Wikipedia tumwiki https://tum.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jani_likulu MediaWiki 1.47.0-wmf.6 first-letter Media Special Talk User User talk Wikipedia Wikipedia talk File File talk MediaWiki MediaWiki talk Template Template talk Help Help talk Category Category talk TimedText TimedText talk Module Module talk Event Event talk 0 4338 116410 115203 2026-06-15T08:57:44Z NVNkz 11711 116410 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox number|number=1}} '''1''' [[Category:Nambala]] gokml9ykj4t4aaye802299fhswsiao4 0 4346 116408 115246 2026-06-15T08:06:30Z NVNkz 11711 Created by translating the page "[[:ha:Special:Redirect/revision/58357|8 (alƙalami)]]" 116408 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}}'''8''' ('''eyiti''') ni bolopointi, pakati pa [[7 (nambala)|7]] na [[9 (nambala)|9]]. [[Category:Nambala]] mde9yxmqpvnurjnxwg31vefz7nig8gz 0 4347 116409 115238 2026-06-15T08:25:02Z NVNkz 11711 Created by translating the page "[[:ha:Special:Redirect/revision/58354|9 (alƙalami)]]" 116409 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}}'''9''' ('''naini''') ni bolopointi, pakati pa [[8 (nambala)|8]] na [[10 (nambala)|10]]. [[Category:Nambala]] 62sgrklmpjhn6mlgs9vbpvf8qn8l5u3 0 4352 116406 116377 2026-06-15T08:01:05Z NVNkz 11711 116406 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} [[File:Calendar_Icon_14_BW.png|thumb|Nambala 14 pa kalendara]] '''14''' ('''khumi na zinayi''' panji '''khumi na zinayi''') ni nambara, pakati pa [[13 (nambala)|13]] na [[15 (nambala)|15]]. [[Category:Nambala]] mb8d8e2e9fxwhzmilzkojsxfdw6ghjw 0 4353 116402 115226 2026-06-14T19:46:41Z Isksks 11734 Created by translating the page "[[:ha:Special:Redirect/revision/164193|15 (alƙalami)]]" 116402 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}}'''15''' ('''khumi na limoza''' panji '''khumi na limoza''') ni nambara, pakati pa [[14 (nambala)|14]] na [[16 (nambala)|16.]] <ref>{{Cite web |title=Sloane's A000384 : Hexagonal numbers |url=https://oeis.org/A000384 |access-date=2016-06-01 |website=The On-Line Encyclopedia of Integer Sequences |publisher=OEIS Foundation}}</ref> == Wakufufuza == [[Category:Nambala]] kzfuqxh9ffd9ifogee9jrde4yw2d6s0 0 4354 116401 115224 2026-06-14T19:29:12Z Isksks 11734 Created by translating the page "[[:ha:Special:Redirect/revision/467517|16 (alƙalami)]]" 116401 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}}'''16''' ('''khumi na chimoza''' panji '''khumi na chimoza''') ni nambara, pakati pa [[15 (nambala)|15]] na [[17 (nambala)|17]]. [[File:Número16.gif|thumb|nambala 16]] [[File:16setram.png|thumb|nambala 16]] == Wakufufuza == {{Reflist}} [[Category:Nambala]] tn82se1cwrwwdj4f5r0mc99s9rv4l58 0 4355 116405 115222 2026-06-15T07:59:07Z NVNkz 11711 Created by translating the page "[[:ha:Special:Redirect/revision/58098|17 (alƙalami)]]" 116405 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}}'''17''' ('''khumi na ŵankhondi na ŵaŵiri''' panji '''khumi na ŵankhondi na ŵaŵiri''') ni nambara, pakati pa [[16 (nambala)|16]] na [[18 (nambala)|18]]. [[Category:Nambala]] td40rr4ynquuwxfhvx3b44g1cn3fm4k 0 4356 116404 115220 2026-06-15T07:56:12Z NVNkz 11711 Created by translating the page "[[:ha:Special:Redirect/revision/58089|18 (alƙalami)]]" 116404 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}}'''18''' ('''khumi na asanu ndi atatu''' panji '''khumi na asanu ndi atatu''') ni nambara, pakati pa [[17 (nambala)|17]] na [[19 (nambala)|19]]. [[Category:Nambala]] rnmbpl95u47gxmh1dwwo23t5xfn7e3b 0 4357 116407 115218 2026-06-15T08:02:52Z NVNkz 11711 Created by translating the page "[[:ha:Special:Redirect/revision/58086|19 (alƙalami)]]" 116407 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}}'''19''' ('''khumi na ŵanayi''' panji '''khumi na ŵanayi''') ni nambara, pakati pa [[18 (nambala)|18]] na [[20 (nambala)|20]]. [[Category:Nambala]] pltyjff0kl2n429hroccfhpfv0qhs5w 0 40525 116403 111703 2026-06-14T23:53:09Z InternetArchiveBot 6449 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 116403 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Short description|Continent}} {{Other uses}} {{pp-move-indef}} {{pp-semi-indef}} {{Use dmy dates|date=August 2021}} {{Infobox Continent |title = Afilika |image = {{Switcher|[[File:Africa (orthographic projection).svg|frameless]]|Show national borders|[[File:Africa (orthographic projection) blank.svg|frameless]]|Hide national borders|default=1}} |area = {{convert|30370000|km2|sqmi|abbr=on}} &nbsp;([[List of continents by area|2nd]]) |population = {{UN_Population|Africa}}{{UN_Population|ref}} ({{UN_Population|Year}}; [[List of continents by population|2nd]]) |density = {{pop density|{{Decomma|{{UN_Population|Africa}}}}|30221532|km2|sqmi|prec=1}} ({{UN Population|Year}}) |religions = {{unbulleted list | [[Christianity in Africa|Christianity]] (49%) | [[Islam in Africa|Islam]] (42%) | [[African traditional religion|Traditional faiths]] (8%) | [[Religion in Africa|Others]] (1%)<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.gordonconwell.edu/blog/african-christianity-101/?__cf_chl_jschl_tk__=a1d4c1d931e6c38110d5c3f059ae64bb66bafafa-1590463375-0-AezHrWRbV9jUadPbMq1KCYOzXRnMTcuigdG5X7oahVbSoI1-HbOZFVzICpNQM3DD6h-V4OowV97KMQvA_Z5xrEIueURh3cAjh_JOwgzb_0xJ8ApebiYm1YKfWINm1tpYbvki0LdD6UCp1tdLlxQ9SRwtdKFDMRidCaiTEuKpAgqahxqDYDT9efnF_jaiIEUQu0uIx-pJ0jUDCQtArMqdHTN8eI_S59hxJlvlxrSqBFOFsKFbiRy66EYOzblYbhaniwzQPIxiovSOAM7Yj6fu-5jMYVAPJtBJplpKoRDBlTtl44pnDC6wJInEyJbLw46dPuXcViyFEB57ebEfmUnpcYoJDlysExw35Ay28x7nvUDx3aIEa6ZhJsxwn62dv-R57g |title=Gordon Conwell Theological Seminary, African Christianity, 2020 |date=18 March 2020 |access-date=1 July 2021 |archive-date=3 May 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210503132003/https://www.gordonconwell.edu/blog/african-christianity-101/?__cf_chl_jschl_tk__=a1d4c1d931e6c38110d5c3f059ae64bb66bafafa-1590463375-0-AezHrWRbV9jUadPbMq1KCYOzXRnMTcuigdG5X7oahVbSoI1-HbOZFVzICpNQM3DD6h-V4OowV97KMQvA_Z5xrEIueURh3cAjh_JOwgzb_0xJ8ApebiYm1YKfWINm1tpYbvki0LdD6UCp1tdLlxQ9SRwtdKFDMRidCaiTEuKpAgqahxqDYDT9efnF_jaiIEUQu0uIx-pJ0jUDCQtArMqdHTN8eI_S59hxJlvlxrSqBFOFsKFbiRy66EYOzblYbhaniwzQPIxiovSOAM7Yj6fu-5jMYVAPJtBJplpKoRDBlTtl44pnDC6wJInEyJbLw46dPuXcViyFEB57ebEfmUnpcYoJDlysExw35Ay28x7nvUDx3aIEa6ZhJsxwn62dv-R57g |url-status=live }}</ref>}} |GDP_PPP = {{nowrap|$8.05&nbsp;trillion (2022 est; 4th)<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.imf.org/external/datamapper/PPPGDP@WEO/OEMDC/ADVEC/WEOWORLD|title=GDP PPP, current prices|publisher=International Monetary Fund|date=2022|access-date=16 January 2022|archive-date=22 January 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210122001107/https://www.imf.org/external/datamapper/PPPGDP@WEO/OEMDC/ADVEC/WEOWORLD|url-status=live}}</ref>}} |GDP_nominal = $2.96&nbsp;trillion (2022 est; [[List of continents by GDP (nominal)|5th]])<ref>{{cite web|title=GDP Nominal, current prices|url=https://www.imf.org/external/datamapper/NGDPD@WEO/OEMDC/ADVEC/WEOWORLD|publisher=International Monetary Fund|date=2022|access-date=16 January 2022|archive-date=25 February 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170225211431/https://www.imf.org/external/datamapper/NGDPD@WEO/OEMDC/ADVEC/WEOWORLD|url-status=live}}</ref> |GDP_per_capita = $2,180 (Nominal; 2022 est; [[List of continents by GDP (nominal)#GDP per capita (nominal) by continents|6th]])<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.imf.org/external/datamapper/NGDPDPC@WEO/OEMDC/ADVEC/WEOWORLD|title=Nominal GDP per capita|publisher=International Monetary Fund|date=2022|access-date=16 January 2022|archive-date=11 January 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200111084550/https://www.imf.org/external/datamapper/NGDPDPC@WEO/OEMDC/ADVEC/WEOWORLD|url-status=live}}</ref> |demonym = [[List of ethnic groups of Africa|African]] |countries = 54+2*+5** (*disputed) (**territories) |list_countries = List of sovereign states and dependent territories in Africa |dependencies = {{Collapsible list |list_style = text-align:left; |title = [[List of African dependencies#External territories|External]] (5) | 1 = {{flagdeco|Norway}} [[Bouvet Island]] | 2 = {{Flag|British Indian Ocean Territory}} | 3 = {{flag|French Southern and Antarctic Lands|name=French Southern Territories}} | 4 = {{flag|Heard Island and McDonald Islands}} | 5 = {{flag|Saint Helena, Ascension and Tristan da Cunha}} }} {{Collapsible list |list_style = text-align:left; |title = [[List of African dependencies#Internal territories|Internal]] (6+1 disputed) | 1 = {{flag|France}} ''([[Mayotte]] and [[Réunion]])'' | 2 = {{flag|Italy}} ''([[Pantelleria]] and [[Pelagie Islands]])'' | 3 = {{flag|Morocco}} ''([[Southern Provinces]])'' | 4 = {{flag|Portugal}} ''([[Madeira]])'' | 5 = {{flag|Spain}} ''([[Alboran Island]], [[Canary Islands]], [[Ceuta]], [[Melilla]], and [[Plazas de soberanía]])'' | 6 = {{flag|Tanzania}} ''([[Zanzibar]])'' | 7 = {{flag|Yemen}} ''([[Socotra]])'' }} |languages = [[Languages of Africa|1250–3000 native languages]] |time = [[UTC-1]] to [[UTC+4]] |cities = [[List of urban agglomerations in Africa|Largest urban areas]]:<!-- -->{{hlist |item_style=white-space:break; |[[Cairo]] |[[Lagos]] <br> |[[Kinshasa]] |[[Johannesburg]]<br> |[[Kinshasa]] |[[Luanda]]<br> |[[Kinshasa]] |[[Khartoum]] |[[Dar es Salaam]]<br> |[[Kinshasa]] |[[Abidjan]]<br> |[[Kinshasa]] |[[Alexandria]] |[[Kinshasa]]<br> |[[Kigali]] |[[Nairobi]]<br> |[[Algiers]] |[[Kinshasa]]<br> |[[Cape Town]] |[[Kano (city)|Kano]]<br> |[[Dakar]]<br> |[[Kinshasa]] |[[Casablanca]]<br> |[[Addis Ababa]] |[[Kampala]]}} }} [[File:MapAfricaSize.gif|thumb|Ukuru wa Africa pakuyaniska na vyaru vinyake]] [[Chilwa]] cha '''Afilika''' ndicho chili na ŵanthu ŵanandi chomene pa charu chose chapasi. Chigaŵa ichi chili na malo ghakukwana makilomita pafupifupi 30.300,000, kusazgapo virwa vinyake.<ref name=Sayre>Sayre, April Pulley (1999), ''Africa'', Twenty-First Century Books. {{ISBN|0-7613-1367-2}}.</ref> Ŵanthu ŵakukwana 1.4 biliyoni{{UN_Population|ref}} Kufika chaka cha 2021, chiŵelengero ichi chikaŵa pafupifupi {{percent|{{UN Population|Africa}}|{{UN Population|World}}}} pa ŵanthu wose pa caru capasi. Ŵanthu ŵa mu Africa ndiwo mbaciwukirano comene pa vyaru vyose;<ref>{{cite news|title=5 ways the world will look dramatically different in 2100|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/wonk/wp/2015/08/17/5-ways-the-world-will-look-dramatically-different-in-2100/|last=Swanson|first=Ana|date=17 August 2015|newspaper=[[The Washington Post]]|access-date=26 September 2017|archive-date=26 September 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170926194109/https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/wonk/wp/2015/08/17/5-ways-the-world-will-look-dramatically-different-in-2100/|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|last=[[Njideka Harry|Harry]]|first=Njideka U.|date=11 September 2013|title=African Youth, Innovation and the Changing Society|work=Huffington Post|url=http://www.huffingtonpost.com/njideka-u-harry/african-youth-innovation-_b_3904408.html|access-date=27 September 2013|archive-date=20 September 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130920184934/http://www.huffingtonpost.com/njideka-u-harry/african-youth-innovation-_b_3904408.html|url-status=live}}</ref> mu 2012, ŵanthu awo ŵakaŵa na vyaka vyapakati pa 19.7 na 30.4 pa charu chose.<ref>{{cite web|title=item, 4 of the provisional agenda&nbsp;– General debate on national experience in population matters: adolescents and youth|url=https://www.un.org/esa/population/cpd/cpd2012/Agenda%20item%204/UN%20system%20statements/ECA_Item4.pdf|author=Janneh, Abdoulie|date=April 2012|work=United Nations Economic Commission for Africa|access-date=15 December 2015|archive-date=10 November 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131110111359/http://www.un.org/esa/population/cpd/cpd2012/Agenda%20item%204/UN%20system%20statements/ECA_Item4.pdf|url-status=live}}</ref> Nangauli charu cha Africa chili na usambazi unandi chomene, kweni chili na ŵanthu ŵachoko chomene pa charu chose chapasi. Ŵasayansi ŵakuti vinthu ivi vikupangiska kuti ŵanthu ŵambenge kusuzgika maghanoghano,<ref name=":1">{{cite journal|last1=Collier|first1=Paul|last2=Gunning|first2=Jan Willem|title=Why Has Africa Grown Slowly?|journal=Journal of Economic Perspectives|date=1 August 1999|volume=13|issue=3|pages=3–22|doi=10.1257/jep.13.3.3}}</ref>[[chikoloni]], Nkhondo Yakuzizima,<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Alemazung |first1=Joy Asongazoh |title=Post-colonial colonialism: an analysis of international factors and actors marring African socio-economic and political development |journal=Journal of Pan African Studies |date=1 September 2010 |volume=3 |issue=10 |pages=62–85 |id={{Gale|A306596751}} |s2cid=140806396 |url=http://www.jpanafrican.org/docs/vol3no10/3.10Post-Colonial.pdf |access-date=24 October 2021 |archive-date=27 November 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211127024827/http://www.jpanafrican.org/docs/vol3no10/3.10Post-Colonial.pdf |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last1=Bayeh |first1=Endalcachew |title=The political and economic legacy of colonialism in the post-independence African states |journal=International Journal in Commerce, IT & Social Sciences |date=February 2015 |volume=2 |issue=2 |pages=89–93 |url=https://journals.openedition.org/poldev/78 |s2cid=198939744 |doi=10.4000/poldev.78 |access-date=24 October 2021 |url-status=live }}</ref> Nkhondo ya ku caru ciphya, kusowa kwa demokilase, na vimbundi.Nangauli usambazi uli kupangika makora yayi, kweni chifukwa cha kusazgikira kwa vinthu mu vyaru ivi, kweniso ŵanthu ŵanandi awo mbawukirano, charu cha Africa ni msika wakuzirwa pa caru cose. Charu ichi chili kuzingilizgika na [[Nyanja ya Mediterranean]] kumpoto, Suez Isthmus na [[Nyanja Yiswesi]] kumpoto ca kumafumiro gha dazi, [[Indian Ocean]] kumwera kwa kumafumiro gha dazi na [[Atlantic Ocean]] kumanjiliro gha dazi. Charu ichi chili na vyaru vinandi nga ni Madagascar. Mu vyaru ivi muli vyaru 54 ivyo vili na mazaza, vigaŵa 8, na vyaru viŵiri vyambura mazaza. Charu cha [[Algeria]] ndicho ntchikuru chomene pa vyaru vyose vya mu Africa. Vyaru vya mu Africa vikukolerana pakuzenga wupu wa African Union, uwo uli na ofesi yake yikuru mu [[Addis Ababa]]. Charu cha Africa chili pafupi na equator na prime meridian. Ni caru cimoza pera ico cili kufuma kumpoto kukafika kumwera.