Wikipedia tumwiki https://tum.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jani_likulu MediaWiki 1.46.0-wmf.24 first-letter Media Special Talk User User talk Wikipedia Wikipedia talk File File talk MediaWiki MediaWiki talk Template Template talk Help Help talk Category Category talk TimedText TimedText talk Module Module talk Event Event talk 0 11678 115740 115487 2026-04-28T01:44:58Z InternetArchiveBot 6449 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 115740 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Short description|Country primarily located in North America}} {{pp-move-indef}} {{Redirect-several|America|US|USA|The United States of America|United States}} {{pp-30-500|small=yes}} {{Use American English|date=September 2019}} {{Use mdy dates|date=November 2022}} {{Infobox country | conventional_long_name = United States of America | common_name = United States | image_flag = Flag of the United States (DoS ECA Color Standard).svg | alt_flag = {{nbsp}} <!--Used to denote purely decorative images--> | flag_type_article = Flag of the United States | image_coat = Greater coat of arms of the United States.svg | coat_alt = {{nbsp}} <!--Used to denote purely decorative images--> | symbol_type_article = Great Seal of the United States#Obverse | national_motto = "[[In God We Trust]]"<ref>{{USC|36|302}}</ref>{{collapsible list |title={{nowrap|Other traditional mottos:<ref name="de facto Motto">{{cite web|publisher=[[U.S. Department of State]], [[Bureau of Public Affairs]]|year=2003|url= https://2009-2017.state.gov/documents/organization/27807.pdf|title=The Great Seal of the United States|access-date=February 12, 2020}}</ref>}} |titlestyle=background:transparent;text-align:center;line-height:1.15em; |liststyle=text-align:center;white-space:nowrap; |{{native phrase|la|"[[E pluribus unum]]"|italics=off}}<br />"Out of many, one" |{{native phrase|la|"[[Annuit cœptis]]"|italics=off}}<br />"Providence favors our undertakings" |{{native phrase|la|"[[Novus ordo seclorum]]"|italics=off}}<br />"New order of the ages" }} | national_anthem = "[[The Star-Spangled Banner]]"<ref>{{cite act|date=March 3, 1931|article=14|article-type=H.R.|legislature=[[71st United States Congress]]|title=An Act To make The Star-Spangled Banner the national anthem of the United States of America|url=https://uscode.house.gov/statviewer.htm?volume=46&page=1508}}</ref><div style="display:inline-block;margin-top:0.4em;">[[File:Star_Spangled_Banner_instrumental.ogg]]</div> <!-- Commented out, as not [[WP:DUE]] for lead. | march = "[[The Stars and Stripes Forever]]"{{sfn|Kidder|Oppenheim|2007|p=91}}<ref name="urluscode.house.gov">{{cite web|url=https://uscode.house.gov/statviewer.htm?volume=112&page=1263|title=uscode.house.gov|date=August 12, 1999|website=Public Law 105-225|publisher=uscode.house.gov|pages=112 Stat. 1263|quote=Section 304. "The composition by John Philip Sousa entitled 'The Stars and Stripes Forever' is the national march."|access-date=September 10, 2017}}</ref><div style="display:inline-block;margin-top:0.4em;">[[File:March, "The Stars and Stripes Forever" · Colonel John R. Bourgeois, Director · John Philip Sousa · United States Marine Band.ogg]]</div> --> <!-- Consensus map, see talk page. -->| image_map = {{Switcher|[[File:USA orthographic.svg|frameless|alt=Orthographic map of the U.S. in North America]]|Show globe ([[U.S. state|states]] and [[Washington, D.C.|D.C.]] only)|[[File:US insular areas SVG.svg|upright=1.15|frameless|alt=World map showing the U.S. and its territories]]|Show the U.S. and [[Territories of the United States|its territories]]|[[File:NOAA Map of the US EEZ.svg|upright=1.15|frameless]]|Show territories with [[Exclusive economic zone of the United States|EEZ]]|default=1}} | map_width = | capital = [[Washington, D.C.]]<br />{{coord|38|53|N|77|01|W|display=inline}} | largest_city = [[New York City]]<br />{{coord|40|43|N|74|00|W|display=inline}} | official_languages = None at the [[Federal government of the United States|federal level]]{{efn|name=officiallanguage|30 of 50 states recognize only English as an official language. The state of [[Hawaii]] recognizes both [[Hawaiian language|Hawaiian]] and English as official languages, and the state of [[Alaska]] officially recognizes 20 [[Alaska Native languages]] alongside English.}} | languages_type = [[National language]] | languages = [[English language|English]] (''[[de facto]]'') <!-- NOTE: For English, don't add "American English" -->| ethnic_groups = {{plainlist| * 57.8% [[White Americans|White]] * 18.7% [[Hispanic and Latino Americans|Latino]] * 12.1% [[African Americans|Black]] * 5.9% [[Asian Americans|Asian]] * 0.7% [[Native Americans in the United States|Native American]] * 0.2% [[Pacific Islander Americans|Pacific Islander]] * 4.1% [[Multiracial Americans|multiracial]] * 0.5% [[Race and ethnicity in the United States census|other]]}} | ethnic_groups_year = 2020 | ethnic_groups_ref = <ref name="2020CensusData">{{cite web|url=https://www.census.gov/library/stories/2021/08/improved-race-ethnicity-measures-reveal-united-states-population-much-more-multiracial.html|title=2020 Census Illuminates Racial and Ethnic Composition of the Country|work=[[United States Census]]|access-date=August 13, 2021}}</ref><ref name="2020InteractiveCensusData">{{cite web|url=https://www.census.gov/library/visualizations/interactive/race-and-ethnicity-in-the-united-state-2010-and-2020-census.html?linkId=100000060666476|title=Race and Ethnicity in the United States: 2010 Census and 2020 Census|work=[[United States Census]]|access-date=August 13, 2021}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.npr.org/2021/08/13/1014710483/2020-census-data-us-race-ethnicity-diversity|title=A Breakdown of 2020 Census Demographic Data|author=|date=August 13, 2021|website=NPR|publisher=|access-date=|quote=}}</ref> | demonym = [[Americans|American]]{{efn|name=demonym|The historical and informal demonym [[Yankee]] has been applied to Americans, New Englanders, or northeasterners since the 18th century.}}<ref>{{cite book|title=Compton's Pictured Encyclopedia and Fact-index: Ohio|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=uV5tvKPO684C&q=%22national+nicknames%22+Yankee|year=1963|page=336}}</ref> | government_type = [[Federalism in the United States|Federal]] [[presidential system|presidential]] [[republic|constitutional republic]] and a [[liberal democracy|liberal]] [[representative democracy]]<ref>{{cite news |last1=Elving |first1=Ron |title=Is America a democracy or a republic? Yes, it is |url=https://www.npr.org/2022/09/10/1122089076/is-america-a-democracy-or-a-republic-yes-it-is |publisher=[[National Public Radio]] |date=September 10, 2022}}</ref> <!-- Consensus is to list President, Vice President, Chief Justice, and House Speaker -->| leader_title1 = [[President of the United States|President]] | leader_name1 = [[Donald Trump]] | leader_title2 = [[Vice President of the United States|Vice President]] | leader_name2 = [[JD Vance]] | leader_title3 = [[Speaker of the United States House of Representatives|House Speaker]] | leader_name3 = [[Kevin McCarthy]] | leader_title4 = [[Chief Justice of the United States|Chief Justice]] | leader_name4 = [[John Roberts]] | legislature = [[United States Congress|Congress]] | upper_house = [[United States Senate|Senate]] | lower_house = [[United States House of Representatives|House of Representatives]] | sovereignty_type = [[History of the United States|Independence]] | sovereignty_note = from [[Kingdom of Great Britain|Great Britain]] | established_event1 = [[American Revolution|Revolution]] | established_date1 = {{Start date|1765|3|22}} | established_event2 = [[United States Declaration of Independence|Declaration]] | established_date2 = {{Start date|1776|7|4}} | established_event3 = [[Confederation Period|Confederation]] | established_date3 = {{Start date|1781|3|1}} | established_event4 = [[Treaty of Paris (1783)|Recognized]] | established_date4 = {{Start date|1783|9|3}} | established_event5 = [[Constitution of the United States|Constitution]] | established_date5 = {{Start date|1788|6|21}} | established_event6 = [[Twenty-seventh Amendment to the United States Constitution|Last Amendment]] | established_date6 = {{Start date|1992|5|5}} | area_link = Geography of the United States | area_label = Total area | area_footnote = <ref>Areas of the 50 states and the District of Columbia but not Puerto Rico nor other island territories per {{cite web| date = August 2010| title = State Area Measurements and Internal Point Coordinates| work = [[Census.gov]]| url = https://www.census.gov/geographies/reference-files/2010/geo/state-area.html| access-date = March 31, 2020| quote = reflect base feature updates made in the MAF/TIGER database through August, 2010.}}</ref> | area_rank = 3rd{{efn|name=largestcountry}} | area_sq_mi = 3,796,742 | percent_water = 4.66<ref>{{cite web|title=Surface water and surface water change|access-date=October 11, 2020|publisher=[[Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development]] (OECD)|url=https://stats.oecd.org/Index.aspx?DataSetCode=SURFACE_WATER#|date=2015}}</ref> (2015) | area_label2 = Land area | area_data2 = {{convert|3,531,905|sqmi|km2|abbr=on}} (3rd) | population_census = 331,449,281{{efn|name="pop"}}<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.census.gov/newsroom/press-releases/2021/2020-census-apportionment-results.htmlpid=2020CENSUS&src=pt|title=Census Bureau's 2020 Population Count|work=[[United States Census]]|access-date=April 26, 2021}} The 2020 census is as of April 1, 2020.</ref> | population_census_year = 2020 | population_estimate = {{IncreaseNeutral}} 333,287,557<ref>{{Cite web |last=Bureau |first=US Census |title=Growth in U.S. Population Shows Early Indication of Recovery Amid COVID-19 Pandemic |url=https://www.census.gov/newsroom/press-releases/2022/2022-population-estimates.html |access-date=2022-12-24 |website=Census.gov}}</ref> | population_estimate_year = 2022 | population_census_rank = 3rd | population_density_sq_mi = 87<!-- Figure uses (population/land + water area) as of July 2019. --> | population_density_rank = 185th | GDP_PPP = {{increase}} $26.855&nbsp;trillion<ref name="IMF.WEO.US">{{cite web |url=https://www.imf.org/en/Publications/WEO/weo-database/2023/April/weo-report?c=512,914,612,171,614,311,213,911,314,193,122,912,313,419,513,316,913,124,339,638,514,218,963,616,223,516,918,748,618,624,522,622,156,626,628,228,924,233,632,636,634,238,662,960,423,935,128,611,321,243,248,469,253,642,643,939,734,644,819,172,132,646,648,915,134,652,174,328,258,656,654,336,263,268,532,944,176,534,536,429,433,178,436,136,343,158,439,916,664,826,542,967,443,917,544,941,446,666,668,672,946,137,546,674,676,548,556,678,181,867,682,684,273,868,921,948,943,686,688,518,728,836,558,138,196,278,692,694,962,142,449,564,565,283,853,288,293,566,964,182,359,453,968,922,714,862,135,716,456,722,942,718,724,576,936,961,813,726,199,733,184,524,361,362,364,732,366,144,146,463,528,923,738,578,537,742,866,369,744,186,925,869,746,926,466,112,111,298,927,846,299,582,487,474,754,698,&s=NGDPD,&sy=2020&ey=2027&ssm=0&scsm=1&scc=0&ssd=1&ssc=0&sic=0&sort=country&ds=.&br=1 |title=World Economic Outlook Database, April 2023 |date=April 10, 2023 |website=IMF.org |publisher=[[International Monetary Fund]] |access-date=April 10, 2023 |archive-date=October 11, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221011140637/https://www.imf.org/en/Publications/WEO/weo-database/2021/October/weo-report?c=512,914,612,171,614,311,213,911,314,193,122,912,313,419,513,316,913,124,339,638,514,218,963,616,223,516,918,748,618,624,522,622,156,626,628,228,924,233,632,636,634,238,662,960,423,935,128,611,321,243,248,469,253,642,643,939,734,644,819,172,132,646,648,915,134,652,174,328,258,656,654,336,263,268,532,944,176,534,536,429,433,178,436,136,343,158,439,916,664,826,542,967,443,917,544,941,446,666,668,672,946,137,546,674,676,548,556,678,181,867,682,684,273,868,921,948,943,686,688,518,728,836,558,138,196,278,692,694,962,142,449,564,565,283,853,288,293,566,964,182,359,453,968,922,714,862,135,716,456,722,942,718,724,576,936,961,813,726,199,733,184,524,361,362,364,732,366,144,146,463,528,923,738,578,537,742,866,369,744,186,925,869,746,926,466,112,111,298,927,846,299,582,487,474,754,698,&s=NGDPD,&sy=2020&ey=2027&ssm=0&scsm=1&scc=0&ssd=1&ssc=0&sic=0&sort=country&ds=.&br=1 |url-status=live }}</ref> | GDP_PPP_year = 2023 | GDP_PPP_rank = 2nd | GDP_PPP_per_capita = {{increase}} $80,035<ref name="IMF.WEO.US"/> | GDP_PPP_per_capita_rank = 8th | GDP_nominal = {{increase}} $26.855&nbsp;trillion<ref name="IMF.WEO.US"/> | GDP_nominal_year = 2023 | GDP_nominal_rank = 1st | GDP_nominal_per_capita = {{increase}} $80,035<ref name="IMF.WEO.US"/> | GDP_nominal_per_capita_rank = 7th | Gini = 39.4<!-- Number only. --> | Gini_year = 2020 | Gini_change = increase | Gini_ref = {{efn|After adjustment for taxes and transfers}}<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.census.gov/data/tables/2021/demo/income-poverty/p60-273.html|title=Income and Poverty in the United States: 2020|first=US Census|last=Bureau|newspaper=Census.gov |page=48|access-date=July 26, 2022}}</ref> | Gini_rank = | HDI = 0.921<!-- Number only. --> | HDI_year = 2021<!-- Please use the year to which the data refers, not the publication year. --> | HDI_change = increase<!-- Increase/decrease/steady. --> | HDI_ref = <ref name="UNHDR">{{cite web|url=https://hdr.undp.org/system/files/documents/global-report-document/hdr2021-22pdf_1.pdf|title=Human Development Report 2021/2022|language=en|publisher=[[United Nations Development Programme]]|date=September 8, 2022|access-date=September 8, 2022}}</ref> | HDI_rank = 21st | currency = [[United States dollar|U.S. dollar]] ($) | currency_code = USD | utc_offset = −4 to −12, +10, +11 | utc_offset_DST = −4 to −10{{efn|name="time"}} | date_format = mm/dd/yyyy{{efn|See [[Date and time notation in the United States]].}} | drives_on = Right{{efn|name="drive"}} | calling_code = [[North American Numbering Plan|+1]] | iso3166code = US | cctld = [[.com]], [[.us]]<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://cozab.com/the-difference-between-us-vs-com/|title=The Difference Between .us vs .com|date=January 3, 2022|website=Cozab}}</ref> | area_km2 = | today = | religion = {{ublist|item_style=white-space:nowrap; |{{Tree list}} * 63% [[Christianity in the United States|Christianity]] ** 40% [[Protestantism in the United States|Protestantism]] ** 21% [[Catholic Church in the United States|Catholicism]] ** 2% other [[List of Christian denominations|Christian]] {{Tree list/end}} |29% [[Irreligion in the United States|no religion]] |1% [[Buddhism in the United States|Buddhism]] |1% [[Hinduism in the United States|Hinduism]] |1% [[Islam in the United States|Islam]] |1% [[American Jews|Judaism]] |2% [[Religion in the United States|other]] |2% unanswered }} | religion_year = 2021 | religion_ref = <ref name="Pew2021">{{cite web|title=About Three-in-Ten U.S. Adults Are Now Religiously Unaffiliated|url=https://www.pewforum.org/2021/12/14/about-three-in-ten-u-s-adults-are-now-religiously-unaffiliated/|website=Measuring Religion in Pew Research Center's American Trends Panel|publisher=Pew Research Center|access-date=December 21, 2021|date=December 14, 2021}}</ref> |latm=|latNS=|longd=|longm=|longEW=|languages2_type=|leader_name5=|leader_name6=|leader_name7=|leader_name8=|leader_name9=|FR_total_population_estimate_year=|FR_foot=|FR_total_population_estimate=|FR_total_population_estimate_rank=|FR_metropole_population_estimate_rank=}} '''United States of America''' ('''U.S.A.''' panji '''USA'''), panji '''United States''' (U.S. panji US) panji '''America''', ni chalo icho chili ku [[Amelika wa Kumpoto|North America]]. Chigaŵa ichi chili na vigaŵa 50, chigaŵa chimoza, vigaŵa vikuruvikuru vinkhondi, virwa vinkhondi na viŵiri, na malo 326 gha ŵanthu ŵa ku [[India]]. United States ni caru cacitatu pa vyaru vyose pa caru capasi. Charu ichi chili na mphaka na [[Canada]] kumpoto na [[Mexico]] kumwera, kweniso chili na mphaka na [[Bahamas]], [[Cuba]], [[Russia]], na vyaru vinyake. Mu charu ichi muli ŵanthu ŵakujumpha 333 miliyoni. [[Washington, D.C.|Washington, D.C]]., ni msumba ukuru wa United States, ndipo [[New York City]] ndiyo ni msumba ukuru chomene. Ŵanthu ŵakwambilira ŵakakhalanga mu vyaru vya ku [[America]] vyaka vinandi chomene. Kwamba mu 1607, ŵanthu ŵa ku [[Britain]] ŵakambiska vyaru 13 ivyo sono vili kumafumiro gha dazi kwa United States. Ŵakaŵa na mphindano na boma la [[Great Britain|Britain]] pa nkhani ya msonkho na ndyali, ndipo ivi vikapangiska kuti ku America kuŵe [[Nkhondo ya ku America]]. Pa Julayi 4, 1776, charu cha United States chikapharazga kuti chajiyimira paŵekha. Mu vyaka vya m'ma 1800, vinjeru vya ndyali vya ku United States vikakhwaskika na fundo yakuti vinthu vyose vili kulengeka kuti vichitike. Kugawikana kwa vigaŵa ivyo vikazingilizga wuzga ku [[Southern United States]] kukapangiska kuti [[Confederate States of America]] yipatuke, iyo yikarwa nkhondo na vyaru vinyake vya ku America mu nyengo ya Nkhondo ya ku America (1861-1865). Pakuwona kuti wupu wa United States watonda, ŵazga ŵakalekeskeka pa caru cose. Kuzakafika mu 1900, caru ca United States cikaŵa kuti cazgoka ufumu wankhongono comene pa caru cose. Mu 1941, charu cha Japan chikati chawukira msumba wa [[Pearl Harbor]], charu cha United States chikamba kurwa Nkhondo Yachiŵiri ya Charu Chose. Nkhondo iyi yikapangiska kuti charu cha United States na [[Soviet Union]] viŵe na mazaza pa charu chose. Pa nyengo ya [[Nkhondo Yakuzizima]], vyaru vyose viŵiri vikayezgayezga kuti viŵe na maghanoghano ghakwenelera, kweni vikagega nkhondo. Kweniso ŵakathereskeka pa mpikisano wa mu mlengalenga, uwo ukafika pachanya mu 1969 apo ndege ya Apollo 11 yikakhira pa charu chapasi. [[Nkhondo ya Cigaŵa Ciphya]] yikati yamara mu 1991, caru ca United States cikazgoka ufumu wankhongono comene pa caru cose.<!-- Government and citizens --> Boma la United States ni boma la wupu wakulongozga ndipo muli maboma ghatatu. Boma ili lili na nyumba ziŵiri za malango, Nyumba ya Wupu Wakulongozga, iyo ni nyumba yakudikanya, na Senate, iyo ni nyumba yakudikanya. Nkhani zinandi za ndyali ni zakupambana, ndipo malango ghakupambana mu vigaŵa vyakupambanapambana. Mu vyaru vinyake, charu cha United States chili pa malo ghapacanya pa nkhani ya umoyo, ndalama, usambazi, kusalana pa nkhani za ndalama, wanangwa wa ŵanthu, luso, na masambiro. Mu caru ici muli ŵanthu ŵanandi awo ŵakukhala mu jele kweniso palije urunji. Ku United States kuli ŵanthu ŵanandi ŵakufuma mu vyaru vinyake. Charu icho chili na ndalama zinandi chomene pa charu chose, ndipo chuma cha ku America chikupanga pafupifupi chigaŵa chimoza pa vigaŵa vinayi vya GDP pa charu chose. United States ndiyo yikuru comene pa caru cose pa kunjizga vyakurya mu vyaru vinyake ndipo ndiyo yikuru comene pa vyakurya vinyake. Boma la United States ndilo likambiska wupu wa United Nations, World Bank, International Monetary Fund, Organization of American States, NATO, World Health Organization, ndipo lili na wanangwa wakuŵa mu wupu wa United Nations Security Council. Boma la United States ndilo lili na ŵasilikari ŵanandi chomene pa charu chose, ndipo ndilo likulamulira pa nkhani za ndyali, vya maluso, na sayansi. ==Kwiza kwa zina== <!-- linked --> {{Further|Mazina gha United States|Mazina gha ŵanthu ŵa ku United States}} Ukaboni wakwamba wakulongora kuti mazgu ghakuti "United States of America" ghakalembeka mu kalata iyo Stephen Moylan wakalembera Joseph Reed, uyo wakaŵa movwiri wa George Washington. Moylan wakayowoya kuti wakukhumba kuluta "ku Spain na mazaza ghose kufuma ku United States of America" kukapempha wovwiri pa nkhondo ya kuwukira boma.<ref>DeLear, Byron (July 4, 2013) [https://www.csmonitor.com/USA/Politics/2013/0704/Who-coined-United-States-of-America-Mystery-might-have-intriguing-answer Who coined 'United States of America'? Mystery might have intriguing answer.] "Historians have long tried to pinpoint exactly when the name 'United States of America' was first used and by whom&nbsp;... This latest find comes in a letter that Stephen Moylan, Esq., wrote to Col. Joseph Reed from the Continental Army Headquarters in Cambridge, Mass., during the siege of Boston. The two men lived with Washington in Cambridge, with Reed serving as Washington's favorite military secretary and Moylan fulfilling the role during Reed's absence." ''Christian Science Monitor'' (Boston, MA).</ref><ref>Touba, Mariam (November 5, 2014) [https://blog.nyhistory.org/coined-phrase-united-states-america-may-never-guess/ Who Coined the Phrase 'United States of America'? You May Never Guess] "Here, on January 2, 1776, seven months before the Declaration of Independence and a week before the publication of Paine's ''Common Sense'', Stephen Moylan, an acting secretary to General George Washington, spells it out, 'I should like vastly to go with full and ample powers from the United States of America to Spain' to seek foreign assistance for the cause." ''New-York Historical Society Museum & Library''</ref><ref>Fay, John (July 15, 2016) [https://www.irishcentral.com/roots/history/The-forgotten-Irishman-who-named-the-United-States-of-America.html The forgotten Irishman who named the 'United States of America'] "According to the NY Historical Society, Stephen Moylan was the man responsible for the earliest documented use of the phrase 'United States of America'. But who was Stephen Moylan?" ''IrishCentral.com''</ref> Mazgu ghakuti "United States of America" ghakalembeka kakwamba mu nyuzipepara ya The Virginia Gazette ku Williamsburg pa Epulero 6, 1776. Kuzakafika mu Juni 1776, zina lakuti "United States of America" likaŵa kuti lalembeka kale mu chikalata chakuchemeka Articles of Confederation and Perpetual Union, icho chikalembeka na John Dickinson, kweniso mu chikalata chakuchemeka Declaration of Independence, icho chikalembeka na Thomas Jefferson.{{sfn|Safire|2003|p=199}} Mazgu ghakuti "United States" ghakafuma ku lizgu lakuti "United States". Likayowoyanga za vyaru vinandi nga ni "United States of America". Mazgu agha ghakatchuka chomene pamanyuma pa Nkhondo ya pa Mbumba. Munthu uyo ni mwenekaya wa United States wakucemeka "Mamerika". "United States", "American", na "U.S". vikuyowoya vya charu ("American values", "U.S. forces"). Mu Cingelezi, lizgu lakuti "America" likuyowoya viŵi yayi za vinthu ivyo vikukolerana yayi na United States.<ref>{{cite book|last1=Wilson|first1=Kenneth G.|title=The Columbia guide to standard American English|url=https://archive.org/details/columbiaguidetos00wils_0|url-access=registration|date=1993|publisher=Columbia University Press|location=New York|isbn=978-0-231-06989-2|pages=[https://archive.org/details/columbiaguidetos00wils_0/page/27 27–28]}}</ref> ==Mbili== {{Main|Mbili ya United States}} {{For outline|Outline of United States history}} === Nyengo ya Columbian (pambere 1492) === {{Further|Native Americans in the United States|Pre-Columbian era}} [[File:Extreme_Makeover,_Mesa_Verde_Edition_-_panoramio.jpg|thumb|left|Nyumba iyi yili ku Colorado, ndipo yikazengeka na ŵanthu ŵa mtundu wa Ancestral Puebloans pakati pa 1190 na 1260.|alt=Aerial view of the Cliff Palace]] Ŵanthu ŵanandi ŵakugomezga kuti ŵanthu ŵakwambilira awo ŵakakhalanga ku North America ŵakafuma ku Siberia na kuluta pa Bering land bridge ndipo ŵakafika vyaka 12,000 ivyo vyajumpha.{{sfn|Erlandson|Rick|Vellanoweth|2008|p=19}}{{sfn|Savage|2011|page= 55}}{{sfn|Haviland|Walrath|Prins|2013|page=219}} Ŵanthu ŵakugomezga kuti ŵanthu ŵa ku Clovis ndiwo ŵakamba kukhala mu vyaru vya ku America.{{sfn|Waters|Stafford|2007|pages=1122–1126}}{{sfn|Flannery|2015|pages=173–185}} Ichi chikwenera kuti chikaŵa chakwamba pa ŵanthu ŵanandi awo ŵakaluta ku North America. Nyengo yikati yajumphapo, ŵanthu ŵa ku North America ŵakamba kuŵa na maluso ghanandi, ndipo ŵanyake, nga ni ŵanthu ŵa ku Mississippian kumwera kwa charu ichi, ŵakamba kulima, kuzenga, na kupanga vinthu vinandi. Msumba wa Cahokia ndiwo ni malo ghakuru comene na ghakupambanapambana agho ŵanthu ŵakufukura vinthu vyakale ŵakuwona mu United States. Mu chigaŵa cha Four Corners, ŵanthu ŵa mtundu wa Puebloan ŵakamba kuchita ulimi kwa vyaka vinandi. Ŵanthu ŵa mtundu wa Algonquian ndiwo mbanandi chomene mu North America. Gulu ili lili na ŵanthu awo ŵakuyowoya viyowoyero vya Algonquian. Kale ŵanthu aŵa ŵakakhalanga mumphepete mwa nyanja ya Atlantic na mu vigaŵa vya mukati mwa charu mumphepete mwa Mlonga wa Saint Lawrence na kuzingilizga Nyanja Yikuru. Pambere ŵanthu ŵa ku Europe ŵandambe kukumana nawo, ŵanthu ŵanandi ŵa ku Algonquian ŵakakhalanga mwa kuvina na kuloŵa somba, nangauli ŵanandi ŵakakuranga chomene vyakurya nga ni chimanga, nyungu, na ma squash. Ŵanthu ŵa mtundu wa Ojibwe ŵakaliskanga mpunga. Gulu la Haudenosaunee la ŵanthu ŵa ku Iroquois, ilo lili kumwera kwa chigaŵa cha Great Lakes, likaŵako pakati pa vyaka vya m'ma 1200 na 1500. Ntchakusuzga kumanya unandi wa ŵanthu awo ŵakakhalanga ku North America pa nyengo iyo ŵanthu ŵa ku Europe ŵakalutanga ku charu ichi.{{sfn|Perdue|Green|2005|page=40}}{{sfn|Haines|Haines|Steckel|2000|page=12}} Douglas H. Ubelaker wa ku Smithsonian Institution wakati ŵanthu 93,000 ŵakukhala mu vyaru vya kumwera kwa Atlantic na 473,000 mu vyaru vya ku Gulf, kweni ŵasayansi ŵanandi ŵakuwona kuti ciŵerengero ici nchicoko comene. Henry F. Dobyns wakagomezganga kuti ŵanthu aŵa ŵakaŵa ŵanandi comene, ndipo ŵakaghanaghananga kuti ŵanthu pafupifupi 1.1 miliyoni ŵakakhalanga mumphepete mwa nyanja ya Gulf of Mexico, ŵanthu 2.2 miliyoni ŵakakhalanga pakati pa Florida na Massachusetts, 5.2 miliyoni ŵakakhalanga mu dambo la Mississippi na milonga yinyake, ndipo ŵanthu pafupifupi 700,000 ŵakakhalanga mu Florida.{{sfn|Perdue|Green|2005|page=40}}{{sfn|Haines|Haines|Steckel|2000|page= 12}} === Nyengo ya Ŵakoloni (1492-1763) === {{Further|Colonial history of the United States|European colonization of the Americas|Slavery in the colonial history of the United States}}[[File:The_Mayflower_Compact_1620_cph.3g07155.jpg|thumb|Phangano la Mayflower ilo likalembeka mu 1620, likaŵa lakwamba kuti ŵanthu ŵajilamulire ŵekha.]] Ŵanthu ŵanandi ŵakususka kuti ŵanthu ŵa ku Scandinavia ndiwo ŵakambiska charu cha New England.<ref>{{Cite web |title=The New England Colonies and the Native Americans {{!}} National Geographic Society |url=https://education.nationalgeographic.org/resource/new-england-colonies-and-native-americans |access-date=2023-01-07 |website=[[History (American TV network)|History]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=2016-06-21 |title=Forgotten History: How The New England Colonists Embraced The Slave Trade |language=en |work=[[NPR]] |url=https://www.npr.org/2016/06/21/482874478/forgotten-history-how-the-new-england-colonists-embraced-the-slave-trade |access-date=2023-01-07}}</ref> Christopher Columbus wakaluta ku Puerto Rico mu 1493, ndipo pakati pajumpha vyaka 10, ŵanthu ŵa ku Spain ŵakamba kukhala ku San Juan. Ŵanthu ŵakwambilira awo ŵakafika ku United States ŵakaŵa ŵa ku Spain nga ni Juan Ponce de León, uyo wakaluta kakwamba ku Florida mu 1513. Munthu munyake wa ku Italy, zina lake Giovanni da Verrazzano, uyo wakatumika na France ku New World mu 1525, wakakumana na ŵanthu ŵa ku America awo ŵakakhalanga mu malo agho sono ghakuchemeka New York Bay. Ŵanthu ŵa ku Spain ndiwo ŵakambiska malo ghakwamba ku Florida na New Mexico, nga ni Saint Augustine, msumba wakale chomene mu charu ichi, na Santa Fe. Ŵafarisi ŵakakhazikiska mizi yawo mumphepete mwa mlonga wa Mississippi na Gulf of Mexico, chomenechomene ku New Orleans na Mobile. Ŵanthu ŵa ku England ŵakamba kukhazikika mu vigaŵa vya kumafumiro gha dazi kwa North America mu 1607 apo ŵakazenga malo gha Virginia Colony ku Jamestown. Nyumba ya Malango ya ku Virginia ndiyo yikaŵa yakwamba mu charu ichi. Ku Massachusetts Bay Colony ndiko kukakhazikiskikira koleji ya Harvard mu 1636. Phangano la Mayflower Compact na malango gha Connecticut ghakawovwira kuti ŵanthu ŵajilamulirenge ŵekha mu America. Ŵanthu ŵanandi ŵa ku England awo ŵakakhalanga ku malo agha ŵakaŵa Ŵakhristu awo ŵakakhumbanga wanangwa wa kusopa. Ŵanthu ŵakwambilira ŵa ku America ŵakamba kuchepa chifukwa cha vifukwa vyakupambanapambana, chomenechomene matenda nga ni nthomba na nthomba.<ref>"''[https://books.google.com/books?id=qubTdDk1H3IC&pg=PA205 The Cambridge encyclopedia of human paleopathology] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160208032805/https://books.google.com/books?id=qubTdDk1H3IC&pg=PA205|date=February 8, 2016}}''". Arthur C. Aufderheide, Conrado Rodríguez-Martín, Odin Langsjoen (1998). [[Cambridge University Press]]. p. 205. {{ISBN|978-0-521-55203-5}}</ref><ref>[[#Bianchine|Bianchine, Russo, 1992]] pp. 225–232</ref> Pakati pa vyaka vya m'ma 1670, Ŵanandi ŵakathereska na kupoka malo gha Ŵadachi ku New Netherland, mu chigaŵa chapakati pa nyanja ya Atlantic.[[File:Thirteencolonies_politics_cropped.jpg|alt=Map of the U.S. showing the original Thirteen Colonies along the eastern seaboard|thumb|The [[United Colonies]] in 1775: * Dark Red = [[New England Colonies|New England colonies]]. * Bright Red = [[Middle Colonies|Middle Atlantic colonies]]. * Red-brown = [[Southern Colonies|Southern colonies]]|left]] Mu nyengo yakwambilira, ŵanthu ŵanandi ŵa ku Europe ŵakasuzgikanga na njara, matenda, kweniso nkhondo na ŵanthu ŵa ku America. Ŵanthu ŵakwambilira ŵa ku America ŵakakumananga na mafuko ghanyake agho ghakaŵa pafupi na kwawo kweniso ŵanthu ŵa ku Europe. Kanandi ŵanthu ŵa ku malo agha ŵakathembanga ŵanyawo. Ŵanthu awo ŵakakhalanga ku malo agha ŵakaguliskanga vyakurya na vikumba vya nyama. Ŵanthu ŵanandi awo ŵakakhalanga ku America ŵakasambira kulima mbuto, nyungu, na vyakurya vinyake. Ŵamishonale ŵa ku Europe na ŵanji ŵakawona kuti nchakuzirwa comene "kusambizga" ŵanthu ŵa ku America kuti ŵaŵe na nkharo yiwemi.<ref>[[#Ripper2008|Ripper, 2008]] p. 5</ref><ref>[[#Calloway1998|Calloway, 1998]], p. 55</ref> Kweni chifukwa chakuti ŵanthu ŵa ku Europe ŵakamba kukhazikika ku North America, ŵanthu ŵa ku America ŵakachimbizgika mu vikaya vyawo ndipo kanandi ŵakakomekanga pa nkhondo. Ŵanthu ŵa ku Europe nawo ŵakamba kuguliska ŵazga ŵa ku Africa mu vyaru vya ku America. Kuumaliro wa vyaka vya m'ma 1800, ŵazga ndiwo ŵakagwiranga nchito mu vyaru vya kumwera kwa America. Mu vyaru vinyake, ŵanthu ŵakagaŵikana pa nkhani ya kusopa na nkharo ya ŵazga. Vyaru 13 ivyo vikazgoka United States of America vikaŵa pasi pa mazaza gha Britain. Ndipouli, wose ŵakaŵa na maboma gha mu vigaŵa vyawo, ndipo ŵanalume ŵatuŵa awo ŵakaŵa na malo ŵakasankhikanga.<ref name="Wood1998">{{cite book |author=Wood |first=Gordon S. |url=https://archive.org/details/creationofameric0000wood_r7v4 |title=The Creation of the American Republic, 1776–1787 |publisher=UNC Press Books |year=1998 |isbn=978-0-8078-4723-7 |page=263}}</ref>{{Sfn|Ratcliff|2013|p=220}}Ŵanthu ŵanandi ŵakababikanga, ŵanandi ŵakafwanga, ndipo ŵanthu ŵanandi ŵakakhalanga mu vyaru vinyake. Mu ma 1730 na ma 1740, gulu la Ŵakhristu ilo likamanyikwanga kuti Great Awakening, likawovwira kuti ŵanthu ŵambe kutemwa chisopa kweniso wanangwa wawo. Mu nyengo ya Nkhondo ya Vyaka vinkhondi na viŵiri (1756-1763), iyo ku United States yikumanyikwa na zina lakuti Nkhondo ya ku France na ku India, ŵasilikari ŵa Britain ŵakapoka Canada. Phangano la Paris (1763) likapangiska chigaŵa chichoko chomene cha Quebec, icho chikasazgapo chipalamba cha Ohio na chipalamba cha Mississippi, mwantheura ŵanthu ŵa ku Canada awo ŵakayowoyanga Cifurenci ŵakaŵavya mwaŵi wakuyowoya Cingelezi. Ŵanthu awo ŵakakhalanga mu vyaru ivi ŵakakwana 2.1 miliyoni mu 1770. Nangauli ŵanthu ŵanandi ŵakizanga, kweni ŵakasazgikiranga comene mwakuti mu 1770 ŵanthu ŵachoko waka ŵa ku America ndiwo ŵakababikira ku vyaru vinyake. Pakuti malo agha ghakaŵa kutali na Britain, ghakaŵa na wanangwa wakujiwusa ŵekha, kweni cifukwa ca umo vinthu vikaŵira makora, mafumu gha ku Britain ghakambaso kuwusa.<ref>{{cite book |author=Otis |first=James |url=https://archive.org/details/cihm_52678 |title=The Rights of the British Colonies Asserted and Proved |year=1763 |isbn=9780665526787}}</ref> ===Revolutionary period (1763–1789)=== {{Main|History of the United States (1776–1789)|History of the United States (1789–1849)|l2 = 1789–1849}} {{further|American Revolution|American Revolutionary War|Confederation period|}} [[File:Declaration independence.jpg|thumb|''[[Declaration of Independence (Trumbull)|Declaration of Independence]]'', a painting by [[John Trumbull]], depicts the [[Committee of Five]]{{efn|John Adams, Thomas Jefferson, Benjamin Franklin, Roger Sherman, and Robert R. Livingston}} presenting the draft of the [[United States Declaration of Independence|Declaration]] to the [[Second Continental Congress|Continental Congress]], June 28, 1776, in [[Philadelphia]].|alt=See caption]] Nkhondo ya ku America yikapatura vyaru 13 ku ufumu wa Britain, ndipo yikaŵa nkhondo yakwamba ya kujithemba iyo yikacitika na boma la ku Europe yayi. Kuzakafika m'ma 1800, visambizgo vya ŵanthu ŵa ku America na visambizgo vya ndyali vya wanangwa vikazara chomene pakati pa ŵalongozgi. Ŵanthu ŵa ku America ŵakamba kulondezga fundo yakuti boma likuthemba pa kuzomerezgeka na ŵanthu. Iwo ŵakakhumbanga kuti ŵaŵe na "wenelero wakuŵa ŵanthu ŵa ku England" kweniso kuti "ŵaleke kupeleka msonkho kwambura munthu wakuŵawimira". Ŵanalume ŵa ku Britain ŵakaŵikapo mtima kuti ŵachitenge vinthu mu vyaru ivyo vikaŵa pasi pawo kwizira mu Nyumba ya Malamulo iyo yikaŵavya mwimiliri yumoza, ndipo nkhondo yikakura.<ref name="Humphrey2003">{{cite book|author=Humphrey, Carol Sue|title=The Revolutionary Era: Primary Documents on Events from 1776 To 1800|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=19NWMZ6Ec_sC&pg=PA8|year=2003|publisher=Greenwood Publishing|isbn=978-0-313-32083-5|pages=8–10}}</ref> Mu 1774, ungano wakwamba wa ŵasilikari ŵa charu ichi ukazomerezga kuti maboma gha Britain ghaleke kuguliska vinthu vyawo. Nkhondo ya ku America yikamba mu chaka chakulondezgapo, ndipo yikakhwaskika na vinthu nga ni Stamp Act na Boston Tea Party. Pa Julayi 4, 1776, pa ungano unyake uwo ukachitikira ku United Colonies, ŵakalemba chikalata chakuyowoya za wanangwa wa charu. Mu chikalata ichi pakalembeka kuti: "Tikuwona kuti unenesko ngwakuti ŵanthu wose ŵali kulengeka ŵakuyana waka, ndipo Mlengi wawo wali kuŵapa wanangwa unyake, uwo ngwakuti umoyo, wanangwa, na cimwemwe". Stephen Lucas wakati ni "mazgu agho ghakumanyikwa comene mu Cingelezi", ndipo Joseph Ellis, wakulemba mdauko, wakalemba kuti mu buku ili muli "mazgu agho ghakaŵa ghankhongono comene mu mdauko wa ku America". Mu nyengo ya ufumu wa Britain, ŵazga ŵakaŵa na wanangwa mu vyaru vyose ivyo vikaŵa pasi pa America. Ndipouli, mu nyengo ya Nkhondo Yakwamba ya Caru Cose, ŵanthu ŵanandi ŵakamba kukayikira ivyo ŵakacitanga. Mu 1781, mabuku gha Confederation and Perpetual Union ghakaŵa na boma lakugaŵikana ilo likagwira ntchito m'paka mu 1789. Mu 1777, ŵasilikari ŵa ku America ŵakathereska ŵasilikari ŵa ku Britain mu nkhondo ya ku Saratoga. Nkhondo yaciŵiri ya ŵasilikari ŵa Britain yikati yamara mu 1781, Britain yikacita phangano la mtende. Ŵanthu ŵa mu vyaru vinandi ŵakazomera kuti charu cha America ndicho chili na mazaza pa charu chose, ndipo charu chiphya ichi chikamba kulamulira chigaŵa chikuru cha kumafumiro gha dazi kwa Mlonga wa Mississippi.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://avalon.law.yale.edu/18th_century/paris.asp |title=British-American Diplomacy: The Paris Peace Treaty of September 30, 1783 |editor-first=Hunter |editor-last=Miller |publisher=The Avalon Project at Yale Law School}}</ref> As it became increasingly apparent that the Confederation was insufficient to govern the new country, [[American nationalism|nationalists]] advocated for and led the [[Constitutional Convention (United States)|Philadelphia Convention]] of 1787 in writing the [[Constitution of the United States|United States Constitution]] to replace it, [[Ratification of the United States Constitution|ratified]] in state conventions in 1788. === Early national period (1789–1849) === {{Main|History of the United States (1789–1849)}} U.S. Ndondomeko iyi ndiyo njakukhora comene pa vyose ivyo vili kulembeka mu malango gha caru cose.<ref>[http://www.politifact.com/virginia/statements/2014/sep/22/bob-goodlatte/goodlatte-says-us-has-oldest-working-national-cons/ Goodlatte says U.S. has the oldest working national constitution], Politifact Virginia website, September 22, 2014.</ref>Mu 1789, dango ili likamba kugwira ntchito, ndipo likapangiska kuti boma liŵe na maofesi ghatatu (ghawemi, ghaulamuliri, na ghakusora malango). George Washington, uyo wakalongozga ŵasilikari ŵa ku America kuti ŵathereske ŵasilikari ŵa ku America ndipo pamanyuma wakaleka mazaza ghake, ndiyo wakaŵa pulezidenti wakwamba uyo wakasankhika mwakuyana na dango liphya. Mu 1791, ŵakalemba chikalata chakuyowoya za wanangwa wa ŵanthu, icho chikakanizga boma kukanizga wanangwa wa munthu waliyose. Mu 1803 apo boma la Louisiana likagura charu ichi, chigaŵa chake chikakwera pafupifupi kaŵiri. Nkhondo ya ku Britain yikalutilira, ndipo yikapangiska kuti paŵe Nkhondo ya 1812, iyo yikaŵa yambura umaliro. Spain wakapeleka Florida na vigaŵa vinyake vya ku Gulf Coast mu 1819.<ref>{{cite book |author1=Klose, Nelson |url=https://archive.org/details/unitedstateshist00klos_0/page/150 |title=United States History to 1877 |author2=Jones, Robert F. |publisher=Barron's Educational Series |year=1994 |isbn=978-0-8120-1834-9 |page=[https://archive.org/details/unitedstateshist00klos_0/page/150 150]}}</ref> [[File:Cotton gin harpers.jpg|thumb|William L. Sheppard "First Use of a [[Cotton Gin]]" (1790–1800), ''Harper's weekly'', Dec. 18, 1869]] Mu vyaka vyakulondezgapo, ŵanthu ŵakamba kupambana maghanoghano pa nkhani ya wuzga. Ku North, ŵanthu ŵakumanyikwa chomene nga ni John Adams, Roger Sherman, Alexander Hamilton, John Jay, na Benjamin Franklin, ŵakazomerezga kuti ŵazga ŵaleke kugwira ntchito, ndipo mu 1810 boma lililose mu chigaŵa ichi likazomerezga. Mu 1820 Missouri Compromise yikazomerezga Missouri kuŵa boma la ŵazga na Maine kuŵa boma lakufwatuka ndipo yikayowoya kuti ŵazga ŵaleke kuŵa ŵazga mu vyaru vinyake ivyo vikaŵa kumpoto kwa 36°30′. Ivyo vikachitika vikapangiska kuti charu chigaŵike vigaŵa viŵiri: vyaru vya wanangwa, ivyo vikakanizganga wuzga; na vyaru vya ŵazga, ivyo vikavikiliranga wuzga.{{sfn|Walker Howe|2007|p=153-157}} In [[Southern United States|the South]], the invention of the [[cotton gin]] spurred entrenchment of slavery, with regional elites and intellectuals increasingly viewing [[Slavery as a positive good in the United States|the institution as a positive good]] instead of a [[necessary evil]].{{sfn|Walker Howe|2007|p=478, 481-482, 587-588}} Although the federal government [[Act Prohibiting Importation of Slaves|outlawed]] American participation in the [[Atlantic slave trade]] in 1807, after 1820, cultivation of the highly profitable cotton crop exploded in the [[Deep South]], and along with it, the use of [[Slavery in the United States|slave labor]].<ref name="Cogliano2008">{{cite book|author=Cogliano, Francis D.|title=Thomas Jefferson: Reputation and Legacy|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=1f-wAfE0mpsC&pg=PA219|year=2008|publisher=University of Virginia Press|isbn=978-0-8139-2733-6|page=219}}</ref><ref>[[#Walton|Walton, 2009]], p. 43</ref><ref>[[#Gordon|Gordon, 2004]], pp. 27,29</ref> The [[Second Great Awakening]], especially in the period 1800–1840, converted millions to [[Evangelicalism in the United States|evangelical]] Protestantism. In the North, it energized multiple social reform movements, including [[Abolitionism in the United States|abolitionism]];<ref name="Clark2012iu">{{cite book|author=Clark, Mary Ann|title=Then We'll Sing a New Song: African Influences on America's Religious Landscape|url=https://archive.org/details/thenwellsingnews0000clar/page/47|date=May 2012|publisher=Rowman & Littlefield|isbn=978-1-4422-0881-0|page=[https://archive.org/details/thenwellsingnews0000clar/page/47 47] }}</ref> in the South, [[History of Methodism in the United States|Methodists]] and [[Baptists in the United States|Baptists]] proselytized among slave populations.<ref>Heinemann, Ronald L., et al., Old Dominion, New Commonwealth: a history of Virginia 1607–2007, 2007 {{ISBN|978-0-8139-2609-4}}, p. 197</ref> {{anchor|Independence and expansion}} [[File:United_States_evolution.gif|thumb|An animation of US [[Territorial evolution of the United States|territorial expansion]] over time.]] Kuumaliro wa vyaka vya m'ma 1800, ŵanthu ŵakufuma ku America ŵakamba kusamira kumanjiliro gha dazi. Mu 1803 boma la Spain likagura malo ghaŵiri gha charu ichi. Mu 1819, charu cha Spain chikapeleka Florida na vigaŵa vinyake vya ku Gulf Coast. Mu 1845, boma la Texas likapokeka na boma la United States.<ref name="Kemp2010">{{cite book|author=Kemp, Roger L.|title=Documents of American Democracy: A Collection of Essential Works|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=JHawgM-WnlUC&pg=PA180|year=2010|publisher=McFarland|isbn=978-0-7864-4210-2|page=180|access-date=October 25, 2015}}</ref> Apo boma likalutiliranga kuthandazga mu vyaru ivyo mukaŵa ŵanthu ŵakwambilira ŵa ku America, kanandi likaŵachimbizganga panji kuŵawuskamo mu charu chawo. Mu ma 1830, ŵanthu ŵakakanizgika kuluta ku malo ghanyake. Ŵanthu aŵa ŵakamba kurwa nkhondo na ŵanthu ŵa ku America kumanjiliro gha dazi kwa Mlonga wa Mississippi. Nkhondo zinandi zikamara para Ŵandyali ŵa ku America ŵafumako ku malo ghawo na kuluta ku malo gha Ŵandyali. Nkhondo ya ku Mexico na America yikati yamara, mu 1848, charu cha Mexico chikapoka chigaŵa cha California na chigaŵa chikuru cha kumwera kwa America. Nkhondo ya ku California iyo yikachitika mu 1848-1849 yikapangiska ŵanthu ŵanandi kusamira ku Pacific Coast, ndipo ichi chikapangiska kuti ku California kuŵe nkhondo.<ref name="Rawls1999">{{cite book|author=Rawls, James J.|title=A Golden State: Mining and Economic Development in Gold Rush California|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=UPUsIaHZTm0C&pg=PA20|year=1999|publisher=University of California Press|isbn=978-0-520-21771-3|page=20}}</ref> Pakuti ku United States kukaŵa vyakurya vinandi, malo ghakurya ghakaŵa ghanandi ndipo vyakurya vyakukwana ku vyaru vinyake vikakura. Ŵanthu ŵa ku Europe ŵakapika malo ghanandi, pafupifupi 10 peresenti ya malo ghose gha ku United States.<ref>Paul Frymer, "Building an American Empire: The Era of Territorial and Political Expansion," (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 2017)</ref> Pambere nkhondo ya pawenenawene yindambe, ŵanthu ŵakamba kukayikira usange ŵazga ŵangaŵako mu vyaru ivi. ===Civil War and Reconstruction (1849–1877)=== {{main|History of the United States (1849–1865)}} {{Further|Slave states and free states|American Civil War|Reconstruction era}} {{see also|Lost Cause of the Confederacy}} [[File:US Secession map 1861.svg|thumb|{{center|'''Status of the states, 1861'''}} {{legend|#A40000| Slave states that seceded before April 15, 1861}} {{legend|#EF2929| Slave states that seceded after April 15, 1861}} {{legend|#FCE94F| Union states that permitted slavery (border states)}} {{legend|#204A87| Union states that banned slavery}} {{legend|#D3D7CF| Territories}}|alt=Map of U.S. showing two kinds of Union states, two phases of secession and territories]] Irreconcilable sectional conflict regarding the [[Slavery in the United States|enslavement of those of black African descent]]<ref>{{cite book|first=Stuart|last=Murray|title=Atlas of American Military History|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=bJ_sy7mmmxQC&pg=PA76|year=2004|publisher=Infobase Publishing|isbn=978-1-4381-3025-5|page=76|access-date=October 25, 2015}}<br />{{cite book|first=Harold T.|last=Lewis|title=Christian Social Witness|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=kr-xNru5vZkC&pg=PA53|year=2001|publisher=Rowman & Littlefield|isbn=978-1-56101-188-9|page=53}}</ref> was the [[Origins of the American Civil War|primary cause of the American Civil War]].<ref name="Woods 2012 pp. 415–439">{{cite journal | last=Woods | first=Michael E. | title=What Twenty-First-Century Historians Have Said about the Causes of Disunion: A Civil War Sesquicentennial Review of the Recent Literature | journal=The Journal of American History | publisher=[Oxford University Press, Organization of American Historians] | volume=99 | issue=2 | year=2012 | issn=0021-8723 | jstor=44306803 | pages=415–439 | doi=10.1093/jahist/jas272 | url=http://www.jstor.org/stable/44306803 | access-date=2023-04-29}}</ref> With the [[1860 United States presidential election|1860 election]] of Republican [[Abraham Lincoln]], conventions in eleven slave states—all in the [[Southern United States]]—declared [[secession]] and formed the [[Confederate States of America]], while the federal government (the "[[Union (American Civil War)|Union]]") maintained that [[Perpetual Union|secession was unconstitutional and illegitimate]].<ref name="Silkenat 2019 p. 25">{{cite book | last=Silkenat | first=D. | title=Raising the White Flag: How Surrender Defined the American Civil War | publisher=University of North Carolina Press | series=Civil War America | year=2019 | isbn=978-1-4696-4973-3 | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=nHWKDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA25 | access-date=2023-04-29 | page=25}}</ref> On April 12, 1861, the Confederacy initiated military conflict by [[Battle of Fort Sumter|bombarding Fort Sumter]], a federal garrison in [[Charleston, South Carolina|Charleston harbor]], South Carolina. The ensuing Civil War (1861–1865) was the deadliest military conflict in American history resulting in the deaths of approximately 620,000 soldiers from both sides and upwards of 50,000 civilians, almost all of them in the South.<ref>{{cite book|last=Vinovskis|first=Maris|date=1990|title=Toward A Social History of the American Civil War: Exploratory Essays|page=4|publisher=Cambridge University Press|location=Cambridge; New York|isbn=978-0-521-39559-5}}</ref> [[Reconstruction (United States)|Reconstruction]] began in earnest following the defeat of the Confederates. While President Lincoln attempted to foster cooperation and reconciliation between the Union and the former Confederacy, [[Assassination of Abraham Lincoln|his assassination]] on April&nbsp;14, 1865 drove a wedge between North and South again.