN|0-415-21178-6}}. * Deegan, Heather. ''The Politics of the New South Africa''. 2000. 256 pages. {{ISBN|0-582-38227-0}}. * Elbourne, Elizabeth. ''Blood Ground: Colonialism, Missions, and the Contest for Christianity in the Cape Colony and Britain, 1799–1853''. McGill-Queen's University Press. December 2002. 560 pages. {{ISBN|0-7735-2229-8}}. * Hamilton, Carolyn and Bernard K. Mbenga, eds. ''The Cambridge History of South Africa: Volume 1: From Early Times to 1885'' (2009) [https://web.archive.org/web/20150709095458/http://www.langtoninfo.com/web_content/9780521517942_frontmatter.pdf excerpt] * Hetherington, Penelope. "Women in South Africa: the historiography in English." ''The International Journal of African Historical Studies'' 26#2 (1993): 241–269. * {{Cite book |author-link=:cs:Ivan Hrbek |author=Hrbek, Ivan |title=Methodology and African Prehistory |publisher=[[UNESCO]] |year=1981 |isbn=0435948075 |editor-last=J. Ki-Zerbo |series=[[General History of Africa]] |volume=1 |pages=121–124 |chapter=Written sources from the fifteenth century onwards |quote=Republic of South Africa |chapter-url=http://www.unesco.org/new/index.php?id=50851}} * Johnson, R.W. ''South Africa's Brave New World: The Beloved Country Since the End of Apartheid'' (Overlook Press; 2011) 702 pages; a history since 1994 * Joyce, Peter. ''The Making of a Nation South Africa's Road to Freedom'', Zebra Press, 2004, {{ISBN|978-1-77007-312-8}} * Le Cordeur, Basil Alexander. ''The War of the Axe, 1847: Correspondence between the governor of the Cape Colony, Sir Henry Pottinger, and the commander of the British forces at the Cape, Sir George Berkeley, and others''. Brenthurst Press. 1981. 287 pages. {{ISBN|0-909079-14-5}}. * Mabin, Alan. ''Recession and its aftermath: The Cape Colony in the eighteen eighties''. University of the Witwatersrand, African Studies Institute. 1983. 27 pages. * Meiring, Hannes. ''Early Johannesburg, Its Buildings and People'', Human & Rousseau, 1986, 143 pages, {{ISBN|0-7981-1456-8}} * Mitchell, Laura. ''Belongings: Property, Family, and Identity in Colonial South Africa: An Exploration of Frontiers, 1725-c. 1830.'' [[Columbia University Press]], 2008. [http://www.gutenberg-e.org/mitchell/ Gutenberg-e.org] * Pakenham, Thomas. ''The Boer War'', Weidenfeld and Nicolson, London 1979, {{ISBN|9780349104669}} * Rosenthal, Eric. ''Gold! Gold! Gold! The Johannesburg Gold Rush'', AD. Donker, 1970, {{ISBN|0-949937-64-9}} * Ross, Robert, and David Anderson. ''Status and Respectability in the Cape Colony, 1750–1870 : A Tragedy of Manners''. [[Cambridge University Press]]. 1999. 220 pages. {{ISBN|0-521-62122-4}}. * Ross, Robert, Anne Kelk Mager and Bill Nasson, eds. ''The Cambridge History of South Africa: Volume 2 since 1885'' (2011) [https://www.amazon.com/Cambridge-History-South-Africa/dp/0521869838/ excerpt] * Thompson, Leonard. ''A History of South Africa, Third Edition''. Yale University Press. 2001. 384 pages. {{ISBN|0-300-08776-4}}. * Tomlinson, Richard, et al. ''Emerging Johannesburg: Perspectives on the Postapartheid City''. 2003. 336 pages. {{ISBN|0-415-93559-8}}. * [[Frank Welsh (writer)|Welsh, Frank]]. ''South Africa: A Narrative History''. Kodansha America. 1 February 1999. 606 pages. {{ISBN|1-56836-258-7}}. * Worden, Nigel. ''Making of Modern South Africa: Conquest, Segregation and Apartheid''. 2000. 194 pages. {{ISBN|0-631-21661-8}}. {{Refend}} ===VOC period=== {{Refbegin|30em}} * Barend-van Haeften, Marijke; Paasman, Bert: ''De Kaap: Goede Hoop halverwege Indië. Bloemlezing van Kaapteksten uit de Compagnietijd''. (Hilversum: Verloren, 2003) * Biewenga, A.: ''De Kaap de Goede Hoop: Een Nederlandse Vestigingskolonie, 1680–1730''. (Amsterdam: Promotheus and Bert Bakker, 1999) * Botha, Colin Graham: ''The [[Huguenots in South Africa|French Refugees at the Cape]]''. (1919; reprint, Cape Town: C. Struik, 1970) * Bryer, Lynne; Theron, Francois: ''The Huguenot Heritage: The Story of the [[Huguenots in South Africa|Huguenots at the Cape]]''. (Diep River, Chameleon Press, 1987) * Coertzen, Pieter: ''Die Hugenote van Suid Afrika, 1688–1988''. (Cape Town: Tafelberg Publishers Limited, 1988) * Delmas, Adrien, 'The Role of Writing in the First Steps of the Colony: A Short Enquiry in the Journal of Jan van Riebeeck, 1652–1662', in ''Contingent Lives: Social Identity and Material Culture in the VOC World'', ed. [[Nigel Worden]] (Cape Town: Royal Netherlands Embassy, 2007) * Elphick, Richard; Giliomee, Hermann (eds.): ''The Shaping of South African Society, 1652–1840''. (Wesleyan University Press, 1989, {{ISBN|978-0819562111}}) * Fourie, J.; Boshoff, W. (2008). 'Explaining the Ship Traffic Fluctuations in the Early Cape Settlement: 1652–1793', South African Journal of Economic History, 23 (2008), pp.&nbsp;1–27. * Fourie, J.; Boshoff, W. (2010). 'The significance of the Cape trade route to economic activity in the Cape Colony: a medium-term business cycle analysis', European Review of Economic History, 14 (2010), pp.&nbsp;469–503. * Fourie, J. (2014). 'The quantitative Cape: A review of the new historiography of the Dutch Cape Colony', South African Historical Journal 66.1, 2014, pp.&nbsp;142–168. * Franken, J. L. N.: ''Die Hugenote aan die Kaap''. (Pretoria: Die Staatsdrukker, 1978) * Gerstner, Jonathan Neil: ''The Thousand Generation Covenant: Dutch Reformed Covenant Theology and Group Identity in Colonial South Africa, 1652–1814''. (Leiden: E.J. Brill, 1991) * Godée Molsbergen, E.C.: ''Reizen in Zuid-Afrika in de Hollandse tijd: eerste deel, Tochten naar het noorden, 1652–1686''. ('s-Gravenhage: Martinus Nijhoff, 1976) * Godée Molsbergen, E.C.: ''Reizen in Zuid-Afrika in de Hollandse tijd: tweede deel, Tochten naar het noorden, 1686–1806''. ('s-Gravenhage: Martinus Nijhoff, 1976) * Godée Molsbergen, E.C.: ''Jan van Riebeeck en zijn tijd. Een stuk zeventiende-eeuws Oost-Indië'' [Jan van Riebeeck and his times: A piece of seventeenth-century East Indies]. (Amsterdam: P. N. Van Kampen en Zoon, 1937) * Groenewald, Gerald: ''Een Dienstig Inwoonder: Entrepreneurs, Social Capital and Identity in Cape Town, c. 1720–1750''. South African Historical Journal, 59, 1(2007), pp.&nbsp;126–152 * Guelke, Leonard (1976). "Frontier Settlement in Early Dutch South Africa,". (''Annals of the Association of American Geographers'' 66, no. 1 (March 1976): 25–42) * Huigen, Siegfried: ''Knowledge and Colonialism: Eighteenth-Century Travellers in South Africa''. (Leiden: Brill, 2009, pp. xii + 273 pp) * Hunt, John: ''[[Dutch Cape Colony|Dutch South Africa]]: Early Settlers at the Cape, 1652–1708''. (Leicester, UK: Matador, 2005, {{ISBN|978-1904744955}}) * Johnson, David: ''Imagining the Cape Colony: History, Literature and the South African Nation''. (Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press, 2012) * Lucas, Gavin: ''An Archaeology of Colonial Identity: Power and Material Culture in the Dwars Valley, South Africa''. (New York: Springer, 2006) * Marais, J.S.: ''The Cape Coloured People, 1652–1937''. (1939; reprint, Johannesburg: Witwatersrand University Press, 1968) * Mitchell, L.J.: ''Belongings: Property and Identity in Colonial South Africa, an Exploration of Frontiers, 1725–c. 1830''. (New York: Columbia University Press, 2009, pp. xv + 232) * Newton-King, Susan: ''Masters and Servants on the Cape Eastern Frontier, 1760–1803''. (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1999) * Raven-Hart, Rowland (ed.): ''Cape Good Hope, 1652–1702: The First Fifty Years of Dutch Colonisation as Seen by Callers'' [2 vols]. (Cape Town: A.A.Balkema, 1971) * Schoeman, Karel: ''Early Slavery at the Cape of Good Hope, 1652–1717''. (Pretoria: Protea Book House, 2007) * Schoeman, Karel: ''Portrait of a Slave Society: The Cape of Good Hope, 1717–1795''. (Pretoria: Protea Boekhuis, 2012) * Shell, Robert: ''Children of Bondage: A Social History of the Slave Society at the Cape of Good Hope, 1652–1838''. (Hanover, Conn.; Wesleya University Press, 1994) * Singh, Daleep: ''From Dutch South Africa to Republic of South Africa, 1652–1994. The Story of Three and a Half Centuries of Imperialism''. (New Delhi: Allied Publishers, 2010) * [[Dan Sleigh|Sleigh, Dan]]: ''Die Buiteposte: VOC-buiteposte onder Kaapse Bestuur, 1652–1795''. (Pretoria: HAUM, 1993) * Stapleton, Timothy J.: ''A Military History of South Africa: From the [[Khoikhoi–Dutch Wars|Dutch-Khoi Wars]] to the End of Apartheid''. (Santa Barbara, CA.: Praeger, 2010) * Terreblanche, Sampie: ''A History of Inequality in South Africa, 1652–2002''. (Pietermaritzburg: University of Natal Press, 2002) * Theal, George McCall: ''History of South Africa under the Administration of the Dutch East India Company, 1652 to 1795''. Nabu Press, 2010, 474pp * Theal, George McCall: ''History of the Boers in South Africa; Or, the Wanderings and Wars of the Emigrant Farmers from Their Leaving the Cape Colony to the Acknowledgment of Their Independence by Great Britain''. (Greenwood Press, 1970, {{ISBN|0-8371-1661-9}}) * Twidle, Hedley (2013). ''Writing the Company: From VOC Daghregister to Sleigh's Eilande'', South African Historical Journal 65(1) (2013): 125–52. * [[Francois Valentijn|Valentijn, Francois]]: ''Description of the Cape of Good Hope with Matters Concerning It''. (Amsterdam, 1726). [Edited and annotated by Prof. P. Serton, Maj. B. Raven-Hart, Dr. W. J. de Kock.] * Van der Merwe, P. J. : ''The Migrant Farmer in the History of the Cape Colony, 1657–1842''. Translated from the Dutch by Roger B. Beck. (Athens, Ohio: Ohio University Press, 1995) * Van Duin, Pieter; Ross, Robert: ''The Economy of the Cape Colony in the Eighteenth Century''. (Leiden: Centre for the History of European Expansion, 1987, pp. viii + 166) * [[Jan van Riebeeck|Van Riebeeck, Jan]]: ''1652–1662, Daghregister gehouden by den oppercoopman Jan Anthonisz van Riebeeck''. In Bosman, D.B. & B. Thorn (eds). ''Daghregister Gehouden by den Oppercoopman Jan Anthonisz van Riebeeck'', 3 vols. [Treated as a sequence of eleven manuscripts]. (Cape Town: Balkema, 1952–1957) * Verstegen, M.: ''De Indische Zeeherberg, De stichting van Zuid-Afrika door de VOC''. (Zaltbommel, 2001) * Viljoen, Russel: ''Jan Paerl: A Khoikhoi in Cape Colonial Society, 1761–1851''. (Boston, MA: Brill, 2006, pp. xviii + 213) * Viljoen, Russel S. (1995). "Disease and Society: VOC Cape Town, Its People, and the Smallpox Epidemics of 1713, 1755, and 1767," Kleio 27 * Welch, Sidney: ''Portuguese and Dutch in South Africa, 1641–1806''. (Cape Town: Juta Press, 1951) * {{Cite book |author-link=Nigel Worden |last=Worden |first=Nigel |title=Slavery in Dutch South Africa |isbn=9780521258753 |date=1985 |pages=xiii, 207}} * {{Cite book |author-link1=Nigel Worden |last1=Worden |first1=Nigel |last2=van Heyningen |first2=Elizabeth |last3=Bickford-Smith |first3=Vivian |title=Cape Town: The Making of a City |isbn=9780864866561 |date=1998}} * {{Cite book |editor-link1=Nigel Worden |editor-last1=Worden |editor-first1=Nigel |editor-last2=Groenewald |editor-first2=G. |title=Trials of Slavery: Selected Documents Concerning Slaves from the Criminal Records of the Council of Justice at the Cape of Good Hope, 1705–1794 |location=Cape Town |publisher=Van Riebeeck Society for the Publication of South African Historical Documents |date=2005}} * {{Cite book |author-link=Nigel Worden |last=Worden |first=Nigel |date=2007 |title=Contingent Lives: Social Identity and Material Culture in the VOC World |isbn=9780620385091 |page=vi, 612}} * {{Cite book |author-link=Nigel Worden |last=Worden |first=Nigel |date=2007 |title=VOC Cape Town as an Indian Ocean Port |editor-first1=Himanshu Prabha |editor-last1=Ray |editor-first2=Edward A. |editor-last2=Alpers |work=Cross Currents and Community Networks: The History of the Indian Ocean World |isbn=9780195677058 |pages=142–162}} * {{Cite journal |author-link=Nigel Worden |last=Worden |first=Nigel |date=2007 |title=New Approaches to VOC History in South Africa |journal=[[South African Historical Journal]] |volume=59 |issue=1 |pages=3–18|doi=10.1080/02582470709464770 |s2cid=145747452 }} * {{Cite journal |author-link=Nigel Worden |last=Worden |first=Nigel |date=2010 |title=After Race and Class: Recent Trends in the Historiography of Early Colonial Cape Society |journal=[[South African Historical Journal]] |volume=62|issue=3 |pages=589–602 |doi=10.1080/02582473.2010.519904 |hdl=11427/28195 |s2cid=161070564 |hdl-access=free }} * {{Cite book |editor-link=Nigel Worden |editor-last=Worden |editor-first=Nigel |date=2012 |title=Cape Town between East and West: Social Identities in a Dutch Colonial Town |isbn=9781431402922 |page=xxii, 264}} * {{Cite journal |author-link=Nigel Worden |last=Worden |first=Nigel |date=2014 |title=Cape Slaves in the Paper Empire of the VOC |journal=Kronos |volume=40 |issue=1 |pages=23–44}} * {{Cite journal |author-link=Nigel Worden |last=Worden |first=Nigel |date=2016 |title=Indian Ocean Slaves in Cape Town, 1695–1807 |journal=[[Journal of Southern African Studies]] |volume=42 |issue=3 |pages=389–408|doi=10.1080/03057070.2016.1171554 |s2cid=147980814 }} {{Refend}} == Vigaŵa vya kuwalo == * [http://www.saha.org.za/collections.htm South African History Archive] * [https://web.archive.org/web/20160303200534/http://cdm164001.cdmhost.com/krogh/item_viewer.php?CISOROOT=%2Fp164001coll21&CISOPTR=224&CISOBOX=1&REC=3 Democratic Development in South Africa] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160303200534/http://cdm164001.cdmhost.com/krogh/item_viewer.php?CISOROOT=%2Fp164001coll21&CISOPTR=224&CISOBOX=1&REC=3 |date=3 March 2016 }} from the [https://web.archive.org/web/20120112062354/http://cdm164001.cdmhost.com/krogh/ Dean Peter Krogh Foreign Affairs Digital Archives] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120112062354/http://cdm164001.cdmhost.com/krogh/ |date=12 January 2012 }} * [http://www.sahistory.org.za South African History Online] * [https://web.archive.org/web/20160407183735/http://mediaclub.co.za/culture/35-culture/culture-bg/104-history The History of South Africa] Brand South Africa. Accessed 24 November 2017. * [http://www.gov.za South Africa Government Online]. Accessed 20 February 2005. * [https://web.archive.org/web/20070621043856/http://www.villagelife.co.za/NewFiles/15_hromnik.pdf Dr Cyril Hromník on research into ancient history of Africa] – an article written by Maré Mouton. * [https://web.archive.org/web/20050414045450/http://www.afrikanerbond.org.za/Dokideal.pdf ''Bearer of an Ideal''] – a public-release document of the Afrikanerbond (formerly ''Afrikaner Broederbond''): think-tank which influenced policies of separate development in South Africa * [http://www.unhchr.ch/html/menu3/b/11.htm Full text of the UN convention] * [https://www.npr.org/news/specials/mandela/ South Africa, 10 years later] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181130112958/https://www.npr.org/news/specials/mandela/ |date=30 November 2018 }} from US [[National Public Radio]] * {{cite web |work=LibGuides |title= History: Useful links |url=http://libguides.ukzn.ac.za/content.php?pid=470272&sid=3850521 |publisher=[[University of KwaZulu-Natal]] Libraries }} * {{cite web |url=http://www.archivalplatform.org/registry/ |title=Registry |work=[[Archivalplatform.org]] |location=Rondebosch |access-date=5 October 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171005151526/http://www.archivalplatform.org/registry/ |archive-date=5 October 2017 }} (Directory of South African archival and memory institutions and organisations) {{Navboxes |list = {{South Africa topics}} {{Political history of South Africa}} {{South Africa year nav}} {{History of Africa}} }} {{DEFAULTSORT:History Of South Africa}} [[Category:History of South Africa| ]] [[Category:Articles containing video clips]] pudiis5vum07xgttinlgajb6re5swda 0 40319 112851 111994 2025-07-05T01:49:47Z CommonsDelinker 72 Removing [[:c:File:ApartheidSignEnglishAfrikaans.jpg|ApartheidSignEnglishAfrikaans.jpg]], it has been deleted from Commons by [[:c:User:Abzeronow|Abzeronow]] because: per [[:c:Commons:Deletion requests/File:ApartheidSignEnglishAfrikaans.jpg|]]. 112851 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Short description|Country in Southern Africa}} {{About|charu|the geographical area|Kummwera kwa Afilika|ntchito zinyake}} {{Pp-vandalism|small=yes}} {{Pp-move|small=yes}} {{Use South African English|date=April 2021}} {{Use dmy dates|date=March 2022}} {{Infobox country | conventional_long_name = Charu cha South Africa | common_name = South Africa | native_name = {{collapsible list | titlestyle = background:transparent;text-align:center;line-height:normal;font-size:86%; | title = 10 other official names<ref name="constitution">{{cite book|url=https://www.concourt.org.za/images/phocadownload/the_text/english-2013.pdf|title=The Constitution of the Republic of South Africa|publisher=Constitutional Court of South Africa|year=2013|edition=2013 English version|access-date=17 April 2020|archive-date=23 August 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180823174423/https://www.concourt.org.za/images/phocadownload/the_text/english-2013.pdf|url-status=live}}</ref> | {{Infobox | subbox=yes | bodystyle=font-size:77%;font-weight:normal; | rowclass1 = mergedrow | label1 = [[Zulu language|Zulu]]: | data1 = {{lang|zu|iRiphabhuliki yaseNingizimu Afrika}} | rowclass2 = mergedrow | label2 = [[Xhosa language|Xhosa]]: | data2 = {{lang|ss|iRiphabhlikhi yoMzantsi Afrika}} | rowclass3 = mergedrow | label3 = [[Afrikaans]]: | data3 = {{lang|af|Republiek van Suid-Afrika}} | rowclass4 = mergedrow | label4 = [[Northern Sotho language|Pedi]]: | data4 = {{lang|nso|Repabliki ya Afrika-Borwa}} | rowclass5 = mergedrow | label5 = [[Sotho language|Southern&nbsp;Sotho]]: | data5 = {{lang|st|Rephaboliki ya Afrika Borwa}} | rowclass6 = mergedrow | label6 = [[Tswana language|Tswana]]: | data6 = {{lang|tn|Rephaboliki ya Aforika Borwa}} | rowclass7 = mergedrow | label7 = [[Tsonga language|Tsonga]]: | data7 = {{lang|ts|Riphabliki ya Afrika Dzonga}} | rowclass8 = mergedrow | label8 = [[Swazi language|Swati]]: | data8 = {{lang|sw|iRiphabhulikhi yaseNingizimu-Afrika}} | rowclass9 = mergedrow | label9 = [[Venda language|Venda]]: | data9 = {{lang|ve|Riphabuḽiki ya Afurika Tshipembe}} | rowclass10 = mergedrow | label10 = [[Southern Ndebele language|Southern Ndebele]]: | data10 = {{lang|nr|iRiphabliki yeSewula Afrika}} }} }} | image_flag = Flag of South Africa.svg | alt_flag = | flag2_border = | image_coat = Coat of arms of South Africa.svg | coa_size = 75 | alt_coat = | symbol_type = Coat of arms | national_motto = "{{lang|xam|ǃke e: ǀxarra ǁke}}"&nbsp;([[ǀXam language|ǀXam]])<br />"[[Unity in diversity]]" | national_anthem = "[[National anthem of South Africa]]" <div style="padding-top:0.5em;" class="center">[[File:South Africa National Anthem.ogg]]</div> | image_map = {{Switcher|[[File:ZAF orthographic.svg|frameless]]|Show globe| [[File:South Africa adm location map.svg|frameless]]|Show map of South Africa|default=1}} | map_caption = | image_map2 = | capital = {{unbulleted list|[[Pretoria]] (executive)<ref name="South Africa at a glance">{{cite web|title=South Africa at a glance {{!}} South African Government|url=https://www.gov.za/about-sa/south-africa-glance|website=www.gov.za|access-date=18 June 2020|archive-date=26 May 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200526163527/https://www.gov.za/about-sa/south-africa-glance|url-status=live }}</ref>|[[Cape Town]] (legislative)<ref name="South Africa at a glance" />|[[Bloemfontein]] (judicial)<ref name="South Africa at a glance" />}} | largest_city = {{nowrap|[[Johannesburg]]<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.citypopulation.de/World.html|title=Principal Agglomerations of the World|publisher=Citypopulation.de|access-date=30 October 2011|archive-date=25 December 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181225073559/http://www.citypopulation.de/World.html|url-status=live }}</ref><!--end nowrap:-->}} | population_estimate = 60,604,992 (2022 est.)