<ref>{{cite web|title=Africa. General info|url=http://www.visualgeography.com/continents/africa.html|publisher=Visual Geography|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110424072430/http://www.visualgeography.com/continents/africa.html|archive-date=24 April 2011|access-date=24 November 2007}}</ref> Chigaŵa chikuru cha charu ichi chili kumpoto kwa charu, ndipo chigaŵa chikuru chili kumwera kwa charu. Chigaŵa chikuru cha charu ichi chili mu vigaŵa vyakututuka, kupaturako chigaŵa chikuru cha [[Western Sahara]], [[Algeria]], [[Libya]], na [[Egypt]], kumpoto kwa [[Mauritania]], na vigaŵa vyose vya [[Morocco]], [[Ceuta]], [[Melilla]], na [[Tunisia]] ivyo vili pachanya pa chigaŵa cha Cancer, kumpoto kwa chigaŵa chakututuka. Ku chigaŵa chinyake cha charu ichi, kumwera kwa [[Namibia]], kumwera kwa [[Botswana]], vigaŵa vinandi vya [[South Africa]], vigaŵa vyose vya [[Lesotho]] na [[Eswatini]], kweniso kumwera kwa Mozambique na [[Madagascar]], vili kusi kwa malo ghakuchemeka Tropic of Capricorn. Ku Africa kuli vyamoyo vinandi chomene, ndipo kuli vyamoyo vinandi chomene. Ndipouli, mu vyaru vya ku Africa muli masuzgo ghakupambanapambana, nga ni kuzgoka mapopa, kukomeka kwa makuni, kusoŵa maji, na kunangika kwa vinthu. Vinthu ivi vikwenera kulutilira kutikhuŵazga chomene chifukwa cha kusintha kwa nyengo. Wupu wa United Nations Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (UNIPCC) ukati Africa ni caru ico cikusuzgika comene na kusintha kwa nyengo.<ref>{{cite book|author=Schneider, S.H.|url=http://www.ipcc.ch/publications_and_data/ar4/wg2/en/ch19s19-3-3.html|title=Chapter 19: Assessing Key Vulnerabilities and the Risk from Climate Change|publisher=Print version: CUP. This version: IPCC website|year=2007|isbn=978-0-521-88010-7|editor=Parry, M.L.|series=Climate change 2007: impacts, adaptation, and vulnerability: contribution of Working Group II to the fourth assessment report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC)|location=Cambridge University Press (CUP): Cambridge, UK|contribution=19.3.3 Regional vulnerabilities|display-authors=etal|access-date=15 September 2011|display-editors=etal|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130312104158/http://www.ipcc.ch/publications_and_data/ar4/wg2/en/ch19s19-3-3.html|archive-date=12 March 2013|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref name=":10Africa">Niang, I., O.C. Ruppel, M.A. Abdrabo, A. Essel, C. Lennard, J. Padgham, and P. Urquhart, "2014: Africa". In: ''Climate Change 2014: Impacts, Adaptation, and Vulnerability''. Part B: Regional Aspects. Contribution of Working Group II to the Fifth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change [Barros, V.R., C.B. Field, D.J. Dokken et al. (eds.)]. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, and New York, pp. 1199–1265. https://www.ipcc.ch/site/assets/uploads/2018/02/WGIIAR5-Chap22_FINAL.pdf {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200619170833/https://www.ipcc.ch/site/assets/uploads/2018/02/WGIIAR5-Chap22_FINAL.pdf |date=19 June 2020 }}</ref> Mbiri ya Africa njitali, njakusuzga kuyipulikiska, ndipo kanandi ŵanthu ŵakutondeka kuyizirwiska. Ŵanthu ŵanandi ŵakugomezga kuti ŵanthu ŵakafuma ku Africa, chomenechomene ku East Africa. Ŵanthu ŵakwambilira na ŵasekuru ŵawo ŵakaŵako vyaka pafupifupi 7 miliyoni ivyo vyajumpha, kusazgapo Sahelanthropus tchadensis, Australopithecus africanus, A. afarensis, Homo erectus, H. habilis na H. ergaster. Vinthu vyakwambilira ivyo vikukhalira vya ŵanthu ŵa Homo sapiens (ŵanthu ŵa mazuŵa ghano) ivyo vikusangika ku Ethiopia, South Africa, na Morocco, vikaŵako vyaka pafupifupi 233,000, 259,000, na 300,000 ivyo vyajumpha. Ŵasayansi ŵakuwona kuti mu Africa ndimo muli vyamoyo vyakupambanapambana chifukwa ndiko ŵanthu ŵakukhala nyengo yitali chomene.<ref>{{cite web |title=The genetic diversity in Africa is greater than in any other region in the world |date=19 July 2018 |url=https://blogs.bcm.edu/2018/07/19/genetic-diversity-in-africa-is-greater-than-in-any-other-region-in-the-world/ |access-date=24 October 2021 |archive-date=24 October 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211024023512/https://blogs.bcm.edu/2018/07/19/genetic-diversity-in-africa-is-greater-than-in-any-other-region-in-the-world/ |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=New study confirms that Africans are the most genetically diverse people on Earth. And it claims to pinpoint our center of origin. |url=https://ksj.mit.edu/tracker-archive/new-study-confirms-africans-are-most-gen/ |access-date=24 October 2021 |archive-date=24 October 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211024023511/https://ksj.mit.edu/tracker-archive/new-study-confirms-africans-are-most-gen/ |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Africa is most genetically diverse continent, DNA study shows |date=9 June 2009 |url=https://www.bionews.org.uk/page_91054 |access-date=24 October 2021 |archive-date=24 October 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211024023512/https://www.bionews.org.uk/page_91054 |url-status=live }}</ref> Ŵanthu ŵakwambilira, nga ni Ŵaeguputo na Carthage, ŵakafuma ku North Africa. Kufuma apo, ŵanthu ŵanandi ŵakasamira mu vyaru vinyake na kusama. Mu vyaka 400 ivyo vyajumpha, ŵanthu ŵa ku Europe ŵamba kukhwaska chomene caru ici. Kwambira mu ma 1500 C.E., ŵanthu ŵakendanga chomene mu vyaru vya ku America chifukwa cha malonda, kusazgapo malonda gha ŵazga. Kwambira kuumaliro wa m'ma 1800 m'paka kukwambilira kwa m'ma 1900, vyaru vya ku Europe vikamba kulamulira pafupifupi charu chose cha Africa. Vyaru vinandi ivyo vilipo sono mu Africa vikafuma mu vyaru ivyo vikaŵa pasi pa maboma gha vyaru vinyake pamanyuma pa Nkhondo Yachiŵiri ya Caru Cose.<ref>The [[Egba United Government]], a government of the [[Egba people]], was legally recognized by the British as independent until being annexed into the [[Colony and Protectorate of Nigeria]] in 1914: {{cite journal|last1=Daly|first1=Samuel Fury Childs|title=From Crime to Coercion: Policing Dissent in Abeokuta, Nigeria, 1900–1940|journal=The Journal of Imperial and Commonwealth History|date=4 May 2019|volume=47|issue=3|pages=474–489|doi=10.1080/03086534.2019.1576833|s2cid=159124664|url=https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/03086534.2019.1576833|issn=0308-6534|access-date=5 July 2022|archive-date=7 April 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220407145030/https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/03086534.2019.1576833|url-status=live}}</ref> ==Zina== [[File:AS17-148-22733 (21516723298).jpg|thumb|Charu chose cha Africa icho ŵanthu ŵa mu Apollo 17 ŵakawona]] Afri likaŵa zina Lachilatini ilo ŵanthu ŵakakhaliranga kumanjiliro gha dazi kwa Mlonga wa Nayelo, mu chigaŵa icho kale chikachemekanga Northern Africa.<ref>{{cite encyclopedia|last1=Georges|first1=Karl Ernst|editor1-last=Georges|editor1-first=Heinrich|encyclopedia=Ausführliches lateinisch-deutsches Handwörterbuch|date=1913–1918|location=Hannover|edition=8th|url=http://latin_german.deacademic.com/1644|access-date=20 September 2015|language=de|title=Afri|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160116044500/http://latin_german.deacademic.com/1644|archive-date=16 January 2016|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite encyclopedia|last1=Lewis|first1=Charlton T.|last2=Short|first2=Charles|encyclopedia=A Latin Dictionary|date=1879|publisher=Clarendon Press|location=Oxford|url=https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.04.0059%3Aentry%3DAfer|access-date=20 September 2015|title=Afer|archive-date=16 January 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160116044500/http://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.04.0059%3Aentry%3DAfer|url-status=live}}</ref> Zina ili likwenera kuti likayowoyanga za fuko la ku Libya, ilo likaŵa sekuru wa ŵanthu ŵa ku Berber mazuŵa ghano. Kanandi zina ili likakolerananga na lizgu la Chifenike lakuti ʿafar ilo likung'anamura "fumbi", kweni mu 1981, ŵanthu ŵanyake ŵakaghanaghana kuti lizgu ili likufuma ku lizgu la Chiberberber lakuti ifri. Lizgu lenelili likusangikaso mu zina la ŵanthu ŵa mtundu wa Banu Ifran ŵakufuma ku Algeria na Tripolitania. Mu nyengo ya Ŵaroma, msumba wa Carthage ndiwo ukaŵa msumba ukuru wa chigaŵa icho ŵakachichemanga kuti Africa Proconsularis, pamanyuma pakuti ŵathereska ŵanthu ŵa ku Carthage mu Nkhondo Yachitatu ya ku Punic mu 146 B.C.E., ndipo chigaŵa ichi chikaŵa ku Libya. Nyengo zinyake lizgu Lachilatini lakuti -ica likuyowoyeka kuti likung'anamura charu (kuyelezgera kuti, mu Chiceltic kufuma ku Celtae, nga umo Julius Caesar wakayowoyera). Chigaŵa cha Ifriqiya icho chikaŵa cha Ŵasilamu, chikati chawukira Ufumu wa Byzantine (Eastern Roman), chikaŵa na zina lakuti Exarchatus Africae. Kuyana na Ŵaroma, caru ca Africa cikaŵa kumanjiliro gha dazi kwa Egupto, apo "Asia" cikaŵa Anatolia na vyaru vinyake vya kumafumiro gha dazi. Munthu munyake uyo wakalemba vya malo zina lake Ptolemy (85-165 C.E.) wakajambura mphaka pakati pa vyaru viŵiri ivi, ndipo wakalongosora kuti msumba wa Alekizandiriya ndiwo uli pa mphaka pakati pa Asia na Africa. Apo ŵanthu ŵa ku Europe ŵakamanya ukuru wa charu ichi, ŵakamba kumanya vinandi vya "Africa". Ŵanthu ŵanyake ŵakughanaghana kuti zina lakale lakuti "Afirika" likung'anamura kuti: * Flavius Josephus (Ant. 1.15) wakati zina ili likukolerana na zina la Eferi, muzukuru wa Abrahamu, uyo wakuzunulika pa Gen. 25:4, ndipo wakati ŵazukuru ŵake ŵakanjira mu Libya. * Isidore wa ku Seville mu buku lake la Etymologiae XIV.5.2 la m'ma 700 C.E., wakati "Africa lili kufuma ku lizgu la Chilatini lakuti aprica, kung'anamura "dazi". * Mu 1881, Massey wakayowoya kuti lizgu lakuti Africa lili kufuma ku lizgu la Chieguputo lakuti af-rui-ka, kung'anamura "kuzgokera ku chiziŵa cha Ka". Ka ni nkhongono ya munthu waliyose ndipo "kujura kwa Ka" kukung'anamura chiŵaro panji malo ghakubabikira. Ŵaeguputo ŵakatenge Africa ni "malo agho ŵakababikira".<ref>{{cite web|url=http://gerald-massey.org.uk/massey/cmc_nile_genesis.htm|title=Nile Genesis: the opus of Gerald Massey|publisher=Gerald-massey.org.uk|date=29 October 1907|access-date=18 May 2010|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100130200159/http://gerald-massey.org.uk/massey/cmc_nile_genesis.htm|archive-date=30 January 2010|url-status=dead}}</ref> * Mu 1976, Michèle Fruyt wakayowoya kuti lizgu Lachilatini lakuti africus likung'anamura "mphepo ya kumwera".<ref>{{cite journal|author=Fruyt, M. |title= D'Africus ventus a Africa terrain |journal=Revue de Philologie|volume= 50|year= 1976|pages= 221–238}}</ref> * Robert R. Mu 1984, Stieglitz wa pa Yunivesite ya Rutgers wakati: "Zina lakuti Africa, ilo lili kufuma ku lizgu la Cilatini lakuti *Aphir-ic-a, likuyana waka na lizgu la Cihebere lakuti Ophir ['lusambazi']".<ref>{{cite journal|doi=10.2307/3209914|jstor=3209914|title=Long-Distance Seafaring in the Ancient Near East|journal=The Biblical Archaeologist|volume=47|issue=3|pages=134–142|year=1984|last1=Stieglitz|first1=Robert R.|s2cid=130072563}}</ref> * Ibn Khallikan na ŵanthu ŵanyake awo ŵakulemba mdauko ŵakuti zina la Africa likafuma kwa fumu ya ku Himyarite yakuchemeka Afrikin ibn Kais ibn Saifi uyo wakawuskapo Ifriqiya.<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=3cdLAAAAcAAJ&pg=PA35|title=Kitab Wafayat Ala'yan. Ibn Khallikan's Biographical Dictionary Transl. by (Guillaume) B(aro)n Mac-Guckin de Slane|last=Hallikan|first='Abu-l-'Abbas Sams-al-din 'Ahmad ibn Muhammad Ibn|date=1842|publisher=Benjamin Duprat|language=en|access-date=30 July 2018|archive-date=24 September 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190924231636/https://books.google.com/books?id=3cdLAAAAcAAJ&pg=PA35|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=mcN7AAAAQBAJ&pg=PA38|title=Science in the Medieval World|last=al-Andalusi|first=Sa'id|year=2010|publisher=University of Texas Press|isbn=978-0292792319|language=en|access-date=30 July 2018|archive-date=24 September 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190924231632/https://books.google.com/books?id=mcN7AAAAQBAJ&pg=PA38|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=pbo5AQAAMAAJ&pg=PA113|title=Travels in the Arabian Desert: With Special Reference to the Arabian Horse and Its Pedigree|last=Upton|first=Roger D.|date=1881|publisher=C.K. Paul & Company|language=en|access-date=30 July 2018|archive-date=24 September 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190924231639/https://books.google.com/books?id=pbo5AQAAMAAJ&pg=PA113|url-status=live}}</ref> * Chiarabu afrīqā (zina lachikazi) na ifrīqiyā, sono kanandi likuzunulika afrīqiyā (zina lachikazi) <nowiki>'Africa', kufuma ku 'afara' (kufumira ku 'fuvu, fuvu' na 'afir' (kufuma ku 'fuvu, fuvu' na 'kufuma ku zuŵa, kufota') na 'afara' (kufuma ku 'kufota mu zuŵa pa mchenga wakotcha') panji 'kuphaka fuvu''</nowiki>.<ref>Modified from Wilhelm Sturmfels and Heinz Bischof: ''Unsere Ortsnamen im ABC erklärt nach Herkunft und Bedeutung'', Bonn, 1961, Ferdinand Dümmlers Verlag.</ref> * Panyake Faraqa wa ku Fonike wakang'anamuranga 'kupatukana'.<ref>Serge Losique: ''Dictionnaire étymologique des noms de pays et de peuples'', Paris, 1971, Éditions Klincksieck.</ref> ==Mbili== {{Main|History of Africa}} {{Further|History of North Africa|History of West Africa|History of Central Africa|History of East Africa|History of Southern Africa}} ===Mbili yakwamba=== {{Main|Recent African origin of modern humans}} [[File:Lucy blackbg.jpg|thumb|upright=0.75|Lucy, chiwangwa cha Australopithecus afarensis icho chikasangika pa Novembala 24, 1974 mu Dambo la Awash ku Ethiopia ]] Ŵasayansi ŵanandi ŵakuwona kuti charu cha Africa ndicho chakukhala ŵanthu ŵanandi chomene pa charu chapasi. Pakati pa vyaka vya m'ma 1900, ŵasayansi ŵakasanga viswaswa vinandi na ukaboni wakuti ŵanthu ŵakakhalanga mu charu ichi vyaka 7 miliyoni ivyo vyajumpha. Vipasi vya ŵanthu ŵakwambilira awo ŵakaghanaghanika kuti ndiwo ŵakapangiska kuti ŵanthu ŵa mazuŵa ghano ŵaŵe ŵanthu, nga ni Australopithecus afarensis uyo wali na vyaka vyakujumpha 3.9 million. Ŵanthu ŵanyake awo ŵakaŵako kale chomene (ŵakaŵako kale chomene) ni Homo ergaster (c. Vinthu ivi vikawoneka mu vyaka vya m'ma 1800 B.C.E.<ref name=Sayre/> Pakati pajumpha vyaka 350,000 m'paka 260,000 kufuma apo ŵanthu ŵakamba kuŵako mu Africa,<ref name="Schlebusch2017"/><ref name="Guardian"/><ref name="NYT-20190910"/><ref name="NAT-20190910"/> Pa nyengo iyo, ŵanthu ŵanandi ŵakakhalanga mu charu ichi ŵakaŵa ŵalovi na ŵakuvuna vipasi.<ref>Mokhtar, G. (1990) ''UNESCO [[General History of Africa]], Vol. II, Abridged Edition: Ancient Africa'', University of California Press. {{ISBN|0-85255-092-8}}</ref><ref>Eyma, A.K. and C.J. Bennett. (2003) ''Delts-Man in Yebu: Occasional Volume of the Egyptologists' Electronic Forum No. 1'', Universal Publishers. p. 210. {{ISBN|1-58112-564-X}}</ref> Ŵanthu ŵakwambilira aŵa ŵakafumako ku Africa na kwamba kukhala mu vigaŵa vinyake vya charu mu nyengo ya Out of Africa II migration iyo yikachitika vyaka pafupifupi 50,000 pambere Yesu wandize pa charu chapasi. Ŵanthu ŵanyake awo ŵakasamukiranga ku vyaru vinyake mu nyengo yira, ŵakasanga ukaboni wakuti ŵanthu ŵakwambilira ŵakakhalanga mu vyaru vya kumwera kwa Africa, kumwera kwa Africa, kumpoto kwa Africa, na Sahara.<ref>{{cite book|author1=Goucher, Candice|author2=Walton, Linda|title=World History: Journeys from Past to Present|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=gY7cAAAAQBAJ|year=2013|publisher=Routledge|isbn=978-1-134-72354-6|pages=2–20|access-date=5 February 2018|archive-date=11 June 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200611044204/https://books.google.com/books?id=gY7cAAAAQBAJ|url-status=live}}</ref> === Kuwuka kwa maboma ghakubanuka === {{see|Cradle of civilization#Ancient Egypt}} Kwamba kale, chigaŵa cha Sahara chikusintha chomene, ndipo nyengo zinyake chikusintha mwakuyana na umo nyengo yiliri pa charu chose.