{{fact|date=April 2023}} Republicans in the federal government made it their goal to oversee the rebuilding of the South and to [[Civil rights movement (1865–1896)|ensure the rights of African Americans]], and the so-called [[Reconstruction Amendments]] to the Constitution guaranteed the [[Thirteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution|abolishment of slavery]], [[Fourteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution|full citizenship to Americans of African descent]], and [[Fifteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution|suffrage for adult Black males]]. They persisted until the [[Compromise of 1877]], when the Republicans agreed to cease enforcing the rights of African Americans in the South in order for Democrats to concede the [[1876 United States presidential election|presidential election of 1876]].{{fact|date=April 2023}} Influential Southern whites, calling themselves "[[Redeemers]]", took local control of the South after the end of Reconstruction, beginning the [[nadir of American race relations]]. From 1890 to 1910, the Redeemers established so-called [[Jim Crow laws]], [[Disenfranchisement after the Reconstruction Era|disenfranchising]] almost all blacks and some impoverished whites throughout the region. Blacks would face [[Racial segregation in the United States|racial segregation]] nationwide, especially in the South.<ref>{{cite book|author=Shearer Davis Bowman|title=Masters and Lords: Mid-19th-Century U.S. Planters and Prussian Junkers|url=https://archive.org/details/masterslordsmid10000bowm|url-access=registration|year=1993|publisher=Oxford UP|page=[https://archive.org/details/masterslordsmid10000bowm/page/221 221]|isbn=978-0-19-536394-4 }}</ref> They also lived under constant threat of vigilante violence, including [[Lynching in the United States|lynching]].<ref>{{cite book|first=Jason E.|last=Pierce|title=Making the White Man's West: Whiteness and the Creation of the American West|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=zJPgCwAAQBAJ&pg=PT256|year=2016|publisher=University Press of Colorado|page=256|isbn=978-1-60732-396-9 }}</ref> ===Gilded Age, Progressive Era, and World War I (1877–1929)=== {{Main|History of the United States (1865–1918)}} {{further|United States in World War I|Economic history of the United States|Immigration to the United States|Technological and industrial history of the United States|Gilded Age|Progressive Era}} [[File:Emigrants (i.e. immigrants) landing at Ellis Island -.webm|thumb|left|Film by [[Edison Studios]] showing immigrants at [[Ellis Island]] in [[New York Harbor]], that was a major entry point for European [[Immigration to the United States|immigration into the U.S.]]<ref name="PriceBenton-Short2008">{{cite book|first1=Marie|last1=Price|first2=Lisa|last2=Benton-Short|title=Migrants to the Metropolis: The Rise of Immigrant Gateway Cities|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=_Tb5HMB63xAC&pg=PA51|year=2008|publisher=Syracuse University Press|isbn=978-0-8156-3186-6|page=51}}</ref>]] National infrastructure, including [[First Transcontinental Telegraph|telegraph]] and [[First transcontinental railroad|transcontinental railroads]], spurred economic growth and greater settlement and development of the [[American frontier|American Old West]]. After the [[American Civil War]], new transcontinental [[Rail transportation in the United States#History|railways]] made relocation easier for settlers, expanded internal trade, and increased conflicts with Native Americans.<ref name="Black2011kj">{{cite book|last=Black|first=Jeremy|author-link=Jeremy Black (historian)|title=Fighting for America: The Struggle for Mastery in North America, 1519–1871|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=EIst_CSWOqIC&pg=PA275|year=2011|publisher=Indiana University Press|isbn=978-0-253-35660-4|page=275}}</ref> Mainland expansion also included the [[Alaska Purchase|purchase of Alaska]] from [[Russian Empire|Russia]] in 1867.<ref>{{cite web|title=Purchase of Alaska, 1867|url=https://history.state.gov/milestones/1866-1898/alaska-purchase|publisher=U.S. Department of State|website=Office of the Historian|access-date=December 23, 2014}}</ref> In 1893, pro-American elements in Hawaii [[Overthrow of the Kingdom of Hawaii|overthrew]] the [[Kingdom of Hawaii|Hawaiian monarchy]] and formed the [[Republic of Hawaii]], which the U.S. [[Newlands Resolution|annexed]] in 1898. Puerto Rico, [[Guam]], and the [[Philippines]] were ceded by Spain in the same year, by the [[Treaty of Paris (1898)]] following the [[Spanish–American War]].<ref>{{cite web|title=The Spanish–American War, 1898|url=https://history.state.gov/milestones/1866-1898/spanish-american-war|publisher=U.S. Department of State|website=Office of the Historian|access-date=December 24, 2014}}</ref> Neither the [[Foraker Act]] (1900), nor the [[Insular Cases]] (1901) accorded US citizenship to Puerto Ricans. One month prior to [[American entry into World War I]], citizenship was extended to Puerto Ricans via the [[Jones–Shafroth Act]] (1917).<ref name=HoE>{{Cite book | title = Harvest of Empire: A History of Latinos in America | first = Juan | last = Gonzalez | publisher = Penguin | date = 2011 }}</ref>{{rp|60–63}} In November 1903, the US acquired a perpetual lease of the [[Panama Canal Zone]] via the [[Hay–Bunau-Varilla Treaty]] after providing naval aid preventing [[Colombia]] from putting down the [[Separation of Panama from Colombia|rebellion]] which led to the creation of an independent Panama. The logistics of the November uprising were prepared in New York.<ref name=HoE />{{rp|67}} [[American Samoa]] was acquired by the United States in 1900 after the end of the [[Second Samoan Civil War]].<ref>Ryden, George Herbert. ''The Foreign Policy of the United States in Relation to Samoa''. New York: Octagon Books, 1975.</ref> The [[United States Virgin Islands|U.S. Virgin Islands]] were purchased from [[Denmark]] in 1917.<ref>{{cite web|title=Virgin Islands History|url=https://www.vinow.com/general_usvi/history/|publisher=Vinow.com|access-date=January 5, 2018}}</ref> [[File:Ford Motor Company assembly line.jpg|thumb|Workers [[Mass production|mass producing]] [[Automotive industry in the United States|automobiles]] on an [[assembly line]] in Chicago in 1913.<ref>Rubin, A. (2021). Postindustrial America. In S. P. Holland (Ed.), ''Encyclopedia of American studies''. Johns Hopkins University Press. </ref>]] [[Gilded Age|Rapid economic development]] during the late 19th and early 20th centuries fostered the rise of [[Robber baron (industrialist)|many prominent industrialists]]. [[Tycoon|Tycoons]] like [[Cornelius Vanderbilt]], [[John D. Rockefeller]], and [[Andrew Carnegie]] led the nation's progress in the [[Railways|railroad]], [[Petroleum industry|petroleum]], and [[History of the steel industry (1850–1970)|steel]] industries. Banking became a major part of the economy, with [[J. P. Morgan]] playing a notable role. The United States also emerged as a pioneer of the [[Automotive industry in the United States|automotive industry]] in the early 20th century.<ref>{{cite web |author1=The Pit Boss |title=The Pit Stop: The American Automotive Industry Is Packed With History |url=https://pitstop.rumbleon.com/american-automotive-history |website=Rumble On |access-date=5 December 2021 |date=26 February 2021}}</ref> In the North, [[urbanization]] and an unprecedented [[History of immigration to the United States|influx of immigrants]] from [[Southern Europe|Southern]] and [[Eastern Europe]] supplied a surplus of labor for the country's industrialization.<ref name="Powell2009qwet">{{cite book|first=John|last=Powell|title=Encyclopedia of North American Immigration|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=VNCX6UsdZYkC&pg=PA74|year=2009|publisher=Infobase Publishing|isbn=978-1-4381-1012-7|page=74|access-date=October 25, 2015}}</ref> [[Incandescent light bulb|Electric light]] and the [[telephone]] drastically changed communication and urban life.{{sfn|Winchester|2013|pp=351, 385}} The American economy boomed, becoming the world's largest.<ref>{{cite book|last1=Kirkland|first1=Edward|title=Industry Comes of Age: Business, Labor, and Public Policy|pages=400–405|edition=1961}}</ref> These dramatic changes were accompanied by significant increases in [[economic inequality]], [[Effects of immigration to the United States|immigration]], and [[List of incidents of civil unrest in the United States|social unrest]], which prompted the rise of [[Labor history of the United States|organized labor]] along with [[Populism in the United States|populist]], [[History of the socialist movement in the United States|socialist]], and [[Anarchism in the United States|anarchist]] movements.<ref>Tindall, George Brown and Shi, David E. (2012). ''America: A Narrative History (Brief Ninth Edition) (Vol. 2).'' [[W. W. Norton & Company]]. {{ISBN|978-0-393-91267-8}} p. 589</ref><ref>[[#Zinn|Zinn, 2005]], pp. 321–357</ref><ref name="Fraser">{{cite book |last=Fraser |first=Steve |title=The Age of Acquiescence: The Life and Death of American Resistance to Organized Wealth and Power |publisher=[[Little, Brown and Company]] |year=2015 |isbn=978-0-316-18543-1 |page=66}}</ref> This period eventually ended with the advent of the [[Progressive Era]], which saw significant reforms including [[Consumer protection|health and safety regulation]] of consumer goods, the rise of [[Labor unions in the United States|labor unions]], and greater [[United States antitrust law|antitrust measures]] to ensure competition among businesses and attention to worker conditions. The [[Great Migration (African American)|Great Migration]] beginning around 1910 also brought millions of African Americans to Northern urban centers from the rural South.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.archives.gov/research/african-americans/migrations/great-migration|title=The Great Migration (1910-1970)|date=May 20, 2021}}</ref> [[File:The center of New York 1932.jpg|thumb|The newly constructed [[Empire State Building]] in [[midtown Manhattan]], 1932]] The last vestiges of the Progressive Era resulted in [[women's suffrage]] and [[Prohibition in the United States|alcohol prohibition]].<ref>Paige Meltzer, "The Pulse and Conscience of America" The General Federation and Women's Citizenship, 1945–1960,"&nbsp;''Frontiers: A Journal of Women Studies''&nbsp;(2009), Vol. 30 Issue 3, pp. 52–76.</ref><ref>James Timberlake,&nbsp;''Prohibition and the Progressive Movement, 1900–1920''&nbsp;(Harvard UP, 1963)</ref><ref>George B. Tindall, "Business Progressivism: Southern Politics in the Twenties,"&nbsp;''South Atlantic Quarterly''&nbsp;62 (Winter 1963): 92–106.</ref> The first state to grant women the right to vote was Wyoming, in 1869, followed by some other states<ref>{{cite web | title=Timeline and Map of Woman Suffrage Legislation|website=Mapping American Social Movements Project|url=https://depts.washington.edu/moves/WomanSuffrage_map.shtml|publisher=University of Washington|access-date=25 September 2022}}</ref> before the women's rights movement won passage of a [[Nineteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution|constitutional amendment]] granting nationwide [[Women's suffrage in the United States|women's suffrage]] in 1920.<ref name="voris">{{cite book|last1=Voris|first1=Jacqueline Van|title=Carrie Chapman Catt: A Public Life|series=Women and Peace Series|year=1996|publisher=Feminist Press at CUNY|location=New York City|isbn=978-1-55861-139-9|page=vii|quote=Carrie Chapmann Catt led an army of voteless women in 1919 to pressure Congress to pass the constitutional amendment giving them the right to vote and convinced state legislatures to ratify it in 1920.&nbsp;... Catt was one of the best-known women in the United States in the first half of the twentieth century and was on all lists of famous American women.}}</ref> The United States remained neutral from the outbreak of [[World War I]] in 1914 until 1917 when it joined the war as an "associated power" alongside the [[Allies of World War I]], helping to turn the tide against the [[Central Powers]]. In 1919, President [[Woodrow Wilson]] took a leading diplomatic role at the [[Paris Peace Conference (1919–1920)|Paris Peace Conference]] and advocated strongly for the U.S. to join the [[League of Nations]]. However, the Senate refused to approve this and did not ratify the [[Treaty of Versailles]] that established the League of Nations.<ref name="autogenerated418">McDuffie, Jerome; Piggrem, Gary Wayne; Woodworth, Steven E. (2005). ''U.S. History Super Review''. Piscataway, NJ: Research & Education Association. p. 418. {{ISBN|978-0-7386-0070-3}}.</ref> === Great Depression, New Deal, and World War II (1929–1945) === {{main|History of the United States (1918–1945)}} {{Further|Roaring Twenties|Great Depression in the United States|United States home front during World War II|Military history of the United States during World War II}} The 1920s and 1930s saw the rise of [[radio]] for [[mass communication]] and the invention of early [[television]].{{sfn|Winchester|2013|pp=410–411}} The prosperity of the [[Roaring Twenties]] ended with the [[Wall Street Crash of 1929]] and the onset of the [[Great Depression in the United States|Great Depression]]. After his election as President in 1932, [[Franklin D. Roosevelt]] responded with the [[New Deal]] economic policies.<ref>{{cite book|title=Social Welfare: A History of the American Response to Need|first1=June|last1=Axinn|first2=Mark J.|last2=Stern|isbn=978-0-205-52215-6|edition=7th|publisher=Allyn & Bacon|location=Boston|year=2007}}</ref> The [[Dust Bowl]] of the mid-1930s impoverished many farming communities and spurred a new wave of western migration.<ref>{{cite book|author=James Noble Gregory|title=American Exodus: The Dust Bowl Migration and Okie Culture in California|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=qNdtGwnXYrIC|year=1991|publisher=Oxford University Press|isbn=978-0-19-507136-8|access-date=October 25, 2015}}<br />{{cite web|url=https://www.pbs.org/wgbh/americanexperience/features/general-article/dustbowl-mass-exodus-plains/|title=Mass Exodus From the Plains|author=<!-- Staff writer(s); no by-line. -->|year=2013|website=American Experience|publisher=WGBH Educational Foundation|access-date=October 5, 2014}}<br />{{cite web|url=https://memory.loc.gov/ammem/afctshtml/tsme.html|title=The Migrant Experience|last1=Fanslow|first1=Robin A.|date=April 6, 1997|website=American Folklore Center|publisher=Library of Congress|access-date=October 5, 2014}}<br />{{cite book|first=Walter J.|last=Stein|title=California and the Dust Bowl Migration|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=hGuGAAAAIAAJ|year=1973|publisher=Greenwood Press|isbn=978-0-8371-6267-6|access-date=October 25, 2015}}</ref> [[File:Trinity_Detonation_T&B_(cropped).jpg|thumb|[[Mushroom cloud]] formed by the [[Trinity (nuclear test)|Trinity Experiment]] in [[New Mexico]], part of the [[Manhattan Project]], the first detonation of a [[nuclear weapon]] in history, July 1945]] At first [[United States non-interventionism before entering World War II|neutral during World War II]], the United States began supplying [[Lend-Lease|war material]] to the [[Allies of World War II|Allies]] in March 1941. A total of [[United States dollar|$]]50.1 billion (equivalent to ${{Formatprice|{{Inflation|US-GDP|50100000000|1941|r=-8}}}} in {{Inflation/year|US-GDP}}) worth of supplies was shipped in 1941–1945, or 17% of the total war expenditures of the U.S.<ref name="McNeill 778">{{cite book|author= McNeill| title=America, Britain and Russia|page= 778}}</ref> On December&nbsp;7, 1941, the [[Empire of Japan]] launched a surprise [[attack on Pearl Harbor]], prompting the United States to militarily join the Allies against the [[Axis powers]], and in the following year, to [[Internment of Japanese Americans|intern]] about 120,000 Japanese and Japanese Americans.<ref>The official WRA record from 1946 state it was 120,000 people. See {{cite book |author=[[War Relocation Authority]] |url=https://ddr.densho.org/ddr-densho-282-5/ |title=The Evacuated People: A Quantitative Study |year=1946 |page=8}} This number does not include people held in other camps such as those run by the DoJ or U.S. Army. Other sources may give numbers slightly more or less than 120,000.</ref><ref name="Pearl Harbor">{{cite web|last1=Yamasaki|first1=Mitch|title=Pearl Harbor and America's Entry into World War II: A Documentary History|url=https://www.hawaiiinternment.org/static/ush_yamasaki_documentary_history.pdf|publisher=World War II Internment in Hawaii|access-date=January 14, 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141213122046/https://www.hawaiiinternment.org/static/ush_yamasaki_documentary_history.pdf|archive-date=December 13, 2014}}</ref> The U.S. pursued a "[[Europe first]]" defense policy,<ref>{{cite web|last1=Stoler|first1=Mark A.|title=George C. Marshall and the "Europe-First" Strategy, 1939–1951: A Study in Diplomatic as well as Military History|url=https://marshallfoundation.org/marshall/wp-content/uploads/sites/22/2014/04/EDStoler.pdf|access-date=April 4, 2016}}</ref> with the Philippines being [[Philippines campaign (1941–42)|invaded]] and [[Japanese occupation of the Philippines|occupied by Japan]] until the country's [[Philippines campaign (1944–45)|liberation]] by the U.S.-led forces in 1944–1945. During the war, the United States was one of the "[[Four Policemen]]"<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.iup.edu/WorkArea/DownloadAsset.aspx?id=37681|title=The Four Policemen and. Postwar Planning, 1943–1945: The Collision of Realist and. Idealist Perspectives|last=Kelly|first=Brian|access-date=June 21, 2014}}</ref> who met to plan the postwar world, along with Britain, the Soviet Union, and China.{{sfn|Hoopes|Brinkley|1997|p=100}}{{sfn|Gaddis|1972|p=25}} The United States emerged [[World War II casualties#Human losses by country|relatively unscathed]] from the war, and with even greater economic and military influence.<ref>Kennedy, Paul (1989). ''The Rise and Fall of the Great Powers''. New York: Vintage. p. 358. {{ISBN|978-0-679-72019-5}}</ref> The United States played a leading role in the [[Bretton Woods Conference|Bretton Woods]] and [[Yalta Conference|Yalta]] conferences, which signed agreements on new international financial institutions and Europe's postwar reorganization. As an [[Victory in Europe Day|Allied victory was achieved in Europe]], a 1945 [[United Nations Conference on International Organization|international conference]] held in [[San Francisco]] produced the [[United Nations Charter]], which became active after the war.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://2001-2009.state.gov/r/pa/ho/pubs/fs/55407.htm|title=The United States and the Founding of the United Nations, August 1941 – October 1945|date=October 2005|access-date=June 11, 2007|publisher=U.S. Dept. of State, Bureau of Public Affairs, Office of the Historian}}</ref> The United States developed the [[Manhattan Project|first nuclear weapons]] and used them on Japan [[Atomic bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki|in the cities of Hiroshima and Nagasaki]] in August 1945; the Japanese subsequently [[Surrender of Japan|surrendered]] on September 2, ending [[World War II]].<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.japantimes.co.jp/opinion/2016/08/06/commentary/japan-surrender-world-war-ii/|title=Why did Japan surrender in World War II? {{!}} The Japan Times|newspaper=The Japan Times|access-date=February 8, 2017|language=en}}</ref><ref>Pacific War Research Society (2006). ''Japan's Longest Day''. New York: Oxford University Press. {{ISBN|978-4-7700-2887-7}}.</ref> ===Cold War (1945–1990)=== {{Main|History of the United States (1945–1964)|History of the United States (1964–1980)|History of the United States (1980–1991)|l2 = 1964–1980|l3 = 1980–1991|History of the United States (1991–2008)|l4 = 1991–2008}} [[File:LevittownPA.jpg|thumb|[[Post–World War II economic expansion]] in the U.S. led to [[Suburbanization|suburban development]] and [[urban sprawl]], as shown in this aerial photograph of [[Levittown, Pennsylvania]], {{Circa|1959}}.]] After World War II, the United States financed and implemented the [[Marshall Plan]] to help rebuild and economically revive war-torn Europe; disbursements paid between 1948 and 1952 would total $13 billion ($115 billion in 2021).<ref>See {{cite journal |last=Frankenfeld |first=Peter |title=A Marshall Plan for Greece? The European Union and the Financial Crisis in Greece. A Theoretical and Political Analysis in the Global World Against a Background of Regional Integration: Table 1. European Recovery Programme – Marshall Plan ($ million) |date=2012 |pages=69 |url=http://bazekon.icm.edu.pl/bazekon/element/bwmeta1.element.ekon-element-000171238489 |journal=Prace i Materiały Instytutu Handlu Zagranicznego Uniwersytetu Gdańskiego |language=EN |issue=31/1 |issn=2300-6153}}</ref> Also at this time, [[Geopolitics|geopolitical]] tensions between the United States and Soviet Russia led to the [[Cold War]], driven by an ideological divide between [[capitalism]] and [[communism]].<ref name="WaggAndrews2012">{{cite book|last1=Wagg|first1=Stephen|last2=Andrews|first2=David|title=East Plays West: Sport and the Cold War|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=qmjLR5YyUhEC&pg=PR11|year=2012|publisher=Routledge|isbn=978-1-134-24167-5|page=11}}</ref> The two countries dominated the military affairs of Europe, with the U.S. and its [[NATO]] allies on one side and the Soviet Union and its [[Warsaw Pact]] [[Satellite state#Soviet satellite states|satellite states]] on the other.<ref name="Blakemore-2019">{{cite web|last=Blakemore|first=Erin|date=March 22, 2019|title=What was the Cold War?|url=https://www.nationalgeographic.com/culture/topics/reference/cold-war/|access-date=August 28, 2020|website=National Geographic|language=en}}</ref> Unlike the US, the USSR concentrated on its own recovery, seizing and transferring most of Germany's industrial plants, and it exacted [[World War II reparations|war reparations]] from its [[Eastern Bloc|Soviet Bloc]] satellites using Soviet-dominated joint enterprises.{{efn|[The Soviet Union] instituted trading arrangements deliberately designed to favour the country. Moscow controlled the Communist parties that ruled the satellite states, and they followed orders from the Kremlin. Historian Mark Kramer concludes: "The net outflow of resources from eastern Europe to the Soviet Union was approximately $15 billion to $20 billion in the first decade after World War II, an amount roughly equal to the total aid provided by the United States to western Europe under the Marshall Plan."}}<ref>Mark Kramer, "The Soviet Bloc and the Cold War in Europe," in {{Cite book |editor-first=Klaus | editor-last=Larresm |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=EyNcCwAAQBAJ&pg=PT174 |title=A Companion to Europe Since 1945 |publisher=Wiley |year=2014 |isbn=978-1-118-89024-0 |page=79}}</ref> The U.S. sometimes opposed [[Third World]] movements that it viewed as Soviet-sponsored, occasionally pursuing direct action for [[United States involvement in regime change|regime change]] against [[Left-wing politics|left-wing]] governments.<ref>[[#Blakeley|Blakeley, 2009]], [https://books.google.com/books?id=rft8AgAAQBAJ&pg=PA92 p. 92]</ref> American troops fought the communist forces in the [[Korean War]] of 1950–1953,<ref name="Proxy">{{cite book |last=Collins |first=Michael |url=https://archive.org/details/liftoff00coll |title=Liftoff: The Story of America's Adventure in Space |publisher=Grove Press |year=1988 |isbn=9780802110114 |location=New York |author-link=Michael Collins (astronaut) |url-access=registration}}</ref> and the U.S. became increasingly involved in the [[Vietnam War]] (1955–1975), introducing combat forces in 1965.<ref>{{Cite encyclopedia |last=Chapman |first=Jessica M. |title=Origins of the Vietnam War |date=August 5, 2016 |url=https://oxfordre.com/americanhistory/view/10.1093/acrefore/9780199329175.001.0001/acrefore-9780199329175-e-353 |encyclopedia=Oxford Research Encyclopedia of American History |publisher=Oxford University Press |language=en |doi=10.1093/acrefore/9780199329175.013.353 |isbn=978-0-19-932917-5 |access-date=August 28, 2020}}</ref> Their competition to achieve superior [[spaceflight]] capability led to the [[Space Race]], which culminated in the U.S. becoming the first and only nation to [[Apollo 11|land people on the Moon]] in 1969.<ref name="Proxy" /> While both countries engaged in [[proxy war]]s and developed powerful [[nuclear weapon]]s, they avoided direct military conflict.<ref name="Blakemore-2019" /> At home, the United States experienced [[Post–World War II economic expansion|sustained economic expansion]], [[Urbanization in the United States|urbanization]], and a [[Post–World War II baby boom|rapid growth of its population]] and [[American middle class|middle class]] following World War II. Construction of an [[Interstate Highway System]] transformed the nation's transportation infrastructure in decades to come.{{sfn|Winchester|2013|pp=305–308}}<ref name="IntHighways">{{cite web|last1=Blas|first1=Elisheva|title=The Dwight D. Eisenhower National System of Interstate and Defense Highways|url=https://www.societyforhistoryeducation.org/pdfs/N10_NHD_Blas_Junior.pdf|website=societyforhistoryeducation.org|publisher=Society for History Education|access-date=January 19, 2015}}</ref> In 1959, the United States admitted [[Alaska]] and [[Hawaii]] to become the 49th and 50th states, formally expanding beyond the [[contiguous United States]].<ref name="Lightner2004">{{cite book|first=Richard|last=Lightner|title=Hawaiian History: An Annotated Bibliography|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Yei4fDrecWsC&pg=PA141|year=2004|publisher=Greenwood Publishing Group|isbn=978-0-313-28233-1|page=141}}</ref> [[File:Martin_Luther_King_-_March_on_Washington_colorized_photo.jpg|thumb|[[Martin Luther King Jr.]] gives his famous "[[I Have a Dream]]" speech at the [[Lincoln Memorial]] during the [[March on Washington for Jobs and Freedom|March on Washington]], 1963.|alt=See caption]]The growing [[civil rights movement]] used [[nonviolence]] to confront [[Racism in the United States|racism]], with [[Martin Luther King Jr.]] becoming a prominent leader.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.pbs.org/johngardner/chapters/4b.html|title=The Civil Rights Movement|website=PBS.org|access-date=January 5, 2019}}</ref> President [[Lyndon B. Johnson]] initiated legislation that led to a series of policies addressing poverty and racial inequalities, in what he termed the "[[Great Society]]". The launch of a "[[War on Poverty]]" expanded [[Social programs in the United States|entitlements and welfare]] spending, leading to the creation of the [[Food Stamp Program]], [[Aid to Families with Dependent Children]], along with national [[health insurance]] programs [[Medicare (United States)|Medicare]] and [[Medicaid]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.ssa.gov/history/lbjsm.html|title=Social Security|website=ssa.gov|access-date=October 25, 2015}}</ref> A combination of court decisions and legislation, culminating in the [[Civil Rights Act of 1968]], made significant improvements.<ref>{{cite book|last=Dallek|first=Robert|year=2004|title=Lyndon B. Johnson: Portrait of a President|page=[https://archive.org/details/lyndonbjohnsonpo00dall/page/169 169]|publisher=Oxford University Press|isbn=978-0-19-515920-2|url=https://archive.org/details/lyndonbjohnsonpo00dall/page/169 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.ourdocuments.gov/doc.php?flash=old&doc=97|title=Our Documents—Civil Rights Act (1964)|publisher=United States Department of Justice|access-date=July 28, 2010}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.lbjlib.utexas.edu/Johnson/archives.hom/speeches.hom/651003.asp|title=Remarks at the Signing of the Immigration Bill, Liberty Island, New York|date=October 3, 1965|access-date=January 1, 2012|archive-url=http://arquivo.pt/wayback/20160516063650/https://www.lbjlib.utexas.edu/Johnson/archives.hom/speeches.hom/651003.asp|archive-date=May 16, 2016|url-status=live }}</ref> Meanwhile, a [[counterculture of the 1960s|counterculture movement]] grew, which was fueled by [[Opposition to United States involvement in the Vietnam War|opposition to the Vietnam War]], mainstream [[Philosophy of psychedelics|experimentation with psychedelics]] and [[Cannabis culture|cannabis]], the [[Black Power movement]], and the [[sexual revolution]].<ref>{{cite magazine|url=https://time.com/5106608/protest-1968/?amp=true|title=Behind the Protests Against the Vietnam War in 1968|last=Levy|first=Daniel|date=January 19, 2018|magazine=[[Time (magazine)|Time]]|access-date=May 5, 2021}}</ref> The [[Women's Movement in the United States (1963-1982)|women's movement]] in the U.S. broadened the debate on women's rights and made [[gender equality]] a major social goal. The [[Sexual revolution in 1960s United States|1960s Sexual Revolution]] liberalized American attitudes to sexuality and eventually spread to the rest of the developed world,<ref>{{cite web |url=https://study.com/learn/lesson/sexual-liberation-movement-origin-timeline-impact-revolution.html |title=The Sexual Revolution Origins and Impact |website=study.com |author=Svetlana Ter-Grigoryan |date=February 12, 2022 |access-date=April 27, 2023}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=August 25, 2022 |title=Playboy: American Magazine |url=https://www.britannica.com/topic/Playboy |access-date=February 2, 2023 |website=[[Encyclopedia Britannica]] |quote=...the so-called sexual revolution in the United States in the 1960s, marked by greatly more permissive attitudes toward sexual interest and activity than had been prevalent in earlier generations.}}</ref> and the 1969 [[Stonewall riots]] in New York City marked the beginning of the modern [[gay liberation|gay rights]] movement in the [[Western world|West]].<ref name="StonewallNYC1">{{cite web|url=https://theculturetrip.com/north-america/usa/new-york/articles/why-new-york-city-is-a-major-destination-for-lgbt-travelers/|title=Why New York City Is a Major Destination for LGBT Travelers|first=Julia|last=Goicichea|publisher=The Culture Trip|date=August 16, 2017|access-date=July 15, 2022}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.uky.edu/~lbarr2/gws250spring11_files/Page1186.htm|title=Brief History of the Gay and Lesbian Rights Movement in the U.S|publisher=University of Kentucky|access-date=July 15, 2022}}; {{cite web|url=http://www.pinknews.co.uk/2013/06/28/feature-how-the-stonewall-riots-started-the-gay-rights-movement/|title=Feature: How the Stonewall riots started the LGBT rights movement|first=Nell|last=Frizzell|publisher=Pink News UK|date=June 28, 2013|access-date=July 15, 2022}}; {{cite encyclopedia|url=https://www.britannica.com/event/Stonewall-riots|title=Stonewall riots|encyclopedia=Encyclopædia Britannica |access-date=July 15, 2022}}</ref> The United States supported [[Israel]] during the [[Yom Kippur War]]; in response, the country faced an oil [[embargo]] from [[OPEC]] nations, sparking the [[1973 oil crisis]]. The presidency of [[Richard Nixon]] saw the American withdrawal from Vietnam but also the [[Watergate scandal]], which led to [[Nixon resignation|his resignation]] and a decline in public trust of government that expanded for decades.<ref name="watergate_committee_final_report">[[Sam Ervin|Ervin, Sam]], et al., ''Final Report of the Watergate Committee''.</ref> After a surge in female labor participation around the 1970s, by 1985, the majority of women aged 16 and over were employed.<ref>{{cite web|title=Women in the Labor Force: A Databook|url=https://www.bls.gov/cps/wlf-databook-2012.pdf|publisher=U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics|access-date=March 21, 2014|page=11|year=2013}}</ref> The 1970s and early 1980s also saw the onset of [[stagflation]]. [[File:President Ronald Reagan and Soviet General Secretary Mikhail Gorbachev at the first Summit in Geneva, Switzerland.jpg|thumb|U.S. President [[Ronald Reagan]] (left) and Soviet general secretary [[Mikhail Gorbachev]] at the [[Geneva Summit (1985)|Geneva Summit]] in 1985]] After his election in 1980, President [[Ronald Reagan]] responded to economic stagnation with [[Reaganomics|neoliberal reforms]] and accelerated the [[Rollback|rollback strategy]] towards the Soviet Union after its [[Soviet–Afghan War|invasion of Afghanistan]].<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Allen|first=Robert C.|date=November 2001|title=The rise and decline of the Soviet economy|journal=Canadian Journal of Economics|volume=34|issue=4|pages=859–881|doi=10.1111/0008-4085.00103|issn=0008-4085}}</ref>{{sfn|Gerstle|2022|pp=106–108, 121-128}}<ref>[[#Soss|Soss, 2010]], p. 277</ref><ref>[[#Fraser|Fraser, 1989]]</ref> During Reagan's presidency, the federal debt held by the public nearly tripled in nominal terms, from $738 billion to $2.1 trillion.<ref>{{cite report|url=https://fred.stlouisfed.org/graph/?g=k977|title=Federal Debt Held by the Public|publisher=Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis |date=May 31, 2018|access-date=June 12, 2018}}</ref> This led to the United States moving from the world's largest international creditor to the world's largest debtor nation.<ref name="U.S. Debt">{{Cite news |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/articles/A26402-2004Jun8.html |title=Reagan Policies Gave Green Light to Red Ink |access-date= May 25, 2007 |newspaper= The Washington Post | date=June 9, 2004}}</ref> The [[Revolutions of 1989|collapse]] of the USSR's [[Eastern Bloc|network of satellite states]] in Eastern Europe in 1989 and the subsequent [[dissolution of the Soviet Union|dissolution of the country itself]] in 1991 ended the Cold War with American victory,<ref name="Gaidar">{{cite book|last=Gaĭdar|first=E.T.|year=2007|title=Collapse of an Empire: Lessons for Modern Russia|url={{GBUrl|bDSfnxYjVwAC|pg=PA102}}|pages=190–205|location=Washington, D.C.|publisher=[[Brookings Institution#Publications|Brookings Institution Press]]|isbn=978-0-815-73114-6}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|last=Howell|first=Buddy Wayne|title=The Rhetoric of Presidential Summit Diplomacy: Ronald Reagan and the U.S.-Soviet Summits, 1985–1988|year=2006|publisher=Texas A&M University|isbn=978-0-549-41658-6|page=352 }}</ref><ref>{{cite book|last=Kissinger|first=Henry|author-link=Henry Kissinger|title=Diplomacy|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=0IZboamhb5EC&pg=PA731|year=2011|publisher=Simon & Schuster|isbn=978-1-4391-2631-8|pages=781–784|access-date=October 25, 2015}}<br />{{cite book|last=Mann|first=James|title=The Rebellion of Ronald Reagan: A History of the End of the Cold War|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=BgZyXNIrvB4C&pg=PT12|year=2009|publisher=Penguin|isbn=978-1-4406-8639-9|page=432}}<br /></ref><ref>[[#Hayes|Hayes, 2009]]</ref> ensuring a global [[unipolarity]]<ref>[[Charles Krauthammer]], "The Unipolar Moment", ''Foreign Affairs'', 70/1, (Winter 1990/1), 23–33.</ref> in which the U.S. was unchallenged as the world's sole [[superpower]].<ref>{{cite book|last1=Judt|first1=Tony|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=nVDHAAAAQBAJ&pg=PA61|title=With Us Or Against Us: Studies in Global Anti-Americanism|last2=Lacorne|first2=Denis|publisher=Palgrave Macmillan|year=2005|isbn=978-1-4039-8085-4|page=61}}<br />{{cite book|first=Richard J.|last=Samuels|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=K751AwAAQBAJ&pg=PT666|title=Encyclopedia of United States National Security|publisher=Sage Publications|year=2005|isbn=978-1-4522-6535-3|page=666}}<br />{{cite book|first=Paul R.|last=Pillar|url=https://archive.org/details/terrorismusforei00pill|title=Terrorism and U.S. Foreign Policy|publisher=Brookings Institution Press|year=2001|isbn=978-0-8157-0004-3|page=[https://archive.org/details/terrorismusforei00pill/page/57 57]|url-access=registration}}<br />{{cite book|first=Gabe T.|last=Wang|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=CbPJ7KZ9FvIC&pg=PA179|title=China and the Taiwan Issue: Impending War at Taiwan Strait|publisher=University Press of America|year=2006|isbn=978-0-7618-3434-2|page=179}}<br />{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=qgdmiw4VUHsC&pg=PA1|title=Understanding the "Victory Disease", From the Little Bighorn to Mogadishu and Beyond|publisher=Diane Publishing|year=2004|isbn=978-1-4289-1052-2|page=1}}<br />{{cite book|first1=Akis|last1=Kalaitzidis|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=tzwYzL9KcwEC&pg=PA313|title=U.S. Foreign Policy: A Documentary and Reference Guide|first2=Gregory W.|last2=Streich|publisher=ABC-CLIO|year=2011|isbn=978-0-313-38375-5|page=313}}<br />[[#Cohen|Cohen, 2004: History and the Hyperpower]]</ref> ===Contemporary period (1990–present)=== {{Main|History of the United States (1991–2008)|History of the United States (2008–present)|l2 = 2008–present}} Fearing the spread of [[Middle East|regional]] international instability from the [[Iraqi invasion of Kuwait]], in August 1991, President [[George H. W. Bush]] launched and led the [[Gulf War]] against Iraq, expelling Iraqi forces and dissolving the [[Republic of Kuwait|Iraqi-backed puppet state]] in Kuwait.<ref>{{cite journal|last=Halliday|first=Fred|title=The Gulf War and Its Aftermath: First Reflections|volume=67|number=2|pages=223–234|date=April 1991|publisher=[[Oxford University Press]]|journal=[[International Affairs (journal)|International Affairs]]|doi=10.2307/2620827|jstor=2620827|s2cid=154565052 }}</ref> During the administration of President [[Bill Clinton]] in 1994, the U.S. signed the [[North American Free Trade Agreement]] (NAFTA), causing trade among the U.S., Canada, and Mexico to soar.<ref>{{cite web|title=North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA) {{!}} United States Trade Representative|url=https://www.ustr.gov/trade-agreements/free-trade-agreements/north-american-free-trade-agreement-nafta|website=www.ustr.gov|access-date=January 11, 2015|archive-date=March 17, 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130317011855/https://www.ustr.gov/trade-agreements/free-trade-agreements/north-american-free-trade-agreement-nafta|url-status=dead }}<br />{{cite book|author1=Thakur|author2=Manab Thakur Gene E Burton B N Srivastava|title=International Management: Concepts and Cases|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=J2SbAuVzHBMC&pg=PA334|year=1997|publisher=Tata McGraw-Hill Education|isbn=978-0-07-463395-3|pages=334–335|access-date=October 25, 2015 }}<br />{{cite book|first1=Akis|last1=Kalaitzidis|first2=Gregory W.|last2=Streich|title=U.S. Foreign Policy: A Documentary and Reference Guide|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=c9rhlt2Ke3gC&pg=PA201|year=2011|publisher=ABC-CLIO|isbn=978-0-313-38376-2|page=201 }}</ref> Due to the [[dot-com bubble|dot-com boom]], stable monetary policy, and [[Personal Responsibility and Work Opportunity Act|reduced social welfare spending]], the 1990s saw the [[1990s United States boom|longest economic expansion]] in modern U.S. history.<ref>{{cite news|title=Did Clinton Do It, or Was He Lucky?|author=Dale, Reginald|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2000/02/18/business/worldbusiness/18iht-think.2.t_2.html|newspaper=The New York Times|date=February 18, 2000|access-date=March 6, 2013}}<br />{{cite book|last=Mankiw|first=N. Gregory|title=Macroeconomics|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=58KxPNa0hF4C&pg=PA463|year=2008|publisher=Cengage Learning|isbn=978-0-324-58999-3|page=559|access-date=October 25, 2015}}</ref> On [[September 11 attacks|September 11, 2001]], [[al-Qaeda]] terrorist hijackers flew passenger planes into the [[World Trade Center (1973–2001)|World Trade Center]] in New York City and [[the Pentagon]] near Washington, D.C., killing nearly 3,000 people.<ref>{{cite AV media|date=September 9, 2011|title=Flashback 9/11: As It Happened|url=https://video.foxnews.com/v/1151859712001/flashback-911-as-it-happened/|access-date=March 6, 2013|work=Fox News}}<br />{{cite news|title=America remembers Sept. 11 attacks 11 years later|agency=Associated Press|url=https://www.cbsnews.com/8301-201_162-57510234/america-remembers-sept-11-attacks-11-years-later/|work=CBS News|date=September 11, 2012|access-date=March 6, 2013|archive-date=October 17, 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131017215138/https://www.cbsnews.com/8301-201_162-57510234/america-remembers-sept-11-attacks-11-years-later/|url-status=dead }}<br />{{cite news|url=https://www.cnn.com/SPECIALS/2001/trade.center/multimedia.day.html|title=Day of Terror Video Archive|year=2005|work=CNN|access-date=March 6, 2013 }}</ref> In response, President [[George W. Bush]] launched the [[war on terror]], which included a nearly 20-year [[War in Afghanistan (2001–present)|war in Afghanistan]] from 2001 to 2021 and the 2003–2011 [[Iraq War]].<ref>{{cite news|title=The 'War on Terror' Is Critical to President George W. Bush's Legacy|author=Walsh, Kenneth T.|url=https://www.usnews.com/news/articles/2008/12/09/the-war-on-terror-is-critical-to-president-george-w-bushs-legacy|newspaper=U.S. News & World Report|date=December 9, 2008|access-date=March 6, 2013}}<br />{{cite book|last=Atkins|first=Stephen E.|title=The 9/11 Encyclopedia: Second Edition|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=PDDIgWRN_HQC&pg=PA210|year=2011|publisher=ABC-CLIO|isbn=978-1-59884-921-9|page=872|access-date=October 25, 2015}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=Overview: The Iraq War|last=Wong|first=Edward|url=https://www.nytimes.com/ref/timestopics/topics_iraq.html|newspaper=The New York Times|date=February 15, 2008|access-date=March 7, 2013 }}<br />{{cite book|last=Johnson|first=James Turner|title=The War to Oust Saddam Hussein: Just War and the New Face of Conflict|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=SF7U27JsLC4C&q=iraq+invasion+removes+hussein|year=2005|publisher=Rowman & Littlefield|isbn=978-0-7425-4956-2|page=159|access-date=October 25, 2015 }}<br />{{cite news|title=Timeline: Key moments in the Iraq War|author=Durando, Jessica|author2=Green, Shannon Rae|agency=Associated Press|url=https://usatoday30.usatoday.com/news/world/iraq/story/2011-12-21/iraq-war-timeline/52147680/1|newspaper=USA Today|date=December 21, 2011|access-date=March 7, 2013|archive-date=September 4, 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200904084312/https://usatoday30.usatoday.com/news/world/iraq/story/2011-12-21/iraq-war-timeline/52147680/1|url-status=dead }}</ref> Government policy designed to promote affordable housing,<ref>{{Cite book|title=Hidden in Plain Sight: What Really Caused the World's Worst Financial Crisis and Why It Could Happen Again|last=Wallison|first=Peter|publisher=Encounter Books|year=2015|isbn=978-978-59407-7-0|author-link=Peter J. Wallison}}</ref> widespread failures in corporate and regulatory governance,<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://www.gpo.gov/fdsys/pkg/GPO-FCIC/pdf/GPO-FCIC.pdf|title=Financial Crisis Inquiry Report|year=2011|author=Financial Crisis Inquiry Commission|isbn=978-1-60796-348-6|author-link=Financial Crisis Inquiry Commission }}</ref> and historically low interest rates set by the [[Federal Reserve]]<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Taylor|first=John B.|author-link=John B. Taylor|access-date=January 21, 2017|title=The Financial Crisis and the Policy Responses: An Empirical Analysis of What Went Wrong|url=https://www.nber.org/papers/w14631.pdf|journal=Hoover Institution Economics Paper Series|date=January 2009}}</ref> led to a [[United States housing bubble|housing bubble]] in 2006. This culminated in the [[financial crisis of 2007–2008]] and the [[Great Recession]], the nation's largest economic contraction since the Great Depression.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.wsj.com/articles/SB122169431617549947|title=Worst Crisis Since '30s, With No End Yet in Sight|last1=Hilsenrath|first1=Jon|last2=Ng|first2=Serena|last3=Paletta|first3=Damian|date=September 18, 2008|work=[[The Wall Street Journal]]| url-access=subscription}}</ref> [[Barack Obama]], the first [[Multiracial American|multiracial]]<ref>{{cite news|author=<!-- Staff writer(s); no by-line. -->|title=Barack Obama: Face Of New Multiracial Movement?|url=https://www.npr.org/templates/story/story.php?storyId=96916824| work=[[NPR]]|date=November 12, 2008}}</ref> President with [[African-American]] ancestry, [[2008 United States presidential election|was elected in 2008]] amid the financial crisis.<ref name="Washington-2011">{{cite news|title=African-American Economic Gains Reversed By Great Recession|agency=[[Associated Press]]| last1=Washington| first1=Jesse| last2=Rugaber| first2=Chris|url=https://www.oklahoman.com/article/3584442/economic-gains-for-blacks-reversed-in-great-recession|date=July 10, 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130616183529/https://www.huffingtonpost.com/2011/07/10/black-recession-economy-african-americans_n_894046.html|archive-date=June 16, 2013}}</ref> By the end of his second term, the stock market, median household income and net worth, and the number of persons with jobs were all at record levels, while the unemployment rate was well below the historical average.<ref name=RSKrugman1>{{Cite magazine|url=https://www.rollingstone.com/politics/news/in-defense-of-obama-20141008|title=In Defense of Obama|magazine=Rolling Stone|access-date=November 19, 2016|date=October 8, 2014|archive-date=November 19, 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161119140244/http://www.rollingstone.com/politics/news/in-defense-of-obama-20141008|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref name="Obama_Inequality">{{cite web|url=https://obamawhitehouse.archives.gov/sites/default/files/docs/chapter_1-eight_years_of_recovery_reinvestment_2017.pdf|title=CEA 2017 Economic Report of the President-Chapter One-Eight Years of Recovery and Reinvestment|website=Whitehouse.gov|access-date=March 12, 2017}}</ref><ref name=Politico_Awesome>{{cite web|url=http://www.politico.com/magazine/story/2016/12/everything-is-still-awesome-214554|title=Everything is Awesome|website=Politico.com|date=December 29, 2016 |access-date=December 30, 2016}}</ref><ref name="Factcheck_Inherits">{{cite news|url=https://www.factcheck.org/2017/01/what-president-trump-inherits/|title=What President Trump Inherits|first=Brooks|last=Jackson|date=January 20, 2017|via=Factcheck.org}}</ref><ref name="Factcheck_Obama#">{{cite news|url=https://www.factcheck.org/2017/09/obamas-final-numbers/|title=Obama's Final Numbers|first=Brooks|last=Jackson|date=September 29, 2017|via=Factcheck.org}}</ref> His signature legislative accomplishment was the [[Affordable Care Act]] (ACA), popularly known as "Obamacare". It represented the [[U.S. healthcare system|U.S. health care system]]'s most significant regulatory overhaul and expansion of coverage since Medicare in 1965. As a result, the uninsured share of the population was cut in half, while the number of newly insured Americans was estimated to be between 20 and 24 million.