Wikipedia tumwiki https://tum.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jani_likulu MediaWiki 1.46.0-wmf.22 first-letter Media Special Talk User User talk Wikipedia Wikipedia talk File File talk MediaWiki MediaWiki talk Template Template talk Help Help talk Category Category talk TimedText TimedText talk Module Module talk Event Event talk 0 5289 115559 30053 2026-04-02T23:47:24Z InternetArchiveBot 6449 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 115559 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Msumba | zina = Barnaul | mapu (mndozgi) = | chalo = [[Russia]] | chigaŵa = Altai Krai | boma = | ukulu wa malo = 940 | ŵanthu = 612,401 | year = 2010 }} '''Barnaul''', mzinda kwa [[Russia]]. Muli banthu pafupi-fupi 633,000. == External links == * [https://web.archive.org/web/20220630141700/https://barnaul-gid.ru/ Barnaul] {{Commons|Category:Barnaul}} [[Category:Misumba]] [[Category:Russia]] 2zlbcuid1aoiacaxvvqu2ob3kcuznlo 4 17256 115562 115304 2026-04-03T06:37:55Z CommonsDelinker 72 Replacing Queen_Mary_II_Einlaufen_Hamburg_Hafengeburtstag_2006_-2.jpg with [[File:Queen_Mary_2_Einlaufen_Hamburg_Hafengeburtstag_6_May_2006.jpg]] (by [[:c:User:CommonsDelinker|CommonsDelinker]] because: [[:c:COM:FR|File renamed]]: [[:c:COM:FR#FR3|Criterio 115562 wikitext text/x-wiki <noinclude>{{../doc}} {{divhide|Staging area}} ==Images== Use only ONE image at a time <gallery> File:Innozenz3.jpg|Pope Innocent III File:Andrew Jackson by Ralph E. W. Earl 1837.jpg|Andrew Jackson File:Nate Saint Plane.jpg|The reconstructed frame of Nate Saint's plane used in Operation Auca File:Queen Mary 2 (Flickr 3406995992).jpg|RMS ''Queen Mary 2'' File:Queen Mary 2 Einlaufen Hamburg Hafengeburtstag 6 May 2006.jpg|RMS Queen Mary 2 File:20061028 Blackstone Library Front.JPG|Blackstone Library File:BattleofNewOrleans2.jpg|Battle of New Orleans File:Memorial.PNG|''Betelgeuse'' explosion memorial File:Hollerith.jpg|Herman Hollerith File:President Woodrow Wilson by Harris & Ewing, 1914-crop2.jpg|Woodrow Wilson File:Microcosm of London Plate 027 - Covent Garden Theatre edited.jpg|Covent Garden Theatre </gallery> ==Ineligible== {|class="wikitable" |- !Blurb !Reason |- | [[1297]] – [[François Grimaldi|Francesco Grimaldi]]<!--not bold, short-->, disguised as a monk, led his men to capture the fortress protecting the [[Rock of Monaco]], establishing [[House of Grimaldi|his family]] as the rulers of '''[[Monaco]]'''.<!--exact date is listed in a footnote--> | outdated |- | [[1806]] – British forces engaged the [[Batavian Republic]] at '''[[Battle of Blaauwberg]]''', eventually establishing British rule in the '''[[Cape Colony]]'''. | Battle: needs more footnotes; Colony: refimprove section |- | [[1811]] – The '''[[1811 German Coast uprising|German Coast uprising]]''', the largest [[slave revolt]] in United States history, took place in [[Louisiana]]. | refimprove section |- | [[1815]] – American forces led by General [[Andrew Jackson]] defeated the [[British Army]] at the '''[[Battle of New Orleans]]''', two weeks after the United States and the United Kingdom signed the [[Treaty of Ghent]] to end the [[War of 1812]]. | refimprove section |- | [[1920]] – The '''[[steel strike of 1919]]''', an attempt to organize the United States [[steel]] industry in the wake of World {{nowrap|War I}}, collapsed in complete failure for the [[Amalgamated Association of Iron and Steel Workers]]. | refimprove |- | [[1978]] – '''[[Harvey Milk]]''' took office on the [[San Francisco Board of Supervisors]] as the first openly [[gay]] man elected into public office in the United States. | Date not mentioned in body, unsourced in infobox |- | [[1979]] – The [[oil tanker]] ''Betelgeuse'' '''[[Whiddy Island disaster|exploded]]''' at the offshore jetty of the oil terminal on [[Whiddy Island]] in [[Bantry Bay]], Ireland, killing approximately 50 people<!-- ''(memorial pictured)''-->. | lots of CN tags (esp. for a GA) |- | [[1989]] – '''[[Kegworth air disaster|British Midland Flight 92]]''' crashed onto the embankment of the [[M1 motorway]] near [[Kegworth]], [[Leicestershire]], UK, killing 47 people and injuring 79 others. | refimprove |- | [[1996]] – An [[Antonov An-32]] cargo aircraft '''[[1996 Air Africa crash|crashed]]''' into a crowded market in [[Kinshasa]], [[Zaire]], killing up to 237 on the ground. | too many quotes |- | [[2003]] – '''[[Turkish Airlines Flight 634]]''' crashed in extensive fog during [[final approach (aviation)|final approach]] to [[Diyarbakır Airport]] in Turkey, leaving only 5 survivors out of 80 people on board. | refimprove section |- |[[2004]] – '''[[RMS Queen Mary 2|RMS ''Queen {{nowrap|Mary 2}}'']]'''<!-- ''(pictured)''-->, at the time the longest, widest and tallest [[passenger ship]] ever built, was christened by [[Mary of Teck|her namesake]]'s granddaughter, Queen {{nowrap|[[Elizabeth II]]}}. |CNs |- |'''[[Arcangelo Corelli]]'''<!--Italian composer--> |d|1713 |refimprive sect |- |'''[[Marco Fu]]'''<!--Hong Kong snooker player-->|b|1978 | refimprove sect |- |'''[[Bernard Krigstein]]'''<!--American illustrator--> |d|1990 | citation neededs |- |[[1972]] – Following [[Pakistani Instrument of Surrender|Pakistan's defeat]] in the [[Bangladesh Liberation War]], President [[Zulfikar Ali Bhutto]] released Bangladeshi politician '''[[Sheikh Mujibur Rahman]]''' ''(pictured)'' from prison in response to international pressure. |date not cited |} ==Eligible== * [[1697]] – Scottish student '''[[Thomas Aikenhead]]''' became the last person in Great Britain to be executed for [[blasphemy]]. * [[1735]] – [[George Frideric Handel]]'s opera '''''[[Ariodante]]''''' premiered at the [[Royal Opera House|Covent Garden Theatre]]<!-- ''(pictured)''--> in London. * [[1790]] – [[George Washington]] delivered the first '''[[State of the Union]]''' address in New York City, then the provisional capital of the United States. * [[1904]] – '''[[Blackstone Library]]''', the first branch of the [[Chicago Public Library]] system, was dedicated. * [[1918]] – U.S. president '''[[Woodrow Wilson]]'''<!-- ''(pictured)''--> announced his [[Fourteen Points]]<!--not bold, refimprove section--> for a moral cause and for post–[[World War&nbsp;I]] peace in Europe. * [[1956]] – Five [[Evangelicalism|Evangelical]] Christian missionaries from the United States '''[[Operation Auca|were killed]]''' by the [[Waodani|Huaorani]] in the [[Amazon rainforest|rainforest]] of Ecuador shortly after making contact with them. * [[1964]] – During his [[State of the Union]] address, U.S. President [[Lyndon B. Johnson]] declared a "'''[[war on poverty]]'''". * [[1977]] – '''[[1977 Moscow bombings|Three bombs]]''' attributed to Armenian nationalists exploded across [[Moscow]], killing 7 people and injuring 37. * [[1981]] – In [[Trans-en-Provence]], France, a local farmer reported '''[[Trans-en-Provence case|a UFO sighting]]''' claimed to be "perhaps the most completely and carefully documented sighting of all time". * [[2010]] – Gunmen from an offshoot of the [[Front for the Liberation of the Enclave of Cabinda]] '''[[Togo national football team attack|attacked]]''' the bus transporting the [[Togo national football team]] to [[2010 Africa Cup of Nations|the Africa Cup of Nations]] in Angola, killing three people. * [[2011]] – [[Jared Lee Loughner]] '''[[2011 Tucson shooting|opened fire]]''' at a public meeting held by [[United States House of Representatives|U.S. representative]] [[Gabby Giffords]] in [[Tucson, Arizona]], killing six people and injuring twelve others. * Born/died: | '''[[Kadi Burhan al-Din]]'''<!