<ref>{{cite book|author=Keenan, Jeremy|title=The Sahara: Past, Present and Future|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=KUKPAQAAQBAJ|year=2013|publisher=Routledge|isbn=978-1-317-97001-9|access-date=5 February 2018|archive-date=28 February 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170228175639/https://books.google.com/books?id=KUKPAQAAQBAJ|url-status=live}}</ref> Paumaliro wa nyengo ya Ice Age, iyo yikwenera kuti yikaŵa mu 10,500 B.C.E., Sahara yikazgokaso chipalamba, ndipo ŵanthu ŵa mu Africa ŵakawerako ku vigaŵa vya mukati na mumphepete mwa nyanja ku Africa, ndipo ŵakalembapo vinthu vya mu jalawe ivyo vikulongora kuti Sahara yikaŵa na vyakumera vinandi. Ndipouli, chifukwa chakuti nyengo yikakwera kweniso kukawomira, mu 5000 B.C.E., chigaŵa cha Sahara chikaŵa chakomira chomene. Pafupifupi mu 3500 B.C.E., chifukwa cha kupindika kwa charu, Sahara yikazgoka mapopa mwaluŵiro. Ŵanthu aŵa ŵakafumanga mu chigaŵa cha Sahara na kuluta ku Dambo la Nayelo kusi ku Second Cataract uko ŵakakhalanga. Nyengo yikafika paheni comene, ndipo ici cikapangiska kuti ku Central na East Africa kuleke kuwa vula zinandi. Kufuma waka pa nyengo iyi, mu vyaru vya kumafumiro gha dazi kwa Africa mukaŵa chilangalanga, ndipo mu vyaka 200 ivyo vyajumpha, ku Ethiopia kukaŵa chilangalanga. [[File:Mathendous giraffes.jpg|thumb|left|Vinthu vyakujambulika pa malibwe mu chigaŵa cha Fezzan, ku Libya]] Mu vigaŵa vya mapiri na vyakumera vya mu Sahara na Sahel ku North West Africa, ŵanthu awo ŵakwenera kuti ŵakakhalanga mu vyaru vya Nilo-Saharan na Mandé ŵakamba kuwunjika mphoza za mu thondo, kuzingilizga 8000 m'paka 6000 B.C.E. Nyengo yikati yajumphapo, ŵanthu ŵakamba kuwunjika viŵiya nga ni nkhaka, mphoza, makungwa, na katoni. Nkhumba zinayamba kulima kum'mawa kwa Sudan cha m'ma 4000 B.C.E., ndipo iyi yikaŵa nyengo yakwambilira chomene ya ulimi. Nyengo yikati yajumphapo, vyakumera ivi vikamba kulima mu vyaru vya ku Africa, ndipo pamanyuma vikamba kulima mu vyaru vya ku India.<ref name="Pottery">{{cite journal |last1=Jesse |first1=Friederike |title=Early Pottery in Northern Africa – An Overview |issue=2 |pages=219–238 |journal=[[Journal of African Archaeology]]|volume=8 |jstor=43135518 |year=2010 |doi=10.3213/1612-1651-10171 }}</ref><ref name="swissinfo">[https://web.archive.org/web/20120306002155/http://www.swissinfo.ch/eng/Home/Archive/Swiss_archaeologist_digs_up_West_Africas_past.html?cid=5675736 Simon Bradley, ''A Swiss-led team of archaeologists has discovered pieces of the oldest African pottery in central Mali, dating back to at least 9,400BC''] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120306002155/http://www.swissinfo.ch/eng/Home/Archive/Swiss_archaeologist_digs_up_West_Africas_past.html?cid=5675736 |date=6 March 2012 }}, SWI swissinfo.ch – the international service of the Swiss Broadcasting Corporation (SBC), 18 January 2007</ref> Mu vigaŵa vya mapiri na vyakumera vya mu Sahara na Sahel ku North West Africa, ŵanthu awo ŵakwenera kuti ŵakakhalanga mu vyaru vya Nilo-Saharan na Mandé ŵakamba kuwunjika mphoza za mu thondo, kuzingilizga 8000 m'paka 6000 B.C.E. Nyengo yikati yajumphapo, ŵanthu ŵakamba kuwunjika viŵiya nga ni nkhaka, mphoza, makungwa, na katoni. Nkhumba zinayamba kulima kum'mawa kwa Sudan cha m'ma 4000 B.C.E., ndipo iyi yikaŵa nyengo yakwambilira chomene ya ulimi. Nyengo yikati yajumphapo, vyakumera ivi vikamba kulima mu vyaru vya ku Africa, ndipo pamanyuma vikamba kulima mu vyaru vya ku India.<ref>{{cite journal | url=https://www.journals.uchicago.edu/doi/abs/10.1086/693898?journalCode=ca | doi=10.1086/693898 | title=Evidence for Sorghum Domestication in Fourth Millennium BC Eastern Sudan: Spikelet Morphology from Ceramic Impressions of the Butana Group | year=2017 | last1=Winchell | first1=Frank | last2=Stevens | first2=Chris J. | last3=Murphy | first3=Charlene | last4=Champion | first4=Louis | last5=Fuller | first5=Dorianq. | journal=Current Anthropology | volume=58 | issue=5 | pages=673–683 | s2cid=149402650 | access-date=20 May 2022 | archive-date=20 May 2022 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220520170745/https://www.journals.uchicago.edu/doi/abs/10.1086/693898?journalCode=ca | url-status=live }}</ref> [[File:Abu Simbel Main Temple (2346939149).jpg|thumb|Vithuzithuzi vikuruvikuru vya Ramesses II ku Abu Simbel, Egypt, vikaŵako mu 1250 B.C.E.]] Nkhumba izi zikaŵako kakwamba mu charu cha Sudan. Kweniso ŵakamba kupanga viŵiya vya dongo na kuzenga malo gha malibwe (nga ni Tichitt, Oualata). Mu milonga na nyanja zinandi izo zikaŵako cifukwa ca vula, ŵanthu ŵakaloŵanga comene pa somba. Mu vyaru vya kumanjiliro gha dazi kwa Africa, nkhorongo yikakura chomene kufuma ku Senegal m'paka ku Cameroon. Pakati pa 9,000 na 5,000 B.C.E., ŵanthu awo ŵakayowoyanga chiyowoyero cha Niger na Congo ŵakamba kulima makuni gha maolive na rafia. Ŵakaŵaso na viŵiya vinyake vyakuchemeka black-eyed peas na voandzeia. Pakuti vyakumera vinandi vikakuliranga mu nkhorongo, ŵanthu awo ŵakayowoyanga chiyowoyero cha Niger na Congo ŵakagwiliskiranga ntchito nkhwantha zakusona malibwe. Pafupifupi mu 4000 B.C.E., mlengalenga wa Sahara ukamba kukavuka chomene. Ivi vikapangiska kuti nyanja na milonga vichepe chomene. Ivi vikapangiska kuti ŵanthu ŵaleke kukhalamo mu vyaru ivi, kweniso kuti ŵalimi ŵalute ku vyaru vya kumanjiliro gha dazi kwa Africa. Mu vyaka vya m'ma 1000 B.C.E., ŵanthu ŵanandi ŵakamba kulima mpunga pafupi na Mlonga wa Niger. Mu vyaka vya m'ma 1000 B.C.E., ŵanthu ŵakamba kupanga visulo ku North Africa. Pa nyengo iyi, ŵanthu ŵakamba kugwiliskira ntchito visulo mu vigaŵa vinyake vya ku Africa, kwali ŵakavipanganga mwakujiyimira paŵekha panji ŵakavipharazga kufuma kumpoto. Mu vyaru vinandi vya kumafumiro gha dazi na kumanjiliro gha dazi kwa Africa, mulimo wa kupanga visulo ukambira cha m'ma 500 B.C.E., nangauli mu vyaru vinyake ŵakamba kupanga visulo yayi m'paka m'ma 100 C.E. Vinthu vya mkuwa vyakufuma ku Eguputo, kumpoto kwa Africa, Nubia, na Ethiopia ivyo vikalembeka m'ma 500 B.C.E. vikavumbukwa ku West Africa, ndipo vikulongora kuti pa nyengo iyi, ŵanthu ŵakendanga mu vyaru vya ku Sahara.<ref name="O'Brien">O'Brien, Patrick K. ed. (2005) ''Oxford Atlas of World History''. New York: Oxford University Press. pp. 22–23. {{ISBN|978-0199746538}}</ref> === Ŵanthu ŵakwambilira === {{Main|Ancient African history}} [[File:African-civilizations-map-pre-colonial.svg|thumb|left|upright=1.2|Mapu agho ghakulongora maufumu gha ku Africa agho ghakaŵako pakati pa 500 B.C.E. na 1500 C.E.]] Pafupifupi mu 3300 B.C.E., mbiri yakale yikamba ku Northern Africa apo ŵanthu ŵakamba kusambira kulemba na kulemba mu nyengo ya Farawo. Boma la Eguputo likaŵa limoza mwa maboma ghakale chomene pa charu chose ndipo likalutilira kulamulira m'paka mu 343 B.C.E.<ref>Hassan, Fekri A. (2002) ''Droughts, Food and Culture'', Springer. p. 17. {{ISBN|0-306-46755-0}}</ref><ref>McGrail, Sean. (2004) ''Boats of the World'', Oxford University Press. p. 48. {{ISBN|0-19-927186-0}}</ref> Ŵaeguputo ŵakathereskanga ŵanthu ŵanandi chomene mu charu icho sono chikuchemeka Libya na Nubia. Ŵafenikiya ŵa ku Ture ŵakakhazikiska msumba wa Carthage, ku mphepete mwa nyanja ya kumpoto ca kumanjiliro gha dazi kwa Africa, uwo ukaŵa malo ghakupambanapambana gha ŵanthu awo ŵakaguliskiranga vinthu ku Fonike.<ref>Fage, J.D. (1979), ''The Cambridge History of Africa'', Cambridge University Press. {{ISBN|0-521-21592-7}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |doi=10.1017/CHOL9780521215923.004 |chapter=North Africa in the period of Phoenician and Greek colonization, c.800 to 323 BC |title=The Cambridge History of Africa |year=1979 |last1=Law |first1=R. C. C. |pages=87–147 |isbn=978-1-139-05456-0 }}</ref><ref>Oliver, Roland and Anthony Atmore (1994), ''Africa Since 1800'', Cambridge University Press. {{ISBN|0-521-42970-6}}</ref> Ŵagiriki na Ŵaroma ndiwo ŵakamba kusanda vyaru vya mu Africa.<ref>{{Cite web|title=The Berlin Conference {{!}} Western Civilization II (HIS 104) – Biel|url=https://courses.lumenlearning.com/suny-fmcc-worldcivilization2-1/chapter/the-berlin-conference/|website=courses.lumenlearning.com|access-date=13 May 2020|archive-date=10 June 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200610192536/https://courses.lumenlearning.com/suny-fmcc-worldcivilization2-1/chapter/the-berlin-conference/|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Greeks, Romans and Barbarians|url=https://www.britannica.com/topic/history-of-Europe/Greeks-Romans-and-barbarians|access-date=30 May 2020|archive-date=4 May 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200504023034/https://www.britannica.com/topic/history-of-Europe/Greeks-Romans-and-barbarians|url-status=live}}</ref> Mu 332 B.C.E., Alekizanda Mukuru wakapokelereka nga ni muwomboli mu Eguputo. Wakazenga msumba wa Alexandria ku Eguputo, uwo ukakhalako kwa nyengo yitali ndipo ukaŵa msumba ukuru wa ufumu wa Ptolemy.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.wsu.edu/~dee/EGYPT/PTOLEMY.HTM |title=Ptolemaic and Roman Egypt: 332 BC – 395 AD |publisher=Wsu.edu |date=6 June 1999 |access-date=18 May 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100528152425/http://www.wsu.edu/~dee/EGYPT/PTOLEMY.HTM |archive-date=28 May 2010 |url-status=dead}}</ref> [[File:20141108- DSC1502 (15893475532).jpg|thumb|Malo agho Ŵaroma ŵakasunga ku Timgad, Algeria]] [[File:Aksum, iscrizione di re ezana, in greco, sabeo e ge'ez, 330-350 dc ca. 10.jpg|upright|thumb|Libwe la Ezana likulongosora umo Themba Ezana likang'anamukira ku Cikhristu na kuwuskira ŵanthu ŵa mitundu yakupambanapambana, kusazgapo Meroë.]] Ufumu wa Ŵaroma ukati wapoka chigaŵa cha kumpoto kwa Africa icho chili mumphepete mwa nyanja ya Meditereniyani, chigaŵa ichi chikamba kulamulirika na Ŵaroma. Ŵaroma ŵakamba kukhala mu vyaru ivyo sono ni Tunisia na vinyake ivyo vili mumphepete mwa nyanja. Themba lakwamba la Ŵaroma ilo likafuma ku North Africa likaŵa Septimius Severus, uyo wakababikira ku Leptis Magna mu Libya. Chikhristu chikafika mu vigaŵa ivi kufuma ku Yudeya na ku Eguputo, kweniso kufuma ku charu cha Romu kuya ku Nubia. Mu 340 C.E., chikaŵa kuti chazgoka chisopa cha boma la Ufumu wa Aksumite. Ŵamishonale ŵa ku Siriya na Girisi awo ŵakafika pa Nyanja Yiswesi ndiwo ŵakambiska nkhani iyi.<ref>{{cite book|author=Tesfagiorgis, Mussie|title=Eritrea|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=f0R7iHoaykoC&pg=PA153|year=2010|publisher=ABC-CLIO|isbn=978-1-59884-232-6|page=153|access-date=14 October 2015|archive-date=11 June 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200611044525/https://books.google.com/books?id=f0R7iHoaykoC&pg=PA153|url-status=live}}</ref> Kukwambilira kwa vyaka vya m'ma 700 C.E., ufumu wa Caliphate wa ku Arabia uwo ukaŵa kuti wapangika waka, ukafika ku Eguputo, ndipo pamanyuma ukafika ku North Africa. Pakati pajumpha nyengo yicoko waka, ŵanthu ŵa ku Berber ŵakasazgikana na mafuko gha Ciarabu. Apo msumba wa Umayyad ku Damaseko ukaparanyika mu ma 700 C.E., msumba wa chisopa cha Cisilamu uwo ukaŵa ku Meditereniyani ukafumako ku Siriya kuluta ku Qayrawan, kumpoto kwa Africa. Ku North Africa kukaŵa ŵanthu ŵanandi ŵa chisopa cha Ciisilamu, ndipo kukaŵa ŵanthu ŵavinjeru, ŵasambizgi, ŵa malango, na ŵavinjeru. Mu nyengo iyi, Chisilamu chikamba kuthandazgika chomene mu vyaru vya kumwera kwa Sahara. Ku West Africa, Dhar Tichitt na Oualata ku Mauritania mazuŵa ghano, ni malo ghakwambilira agho ghakaŵa na ŵanthu ŵanandi. Mu chigaŵa icho kale chikachemekanga Sahara muli malo gha malibwe pafupifupi 500. Ŵanthu awo ŵakakhalanga mu msumba uwu ŵakaloŵanga somba na kulima mphoza. Augustin Holl wakasanga kuti ŵanthu ŵa mtundu wa Soninke ndiwo ŵakazenga malo agha. Pafupifupi 300 B.C.E., chigaŵa ichi chikakhoma chomene ndipo ŵanthu ŵakamba kuchepa. Ukaboni wa vyakuzengeka na kuyaniska vyakuzengeka vikulongora kuti Dhar Tichitt wakaŵa mu ufumu wa Ghana. Djenné-Djenno (uko sono ni Mali) wakakhalanga ŵanthu pafupifupi 300 B.C.E., ndipo msumba uwu ukaŵa na ŵanthu ŵanandi chomene ŵa mu nyengo ya Iron Age. Vinthu vyamoyo vikazengeka na mathipa agho ghakawomira pa dazi. Kufika mu 250 B.C.E., Djenné-Djenno wakaŵa kuti wazgoka msumba ukuru wa msika.<ref>Iliffe, John (2007). pp. 49–50{{Incomplete short citation|date=October 2021}}</ref><ref>Collins and Burns (2007), p. 78.{{Incomplete short citation|date=October 2021}}</ref> Kumwera kwenikweni, pakati pa Nigeria, cha m'ma 1500 B.C.E., ŵanthu ŵa mtundu wa Nok ŵakamba kukhala pa Jos Plateau. Ŵanthu ŵakakhalanga pamoza. Ŵanthu ŵa mtundu wa Nok ŵakapanganga vithuzithuzi vya ŵanthu, njovu, na vinyama vinyake. Kuzakafika mu 500 B.C.E., panji kumasinda wuwo, ŵanthu ŵakamba kusungunura visulo. Kufika mu 200 C.E., ŵanthu ŵa mtundu wa Nok ŵakaŵa kuti ŵamara. Ndipo ŵakamara mu nyengo ya 500 C.E., ndipo ŵakakhala vyaka pafupifupi 2,000. Chifukwa cha kuyana kwa kalembedwe kake na ka terracotta ka Nok, ŵanthu ŵakughanaghana kuti vithuzithuzi vya mkuŵa vya ufumu wa Yoruba ku Ife na vya ufumu wa Bini ku Benin, ni vyakulondezgana na mitheto ya ŵanthu ŵakwambilira ŵa mtundu wa Nok.{{sfn|Shillington|2005|p=39}}<ref name="FB 1969">Fagg, Bernard. 1969. Recent work in west Africa: New light on the Nok culture. World Archaeology 1(1): 41–50.</ref> === Vyaka vya m'ma 800 mpaka m'ma 1800 === [[File:Bronze ornamental staff head, 9th century, Igbo-Ukwu.JPG|thumb|left|upright|Viŵiya vya mkuŵa ivyo vikapangika mu Igbo-Ukwu, ku Nigeria, mu vyaka vya m'ma 800 C.E., vikaŵa vyapadera chomene kuluska ivyo ŵanthu ŵa ku Europe ŵakapanga mu nyengo yira.<ref name=Honour-2005>{{cite book |last1=Honour |first1=Hugh|last2=Fleming|first2=John|title=A world history of art|date=2005|publisher=Laurence King |location=London |isbn=978-1856694513 |edition=7th}}</ref>]] Mu nyengo iyo vyaru vikaŵa pambere vyaru ivi vindambe kulamulira, mu Africa mukaŵa vyaru na maboma pafupifupi 10,000. Mu vigaŵa ivi mukaŵa ŵanthu ŵachoko waka awo ŵakakhalanga mu vikaya vya ŵanthu awo ŵakalondezganga mitheto ya ŵanthu ŵa mtundu wa San ku South Africa; vikaya vikuruvikuru ivyo vikaŵa na ŵanthu ŵakuyowoya chiyowoyero cha Bantu ku Central, Southern, na Eastern Africa; vikaya vikuruvikuru ku Horn of Africa; maufumu ghakurughakuru gha ku Sahelian; misumba na maufumu gha ŵanthu ŵakujiyimira ŵekha nga mba Akan; ŵanthu ŵa ku Edo, Yoruba, na Igbo ku West Africa; na matawuni gha Swahili agho ghakaŵa mumphepete mwa nyanja ku Southeast Africa.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/discussion/2006/01/11/DI2006011101372.html|title=The Fate of Africa – A Survey of Fifty Years of Independence|access-date=23 July 2007|newspaper=[[The Washington Post]]|first=Martin|last=Meredith|date=20 January 2006|archive-date=2 May 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190502070029/http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/discussion/2006/01/11/DI2006011101372.html|url-status=live}}</ref> Mu vyaka vya m'ma 800 C.E., maufumu ghanandi, kusazgapo maufumu ghakwambilira gha Hausa, ghakathandazgikira mu chipalamba cha Sahara kufuma ku vigaŵa vya kumanjiliro gha dazi m'paka ku Central Sudan. Vyaru ivi vikaŵa Ghana, Gao, na Kanem-Bornu. Ghana wakamara mu vyaka vya m'ma 1100, kweni Ufumu wa Mali ndiwo ukamulongozga. Kanem wakazomera Chisilamu mu vyaka vya m'ma 1100. Mu vigaŵa vya nkhorongo ivyo vili mumphepete mwa nyanja ya kumanjiliro gha dazi kwa Africa, maufumu ghakaŵa ghakujiyimira payekha ndipo kumpoto kwa Muslim kukaŵavya nkhongono. Ufumu wa Nri ukaŵako mu vyaka vya m'ma 800 C.E. Kweniso ni ufumu wakale comene uwo uli mu Nigeria mazuŵa ghano. Ufumu wa Nri ngwakumanyikwa cifukwa ca malata gha mkuŵa agho ghakasangika mu tawuni ya Igbo-Ukwu. Malibwe agha ghakalembeka mu vyaka vya m'ma 800 C.E.