<ref name="HHS_ASPE16">{{Cite web |url=https://aspe.hhs.gov/pdf-report/health-insurance-coverage-and-affordable-care-act-2010-2016 |first1 = Namrata| first2 = Kenneth |first3 =Emily | last1= Uberoi |last2 =Finegold| last3=Gee |title=Health Insurance Coverage and the Affordable Care Act, 2010–2016|publisher = U.S. Department of Health and Human Services |department= Assistant Secretary for Planning and Evaluation |access-date=December 7, 2016 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20211205091604/https://aspe.hhs.gov/sites/default/files/migrated_legacy_files//142146/ACA2010-2016.pdf | archive-date = December 5, 2011|date=March 2, 2016}}</ref> After Obama served two terms, Republican [[Donald Trump]] was elected as the [[List of Presidents of the United States|45th president]] in 2016. [[2016 United States presidential election|His election]] is viewed as one of the biggest political upsets in American and world history.<ref>{{cite news|last1=Smith|first1=Harrison|title=Donald Trump is elected president of the United States|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/lifestyle/kidspost/donald-trump-is-elected-president-of-the-united-states/2016/11/09/58046db4-a684-11e6-ba59-a7d93165c6d4_story.html|newspaper=The Washington Post|access-date=October 27, 2020|date=November 9, 2016}}</ref> Trump held office through [[Timeline of the COVID-19 pandemic in the United States|the first waves]] of the [[COVID-19 pandemic]] and the resulting [[COVID-19 recession]] starting in 2020 that exceeded even the Great Recession earlier in the century.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Kochhar |first=Rakesh |title=Unemployment rose higher in three months of COVID-19 than it did in two years of the Great Recession |url=https://www.pewresearch.org/fact-tank/2020/06/11/unemployment-rose-higher-in-three-months-of-covid-19-than-it-did-in-two-years-of-the-great-recession/ |access-date=October 1, 2022 |website=Pew Research Center |language=en-US}}</ref> [[Political polarization in the United States|Political polarization]] increased beginning in the 2010s, with [[Abortion in the United States|abortion access]], [[Same-sex marriage in the United States|same-sex marriage]], the [[transgender rights movement]], [[Institutional racism|lingering systemic racism]], [[Police brutality in the United States|police brutality]], [[Illegal immigration to the United States|undocumented immigration]], [[Mass shootings in the United States|mass shootings]] and [[Legalization of non-medical cannabis in the United States|recreational marijuana use]] becoming central topics of debate. [[List of protests and demonstrations in the United States by size|Several protests have since become among the largest]] in U.S. history.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Hamid |first=Shadi |date=January 8, 2022 |title=The Forever Culture War |url=https://www.theatlantic.com/ideas/archive/2022/01/republicans-democrats-forever-culture-war/621184/ |access-date=2023-04-18 |website=The Atlantic |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Hammond |first=Michael |date=2018 |title=Chapter 30: The Recent Past |url=https://www.americanyawp.com/text/30-the-recent-past/ |access-date=2023-04-18 |website=[[Stanford University Press]] |language=en-US}}</ref> On January 6, 2021, supporters of the outgoing President Trump [[2021 United States Capitol attack|stormed the U.S. Capitol]] in an unsuccessful effort to disrupt the [[U.S. Electoral College|Electoral College]] vote count that would confirm Democrat [[Joe Biden]] as the 46th president.<ref>{{cite web |last=Peñaloza |first=Marisa |date=January 6, 2021 |title=Trump Supporters Storm U.S. Capitol, Clash with Police |url=https://www.npr.org/sections/congress-electoral-college-tally-live-updates/2021/01/06/953616207/diehard-trump-supporters-gather-in-the-nations-capital-to-protest-election-resul |access-date=January 16, 2021 |website=NPR |publisher=[[NPR]]}}</ref> In 2022, the Supreme Court [[Dobbs v. Jackson Women's Health Organization|ruled that there is no constitutional right to an abortion]], causing [[2022 abortion protests|another wave of protests]].<ref>{{Cite news |title=Protests erupt in D.C., around the country as Roe v. Wade falls |language=en-US |newspaper=Washington Post |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/dc-md-va/2022/06/24/supreme-court-abortion-protests-roe/ |access-date=September 28, 2022 |issn=0190-8286}}</ref> The United States responded to Russia and Belarus after their [[Russian invasion of Ukraine|invasion of Ukraine]], with the country applying [[International sanctions during the Russo-Ukrainian War|harsh sanctions]] on Russia and [[United States and the Russian invasion of Ukraine|sending tens of billions of dollars of military and humanitarian aid]] to Ukraine.<ref>{{Cite news |title=The Senate has approved roughly $40 billion in aid to Ukraine |language=en |work=NPR.org |url=https://www.npr.org/2022/05/19/1100228289/the-senate-has-approved-roughly-40-billion-in-aid-to-ukraine |access-date=September 28, 2022}}</ref> ==Geography== {{Main|Geography of the United States}} [[File:Uspaintedrelief.png|thumb|[[Topographic map]] of the United States]] The [[List of states and territories of the United States|48 contiguous states and the District of Columbia]] occupy a combined area of {{convert|3,119,885|sqmi|km2|abbr=}}. Of this area, {{convert|2,959,064|sqmi|km2|abbr=}} is contiguous land, composing 83.65% of total U.S. land area.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/fields/279.html#as|work=The World Factbook|publisher=cia.gov|title=Field Listing: Area|access-date=April 21, 2020|archive-date=July 7, 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200707180005/https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/fields/279.html#as|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref name="urlState Area Measurements and Internal Point Coordinates—Geography—U.S. Census Bureau">{{cite web|url=https://www.census.gov/geographies/reference-files/2010/geo/state-area.html|title=State Area Measurements and Internal Point Coordinates—Geography—U.S. Census Bureau|website=State Area Measurements and Internal Point Coordinates|publisher=U.S. Department of Commerce|access-date=September 11, 2017}}</ref> About 15% is occupied by [[Alaska]], a state in northwestern North America, with the remainder in [[Hawaii]], a state and [[archipelago]] in the central [[Pacific Ocean|Pacific]], and the five populated but [[Unincorporated area|unincorporated]] insular territories of [[Puerto Rico]], [[American Samoa]], [[Guam]], the [[Northern Mariana Islands]], and the [[United States Virgin Islands|U.S. Virgin Islands]].<ref>{{cite web|title=2010 Census Area|url=https://www.census.gov/prod/cen2010/cph-2-1.pdf|website=census.gov|publisher=[[U.S. Census Bureau]]|page=41|access-date=January 18, 2015}}</ref> Measured by only land area, the United States is third in size behind Russia and China, and just ahead of Canada.<ref name="CIA Factbook Area">{{cite web|title=Area|url=https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/fields/2147.html|website=The World Factbook|publisher=Central Intelligence Agency|access-date=January 15, 2015|archive-date=January 31, 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140131115000/https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/fields/2147.html|url-status=dead }}</ref> [[File:Wonder Lake and Denali.jpg|thumb|[[Denali]], or Mount McKinley, in [[Alaska]], the highest [[mountain]] peak in [[North America]]]] The United States is the world's [[List of countries and dependencies by area|third- or fourth-largest]] nation by total area (land and water), ranking behind Russia and Canada and nearly equal to China. The ranking varies depending on how two territories disputed by China and India are counted, and how the total size of the United States is measured.{{efn|name=largestcountry}}<ref name="WF">{{cite web|url=https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/united-states/|title=United States|publisher=Central Intelligence Agency|website=The World Factbook|date=January 3, 2018|access-date=January 8, 2018}}</ref> The [[Atlantic coastal plain|coastal plain]] of the [[Atlantic Ocean|Atlantic]] seaboard gives way further inland to [[deciduous]] forests and the rolling hills of the [[Piedmont (United States)|Piedmont]].<ref>{{cite web|title=Geographic Regions of Georgia|url=https://georgiainfo.galileo.usg.edu/topics/geography/article/geographic-regions-of-georgia|website=Georgia Info|publisher=Digital Library of Georgia|access-date=December 24, 2014}}</ref> The [[Appalachian Mountains]] and the [[Adirondack Mountains|Adirondack]] [[massif]] divide the eastern seaboard from the [[Great Lakes]] and the grasslands of the [[Midwestern United States|Midwest]].<ref name="NAU">{{cite web|last=Lew|first=Alan|title=PHYSICAL GEOGRAPHY OF THE US|url=https://www.geog.nau.edu/courses/alew/gsp220/text/chapters/ch2.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160409112252/https://www.geog.nau.edu/courses/alew/gsp220/text/chapters/ch2.html|archive-date=April 9, 2016|website=GSP 220—Geography of the United States|publisher=North Arizona University|access-date=December 24, 2014}}</ref> The [[Mississippi River|Mississippi]]–[[Missouri River]], the world's [[List of rivers by length|fourth longest river system]], runs mainly north–south through the heart of the country. The flat, fertile [[prairie]] of the [[Great Plains]] stretches to the west, interrupted by [[U.S. Interior Highlands|a highland region]] in the southeast.<ref name="NAU" /> The [[Rocky Mountains]], west of the Great Plains, extend north to south across the country, peaking at over {{convert|14000|ft}} in [[Colorado]].<ref>{{cite web|last=Harms|first=Nicole|title=Facts About the Rocky Mountain Range|url=https://traveltips.usatoday.com/rocky-mountain-range-11967.html|website=Travel Tips|publisher=USA Today|access-date=December 24, 2014}}</ref> Farther west are the rocky [[Great Basin]] and deserts such as the [[Chihuahuan Desert|Chihuahua]], [[Sonoran Desert|Sonoran]], and [[Mojave Desert|Mojave]].<ref>{{cite journal|last=Tinkham|first=Ernest R.|title=Biological, Taxonomic and Faunistic Studies on the Shield-Back Katydids of the North American Deserts|jstor=2421073|doi=10.2307/2421073|journal=[[The American Midland Naturalist]]|volume=31|number=2|date=March 1944|pages=257–328|publisher=The [[University of Notre Dame]]}}</ref> The [[Sierra Nevada (U.S.)|Sierra Nevada]] and [[Cascade Range|Cascade]] mountain ranges run close to the [[West Coast of the United States|Pacific coast]], both ranges also reaching altitudes higher than {{convert|14000|ft}}. The [[Extreme points of the United States|lowest and highest points]] in the contiguous United States are in the state of California,<ref>{{cite web|title=Mount Whitney, California|url=https://www.peakbagger.com/peak.aspx?pid=2829|publisher=Peakbagger|access-date=December 24, 2014}}</ref> and only about {{convert|84|mi|km}} apart.<ref>{{cite web|title=Find Distance and Azimuths Between 2 Sets of Coordinates (Badwater 36-15-01-N, 116-49-33-W and Mount Whitney 36-34-43-N, 118-17-31-W)|url=https://transition.fcc.gov/fcc-bin/distance?dlat=36&mlat=15&slat=01&ns=1&dlon=116&mlon=49&slon=33&ew=1&dlat2=36&mlat2=34&slat2=43&sn=1&dlon2=118&mlon2=17&slon2=31&we=1&iselec=1|publisher=Federal Communications Commission|access-date=December 24, 2014}}</ref> At an elevation of {{convert|20310|ft|1}}, Alaska's [[Denali]] is the highest peak in the country and in North America.<ref>{{cite web|last=Poppick|first=Laura|title=US Tallest Mountain's Surprising Location Explained|date=August 28, 2013|url=https://www.livescience.com/39245-us-tallest-mountain-location-explained.html|publisher=LiveScience|access-date=May 2, 2015}}</ref> Active [[volcano]]es are common throughout Alaska's [[Alexander Archipelago|Alexander]] and [[Aleutian Islands]], and Hawaii consists of volcanic islands. The [[supervolcano]] underlying [[Yellowstone National Park]] in the [[Rockies]] is the continent's largest volcanic feature.<ref>{{cite web|last=O'Hanlon|first=Larry|title=America's Explosive Park|url=https://dsc.discovery.com/convergence/supervolcano/under/under.html|date=March 14, 2005|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20050314034001/https://dsc.discovery.com/convergence/supervolcano/under/under.html|archive-date=March 14, 2005|publisher=Discovery Channel|access-date=April 5, 2016}}</ref> ===Climate=== {{Main|Climate of the United States|Climate change in the United States}} [[File:Köppen Climate Types US 50.png|thumb|[[Köppen climate classification|Köppen climate types]] of the U.S.]] The United States, with its large size and geographic variety, includes most climate types. To the east of the [[100th meridian west|100th meridian]], the climate ranges from [[humid continental climate|humid continental]] in the north to [[humid subtropical climate|humid subtropical]] in the south.<ref>{{cite web|last=Boyden|first=Jennifer|title=Climate Regions of the United States|url=https://traveltips.usatoday.com/climate-regions-united-states-21570.html|website=Travel Tips|publisher=USA Today|access-date=December 24, 2014}}</ref> The Great Plains west of the 100th meridian are [[Semi-arid climate|semi-arid]]. Many mountainous areas of the American West have an [[alpine climate]]. The climate is [[Desert climate|arid]] in the Great Basin, desert in the Southwest, [[Mediterranean climate|Mediterranean]] in [[coastal California]], and [[oceanic climate|oceanic]] in coastal [[Oregon]] and [[Washington (state)|Washington]] and southern Alaska. Most of Alaska is [[Subarctic climate|subarctic]] or [[Polar climate|polar]]. Hawaii and the southern tip of [[Florida]] are [[Tropical climate|tropical]], as well as its territories in the [[Caribbean]] and the Pacific.<ref>{{cite web|title=World Map of Köppen–Geiger Climate Classification|url=https://koeppen-geiger.vu-wien.ac.at/pdf/kottek_et_al_2006_A4.pdf|access-date=August 19, 2015|archive-date=January 26, 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220126115149/http://koeppen-geiger.vu-wien.ac.at/pdf/kottek_et_al_2006_A4.pdf|url-status=dead}}</ref> States bordering the [[Gulf of Mexico]] are prone to [[Tropical cyclone|hurricanes]], and most of the world's [[tornado]]es occur in the country, mainly in [[Tornado Alley]] areas in the Midwest and South.<ref>{{cite news|author=Perkins, Sid|url=https://www.sciencenews.org/articles/20020511/bob9.asp|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070701131631/https://www.sciencenews.org/articles/20020511/bob9.asp|archive-date=July 1, 2007|title=Tornado Alley, USA|access-date=September 20, 2006|date=May 11, 2002|work=Science News}}</ref> Overall, the United States receives more high-impact extreme weather incidents than any other country in the world.<ref>{{cite web|title=USA has the world's most extreme weather|url=https://www.usatoday.com/story/weather/2013/05/16/extreme-weather-north-america/2162501/|last=Rice|first=Doyle|website=USA Today|language=en|access-date=May 17, 2020}}</ref> Extreme weather has become more frequent in the U.S., with three times the number of reported [[heat waves]] as in the 1960s. Of the ten warmest years ever recorded in the 48 contiguous states, eight have occurred since 1998. In the [[Southwestern United States|American Southwest]], droughts have become more persistent and more severe.<ref>{{Cite web|last=US EPA|first=OAR|date=June 27, 2016|title=Climate Change Indicators: Weather and Climate|url=https://www.epa.gov/climate-indicators/weather-climate|access-date=June 19, 2022|website=www.epa.gov|language=en}}</ref> ===Biodiversity and conservation=== {{Anchor|Wildlife and conservation}} {{Main|Fauna of the United States|Flora of the United States}} [[File:Bald Eagle (Haliaeetus leucocephalus) in Kachemak Bay, Alaska.jpg|alt=A bald eagle|thumb|The [[bald eagle]] has been the [[National bird of the United States|national bird]] of the United States since 1782.<ref name="McDougall2004">{{cite book|first=Len|last=McDougall|title=The Encyclopedia of Tracks and Scats: A Comprehensive Guide to the Trackable Animals of the United States and Canada|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=9XOc2_u7z6cC&pg=PA325|year=2004|publisher=Lyons Press|isbn=978-1-59228-070-4|page=325}}</ref>]] The U.S. is one of 17 [[megadiverse countries]] containing large numbers of [[List of endangered species in North America|endemic species]]: about 17,000 species of [[vascular plant]]s occur in the contiguous United States and Alaska, and more than 1,800 species of [[flowering plant]]s are found in Hawaii, few of which occur on the mainland.<ref>{{cite web|author=Morin, Nancy|url=https://www.fungaljungal.org/papers/National_Biological_Service.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130724222726/https://www.fungaljungal.org/papers/National_Biological_Service.pdf|title=Vascular Plants of the United States|publisher=National Biological Service|website=Plants|access-date=October 27, 2008|archive-date=July 24, 2013}}</ref> The United States is home to 428 [[mammal]] species, 784 [[bird]]s, 311 [[reptile]]s, and 295 [[amphibian]]s,<ref name="Current Results # of native species in the US">{{cite web|last1=Osborn|first1=Liz|title=Number of Native Species in United States|url=https://www.currentresults.com/Environment-Facts/Plants-Animals/number-of-native-species-in-united-states.php|publisher=Current Results Nexus|access-date=January 15, 2015}}</ref> and 91,000 [[insect]] species.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.si.edu/Encyclopedia_SI/nmnh/buginfo/bugnos.htm|title=Numbers of Insects (Species and Individuals)|publisher=Smithsonian Institution|access-date=January 20, 2009}}</ref> There are 63 [[List of national parks of the United States|national parks]] which are managed by the [[National Park Service]], and [[Federal lands|hundreds of other federally managed]] parks, forests, and [[National Wilderness Preservation System|wilderness areas]] managed by it and other agencies.<ref>{{cite web|title= National Park FAQ|url=https://www.nps.gov/aboutus/national-park-system.htm/|last1=Park|first1=National|website=nps|access-date=May 8, 2015}}</ref> Altogether, the government owns about 28% of the country's land area,<ref name="NYTimes Federal Land">{{cite news|last1=Lipton|first1=Eric|last2=Krauss|first2=Clifford|title=Giving Reins to the States Over Drilling|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2012/08/24/us/romney-would-give-reins-to-states-on-drilling-on-federal-lands.html?pagewanted=2&_r=0|access-date=January 18, 2015|newspaper=The New York Times|date=August 23, 2012}}</ref> mostly in the [[Western United States|western states]].<ref name="AKLeg CRS Federal Land">{{Cite report|url=https://www.akleg.gov/basis/get_documents.asp?session=31&docid=47224|title=Federal Land Ownership: Overview and Data|publisher=Congressional Research Service|date=March 3, 2017|access-date=June 18, 2020|last1=Vincent|first1=Carol H.|last2=Hanson|first2=Laura A.|last3=Argueta|first3=Carla N.|page=2}}</ref> Most of this land is [[Protected areas of the United States|protected]], though some is [[Bureau of Land Management|leased for oil and gas drilling, mining, logging, or cattle ranching]], and about .86% is used for military purposes.<ref name="Federal Land Ownership">{{cite web|last1=Gorte|first1=Ross W.|last2=Vincent|first2=Carol Hardy.|last3=Hanson|first3=Laura A.|last4=Marc R.|first4=Rosenblum|title=Federal Land Ownership: Overview and Data|url=https://fas.org/sgp/crs/misc/R42346.pdf|website=fas.org|publisher=Congressional Research Service|access-date=January 18, 2015}}</ref><ref name="Fed Land Uses">{{cite web|title=Chapter 6: Federal Programs to Promote Resource Use, Extraction, and Development|url=https://www.doi.gov/pmb/oepc/wetlands2/v2ch6.cfm|website=doi.gov|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150318005744/https://www.doi.gov/pmb/oepc/wetlands2/v2ch6.cfm|publisher=U.S. Department of the Interior|access-date=January 19, 2015|archive-date=March 18, 2015}}</ref> [[Environmental issues in the United States|Environmental issues]] include debates on oil and [[nuclear binding energy|nuclear energy]], dealing with air and water pollution, the economic costs of protecting [[wildlife]],{{explain|date=March 2023}} logging and [[deforestation]],<ref>{{cite web|author=The National Atlas of the United States of America|url=https://www.nationalatlas.gov/articles/biology/a_forest.html|title=Forest Resources of the United States|publisher=Nationalatlas.gov|date=January 14, 2013|access-date=January 13, 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090507195541/https://www.nationalatlas.gov/articles/biology/a_forest.html|archive-date=May 7, 2009 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.fs.fed.us/pnw/pubs/gtr587.pdf|title=Land Use Changes Involving Forestry in the United States: 1952 to 1997, With Projections to 2050|year=2003|access-date=January 13, 2014}}</ref> and [[Climate change in the United States|climate change]].<ref>[[#Daynes|Daynes & Sussman, 2010]], pp. 3, 72, 74–76, 78</ref><ref>Hays, Samuel P. (2000). ''A History of Environmental Politics since 1945''.</ref> The most prominent environmental agency is the [[United States Environmental Protection Agency|Environmental Protection Agency]] (EPA), created by presidential order in 1970.<ref name="Collin2006">{{cite book|last=Collin|first=Robert W.|title=The Environmental Protection Agency: Cleaning Up America's Act|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=OVPoqXeTYTwC&pg=PA1|year=2006|publisher=Greenwood Publishing Group|isbn=978-0-313-33341-5|page=1|access-date=October 25, 2015}}</ref> The idea of wilderness has shaped the management of public lands since 1964, with the [[Wilderness Act]].<ref>Turner, James Morton (2012). ''The Promise of Wilderness''</ref> The [[Endangered Species Act]] of 1973 is intended to protect threatened and endangered species and their habitats, which are monitored by the [[United States Fish and Wildlife Service]].<ref name="Office">{{cite book|title=Endangered species Fish and Wildlife Service|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=a8BEuUPJb58C&pg=PA1|publisher=General Accounting Office, Diane Publishing|isbn=978-1-4289-3997-4|page=1|access-date=October 25, 2015|year=2003 }}</ref> As of 2020, the U.S. ranked 24th among 180 nations in the [[Environmental Performance Index]].<ref>{{cite web|title=What Is the Greenest Country in the World?|url=https://www.atlasandboots.com/greenest-country-in-the-world/|website=Atlas & Boots|date=June 6, 2020|publisher=Environmental Performance Index|access-date=November 18, 2020}}</ref> The country joined the [[Paris Agreement]] on climate change in 2016, and has many other environmental commitments.<ref>{{cite web|title=United States of America|url=https://climateaction.unfccc.int/views/country.html?country=US|website=Global Climate Action – NAZCA|publisher=United Nations|access-date=November 18, 2020}}</ref> It [[United States withdrawal from the Paris Agreement|withdrew]] from the Paris Agreement in 2020<ref>{{cite news|last1=Nugent|first1=Ciara|title=The U.S. Just Officially Left the Paris Agreement. Can it Be a Leader in the Climate Fight Again?|url=https://time.com/5907210/us-leaves-paris-agreement-2020-election/|access-date=November 18, 2020|agency=Times|date=November 4, 2020}}</ref> but rejoined it in 2021.<ref>{{cite news|title=Biden announces return to global climate accord, new curbs on U.S. oil industry|url=https://www.reuters.com/article/usa-biden-climate-idINKBN29P12S|date=January 20, 2021|work=Reuters|department=Money News|access-date=February 9, 2021}}</ref> ==Government and politics== {{Main|Politics of the United States}} {{Further|Political parties in the United States|Elections in the United States|Political ideologies in the United States|American patriotism|American civil religion}} [[Image:US Capitol west side.JPG|thumb|The [[United States Capitol]], where [[United States Congress|Congress]] meets: the [[United States Senate|Senate]], left; the [[United States House of Representatives|House]], right]] [[File:White House lawn (long tightly cropped).jpg|thumb|The [[White House]], residence and workplace of the [[President of the United States|U.S. President]]]] [[Image:Panorama of United States Supreme Court Building at Dusk.jpg|thumb|The [[United States Supreme Court Building|Supreme Court Building]], where the [[Supreme Court of the United States|nation's highest court]] sits]] The United States is a [[federal republic]] of 50 [[U.S. state|states]], a [[District of Columbia|federal district]], [[Territories of the United States|five territories]] and several uninhabited [[United States Minor Outlying Islands|island possessions]].<ref>{{cite web|title=Common Core Document of the United States of America|url=https://2009-2017.state.gov/j/drl/rls/179780.htm|date=December 30, 2011|publisher=[[United States Department of State|U.S. Department of State]]|access-date=July 10, 2015}}</ref>{{sfn|The New York Times|2007|p=670}}{{sfn|Onuf|2010|p=xvii}} It is the world's oldest surviving [[federation]], and, according to the [[World Economic Forum]], the oldest [[democracy]] as well.<ref>Desjardins, Jeff (August 8, 2019) [https://www.weforum.org/agenda/2019/08/countries-are-the-worlds-oldest-democracies/ "Mapped: The world's oldest democracies"] [[World Economic Forum]]</ref> It is a [[Liberal democracy|liberal]] [[representative democracy]] "in which [[majority rule]] is tempered by [[minority rights]] protected by [[Law of the United States|law]]."<ref name="Scheb">Scheb, John M.; Scheb, John M. II (2002). ''An Introduction to the American Legal System''. Florence, KY: Delmar, p. 6. {{ISBN|978-0-7668-2759-2}}.</ref> [[List of democracy indices|Major democracy indexes]] uniformly classify the country as a liberal democracy.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Greenwood |first=Shannon |date=2022-12-06 |title=Appendix A: Classifying democracies |url=https://www.pewresearch.org/global/2022/12/06/online-civic-engagement-spring-2022-appendix-a-classifying-democracies/ |access-date=2023-03-05 |website=Pew Research Center's Global Attitudes Project |language=en-US}}</ref> The 2022 [[Corruption Perceptions Index]] and [[Global Corruption Barometer]] rank the United States as having low levels of both actual and perceived [[corruption]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Global Corruption Barometer |url=https://www.transparency.org/en/gcb |access-date=2023-03-05 |website=[[Transparency International]] |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=2022 Corruption Perceptions Index |url=https://www.transparency.org/en/cpi/2022 |access-date=2023-03-05 |website=[[Transparency International]] |date=January 31, 2023 |language=en}}</ref> The [[Constitution of the United States|U.S. Constitution]] serves as the country's supreme legal document, establishing the structure and responsibilities of the federal government and its relationship with the individual states. The Constitution has been amended 27 times;<ref>[[#Feldstein|Feldstein, Fabozzi, 2011]], p. 9</ref> the first ten amendments ([[United States Bill of Rights|Bill of Rights]]) and the [[Fourteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution|Fourteenth Amendment]] form the central basis of Americans' individual rights. All laws and governmental procedures are subject to [[judicial review]], and any law can be voided if the courts determine that it violates the Constitution. The principle of [[Judicial review in the United States|judicial review]], not explicitly mentioned in the Constitution, was established by the Supreme Court in ''[[Marbury v. Madison]]'' (1803).<ref>[[#Schultz|Schultz, 2009]], pp. 164, 453, 503</ref> In the American [[federalism|federal]] system, sovereignty is shared between [[Political divisions of the United States|two levels of government]]: federal and state. Citizens of the states are also governed by local governments, which are administrative divisions of the states. The territories are administrative divisions of the federal government. Governance on many issues is [[Decentralization|decentralized]], with [[Political ideology of states in the United States|widely differing state laws]] on [[Abortion in the United States|abortion]], [[Legality of cannabis by U.S. jurisdiction|cannabis]], the [[Capital punishment in the United States|death penalty]],{{efn|Capital punishment is a ''de jure'' legal penalty throughout the country at the federal level, in 27 states, and [[capital punishment in American Samoa|in American Samoa]]. The death penalty is sanctioned for certain federal and military crimes.<ref>{{cite web |title=Death Penalty States [2022] |url=https://deathpenaltyinfo.org/state-and-federal-info/state-by-state |access-date=September 8, 2022 |publisher=Death Penalty Info}}</ref> The country had a high ''per capita'' execution rate between the 1960s and 1990s, but execution rates and public support have fallen sharply since. According to [[Ian Millhiser]] of ''[[Vox Media|Vox]]'', "only five states — Texas, Alabama, Georgia, Missouri, and Tennessee — conducted executions in 2020. And of these five states, only one, Texas, killed more than one person on death row."<ref>[https://deathpenaltyinfo.org/news/dpic-adds-eleven-cases-to-innocence-list-bringing-national-death-row-exoneration-total-to-185 DPIC adds Eleven cases to the Innocence List bringing national death-row exonerations to 185], ''[[Death Penalty Information Center]]'', Robert Durham, February 18, 2021. Retrieved November 9, 2021.</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Millhiser |first=Ian |author-link=Ian Millhiser |date=2020-12-30 |title=The decline and fall of the American death penalty |url=https://www.vox.com/2020/12/30/22187578/death-penalty-united-states-executions-decline-gregg-georgia-bucklew-precythe |access-date=2023-04-06 |website=Vox |language=en}}</ref>}} [[Gun law in the United States|guns]], economic policy, and other issues.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Feldstein |first=Martin |date=March 2017 |title=Why is Growth Better in the United States Than in Other Industrial Countries? |url=http://dx.doi.org/10.3386/w23221 |journal=[[National Bureau of Economic Research]] |location=Cambridge, MA|doi=10.3386/w23221 }}</ref> States have increasingly restricted so-called "[[List of U.S. jurisdictions banning conversion therapy|conversion therapy]]".<ref>{{Cite web |last=Migdon |first=Brooke |date=2023-02-17 |title=Utah Senate votes to ban conversion therapy from health care providers |url=https://thehill.com/homenews/state-watch/3863652-utah-senate-votes-to-ban-conversion-therapy-from-health-care-providers/ |access-date=2023-04-06 |website=The Hill |language=en-US}}</ref><ref name="Drescher">{{cite journal |last1=Drescher |first1=Jack |last2=Schwartz |first2=Alan |last3=Casoy |first3=Flávio |last4=McIntosh |first4=Christopher A. |last5=Hurley |first5=Brian |last6=Ashley |first6=Kenneth |last7=Barber |first7=Mary |last8=Goldenberg |first8=David |last9=Herbert |first9=Sarah E. |last10=Lothwell |first10=Lorraine E. |last11=Mattson |first11=Marlin R. |last12=McAfee |first12=Scot G. |last13=Pula |first13=Jack |last14=Rosario |first14=Vernon |last15=Tompkins |first15=D. Andrew |date=2016 |title=The Growing Regulation of Conversion Therapy |journal=Journal of Medical Regulation |volume=102 |issue=2 |pages=7–12 |doi=10.30770/2572-1852-102.2.7 |pmc=5040471 |pmid=27754500}}</ref> [[Prostitution]] is only [[Prostitution in the United States|legal]] in [[Prostitution in Nevada|several counties of Nevada]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=Rodriguez |first=Barbara |date=2021-07-29 |title=What is the future of prostitution and sex work? Two states preview diverging paths |url=https://19thnews.org/2021/07/future-of-prostitution-and-sex-work-two-states-preview-diverging-paths/ |access-date=2023-04-06 |website=The 19th |language=en-us}}</ref> The United States has operated under an uncodified informal [[two-party system]] for most of its history, although [[List of political parties in the United States|other parties have run candidates]].<ref name="twsNovGe">{{cite news|author1=Etheridge, Eric|author2=Deleith, Asger|title=A Republic or a Democracy?|newspaper=The New York Times blogs|quote=The US system seems essentially a two-party system.&nbsp;...|date=August 19, 2009|url=https://opinionator.blogs.nytimes.com/2009/08/19/a-republic-or-a-democracy/|access-date=November 7, 2010}}</ref> What the two [[Major party|major parties]] are has changed over time: the [[Republican Party (United States)|Republicans]] and [[Democratic Party (United States)|Democrats]] presently are, and the country is currently in either the [[Fifth Party System|Fifth]] or [[Sixth Party System]].<ref>{{cite book|first1=David|last1=Mosler|first2=Robert|last2=Catley|title=America and Americans in Australia|date=1998|publisher=Greenwood Publishing Group|page=83|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=YungugjvIaQC&pg=PA83|access-date=April 11, 2016|isbn=978-0-275-96252-4 }}</ref> Both parties have no formal central organization at the national level that controls membership, elected officials or political policies; thus, each party has traditionally had factions and individuals that deviated from party positions.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.shmoop.com/political-parties/founding-fathers-political-parties.html |title=Political Parties - The Founding Fathers & Political Parties |website=Shmoop |date= |access-date=2022-02-25}}</ref> Since the 2000s, the country has [[Political polarization in the United States|suffered from significant political polarization]].<ref>{{Cite web |last1=McCoy |first1=Jennifer |last2=Press |first2=Benjamin |date=January 18, 2022 |title=What Happens When Democracies Become Perniciously Polarized? |url=https://carnegieendowment.org/2022/01/18/what-happens-when-democracies-become-perniciously-polarized-pub-86190 |access-date=April 2, 2023 |website=[[Carnegie Endowment for International Peace]]}}</ref> ===Federal government=== {{Main|Government of the United States}} The federal government comprises three branches, which are headquartered in Washington, D.C. and regulated by a system of [[separation of powers|checks and balances]] defined by the Constitution.<ref>{{cite web |author=Killian, Johnny H. |title=Constitution of the United States |url=https://www.senate.gov/civics/constitution_item/constitution.htm |access-date=February 11, 2012 |publisher=The Office of the Secretary of the Senate}}</ref> * [[Legislature|Legislative]]: The [[United States Congress|bicameral Congress]], made up of the [[United States Senate|Senate]] and the [[United States House of Representatives|House of Representatives]], makes [[federal law]], [[declaration of war|declares war]], approves treaties, has the [[power of the purse]],<ref>{{cite web|title=The Legislative Branch|publisher=United States Diplomatic Mission to Germany|url=https://usa.usembassy.de/government-legislative.htm|access-date=August 20, 2012}}</ref> and has the power of [[impeachment]], by which it can remove sitting members of the federal government.<ref>{{cite web|title=The Process for impeachment|publisher=ThinkQuest|url=https://library.thinkquest.org/25673/process.htm|access-date=August 20, 2012|archive-date=April 8, 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130408102119/https://library.thinkquest.org/25673/process.htm|url-status=dead }}</ref> * [[Executive (government)|Executive]]: [[President of the United States|The president]] is the [[commander-in-chief]] of the military, can veto [[bill (law)|legislative bills]] before they become law (subject to congressional override), and appoints the [[Cabinet of the United States|members of the Cabinet]] (subject to Senate approval) and other officers, who administer and enforce federal laws and policies through their respective [[List of federal agencies in the United States|agencies]].<ref>{{cite web|title=The Executive Branch|url=https://www.whitehouse.gov/about-the-white-house/our-government/the-executive-branch/|website=The White House|access-date=February 11, 2017}}</ref> * [[Judiciary|Judicial]]: The [[Supreme Court of the United States|Supreme Court]] and lower [[Federal judiciary of the United States|federal courts]], whose judges are appointed by the President with Senate approval, interpret laws and overturn those they find [[constitutionality|unconstitutional]].<ref>{{cite book|first1=Kermit L.|last1=Hall|first2=Kevin T.|last2=McGuire|title=Institutions of American Democracy: The Judicial Branch|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=6rWCaMAdUzgC|year=2005|publisher=Oxford University Press|isbn=978-0-19-988374-5}}<br />{{cite book|author=U.S. Citizenship and Immigration Services|title=Learn about the United States: Quick Civics Lessons for the Naturalization Test|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=8X1CzvBXHksC&pg=PA4|date=2013|publisher=Government Printing Office|isbn=978-0-16-091708-0|page=4}}<br />{{cite book|first=Bryon|last=Giddens-White|title=The Supreme Court and the Judicial Branch|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=mbZw3bJsWtUC|year=2005|publisher=Heinemann Library|isbn=978-1-4034-6608-2}}<br />{{cite book|first=Charles L.|last=Zelden|title=The Judicial Branch of Federal Government: People, Process, and Politics|url=https://archive.org/details/judicialbranchof0000zeld|url-access=registration|year=2007|publisher=ABC-CLIO|isbn=978-1-85109-702-9|access-date=October 25, 2015}}<br />{{cite web|url=https://www.uscourts.gov/FederalCourts.aspx|title=Federal Courts|author=<!-- Staff writer(s); no by-line. -->|publisher=United States Courts|access-date=October 19, 2014}}</ref> The [[lower house]], the [[United States House of Representatives|House of Representatives]], has 435 voting members, each representing a [[congressional district]] for a two-year term. House seats are [[United States congressional apportionment|apportioned]] among the states by population. Each state then draws single-member districts to conform with the census apportionment. The District of Columbia and the five major U.S. territories each have [[Non-voting members of the United States House of Representatives|one member of Congress]]—these members are not allowed to vote.<ref name="Territories1" /> The [[upper house]], the [[United States Senate|Senate]], has 100 members with each state having two senators, elected [[at-large|at large]] to six-year terms; one-third of Senate seats are up for election every two years. The District of Columbia and the five major U.S. territories do not have senators.<ref name="Territories1" /> The Senate is unique among upper houses in being the most prestigious and powerful portion of the country's [[Bicameralism|bicameral system]]; political scientists have frequently labeled it the "most powerful upper house" of any government.<ref>{{Cite book |last1=Shell |first1=Donald |title=Second Chambers |last2=Baldwin |first2=Nicholas |publisher=[[Taylor & Francis]] |year=2013 |isbn=9781136337000 |pages=43 |quote=The United States Senate is frequently characterised as the most powerful upper house in the world.}}</ref> The President serves a four-year term and may be elected to the office [[Term limits in the United States|no more than twice]]. The President is [[United States presidential election|not elected by direct vote]], but by an indirect [[Electoral College (United States)|electoral college]] system in which the determining votes are apportioned to the states and the District of Columbia.<ref name="Avaliktos2004">{{cite book |last=Avaliktos |first=Neal |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=XR21acqXy28C&pg=PA111 |title=The Election Process Revisited |publisher=Nova Publishers |year=2004 |isbn=978-1-59454-054-7 |page=111}}</ref> The Supreme Court, led by the [[Chief Justice of the United States|chief justice of the United States]], has nine members, who serve for life. They are appointed by the sitting President when a vacancy becomes available.<ref>{{cite news|title=Beyond politics: Why Supreme Court justices are appointed for life|first=Roger|last=Cossack|url=https://archives.cnn.com/2000/LAW/07/columns/cossack.scotus.07.12/|work=CNN|date=July 13, 2000|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120712085825/https://archives.cnn.com/2000/LAW/07/columns/cossack.scotus.07.12|archive-date=July 12, 2012 }}</ref> ===Political subdivisions=== {{Main|Political divisions of the United States|State government in the United States|Local government in the United States|U.S. state}} {{Further|List of states and territories of the United States|Indian reservation|Territories of the United States}} {{see also|Territorial evolution of the United States}} Each of the 50 states holds jurisdiction over a geographic territory, where it shares [[sovereignty]] with the federal government. They are subdivided into [[List of United States counties and county equivalents|counties or county equivalents]], and further divided into [[Municipality|municipalities]]. The District of Columbia is a [[federal district]] that contains the capital of the United States, the [[Washington, D.C.|city of Washington]].<ref>{{usc|8|1101}}(a)(36) and {{usc|8|1101}}(a)(38) U.S. Federal Code, Immigration and Nationality Act. {{USC|8|1101a}}</ref> Each state has an amount of [[presidential electors]] equal to the number of their representatives plus senators in Congress, and the District of Columbia has three electors.<ref>{{cite web|title=Electoral College Fast Facts {{!}} U.S. House of Representatives: History, Art & Archives|url=https://history.house.gov/Institution/Electoral-College/Electoral-College/|website=history.house.gov|access-date=August 21, 2015}}</ref> Territories of the United States do not have presidential electors, therefore people there cannot vote for the president.<ref name="Territories1">{{cite magazine|url=https://time.com/3736845/john-oliver-last-week-tonight-voting-rights/|title=Watch John Oliver Cast His Ballot for Voting Rights for U.S. Territories|last=Locker|first=Melissa|date=March 9, 2015|magazine=Time|access-date=November 11, 2019}}</ref> [[Citizenship of the United States|Citizenship is granted at birth in all states]], the District of Columbia, and all major U.S. territories except American Samoa.{{efn|People born in American Samoa are non-citizen U.S. nationals unless one of their parents is a U.S. citizen.<ref name="AS_citizenship"/> In 2019, a court ruled that American Samoans are U.S. citizens, but the litigation is ongoing.<ref>{{cite news|last=Alvarez|first=Priscilla|title=Federal judge rules American Samoans are US citizens by birth|url=https://edition.cnn.com/2019/12/12/politics/american-samoa-citizenship/index.html|date=December 12, 2019|website=CNN|access-date=October 6, 2020}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|last=Romboy|first=Dennis|title=Judge puts citizenship ruling for American Samoans on hold|url=https://www.ksl.com/article/46690822|date=December 13, 2019|website=KSL.com|access-date=October 6, 2020}}</ref>}}<ref>{{cite journal |last=Keating |first=Joshua |date=June 5, 2015 |title=How Come American Samoans Still Don't Have U.S. Citizenship at Birth? |url=https://www.slate.com/blogs/the_slatest/2015/06/05/american_samoa_the_only_place_in_the_u_s_where_citizenship_isn_t_granted.html |journal=Slate}}</ref><ref name="AS_citizenship">{{cite web |title=American Samoa and the Citizenship Clause: A Study in Insular Cases Revisionism |url=https://harvardlawreview.org/2017/04/american-samoa-and-the-citizenship-clause/ |access-date=January 5, 2018 |website=harvardlawreview.org|date=April 10, 2017 }}</ref> The United States observes limited [[Tribal sovereignty in the United States|tribal sovereignty]] of the American Indian nations, like states' sovereignty. American Indians are U.S. citizens and tribal lands are subject to the jurisdiction of the U.S. Congress and the federal courts. Like the states, tribes have some autonomy restrictions. They are prohibited from making war, engaging in their own foreign relations, and printing or issuing independent currency.<ref>{{cite web|title=Frequently Asked Questions|url=https://www.bia.gov/FAQs/|publisher=U.S. Department of the Interior Indian Affairs|access-date=January 16, 2016}}</ref> [[Indian reservation]]s are usually contained within one state, but there are 12 reservations that cross state boundaries.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.cdc.gov/tribal/tribes-organizations-health/tribes/geography.html|title=Tribal Geography in Relation to State Boundaries}}</ref> {{USA image map}} ===Foreign relations=== {{Main|Foreign relations of the United States|Foreign policy of the United States}} [[File:Midtown Manhattan Skyline 004.jpg|thumb|The [[Headquarters of the United Nations|United Nations headquarters]] has been situated along the [[East River]] in [[Midtown Manhattan]] since 1952. The United States is a founding member of the UN.|alt=see caption]] The United States has an established structure of foreign relations, and it had the world's second-largest diplomatic corps in 2019.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://globaldiplomacyindex.lowyinstitute.org/country_rank.html |title=Global Diplomacy Index&nbsp;– Country Rank|publisher=[[Lowy Institute]]|access-date=July 15, 2022}}</ref> It is a [[Permanent members of the United Nations Security Council|permanent member]] of the [[United Nations Security Council]],<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.un.org/securitycouncil/content/current-members|title=Current Members|work=[[United Nations Security Council]]|access-date=July 15, 2022}}</ref> and home to the [[Headquarters of the United Nations|United Nations headquarters]].