--Turkish official--> |b|1345| '''[[Nicholas Biddle]]'''<!--American banker--> |b|1786| '''[[James Longstreet]]'''<!--American general--> |b|1821| '''[[Wilkie Collins]]'''<!--English writer--> |b|1824| '''[[Nikolay Nekrasov]]'''<!--Russian poet--> |d|1878| '''[[Mór Kóczán]]'''<!--Hungarian athlete--> |b|1885| '''[[Bronislava Nijinska]]'''<!--Polish dancer, female--> |b|1891| '''[[Robert Baden-Powell, 1st Baron Baden-Powell]]'''<!--English founder of the Boy Scouts--> |d|1941 | '''[[T. J. Hamblin|T.&nbsp;J. Hamblin]]'''<!--English immunologist--> |d|2012 ==Notes== * [[Fair Deal]] appears on [[Wikipedia:Selected anniversaries/January 4|January 4]] so War on Poverty or State of the Union should not appear in the same year * [[Mantell UFO incident]] appears on [[Wikipedia:Selected anniversaries/January 7|January 7]], so Trans-en-Provence Case should not appear in the same year * [[RMS Queen Elizabeth]] appears on [[Wikipedia:Selected anniversaries/January 9|January 9]], so RMS Queen Mary 2 should not appear in the same year {{divhide|end}} </noinclude> '''[[January 8]]''' {{main page image/OTD|File:Sheikh Mujibur Rahman in 1950.jpg|Sheikh Mujibur Rahman}} * [[1198]] – Lotario dei Conti '''[[1198 papal election|was elected]]''' as '''[[Pope Innocent III|Pope Innocent&nbsp;III]]'''; he later worked to restore papal power in Rome. * [[1889]] – American statistician '''[[Herman Hollerith]]''' received a patent for his electromechanical [[tabulating machine]] for [[Punched card|punched-card]] data. * [[1936]] – [[Reza Shah]] issued the '''[[Kashf-e hijab]]''' decree, ordering Iranian police to remove [[hijab]]s from any women in public. * [[1991]] – Jeremy Wade Delle killed himself in his high-school class in [[Richardson, Texas]], an event that inspired the [[Pearl Jam]] song "'''[[Jeremy (song)|Jeremy]]'''". {{Born and died list| '''[[Athelm]]'''<!--English bishop--> |d|926| '''{{nowrap|[[Fanny Bullock Workman]]}}'''<!--American geographer--> |b|1859| '''[[David Bowie]]'''<!--English musician--> |b|1947}} {{SelAnnivFooter|Month=January|Day=8}} m2crp6oceu71xb09eb2pkglfkzt5757 0 19343 115561 113534 2026-04-03T03:12:17Z InternetArchiveBot 6449 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 115561 wikitext text/x-wiki {{good article}} Sumu za ku [[Malawi]] zikufuma ku ŵanthu ŵa ku [[Britain]], Africa, na America. Ŵanthu ŵa ku Malawi ŵakendanga nyengo yitali ndipo ŵakagwiranga nchito mu vyaru vinyake. Cimoza mwa vinthu ivyo vikapangiska kuti sumu za ku Malawi zikwane ni Nkhondo Yachiŵiri ya Caru Cose. Paumaliro wa nkhondo, ŵanthu ŵanandi ŵakakondwanga na magulu gha ŵakwimba gitala na banjo. Vyakuimbira vyose viŵiri vikafuma ku vyaru vinyake. Ŵanthu ŵa ku Malawi awo ŵakagwiranga nchito mu migodi ya ku South Africa na Mozambique nawo ŵakasangananga na kwimba sumu zakupambanapambana.<ref name="autogenerated1">{{cite web |last=Jecks |first=Nikki |date=2009-08-06 |title=Reviving Malawi's music heritage |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/africa/8185971.stm |access-date=2012-01-29 |work=BBC News}}</ref> Pa nyengo iyo charu cha Malawi chikaŵa pasi pa muwuso wa ŵasilikari, ŵakwimba ŵakumanyikwa ŵakaŵa ŵachoko chomene. Yumoza wa ŵakwimba aŵa wakaŵa Tony Bird, uyo wakababikira ku Nyasaland ndipo wakimbanga sumu zakususkana na boma la Malawi. Sumu zake zikulongosoreka kuti zikukolerana na mitheto ya ku Malawi na Afrikaans. Kawonekero kake kakamupangiska kuti walute na Ladysmith Black Mambazo mu ma 1980. Mu nyengo ya Pulezidenti Hastings Banda, boma la Malawi likakanizga sumu izo likati ni za kugonana panji za ndyali. Ivi vikapangiska kuti ŵanthu ŵachoko waka awo ŵakamanyikwanga pa charu chose ŵanjire mu vyaru ivi kufuma mu 1964 m'paka 1994. Ndipouli, pamanyuma pa mavoti ghakwamba gha vyaru vinandi mu 1994, ŵanthu ŵanandi ŵakamba kwimba pa wumba. Kwambira mu 1994, ŵanthu ŵakutemwa comene sumu kweniso ŵanthu ŵakumanyikwa. Chifukwa cha nyengo iyo ŵanthu ŵakakanizganga sumu, ŵanthu ŵanandi ŵa ku Malawi awo ŵakamba kwimba ŵakaŵa ŵawukirano. Ŵalendo nga ni Young Kay ŵakukhozgeka na ŵantchito ŵaphya ndipo ŵakugwira nchito pamoza kupeleka umanyi uphya ku Malawi.<ref>{{cite web |author=malawimoto says |date=2010-08-19 |title=Jamati Online &#124; Malawian Music has no identity |url=http://www.jamati.com/online/music/malawi-music-has-no-identity/ |access-date=2012-01-29 |publisher=Jamati.com}}</ref> Ŵaluso ŵanandi ŵa ku malo agha ŵakumanyikwa pa caru cose. Ŵalendo awo ŵakumanyikwa chomene ku Malawi ni Wambali Mkandawire, Erik Paliani, Lucius Banda, Tay Grin, Esau Mwamwaya, Tsar Leo, Lawrence Khwisa (LULU). Mu 2015 sumu ya Malawi yikamanyikwa pa 58th Grammy Awards kwa nyengo yakwamba, na kusankhika kwa Zomba Prison Project I Have No Everything Here kwa Best World Music Album.<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20180626220455/https://www.rollingstone.com/music/news/malawi-prisoners-score-surprise-grammy-nomination-20151209 "Malawi Prisoners Score Surprise Grammy Nomination"] Retrieved December 14, 2015.</ref> == Sumu za ku Malawi == === Nyimbo za Kwela === In the late 1960s, [[:en:South_Africa|South African]] [[:en:Kwela|kwela]] music was popular in Malawi. The country produced its own kwela stars that were not as popular as the South African counterparts, but contemporary Kwela artists like Daniel Kachamba & His Kwela Band have enjoyed popularity. South African Kwela music was first created by Malawian immigrants who, upon moving to South Africa, fused their music with local sounds.<ref name="autogenerated1" /> The word, 'Kwela', in Chichewa means 'to climb' which is similar to the South African definition, which means to "get up" or "rise". === Jazz ya ku Malawi === Malawian jazz bands also became popular. In spite of the name, Malawian jazz has little in common with its American namesake. Rural musicians played acoustic instruments, often in very traditional ways. These performers include Jazz Giants, Linengwe River Band, Mulanje Mountain Band and Chimvu Jazz. By the beginning of the 1970s, [[:en:Electric_guitar|electric guitars]] had become common and American [[:en:Rock_and_roll|rock and roll]], [[:en:Soul_music|soul]] and [[:en:Funk|funk]] influences the music scene, resulting in a fusion called afroma.