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.metmuseum.org/toah/hd/igbo/hd_igbo.htm|title=Igbo-Ukwu (c. 9th century) &#124; Thematic Essay &#124; Heilbrunn Timeline of Art History &#124; The Metropolitan Museum of Art|publisher=Metmuseum.org|access-date=18 May 2010|archive-date=4 December 2008|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081204053356/http://www.metmuseum.org/toah/hd/igbo/hd_igbo.htm|url-status=live}}</ref> Ufumu wa Ife, ndiwo ukaŵa wakwamba mu maufumu gha Ŵayoruba, ndipo ukaŵa na boma la ŵasembe awo ŵakachemekanga Ooni of Ife. Ife yikaŵa malo ghakuru gha cisopa na maluso mu vyaru vya kumanjiliro gha dazi kwa Africa, ndipo yikaŵa na mitheto yakuyelezgera yakuŵikapo vinthu vya mkuŵa. Boma la Ife likaŵa la Ufumu wa Oyo, uko ma obas panji mafumu ghake, agho ghakachemekanga Alaafins of Oyo, ghakaŵa na mazaza pa misumba na maufumu ghanandi gha Ŵayoruba. [[File:Great Zimbabwe Closeup.jpg|thumb|left|Mabwinja gha Zimbabwe Mukuru (wakakura mu vyaka vya m'ma 1100 m'paka 1500 C.E.)]] Ŵa Almoravid ŵakaŵa fuko la Ŵaberi ilo likafuma ku Sahara, ilo likaŵa ku chigaŵa chikuru cha kumpoto cha kumanjiliro gha dazi kwa Africa na Iberia mu vyaka vya m'ma 1100. Ŵanthu ŵa mtundu wa Banu Hilal na Banu Ma'qil ŵakaŵa Ŵabedouin ŵa ku Arabia awo ŵakasamukira ku Eguputo pakati pa vyaka vya m'ma 1100 na 1300. Ŵanthu ŵa mu charu ichi ŵakamba kusangana na Ŵaarabu na Ŵaberi, ndipo ŵanthu ŵa mu charu ichi ŵakazgoka Ŵaarabu. Pamanyuma pakuti charu cha Mali chaparanyika, mulongozgi munyake zina lake Sonni Ali (1464-1492) wakambiska ufumu wa Songhai mu chigaŵa cha pakati pa Niger na kumanjiliro gha dazi kwa Sudan. Sonni Ali wakathereska msumba wa Timbuktu mu 1468 na Jenne mu 1473. Askia Mohammad I (1493-1528) uyo wakamulondezga, wakazgora chisopa cha Chisilamu kuŵa chisopa cha boma, wakazenga misasa, na kwiza na ŵasambizgi ŵa Chisilamu ku Gao, kusazgapo al-Maghili (uyo wakafwa mu 1504), uyo wakambiska chisambizgo cha Chisilamu cha ku Sudan. Kuzakafika m'ma 1100, vyaru vinyake vya Hausa nga ni Kano, Jigawa, Katsina, na Gobir, vikazgoka misumba yakuzingilizgika na viliŵa. M'paka m'ma 1400, vyaru ivi vikaŵa ku mphepete mwa maufumu ghakuru gha ku Sudan.<ref name="multiple">Lapidus, Ira M. (1988) ''A History of Islamic Societies'', Cambridge.</ref> === Kuguliska ŵazga kukaŵa palipose === {{See also|Trans-Saharan slave trade|Atlantic slave trade|Indian Ocean slave trade}} [[File:Africa slave Regions.svg|thumb|upright=1.2|right|Vyaru vikuruvikuru vya mu Africa ivyo ŵakaguliskanga ŵazga, vyaka vya m'ma 1500-1900.]] Ku Africa ŵanthu ŵakagwiliskiranga nchito ŵazga kwa nyengo yitali.<ref>[https://www.britannica.com/blackhistory/article-24157 Historical survey: Slave societies] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071230184609/https://www.britannica.com/blackhistory/article-24157 |date=30 December 2007 }}, ''Encyclopædia Britannica''</ref><ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20051001033344/http://www7.nationalgeographic.com/ngm/data/2001/10/01/html/ft_20011001.6.html Swahili Coast] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071206102932/http://www7.nationalgeographic.com/ngm/data/2001/10/01/html/ft_20011001.6.html |date=6 December 2007 }}, National Geographic</ref> Pakati pa vyaka vya m'ma 1400 na 1800, ŵanthu pafupifupi 712 miliyoni ŵakakoleka na malonda gha ŵazga ku Atlantic.<ref>[https://www.britannica.com/blackhistory/article-24156 Welcome to Encyclopædia Britannica's Guide to Black History] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070223090720/https://www.britannica.com/blackhistory/article-24156|date=23 February 2007}}, ''[[Encyclopædia Britannica]]''</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/africa/1523100.stm|title=Focus on the slave trade|publisher=BBC News – Africa|work=bbc.co.uk|date=3 September 2001|access-date=28 February 2008|archive-date=28 July 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110728134034/http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/africa/1523100.stm|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|author=Lovejoy, Paul E. |title=Transformations in Slavery: A History of Slavery in Africa|url=https://archive.org/details/transformationsi0000love|url-access=registration |year=2000|publisher=Cambridge University Press|isbn=978-0-521-78430-6|page=[https://archive.org/details/transformationsi0000love/page/25 25]}}</ref> Kweniso pakati pa vyaka vya m'ma 1500 na 1800, ŵanthu ŵakujumpha 1 miliyoni ŵa ku Europe ŵakakoleka na ŵankhungu ŵa ku Barbary na kuguliskika ku North Africa. Mu vyaru vya kumanjiliro gha dazi kwa Africa, malonda gha ŵazga gha ku Atlantic ghakamara mu 1820 ndipo vinthu vikasintha chomene pa nkhani ya vyachuma. Chifukwa cha kuchepa kwa malonda gha ŵazga mu vyaru vya ku Europe na America, kweniso chifukwa chakuti ŵasilikari ŵa ku Britain ŵakakhalanga kufupi na nyanja za kumanjiliro gha dazi kwa Africa. Pakati pa 1808 na 1860, gulu la ŵasilikari ŵa ku Britain ilo likalongozganga ŵasilikari ŵa ku West Africa, likakora sitima za ŵazga pafupifupi 1,600 na kufwatura Ŵafrika 150,000 awo ŵakaŵa mu ngalaŵa izi. Ŵalongozgi ŵa mu Africa awo ŵakakana kuzomerezga vyaru vya ku Britain kuti vileke kuguliska vinyama ŵakachitapo kanthu. Ŵalongozgi ŵakujumpha 50 ŵa mu Africa ŵakakolerana kuti ŵamazge wuzga. Maboma ghakuru chomene gha kumanjiliro gha dazi kwa Africa (Asante Confederacy, Kingdom of Dahomey, na Oyo Empire) ghakachita vinthu vyakupambanapambana kuti ghende makora. Asante na Dahomey ŵakaghanaghaniranga chomene vya "malonda ghakwenelera" agho ghakaŵa nga ni mafuta, koko, makuni, na golide. Ufumu wa Oyo ukati watondeka kusintha, ukawira mu nkhondo.<ref>Simon, Julian L. (1995) ''State of Humanity'', Blackwell Publishing. p. 175. {{ISBN|1-55786-585-X}}</ref> ===Chikoloni=== [[File:Scramble-for-Africa-1880-1913-v2.png|thumb|350px|Kuyaniska Afrika mu 1880 na 1913]] {{Excerpt|Scramble for Africa| only=paragraphs}} === Nkhondo za kujithemba === [[File:Map of Africa in 1939.svg|thumb|Muwuso wa Eu'''r'''ope mu 1939 {{aligned table |cols=2 |fullwidth=true | {{legend|#502D16|[[Belgian colonial empire|Belgian]]}} | {{legend|#00E500|[[Italian Empire|Italian]]}} | {{legend|#C83737|[[British Empire|British]]}} | {{legend|#009000|[[Portuguese Empire|Portuguese]]}} | {{legend|#214478|[[French colonial empire|French]]}} | {{legend|#FFDA00|[[Spanish Empire|Spanish]]}} | {{legend|#f6f6f6|Independent}} }} ]] Ufumu wa Ŵazungu ukalutilira kuwusa m'paka Nkhondo Yachiŵiri ya Charu Chose yikati yamara. Nkhondo Yachiŵiri ya Charu Chose yikati yamara, ŵanthu ŵanandi ku Africa ŵakamba kulimbikira kuti ŵajiyimire ŵekha. Mu 1951, charu cha Libya, icho kale chikaŵa pasi pa Italy, chikamba kujiwusa chekha. Mu 1956, charu cha Tunisia na Morocco vikafwatuka ku boma la France.<ref>{{cite book|author=Bély, Lucien|title=The History of France|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Ltzav890zpIC&pg=PA118|year=2001|publisher=Editions Jean-paul Gisserot|isbn=978-2-87747-563-1|page=118|access-date=5 February 2018|archive-date=11 June 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200611045035/https://books.google.com/books?id=Ltzav890zpIC&pg=PA118|url-status=live}}</ref> <ref>{{cite book|author1=Aryeetey, Ernest|author2=Harrigan, Jane|first3=Nissanke|last3=Machiko|title=Economic Reforms in Ghana: The Miracle and the Mirage|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=87V55ZHppSYC&pg=PA5|year=2000|publisher=Africa World Press|isbn=978-0-86543-844-6|page=5|access-date=5 February 2018|archive-date=11 June 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200611044656/https://books.google.com/books?id=87V55ZHppSYC&pg=PA5|url-status=live}}</ref>Ghana nayo wakajiyimira yekha mu 1957. Mu vyaka 10 vyakulondezgapo, vyaru vinandi vya pa caru ici vikamba kujiyimira pavyekha. Charu cha Portugal chikaŵa ku Africa kumwera kwa Sahara (kwamba ku Angola, Cape Verde, Mozambique, Guinea-Bissau, na Sao Tome na Principe) kwambira m'ma 1500 m'paka mu 1975, apo boma la Estado Novo likadumulika mu Lisbon. Rhodesia yikapharazga kuti njakujiyimira pawekha kufuma ku Britain mu 1965, pasi pa boma la Ian Smith, kweni charu cha Zimbabwe chikazomerezgeka yayi kuŵa na wanangwa uwu m'paka mu 1980, apo ŵanthu ŵa mitundu yinyake ŵakamba kuwusa. Nangauli charu cha South Africa chikaŵa chimoza mwa vyaru vyakwambilira mu Africa kuti chiŵe na wanangwa, kweni chikaŵa pasi pa mazaza gha ŵazungu. === Africa ya ku maiko gha ku mpoto === {{see|Decolonisation of Africa}} {{see also|Non-Aligned Movement}} Mazuŵa ghano, mu Africa muli vyaru 54, ndipo vinandi mwa vyaru ivi vili na mphaka izo zikaŵako mu nyengo iyo ŵanthu ŵa ku Europe ŵakalamuliranga. Kwambira apo vyaru vya mu Africa vikapokera wanangwa, kanandi vikusuzgika cifukwa ca kutimbanizgika kwa vinthu, vimbundi, nkhaza, na nkhaza. Vyaru vinandi vya mu Africa ni vyaru ivyo vili na muwuso wa pulezidenti. Ndipouli, ni vigaŵa vichoko waka ivyo vikatondeka kuŵa na maboma gha demokilase nyengo zose. Vyaru vinandi vya mu Africa vili na maboma ghanandi agho ghakwambiska viwawa. Kweni pakati pa 1990 na 2018, caru cose ca Africa cikamba kuŵa na muwuso waurunji.<ref>tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/13510347.2019.1613980</ref> Ŵakati ŵafumako ku wuzga, ŵanthu ŵanandi ŵa ku Africa ŵakaŵa ŵakavu comene. Charu ichi chikaŵa pasi pa muwuso wa ŵakoloni, ndipo chikaŵa chambura kukhazikika pa nkhani za ndyali. Vyaru vinyake nga ni Kenya vikaŵa na ndalama zichoko chomene ndipo vikaŵa na mwaŵi wakujura misika ya caru cose. Vyaru vicoko waka vya mu Africa ndivyo vikakura luŵiro comene pambere caka ca 1990 cindafike. Vinyake mwa vyaru ivi ni Libya na Equatorial Guinea, ivyo vili na mafuta ghanandi. Ŵanthu ŵanandi ŵakakhalanga makora yayi mu charu ichi chifukwa cha vimbundi. Pakukhumba kusanga chandulo cha ndyali, ŵalongozgi ŵanandi ŵakachitiska kuti paŵe mphindano pakati pa mafuko, ndipo zinyake zikaŵako mu nyengo iyo charu cha Rwandani chikalamuliranga. Pakuwona kuti nkhaza zikuruzikuru zikucitika, ŵanthu ŵa mu vyaru vinandi ŵakazomera kuti ŵasilikari ndiwo ŵachitenge vinthu mwamahara, ndipo mu vyaka vya m'ma 1970 na 1980, vyaru vinandi vya mu Africa vikaŵa pasi pa mazaza gha ŵasilikari. Mu vyaru vya mu Africa mukaŵaso mphindano za malo na kugaluka kwa ŵanthu awo ŵakakhumbanga kujiwusa ŵekha. Nkhondo iyi yikaŵa pakati pa ŵasilikari ŵa boma la Nigeria na boma la ku Igbo ilo likakhumbanga kujipatura. Nkhondo ziŵiri za cikaya izo zikacitika mu Sudan, yakwamba yikacitika mu 1955 m'paka mu 1972 ndipo yachiŵiri mu 1983 m'paka mu 2005, zikakoma ŵanthu pafupifupi 3 miliyoni. Pa nkhondo zose izi, ŵanthu ŵakasankhanga mitundu na visopa. Nkhondo iyo yikaŵa pakati pa United States na Soviet Union nayo yikawovwira kuti vinthu vileke kwenda makora. Boma la Soviet Union na la United States likakhozga comene ŵalongozgi ŵa ndyali na ŵasilikari ŵa mu Africa awo ŵakakolerananga na ŵamazaza ŵa vyaru ivi. Paumaliro wa Nkhondo Yakuzizima, wovwiri wa Soviet na America ukamara mwamabuchi ndipo Soviet Union yikawa. Mu Ethiopia mukaŵa njara yikuru pakati pa 1983 na 1985, ndipo ŵanthu ŵakukwana 1.2 miliyoni ŵakafwa, ndipo ŵanthu ŵanandi awo ŵakusanda mdauko ŵakuti njara iyi yikamba cifukwa ca ŵanthu awo ŵakagwiranga nchito mu minda na kukora vyakurya.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/africa/703958.stm|title=BBC: 1984 famine in Ethiopia|date=6 April 2000|access-date=1 January 2010|work=BBC News|archive-date=19 April 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190419011700/http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/africa/703958.stm|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>Robert G. Patman, ''The Soviet Union in the Horn of Africa'' 1990, {{ISBN|0-521-36022-6}}, pp. 295–296</ref><ref>Steven Varnis, ''Reluctant aid or aiding the reluctant?: U.S. food aid policy and the Ethiopian Famine Relief'' 1990, {{ISBN|0-88738-348-3}}, p. 38</ref><ref>{{cite journal | url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/722691 | jstor=722691 | title=The Consequences of Resettlement in Ethiopia | last1=Woldemeskel | first1=Getachew | journal=African Affairs | year=1989 | volume=88 | issue=352 | pages=359–374 | doi=10.1093/oxfordjournals.afraf.a098187 | access-date=20 May 2022 | archive-date=20 May 2022 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220520194833/https://www.jstor.org/stable/722691 | url-status=live }}</ref> Mu 1994, ŵanthu 800,000 ŵakafwa pa mulandu wa kutinkhana ku Rwanda. Ivi vikapangiska kuti nkhondo yakwamba na yachiŵiri ya ku Congo yambe, nkhondo izo zikaŵa zakuparanya comene mu Africa, ndipo ŵanthu pafupifupi 5.5 miliyoni ŵakafwa.<ref>{{cite news|date=22 January 2008|title=Congo war-driven crisis kills 45,000 a month-study|work=Reuters|url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-congo-democratic-death-idUSL2280201220080122|access-date=20 May 2022|archive-date=14 April 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110414093820/http://www.reuters.com/article/2008/01/22/us-congo-democratic-death-idUSL2280201220080122|url-status=live}}</ref><gallery mode="packed" heights="250px"> File:African nations order of independence 1950-1993.gif|An animated map shows the order of [[Decolonisation of Africa|independence of African nations]], 1950–2011 File:Africa’s wars and conflicts, 1980–96.svg|Africa's wars and conflicts, 1980–96<br>{{legend|#cc4c02|Major Wars/Conflict (>100,000 casualties)}}{{legend|#fe9929|Minor Wars/Conflict}}{{legend|#fed98e|Other Conflicts}} File:Political Map of Africa.svg|Political map of Africa in 2021 </gallery> Nkhondo pakati pa magulu ghakupambanapambana na maboma zikulutilira. Kwambira mu 2003, nkhondo yikulutilira mu Darfur (Sudan) iyo yikakura comene mu 2003 m'paka 2005 ndipo nkhaza zikakwera comene mu 2007 na 2013. Gulu la Boko Haram ilo likulimbana chomene mu Nigeria (pamoza na nkhondo zinandi ku Niger, Chad, na Cameroon) likakoma ŵanthu pafupifupi 350,000 kwambira mu 2009. Nkhondo zinandi za mu Africa zachepako kufika mu 2022. Kweni nkhondo ya Tigray iyo yikamba mu 2020 yikakoma ŵanthu pafupifupi 300,000, chomenechomene chifukwa cha njara. Kweni mu vyaka vya m'ma 2000, nkhaza zachepa chomene mu vyaru vya ku Africa. Nkhondo za pawenenawene zikamara mu Angola, Sierra Leone, na Algeria mu 2002, Liberia mu 2003, kweniso Sudan na Burundi mu 2005. Nkhondo yaciŵiri ya ku Congo, iyo yikaŵa na vyaru 9 na magulu ghakupambanapambana gha ŵakugaluka, yikamara mu 2003. Kuchepa kwa nkhaza uku, kukakolerana na kuti vyaru vinandi vikaleka kulongozgeka na boma la chikomyunizimu ndipo vikamba kusintha vinthu pa nkhani ya malonda. Mu vyaka vya m'ma 1990 na 2000, vyaru ivi vikamba kwenda mwamtende pakati pa vyaru vyapafupi. Kuŵa na mtende ndiposo kusintha kwa vinthu mu vyaru vya mu Africa kwapangiska kuti ŵanthu ŵanandi ŵa mu vyaru vinyake, comenecomene ŵa ku China, ŵanjire mu vyaru ivi. Pakati pa chaka cha 2000 na 2014, chiŵelengero cha GDP ku sub-Saharan Africa chikaŵa pa 5.02%, ndipo chiŵelengero cha GDP chikakwera kufuma pa $811 Billion kufika pa $1.63 Trillion (Constant 2015 USD). Kumpoto kwa Africa nako kukakura mwakuyana waka. Cigaŵa cikuru ca ciŵelengero ici cikupangiska kuti ŵanthu ŵamanye vinandi comene vyakukhwaskana na sayansi ya vinthu, comenecomene foni. Nangauli vyaru vinandi vikalutilira kukura, kweni kufuma mu 2014 kukura kwa vyaru ivi kukakhira comene, comenecomene cifukwa ca kukhira kwa mitengo ya vyakurya, kuleka kwambiska vyamalonda, kweniso nthenda ya Ebola na COVID-19.