<ref>{{cite journal|title=United Nations Headquarters Agreement|journal=The American Journal of International Law |volume=42|number=2|date=April 1948|pages=445–447|publisher=[[Cambridge University Press]]|doi=10.2307/2193692|jstor=2193692|s2cid=246008694 }}</ref> The United States is also a member of the [[G7]],<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.cfr.org/backgrounder/where-g7-headed|title=Where is the G7 Headed?|work=[[Council on Foreign Relations]]|location=New York City|date=June 28, 2022}}</ref> [[G-20 major economies|G20]],<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.state.gov/the-united-states-and-g20-building-a-more-peaceful-stable-and-prosperous-world-together/|title=The United States and G20: Building a More Peaceful, Stable, and Prosperous World Together|date=July 6, 2022|work=[[United States Department of State]]|access-date=July 15, 2022}}</ref> and [[OECD]] intergovernmental organizations.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.oecd.org/about/members-and-partners/|title=Our global reach|work=[[OECD]]|access-date=July 15, 2022}}</ref> Almost all countries have [[List of diplomatic missions in the United States|embassies]] and many have [[consul (representative)|consulates]] (official representatives) in the country. Likewise, nearly all nations host formal [[diplomatic mission]]s with United States, except [[Iran–United States relations|Iran]],<ref>{{cite report |last1=Fialho |first1=Livia Pontes |last2=Wallin |first2=Matthew |title=Reaching for an Audience: U.S. Public Diplomacy Towards Iran |date=August 1, 2013 |publisher=American Security Project |jstor=resrep06070}}</ref> [[North Korea–United States relations|North Korea]],<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-42351336|title=Which are the countries still talking to North Korea?|newspaper=[[BBC News]]|location=London|date=December 19, 2017|access-date=July 15, 2022|last1=Oliver|first1=Alex|last2=Graham|first2=Euan|quote=The United States has never established diplomatic relations with North Korea.}}</ref> and [[Foreign relations of Bhutan#Other countries|Bhutan]].<ref>{{cite news|url=https://thediplomat.com/2014/12/the-case-for-a-stronger-bhutanese-american-relationship/|title=The Case for Stronger Bhutanese-American Ties|newspaper=[[The Diplomat]]|date=December 22, 2014|last=Ferraro|first=Matthew F.|quote=While Bhutan joined the United Nations in 1971, it does not have diplomatic relations with any of the permanent members of the UN Security Council, including the United States and China.|access-date=July 15, 2022}}</ref> Though [[Taiwan–United States relations|Taiwan]] does not have formal diplomatic relations with the U.S., it maintains close, if unofficial, relations.<ref>{{Cite web |date=September 28, 2022 |title=US will continue to strengthen 'unofficial ties' with Taiwan, says Harris |url=https://www.scmp.com/news/china/diplomacy/article/3194126/us-will-continue-strengthen-unofficial-ties-taiwan-vice |access-date=September 28, 2022 |website=South China Morning Post |language=en}}</ref> The United States also regularly supplies Taiwan with [[Six Assurances|military equipment]] to deter potential Chinese aggression.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.npr.org/2020/09/22/915818283/formal-ties-with-u-s-not-for-now-says-taiwan-foreign-minister|title=Formal Ties With U.S.? Not For Now, Says Taiwan Foreign Minister|newspaper=[[NPR]]|date=September 22, 2020|last=Ruwitch|first=John|access-date=July 15, 2022}}</ref> The United States has a "[[Special Relationship]]" with the [[United Kingdom–United States relations|United Kingdom]]<ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=jLy-NKnQitIC&q=uk+us+special+relationship&pg=PA45|title=America's 'Special Relationships': Foreign and Domestic Aspects of the Politics of Alliance|page=45|first1=John|first2=Axel|last2=Schäfer|last1=Dumbrell|year=2009|isbn=978-0-203-87270-3|access-date=October 25, 2015}}</ref> and strong ties with [[Canada–United States relations|Canada]],<ref>{{cite web|url=https://fas.org/sgp/crs/row/96-397.pdf|title=Canada–U.S. Relations|author1=Ek, Carl|first2=Ian F.|last2=Fergusson|name-list-style=amp|publisher=Congressional Research Service|date=September 3, 2010|access-date=August 28, 2011}}</ref> [[Australia–United States relations|Australia]],<ref>{{cite book|title=Australia: Background and U.S. Relations|author=Vaughn, Bruce|publisher=Congressional Research Service|date=August 8, 2008|oclc = 70208969}}</ref> [[New Zealand–United States relations|New Zealand]],<ref>{{cite web|url=https://fas.org/sgp/crs/row/RL32876.pdf|title=New Zealand: Background and Bilateral Relations with the United States|author=Vaughn, Bruce|publisher=Congressional Research Service|date=May 27, 2011|access-date=August 28, 2011}}</ref> the [[Philippines]],<ref>{{cite web|url=https://fas.org/sgp/crs/row/RL33233.pdf|title=The Republic of the Philippines and U.S. Interests|author=Lum, Thomas|publisher=Congressional Research Service|date=January 3, 2011|access-date=August 3, 2011}}</ref> [[Japan–United States relations|Japan]],<ref>{{cite web|url=https://fas.org/sgp/crs/row/RL33436.pdf|title=Japan-U.S. Relations: Issues for Congress|author=Chanlett-Avery, Emma|publisher=Congressional Research Service|date=June 8, 2011|access-date=August 28, 2011|display-authors=etal}}</ref> [[South Korea–United States relations|South Korea]],<ref>{{cite web|url=https://fas.org/sgp/crs/row/R41481.pdf|title=U.S.–South Korea Relations: Issues for Congress|first1=Mark E.|last1=Manyin|first2=Emma|last2=Chanlett-Avery|first3=Mary Beth|last3=Nikitin|publisher=Congressional Research Service|date=July 8, 2011|access-date=August 28, 2011}}</ref> [[Israel–United States relations|Israel]],<ref>{{cite web|url=https://fas.org/sgp/crs/mideast/RL33476.pdf|title=Israel: Background and U.S. Relations|author=Zanotti, Jim|publisher=Congressional Research Service|date=July 31, 2014|access-date=September 12, 2014}}</ref> and several [[European Union]] countries ([[France–United States relations|France]], [[Italy–United States relations|Italy]], [[Germany–United States relations|Germany]], [[Spain–United States relations|Spain]], and [[Poland–United States relations|Poland]]).<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.state.gov/u-s-relations-with-poland/|title=U.S. Relations With Poland}}</ref> The U.S. works closely with its [[NATO]] allies on military and [[national security]] issues, and with nations in the Americas through the [[Organization of American States]] and the [[United States–Mexico–Canada Agreement|United States–Mexico–Canada Free Trade Agreement]]. In [[South America]], [[Colombia]] is traditionally considered to be the closest ally of the United States.<ref>{{cite news|title=The Untapped Potential of the US-Colombia Partnership|url=https://www.atlanticcouncil.org/in-depth-research-reports/report/untapped-potential-us-colombia-partnership/|date=September 26, 2019|website=Atlantic Council|language=en|access-date=May 30, 2020|last1=Kimer |first1=James }}</ref> The U.S. exercises full international defense authority and responsibility for [[Federated States of Micronesia|Micronesia]], the [[Marshall Islands]], and [[Palau]] through the [[Compact of Free Association]].<ref>{{cite book |first=Charles L. |last=Zelden |url=https://archive.org/details/judicialbranchof0000zeld |title=The Judicial Branch of Federal Government: People, Process, and Politics |publisher=ABC-CLIO |year=2007 |isbn=978-1-85109-702-9 |page=[https://archive.org/details/judicialbranchof0000zeld/page/217 217] |access-date=October 25, 2015 |url-access=registration}}<br />{{cite book |first1=Loren |last1=Yager |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=TfoBd7_KsZMC&pg=PA7 |title=Foreign Relations: Migration from Micronesian Nations Has Had Significant Impact on Guam, Hawaii, and the Commonwealth of the Northern Mariana Islands |first2=Emil |last2=Friberg |first3=Leslie |last3=Holen |date=2003 |publisher=Diane Publishing |isbn=978-0-7567-3394-0 |page=7}}</ref> It has increasingly conducted strategic cooperation [[India–United States relations|with India]],<ref>{{cite web |title=INDO- PACIFIC STRATEGY OF THE UNITED STATES |url=https://www.whitehouse.gov/wp-content/uploads/2022/02/U.S.-Indo-Pacific-Strategy.pdf |publisher=White House |access-date=3 February 2022}}</ref> and its [[China–United States relations|ties with China]] have steadily deteriorated.<ref>{{cite report |last=Meidan |first=Michal |title=US-China: The Great Decoupling |date=July 1, 2019 |publisher=[[Oxford Institute for Energy Studies]] |jstor=resrep33982}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Bala |first=Sumathi |title=U.S.-China relations are going downhill with 'no trust' on either side, Stephen Roach says |url=https://www.cnbc.com/2023/03/28/us-china-ties-on-dangerous-path-with-no-trust-on-both-sides-roach-cohen.html |access-date=2023-05-07 |website=CNBC |date=March 28, 2023 |language=en}}</ref> The U.S. has become a key ally of [[Ukraine]] since Russia [[Annexation of Crimea by the Russian Federation|annexed Crimea in 2014]] and began an [[2022 Russian invasion of Ukraine|invasion of Ukraine in 2022]], significantly deteriorating relations with Russia in the process.<ref>{{cite news|last1=Rumer|first1=Eugene|last2=Sokolsky|first2=Richard|url=https://carnegieendowment.org/2019/06/20/thirty-years-of-u.s.-policy-toward-russia-can-vicious-circle-be-broken-pub-79323|title=Thirty Years of U.S. Policy Toward Russia: Can the Vicious Circle Be Broken?|newspaper=[[Carnegie Endowment for International Peace]]|location=Washington, D.C.|date=June 20, 2019|access-date=July 14, 2022}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Macias |first=Amanda |title=Here's a look at the $5.6 billion in firepower the U.S. has committed to Ukraine in its fight against Russia |url=https://www.cnbc.com/2022/06/17/russia-ukraine-war-summary-of-weapons-us-has-given-to-ukraine.html |access-date=September 28, 2022 |website=CNBC |date=June 17, 2022 |language=en}}</ref> ===Military=== {{Main|United States Armed Forces|Military history of the United States}} [[File:B-2 Spirit.jpg|thumb|[[Northrop Grumman B-2 Spirit|B-2 Spirit]], the [[Stealth technology|stealth]] [[Heavy bomber|heavy]] [[strategic bomber]] of the [[United States Air Force|USAF]]]] [[File:Aerial view of the Pentagon, Arlington, VA (38285035892).jpg|thumb|[[The Pentagon]], near Washington, D.C., is home to the [[United States Department of Defense|U.S. Department of Defense]].]] The President is the [[Commander-in-Chief of the United States|commander-in-chief]] of the United States Armed Forces and appoints its leaders, the [[United States Secretary of Defense|secretary of defense]] and the [[Joint Chiefs of Staff]]. The [[United States Department of Defense|Department of Defense]], which is headquartered at [[the Pentagon]] near Washington, D.C., administers five of the six service branches, which are made up of the [[United States Army|Army]], [[United States Marine Corps|Marine Corps]], [[United States Navy|Navy]], [[United States Air Force|Air Force]], and [[United States Space Force|Space Force]]. The [[United States Coast Guard|Coast Guard]] is administered by the [[United States Department of Homeland Security|Department of Homeland Security]] in peacetime and can be transferred to the [[United States Department of the Navy|Department of the Navy]] in wartime.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.cfr.org/blog/happy-231st-birthday-united-states-coast-guard|title=Happy 231st Birthday to the United States Coast Guard!|last=Lindsay|first=James M.|publisher=[[Council on Foreign Relations]]|location=New York City|date=August 4, 2021|access-date=July 16, 2022|quote=During peacetime it is part of the Department of Homeland Security. During wartime, or when the president or Congress so direct, it becomes part of the Department of Defense and is included in the Department of the Navy.}}</ref> The United States spent $877 billion on its military in 2022, 39% of global military spending, accounting for 3.5% of the country's GDP.'''''<ref name="SIPRI-20202">{{cite web |date=April 2023 |title=Trends in World Military Expenditure, 2022 |url=https://www.sipri.org/sites/default/files/2023-04/2304_fs_milex_2022.pdf |url-status=live |archive-url= |archive-date= |access-date=29 April 2023 |publisher=[[Stockholm International Peace Research Institute]]}}</ref>'''''<ref>{{cite web| url=https://sipri.org/sites/default/files/Data%20for%20all%20countries%20from%201988%E2%80%932020%20in%20constant%20%282019%29%20USD%20%28pdf%29.pdf| title=Data for all countries from 1988–2020 in constant (2019) USD (pdf)| publisher=SIPRI| access-date=28 April 2021| archive-date=28 April 2021| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210428180002/https://sipri.org/sites/default/files/Data%20for%20all%20countries%20from%201988%E2%80%932020%20in%20constant%20(2019)%20USD%20(pdf).pdf| url-status=live}}</ref> The U.S. has [[Nuclear weapons of the United States|more than 40% of the world's nuclear weapons]], the second-largest amount after Russia.<ref>{{cite web|last=Reichmann|first=Kelsey|date=June 16, 2019|title=Here's how many nuclear warheads exist, and which countries own them|url=https://www.defensenews.com/global/2019/06/16/heres-how-many-nuclear-warheads-exist-and-which-countries-own-them/|url-status=live|archive-url=https://conifer.rhizome.org/mossypiglet/wikipedia-citations/20200923183006/https://www.defensenews.com/global/2019/06/16/heres-how-many-nuclear-warheads-exist-and-which-countries-own-them/|archive-date=September 23, 2020|access-date=September 23, 2020|website=defensenews.com|publisher=Sightline Media Group}}</ref> In 2019, all six branches of the U.S. Armed Forces reported 1.4&nbsp;million personnel on active duty.<ref name="IISS">{{cite book|author=<!--Staff writer(s); no by-line.-->|title=The Military Balance 2019|url=https://www.iiss.org/publications/the-military-balance/the-military-balance-2019|location=London|publisher=International Institute for Strategic Studies|page=47|date=2019|isbn=978-1-85743-988-5|url-status=dead|archive-date=September 22, 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200922054426/https://www.iiss.org/publications/the-military-balance/the-military-balance-2019|access-date=September 23, 2020}}</ref> The [[Reserve components of the United States Armed Forces|Reserves]] and [[National Guard of the United States|National Guard]] brought the total number of troops to 2.3&nbsp;million.<ref name="IISS" /> The Department of Defense also employed about 700,000 civilians, not including [[Military-industrial complex|contractors]].<ref>{{cite news| url=https://www.cnn.com/2018/12/20/politics/james-mattis-resignation-letter-doc/index.html| title=Read: James Mattis' resignation letter| date=December 21, 2018| work=[[CNN]]| access-date=January 8, 2020| url-status=dead| archive-date=December 4, 2019| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191204140006/https://www.cnn.com/2018/12/20/politics/james-mattis-resignation-letter-doc/index.html}}</ref> Military service in the United States is voluntary, although [[Conscription in the United States|conscription]] may occur in wartime through the [[Selective Service System]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.sss.gov/what.htm|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120915102215/https://www.sss.gov/what.htm|title=What does Selective Service provide for America?|publisher=Selective Service System|access-date=February 11, 2012|archive-date=September 15, 2012}}</ref> The United States has the third-largest combined armed forces in the world, behind the [[People's Liberation Army|Chinese People's Liberation Army]] and [[Indian Armed Forces]].<ref>[[#IISS2020|IISS 2020]], pp. 46</ref> Today, American forces can be rapidly deployed by the Air Force's large fleet of [[transport aircraft]], the Navy's 11 active [[aircraft carrier]]s, and [[Marine expeditionary unit]]s at sea with the Navy, and Army's [[XVIII Airborne Corps]] and [[75th Ranger Regiment]] deployed by Air Force transport aircraft. The Air Force can strike targets across the globe through its fleet of [[strategic bomber]]s, maintains the [[air defense]] across the United States, and provides [[close air support]] to Army and Marine Corps ground forces.<ref>{{cite web|title=Noble Eagle Without End|url=https://www.airforcemag.com/article/0205eagle/|access-date=February 1, 2005}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=The Ups and Downs of Close Air Support|url=https://www.airforcemag.com/article/the-ups-and-downs-of-close-air-support/|access-date=December 1, 2019}}</ref> The Space Force operates the [[Global Positioning System]] (GPS, also widespread in civilian use worldwide), the [[Eastern Range|Eastern]] and [[Western Range (USSF)|Western Range]]s for all space launches, and the United States's [[United States Space Surveillance Network|Space Surveillance]] and [[United States national missile defense|Missile Warning]] networks.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.airforcemag.com/article/building-the-space-range-of-the-future/|title=Building the Space Range of the Future|access-date=May 1, 2020}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.schriever.spaceforce.mil/GPS/#:~:text=The+GPS-dedicated+ground+system+consists+of+six+U.S.,passively+track+the+navigation+signals+on+all+satellites|title=Global Positioning System|website=www.schriever.spaceforce.mil}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Space surveillance technologies a top need for U.S. military|date=November 22, 2020|url=https://spacenews.com/space-surveillance-technologies-a-top-need-for-u-s-military/|access-date=November 22, 2020}}</ref> The military operates about 800 bases and facilities abroad,<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.vox.com/2015/5/18/8600659/military-bases-united-states|title=Why does the US have 800 military bases around the world?|last=Harris|first=Johnny|date=May 18, 2015|website=Vox|access-date=September 23, 2020|url-status=dead|archive-date=September 24, 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200924114313/https://www.vox.com/2015/5/18/8600659/military-bases-united-states}}</ref> and maintains [[United States military deployments|deployments greater than 100 active duty personnel]] in 25 foreign countries.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://siadapp.dmdc.osd.mil/personnel/MILITARY/history/hst1003.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130724211511/https://siadapp.dmdc.osd.mil/personnel/MILITARY/history/hst1003.pdf|title=Active Duty Military Personnel Strengths by Regional Area and by Country (309A)|publisher=Department of Defense|date=March 31, 2010|access-date=October 7, 2010|archive-date=July 24, 2013}}</ref> ===Law enforcement and crime=== {{Main|Law enforcement in the United States|Crime in the United States}} There are about 18,000 U.S. police agencies from local to federal level in the United States.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Banks |first1=Duren |last2=Hendrix |first2=Joshua |last3=Hickman |first3=Mathhew |date=October 4, 2016 |title=National Sources of Law Enforcement Employment Data |url=https://bjs.ojp.gov/content/pub/pdf/nsleed.pdf |journal=[[U.S. Department of Justice]] |pages=1}}</ref> Law in the United States is mainly [[Law enforcement in the United States|enforced]] by local police departments and [[sheriff]]'s offices. The [[state police]] provides broader services, and [[Federal law enforcement in the United States|federal agencies]] such as the [[Federal Bureau of Investigation]] (FBI) and the [[United States Marshals Service|U.S. Marshals Service]] have specialized duties, such as protecting [[civil rights]], [[National Security of the United States|national security]] and enforcing [[U.S. federal courts]]' rulings and federal laws.<ref>{{cite web|title=U.S. Federal Law Enforcement Agencies, Who Governs & What They Do|publisher=Chiff.com|url=https://www.chiff.com/police/federal-police-agencies.htm|access-date=November 10, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140210040432/https://www.chiff.com/police/federal-police-agencies.htm|archive-date=February 10, 2014|url-status= }}</ref> [[State court (United States)|State court]]s conduct most civil and criminal trials,<ref>{{cite book|last1=Manweller|first1=Mathew|editor1-last=Hogan|editor1-first=Sean O.|title=The Judicial Branch of State Government: People, Process, and Politics|date=2006|publisher=[[ABC-Clio]]|location=[[Santa Barbara, California]]|isbn=978-1-851-09751-7|pages=37–96|chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ong5k8n97P4C&pg=PA55|access-date=October 5, 2020|chapter=Chapter 2, The Roles, Functions, and Powers of State Courts}}</ref> and federal courts handle designated crimes and appeals from the state criminal courts.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.justice.gov/usao/justice-101/federal-courts|title=Introduction To The Federal Court System|work=[[United States Attorney]]|date=November 7, 2014 |publisher=[[United States Department of Justice]]|access-date=July 14, 2022|location=Washington, D.C.}}</ref> {{as of|2020}}, the United States has an [[List of countries by intentional homicide rate|intentional homicide rate]] of 7 per 100,000 people.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/VC.IHR.PSRC.P5?locations=US|title=Intentional homicides (per 100,000 people) - United States|work=[[World Bank]]|access-date=July 14, 2022}}</ref> A cross-sectional analysis of the [[World Health Organization]] Mortality Database from 2010 showed that United States homicide rates "were 7.0 times higher than in other high-income countries, driven by a gun homicide rate that was 25.2 times higher."<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Grinshteyn|first1=Erin|last2=Hemenway|first2=David|date=March 2016|title=Violent Death Rates: The US Compared with Other High-income OECD Countries, 2010|url=https://www.amjmed.com/article/S0002-9343(15)01030-X/fulltext|journal=[[The American Journal of Medicine]]|volume=129|issue=3|pages=226–273|doi=10.1016/j.amjmed.2015.10.025|pmid=26551975|access-date=June 18, 2017|doi-access=free}}</ref> As of January 2023, the United States has the [[List of countries by incarceration rate|sixth highest per-capita incarceration rate]] in the world, at 531 people per 100,000; and the largest [[Incarceration in the United States|prison and jail population]] in the world at 1,767,200.<ref>[http://www.prisonstudies.org/country/united-states-america United States of America]. [[World Prison Brief]].</ref><ref name="WorldPrisonBrief">[https://web.archive.org/web/20231118142542/https://www.prisonstudies.org/highest-to-lowest/prison-population-total Highest to Lowest]. [[World Prison Brief]] (WPB). Use the dropdown menu to choose lists of countries by region or the whole world. Use the menu to select highest-to-lowest lists of prison population totals, prison population rates, percentage of pre-trial detainees/remand prisoners, percentage of female prisoners, percentage of foreign prisoners, and occupancy rate. Column headings in WPB tables can be clicked to reorder columns lowest to highest, or alphabetically. For detailed information for each country click on any country name in lists. See also the [http://www.prisonstudies.org/world-prison-brief-data WPB main data page] and click on the map links and/or the sidebar links to get to the region and country desired.</ref> In 2019, the total prison population for those sentenced to more than a year was 1,430,800, corresponding to a ratio of 419 per 100,000 residents and the lowest since 1995.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.bjs.gov/content/pub/press/p19_pr.pdf|title=US Department of Justice, Oct. 22, 2020}}</ref> Some [[think tank]]s place that number higher, such as [[Prison Policy Initiative]]'s estimate of 1.9 million.<ref name="WholePie2023">{{cite report|url=https://www.prisonpolicy.org/reports/pie2023.html|title=Mass Incarceration: The Whole Pie 2023|last1=Sawyer|first1=Wendy|last2=Wagner|first2=Peter|date=March 14, 2023|publisher=Prison Policy Initiative|issue=|doi=|volume=|pmid=|access-date=May 13, 2023}}</ref> Various states have attempted to [[Decarceration in the United States|reduce their prison populations]] via government policies and grassroots initiatives.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.sentencingproject.org/publications/decarceration-strategies-5-states-achieved-substantial-prison-population-reductions/|title=Decarceration Strategies: How 5 States Achieved Substantial Prison Population Reductions|date=September 5, 2018|access-date=July 16, 2022|last1=Schrantz|first1=Dennis|last2=DeBor|first2=Stephen|last3=Mauer|first3=Marc|publisher=[[The Sentencing Project]]|location=Washington, D.C.}}</ref> ==Economy== {{Main|Economy of the United States}} {{Further|Economic history of the United States|Taxation in the United States|United States federal budget|Federal Reserve}} [[File:US one dollar bill, obverse, series 2009.jpg|thumb|alt=see caption|The [[United States dollar|U.S. dollar]] (featuring [[George Washington]]) is the currency most used in [[international trade|international transactions]] and is the world's foremost [[reserve currency]].<ref name="federalreserve.gov"/>]] [[File:Gaming-Wall-Street_BTS_Prodigium-266.jpg|thumb|The [[New York Stock Exchange]] on [[Wall Street]], the world's largest stock exchange by [[market capitalization]] of its listed companies<ref name=NYSEhighestcap>{{cite web|url=https://www.forbes.com/advisor/investing/nyse-new-york-stock-exchange/|title=NYSE: What Is The New York Stock Exchange|author= Kat Tretina and Benjamin Curry|work=Forbes|date=April 9, 2021|access-date=July 24, 2022}}</ref>]] [[File:West side of Manhattan from Hudson Commons (95103p).jpg|thumb|[[Midtown Manhattan]], the world's largest [[central business district]]<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.reuters.com/business/new-york-widens-lead-over-london-top-finance-centres-index-2022-03-24/ |title=New York widens lead over London in top finance centres index |website=www.reuters.com |date= March 24, 2022|access-date=June 25, 2022|last1= Jones|first1= Huw}}</ref>]] According to the [[International Monetary Fund]], the U.S. [[gross domestic product]] (GDP) of $25.5&nbsp;trillion constitutes over 25% of the [[gross world product]] at market exchange rates and over 15% of the gross world product at [[purchasing power parity]] (PPP).<ref name="IMF-2023">{{cite web |title=Report for Selected Countries and Subjects |url=https://www.imf.org/en/Publications/WEO/weo-database/2023/April/weo-report?c=111,&s=NGDP_R,NGDP_RPCH,NGDP,NGDPD,PPPGDP,NGDP_D,NGDPRPC,NGDPRPPPPC,NGDPPC,NGDPDPC,PPPPC,NGAP_NPGDP,PPPSH,PPPEX,NID_NGDP,NGSD_NGDP,PCPI,PCPIPCH,PCPIE,PCPIEPCH,FLIBOR6,TM_RPCH,TMG_RPCH,TX_RPCH,TXG_RPCH,LUR,LE,LP,GGR,GGR_NGDP,GGX,GGX_NGDP,GGXCNL,GGXCNL_NGDP,GGSB,GGSB_NPGDP,GGXONLB,GGXONLB_NGDP,GGXWDN,GGXWDN_NGDP,GGXWDG,GGXWDG_NGDP,NGDP_FY,BCA,BCA_NGDPD,&sy=2021&ey=2023&ssm=0&scsm=1&scc=0&ssd=1&ssc=0&sic=0&sort=country&ds=.&br=1 |website=www.imf.org}}</ref><ref name="IMF.WEO.US" /> From 1983 to 2008, U.S. real compounded annual GDP growth was 3.3%, compared to a 2.3% weighted average for the rest of the G7.<ref name="Hagopian">{{cite journal |author=Hagopian |first=Kip |last2=Ohanian |first2=Lee |date=August 1, 2012 |title=The Mismeasure of Inequality |url=https://www.hoover.org/publications/policy-review/article/123566 |url-status=dead |journal=Policy Review |volume= |issue=174 |pages= |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131203012353/https://www.hoover.org/publications/policy-review/article/123566 |archive-date=December 3, 2013 |access-date=January 23, 2020 |via=}}</ref> The country ranks first in the world by [[List of countries by GDP (nominal)|nominal GDP]],<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.bea.gov/news/2023/gross-domestic-product-fourth-quarter-and-year-2022-third-estimate-gdp-industry-and|title=Gross Domestic Product, Fourth Quarter and Year 2022 (Third Estimate), GDP by Industry, and Corporate Profits|publisher=[[United States Department of Commerce|U.S. Department of Commerce]]}}</ref> second by [[List of countries by GDP (PPP)|GDP (PPP)]],<ref name="IMF.WEO.US"/> seventh by [[List of countries by GDP (nominal) per capita|nominal GDP per capita]],<ref name="IMF-2023"/> and eighth by [[List of countries by GDP (PPP) per capita|GDP (PPP) per capita]].<ref name="IMF.WEO.US"/> As of 2022, the United States was ranked 25th out of 169 countries on the [[Social Progress Index]], which measures "the extent to which countries provide for the social and environmental needs of their citizens."<ref>{{cite web |title=Explore the 2022 Social Progress Index Map: United States |url=https://www.socialprogress.org/?tab=2&code=USA |website=Social Progress Imperative |access-date=April 18, 2023}}</ref> The U.S. has been the world's largest economy since at least 1900.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Fordham |first=Benjamin |date=October 2017 |title=Protectionist Empire: Trade, Tariffs, and United States Foreign Policy, 1890–1914 |url=http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0898588x17000116 |journal=Studies in American Political Development |volume=31 |issue=2 |pages=170–192 |doi=10.1017/s0898588x17000116 |s2cid=148917255 |issn=0898-588X}}</ref> The United States is at or near the forefront of [[Science and technology in the United States|technological advancement]] and [[innovation]]<ref>{{Cite book |last=WIPO |title=Global Innovation Index 2022, 15th Edition |url=https://www.wipo.int/global_innovation_index/en/2022/index.html |access-date=2023-02-25 |website=www.wipo.int |series=Global Innovation Index |year=2022 |publisher=World Intellectual Property Organization |doi=10.34667/tind.46596 |isbn=9789280534320 |language=en}}</ref> in many economic fields, especially in [[artificial intelligence]]; [[computers]]; [[pharmaceuticals]]; and [[medical]], [[aerospace]] and [[military equipment]].<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/united-states/ |title=United States reference resource |work=[[The World Factbook]] [[Central Intelligence Agency]] |access-date=May 31, 2019}}</ref> The nation's economy is fueled by abundant [[natural resource]]s, a well-developed infrastructure, and high productivity.<ref name="Wright, Gavin 2007 p. 185">Wright, Gavin, and Jesse Czelusta, "Resource-Based Growth Past and Present", in ''Natural Resources: Neither Curse Nor Destiny'', ed. Daniel Lederman and William Maloney (World Bank, 2007), p. 185. {{ISBN|0821365452}}.</ref> It has the second-highest total-estimated value of natural resources, valued at [[United States dollar|US$]]44.98{{spaces}}trillion in 2019, although sources differ on their estimates. Americans have the highest average [[Household income|household]] and [[List of countries by average wage|employee]] income among [[OECD]] member states.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.oecdbetterlifeindex.org/topics/income/|title=Income|work=Better Life Index|publisher=OECD|access-date=September 28, 2019|quote=In the United States, the average household net adjusted disposable income per capita is USD 45 284 a year, much higher than the OECD average of USD 33 604 and the highest figure in the OECD.}}</ref> In 2013, they had the sixth-highest [[median household income]], down from fourth-highest in 2010.<ref name="Household Income">{{cite journal|title=Household Income|url=http://www.oecd-ilibrary.org/social-issues-migration-health/society-at-a-glance-2014_soc_glance-2014-en|journal=Society at a Glance 2014: OECD Social Indicators|publisher=OECD Publishing|access-date=May 29, 2014|doi=10.1787/soc_glance-2014-en |date=March 18, 2014|series=Society at a Glance|isbn=9789264200722|doi-access=free}}</ref><ref name=autogenerated4>{{cite web |title=OECD Better Life Index |url= http://www.oecdbetterlifeindex.org/#/11111111111 |publisher=OECD |access-date=November 25, 2012}}</ref> The [[United States dollar|U.S. dollar]] is the currency most used in [[international trade|international transactions]] and is the world's foremost [[reserve currency]], backed by the country's dominant economy, [[United States Armed Forces|its military]], the [[petrodollar|petrodollar system]], and its linked [[eurodollar]] and large [[U.S. Treasury|U.S. treasuries market]].<ref name="federalreserve.gov">{{cite web|url=http://www.federalreserve.gov/pf/pdf/pf_4.pdf |title=The Implementation of Monetary Policy – The Federal Reserve in the International Sphere|access-date=August 24, 2010}}</ref> Several countries [[International use of the US dollar|use it as their official currency]] and in others it is the [[de facto currency|''de facto'' currency]].<ref name="Benjamin J. Cohen 2006, p. 17">Benjamin J. Cohen, ''The Future of Money'', Princeton University Press, 2006, {{ISBN|0691116660}}; ''cf.'' "the dollar is the de facto currency in Cambodia", Charles Agar, ''[[Frommer's]] Vietnam'', 2006, {{ISBN|0471798169}}, p. 17</ref><ref>{{cite web |url = http://www.multpl.com/us-gdp-growth-rate/table/by-year|title = US GDP Growth Rate by Year |date=March 31, 2014 |access-date=June 18, 2014 |website = multpl.com|publisher = US Bureau of Economic Analysis}}</ref> [[New York City]] is the world's principal [[financial center]], with the [[List of cities by GDP|largest]] economic output, and the epicenter of the principal American metropolitan economy.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.reuters.com/business/new-york-widens-lead-over-london-top-finance-centres-index-2022-03-24/|title=New York widens lead over London in top finance centres index |website=www.reuters.com |date=March 24, 2022 |access-date=July 29, 2022|last1=Jones |first1=Huw }}{{SemiBareRefNeedsTitle|date=July 2022}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.longfinance.net/programmes/financial-centre-futures/global-financial-centres-index/gfci-32-explore-the-data/gfci-32-rank/|title=The Global Financial Centres Index 32|date=September 22, 2022|publisher=Long Finance|access-date=September 22, 2022}}</ref><ref name=NYCEpicenterUSMetroEconomy>{{cite web|url=https://www.weforum.org/agenda/2020/09/united-states-america-economic-output-new-york-la/|title=This 3D map shows the U.S. cities with the highest economic output|author=Iman Ghosh|publisher=World Economic Forum|date=September 24, 2020|access-date=March 5, 2023|quote=The New York metro area dwarfs all other cities for economic output by a large margin.}}</ref> The [[New York Stock Exchange]] and [[Nasdaq]] are the world's [[List of stock exchanges|largest stock exchanges]] by [[market capitalization]] and [[trade volume]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.world-exchanges.org/our-work/statistics|title=Monthly Reports - World Federation of Exchanges|publisher=WFE}}</ref><ref name="sfc.hk">[http://www.sfc.hk/web/doc/EN/research/stat/a01.pdf Table A – Market Capitalization of the World's Top Stock Exchanges (As at end of June 2012)]. Securities and Exchange Commission (China).</ref> The [[List of the largest trading partners of the United States|largest U.S. trading partners]] are the [[European Union]], [[Mexico]], [[Canada]], [[China]], [[Japan]], [[South Korea]], the [[United Kingdom]], [[Vietnam]], [[India]], and [[Taiwan]].<ref name="auto">{{cite web |date=October 2022 |title=Top Trading Partners - October 2022 |url=https://www.census.gov/foreign-trade/statistics/highlights/top/top1612yr.html |access-date=12 May 2023 |publisher=U.S. Census Bureau}}</ref> The United States is the world's [[List of countries by imports|largest]] importer and the [[List of countries by exports|second-largest]] exporter after China.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.wto.org/english/res_e/statis_e/wts2019_e/wts2019_e.pdf |title=World Trade Statistical Review 2019 |work=[[World Trade Organization]] |page=100 |access-date=May 31, 2019}}</ref> It has [[free trade agreements]] with [[Free trade agreements of the United States|several countries]], including the [[United States–Mexico–Canada Agreement|USMCA]].<ref>{{cite web |url=https://ustr.gov/trade-agreements/free-trade-agreements |title=United States free trade agreements |work=[[Office of the United States Trade Representative]] |access-date=May 31, 2019}}</ref> The U.S. ranked second in the [[Global Competitiveness Report]] in 2019, after [[Singapore]].<ref name="World Economic Forum">{{cite web |url=http://www3.weforum.org/docs/GCR2013-14/GCR_Rankings_2013-14.pdf |title=Rankings: Global Competitiveness Report 2013–2014 |publisher=World Economic Forum |access-date=June 1, 2014}}</ref> Many of the world's [[List of largest companies by revenue|largest]] companies, such as [[Alphabet Inc.|Alphabet]] ([[Google]]), [[Amazon (company)|Amazon]], [[AT&T]], [[Apple Inc.|Apple]], [[The Coca-Cola Company|Coca-Cola]], [[The Walt Disney Company|Disney]], [[General Motors]], [[McDonald's]], [[Nike, Inc.|Nike]], [[Meta Platforms|Meta]], [[Microsoft]], [[PepsiCo|Pepsi]], and [[Walmart]], were founded and are headquartered in the United States.<ref name="Fortune-2022">{{Cite web |title=Global 500 |url=https://fortune.com/global500/2022/ |access-date=2022-08-25 |website=Fortune |language=en}}</ref> Of the world's [[Fortune Global 500|500 largest companies]], 124 are headquartered in the U.S.<ref name="Fortune-2022"/> While its economy has reached a [[post-industrial society|post-industrial]] level of development, the United States remains an industrial power.<ref name="Econ">{{cite web|title=USA Economy in Brief|url=https://usinfo.state.gov/products/pubs/economy-in-brief/page3.html|publisher=U.S. Dept. of State, International Information Programs|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080312123609/https://usinfo.state.gov/products/pubs/economy-in-brief/page3.html|archive-date=March 12, 2008}}</ref> As of 2018, the U.S. is the [[List of countries by manufacturing output|second-largest]] manufacturing nation after China.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2020-02-25 |title=These are the top 10 manufacturing countries in the world |url=https://www.weforum.org/agenda/2020/02/countries-manufacturing-trade-exports-economics/ |access-date=2023-04-03 |website=World Economic Forum |language=en}}</ref> In 2013, the [[National debt of the United States|U.S. national debt]] to GDP ratio surpassed 100% when both debt and GDP were approximately $16.7 trillion; in 2022, U.S. national debt was $30.93 trillion, while debt to GDP ratio was 124%.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://fiscaldata.treasury.gov/americas-finance-guide/national-debt/|title=What is the national debt?|publisher=[[United States Department of the Treasury|U.S. Department of Treasury]]}}</ref> ===Income and poverty=== {{Main|Income in the United States|Poverty in the United States}} {{Further|Affluence in the United States|Income inequality in the United States}}At US$69,392 in 2020, the United States was ranked first in the world by [[List of countries by average wage|average yearly wage]] based on the [[OECD]] data, and it had the world's highest [[median income]] at US$46,625 in 2021.<ref>{{cite web |title=Labour > Earnings > Average annual wages |publisher=[[OECD]] |url=https://stats.oecd.org/Index.aspx?DataSetCode=AV_AN_WAGE}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Income Distribution: Median equivalised disposable income |url=https://stats.oecd.org/Index.aspx?DataSetCode=IDD |access-date=January 21, 2023 |website=OECD}}</ref> Despite the fact that the U.S. only accounted for 4.24% of the [[World population|global population]], residents of the U.S. collectively [[List of countries by total wealth|possessed 30.2%]] of the world's total wealth as of 2021, the largest percentage of any country.<ref>{{Cite book|last1=Shorrocks|first1=Anthony|url=https://www.credit-suisse.com/media/assets/corporate/docs/about-us/research/publications/global-wealth-databook-2021.pdf|title=Global wealth databook 2021|last2=Davies|first2=James|last3=Lluberas|first3=Rodrigo|publisher=[[Credit Suisse]] Research Institute|year=2021}}</ref> The U.S. also ranks first in the number of dollar [[List of countries by number of billionaires|billionaires]] and [[List of countries by number of millionaires|millionaires]], with 724 billionaires (as of 2021)<ref>{{Cite web |last=Jackson |first=Sarah |title=These 20 countries and territories are home to most of the world's 2,755 billionaires |url=https://www.businessinsider.com/these-20-countries-are-home-to-the-most-billionaires-forbes-2021-10 |access-date=July 15, 2022 |website=Business Insider |language=en-US}}</ref> and nearly 22 million millionaires (2021).<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.cnbc.com/2021/12/22/heres-how-22-million-americans-became-millionaires.html|title=Nearly 22 million Americans are millionaires. Here's how they got wealthy|last=Exley|first=Robert Jr.|date=December 22, 2021|access-date=July 16, 2022|work=[[CNBC]]}}</ref> The United States has a smaller [[welfare state]] and redistributes less income through government action than most other [[World Bank high-income economy|high-income]] countries.<ref>{{cite web|first1=Isabelle|last1=Joumard|first2=Mauro|last2=Pisu|first3=Debbie|last3=Bloch|title=Tackling income inequality The role of taxes and transfers|url=https://www.oecd.org/eco/public-finance/TacklingincomeinequalityTheroleoftaxesandtransfers.pdf|publisher=OECD|access-date=May 21, 2015|date=2012}}</ref> The U.S. ranked the 52nd highest in [[List of countries by income equality|income inequality]] among 167 countries in 2014,<ref name="Data for urban households only">{{Cite book |last1=Monino |first1=Jean-Louis |url=http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/9781119285199.ch3 |title=Data Development Mechanisms |last2=Sedkaoui |first2=Soraya |date=2016-03-11 |work=Big Data, Open Data and Data Development |publisher=John Wiley & Sons, Inc. |isbn=978-1-119-28519-9 |place=Hoboken, N.J. |pages=43–72 |doi=10.1002/9781119285199.ch3 |access-date=2021-06-26}}</ref> and the highest compared to the rest of the [[Developed country|developed world]] in 2018.<ref>{{cite news |last=Gray |first=Sarah |date=June 4, 2018 |title=Trump Policies Highlighted in Scathing U.N. Report On U.S. Poverty|url=http://fortune.com/2018/06/04/trump-policies-u-n-report-u-s-poverty/|work=[[Fortune (magazine)|Fortune]]|access-date=September 13, 2018|quote="The United States has the highest rate of income inequality among Western countries", the report states.}}</ref><ref name="OHCHR">{{cite news|url=https://www.ohchr.org/en/press-releases/2018/06/contempt-poor-us-drives-cruel-policies-says-un-expert|title="Contempt for the poor in US drives cruel policies," says UN expert|date=June 4, 2018|work=[[Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights|OHCHR]]|access-date=June 5, 2018}}</ref> Wealth in the United States is [[Wealth inequality in the United States|highly concentrated]]; the richest 10% of the adult population own 72% of the country's household wealth, while the bottom 50% own just 2%.<ref>{{cite book|last1=Piketty|first1=Thomas|title=Capital in the Twenty-First Century|title-link=Capital in the Twenty-First Century|date=2014|publisher=Belknap Press|page=[https://archive.org/details/isbn_9780674430006/page/257 257]|author-link1=Thomas Piketty}} {{ISBN|978-0-674-43000-6}}</ref> Income inequality in the U.S. remains at record highs,<ref>{{Cite news |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/business/2019/09/26/income-inequality-america-highest-its-been-since-census-started-tracking-it-data-show/ |title=Income inequality in America is the highest it's been since Census Bureau started tracking it, data shows |newspaper=[[The Washington Post]] |access-date=July 27, 2020}}</ref> with the top fifth of earners taking home more than half of all income<ref>{{Cite news|last=Long|first=Heather|date=September 12, 2017|title=U.S. middle-class incomes reached highest-ever level in 2016, Census Bureau says|newspaper=The Washington Post|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/business/economy/us-middle-class-incomes-reached-highest-ever-level-in-2016-census-bureau-says/2017/09/12/7226905e-97de-11e7-b569-3360011663b4_story.html|access-date=November 11, 2019}}</ref> and giving the U.S. one of the widest income distributions among [[OECD]] members.<ref name="Sme">{{cite journal|last1=Smeeding|first1=T.M.|year=2005|title=Public Policy: Economic Inequality and Poverty: The United States in Comparative Perspective|url=https://semanticscholar.org/paper/81b4d972c7a40d051d9ee3ced2ab2ddfc221fbf9|journal=Social Science Quarterly|volume=86|pages=955–983|doi=10.1111/j.0038-4941.2005.00331.x|s2cid=154642286}}</ref> The United States is the only [[advanced economy]] that does not [[List of statutory minimum employment leave by country|guarantee its workers paid vacation]] nationally<ref>{{cite news |last=Min |first=Sarah |date=May 24, 2019 |title=1 in 4 workers in U.S. don't get any paid vacation time or holidays|url=https://www.cbsnews.com/news/one-in-four-workers-in-us-dont-get-any-paid-vacation-time-or-holidays/|work=CBS News |location= |access-date=July 15, 2022|quote=The United States is the only advanced economy that does not federally mandate any paid vacation days or holidays. }}</ref> and is one of a few countries in the world without federal [[paid family leave]] as a legal right.<ref>{{cite news |last=Bernard |first=Tara Siegel |date=February 22, 2013 |title=In Paid Family Leave, U.S. Trails Most of the Globe |newspaper=The New York Times |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2013/02/23/your-money/us-trails-much-of-the-world-in-providing-paid-family-leave.html |access-date=August 27, 2013}}</ref> The United States also has a higher percentage of low-income workers than almost any other developed nation, largely because of a weak [[collective bargaining]] system and lack of government support for at-risk workers.<ref>{{cite news|last=Van Dam|first=Andrew|date=July 4, 2018|title=Is it great to be a worker in the U.S.? Not compared with the rest of the developed world.|newspaper=The Washington Post|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/wonk/wp/2018/07/04/is-it-great-to-be-a-worker-in-the-u-s-not-compared-to-the-rest-of-the-developed-world/?noredirect=on|access-date=July 12, 2018}}</ref> There were about 567,715 sheltered and unsheltered [[Homelessness in the United States|homeless persons in the U.S.]] in January 2019, with almost two-thirds staying in an emergency shelter or transitional housing program.