<ref name="statssa_2022">{{cite web |title=Mid-year population estimates 2022 |url=https://www.statssa.gov.za/publications/P0302/P03022022.pdf |website=stats sa |access-date=8 September 2022}}</ref> | population_census = 51,770,560<ref name=cib11/>{{rp|18}} | population_estimate_year = 2022 | population_estimate_rank = 24th | population_census_year = 2011 | population_density_km2 = 42.4 | population_density_sq_mi = | population_density_rank = 169th | ethnic_groups_year = 2019<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.statssa.gov.za/publications/P0302/P03022019.pdf|title=Mid-year population estimates|date=29 July 2019|publisher=Statistics South Africa|access-date=29 July 2019|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190729223342/http://www.statssa.gov.za/publications/P0302/P03022019.pdf|archive-date=29 July 2019}}</ref> | official_languages = '''[[Languages of South Africa|11 languages]]'''<ref name="constitution" /> {{plainlist| * [[Zulu language|Zulu]] * [[Xhosa language|Xhosa]] * [[Afrikaans]] * [[South African English|English]] * [[Northern Sotho language|Sepedi]] * [[Swazi language|Swazi]] * [[Sotho language|Sesotho]] * [[Tswana language|Setswana]] * [[Tsonga language|Xitsonga]] * [[Venda language|Tshivenda]] * [[Southern Ndebele language|Ndebele]] }} {{collapsible list | titlestyle = background:transparent;text-align:left;padding-left:0.5em;font-size:100%;<!--size of [show]/[hide] link--> | liststyle = text-align:left;white-space:nowrap; | title=Languages with special status<ref name="constitution.1.6">{{cite book|url=https://www.concourt.org.za/images/phocadownload/the_text/english-2013.pdf|title=The Constitution of the Republic of South Africa|publisher=Constitutional Court of South Africa|year=2013|edition=2013 English version|at=ch.&nbsp;1, s.&nbsp;6|access-date=17 April 2020|archive-date=23 August 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180823174423/https://www.concourt.org.za/images/phocadownload/the_text/english-2013.pdf|url-status=live}}</ref>|[[Khoe languages]]| [[Khoekhoe language|Nama]]|[[Khoisan languages]]|[[South African Sign Language]]|[[German language|German]]|[[Greek language|Greek]]|[[Gujarati language|Gujarati]]|[[Hindi]]|[[Portuguese language|Portuguese]]|[[Telugu language|Telugu]]|[[Tamil language|Tamil]]|[[Urdu]]|[[Arabic]]|[[Hebrew language|Hebrew]]|[[Sanskrit]] }} | regional_languages = | languages2_type = | languages2 = | ethnic_groups = {{unbulleted list | {{nowrap|80.7% [[Bantu peoples of South Africa|Black]]}} | 8.8% [[Coloureds|Coloured]] | 7.9% [[White South Africans|White]] | 2.6% [[Asian (South Africa)|Asian]] }} | religion = {{ublist|item_style=white-space:nowrap; |{{Tree list}} * 78.0% [[Christianity in South Africa|Christianity]] ** 58.3% [[Protestantism in South Africa|Protestantism]] ** 19.7% Other [[List of Christian denominations|Christian]] {{Tree list/end}} |10.9% [[Irreligion in South Africa|No religion]] |4.4% [[Traditional African religions|Traditional faiths]] |1.6% [[Islam in South Africa|Islam]] |1.0% [[Hinduism in South Africa|Hinduism]] |2.7% Others |1.4% Undetermined}} | religion_year = 2016 | religion_ref = <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.datafirst.uct.ac.za/dataportal/index.php/catalog/611|title=South Africa – Community Survey 2016|website=www.datafirst.uct.ac.za|access-date=25 November 2018|archive-date=25 November 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181125204526/https://www.datafirst.uct.ac.za/dataportal/index.php/catalog/611|url-status=live}}</ref> | demonym = [[Demographics of South Africa|South African]] | government_type = [[Unitary state|Unitary]] [[Dominant-party system|dominant-party]] [[List of countries by system of government#Parliamentary republics with an executive presidency|parliamentary republic with an executive presidency]] | leader_title1 = [[President of South Africa|President]] | leader_name1 = [[Cyril Ramaphosa]] | leader_title2 = [[Deputy President of South Africa|Deputy President]] | leader_name2 = [[Paul Mashatile]] | leader_title3 = [[National Council of Provinces|Chairperson of the National Council]] | leader_name3 = [[Amos Masondo]] | leader_title4 = [[Speaker of the National Assembly of South Africa|Speaker of the National Assembly]] | leader_name4 = [[Nosiviwe Mapisa-Nqakula]] | leader_title5 = [[Chief Justice of South Africa|Chief Justice]] | leader_name5 = [[Ray Zondo|Raymond Zondo]] | legislature = [[Parliament of South Africa|Parliament]] | upper_house = [[National Council of Provinces|National Council]] | lower_house = [[National Assembly of South Africa|National Assembly]] | sovereignty_type = Independence | sovereignty_note = {{nowrap|from the [[United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland|United Kingdom]]}} | established_event1 = [[Union of South Africa|Union]] | established_date1 = 31 May 1910 | established_event2 = [[Statute of Westminster 1931|Statute of Westminster]] | established_date2 = 11 December 1931 | established_event3 = [[1960 South African republic referendum|Republic]] | established_date3 = 31 May 1961 | established_event4 = [[1994 South African general election|Democratisation]] | established_date4 = 27 April 1994 | area_km2 = 1,221,037 | area_footnote = | area_rank = 24th | area_sq_mi = 471,443 | percent_water = 0.380 | GDP_PPP = {{increase}} $990 billion<ref name="IMFSA">{{cite web|url= https://www.imf.org/en/Publications/WEO/weo-database/2023/April/weo-report?c=199,&s=NGDP_R,NGDP_RPCH,NGDP,NGDPD,PPPGDP,NGDP_D,NGDPRPC,NGDPRPPPPC,NGDPPC,NGDPDPC,PPPPC,PPPSH,PPPEX,NID_NGDP,NGSD_NGDP,PCPI,PCPIPCH,PCPIE,PCPIEPCH,TM_RPCH,TMG_RPCH,TX_RPCH,TXG_RPCH,LUR,LP,GGR,GGR_NGDP,GGX,GGX_NGDP,GGXCNL,GGXCNL_NGDP,GGSB,GGSB_NPGDP,GGXONLB,GGXONLB_NGDP,GGXWDN,GGXWDN_NGDP,GGXWDG,GGXWDG_NGDP,NGDP_FY,BCA,BCA_NGDPD,&sy=2021&ey=2023&ssm=0&scsm=1&scc=0&ssd=1&ssc=0&sic=0&sort=country&ds=.&br=1 |title=World Economic Outlook Database, April 2023|date=7 April 2023|website=IMF.org|publisher=[[International Monetary Fund]]|access-date= April 23, 2023}}</ref> | GDP_PPP_year = 2023 | GDP_PPP_rank = 33rd | GDP_PPP_per_capita = {{increase}} $16,090<ref name="IMFSA"/> | GDP_PPP_per_capita_rank = 97th | GDP_nominal = {{decrease}} $400 billion<ref name="IMFSA"/> | GDP_nominal_year = 2023 | GDP_nominal_rank = 39th | GDP_nominal_per_capita = {{decrease}} $6,485<ref name="IMFSA"/> | GDP_nominal_per_capita_rank = 96th | Gini = 63.0 <!--number only--> | Gini_year = 2014 | Gini_change = decrease <!--increase/decrease/steady--> | Gini_ref = <ref name="wb-gini">{{cite web|url=https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/SI.POV.GINI?locations=ZA|title=Gini Index|publisher=World Bank|access-date=25 September 2018|archive-date=29 May 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200529083011/https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/SI.POV.GINI?locations=ZA|url-status=live }}</ref> | Gini_rank = <!-- 2nd --><!-- hid rank as source not clear --> | HDI = 0.713 <!--number only--> | HDI_year = 2021<!--Please use the year to which the data refers, not the publication year.--> | HDI_change = increase <!--increase/decrease/steady--> | HDI_ref = <ref name="HDI">{{cite web|url=https://hdr.undp.org/system/files/documents/global-report-document/hdr2021-22pdf_1.pdf|title=Human Development Report 2021/2022|language=en|publisher=[[United Nations Development Programme]]|date=8 September 2022|access-date=8 September 2022}}</ref> | HDI_rank = 109th | currency = [[South African rand]] | currency_code = ZAR | time_zone = [[South African Standard Time|SAST]] | utc_offset = +2 | utc_offset_DST = | DST_note = | time_zone_DST = | antipodes = | date_format = Short formats: * yyyy/mm/dd<ref>{{Cite web|title=Data Source Comparison for en-ZA|url=https://www.localeplanet.com/compare/en-ZA/index.html|access-date=5 May 2021|website=www.localeplanet.com|archive-date=16 August 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210816213516/https://www.localeplanet.com/compare/en-ZA/index.html|url-status=live}}</ref> * yyyy-mm-dd<ref>{{Cite web|title=Data Source Comparison for af-ZA|url=https://www.localeplanet.com/compare/af-ZA/index.html|access-date=5 May 2021|website=www.localeplanet.com|archive-date=5 May 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210505092248/https://www.localeplanet.com/compare/af-ZA/index.html|url-status=live}}</ref> | drives_on = left | calling_code = [[Telephone numbers in South Africa|+27]] | iso3166code = ZA | cctld = [[.za]] | today = }} '''South Africa''', icho ni '''Charu cha South Africa''', ntcharu icho chili kumwera kwa [[Africa]]. Charu ichi chili na mtunda wa makilomita 2,798 (1,739 mi) ndipo chili mumphepete mwa [[nyanja ya South Atlantic]] na [[Indian Ocean]];<ref name=":2">{{cite web|url=http://www.samsa.org.za/|title=South African Maritime Safety Authority|publisher=South African Maritime Safety Authority|access-date=16 June 2008|archive-date=29 December 2008|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081229120804/http://www.samsa.org.za/|url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/fields/2060.html|website=The World Factbook|title=Coastline|publisher=CIA|access-date=16 June 2008|archive-date=16 July 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170716042040/https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/fields/2060.html|url-status=dead }}</ref><ref name=safacts>{{cite web|url=http://www.southafrica.info/about/facts.htm|title=South Africa Fast Facts|publisher=SouthAfrica.info|date=April 2007|access-date=14 June 2008|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080719213531/http://www.southafrica.info/about/facts.htm|archive-date=19 July 2008}}</ref> kumpoto kuli vyaru vya [[Namibia]], [[Botswana]], na [[Zimbabwe]], ndipo kumafumiro gha dazi na kumpoto kwa kumafumiro gha dazi kuli [[Mozambique]] na [[Eswatini]]. Kweniso charu cha [[Lesotho]] chili mukati mwake.<ref>{{cite web|author=[[Guy Arnold]]|url=http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-9113829/LESOTHO|title=Lesotho: Year In Review 1996&nbsp;– Britannica Online Encyclopedia|website=Encyclopædia Britannica|access-date=30 October 2011|archive-date=15 June 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130615085933/http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/337131/Lesotho-Year-In-Review-1996|url-status=live }}</ref> Ni caru ca kumwera comene pa caru ca Cikale, ndipo nchigaŵa caciŵiri ico cili na ŵanthu ŵanandi comene kumwera kwa equator. Charu cha South Africa chili na vyakumera na vinyama vinandi. Mu charu ichi muli ŵanthu ŵakujumpha 60 miliyoni. Msumba wa [[Pretoria]] ndiwo ni msumba ukuru wa [[boma]], ndipo msumba wa [[Cape Town]] ndiwo ni msumba ukuru wa boma. Malo gha [[Bloemfontein]] ghakumanyikwa kuti ni msumba ukuru wa vyeruzgo.<ref name="Marais Twala 2020 pp. 49–62">{{cite journal | last1=Marais | first1=Lochner | last2=Twala | first2=Chitja | title=Bloemfontein: the rise and fall of South Africa's judicial capital | journal=African Geographical Review | publisher=Informa UK Limited | volume=40 | issue=1 | date=2020-05-07 | issn=1937-6812 | doi=10.1080/19376812.2020.1760901 | pages=49–62| s2cid=218929562 }}</ref> Msumba ukuru comene uwo uli na khoti likuru comene ni [[Johannesburg]]. Pafupifupi 80% ya ŵanthu ŵa mu South Africa mbanthu ŵa mitundu yinyake.<ref name="safacts" />Ŵanthu awo ŵakukhala mu vigaŵa ivi mba ku [[Europe]] (Ŵazungu ŵa ku South Africa), ku [[Asia]] ([[Ŵahindi]] ŵa ku South Africa na Ŵachinayi ŵa ku South Africa), kweniso ŵa mitundu yinandi (Ŵanthu ŵa mu South Africa). Ku South Africa kuli ŵanthu ŵa mitundu yakupambanapambana ndipo ŵali na mitheto, viyowoyero, na visopa vyakupambanapambana. Ndimo viliriso na viyowoyero vinyake vinandi ivyo vikuyowoyeka mu charu ichi. Kuyana na kalembera wa 2011, viyowoyero viŵiri ivyo ŵanthu ŵanandi ŵakuyowoya ni [[Chizulu]] (22.7%) na [[Chixhosa]] (16.0%). Viyowoyero viŵiri vyakulondezgapo ni vya ku [[Europe]]: [[Cifurikansi]] (13.5%) cikafuma ku [[Ciholandi]] ndipo nchakwamba ku ŵanthu ŵanandi ŵa mu South Africa; Cingelezi (9.6%) cikulongora kuti ŵanthu ŵa ku [[Britain]] ndiwo ŵakamba kulamulira caru. Charu ichi nchimoza mwa vyaru vichoko waka mu Africa ivyo vindachitepo viwawa, ndipo kwa vyaka pafupifupi 100, ŵanthu ŵakuluta ku mavoti. Ndipouli, ŵanthu ŵanandi ŵa mitundu yinyake mu South Africa ŵakapika wanangwa uwu mu 1994. Mu vyaka vya m'ma 1900, ŵanthu ŵanandi ŵa mitundu yinyake ŵakakhumbanga kuti ŵaŵe na wanangwa ukuru kuluska ŵa mitundu yinyake. Mu 1948, [[chipani cha National Party]] chikamba kusankhana mitundu. Pamanyuma pa kulimbana kwa nyengo yitali na nkhaza kwa [[African National Congress]] na ŵanthu ŵanyake awo ŵakalimbananga na apartheid mu caru na kuwaro kwa caru, malango ghakupambaniska ŵanthu ghakamba kufiskika pakati pa ma 1980. Kwambira mu 1994, mafuko ghose na viyowoyero vyose vili na ŵimiliri mu vyaru ivyo vili na demokilase. Kanandi ŵanthu ŵakuchema charu cha South Africa kuti "charu cha chiŵingavula" chifukwa cha mitheto yakupambanapambana ya ŵanthu ŵa mu charu ichi, chomenechomene mu nyengo ya [[apartheid]].<ref>{{cite news|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/africa/7512700.stm|title=Rainbow Nation – dream or reality?|access-date=10 August 2013|work=BBC News|date=18 July 2008|archive-date=8 September 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130908141212/http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/africa/7512700.stm|url-status=live }}</ref> Charu cha South Africa chili na mazaza pa nkhani za caru cose. Ni caru ico cikucita makora yayi, ndipo cili pa nambara 109 pa ndandanda ya ŵanthu awo ŵakukura. [[Banki ya Caru Cos]]<nowiki/>e yikati ni caru ciphya ico cikucita vyamalonda, ndipo nchigaŵa caciŵiri pa vyaru vyose vya mu Africa ico cili na cuma cikuru comene ndiposo cacitatu pa vyaru vyose vya mu Africa. Charu cha South Africa chili na malo ghanandi agho ghali kulembeka na [[UNESCO]] kuti ni malo ghakukondweska ŵanthu pa charu chose. Kufuma waka apo nkhaza zacigaŵa zikamalira, boma laŵikapo mtima comene pa vinthu vyawo kweniso umoyo wa ŵanthu waŵa uwemi comene. Ndipouli, uphuvya, ukavu na kuleka kuyana vinthu vikulutilira, ndipo ŵanthu pafupifupi 40% ŵalije nchito mu 2021, apo ŵanthu pafupifupi 60% ŵakukhala pasi pa ukavu ndipo cigaŵa cacinayi ca ŵanthu ŵakukhala pasi pa $2.15 pa zuŵa.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/SI.POV.NAHC?locations=ZA|title=Poverty headcount ratio at national poverty lines (% of population) - South Africa|work=[[World Bank]]|access-date=19 September 2022}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/SI.POV.DDAY?locations=ZA|title=Poverty headcount ratio at $2.15 a day (2017 PPP) (% of population) - South Africa|work=[[World Bank]]|access-date=19 September 2022}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://databankfiles.worldbank.org/public/ddpext_download/poverty/33EF03BB-9722-4AE2-ABC7-AA2972D68AFE/Global_POVEQ_ZAF.pdf|title="World Bank" : South Africa|accessdate=7 April 2023}}</ref> == Zina == {{See also|Mazina gha charu cha South Africa}} Zina lakuti "South Africa" lili kufuma ku malo agho charu ichi chili kumwera kwa Africa. Pakwamba, charu ichi chikachemekanga kuti Union of South Africa mu Chingelezi na Unie van Zuid-Afrika mu [[Chidachi]]. Kwamba mu 1961, zina lakwamba mu [[Chingelezi]] ni "Republic of South Africa" na Republiek van Suid-Afrika mu chiAfrikaans. Kwambira mu 1994, charu ichi chili na zina mu viyowoyero 11. Mzansi, kufuma ku lizgu la [[Xhosa]] [[uMzantsi]] ilo likung'anamura "[[kumwera]]", ni zina la South Africa, apo maboma ghanyake gha [[Pan-Africanist]] ghakutemwa lizgu lakuti "[[Azania]]".<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.voanews.com/content/south-african-party-says-call-it-azania/1855679.html|title=South African Party Says Call Their Country 'Azania'|last=Taylor|first=Darren|newspaper=VOA|access-date=18 February 2017|language=en|archive-date=24 June 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160624200956/http://www.voanews.com/content/south-african-party-says-call-it-azania/1855679.html|url-status=live}}</ref> == Mbili == {{Main|Mbili ya South Africa}} === Kufukura vinthu vyakale === [[File:Maropeng_visitor_centre,_Cradle_of_Humankind,_South_Africa.jpg|thumb|left|Malo gha ku Maropeng uko ŵanthu ŵakambira]] Ku South Africa kuli malo ghanyake ghakale comene pa caru capasi agho ŵanthu ŵakusangako visomba.<ref>{{cite book|last= Wymer|first= John|author2= Singer, R|year= 1982|title= The Middle Stone Age at Klasies River Mouth in South Africa|location= Chicago|publisher= University of Chicago Press|isbn= 978-0-226-76103-9}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title= Guide to Klasies River|page= 11|year= 2001|url= http://academic.sun.ac.za/archaeology/KRguide2001.PDF|author= Deacon, HJ|publisher= Stellenbosch University|access-date= 5 September 2009|archive-date= 21 February 2011|archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20110221195519/http://academic.sun.ac.za/archaeology/KRguide2001.PDF|url-status= live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://whc.unesco.org/en/list/915/|title=Fossil Hominid Sites of South Africa|website=UNESCO World Heritage Centre|access-date=26 December 2019|archive-date=4 December 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191204231517/https://whc.unesco.org/en/list/915|url-status=live}}</ref> Ŵakufukura vinthu vyakale ŵali kusanga viswaswa vinandi mu mphanji zinandi mu chigaŵa cha Gauteng. Malo agha ghali kulembeka pa [[UNESCO]] World Heritage Site, ndipo ŵanthu ŵakuti ni "malo agho ŵanthu ŵakakhalanga". Vinthu ivi ni Sterkfontein, malo agho ghali na visomba vinandi chomene vya ŵanthu, kweniso Swartkrans, [[Gondolin Cave]], [[Kromdraai, Limpopo|Kromdraai]], [[Cooper's Cave]], na [[Malapa]]. Mu 1924, Raymond Dart wakamanya kuti munthu wakwamba uyo ŵakamusanga ku Africa ni mwana wa Taung (uyo ŵakamusanga kufupi na [[Taung, Limpopo|Taung]]). Viwangwa vinyake vya ŵanthu vikusangika ku [[Makapansgat]] mu chigaŵa cha [[Limpopo]]; Cornelia na Florisbad mu chigaŵa cha Free State; [[Border Cave]] mu chigaŵa cha KwaZulu-Natal; [[Klasies River Caves]] mu chigaŵa cha [[Eastern Cape]]; na [[Pinnacle Point]], [[Elandsfontein]] na Die Kelders Cave mu chigaŵa cha Western Cape. Vinthu ivi vikulongora kuti ŵanthu ŵa mitundu yakupambanapambana ŵakaŵako mu South Africa vyaka pafupifupi 3 miliyoni ivyo vyajumpha, kwambira na Australopithecus africanus, na Australopithecus sediba, Homo ergaster, [[Homo erectus]], [[Homo rhodesiensis]], Homo helmei, Homo naledi na ŵanthu ŵa mazuŵa ghano (Homo sapiens). Ŵanthu ŵa mazuŵa ghano ŵakhala mu vyaru vya kumwera kwa Africa kwa vyaka 170,000. Ŵasayansi ŵanyake ŵali kusanga vinthu vyakuzengera mu dambo la Mlonga wa Vaal.<ref name=Langer>{{cite book| title = An Encyclopedia of World History| editor-last = Langer| editor-first = William L.| edition = 5th| publisher = Houghton Mifflin Company| location = Boston| year = 1972| isbn = 978-0-395-13592-1| page = [https://archive.org/details/encyclopediaworl00will/page/9 9]| url = https://archive.org/details/encyclopediaworl00will/page/9 }}</ref><ref> {{cite book | last1 = Leakey | first1 = Louis Seymour Bazett | author-link1 = Louis Seymour Bazett Leakey | chapter = Stone Age cultures of South Africa | title = Stone age Africa: an outline of prehistory in Africa | chapter-url = https://books.google.com/books?id=FsEiAAAAMAAJ | edition = reprint | publisher = Negro Universities Press | publication-date = 1936 | page = 79 | access-date = 21 February 2018 | quote = In 1929, during a brief visit to the Transvaal, I myself found a number of pebble tools in some of the terrace gravels of the Vaal River, and similar finds have been recorded by Wayland, who visited South Africa, and by van Riet Lowe and other South African prehistorians. | year = 1936 | isbn = 9780837120225 }} </ref> === Kukula kwa mtundu wa Bantu === {{Main|Bantu expansion}} [[File:MapungubweHill.jpg|thumb|Phiri la Mapungubwe, ilo likaŵa likuru la ufumu wa Mapungubwe]] Ŵanthu awo ŵakayowoyanga chiyowoyero cha Bantu ŵakakhalanga kumwera kwa mlonga wa Limpopo (uno ni mphaka ya kumpoto na Botswana na Zimbabwe) m'ma 400 panji 500 C.E. Ŵanthu aŵa ŵakachimbizga, kuwukira, na kupoka ŵanthu ŵa Khoisan, Khoikhoi, na San. Ŵanthu ŵa mtundu wa Bantu ŵakasamira kumwera. Ŵanthu ŵanyake ŵakuti visimi vyakwambilira vya visulo mu chigaŵa cha KwaZulu-Natal vikaŵako mu 1050. Gulu la ŵanthu ŵakumwera chomene ŵakaŵa ŵa mtundu wa Xhosa. Ŵanthu ŵa mtundu wa Xhosa ŵakafika ku Great Fish River, mu chigaŵa icho sono chikuchemeka [[Eastern Cape Province]]. Apo ŵanthu aŵa ŵakasamukiranga ku vyaru vinyake, ŵanthu ŵanandi ŵa mu nyengo ya Iron Age ŵakamba kusama. Mu chigaŵa cha Mpumalanga, ŵanthu ŵali kusanga mizere yinandi ya malibwe pamoza na malibwe ghanyake agho ŵakaghapanga na zina lakuti Kalendala ya Adamu..