<ref>{{cite journal | url=https://academic.oup.com/afraf/article/117/469/543/5038419 | title=Validate User | journal=African Affairs | date=October 2018 | volume=117 | issue=469 | pages=543–568 | doi=10.1093/afraf/ady022 | last1=Frankema | first1=Ewout | last2=Van Waijenburg | first2=Marlous | access-date=21 May 2022 | archive-date=21 May 2022 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220521052321/https://academic.oup.com/afraf/article/117/469/543/5038419 | url-status=live | doi-access=free }}</ref><ref>{{cite news | url=https://www.un.org/africarenewal/news/development-prospects-africa-undermined-severe-economic-downturn | title=Development prospects in Africa undermined by a severe economic downturn | newspaper=Africa Renewal | date=25 January 2021 | access-date=21 May 2022 | archive-date=21 May 2022 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220521052321/https://www.un.org/africarenewal/news/development-prospects-africa-undermined-severe-economic-downturn | url-status=live }}</ref> == Makhalilo gha chilwa, malo na charu == {{Main|Geography of Africa}} [[File:Topography of africa.png|thumb|upright=1.2|Topography of Africa]] Charu cha Africa ndicho ntchikuru chomene pa vyaru vitatu ivi. Charu ichi chikupatukana na Europe na Nyanja ya Meditereniyani, ndipo chili na mtunda wa makilomita 163. (Kuyana na umo charu cha Egypt chiliri, chigaŵa cha Sinai icho chili kumafumiro gha dazi kwa Suez Canal nacho chikuwoneka kuti chili ku Africa).<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.nationalgeographic.com/xpeditions/atlas/index.html?Parent=africa&Rootmap=&Mode=d|title=Atlas – Xpeditions|publisher=National Geographic Society|date=2003|access-date=1 March 2009|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090303230811/http://www.nationalgeographic.com/xpeditions/atlas/index.html?Parent=africa&Rootmap=&Mode=d|archive-date=3 March 2009| url-status=live}}</ref><ref>Drysdale, Alasdair and Gerald H. Blake. (1985) ''The Middle East and North Africa'', Oxford University Press US. {{ISBN|0-19-503538-0}}</ref> Mphepete mwa nyanja ili na utali wa makilomita 26,000 (mailosi 16,000), ndipo palije malo ghakunjilirapo agho ghakusangika mu nyanja.<ref name="MW">(1998) ''Merriam-Webster's Geographical Dictionary (Index)'', Merriam-Webster, pp. 10–11. {{ISBN|0-87779-546-0}}</ref> Kuchokera kumpoto kwambiri, Ras ben Sakka ku Tunisia (37°21' N), mpaka kumwera kwambiri, Cape Agulhas ku South Africa (34°51'15" S), ndi mtunda wa pafupifupi 8,000 km (5,000 mi). Cape Verde, 17°33'22" W, malo gha kumanjiliro gha dazi chomene, ghali pa mtunda wa makilomita 7,400 (4,600 mi) kufuma ku Ras Hafun, 51°27'52" E, chigaŵa chakumafumiro gha dazi chomene icho chili kufupi na Cape Guardafui, kuumaliro wa Horn of Africa. Charu chikuru chomene mu Africa ni Algeria, ndipo chigaŵa chichoko chomene ni Seychelles. Charu chichoko chomene pa charu ichi ni Gambia. ===Chilwa cha Afilika=== [[Image:Motion of Nubia Plate.gif|thumb|upright=1.2|Mazuŵa ghano, chigaŵa cha pasi cha Africa chikwenda pa charu chapasi mwaluŵiro lwa 0.292° ± 0.007° pa chaka chimoza, pakuyaniska na charu chapakati (NNR-MORVEL56)]] {{Excerpt|African Plate}} === Nyengo === {{Main|Climate of Africa}} Nyengo ya mu Africa yikupambana chomene na ya mu vyaru vyakututuka. Chigaŵa chakumpoto cha charu ichi chili na mapopa ghanandi, ndipo chigaŵa chapakati na kumwera chili na vyakumera vinandi. Pakati pa malo agha pakaŵa vyakumera nga ni sahel na steppe. Charu cha Africa ndicho chili na chithukivu chikuru chomene pa charu chapasi. Ivyo vikachitika mu 1922 ku Libya ndivyo vikaŵa vyakusuzga chomene kuti ŵanthu ŵamanye apo kukazizima chomene.<ref name="newRecord">{{cite journal|last=El Fadli|first=KI|title=World Meteorological Organization Assessment of the Purported World Record 58°C Temperature Extreme at El Azizia, Libya (13 September 1922)|journal=Bulletin of the American Meteorological Society|date=September 2012|doi=10.1175/BAMS-D-12-00093.1|volume=94|issue=2|page=199|display-authors=etal|bibcode=2013BAMS...94..199E|doi-access=free}} (The 136&nbsp;°F (57.8&nbsp;°C), claimed by [['Aziziya]], [[Libya]], on 13 September 1922, has been officially deemed invalid by the [[World Meteorological Organization]].)</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=World Meteorological Organization World Weather / Climate Extremes Archive |url=http://wmo.asu.edu/world-highest-temperature |access-date=10 January 2013 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130104143844/http://wmo.asu.edu/world-highest-temperature |archive-date= 4 January 2013}}</ref> ===Ecology and biodiversity=== [[File:Vegetation Africa.png|thumb|upright=1.2|The main biomes in Africa.]] Mu vyaru vya mu Africa muli malo ghakuvikilirika ghakujumpha 3,000. Vinthu vinandi ivyo vikuchitika mu Africa vikupangiska kuti vyamoyo vileke kuŵa vinandi kweniso kuti malo gha kulima ghaleke kuŵa ghawemi. Ŵanthu ŵakunjira mu vyaru vinyake, kusuzgika na ŵanthu, na mitundu yinyake ya vyamoyo ivyo vikusangika mu vyaru ivi, vikupangiska kuti vyamoyo vyambeso kuŵa na umoyo uwemi mu Africa. Vinthu ivi vikusazgikira cifukwa ca masuzgo gha nduna, ŵantchito ŵambura kwenelera, na ndalama. Wupu wa United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP) ukuti, ku Africa ŵanthu ŵakumazga makuni ghanandi kuluska umo vikuŵira pa caru cose.<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20081206051452/http://www.africanews.com/site/list_messages/18831 Deforestation reaches worrying level – UN] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081206051452/http://www.africanews.com/site/list_messages/18831 |date=6 December 2008 }}. AfricaNews. 11 June 2008</ref>Kuyana na lipoti la Yunivesite ya Pennsylvania ku Africa, vyakumera 31 pa 100 vya mu Africa na nkhorongo 19 pa 100 zili kunangika. Ŵanthu ŵanyake ŵakuti makuni pafupifupi 90 pa 100 gha ku West Africa ghali kumara. Makuni ghakujumpha 90% gha ku Madagascar ghakaparanyika kufuma apo ŵanthu ŵakizira mu charu ichi vyaka 2000 ivyo vyajumpha. Pafupifupi 65% ya malo gha vyakurya gha mu Africa ghakunangika na dongo.<ref>[https://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/africa/nature-laid-waste-the-destruction-of-africa-844370.html "Nature laid waste: The destruction of Africa"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171017221918/https://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/africa/nature-laid-waste-the-destruction-of-africa-844370.html |date=17 October 2017 }}, ''The Independent'', 11 June 2008.</ref>{{see also|Afrotropical realm|Palearctic realm}} === Environmental issues === {{Excerpt|Environmental issues in Africa|paragraphs=1-2|file=no}} === Water === [[File:Africa Precipitation Map.svg|thumb|Africa Water Precipitation]] {{Excerpt|Water in Africa|paragraphs=1-2|file=no}} === Climate change === [[File:Climate smart agriculture in Machakos county (15640332182).jpg|thumb|upright=1.2|[[Climate-smart agriculture]] and [[rainwater harvesting]] in [[Machakos County]], [[Kenya]].]] {{Excerpt|Climate change in Africa|paragraphs=1-2|file=no}} ===Fauna=== {{Main|Fauna of Africa}} [[File:Zebras, Serengeti savana plains, Tanzania.jpg|thumb|Savanna at [[Ngorongoro Conservation Area]], [[Tanzania]]]] Mu vyaru vya ku Africa muli nyama zinandi zakututuŵa na zakupambanapambana, ndipo nyama zikuruzikuru izo zikurya nyama (nga ni nkhalamu, njati, na mphumphi) na vyakumera (nga ni mbaŵala, zovu, ngamila, na zirafu) vikukhala mwakufwatuka mu vigaŵa vya malo ghambura ŵanthu. Kweniso kuli nyama zinandi za mu nkhorongo, nga ni njoka na vinyama vinyake vya mu maji nga ni ng'ona na vyamoyo vinyake vya mu nyanja. Kweniso mu Africa ndimo muli vyamoyo vinandi chomene ivyo vikukhala mu charu ichi. ==Ndale== {{See also|List of political parties in Africa by country}} === African Union === {{Main|African Union}} [[File:Regions of the African Union.png|thumb|[[Regions of the African Union]]:<br /> {{Color box|#DAA520|'''Northern Region'''|border=darkgray}}, {{Color box|#87CEEB|'''Southern Region'''|border=darkgray}}, {{Color box|#90EE90|'''Eastern Region'''|border=darkgray}}, {{Color box|#FA8072|'''Western Regions A and B'''|border=darkgray}}, {{Color box|#B88FFF|'''Central Region'''|border=darkgray}}]] Wupu wa African Union (AU) uli na vyaru 55. Wupu uwu ukaŵako pa Juni 26, 2001, ndipo likuru lake likaŵa ku Addis Ababa, Ethiopia. Wupu uwu ukaŵako pa Julayi 9, 2002, ndipo ndiwo ukalondezganga wupu wa African Unity (OAU). Mu Julayi 2004, wupu wa African Union's Pan-African Parliament (PAP) ukasamukira ku Midrand, South Africa, kweni wupu wa African Commission on Human and Peoples' Rights ukakhala mu Addis Ababa. Wupu wa African Union (AU), uwo ukwenera kutimbanizgika yayi na wupu wa AU Commission, ukapangika na Dango la African Union (AU), ilo likukhumba kuti wupu wa African Economic Community (AEC), uwo ukaŵa wupu wakukolerana na vyaru vinyake, uŵe wupu wa boma. Wupu wa African Union uli na boma laparamende, lakucemeka African Union Government, ilo lili na wupu wakulongozga, wa vyeruzgo, na wa malango. Likulongozgeka na Mulara wa wupu wa African Union ndiposo mulongozgi wa boma, uyo nayo ni mulongozgi wa wupu wa Pan-African Parliament. Munthu wakuŵa purezidenti wa AU para wasankhika ku PAP, ndipo pamasinda wakusanga wovwiri wa ŵanandi mu PAP. Maluso na mazaza gha purezidenti wa African Parliament ghafuma ku Constitutive Act na Protocol ya Pan-African Parliament, kweniso chiharo cha mazaza gha purezidenti agho ghali kulembeka mu vyaru vya Africa na vyaru vya maiko. Boma la AU lili na maboma gha vigaŵa vyose, gha boma, na gha boma, kweniso maboma ghanandi. Mu vigaŵa vinandi vya mu Africa, ŵanthu ŵachali kuswa wanangwa wa ŵanthu, ndipo kanandi boma likuŵawona. Vifukwa vinandi ivyo ŵanthu ŵakuchitira vinthu ivi ni vya ndyali, ndipo kanandi vikuchitika chifukwa cha nkhondo. Mu vyaru ivyo ŵanthu ŵakuswa comene wanangwa wawo, muli vyaru nga ni Democratic Republic of Congo, Sierra Leone, Liberia, Sudan, Zimbabwe, na Ivory Coast. ===Boundary conflicts=== {{see|The Berlin Conference of 1884–1885|List of conflicts in Africa}} {{Excerpt|Military history of Africa#Post-colonial|paragraph=1|file=no}} ==Chuma== {{Main|Economy of Africa|List of African countries by GDP (nominal)|List of African countries by GDP (PPP)}} {{See also|Economy of the African Union}} [[File:RECs of the AEC.svg|thumb|upright=1.2|Map of the [[African Economic Community]]. {{legend|#691717|[[Community of Sahel-Saharan States|CEN-SAD]]}} {{legend|#4F4FB1|[[Common Market for Eastern and Southern Africa|COMESA]]}} {{legend|#E88356|[[East African Community|EAC]]}} {{legend|#272759|[[Economic Community of Central African States|ECCAS]]}} {{legend|#C43C7F|[[Economic Community of West African States|ECOWAS]]}} {{legend|#4DB34D|[[Intergovernmental Authority on Development|IGAD]]}} {{legend|#D22E2E|[[Southern African Development Community|SADC]]}} {{legend|#7E8000|[[Arab Maghreb Union|UMA]]}} ]] Nangauli charu cha Africa chili na vinthu vinandi vyakuthupi, kweni ntchaukavu chomene pa charu chose chapasi kweniso ntchakusuzgika chomene (pambere Antarctica yindaŵeko). Vinthu vinyake ivyo vikupangiska kuti charu ichi chiŵe na masuzgo nga ni vimbundi, kuswa wanangwa wa ŵanthu, kuleka kunozgekera makora vinthu, ŵanthu ŵanandi ŵambura kusambira, kujithemba, kuleka kusanga ndalama kufuma ku vyaru vinyake, vinthu ivyo vikaŵako chifukwa cha ufumu, malonda gha ŵazga, na Nkhondo Yakuzizima. GDP yake yose yikulondezga ya United States, China, Japan, Germany, United Kingdom, India na France. Kuyana na lipoti la wupu wa United Nations lakuyowoya za umo ŵanthu ŵakukulira mu 2003, vyaru 24 ivyo vikaŵa pasi chomene pa vyaru vinyake vyose (151 na 175) vikaŵa vya mu Africa. Ukavu, kuleka kuŵazga na kulemba, kusoŵa chakurya, maji na malo ghakutowa yayi, kweniso umoyo uheni vikukhwaska ŵanthu ŵanandi mu Africa. Mu Ogasiti 2008, Banki ya Charu chose yikapharazga vya ukavu wa pa charu chose, kuyana na fundo ya $1.25 pa zuŵa (kuyaniska na $1.00 pa zuŵa). Charu cha Sub-Saharan Africa ndicho ntchigaŵa icho ŵanthu ŵakutondeka kuchepeska ukavu (ndalama zakukwana madola 1.25 pa zuŵa); mu 1981 ŵanthu pafupifupi 50% (200 miliyoni) ŵakakhalanga mu ukavu. Munthu mukavu mu vigaŵa vya ku Africa kumwera kwa Sahara wakukhala na ndalama zakukwana masenti 70 pa zuŵa, ndipo wakaŵa mukavu comene mu 2003 kuluska mu 1973, ico cikulongora kuti ukavu ukukura comene mu vigaŵa vinyake. Vinyake mwa vinthu ivi vikucitika cifukwa ca masuzgo agho ghakwiza cifukwa ca ndyali na maboma gha caru cinyake.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.globalpolitician.com/21498-africa-malawi-poverty |title=Neo-Liberalism and the Economic and Political Future of Africa |publisher=Globalpolitician.com |date=19 December 2005 |access-date=18 May 2010 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100131200200/http://globalpolitician.com/21498-africa-malawi-poverty |archive-date=31 January 2010}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.turkishweekly.net/news.php?id=58925 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080924092909/http://www.turkishweekly.net/news.php?id=58925 |url-status=dead |archive-date=24 September 2008 |title=The Number of the Poor Increasing Worldwide while Sub-Saharan Africa is the Worst of All |publisher=Turkish Weekly |date=29 August 2008 |access-date=7 November 2011 }}</ref> Sono caru ca Africa cili pangozi yakuŵaso na ngongoli, comenecomene mu vyaru vya kumwera kwa Sahara. Nkhaza ya ngongoli iyo yikaŵako mu 2005 yikamara na wovwiri wa wupu wa HIPC (Highly Indebted Poor Countries Scheme). Pa nyengo iyi, vinthu vikasintha chomene mu Africa. Pakati pajumpha vilimika pafupifupi 10 kufuma apo suzgo la ngongoli mu caru ca Africa ca kumwera kwa Sahara mu 2005 likamalira, Zambia yikanjiraso mu ngongoli. Chifukwa chaching'ono chikaŵa chifukwa cha kukhira kwa mitengo ya mkuwa mu 2011, kweni chifukwa chikuru chikaŵa chakuti ndalama zinandi izo Zambia yikabwereka zikapambikika panji kupokeka na ŵanthu ŵakuzirwa.