<ref name="Culp2013">{{cite book| editor = Anne McDonald Culp| date = June 25, 2013| title = Child and Family Advocacy: Bridging the Gaps Between Research, Practice, and Policy| publisher = Springer Science & Business Media| pages = 77–| isbn = 978-1-4614-7456-2| oclc = 1026456872| url = https://books.google.com/books?id=GZBDAAAAQBAJ&pg=PA77}}</ref> Attempts to combat homelessness include the [[Section 8 (housing)|Section 8]] housing voucher program and implementation of the [[Housing First]] strategy across all levels of government.<ref>{{cite journal|title=Solving Homelessness from a Complex Systems Perspective: Insights for Prevention Responses|journal=Annual Review of Public Health|date=2019|volume=40|pmid=30601718|last1=Fowler|first1=P. J.|last2=Hovmand|first2=P. S.|last3=Marcal|first3=K. E.|last4=Das|first4=S.|pages=465–486|doi=10.1146/annurev-publhealth-040617-013553|pmc=6445694 }}</ref> In 2011, [[Hunger in the United States#Children|16.7&nbsp;million children lived in food-insecure households]], about 35% more than 2007 levels, though only 845,000 U.S. children (1.1%) saw reduced food intake or disrupted eating patterns at some point during the year, and most cases were not chronic.<ref>{{cite web|title=Household Food Security in the United States in 2011|url=https://www.ers.usda.gov/media/884525/err141.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121007231515/https://www.ers.usda.gov/media/884525/err141.pdf|archive-date=October 7, 2012|publisher=USDA|access-date=April 8, 2013|date=September 2012}}</ref> {{as of|2018|June|post=,}} 40&nbsp;million people, roughly 12.7% of the U.S. population, were living in poverty, including 13.3&nbsp;million children;<ref name="OHCHR"/> the [[poverty threshold]] in the United States was at $12,880 for a single-person household and $26,246 for a family of four in 2021.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.pewresearch.org/short-reads/2015/07/22/what-it-means-to-be-poor-by-global-standards/ |title=What it means to be poor by global standards |author=Rakesh Kochhar |website=[[Pew Research Center]] |date=July 22, 2015}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://aspe.hhs.gov/2021-poverty-guidelines |title=2021 Poverty Guidelines |website=aspe.hhs.gov |access-date=April 27, 2023}}</ref> As of 2019, 2% of the U.S. population earned less than $10 per day.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Poverty and Inequality Forum |url=https://pip.worldbank.org/poverty-calculator?src=EAP,SAS,SSA,LAC,MNA,ECA,OHI,WLD&pv=2.15&oc=pop_in_poverty&on=Population%20living%20in%20poverty&os=millions&od=Population%20living%20below%20the%20poverty%20line%20(2011%20PPP)&tab=table&ppp=2017 |access-date=April 27, 2023 |website=[[World Bank]]}}</ref> 0.25% of the U.S. population lived below the international poverty line of $2.15 per day in 2020.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Fact Sheet: An Adjustment to Global Poverty Lines |url=https://www.worldbank.org/en/news/factsheet/2022/05/02/fact-sheet-an-adjustment-to-global-poverty-lines#:~:text=The%20new%20international%20poverty%20line,be%20living%20in%20extreme%20poverty. |access-date=April 27, 2023 |website=World Bank}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Country Profile: United States |url=https://pip.worldbank.org/country-profiles/USA |access-date=April 27, 2023 |website=World Bank}}</ref> ===Science, technology, and energy=== {{Main|Science and technology in the United States|Science policy of the United States|Energy in the United States}} [[File:Buzz_salutes_the_U.S._Flag-crop.jpg|thumb|U.S. astronaut [[Buzz Aldrin]] saluting the [[United States flag|flag]] on the [[lunar surface|Moon]] during the [[Apollo 11]], 1969. The United States is the only country that has sent [[Moon landing|crewed missions to the lunar surface]].]] The United States has been a leader in technological [[innovation]] since the late 19th century and scientific research since the mid-20th century. Methods for producing [[interchangeable parts]] and the establishment of a [[machine tool]] industry enabled the [[American system of manufacturing|U.S. to have large-scale manufacturing]] of sewing machines, bicycles, and other items in the late 19th century. In the early 20th century, factory [[electrification]], the introduction of the [[assembly line]], and other labor-saving techniques created the system of [[mass production]].<ref>{{Hounshell1984}}</ref> In the 21st century, approximately two-thirds of research and development funding comes from the private sector.<ref>{{cite web|title=Research and Development (R&D) Expenditures by Source and Objective: 1970 to 2004|url=https://www.census.gov/compendia/statab/2008/tables/08s0775.xls|publisher=U.S. Census Bureau|archive-url=http://webarchive.loc.gov/all/20120210170338/https://www.census.gov/compendia/statab/2008/tables/08s0775.xls|archive-date=February 10, 2012|access-date=June 19, 2007|url-status=live}}</ref> In 2022, the United States was the country with the [[List of countries by number of scientific and technical journal articles|second-highest]] number of published scientific papers.<ref>{{Cite web|title=SJR - International Science Ranking|url=https://www.scimagojr.com/countryrank.php?order=itp&ord=desc&year=2020|access-date=2022-02-05|website=www.scimagojr.com|language=en-uk}}</ref> As of 2021, the U.S. ranked second by the number of [[World Intellectual Property Indicators|patent applications]], and third by trademark and industrial design applications.<ref>{{cite book |title=World Intellectual Property Indicators 2021 |url=https://www.wipo.int/publications/en/details.jsp?id=4571&plang=EN |access-date=2022-04-27 |website=www.wipo.int | doi=10.34667/tind.44461 |language=en | author1=World Intellectual Property Organization. | series=World IP Indicators (WIPI) | year=2021 | publisher=World Intellectual Property Organization (WIPO) | isbn=9789280533293 }}</ref> In 2021, the United States launched a total of 51 [[spaceflights]] (China reported 55).<ref>{{Cite web |last1=Hines |first1=R. Lincoln |last2=Ben-Itzhak |first2=Svetla |title=NASA's head warned that China may try to claim the Moon – two space scholars explain why that's unlikely to happen |url=http://theconversation.com/nasas-head-warned-that-china-may-try-to-claim-the-moon-two-space-scholars-explain-why-thats-unlikely-to-happen-186614 |access-date=July 11, 2022 |website=The Conversation |language=en}}</ref> The U.S. had 2,944 active [[satellites]] in space in December 2021, the highest number of any country.<ref>{{cite web |title=Satellite Database|url=https://www.ucsusa.org/resources/satellite-database|access-date=July 14, 2022|website=[[Union of Concerned Scientists]]}}</ref> In 1876, [[Alexander Graham Bell]] was awarded the first U.S. [[Invention of the telephone|patent for the telephone]]. [[Thomas Edison]]'s [[Research institute|research laboratory]] developed the [[phonograph]], the first [[Incandescent light bulb|long-lasting light bulb]], and the first viable [[Kinetoscope|movie camera]].<ref name="Edison">{{cite web|title=Thomas Edison's Most Famous Inventions|url=https://www.thomasedison.org/index.php/education/inventions/|website=Thomas A Edison Innovation Foundation|access-date=January 21, 2015|archive-date=March 16, 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160316154517/https://www.thomasedison.org/index.php/education/inventions/|url-status=dead }}</ref> The [[Wright brothers]] in 1903 made the [[Wright Flyer|first sustained and controlled heavier-than-air powered flight]], and the automobile companies of [[Ransom E. Olds]] ([[Oldsmobile]]) and [[Henry Ford]] ([[Ford Motor Company]]) popularized the assembly line in the early 20th century.<ref>{{cite web|author=Benedetti, François|url=https://www.fai.org/news_archives/fai/000295.asp|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070912065254/https://www.fai.org/news_archives/fai/000295.asp|archive-date=September 12, 2007|title=100 Years Ago, the Dream of Icarus Became Reality|publisher=Fédération Aéronautique Internationale (FAI)|date=December 17, 2003|access-date=August 15, 2007}}</ref> The rise of [[fascism]] and [[Nazism]] in the 1920s and 30s led many European scientists, such as [[Albert Einstein]], [[Enrico Fermi]], and [[John von Neumann]], to immigrate to the United States.<ref name="fraser">{{cite book|last1=Fraser|first1=Gordon|title=The Quantum Exodus: Jewish Fugitives, the Atomic Bomb, and the Holocaust|date=2012|publisher=Oxford University Press|location=New York|isbn=978-0-19-959215-9|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=-NYknwEACAAJ}}</ref> During World War II, the [[Manhattan Project]]. developed nuclear weapons, ushering in the [[Atomic Age]]. During the Cold War, competition for superior missile capability led to the [[Space Race]] between the United States and Soviet Union.<ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=qYZmj7Us3m8C&q=Space+Race++rapid+advances+in+rocketry,+materials+science,+and+computers&pg=PA68|title=10 Little Americans|via=Google Books|access-date=September 15, 2014|isbn=978-0-615-14052-0}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.computerworld.com/article/2525898/app-development/nasa-s-apollo-technology-has-changed-history.html|title=NASA's Apollo technology has changed the history|date=July 20, 2009|publisher=Sharon Gaudin|access-date=September 15, 2014}}</ref> The great American technological breakthroughs of the 20th century stem from the invention of the [[transistor]] in the 1950s, a key component in almost all modern [[electronics]], which led to the development of [[microprocessor]]s, [[software]], [[personal computer]]s, and the [[Internet]].<ref name="Sawyer2012">{{cite book|last=Sawyer|first=Robert Keith|title=Explaining Creativity: The Science of Human Innovation|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=QyJjyZ_YBAkC&pg=PA256|year=2012|publisher=Oxford University Press|isbn=978-0-19-973757-4|page=256}}</ref> In 2022, the United States ranked 2nd in the [[Global Innovation Index]].<ref>{{Cite book |last=WIPO |title=Global Innovation Index 2022, 15th Edition |url=https://www.wipo.int/global_innovation_index/en/2022/index.html |access-date=2022-11-16 |website=www.wipo.int |series=Global Innovation Index |year=2022 |publisher=World Intellectual Property Organization |doi=10.34667/tind.46596 |isbn=9789280534320 |language=en}}</ref> The United States also developed the [[Global Positioning System]] (GPS), the world's pre-eminent [[satellite navigation]] system.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.cbsnews.com/pictures/made-in-the-usa-american-tech-inventions/|first=Chenda|last=Ngak|publisher=[[CBS News]]|title=Made in the USA: American tech inventions|date=July 4, 2012}}</ref> {{as of|2021}}, the United States receives approximately 79.1% of its energy from fossil fuels.<ref name="visu">{{cite web |date= |title=Energy Flow Charts: Charting the Complex Relationships among Energy, Water, and Carbon |url=https://flowcharts.llnl.gov/ |access-date=16 May 2023 |publisher=Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory}}</ref> In 2021, the largest source of the country's energy came from [[petroleum]] (36.1%), followed by [[natural gas]] (32.2%), [[coal]] (10.8%), renewable sources (12.5%), and [[nuclear power]] (8.4%).<ref name="visu" /><!--Numbers do not add up to 100 due to rounding errors. --> The United States constitutes less than 5% of the [[world population|world's population]], but consumes 17% of the [[Energy use in the United States|world's energy]].<ref>{{cite news |date=November 5, 2021 |title=What is the United States' share of world energy consumption? |work=[[Energy Information Administration|U.S. Energy Information Administration]] |url=https://www.eia.gov/tools/faqs/faq.php?id=87&t=1}}</ref> It accounts for about 25% of the world's [[Oil consumption|petroleum consumption]], while producing only 6% of the world's annual petroleum supply.<ref name="EIA">{{cite web |title=EIA – Petroleum Basic Data |url=https://www.eia.doe.gov/basics/quickoil.html |access-date=March 30, 2012 |publisher=Eia.doe.gov}}</ref> The U.S. ranks as second-highest emitter of greenhouse gases, exceeded only by China.<ref>{{cite web |last=US EPA |first=OAR |date=February 8, 2017 |title=Inventory of U.S. Greenhouse Gas Emissions and Sinks |url=https://www.epa.gov/ghgemissions/inventory-us-greenhouse-gas-emissions-and-sinks |access-date=December 3, 2020 |website=US EPA |language=en}}</ref> ===Transportation=== {{Main|Transportation in the United States}} [[File:Atlanta Airport Aerial Angle (31435634003) (2) (cropped).jpg|thumb|[[Hartsfield–Jackson Atlanta International Airport]] is the world's busiest by [[List of busiest airports by passenger traffic|passenger traffic]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.cnn.com/travel/article/worlds-busiest-airports-2021/index.html|title=This US airport has reclaimed its title as the world's busiest|website=CNN.com|first=Marnie|last=Hunter|date=April 11, 2022}}</ref>]] The United States's [[Rail transport in the United States|rail network]], nearly all [[Standard-gauge railway|standard gauge]], is the [[List of countries by rail transport network size|longest in the world]], and exceeds {{convert|293564|km|mi|-2|abbr=on}}.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/field/railways/country-comparison|title=Railways – The World Factbook|work=[[The World Factbook]]|publisher=[[Central Intelligence Agency]]|access-date=July 14, 2022}}</ref> It handles mostly [[Freight transport|freight]], with intercity passenger service primarily provided by [[Amtrak]], a government-managed company that took over services previously run by private companies, to all but four states.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.transtats.bts.gov/osea/seasonaladjustment/?PageVar=RAIL_PM|title=Seasonally Adjusted Transportation Data|publisher=Bureau of Transportation Statistics|location=Washington, D.C.|date=2021|access-date=February 16, 2021}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last=Fitzsimmons |first=Emma G. |date=April 24, 2017 |title=Amtrak at a Junction: Invest in Improvements, or Risk Worsening Problems |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2017/04/24/nyregion/amtrak-infrastructure-crisis.html |work=The New York Times |accessdate=April 16, 2023}}</ref> Personal transportation is [[Car dependency|dominated by automobiles]],<ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-05-19 |title=Cars still dominate the American commute |url=https://www.weforum.org/agenda/2022/05/commute-america-sustainability-cars/ |access-date=2023-05-21 |website=World Economic Forum |language=en}}</ref> which operate on a network of {{convert|4|e6mi|abbr=off|sp=us}} of public roads, making it the [[List of countries by road network size|longest network]] in the world.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Roadways - The World Factbook |url=https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/field/roadways/country-comparison |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210712201909/https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/field/roadways/country-comparison |archive-date=2021-07-12 |access-date=2021-07-15 |website=www.cia.gov}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Public Road and Street Mileage in the United States by Type of Surface|url=https://www.rita.dot.gov/bts/sites/rita.dot.gov.bts/files/publications/national_transportation_statistics/html/table_01_04.html|website=United States Department of Transportation|access-date=January 13, 2015|archive-date=January 2, 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150102141414/https://www.rita.dot.gov/bts/sites/rita.dot.gov.bts/files/publications/national_transportation_statistics/html/table_01_04.html|url-status=dead }}</ref> The United States became the first country in the world to have a mass market for vehicle production and sales, and mass market production process.<ref>{{cite encyclopedia |title=automotive industry |encyclopedia=[[Encyclopædia Britannica]] |last=Rae |first=John Bell |url=https://www.britannica.com/technology/automotive-industry |access-date=5 December 2021}}</ref> As of 2022, the United States is the [[List of countries by motor vehicle production|second-largest]] manufacturer of motor vehicles<ref>{{Cite web |title=2022 production statistics |url=https://www.oica.net/category/production-statistics/2022-statistics/ |access-date=2023-04-14 |website=International Organization of Motor Vehicle Manufacturers}}</ref> and is home to [[Tesla, Inc.|Tesla]], the world's most valuable car company.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Klebnikov |first=Sergei |title=Tesla Is Now The World's Most Valuable Car Company With A $208 Billion Valuation |url=https://www.forbes.com/sites/sergeiklebnikov/2020/07/01/tesla-is-now-the-worlds-most-valuable-car-company-with-a-valuation-of-208-billion/ |access-date=2023-04-14 |website=Forbes |language=en}}</ref> [[General Motors]] held the title of the world's best-selling automaker from 1931 to 2008.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Bunkley |first=Nick |date=2009-01-21 |title=Toyota Ahead of G.M. in 2008 Sales |language=en-US |work=The New York Times |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2009/01/22/business/22auto.html |access-date=2023-04-14 |issn=0362-4331}}</ref> Currently, the U.S. has the world's second-largest automobile market by sales<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.theguardian.com/business/2010/jan/08/china-us-car-sales-overtakes|title=China overtakes US in car sales|newspaper=The Guardian|date=January 8, 2010|access-date=July 10, 2011|location=London}}</ref> and the [[List of countries by vehicles per capita|highest]] vehicle ownership per capita in the world, with 816.4 vehicles per 1,000 Americans (2014).<ref>{{cite web|last=|first=|date=January 30, 2017|title=Fact #962: Vehicles per Capita: Other Regions/Countries Compared to the United States|url=https://www.energy.gov/eere/vehicles/fact-962-january-30-2017-vehicles-capita-other-regionscountries-compared-united-states|access-date=January 23, 2021|website=Energy.gov|language=en}}</ref> In 2017, there were 255 million non-two wheel motor vehicles, or about 910 vehicles per 1,000 people.<ref name="USBTS">{{cite web|url=https://capitol-tires.com/how-many-cars-per-capita-in-the-us.html|title=Vehicle Statistics: Cars Per Capita|date=August 2017 |publisher=Capitol Tires}}</ref> The [[List of airlines of the United States|civil airline industry]] is entirely privately owned and has been largely [[Airline Deregulation Act|deregulated since 1978]], while [[List of airports in the United States|most major airports]] are publicly owned.<ref>{{cite web|last=Edwards|first=Chris|date=July 12, 2020|title=Privatization|url=https://www.downsizinggovernment.org/privatization|access-date=January 23, 2021|website=Downsizing the Federal Government|publisher=Cato Institute|language=en}}</ref> The three largest airlines in the world by passengers carried are U.S.-based; [[American Airlines]] is number one after its 2013 acquisition by [[US Airways]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.iata.org/publications/pages/wats-passenger-carried.aspx|title=Scheduled Passengers Carried|publisher=International Air Transport Association (IATA)|year=2011|access-date=February 17, 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150102034843/https://www.iata.org/publications/pages/wats-passenger-carried.aspx|archive-date=January 2, 2015}}</ref> Of the [[List of the world's busiest airports by passenger traffic|world's 50 busiest passenger airports]], 16 are in the United States, including the top five and the busiest, [[Hartsfield–Jackson Atlanta International Airport]].<ref name="PANYNJ 2021 report">{{cite web|url=https://www.panynj.gov/content/dam/airports/statistics/statistics-general-info/annual-atr/ATR_2021.pdf|title=2021 Airport Traffic Report|work=Port Authority of New York and New Jersey|date=April 2022|page=32}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.aci.aero/News/Releases/Most-Recent/2014/03/31/Preliminary-World-Airport-Traffic-and-Rankings-2013--High-Growth-Dubai-Moves-Up-to-7th-Busiest-Airport-|title=Preliminary World Airport Traffic and Rankings 2013—High Growth Dubai Moves Up to 7th Busiest Airport|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140401052319/https://www.aci.aero/News/Releases/Most-Recent/2014/03/31/Preliminary-World-Airport-Traffic-and-Rankings-2013--High-Growth-Dubai-Moves-Up-to-7th-Busiest-Airport-|archive-date=April 1, 2014|date=March 31, 2014|access-date=May 17, 2014}}</ref> {{As of|2020}}, there are 19,919 airports in the United States, of which 5,217 are designated as "public use", including for [[general aviation]] and other activities.<ref>{{cite web |title=Number of U.S. Airports |url=https://www.bts.gov/content/number-us-airportsa |publisher=Bureau of Transportation Statistics |accessdate=April 16, 2023}}</ref> Of the [[List of busiest container ports|fifty busiest container ports]], four are located in the United States, of which the busiest is the [[Port of Los Angeles]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.worldshipping.org/top-50-ports|title=The Top 50 Container Ports|work=[[World Shipping Council]]|location=[[Washington, D.C.]]|access-date=July 14, 2022}}</ref> The country's [[Inland waterways of the United States|inland waterways]] are the world's [[List of countries by waterways length|fifth-longest]], and total {{convert|41009|km|0|abbr=on}}.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/field/waterways/country-comparison |title=Waterways – The World Factbook |work=[[The World Factbook]] |publisher=[[Central Intelligence Agency]] |access-date=July 14, 2022}}</ref> ==Demographics== {{Main|Americans|Demographics of the United States|Race and ethnicity in the United States|Religion in the United States|Family structure in the United States}} ===Population=== {{See also|List of U.S. states by population}} <!--As prose text is preferred, overly detailed statistical charts and diagrams such as economic trends, weather boxes, historical population charts, past elections results, etc. should be reserved for main sub articles on the topic as per WP:DETAIL as outlined at WP:NOTSTATS.--> {{US Census population |1790= 3929326 |1800= 5308483 |1810= 7239881 |1820= 9638453 |1830= 12866020 |1840= 17069453 |1850= 23191876 |1860= 31443321 |1870= 38925598 |1880= 50189209 |1890= 62979766 |1900= 76212168 |1910= 92228496 |1920= 106021537 |1930= 122775046 |1940= 132164569 |1950= 150697361 |1960= 179323175 |1970= 203392031 |1980= 226545805 |1990= 248709873 |2000= 281421906 |2010= 308745538 |2020= 331449281 |estimate= 333287557 |estyear= 2022 |estref= <ref>{{cite web|url= https://www.census.gov/quickfacts/fact/table/US/PST045222#PST045222|title=U.S. Census Bureau QuickFacts: United States|publisher= United States Census Bureau|access-date= March 13, 2023}}</ref> |footnote= U.S. Decennial Census }} The [[United States Census Bureau|U.S. Census Bureau]] reported 331,449,281 residents as of April 1, 2020,{{efn|This figure, like most official data for the United States as a whole, excludes the five unincorporated territories ([[Puerto Rico]], [[Guam]], the [[U.S. Virgin Islands]], [[American Samoa]], and the [[Northern Mariana Islands]]) and minor island possessions.}}<ref name=2020CENSUS>{{cite web|url=https://www.census.gov/newsroom/press-releases/2021/2020-census-apportionment-results.htmlpid=2020CENSUS&src=pt|title=Census Bureau's 2020 Population Count|work=[[United States Census]]|access-date=April 26, 2021}}</ref> making the United States the [[List of countries and dependencies by population|third most populous]] nation in the world, after China and India.<ref name="CIA-2018">{{cite web|title=The World Factbook: United States|url=https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/united-states/|access-date=November 10, 2018|publisher=Central Intelligence Agency}}</ref> According to the Bureau's [[U.S. and World Population Clock|U.S. Population Clock]], on January&nbsp;28, 2021, the U.S. population had a net gain of one person every 100 seconds, or about 864 people per day.<ref>{{cite web|title=Population Clock|url=https://www.census.gov/popclock/|website=www.census.gov}}</ref> In 2018, 52% of Americans age 15 and over were married, 6% were widowed, 10% were divorced, and 32% had never been married.<ref>{{cite web|title=Table MS-1. Marital Status of the Population 15 Years Old and Over, by Sex, Race and Hispanic Origin: 1950 to Present|url=https://www.census.gov/data/tables/time-series/demo/families/marital.html|access-date=September 11, 2019|website=Historical Marital Status Tables|publisher=U.S. Census Bureau}}</ref> In 2021, the [[total fertility rate]] for the U.S. stood at 1.7 children per woman,<ref>{{Cite web |last=McPhillips |first=Deidre |date=2023-01-31 |title=Covid-19 'baby bump' brought an increased US fertility rate in 2021 -- but also record high preterm births |url=https://www.cnn.com/2023/01/31/health/us-birth-rate-fertility-trends-2021/index.html |access-date=2023-04-16 |website=CNN |language=en}}</ref> and it had the world's highest rate of children (23%) living in [[Single parents in the United States|single-parent]] households in 2019.<ref>{{cite web|title=U.S. has world's highest rate of children living in single-parent households|url=https://www.pewresearch.org/fact-tank/2019/12/12/u-s-children-more-likely-than-children-in-other-countries-to-live-with-just-one-parent/|access-date=March 17, 2020|website=Pew Research Center|language=en}}</ref> The United States has a diverse population; 37 [[American ancestries|ancestry groups]] have more than one million members.<ref name="An2000">{{cite web|title=Ancestry 2000|url=https://www.census.gov/prod/2004pubs/c2kbr-35.pdf|date=June 2004|publisher=U.S. Census Bureau|url-status=live|archive-url=http://webarchive.loc.gov/all/20041204015245/https://www.census.gov/prod/2004pubs/c2kbr-35.pdf|archive-date=December 4, 2004|access-date=December 2, 2016}}</ref> [[Non-Hispanic whites|White Americans]] with ancestry from Europe, the Middle East or North Africa, form the largest [[race (human classification)|racial]] and [[ethnic group]] at 57.8% of the United States population.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.census.gov/library/stories/2021/08/2020-united-states-population-more-racially-ethnically-diverse-than-2010.html | title=The Chance That Two People Chosen at Random Are of Different Race or Ethnicity Groups Has Increased Since 2010 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Table 52. Population by Selected Ancestry Group and Region: 2009|url=https://www.census.gov/compendia/statab/2012/tables/12s0052.pdf|date=2009|publisher=U.S. Census Bureau|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121225031832/https://www.census.gov/compendia/statab/2012/tables/12s0052.pdf|archive-date=December 25, 2012|access-date=February 11, 2017}}</ref> [[Hispanic and Latino Americans]] form the second-largest group and are 18.7% of the United States population. [[African Americans]] constitute the nation's third-largest ancestry group and are 12.1% of the total United States population.<ref name="An2000" /> [[Asian Americans]] are the country's fourth-largest group, composing 5.9% of the United States population, while the country's 3.7 million [[Native Americans in the United States|Native Americans]] account for about 1%.<ref name="An2000" /> In 2020, the [[median age]] of the United States population was 38.5 years.<ref name="CIA-2018" /> ===Immigration=== {{main|Immigration to the United States}} The United States has by far the highest [[List of sovereign states and dependent territories by immigrant population|number of immigrant population]] in the world, with 50,661,149 people.<ref name="UNdef">{{Cite web|url=https://www.un.org/en/development/desa/population/migration/data/estimates2/docs/MigrationStockDocumentation_2019.pdf|title=INTERNATIONAL MIGRANT STOCK 2019 DOCUMENTATION}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.un.org/en/development/desa/population/migration/data/estimates2/data/UN_MigrantStockTotal_2019.xlsx|title=UN_MigrantStockTotal_2019}}</ref> In 2018, there were almost 90 million immigrants and [[Second-generation immigrants in the United States|U.S.-born children of immigrants]] in the United States, accounting for 28% of the overall U.S. population.<ref>{{cite news|date=March 14, 2019|title=Frequently Requested Statistics on Immigrants and Immigration in the United States|work=[[Migration Policy Institute]]|url=https://www.migrationpolicy.org/article/frequently-requested-statistics-immigrants-and-immigration-united-states}}</ref> In 2017, out of the U.S. foreign-born population, some 45% (20.7&nbsp;million) were naturalized citizens, 27% (12.3&nbsp;million) were lawful permanent residents, 6% (2.2&nbsp;million) were temporary lawful residents, and 23% (10.5&nbsp;million) were unauthorized immigrants.<ref name="KeyFindings">{{cite web|date=June 17, 2019|title=Key findings about U.S. immigrants|url=https://www.pewresearch.org/fact-tank/2019/06/17/key-findings-about-u-s-immigrants/|publisher=Pew Research Center}}</ref> The United States led the world in [[refugee resettlement]] for decades, admitting more refugees than the rest of the world combined.<ref name="PewRefugees">{{cite web|title=Key facts about refugees to the U.S.|url=https://www.pewresearch.org/fact-tank/2019/10/07/key-facts-about-refugees-to-the-u-s/|author=Jens Manuel Krogstad|date=October 7, 2019|publisher=Pew Research Center}}</ref> ===Language=== {{Main|Languages of the United States}} While many languages are spoken in the United States, English is the most common.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Kaur |first=Harmeet |date=2018-05-20 |title=FYI: English isn't the official language of the United States |url=https://www.cnn.com/2018/05/20/us/english-us-official-language-trnd/index.html |access-date=2023-05-11 |website=CNN |language=en}}</ref> Although there is no [[official language]] at the federal level, some laws—such as [[Naturalized citizen of the United States|U.S. naturalization requirements]]—standardize English, and most states have declared English as the official language.<ref>{{cite news|date=August 12, 2014|title=States Where English Is the Official Language|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/blogs/govbeat/wp/2014/08/12/states-where-english-is-the-official-language/|access-date=September 12, 2020|newspaper=The Washington Post}}</ref> Three states and four U.S. territories have recognized local or indigenous languages in addition to English, including Hawaii ([[Hawaiian language|Hawaiian]]),<ref>{{cite web|date=November 7, 1978|title=The Constitution of the State of Hawaii, Article XV, Section 4|url=https://www.hawaii.gov/lrb/con/conart15.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130724231656/https://hawaii.gov/lrb/con/conart15.html|archive-date=July 24, 2013|access-date=June 19, 2007|publisher=Hawaii Legislative Reference Bureau}}</ref> Alaska ([[Alaska Native languages|twenty Native languages]]),{{efn|[[Inupiaq language|Inupiaq]], [[Central Siberian Yupik language|Siberian Yupik]], [[Central Alaskan Yup'ik language|Central Alaskan Yup'ik]], [[Alutiiq language|Alutiiq]], [[Aleut language|Unanga]] (Aleut), [[Denaʼina language|Denaʼina]], [[Deg Xinag language|Deg Xinag]], [[Holikachuk language|Holikachuk]], [[Koyukon language|Koyukon]], [[Upper Kuskokwim language|Upper Kuskokwim]], [[Gwichʼin language|Gwichʼin]], [[Lower Tanana language|Tanana]], [[Upper Tanana language|Upper Tanana]], [[Tanacross language|Tanacross]], [[Hän language|Hän]], [[Ahtna language|Ahtna]], [[Eyak language|Eyak]], [[Tlingit language|Tlingit]], [[Haida language|Haida]], and [[Coast Tsimshian dialect|Tsimshian]]}}<ref>{{cite news|last1=Chapel|first1=Bill|date=April 21, 2014|title=Alaska OKs Bill Making Native Languages Official|url=https://www.npr.org/sections/thetwo-way/2014/04/21/305688602/alaska-oks-bill-making-native-languages-official|newspaper=NPR}}</ref> South Dakota ([[Sioux language|Sioux]]),<ref name="LakotaCommon">{{cite web|title=South Dakota recognizes official indigenous language|url=https://eu.argusleader.com/story/news/politics/2019/03/22/south-dakota-recognizes-official-indigenous-language-governor-noem/3245113002/|access-date=March 26, 2019|publisher=[[Argus Leader]]}}</ref> American Samoa ([[Samoan language|Samoan]]), Puerto Rico ([[Spanish language|Spanish]]), Guam ([[Chamorro language|Chamorro]]), and the Northern Mariana Islands ([[Carolinian language|Carolinian]] and Chamorro). In Puerto Rico, Spanish is more widely spoken than English.<ref name="PuertoRicoTranslation">{{cite web|title=Translation in Puerto Rico|url=https://www.puertorico.com/translation/|access-date=December 29, 2013|website=Puerto Rico Channel|archive-date=December 30, 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131230233259/http://www.puertorico.com/translation/|url-status=dead}}</ref> According to the [[American Community Survey]], in 2010 some 229 million people (out of the total U.S. population of 308 million) spoke only English at home. More than 37 million spoke [[Spanish language in the United States|Spanish]] at home, making it the second most commonly used language in the United States. Other languages spoken at home by one million people or more include [[Chinese language|Chinese]] (2.8 million), [[Tagalog language|Tagalog]] (1.6 million), [[Vietnamese language|Vietnamese]] (1.4 million), [[French language|French]] (1.3 million), [[Korean language|Korean]] (1.1 million), and [[German language|German]] (1 million).<ref>{{cite web|url=https://factfinder.census.gov/faces/tableservices/jsf/pages/productview.xhtml?pid=ACS_10_1YR_B16001&prodType=table|title=American FactFinder—Results|first=U.S. Census|last=Bureau|access-date=May 29, 2017|archive-date=February 12, 2020|archive-url=https://archive.today/20200212213140/https://factfinder.census.gov/faces/tableservices/jsf/pages/productview.xhtml?pid=ACS_10_1YR_B16001&prodType=table|url-status=dead }}</ref> The [[List of most commonly learned foreign languages in the United States|most widely taught foreign languages]] in the United States, in terms of enrollment numbers from kindergarten through university [[undergraduate education]], are Spanish, French, and [[German language in the United States|German]]. Other commonly taught languages include [[Latin]], [[Japanese language education in the United States|Japanese]], [[American Sign Language]], [[Italian language in the United States|Italian]], and [[Chinese language in the United States|Chinese]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.actfl.org/sites/default/files/pdfs/ReportSummary2011.pdf|title=Foreign Language Enrollments in K–12 Public Schools|date=February 2011|publisher=American Council on the Teaching of Foreign Languages (ACTFL)|access-date=October 17, 2015|archive-date=April 8, 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160408184754/https://www.actfl.org/sites/default/files/pdfs/ReportSummary2011.pdf|url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.mla.org/pdf/2013_enrollment_survey.pdf|title=Enrollments in Languages Other Than English in United States Institutions of Higher Education, Fall 2013|last1=Goldberg|first1=David|last2=Looney|first2=Dennis|last3=Lusin|first3=Natalia|date=February 2015|publisher=Modern Language Association|access-date=May 20, 2015}}</ref> ===Religion=== {{Main|Religion in the United States}} {{See also|List of religious movements that began in the United States}} {{Pie chart | thumb = right | caption = Self-identified religious affiliation in the United States (2023 ''[[The Wall Street Journal]]-[[Associated Press|NORC]]'' poll):<ref name="WSJ-2022">{{Cite web |date=2022 |title=March 2023 NORC/AP poll |url=https://s.wsj.net/public/resources/documents/WSJ_NORC_ToplineMarc_2023.pdf |access-date=March 27, 2023 |website=[[Wall Street Journal]]}}</ref> | label1 = [[Protestantism in the United States|Protestantism]] | value1 = 26 | color1 = DarkBlue | label2 = [[Catholicism in the United States|Catholicism]] | value2 = 21 | color2 = Purple | label3 = "Just [[Christians|Christian]]" | value3 = 20 | color3 = Lightblue | label4 = [[Mormonism]] | value4 = 2 | color4 = Teal | label5 = [[Unitarianism]] | value5 = 1 | color5 = Red | label6 = [[Judaism in the United States|Judaism]] | value6 = 2 | color6 = Pink | label7 = [[Buddhism in the United States|Buddhism]] | value7 = 2 | color7 = Yellow | label8 = Other religious affilation | value8 = 2 | color8 = Salmon | label9 = [[Islam in the United States|Islam]] | value9 = 1 | color9 = Green | label10 = [[Irreligion in the United States|Nothing in particular]] | value10 = 12 | color10 = White | label11 = [[Agnosticism]] | value11 = 8 | color11 = LightGrey | label12 = [[Atheism]] | value12 = 4 | color12 = Black }} Religious affiliation in the United States is among the [[List of countries ranked by ethnic and cultural diversity level|most diverse in the world]]<ref name="alesina1">{{cite journal |first=Alberto |last=Alesina |display-authors=etal |year=2003 |title=Fractionalization |url=http://www.economics.harvard.edu/faculty/alesina/files/fractionalization.pdf |journal=Journal of Economic Growth |volume=8 |issue=2 |pages=155–194 |doi=10.1023/a:1024471506938 |access-date=September 13, 2012}}</ref> and varies significantly [[List of regions of the United States|by region]]<ref name="Williams-2023">{{Cite web |last=Williams |first=Daniel |date=March 1, 2023 |title='Christian America' Isn't Dying. It's Dividing. |url=https://www.christianitytoday.com/ct/2023/february-web-only/christianity-america-pew-research-statistics-minority.html |access-date=2023-03-25 |website=[[Christianity Today]] |language=en}}</ref> and age.<ref name="Burge-2023">{{Cite web |last=Burge |first=Ryan |author-link=Ryan Burge (political scientist) |date=2023-04-03 |title=Gen Z and Religion in 2022 |url=https://religioninpublic.blog/2023/04/03/gen-z-and-religion-in-2022/ |access-date=2023-04-04 |website=Religion in Public |language=en}}</ref> The [[First Amendment to the United States Constitution|First Amendment]] guarantees the [[Free Exercise Clause|free exercise]] of religion and forbids Congress from passing laws respecting its [[Establishment Clause|establishment]].<ref name="Donadio-2021">{{Cite web |last=Donadio |first=Rachel |date=2021-11-22 |title=Why Is France So Afraid of God? |url=https://www.theatlantic.com/magazine/archive/2021/12/france-god-religion-secularism/620528/ |access-date=2023-03-25 |website=The Atlantic |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |date= |title=First Amendment |url=https://constitution.congress.gov/constitution/amendment-1/#:~:text=Congress%20shall%20make%20no%20law,for%20a%20redress%20of%20grievances. |work=Constitution Annotated |publisher=[[United States Congress]]}}</ref> The country has the world's [[Christianity by country|largest Christian population]]<ref name="Global Christianity">{{cite web|author=ANALYSIS|url=https://www.pewforum.org/Christian/Global-Christianity-exec.aspx|title=Global Christianity|publisher=Pewforum.org|date=December 19, 2011|access-date=August 17, 2012|archive-date=July 30, 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130730062627/http://www.pewforum.org/christian/global-christianity-exec.aspx|url-status=dead }}</ref> and a majority of Americans identify as [[Christians|Christian]], predominately [[Catholic Church|Catholic]], [[mainline Protestant]], or [[Evangelicalism|evangelical]]. According to Gallup, 58% and 17% reporting [[Prayer|praying]] often or sometimes, respectively, and 46% and 26% reporting that religion plays a very important or fairly important role, respectively, in their lives.<ref name="Gallup Poll">{{cite web |date=2022 |title=Religion Historical Trends |url=https://news.gallup.com/poll/1690/religion.aspx |website=Gallup}}</ref> Most do not regularly attend religious services<ref name="WSJ-2022" /> and have low confidence in religious institutions.<ref name="McCarthy-2019">{{Cite web |last=McCarthy |first=Justin |date=2019-07-08 |title=U.S. Confidence in Organized Religion Remains Low |url=https://news.gallup.com/poll/259964/confidence-organized-religion-remains-low.aspx |access-date=2023-01-01 |website=Gallup.com |language=en}}</ref> Until the 1990s, the country was a [[outlier|significant outlier]] among [[Developed country|highly developed]] countries, notably having [[Wealth and religion|a high level of religiosity and wealth]], although this has lessened since.<ref name="Nadeem-2022">{{Cite web |last=Nadeem |first=Reem |date=2022-09-13 |title=Modeling the Future of Religion in America |url=https://www.pewresearch.org/religion/2022/09/13/modeling-the-future-of-religion-in-america/ |access-date=2023-01-01 |website=[[Pew Research Center]] |language=en-US}}</ref><ref name="Thompson-2019">{{Cite web |last=Thompson |first=Derek |date=2019-09-26 |title=Three Decades Ago, America Lost Its Religion. Why? |url=https://www.theatlantic.com/ideas/archive/2019/09/atheism-fastest-growing-religion-us/598843/ |access-date=2022-10-02 |website=The Atlantic |language=en |quote=}}</ref> According to Gallup and Pew 81%-90% of Americans believe in a [[Higher Power|higher power]]<ref name=":8">{{Cite web |last=Jones |first=Jeffrey |date=2022-06-17 |title=Belief in God in U.S. Dips to 81%, a New Low |url=https://news.gallup.com/poll/393737/belief-god-dips-new-low.aspx |access-date=2023-01-01 |website=Gallup |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Key findings about Americans' belief in God |url=https://www.pewresearch.org/fact-tank/2018/04/25/key-findings-about-americans-belief-in-god/ |website=Pew Research Center |date=April 25, 2018 |quote= The vast majority of Americans (90%) believe in some kind of higher power, with 56% professing faith in God as described in the Bible and another 33% saying they believe in another type of higher power or spiritual force. Only one-in-ten Americans say they don’t believe in God or a higher power of any kind.}}</ref> while "31% report attending a church, synagogue, mosque or temple weekly or nearly weekly today."<ref name="Jones-2022">{{Cite web |last=Jones |first=Jeffrey |date=2022-12-21 |title=In U.S., Childhood Churchgoing Habits Fade in Adulthood |url=https://news.gallup.com/poll/467354/childhood-churchgoing-habits-fade-adulthood.aspx |access-date=2023-01-01 |website=Gallup.com |language=en}}</ref> In the "[[Bible Belt]]", located within the [[Southern United States]], evangelical Protestantism plays a significant role culturally. [[New England]] and the [[Western United States]] tend [[Unchurched Belt|to be less religious]].<ref name="Williams-2023" /> Around 6% of Americans claim a non-Christian faith;<ref name="Nadeem-2022" /> the largest of which are [[Judaism]], [[Islam in the United States|Islam]], [[Hinduism in the United States|Hinduism]], and [[Buddhism in the United States|Buddhism]].<ref name="pew2015">{{cite web |date=May 12, 2015 |title=America's Changing Religious Landscape |url=https://www.pewforum.org/2015/05/12/americas-changing-religious-landscape/ |publisher=[[Pew Research Center]]: Religion & Public Life}}</ref> The United States either has the [[American Jews|first or second-largest Jewish population]] in the world, the largest outside of [[Israel]].<ref name="JDB">{{cite report |editor1-last=Dashefsky |editor1-first=Arnold |editor-link1=Arnold Dashefsky |editor2-last=Della Pergola |editor2-first=Sergio |editor-link2=Sergio Della Pergola |editor3-last=Sheskin |editor3-first=Ira |date=2018 |title=World Jewish Population|url=https://www.jewishdatabank.org/content/upload/bjdb/2018-World_Jewish_Population_(AJYB,_DellaPergola)_DB_Final.pdf|publisher=[[Berman Jewish DataBank]]|access-date=22 June 2019}}</ref> "[[Ceremonial deism]]" is common in American culture.<ref name="Donadio-2021" /><ref>{{Cite web |last1=Merriam |first1=Jesse |last2=Lupu |first2=Ira |last3=Elwood |first3=F |last4=Davis |first4=Eleanor |date=August 28, 2008 |title=On Ceremonial Occasions, May the Government Invoke a Deity? |url=https://www.pewresearch.org/religion/2008/08/28/on-ceremonial-occasions-may-the-government-invoke-a-deity/ |access-date=March 31, 2023 |website=Pew Research Center's Religion & Public Life Project |language=en-US}}</ref> Around 30% of Americans describe themselves as having [[irreligion|no religion]].<ref name="Nadeem-2022" /> Membership in a house of worship fell from 70% in 1999 to 47% in 2020.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Jones |first1=Jeffrey M. |date=March 29, 2021 |title=U.S. Church Membership Falls Below Majority for First Time |language=en |work=[[Gallup Inc.]] |url=https://news.gallup.com/poll/341963/church-membership-falls-below-majority-first-time.aspx |access-date=April 5, 2021}}</ref> ===Urbanization=== {{Main|Urbanization in the United States|List of United States cities by population}} About 82% of Americans live in [[United States urban area|urban areas]], including suburbs;<ref name="WF" /> about half of those reside in cities with populations over 50,000.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://factfinder.census.gov/servlet/GCTTable?_bm=y&-state=gct&-ds_name=DEC_2000_SF1_U&-_box_head_nbr=GCT-P1&-mt_name=&-_caller=geoselect&-geo_id=&-format=US-1&-_lang=en|title=United States—Urban/Rural and Inside/Outside Metropolitan Area|publisher=U.S. Census Bureau|archive-url=http://webarchive.loc.gov/all/20090403024532/https://factfinder.census.gov/servlet/GCTTable?_bm=y&-state=gct&-ds_name=DEC_2000_SF1_U&-_box_head_nbr=GCT-P1&-mt_name=&-_caller=geoselect&-geo_id=&-format=US-1&-_lang=en|archive-date=April 3, 2009|access-date=September 23, 2008|url-status=dead }}</ref> In 2008, 273 [[List of United States cities by population|incorporated municipalities]] had populations over 100,000, nine cities had more than one million residents, and four cities ([[New York City]], [[Los Angeles]], [[Chicago]], and [[Houston]]) had populations exceeding two million.<ref name="PopEstBigCities">{{cite web|url=https://hawaii.gov/dbedt/info/census/popestimate/copy_of_2008-subcounty-population-hawaii/SUB_EST2008_01.pdf|archive-url=https://www.webcitation.org/5lpvuJk99?url=https://hawaii.gov/dbedt/info/census/popestimate/copy_of_2008-subcounty-population-hawaii/SUB_EST2008_01.pdf|archive-date=December 7, 2009|title=Table 1: Annual Estimates of the Resident Population for Incorporated Places Over 100,000, Ranked by July 1, 2008 Population: April 1, 2000 to July 1, 2008|website=2008 Population Estimates|publisher=U.S. Census Bureau, Population Division|date=July 1, 2009 }}</ref> Many U.S. metropolitan populations are growing rapidly, particularly in the South and West.