<ref>{{Cite web|last=Alfred|first=Luke|title=The Bakoni: From prosperity to extinction in a generation|url=https://www.news24.com/citypress/news/the-bakoni-from-prosperity-to-extinction-in-a-generation-20180703|access-date=13 September 2020|website=Citypress|archive-date=20 October 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201020040304/https://www.news24.com/citypress/news/the-bakoni-from-prosperity-to-extinction-in-a-generation-20180703|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Adam's Calendar in Waterval Boven, Mpumalanga|url=https://www.sa-venues.com/things-to-do/mpumalanga/adams-calendar/|access-date=13 September 2020|website=www.sa-venues.com|archive-date=17 December 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201217065507/https://www.sa-venues.com/things-to-do/mpumalanga/adams-calendar/|url-status=live}}</ref> === Kufufuza kwa ku Portugal === {{see also|Portuguese discoveries}} [[File:F. Benda-The planting of cross by Bartholomew Dias in 1488-0681 (cropped).jpg|thumb|Munthu wa ku Portugal, Bartolomeu Dias, wakukwera mphinjika ku Cape Point wati waŵa wakwamba kuzingilira Cape of Good Hope.]] Mu 1487, munthu munyake wa ku Portugal, zina lake [[Bartolomeu Dias]], ndiyo wakaŵa wakwamba kufika ku Africa.<ref name="domville-25">{{cite book|last=Domville-Fife|first=C.W.|title=The encyclopedia of the British Empire the first encyclopedic record of the greatest empire in the history of the world ed|year=1900|publisher=Rankin|location=London|page=25|url=https://archive.org/stream/encyclopediaofbr01domvuoft#page/24/mode/2up}}</ref>Pa Disembala 4, wakakhira pa nyanja ya Walfisch Bay (iyo sono ni Walvis Bay mu Namibia). Malo agha ghakaŵa kumwera kwa malo ghakutali comene agho wakadangirapo, Diogo Cão wa ku Portugal, wakafikako mu 1485. Dias wakalutilira kwenda mumphepete mwa nyanja kumanjiliro gha dazi kwa Africa. Pamanyuma pa Janyuwale 8, 1488, wakaleka kwenda mumphepete mwa nyanja chifukwa cha chimphepo, ndipo wakafuma mu nyanja na kujumpha ku Africa. Mu Meyi 1488, wakafika pa mtunda utali comene uwo ukaŵa kumafumiro gha dazi kwa Africa, m'paka ku Rio do Infante. Wakati wawerako wakawona congo ico wakacicema kuti Cabo das Tormentas. Themba John II likathya malo agha kuti Cabo da Boa Esperança, panji Cape of Good Hope, cifukwa ghakaŵa na vinthu vinandi vya ku East Indies.<ref>{{cite book|last1=Mackenzie|first1=W. Douglas|last2=Stead|first2=Alfred|title=South Africa: Its History, Heroes, and Wars|publisher=The Co-Operative Publishing Company|location=Chicago|year=1899}}</ref> Ivyo Dias wakacita vikulongosoreka mu buku la Luís de Camões lakuti Os Lusíadas. === Kuwusa kwa ŵa Dutch === {{Main|Dutch Cape Colony|Boer Republics}} [[File:Charles Bell - Jan van Riebeeck se aankoms aan die Kaap.jpg|thumb|Charles Davidson Bell wakajambura Jan van Riebeeck, uyo wakambiska malo ghakwamba agho ŵanthu ŵa ku Europe ŵakakhalanga mu South Africa, mu 1652]] Kuuyambiro wa m'ma 1600, charu cha Portugal chikamba kuchepa pa nkhani ya malonda gha vyakununkhira. Mu 1601, ŵimiliri ŵa British East India Company ŵakizanga ku Cape Cape kupenja vyakurya, kweni pamanyuma ŵakamba kuwona kuti Ascension Island na Saint Helena ni malo ghanyake ghakubisamamo. Ŵanthu ŵa ku Netherlands ŵakamba kukopeka na nkhani iyi mu 1647, apo ŵantchito ŵaŵiri ŵa Dutch East India Company ŵakabira ngalaŵa ku Cape kwa myezi yinandi. Awo ŵakendeskanga ngalaŵa ŵakasanganga maji ghawemi na nyama ku ŵanthu ŵa ku malo agha. Kweniso ŵakaseŵa vyakurya mu dongo liwemi. Ŵakati ŵafika ku Holland, ŵakaphalirako ŵanyawo kuti chirwa ichi chingaŵa "malo ghakusungiramo vinthu" kuti ŵagulire vyakurya vya ngalaŵa izo zikujumpha.<ref name="Stapleton2">{{cite book |last=Stapleton |first=Timothy |title=A Military History of South Africa: From the Dutch-Khoi Wars to the End of Apartheid |date=2010 |publisher=Praeger Security International |isbn=978-0-313-36589-8 |location=Santa Barbara |pages=4–6}}</ref> Mu 1652, pakati pajumpha vilimika 150 kufuma apo ŵakasangira nthowa ya ku Cape, Jan van Riebeeck wakambiska malo ghakusungirako vyakurya ku Cape of Good Hope, uko kukazgoka Cape Town. Nyengo yikati yajumphapo, ŵanthu ŵanandi ŵakakhalanga pa cirwa ici awo ŵakacemekanga kuti vrijlieden. Ŵamalonda ŵa ku Netherlands ŵakizaso na ŵazga ŵanandi kufuma ku Indonesia, Madagascar, na vigaŵa vinyake vya kumafumiro gha dazi kwa Africa. Ŵanthu ŵanyake ŵakwambilira awo ŵakakhalanga mu charu ichi ŵakaŵa ŵa mitundu yakupambanapambana. Ici cikapangiska kuti paŵe mtundu uphya wa ŵanthu ŵa mitundu yakupambanapambana, awo ŵanandi ŵakamba kuyowoya Ciholandi na Ŵakhristu. Ŵanthu ŵa ku Netherlands ŵakati ŵafika kumafumiro gha dazi, ŵakamba kurwa nkhondo na ŵanthu ŵa mtundu wa Xhosa awo ŵakendanga kumwera cha kumanjiliro gha dazi. Ŵanthu ŵa ku Vrijburg awo ŵakaŵa ŵalimi ŵakujiyimira paŵekha pa mphaka ŵakamanyikwanga kuti mba Boer, ndipo ŵanyake awo ŵakakhalanga umoyo wa kusama ŵakachemekanga kuti trekboers. Ŵa Boer ŵakambiska magulu gha ŵasilikari, ndipo ŵakakolerana na ŵanthu ŵa Khoisan kuti ŵathereske Ŵachixhosa. Vigaŵa vyose viŵiri vikamba kurwa nkhondo, kweni vikatondeka kumazga nkhondo.<ref name=Stapleton2 /> === Kuwusa na Ulendo Ukuru wa Britain === {{Main|Invasion of the Cape Colony|Cape Colony|Great Trek|British Bechuanaland|Colony of Natal}} Britain yikakora msumba wa Cape Town pakati pa 1795 na 1803 kuti uleke kuwusika na boma la France ilo likagalukira vyaru vya ku Europe. Mu 1803, msumba uwu ukaweleraso ku mazaza gha Ŵachidachi. Nkhondo za Napoleon zikati zamara, charu ichi chikapelekeka ku Britain ndipo chikaŵa chigaŵa cha Ufumu wa Britain. Ŵanthu ŵa ku Britain ŵakaluta ku South Africa mu 1818 ndipo ŵakamba kukhala ku malo agha. Ŵanthu ŵaphya awo ŵakakhalanga mu charu ichi ŵakakhumbanga kuti ŵanthu ŵanandi ŵa ku Europe ŵambe kugwira ntchito mu charu ichi.<ref name="Lloyd1">{{cite book |last=Lloyd |first=Trevor Owen |title=The British Empire, 1558–1995 |date=1997 |publisher=Oxford University Press |isbn=978-0-19-873133-7 |location=Oxford |pages=201–203}}</ref> [[File:Charles Bell - Zoeloe-aanval op 'n Boerelaer - 1838.jpg|thumb|Chithuzithuzi cha umo Ŵazulu ŵakasuzgikira msasa wa Ŵaburu mu Febuluwale 1838]] Mu vyaka 20 vyakwambilira vya m'ma 1800, Ŵazulu ŵakamba kuŵa ŵankhongono comene ndipo ŵakasazgirako vigaŵa vyawo. Nkhondo ya Shaka yikalongozgera ku Mfecane ('kuswa'), uko ŵanthu 1 panji 2 miliyoni ŵakakomeka ndipo chigaŵa cha mukati mwa charu chikabwanganduka na kumara ŵanthu mu ma 1820.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/537814/Shaka/537814rellinks/Related-Links|title=Shaka (Zulu chief)|website=Encyclopædia Britannica|access-date=30 October 2011|archive-date=11 January 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120111043550/http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/537814/Shaka/537814rellinks/Related-Links|url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite book|author=W. D. Rubinstein|title=Genocide: A History|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=nMMAk4VwLLwC&pg=PA22|access-date=26 June 2013|year=2004|publisher=Pearson Longman|isbn=978-0-582-50601-5|page=22|archive-date=8 August 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130808075142/http://books.google.com/books?id=nMMAk4VwLLwC&pg=PA22|url-status=live}}</ref> Ŵanthu ŵa ku Matabele, awo ŵakaŵa mphapu ya Ŵazulu, ŵakapanga ufumu ukuru uwo ukaŵa na vigaŵa vikuruvikuru vya mu chigaŵa cha mapiri. Kukwambilira kwa vyaka vya m'ma 1800, ŵanthu ŵanandi ŵa ku Netherlands ŵakafumako ku Cape Colony uko ŵakalongozgekanga na Britain. Ŵakasamukira ku vigaŵa vya Natal, Free State, na Transvaal. Ŵa Boer ŵakambiska vyaru vya Boer: South African Republic, Natalia Republic, na Orange Free State. Ŵakati ŵasanga dayamondi mu 1867 na golide mu 1884 mu charu ichi, vinthu vikasintha chomene. Ivi vikapangiska kuti ŵanthu ŵa ku Britain ŵalutilire kuŵawusa. Nkhondo ya kulamulira vinthu vyakuzirwa ivi yikaŵa cinthu cinyake ico cikapangiska kuti ŵanthu ŵa ku Europe ŵakoleranenge na ŵanthu ŵa mu caru ici.<ref>{{cite book|author=Williams, Garner F|title=The Diamond Mines of South Africa, Vol II|year=1905|publisher=B. F Buck & Co.|location=New York|pages=Chapter XX|url=http://www.farlang.com/diamonds/williams_diamond_mines_2/page_285|access-date=27 November 2008|archive-date=31 July 2012|archive-url=https://archive.is/20120731083954/http://www.farlang.com/diamonds/williams_diamond_mines_2/page_285|url-status=dead}}</ref>[[File:Cape Colony map 1876 - Eve of Confederation Wars.jpg|thumb|right|Mapu gha South Africa gha 1876]] Pa Meyi 16, 1876, pulezidenti Thomas François Burgers wa ku South Africa wakapharazga nkhondo ku ŵanthu ŵa mtundu wa Pedi. Themba Sekhukhune likathereska ŵasilikari pa Ogasiti 1, 1876. Ŵasilikari ŵa Lydenburg Volunteer Corps nawo ŵakathereskeka. Pa Febuluwale 16, 1877, vyaru viŵiri ivi vikalemba phangano la mtende ku Botshabelo.<ref>{{Cite web|title=South African Military History Society – Journal- THE SEKUKUNI WARS|url=http://samilitaryhistory.org/vol025hk.html|access-date=15 August 2020|website=samilitaryhistory.org|archive-date=23 July 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200723053419/http://samilitaryhistory.org/vol025hk.html|url-status=live}}</ref> Ŵaburu ŵakati ŵatondeka kukanizga Ŵapedi, ŵanthu ŵa ku Burger ŵakafumako na kwamba kulamulira na Paul Kruger. Mu 1878 na 1879, ŵasilikari ŵatatu ŵa Britain ŵakathereskeka m'paka apo Garnet Wolseley wakathereskera Sekhukhune mu Novembala 1879 na ŵasilikari 2,000 ŵa Britain, Boers na 10,000 ŵa Swaziland. Nkhondo ya Anglo-Zulu yikacitika mu 1879 pakati pa Britain na Ufumu wa Zulu. Fumu Carnarvon yikati yafika makora pa Canada, ŵanthu ŵakaghanaghananga kuti ndyali izo zikachitanga nthena, pamoza na ŵasilikari, zingawovwira maufumu gha mu Africa, vigaŵa vya mafuko, na vyaru vya Ŵaburu mu South Africa. Mu 1874, Henry Bartle Frere wakatumika ku South Africa kuŵa mwimiliri wa boma la Britain. Pa masuzgo agha pakaŵa maboma gha Boer na ŵasilikari ŵa Zululand. Ŵanthu ŵa mtundu wa Zulu ŵakathereska Ŵabritishi pa Nkhondo ya Isandlwana. Paumaliro, charu cha Zululand chikathera pa nkhondo iyi, ndipo mtundu wa Zulu ukaleka kujiwusa wekha. === Nkhondo za ma Boer === {{main|Boer Wars|First Boer War|Second Boer War}} [[File:Battle of Majuba Hill.jpg|thumb|Nkhondo ya ku Majuba Hill yikaŵa nkhondo yaumaliro ya nkhondo ya ku Boer.]] [[File:Boercamp1.jpg|thumb|Ŵanakazi na ŵana ŵa chiBoer mu msasa wakusuzgirako ŵanthu wa Britain mu nyengo ya Nkhondo Yachiŵiri ya ku Boer.]] Maboma gha ma Boer ghakalimbana na ŵasilikari ŵa Britain mu nyengo ya Nkhondo Yakwamba ya ma Boer (1880-1881) pakugwiliskira ntchito nthowa za nkhondo za ŵasilikari. Ŵabali ŵa ku Britain ŵakawelera na unandi wa ŵasilikari, maluso ghanandi, na nthowa yiphya mu Nkhondo Yachiŵiri ya ku Boer (1899-1902) ndipo, nangauli ŵakakomeka comene cifukwa ca kuyuzgika, kweni paumaliro ŵakawina. Ŵanakazi na ŵana ŵakujumpha 27,000 ŵa mtundu wa Boer ŵakafwa mu misasa yakuyuzgirako ŵanthu ya Britain.<ref>{{cite news|title=5 of the worst atrocities carried out by the British Empire|url=https://www.independent.co.uk/news/uk/home-news/worst-atrocities-british-empire-amritsar-boer-war-concentration-camp-mau-mau-a6821756.html|work=The Independent|date=19 January 2016|access-date=22 September 2019|archive-date=27 September 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190927142647/https://www.independent.co.uk/news/uk/home-news/worst-atrocities-british-empire-amritsar-boer-war-concentration-camp-mau-mau-a6821756.html|url-status=live }}</ref> Kufuma kuumaliro wa vyaka vya m'ma 1800, ŵanthu ŵanandi ŵakakhalanga mu matawuni gha ku South Africa. Pamanyuma pa nkhondo izo zikacitika, ŵalimi ŵa mafuko gha Boer ŵa ku Netherlands ŵakachimbilira ku misumba kufuma ku vigaŵa vya Transvaal na Orange Free State kuti ŵakasange vyakukhumbikwa.<ref name=":0">{{Cite journal|last=Ogura|first=Mitsuo|date=1996|title=Urbanization and Apartheid in South Africa: Influx Controls and Their Abolition|journal=The Developing Economies|language=en|volume=34|issue=4|pages=402–423|doi=10.1111/j.1746-1049.1996.tb01178.x|pmid=12292280|issn=1746-1049|doi-access=free}}</ref> === Kujilamulila === {{See also|Union of South Africa|Military history of South Africa during World War I|Military history of South Africa during World War II}} Ŵazungu ŵa ku South Africa ŵakasuskanga boma la Britain ndipo ŵakakhumbanga chomene kuti charu chawo chiŵe na wanangwa. Mu nyengo iyo charu cha Netherlands na Britain vikalamuliranga charu ichi, ŵanthu ŵakasankhananga yayi chifukwa cha mitundu yawo, kweni ŵakaŵikapo malango ghakovwira kuti ŵanthu ŵakhalenge makora mu charu ichi.<ref>{{cite book|last=Bond|first=Patrick|title=Cities of gold, townships of coal: essays on South Africa's new urban crisis|publisher=Africa World Press|year=1999|page=140|isbn=978-0-86543-611-4}}</ref><ref>{{cite report|year=1906|title=Report of the Select Committee on Location Act|publisher=Cape Times Limited|url=https://archive.org/details/reportoftheselec00capeiala|access-date=30 July 2009}}</ref><ref>{{cite report|last1=Godley |first1=Godfrey |first2=Welsh|last2=Archibald|last3=Thomson |first3=William |last4=Hemsworth |first4=H. D.|year=1920|title=Report of the Inter-departmental committee on the native pass laws|url=https://archive.org/stream/reportofinterdep00sout#page/2/mode/1up|publisher=Cape Times Limited|page=2}}</ref><ref>{{cite report|institution=Great Britain Colonial Office; Transvaal (Colony). Governor (1901–1905: Milner)|date=January 1902|title=Papers relating to legislation affecting natives in the Transvaal|url=https://archive.org/details/transvaalpapersr00grea}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|last=De Villiers|first=John Abraham Jacob|title=The Transvaal |publisher=Chatto & Windus|location=London|year=1896|pages=[https://archive.org/details/transvaal00devi/page/30 30] (n46)|url=https://archive.org/details/transvaal00devi|access-date=30 July 2009}}</ref> Pakati pajumpha vilimika vinkhondi na viŵiri kufuma apo Nkhondo Yaciŵiri ya ku Boer yikamalira, ndipo pamanyuma pa vilimika vinayi vya kudumbiskana, Dango la South Africa Act 1909 likapeleka wanangwa wa kujilongozga apo likapangiska kuti South Africa yikhalenge yekha pa 31 May 1910. Boma ili likaŵa na vigaŵa vya Cape, Transvaal na Natal, kweniso Orange Free State. Mu 1913, dango la Natives' Land Act likakanizga ŵanthu ŵa mitundu yinyake kuŵa na malo ghawo. Pa nyengo iyi, ŵanthu ŵa mitundu yinyake ŵakaŵa na malo ghakukwana 7% pera. Pamanyuma, malo agho ghakaŵa gha ŵanthu ŵakwambilira ghakakwera pachoko waka.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.sahistory.org.za/pages/chronology/thisday/1913-06-19.htm|title=Native Land Act|publisher=South African Institute of Race Relations|date=19 June 1913|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101014095049/http://www.sahistory.org.za/pages/chronology/thisday/1913-06-19.htm|archive-date=14 October 2010 }}</ref> Mu 1931, wupu uwu ukaŵa wakujiyimira wekha pakuyana na ufumu wa United Kingdom. Mu vyaru vinyake vitatu vya mu Africa, Liberia, Ethiopia, na Egypt, vikaŵa vyambura mazaza. Mu 1934, chipani cha South African Party na National Party vikasazgikana na kupanga chipani cha United Party. Mu 1939, chipani ichi chikagaŵikana chifukwa cha umo wupu uwu ukanjilira mu Nkhondo Yachiŵiri ya pa Charu Chose. === Nyengo ya Apartheid === {{Main|Apartheid}} Mu 1948, chipani cha National Party chikamba kuwusa. Likakhozga comene kusankhana mitundu uko kukamba mu nyengo ya muwuso wa ŵa Dutch na British. Pakugwiliskira nchito dango la ku Canada lakukhwaskana na ŵanthu ŵa ku India, boma la ŵanthu ŵa ku Canada likagaŵa ŵanthu wose mu mitundu yitatu (Ŵachizungu, Ŵachikuda, Ŵaindiya, na ŵanthu ŵa mitundu yakupambanapambana) ndipo waliyose wakaŵa na wanangwa wake. Ŵazungu awo ŵakaŵa ŵachoko (pasi pa 20%) ndiwo ŵakalongozganga ŵanthu ŵanandi ŵa mitundu yinyake. Ndondomeko iyi yikamanyikwa kuti apartheid. Nangauli ŵazungu ŵakaŵa na umoyo uwemi comene mu vyaru vyose vya mu Africa, nga umo vikaŵira mu vyaru vya ku Western, kweni ŵanthu ŵafipa ŵakaŵa na umoyo uheni comene pa vigaŵa vyose, kusazgapo ndalama, masambiro, nyumba, na umoyo.<ref>{{Cite web|title=apartheid {{!}} South Africa, Definition, Facts, Beginning, & End {{!}} Britannica|url=https://www.britannica.com/topic/apartheid|access-date=2022-05-15|website=www.britannica.com|language=en}}</ref> Chikalata cha wanangwa wa ŵanthu, icho chikalembeka mu 1955 na wupu wa Congress Alliance, chikati ŵanthu ŵaleke kusankhana mitundu. Pa Meyi 31, 1961, caru ici cikazgoka caru cakucemeka republic pamanyuma pa referendum (iyo yikaŵa yakuzomerezgeka ku ŵanalume ŵatuŵa pera) iyo yikapokelereka mwakukwana. Elizabeth II wakataya zina lakuti Fumukazi ya ku South Africa, ndipo Kazembe Mukuru waumaliro, Charles Robberts Swart, wakaŵa pulezidenti wa boma. Pakuti boma la Britain likazomerezga kuti pulezidenti wasankhike na nyumba ya malango, pakaŵavya uyo wakimikanga. W. Dango la Botha la mu 1983, likawuskapo udindo wa nduna yikuru ndipo likakhazikiska "pulezidenti wankhongono" uyo wakaŵa na udindo ku nyumba ya malango. Chifukwa cha kukakamizgika na vyaru vinyake vya Commonwealth of Nations, South Africa yikafumamo mu wupu uwu mu 1961 ndipo yikaweleramo mu 1994. Nangauli boma likasuskanga muwuso wa katangale mu charu ichi na ku vyaru vinyake, kweni likapeleka malango kuti muwuso uwu ulutilire. Ŵasilikari ŵakasuzga ŵanthu awo ŵakasuskanga boma, ndipo nkhaza zikazara chomene, ndipo mawupu agho ghakatinkhanga apartheid nga ni African National Congress (ANC), Azanian People's Organization, na Pan-Africanist Congress ghakachitanga nkhondo ya ŵasilikari na kunanga vinthu mu misumba. Magulu ghatatu agha ghakakumananga nyengo zinyake apo ghakakumananga kuti ghaŵe na mazaza. Ŵanthu ŵakamba kulimbana na boma la South Africa pa nkhani ya kusankhana mitundu. Pamanyuma, ŵakawovwira kuti paŵe vyeruzgo vya pa caru cose ndiposo kuti ŵaguliske katundu wawo.<ref name="Bridgland">{{cite book|first=Fred|last=Bridgland|title=The War for Africa: Twelve months that transformed a continent|year=1990|publisher=Ashanti Publishing|location=Gibraltar|page=32|isbn=978-1-874800-12-5}}</ref><ref name="Landgren">{{cite book| first = Signe| last = Landgren| title = Embargo Disimplemented: South Africa's Military Industry| edition = 1989| pages = [https://archive.org/details/embargodisimplem0000land/page/6 6–10]| publisher = Oxford University Press| isbn = 978-0-19-829127-5| year = 1989| url = https://archive.org/details/embargodisimplem0000land/page/6}}</ref> === Nyengo ya apartheid === {{Further|History of South Africa (1994–present)}} [[File:Frederik de Klerk with Nelson Mandela - World Economic Forum Annual Meeting Davos 1992.jpg|thumb|[[F. W. de Klerk|F.W. de Klerk]] na [[Nelson Mandela]] mu Janyuwale 1992]] Mu 1974, Mangosuthu Buthelezi na Harry Schwarz ŵakalemba chikalata chakuchemeka Mahlabatini Declaration of Faith. Paumaliro, F.W. de Klerk wakamba kudumbiskana na Nelson Mandela mu 1993 kuti ŵasinthe ndondomeko na boma. Mu 1990, boma la National Party likamba kumazga sankho apo likawuskapo dango lakukanizga ANC na mawupu ghanyake. Likamufumiska Nelson Mandela mu jere pamanyuma pa vilimika 27 ivyo wakakhala mu jele cifukwa ca kunanga vinthu. Pamanyuma pake, ŵakadumbiskana. Mu 1992, boma likapokera wovwiri wa ŵanthu ŵazungu pa referendum, ndipo likalutilira kudumbiskana kuti ŵamazge nkhaza za katangale. Mu 1994, ku South Africa kukaŵa mavoti ghakwamba, ndipo ANC ndiyo yikawina. Kufuma waka pa nyengo iyi, boma ili ndakukhora. Charu ichi chikaŵaso mu wupu wa Commonwealth ndipo chikaŵa mu wupu wa Southern African Development Community. Ku South Africa, ŵanthu ŵanandi ŵakaŵa ŵambura nchito. Nangauli ŵanthu ŵanandi ŵa mitundu yinyake ŵali kukwera m'paka kufika mu magulu ghapakati panji ghapachanya, kweni unandi wa ŵanthu ŵa mitundu yinyake awo ŵalije nchito ukakwera comene pakati pa 1994 na 2003. Ukavu pakati pa ŵazungu, uwo ukaŵa ucoko, ukakura. Boma likayezgayezga kuti liŵe na ndyali na ndarama kuti ŵanthu ŵasange ndalama zinandi kweniso kuti vinthu vyende makora. Ndondomeko ya United Nations Human Development Index yikakwera m'paka pakati pa vyaka vya m'ma 1990 ndipo yikakhira kufuma mu 1995 m'paka 2005 pambere yindafike pa m'paka mu 2013. Kuchepa kwa chiwerengerochi kwachitika chifukwa cha mliri wa HIV/AIDS wa ku South Africa, uwo ukapangiska kuti umoyo wa ŵanthu ku South Africa ukhale wa vyaka 62, mu 1992 kufika pa vyaka 53 mu 2005, kweniso chifukwa chakuti boma likutondeka kuchitapo kanthu pa suzgo ili.