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.economist.com/leaders/2018/09/15/zambias-looming-debt-crisis-is-a-warning-for-the-rest-of-africa|title=Zambia's looming debt crisis is a warning for the rest of Africa|newspaper=The Economist|access-date=19 September 2018|language=en|archive-date=18 September 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180918163443/https://www.economist.com/leaders/2018/09/15/zambias-looming-debt-crisis-is-a-warning-for-the-rest-of-africa|url-status=live}}</ref> Kufuma mu 1995 m'paka mu 2005, chuma cha mu Africa chikakura chomene, ndipo mu 2005 chikaŵa pa 5%. Vyaru vinyake vikakura comene, comenecomene Angola, Sudan, na Equatorial Guinea, vyose ivi vikaŵa kuti vyambapo sonosono kunozga mafuta panji vyasazgirako nkhongono zawo. Mu kafukufuku uyo wakalembeka sonosono apa, uyo wakwendera vya ndyali wa ku Austria, Arno Tausch, wakati vyaru vinandi vya mu Africa, chomenechomene Ghana, vikukolerana comene na umo ŵanthu ŵanandi ŵakutemwera demokilase na malonda.<ref>{{cite journal|doi=10.2139/ssrn.3214715|ssrn=3214715|title=Africa on the Maps of Global Values: Comparative Analyses, Based on Recent World Values Survey Data|date=2018|last1=Tausch|first1=Arno|s2cid=158596579|url=https://mpra.ub.uni-muenchen.de/87966/1/MPRA_paper_87966.pdf|journal=|access-date=26 September 2019|archive-date=11 February 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200211141227/https://mpra.ub.uni-muenchen.de/87966/1/MPRA_paper_87966.pdf|url-status=live}}</ref>{{-}} {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: right; float:left; border:1px solid #aaa; margin:10px auto 10px auto" |- style="background:#dbdbdb;" ! Nambala ! Charu ! [[List of IMF ranked countries by past and projected GDP (nominal)|GDP]] <small>(nominal, Peak Year)</small><br /><small>millions of [[International dollar|USD]]</small> ! Peak Year |- | 1 ||align=left|{{flag|Nigeria}} ||568,499||2014 |- | 2 ||align=left|{{flag|Egypt}}||475,231||2022 |- | 3 ||align=left|{{nowrap|{{flag|South Africa}}}} ||458,708||2011 |- | 4 ||align=left|{{flag|Algeria}} ||213,810||2014 |- | 5 ||align=left|{{flag|Ethiopia}} ||156,083||2023 |- | 6 ||align=left|{{flag|Angola}} ||145,712||2014 |- | 7 ||align=left|{{flag|Morocco}} ||142,867||2021 |- | 8 ||align=left|{{flag|Kenya}} ||118,130||2023 |- | 9 ||align=left|{{flag|Libya}}<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.imf.org/en/Publications/WEO/weo-database/2023/April/weo-report?c=522,672,&s=NGDPD,&sy=1980&ey=2023&ssm=0&scsm=1&scc=0&ssd=1&ssc=0&sic=0&sort=country&ds=.&br=1|title=Peak GDP (Nominal) for Libya |access-date=2023-05-18}}</ref>||92,542||2012 |- | 10 ||align=left|{{flag|Tanzania}} ||85,421||2023 |} {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: right; float:right; border:1px solid #aaa; margin:10px" |- style="background:#dbdbdb;" ! Nambala ! Charu ! [[List of countries by past and projected GDP (PPP)|GDP]] <small>(PPP, Peak Year)</small><br /><small>millions of [[International dollar|USD]]</small> ! Peak Year |- | 1 ||align=left|{{flag|Egypt}} ||1,803,584||2023 |- | 2 ||align=left|{{flag|Nigeria}} ||1,372,624||2023 |- | 3 ||align=left|{{nowrap|{{flag|South Africa}}}} ||990,030||2023 |- | 4 ||align=left|{{flag|Algeria}}||620,971||2023 |- | 5 ||align=left|{{flag|Ethiopia}} ||393,847||2023 |- | 6 ||align=left|{{flag|Morocco}} ||387,233||2023 |- | 7 ||align=left|{{flag|Kenya}} ||341,999||2023 |- | 8 ||align=left|{{flag|Angola}} ||265,631||2023 |- | 9 ||align=left|{{flag|Ghana}} ||229,471||2023 |- | 10 ||align=left|{{flag|Tanzania}} ||228,031||2023 |} {{-}} Pakuyaniska mtengo wa vinthu pa caru cose ico Tausch wakacita mwakuyana na kafukufuku uyo wakacitika pa caru cose, wakawona kuti pali vinthu vinandi ivyo vikupangiska kuti vinthu viŵe makora: 1. Wupu Wakulondezga Malango 2. Kuwukira boma 3. Kuŵa na mtima wa kuleka nkhaza 4. Kugomezga mabungwe 5. Chimwemwe, umoyo uwemi 6. Kuleka kusopa mwakujikuzga 7. Kuzomera malonda 8. Kuŵa na Nkhongono 9. Kuchitako ndyali 10. Kuŵa na cigomezgo ndiposo kujipeleka 11. Kulije maghanoghano gha wovwiri wa wupu wakuwona vya umoyo wa ŵanthu, ndipo ŵakuzomera kalvinistic work ethic. Tausch wakamalizga na kuyowoya kuti, umo vyaru vya mu Africa vikwendera na maukaboni ghose "nchakuzizika comene". Nangauli munthu wakwenera kuŵa na cigomezgo cikuru pa nkhani ya umo Ghana wazamuŵira na demokilase na cuma ca msika, kweni nkhani iyi yikulongora kuti vinthu vikwenda makora yayi ku Eguputo na Algeria, comenecomene ku South Africa, caru ico cili na cuma cikuru comene mu Africa. Kuyana yayi kwa ŵanthu, nga umo lipoti la UNDP likuyowoyera, kukupangiska kuti ŵanthu ŵaleke kuŵa na mtende. Tausch wakayowoyaso kuti ŵanthu ŵa ku Africa ŵakukondwa chomene na vinthu ivyo vikuchitika pa nkhani ya vyachuma na wanangwa wa ŵanthu. [[File:African countries by GDP (PPP) per capita in 2020.png|upright=1.2|thumb|African countries by GDP (PPP) per capita in 2020]] Ŵanthu ŵakugomezga kuti mu caru ici ndimo muli cobalti wakukwana 90 peresenti, platinamu wakukwana 90 peresenti, golide wakukwana 50 peresenti, chromium wakukwana 98 peresenti, tantalite wakukwana 70 peresenti, manganese wakukwana 64 peresenti, na uranium wakukwana limoza pa vigaŵa vitatu.<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20110629123044/http://www.timesonline.co.uk/tol/news/world/africa/article3319909.ece Africa, China's new frontier] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110629123044/http://www.timesonline.co.uk/tol/news/world/africa/article3319909.ece |date=29 June 2011 }}. ''Times Online''. 10 February 2008</ref> Charu cha Democratic Republic of the Congo chili na visulo vya coltan 70 pa 100 pa caru cose. Kweniso charu cha DRC chili na madimondi ghakujumpha 30% pa charu chose. Charu cha Guinea ndicho chikuguliska bauxite yinandi pa charu chose. Pakuti ku Africa, vinthu vikukura comene cifukwa ca mauteŵeti, m'malo mwa kupanga vinthu panji vyakurya, ntheura kulije nchito panji ukavu. Nakuti suzgo la vyakurya ilo likaŵako mu 2008 likati lachitika pamanyuma pa suzgo la vya ndalama pa caru cose, likapangiska kuti ŵanthu 100 miliyoni ŵaleke kusanga vyakurya vyakwenelera.<ref>[http://www.strategicforesight.com/african_decade.htm The African Decade?] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100613173905/http://www.strategicforesight.com/african_decade.htm |date=13 June 2010 }}. Ilmas Futehally. Strategic Foresight Group.</ref><ref>[http://www.thetimes.co.uk/tto/news/world/africa/article2594373.ece China tightens grip on Africa with $4.4bn lifeline for Guinea junta]. The Times. 13 October 2009 {{subscription required}} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150429071020/http://www.thetimes.co.uk/tto/news/world/africa/article2594373.ece |date=29 April 2015 }}</ref><ref>"[http://allafrica.com/stories/200802070635.html Africa: Developed Countries' Leverage On the Continent] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121020072131/http://allafrica.com/stories/200802070635.html |date=20 October 2012 }}". AllAfrica.com. 7 February 2008</ref> Mu vyaka vyasonosono apa, caru ca China caŵa paubwezi wakukhora na vyaru vya mu Africa ndipo nchigaŵa cikuru comene ca vyamalonda mu Africa. Mu 2007, makampani gha ku China ghakagwiliskira nchito ndalama zakukwana $1 biliyoni mu Africa. Kafukufuku uyo wakacitika pa Yunivesite ya Harvard, wakalongosora kuti caru ca Africa cingajipwelelera yekha para cingaleka kuguliska vinthu ku vyaru vinyake na kwamba kujiguliska. "Charu cha Africa chili pa mphambano; tili pafupi kumalizga vyaka 100 ivyo vikaŵa vyakuti vyakurya vikusangikenge mu vyaru vinyake. Africa yikwamba kuŵika mtima pa kupanga vyakurya vyakupambanapambana kuti viwovwire kuti mu vigaŵa vyose muŵe malonda ghawemi".<ref>[https://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2010/12/101202124337.htm "Africa Can Feed Itself in a Generation, Experts Say"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171017221141/https://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2010/12/101202124337.htm|date=17 October 2017}}, ''[[Science Daily]]'', 3 December 2010</ref> == Ŵanthu == {{Main|Demographics of Africa|Genetic history of Africa|Child marriage#Africa{{!}}Child marriage in Africa}} {{Pie chart | caption= [[List of African countries by population|Proportion of total African population by country]] | other = yes | label1 = Nigeria | value1 = 15.38 | color1=#36A | label2 = Ethiopia | value2 = 8.37 | color2=#1A9 | label3 = Egypt | value3 = 7.65 | color3=#6A5 | label4 = Democratic Republic of the Congo | value4 = 6.57 | color4=#CC5 | label5 = Tanzania | value5 = 4.55 | color5=#928 | label6 = South Africa | value6 = 4.47 | color6=#E33 | label7 = Kenya | value7 = 3.88 | color7=#E72 | label8 = Uganda | value8 = 3.38 | color8=#FE3 | label9 = Algeria | value9 = 3.36 | color9=#A45 }} Mu vyaka 40 ivyo vyajumpha, ciŵelengero ca ŵanthu ku Africa cakura comene, ntheura nchicoko comene. Mu vyaru vinyake vya mu Africa, ŵanthu ŵakujumpha hafu ŵali na vyaka 25 kukhilira pasi. Unandi wa ŵanthu mu Africa ukakwera kufuma pa 229 miliyoni mu 1950 kufika pa 630 miliyoni mu 1990.<ref>[http://www.geohive.com/earth/his_proj_africa.aspx Past and future population of Africa] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150924044751/http://www.geohive.com/earth/his_proj_africa.aspx |date=24 September 2015 }}. Source: United Nations, Department of Economic and Social Affairs, Population Division (2013)</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.overpopulation.org/Africa.html|title=Africa Population Dynamics|publisher=overpopulation.org|access-date=26 July 2007|archive-date=17 February 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150217040305/http://www.overpopulation.org/Africa.html|url-status=live}}</ref> Kufika mu chaka cha 2021, chiŵelengero cha ŵanthu mu Africa chikukwana 1.4 billion. Ŵanthu ŵanandi chomene mu Africa kuluska mu vyaru vinyake; ŵanthu ŵanandi chomene mu Africa kuluska mu Europe mu vyaka vya m'ma 1990, apo ŵanthu ŵanandi chomene mu America ŵakajumpha mu vyaka vya m'ma 2000; ŵanthu ŵanandi chomene mu Africa kuluska mu vyaru viŵiri pera ivyo vili na ŵanthu ŵanandi. Kuyana na ivyo vikuchitika mu vyaru vinyake, ciŵelengero ca ŵana awo ŵazamubabika mu Africa cizamufika pa 37% mu 2050. Chiŵelengero cha ŵana awo ŵakubabika mu vyaru vya ku Sub-Saharan Africa (ŵana pa mwanakazi yumoza) chikaŵa 4.7 mu 2018. Vyaru vyose vya ku sub-Saharan Africa vikaŵa na TFR (chiŵelengero cha ŵana) kuluska awo ŵakababika mu 2019 ndipo vikaŵa na 27.1% ya awo ŵakababika ŵamoyo pa charu chose. Mu 2021, vyaru vya ku sub-Saharan Africa vikaŵa na 29% vya ŵanthu awo ŵakababika pa charu chose.<ref>{{cite book|url=https://www.un.org/development/desa/pd/sites/www.un.org.development .desa.pd/files/wpp2022_summary_of_results.pdf|title=World Population Prospects 2022. Summary of Results|location=New York|author=[[United Nations]]. Department of Economic and Social Affairs|page=14}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.thelancet.com/journals/lancet/article/PIIS0140-6736(20)30977-6/fulltext|title=Global age-sex-specific fertility, mortality, healthy life expectancy (HALE), and population estimates in 204 countries and territories, 1950-2019: a comprehensive demographic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2019|publisher=[[The Lancet]]}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Fertility rate, total (births per woman) - Sub-Saharan Africa |url=https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/SP.DYN.TFRT.IN?locations=ZG |website=The World Bank |access-date=29 May 2020 |archive-date=13 May 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200513095844/https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/SP.DYN.TFRT.IN?locations=ZG |url-status=live }}</ref> Ŵanthu awo ŵakuyowoya viyowoyero vya Bantu (viyowoyero vya mu banja la Niger na Congo) ndiwo ŵanandi chomene kumwera, pakati na kumwera kwa Africa. Ŵanthu ŵa ku Sahel awo ŵakayowoyanga ciyowoyero ca Bantu ŵakamba kuthandazgika mu vigaŵa vinandi vya ku Africa.<ref>Luc-Normand Tellier (2009). ''[https://books.google.com/books?id=cXuCjDbxC1YC Urban world history: an economic and geographical perspective] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150924171325/https://books.google.com/books?id=cXuCjDbxC1YC |date=24 September 2015 }}''. PUQ. p. 204. {{ISBN|2-7605-1588-5}}</ref> Kweni mu South Sudan na East Africa muli ŵanthu ŵanandi ŵa mtundu wa Nilotic, ŵanthu ŵa mtundu wa Swahili awo ŵakukhala mumphepete mwa nyanja ya Swahili, kweniso ŵanthu ŵachoko waka ŵa mtundu wa Khoisan ("San" panji "Bushmen"). Ŵanthu ŵa ku Africa awo ŵakuyowoya chiyowoyero cha Bantu ŵakusangika chomene ku Gabon na Equatorial Guinea. Mu chipalamba cha Kalahari, kumwera kwa Africa, ŵanthu awo ŵakumanyikwa na zina lakuti Bushmen (panji kuti "San", awo ŵakukolerana chomene na "Hottentots" kweni ŵakupambana na iwo) ŵakakhalako nyengo yitali. Ŵanthu ŵa mtundu wa San ŵakupambana chomene na ŵanthu ŵanyake ŵa mu Africa. Ŵanthu ŵa mtundu wa Pygmy ndiwo ŵakakhalanga mu Africaa.<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20100525095020/http://www.timesonline.co.uk/tol/news/world/article402970.ece Pygmies struggle to survive in war zone where abuse is routine] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100525095020/http://www.timesonline.co.uk/tol/news/world/article402970.ece |date=25 May 2010 }}. ''Times Online''. 16 December 2004</ref> Ŵanthu ŵa ku West Africa ŵakuyowoya viyowoyero vya Niger na Congo, ndipo ŵanandi mwa ŵanthu aŵa ŵakuyowoya viyowoyero vya ŵanthu ŵa mitundu yinyake. Mtundu wa Yoruba, Igbo, Fulani, Akan, na Wolof ndiwo ni ukuru chomene pa mitundu yose. Mu chigaŵa chapakati cha Sahara, ŵanthu ŵa mtundu wa Mandinka panji Mande ndiwo ŵakumanyikwa chomene. Ŵanthu awo ŵakuyowoya chiyowoyero cha Chadic, kusazgapo Ŵahasa, ŵakukhala kumpoto chomene kwa Sahara, ndipo ŵanthu ŵa ku Nilo-Sahara, nga ni Ŵasonghai, Kanuri, na Zarma, ŵakukhala kumafumiro gha dazi kwa Africa. [[Image:African_countries_by_HDI_(2019).png|thumb|upright=1.2|left| {| width="100%" style="background:transparent;" | Map of Africa indicating [[Human Development Index]] (2018). |-Africa | {{Col-begin}} {{Col-break}} {{Legend|#00C400|0.800–0.849}} {{Legend|#00F900|0.750–0.799}} {{Legend|#D3FF00|0.700–0.749}} {{Legend|#FFFF00|0.650–0.699}} {{Legend|#FFD215|0.600–0.649}} {{Legend|#FFA83C|0.550–0.599}} {{Col-break}} {{Legend|#FF852F|0.500–0.549}} {{Legend|#FF5B00|0.450–0.499}} {{Legend|#FF0000|0.400–0.449}} {{Legend|#A70000|≤ 0.399}} {{Legend|#D9D9D9|No data}} {{Col-end}} |}]] Ŵanthu ŵa ku North Africa ŵali mu magulu ghatatu: Ŵa Berber kumpoto cha kumanjiliro gha dazi, Ŵaeguputo kumpoto cha kumafumiro gha dazi, na ŵanthu ŵakuyowoya chiyowoyero cha Nile na Sahara kumafumiro gha dazi. Ŵaarabu awo ŵakafika mu vyaka vya m'ma 700 C.E. ŵakamba kuyowoya Chiarabu na Chisilamu ku North Africa. ŴaFenikiya (awo ŵakakhazikiska msumba wa Carthage) na Ŵahyksos, Ŵaalani ŵa ku Indo-Iran, Ŵagiriki ŵa ku Indo-Europe, Ŵaroma, na Ŵavandali nawo ŵakakhala ku North Africa. Ŵanthu ŵanandi ŵa ku Berber ŵakukhala mu vyaru vya Morocco na Algeria, ndipo mu vyaru vinyake vya ku Tunisia na Libya, ŵanthu awo ŵakuyowoya chi Berber ŵalipo.