{{typo help inline|date=May 2019}} [[:en:New_Scene|New Scene]], led by Morson Phuka, was the most well-known exponent of afroma. Contemporary Malawian jazz artists include [[:en:Wambali_Mkandawire|Wambali Mkandawire]], South-Africa-based [[:en:Ray_Phiri|Ray Phiri]] and US-based [[:en:Masauko_Chipembere_Jr|Masauko Chipembere Jr]]. Jazz concerts can be seen throughout Malawi. Many Malawian Jazz band perform regularly at local hotels and clubs. Sunday Jazz is a popular event in many lodges and hotels in Malawi, where it is a social event for people in the suburban areas to meet and listen to Jazz music on Sundays. === Malawi kwasa kwasa === Influenced by the 1980s music from the Congo, Malawi's own kwasa kwasa music grew. The 1980s saw [[:en:Soukous|soukous]] from the [[:en:Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo|Democratic Republic of the Congo]] (then ''Zaire'') become popular, and result in a Malawian variety called [[:en:Kwasa_kwasa|kwasa kwasa]]. === Hip-hop/rap ya Malaŵi === Kwamba mu 1994, sumu za rap zazara chomene mu Malaŵi kufuma ku misumba yakutali nga ni Blantyre na Lilongwe m'paka ku mizi yakutali nga Nkhata Bay panji Chitipa. Vinthu vya rap mu Malawi vikukolerana na wayilesi na manyuzipepara. Ŵanthu ŵa ku United States, South Africa, United Kingdom, na Caribbean ŵakamba kulondezga mitheto ya hip hop pa wayilesi na mavidiyo.<ref name=":0">{{Cite journal|last1=Perullo|first1=Alex|last2=Fenn|first2=John|date=Fall 2000|title=Language Ideologies, Choices, and Practices in Eastern African Hip Hop|url=https://digitalcommons.bryant.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1076&context=eng_jou|journal=English and Cultural Studios Journal|volume=|pages=|via=}}</ref> Sumu za ku Malaŵi zikamba na gulu la Real Elements, awo ŵakiza na sumu za ku America ku Malaŵi. Ŵakaŵa pa channel O ndipo ŵakachitanga mu Malaŵi ndipo ŵakamba ku UK kwa banthu ŵa hip hop nga ni Blak Twang. Ŵakapanga mtundu uphya wa sumu za ku Malawi mu nthowa ya hip-hop na rap. Kufuma waka mu nyengo ya Real Elements, mtundu wa Malawi wa hip-hop wakura comene. Ici cikusazgapo Young Kay, Third Eye. Mandela Mwanza, Phyzix, Dominant 1, Incyt, Cyclone, A.B, The Basement, Pittie Boyz, The Daredevilz, Lomwe, the Legendary Barryone, Nthumwi Pixy, Biriwiri, Renegade & Pilgrim, Jay-T Pius Parsley pamoza na nyenyezi za pa caru cose nga ni Tay Grin, Gwamba, South African based St Bosseratti. [Pakukhumbika ukaboni apa] Chiwonetsero cha hip hop ku Malawi chikupitilira kusintha ndi ojambula atsopano a sukulu monga Gwamba ndi Marste. Ŵa Africa ŵa ku Africa, Tsar Leo na Lxrry ndiwo ŵakutimbanizga chomene nkhani za hip hop. Makomiti gha rap na ragga agho ghakucitiskika na mawupu gha ŵanthu ŵekha ghakumanyikwa comene na ŵawukirano. Cingelezi ndico cikuyowoyeka comene mu sumu za rap za ku Malawi, kusazgapo nkhani za mu manyuzipepara, kudumbiskana na ŵawukirano, na pa wayilesi. Ndipouli, mu vigaŵa vinyake, Chichewa chikuwoneka kuŵa chiyowoyero chiwemi.<ref name=":0" /> === Nyimbo za Chiuta za ku Malawi === Sumu ya Gospel njimoza mwa sumu izo zikumanyikwa chomene mu Malawi. Vinthu ivi vikamba kumanyikwa mu ma 1990. Apo Papa Yohane Paul II wakaluta mu caru ici mu 1989, sumu za Gospel zikamba kuwoneka comene. Ŵalendo ŵakumanyikwa ŵa Malawi ŵa gospel ni Ndirande Anglican Voices, Ethel Kamwendo-Banda, Grace Chinga, Lloyd Phiri, George Mkandawire na Chitheka Family.<ref name="nyasatimes1">[https://web.archive.org/web/20091004194153/http://www.nyasatimes.com/national/gospel-preaching-the-word-of-god-through-hip-hop-music.html] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091004194153/http://www.nyasatimes.com/national/gospel-preaching-the-word-of-god-through-hip-hop-music.html|date=October 4, 2009}}</ref> Apo ŵanthu ŵanyake awo ŵakuchita vyakusanguluska ŵakamba 'kubabikaso,' mu Malaŵi muli sumu zinandi za Gospel, comenecomene za mu matawuni. Ŵanyamata ŵakwambilira awo ŵakamanyikwanga na sumu za rap ni Chart Rock na The Strategy. Pasono,Template:When David (uyo kale wakaŵa Stix wa Real Elements, KBG uyo wakambiska NyaLimuziK na Gosple (Aubrey Mvula) sono ndiwo ŵakulongozga mu mtundu uwu wa gospel rap. Apo tikulutizga kusanda umo gospel hip hop panji music ya mu muzi yikukulira, tingaleka yayi kuzunura ŵanthu ŵaŵiri awo ŵakwiza mu chigaŵa ichi.{{citation needed|date=May 2012}} === Malawia R&B === Mtundu wa R&B wa ku Malawi ukukura chomene ndipo wafika pakumanyikwa na ŵanthu nga Maskal, Theo Thomson, Sonye na Dan Lu. Paliso ŵantchito ŵanyake ŵaphya nga ni Kumbu, Bucci, na Kell Kay, Tremone Trun. === Nyimbo za reggae za ku Malawi === Mu Malaŵi, sumu ya reggae yikutemweka comene. Mu vyaka vyasonosono apa, sumu ya reggae ya ku Malawi yaluta panthazi chomene, comenecomene pakati pa ŵalondezgi ŵa Rasta ku Malawi na mumphepete mwa nyanja iyo ŵanthu ŵanandi ŵakwiza. Magulu gha sumu nga ni Black Missionaries ghazgoka ghamanyikwiro comene mu Malawi. Ŵalendo nga ni Lucius Banda, na Evison Matafale ŵakawovwira kuti sumu za ku Malawi zikwane pa charu chose. Kweniso pali magulu ghanyake gha rock reggae agho ghakuŵa na sumu zawo nga ni Fostered Legacy, Soul Raiders, na Wailing Brothers. Sumu za reggae za ku Malawi ni sumu za kulimbana. Nkhani zinandi za mu sumu iyi zikuyowoya za vinthu vyambura urunji, vimbundi na kuyana kwa ŵanthu wose ŵa ku Malawi. === Malawian traditional music and dances === Sumu za ku Malawi nazo zikwenda makora chomene, nga ni za ŵanthu ŵa ku Malawi ŵakuchemeka Pamtondo, awo ŵakugwiliskira ntchito sumu za ŵanthu ŵa ku Lomwe, Makuwa na Mang'anja. Pakaŵaso ŵanthu ŵanyake awo ŵakalondezganga mitheto ya kale nga ni Alan Namoko, Micheal Yekha, Ndingo brothers, Millennium Sound Checks na Waliko Makhala. Mu Malaŵi, ŵanthu ŵakwimba makora chomene nga ni Manganje, Mganda, Tchopa, Beni, Malipenga, Ngoma, Chitelera, Likwata, Chiwoda, Masewe, Chimtali, Visekese, Khunju, Gule wa Mkulu na Chisamba. === Malawian pop/fusion === Ŵalendo ŵa ku Malawi ŵakumanyikwa kuti ŵakusazga sumu za rock, r&b, na za ku America kuti ŵapange sumu za fusion. Yumoza wa ŵanthu aŵa ni Esau Mwamwaya, uyo sumu zake zikusazga sumu za ku Malawi, za pop na za mu tawuni. == Kupanga nyimbo == Pambere chaka cha 1968 chindafike, ku Malawi ŵakacitanga vyakujambulira pa mafoni, kweniso ku Federal Broadcasting Studios ku Lusaka, Zambia. Nzeru Record Company (NRC), yikakhazikiskika mu 1968, ndipo yikaŵa studio yakwamba ku Malawi. Ndipouli, studio iyi yikamara mu 1972 cifukwa ca suzgo la malonda..