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.sairr.org.za/wsc/pstory.htx?storyID=428|title=Ridicule succeeds where leadership failed on AIDS|publisher=South African Institute of Race Relations|date=10 November 2006}}{{dead link|date=May 2019|bot=medic}}{{cbignore|bot=medic}}</ref>[[File:Watching South Africa & France match at World Cup 2010-06-22 in Soweto 13.jpg|thumb|Supporters watching the [[2010 FIFA World Cup]] with [[vuvuzela]]s in the [[Township (South Africa)|township]] of [[Soweto]], a [[Suburbs of Johannesburg|suburb of Johannesburg]]]] [[File:People's March Anti Xenophobia.jpg|thumb|March in [[Johannesburg]] against [[xenophobia in South Africa]], 23 April 2015]] Mu Meyi 2008, ŵanthu ŵakujumpha 60 ŵakafwa pa viwawa. Wupu unyake ukati ŵanthu ŵakujumpha 100,000 ŵakachimbizgika mu nyumba zawo. Ŵanthu ŵanandi awo ŵakakomeka ŵakaŵa ŵanthu awo ŵakasamukira ku vyaru vinyake mwakuzomerezgeka na dango yayi, kweniso ŵakachimbira kwawo. Mu kafukufuku uyo wakachitika mu 2006, wupu wa South African Migration Project ukati ŵanthu ŵa ku South Africa ŵakususka chomene ŵanthu awo ŵakwiza mu charu chawo. Wupu wa UN High Commissioner for Refugees ukati mu 2008, ŵanthu ŵakujumpha 200,000 ŵakapempha malo ghakubisamamo ku South Africa. Ŵanthu aŵa ŵanandi ŵakafuma ku Zimbabwe, kweni ŵanandi ŵakafuma ku Burundi, Democratic Republic of Congo, Rwanda, Eritrea, Ethiopia, na Somalia. Kuphalizgana cifukwa ca nchito, mwaŵi wa bizinesi, mauteŵeti gha boma, na nyumba kwapangiska kuti paŵe mphindano pakati pa ŵanthu ŵakucimbira kwawo na awo ŵakuŵapokelera. Nangauli ŵanthu ŵa ku South Africa ŵachali kutinkhana ŵalendo, kweni wupu wa United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees (UNHCR) ukati mu 2011, nkhaza zafika paheni chomene. Ndipouli, pakuti South Africa yikulutilira kusuzgika na nkhani za kusankhana mitundu, nthowa yimoza iyo yikovwira njakuti ŵanthu ŵaŵikengepo malango, nga ni malango ghakukhwaskana na kusankhana mitundu. Kufika mu 2020, macenjezgo ghanandi ghafumiskika kuti South Africa yili pafupi kunjira ku boma lakupeleŵera na ndarama za boma zambura kukhazikika, unandi wa ŵambura nchito, unandi wa milandu, vimbundi, mabungwe gha boma agho ghakutondeka na vinthu vinyake ivyo vikutondeka.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.linkedin.com/pulse/state-south-africa-2020-johan-marais|title=South Africa, Failed State?|website=www.linkedin.com}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://businesstech.co.za/news/government/642791/south-africa-is-slowly-collapsing/ |title=South Africa is slowly collapsing |work=BusinessTech |date=14 November 2022 |access-date=30 December 2022}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2022/11/23/crime-worrying-in-south-africa-7000-murdered-in-three-months|title=Crime 'worrying' in South Africa: 7,000 murdered in three months|website=Aljazeera |date=23 November 2022}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2020-09-10/south-africa-heading-toward-becoming-a-failed-state-group-says|title=South Africa Heading Toward Becoming a Failed State, Group Says|newspaper=Bloomberg |last=Sguazzin |first=Anthony |date=10 September 2020 |url-access=registration}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.aljazeera.com/economy/2020/9/10/south-africa-heading-towards-becoming-a-failed-state-report|title=South Africa heading towards becoming a failed state: Report|website=Aljazeera |last=Sguazzin |first=Anthony|date=10 September 2020}}</ref>Mu 2022, wupu wa World Economic Forum ukati charu cha South Africa chili pangozi yakuparanyika ndipo ukati pali vinthu vikuruvikuru vinkhondi ivyo vingatimbanizga charu ichi.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.thesouthafrican.com/news/breaking-is-south-africa-military-coup-state-collapse-threats/|title=South Africa 'at risk of STATE COLLAPSE' - according to top experts|first=Tom|last=Head|date=12 January 2022|website=The South African}}</ref> Mulara wa vya ndalama wa ku South Africa, Dondo Mogajane, wakati, "SA yikulongora vimanyikwiro vya boma ilo likutondeka". Jay Naidoo, uyo wakaŵa nduna, wakayowoya kuti caru ca South Africa cili mu suzgo yikuru ndipo cikulongora kuti nchakutondeka, cifukwa ca unandi wa ŵanthu ŵambura nchito ndiposo cifukwa cakuti ŵawukirano ŵanandi ŵazamusanga nchito yayi. Dawie Roodt, mulembi mukuru wa vyachuma wa Efficient Group wakati caru cili mu suzgo yikuru, "Ŵanthu ŵa ku South Africa ŵaŵa ŵakavu comene kwa vyaka 10. Iyo wakati wakwenjerwa comene cifukwa cakuti "ŵanthu 32 miliyoni ŵakusanga ndalama ku boma. Boma lingakwaniska yayi kuchita nthena".<ref>{{cite web |url=https://mybroadband.co.za/news/investing/461398-south-africa-is-in-deep-trouble-warns-economist.html |title=South Africa is in deep trouble, warns economist |work=My Broadband |date=21 September 2022 |access-date=30 December 2022}}</ref> Neal Froneman, mulara wa kampani ya Sibanye-Stillwater, wakati upusikizgi uli kuthera, ndipo ŵanthu ŵanandi ŵakughanaghana kuti para ŵagura vinthu, ŵakuchita 'vyakupusikizgira nga ni vigeŵenga.' "Ŵalongozgi ŵa boma ndiwo ŵapangiska suzgo ili ndipo ŵakucita kalikose yayi. Boma lingatondeka kulimbana nalo cifukwa likususkana na maghanoghano ghawo". Pulofesa Eddy Maloka, wa pa Institute of Risk Management, wakati: "Chipani cha ANC chatipa suzgo likuru. Ŵazgora suzgo lawo kuŵa lithu. Maboma gha mu vigaŵa vinandi vya mu charu ichi ghawa. Tikulaŵiska umo mizi yikubwangasukira". Pulofesa David Himbara wakati: "Charu cha South Africa chili na boma la chipani chimoza. Mu Meyi 2023, Chairman wa Sygnia, Magda Wierzycka, adati "machenjezo oti South Africa ikhale boma lolephera akuchedwa kwenikweni ′′ tili kale kumeneko".<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://businesstech.co.za/news/business-opinion/684085/south-africa-is-already-a-failed-state/|title=South Africa is already a failed state – BusinessTech}}</ref> == Makhalilo gha charu == {{Main|Geography of South Africa}} [[File:South_Africa_sat.jpg|thumb|left|[[Satellite image]] of South Africa]] Charu cha South Africa chili kumwera chomene kwa Africa, ndipo chili na mumphepete mwa nyanja ya South Atlantic na Indian Ocean. Charu cha South Africa chili na malo ghakukwana 1,219,912 km2 (471,011 sq mi). Kwambura kupenda virwa vya Prince Edward, caru ici cili pakati pa latitude 22° na 35° S, na longitude 16° na 33° E. Charu cha South Africa chili na chigaŵa chikuru icho chili pa mtunda wa pakati pa mamita 1,000 na 2,100. Charu ichi chili kumafumiro gha dazi ndipo chili na mapiri ghanandi chomene. Malo agha ghali kuzingilizgika na mapiri ghakuru agho ghakumwera na ghapacanya nkhanira ghakucemeka Drakensberg. Mafadi mu Drakensberg pa mamita 3,450 (11,320 ft) ndiyo yili pachanya chomene. Mphepete mwa chigaŵa cha KwaZulu-Natal na Lesotho pali chigaŵa cha Great Escarpment icho chili pachanya pa mamita 3,000. Chigaŵa chakumwera na kumwera kwa mapiri (pa mtunda wa mamita 1,100 na 1,800) na chigaŵa cha pasi (pa mtunda wa mamita 700 na 800) chikuchemeka Great Karoo. Kumpoto kwa charu ichi, chipalamba cha Great Karoo chikunjira mu chipalamba icho chikuchemeka Bushmanland. Chigaŵa chapakati cha kumafumiro gha dazi na cha pachanya nkhanira cha chigaŵa ichi chikuchemeka Highveld. Malo agha ghali na maji ghanandi, ndipo ni malo ghakurughakuru chomene mu charu ichi. Kumpoto kwa Highveld, kufuma pa 25° 30' S latitude, chigaŵa ichi chikukhilira ku Bushveld, ndipo paumaliro chikuchemeka Limpopo River lowlands panji Lowveld.<ref name="Altas">Atlas of Southern Africa. (1984). p. 13. Reader's Digest Association, Cape Town</ref> Chigaŵa cha mumphepete mwa nyanja icho chili kusi kwa Great Escarpment, icho chikwenda mu nthowa ya mawoko kufuma kumpoto cha kumafumiro gha dazi, chili na chigaŵa cha Limpopo Lowveld, icho chikunjira mu Mpumalanga Lowveld, kusi kwa Mpumalanga Drakensberg (chigaŵa cha kumafumiro gha dazi kwa Great Escarpment). Malo agha ngakotcha comene, ngakomira, ndipo ghakulimika comene yayi kuluska malo gha Highveld agho ghali pacanya pa mapiri. Kruger National Park, iyo yili mu vigaŵa vya Limpopo na Mpumalanga kumpoto ca kumafumiro gha dazi kwa South Africa, yili na malo ghakukwana 19,633 square kilometres (7,580 sq mi).<ref name="Kruger National Park">{{Cite web|title=Kruger National Park|url=http://www.africa.com/south-africa/travel/what-to-do/|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141218164142/http://www.africa.com/south-africa/travel/what-to-do/|archive-date=18 December 2014|access-date=16 December 2014|publisher=Africa.com}}</ref> [[File:South Africa - Drakensberg (16261357780).jpg|thumb|alt=Image depicting the Drakensberg|[[Drakensberg]], the eastern and highest portion of the [[Great Escarpment, Southern Africa|Great Escarpment]] which surrounds the east, south and western borders of the central plateau.]] [[File:Namaqualand, Goegap 0035.jpg|thumb|Spring flowers in [[Namaqualand]]]] Mphepete mwa nyanja, kumwera na kumwera kwa mphepete kwa Great Escarpment, kuli mapiri ghanandi gha Cape Fold Mountains agho ghakwenda lumoza na mumphepete mwa nyanja.<ref>McCarthy, T. & Rubidge, B. (2005). ''The story of earth and life''. p. 194. Struik Publishers, Cape Town.</ref><ref name="geological map">Geological map of South Africa, Lesotho and Swaziland (1970). Council for Geoscience, Geological Survey of South Africa.</ref> (Mapiri agha ghali pa mapu, kumalyero. Wonani umo mapiri agha ghakambira kumpoto kwa Great Escarpment.) Charu icho chili pakati pa mapiri gha Outeniqua na Langeberg kumwera na Swartberg kumpoto chikuchemeka Little Karoo, ndipo chili na makuni ghakupambanapambana ghakuyana waka na gha Great Karoo. Malo gha Little Karoo ngakumanyikwa comene cifukwa ca kulima viyuni vyakuchemeka ostrich. Chigaŵa chakumpoto kwa Swartberg m'paka ku Great Escarpment ndicho chili ku chigaŵa cha Great Karoo, icho nyengo yake na vyakumera vyake vikupambana yayi na vya ku Karoo. Mphepete mwa nyanja pakati pa mapiri gha Outeniqua na Langeberg muli vula zinandi izo zikulokwa chaka chose. Cikaŵa cakumanyikwa cifukwa ca nkhorongo zinandi izo zili mu caru ca South Africa. Mu vigaŵa vya kumwera na kumanjiliro gha dazi kwa caru ici, cirwa ca Cape Peninsula ndico cili kumwera comene kwa nyanja ya Atlantic. Chilumba cha Cape chili na mphepo ya Mediterranean, ndipo ichi chikupangiska kuti chigaŵa ichi na vigaŵa vinyake ivyo vili pafupi nacho ndivyo viŵe vyekha mu Africa kumwera kwa Sahara uko kukulokwa vula yinandi mu nyengo ya chiwuvi.<ref>Encyclopædia Britannica (1975); Micropaedia Vol. VI, p. 750. Helen Hemingway Benton Publishers, Chicago.</ref><ref name="Altas1">Atlas of Southern Africa. (1984). p. 19. Reader's Digest Association, Cape Town</ref> Mphepete mwa nyanja kumpoto kwa Cape Peninsula kuli Nyanja ya Atlantic kumanjiliro gha dazi. Mapiri gha Cape Fold ghakumalira pa latitude 32° S, ndipo pamanyuma pake Great Escarpment yikumalira pa nyanja. Chigaŵa chakumwera chomene cha mumphepete mwa nyanja ichi chikuchemeka Swartland and Malmesbury Plain, ndipo ni malo ghakulimira tirigu. Chigaŵa icho chili kumpoto chomene chikuchemeka Namaqualand. Para vula yikuwa pachoko, kanandi yikuwa mu nyengo ya chiwuvi. South Africa nayo wali na malo gha ku mphepete mwa nyanja, chigaŵa chichoko chomene cha Prince Edward Islands, icho chili na chirwa cha Marion (290 km2) na Prince Edward Island (45 km2) (kusazgikana yayi na chigaŵa cha Canada icho chili na zina lenelili). === Nyengo === {{Main|Climate of South Africa}} [[File:South Africa Köppen.svg|thumb|left|[[Köppen climate classification|Köppen climate types]] of South Africa]] Charu cha South Africa chili na mphepo yakuzizima chifukwa chili kuzingilizgika na nyanja za Atlantic na Indian Ocean ku vigaŵa vitatu, ndipo chili ku Southern Hemisphere. Vinthu vyakupambanapambana ivi vikupangiska kuti nyengo yiŵe yakupambanapambana. Vyaru ivi vili mu vigaŵa vyakupambanapambana. Nyengo ya chiwuvi mu South Africa yikuŵa pakati pa Juni na Ogasiti. Ku chigaŵa chakutali chomene cha kumwera kwa charu ichi kuli nyengo yakuyana na ya ku Mediterranean. Malo agha ndigho ghakupangira vinyo linandi ku South Africa ndipo ghakumanyikwa na mphepo izo zikuputa pafupifupi cilimika cose. Pakuti mphepo iyi yikaŵa yankhongono comene, ŵakwendeska ngalaŵa ŵakasuzgikanga comene kuzingilira Cape of Good Hope. Ku chigaŵa cha kumafumiro gha dazi kwa nyanja, vula yikuwira mwakuyana waka chaka chose, ndipo malo agha ngakutowa. Mvula iyo yikulokwa pa chaka yikukwera chomene kumwera kwa chigaŵa cha Lowveld, chomenechomene kufupi na mumphepete mwa nyanja. Chigaŵa cha Free State ntchakudikanya comene cifukwa chili pakati pa mapiri. Kumpoto kwa Mlonga wa Vaal, malo gha Highveld ghakuthirira makora ndipo ghakuŵa na chithukivu yayi. Johannesburg, mu mphepete mwa Highveld, yili pa mtunda wa mamita 1,740 (5,709 ft) pachanya pa nyanja ndipo yikulokwa mvula ya mamita 760 pa chaka. Mu chigaŵa ichi nyengo yakuzizima yikuŵa yakuzizima, nangauli chiwuvi chikuŵa chichoko. Malo ghakuzizima chomene mu charu cha South Africa ni Buffelsfontein ku Eastern Cape, uko kukazizima chomene mu 2013. Virwa vya Prince Edward vili na mphepo zakuzizima comene, kweni ku Buffelsfontein kuzizima comene. Mu vigaŵa vya mukati mwa charu cha South Africa ndimo muli kutentha chomene: mu 1948 mu chigaŵa cha Northern Cape cha Kalahari kufupi na Upington mukaŵa kutentha kwa 51.7 °C (125.06 °F). Kusintha kwa nyengo ku South Africa kukupangiska kuti kuthukira kwa maji kuchepeko. Vinthu vyakofya ivyo vikuchitika chifukwa cha vula vikuwoneka chomene. Ŵanthu ŵa ku South Africa ŵakwenjerwa comene na nkhani iyi cifukwa cakuti kusintha kwa nyengo kukukhwaska umoyo wa ŵanthu ŵa mu caru ici, nga ni umo maji ghakukhalira. Vinthu vikusintha mwaluŵiro comene pa caru, ndipo vikupangiska kuti ŵanthu na vinthu vinyake vyambenge kusuzgika. Kuyana na ivyo likusanda boma la South Africa National Biodiversity Institute, mu vigaŵa vinyake vya kumwera kwa Africa, mu 2050 mu chigaŵa cha Northern Cape kuzamuŵa chithukivu chikuru chomene. Vikuwoneka kuti malo gha Cape Floral ghazamusuzgika comene na kusintha kwa nyengo. Vyakumera vinandi vizamumara chifukwa cha chilangalanga, moto uwo ukubuka kanandi waka, kweniso chifukwa cha kuthukira kwa nyengo. Ku South Africa kukaŵa malipoti ghaŵiri ghakukhwaskana na kusintha kwa nyengo mu 2011 na 2016. Charu cha South Africa ndicho chikufumiska mphepo zinandi chomene za carbon dioxide, ndipo chili pa nambara 14. Nga umo charu cha South Africa chikapelekera ndalama zinandi ku vyaru vinyake, charu ichi chajipeleka kuti chileke kunjizga poyizoni pakati pa 2020 na 2025.<ref name=":32">{{Cite web |date=15 October 2018 |title=The Carbon Brief Profile: South Africa |url=https://www.carbonbrief.org/the-carbon-brief-profile-south-africa |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210509123731/https://www.carbonbrief.org/the-carbon-brief-profile-south-africa |archive-date=9 May 2021 |access-date=3 August 2020 |website=Carbon Brief |language=en}}</ref> === Vinthu vyakupambanapambana === {{main|Biodiversity of South Africa}} {{See also|Wildlife of South Africa|Protected areas of South Africa|Marine biodiversity of South Africa}} [[File:South African Giraffes, fighting.jpg|thumb|[[South African giraffe]]s, Kruger National Park]] [[File:African Leopard Sabi Sands Fir0002 Oct18.jpg|thumb|The female [[African Leopard]] "Thandi" in the Djuma concession of the [[Sabi Sand Game Reserve]]]] Pa Juni 4, 1994, charu cha South Africa chikalembapo chikalata pa Rio Convention on Biological Diversity, ndipo chikaŵa chigaŵa cha chikalata ichi pa Novembala 2, 1995. Kufuma apo, wupu uwu ukalemba pulani ya vyakucita na ndondomeko ya vyamoyo vyakupambanapambana iyo yikapokera pa ungano uwu pa Juni 7, 2006. Pa vyaru 17 ivyo vili na vyamoyo vyakupambanapambana, charu ichi chili pa nambara 6. Mu vyaka vyasonosono apa, vyalo vinandi vya ku South Africa vyamba kulondezga vyalo vinyake kuti viwovwire ŵanthu kuti ŵalutilire kuŵa na umoyo uwemi. Mu chipalamba ichi muli vinyama vinandi chomene nga ni nkhalamu, nyalubwe wa ku Africa, cheetah wa ku South Africa, southern white rhinos, blue wildebeest, kudus, impalas, hyena, hippopotamus na giraffe wa ku South Africa. Chigaŵa chikuru cha Bushveld chili kumpoto cha kumafumiro gha dazi, kusazgapo Kruger National Park na Sabi Sand Game Reserve. Ku South Africa kuli vyamoyo vinandi ivyo vikukhala ku malo agha. Kuzakafika mu 1945, ŵanthu ŵakamanyanga mitundu yakujumpha 4,900 ya tusomba (kusazgapo tusomba uto tukupangiska nthura). Mu 2006, ku South Africa kukaŵa vyakumera vyakukwana mitundu 200,000, kweni vikayananga yayi na vyakumera vinyake. Usange ndimo viliri nadi, mbwenu hona wa ku South Africa ni mucoko comene kuluska vyakumera. Mu vyaru vinyake vikuruvikuru vya ku South Africa, viyuni vinandi vikupambana chomene na vyakumera. Ndondomeko ya vyamoyo na ivyo vikuchitika mu charu ichi vikulongosorapo yayi za bowa (kusazgapo bowa uyo wakupangiska nthura). Ku South Africa kuli vyakumera vyakupambanapambana vinandi, ndipo kuli vyakumera vyakujumpha 22,000. Malo agho ghakukhala ŵanthu ŵanandi ni malo ghakuliskako vyakumera, comenecomene ku Highveld, uko kuli vyakumera vyakupambanapambana, makuni ghapasi, na makuni gha acacia. Vyakumera vikusangika viŵi yayi kumpoto na kumanjiliro gha dazi cifukwa ca vula yichoko. Mu Namaqualand muli vyakumera vinandi ivyo vikusunga maji nga ni aloyi na euphorbia. Ndipo kuyana na wupu wa World Wildlife Fund, ku South Africa kuli vyakumera vinandi. Ku chigaŵa cha kumpoto na kumafumiro gha dazi kwa charu ichi, vyakumera na minga vikukura chomene. Mu chigaŵa ichi, kufupi na kumpoto kwa Kruger National Park, muli makuni ghanandi gha baobab.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Plants and Vegetation in South Africa|url=http://www.southafrica-travel.net/pages/e_plants.htm|access-date=30 October 2011|publisher=Southafrica-travel.net|archive-date=28 October 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111028175454/http://www.southafrica-travel.net/pages/e_plants.htm|url-status=live }}</ref> Vinyama vinandi ivyo vikukhala mu nkhorongo iyi vili mu chigaŵa chichoko chomene cha Western Cape, ndipo vili na vyakumera vyakujumpha 9,000. Vinyama ivi ni vinandi chomene kuluska nkhorongo ya Amazon. Vipasi vinandi ni vyakumera vyakukhora ivyo vikuŵa na mahamba ghakutowa nga gha singano. Mtundu unyake wa vyakumera vya mu South Africa ni Protea. Nangauli charu cha South Africa chili na vyakumera vinandi, kweni malo ghakukwana 1% gha charu ichi ni nkhorongo. Nanga ni makuni ghapusu comene ghakumara moto. Vipambi vinandi vya makuni gha ku vyaru vinyake, comenecomene makuni gha eucalyptus na pine, ivyo ni vyakurya vya ku vyaru vinyake. [[File:Flora at Cape Peninsula.JPG|thumb|left|[[Cape Floral Region Protected Areas]]]] Mu vyaka 40 ivyo vyajumpha, caru ca South Africa caleka malo ghanandi agho ŵanthu ŵakukhala cifukwa ca ŵanthu ŵanandi comene, kukura kwa vinthu, na kudumulika kwa makuni mu vyaka vya m'ma 1800. Charu ichi chili na chiŵerengero cha 4.94/10 pa charu chose pa vyaru 172. Charu cha South Africa nchimoza mwa vyaru ivyo vikusuzgika comene na vinyama vya mitundu yinyake, ndipo vyamoyo vinandi (nga ni viyuni vya black wattle, Port Jackson willow, Hakea, Lantana na Jacaranda) vikupweteka comene vyamoyo vya mu caru ici kweniso maji agho ghalipo. Nkhorongo yakwamba iyo yikasangika na ŵanthu ŵakwambilira ŵa ku Europe, ŵakayigwiliskira nchito m'paka pakakhala tuvigaŵa tuchoko waka. Pa nyengo yasono, makuni ghanyake gha ku South Africa nga ni yellowwood (Podocarpus latifolius), stinkwood (Ocotea bullata), na black ironwood (Olea capensis) ghakuvikilirika na boma. Kafukufuku wakulongora kuti mu 2014, ŵanthu ŵakakoma viyuni 1,215 mu charu ichi. Pakuti mu South Africa muli vyakumera vinandi (vinandi mwa vyakumera ivi vikusangika ku Karoo), ntheura ŵanthu ŵanandi ŵakutemwa kupenja vyakumera.