<ref>{{cite news|title=Q&A: The Berbers|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/africa/3509799.stm|access-date=30 December 2013|newspaper=BBC News|date=12 March 2004|archive-date=12 January 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180112181804/http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/africa/3509799.stm|url-status=live}}</ref> Ŵanthu ŵa mtundu wa Tuareg awo ŵakuyowoya Chiberberberia na ŵanthu ŵanyake awo ŵakukhala mu vigaŵa vinyake, ndiwo ŵakukhala chomene mu chigaŵa cha Sahara ku North Africa. Ku Mauritania, kumpoto kuli ŵanthu ŵachoko waka ŵa mtundu wa Berber awo ŵali kufwa, ndipo kumwera kuli ŵanthu ŵa mtundu wa Niger na Congo. Ku Sudan, ŵanthu ŵanandi ŵakuyowoya Chiarabu na Chiarabu, kweni ŵanthu awo ŵakayowoyanga chiyowoyero ichi mbanandi chomene. Ŵanthu ŵachokoŵachoko ŵa mtundu wa Beja awo ŵakayowoyanga chiyowoyero cha ku Africa na Asia ŵakusangikaso ku Egypt na Sudan. Ku Africa, ŵanthu ŵa ku Ethiopia na Eritrea (nga mba Amhara na Tigray, awo ŵakumanyikwa na zina lakuti Habesha) ŵakuyowoya viyowoyero vya ku Semite, apo Ŵa Oromo na Ŵasomali ŵakuyowoya viyowoyero vya ku Cushitic. Pambere Nkhondo Yachiŵiri ya Caru Cose yindambe, ŵanthu ŵa ku Europe ŵakakhalanga mu vigaŵa vyose vya Africa. Mu vyaka vya m'ma 1960 na 1970, ŵanthu ŵanandi ŵakafumako ku vyaru vinyake, comenecomene ku Algeria na Morocco (1,6 miliyoni ku North Africa), Kenya, Congo, Rhodesia, Mozambique na Angola. Pakati pa 1975 na 1977, ŵanthu ŵakujumpha 1 miliyoni ŵakawelera ku Portugal. Ndipouli, ŵanthu ŵazungu ŵa mu Africa ndiwo ŵachoko chomene mu vyaru vinandi vya mu Africa, chomenechomene mu Zimbabwe, Namibia, Réunion, na South Africa. Charu icho chili na ŵanthu ŵanandi chomene ŵazungu mu Africa ni South Africa. Ŵanthu ŵa ku Netherlands na Britain ndiwo ŵali na mbumba zikuru comene za ŵanthu ŵa ku Europe.<ref name=World>{{cite encyclopedia|date=1989|title=Africa|encyclopedia=[[World Book Encyclopedia]]|publisher=World Book, Inc.|location=Chicago|isbn=978-0-7166-1289-6|url-access=registration|url=https://archive.org/details/1989worldbookencyclo22worl}}</ref> Kweniso ŵanthu ŵanandi ŵa ku Asia, chomenechomene awo ŵakafuma ku India, ŵakiza ku Britain. Ku South Africa kuli ŵanthu ŵanandi ŵa ku India, ndipo ku Kenya, Tanzania, na vyaru vinyake vya kumwera na kumwera kwa Africa kuli ŵanthu ŵachoko waka. Mu 1972, Fumu Idi Amin yikachimbizga ŵanthu ŵanandi ŵa ku India mu Uganda, kweni ŵanandi ŵa iwo ŵali kuwelera. Kweniso mu virwa vya mu Nyanja ya Indian mukukhala ŵanthu ŵa ku Asia. Ŵanthu ŵa ku Madagascar mba ku Austronesia, kweni awo ŵakukhala mumphepete mwa nyanja ŵakusazgikana na ŵanthu ŵa ku Bantu, Arabia, India, na Europe. Ŵanthu ŵa ku Malaŵi na ku India ndiwo ŵali mu gulu la ŵanthu awo ku South Africa ŵakuchemeka Cape Coloured (ŵanthu awo ŵali kufuma ku mitundu yiŵiri panji kujumpha apa). Mu virimika vya m'ma 1900, ŵanthu ŵa ku Lebanon na ŵa ku China ŵakakhalanga mu misumba yikuruyikuru iyo yili mumphepete mwa nyanja ya kumanjiliro gha dazi na kumafumiro gha dazi kwa Africa.<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20111224135631/http://www.voanews.com/english/news/a-13-2007-07-10-voa46.html Naomi Schwarz, "Lebanese Immigrants Boost West African Commerce"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111224135631/http://www.voanews.com/english/news/a-13-2007-07-10-voa46.html |date=24 December 2011 }}, VOANews.com, 10 July 2007</ref> === Ŵanyake ŵakuwona kuti ŵanthu ŵa mu Africa ŵakukhala mu vyaru vinandi chomene. (lternative Estimates of African Population, 0–2018 AD (in thousands) === ) Ukaboni: Maddison and others. (University of Groningen).<ref name="ggdc.net">{{cite web|url=http://www.ggdc.net/maddison/other_books/appendix_B.pdf|title=Growth of World Population, GDP and GDP Per Capita before 1820|author=Maddison|date=27 July 2016 |access-date=17 July 2019|archive-date=12 February 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210212183845/http://www.ggdc.net/maddison/other_books/appendix_B.pdf|url-status=live}}</ref> {| class="wikitable " style="text-align:right" |- ! scope="col" |Year<ref name="ggdc.net"/> ! scope="col" |0 ! scope="col" |1000 ! scope="col" |1500 ! scope="col" |1600 ! scope="col" |1700 ! scope="col" |1820 ! scope="col" |1870 ! scope="col" |1913 ! scope="col" |1950 ! scope="col" |1973 ! scope="col" |1998 ! scope="col" |2018 ! scope="col" |2100<br>(projected) |- |'''Africa''' |16 500 |33 000 |46 000 |55 000 |61 000 |74 208 |90 466 |124 697 |228 342 |387 645 |759 954 |1 321 000<ref name="worldometers"/> |3 924 421<ref name=":6">{{Cite web |title=Five key findings from the 2022 UN Population Prospects |url=https://ourworldindata.org/world-population-update-2022 |access-date=2022-07-23 |website=Our World in Data}}</ref> |- |'''World''' |230 820 |268 273 |437 818 |555 828 |603 410 |1 041 092 |1 270 014 |1 791 020 |2 524 531 |3 913 482 |5 907 680 |7 500 000<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.census.gov/newsroom/stories/2018/world-population.html|title=World Population Day: July 11, 2018|website=United States Census Bureau|date=11 July 2018|access-date=18 July 2019|archive-date=18 July 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190718064224/https://www.census.gov/newsroom/stories/2018/world-population.html|url-status=live}}</ref> |10 349 323<ref name=":6" /> |} === Shares of Africa and World Population, 0–2020 AD (% of world total) === Ukaboni: Maddison and others (University of Groningen).<ref name="ggdc.net"/> {| class="wikitable " style="text-align:right" |- ! scope="col" |Chaka<ref name="ggdc.net"/> ! scope="col" |0 ! scope="col" |1000 ! scope="col" |1500 ! scope="col" |1600 ! scope="col" |1700 ! scope="col" |1820 ! scope="col" |1870 ! scope="col" |1913 ! scope="col" |1950 ! scope="col" |1973 ! scope="col" |1998 ! scope="col" |2020 ! scope="col" |2100<br/>(projected) |- |'''Afilika''' |7.1 |12.3 |10.5 |9.9 |10.1 |7.1 |7.1 |7.0 |9.0 |9.9 |12.9 |18.2<ref name="worldometers">{{cite web|url=https://www.worldometers.info/world-population/africa-population/|title=Africa Population (LIVE)|website=worldometers.info|access-date=17 July 2019|archive-date=2 September 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200902033531/https://www.worldometers.info/world-population/africa-population/|url-status=live}}</ref> |39.4<ref name="www.pewresearch.org/fact-tank">{{cite web|website=Pew Research Center|url=https://www.pewresearch.org/fact-tank/2019/06/17/worlds-population-is-projected-to-nearly-stop-growing-by-the-end-of-the-century/|title=World's population is projected to nearly stop growing by the end of the century|author1=ANTHONY CILLUFFO|author2= NEIL G. RUIZ|date=17 June 2019}}</ref> |} ===Chisopo=== [[File:Religion distribution Africa crop.png|A map showing religious distribution in Africa|thumb|upright=1.1]] {{Main|Religion in Africa}} {{See also||African divination}} Nangauli ŵanthu ŵa ku Africa ŵali na visopa vyakupambanapambana, kweni ŵanandi ŵakuchindika visopa vya ku Africa. Ndipouli, para ŵanthu ŵafumbika panji kupendeka, ŵanandi ŵakujiyaniska na visopa vikuruvikuru ivyo vikafuma ku vyaru vinyake. Pali vifukwa vinandi, ndipo cimoza mwa vifukwa vikuru nchakuti ŵanthu ŵa mu vyaru vinyake ŵakagomezganga kuti visambizgo na maluso gha cisopa ca ku Africa ni viheni. Ntchakusuzga kusanga maukaboni gha visopa ivyo ŵanthu ŵakugomezga chifukwa kanandi maboma agho ŵanthu ŵakusopa mu visopa vyakupambanapambana ghakughanaghanapo chomene pa nkhani iyi.<ref name=stanford>{{cite web|url=http://library.stanford.edu/africa/religion.html|title=African Religion on the Internet |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060902182749/http://library.stanford.edu/africa/religion.html |archive-date=2 September 2006 |url-status=dead |publisher=[[Stanford University]]}}</ref><ref name=NYT>{{cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2001/11/01/world/rising-muslim-power-in-africa-causes-unrest-in-nigeria-and-elsewhere-963950.html|date=1 November 2001|title=Rising Muslim Power in Africa Causing Unrest in Nigeria and Elsewhere|first=Normitsu|last=Onishi|work=The New York Times|access-date=1 March 2009}}{{dead link|date=July 2022|bot=medic}}{{cbignore|bot=medic}}</ref>Buku linyake likuti visopa vikuru comene mu Africa ni Cisilamu na Cikhristu. Buku linyake likuti, ŵanthu 45 pa ŵanthu 100 ŵaliwose mu caru ici Mbakhristu, 40 pa ŵanthu 100 ŵaliwose Mbasilamu, ndipo 10 pa ŵanthu 100 ŵaliwose ŵali mu visopa vyawo. Ŵanandi mwa ŵanthu aŵa mba Chihindu, Chibuda, Chiconfucian, Chibahai, panji Chiyuda. Kweniso mu Africa muli ŵanthu ŵachoko waka awo ŵakusopa yayi. ===Viyowoyelo=== {{Main|Languages of Africa}} {{See also|Writing systems of Africa#Indigenous writing systems}} Ŵanthu ŵanandi ŵakuyowoya viyowoyero vyakujumpha 1,000 mu Africa (UNESCO yikuti viyowoyero ivi ni 2,000).<ref>{{cite web|url=http://portal.unesco.org/ci/en/ev.php-URL_ID=8048&URL_DO=DO_TOPIC&URL_SECTION=201.html |title=Africa |date=2005 |publisher=UNESCO |access-date=1 March 2009 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080602050234/http://portal.unesco.org/ci/en/ev.php-URL_ID%3D8048%26URL_DO%3DDO_TOPIC%26URL_SECTION%3D201.html |archive-date= 2 June 2008 |url-status=dead}}</ref> Ŵanandi ŵali kufuma ku Africa, kweni ŵanyake ŵali kufuma ku Europe panji Asia. Charu cha Africa chili na viyowoyero vinandi chomene pa charu chose chapasi, ndipo ŵanthu ŵanandi ŵakuyowoya viyowoyero vinandi vya ku Africa: [[File:Map of African language families.svg|thumb|upright=1.2|A simplistic view of language families spoken in Africa]] * Viyowoyero vya Afroasiatic ni viyowoyero vya ŵanthu ŵakujumpha 285 miliyoni awo ŵakuyowoya viyowoyero pafupifupi 240 mu Africa, kumpoto kwa Africa, Sahel, na kumwera kwa Asia. * Viyowoyero vya ku Nilo na Sahara ni viyowoyero vyakujumpha 100 ivyo vikuyowoyeka na ŵanthu 30 miliyoni. Viyowoyero vya ku Nilo-Sahara vikuyowoyeka na ŵanthu ŵa ku Chad, Ethiopia, Kenya, Nigeria, Sudan, South Sudan, Uganda, na kumpoto kwa Tanzania. * Viyowoyero vya Niger-Congo vikusangika mu vigaŵa vinandi vya ku Africa. Kuyana na chiŵelengero cha viyowoyero ivyo vikuyowoyeka, chiyowoyero ichi ndicho ntchikuru chomene mu Africa, ndipo panji ntchikuru chomene pa charu chose. * Viyowoyero vya Khoisan vilipo pafupifupi 50 ndipo vikuyowoyeka na ŵanthu pafupifupi 400,000 ku Southern Africa.<ref>{{cite web|title=Khoisan Languages|url=http://www.languagesgulper.com/eng/Khoisan.html|website=The Language Gulper|access-date=2 January 2017|archive-date=25 January 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170125082754/http://languagesgulper.com/eng/Khoisan.html|url-status=live}}</ref>Viyowoyero vinandi vya ku Khoisan vili pafupi kumara. Ŵanthu ŵa mtundu wa Khoi na San ndiwo ŵakakhalanga mu chigaŵa ichi. Mu vyaru vinandi vya mu Africa, ŵanthu ŵakayowoyanga viyowoyero vyakupambanapambana, kweni viyowoyero ivi vikamanyikwanga na boma. Mu vyaru vinandi, Cingelezi na Cifurenci (wonani Cifurenci ca ku Africa) vikugwiliskirika nchito pakudumbiskana na ŵanthu nga ni boma, malonda, masambiro na vyakupharazga. Chiarabic, Ciphwitikizi, Cifrikaans na Cisipanishi ni viyelezgero vya viyowoyero ivyo vikamba ku Africa, ndipo ŵanthu ŵanandi mu Africa ŵakuviyowoya mazuŵa ghano. Ŵanthu ŵanyake awo ŵakakhalanga mu vyaru ivyo kale vikaŵa pasi pa Italy ŵakayowoyanga Citaliyan. Ku Namibia ŵanthu ŵakuyowoya Cijeremani cifukwa kukaŵa caru ico kale cikalongozgekanga na ŵa German. ===Umoyo=== [[File:HIV in Africa 2011.svg|thumb|upright=1.1|Prevalence of HIV/AIDS in Africa, total (% of population ages 15–49), in 2011 ([[World Bank]]) {| style="width:100%;" |- | valign=top | {{legend|#2b0000|over 15%}} {{legend|#800000|5–15%}} {{legend|#d40000|2–5%}} {{legend|#ff2a2a|1–2%}} {{legend|#ff9955|0.5-1%}} {{legend|#ffb380|0.1–0.5%}} {{legend|#b9b9b9|not available}} |}]] Ŵanthu ŵakujumpha 85% mu Africa ŵakugwiliskira ntchito munkhwala wa maluso gha ŵanthu ŵa mitundu yose m'malo mwa munkhwala wakuchemeka allopathic, uwo ukuŵa wakudura chomene. Wupu wa African Unity (OAU) Ŵalongozgi ŵa vyaru na maboma ŵati vyaka vya m'ma 2000 ni vyaka vya m'ma 2000 vya vyakurya vya ku Africa mu chilato cha kukhozga fundo ya WHO ya ku Africa ya kuzenga vyakurya vya ku Africa mu vyakurya vya ku Africa.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Kofi-Tsekpo |first1=Mawuli |title=Editorial: Institutionalization of African Traditional Medicine in Health Care Systems in Africa |journal=African Journal of Health Sciences |date=11 February 2005 |volume=11 |issue=1 |pages=i-ii |doi=10.4314/ajhs.v11i1.30772 |pmid=17298111 }}</ref> Awo ŵakupanga malango gha boma mu cigaŵa ici ŵakususkika cifukwa ca kuzirwa kwa ndondomeko za umoyo za ŵanthu ŵa ciyowoyero cawo ndiposo usange kuŵapo kwawo pamoza na vyakurya vya mazuŵa ghano kungakhozga urunji na kuŵapo kwa wovwiri wa munkhwala, umoyo wa ŵanthu, ndiposo umo vyaru vya ku sub-Saharan Africa vikukulira. Nthenda ya AIDS njakuzara comene mu vyaru vya ku Africa. Nangauli mu Africa muli ŵanthu ŵakujumpha 15.2 pa ŵanthu 100 pa caru cose, kweni pa ŵanthu wose awo ŵali na nthenda iyi pa caru cose, ŵanthu 35 miliyoni ŵakaŵa ŵa ku Africa. Mu 2011, mu vyaru vya ku Africa pera, ŵanthu 69 pa ŵanthu 100 ŵaliwose ŵakaŵa na HIV ndipo 70 pa ŵanthu 100 ŵaliwose ŵakafwa na AIDS. Mu vyaru vya ku Africa kumwera kwa Sahara, umo nthenda ya AIDS yikusuzga comene, ŵanthu ŵanandi ŵakufwa cifukwa ca nthenda iyi. Kweniso, mu vigaŵa vinandi vya mu Africa, umoyo wa ŵanthu ukukhala pacoko comene cifukwa ca nthenda ya HIV/AIDS.<ref>{{Cite book|title=The Oxford Encyclopedia of The Modern World|last=Stearns|first=Peter N. | name-list-style = vanc |publisher=Oxford University Press|year=2008|pages=556}}</ref> ==Mwambo== {{Main|Mwambo wa Afilika}} [[File:Wassu Stone Circle.jpg|thumb|Vinthu ivi vili mu charu cha Gambia na Senegal.]] Mu vyaka vyasonosono apa, ŵanthu ŵakutondeka kulondezga mitheto yinyake ya mu Africa chifukwa cha kuyuyulika na kusuzgika na maboma gha ŵanthu. Mwaciyerezgero, mitheto ya ku Africa yikakanizgika, ndipo viyowoyero vya ku Africa vikakanizgika mu masukulu gha ŵamishonale. Leopold II wa ku Belgium wakayezga "kusambizga" ŵanthu ŵa mu Africa mwa kukanizga kutora ŵanakazi ŵanandi na uloyi.<ref name="pearsonhighered.com">{{Cite web |title=Pearsonhighered.com |url=http://www.pearsonhighered.com/assets/hip/us/hip_us_pearsonhighered/samplechapter/0205208606.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150501070358/http://www.pearsonhighered.com/assets/hip/us/hip_us_pearsonhighered/samplechapter/0205208606.pdf |archive-date=1 May 2015}}</ref> Obidoh Freeborn wakughanaghana kuti ukoloni ni cinthu cimoza ico cikapangiska kuti luso la ku Africa liŵe la mazuŵa ghano. Kuyana na umo Douglas Fraser na Herbert M. Cole wakati: "Vinthu vikasintha mwamabuchi mu boma chifukwa cha muwuso wa ŵasilikari. Fraser na Cole ŵakayowoya kuti mu Igboland, vinthu vinyake vya luso "vikusoŵa nkhongono na luso nga umo vikaŵira na vinthu vyakwambilira ivyo vikachitikanga mu nyengo yakale. Chika Okeke-Agulu, uyo ni mulembi wa mabuku, wakati: "Ufumu wa Britain ukapangiska kuti ŵanthu ŵaleke kuzomerezga kuti caru ca Africa ciŵe na mazaza paŵekha kweniso kuti ŵanthu ŵaleke kutemwana".