<ref name=":2">{{Cite journal|last1=Lwanda|first1=John|last2=Kanjo|first2=Chipo|date=2013|title=Computers, Culture and Music: the History of the Recording Industry in Malawi|url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/23611942|journal=The Society of Malawi Journal|volume=66|issue=1|pages=23–42|jstor=23611942|issn=0037-993X}}</ref> Kwambira mu 1972 m'paka mu 1989, malekodi ghanandi ghakaŵa pa wayilesi ya Radio Malawi, iyo pamasinda yikacemekanga Malawi Broadcasting Corporation. Pakuti boma ndilo likalamuliranga wayilesi iyi, mastudio agha ghakawovwiranga kuti sumu ziŵe zakutowa. Sumu izo ŵakalemba zikaŵa za pa tepi ndipo zikafumiskikanga yayi pa vinyl. Mu 1988, boma likamba kuzomerezga ŵanthu kuti ŵagwirenge nchito na mabuku ghawo. Paumaliro wa m'ma 1990, masitudiyo ghacoko waka ghakaŵa mu Blantyre, Balaka, na Lilongwe. Mpingo wa ku Malawi ukajura mastudiyo gha Andiamo, uko gulu la Christian Alleluya Band likakora sumu yawo yakwamba pa kaseti mu 1988. Mu 1991, Paul Banda uyo wakwimba gitala wa Alleluya Band wakambiska Imbirani Yahwe Studios mu Balaka Town. Kufuma waka pa nyengo iyi, Ŵakwimba ŵanandi ŵa ku Malawi ŵakukhumba kuŵa na studio yawo ya kujambura sumu. Pa cifukwa ici, nchakusuzga kusanga mastudio gha kwimba sumu mu caru ici, ndipo maburosha gha vyakwimba sumu ghakukhala nyengo yicoko. Mu vyaru vinyake vya ku Malawi, ŵanthu ŵakulemba sumu mu ma studio ghanandi. Mu tawuni ya Blantyre ndimo muli ma studio ghanandi gha ku Malawi. Ŵawukirano awo ŵakukhumba kulemba sumu yawo ŵakuyilemba mu mastudio agho ghakupeleka nthowa zakupulikizga izo zingaŵawovwira kuti ŵalembe sumu yimoza..<ref name=":0" /> == Sumu za pa caru cose == Pali wupu wa Malawi Broadcasting Corporation, ndipo ŵanthu awo ŵakutemwa kutegherezga "Radio One" ŵakumanya kuti ŵanthu awo ŵakutemwa kutegherezga mu Malawi ni Don Williams, Jim Reeves, Shaggy, Judy Boucher na ŵanthu ŵa ku South Africa nga ni Lucky Dube na Brenda Fassie. == Viphikiro vya sumu == * Mu chaka cha 2004, munthu wa ku England Will Jameson wakambiska Lake of Stars Music Festival uko kuli ŵanthu ŵakufuma ku vyaru vinyake na ŵa ku Malawi. Pa nyengo yasono, nyuzipepara ya The Independent na The Times ya ku Britain yikuti ni umoza wa viphikiro vya sumu viwemi comene pa caru cose.<ref>{{cite web |author=Lucinda Beaman Last updated January 29, 2012 2:31AM |date=2012-01-25 |title=The Times &#124; UK News, World News and Opinion |url=http://www.timesonline.co.uk/tol/travel/holiday_type/music_and_travel/article6838885.ece |access-date=2012-01-29 |publisher=Timesonline.co.uk}}</ref> * Kufuma waka apo ŵakazengera nyanja ya nyenyezi, ku Malawi kuli viphikiro vinandi, ndipo vinyake vikuchitika nyengo yitali. * Sand Fest * Tumaini ni chiphikiro chawanangwa icho chikuchitikira mu msasa wa ŵanthu ŵakuchimbira kwawo wa Dzaleka. * Mu chaka cha 2021, chiphikiro cha Zomba City chikamba. Chikondwelero cha Zomba City ndi chochitika cha pachaka, chomwe chimachitika pa sabata la Labor Day. Chiphikiro cha Zomba City chikukhumba kulongora kukopa kwa Zomba ku ŵalendo ŵake.<ref>{{Cite web |title=FESTIVAL – Destination Zomba & Liwonde (Malawi) |url=https://visitzomba.com/festival/ |access-date=2021-11-29 |language=en-GB}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2021-03-24 |title=3-day Zomba City Festival to put Zomba on the map |url=https://www.malawitourism.com/news-blogs/3-day-zomba-city-festival-to-put-zomba-on-the-map/ |access-date=2021-11-29 |website=Malawi Tourism |language=en-US}}</ref> * Mu chaka cha 2021, Lifest, chikondwelero cha sumu chikanozgeka mu Lilongwe, msumba ukuru wa Malawi. == Ŵakwimba ŵakumanyikwa ŵa ku Malawi == * Joseph Tembo * Black Missionaries * Lucius Banda * Tony Bird * Erik Paliani * Masauko Chipembere Jr * Tay Grin (Limbani Kalinani) * Evison Matafale * Michael-Fredrick Paul Sauka * Esau Mwamwaya * Ritaa * Real Elements * Wambali Mkandawire * Ray Phiri * Gwamba * Zomba Prison Project * Tsar Leo * Home Grown African * Young Kay * Blasto == Maukaboni == <references group="" responsive="1"></references> * Lwanda, John. "Sounds Afroma!". 2000. In: Broughton, Simon and Ellingham, Mark with McConnachie, James and Duane, Orla (Ed.), ''World Music Vol. 1: Africa, Europe and the Middle East''. pp 533–538. Rough Guides Ltd, Penguin Books. {{ISBN|1-85828-636-0}} == Ma linki ghanyake == * [https://web.archive.org/web/20230329155514/https://keepitmusic.com/ keepitmusic.com] * [http://www.malawi-music.com/ malawi-music.com] * [https://web.archive.org/web/20230129015013/http://joynathu.com/ joynathu.com] * [http://mikozinetwork.com/ mikozinetwork.com] * [http://musicofmalawi.wordpress.com/ musicofmalawi.wordpress.com] * [https://web.archive.org/web/20230317043647/https://lakeofstars.org/ lakeofstars.org] [https://web.archive.org/web/20120721051608/http://gondwanasound.com/news/2012/07/12/kenny-gilmore-and-deep-roots-malawi Interview with Kenny Gilmore director of Deep Roots Malawi] [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=gXBnz9uFGmg&feature=g-upl Deep Roots Malawi the Official Film directed by Kenny Gilmore]{{Music of Africa}} 5ubpbpwljj9plg36uvqjdfkny02vcfy 0 30438 115560 98487 2026-04-03T00:46:57Z InternetArchiveBot 6449 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 115560 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Short description|1885–1918 German colony including modern Tanzania, Burundi and Rwanda}} {{Nkhani iwemi}} '''{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2023}}''' {{Infobox country|native_name={{lang|de|Deutsch-Ostafrika}}|conventional_long_name=German East Africa|common_name=German East Africa|era=New Imperialism|empire=Germany|status=Colony|status_text=Colony of [[German colonial empire|Germany]]|government_type=|year_start=1885|year_end=1920|event_start={{nowrap|Established by the [[German East Africa Company|DOAG]]}}|date_start=27 February|event1={{nowrap|[[Heligoland–Zanzibar Treaty]]}}|date_event1=1 July 1890|event2=[[Maji Maji Rebellion]]|date_event2=21 October 1905|event3=[[East African campaign (World War I)|East African campaign]]|date_event3=3 August 1914|event4=Surrender|date_event4={{nowrap|25 November 1918}}|event_end=[[Treaty of Versailles|Formal disestablishment]]|date_end=10 January|p1=German East Africa Company|flag_p1=Flag of the German East Africa Company.svg|p2=Sultanate of Zanzibar{{!}}Zanzibar|flag_p2=Flag of the Sultanate of Zanzibar.svg|p3=Kingdom of Rwanda{{!}}Rwanda|flag_p3=|p4=Kingdom of Burundi{{!}}Burundi|flag_p4=|s1=Tanganyika (territory){{!}}Tanganyika|flag_s1=Flag of Tanganyika (1923–1961).svg|s2=Kenya Colony{{!}}Kenya|flag_s2=Flag of Kenya (1921–1963).svg|s3=Ruanda-Urundi{{!}}{{nowrap|Ruanda-Urundi}}|flag_s3=Flag of Belgium (civil).svg|s4=Portuguese East Africa{{!}}Mozambique|flag_s4=Flag of Portugal.svg|title_leader=[[German Emperor|Emperor]]|leader1=[[William I, German Emperor|Wilhelm I]]|year_leader1=1885–1888|leader2=[[Frederick III, German Emperor|Frederick III]]|year_leader2=1888|leader3=[[Wilhelm II, German Emperor|Wilhelm II]]|year_leader3=1888–1918|title_deputy=Governor|deputy1=[[Carl Peters]]|year_deputy1=1885–1891 {{small|(first)}}|deputy2=[[Heinrich Schnee]]|year_deputy2=1912–1918 {{small|(last)}}|image_flag=Reichskolonialflagge.svg|flag_type=Service flag of the Colonial Office|image_coat=Wappen Deutsches Reich - Reichsadler 1889.svg|symbol_type=Coat of arms of the German Empire|image_map=German East Africa 1914.svg|image_map_caption=Green: German East Africa<br/>Dark gray: Other [[German colonial empire|German possessions]]<br/>Darkest gray: [[German Empire]] (1911 borders)|capital=[[Bagamoyo]] (1885–1890)<br/>[[Dar es Salaam]] (1890–1916)<br/>[[Tabora]] (1916, temporary)<ref>Michael Pesek: ''Das Ende eines Kolonialreiches.'' Campus, Frankfurt a.&nbsp;M./New York 2010, ISBN 978-3-593-39184-7, S. 86/90.