<ref name=":1">{{Cite news|last=Trenchard|first=Tommy|date=2021-07-31|title=In South Africa, Poachers Now Traffic in Tiny Succulent Plants|language=en-US|work=The New York Times|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2021/07/31/world/africa/south-africa-poachers-tiny-succulent-plants.html|access-date=2022-06-27|issn=0362-4331}}</ref> == Ŵanthu == {{Main|Demographics of South Africa}} [[File:South Africa 2011 population density map (hex cells).svg|thumb|Map of population density in South Africa{{Clear}} {{legend-col |{{legend|#ffffcc|&lt;1 /km²}} |{{legend|#ffeda0|1–3 /km²}} |{{legend|#fed976|3–10 /km²}} |{{legend|#feb24c|10–30 /km²}} |{{legend|#fd8d3c|30–100 /km²}} |{{legend|#fc4e2a|100–300 /km²}} |{{legend|#e31a1c|300–1000 /km²}} |{{legend|#bc0026|1000–3000 /km²}} |{{legend|#800026|&gt;3000 /km²}}}} ]] Charu cha South Africa chili na ŵanthu pafupifupi 60 miliyoni (kwambira mu 2021) ndipo ŵali na mitheto yakupambanapambana, viyowoyero, na visopa. Kafukufuku waumaliro uyu wakacitika mu 2011, ndipo pa caka cilicose ŵanthu ŵakweruzgika. <ref name=":3" />Ku South Africa kuli ŵanthu ŵakujumpha 5 miliyoni awo ŵiza kwambura kuzomerezgeka, kusazgapo ŵanthu pafupifupi 3 miliyoni ŵa ku Zimbabwe.<ref name=":3">{{cite web|url=http://www.iht.com/articles/2008/05/23/africa/23saf.php|title=Anti-immigrant violence spreads in South Africa, with attacks reported in Cape Town&nbsp;– The New York Times|website=[[International Herald Tribune]]|date=23 May 2008|access-date=30 October 2011|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090221002431/http://www.iht.com/articles/2008/05/23/africa/23saf.php|archive-date=21 February 2009 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://news.sky.com/story/573086/escape-from-mugabe-zimbabwes-exodus|title=Escape From Mugabe: Zimbabwe's Exodus|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160124000311/http://news.sky.com/story/573086/escape-from-mugabe-zimbabwes-exodus|archive-date=24 January 2016 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.fin24.com/articles/default/display_article.aspx?ArticleId=1518-25_2035097|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090214052122/http://www.fin24.com/articles/default/display_article.aspx?ArticleId=1518-25_2035097|archive-date=14 February 2009|title=More illegals set to flood SA|publisher=Fin24|access-date=30 October 2011|url-status=dead }}</ref> Mu Meyi 2008, pakachitika viwawa vinandi vyakwimikana na ŵalendo. Wupu wa Statistics South Africa ukupempha ŵanthu kuti ŵajilongore ŵekha mu vigaŵa vinkhondi. Pa kalembera wa 2011, ŵanthu ŵa mu vigaŵa ivi ŵakaŵa: Ŵachikuda ŵa ku Africa 79.2%, Ŵachizungu 8.9%, Ŵanthu ŵa mitundu yinyake 8.9%, Ŵachindi panji Ŵaciindiya 2.5%, na Ŵanyake/Ŵambura Kuzunulika 0.5%. Ku South Africa kuli ŵanthu ŵanandi awo ŵakuchimbilira ku caru cinyake. Lipoti linyake la wupu wa U.S. Komiti ya Ŵakuchimbira kwawo na Ŵakufuma mu Vyaru Vinyake yikati mu 2007, ŵanthu aŵa ŵakaŵa 144,700. Ŵanthu ŵakufuma ku Zimbabwe (ŵanthu 48,400), DRC (ŵanthu 24,800), na Somalia (ŵanthu 12,900) ŵakaŵa mu gulu la ŵanthu ŵakujumpha 10,000 awo ŵakacimbira na kupenja ciphokwero. Ŵanthu aŵa ŵakakhalanga mu Johannesburg, Pretoria, Durban, Cape Town, na Port Elizabeth.<ref name="World Refugee Survey 2008">{{cite news|title=World Refugee Survey 2008|publisher=U.S. Committee for Refugees and Immigrants|date=19 June 2008|url=http://www.refugees.org/resources/refugee-warehousing/archived-world-refugee-surveys/2008-world-refugee-survey.html|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141019224639/http://www.refugees.org/resources/refugee-warehousing/archived-world-refugee-surveys/2008-world-refugee-survey.html|archive-date=19 October 2014 }}</ref> === Viyowoyelo === {{Main|Languages of South Africa}} [[File:South Africa 2011 dominant language map (hex cells).svg|right|thumb|{{Collapsible list |title=Map showing the dominant [[Languages of South Africa|South African languages]] by area |{{legend|#80b1d3|[[Zulu language|Zulu]] (22.7%)}} |{{legend|#fb8072|[[Xhosa language|Xhosa]] (16.0%)}} |{{legend|#8dd3c7|⁠[[Afrikaans]] (13.5%)}} |{{legend|#ffffb3|[[South African English|English]] (9.6%)}} |{{legend|#fdb462|[[Northern Sotho language|Pedi]] (9.1%)}} |{{legend|#fccde5|[[Tswana language|Tswana]] (8.0%)}} |{{legend|#b3de69|[[Sotho language|Southern Sotho]] (7.6%)}} |{{legend|#ffed6f|[[Tsonga language|Tsonga]] (4.5%)}} |{{legend|#bc80bd|[[Swazi language|Swazi]] (2.5%)}} |{{legend|#ccebc5|[[Venda language|Venda]] (2.4%)}} |{{legend|#bebada|[[Southern Ndebele language|Southern Ndebele]] (2.1%)}} |{{legend|#d0d0d0|None dominant}} |{{legend|#ffffff|Areas of little or no population}} }}]] Ku South Africa kuli viyowoyero 11 vyakuzomerezgeka: Chizulu, Chixhosa, Chifurikansi, Chingelezi, Chipedi, Chitswana, Chisotho cha Kumwera, Chitsonga, Chiswazi, Chivenda, na ChiNdebele cha Kumwera (mwakuyana na awo ŵakuyowoya chiyowoyero chakwamba). Pa nkhani iyi, charu ichi chili pa nambara 4 pamanyuma pa Bolivia, India, na Zimbabwe. Nangauli viyowoyero vyose ni vyakuyana, kweni viyowoyero vinyake vikuyowoyeka chomene kuluska vinyake. Kuyana na kalembera wa 2011, viyowoyero vitatu ivyo ŵanthu ŵanandi ŵakuyowoya ni Chizulu (22.7%), Chixhosa (16.0%), na Chifurikansi (13.5%). Nangauli ciyowoyero ca Cingelezi nchakumanyikwa kuti nchiyowoyero ca malonda na sayansi, kweni ni ciyowoyero cacinayi ico ŵanthu ŵanandi ŵakuyowoya mu caru ici, ndipo pa ŵanthu awo ŵakafumbika mu 2011, ŵanthu 9.6% ndiwo ŵakayowoyanga Cingelezi. Kuyana na kalembera wa mu 1991, ŵanthu ŵakujumpha hafu ya ŵanthu ŵa ku South Africa ŵakuyowoya Chingelezi. Ni ciyowoyero caciŵiri pa viyowoyero vyose ivyo ŵanthu ŵakuyowoya kuwaro kwa nyumba zawo. Ŵanthu ŵanandi ŵakuyowoya viyowoyero vinyake nga ni Fanagalo, Khoe, Lobedu, Nama, Northern Ndebele, Phuthi, na Chiyowoyero cha Mawoko cha ku South Africa.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.southafrica.info/about/people/language.htm|title=The languages of South Africa|publisher=SouthAfrica.info|date=4 February 1997|access-date=7 November 2010|url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110304001836/http://www.southafrica.info/about/people/language.htm|archive-date=4 March 2011}}</ref> Viyowoyero ivi vingagwiliskirika ntchito mu vigaŵa vichoko waka uko ŵanthu ŵanandi ŵakuyowoya viyowoyero ivi. Viyowoyero vinandi vya ŵanthu ŵa mtundu wa San na Khoekhoe ivyo vikuyowoyeka ku malo agha, vikusangika kumpoto kwa Namibia na Botswana. Ŵanthu aŵa ŵakupambana chomene na ŵanthu ŵa mtundu wa Bantu awo ŵakukhala ku South Africa. Ŵanthu aŵa ŵali kuleka kuyowoya viyowoyero vinandi, ndipo viyowoyero vyawo vinyake vili pafupi kumara. Ŵazungu ŵa ku South Africa ŵangayowoyaso viyowoyero vya ku Europe, nga Chiitaliya, Chiphwitikizi (ivyo ŵanthu ŵa ku Angola na Mozambique ŵakuyowoya), Chidachi, Chijeremani, na Chigiriki. Ŵanthu ŵakufuma ku vyaru vya ku Africa awo ŵakuyowoya Chifurenchi ndiwo ŵakuyowoya Chifurenchi. === Chisopo === {{Main|Religion in South Africa}} {{bar box |title=Religion in South Africa (2010)<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.globalreligiousfutures.org/countries/south-africa#/?affiliations_religion_id=11&affiliations_year=2010&region_name=All+Countries&restrictions_year=2015|title=Religions in South Africa – PEW-GRF|website=www.globalreligiousfutures.org|access-date=9 December 2017|archive-date=10 July 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180710102511/http://globalreligiousfutures.org/countries/south-africa#/?affiliations_religion_id=11&affiliations_year=2010&region_name=All+Countries&restrictions_year=2015|url-status=live}}</ref> |titlebar= #Fcd116 |left1=religion |right1=percent |float=right |bars= {{bar percent|[[Protestantism]]|#B57EDC|73.2}} {{bar percent|[[Irreligion|No religion]]|black|14.9}} {{bar percent|[[Catholicism]]|darkblue|7.4}} {{bar percent|[[Islam]]|green|1.7}} {{bar percent|[[Hinduism]]|darkorange|1.1}} {{bar percent|Other faith|silver|1.7}} }} Kuyana na kalembera wa mu 2001, Ŵakhristu ŵakaŵa 79.8% ya ŵanthu, ndipo ŵanandi ŵakaŵa ŵa visopa vyakupambanapambana vya Chipulotesitanti (ivyo vikusazgapo matchalitchi gha ku Africa) kweniso Ŵaroma na Ŵakhristu ŵanyake ŵachoko waka. Mu gulu la Ŵakhristu muli Ŵakhristu ŵa ku Ziyoni (11.1%), Ŵapentekosite (Charismatic) (8.2%), Ŵaroma Katolika (7.1%), Ŵamethodisti (6.8%), Ŵachidachi Ŵakunozgekera (6.7%), na Ŵanglican (3.8%). Ŵanthu ŵanyake 36 pa 100 ŵali mu visopa vinyake vya Cikhristu. Ŵasilamu ŵakaŵa na ciŵelengero ca 1.5% ca ŵanthu, Ŵahindu ŵakaŵa na ciŵelengero ca 1.2%, visopa vya ku Africa vikaŵa na ciŵelengero ca 0.3% ndipo Ciyuda cikaŵa na ciŵelengero ca 0.2%. Pa ŵanthu aŵa, 15.1% ŵakaŵa ŵambura chisopa, 0.6% ŵakaŵa "ŵanyake", ndipo 1.4% ŵakaŵa "ŵambura kumanya chisopa chawo".<ref name="factbook">{{cite web |title=South Africa |url=https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/south-africa/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210110042951/https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/south-africa |archive-date=10 January 2021 |access-date=23 January 2021 |website=The World Factbook |publisher=CIA}}</ref><ref name="state.gov">{{cite web|url=https://2001-2009.state.gov/g/drl/rls/irf/2005/51496.htm|title=South Africa&nbsp;– Section I. Religious Demography|publisher=U.S. Department of State|access-date=15 July 2006|archive-date=14 June 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200614133513/https://2001-2009.state.gov/g/drl/rls/irf/2005/51496.htm|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|first1=Wessel|last1=Bentley|author2=Dion Angus Forster|title=Methodism in Southern Africa: A Celebration of Wesleyan Mission|year=2008|publisher=AcadSA|isbn=978-1-920212-29-2|pages=97–98|chapter=God's mission in our context, healing and transforming responses}}</ref> Matchalitchi agho ghakafuma ku Africa ndigho ghakaŵa ghakuru comene pa visopa vyose vya Cikhristu. Ŵanthu ŵakagomezganga kuti ŵanthu ŵanandi awo ŵakayowoyanga kuti ŵali mu cisopa cilicose yayi ŵakalondezganga cisopa ca ku Africa. Ku South Africa kuli ŵanthu ŵakukwana 200,000 awo ŵakuchizga ŵalwari, ndipo ŵanthu 60 pa 100 ŵaliwose ŵakuluta ku ŵanthu aŵa. Ŵakuchizga aŵa ŵakugwiliskira ntchito vigomezgo vya ŵasekuru na kugomezga kuti vyamoyo vya mu malo agha ni vyamzimu kweniso ni vyakuti vingovwira ŵanthu. Ŵanthu ŵanandi ŵali na visambizgo vya cisopa ivyo vikusazgapo visambizgo vya Cikhristu na vya ŵanthu ŵa ku malo agha. Ŵasilamu ŵa ku South Africa ŵali na ŵanthu ŵa mitundu yakupambanapambana na ŵa ku India. Ŵasambiri ŵa ku South Africa awo ŵali kung'anamukira ku cisopa ca Ciarabu na Cizungu, kweniso awo ŵali kufuma ku vigaŵa vinyake vya mu Africa, ŵali kutorana nawo. Ŵasilamu ŵa ku South Africa ŵakuyowoya kuti cisopa cawo ndico cikukura mwaluŵiro comene mu caru ici.<ref name=csmonitor>{{cite journal|url=http://www.csmonitor.com/2002/0110/p13s1-woaf.html|title=In South Africa, many blacks convert to Islam / The Christian Science Monitor|journal=The Christian Science Monitor|date=10 January 2002 |access-date=30 October 2011|archive-date=30 July 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130730173053/http://www.csmonitor.com/2002/0110/p13s1-woaf.html|url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.religionnewsblog.com/9398/muslims-say-their-faith-growing-fast-in-africa|title=Muslims say their faith growing fast in Africa|date=15 November 2004 |publisher=Religionnewsblog.com|access-date=7 November 2010|archive-date=1 October 2010|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101001060330/http://www.religionnewsblog.com/9398/muslims-say-their-faith-growing-fast-in-africa|url-status=live }}</ref> Mu tawuni iyi muli Ŵayuda ŵanandi awo ŵali kufuma ku vyaru vinyake. Ŵanthu aŵa ŵakakwana 120,000 mu ma 1970, kweni lero ŵalipo 67,000 pera, ndipo ŵanyake wose ŵali kusamira ku Israel. Nangauli vili nthena, kweni ciŵelengero ici cikupangiska kuti ciŵelengero ca Ŵayuda mu South Africa ciŵe ca nambara 12 pa caru cose.<ref>{{Citation| editor-last = Rebecca Weiner| editor-first = Rebecca Weiner| year = 2010| publisher = [[Jewish Virtual Library]]| title = South African Jewish History and Information| format = PDF| url = https://www.jewishvirtuallibrary.org/jsource/vjw/South_Africa.html| access-date = 13 August 2010| archive-date = 11 January 2017| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20170111051609/http://www.jewishvirtuallibrary.org/jsource/vjw/South_Africa.html| url-status = live }}</ref> === Masambilo === {{Main|Education in South Africa}} [[File:UCT Upper Campus landscape view.jpg|thumb|220x220px|The [[University of Cape Town]]]] Mu 2007, chiŵelengero cha ŵanthu ŵakumanya kulemba na kulemba chikaŵa 88.7%. Ku South Africa kuli masukulu gha vigaŵa vitatu. Ŵasambiri ŵakusambira kwa vyaka 12, kwambira mu kilasi 1 m'paka 12. Ŵana ŵa sukulu ŵa gredi R ŵakwamba kusambira pambere ŵandafike ku pulayimale. Sukulu za pulayimale zikuchitika kwa vyaka vinkhondi na viŵiri. Masambiro gha ku sekondare ghakutora vilimika vinkhondi. Para munthu wakwaniska kilasi la nambara 12, wakuŵa na chiyezgelero cha National Senior Certificate. Masukulu ghapacanya pa boma ghakupambana mu mitundu yitatu: masukulu ghapacanya ghacilengiwa, agho ghakupeleka masambiro gha ku yunivesite; masukulu gha sayansi (agho kale ghakacemekanga technikon), agho ghakupeleka masambiro gha ku nchito; na masukulu ghapachanya, agho ghakupeleka masambiro gha mitundu yose yiŵiri. Ku South Africa kuli maunivesite 23 gha boma: 11 ghakumanyikwa na ŵanthu wose, 6 gha sayansi, na 6 ghakupambanapambana. Mu nyengo ya apartheid, masukulu gha ŵanthu ŵafipa ghakaŵanga na sankho chifukwa cha ndalama zakukwana yayi kweniso pakaŵa ndondomeko yinyake yakuchemeka Bantu Education. Mu 2004, charu cha South Africa chikamba kunozga masukulu gha masukulu ghapachanya. Kuzakafika mu 2015, ŵana ŵa sukulu ŵakujumpha 1.4 miliyoni ŵa masukulu ghapachanya ŵawovwirika na ndondomeko ya wovwiri wa ndalama iyo yikamba mu 1999.<ref name=Cele>{{cite news|last1=Cele|first1=S'thembile; Masondo, Sipho|title=Shocking cost of SA's universities|url=http://www.fin24.com/Economy/Shocking-cost-of-SAs-universities-20150118|access-date=19 January 2015|agency=City Press|publisher=fin24.com|date=18 January 2015|archive-date=19 January 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150119205443/http://www.fin24.com/Economy/Shocking-cost-of-SAs-universities-20150118|url-status=live }}</ref> === Umoyo === {{Main|Health in South Africa|Healthcare in South Africa}} [[File:Tygerberg from air.jpg|thumb|220x220px|[[Tygerberg Hospital]] in [[Parow, South Africa|Parow, Cape Town]]]] Wupu unyake wa ku South Africa (South African Institute of Race Relations) ukati mu 2009, ŵanthu ŵazungu ŵa ku South Africa ŵakakhazganga kukhala vyaka 71, ndipo ŵafipa vyaka 48. Ndalama izo ŵanthu ŵakugwiliskira nchito pa vya cipatala ni pafupifupi 9% ya GDP. Pafupifupi 84% ya ŵanthu ŵakuthemba wovwiri wa boma wa vyaumoyo. Pafupifupi ŵanthu 20 pa ŵanthu 100 ŵaliwose ŵakugwiliskira nchito wovwiri wa boma. Ŵanthu 16 pera ndiwo ŵakupokera wovwiri wa munkhwala; ŵanyake wose ŵakujilipira ŵekha panji ŵakupokera wovwiri wa mu chipatala. Mabungwe ghatatu gha vipatala, [[Mediclinic]], [[Life Healthcare]] na [[Netcare]], pamoza ghakwendeska 75% ya msika wa vipatala vyapadera.<ref name="fmhealth">{{cite web |title=Motsoaledi to reform private health care |url=http://www.fm.co.za/fm/CoverStory/2013/07/04/motsoaledi-to-reform-private-health-care |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130707152200/http://www.fm.co.za/fm/CoverStory/2013/07/04/motsoaledi-to-reform-private-health-care |archive-date=7 July 2013 |access-date=25 August 2013 |publisher=Financial Mail}}</ref> ==== Edesi (HIV/AIDS) ==== {{Main|HIV/AIDS in South Africa}} [[File:Life expectancy in select African countries, 1950–2019.jpg|thumb|Life expectancy in select Southern African countries, 1950–2019. [[HIV/AIDS]] has caused a fall in life expectancy.]] Lipoti la UNAIDS la mu 2015, likati ku South Africa kuli ŵanthu pafupifupi 7 miliyoni awo ŵali na HIV. Mu 2018, chiŵelengero cha ŵanthu awo ŵali na HIV (ŵakujumpha vyaka 15 m'paka 49) chikaŵa 20.4%, ndipo mu chaka chenechicho ŵanthu 71,000 ŵakafwa na matenda gha AIDS.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.unaids.org/en/regionscountries/countries/southafrica|title=South Africa|website=www.unaids.org|language=en|access-date=9 November 2019|archive-date=28 August 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190828020358/https://www.unaids.org/en/regionscountries/countries/southafrica|url-status=live}}</ref> Kafukufuku munyake uyo wakachitika mu 2008, wakalongora kuti ŵanthu ŵa mitundu yakupambanapambana ŵali na HIV. Pa ŵanthu wose ŵa mitundu yakupambanapambana, 13.6% ŵali na HIV, apo pa ŵanthu ŵatuŵa, 0.3% pera ndiwo ŵali na HIV. Ŵanthu ŵanandi awo ŵakufwa cifukwa ca matenda gha AIDS ŵakuŵa na ndalama zinandi. Ku South Africa kuli ŵana ŵalanda 1,200,000. Kwa nyengo yitali, pulezidenti Thabo Mbeki na nduna yake ya vyaumoyo, Manto Tshabalala-Msimang, ŵakakana kuti HIV, nthenda iyo yikuthandazgika na kugonana, na AIDS vikukolerana. Mu 2007, boma la Britain likamba kulimbana na matenda gha AIDS cifukwa ca kucenjezgeka na vyaru vinyake. Pambuyo pa chisankho cha 2009, Purezidenti Jacob Zuma adasankha Aaron Motsoaledi kukhala nduna ya zaumoyo ndipo adadzipereka ku boma lake kuti liwonjezere ndalama zoyendetsera ndikuwonjezera kuchuluka kwa chithandizo cha HIV, ndipo pofika chaka cha 2015, South Africa idapita patsogolo kwambiri, chifukwa cha kupezeka kwa mankhwala a antiretroviral zomwe zidapangitsa kuti chiyembekezo cha moyo chiwonjezeke kuchokera zaka 52.1 mpaka zaka 62.5.<ref name="conversationHIVExcelled">{{cite web|url=https://theconversation.com/south-africa-has-excelled-in-treating-hiv-prevention-remains-a-disaster-51501|title=South Africa has excelled in treating HIV – prevention remains a disaster|first=Saiqa|last=Mullick|access-date=12 July 2018|archive-date=12 July 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180712052403/https://theconversation.com/south-africa-has-excelled-in-treating-hiv-prevention-remains-a-disaster-51501|url-status=live}}</ref> === Chitauni === Pa webusayiti yinyake pali madera ghakujumpha 12,600 mu South Africa. Maofesi gha munthavi gha ku South Africa<ref>{{Cite web|title=South African Cities And Provinces – A Complete List|url=https://dirkstrauss.com/south-african-cities/|website=dirkstrauss.com|date=27 December 2018 |access-date=26 April 2021|archive-date=7 May 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210507050602/https://dirkstrauss.com/south-african-cities/|url-status=live}}</ref> . {{Largest cities of South Africa}} == Boma == {{Main|Government of South Africa|Politics of South Africa|Law of South Africa|Human rights in South Africa}} [[File:Uniegebou.jpg|thumb|alt=Photo of the Union Buildings|[[Union Buildings]] in Pretoria, seat of the executive]] [[File:Cape_Town,_Houses_of_Parliament.JPG|thumb|Houses of [[Parliament of South Africa|Parliament]] in Cape Town, seat of the legislature]] [[File:Constitutional_Court_of_South_Africa.jpg|thumb|alt=Photo of the Constitutional Court|[[Constitutional Court of South Africa|Constitutional Court]] in Johannesburg]] Charu cha South Africa chili na boma laparamende, kweni mwakupambana na maparamende ghanyake, pulezidenti ndiyo ni mutu wa boma kweniso mutu wa boma. Wupu wakulongozga, wupu wakwimika malango na wupu wakweruzga, vyose vikukolerana na Dango la South Africa, ndipo makhoti ghapachanya ghali na mazaza gha kulekeska malango gha wupu wakulongozga na malango gha Nyumba ya Malango usange ghakususkana na dango. Nyumba ya Malango, iyo ni nyumba yaciŵiri ya boma, yili na ŵanthu 400 ndipo yikuŵa na ŵimiliri. Wupu wa vigaŵa, uwo ni nyumba yikuru, uli na mamembara 90, ndipo chigaŵa chilichose cha vigaŵa 9 chikusankha mamembara 10.