<ref>{{cite web|date=April 18, 2019|title=Counties in South and West Lead Nation in Population Growth|url=https://www.census.gov/newsroom/press-releases/2019/estimates-county-metro.html|access-date=August 29, 2020|website=The United States Census Bureau|language=en}}</ref> {{Largest metropolitan areas of the United States}} ===Education=== {{Main|Education in the United States|Higher education in the United States}} [[File:University-of-Virginia-Rotunda.jpg|thumb|The [[University of Virginia]], founded by [[Thomas Jefferson]], is one of the many public colleges and universities in the United States.|alt=Photograph of the University of Virginia]] American [[state school|public education]] is operated by state and local governments and regulated by the [[United States Department of Education]] through restrictions on federal grants. In most states, children are required to attend school from the age of five or six (beginning with [[kindergarten]] or [[first grade]]) until they turn 18 (generally bringing them through [[twelfth grade]], the end of [[high school]]); some states allow students to leave school at 16 or 17.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://nces.ed.gov/programs/digest/d02/dt150.asp|title=Ages for Compulsory School Attendance ...|access-date=June 10, 2007|publisher=U.S. Dept. of Education, National Center for Education Statistics}}</ref> Of Americans 25 and older, 84.6% graduated from high school, 52.6% attended some college, 27.2% earned a [[bachelor's degree]], and 9.6% earned graduate degrees.<ref>{{cite web|title=Educational Attainment in the United States: 2003|url=https://www.census.gov/prod/2004pubs/p20-550.pdf|access-date=August 1, 2006|publisher=U.S. Census Bureau}}</ref> The basic [[literacy]] rate is approximately 99%.<ref name="WF" /><ref>For more detail on U.S. literacy, see [https://nces.ed.gov/NAAL/PDF/2006470.PDF A First Look at the Literacy of America's Adults in the 21st century], U.S. Department of Education (2003).</ref> The United States has many private and public [[Lists of American institutions of higher education|institutions of higher education]]. There are also local [[community college]]s with generally more open admission policies, shorter academic programs, and lower tuition.<ref>{{cite web|last1=Pannoni|first1=Alexandra|last2=Kerr|first2=Emma|url=https://www.usnews.com/education/community-colleges/articles/2015/02/06/frequently-asked-questions-community-college|title=Everything You Need to Know About Community Colleges: FAQ|work=[[U.S. News & World Report]]|date=July 14, 2020|access-date=July 9, 2022}}</ref> The U.S. spends more on education per student than any nation in the world,<ref>{{Cite news|last=Rushe|first=Dominic|date=September 7, 2018|title=The US spends more on education than other countries. Why is it falling behind?|language=en-GB|work=The Guardian|url=https://www.theguardian.com/us-news/2018/sep/07/us-education-spending-finland-south-korea|access-date=August 29, 2020|issn=0261-3077}}</ref> spending an average of $12,794 per year on public elementary and secondary school students in the 2016–2017 school year.<ref>{{cite web|date=April 2020|title=Fast Facts: Expenditures|url=https://nces.ed.gov/fastfacts/display.asp?id=66|access-date=August 29, 2020|website=nces.ed.gov|language=EN}}</ref> As for [[public expenditure]]s on higher education, the U.S. spends more per student than the [[OECD]] average, and more than all nations in combined public and private spending.<ref name="education spending">{{cite news|date=June 25, 2013|title=U.S. education spending tops global list, study shows|publisher=CBS|agency=AP|url=https://www.cbsnews.com/8301-202_162-57590921/u.s-education-spending-tops-global-list-study-shows/|access-date=October 5, 2013}}</ref> Despite some student [[loan forgiveness]] programs in place,<ref>{{Cite web |title=The Biden administration cancelled $9.5B in student loan debt. Here's who it affects. |url=https://usafacts.org/articles/the-biden-administration-cancelled-95b-in-student-loan-debt-heres-who-it-affects/ |access-date=July 15, 2022 |website=USAFacts |language=en}}</ref> [[Student debt|student loan debt]] has increased by 102% in the last decade,<ref>{{cite news|last=Hess|first=Abigail Johnson|date=December 22, 2020|title=U.S. student debt has increased by more than 100% over the past 10 years|work=CNBC|location=|url=https://www.cnbc.com/2020/12/22/us-student-debt-has-increased-by-more-than-100percent-over-past-10-years.html|access-date=January 8, 2022}}</ref> and exceeded 1.7&nbsp;trillion dollars as of 2022.<ref>{{cite news|last1=Dickler|first1=Jessica|last2=Nova|first2=Annie|date=May 6, 2022|title=This is how student loan debt became a $1.7 trillion crisis|url=https://www.cnbc.com/2022/05/06/this-is-how-student-loan-debt-became-a-1point7-trillion-crisis.html|work=CNBC|location=|access-date=July 8, 2022}}</ref> The large majority of the world's top universities, as listed by various ranking organizations, are in the United States, including 19 of the top 25, and the most prestigious{{ww|date=May 2023}}{{or|date=May 2023}} – the [[Harvard University]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=Fink |first=Jenni |date=2019-10-22 |title=U.S. Schools Take 8 of 10 Top Spots on U.S. News' Best Global Universities |url=https://www.newsweek.com/us-news-best-global-universities-american-schools-dominate-top-10-1466768 |access-date=2023-04-18 |website=Newsweek |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Nietzel |first=Michael T. |date=March 22, 2023 |title=U.S. Universities Dominate Latest QS World Rankings By Academic Field |url=https://www.forbes.com/sites/michaeltnietzel/2023/03/22/us-universities-dominate-latest-qs-world-rankings-by-academic-field/ |access-date=2023-04-18 |website=Forbes |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.usnews.com/news/best-countries/best-countries-for-education |title=Best Countries for Education: North American and European countries are seen as offering the best opportunities for education. |website=U.S. News & World Report |date=April 19, 2023}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.usnews.com/education/best-global-universities/rankings |title=2022-2023 Best Global Universities Rankings |website=[[U.S. News & World Report]] |access-date=April 27, 2023}}</ref> The country also has by far the most [[List of Nobel laureates by country|Nobel Prize winners]] in history, with 403 (having won 406 awards).<ref>{{Cite web |title=All Nobel Prizes |url=https://www.nobelprize.org/prizes/lists/all-nobel-prizes |website=NobelPrize.org}}</ref> ===Health=== {{See also|Health care in the United States|Health care reform in the United States|Health insurance in the United States}} [[File:Texas medical center.jpg|thumb|The [[Texas Medical Center]] in downtown [[Houston]] is the largest medical complex in the world.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.newsweek.com/texas-medical-center-largest-medical-complex-world-reaches-98-percent-icu-capacity-1526180 | title=Texas Medical Center, largest medical complex in the world, reaches 98 percent ICU capacity | website=[[Newsweek]] | date=August 19, 2020 }}</ref> |alt=The Texas Medical Center, a cluster of contemporary skyscrapers, at night]] In a preliminary report, the [[Centers for Disease Control and Prevention]] (CDC) announced that U.S. [[life expectancy]] at birth had dropped to 76.4 years in 2021 (73.2 years for men and 79.1 years for women), down 0.9 years from 2020. This was the second year of overall decline, and the chief causes listed were the [[COVID-19]] pandemic, accidents, drug overdoses, heart and liver disease, and suicides.<ref>{{cite web|title=Life Expectancy in the United States Declines, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, National Center for Health Statistics|url=https://www.cdc.gov/nchs/pressroom/nchs_press_releases/2022/20220831.htm|website=www.cdc.gov|access-date=September 3, 2022|date=August 31, 2022}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last=Noguchi|first=Yuki |date=December 22, 2022 |title=American life expectancy is now at its lowest in nearly two decades|url=https://www.npr.org/sections/health-shots/2022/12/22/1144864971/american-life-expectancy-is-now-at-its-lowest-in-nearly-two-decades|work=[[NPR]] |location= |access-date=December 27, 2022}}</ref> Life expectancy was highest among Asians and Hispanics and lowest among Blacks and American Indian–Alaskan Native ([[AIAN (U.S. Census)|AIAN]]) peoples.<ref>{{cite web|date=November 29, 2018|title=Mortality in the United States, 2017|url=https://www.cdc.gov/nchs/products/databriefs/db328.htm|access-date=December 27, 2018|website=www.cdc.gov}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|last1=Bernstein|first1=Lenny|date=November 29, 2018|title=U.S. life expectancy declines again, a dismal trend not seen since World War I|newspaper=[[The Washington Post]]|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/national/health-science/us-life-expectancy-declines-again-a-dismal-trend-not-seen-since-world-war-i/2018/11/28/ae58bc8c-f28c-11e8-bc79-68604ed88993_story.html|access-date=December 27, 2018}}</ref> Starting in 1998, the average life expectancy in the U.S. fell behind that of other wealthy industrialized countries, and Americans' "health disadvantage" gap has been increasing ever since.<ref>{{cite news|last=Achenbach|first=Joel|date=November 26, 2019|title='There's something terribly wrong': Americans are dying young at alarming rates|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/health/theres-something-terribly-wrong-americans-are-dying-young-at-alarming-rates/2019/11/25/d88b28ec-0d6a-11ea-8397-a955cd542d00_story.html|newspaper=[[The Washington Post]]|access-date=December 19, 2019}}</ref> The U.S. also has one of the highest [[Suicide in the United States|suicide]] rates among [[high-income countries]],<ref>{{cite web|date=January 30, 2020|title=New International Report on Health Care: U.S. Suicide Rate Highest Among Wealthy Nations {{!}} Commonwealth Fund|url=https://www.commonwealthfund.org/press-release/2020/new-international-report-health-care-us-suicide-rate-highest-among-wealthy|access-date=March 17, 2020|website=www.commonwealthfund.org|language=en}}</ref> and approximately one-third of the U.S. adult population is obese and another third is overweight.<ref>{{cite web|title=Prevalence of Overweight and Obesity Among Adults: United States, 2003–2004|url=https://www.cdc.gov/nchs/products/pubs/pubd/hestats/overweight/overwght_adult_03.htm|access-date=June 5, 2007|publisher=Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, National Center for Health Statistics}}</ref> In 2010, [[coronary artery disease]], [[lung cancer]], [[stroke]], [[chronic obstructive pulmonary disease]]s, and traffic collisions caused the most years of life lost in the U.S. [[Low back pain]], [[major depressive disorder|depression]], [[musculoskeletal disorder]]s, [[neck pain]], and [[anxiety]] caused the most years lost to disability. The most harmful [[risk factor]]s were poor diet, [[tobacco smoking]], obesity, [[Hypertension|high blood pressure]], [[Hyperglycemia|high blood sugar]], [[physical inactivity]], and [[Alcohol consumption and health|alcohol consumption]]. [[Alzheimer's disease]], [[substance use disorder]]s, [[kidney disease]], [[cancer]], and falls caused the most additional years of life lost over their age-adjusted 1990 per-capita rates.<ref name="Murray2013">{{cite journal|first=Christopher J.L.|last=Murray|title=The State of US Health, 1990–2010: Burden of Diseases, Injuries, and Risk Factors|journal=Journal of the American Medical Association|doi=10.1001/jama.2013.13805|date=July 10, 2013|volume=310|issue=6|pages=591–608|pmid=23842577|pmc=5436627 }}</ref> [[Teenage pregnancy in the United States|Teenage pregnancy]] and [[Abortion in the United States|abortion]] rates in the U.S. are substantially higher than in other Western nations, especially among blacks and Hispanics.<ref>{{cite web|title=About Teen Pregnancy|url=https://www.cdc.gov/TeenPregnancy/AboutTeenPreg.htm|publisher=Center for Disease Control|access-date=January 24, 2015}}</ref> The U.S. health care system far [[List of countries by total health expenditure (PPP) per capita|outspends]] that of any other nation, measured both in per capita spending and as a percentage of GDP but attains worse health care outcomes when compared to peer nations.<ref>{{cite web|year=2001|title=The U.S. Healthcare System: The Best in the World or Just the Most Expensive?|url=https://dll.umaine.edu/ble/U.S.+HCweb.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/20070309142240/https://dll.umaine.edu:80/ble/U.S.%20HCweb.pdf|archive-date=March 9, 2007|access-date=November 29, 2006|publisher=University of Maine}}{{cbignore}}</ref> The United States is the only developed nation [[Healthcare reform in the United States|without a system of universal health care]], and a [[Health insurance coverage in the United States|significant proportion of the population that does not carry health insurance]].<ref>{{cite journal|last=Vladeck|first=Bruce|title=Universal Health Insurance in the United States: Reflections on the Past, the Present, and the Future|date=January 2003|volume=93|number=1|pages=16–19|pmid=12511377|doi=10.2105/ajph.93.1.16|journal=[[American Journal of Public Health]]|pmc=1447684 }}</ref> The U.S., however, is a global leader in medical innovation, measured either in terms of revenue or the number of new drugs and devices introduced.<ref name="EFPIA">{{cite web|url=http://www.efpia.org/content/Default.asp?PageID=388|title=Improving Europe's competitiveness|publisher=[[European Federation of Pharmaceutical Industries and Associations|EFPIA]]|access-date=November 6, 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090823030103/http://www.efpia.org/content/Default.asp?PageID=388|archive-date=August 23, 2009}}</ref><ref name="Europe">Stats from 2007 Europ.Fed.of Pharm.Indust.and Assoc. Retrieved June 17, 2009, from [http://212.3.246.100/Objects/2/Files/infigures2007.pdf]{{dead link|date=October 2017|bot=InternetArchiveBot|fix-attempted=yes}}</ref> The Foundation for Research on Equal Opportunity ranked the United States 11th in its World Index of Healthcare Innovation; it concluded that the U.S. dominates science & technology, which "was on full display during the COVID-19 pandemic, as the U.S. government [delivered] coronavirus vaccines far faster than anyone had ever done before," but lags behind in fiscal sustainability, with "[government] spending [...] growing at an unsustainable rate."<ref>{{cite web|url=https://freopp.org/united-states-11-in-the-2022-world-index-of-healthcare-innovation-7175b47ab5d7|title=United States: #11 in the 2022 World Index of Healthcare Innovation. America's runaway leadership in science & technology is marred by a fiscally unsustainable system of costly health care.|website=freopp.org|author=Grant Rigney|date=March 3, 2023|access-date=April 27, 2023}}</ref> Government-funded health care coverage for the poor ([[Medicaid]], established in 1965) and for those age 65 and older ([[Medicare (United States)|Medicare]], begun in 1966) is available to Americans who meet the programs' income or age qualifications. In 2010, former President Obama passed the [[Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act]] or ACA,{{efn|Also known less formally as Obamacare}}<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Oberlander|first=Jonathan|date=June 1, 2010| title=Long Time Coming: Why Health Reform Finally Passed|journal=Health Affairs|language=en|volume=29|issue=6|pages=1112–1116|doi=10.1377/hlthaff.2010.0447| pmid=20530339|issn=0278-2715|doi-access=free}}</ref> with the law roughly halving the uninsured share of the population according to the CDC.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.cdc.gov/nchs/data/nhis/earlyrelease/earlyrelease201611_01.pdf|title=National Health Interview Survey, January to June 2016|website=CDC.gov|access-date=November 23, 2016}}</ref> Multiple studies have concluded that ACA had reduced the mortality of enrollees.<ref name="NYT20200323GoodnoughAbelsonetAl">{{cite news|first1=Abby|last1=Goodnough|first2=Reed|last2=Abelson|first3=Margot|last3=Sanger-Katz|first4=Sarah|last4=Kliff|title=Obamacare Turns 10. Here's a Look at What Works and Doesn't.|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2020/03/23/health/obamacare-aca-coverage-cost-history.html|access-date=March 31, 2020|date=March 23, 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200330105840/https://www.nytimes.com/2020/03/23/health/obamacare-aca-coverage-cost-history.html|archive-date=March 30, 2020|work=The New York Times}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|last1=Miller|first1=Sarah|last2=Altekruse|first2=Sean|last3=Johnson|first3=Norman|last4=Wherry|first4=Laura|date=July 2019|title=Medicaid and Mortality: New Evidence from Linked Survey and Administrative Data|location=Cambridge, MA|publisher=National Bureau of Economic Research|series=NBER Working Paper No. 26081|doi=10.3386/w26081|s2cid=164463149|url=http://www.nber.org/papers/w26081.pdf}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Goldin|first1=Jacob|last2=Lurie|first2=Ithai Z.|last3=McCubbin|first3=Janet|title=Health Insurance and Mortality: Experimental Evidence from Taxpayer Outreach|journal=The Quarterly Journal of Economics|year=2020|volume=136|pages=1–49|language=en|doi=10.1093/qje/qjaa029|doi-access=free}}</ref> However, its legacy [[Criticism of Obamacare|remains controversial]].<ref>{{cite web|last=Mathews|first=Anna Wilde|url=https://www.wsj.com/articles/why-is-aca-still-controversial-11-years-after-healthcare-law-known-as-obamacare-was-passed-11623962729|title=Why Is ACA Still Controversial 11 Years After Healthcare Law Known as Obamacare Was Passed?|work=[[Wall Street Journal]]|date=June 17, 2021|access-date=July 18, 2022}}</ref> ==Culture and society== {{Main|Culture of the United States|Society of the United States}} [[File:Liberty02.jpg|thumb|upright|The [[Statue of Liberty]] (''Liberty Enlightening the World''), a gift from [[France]], has become an iconic symbol of the [[American Dream]].<ref>{{cite web| title = Statue of Liberty| website=World Heritage| publisher=UNESCO| url = https://whc.unesco.org/en/list/307| access-date = January 4, 2022}}</ref>|alt=The Statue of Liberty, a large teal bronze sculpture on a stone pedestal]] Americans have traditionally [[Stereotypes of Americans|been characterized]] by a unifying belief in an "[[American civil religion|American creed]]" emphasizing liberty, [[equality under the law]], democracy, [[social equality]], [[property rights]], and a preference for [[limited government]].<ref>{{cite book |last=Huntington |first=Samuel P. |url=https://archive.org/details/whoarewechalleng00hunt |title=Who are We?: The Challenges to America's National Identity |publisher=Simon & Schuster |year=2004 |isbn=978-0-684-87053-3 |chapter=Chapters 2–4 |author-link=Samuel P. Huntington |access-date=October 25, 2015 |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=6xiYiybkE8kC&q=core}}: also see [[American Creed]], written by [[William Tyler Page]] and adopted by Congress in 1918.</ref><ref>Hoeveler, J. David, ''Creating the American Mind: Intellect and Politics in the Colonial Colleges'', Rowman & Littlefield, {{ISBN|978-0742548398}}, 2007, p. xi</ref> [[Individualism]],<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Grabb |first1=Edward |last2=Baer |first2=Douglas |last3=Curtis |first3=James |year=1999 |title=The Origins of American Individualism: Reconsidering the Historical Evidence |journal=[[Canadian Journal of Sociology]] |publisher=[[University of Alberta]] |volume=24 |pages=511–533 |doi=10.2307/3341789 |issn=0318-6431 |jstor=3341789 |number=4}}</ref> having a strong [[work ethic]],<ref>{{cite journal |last=Porter |first=Gayle |date=November 2010 |title=Work Ethic and Ethical Work: Distortions in the American Dream |journal=[[Journal of Business Ethics]] |publisher=[[Springer Science+Business Media|Springer]] |volume=96 |pages=535–550 |doi=10.1007/s10551-010-0481-6 |jstor=29789736 |s2cid=143991044 |number=4}}</ref> [[Competition (economics)|competitiveness]],<ref>{{cite journal |last=Stephens |first=R.H. |date=September 1952 |title=The Role Of Competition In American Life |journal=[[The Australian Quarterly]] |publisher=[[Australian Institute of Policy and Science]] |volume=24 |pages=9–14 |jstor=41317686 |number=3}}</ref> and [[altruism]]<ref>{{cite web |url=https://good2give.ngo/wp-content/uploads/2022/09/2022-CAF-World-Giving-Index.pdf |title=World Giving Index 2022 |website=[[Charities Aid Foundation]] |access-date=April 27, 2023}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Country-level estimates of altruism |url=https://ourworldindata.org/grapher/cross-country-variation-in-altruism |access-date=2023-03-14 |website=Our World in Data}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Marsh |first=Abigail |date=February 5, 2018 |title=Could A More Individualistic World Also Be A More Altruistic One? |url=https://www.npr.org/sections/13.7/2018/02/05/581873428/could-a-more-individualistic-world-also-be-a-more-altruistic-one |access-date=March 14, 2023 |website=[[National Public Radio]]}}</ref> are also cited values. According to a 2016 study by the [[Charities Aid Foundation]], Americans donated 1.44% of total GDP to charity, the [[List of countries by charitable donation|highest]] in the world by a large margin.<ref>{{cite web |date=January 2016 |title=GROSS DOMESTIC PHILANTHROPY: An international analysis of GDP, tax and giving |url=https://www.cafonline.org/docs/default-source/about-us-policy-and-campaigns/gross-domestic-philanthropy-feb-2016.pdf |access-date=July 18, 2022 |publisher=[[Charities Aid Foundation]]}}</ref> The United States is home to a [[Multiculturalism|wide variety]] of ethnic groups, traditions, and values,<ref name="DD">{{cite book |last1=Adams |first1=J.Q. |title=Dealing with diversity : the anthology |last2=Strother-Adams |first2=Pearlie |date=2001 |publisher=Kendall/Hunt Pub |isbn=978-0-7872-8145-8 |location=Chicago}}</ref><ref name="Society in Focus">{{cite book |last1=Thompson |first1=William E. |title=Society in focus : an introduction to sociology |last2=Hickey |first2=Joseph V. |date=2004 |publisher=Pearson/Allyn and Bacon |isbn=978-0-205-41365-2 |edition=5th |location=Boston}}</ref> and exerts major cultural influence on a global scale,<ref>[[#BBC18may|BBC, April 2008: Country Profile: United States of America]]</ref><ref>{{Cite magazine |last1=Fergie |first1=Dexter |date=March 24, 2022 |title=How American Culture Ate the World |url=https://newrepublic.com/article/165836/american-culture-ate-world-righteous-smokescreen-globalization-review |magazine=The New Republic |issn=0028-6583 |access-date=July 3, 2022}}</ref> with the phenomenon being termed ''[[Americanization]]''.<ref name="stead1901">{{cite book | url=https://archive.org/stream/americanizationo01stea#page/392/mode/2up | title=The Americanization of the World | publisher=Horace Markley | author=Stead, W. T. | year=1901 | page=393}}</ref> As such, the U.S. is considered a [[cultural superpower]].<ref name=":0">{{Cite journal |last=Berghahn |first=Volker R. |date=2010-02-01 |title=The debate on 'Americanization' among economic and cultural historians |url=https://doi.org/10.1080/14682740903388566 |journal=Cold War History |volume=10 |issue=1 |pages=107–130 |doi=10.1080/14682740903388566 |s2cid=144459911 |issn=1468-2745}}</ref> Nearly all present Americans or their ancestors came from [[Afro-Eurasia|Eurafrasia]] ("the [[Old World]]") within the past five centuries.<ref>{{cite book|last1=Fiorina|first1=Morris P.|author-link1=Morris P. Fiorina|last2=Peterson|first2=Paul E.|title=The New American democracy|date=2010|publisher=Longman|location=London|isbn=978-0-205-78016-7|page=97|edition=7th}}</ref> [[wikt:mainstream|Mainstream]] American culture is a [[Western culture]] largely derived from the [[European American|traditions of European immigrants]] with influences from many other sources, such as [[African-American culture|traditions brought by slaves from Africa]].<ref name="DD" /><ref>{{cite book|last1=Holloway|first1=Joseph E.|title=Africanisms in American culture|date=2005|publisher=Indiana University Press|location=Bloomington|isbn=978-0-253-21749-3|pages=18–38|edition=2nd}}<br />{{cite book|last1=Johnson|first1=Fern L.|title=Speaking culturally : language diversity in the United States|publisher=Sage Publications|isbn=978-0-8039-5912-5|page=116|year=2000 }}</ref> More recent immigration from [[Asian American|Asia]] and especially [[Latin American culture|Latin America]] has added to a cultural mix that has been described as a homogenizing [[melting pot]], and a heterogeneous [[salad bowl (cultural idea)|salad bowl]], with immigrants contributing to, and often [[Assimilation (phonology)|assimilating]] into, mainstream American culture.<ref name="DD" /> The [[American Dream]], or the perception that Americans enjoy high [[Socio-economic mobility in the United States|social mobility]], plays a key role in attracting immigrants.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.gallup.com/poll/161435/100-million-worldwide-dream-life.aspx|title=More Than 100 Million Worldwide Dream of a Life in the U.S. More than 25% in Liberia, Sierra Leone, Dominican Republic want to move to the U.S.|last=Clifton|first=Jon|date=March 21, 2013|publisher=Gallup|access-date=January 10, 2014}}</ref> Whether this perception is accurate has been a topic of debate.<ref name="socialmobility">*{{cite web|url=https://www.oecd.org/tax/public-finance/chapter%205%20gfg%202010.pdf|title=A Family Affair: Intergenerational Social Mobility across OECD Countries|publisher=OECD|website=Economic Policy Reforms: Going for Growth|year=2010|access-date=September 20, 2010}} *{{cite web|url=https://www.suttontrust.com/reports/IntergenerationalMobility.pdf|title=Intergenerational Mobility in Europe and North America|author1=Blanden, Jo|author2=Gregg, Paul|author3=Machin, Stephen|publisher=Centre for Economic Performance|date=April 2005|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060623094610/https://www.suttontrust.com/reports/IntergenerationalMobility.pdf|archive-date=June 23, 2006}} *{{cite web|last1=Gould|first1=Elise|title=U.S. lags behind peer countries in mobility|url=https://www.epi.org/publication/usa-lags-peer-countries-mobility/|website=[[Economic Policy Institute]]|access-date=July 15, 2013|date=October 10, 2012}} *{{cite journal|last=Winship|first=Scott|title=Overstating the Costs of Inequality|journal=National Affairs|date=Spring 2013|url=https://www.brookings.edu/~/media/Research/Files/Articles/2013/03/overstating%20inequality%20costs%20winship/overstating%20inequality%20costs%20winship.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131024141452/https://www.brookings.edu/~/media/Research/Files/Articles/2013/03/overstating%20inequality%20costs%20winship/overstating%20inequality%20costs%20winship.pdf|archive-date=October 24, 2013|access-date=January 10, 2014 }}</ref><ref name="CAP">{{cite web|title=Understanding Mobility in America|url=https://www.americanprogress.org/issues/economy/news/2006/04/26/1917/understanding-mobility-in-america/|website=Center for American Progress|date=April 26, 2006}}</ref><ref name="Schneider">{{cite web|last=Schneider|first=Donald|title=A Guide to Understanding International Comparisons of Economic Mobility|url=https://www.heritage.org/research/reports/2013/07/a-guide-to-understanding-international-comparisons-of-economic-mobility|publisher=The Heritage Foundation|access-date=August 22, 2013|date=July 29, 2013}}</ref> While mainstream culture holds that the United States is a [[classless society]],<ref>{{cite book|last=Gutfeld|first=Amon|year=2002|title=American Exceptionalism: The Effects of Plenty on the American Experience|publisher=Sussex Academic Press|location=Brighton and Portland|page=65|isbn=978-1-903900-08-6}}</ref> scholars identify significant differences between [[Social class in the United States|the country's social classes]], affecting [[socialization]], language, and values.<ref>{{cite book|last=Zweig|first=Michael|year=2004|title=What's Class Got To Do With It, American Society in the Twenty-First Century|publisher=Cornell University Press|location=Ithaca, NY|isbn=978-0-8014-8899-3}} {{cite web|url=https://eric.ed.gov/ERICWebPortal/Home.portal?_nfpb=true&_pageLabel=RecordDetails&ERICExtSearch_SearchValue_0=ED309843&ERICExtSearch_SearchType_0=eric_accno&objectId=0900000b800472a5|title=Effects of Social Class and Interactive Setting on Maternal Speech|publisher=Education Resource Information Center|access-date=January 27, 2007}}</ref> Americans tend to greatly value [[socioeconomics|socioeconomic]] achievement, but being [[Average Joe|ordinary or average]] is promoted by some as a noble condition.<ref>{{cite book|last=O'Keefe|first=Kevin|year=2005|title=The Average American|publisher=PublicAffairs|location=New York|isbn=978-1-58648-270-1|url=https://archive.org/details/averageamericant00okee }}</ref> The United States is considered to have the [[Freedom of speech by country|strongest protections of free speech of any country]] in the world under the [[First Amendment to the United States Constitution|First Amendment]],<ref>{{Cite book |last=Coleman |first=Gabriella |title=Coding Freedom |publisher=[[Princeton University Press]] |year=2013 |isbn=9780691144610 |pages=10, 201 |author-link=Gabriella Coleman}}</ref> with the Supreme Court ruling that [[flag desecration]], [[Hate speech laws by country|hate speech]], [[Blasphemy law|blasphemy]], and [[Lèse-majesté|lese-majesty]] are all forms of protected expression.<ref>{{Cite web |date=September 19, 2012 |title=Held Dear In U.S., Free Speech Perplexing Abroad |url=https://www.npr.org/2012/09/19/161439562/held-dear-in-u-s-free-speech-perplexing-abroad |access-date=March 4, 2023 |website=[[National Public Radio]]}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last=Liptak |first=Adam |date=11 June 2008 |title=Hate speech or free speech? What much of West bans is protected in U.S. |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2008/06/11/world/americas/11iht-hate.4.13645369.html |url-access=limited |access-date=February 21, 2023 |work=[[The New York Times]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Durkee |first=Alison |date=April 25, 2018 |title=What if we didn't... have the First Amendment? |url=https://www.mic.com/articles/188402/what-if-we-didnt-have-the-first-amendment |access-date=2023-02-06 |website=Mic |language=en}}</ref> A 2016 [[Pew Research Center]] poll found that Americans were the most supportive of free expression of any polity measured.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Wike |first=Richard |title=Americans more tolerant of offensive speech than others in the world |url=https://www.pewresearch.org/fact-tank/2016/10/12/americans-more-tolerant-of-offensive-speech-than-others-in-the-world/ |access-date=2023-02-06 |website=Pew Research Center |language=en-US}}</ref> They are also the "most supportive of [[freedom of the press]] and the [[Right to Internet access|right to use the Internet]] without government censorship."<ref>{{Cite web |last=Gray |first=Alex |date=November 8, 2016 |title=Freedom of speech: which country has the most? |url=https://www.weforum.org/agenda/2016/11/freedom-of-speech-country-comparison/ |access-date=2023-02-06 |website=World Economic Forum |language=en}}</ref> It is a [[Cultural liberalism|socially progressive]] country<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Norris |first=Pippa |author-link=Pippa Norris |date=February 2023 |title=Cancel Culture: Myth or Reality? |url=http://journals.sagepub.com/doi/10.1177/00323217211037023 |journal=Political Studies |language=en |volume=71 |issue=1 |pages=145–174 |doi=10.1177/00323217211037023 |s2cid=238647612 |issn=0032-3217 |quote=As predicted, in post-industrial societies, characterized by predominately liberal social cultures, like the US, Sweden, and UK...}}</ref> with [[Permissive society|permissive]] attitudes surrounding [[human sexuality]].<ref name="auto1">{{Cite book |last1=Derks |first1=Marco |title=Public Discourses About Homosexuality and Religion in Europe and Beyond |last2=van den Berg |first2=Mariecke |publisher=[[Springer International Publishing]] |year=2020 |isbn=9783030563264 |pages=338 |quote=...(the United States and [Western] Europe) as "already in crisis" for their permissive attitudes toward nonnormative sexualities...}}</ref> [[LGBT rights in the United States|LGBT rights in the U.S.]] are among the most advanced in the world.<ref name="auto1" /><ref>{{Cite web |last=Leveille |first=Dan |date=December 4, 2009 |title=LGBT Equality Index: The most LGBT-friendly countries in the world |url=https://www.equaldex.com/equality-index |access-date=January 26, 2023 |website=[[Equaldex]] |quote=13.) United States}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Garretson |first=Jeremiah |title=The Path to Gay Rights: How Activism and Coming Out Changed Public Opinion |publisher=[[New York University Press]] |year=2018 |isbn=9781479850075 |page= |chapter=A Transformed Society: LGBT Rights in the United States |quote=In the late 1980s and early 1990s, a dramatic wave began to form in the waters of public opinion: American attitudes involving homosexuality began to change... The transformation of America's response to homosexuality has been — and continues to be — one of the most rapid and sustained shifts in mass attitudes since the start of public polling.}}</ref> ===Literature and visual arts=== {{Main|American literature|American philosophy|Architecture of the United States|Visual art of the United States}} [[File:Mark Twain by AF Bradley.jpg|thumb|253x253px|[[Mark Twain]], American author and [[humorist]]|alt=Photograph of Mark Twain]] In the 18th and early 19th centuries, American art and literature took most of their cues from Europe, contributing to Western culture. Writers such as [[Washington Irving]], [[Nathaniel Hawthorne]], [[Edgar Allan Poe]], and [[Henry David Thoreau]] established a distinctive American literary voice by the middle of the 19th century. [[Mark Twain]] and poet [[Walt Whitman]] were major figures in the century's second half; [[Emily Dickinson]], virtually unknown during her lifetime, is recognized as an essential American poet.<ref>{{cite book|last1=Harold|first1=Bloom|author-link1=Harold Bloom|title=Emily Dickinson|date=1999|publisher=Chelsea House Publishers|location=Broomall, PA|isbn=978-0-7910-5106-1|page=[https://archive.org/details/emilydickinson00bloo/page/9 9]|url=https://archive.org/details/emilydickinson00bloo/page/9 }}</ref> In the 1920s, the [[Harlem Renaissance|New Negro Movement]] coalesced in Harlem, where many writers had migrated (some coming from the South, others from the West Indies). Its pan-African perspective was a significant cultural export during the [[Jazz Age]] in Paris and as such was a key early influence on the ''[[négritude]]'' philosophy.<ref>{{Cite journal | last = Philipson | first = Robert | title = The Harlem Renaissance as Postcolonial Phenomenon | journal = African American Review | volume = 40 | issue = 1 | year = 2006 | pages = 145–160 | jstor = 40027037}}</ref> There have been a multitude of candidates for the "[[Great American Novel]]"—works seen as embodying and examining the essence and character of the United States—including [[Herman Melville]]'s ''[[Moby-Dick]]'' (1851), [[Harriet Beecher Stowe]]'s ''[[Uncle Tom's Cabin]]'' (1852), Twain's ''[[Adventures of Huckleberry Finn|The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn]]'' (1885), [[F. Scott Fitzgerald]]'s ''[[The Great Gatsby]]'' (1925), [[John Steinbeck]]'s ''[[The Grapes of Wrath]]'' (1939), [[Harper Lee]]'s ''[[To Kill a Mockingbird]]'' (1960), [[Toni Morrison]]'s [[Beloved (novel)|''Beloved'']] (1987), and [[David Foster Wallace]]'s ''[[Infinite Jest]]'' (1996).<ref>{{Cite book |last=Buell |first=Lawrence |title=The Dream of the Great American Novel |publisher=[[Harvard University Press]] |year=2014 |isbn=9780674051157 |pages=57 |oclc=871257583 |author-link=Lawrence Buell}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal | first = Lawrence | last = Buell | title = The Rise and 'Fall' of the Great American Novel | journal = Proceedings of the American Antiquarian Society | date = October 1994 | volume = 104 | issue = 2 | pages = 261–283 }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal|author=Buell, Lawrence|title=The Unkillable Dream of the Great American Novel: ''Moby-Dick'' as Test Case|date=Spring–Summer 2008|volume=20|issue=1–2|pages=132–155|doi=10.1093/alh/ajn005|journal=American Literary History|s2cid=170250346|issn=0896-7148|url=https://nrs.harvard.edu/urn-3:HUL.InstRepos:31740086 }}</ref> Thirteen U.S. citizens have won the [[Nobel Prize in Literature]], most recently [[Louise Glück]], [[Bob Dylan]], and Toni Morrison.<ref>{{Cite web | title = All Nobel Prizes in Literature | website = NobelPrize.org | author = Nobel Prize Outreach AB 2023 | access-date = 23 Mar 2023 | url = https://www.nobelprize.org/prizes/lists/all-nobel-prizes-in-literature | language = en}}</ref> Earlier laureates [[William Faulkner]], [[Ernest Hemingway]] and John Steinbeck have also been recognized as influential 20th century writers.<ref>{{cite book|last1=Edward|first1=Quinn|title=A dictionary of literary and thematic terms|date=2006|publisher=Facts On File|isbn=978-0-8160-6243-0|page=[https://archive.org/details/dictionaryoflite0002quin/page/361 361]|edition=2nd|url=https://archive.org/details/dictionaryoflite0002quin/page/361 }}</ref> In the visual arts, the [[Hudson River School]] was a mid-19th-century movement in the tradition of European [[Realism (arts)|naturalism]]. The 1913 [[Armory Show]] in New York City, an exhibition of European [[modern art|modernist art]], shocked the public and transformed the U.S. art scene.<ref>{{cite book|last1=Brown|first1=Milton W.|title=The Story of the Armory Show|date=1963|publisher=Abbeville Press|location=New York|isbn=978-0-89659-795-2|edition=2nd|url=https://archive.org/details/storyofarmorysho00brow }}</ref> [[Georgia O'Keeffe]], [[Marsden Hartley]], and others experimented with new, individualistic styles, which would become known as [[American modernism]]. Major artistic movements such as the [[abstract expressionism]] of [[Jackson Pollock]] and [[Willem de Kooning]] and the [[pop art]] of [[Andy Warhol]] and [[Roy Lichtenstein]] developed largely in the United States. The tide of modernism and then [[postmodernism]] has brought global fame to American architects such as [[Frank Lloyd Wright]], [[Philip Johnson]], and [[Frank Gehry]].<ref name="JansonJanson2003">{{cite book|last1=Janson|first1=Horst Woldemar|last2=Janson|first2=Anthony F.|title=History of Art: The Western Tradition|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=MMYHuvhWBH4C&pg=PT955|year=2003|publisher=Prentice Hall Professional|isbn=978-0-13-182895-7|page=955}}</ref> Major photographers include [[Alfred Stieglitz]], [[Edward Steichen]], [[Dorothea Lange]], [[Edward Weston]], [[James Van Der Zee]], [[Ansel Adams]], and [[Gordon Parks]].<ref name="Davenport1991">{{cite book|last=Davenport|first=Alma|title=The History of Photography: An Overview|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=hca5H_rJZnUC&pg=PA67|year=1991|publisher=UNM Press|isbn=978-0-8263-2076-6|page=67}}</ref> The most notable American architectural innovation has been the [[skyscraper]]. By some measures, what came to be known as a "skyscraper" in the modern world, first appeared in [[Chicago]] with the 1885 completion of the world's first largely steel-frame structure, the [[Home Insurance Building]]. One culturally significant early skyscraper was New York City's [[Woolworth Building]] designed by architect [[Cass Gilbert]]. Raising previous technological advances to new heights, 793&nbsp;ft (233 m), it was the world's tallest building in 1913–1930.<ref name="WDL">{{cite web |url = http://www.wdl.org/en/item/11376/ |title = Study for Woolworth Building, New York |website = [[World Digital Library]] |date = 1910-12-10 |access-date = 2013-07-25 }}</ref> ===Cinema and theater=== {{Main|Cinema of the United States|Theater in the United States}} [[File:Hollywood Sign (Zuschnitt).jpg|thumb|230px|The iconic [[Hollywood Sign]] in [[Los Angeles]], California|alt=The Hollywood Sign, large white block letters on a hillside]] The United States movie industry has a worldwide influence and following. [[Hollywood, Los Angeles|Hollywood]], a northern district of Los Angeles, California, is the leader in motion picture production and the most recognizable movie industry in the world.<ref>{{cite book|title=Annual Report of the Controller of the City of Los Angeles, California|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=1VbOAAAAMAAJ&q=Hollywood+merged+with+City+of+Los+Angeles+in+1910&pg=PA193|publisher=By[[Office controller|Office of Controller]] Los Angeles, CA (1914)|access-date=February 22, 2014|year = 1914}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|title=Report of the Auditor of the City of Los Angeles California of the Financial Affairs of the Corporation in Its Capacity as a City for the Fiscal Year|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=cPo2AQAAMAAJ&q=Hollywood+merged+with+City+of+Los+Angeles+in+1910&pg=PA173|publisher=By [[State auditor|Auditor's Office]] of Los Angeles, CA (1913)|access-date=February 22, 2014|year = 1913}}</ref><ref>{{cite press release|url=https://www.un.org/apps/news/story.asp?NewsID=30707|title=Nigeria surpasses Hollywood as world's second-largest film producer|publisher=United Nations|date=May 5, 2009|access-date=February 17, 2013}}</ref> The [[major film studios]] of the United States are the primary source of the [[List of highest-grossing films|most commercially successful]] and most ticket selling movies in the world.<ref name="Kerrigan_Page_18">{{cite book |last1=Kerrigan |first1=Finola |title=Film Marketing |date=2010 |publisher=Butterworth-Heinemann |location=Oxford |isbn=9780750686839 |page=18 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ufMdvuuTQ7MC&pg=PA18 |access-date=4 February 2022}}</ref><ref name="Davis">{{cite book |last1=Davis |first1=Glyn |last2=Dickinson |first2=Kay |last3=Patti |first3=Lisa |last4=Villarejo |first4=Amy |title=Film Studies: A Global Introduction |date=2015 |publisher=Routledge |location=Abingdon |isbn=9781317623380 |page=299 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=dnXABgAAQBAJ&pg=PA299 |access-date=24 August 2020}}</ref> The world's first commercial motion picture exhibition was given in New York City in 1894, using the [[Kinetoscope]].<ref>{{cite book|title=Billboard|url=https://archive.org/details/bub_gb_cBoEAAAAMBAJ|date=April 29, 1944|page=[https://archive.org/details/bub_gb_cBoEAAAAMBAJ/page/n67 68]|publisher=Nielsen Business Media|issn=0006-2510}}</ref> Since the early 20th century, the U.S. film industry has largely been based in and around Hollywood, although in the 21st century an increasing number of films are not made there, and film companies have been subject to the forces of globalization.<ref>{{cite magazine|url=https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/news/john-landis-rails-studios-theyre-659222|title=John Landis Rails Against Studios: 'They're Not in the Movie Business Anymore'|magazine=The Hollywood Reporter|access-date=January 24, 2015}}</ref> The [[Academy Awards]], popularly known as the Oscars, have been held annually by the [[Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences]] since 1929,<ref name="DrowneHuber2004">{{cite book |last1=Drowne |first1=Kathleen Morgan |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=CecCHiI95dYC&pg=PA236 |title=The 1920s |last2=Huber |first2=Patrick |publisher=Greenwood Publishing Group |year=2004 |isbn=978-0-313-32013-2 |page=236}}</ref> and the [[Golden Globe Award]]s have been held annually since January 1944.<ref name="Kroon2014">{{cite book |last=Kroon |first=Richard W. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=HjmNAgAAQBAJ&pg=PA338 |title=A/V A to Z: An Encyclopedic Dictionary of Media, Entertainment and Other Audiovisual Terms |publisher=McFarland |year=2014 |isbn=978-0-7864-5740-3 |page=338}}</ref> Director [[D. W. Griffith]], an American [[filmmaker]] during the [[silent film]] period, was central to the development of [[film grammar]], and producer/entrepreneur [[Walt Disney]] was a leader in both [[animation|animated film]] and movie [[merchandising]].<ref name="KrasniewiczDisney2010">{{cite book|last1=Krasniewicz|first1=Louise|last2=Disney|first2=Walt|title=Walt Disney: A Biography|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=lZ3vTgpHgFoC&pg=PR10|year=2010|publisher=ABC-CLIO|isbn=978-0-313-35830-2|page=10}}</ref> Directors such as [[John Ford]] redefined the image of the American Old West, and, like others such as [[John Huston]], broadened the possibilities of cinema with location shooting. The industry enjoyed its golden years, in what is commonly referred to as the "[[Classical Hollywood cinema|Golden Age of Hollywood]]", from the early sound period until the early 1960s,<ref>{{cite news|last1=Matthews|first1=Charles|title=Book explores Hollywood 'Golden Age' of the 1960s-'70s|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/entertainment/books/book-explores-hollywood-golden-age-of-the-1960s-70s/2011/02/10/AGh5xJIH_story.html|newspaper=The Washington Post|access-date=August 6, 2015|date=June 3, 2011}}</ref> with screen actors such as [[John Wayne]] and [[Marilyn Monroe]] becoming iconic figures.<ref>{{cite news|last1=Banner|first1=Lois|title=Marilyn Monroe, the eternal shape shifter|url=https://articles.latimes.com/2012/aug/05/opinion/la-oe-0805-banner-marilyn-monroe-icon-biography-20120805|newspaper=Los Angeles Times|access-date=August 6, 2015|date=August 5, 2012}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|last1=Rick|first1=Jewell|title=John Wayne, an American Icon|url=https://www.usc.edu/uscnews/stories/15465.