</ref>|stat_year1=1912|stat_area1={{convert|384171.648|mi2|km2|0|disp=number}}|stat_year2=1912|stat_pop2=7,700,000|currency=[[German East African rupie]]|common_languages=[[German language|German]] (official)<br/>[[Swahili language|Swahili]], [[Arabic]], [[Kirundi]], [[Kinyarwanda]], [[Maasai language|Maa]], [[Sukuma language|Kisukuma]], [[Iraqw language|Iraqw]], [[Chaga languages]]|religion=[[Islam]], [[Traditional African religions|traditional African religion]], Christianity (Catholic Church and [[Lutheranism]])|life_span=1885–1920}} '''German East Africa''' (GEA; German: Deutsch-Ostafrika) yikaŵa koloni ya [[Germany]] mu chigaŵa cha [[African Great Lakes,]] icho chikaŵa na [[Burundi]], [[Rwanda]], [[Tanzania]], na Kionga Triangle. Malo gha GEA ghakaŵa 994,996 km2 (384,170 sq mi), agho ghakaŵa pafupifupi katatu malo gha Germany wa mazuŵa ghano ndipo ghakaŵa pafupifupi kaŵiri malo gha Germany pa nyengo iyo.<ref>{{cite journal|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=o48gnQAACAAJ|title=German Africa: A Selected Annotated Bibliography|author1=Jon Bridgman|author2=David E. Clarke|journal=Hoover Bibliographical Series|publisher=[[Hoover Institution|Hoover Institution on War, Revolution, and Peace]], Stanford University|year=1965|issn=0085-1582|author1-link=Jon Bridgman|access-date=19 January 2018|archive-date=14 June 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200614203751/https://books.google.com/books?id=o48gnQAACAAJ|url-status=live}}</ref> Malo agha ghakaŵako mu ma 1880, apo ŵasilikari ŵa ku Germany ŵakapempheka kuti ŵakome ŵanthu awo ŵakagalukira kampani ya [[German East Africa Company]]. Nkhondo iyi yikamara apo ufumu wa Germany ukathereskeka pa Nkhondo Yakwamba ya Caru Cose. Paumaliro, GEA yikagaŵika pakati pa [[Britain]], [[Belgium]], na [[Portugal]], ndipo yikanozgekaso kuti yiŵe pasi pa League of Nations.<ref>{{cite book|title=History of East Africa, Volume 2|author=Roland Anthony Oliver|editor1=Vincent Todd Harlow|editor2=Elizabeth Millicent Chilver|editor2-link=Elizabeth Millicent Chilver|editor3=Alison Smith|publisher=[[Clarendon Press]]|year=1976|isbn=9780198227137}}</ref> == Mbili == {{Main|Wupu wa German East Africa Company|Kuwukira kwa Abushiri}} Nga umo vikaŵira na maboma ghanyake agho ghakaŵa na mazaza pa charu ichi, Ŵachijeremani nawo ŵakamba kuthandazga ufumu wawo mu vigaŵa vya ku Africa uko kukaŵa nyanja zikuru. Mwakupambana na maufumu ghanyake gha ufumu, iwo ŵakamazga yayi wuzga panji malonda gha wuzga ndipo ŵakakhumbanga kuti ŵaleke kupanga ŵanthu ŵaphya. Nkhondo iyi yikamba apo Carl Peters, uyo wakaŵa mupayiniya kweniso uyo wakambiska wupu wakuchemeka Society for German Colonization, wakalemba mapangano na ŵalongozgi ŵa ku malo agha. Pa Malichi 3, 1885, boma la Germany likapharazga kuti lapeleka chikalata cha ufumu, icho Chancellor Otto von Bismarck wakalemba pa Febuluwale 27, 1885. Kampani ya Peters yikapika wanangwa uwu kuti yikhazikiske boma lakunjilira mu vyaru vya ku Africa. Kufuma apo, Peters wakalemba ŵantchito awo ŵakamba kusanda kumwera kwa Mlonga wa Rufiji na kumpoto kwa Witu, kufupi na Lamu mumphepete mwa nyanja.<ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=B02hIAIrsEgC|title=Carl Peters and German Imperialism 1856-1918: A Political Biography|author=Arne Perras|year=2004|publisher=[[Clarendon Press]]|isbn=9780199265107|oclc=252667062|access-date=19 January 2018|archive-date=31 January 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200131190530/https://books.google.com/books?id=B02hIAIrsEgC|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal|jstor=650184|title=Domestic Origins of Germany's Colonial Expansion under Bismarck|author=Hartmut Pogge von Strandmann|journal=[[Past & Present (journal)|Past & Present]]|date=February 1969|issue=42|pages=140–159}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=dRheDbkmigIC|title=The Imperialist Imagination: German Colonialism and Its Legacy|author1=Sara Friedrichsmeyer|author2=Sara Lennox|author3=Susanne Zantop|publisher=[[University of Michigan Press]]|year=1998|isbn=9780472066827|oclc=39679479|access-date=22 January 2018|archive-date=21 May 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160521085622/https://books.google.com/books?id=dRheDbkmigIC|url-status=live}}</ref> Fumu ya ku Zanzibar yikasuska ndipo yikati ndiyo ni fumu ya ku Zanzibar na ya ku charu chose. Kansela Bismarck wakatuma ngaraŵa zinkhondi izo zikafika pa Ogasiti 7, 1885. Sultan wakacicizgika kuzomera ivyo ŵa German ŵakayowoya kuti nchigaŵa ca ku caru cikuru ico cikaŵa kutali comene na nyanja. Mu Novembala 1886, Germany na Britain ŵakakolerana kuti ŵapulikirenge ivyo Sultan wa ku Zanzibar wakayowoya. Ŵangelezi na Ŵachijeremani ŵakakolerana kuti ŵagaŵane caru pakati pawo, ndipo Sultan wakaŵavya cinyake cakucita kweni kukolerana.<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=q-aoZQ-o7aQC|title=Remembering Africa: The Rediscovery of Colonialism in Contemporary German Literature|author=Dirk Göttsche|year=2013|publisher=[[Camden House]]|isbn=9781571135469|access-date=19 January 2018|archive-date=31 January 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200131190519/https://books.google.com/books?id=q-aoZQ-o7aQC|url-status=live}}</ref>{{page needed|date=January 2018}} [[File:Eckenbrecher_Tropische_Landschaft_in_Deutsch-Ostafrika.jpg|left|thumb|210x210px|Ŵasilikari ŵa Askari awo ŵakalongozgekanga na ŵa German mu 1896]] Mwaluŵiro Ŵachijeremani ŵakamba kulamulira ku Bagamoyo, Dar es Salaam, na Kilwa. Oscar Baumann wakatumika kukawona malo gha Masailand na Urundi. Apo wakendanga, wakasanga uko mlonga wa Kagera ukufuma. Makaravani gha Tom von Prince, Wilhelm Langheld, Emin Pasha, na Charles Stokes ghakatumika kuti ghakaŵe pa "Msewu wa Makaravani". Nkhondo ya Abushiri ya 1888 yikamara na wovwiri wa Britain. Mu 1890, London na Berlin ŵakadumura phangano la Heligoland na Zanzibar, ilo likapeleka Heligoland ku Germany na kudumura mphaka pakati pa GEA na East Africa Protectorate iyo yikalamuliranga na Britain, nangauli mphaka zaunenesko zikamanyikwa yayi mpaka mu 1910. [page needed] Malire gha pakati pa Kenya na Tanganyika, kufuma ku nyanja m'paka ku Nyanja ya Victoria, ghakalembeka na ŵabali ŵaŵiri ŵa ku Britain: Charles Stewart Smith (mkuŵa wa Britain ku Mombasa) na munung'una wake George Edward Smith (mulara wa ŵasilikari ndipo pamanyuma wakazgoka mulara wa Royal Engineers). Mu 1892, Stewart Smith wakasankhika kuŵa mwimiliri wa boma la Britain pa mulimo wa kupanga mphaka ya pakati pa Britain na Germany mu Africa. Pakati pajumpha vilimika 12, George Edward Smith wakawelera kuti wakamalizge kupenda mtunda wa makilomita 300 kufuma ku Kilimanjaro m'paka ku Nyanja ya Victoria. Pakati pa 1891 na 1894, ŵanthu ŵa Hehe awo ŵakalongozgekanga na Mulara Mkwawa ŵakakana kuti Ŵachijeremani ŵaŵawukire. Ŵakathereskeka cifukwa cakuti mafuko ghanyake ghakatolera Ŵajeremani. Pakati pajumpha vilimika vinandi, Mkwawa wakafwa ndipo wakajikoma mu 1898. Kuwukira kwa Maji kukacitika mu 1905 ndipo kukalekeka na Kazembe Gustav Adolf von Götzen, uyo wakalangura kuti paŵe njara. Vingaŵa kuti ŵanthu 300,000 ŵakafwa.<ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=m0dalboHfXgC|pages=193–200|title=A Modern History of Tanganyika|first=John|last=Iliffe|author-link=John Iliffe (historian)|publisher=Cambridge University Press|year=1979|isbn=9780521296113|access-date=27 June 2019|archive-date=6 May 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160506013245/https://books.google.com/books?id=m0dalboHfXgC|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|chapter-url=https://archive.org/details/specterofgenocid00robe|chapter-url-access=registration|title=The Specter of Genocide: Mass Murder in Historical Perspective|editor1-first=Robert|editor1-last=Gellately|editor2-first=Ben|editor2-last=Kiernan|publisher=Cambridge University Press|year=2003|isbn=9780521527507|chapter=Military Culture and 'Final Solutions'|first=Isabel V.|last=Hull|pages=[https://archive.org/details/specterofgenocid00robe/page/151 151]–62}}</ref> Pamanyuma pake pakaŵa nkhani ya vimbundi na nkhaza. Mu 1907, Chancellor Bernhard von Bülow wakasora Bernhard Dernburg kuti wasinthe vinthu mu boma.<ref>{{cite journal|title=African Resistance and Center Party Recalcitrance in the Reichstag Colonial Debates of 1905/06|author=John S. Lowry|journal=[[Central European History]]|date=June 2006|volume=39|issue=2|pages=244–269|doi=10.1017/S0008938906000100|s2cid=145059774|issn=1569-1616}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|title=Flammen über Deutschost: der Maji-Maji-Aufstand in Deutsch-Ostafrika 1905–1906, die erste gemeinsame Erhebung schwarzafrikanischer Völker gegen weisse Kolonialherrschaft: ein Beitrag zur deutschen Kolonialgeschichte|author=Walter Nuhn|year=1998|publisher=[[Bernard & Graefe]]|location=Bonn|isbn=3763759697|oclc=41980383}}</ref> [[File:Fort_von_Bagamono.jpg|thumb|Fort [[Bagamoyo]], {{circa|1891}}]] Ŵalongozgi ŵa boma la Germany ŵakathembanga chomene ŵalongozgi ŵa ku malo agha kuti ŵachitenge vinthu mwamahara na kupoka misonkho. Pa Janyuwale 1, 1914, ŵasilikari ŵa Schutztruppen (magulu ghakuvikilira) mu Dar es Salaam, Moshi, Iringa, na Mahenge ŵakaŵa na ŵasilikari Ŵachijeremani 110 (ŵakaŵapo ŵasilikari 42 ŵa munkhwala), ŵasilikari ŵa pasi pa 126, na Askari 2,472.<ref name="Haupt">{{cite book|author=Werner Haupt|title=Deutschlands Schutzgebiete in Übersee 1884–1918|location=Friedberg|publisher=Podzun-Pallas Verlag|year=1984|isbn=3-7909-0204-7}}</ref>{{rp|32}} == Kukula kwachuma == [[File:German_East_Africa,_1_rupee,_1902.jpg|thumb|1 [[German East African rupie|rupee]], Rupee yimoza, German East Africa, 1902. Siliva 917.]] Ŵachijeremani ŵakakhozga malonda na chuma. Malo ghakujumpha 40,000 ha ghakaŵa na vyakumera vya sisal. Makuni gha khofi ghakukwana mamiliyoni ghaŵiri ghakapandika, makuni gha ghamusi ghakakura pa malo ghakukwana mahekita 81,000, ndipo pakaŵa minda yikuruyikuru ya katoni.<ref>{{cite web |title=(HIS,P) Deutscher Kolonial-Atlas mit Jahrbuch (Atlas German Colonies, with Yearbook), edited by the German Colonial Society, 1905 - Deutsch-Ostafrika |url=http://www.zum.de/psm/imperialismus/kolonialatlas05/atlas011e.php3 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180913223422/http://www.zum.de/psm/imperialismus/kolonialatlas05/atlas011e.php3 |archive-date=13 September 2018 |access-date=2018-01-17 |website=www.zum.de}}</ref> Kwamba mu 1888, ŵakazenga sitima ya Usambara kufuma ku Tanga m'paka ku Moshi kuti ŵagulire vyakurya ivi. Central Railroad yikaŵa na mtunda wa makilomita 1,247 ndipo yikayaniskanga Dar es Salaam, Morogoro, Tabora, na Kigoma. Mu Julayi 1914, ŵakamalizga kuzenga nthowa yakulongozgera ku nyanja ya Tanganyika. Ŵakazenga panji kunozga malo gha dowoko na magudumu gha magesi, njanji, na malo ghakusungiramo vinthu. Ku Tanga, Bagamoyo, na Lindi, ŵakazengaso malo ghanyake ghakusungirako ŵanthu. Pamanyuma pa 1891, boma la Germany likamba kunozga misewu iyo ŵanthu ŵakendangamo mu chigaŵa ichi pambere ŵanthu ŵa ku Europe ŵandafike mu charu ichi. Mu 1912, ku Dar es Salaam na Tanga kukaŵa ngalaŵa za katundu na za ŵanthu 356, ndiposo ngalaŵa zakwenda pa nyanja zakujumpha 1,000 na ngalaŵa za malonda. Mu GEA yose, mukaŵa ŵanthu 3,579 ŵa ku Germany. Mu nyengo yithu iyi, ŵanthu ŵa ku Tanzania ŵakamba kuguliska golide mu charu ichi mu nyengo iyo charu cha Germany chikalamuliranga charu ichi. Wupu wa Kironda-Goldminen-Gesellschaft ndiwo ukambiska migodi ya golide yakwamba mu charu ichi, ndipo yikamba kugwira ntchito mu 1909.<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20100814071423/http://www.tanzaniagold.com/tanzania_mining_history.html Tanzania Mining History] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100814071423/http://www.tanzaniagold.com/tanzania_mining_history.html|date=14 August 2010}} tanzaniagold.com, retrieved 24 July 2010</ref> == Masambiro == Ku Germany, ŵanthu ŵa ku Africa ŵakasambizgikanga mu masukulu gha pulayimale, gha sekondale, na gha masukulu gha maluso. Mu 1924, pati pajumpha vilimika 10 kufuma apo Nkhondo Yakwamba ya Caru Cose yikambira ndiposo vilimika vinkhondi na cimoza kufuma apo Britain yikambira kuwusa, Wupu wa Phelps-Stokes, uwo ukaŵa ku America, ukati: "Ŵajeremani ŵacita vinthu vyakuzizwiska comene pa nkhani ya masukulu. Pakwenera kujumpha nyengo yitali pambere masambiro ghaleke kuŵa nga umo ghakaŵira mu nyengo ya Ŵachijeremani". Lizgu la Ciswahili lakuti shule, ilo likung'anamura sukulu, lili kufuma ku lizgu la Cigiriki lakuti Schule.<ref>{{cite web |title=shule - Swahili-Old High German (ca. 750-1050) Dictionary |url=https://glosbe.com/sw/goh/shule |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200131190547/https://glosbe.com/sw/goh/shule |archive-date=31 January 2020 |access-date=17 January 2018 |publisher=Glosbe |language=en}}</ref> == Ŵanthu pa nyengo ya Nkhondo Yakwamba ya Caru Cose == Mu cigaŵa ici mukaŵa ŵanthu ŵakujumpha 7.5 miliyoni. Pafupifupi 30% ŵakaŵa Ŵasilamu ndipo ŵanyake wose ŵakaŵa ŵa mafuko ghakupambanapambana panji Ŵakhristu awo ŵakazgoka Ŵakhristu. Mu 1913, mu cigaŵa ici mukaŵa ŵalimi na ŵalimi ŵa ku Germany 882. Ŵanthu pafupifupi 70,000 ŵa ku Africa ŵakagwiranga nchito mu minda ya GEA.<ref>{{cite book|title=Die deutschen Kolonien|last=Längin|first=Bernd G.|year=2005|isbn=3-8132-0854-0|location=Mittler|page=217}}</ref> == Nkhondo Yakwamba ya Caru Cose == {{main|Nkhondo ya ku East Africa (Nkhondo Yakwamba ya Caru Cose)}} [[File:German_WW1_Memorial_in_Iringa.jpg|thumb|Cikumbusko ca Nkhondo Yakwamba ya Caru Cose mu Iringa, Tanzania]] Mulara wa ŵasilikari Paul von Lettow-Vorbeck wakateŵetera ku German South West Africa na Cameroon. Wakalongozga ŵasilikari ŵa Germany pa nkhondo yakwamba ya caru cose. Ŵasilikari ŵake ŵakaŵa 3,500 ŵa ku Europe na 12,000 ŵa ku Ascari na awo ŵakanyamuranga katundu. Nkhondo yawo yikaŵa yakuti ŵathereske ŵasilikari 40,000 ŵa ufumu wa Britain, awo nyengo zinyake ŵakalongozgekanga na Jan Smuts. Yumoza mwa nkhondo zikuru comene izo Lettow-Vorbeck wakathereska wakaŵa Nkhondo ya Tanga (3-5 November 1914). Mu nkhondo iyi ŵasilikari ŵa Germany ŵakathereska ŵasilikari ŵa Britain awo ŵakaŵa ŵanandi comene kuluska iwo. Nkhondo iyo Lettow-Vorbeck wakachitanga yikapangiska kuti Britain yigeŵetere ndalama zinandi pa nkhondo iyi. Paumaliro, ŵasilikari ŵanandi, comenecomene ŵasilikari awo ŵakafuma ku Belgian Congo, ŵakamba kuwukira kumanjiliro gha dazi (nkhondo ya ku Tabora) kweniso katundu wakukwana yayi. Wakaluta kumwera ku Mozambique na ku Northern Rhodesia uko wakazomera kuti ŵaleke kuwukirana mazuŵa ghatatu nkhondo yati yamara.