<ref name=":4" /> Para maungano ghaparamende ghajumpha, wupu wa National Assembly ukusankha yumoza wa ŵanthu awo ŵali mu wupu uwu kuŵa pulezidenti. Palije pulezidenti uyo wangaŵa pa udindo nyengo zinandi kuluska ziŵiri. Pulezidenti wakusora wachiŵiri wa pulezidenti na nduna izo zikuyimira dipatimenti yinyake. Nyumba ya Malango yingawuskapo purezidenti na nduna za boma mwa kuleka kugomezga. Pa chisankho chaposachedwapa, chomwe chinachitika pa 8 May 2019, ANC inapeza 58% ya mavoti ndi mipando 230, pamene chipani chachikulu chotsutsa, Democratic Alliance, chinalandira 21% ya mavoti ndi mipando 84. Gulu la Economic Freedom Fighters, ilo likakhazikiskika na Julius Malema, uyo wakaŵa purezidenti wa ANC Youth League ndipo pamasinda wakafumiskika mu ANC, likapokera mavoti 11% na vithuzithuzi 44. Kufuma apo muwuso wa apartheid ukamalira, ANC ndiyo yikulongozga mu South Africa.<ref name=":4" /> Charu cha South Africa chilije msumba ukuru. Cipaturo cacinayi ca dango ili cikuti: "Malo gha Nyumba ya Malango ni Cape Town, kweni Dango la Nyumba ya Malango ilo lalembeka mwakuyana na vigaŵa vya 76 (1) na (5) lingapangiska kuti malo gha Nyumba ya Malango ghaŵe kunyake". Maboma ghatatu gha mu caru ici ghali kugaŵika mu misumba yakupambanapambana. Msumba wa Cape Town, ndiwo msumba ukuru wa boma; Pretoria, ndiwo msumba ukuru wa boma; ndipo Bloemfontein ndiwo msumba ukuru wa khoti likuru la apilu. Maboma ghanandi gha vyaru vinyake ghali ku Pretoria.<ref name=":5" /> Kwambira mu 2004, ŵanthu ŵanandi ŵakamba kususka boma la South Africa, ndipo ŵanyake ŵakaŵa ŵankhaza. Pali milandu yinandi ya nkhaza za ndyali kweniso kuthaskika kwa nkhaza izo zikususkana na dango la chalo, ndipo ivi vikupangiska kuti ŵanthu ŵanyake ŵakuwona vya ndyali na mawupu gha wupu wa ŵanthu ŵakuti pali panji pangaŵa suzgo la nkhaza za ndyali.<ref name=":4">{{cite web|author=J. Duncan|url=http://www.sacsis.org.za/site/article/489.1|title=The Return of State Repression|publisher=South African Civil Society Information Services|date=31 May 2010|access-date=26 June 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130630181604/http://www.sacsis.org.za/site/article/489.1|archive-date=30 June 2013|url-status=dead }}</ref><ref name=":5">{{cite web|url=http://www.fxi.org.za/content/view/47/51/|title=Increasing police repression highlighted by recent case|publisher=Freedom of Expression Institute|year=2006|access-date=26 June 2013|url-status=usurped|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130120181236/http://www.fxi.org.za/content/view/47/51/|archive-date=20 January 2013}}</ref> Mu 2008, charu cha South Africa chikaŵa pa malo ghachinkhondi pa vyaru 48 vya mu Africa. Boma la South Africa likaŵa na masambiro ghapachanya pa nkhani ya malango, kujikora na vimbundi, kweniso vya wanangwa wa ŵanthu, kweni likaŵa na masambiro ghachoko pa nkhani ya chivikiliro. Mu 2006, charu cha South Africa ndicho chikaŵa chakwamba kuzomerezga nthengwa za ŵanalume panji ŵanakazi ŵekhaŵekha. Ndondomeko ya malango ya ku South Africa ndiyo njakwenelera. Malamulo gha ku South Africa ghakafuma ku malango gha ŵanthu ŵa ku Roma na ŵa ku Netherlands, kweniso ku malango gha ŵanthu ŵa ku England.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.llrx.com/features/southafrica.htm|title=Researching South African Law|access-date=23 June 2008|first1=Pamela|last1=Snyman|first2=Amanda|last2=Barratt|name-list-style=amp|date=2 October 2002|publisher=w/ Library Resource Xchange|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080617154356/http://www.llrx.com/features/southafrica.htm|archive-date=17 June 2008 }}</ref> Dango lakwamba la ku Europe ilo likakhazikiskika ku South Africa likafuma ku Dutch East India Company ndipo likucemeka dango la Ŵaroma na ŵa ku Netherlands. Dango ili likatoleka pambere dango la ku Europe lindanozgeke na kunjizgika mu Dango la Napoleon. Mu ma 1800, boma la England likamba kulondezga malango gha boma. Pamanyuma pa kuwungana mu 1910, charu cha South Africa chikaŵa na nyumba yake ya malango iyo yikapeleka malango ghakukhwaskana na charu ichi. Makhoti agha ni: Khoti Likuru Chomene (Supreme Court of Appeal) na Khoti Likuru Chomene (Constitutional Court). === Ubale na vyaru vinyake === {{Main|Foreign relations of South Africa}} [[File:Leaders BRICS summit 2019.jpg|thumb|left|President of South Africa, [[Cyril Ramaphosa]] (far left), poses with the [[BRICS]] heads of state and government during the [[11th BRICS summit]], 2019]] Pakuŵa mu wupu wa South Africa, charu ichi chikaŵa yumoza wa awo ŵakambiska wupu wa United Nations (UN), ndipo nduna yikuru Jan Smuts ndiyo wakalemba mazgu ghakwamba gha United Nations Charter.<ref name="gildersleeve">{{cite magazine|url=http://www.columbia.edu/cu/alumni/Magazine/Summer2001/Gildersleeve.html|title=Virginia Gildersleeve: Opening the Gates (Living Legacies)|first=Rosalind|last=Rosenberg|date=Summer 2001|magazine=Columbia Magazine|access-date=14 December 2009|archive-date=2 January 2004|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20040102153832/http://www.columbia.edu/cu/alumni/Magazine/Summer2001/Gildersleeve.html|url-status=live }}</ref><ref name="Schlesinger">{{cite book|author=Schlesinger, Stephen E.|title=Act of Creation: The Founding of the United Nations: A Story of Superpowers, Secret Agents, Wartime Allies and Enemies, and Their Quest for a Peaceful World|publisher=Westview, Perseus Books Group|location=Cambridge, Massachusetts|year=2004|pages=236–7|isbn=978-0-8133-3275-8 }}</ref> Charu cha South Africa nchimoza mwa vyaru ivyo vikaŵa mu wupu wa African Union (AU). Ndilo liŵapo pa gulu la AU la New Partnership for Africa's Development. Boma la apartheid likati lamara, charu cha South Africa chikaweleraso ku Commonwealth. Charu ichi chili mu wupu wa G77 ndipo chikaŵa na mazaza pa wupu uwu mu 2006. Charu cha South Africa chili mu chalo cha Southern African Development Community, South Atlantic Peace and Cooperation Zone, Southern African Customs Union, Antarctic Treaty System, World Trade Organization, International Monetary Fund, G20, G8+5, na Port Management Association of Eastern and Southern Africa. Mu vyaka 10 ivyo vyajumpha, charu cha South Africa chachitiska kuti paŵe mphindano mu vyaru vya ku Africa nga ni Burundi, Democratic Republic of Congo, Comoros, na Zimbabwe. Pulezidenti Jacob Zuma na Pulezidenti wa China Hu Jintao ŵakakhozga ubwezi pakati pa vyaru viŵiri ivi mu 2010 apo ŵakasaina phangano la Beijing ilo likakwezga "ubwezi wakudumura" wa South Africa na China ku "ubwezi wakudumura" mu vyaru vyose vya vyaru ivi. Mu 2011, chalo cha South Africa chikapokelerana na maboma gha Brazil-Russia-India-China (BRICS), agho Zuma wakamanya kuti ni maboma agho ghakwendeska malonda gha charu ichi kweniso maboma agho ghakwendeska malonda gha Africa. Mr. Zuma wakati vyaru vya BRICS vicitirenge lumoza nchito kwizira mu UN, G20, na India, Brazil South Africa (IBSA).<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.southafrica.info/global/brics/brics-140411.htm|title=SA brings 'unique attributes' to BRICS|publisher=Southafrica.info|date=14 April 2011|access-date=26 June 2013|url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110709031314/http://www.southafrica.info/global/brics/brics-140411.htm|archive-date=9 July 2011}}</ref> === Kugawikana kwa boma === {{Main|Administrative divisions of South Africa|Provinces of South Africa}} [[File:Map of South Africa with English labels.svg|thumb|right|upright=1.6|[[Provinces of South Africa]]]] Chigaŵa chilichose cha vigaŵa ivi chili na wupu wa malango uwo ukuŵa na nyumba yimoza, ndipo ŵanthu ŵakusankhika mu vigaŵa vyose vyaka 5. Wupu wakulongozga ndiwo ukusankha nduna yikuru kuŵa mulongozgi wa boma, ndipo nduna yikuru yikwimika wupu wa Executive Council kuŵa nduna yikuru ya boma. Maufumu gha vigaŵa ghakukhala waka pa nkhani izo zili kulembeka mu dango; nkhani izi ni za umoyo, masambiro, nyumba za ŵanthu wose, na mendero. Vigaŵa ivi vili kugaŵika vigaŵa 52, ndipo vili na matawuni 8. Ŵana ŵa vigaŵa ivi ŵali kugaŵika mu vigaŵa 205. Ŵalara ŵa boma, awo ŵakulongozga misumba yikuruyikuru, ŵakucita milimo ya boma la cigaŵa na la cigaŵa. {| class="wikitable sortable" style="font-size: 85%; text-align: right" |- ! Province ! Provincial capital ! Largest city ! Area (km²)<ref>{{cite book |url=http://www.statssa.gov.za/publications/StatsInBrief/StatsInBrief2010.pdf |title=Stats in Brief, 2010 |publisher=Statistics South Africa |year=2010 |isbn=978-0-621-39563-1 |location=Pretoria |page=3 |access-date=14 January 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180820132652/http://www.statssa.gov.za/publications/StatsInBrief/StatsInBrief2010.pdf |archive-date=20 August 2018 |url-status=live}}</ref> ! Population (2016)<ref name="2016CS">{{cite web |title=Community Survey 2016 In Brief |url=http://cs2016.statssa.gov.za/wp-content/uploads/2017/07/CS-in-brief-14-07-2017-with-cover_1.pdf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180516231635/http://cs2016.statssa.gov.za/wp-content/uploads/2017/07/CS-in-brief-14-07-2017-with-cover_1.pdf |archive-date=16 May 2018 |access-date=28 April 2018 |publisher=Statistics South Africa}}</ref> ! Population (2020)<ref>''Stats in Brief, 2020'': Mid 2020 official estimates from Statistics South Africa, Pretoria.</ref> |- | align="left" | [[Eastern Cape]]|| align="left" |[[Bhisho]]|| align="left" |[[Gqeberha]]|| 168,966|| 6,996,976|| 6,734,000 |- | align="left" |[[Free State (South African province)|Free State]]|| align="left" |[[Bloemfontein]]|| align="left" |Bloemfontein|| 129,825|| 2,834,714|| 2,929,000 |- | align="left" |[[Gauteng]]|| align="left" |[[Johannesburg]]|| align="left" |Johannesburg|| 18,178|| 13,399,724|| 15,488,000 |- | align="left" |[[KwaZulu-Natal]]|| align="left" |[[Pietermaritzburg]]|| align="left" |[[Durban]]|| 94,361|| 11,065,240|| 11,532,000 |- | align="left" |[[Limpopo]]|| align="left" |[[Polokwane]]|| align="left" |Polokwane|| 125,754|| 5,799,090|| 5,853,000 |- | align="left" |[[Mpumalanga]]|| align="left" |[[Mbombela]]|| align="left" |Mbombela|| 76,495|| 4,335,964|| 4,680,000 |- | align="left" |[[North West (South African province)|North West]]|| align="left" |[[Mahikeng]]|| align="left" |[[Klerksdorp]]|| 104,882|| 3,748,435|| 4,109,000 |- | align="left" |[[Northern Cape]]|| align="left" |[[Kimberley, South Africa|Kimberley]]|| align="left" |Kimberley|| 372,889|| 1,193,780|| 1,293,000 |- | align="left" |[[Western Cape]]|| align="left" |[[Cape Town]]|| align="left" |Cape Town|| 129,462|| 6,279,730|| 7,006,000 |} === Ŵasilikari na ŵamazaza === {{Main|South African National Defence Force}} {{See also|List of equipment of the South African National Defence Force|Defence industry of South Africa|South Africa and weapons of mass destruction}} {{Multiple image | image1 = SAAF-Gripen-001 (cropped).jpg | alt1 = | caption1 = [[South African Air Force]] [[JAS-39|Saab Gripen]] | image2 = Rooivalk in flight (cropped).jpg | caption2 = South African-made [[Denel Rooivalk|Rooivalk]] attack helicopter | image3 = SAS Spioenkop during Exercise IBSAMAR V (cropped).JPG | caption3 = [[SAS Spioenkop|SAS ''Spioenkop'' (F147)]], one of the four [[Valour-class frigate|Valour-class]] stealth guided-missile frigates of the [[South African Navy]] | total_width = | perrow = 2 | caption4 = The [[Denel Rooivalk]] attack helicopter | direction = vertical | width = 220 }} Gulu la South African National Defence Force (SANDF) likapangika mu 1994 nga ni gulu la ŵasilikari ŵakujipeleka ilo lili na ŵasilikari ŵa kale ŵa South African Defence Force, ŵasilikari ŵa magulu gha African nationalist (uMkhonto we Sizwe na Azanian People's Liberation Army), na ŵasilikari ŵa bantustan. Wupu wa SANDF uli kugaŵika mu vigaŵa vinayi, South African Army, South African Air Force, South African Navy, na South African Military Health Service.<ref name="act-42-2002">{{cite web|url=http://www.info.gov.za/gazette/acts/2002/a42-02.pdf|title=Defence Act 42 of 2002|access-date=23 June 2008|date=12 February 2003|publisher=South African Government|page=18|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080624211758/http://www.info.gov.za/gazette/acts/2002/a42-02.pdf|archive-date=24 June 2008|url-status=dead }}</ref>Gulu la SANDF lili na ŵasilikari pafupifupi 75,000 m'paka mu 2019. Mu vyaka vyasonosono apa, SANDF yazgoka gulu likuru lakuvikilira mtende mu Africa, ndipo yikugwira nchito ku Lesotho, DRC, na Burundi, na vyaru vinyake. Kweniso likateŵeterapo mu mawupu ghakupambanapambana gha UN, nga ni UN Force Intervention Brigade. Mu 2022, chalo chikagwiliskira nchito ndalama zakukwana US$3.069 billion pa vya nkhondo izo ni 0.86% ya GDP yose ya chalo. Mu vyaka vyose ivi, ndalama izo ŵanthu ŵakugwiliskira nchito pakuvikilira caru zachepa comene cifukwa pasono caru ici cikukumana yayi na suzgo la nkhondo. Gulu la SANDF kanandi likugwira ntchito pakukoma vigeŵenga ndipo para ŵapolisi ŵa South African Police Service (SAPS) ŵaleka kuwoneseska kuti vinthu vili makora. Mu nyengo ya vivulupi vya ku South Africa mu chaka cha 2021, chiwawa chankhongono chomene ku South Africa kufuma apo apartheid yikamalira, ŵasilikari 25,000, ma helikopita gha ŵasilikari ghakujumpha 12 na magalimoto ghakuŵa na vilwero vikapelekeka ku vigaŵa vya KwaZulu-Natal na Gauteng kuti ŵawovwire ŵapolisi ŵa ku South Africa kumazga vivulupi na kupoka vinthu. Ichi chikaŵa chimoza mwa vinthu vikuru chomene ivyo ŵasilikari ŵa charu ichi ŵakachitanga kufuma mu 1994, ndipo chikaŵa chikuru chomene kufuma apo apartheid yikamalira. Charu cha South Africa chili na maofesi gha ŵasilikari ghanandi agho ghali palipose mu charu ichi.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Husseini |first=Talal |date=2019-06-13 |title=Air force bases in South Africa: past and present operations |url=https://www.airforce-technology.com/features/air-force-bases-in-south-africa/ |access-date=2023-04-14 |website=Airforce Technology |language=en-US}}</ref> Makampani gha kuvikilira caru ca South Africa ndigho ghali na vinthu vinandi comene pa caru ca Africa ndipo ndigho ghali na vinthu vinandi comene pa caru cose. Kufika mu 2020 chalo cha South Africa chili pa chigaŵa cha 24 pa vyaru ivyo vikuguliska vilwero pa charu chose chapasi. Charu ichi chikupanga mitundu yinandi ya vilwero kufuma ku vyakuphakaphaka vya nkhondo mpaka ku mabomba gha balistic, vilwero vyakuzirwa vya ku South Africa vikusazgapo Ratel IFV, galimoto yakwamba ya nkhondo ya ŵasilikari pa charu chose. Charu ichi chikapangaso ndege yake yakuchemeka "Denel Rooivalk" iyo njimoza mwa vilwero vyakukhora chomene pa charu chose. Mu vyaka vyasonosono apa, boma la Japan likapangana ndalama zakukwana R16 biliyoni (USD 1 biliyoni) na makampani ghakuvikilira charu ichi kuti ghapangire magalimoto gha Badger gha muwiro uphya 244 gha nkhondo. Charu cha South Africa ndicho pera mu Africa icho chili kupanga makora vilwero vya nyukiliya. Charu ichi ndicho chikaŵa chakwamba kuleka na kumazga mapulogiramu ghake gha nyukiliya (panyuma pa Ukraine) ndipo chikalemba phangano la kuleka kusazgirako vilwero vya nyukiliya mu 1991. Mu ma 1970, caru ca South Africa cikamba kupanga vilwero vya nyukiliya. Ku South Africa ŵakayowoya kuti kukachitika kuyezga nyukiliya mu 1979, kweni boma likakana. De Klerk wakati charu cha South Africa "chindachitepo kuyezga nyukiliya mwakubisilizga". Pakati pa 1980 na 1990, ŵakazenga mabomba ghankhondi na limoza, kweni ghose ghakaleka kugwira ntchito mu 1991. Mu 2017, charu cha South Africa chikasaina phangano la UN lakukanizga vilwero vya nyukiliya.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://treaties.un.org/Pages/ViewDetails.aspx?src=TREATY&mtdsg_no=XXVI-9&chapter=26&clang=_en|title=Chapter XXVI: Disarmament&nbsp;– No. 9 Treaty on the Prohibition of Nuclear Weapons|publisher=United Nations Treaty Collection|date=7 July 2017|access-date=10 August 2019|archive-date=13 August 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210813020027/https://treaties.un.org/Pages/ViewDetails.aspx?src=TREATY&mtdsg_no=XXVI-9&chapter=26&clang=_en|url-status=live }}</ref> === Kuŵika malango na kuswa malango === {{Main|Law enforcement in South Africa|Crime in South Africa}} [[File:South african police may 2010.jpg|thumb|left|Officers of the [[South African Police Service]] with [[R4 assault rifle|Vektor R5]] rifles on parade in Johannesburg, 2010]] Boma la South Africa ndilo likulongozga ŵapolisi. Wupu wa SAPS ndiwo ukupenjerezga milandu na kuvikilira wanangwa wa ŵanthu mu caru cose. Ŵapolisi ŵa ku South Africa ŵali na maofesi gha ŵapolisi ghakujumpha 1,154 mu charu chose. Mu chaka cha 2023, gulu la Special Task Force (SAPS) likaŵa na malo gha nambara 9 pa mpikisano wa SWAT wa pa caru cose kufuma pa magulu 55 gha ŵapolisi kufuma mu vyaru vyakupambanapambana. Charu cha South Africa chili na makampani ghakuvikilira ŵanthu ghakujumpha 10,380 na ŵanthu ŵakuvikilira ŵanthu ŵakujumpha 2.5 miliyoni. Gulu la ŵapolisi la South African Police Service (SAPS) ndilo likovwira chomene pa nkhani ya vigeŵenga mu charu chose. Mu vyaka vyose ivi, nchito ya kuvikilira ŵanthu yafika paheni comene. Kufumira mu February 2023, charu cha South Africa ndicho chili na vigeŵenga vinandi chomene pa charu chose. Kwambira mu Epulero 2017 m'paka mu Malichi 2018, ŵanthu 57 ŵakakomeka zuŵa lililose mu South Africa. Mu chaka icho chikajumpha mu Malichi 2017, ŵanthu 20,336 ŵakakomeka ndipo chiŵelengero cha ŵanthu ŵakakomeka chikaŵa 35.9 pa ŵanthu 100,000. Ŵanthu ŵakujumpha 526,000 ŵa ku South Africa ŵakakomeka kufuma mu 1994 mpaka mu 2019.<ref>{{cite news|last1=Gibson|first1=Douglas|title=SA's murder rate is worse than the coronavirus mortality rate|url=https://www.iol.co.za/news/opinion/sas-murder-rate-is-worse-than-the-coronavirus-mortality-rate-43987823|agency=IOL|publisher=iol.co.za|date=3 March 2020|access-date=4 August 2021|archive-date=4 August 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210804174704/https://www.iol.co.za/news/opinion/sas-murder-rate-is-worse-than-the-coronavirus-mortality-rate-43987823|url-status=live }}</ref>[[File:Smash and Grab Hot Spot, Retreat (South Africa).jpg|thumb|Smash and Grab Hot Spot sign in [[Retreat, Cape Town]]]] Ku South Africa ŵanthu ŵanandi ŵakukoleka mwankhaza, ndipo mu 2014/15 pakachitika ŵanthu 43,195. Kafukufuku uyo wakachitika mu 2009 pakati pa ŵanalume 1,738 ku KwaZulu-Natal na Eastern Cape na Medical Research Council, wakalongora kuti mwanalume yumoza pa ŵanalume ŵanayi waliyose wakazomera kuti wakachita uleŵi. Kanandi ŵanthu ŵakugona ŵanalume panji ŵanakazi ŵekha, kweni ŵanalume na ŵanakazi ŵanandi ŵakuti ŵakugona ŵanakazi ŵekha yayi. Ŵana (ŵanyake ŵa vyaka 10 pera) ndiwo ŵakugona ŵanakazi. Ŵana na ŵana ŵachoko waka ndiwo ŵakukoleka mwankhaza comene pa caru, comene cifukwa ca cisambizgo cakuti ŵanakazi ŵambura kutengwa ŵakutozgeka. Pakati pa 1994 na 2018, ku South Africa kukacitika vinthu vyakukhuŵazga ŵalendo vyakujumpha 500. Chiwawa cha 2019 ku Johannesburg chikaŵa chakuyana na chiwawa cha 2008 icho chikachitikaso ku Johannesburg.