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080822102812/https://www.usc.edu/uscnews/stories/15465.html|archive-date=August 22, 2008|publisher=University of Southern California|access-date=August 6, 2015|date=August 8, 2008}}</ref> In the 1970s, "[[New Hollywood]]" or the "Hollywood Renaissance"<ref name="Greven2013">{{cite book|last=Greven|first=David|title=Psycho-Sexual: Male Desire in Hitchcock, De Palma, Scorsese, and Friedkin|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=QIyNBQAAQBAJ&pg=PT23|year=2013|publisher=University of Texas Press|isbn=978-0-292-74204-8|page=23}}</ref> was defined by grittier films influenced by French and Italian realist pictures of the [[Aftermath of World War II|post-war period]].<ref name="Morrison1998">{{cite book|last=Morrison|first=James|title=Passport to Hollywood: Hollywood Films, European Directors|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=dWRif68I3igC&pg=PA11|year=1998|publisher=SUNY Press|isbn=978-0-7914-3938-8|page=11}}</ref> The 21st century has been marked by the rise of the American streaming platforms, such as [[Netflix]], [[Disney+]], [[Paramount+]], and [[Apple TV+]], which came to rival traditional cinema.<ref name="RE">{{cite news |last=Seitz|first=Matt Zoller|author-link=Matt Zoller Seitz|title=What's Next: Avengers, MCU, Game of Thrones, and the Content Endgame|url=https://www.rogerebert.com/mzs/avengers-mcu-and-the-content-endgame|access-date=July 21, 2021|work=[[RogerEbert.com]]|publisher=Ebert Digital LLC|date=April 29, 2019}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |author=Hannah Avery |title=US streaming market growth continues, despite changes in the industry |url=https://www.kantar.com/inspiration/technology/us-streaming-market-growth-continues-despite-changes-in-the-industry |date=January 18, 2023 |website=[[Kantar Group]] |access-date=April 29, 2023}}</ref> Mainstream theater in the United States derives from the old European theatrical tradition and has been heavily influenced by the [[Theatre of the United Kingdom|British theater]].<ref name="Saxon2011">{{cite book| first = Theresa| last = Saxon| date = October 11, 2011| title = American Theatre: History, Context, Form| publisher = Edinburgh University Press| pages = 7–| isbn = 978-0-7486-3127-8| oclc = 1162047055| url = https://books.google.com/books?id=2-AkDQAAQBAJ&pg=PA7}}</ref> The central hub of the American theater scene has been [[Manhattan]], with its divisions of [[Broadway theatre|Broadway]], [[off-Broadway]], and [[off-off-Broadway]].<ref name="LondréWatermeier1998">{{cite book| first1 = Felicia Hardison | last1 = Londré| first2 = Daniel J.| last2 = Watermeier| date = 1998| title = The History of North American Theater: From Pre-Columbian Times to the Present| publisher = Continuum| pages =| isbn = 978-0-8264-1079-5| oclc = 1024855967}}</ref> Many movie and television [[Celebrity|stars]] have gotten their big break working in New York productions. Outside New York City, many cities have professional [[Regional theater in the United States|regional or resident theater companies]] that produce their own seasons, with some works being produced regionally with hopes of eventually moving to New York. The biggest-budget theatrical productions are [[musical theatre|musicals]]. U.S. theater also has an active [[community theater]] culture, which relies mainly on local volunteers who may not be actively pursuing a theatrical career.<ref>Stephen Watt, and Gary A. Richardson, ''American Drama: Colonial to Contemporary'' (1994).</ref> ===Music=== <!---Wikipedia:WikiProject Countries. Caution should be taken to ensure that the section is not simply a listing of names or mini biographies.--> {{Main|Music of the United States}} [[File:Country_music_hall_of_fame2.jpg|thumb|The [[Country Music Hall of Fame and Museum]] in [[Nashville, Tennessee]]]] [[American folk music]] encompasses numerous music genres, variously known as traditional music, traditional [[folk music]], contemporary folk music, or roots music. Many traditional songs have been sung within the same family or folk group for generations, and sometimes trace back to such origins as the [[British Isles]], [[Mainland Europe]], or [[African-American music|Africa]].<ref name=afc>{{Cite web|url=https://www.loc.gov/folklife/guide/folkmusicandsong.html|title=Folk Music and Song: American Folklife Center: An Illustrated Guide (Library of Congress)|website=www.loc.gov}}</ref> Among the country's earliest composers was [[William Billings]] who, born in Boston, composed patriotic hymns in the 1770s;<ref name="Eggart2007">{{cite book|first=Elise|last=Eggart|title=Let's Go USA 24th Edition|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=SMGOgKLHbz8C&pg=PA68|date=2007|publisher=St. Martin's Press|isbn=978-0-312-37445-7|page=68}}</ref> Billings was a part of the [[Yankee tunesmiths|First New England School]], who dominated American music during its earliest stages. [[Anthony Heinrich]] was the most prominent composer before the Civil War. From the mid- to late 1800s, [[John Philip Sousa]] of the late [[Romantic music|Romantic era]] composed numerous military songs—[[List of marches by John Philip Sousa|particularly marches]]—and is regarded as one of the nation's greatest composers.<ref name="Bierley1973">{{cite book|first=Paul E.|last=Bierley|title=John Philip Sousa: American Phenomenon|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=QcabC2avFLsC&pg=PA5|year=1973|publisher=Alfred Music|isbn=978-1-4574-4995-6|page=5|edition=Revised}}</ref> The rhythmic and lyrical styles of [[African-American music]] have significantly influenced American music at large, distinguishing it from European and African traditions. The [[Smithsonian Institution]] states, "African-American influences are so fundamental to American music that there would be no American music without them."<ref>{{cite web |title=Musical Crossroads: African American Influence on American Music |url=https://music.si.edu/story/musical-crossroads |website=Smithsonian |date=September 22, 2016 |access-date=April 14, 2023}}</ref> [[Country music]] developed in the 1920s, and [[rhythm and blues]] in the 1940s. Elements from folk idioms such as the [[blues]] and what is known as [[old-time music]] were adopted and transformed into [[popular music|popular genres]] with global audiences. [[Jazz]] was developed by innovators such as [[Louis Armstrong]] and [[Duke Ellington]] early in the 20th century.<ref name="autogenerated2001">{{cite book|last1=Biddle|first1=Julian|title=What Was Hot!: Five Decades of Pop Culture in America|date=2001|publisher=Citadel|location=New York|isbn=978-0-8065-2311-8|page=[https://archive.org/details/whatwashotroller00bidd/page/ ix]|url=https://archive.org/details/whatwashotroller00bidd/page/ }}</ref> Known for singing in a wide variety of genres, [[Aretha Franklin]] is considered one of the all-time greatest American singers.<ref>{{cite web |title=Why Aretha was the greatest singer in US history |url=https://www.bbc.com/culture/article/20180816-aretha-greatest-singer-in-us-history |website=BBC |access-date=April 14, 2023}}</ref> [[Elvis Presley]] and [[Chuck Berry]] were among the pioneers of [[rock and roll]] in the mid-1950s. Rock bands such as [[Metallica]], the [[Eagles (band)|Eagles]], and [[Aerosmith]] are among the [[List of best-selling music artists|highest grossing]] in worldwide sales.<ref>{{cite web|last1=Hartman|first1=Graham|title=Metallica's 'Black album' is Top-Selling Disc of last 20 years|url=https://loudwire.com/metallica-black-album-top-selling-disc-last-20-years/|website=Loudwire|access-date=October 12, 2015|date=January 5, 2012}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|last1=Vorel|first1=Jim|title=Eagles tribute band landing at Kirkland|url=https://herald-review.com/entertainment/local/eagles-tribute-band-landing-at-kirkland/article_a8dcd506-08d0-11e2-82ac-001a4bcf887a.html|access-date=October 12, 2015|agency=Herald & Review|date=September 27, 2012}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=Aerosmith will rock Salinas with July concert|url=https://www.ksbw.com/news/central-california/salinas/aerosmith-will-rock-salinas-with-july-concert/31042330|access-date=October 12, 2015|date=February 2, 2015}}</ref> In the 1960s, [[Bob Dylan]] emerged from the [[American folk music revival|folk revival]] to become one of the country's most celebrated songwriters.<ref>{{cite magazine |date=April 10, 2020 |title=No. 1 Bob Dylan |url=https://www.rollingstone.com/interactive/lists-100-greatest-songwriters/#bob-dylan |magazine=Rolling Stone |access-date=January 29, 2021}}</ref> Mid-20th-century American [[Popular music|pop stars]] such as [[Bing Crosby]], [[Frank Sinatra]],<ref>{{cite web|date=December 8, 2015|title=10 ways that Frank Sinatra changed the world|url=https://www.usatoday.com/story/life/music/2015/12/08/10-ways-frank-sinatra-changed-world/76381754/|access-date=June 24, 2021|website=USA Today}}</ref> and Elvis Presley became global celebrities,<ref name="autogenerated2001" /> as have artists of the late 20th century such as [[Prince (musician)|Prince]], [[Michael Jackson]], [[Madonna]], [[Whitney Houston]], and [[Mariah Carey]].<ref>{{cite web |date=February 13, 2012 |title=Whitney Houston's Global Impact |url=https://edition.cnn.com/videos/bestoftv/2012/02/13/exp-nr-bilchik-whitney-international-reaction.cnn |access-date=June 24, 2021 |website=CNN}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=How Prince and his music challenged the music industry |url=https://globalnews.ca/news/2654768/how-prince-and-his-music-challenged-the-music-industry/ |access-date=June 25, 2016 |website=Global News}}</ref> The musical forms of [[Punk rock|punk]] and [[hip hop]] both originated in the United States.<ref>{{cite book|url=https://ohiostate.pressbooks.pub/artandmusicbiographies/chapter/reading-9-neo-expressionism-and-music-reaching-into-the-1980s/|title=A Quick and Dirty Guide to Art, Music, and Culture|author=Clayton Funk|chapter=9. Neo-Expressionism, Punk, and Hip Hop Emerge|publisher=The Ohio State University|date=August 16, 2016}}</ref> American professional opera singers have reached the highest level of success in that form, including [[Renée Fleming]], [[Leontyne Price]], [[Beverly Sills]], [[Nelson Eddy]], and many others.<ref>{{cite journal|url=https://journals.openedition.org/lisa/2966#:~:text=The%20American%20Opera%20Boom%20of,1960s%3A%20History%20and%20Stylistic%20Analysis|title=The American Opera Boom of the 1950s and 1960s: History and Stylistic Analysis|author=Rachel Hutchins-Viroux|journal=Revue Lisa / Lisa e-Journal |year=2004 |issue=Vol. II - n°3 |pages=145–163 |publisher=OpenEdition Journals|doi=10.4000/lisa.2966 |access-date=April 28, 2023}}</ref> [[American popular music]], as part of the wider U.S. pop culture, has a worldwide influence and following.<ref>{{cite book |author =Ewen, David|title=Panorama of American Popular Music|url =https://archive.org/details/panoramaofameric00ewen|url-access =registration|publisher=Prentice Hall|year=1957 |isbn=0-13-648360-7}} pg. 3 ''Of all the contributions made by Americans to world culture—automation and the assembly line, advertising, innumerable devices and gadgets, skyscrapers, supersalesmen, baseball, ketchup, mustard and hot dogs and hamburrgers—one, undeniably native has been taken to heart by the entire world. It is American popular music.''</ref> [[Beyoncé]], [[Taylor Swift]], [[Miley Cyrus]], [[Ariana Grande]], [[Eminem]], [[Lady Gaga]], [[Katy Perry]], and many other contemporary artists dominate [[List of most-streamed artists on Spotify|global streaming rankings]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://variety.com/2022/music/news/spotify-wrapped-bad-bunny-taylor-swift-1235444491|title=Spotify Launches Wrapped 2022: Bad Bunny, Taylor Swift Are Most-Streamed Artists of the Year|last=Spangler|first=Todd|date=November 30, 2022|website=[[Variety (magazine)|Variety]]|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221130153903/https://variety.com/2022/music/news/spotify-wrapped-bad-bunny-taylor-swift-1235444491/|archive-date=November 30, 2022|url-status=live|access-date=November 30, 2022}}</ref> The United States has the world's [[List of largest recorded music markets|largest music market]] with a total retail value of $4.9 billion in 2014.<ref name="RIAJ Yearbook 2012">{{cite web |url=http://www.riaj.or.jp/riaj/pdf/issue/industry/RIAJ2015E.pdf|title=RIAJ Yearbook 2015: IFPI 2013, 2014 Report: 28. Global Sales of Recorded Music (Page 24)|publisher=[[Recording Industry Association of Japan]]|access-date=2016-03-20}}</ref> The American music industry includes a number of fields, ranging from record companies to [[Radio in the United States|radio stations]] and community orchestras. Most of the world's [[Record label#Major labels|major record companies]] are based in the U.S.; they are represented by the [[Recording Industry Association of America]] (RIAA).<ref>{{cite web |url=https://universitytimes.ie/2014/03/how-american-music-took-over-the-world/ |title=How American Music Took Over the World |author=Eoin Hennessy |website=[[The University Times]] |access-date=April 28, 2023 |date=March 27, 2014}}</ref> ===Mass media=== {{further|Mass media in the United States}} {{see also|Newspapers in the United States|Television in the United States|Internet in the United States|Radio in the United States|Video games in the United States}} [[File:Comcast_Philly.JPG|upright|thumb|The [[Comcast Center]] in [[Philadelphia]], headquarters of the [[Comcast Corporation]], which is the nation's largest [[Multinational corporation|multinational]] [[telecommunications]] [[conglomerate (company)|conglomerate]]{{cn|date=April 2023}}]] The four major broadcasters in the U.S. are the [[National Broadcasting Company]] (NBC), [[Columbia Broadcasting System]] (CBS), [[American Broadcasting Company]] (ABC), and [[Fox Broadcasting Company]] (FOX). The four major broadcast [[television network]]s are all commercial entities. [[Cable television in the United States|Cable television]] offers hundreds of channels catering to a variety of niches.<ref>{{cite news|title=Streaming TV Services: What They Cost, What You Get|url=https://www.nytimes.com/aponline/2015/10/12/business/ap-us-streaming-tv-options.html|access-date=October 12, 2015|work=[[The New York Times]]|agency=Associated Press|date=October 12, 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151015023520/https://www.nytimes.com/aponline/2015/10/12/business/ap-us-streaming-tv-options.html|archive-date=October 15, 2015}}</ref> {{as of|2021}}, about 83% of Americans over age 12 listen to [[radio broadcasting|broadcast radio]], while about 41% listen to [[podcast]]s.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.pewresearch.org/journalism/fact-sheet/audio-and-podcasting/|title=Audio and Podcasting Fact Sheet|publisher=[[Pew Research Center]]|location=Washington, D.C.|date=June 29, 2021|access-date=July 3, 2022}}</ref> {{As of|2014|09|30|df=US}}, there are 15,433 licensed full-power radio stations in the U.S. according to the U.S. [[Federal Communications Commission]] (FCC).<ref>{{cite web|last=Waits|first=Jennifer|date=October 17, 2014|title=Number of U.S. Radio Stations on the Rise, Especially LPFM, according to New FCC Count|url=https://www.radiosurvivor.com/2014/10/17/number-u-s-radio-stations-rise-especially-lpfm-according-latest-fcc-count/|access-date=January 6, 2015|website=Radio Survivor}}</ref> Much of the public radio broadcasting is supplied by [[NPR]], incorporated in February 1970 under the [[Public Broadcasting Act of 1967]].<ref>{{Cite news|date=June 20, 2013|title=History: NPR|publisher=NPR|url=https://www.npr.org/about-npr/192827079/overview-and-history|access-date=May 5, 2021}}</ref> Internationally well-known U.S. newspapers include ''[[The Wall Street Journal]]'', ''[[The New York Times]]'', ''[[The Washington Post]]'' and ''[[USA Today]]''.<ref name="Shaffer2006">{{cite book|first=Brenda|last=Shaffer|title=The Limits of Culture: Islam and Foreign Policy|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=uEOd-cDWVwQC&pg=PA116|year=2006|publisher=MIT Press|isbn=978-0-262-19529-4|page=116}}</ref> More than 800 publications are produced in Spanish, the second most commonly used language in the United States behind English.<ref>{{cite web|title=Spanish Newspapers in United States|url=https://www.w3newspapers.com/usa/spanish|access-date=August 5, 2014|publisher=W3newspapers}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Spanish Language Newspapers in the USA : Hispanic Newspapers : Periódiscos en Español en los EE.UU|url=https://www.onlinenewspapers.com/usstate/spanish-language-newspapers-usa.htm|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140626114455/https://www.onlinenewspapers.com/usstate/spanish-language-newspapers-usa.htm|archive-date=June 26, 2014|access-date=August 5, 2014|publisher=Onlinenewspapers.com}}</ref> With very few exceptions, all the newspapers in the U.S. are privately owned, either by large chains such as [[Gannett Company|Gannett]] or [[The McClatchy Company|McClatchy]], which own dozens or even hundreds of newspapers; by small chains that own a handful of papers; or, in a situation that is increasingly rare, by individuals or families. Major cities often have [[alternative newspaper]]s to complement the mainstream daily papers, such as New York City's ''[[The Village Voice]]'' or Los Angeles' ''[[LA Weekly]]''. The five most popular websites used in the U.S. are [[Google]], [[YouTube]], [[Amazon (company)|Amazon]], [[Yahoo]], and [[Facebook]], with all of them being American companies.<ref name="alexa-topsitesus">{{cite web|year=2021|title=Top Sites in United States|url=https://www.alexa.com/topsites/countries/US|access-date=October 6, 2021|publisher=Alexa|archive-date=June 21, 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200621221154/https://www.alexa.com/topsites/countries/US|url-status=dead}}</ref> Widely regarded as the birthplace of the modern video gaming industry,{{cn|date=May 2023}} the United States is the world's second-largest video game market by revenue.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Asian countries make up 40% of the world's top 10 video gaming markets |url=https://www.weforum.org/agenda/2021/08/which-countries-have-the-largest-video-gaming-markets/ |access-date=2023-04-15 |website=World Economic Forum |language=en}}</ref> Major publishers headquartered in the United States are [[Sony Interactive Entertainment]], [[Take-Two Interactive|Take-Two]], [[Activision Blizzard]], [[Electronic Arts]], [[Xbox Game Studios]], [[Bethesda Softworks]], [[Epic Games]], [[Valve Corporation|Valve]], [[Warner Bros. Interactive Entertainment|Warner Bros.]], [[Riot Games]], and others.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Asian countries make up 40% of the world's top 10 video gaming markets |url=https://www.weforum.org/agenda/2021/08/which-countries-have-the-largest-video-gaming-markets/ |access-date=2022-12-12 |website=World Economic Forum |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=2022-05-13 |title=Top 10 gaming companies made $126bn revenue last year |language=en-gb |work=Eurogamer.net |url=https://www.eurogamer.net/top-10-gaming-companies-made-126bn-revenue-last-year |access-date=2022-12-14}}</ref> There are 444 publishers, developers, and hardware companies in [[California]] alone.<ref>{{Cite web |title=California (CA) |url=https://www.theesa.com/video-game-impact-map/state/california/ |access-date=2022-12-14 |website=ESA Impact Map |language=en-US}}</ref> ===Cuisine=== {{Main|American cuisine}} {{further|List of American regional and fusion cuisines}} [[File:Cheeseburger with fries.jpg|thumb|A [[cheeseburger]] served with [[French fries|fries]] and [[coleslaw]]]] Early settlers were introduced by Native Americans to such indigenous, non-European foods as [[Turkey as food|turkey]], [[sweet potato]]es, [[maize|corn]], [[Cucurbita|squash]], and [[maple syrup]]. They and later immigrants combined these with foods they had known, such as [[wheat flour]],<ref name="Wheat">{{cite web|title=Wheat Info|url=https://www.wheatworld.org/wheat-info/fast-facts/|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091011012758/https://www.wheatworld.org/wheat-info/fast-facts/|archive-date=October 11, 2009|website=Wheatworld.org|access-date=January 15, 2015 }}</ref> beef, and milk to create a distinctive American cuisine.<ref>{{cite web|title=Traditional Indigenous Recipes|url=https://aihd.ku.edu/recipes/index.html|publisher=American Indian Health and Diet Project|access-date=September 15, 2014}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|last=Akenuwa|first=Ambrose|title=Is the United States Still the Land of the Free and Home to the Brave?|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=7aw5CgAAQBAJ&pg=PT93|date=July 1, 2015|pages=92–94|publisher=Lulu Press|isbn=978-1-329-26112-9|access-date=November 20, 2020}}</ref> Homegrown foods are part of a shared national menu on one of America's most popular holidays, [[Thanksgiving (United States)|Thanksgiving]], when many Americans make or purchase traditional foods to celebrate the occasion.<ref name="Mintz1996">{{cite book|author=Sidney Wilfred Mintz|title=Tasting Food, Tasting Freedom: Excursions Into Eating, Culture, and the Past|url=https://archive.org/details/tastingfoodtasti00mint_0|url-access=registration|year=1996|publisher=Beacon Press|isbn=978-0-8070-4629-6|pages=[https://archive.org/details/tastingfoodtasti00mint_0/page/134 134]–|access-date=October 25, 2015}}</ref> The American [[fast food]] industry, the world's first and largest, is also often viewed as being a symbol of U.S. marketing dominance. Companies such as [[McDonald's]],<ref name="DeBres2005">Karen DeBres, "A Cultural Geography of McDonald's UK," Journal of Cultural Geography, 2005</ref> [[Burger King]], [[Pizza Hut]], [[Kentucky Fried Chicken]], and [[Domino's Pizza]] among others, have numerous outlets around the world,<ref>{{cite news|title=Why McDonald's in France Doesn't Feel Like Fast Food|url=https://www.npr.org/blogs/thesalt/2012/01/24/145698222/why-mcdonalds-in-france-doesnt-feel-like-fast-food|last1=Breadsley|first1=Eleanor|website=NPR|date=January 24, 2012|access-date=January 15, 2015}}</ref> and pioneered the [[drive-through]] format in the 1940s.<ref name="drivethru">{{cite web|title=When Was the First Drive-Thru Restaurant Created?|url=https://www.wisegeek.org/when-was-the-first-drive-thru-restaurant-created.htm|website=Wisegeek.org|access-date=January 15, 2015}}</ref> Characteristic American dishes such as [[apple pie]], [[fried chicken]], [[doughnuts]], [[french fries]], [[macaroni and cheese]], [[ice cream]], [[Pizza in the United States|pizza]], [[hamburgers]], and [[hot dogs]] derive from the recipes of various immigrants.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.bizjournals.com/louisville/news/2020/12/31/consumer-spending-data-kfc-is-the-most-popular.html|title=KFC is America's favorite fried chicken, data suggests|last=Cawthon|first=Haley|date=December 31, 2020|website=BizJournals.com|access-date=May 8, 2021}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.pastemagazine.com/food/america/the-history-of-the-pizza/|title=How Pizza Became America's Favorite Food|last=Russell|first=Joan|date=May 23, 2016|website=PasteMagazine.com|access-date=May 8, 2021}}</ref> [[Mexican cuisine|Mexican]] dishes such as [[burritos]] and [[tacos]] and [[pasta]] dishes freely adapted from [[Italian cuisine|Italian]] sources are widely consumed.<ref name="IFT">{{cite web|url=https://www.newswise.com/articles/what-when-and-where-americans-eat-in-2003|author=Klapthor, James N.|title=What, When, and Where Americans Eat in 2003|publisher=Newswise/Institute of Food Technologists|date=August 23, 2003|access-date=June 19, 2007}}</ref> American [[chef]]s have been influential both in the food industry and in popular culture. Some important 19th-century American chefs include [[Charles Ranhofer]] of [[Delmonico's Restaurant]] in [[New York City|New York]], and [[Bob Payton]], who is credited with bringing American-style pizza to the UK.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.independent.co.uk/news/people/obituary-bob-payton-1413990.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090421080253/http://www.independent.co.uk/news/people/obituary-bob-payton-1413990.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=21 April 2009| title= Obituary: Bob Payton|work= The Independent|access-date= 15 September 2015}}</ref> Later, chefs Charles Scotto, Louis Pacquet, John Massironi founded the [[American Culinary Federation]] in 1930, taking after similar organizations across Europe. In the 1940s, Chef [[James Beard]] hosted the first nationally televised cooking show ''I Love to Eat.'' His name is also carried by the foundation and prestigious cooking award recognizing excellence in the American cooking community.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Home {{!}} James Beard Foundation |url=https://www.jamesbeard.org/ |access-date=October 11, 2022 |website=www.jamesbeard.org |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=James Beard, Authority On Food, Dies |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1985/01/24/nyregion/james-beard-authority-on-food-dies.html |quote=James Beard, the bald and portly chef and cookbook writer who was one of the country's leading authorities on food and drink and its foremost champion of American cooking, died of cardiac arrest yesterday at the New York Hospital-Cornell Medical Center. He was 81 years old and lived in ... |work=[[The New York Times]] |date=January 24, 1985 |access-date=April 11, 2010 | first=Albin | last=Krebs}}</ref> Since Beard, many chefs and cooking personalities have taken to television, and the success of the [[Cooking Channel]] and [[Food Network]] have contributed to the popularity of American cuisine. Probably the best-known television chef was [[Julia Child]] who taught French cuisine in her weekly show, [[The French Chef]].<ref>{{Cite web|title=Julia Child {{!}} Biography, Cookbooks, & Facts|url=https://www.britannica.com/biography/Julia-Child|access-date=2021-10-15|website=Encyclopedia Britannica|language=en}}</ref> In 1946, the [[Culinary Institute of America]] was founded by [[Katharine Cramer Angell|Katharine Angell]] and [[Frances Roth]]. This would become the United States' most prestigious culinary school, where many of the most talented American chefs would study prior to successful careers.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Our Story: CIA History {{!}} Culinary Institute of America |url=https://www.ciachef.edu/our-story/ |access-date=October 11, 2022 |website=www.ciachef.edu |language=en}}</ref><ref name="FTfbs">{{cite news|last=Averbuch|first=Bonnie|title=Attention Food Entrepreneurs: School's Back in Business|publisher=[[Food Tank]]|url=https://foodtank.com/news/2015/09/attention-food-entrepreneurs-its-time-to-head-back-to-school/|date=September 2015|access-date=June 19, 2017}}</ref> ===Sports=== {{Main|Sports in the United States}} {{See also|Professional sports leagues in the United States|National Collegiate Athletic Association|United States at the Olympics}} [[File:Commanders vs. Jaguars (52379056543).jpg|thumb|[[American football]] is the most popular sport in the United States.]] The most popular spectator sports in the U.S. are [[American football]], [[basketball]], [[baseball]], [[association football|soccer]], and [[ice hockey]], according to a 2017 ''[[Gallup, Inc.|Gallup]]'' poll.<ref>{{cite web |title=Sports |date=September 25, 2007 |url=https://news.gallup.com/poll/4735/sports.aspx |publisher=Gallup, Inc. |accessdate=April 16, 2023}}</ref> While most major U.S. sports such as baseball and American football have evolved out of European practices, basketball, [[volleyball]], [[skateboarding]], and [[snowboarding]] are American inventions, some of which have become popular worldwide.<ref>{{Cite news|last=Sarah Krasnoff|first=Lindsay|date=December 26, 2017|title=How the NBA went global|newspaper=[[The Washington Post]]|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/made-by-history/wp/2017/12/26/how-the-nba-went-global/|access-date=January 24, 2021}}</ref> [[Lacrosse]] and [[surfing]] arose from Native American and Native Hawaiian activities that predate European contact.<ref name="liss">Liss, Howard. ''Lacrosse'' (Funk & Wagnalls, 1970) pg 13.</ref> The market for [[professional sports]] in the United States was roughly $69&nbsp;billion in July 2013, roughly 50% larger than that of all of Europe, the Middle East, and Africa combined.<ref>{{cite web|date=June 18, 2008|title=Global sports market to hit $141 billion in 2012|url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-pwcstudy-idUSN1738075220080618|access-date=July 24, 2013|website=Reuters}}</ref> American football is by several measures the most popular spectator sport in the United States;<ref>{{cite web|author=Krane, David K.|title=Professional Football Widens Its Lead Over Baseball as Nation's Favorite Sport|url=https://www.harrisinteractive.com/Insights/HarrisVault8482.aspx?PID=337|publisher=Harris Interactive|date=October 30, 2002|access-date=September 14, 2007|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100709111448/https://www.harrisinteractive.com/Insights/HarrisVault8482.aspx?PID=337|archive-date=July 9, 2010}} MacCambridge, Michael (2004). ''America's Game: The Epic Story of How Pro Football Captured a Nation''. New York: Random House. {{ISBN|978-0-375-50454-9}}.</ref> the [[National Football League]] (NFL) has the highest average attendance of any sports league in the world, and the [[Super Bowl]] is watched by tens of millions globally.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.espn.com/nfl/story/_/id/27321898/how-nfl-took-america-100-years|title=How the NFL took over America in 100 years|last=Guliza|first=Anthony|date=August 14, 2019|publisher=[[ESPN]]|access-date=May 8, 2021}}</ref> Baseball has been regarded as the U.S. [[national sport]] since the late 19th century, with [[Major League Baseball]] being the top league. Basketball and [[ice hockey]] are the country's next two most popular professional team sports, with the top leagues being the [[National Basketball Association]] and the [[National Hockey League]], which are also the premier leagues worldwide for these sports. The most-watched [[individual sport]]s in the U.S. are [[golf]] and [[auto racing]], particularly [[NASCAR]] and [[IndyCar]].<ref>{{cite web|date=January 16, 2014|title=As American as Mom, Apple Pie and Football? Football continues to trump baseball as America's Favorite Sport|url=https://www.harrisinteractive.com/vault/Harris%20Poll%205%20-%202014%20Fave%20Sport_1.16.14.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140309053431/https://www.harrisinteractive.com/vault/Harris%20Poll%205%20-%202014%20Fave%20Sport_1.16.14.pdf|archive-date=March 9, 2014|access-date=July 2, 2014|website=Harris Interactive}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|author1=Cowen, Tyler|author2=Grier, Kevin|date=February 9, 2012|title=What Would the End of Football Look Like?|url=https://www.grantland.com/story/_/id/7559458/cte-concussion-crisis-economic-look-end-football|access-date=February 12, 2012|publisher=Grantland/ESPN}}</ref> On the [[collegiate athletics|collegiate]] level, earnings for the member institutions exceed $1 billion annually,<ref name="si">{{Cite web|url=https://www.si.com/college-basketball/2018/03/07/ncaa-1-billion-revenue|title=Sports Illustrated: NCAA Reports $1.1 Billion in Revenues|date=March 7, 2018 }}</ref> and [[college football]] and [[College basketball|basketball]] attract large audiences, as the [[NCAA Division I men's basketball tournament|NCAA Final Four]] is one of the most watched national sporting events.<ref>{{cite web|date=March 19, 2013|title=Passion for College Football Remains Robust|url=https://www.footballfoundation.org/tabid/567/Article/53380/Passion-for-College-Football-Remains-Robust.aspx|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140407075223/https://www.footballfoundation.org/tabid/567/Article/53380/Passion-for-College-Football-Remains-Robust.aspx|archive-date=April 7, 2014|access-date=April 1, 2014|publisher=National Football Foundation}}</ref> Eight [[Olympic Games]] have taken place in the United States. The [[1904 Summer Olympics]] in [[St. Louis]], [[Missouri]], were the first-ever Olympic Games held outside of Europe.<ref>{{cite book|last1=Schaus|first=Gerald P.|last2=Wenn|first2=Stephen R.|title=Onward to the Olympics: Historical Perspectives on the Olympic Games|date=February 9, 2007|publisher=[[Wilfrid Laurier University Press]]|page=224|isbn=978-0-889-20505-5}}</ref> The Olympic Games will be held in the U.S. for a ninth time when [[Los Angeles]] hosts the [[2028 Summer Olympics]]. [[United States at the Olympics|U.S. athletes]] have won a total of 2,959 medals (1,173 gold) at the [[Olympic Games]], by far the most of any country.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://greatestsportingnation.com/|title=Greatest Sporting Nation|website=greatestsportingnation.com}}</ref><ref>{{cite news| url = https://www.washingtonpost.com/graphics/sports/olympics/the-1000-medals-of-the-united-states/| title = 1,000 times gold – The thousand medals of Team USA – Washington Post| newspaper = [[The Washington Post]]}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=The 10 most fascinating facts about the all-time Winter Olympics medal standings|first=Chris|last=Chase|date=February 7, 2014|work=USA Today|url=https://ftw.usatoday.com/2014/02/winter-olympics-medal-count-sochi-all-time-facts/|access-date=February 28, 2014}} {{cite news|title=With Sochi Olympics approaching, a history of Winter Olympic medals|date=February 6, 2014|first=Dan|last=Loumena|work=Los Angeles Times|url=https://articles.latimes.com/2014/feb/06/sports/la-sp-a-history-of-the-winter-olympic-medals-20140206|access-date=February 28, 2014}}</ref> In international [[Association football|soccer]], the [[United States men's national soccer team|men's national soccer team]] qualified for [[United States at the FIFA World Cup|eleven World Cups]], while the [[United States women's national soccer team|women's national team]] has [[United States at the FIFA Women's World Cup|won]] the [[FIFA Women's World Cup]] and [[Football at the Summer Olympics|Olympic soccer tournament]] four times each.<ref>{{cite web|last=Carlisle|first=Jeff|date=April 6, 2020|title=MLS Year One, 25 seasons ago: The Wild West of training, travel, hockey shootouts and American soccer|url=https://www.espn.com/soccer/major-league-soccer/story/4082408/mls-year-one25-seasons-ago-the-wild-west-of-trainingtravelhockey-shootouts-and-american-soccer|access-date=May 5, 2021|publisher=[[ESPN]]}}</ref> The United States hosted the [[1994 FIFA World Cup]] and will host the [[2026 FIFA World Cup]] along with [[Canada]] and [[Mexico]].<ref>{{cite news |last=Wamsley |first=Laurel |date=June 16, 2022 |title=The U.S. cities hosting the 2026 World Cup are announced |url=https://www.npr.org/2022/06/16/1105562734/us-cities-hosting-2026-world-cup-announcement |publisher=[[NPR]] |accessdate=April 16, 2023}}</ref> ==See also== * [[Index of United States–related articles]] * [[Lists of U.S. state topics]] * [[Outline of the United States]] {{clear}} <!--For wide-screen monitors, prevent image above from punching through the ref section. --> ==Notes== {{notelist | colwidth = | notes = {{efn | name = pop | Excludes [[Puerto Rico]] and the other [[Unincorporated territories of the United States|unincorporated islands]] because they are counted separately in [[U.S. census]] statistics. }} {{efn | name = time | See [[Time in the United States]] for details about laws governing time zones in the United States. }} {{efn | name = drive | A single jurisdiction, the [[U.S. Virgin Islands]], uses left-hand traffic. }} }} ==References== {{reflist|colwidth=30em}} ==Further reading== {{refbegin|30em}} * {{cite journal|last1=Bianchine|first1=Peter J.|last2=Russo|first2=Thomas A.|year=1992|title=The Role of Epidemic Infectious Diseases in the Discovery of America|volume=13|issue=5|pages=225–232|ref=Bianchine|doi=10.2500/108854192778817040|pmid=1483570|journal=Allergy and Asthma Proceedings}} * {{cite book|last=Blakeley|first=Ruth|date=2009|title=State Terrorism and Neoliberalism: The North in the South|url=https://www.routledge.com/books/details/9780415462402/|publisher=Routledge|isbn=978-0-415-68617-4|ref=Blakeley}} * {{cite book|last1=Boyer|first1=Paul S.|last2=Clark Jr.|first2=Clifford E.|last3=Kett|first3=Joseph F.|last4=Salisbury|first4=Neal|last5=Sitkoff|first5=Harvard|last6=Woloch|first6=Nancy|title=The Enduring Vision: A History of the American People|ref=Boyer|year=2007|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=9KT3lI76-0cC|publisher=Cengage Learning|page=588|isbn=978-0-618-80161-9}} * {{cite book|first=Colin G.|last=Calloway|title=New Worlds for All: Indians, Europeans, and the Remaking of Early America|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=edYbAZ7ECEoC|publisher=[[Johns Hopkins University Press|JHU Press]]|ref=Calloway1998|page=229|isbn=978-0-8018-5959-5|year=1998}} * {{cite book|last=Davis|first=Kenneth C.|title=Don't know much about the Civil War|ref=Davis96|publisher=William Marrow and Co.|location=New York|year=1996|url=https://archive.org/details/dontknowmuchabou00davi_1/page/518|isbn=978-0-688-11814-3|page=[https://archive.org/details/dontknowmuchabou00davi_1/page/518 518] }} * {{cite book|last1=Daynes|first1=Byron W.|last2=Sussman|first2=Glen|title=White House Politics and the Environment: Franklin D. Roosevelt to George W. Bush|ref=Daynes|publisher=[[Texas A&M University Press]]|year=2010|page=320|url=https://archive.org/details/whitehousepoliti0000dayn|url-access=registration|isbn=978-1-60344-254-1|oclc=670419432|quote=Presidential environmental policies, 1933–2009}} * {{cite book|first1=Jon M|last1=Erlandson|first2=Torben C|last2=Rick|first3=Rene L|last3=Vellanoweth|title=A Canyon Through Time: Archaeology, History, and Ecology of the Tecolote Canyon Area, Santa Barbara County|location=California|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=GeTv2lmb79UC&pg=PA19|year=2008|publisher=University of Utah Press|isbn=978-0-87480-879-7}} * {{cite book|first=Brian M.|last=Fagan|title=Ancient Lives: An Introduction to Archaeology and Prehistory|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=_9lqCwAAQBAJ&pg=PA390|date=2016|publisher=Routledge|isbn=978-1-317-35027-9}} * {{cite book|first1=Sylvan G.|last1=Feldstein|first2=Frank J.|last2=Fabozzi|title=The Handbook of Municipal Bonds|ref=Feldstein|publisher=[[John Wiley & Sons]]|year=2011|page=1376|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Juc4fb1Fx1cC|isbn=978-1-118-04494-0}} * {{cite journal|last1=Fladmark|first1=K.R.|title=Routes: Alternate Migration Corridors for Early Man in North America|journal=American Antiquity|volume=44|issue=1|year=2017|pages=55–69|issn=0002-7316|doi=10.2307/279189|jstor=279189|s2cid=162243347}} * {{cite book|first=Tim|last= Flannery|title=The Eternal Frontier: An Ecological History of North America and Its Peoples|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=mkkyBgAAQBAJ|date=2015|publisher=Open Road + Grove/Atlantic|isbn=978-0-8021-9109-0}} * {{cite book|last1=Fraser|first1=Steve|first2=Gary|last2=Gerstle|author-link2=Gary Gerstle|ref=Fraser|title=The Rise and Fall of the New Deal Order: 1930–1980|series=American History: Political science|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=yd4GqkP5XYgC&pg=PA229|year=1989|publisher=Princeton University Press|isbn=978-0-691-00607-9|page=311}} * {{cite book|last=Gaddis|first=John Lewis|title=The United States and the Origins of the Cold War, 1941–1947|year=1972|publisher=Columbia University Press|isbn=978-0-231-12239-9 }} * {{cite book|first=Daniel J.|last= Gelo|title=Indians of the Great Plains|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=KBBmDwAAQBAJ&pg=PT79|date=2018|publisher=Taylor & Francis|isbn=978-1-351-71812-7}} * {{cite book|first=Ofelia|last=García|title=Bilingual Education in the 21st Century: A Global Perspective|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=bW6V__K95ckC&pg=PT167|year=2011|publisher=John Wiley & Sons|isbn=978-1-4443-5978-7}} *{{cite book |last=Gerstle|first=Gary|author-link=Gary Gerstle|date=2022 |title=The Rise and Fall of the Neoliberal Order: America and the World in the Free Market Era|location= |publisher=[[Oxford University Press]]|isbn=978-0197519646}} * {{cite book|last=Gold|first=Susan Dudley|title=United States V. Amistad: Slave Ship Mutiny|ref=Gold2006|publisher=Marshall Cavendish|year=2006|page=[https://archive.org/details/unitedstatesvami0000gold/page/144 144]|url=https://archive.org/details/unitedstatesvami0000gold/page/144|isbn=978-0-7614-2143-6 }} * {{cite book|last=Gordon|first=John Steele|author-link=John Steele Gordon|ref=Gordon|title=An Empire of Wealth: The Epic History of American Economic Power|year=2004|publisher=HarperCollins|url=https://archive.org/details/empireofwealthth00gord|url-access=registration|isbn=978-0-06-009362-4 }} * {{cite book|last1=Graebner|first1=Norman A.|last2=Burns|first2=Richard Dean|last3=Siracusa|first3=Joseph M.|ref=Burns2008|title=Reagan, Bush, Gorbachev: Revisiting the End of the Cold War|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=r71u_AgE7iYC&pg=PA142|year=2008|publisher=Greenwood Publishing Group|series=Praeger Security International Series|isbn=978-0-313-35241-6|page=180}} * {{cite book|first1=Michael Robert|last1=Haines|first2=Michael R.|last2= Haines|first3=Richard H.|last3=Steckel|title=A Population History of North America|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=BPdgiysIVcgC&pg=PA12|date= 2000|publisher=Cambridge University Press|isbn=978-0-521-49666-7 }} * {{cite book|title=The Routledge Handbook of Poverty in the United States|editor1-first=Stephen|editor1-last=Haymes|editor2-first= Maria|editor2-last=Vidal de Haymes|editor3-first= Reuben|editor3-last= Miller|publisher=Routledge|url=https://www.routledge.com/books/details/9780415673440/|year=2014|isbn=978-0-415-67344-0|ref=Haymes et al}} * {{cite book|first1=William A.|last1= Haviland|first2=Dana|last2= Walrath|first3=Harald E.L.|last3= Prins|title=Evolution and Prehistory: The Human Challenge|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=9_qGhW338KQC&pg=PA219|date=2013|publisher=Cengage Learning|isbn=978-1-285-06141-2}} * {{cite book|last1=Hoopes|first1=Townsend|last2=Brinkley|first2=Douglas|title=FDR and the Creation of the U.N|url=https://archive.org/details/fdrcreationofun00hoop|url-access=registration|year=1997|publisher=Yale University Press|isbn=978-0-300-08553-2 }} * {{cite book|first=Thomas N.|last=Ingersoll|title=The Loyalist Problem in Revolutionary New England|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=qwdQDQAAQBAJ&pg=PA208|year=2016|publisher=Cambridge University Press|isbn=978-1-107-12861-3}} * {{cite book|first=Moira|last=Inghilleri|title=Translation and Migration|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=h1yuDQAAQBAJ&pg=PT117|year=2016|publisher=Taylor & Francis|isbn=978-1-315-39980-5}} * {{cite book|last=Jacobs|first=Lawrence R.|title=Health Care Reform and American Politics: What Everyone Needs to Know: What Everyone Needs to Know|ref=Jacobs10|publisher=Oxford University Press|year=2010|isbn=978-0-19-978142-3|url-access=registration|url=https://archive.org/details/healthcarereform0000jaco }} * {{cite book|last=Johnson|first=Paul|title=A History of the American People|year=1997|publisher=HarperCollins|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=RXSVQjz1_tMC|isbn=978-0-06-195213-5}} * {{Cite book|title=Encyclopedia of American studies|date=2001|publisher=Grolier Educational|editor-last=Kurian|editor-first=George T.|isbn=978-0-7172-9222-6|location=New York|oclc=46343385}} * {{cite book|first=Paul|last= Joseph|title=The Sage Encyclopedia of War: Social Science Perspectives|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=idw0DQAAQBAJ&pg=PA590|date=2016|publisher=Sage Publications|isbn=978-1-4833-5988-5 }} * {{cite book|title=Encyclopedia of Native American Wars and Warfare|series=[[Infobase Publishing|Facts on File]] library of American History|last1=Kessel|first1=William B.|last2=Wooster|first2=Robert|year=2005|publisher=Infobase Publishing|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=laxSyAp89G4C|isbn=978-0-8160-3337-9|page=398|ref=Kessel}} * {{cite book|first1=David S.|last1=Kidder|first2=Noah D.|last2=Oppenheim|title=The Intellectual Devotional: American History: Revive Your Mind, Complete Your Education, and Converse Confidently about Our Nation's Past|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=PF39tMiwmWcC&pg=PA91|year=2007|publisher=Rodale|isbn=978-1-59486-744-6}} * {{cite book|title=One Nation Under God: How Corporate America Invented Christian America|first1=Kevin M.|last1=Kruse|publisher=Basic Books|year=2015|isbn=978-0-465-04949-3|url=https://archive.org/details/onenationundergo0000krus }} * {{cite book|last=Leckie|first=Robert|author-link=Robert Leckie (author)|title=None died in vain: The Saga of the American Civil War|ref=Leckie|publisher=Harper-Collins|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=gvIeAAAAMAAJ|location=New York|year=1990|page=682|isbn=978-0-06-016280-1}} * {{cite book|first=Craig|last= Lockard|title=Societies, Networks, and Transitions, Volume B: From 600 to 1750|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=k91sCgAAQBAJ&pg=PA315|year=2010|publisher=Cengage Learning|isbn=978-1-111-79083-7}} * {{cite book|first1=Donna|last1=Martinez|first2=Jennifer L. Williams|last2=Bordeaux|title=50 Events That Shaped American Indian History: An Encyclopedia of the American Mosaic &#91;2 volumes&#93;|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=KnB1DQAAQBAJ&pg=PA19|date= 2016|publisher=ABC-CLIO|isbn=978-1-4408-3577-3}} * {{cite book|first1=Donna|last1=Martinez|first2=Grace|last2=Sage|first3=Azusa|last3=Ono|title=Urban American Indians: Reclaiming Native Space: Reclaiming Native Space|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=2HjEDAAAQBAJ&pg=PA4|date=2016|publisher=ABC-CLIO|isbn=978-1-4408-3208-6}} * {{cite book|first=Eric|last=Martone|title=Italian Americans: The History and Culture of a People|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=MHJ1DQAAQBAJ&pg=PA504|year=2016|publisher=ABC-CLIO|isbn=978-1-61069-995-2}} * {{cite book|last=Leffler|first=Melvyn P.|author-link=Melvyn P. Leffler|editor-last=Westad|editor-first=Odd Arne|year=2010|chapter=The emergence of an American grand strategy, 1945–1952|title=The Cambridge History of the Cold War|volume=1: Origins|pages=67–89|location=Cambridge|publisher=Cambridge University Press|isbn=978-0-521-83719-4|oclc=309835719|language=en }} * {{cite book|last=Lemon|first=James T.