<ref>{{cite book|title=The Boers in East Africa: ethnicity and identity|author=Brian M. DuToit|year=1998|publisher=Bergin & Garvey|isbn=0897896114|location=Westport, Connecticut|oclc=646068752}}</ref> {{Css Image Crop|Image=GEA-49-Deutsch Ostafrikanische Bank-200 Rupien (1915).jpg|bSize=220|cWidth=220|cHeight=147|oTop=0|oLeft=0|Location=left|Description=A 200 [[German East African rupie]] provisional banknote issued in [[Dar es Salaam]] in 1915–17 Currency had to be printed locally due to a significant lack of provisions resulting from the naval blockade.}} Nkhondo yikati yamara, Lettow-Vorbeck wakacemeka yumoza wa vinkhara vya ku Germany. Gulu lake la ŵasilikari la Schutztruppe ndilo likaŵa lakwekha mu nyengo ya Nkhondo Yakwamba ya Caru Cose ilo likathereskeka yayi. Ŵasilikari ŵa Askari awo ŵakarwa nkhondo ya ku East Africa, boma la Weimar na West Germany ŵakaŵapa ndalama za penshoni. Ngalaŵa yakucemeka Königsberg, nayo yikaŵapo pa nkhondo iyi. Mu Julayi 1915, boti ili likamira mu nyanja ya Rufiji chifukwa cha kusoŵa malasha na vipambi. Awo ŵakapona ŵakafumiska vilwero vyose vya ngalaŵa na kuviŵika pa magalimoto gha vilwero pambere ŵandambe kuteŵetera ku mtunda.<ref>{{cite book|title=A naval history of World War I|author=Paul G. Halpern|year=1995|publisher=UCL Press|isbn=9781857284980|oclc=60281302}}</ref> [[File:Der_Durchbruch_der_Schutztruppe_Deutsch-Ostafrika_über_den_Rowuma_MItte_November_1917._Darstellung_von_Carl_Arriens.jpg|thumb|Ŵasilikari ŵa ku Portugal ŵakaŵa na ŵasilikari ŵa ku Germany, apo ŵakaŵa ku Ngomano pa Novembala 25, 1917.]] Mu 1914-15 pakacitikaso upharazgi unyake wacigaŵa cicoko comene mumphepete mwa Nyanja ya Tanganyika. Pa nkhondo iyi pakaŵa ŵasilikari ŵa Britain na Belgium, kweniso ŵasilikari ŵa Reichsheer ku Bismarckburg (uno Kasanga). == Kusweka kwa chikoloni == Pa ungano wa mtende wa ku Paris mu 1919, khoti likuru likapeleka chigaŵa chose cha German East Africa ku Britain pa 7 May 1919, nangauli Belgium yikaŵasuska chomene.:240 Alfred Milner, Secretary of the British Colonial Office, na Pierre Orts, nduna ya Belgium, ŵakadumbiskana za phangano la Britain na Belgium pa 30 May 1919:6189 apo Britain yikapeleka vigaŵa vya kumpoto kwa charu cha Rwanda na Urundi ku Belgium.:246 Komiti ya Msonkhano uwu yikapeleka chikalata pa 16 July 1919.:2467 Khoti likuru likapokelera phangano ili pa 7 August 1919.:6123 Pa Julayi 12, 1919, Komiti ya Malango yikakolerana kuti chigaŵa chichoko cha Kionga chakumwera kwa Mlonga wa Rovuma chipelekeke ku Portugal. Komiti iyi yikati mu 1894, caru ca Germany cikacicizga caru ca Portugal kuti cipeleke malo agha.<ref name="Ends">{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=NQnpQNKeKKAC&pg=PA246|title=Ends of British Imperialism: The Scramble for Empire, Suez, and Decolonization|first=William Roger|last=Louis|publisher=[[I.B. Tauris]]|year=2006|isbn=978-1-84511347-6|access-date=19 September 2017|archive-date=11 June 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200611044443/https://books.google.com/books?id=NQnpQNKeKKAC&pg=PA246|url-status=live}}</ref>{{rp|243}} Phangano la Versailles likalembeka pa Juni 28, 1919, kweni likamba kugwira ntchito pa Janyuwale 10, 1920. Pa zuŵa ili, boma la Britain, Belgium, na Portugal ndilo likamba kulamulira charu ichi. Kweniso pa zuŵa lenelili, "Tanganyika" likazgoka zina la cigaŵa ca Britain. == Mazina gha malo ghachi Germany == Mazina ghanyake mu German East Africa ghakalutilira kulembeka mu Chijeremani, nga ni "Udjidji" kwa Ujiji na "Kilimandscharo" kwa Phiri la Kilimanjaro, "Kleinaruscha" kwa Arusha-Chini na "Neu-Moschi" kwa msumba uwo sono ukuchemeka Moshi. (Kigoma wakamanyikwanga na zina lakuti "Rutschugi".) Malo ghanandi ghakaŵa na mazina gha ku Africa panji ghakaŵaso na mazina ghanyake:<ref>{{cite book|url=https://archive.org/details/bub_gb_N9sOAAAAYAAJ|title=Koloniales Jahrbuch|date=1888|publisher=Berlin : C. Heymann}}</ref><ref name="Reichstages">{{cite book|url=https://archive.org/details/bub_gb_vp9aAAAAYAAJ|title=Stenographische Berichte über die Verhandlungen des Deutschen Reichstages|last=Germany. Reichstag|date=1871|publisher=Berlin: Verlag der Buchdruckerei der "Norddeutschen Allgemeinen Zeitung"|others=Princeton University}}</ref><ref name="Deutsches Kolonial-Lexikon">{{cite book|title=Deutsches Kolonial-Lexikon|language=de|via=[[Universitätsbibliothek Frankfurt]]|year=1920|chapter=Deutsch-Ostafrika|chapter-url=http://www.ub.bildarchiv-dkg.uni-frankfurt.de/Bildprojekt/Lexikon/Standardframeseite.php?suche=Deutsch-Ostafrika|title-link=Deutsches Kolonial-Lexikon|access-date=31 August 2017|archive-date=4 August 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200804132323/http://www.ub.bildarchiv-dkg.uni-frankfurt.de/Bildprojekt/Lexikon/Standardframeseite.php?suche=Deutsch-Ostafrika|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|url=https://archive.org/details/deutscherkoloni00meingoog|title=Deutscher kolonial-kalender und statistisches Handbuch...: Nach amtlichen Quellen neu Bearb|last=Gustav Hermann Meinecke|date=1901|publisher=Deutscher kolonial -verlag|others=New York Public Library|language=de}}</ref> * Alt Langenburg (Ikombe)<ref name="Reichstages" /> * Bergfrieden (Mibirizi)<ref name="Reichstages" /> * Bismarckburg (Kasanga) on the south-eastern end of Lake Tanganyika<ref name="Deutsches Kolonial-Lexikon" />{{rp|v. I, p. 217}}<ref name="Reichstages" /> * Emmaberg (Ilembule)<ref name="Reichstages" /> * Fischerstadt ([[Rombo language|Rombo]])<ref name="Reichstages" /> * Friedberg (Nyakanazi)<ref name="Reichstages" /> * Gottorp or Neu-Gottorp ([[Uvinza]]) near the northeastern end of [[Lake Tanganyika]] * Hohenfriedeberg (Mlalo)<ref name="Reichstages" /> * Hoffnungshöh (Kisarawe)<ref name="Reichstages" /> * Kaiseraue (Kazimzumbwi)<ref name="Reichstages" /> * Kirondathal ([[Kirondatal]]) gold mine * Langenburg and Neu-Langenburg ([[Tukuyu]]) north of [[Lake Nyasa]]<ref name="Reichstages" /> * Leudorf (Liganga)<ref name="Reichstages" /> * Mariahilf (Igulwa)<ref name="Reichstages" /> * Marienthal ([[Ushetu District|Ushetu]])<ref name="Reichstages" /> * Neu-Bethel (Mnazi)<ref name="Reichstages" /> * Neu-Bonn (Mikese)<ref name="Reichstages" /> * Neu-Hornow ([[Shume]]) in the [[Pare Mountains]] in the northeast * Neu-Langenburg (Lumbira)<ref name="Reichstages" /> * Neu-Trier ([[Mbulu]])<ref name="Reichstages" /> * Peterswerft ([[Nansio]])<ref name="Reichstages" /> * Sachsenwald ([[Sekenke Gold Mine|Sekenke]]) gold mine * St. Moritz ([[Galula]])<ref name="Reichstages" /> * Sphinxhafen ([[Liuli]]) on the eastern shore of [[Lake Nyasa]] * Wiedhafen ([[Manda (Tanzanian ward)|Manda]]) on the eastern shore of [[Lake Nyasa]] * Wilhelmstal or Wilhelmsdorf ([[Lushoto]]) on the [[Pangani River]] in the northeast * Wißmannhafen, port of Bismarckburg ([[Kasanga]]) on the southeastern end of [[Lake Tanganyika]] == Mndandanda wa mabwana gha boma == Ŵalongozgi ŵa German East Africa:<ref>{{cite web |author=A. J. Dietz |title=A postal history of the First World War in Africa and its aftermath - German colonies: II Kamerun |url=https://openaccess.leidenuniv.nl/bitstream/handle/1887/32069/ASC-075287668-3621-01.pdf?sequence=1 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200918142634/https://openaccess.leidenuniv.nl/bitstream/handle/1887/32069/ASC-075287668-3621-01.pdf?sequence=1 |archive-date=18 September 2020 |access-date=17 January 2018 |publisher=African Studies Centre, Repository, Leiden University}}</ref> === Administrator (1885-1891) === * 1885–1888: [[Carl Peters]] * 1888–1891: [[Hermann Wissmann]] === Reichskommissar (1891-1918) === * 1891–1893: [[Julius von Soden]] * 1893–1895: [[Friedrich von Schele]] * 1895–1896: [[Hermann Wissmann]] * 1896–1901: [[Eduard von Liebert]] * 1901–1906: [[Gustav Adolf von Götzen]] * 1906–1912: [[Albrecht von Rechenberg]] * 1912–1918: [[Heinrich Schnee]] == Mapu == <gallery> File:Meyers_b14_s0300a.jpg|Mapu ghakale gha mumphepete mwa German East Africa, 1888 File:Deutsch_Ost-Afrika,1892.jpg|Mapu ghakale gha German East Africa, 1892 File:1911GermanEastAfrica.png|Mapu ghakale gha German East Africa, 1911 File:World_War_I_in_East_Africa.jpg|Mapu gha Nkhondo Yakwamba ya Caru Cose </gallery> == Vithuzi == <gallery> File:Bundesarchiv_Bild_105-DOA0793,_Deutsch-Ostafrika,_Sisalpflanzung.jpg|Sisal plantation, {{circa|1906/18}} File:Bundesarchiv_Bild_105-DOA0876,_Deutsch-Ostafrika,_Sisalfabrik.jpg|Sisal factory, {{circa|1906/18}} File:Bundesarchiv_Bild_105-DOA3056,_Deutsch-Ostafrika,_Askarikompanie.jpg|[[Askari]] company, {{circa|1914/18}} File:Bundesarchiv_Bild_105-DOA0184,_Deutsch-Ostafrika,_Wuga,_Schule.jpg|Classroom in a German East African school, {{circa|March 1914}} File:027-1425-056_Bahnhof_Tengeni_mit_Zügen_der_Sigibahn_und_der_Usambara-Bahn.jpg|[[Usambara Railway]], built in German East Africa File:Bundesarchiv_Bild_105-DOA3114,_Deutsch-Ostafrika,_Reiter_zu_Pferd.jpg|German colonial volunteer mounted patrol, 1914 </gallery> == Vimanyikwiro vya German East Africa == {{Main Article|Armorial of Germany#Colonies}} Mu 1914, ŵakalemba ndondomeko ya kawonekero ka vikozgo na ndembera za vyaru vya ku Germany. Ndipouli, Nkhondo Yakwamba ya Caru Cose yikati yamba, vimanyikwiro ivi vikaŵa kuti vindagwiliskike nchito. Nkhondo yikati yamara, caru ca Germany cikataya vyaru vyose ivyo cikaŵa pasi pawo. <div style="text-align: center;"><gallery> File:Flag_of_Deutsch-Ostafrika.svg|Proposed flag File:Proposed_Coat_of_Arms_German_East_Africa_1914_Crown.svg|Proposed coat of arms </gallery> </div> == Wonaniso == {{Portal|German Empire|Africa|History}} * [[List of governors of Tanganyika]] * [[List of former German colonies]] * [[Chambeshi Monument]] == Ukaboni == {{Reflist}} == Vyakulemba vinyake == * British Foreign Office, [https://web.archive.org/web/20210726023016/https://www.wdl.org/en/item/11957/view/1/1/ ''Treatment of Natives in the German Colonies''], [[Office of Public Sector Information|H. M. Stationery Office]], London, 1920. * Bullock, A. L. C., ''Germany's Colonial Demands'', [[Oxford University Press]], 1939. * East, John William. "[http://publikationen.ub.uni-frankfurt.de/frontdoor/index/index/docId/27656 The German Administration in East Africa: A Select Annotated Bibliography of the German Colonial Administration in Tanganyika, Rwanda and Burundi from 1884 to 1918]." 294 leaves. Thesis submitted for the fellowship of the Library Association, London, November 1987." * [[Byron Farwell|Farwell, Byron]]. ''The Great War in Africa, 1914–1918''. New York: W. W. Norton & Company. 1989. {{ISBN|0-393-30564-3}} * Hahn, Sievers. ''Afrika''. 2nd Edition. Leipzig: Bibliographisches Institut. 1903. * Schnee, Dr. Heinrich (Deputy Governor of German Samoa and last Governor of German East Africa), ''German Colonization, Past and Future – The Truth about the German Colonies'', [[George Allen & Unwin]], London, 1926. == Vigaŵa vya kuwalo == {{Commons category|German East Africa}} {{Wikivoyage}} * {{Wikisource inline|list=**{{cite EB1911 |last=Cana |first=Frank Richardson |wstitle=German East Africa |volume=11 |pages=771–774 |short=x }} ** {{cite EB1922 |wstitle= German East Africa |volume=31 | pages = 223&ndash;224 |first=Frank Richardson |last=Cana |short=1}} **{{Cite Americana |wstitle=German East Africa |noicon=x |short=x}} **{{Cite NSRW |wstitle=German East Africa |noicon=x |short=x}}}} * [http://www.tokencoins.com/gea.htm The coins and bank notes of German East Africa] * [https://web.archive.org/web/20200810160703/http://zefys.staatsbibliothek-berlin.de/index.php?id=title&no_cache=1&tx_zefyskalender_pi4%5Bzdb%5D=23820457&tx_zefyskalender_pi4%5Byear%5D=0 Digitized archive of ''Deutsch-Ostafrikanische Zeitung'' (1899–1916)] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200810160703/http://zefys.staatsbibliothek-berlin.de/index.php?id=title&no_cache=1&tx_zefyskalender_pi4%5Bzdb%5D=23820457&tx_zefyskalender_pi4%5Byear%5D=0|date=10 August 2020}} {{Former German colonies}} {{Tanzania topics}} {{Authority control}} {{Coord|02|24|47|S|30|32|37|E|display=title}} [[Category:German East Africa|German East Africa]] [[Category:Malo agho ghakaŵa vyaru vinyake mu Africa]] [[Category:Malo ghakale gha Germany|East Africa]] [[Category:German colonisation in Africa|East Africa]] [[Category:East Africa]] [[Category:Mbiri ya German East Africa|Mbiri ya German East Africa]] [[Category:Vyaru ivyo kale vikaŵa pasi pa boma]] [[Category:Mu ma 1890, ku German East Africa]] <!---[[Category:States and territories disestablished in 1919]]---in template---> [[Category:Treaty of Versailles]] [[Category:1910s disestablishments in German East Africa]] fgjvjq228h9tpzs11fzmzvo1bmuo5wr 0 47110 115563 113500 2026-04-03T09:15:54Z Amherst99 8770 115563 wikitext text/x-wiki '''E-commerce''' (malonda gha pa Intaneti) vikung'anamura ntchito za malonda kusazgapo kugura panji kuguliska vinthu pa intaneti ivyo vikuchitika pa intaneti panji pa [[intaneti]]. <ref>{{Cite web |title=E-COMMERCE |url=https://dictionary.cambridge.org/dictionary/english/e-commerce |website=Cambridge Dictionary}}</ref> Malonda gha pa Intaneti yakuthemba pa tekinoloje nga ni malonda gha pa foni, kutumizga ndalama pa mrangura, kulongozga ndondomeko ya kupereka vinthu, kuguliska pa Intaneti, kupanga malonda pa Intaneti, kusinthaniska data pa mrangura (EDI), ndondomeko ya kulongozga katundu, na ndondomeko yakusonkhera data mwamahara. E-commerce ndiyo chigaŵa chikuru chomene cha mafakitale gha magesi ndipo yikulongozgeka na kuluta panthazi kwa tekinoloje ya mafakitale gha semiconductor. 9bfnn1cot55gw1sqbx6ar52z2cjxxnd