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.news24.com/SouthAfrica/News/gauteng-xenophobia-attacks-akin-to-2008-crisis-institute-of-race-relations-20190905|title=Gauteng xenophobia attacks akin to 2008 crisis – Institute of Race Relations|date=5 September 2019|website=News24|language=en|access-date=22 September 2019|archive-date=15 September 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190915032441/https://www.news24.com/SouthAfrica/News/gauteng-xenophobia-attacks-akin-to-2008-crisis-institute-of-race-relations-20190905|url-status=dead}}</ref> == Chuma == {{Main|Economy of South Africa}} [[File:Johannesburg Stock Exchange.jpg|thumb|upright|left|Johannesburg Stock Exchange (JSE) ni msika ukuru comene pa caru ca Africa ndipo ni msika wa nambara 17 pa caru cose. Msika wake uli na ndalama zakukwana $1.36 trillion<ref>{{Cite web |title=JSE Trading Hours & Market Holidays [2023] |url=https://www.tradinghours.com/markets/jse |access-date=2023-03-26 |website=www.tradinghours.com}}</ref>]] Charu cha South Africa chili na chuma chakupambanapambana. Charu cha South Africa ndicho chili na vyalo vinandi chomene mu Africa. <ref name=":6" />Charu ichi chili na GDP yikuru chomene pa munthu yumoza pakuyaniska na vyaru vinyake vya ku sub-Saharan Africa US$16,080 pa kugura vinthu nga umo vikaŵira mu 2023. Nangauli vili nthena, charu cha South Africa chili na ukavu na kusoŵa nchito ndipo chili pakati pa vyaru 10 vyapacanya pa caru cose pa nkhani ya ndalama.<ref name=":6">{{cite web|url=http://hdrstats.undp.org/en/indicators/161.html|title=Inequality in income or expenditure / Gini index, Human Development Report 2007/08|publisher=Hdrstats.undp.org|date=4 November 2010|access-date=26 June 2013|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130116234423/http://hdrstats.undp.org/en/indicators/161.html|archive-date=16 January 2013 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/fields/2172.html|title=Distribution of family income – Gini index|publisher=Cia.gov|access-date=26 June 2013|archive-date=13 June 2007|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070613005439/https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/fields/2172.html|url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.iol.co.za/business/business-news/south-africa-has-widest-gap-between-rich-and-poor-1.707558|title=South Africa has highest gap between rich and poor|publisher=Business Report|date=28 September 2009|access-date=7 November 2010|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111023162404/http://www.iol.co.za/business/business-news/south-africa-has-widest-gap-between-rich-and-poor-1.707558|archive-date=23 October 2011 }}</ref> South Africa yili pa malo gha 40 pa chuma chose, ndipo ni chalo chachiŵiri chakukhwima chomene mu Africa, pakuyowoya za usambazi wa ŵanthu. South Africa yili na usambazi wa ŵanthu 651 biliyoni. Ŵanthu pafupifupi 55.5% (30.3 miliyoni) ŵakukhala mu ukavu uwo uli pachanya pa ukavu wa pa caru cose uku ŵanthu 13.8 miliyoni (25% ya ŵanthu) ŵakusuzgika na ukavu wa vyakurya. Mu 2015, ŵanthu 10% ndiwo ŵakaŵa na usambazi unandi wa 71%, apo ŵanthu 60% ŵakaŵa na usambazi unandi wa 7% pera. Mwakupambana na vyaru vinandi vikavu, caru ca South Africa nchambura ndalama. Pa ŵanthu awo ŵakugwira ntchito mu vyaru vya ku South Africa, 15 pera ndiwo ŵali mu vyaru vyambura kulembeka. Wupu wakuwona vya ndalama (OECD) ukuti chifukwa cha mphambano iyi ni umo vinthu viliri mu charu cha South Africa. Kafukufuku wa Banki ya Caru Cose wakulongora kuti caru ca South Africa cili na mphambano yikuru comene pakati pa GDP ya munthu yumoza na Index ya Kukura kwa Munthu.<ref>{{cite web|title=DEPWeb: Beyond Economic Growth|url=http://www.worldbank.org/depweb/english/beyond/global/chapter15.html|publisher=The World Bank Group|access-date=17 October 2011|archive-date=6 November 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111106020301/http://www.worldbank.org/depweb/english/beyond/global/chapter15.html|url-status=live}}</ref>[[File:Johannesburg Skyline.jpg|thumb|[[Johannesburg]], the financial capital of South Africa and the African continent<ref>{{Cite web |last=Oluwole |first=Victor |date=2022-04-14 |title=Top 10 wealthiest cities in Africa |url=https://africa.businessinsider.com/local/lifestyle/top-10-wealthiest-cities-in-africa/2l5l5t4 |access-date=2023-04-23 |website=Business Insider Africa |language=en}}</ref>]] Kufuma mu 1994, boma likakhwimiska ndalama, likakhozga ndalama za boma, ndipo likakopa ndalama zinyake za ku vyaru vinyake. Kwambira mu 2004, vinthu vikamba kwenda makora mu vyaru ivi. Pa nyengo iyo Jacob Zuma wakaŵa pulezidenti, boma likakhozga comene makampani gha boma. Mabungwe ghanyake ghakurughakuru agho ghali na boma ni Eskom, kampani iyo yikugwira nchito ya magesi, South African Airways (SAA), na Transnet, kampani iyo yikugwira nchito ya kujima sitima na madoko. Mabungwe ena a boma sanali opindulitsa, monga SAA, yomwe idafunikira ndalama zokwana R30 biliyoni ($ 2.03 biliyoni) pazaka 20 zisanafike 2015.<ref>"Commanding Plights." ''The Economist'' 29 August 2015: 37–38. Print.</ref> [[File:South Africa Product Exports (2019).svg|thumb|A proportional representation of South African exports, 2019]] Vyaru vinyake vya mu Africa ni Germany, United States, China, Japan, United Kingdom na Spain. Lipoti la 2020 Financial Secretion Index likati South Africa ndi malo 58 ghakukhora chomene pa charu chose. Makampani gha vyakurya gha ku South Africa ghakupanga pafupifupi 10% ya ntchito za boma, ndipo ni vichoko chomene pakuyaniska na vyaru vinyake vya mu Africa. Cifukwa cakuti malo agha ngakomira comene, 13.5% pera ndigho ghakugwilira nchito pakupanda vyakurya, ndipo 3% pera ndigho ghakugwirapo nchito. Mu Ogasiti 2013, chalo cha South Africa chikapika malo ghapachanya pa vyalo vya ku Africa ku fDi Intelligence pakususkana na chuma cha chalo ichi, malo gha ntchito, ndalama zakugwilira ntchito, vinthu vyakwendeskeka, bizinesi, na ndondomeko ya ndalama zakwendeskeka na vyalo vinyake.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.fdiintelligence.com/Locations/Middle-East-Africa/African-Countries-of-the-Future-2013-14|title=African Countries of the Future 2013/14|publisher=fDiIntelligence.com|access-date=4 December 2013|archive-date=11 December 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131211072835/http://www.fdiintelligence.com/Locations/Middle-East-Africa/African-Countries-of-the-Future-2013-14|url-status=live}}</ref> ===Mining=== {{main|Mining in South Africa}} [[File:Platinum Mining.jpg|thumb|An aerial view of the [[Two Rivers mine]] in [[Steelpoort]], [[Limpopo]], owned by both African Rainbow Minerals and Impala Platinum holdings limited.]] Nyengo zose South Africa yikaŵa na migodi yinandi. Kufika mu 2006, South Africa ndiyo yikaŵa yikuru chomene pa charu chose pakupanga golide kwa vyaka pafupifupi 100, kweni kuumaliro wa 2009, migodi ya golide mu South Africa yikamba kuchepa chomene chifukwa mu 2008 yikapanga golide wakukwana matani 205.<ref name="mwsa" /> Nangauli vili nthena, caru ici nchali na golide wakukwana matani 6,000 ndipo nchali pa nambara 5 pa vyakusangirapo golide. Charu ichi ndicho chikupanga vinthu vinandi chomene nga ni chrome, manganese, platinamu, vanadium, na vermiculite. Ni caru caciŵiri pa vyaru ivyo vikupanga ilmenite, palladium, rutile, na zirconium. Ni caru cacitatu pa vyaru ivyo vikuguliska malasha pa caru cose. Charu ichi chikupanga chomene visulo; mu 2012, chikajumpha India kuŵa charu chachitatu pa charu chose icho chikuguliska visulo ku China.<ref name=mwsa>{{Citation | url = http://www.miningweekly.com/article/sa-replaces-india-as-chinas-no-3-iron-ore-supplier-2013-01-21 | title = SA replaces India as China's No 3 iron-ore supplier | year = 2013 | publisher = [[Mining Weekly]] | publication-place = International | access-date = 31 May 2021 | archive-date = 13 December 2020 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20201213113139/https://www.miningweekly.com/article/sa-replaces-india-as-chinas-no-3-iron-ore-supplier-2013-01-21 | url-status = live }}</ref> === Tourism === {{Excerpt|Tourism in South Africa}} == Infrastructure == === Roads === [[File:Mandela Bridge, Johannesburg, Gauteng, South Africa.jpg|thumb|220x220px|The [[Nelson Mandela Bridge]] in [[Johannesburg]]]] Ku South Africa kuli misewu yitali ya makilomita 750,000, iyo njikuru comene kuluska misewu yose ya mu vyaru vya mu Africa. Kuyana na SANRAL, msewu uwu uli na mtengo wa R2.1 trillion. SANRAL ndiyo wakwendeska misewu ya mu vyaru vyose ndipo wali na misewu ya makilomita 22 197. Vigaŵa ivi vili na mtunda wa makilomita 222,951, ndipo kuyana na Dipatimenti ya vya Malango, msumba uwu uli na mtunda wa makilomita 275,661. Misewu yinyake njakukhoma yayi (iyo yikovwira chomene ŵanthu ŵa ku mizi) ntheura palije boma la misewu ilo likuyiwona. Mu caru ici muli magalimoto ghakujumpha 12 miliyoni, ndipo pa mtunda wa makilomita limoza pali magalimoto 16. Msewu wa chigaŵa ichi uli na utali wa makilomita pafupifupi 222,951, ndipo uli na makilomita 170,837 gha misewu yambura kujintha na makilomita 52,114 gha misewu yakukhoma.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.treasury.gov.za/default.aspx|title=National Treasury|website=www.treasury.gov.za|accessdate=7 April 2023}}</ref> === Njanji === {{Main|Rail transport in South Africa}} [[File:Gautrain..., O R Tambo Intl Airport South Africa.jpg|thumb|220x220px|[[Gautrain]] [[Higher-speed rail|higher-speed]] commuter rail]] Mtundu wa njanji mu caru ca South Africa ngwakuzirwa comene pa vinthu vya mu caru ici. Matawuni ghose ghakurughakuru ghakukolerana na njanji. Transnet Freight Rail yikugwira nchito ya kwendeska katundu, apo PRASA yikugwira nchito ya kwendeska katundu. Gulu la boma la Transnet Freight Rail ndilo likwendeska masitima ghakurughakuru pa Africa.<ref>{{Cite web |title=South Africa Transnet Freight Rail |url=https://www.trade.gov/market-intelligence/south-africa-transnet-freight-rail |access-date=2023-03-07 |website=www.trade.gov |language=en}}</ref> Njanji za ku South Africa ni zinandi comene mu Africa ndipo ni zinandi comene pa vyaru vyose. Kweni katundu, ŵanthu na malo ghakunjilira mu ngalaŵa vikusuzga comene. Mafuta na njere vikwendeskeka chomene pa mizere iyi, njanji ya chalo ichi yikendeskanga katundu pafupifupi matani 230 miliyoni mu chaka cha 2017 kweni ichi chakhira kufika matani 179 miliyoni mu chaka cha 2021.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Daniel |first=Compiled by Luke |title=SA's railways have lost a quarter of its freight in five years – making already bad roads worse |url=https://www.news24.com/news24/bi-archive/more-trucks-on-south-african-roads-because-of-rail-collapse-2022-7 |access-date=2023-03-07 |website=News24 |language=en-US}}</ref> === Airports === {{Main articles|List of airports in South Africa}} [[File:South African Airways Airbus A340-313 ZS-SXE MUC 2015 01.jpg|thumb|[[South African Airways]] [[Airbus A340]] at [[Munich Airport]]]] Ku South Africa kuli ma eyapoti gha vyaru vinandi mu misumba yinkhondi na umoza: Johannesburg, Cape Town, Durban, Port Elizabeth, Kimberley na Nelspruit. Kufika mu chaka cha 2021, chalo cha South Africa chikaŵa na ma airport 407, icho chikupangiska kuti chiŵe chalo chakudanga mu Africa pakuyowoya za katundu wa ma airport.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Airports - The World Factbook |url=https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/field/airports/country-comparison |access-date=2023-04-02 |website=www.cia.gov}}</ref> Malo ghanayi ghakurughakuru gha ndege mu South Africa ni: O.R. Tambo International Airport mu Johannesburg, Cape Town International Airport, King Shaka International Airport mu Durban na Chief Dawid Stuurman International Airport mu Port Elizabeth. Ku cipatala. Ndege ya Tambo International Airport ku Johannesburg ndiyo ni ndege yikuru comene na yakufuluka comene mu Africa ndipo yikwenda na ŵanthu ŵakujumpha 21 miliyoni pa caka. Pa 2022 Skytrax World Airport Awards, Cape Town International Airport ndiyo yikaŵa ndege yiweme chomene pa Africa kwa chaka cha 7. Ndege ya Tambo International yikakhala yachitatu.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Daniel |first=Luke |title=Cape Town voted best airport in Africa – for 7th year in a row – but its global rank slides |url=https://www.news24.com/news24/bi-archive/cape-town-airport-still-best-in-africa-but-drops-globally-2022-6 |access-date=2023-04-02 |website=News24 |language=en-US}}</ref> === Magesi === {{main|Energy in South Africa}} {{See also|Eskom|List of power stations in South Africa}} [[File:Koebergnps.jpg|thumb|The [[Koeberg Nuclear Power Station|Koeberg Power Station]], the only [[nuclear power plant]] on the entire African continent]] Charu cha South Africa chili na nkhongono zinandi comene ndipo pa nyengo yasono ndico nchigaŵa cimoza pera pa caru ca Africa ico cili na sitima ya nyukiliya. Charu ichi ndicho chikupanga magesi ghanandi comene pa caru ca Africa ndipo pa caru cose cili pa nambara 21. Charu cha South Africa chili pa nambara 7 pa vyaru ivyo vikupanga malasha ghanandi pa caru cose, ndipo chikupanga matani ghakujumpha 248 miliyoni gha malasha ndipo pafupifupi vigaŵa vitatu pa vinayi vya mafuta agha vikugwiliskirika nchito mu vyaru vinyake. Pafupifupi 77% ya nkhongono izo charu cha South Africa chikukhumbikwira zikufuma ku malasha ndipo 92% ya malasha agho ghakugwiliskirika nchito mu Africa ghakugwiliskirika nchito mu South Africa. Charu cha South Africa ndicho chikufumiska magasi ghanandi chomene pa charu.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Prater |first=Tom |date=2018-10-15 |title=The Carbon Brief Profile: South Africa |url=https://www.carbonbrief.org/the-carbon-brief-profile-south-africa/ |access-date=2023-02-14 |website=Carbon Brief |language=en}}</ref> Kampani iyi ndiyo yikupanga magesi ghanandi chomene mu Africa, ndipo yili pakati pa makampani 7 ghakwamba pa charu chose. Ndico cikuru comene pa vyamalonda vya boma mu South Africa. Eskom wakupangiska magesi pafupifupi 95% mu South Africa ndipo wakwendeskanga magesi ghanandi, kusazgapo Koeberg Nuclear Power Station mu Cape Town, ghekha ghakukhazikiska magesi gha nyukiliya mu Africa, Kendal Power Station, ghakukhazikiska magesi ghakurughakuru chomene pa charu chose, kweniso Duvha Power Station agho ghakaŵa magesi ghakwamba pa charu chose kugwiliskirika ntchito na pulse jet fabric filter plants. Mu 2001, Eskom wakacemeka kampani yiweme ya magesi pa caru cose.<ref name="as">{{Cite web |last1=Sguazzin |first1=Antony |last2=Naidoo |first2=Prinesha |last3=Burkhardt |first3=Paul |title=Eskom turns 100 next year - here's how it went from world best to SA's biggest economic risk |url=https://www.news24.com/fin24/economy/eskom-turns-100-next-year-heres-how-it-went-from-world-best-to-sas-biggest-economic-risk-20220927 |access-date=2023-04-22 |website=Business |language=en-US}}</ref> ==== Energy crisis ==== {{Main articles|South African energy crisis}} [[File:Kusilekragsentrale, Mpumalanga, 2019, a.jpg|thumb|The [[Kusile Power Station]] was built as a response to the energy crisis, when fully operational it will be the 4th largest [[Coal-fired power station]] in the world<ref>{{Cite web |title=Engineering News - Kusile power plant project, South Africa – update |url=https://www.engineeringnews.co.za/print-version/kusilepower-plant-project-south-africa-update-2023-02-24#:~:text=The%20Kusile%20power%20station%20project,power%20station%20in%20the%20world. |access-date=2023-03-02 |website=Engineering News |language=en}}</ref>]]Chifukwa cha upusikizgi na upusikizgi wa Eskom, kampani iyi yili na ngongoli ya R392 billion ($22 billion) ndipo yikutondeka kukwaniska ivyo boma la South Africa likukhumba. Chifukwa cha ivi, Eskom wakambiska ndondomeko ya kulekeska magesi ku magesi ghanyake mu nyengo zakupambanapambana. Ku South Africa, para magetsi ghamara, ŵakugwiliskira ntchito nthowa iyi kuti ŵaleke kunanga makina ghose. Para ŵanthu ŵafumamo mu mawoko gha mawoko, pa charu chose ŵakuleka kwendeska mawoko. Kafukufuku wa Eskom wakulongora kuti ŵanthu ŵanandi ŵakutondeka kugwiliskira ntchito makora magesi. Mu chaka cha 2023, ŵasilikari ŵa South Africa ŵakatumika kuti ŵavikilire magesi gha Eskom ku vigeŵenga.<ref>{{Cite news |title=Army guards four Eskom power stations |url=https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2022-12-17/south-africa-deploys-army-at-four-eskom-power-stations |access-date=2023-04-02 |newspaper=Bloomberg |date=17 December 2022 |language=en-ZA}}</ref> Mu 2007, Eskom yikamba kuzenga magesi gha "Kusile" na "Medupi", magesi ghaŵiri ghakuru agha ndigho ghazamuŵa ghakurughakuru pa charu chose. Kweni ma power station agha ghakafika yayi pa nyengo yawo, ndipo hafu pera ya ma unit 6 agho ghamalizgika kugwiriska ntchito chifukwa cha kucedwa kwa nyengo yitali kweniso ndalama zinandi izo zikugwirapo nchito izo zikukwana R300 billion ($16 billion) pa ma power station ghaŵiri agha.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-09-29 |title=Energy crisis: Another R33-billion needed to complete Medupi and Kusile |url=https://mg.co.za/news/2022-09-29-energy-crisis-another-r33-billion-needed-to-complete-medupi-and-kusile/ |access-date=2023-04-23 |website=The Mail & Guardian |language=en-ZA}}</ref> === Sayansi na tekinoloji === {{Main|Science and technology in South Africa}} [[File:Mark Shuttleworth NASA.jpg|thumb|[[Mark Shuttleworth]] in space]] Vinthu vinandi vya sayansi na vyakupangapanga vyafuma ku South Africa. Charu cha South Africa chili pa malo 61 pa Global Innovation Index mu 2021, kufuma pa 63 mu 2019.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Global Innovation Index 2021 |url=https://www.wipo.int/global_innovation_index/en/2021/|work=[[World Intellectual Property Organization]]|publisher=[[United Nations]]|access-date=5 March 2022|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Global Innovation Index 2019|url=https://www.wipo.int/global_innovation_index/en/2019/index.html|access-date=2 September 2021|website=www.wipo.int|language=en|archive-date=2 September 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210902101818/https://www.wipo.int/global_innovation_index/en/2019/index.html|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=RTD - Item|url=https://ec.europa.eu/newsroom/rtd/items/691898|access-date=2 September 2021|website=ec.europa.eu|archive-date=2 September 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210902140715/https://ec.europa.eu/newsroom/rtd/items/691898|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|date=28 October 2013|title=Global Innovation Index|url=https://knowledge.insead.edu/entrepreneurship-innovation/global-innovation-index-2930|access-date=2 September 2021|website=INSEAD Knowledge|language=en|archive-date=2 September 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210902101622/https://knowledge.insead.edu/entrepreneurship-innovation/global-innovation-index-2930|url-status=live}}</ref> Mu Disembala 1967, dokotala wa vya mtima, Christiaan Barnard, wakachita opareshoni yakwamba ya mtima kufuma kwa munthu kuya kwa munthu ku Groote Schuur Hospital. Max Theiler wakapangiska katemera wakukoma nthenda ya yellow fever, Allan MacLeod Cormack wakambiska opareshoni ya X-ray computed tomography (CT scan); ndipo Aaron Klug wakapangiska nthowa za crystallographic electron microscopy. Cormack na Klug ŵakapokera njombe ya Nobel cifukwa ca mulimo wawo. Sonosono apa, mu 2002, Sydney Brenner ndiyo wakapokera njombe iyi chifukwa cha ntchito yake yakupharazga za umoyo. Mark Shuttleworth ndiyo wakambiska kampani yinyake yakuvikilira Intaneti yakuchemeka Thawte, iyo pamanyuma yikagulika na Verisign. Boma likukhumba kuti vinthu visinthenge mu vyaru ivyo vikuthemba chomene pa vinthu vya tekinoloje. Ku South Africa kuli ŵanthu ŵanandi awo ŵakumanya vya nyenyezi. Mu tawuni iyi muli Southern African Large Telescope, telescope yikuru comene ya ku Southern Hemisphere. Pa nyengo yasono, caru ca South Africa cikuzenga Karoo Array Telescope, iyo njakovwira pakuzenga pulogiramu yakuchemeka Square Kilometre Array.