|editor1-first=Robert D.|editor1-last=Mitchell|editor2-first=Paul A.|editor2-last=Groves|title=North America: the historical geography of a changing continent|chapter=Colonial America in the 18th Century|publisher=Rowman & Littlefield|chapter-url=https://cascourses.uoregon.edu/geog471/wp-content/uploads/2010/01/Lemon.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130123135724/https://cascourses.uoregon.edu/geog471/wp-content/uploads/2010/01/Lemon.pdf|archive-date=January 23, 2013|year=1987|ref=Lemon}} * {{cite book|last=Lien|first=Arnold Johnson|title=Studies in History, Economics, and Public Law|volume=54|ref=Lien|publisher=Columbia University|location=New York|year=1913|page=604|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=UYpVAAAAYAAJ}} * {{cite book|first=Karen Woods|last=Weierman|title=One Nation, One Blood: Interracial Marriage In American Fiction, Scandal, And Law, 1820–1870|year=2005|publisher=University of Massachusetts Press|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=24mIQuLBuN8C&pg=PA44|isbn=978-1-55849-483-1|page=214}} * {{cite book|last=Levenstein|first=Harvey|title=Revolution at the Table: The Transformation of the American Diet|ref=Levenstein|publisher=University of California Press|location=Berkeley and Los Angeles|year=2003|isbn=978-0-520-23439-0}} * {{cite book|first=David J.|last=Meltzer|title=First Peoples in a New World: Colonizing Ice Age America|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Rnc-bg2voI8C&pg=PA129|date=2009|publisher=University of California Press|isbn=978-0-520-94315-5}} * {{cite book|author=The New York Times|title=The New York Times Guide to Essential Knowledge: A Desk Reference for the Curious Mind|edition=2nd|url=https://archive.org/details/newyorktimesguid00|year=2007|publisher=St. Martin's Press|isbn=978-0-312-37659-8 }} * {{cite book|first=Mary|last=Mostert|title=The Threat of Anarchy Leads to the Constitution of the United States|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=jntSQ-yn66AC&pg=PA18|year=2005|publisher=CTR Publishing, Inc.|isbn=978-0-9753851-4-2}} * {{cite book|first=Peter S.|last=Onuf|title=The Origins of the Federal Republic: Jurisdictional Controversies in the United States, 1775–1787|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=WcUgLPqmfuYC|year=2010|publisher=University of Pennsylvania Press|isbn=978-0-8122-0038-6}} * {{cite book|first1=Theda|last1= Perdue|first2=Michael D|last2=Green|title=The Columbia Guide to American Indians of the Southeast|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=-RBJCyp2bFIC&pg=PA40|date= 2005|publisher=Columbia University Press|isbn=978-0-231-50602-1}} * {{cite book|last=Quirk|first=Joel|title=The Anti-Slavery Project: From the Slave Trade to Human Trafficking|ref=Quirk|year=2011|publisher=University of Pennsylvania Press|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=qqxK4KlqKYMC|isbn=978-0-8122-4333-8|page=344}} * {{cite book|last=Ranlet|first=Philip|title=New England Encounters: Indians and Euroamericans Ca. 1600–1850|ref=Ranlet|publisher=North Eastern University Press|editor-first=Alden T.|editor-last=Vaughan|year=1999}} * {{cite book|last=Remini|first=Robert V.|title=The House: The History of the House of Representatives|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=CAM6J6IoQFQC|year=2007|publisher=HarperCollins|isbn=978-0-06-134111-3}} * {{Cite book|editor1-last=Richter|editor1-first=Daniel K.|editor2-last=Merrell|editor2-first=James H.|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ZQnEwUaPAegC|title=Beyond the covenant chain : the Iroquois and their neighbors in Indian North America, 1600–1800|date=2003|publisher=Pennsylvania State University Press|isbn=978-0-271-02299-4|location=University Park|oclc=51306167}} * {{cite book|last=Ripper|first=Jason|title=American Stories: To 1877|year=2008|ref=Ripper2008|publisher=M.E. Sharpe|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=vX-fYvoAeHwC|page=299|isbn=978-0-7656-2903-6}} * {{Cite book |last=Rodriguez |first=Junius |title=Encyclopedia of Emancipation and Abolition in the Transatlantic World |publisher=[[Routledge]] ([[Taylor & Francis]]) |year=2015 |isbn=9781317471806 |edition=Illustrated |pages=}} * {{cite book|last=Russell|first=John Henderson|title=The Free Negro in Virginia, 1619–1865|ref=Russell1913|publisher=Johns Hopkins University|url=https://archive.org/details/freenegroinvirg00russgoog|year=1913|page=[https://archive.org/details/freenegroinvirg00russgoog/page/n202 196]}} * {{cite book|first=William|last=Safire|title=No Uncertain Terms: More Writing from the Popular "On Language" Column in The New York Times Magazine|url=https://archive.org/details/nouncertainterms00safi|url-access=registration|page=[https://archive.org/details/nouncertainterms00safi/page/199 199]|year=2003|publisher=Simon and Schuster|isbn=978-0-7432-4955-3}} * {{cite book|first=Bunford|last=Samuel|title=Secession and Constitutional Liberty: In which is Shown the Right of a Nation to Secede from a Compact of Federation and that Such Right is Necessary to Constitutional Liberty and a Surety of Union|url=https://archive.org/details/secessionandcon03samugoog|page=[https://archive.org/details/secessionandcon03samugoog/page/n329 323]|year=1920|publisher=Neale publishing Company}} * {{cite book|first= Candace|last= Savage|title=Prairie: A Natural History|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=X1u9BwAAQBAJ&pg=PA55|date=2011|publisher=Greystone Books|isbn=978-1-55365-899-3}} * {{cite book|last1=Schneider|first1=Dorothy|last2=Schneider|first2=Carl J.|title=Slavery in America|ref=Schneider|publisher=Infobase Publishing|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=QlemwRTsY20C|year=2007|page=554|isbn=978-1-4381-0813-1}} * {{cite book|last=Schultz|first=David Andrew|title=Encyclopedia of the United States Constitution|ref=Schultz|year=2009|publisher=Infobase Publishing|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=f7m713xwK58C|page=904|isbn=978-1-4381-2677-7}} * {{cite book|first=Sandra|last=Sider|title=Handbook to Life in Renaissance Europe|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=JtYy67FsRosC&pg=PA226|year=2007|publisher=Oxford University Press|isbn=978-0-19-533084-7}} * {{cite book|last=Simonson|first=Peter|title=Refiguring Mass Communication: A History|ref=Simonson|year=2010|publisher=University of Illinois Press|quote=He held high the Declaration of Independence, the Constitution, and the nation's unofficial motto, ''e pluribus unum'', even as he was recoiling from the party system in which he had long participated.|location=Urbana|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=N6lrAmPlbvIC&pg=PA79|isbn=978-0-252-07705-0}} * {{cite book|last=Smith|first=Andrew F.|year=2004|title=The Oxford Encyclopedia of Food and Drink in America|ref=Smith2004|publisher=Oxford University Press|location=New York|pages=131–132|isbn=978-0-19-515437-5}} * {{cite book|last=Soss|first=Joe|editor-last=Hacker|editor-first=Jacob S.|editor2-last=Mettler|editor2-first=Suzanne|ref=Soss|title=Remaking America: Democracy and Public Policy in an Age of Inequality|year=2010|publisher=Russell Sage Foundation|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=JttyjBoyb3AC|isbn=978-1-61044-694-5 }} * {{cite book|ref=Stannard|last=Stannard|first=David E.|author-link=David Stannard|title=American Holocaust: The Conquest of the New World|year=1993|publisher=Oxford University Press|location=New York|url=https://archive.org/details/americanholocaus00stan|isbn=978-0-19-508557-0 }} * {{Cite journal|ref=Tadman|last=Tadman|first=Michael|title=The Demographic Cost of Sugar: Debates on Slave Societies and Natural Increase in the Americas|journal=American Historical Review|volume=105|year=2000|issue=5|pages=1534–1575|jstor=2652029|doi=10.2307/2652029 }} * {{cite book|ref=Taylor|last=Taylor|first=Alan|title=American Colonies: The Settling of North America|publisher=Penguin Books|location=New York|url=https://archive.org/details/americancolonies00tayl_1|editor-first=Eric|editor-last=Foner|year=2002|isbn=978-0-670-87282-4 }} * {{cite book|last=Thornton|first=Russell|title=American Indian Holocaust and Survival: A Population History Since 1492|volume=186|series=Civilization of the American Indian|year=1987|publisher=University of Oklahoma Press|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=9iQYSQ9y60MC&pg=PA49|isbn=978-0-8061-2220-5|page=49}} * {{cite book|first=Russell|last=Thornton|title=Studying Native America: Problems and Prospects|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=_EA-UwvN_HUC&pg=PA34|year=1998|publisher=Univ of Wisconsin Press|isbn=978-0-299-16064-7 }} * {{Cite book |last=Walker Howe |first=Daniel |title=[[What Hath God Wrought: The Transformation of America, 1815–1848]] |publisher=[[Oxford University Press]] |year=2007 |isbn=9780199726578 |author-link=Daniel Walker Howe}} * {{cite book|last=Vaughan|first=Alden T.|title=New England Encounters: Indians and Euroamericans Ca. 1600–1850|publisher=North Eastern University Press|year=1999}} * {{cite book|first1=James M.|last1=Volo|first2=Dorothy Denneen|last2=Volo|title=Family Life in Native America|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=z_bc61ezj0cC&pg=PR11|year=2007|publisher=ABC-CLIO|isbn=978-0-313-33795-6}} * {{cite book|last1=Walton|first1=Gary M.|last2=Rockoff|first2=Hugh|title=History of the American Economy|year=2009|ref=Walton|publisher=Cengage Learning|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=lyhI1q_E4G0C|isbn=978-0-324-78662-0 }} * {{cite journal|last1=Waters|first1=M.R.|last2=Stafford|first2=T W.|title=Redefining the Age of Clovis: Implications for the Peopling of the Americas|journal=Science|volume=315|issue=5815|year=2007|pages=1122–1126|issn=0036-8075|doi=10.1126/science.1137166|pmid=17322060|bibcode=2007Sci...315.1122W|s2cid=23205379|url=https://semanticscholar.org/paper/2127cb07b275c5be603cef1434db0b167b94c94f}} * {{cite book|first1=Edith Brown|last1=Weiss|first2=Harold Karan|last2=Jacobson|title=Engaging Countries: Strengthening Compliance with International Environmental Accords|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=W_JAw31U5qQC&pg=PA180|year=2000|publisher=MIT Press|isbn=978-0-262-73132-4}} * {{cite book|last=Winchester|first=Simon|title=The men who United the States|url=https://archive.org/details/isbn_9780062079602|url-access=registration|year=2013|publisher=Harper Collins|isbn=978-0-06-207960-2|pages=[https://archive.org/details/isbn_9780062079602/page/198 198], 216, 251, 253}} * {{Cite journal |last=Wright |first=Gavin |year=2022 |title=Slavery and the Rise of the Nineteenth-Century American Economy |url=https://www.aeaweb.org/articles?id=10.1257/jep.36.2.123 |journal=[[Journal of Economic Perspectives]] |volume=36 |issue=2 |pages=123–148 |doi=10.1257/jep.36.2.123 |s2cid=248716718 |via=}} * {{cite book|last=Zinn|first=Howard|author-link=Howard Zinn|title=A People's History of the United States|ref=Zinn|year=2005|publisher=[[Harper Perennial]] Modern Classics|isbn=978-0-06-083865-2|title-link=A People's History of the United States }} {{refend}} '''Internet sources''' {{refbegin|30em}} * {{cite news|url=https://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/americas/country_profiles/1217752.stm|title=Country Profile: United States of America|ref=BBC18may|work=BBC News|location=London|date=April 22, 2008|access-date=May 18, 2008}} * {{cite magazine|last=Cohen|first=Eliot A.|ref=Cohen|location=Washington, DC|url=https://www.foreignaffairs.com/articles/59919/eliot-a-cohen/history-and-the-hyperpower|title=History and the Hyperpower|website=Foreign Affairs|date=July–August 2004|access-date=July 14, 2006}} * {{cite journal|last1=Wallander|first1=Celeste A.|year=2003|ref=Wallander2003|title=Western Policy and the Demise of the Soviet Union|journal=[[Journal of Cold War Studies]]|volume=5|issue=4|pages=137–177|doi=10.1162/152039703322483774|s2cid=57560487 }} * {{cite journal|title=Testing Theories of American Politics: Elites, Interest Groups, and Average Citizens|last1=Gilens|first1=Martin|last2=Page|first2=Benjamin I.|name-list-style=amp|journal=[[Perspectives on Politics]]|date=2014|volume=12|issue=3|pages=564–581|doi=10.1017/S1537592714001595|url=https://scholar.princeton.edu/sites/default/files/mgilens/files/gilens_and_page_2014_-testing_theories_of_american_politics.doc.pdf|doi-access=free }} {{refend}} ==External links== {{Library resources box}} <!-- Please: 1) Follow the [[WP:EL]] guideline where possible and consider discussing on the talk page. The MediaWiki software that powers Wikipedia has several parameters that limit the complexity of a page, thus limiting the number of templates that can be included. 2) Do not turn these bullets into headers! They expand the TOC too much. --> * [https://web.archive.org/web/20211212224932/https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/united-states/ United States]. ''[[The World Factbook]]''. [[Central Intelligence Agency]]. * [https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-us-canada-16761057 United States] from [[BBC News]] * [https://www.ifs.du.edu/ifs/frm_CountryProfile.aspx?Country=US Key Development Forecasts for the United States] from [[International Futures]] ; Government * [https://www.usa.gov/ Official U.S. Government Web Portal]. Gateway to government sites. * [https://www.house.gov/ House]. Official site of the United States House of Representatives. * [https://www.senate.gov/ Senate]. Official site of the United States Senate. * [https://www.whitehouse.gov/ White House]. Official site of the President of the United States. * [{{SCOTUS URL}} Supreme Court]. Official site of the Supreme Court of the United States. ; History * [https://web.archive.org/web/20080314143240/https://www.nationalcenter.org/HistoricalDocuments.html Historical Documents]. Collected by the National Center for Public Policy Research. * [https://www.religioustolerance.org/nat_mott.htm U.S. National Mottos: History and Constitutionality]. {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221119213422/http://www.religioustolerance.org/nat_mott.htm |date=November 19, 2022 }}. Analysis by the Ontario Consultants on Religious Tolerance. * [https://www.historicalstatistics.org/index2.html USA]. Collected links to historical data. ; Maps * [https://web.archive.org/web/20091021182322/https://www.nationalatlas.gov/ National Atlas of the United States]. Official maps from the U.S. Department of the Interior. * {{wikiatlas|the United States}} * {{osmrelation-inline|148838}} * [https://www.measureofamerica.org/maps/ Measure of America]. A variety of mapped information relating to health, education, income, and demographics for the U.S. ; Photos * [https://www.flickr.com/search/?text=USA Photos of the USA] {{Anchor|Related information}} <!-- Target for Navbox link at See also section --> {{United States topics}} {{United States political divisions}} {{North America topic}} {{Portal bar|United States|North America|Countries}} {{Sister bar|auto=yes|voy=United States}} {{Authority control}} {{Coord|40|-100|dim:10000000_region:region:US_type:country|name=United States of America|display=title}} [[Category:United States| ]] [[Category:States and territories established in 1776]] [[Category:Countries in North America]] [[Category:English-speaking countries and territories]] [[Category:Federal constitutional republics]] [[Category:Former British colonies and protectorates in the Americas]] [[Category:Former confederations]] [[Category:G20 nations]] [[Category:Member states of NATO]] [[Category:Member states of the United Nations]] [[Category:Transcontinental countries]] p29hk2nlcchhmskkjg0whjd56qk4yjo 0 46757 115738 115103 2026-04-27T23:00:24Z CommonsDelinker 72 Removing [[:c:File:His_Majesty_King_Edward_VIII_in_Garter_Robes_(cropped).jpg|His_Majesty_King_Edward_VIII_in_Garter_Robes_(cropped).jpg]], it has been deleted from Commons by [[:c:User:Josve05a|Josve05a]] because: per [[:c:Commons:Deletion requests/File: 115738 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Short description|Mbumba yacifumu ya ku Britain}} {{Redirect|Windsors|other uses|Windsor (disambiguation){{!}}Windsor}} {{Royal house | surname = House of Windsor | coat_of_arms = Badge of the House of Windsor.svg | coat_of_arms_size = 140px | coat_of_arms_caption = [[Heraldic badge|Badge]] of the House of Windsor, featuring the Round Tower of [[Windsor Castle]] | parent_house = [[House of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha]]{{cref|a}}{{cref|b}} | country = [[United Kingdom]] and other [[Commonwealth realm]]s | founding year = {{Start date and age|1917|7|17|df=yes}} | founder = [[George V]] | current_head = [[Charles III]] | members = [[List of members of the House of Windsor|See list]] | cadet_branches = | footnotes = {{cnote|a|The children and male-line descendants of [[Queen Elizabeth II]] and [[Prince Philip, Duke of Edinburgh|Prince Philip]] genealogically belong to the [[House of Oldenburg]] through one of its branches, the [[House of Glücksburg]].}} {{cnote|b|The House of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha is a cadet branch of the [[House of Wettin]].}} }} '''Nyumba ya Windsor''' ni nyumba iyo yikuwusa mu [[United Kingdom]] na vyaru vinyake vya [[Commonwealth]]. Zina la nyumba iyi likafuma ku malo ghakale gha [[Windsor Castle]]. Kwambira apo nyumba ya Windsor yikapangikira pa 17 July 1917, pakaŵa mafumu ghankhondi gha ku Britain: George V, Edward VIII, George VI, Elizabeth II, na [[Charles III]]. Ŵana na ŵanalume awo mbana ŵa [[Fumukazi Elizabeth II]] na [[Prince Philip]], Duke wa Edinburgh, nawo mbana ŵa [[nyumba ya Oldenburg]] pakuti Philip wakababikira mu [[mbumba ya Glücksburg]]. Themba ni mulongozgi wa vyaru 15. Vyaru ivi ni United Kingdom, Antigua and Barbuda, Australia, Bahamas, Belize, Canada, Grenada, Jamaica, New Zealand, Papua New Guinea, Saint Kitts and Nevis, Saint Lucia, Saint Vincent and the Grenadines, Solomon Islands, na Tuvalu. Padera pa maufumu ghakupambanapambana agha, paliso vyaru vinyake vitatu ivyo vikuwusika na boma la Britain, vyaru 14 vyakucemeka British Overseas Territories, vyaru viŵiri vyakucemeka New Zealand, na cigaŵa cinyake.<ref>{{cite book |title=Burke's Royal Families of the World |isbn=0850110238 |page=326}}</ref> ==Mbili== Mu 1701, mpando wachifumu ukapelekeka kwa Sophia wa Hanover, uyo wakababikira mu nyumba ya Wittelsbach, wakatorana na nyumba ya Hanover, ndipo wakaŵa muzukuru wa James VI na I wa nyumba ya Stuart. Mu 1714, mwana wake George I, ndiyo wakayamba kuwusa, ndipo ufumu wa Hanover ukamba kuwusa kwa nyengo yitali. Paumaliro mu 1901, nyumba ya Saxe-Coburg na Gotha yikapoka ufumu wa Britain kufuma ku nyumba ya Hanover, ndipo themba Edward VII, mwana wa Fumukazi Victoria na Prince Albert wa Saxe-Coburg na Gotha ŵakamba kuwusa. Mu 1917, zina la nyumba yacifumu ya ku Britain likasinthika kufuma ku zina la ku Germany la Saxe-Coburg na Gotha kuya ku zina la ku England la Windsor, ndipo zina ili likafuma ku zina la nyumba yacifumu ya ku Berkshire.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.royal.uk/royal-family-name|title=The Royal Family name &#124; The Royal Family|website=The Royal Family }}</ref> [[File:A Good Riddance - George V of the United Kingdom cartoon in Punch, 1917.png|thumb|left|"A Good Riddance"; cartoon yakufumira mu Punch, Vol. 152, 27 June 1917, commenting on the King's order to relinquish all German titles held by members of his family [Kuyowoyapo pa dango la Themba la kuleka mazina ghose gha ku Germany agho ŵanthu ŵa mu mbumba yake ŵakaŵa nagho.]] Themba Edward VII na mwana wake, George V, nawo ŵakaŵa ŵa Saxe-Coburg na Gotha ŵa nyumba ya Wettin chifukwa cha mphapu yawo kufuma kwa Albert, Prince Consort, mfumu wa Fumukazi Victoria, themba laumaliro la Britain kufuma ku nyumba ya Hanover. Nkhondo Yakwamba ya Caru Cose yikati yacitika, ŵanthu ŵanandi ŵakamba kutinkhana na boma la Britain. Nkhondo iyi yikamba mu 1917, apo ndege ya Gotha G.IV, iyo yikaŵa na nkhongono ya kwambuka nyanja ya English Channel, yikamba kuphulika na mabomba ku London. Pa 15 Malici, mubali wa mfumu George, uyo wakaŵa fumu ya Russia, zina lake Nicholas II, wakacicizgika kuleka kuwusa, ndipo ivi vikapangiska kuti ŵanthu ŵambe kughanaghana kuti maufumu ghose gha ku Europe ghangamara. Paumaliro, themba na mbumba yake ŵakazomerezgeka kuleka mazina ghose gha ufumu wa Germany na kusintha mazina gha nyumba na mazina gha mazina gha ŵanthu ŵa ku Germany kuti ghaŵe gha Cingelezi. Ntheura, pa Julayi 17, 1917, George V wakapharazga kuti: Ntheura, ise, na khumbo lithu na mazaza ghithu, tikupharazga kuti kufuma pa zuŵa ilo tikapharazgira, nyumba yithu na mbumba yithu yichemekenge Nyumba ya Windsor, ndipo ŵana wose ŵa sekuru withu, Fumukazi Victoria, awo mbanthu ŵa mu Ufumu uwu, padera pa ŵana ŵawo ŵanakazi awo ŵali kutora panji kutengwa, ŵazamuchemeka na zina la Windsor. Zina ili likaŵa na kukolerana kwa nyengo yitali na ufumu wa ku Britain, mu tawuni ya Windsor, Berkshire, na Windsor Castle; kukolerana uku kukuyowoyeka mu Round Tower of Windsor Castle. Mubali Arthur Bigge, uyo wakaŵa Baroni wakwamba wa Stamfordham, ndiyo wakambiska nkhani iyi. Wakati wapulika kuti mubali wake wasintha zina la nyumba yacifumu ya ku Britain kuŵa Windsor ndipo pakuyowoya za buku la Shakespeare lakuti The Merry Wives of Windsor, Themba la ku Germany Wilhelm II likayowoya mwakuseka kuti likakhumbanga kuwona "The Merry Wives of Saxe-Coburg-Gotha". George V wakazomerezgaso kuti ŵabwezi ŵake ŵa ku Britain pera ndiwo ŵaŵenge na mazina gha ufumu, ndipo mu 1919, wakawuskapo mazina gha ŵabwezi ŵake ŵatatu ŵa ku Germany. Ŵana na ŵanalume awo ŵakafuma kwa Fumukazi Elizabeth II na Prince Philip nawo ŵali ku nyumba ya Oldenburg chifukwa Philip wakababikira ku Glücksburg.<ref name="Philip-Glücksburg">{{cite web |last=Berger |first=Marilyn |date=9 April 2021 |title=Prince Philip, Husband of Queen Elizabeth II, Is Dead at 99 |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2021/04/09/obituaries/prince-philip-dead.html |accessdate=22 November 2022 |work=The New York Times}}</ref> == Mndandanda wa mafumu == {{See also|List of British monarchs}} {|style="text-align:center; width:100%" class="wikitable" |- ! style="width:8%;" | Chithuzi ! style="width:12%;" | Zina ! style="width:15%;" | Mawilo ! style="width:12%;" | Ulamulili ! style="width:10%;" | Uvwali ! style="width:13%;" | Mwanakazi ! style="width:15%;" | Mafwilo ! style="width:15%; | Wakutola ufumu |- |[[File:King George V 1911.jpg|100px]]||<big>'''[[George V]]'''</big>||3 June 1865<br>[[Marlborough House]] |6 May 1910<br>{{ndash}}<br>20 January 1936{{efn|George V was a member of the [[House of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha]] until he changed the name of the royal house to Windsor on 17 July 1917.}}<br><hr>(25&nbsp;years, 259&nbsp;days) ||[[Coronation of George V and Mary|22 June 1911]]||[[Mary of Teck]]||20 January 1936<br>[[Sandringham House]]<br>(aged 70 years, 231 days)||Son of [[Edward VII]] and [[Alexandra of Denmark]] |- | ||<big>'''[[Edward VIII]]'''</big>||23 June 1894<br>[[White Lodge, Richmond Park]] |20 January 1936<br>{{ndash}}<br>11 December 1936<br><hr>(326&nbsp;days) ||[[Abandoned coronation of Edward VIII|''Cancelled'']]||''None'' ||28 May 1972<br>[[4 Route du Champ d'Entraînement]]<br>(aged 77 years, 340 days)||rowspan=2|Sons of [[George V]] and [[Mary of Teck]] |- |[[File:King George VI.jpg|100px]]||<big>'''[[George VI]]'''</big>||14 December 1895<br>[[York Cottage]] |11 December 1936<br>{{ndash}}<br>6 February 1952<br><hr>(15&nbsp;years, 57&nbsp;days) ||[[Coronation of George VI and Elizabeth|12 May 1937]]||[[Elizabeth Bowes-Lyon]]||6 February 1952<br>[[Sandringham House]]<br>(aged 56 years, 54 days) |- |[[File:Queen Elizabeth II in Coronation Robes.jpg|100px]]||<big>'''[[Elizabeth II]]'''</big>||21 April 1926<br>17 [[Bruton Street]], [[Mayfair]] |6 February 1952<br>{{ndash}}<br>8 September 2022<br><hr>(70&nbsp;years, 214&nbsp;days) ||[[Coronation of Elizabeth II|2 June 1953]]||[[Philip of Greece and Denmark]]||8 September 2022<br>[[Balmoral Castle]]<br>(aged 96 years, 140 days)||Daughter of [[George VI]] and [[Elizabeth Bowes-Lyon]] |- |[[File:Charles III parliamentary procession 2024 (cropped).jpg|100px]]||<big>'''[[Charles III]]'''</big> |14 November 1948<br>[[Buckingham Palace]] |8 September 2022<br>{{ndash}}<br>present<br><hr>({{ayd|2022|9|8}}) |[[Coronation of Charles III and Camilla|6 May 2023]] |[[Camilla Shand]] |''Living''<br>(age {{ayd|1948|11|14}}) |Son of [[Elizabeth II]]<br />and [[Philip of Greece and Denmark]] |} <div style="overflow:auto"> {{#tag:timeline| Define $width = 800 # 5 pixels per year ($end - $start) × 12 Define $warning = 1080 # $width - 120 Define $height = 300 # 6 × 25 + 150 Define $footnote = 800 # $width - 400 DateFormat = dd/mm/yyyy Define $start = 01/01/1860 Define $end = {{CURRENTDAY2}}/{{CURRENTMONTH}}/{{CURRENTYEAR}} ImageSize = width:$width height:$height PlotArea = right:10 left:1 bottom:80 top:60 Period = from:$start till:$end TimeAxis = orientation:horizontal Legend = orientation:vertical position:bottom columns:1 Colors = id:bg value:white id:lightline value:rgb(0.8, 0.8, 0.8) id:lighttext value:rgb(0.5, 0.5, 0.5) id:LIFESPAN value:rgb(0.88, 0.90, 0.70) Legend: Lifespan id:REIGN value:rgb(0.78, 0.06, 0.18) Legend: Reign id:NAME value:rgb(0.15, 0.13, 0.05) BackgroundColors = canvas:bg ScaleMinor = gridcolor:lightline unit:year increment:1 start:$start ScaleMajor = gridcolor:lighttext unit:year increment:10 start:1860 Define $dy = -5 # shift text to button side of bar PlotData= bar:1 width:18 color:LIFESPAN align:center fontsize:M from:03/06/1865 till:06/05/1910 shift:(-3,$dy) textcolor:NAME text:[[George V]] color:REIGN from:06/05/1910 till:20/01/1936 bar:2 width:18 color:LIFESPAN align:left fontsize:M from:23/06/1894 till:20/01/1936 shift:(-38,$dy) textcolor:NAME text:[[Edward VIII]] color:REIGN from:20/01/1936 till:11/12/1936 color:LIFESPAN from:11/12/1936 till:28/05/1972 bar:3 width:18 color:LIFESPAN align:left fontsize:M from:14/12/1895 till:11/12/1936 shift:(-36,$dy) textcolor:NAME text:[[George VI]] color:REIGN from:11/12/1936 till:06/02/1952 bar:4 width:18 color:LIFESPAN align:left fontsize:M from:21/04/1926 till:08/09/2022 shift:(-205,$dy) textcolor:NAME text:[[Elizabeth II]] color:REIGN from:06/02/1952 till:08/09/2022 bar:5 width:18 color:LIFESPAN align:left fontsize:M from:14/11/1948 till:{{CURRENTDAY2}}/{{CURRENTMONTH}}/{{CURRENTYEAR}} shift:(-30,$dy) textcolor:NAME text:[[Charles III]] color:REIGN from:08/09/2022 till:{{CURRENTDAY2}}/{{CURRENTMONTH}}/{{CURRENTYEAR}} TextData = pos:(260,$height) fontsize:L textcolor:black text:"Umoyo wa Themba lililose la ku Windsor" }} </div> == Mamembala == {{See also|List of members of the House of Windsor}} Mu 1917, boma likapharazga kuti mazina gha mbumba yacifumu na ŵana wose ŵa Victoria na Albert ŵa ku Britain ŵaŵenge na zina la Windsor, kupaturako ŵanakazi awo ŵakutorana na ŵa mu mbumba zinyake. ===Descendants of Elizabeth II=== Mu 1947, Princess Elizabeth (uyo wakazakakhala Queen Elizabeth II), uyo wakadangira kwa King George VI, wakatorana na Philip Mountbatten (uyo wakababika Prince Philip wa Greece na Denmark), wa nyumba ya Schleswig-Holstein-Sonderburg-Glücksburg,[1] nthambi ya nyumba ya Oldenburg. Myezi yicoko waka pambere ŵandatorane, Philip wakaleka mazina ghacifumu na kwamba kucemeka na zina la Mountbatten, zina la wiske wa anyina, Earl Mountbatten wa ku Burma, ndipo zina ili likapelekeka na adada ŵa Lord Mountbatten (agogo ŵa pa mama ŵa Philip), Prince Louis wa ku Battenberg, mu 1917. Zina ili likung'anamulika kufuma ku zina Lachihebere lakuti Battenberg, ilo likung'anamura tawuni ya Battenberg ku Hesse.<ref name=":0" /> Elizabeth wakati waŵa fumukazi mu 1952, Lord Mountbatten wakawona kuti sono nyumba ya Mountbatten ndiyo yikaŵa na mazaza, cifukwa cakuti cikaŵa cizgoŵi kuti muwoli wa mu nthengwa watore zina la mfumu wake. A gogo ŵa Elizabeth, a Queen Mary, ŵakati ŵapulika mazgu agha, ŵakaphalira nduna yikuru ya Britain, Winston Churchill, ndipo pamasinda iyo wakalangura Fumukazi kuti yipeleke dango lakuti nyumba yacifumu yilutilire kumanyikwa na zina lakuti Nyumba ya Windsor. Pa 9 Epulero 1952, wakalemba kuti: "Ni khumbo lane kuti ine na ŵana ŵane tiŵenge na zina lakuti Nyumba ya Windsor, ndipo ŵana ŵane ŵaŵenge na zina la nyumba ya Windsor, padera pa ŵana ŵanakazi awo ŵakutorana na ŵana ŵawo". Philip wakajiŵeyelera kuti, "Ndine cinthu cambura kuzirwa. Ndine pera mu caru ici uyo wakuzomerezgeka yayi kupeleka zina lake ku ŵana ŵake". <ref name=":0" /> Pa 8 February 1960, vyaka vinyakhe vikati vyajumphapo kufuma apo Queen Mary wakafwira na apo Churchill wakafumapo pa udindo wake, The Queen wakasimikizga kuti iye na ŵana ŵake ŵalutilirenge kumanyikwa na mazina gha "Nyumba na Banja la Windsor", nga ni umo ŵana wose ŵa mfumu panji muwoli wake (kuyana na mzere wa ŵanalume, panji patrilineality) awo ŵakukondwera na mazina gha Royal Highness na mazina gha kalonga panji mfumukazi. Ndipouli, Elizabeti wakalanguraso kuti ŵana ŵake awo ŵalije mazina agha ŵaŵenge na zina lakuti Mountbatten-Windsor.<ref name=":0" /> Ici cikacitika pamanyuma pa kulemberana makalata kwa myezi yicoko waka pakati pa nduna yikuru ya caru ici, Harold Macmillan, na Edward Iwi, nkhwantha ya malango. Iwi wakalongosora kuti mwana wa themba uyo wazamubabika mu Febuluwale 1960 wazamuŵa na "Badge of Bastardy" usange wamupika zina la anyina (Windsor) m'malo mwa zina la awiske (Mountbatten). Macmillan wakayezga kuti waleke kuzunura zina la Iwi, m'paka apo Fumukazi yikaphalira Rab Butler mu Janyuwale 1960 kuti kwa nyengo yitali mtima wake ukaŵa pa kusintha zina ili, Mountbatten. Wakakhumbanga kuti wasinthe pambere wandababike. Nkhani iyi yikaŵakhwaska yayi Charles na Anne, pakuti ŵakababikira ku Mountbatten pambere Queen Elizabeth wandaŵe themba. 4] Prince Andrew wakababika pamanyuma pa mazuŵa 11, pa 19 February 1960. Themba lililose la munthazi lingasintha zina la fuko ili na dango lakuyana waka, nga umo dango la ufumu la ku United Kingdom likuyowoyera.<ref name=":0">[https://www.royal.uk/royal-family-name The Royal Family name] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160530221439/https://www.royal.uk/royal-family-name |date=30 May 2016 }}, Royal Household, retrieved 24 April 2016</ref> ===Mndando wa mbumba=== {{See also|Family tree of the British royal family}} * {{Color sample|border=#CC0000|white; border-width:3px}} {{Color sample|border=#CC0000|white; border-width:1px}} Ŵanthu awo ŵali na vilembo viswesi mbamoyo * {{Color sample|border=#000000|white; border-width:3px}} {{Color sample|border=#000000|white; border-width:1px}} Ŵanthu awo ŵali na malemba ghafipa mbakufwa * {{Color sample|border=#000000|white; border-width:3px}} {{Color sample|border=#CC0000|white; border-width:3px}} Para mphaka zalembeka mwakujumphizga vikulongora kuti ni ŵana ŵa mafumu gha ku Britain {{Chart top|Mdauko wa Nyumba ya Windsor}} {{Chart/start|style=font-size:85%;line-height:100%;margin: 1em auto; }} {{Tree chart|border=1| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |GVRI|y|MT| |GVRI=[[George V|King<br/>George V]] |boxstyle_GVRI=border: 3px solid black |MT=[[Mary of Teck|Queen Mary]] }} {{Tree chart| |,|-|-|-|v|-|-|-|-|-|-|-|v|-|-|-|v|-|^|-|-|-|-|-|v|-|-|-|-|-|-|-|.| }} {{Tree chart|border=1|EVIIIRI| |GVIRI|y|EBY| |MH| |HG|y|AG| |GK|y|MGD| |PJ| |EVIIIRI=[[Edward VIII|King Edward VIII]]{{Efn|After [[Abdication of Edward VIII|his abdication in 1936]], [[Edward VIII|King Edward VIII]] became the [[Duke of Windsor]].}} |boxstyle_EVIIIRI=border: 3px solid black |GVIRI=[[George VI|King George VI]] |boxstyle_GVIRI=border: 3px solid black |EBY=[[Queen Elizabeth The Queen Mother|Queen Elizabeth]] |MH=[[Mary, Princess Royal and Countess of Harewood]] |boxstyle_MH=border: 3px solid black |HG=[[Prince Henry, Duke of Gloucester]] |boxstyle_HG=border: 3px solid black |AG=[[Princess Alice, Duchess of Gloucester]] |GK=[[Prince George, Duke of Kent]] |boxstyle_GK=border: 3px solid black |MGD=[[Princess Marina of Greece and Denmark|Princess Marina, Duchess of Kent]] |PJ=[[Prince John of the United Kingdom|Prince John]] |boxstyle_PJ=border: 3px solid black }} {{Tree chart| | | | | |,|-|^|-|.| | | |,|-|-|-|-|-|^|-|.| | | |,|-|^|-|-|-|-|-|v|-|-|-|.| }} {{Tree chart|boxstyle=border: 1px solid red|PE|y|EIIR| |PM| |WG| |BD|~|RG| |EK|~|KW| |CMR| |MK|~|MCR |PE=[[Prince Philip, Duke of Edinburgh]] |boxstyle_PE=border: 1px solid black |EIIR=[[Elizabeth II|Queen Elizabeth II]] |boxstyle_EIIR=border: 3px solid black |PM=[[Princess Margaret, Countess of Snowdon]] |boxstyle_PM=border: 3px solid black |WG=[[Prince William of Gloucester]] |boxstyle_WG=border: 1px solid black |BD=[[Birgitte, Duchess of Gloucester|The Duchess of Gloucester]]<br/>{{Small|(Birgitte)}} |RG=[[Prince Richard, Duke of Gloucester|The Duke of Gloucester]]<br/>{{Small|(Richard)}} |EK=[[Prince Edward, Duke of Kent|The Duke of Kent]]<br/>{{Small|(Edward)}} |KW=[[Katharine, Duchess of Kent|The Duchess of Kent]]<br/>{{Small|(Katharine)}} |CMR=[[Princess Alexandra, The Honourable Lady Ogilvy]] |MK=[[Prince Michael of Kent]] |MCR=[[Princess Michael of Kent]]<br/>{{Small|(Marie-Christine)}} }} {{Tree chart| | | |`|-|v|-|-|-|-|-|-|-|-|-|-|-|v|-|-|-|-|-|-|-|v|-|-|-|-|-|-|-|.| }} {{Tree chart|boxstyle=border: 1px solid red|CS|~|CW|y|DS| | | | | |AR| | | | | |AY|y|SF| |EW|y|SRJ |CS=[[Queen Camilla|The Queen]]<br/>{{Small|(Camilla)}} |CW=[[Charles III|The King]]<br/>{{Small|(Charles III)}} |boxstyle_CW=border: 3px solid red |DS=[[Diana, Princess of Wales]]<br/>{{Small|''(divorced)''}} |boxstyle_DS=border: 1px solid black |AR=[[Anne, Princess Royal|The Princess Royal]]<br/>{{Small|(Anne)}} |boxstyle_AR=border: 3px solid red |AY=[[Prince Andrew, Duke of York|The Duke of York]]<br/>{{Small|(Andrew)}} |boxstyle_AY=border: 3px solid red |SF=[[Sarah, Duchess of York]]<br/>{{Small|''(divorced)''}} |EW=[[Prince Edward, Duke of Edinburgh|The Duke of Edinburgh]]<br/>{{Small|(Edward)}} |boxstyle_EW=border: 3px solid red |SRJ=[[Sophie, Duchess of Edinburgh|The Duchess of Edinburgh]]<br/>{{Small|(Sophie)}} }} {{Tree chart| | | | | |,|-|^|-|.| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |,|-|^|-|.| | | |,|-|^|-|.| }} {{Tree chart|boxstyle=border: 1px solid red|CM|y|WC| |HS|y|MM| | | | | | | | | |BY| |EY| |LLM| |JM |CM=[[Catherine, Princess of Wales|The Princess of Wales]]<br/>{{Small|(Catherine)}} |WC=[[William, Prince of Wales|The Prince of Wales]]<br/>{{Small|(William)}} |boxstyle_WC=border: 3px solid red |HS=[[Prince Harry, Duke of Sussex|The Duke of Sussex]]<br/>{{Small|(Harry)}} |boxstyle_HS=border: 3px solid red |MM=[[Meghan, Duchess of Sussex|The Duchess of Sussex]]<br/>{{Small|(Meghan)}} |BY=[[Princess Beatrice|Princess Beatrice, Mrs. Edoardo Mapelli Mozzi]] |EY=[[Princess Eugenie|Princess Eugenie, Mrs. Jack Brooksbank]] |LLM=[[Lady Louise Mountbatten-Windsor]] |JM=[[James, Earl of Wessex|Earl of Wessex]]<br/>{{Small|(James)}} }} {{Tree chart| |,|-|^|-|v|-|-|-|.| |`|-|v|-|-|-|.| }} {{Tree chart|boxstyle=border: 1px solid red|GC| |CC| |LC| |AM| |LM| |GC=[[Prince George of Wales]] |CC=[[Princess Charlotte of Wales (born 2015)|Princess Charlotte of Wales]] |LC=[[Prince Louis of Wales]] |AM=[[Prince Archie of Sussex]] |LM=[[Princess Lilibet of Sussex]] }} {{Chart/end}} {{Chart bottom}} == Maufumu agho ghakalamuliranga == Nyumba ya Windsor yikati yaŵikika, mulongozgi wake ndiyo wakawusanga Ufumu wa Britain. Kweni Nkhondo Yakwamba ya Caru Cose yikati yamara, vinthu vikasintha ndipo vyaru ivyo vikaŵa pasi pa Britain vikazgoka vyakupambanapambana. Mu 1926, boma la Britain likazomerezga vyakuti ŵanthu ŵaŵe na mazina gha ufumu. Mu 1927, boma la Britain likazomerezga vyakuti ŵanthu ŵaŵe na mazina gha maudindo. Nyumba ya Windsor yikamanyikwanga nga ni mbumba ya ufumu wa vyaru vinandi vyambura kujilamulila, ndipo unandi wa nyumba izi ukasinthanga nyengo yitali, apo maufumu ghanyake ghakazgoka ma republica ndipo maufumu ghanyake ghakazgoka ma kingdom, ma republica, panji ma monarchy. 7 Kwambira mu 1949, mafumu ghatatu gha ku nyumba ya Windsor, George VI, Elizabeth II na Charles III, nawo ŵanguŵa Mutu wa Commonwealth of Nations, iyo yikusazgapo vigaŵa vinandi vya ufumu wakale wa Britain na maufumu ghanyake agho ghakaŵako cara.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.royal.uk/commonwealth|title=Commonwealth (general)|date=11 March 2016|website=The Royal Family}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://thecommonwealth.org/london-declaration|title=London Declaration|date=16 May 2019|website=The Commonwealth|access-date=25 July 2021|archive-date=4 July 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210704130811/https://thecommonwealth.org/london-declaration|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{citation|title=Queen of the World |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=5y9LDwAAQBAJ|date=2018|first1=Robert|last1=Hardman|publisher=Random House|isbn=978-1473549647}}{{page needed|date=July 2021}}</ref> {| class="wikitable sortable" |- ! Charu ! Nyengo |- | [[Antigua and Barbuda]] | 1981–present |- | [[Australia]] | 1917–present |- | [[Bahamas]] | 1973–present |- | [[Barbados]] | 1966–2021 |- | [[Belize]] | 1981–present |- | [[Canada]] | 1917–present |- | [[Ceylon]] | 1948–1972 |- | [[Fiji]] | 1970–1987 |- | [[The Gambia]] | 1965–1970 |- | [[Ghana]] | 1957–1960 |- | [[Grenada]] | 1974–present |- | [[Guyana]] | 1966–1970 |- | [[India]] | 1947–1950 |- | [[Irish Free State]] | 1922–1936 |- | [[Jamaica]] | 1962–present |- | [[Malawi]] | 1964–1966 |- | [[Malta]] | 1964–1974 |- | [[Mauritius]] | 1968–1992 |- | [[New Zealand]] | 1917–present |- |[[Dominion of Newfoundland]] |1917-1949 |- | [[Nigeria]] | 1960–1963 |- | [[Dominion of Pakistan]] | 1947–1956 |- | [[Papua New Guinea]] | 1975–present |- | [[Saint Kitts and Nevis]] | 1983–present |- | [[Saint Lucia]] | 1979–present |- | [[Saint Vincent and the Grenadines]] | 1979–present |- | [[Sierra Leone]] | 1961–1971 |- | [[Solomon Islands]] | 1978–present |- | [[South Africa]] | 1917–1961 |- | [[Tanganyika (1961–1964)|Tanganyika]] | 1961–1962 |- | [[Trinidad and Tobago]] | 1962–1976 |- | [[Tuvalu]] | 1978–present |- | [[Uganda]] | 1962–1963 |- | [[United Kingdom]] | 1917–present |} ==Wonaniso== * [[List of current British princes and princesses]] * [[British royal family]] * [[Monarchy of Canada#Royal family and house|Monarchy of Canada § Royal family and house]] * [[British prince]] * [[British princess]] * [[Descendants of George V]] * [[Succession to the British throne]] * [[Nyumba ya Natoli]] ==Vyakulemba vinyake== {{notelist}} ==Ukaboni== {{Reflist|30em}} == Kuŵazga vinandi == * [[Elizabeth Pakenham, Countess of Longford|Longford, Elizabeth Harman (Countess of Longford)]]. ''The Royal House of Windsor''. Revised ed. Crown, 1984. * [[Andrew Roberts (historian)|Roberts, Andrew]]. ''The House of Windsor''. University of California Press, 2000. ==Pa intaneti== {{Commons category}} * [https://www.royal.uk/royal-family-name Royal Family name] from royal.uk * [https://www.royal.uk/house-windsor House of Windsor] from royal.uk * [https://web.archive.org/web/20101202213352/http://www.royal.gov.uk/pdf/Windsor%20family%20tree.pdf House of Windsor Tree] from royal.gov.uk (Lord Culloden & Albert+Leopold Windsor are missing) {{S-start}} {{S-hou|Nyumba ya Windsor||||name='''[[Nyumba ya Ufumu]]'''}} {{S-bef | before = [[Nyumba ya Saxe-Coburg na Gotha]] {{small|(Zina la lakuthyekaso la nyumba ya Windsor<br />na chilengezo cha Ufumu cha pa 17 July 1917)}} }} {{S-ttl | title = [[Dynasty|Ruling House]] of the [[United Kingdom]] | years = 1917–sono }} {{S-inc|after=pasono}} {{s-end}} {{Royal houses of Britain and Ireland}} {{Authority control}} {{Portal bar|Monarchy|United Kingdom|Australia|Belize|Canada|Jamaica|New Zealand|Tuvalu}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Windsor, House Of}} [[Category:Nyumba ya Windsor| ]] jpih3pcxs7mkxxigujddioexxcb47x8 0 46837 115739 112820 2026-04-27T23:45:08Z InternetArchiveBot 6449 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 115739 wikitext text/x-wiki {{short description|Branch of mathematics concerning chance and uncertainty}} {{Distinguish|probability theory|game theory|graph theory|statistics}} {{other uses}} [[File:Dice Distribution (bar).svg|thumb|250px|Kuthekera kwa kuguzira manambara ghanandi mwakugwiliskira nchito madayisi ghaŵiri]] '''Kusanda Mwaŵi''' ni nthavi ya samuzi na viŵelengero vyakukhwaskana na ivyo vikuchitika na kulongosora kwa manambara umo vingachitikira panji kuleka kuchitika. Mwaŵi wa kuchitika ni nambara iyo yili pakati pa 0 na 1; para nambara ya mwaŵi njikuru, ndikuti mwaŵi wakuchitika ngukuruso. Nambala iyi kanandi yikulongosoreka nga ni peresenti (%), kufuma pa 0% mpaka 100%. Chiyelezgero chipusu nkhuponya ndalama ya mbwaghaya (yambura kusankhana). Pakuti ndalama iyi njakwenelera, vigaŵa viŵiri ivyo vikufumamo ("mitu" na "michira") Vinthu vyose viŵiri ivi vingacitika; chiŵerengero cha "mitu" chikuyana na chiŵerengero cha "michira"; ndipo pakuti palije vyakuchitika vinyake ivyo vingachitika, chiŵelengero cha "mitu" panji "michira" ni 1/2 (icho chingalembekaso kuti 0.5 panji 50%). Mazgu agha ghapika axiomatic masamu formalization mu ''probability theory'', iyo yikugwiriskirika nchito comene mu vigaŵa vya masambiro nga ni viŵelengero, masamu, [[Kasanthulo|sayansi]], ndalama, kutchova njuga, vinjeru vyakupangika, kusambira kwa makina, sayansi ya kompyuta, maseŵero theory, na filosofe the drawing expects of the, mwachiyelezgero. Fundo ya mwaŵi theory yikugwiriskirikaso nchito pakulongosora umo vinthu vikwendera na umo ndondomeko zakusuzga vikuchitikira nyengo zose. Mazgu agha ghapika [[Probability axioms|mazina ghakukhozgeka]] ghaku khazikiska masamu mu ''[[Fundo ya mwaŵi]]'', iyo yikugwiriskirika ncito comene mu [[vigaŵa vya kusambira]] nga ni [[viŵelengero]], [[masamu]], [[sayansi]], [[ndalama]], [[kutchova njuga]], [[mahara ghakupangika]], [[kusambira vya makina]], [[sayansi ya kompyuta]], [[filosofi,] pa nkhani ya kukhazikika pafupipafupi uko kukulindilirika. Probability theory yikugwiriskirikaso ncito kurongosora umo [[vinthu vyakusuzga]] vikucitikira ndiposo umo vikucitikira nyengo zose.<ref>[http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/477530/probability-theory Probability Theory]. The Britannica website.</ref> ==Mbiri la lizgu== {{see also|mbiri ya probability#Etymology|Glossary of probability and statistics}} {{further|Likelihood}} Lizgu la ''probability'' [[Etymology|likufuma]] ku lizgu la Latin {{Lang|la|probabilitas}}, Lizgu ili lingang'anamuraso "[[:wiktionary:probity|probity]]", muyezo wa [[mazaza]] ya [[kaboni]] mu [[mulandu wa malango]] ku Europe, ndipo kanandi wakakolerana na [[ufumu]] wa kaboni. Mu nthowa yinyake, ici cikupambana comene na ng’anamuro la mazuŵa ghano la ''kuthemba'', ilo mwakupambana ni chipimilo cha kulemera kwa [[umboni wa empirical]], ndipo likufikapo kufuma ku [[kughanaghana kwakupangiska]] na [[kurongosora kwa viŵelengero]].<ref name="Emergence">[[Ian Hacking|Hacking, I.]] (2006) ''The Emergence of Probability: A Philosophical Study of Early Ideas about Probability, Induction and Statistical Inference'', Cambridge University Press, {{ISBN|978-0-521-68557-3}} {{page needed|date=June 2012}}</ref> ==Bekaniso== {{main|Outline of probability}} * [[Contingency (philosophy)|Contingency]] * [[Equiprobability]] * [[Fuzzy logic]] * [[Heuristic (psychology)]] == Notes == {{NoteFoot}} == References == {{Reflist}} ==Bibliography== * [[Olav Kallenberg|Kallenberg, O.]] (2005) ''Probabilistic Symmetries and Invariance Principles''. Springer-Verlag, New York. 510 pp.&nbsp;{{isbn|0-387-25115-4}} * Kallenberg, O. (2002) ''Foundations of Modern Probability,'' 2nd ed. Springer Series in Statistics. 650 pp.&nbsp;{{isbn|0-387-95313-2}} * Olofsson, Peter (2005) ''Probability, Statistics, and Stochastic Processes'', Wiley-Interscience. 504 pp {{isbn|0-471-67969-0}}. ==External links== {{Wikiquote}} {{Wikibooks}} {{Commons category}} {{Library resources box |by=no |onlinebooks=no |others=no |about=yes |label=Probability}} * [http://www.math.uah.edu/stat/ Virtual Laboratories in Probability and Statistics (Univ. of Ala.-Huntsville)] * {{In Our Time |Probability |b00bqf61 |Probability}} * [https://web.archive.org/web/20081216153436/http://wiki.stat.ucla.edu/socr/index.php/EBook Probability and Statistics EBook] * [[Edwin Thompson Jaynes]]. ''Probability Theory: The Logic of Science''. Preprint: Washington University, (1996). – [https://web.archive.org/web/20160119131820/http://omega.albany.edu:8008/JaynesBook.html HTML index with links to PostScript files] and [http://bayes.wustl.edu/etj/prob/book.pdf PDF] (first three chapters) * [http://www.economics.soton.ac.uk/staff/aldrich/Figures.htm People from the History of Probability and Statistics (Univ. of Southampton)] * [http://www.economics.soton.ac.uk/staff/aldrich/Probability%20Earliest%20Uses.htm Probability and Statistics on the Earliest Uses Pages (Univ. of Southampton)] * [https://web.archive.org/web/20170630173713/http://jeff560.tripod.com/stat.html Earliest Uses of Symbols in Probability and Statistics] on [https://web.archive.org/web/20160220073955/http://jeff560.tripod.com/mathsym.html Earliest Uses of Various Mathematical Symbols] * [http://www.celiagreen.com/charlesmccreery/statistics/bayestutorial.pdf A tutorial on probability and Bayes' theorem devised for first-year Oxford University students] * [http://ubu.com/historical/young/index.html U B U W E B :: La Monte Young] pdf file of [[An Anthology of Chance Operations]] (1963) at [[UbuWeb]] * [https://web.archive.org/web/20110727200156/http://www.dartmouth.edu/~chance/teaching_aids/books_articles/probability_book/book.html Introduction to Probability – eBook] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110727200156/http://www.dartmouth.edu/~chance/teaching_aids/books_articles/probability_book/book.html |date=27 July 2011 }}, by Charles Grinstead, Laurie Snell [https://web.archive.org/web/20120325135243/https://bitbucket.org/shabbychef/numas_text/ Source] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120325135243/https://bitbucket.org/shabbychef/numas_text/ |date=25 March 2012 }} ''([[GNU Free Documentation License]])'' * {{in lang|en|it}} [[Bruno de Finetti]], ''[http://amshistorica.unibo.it/35 Probabilità e induzione]'', Bologna, CLUEB, 1993. {{isbn|88-8091-176-7}} (digital version) * [https://feynmanlectures.caltech.edu/I_06.html Richard Feynman's Lecture on probability.] {{Logic |overview}} {{Glossaries of science and engineering}} {{Portal bar|Mathematics}} {{Authority control}} [[Category:Probability| ]] e0zlhvgbnfz8reohylp2yqivimn3lj0