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.skatelescope.org/news/2nd-april-news/|title=SKA announces Founding Board and selects Jodrell Bank Observatory to host Project Office|publisher=SKA 2011|date=2 April 2011|access-date=14 April 2011|archive-date=29 October 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121029041532/http://www.skatelescope.org/news/2nd-april-news/|url-status=live}}</ref> ===Transport=== {{Main|Transport in South Africa}} Vinthu ivi ni misewu, njanji, viŵanja vya ndege, maji, na mapaipi gha mafuta. Ŵanthu ŵanandi ku South Africa ŵakwenda pa basi. Mu misumba yinyake, mabasi ghakwenda mwaluŵiro ghakovwira kuti ŵanthu ŵendenge makora kweniso mwamahara. Makina agha ghakatambuzgika comene cifukwa ca ndalama zinandi izo ŵakagwiliskiranga nchito. Charu cha South Africa chili na maboti ghanandi ghakuru, kusazgapo Cape Town, Durban, na Port Elizabeth, agho ghakupokelera ŵanthu awo ŵakwenda pa sitima. === Kupeleka maji na maji ghakumwa === {{Main|Water supply and sanitation in South Africa}} Vinthu viŵiri ivyo vikupambana na maji mu charu cha South Africa ni ndondomeko ya kupeleka maji kwawanangwa na maboma gha maji, agho ghakupeleka maji ghanandi na kuguliska maji ku maboma. Vinthu ivi vyapangiska kuti paŵe masuzgo ghakuru pa nkhani ya ndalama za awo ŵakupeleka mauteŵeti. Kufuma waka apo muwuso wa apartheid ukamalira, ŵanthu awo ŵakasanganga maji ghakumwa ŵakasazgikira chomene. Mu nyengo yeneyiyo, ŵanthu awo ŵakasanganga maji ghakwenda makora ŵakakwera kufuma pa 71% kufika pa 79%.<ref name="JMP">[[WHO]]/[[UNICEF]]:[[Joint Monitoring Programme for Water Supply and Sanitation]]:[https://web.archive.org/web/20140209002836/http://www.wssinfo.org/data-estimates/table/ Data table South Africa] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140209002836/http://www.wssinfo.org/data-estimates/table/|date=9 February 2014}}, 2010. Retrieved 3 November 2012</ref> Ndipouli, mu vyaka vyasonosono apa, maji na vyakusungiramo vinthu vyaukazuzi vyafika paheni chomene nangauli boma la Russia lajipeleka kuti liŵawovwire makora na kuŵapa ndalama zakwendeskera vyakusungiramo maji. Vyaru vya kumafumiro gha dazi kwa South Africa vikusuzgika na chilangalanga chifukwa cha El Niño. Kuuyambiro wa chaka cha 2018, msumba wa Cape Town, uwo uli na nyengo zakupambana na za mu charu chose, ukaŵa na suzgo la maji. Ŵanthu ŵakakhumbanga kuti zuŵa lililose munthu waliyose waleke kumwa maji ghakujumpha malita 50. Msumba wa Cape Town ukakana wovwiri uwo Israyeli wakapeleka kuti uŵawovwire kuzenga malo ghakusololera maji.<ref>[https://www.reuters.com/article/us-saundersonmeyer-drought-commentary/commentary-in-drought-hit-south-africa-the-politics-of-water-idUSKBN1FP226 In drought-hit South Africa, the politics of water] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181122202625/https://www.reuters.com/article/us-saundersonmeyer-drought-commentary/commentary-in-drought-hit-south-africa-the-politics-of-water-idUSKBN1FP226|date=22 November 2018 }}, Reuters, 25 January 2018</ref><ref>[https://www.wsj.com/articles/cape-town-may-dry-up-because-of-an-aversion-to-israel-1519254816 Cape Town May Dry Up Because of an Aversion to Israel] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211214053920/https://www.wsj.com/articles/cape-town-may-dry-up-because-of-an-aversion-to-israel-1519254816|date=14 December 2021 }}, Wall St. Journal, 21 February 2018</ref><ref>[https://www.aish.com/jw/me/The-Cape-Town-Water-Crisis-and-Hating-Israel.html The Cape Town Water Crisis and Hating Israel] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211214053921/https://www.aish.com/jw/me/The-Cape-Town-Water-Crisis-and-Hating-Israel.html|date=14 December 2021 }}, aish, 11 February 2018</ref><ref>[https://www.jpost.com/Opinion/South-African-stupidity-540605 South African stupidity] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211214053918/https://www.jpost.com/opinion/south-african-stupidity-540605|date=14 December 2021 }}, Jerusalem Post, 3 February 2018</ref> == Mwambo == {{Main|Culture of South Africa}} Ŵanthu ŵanandi ŵa mitundu yinyake ŵa ku South Africa ŵachali kukhala ku mizi. Ŵanthu aŵa ndiwo ŵali na mitheto ya mitheto iyo yikukhalilira; cifukwa cakuti ŵanthu ŵafipa ŵakukhala mu matawuni ghanandi ndipo ŵakukhala ku vyaru vya kumanjiliro gha dazi. Ŵanthu awo ŵali mu gulu la ŵanthu ŵa mafuko ghapakati, awo ŵanandi mwa ŵanthu aŵa mbatuŵa, kweni ŵali na ŵanthu ŵanandi ŵa mitundu yinyake, ŵa mitundu yinyake, na ŵa ku India.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.fin24.co.za/articles/default/display_article.aspx?Nav=ns&ArticleID=1518-25_2117122|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070822120841/http://www.fin24.co.za/articles/default/display_article.aspx?Nav=ns&ArticleID=1518-25_2117122|archive-date=22 August 2007|title=Black middle class explodes|date=22 May 2007|publisher=FIN24|url-status=dead }}</ref> === Maluso === [[File:San Rock Art - Cederberg.jpg|thumb|[[Rock art|Rock painting]] by the [[San people]], [[Cederberg]]]] Vinthu vyakale chomene vya ku South Africa vili kusangika mu mphanji yinyake ya ku South Africa, ndipo vyaka 75,000 ivyo vyajumpha.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2004/apr/16/artsandhumanities.arts|title=World's Oldest Jewellery Found in Cave|publisher=Buzzle.com|access-date=16 April 2011|location=London|first=Tim|last=Radford|date=16 April 2004|archive-date=12 February 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210212095737/https://www.theguardian.com/world/2004/apr/16/artsandhumanities.arts|url-status=live }}</ref> Ŵanthu ŵa mtundu wa Khoisan awo ŵakasamukira ku South Africa kufuma mu 10,000 B.C.E., ŵakaŵa na luso lwawo. Ŵanthu ŵa mtundu wa Bantu/Nguni ndiwo ŵakaŵawuskapo ndipo ŵakaŵa na mazgu ghawo. Vinthu vinyake vyakusanguluska vikamba kuwoneka mu migodi na mu matawuni. Ŵanthu ŵa ku Afrika awo ŵakakhalanga mu mizi iyo yikaŵa na ŵanthu ŵakuchemeka trekboers na ŵanthu ŵatuŵa awo ŵakagwiranga ntchito ya ku malo agha, awo ŵakalondezganga chomene mitheto ya ku Europe kwambira mu ma 1850, nawo ŵakawovwira kuti vinthu viŵe makora. === Popular culture === {{Further information|Nyimbo za ku South Africa}} Boma la South Africa lili na vyakupharazga vinandi, ndipo ndimoza mwa vyaru vikuru comene vya mu Africa. Nangauli ŵanthu ŵa mu vyaru vinandi ŵakuyowoya viyowoyero vyakupambanapambana, kweni ŵanthu ŵanandi ŵakuyowoya Chingelezi. Ndipouli, viyowoyero vinyake vyose 10 vilipo. [[File:2014-11-26 traditional Zulu performance 02 anagoria.JPG|left|thumb|[[Zulus]] performing a traditional dance]] Mu sumu za ku South Africa muli vyakupambanapambana. Ŵakwimba ŵa mitundu yinyake ŵali kupanga sumu za mtundu wa Kwaito na Amapiano, izo zikuyowoyeka kuti zili kunjilirapo pa wayilesi, TV, na magazini.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_m2822/is_3_28/ai_n15648564/pg_5|title=South African music after Apartheid: kwaito, the "party politic," and the appropriation of gold as a sign of success|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130613074154/http://findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_m2822/is_3_28/ai_n15648564/pg_5|archive-date=13 June 2013 }}</ref> Brenda Fassie, uyo wakamba kumanyikwa na sumu yake ya "Weekend Special", wakayimba mu Cingelezi. Ŵakwimba awo ŵakumanyikwa chomene ni Ladysmith Black Mambazo, apo Soweto String Quartet ŵakwimba sumu za ku Africa. Ku South Africa kuli ŵakwimba ŵa jazz awo ŵakumanyikwa pa caru cose, comenecomene Hugh Masekela, Jonas Gwangwa, Abdullah Ibrahim, Miriam Makeba, Jonathan Butler, Chris McGregor, na Sathima Bea Benjamin. Sumu za mu ciyowoyero ca ciAfrikaans zili na mitundu yinandi, nga ni Steve Hofmeyr, gulu la punk rock la Fokofpolisiekar, na wakwimba Jeremy Loops. Ŵakwimba ŵa ku South Africa awo ŵasanga vitumbiko pa charu chose ni Manfred Mann, Johnny Clegg, rap-rave duo Die Antwoord, rock band Seether na rappers nga AKA, Nasty C na Cassper Nyovest. Nangauli mu vyaru vinyake ŵanthu ŵakumanyapo vinandi yayi vya mafilimu gha ku South Africa. Mu vyaka vyasonosono apa, filimu yakumanyikwa comene iyo yikulongosora vya caru ca South Africa ni District 9. Vinthu vinyake ivyo vikupambana ni filimu ya Tsotsi, iyo yikapokera Academy Award for Foreign Language Film pa nyengo ya 78th Academy Awards mu 2006, kweniso U-Carmen e-Khayelitsha, iyo yikapokera Golden Bear pa 2005 Berlin International Film Festival. Mu 2015, filimu ya Oliver Hermanus The Endless River yikaŵa filimu yakwamba ya ku South Africa iyo yikasankhika pa Venice Film Festival. === Mabuku === {{Main|South African literature}} [[File:Alan Paton.jpg|thumb|upright|[[Alan Paton]], [[Internal resistance to apartheid|anti-apartheid]] activist and writer]] Mabuku gha ku South Africa ghakafuma mu mbiri ya ŵanthu na ndyali. Buku lakwamba lakucemeka Mhudi, ilo wakalemba mu 1930, likalembeka na Solomon Thekiso Plaatje. Mu ma 1950, magazini ya Drum yikazgoka malo ghakusungiramo nkhani za ndyali, vyakusekeska, na nkhani, ndipo yikapeleka mazgu ku ŵanthu ŵafipa ŵa mu misumba. Mu 1948 Alan Paton wakalemba buku lakuti Cry, the Beloved Country. Mu 1991, Nadine Gordimer wakaŵa munthu wakwamba wa ku South Africa kupokera chawanangwa cha Nobel cha mabuku. J.M. Mu 2003, Coetzee wakapokera chawanangwa cha Nobel mu nkhani zakulemba. Pakupereka chawanangwa ichi, wupu wa Swedish Academy ukati Coetzee "wakulongora umo ŵanthu ŵakujipulikira".<ref name="Swedish Academy">{{cite news|url=http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/literature/laureates/2003/press.html|title=The Nobel Prize in Literature: John Maxwell Coetzee|date=2 October 2003|publisher=Swedish Academy|access-date=2 August 2009|archive-date=7 March 2009|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090307025506/http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/literature/laureates/2003/press.html|url-status=live}}</ref> Maseŵero gha Athol Fugard ghakaŵa na vigaŵa vinandi mu South Africa, London (Royal Court Theatre) na New York. Buku la Olive Schreiner lakuti The Story of an African Farm (1883) likaŵa lakukondweska chomene mu nyengo ya Victorian. Breyten Breytenbach ŵakamujalira mu jele cifukwa ca kunjilirapo pa gulu lakususkana na apartheid. André Brink wakaŵa munthu wakwamba uyo boma likamukanizga kulemba buku lake lakuti A Dry White Season. === Kuphika === {{Main article|South African cuisine}} {{See also|South African wine}}{{Multiple image | direction = horizontal | total_width = 280 | image1 = Bobotie, South African dish.jpg | caption1 = [[Bobotie]] | image2 = Melktert.jpg | caption2 = [[Melktert]] | image3 = The Potjie is ready.JPG | caption3 = [[Potjiekos]] | image4 = Koesisters Cape Malay South Africa.jpg | caption4 = [[Koe'sister]] | perrow = 2 | caption_align = center }} Vyakurya vya ku South Africa ni vyakupambanapambana, ndipo vyakurya vyakufuma ku vigaŵa vyakupambanapambana vikukondweska ŵanthu wose, ndipo chomenechomene ŵakuguliska ku ŵalendo awo ŵakukhumba kurya vyakurya vyakupambanapambana. Vyakurya ivi vikupangika na nyama ndipo ndivyo vikupangiska kuti ŵanthu ŵa ku South Africa ŵachezgenge pa chiphikiro chakuchemeka braai. Charu cha South Africa nacho chili na minda yinandi ya mpheska iyo yili mu madambo ghakuzingilizga Stellenbosch, Franschhoek, Paarl na Barrydale.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.thewinedoctor.com/regionalguides/southafrica.shtml|title=South African Wine Guide: Stellenbosch, Constantia, Walker Bay and more|publisher=Thewinedoctor.com|access-date=30 October 2011|archive-date=18 January 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130118223726/http://www.thewinedoctor.com/regionalguides/southafrica.shtml|url-status=live }}</ref> === Maseŵera === {{Main|Sport in South Africa}} <!--- Note to editors: per [[WP:ENGVAR]], do not change "soccer" to "football", at least not without prior discussion on the talk page. ---> South Africa's most popular sports are association football, [[rugby union]] and [[cricket]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.southafrica.info/about/sport/sportsa.htm|title=Sport in South Africa|publisher=SouthAfrica.info|access-date=28 June 2010|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100629152527/http://www.southafrica.info/about/sport/sportsa.htm|archive-date=29 June 2010}}</ref> Maseŵero ghanyake agho ŵanthu ŵakutemwa ni kusambira, maseŵero ghakukhozga thupi, gofu, nkhonya, tenisi, rugby, ringball, hockey, kuskamba, na netball. Nangauli maseŵero gha bola (soccer) ndigho ghakwendeskeka comene na ŵawukirano, kweni maseŵero ghanyake nga ni basketball, judo, softball na skateboard ghakwamba kutchuka comene. Mpira wa mawoko ni maseŵero ghakumanyikwa comene mu South Africa.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://businesstech.co.za/news/lifestyle/103113/blacks-like-soccer-whites-like-rugby-in-sa/|title=Blacks like soccer, whites like rugby in SA|access-date=27 May 2021|archive-date=25 May 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210525104157/https://businesstech.co.za/news/lifestyle/103113/blacks-like-soccer-whites-like-rugby-in-sa/|url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.enca.com/south-africa/sa-sport-not-unifier-it-once-was-survey|title=SA sport not the unifier it once was: survey|access-date=27 May 2021|archive-date=25 May 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210525101120/https://www.enca.com/south-africa/sa-sport-not-unifier-it-once-was-survey|url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://punditarena.com/football/thepateam/cant-south-africa-produce-better-football-team/|title=Analysis: Bafana Bafana Struggling To Make Needed Improvements|date=11 June 2016|access-date=27 May 2021|archive-date=25 May 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210525101142/https://punditarena.com/football/thepateam/cant-south-africa-produce-better-football-team/|url-status=live }}</ref> Ŵaseŵera ŵa mpira awo ŵakaseŵera mu magulu ghakurughakuru gha ku vyaru vinyake ni Steven Pienaar, Lucas Radebe, Philemon Masinga, Benni McCarthy, Aaron Mokoena, na Delron Buckley. Ku South Africa ndiko kukachitikira maseŵero gha pa caru cose gha FIFA mu 2010, ndipo Sepp Blatter, pulezidenti wa FIFA, wakapeleka mapointi 9 pa 10 ku South Africa cifukwa ca kucita makora maseŵero agha. Msewera Benni McCarthy ndi mphunzitsi wa timu yoyamba ya mpira wa England Manchester United.<ref>{{cite news |title=Benni McCarthy appointed as first-team coach|url=https://www.manutd.com/en/news/detail/benni-mccarthy-joins-manchester-united-as-coach|website=ManUtd.com |publisher=Manchester United |first=Adam |last=Marshall|date=30 July 2022 |access-date=30 July 2022 }}</ref> Ŵanthu ŵakumanyikwa pa maseŵero gha nkhondo nga ni Baby Jake Jacob Matlala, Vuyani Bungu, Welcome Ncita, Dingaan Thobela, Corrie Sanders, Gerrie Coetzee, Brian Mitchell na Dricus du Plessis. Jordy Smith wakathereska mu 2010 Billabong J-Bay Open ndipo ndiyo wakathereska chomene pa charu chose. Mu 1979, Jody Scheckter, uyo wakaŵa kazembe wa caru cose pa maseŵero gha galimoto, wakafuma ku South Africa. Ŵaseŵera ŵa cricket ŵakumanyikwa chomene nga ni Kagiso Rabada, David Miller, Keshav Maharaj, Anrich Nortje, Reeza Hendricks na Faf du Plessis. [[File:Bokke Webb Ellis-beker toer JHB 20191107 145608.jpg|thumb|The [[South Africa national rugby union team|Springboks]] on their tour of the country after winning the [[2019 Rugby World Cup]]]] Ku South Africa kuli ŵanthu ŵanandi ŵakuseŵera rugby, kusazgapo Francois Pienaar, Joost van der Westhuizen, Danie Craven, Frik du Preez, Naas Botha, Bryan Habana, Eben Etzebeth, Cheslin Kolbe na Siya Kolisi. Charu cha South Africa chili kuwina nkhonya ya Rugby World Cup katatu, ndipo chili pamoza na charu cha New Zealand pa kuwina nkhonya zinandi chomene. Mu 1995, charu cha South Africa ndicho chikapokera chiphalizgano chakwamba cha Rugby World Cup. Ŵakawina chiphalizgano ichi mu 2007 na mu 2019. Chalo ichi chikapokeleraso nkhonya ya chalo cha Africa mu chaka cha 1996. Mu chaka cha 2022, timu ya ŵanakazi nayo yikathereska chiphalizgano cha Africa Cup of Nations cha ŵanakazi, pakuthereska Morocco 2-1 pa chiphalizgano chaumaliro. Charu ichi chikapokeleraso maseŵera gha Cricket World Cup mu 2003, World Twenty20 Championship mu 2007. Timu ya ku South Africa yakuchemeka Proteas nayo yikaluska West Indies pa chiphalizgano cha 1998 ICC KnockOut Trophy. Mpikisano wa ICC Women's T20 World Cup wa 2023 ukachitikira ku South Africa ndipo gulu la ŵanakazi likaŵa laciŵiri. Gulu la South Africa la ŵanthu ŵachibulumutira likathereskaso chiphalizgano chakwamba cha Cricket World Cup mu 1998. Mu 2004, gulu la ŵakuseŵera la Roland Schoeman, Lyndon Ferns, Darian Townsend na Ryk Neethling ŵakatora mendulo ya golide pa maseŵero gha Olimpiki mu Athens, ndipo nyengo yimoza ŵakathereska mbiri ya caru mu maseŵero gha 4×100 Freestyle Relay. Penny Heyns wakathereska golide pa maseŵero gha ku Atlanta mu 1996, ndipo sonosono apa, Tatjana Schoenmaker na Lara van Niekerk ŵakathereska malekodi gha caru cose na kuthereska golide pa maseŵero gha ku Atlanta. Mu 2012, Oscar Pistorius wakaŵa wakwamba kuchimbira pa maseŵero gha ku London. Mu gofu, Gary Player wakuwoneka kuti njumoza wa ŵakuseŵera gofu ŵakuluska wose, pakuti ndiyo wakatora mphaka ya Career Grand Slam. Ŵanthu ŵanyake ŵa ku South Africa awo ŵathereska maseŵero ghakurughakuru ni Bobby Locke, Ernie Els, Retief Goosen, Tim Clark, Trevor Immelman, Louis Oosthuizen na Charl Schwartzel. == Wonaniso == {{portal|South Africa|Africa}} * [[Outline of South Africa]] * [[Timeline of South Africa]]{{Clear}} == Ukaboni == {{Reflist}} == Vyakulemba vinyake == {{refbegin}} * ''A History of South Africa, Third Edition''. Leonard Thompson. [[Yale University Press]]. 2001. 384 pages. {{ISBN|0-300-08776-4}}. * ''Economic Analysis and Policy Formulation for Post-Apartheid South Africa: Mission Report, Aug. 1991''. International Development Research Centre. IDRC Canada, 1991. vi, 46 p. Without ISBN. * ''Emerging Johannesburg: Perspectives on the Postapartheid City''. Richard Tomlinson, et al. 2003. 336 pages. {{ISBN|0-415-93559-8}}. * ''Making of Modern South Africa: Conquest, Segregation and Apartheid''. Nigel Worden. 2000. 194 pages. {{ISBN|0-631-21661-8}}. * ''South Africa: A Narrative History''. [[Frank Welsh (writer)|Frank Welsh]]. Kodansha America. 1999. 606 pages. {{ISBN|1-56836-258-7}}. * ''South Africa in Contemporary Times''. [[Godfrey Mwakikagile]]. New Africa Press. 2008. 260 pages. {{ISBN|978-0-9802587-3-8}}. * ''The Atlas of Changing South Africa''. A. J. Christopher. 2000. 216 pages. {{ISBN|0-415-21178-6}}. * ''The Politics of the New South Africa''. Heather Deegan. 2000. 256 pages. {{ISBN|0-582-38227-0}}. * ''Twentieth-Century South Africa''. William Beinart [[Oxford University Press]] 2001, 414 pages, {{ISBN|0-19-289318-1}}. {{refend}} == Vigaŵa vya kuwalo == {{Sister project links|South Africa|voy=South Africa|species=South Africa|d=Q258}} {{Scholia|country}} * [http://www.gov.za/ Government of South Africa] * [https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/south-africa/ South Africa]. ''[[The World Factbook]]''. [[Central Intelligence Agency]]. * [https://web.archive.org/web/20081026035604/http://ucblibraries.colorado.edu/govpubs/for/southafrica.htm South Africa] from ''UCB Libraries GovPubs'' * [https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-africa-14094760 South Africa] from the [[BBC News]] * [https://www.scottdunn.com/south-africa/guides South Africa luxury travel] from Scott Dunn * {{wikiatlas|South Africa}} * {{osmrelation-inline|87565}} {{South Africa topics}} {{Navboxes |list= {{Countries of Africa}} {{G8 nations}} {{G20}} {{BRICS}} {{World Trade Organization}} {{Southern African Development Community}} {{African Union}} {{Countries and territories bordering the Indian Ocean}} {{Peri-Antarctic countries and overseas territories}} {{The Commonwealth}} {{English official language clickable map}} }} {{Coord|-30|25|display=title|type:country}} {{Authority control}} [[Category:South Africa]] [[Category:BRICS nations]] [[Category:Countries in Africa]] [[Category:Countries and territories where English is an official language]] [[Category:G20 nations]] [[Category:Member states of the African Union]] [[Category:Member states of the Commonwealth of Nations]] [[Category:Member states of the United Nations]] [[Category:Newly industrializing countries]] [[Category:Republics in the Commonwealth of Nations]] [[Category:Southern African countries]] [[Category:States and territories established in 1910]] q8kdv8ctvrhvlwrgnxvd7n0xzq521t9