<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ojPJBwAAQBAJ&pg=PT63|title=Postcolonial Modernism: Art and Decolonization in Twentieth-Century Nigeria|first=Chika|last=Okeke-Agulu|year=2015|publisher=Duke University Press|isbn=978-0-8223-7630-9|page=63|access-date=18 December 2015|archive-date=11 June 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200611035844/https://books.google.com/books?id=ojPJBwAAQBAJ&pg=PT63|url-status=live}}</ref> Awo ŵakung'anamura F. Abiola Irele na Simon Gikandi ŵakayowoya kuti mabuku gha mu Africa ghakaŵako cifukwa ca "kukumana pakati pa Africa na Europe". Kweni Mhoze Chikowero wakugomezga kuti ŵanthu ŵa ku Africa ŵakagwiliskiranga ntchito sumu, kuvina, vyauzimu, na mitheto yinyake kuti ŵajiwonenge kuti mbanthu ŵakujiyimira ŵekha na ŵavinjeru. Pasono ŵanthu ŵakuyezgayezga chomene kuti ŵamanye makora mitheto ya ku Africa, nga umo vikaŵira na gulu la ŵanthu ŵakuchemeka African Renaissance, awo ŵakalongozgekanga na Thabo Mbeki. Kuzakafika mu Malichi 2023, malo 98 gha mu Africa ghali kulembeka na UNESCO kuti ni malo gha Charu Chose. Pa malo agha, 54 ni malo ghakusungirako vinthu vyakuthupi, 39 ni malo ghakusungirako vinthu vyakuthupi, ndipo 5 ni malo ghakupambanapambana. Malo 15 gha mu Africa ghali pa Mndandanda wa Vinthu Vya Caru Cose Ivyo Vili pa Suzgo.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Africa |url=https://whc.unesco.org/en/africa/ |access-date=30 March 2023 |website=UNESCO World Heritage Convention}}</ref> ===Visual art=== [[File:Nok sculpture Louvre 70-1998-11-1.jpg|thumb|upright=1.1| Chizindikiro cha Nok (zaka za m'ma 500 BCE-5 CE)]] {{Excerpt|African art|paragraph=1,2,3,4,5||only=paragraphs}} ===Architecture=== {{Excerpt|Architecture of Africa|paragraph=1,2,3|file=1}} ===Cinema=== {{Excerpt|Cinema of Africa|paragraphs=1-2|file=1}} ===Music=== [[File:Ke-Nako Music-Performance Vienna2008c.jpg|thumb|upright=0.7|A musician from South Africa]] {{Excerpt|Music of Africa|paragraph=1,2}} ===Dance=== {{Excerpt|African dance|paragraph=1,2|file=no}} ===Sports=== [[File:World cup african countries best results and hosts.png|thumb|Zotsatira zabwino kwambiri za timu za mpira za amuna zaku Africa pa FIFA World Cup]] Vyaru 54 vya mu Africa vili na magulu gha mpira mu wupu wa African Football Confederation. Eguputo wali kuthereska nkhonya ya Africa kankhondi na kaŵiri, ndipo wakukwaniska katatu. Cameroon, Nigeria, Morocco, Senegal, Ghana, na Algeria ŵafika ku vigaŵa vyaumaliro vya FIFA World Cup. Morocco yikalemba mbiri pa World Cup ya 2022 ku Qatar pakuŵa chalo chakwamba ku Africa kufika ku semi-final ya FIFA Men's World Cup. Charu cha South Africa chikapokelera maseŵera gha World Cup mu 2010, ndipo chikaŵa charu chakwamba cha ku Africa kuchita nthena. Magulu ghapachanya mu kilabu yiliyose ya mpira wa ku Africa ghakuseŵera mu CAF Champions League, apo magulu ghapasi ghakuseŵera mu CAF Confederation Cup. Mu vyaka vyasonosono apa, caru ca Africa caŵa na malo ghaphya gha maseŵero gha basketball agho ghazengeka mu misumba yakupambanapambana nga ni Cairo, Dakar, Johannesburg, Kigali, Luanda na Rades. Chiŵerengero cha osewera a basketball a ku Africa omwe adalemba ku NBA chakhala chikukula kwambiri m'ma 2010.<ref>{{cite news |first=Lee |last=Nxumalo |title=Basketball's next frontier is Africa |url=https://www.newframe.com/basketballs-next-frontier-is-africa/ |access-date=11 January 2021 |work=New Frame |date=20 December 2020 |archive-date=16 January 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210116062357/https://www.newframe.com/basketballs-next-frontier-is-africa/ |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Getting to know Africa's flashy basketball arenas |url=https://www.fiba.basketball/news/getting-to-know-africas-flashy-basketball-arenas |access-date=10 December 2020 |work=[[FIBA]] |date=2 September 2019 |archive-date=7 January 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210107193242/https://www.fiba.basketball/news/getting-to-know-africas-flashy-basketball-arenas |url-status=live }}</ref> Mu vyaru vinyake vya mu Africa, ŵanthu ŵakutemwa comene maseŵero gha cricket. Charu cha South Africa na Zimbabwe vili na chigaŵa cha Test, apo charu cha Kenya ndicho chili na chigaŵa chakwamba cha One Day International cricket (ODI). Vyaru vitatu ivi vikachitiska ungano wa Cricket World Cup mu 2003. Charu cha Namibia ndico nchigaŵa cinyake ca mu Africa ico cacitapo maseŵera gha pa caru cose. Charu cha Morocco, icho chili kumpoto kwa Africa, ndicho chikachitiskaso maseŵero gha Morocco Cup mu 2002, kweni charu ichi chindachiteko maseŵero ghakuru. Mu vyaru vinandi vya kumwera kwa Africa, ŵanthu ŵakutemwa comene maseŵero gha rugby. Namibia na Zimbabwe wose ŵaŵapo kanandi waka pa Rugby World Cup, apo South Africa ndiyo yikwenda makora chomene (pamoza na New Zealand) pa Rugby World Cup, pakuti yikawina katatu, mu 1995, 2007, na 2019.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.rugbyworldcup.com/2023/news/608463/rwc-2023-spotlight-south-africa|title=RWC 2023 Spotlight: South Africa ｜ Rugby World Cup 2023|website=www.rugbyworldcup.com|access-date=29 May 2021|archive-date=2 June 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210602213126/https://www.rugbyworldcup.com/2023/news/608463/rwc-2023-spotlight-south-africa|url-status=live}}</ref> == Vigaŵa na malo == {{Main|List of regions of Africa|List of sovereign states and dependent territories in Africa}} {{center|{{Africa Labelled Map}}}} Vyaru ivyo vili pa tabuleti iyi vyalembeka kuyana na ndondomeko ya vigaŵa ivyo vikuzunulika na wupu wa United Nations. Para pali mphambano, fundo zikulongosoreka makora. <!--{{editnote | NOTE: If you have arguments or evidence to the contrary, please provide them on the talk page and await until the consensus supports making proposed edits. Thank you!--> <!--begin country info tables--> {| class="wikitable sortable" style="margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto; border:1px solid #aaa;" |- style="background:#ececec;" ! class="unsortable" style="width:20px" | ! class="unsortable" style="width:20px" | Chidindo cha boma ! Zina la chigaŵa panji charu, na ndembera{{efn|Continental regions as per [[United Nations geoscheme for Africa|UN categorizations/map]].}} ! data-sort-type="number" | [[List of countries and dependencies by area|Area]]<br>(km²) ! data-sort-type="number" | [[List of countries and dependencies by population|Population]]<ref name="uscen">{{cite web|url=https://www.census.gov\/cgi-bin/ipc/idbrank.pl|title=IDB: Countries Ranked by Population|date=28 November 1999|url-status=bot: unknown|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/19991128111024/http://www.census.gov/cgi-bin/ipc/idbrank.pl|archive-date=28 November 1999}}</ref> ! Chaka ! data-sort-type="number" | [[List of countries and dependencies by population density|Density]]<br>(per km²) ! Msumba waboma ! [[Language|Name(s) in official language(s)]] ! [[ISO 3166-1 alpha-3|ISO 3166-1]] |- style="background:#eee;" |colspan="10" style="text-align:center;"|'''North Africa''' |- | style="text-align:center" | {{Coat of arms|text=none|Algeria}} | style="text-align:center" | {{flagicon|Algeria}} | [[Algeria]] |style="text-align:right;"|2,381,740 |style="text-align:right;"|46,731,000 |style="text-align:right;"|2022 |style="text-align:right;"|17.7 |[[Algiers]] | الجزائر (al-Jazāʾir)/Algérie | DZA |- | style="text-align:center" | {{Coat of arms|text=none|Canary Islands}} | style="text-align:center" | {{flagicon|Canary Islands}} |[[Canary Islands]] (Spain){{efn|The Spanish [[Canary Islands]], of which [[Las Palmas de Gran Canaria]] are [[Santa Cruz de Tenerife]] are co-capitals, are often considered part of Northern Africa due to their relative proximity to [[Morocco]] and [[Western Sahara]]; population and area figures are for 2001.}} |style="text-align:right;"|7,492 |style="text-align:right;"|2,154,905 |style="text-align:right;"|2017 |style="text-align:right;"|226 |[[Las Palmas de Gran Canaria]],<br>[[Santa Cruz de Tenerife]] | Canarias | IC |- | style="text-align:center" | {{Coat of arms|text=none|Italy}} | style="text-align:center" | {{flagicon|Italy}} | style="text-align:left" | [[Pelagie Islands]] (Italy) |style="text-align:right;"| 25.5 |style="text-align:right;"| 6,556 |style="text-align:right;"| 2019 |style="text-align:right;"| 247 | style="text-align:left" | [[Lampedusa]] | Pelagie/Isole Pelagie/Ìsuli Pilaggî | ITA |- | style="text-align:center" | {{Coat of arms|text=none|Ceuta}} | style="text-align:center" | {{flagicon|Ceuta}} |[[Ceuta]] (Spain){{efn|The Spanish [[exclave]] of [[Ceuta]] is surrounded on land by Morocco in Northern Africa; population and area figures are for 2001.}} |style="text-align:right;"|20 |style="text-align:right;"|85,107 |style="text-align:right;"|2017 |style="text-align:right;"|3,575 |— | Ceuta/Sebta/سَبْتَة (Sabtah) | EA |- | style="text-align:center" | {{Coat of arms|text=none|Egypt}} | style="text-align:center" | {{flagicon|Egypt}} |[[Egypt]]{{efn|[[Egypt]] is generally considered a [[List of transcontinental countries|transcontinental country]] in Northern Africa (UN region) and Western Asia; population and area figures are for African portion only, west of the [[Suez Canal]].}} |style="text-align:right;"|1,001,450 |style="text-align:right;"|82,868,000 |style="text-align:right;"|2012 |style="text-align:right;"|83 |[[Cairo]] | مِصر (Miṣr) | EGY |- | style="text-align:center" | {{Coat of arms|text=none|Libya}} | style="text-align:center" | {{flagicon|Libya}} |[[Libya]] |style="text-align:right;"|1,759,540 |style="text-align:right;"|6,310,434 |style="text-align:right;"|2009 |style="text-align:right;"|4 |[[Tripoli, Libya|Tripoli]] | ليبيا (Lībiyā) | LBY |- | style="text-align:center" | {{Coat of arms|text=none|Madeira}} | style="text-align:center" | {{flagicon|Madeira}} |[[Madeira]] (Portugal){{efn|The Portuguese [[Madeira Islands]] are often considered part of Northern Africa due to their relative proximity to Morocco; population and area figures are for 2001.}} |style="text-align:right;"|797 |style="text-align:right;"|245,000 |style="text-align:right;"|2001 |style="text-align:right;"|307 |[[Funchal]] | Madeira | PRT-30 |- | style="text-align:center" | {{Coat of arms|text=none|Melilla}} | style="text-align:center" | {{flagicon|Melilla}} |[[Melilla]] (Spain){{efn|The Spanish [[exclave]] of [[Melilla]] is surrounded on land by Morocco in Northern Africa; population and area figures are for 2001.}} |style="text-align:right;"|12 |style="text-align:right;"|85,116 |style="text-align:right;"|2017 |style="text-align:right;"|5,534 |— | Melilla/Mlilt/مليلية | EA |- | style="text-align:center" | {{Coat of arms|text=none|Morocco}} | style="text-align:center" | {{flagicon|Morocco}} |[[Morocco]] |style="text-align:right;"|446,550 |style="text-align:right;"|35,740,000 |style="text-align:right;"|2017 |style="text-align:right;"|78 |[[Rabat]] | المغرب (al-maḡrib)/ⵍⵎⵖⵔⵉⴱ (lmeɣrib)/Maroc | MAR |- | style="text-align:center" | {{Coat of arms|text=none|Tunisia}} | style="text-align:center" | {{flagicon|Tunisia}} |[[Tunisia]] |style="text-align:right;"|163,610 |style="text-align:right;"|10,486,339 |style="text-align:right;"|2009 |style="text-align:right;"|64 |[[Tunis]] | تونس (Tūnis)/Tunest/Tunisie | TUN |- | style="text-align:center" | {{Coat of arms|text=none|Western Sahara}} | style="text-align:center" | {{flagicon|Western Sahara}} | [[Western Sahara]]{{efn|name="Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic"|The territory of [[Western Sahara]] is claimed by the [[Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic]] and [[Morocco]]. The [[SADR]] is recognized as a sovereign state by the [[African Union]]. [[Morocco]] claims the entirety of the country as its [[Southern Provinces]]. Morocco administers 4/5 of the territory while the SADR controls 1/5. Morocco's annexation of this territory has not been recognized internationally.}} |style="text-align:right;"|266,000 |style="text-align:right;"|405,210 |style="text-align:right;"|2009 |style="text-align:right;"|2 |[[El Aaiún]] | الصحراء الغربية (aṣ-Ṣaḥrā' al-Gharbiyyah)/Taneẓroft Tutrimt/Sáhara Occidental | ESH |- style="background:#eee;" |colspan="10" style="text-align:center;"|'''Kumafumilo gha Dazi gha Afilika''' |- | style="text-align:center" | {{Coat of arms|text=none|Burundi}} | style="text-align:center" | {{flagicon|Burundi}} | [[Burundi]] |style="text-align:right;"|27,830 |style="text-align:right;"|8,988,091 |style="text-align:right;"|2009 |style="text-align:right;"|323 |[[Gitega]] | Uburundi/Burundi/Burundi | BDI |- | style="text-align:center" | {{Coat of arms|text=none|Comoros}} | style="text-align:center" | {{flagicon|Comoros}} | [[Comoros]] |style="text-align:right;"|2,170 |style="text-align:right;"|752,438 |style="text-align:right;"|2009 |style="text-align:right;"|347 |[[Moroni, Comoros|Moroni]] | Komori/Comores/جزر القمر (Juzur al-Qumur) | COM |- | style="text-align:center" | {{Coat of arms|text=none|Djibouti}} | style="text-align:center" | {{flagicon|Djibouti}} | [[Djibouti]] |style="text-align:right;"|23,000 |style="text-align:right;"|828,324 |style="text-align:right;"|2015 |style="text-align:right;"|22 |[[Djibouti (city)|Djibouti]] | Yibuuti/جيبوتي (Jībūtī)/Djibouti/Jabuuti | DJI |- | style="text-align:center" | {{Coat of arms|text=none|Eritrea}} | style="text-align:center" | {{flagicon|Eritrea}} | [[Eritrea]] |style="text-align:right;"|121,320 |style="text-align:right;"|5,647,168 |style="text-align:right;"|2009 |style="text-align:right;"|47 |[[Asmara]] | Eritrea | ERI |- | style="text-align:center" | {{Coat of arms|text=none|Ethiopia}} | style="text-align:center" | {{flagicon|Ethiopia}} | [[Ethiopia]] |style="text-align:right;"|1,127,127 |style="text-align:right;"|84,320,987 |style="text-align:right;"|2012 |style="text-align:right;"|75 |[[Addis Ababa]] | ኢትዮጵያ (Ītyōṗṗyā)/Itiyoophiyaa/ኢትዮጵያ/Itoophiyaa/Itoobiya/ኢትዮጵያ | ETH |- | style="text-align:center" | [[File:BlasonTAAF.svg|25px]] | style="text-align:center" | {{flagicon|French Southern and Antarctic Lands}} | [[French Southern and Antarctic Lands|French Southern Territories]] (France) |style="text-align:right;"|439,781 |style="text-align:right;"|100 |style="text-align:right;"|2019 |style="text-align:right;"|— |[[Saint-Pierre, Réunion|Saint Pierre]] | Terres australes et antarctiques françaises | FRA-TF |- | style="text-align:center" | {{Coat of arms|text=none|Kenya}} | style="text-align:center" | {{flagicon|Kenya}} | [[Kenya]] |style="text-align:right;"|582,650 |style="text-align:right;"|39,002,772 |style="text-align:right;"|2009 |style="text-align:right;"|66 |[[Nairobi]] | Kenya | KEN |- | style="text-align:center" | {{Coat of arms|text=none|Madagascar}} | style="text-align:center" | {{flagicon|Madagascar}} | [[Madagascar]] |style="text-align:right;"|587,040 |style="text-align:right;"|20,653,556 |style="text-align:right;"|2009 |style="text-align:right;"|35 |[[Antananarivo]] | Madagasikara/Madagascar | MDG |- | style="text-align:center" | {{Coat of arms|text=none|Malawi}} | style="text-align:center" | {{flagicon|Malawi}} |[[Malawi]] |style="text-align:right;"|118,480 |style="text-align:right;"|14,268,711 |style="text-align:right;"|2009 |style="text-align:right;"|120 |[[Lilongwe]] | Malaŵi/Malaŵi | MWI |- | style="text-align:center" | {{Coat of arms|text=none|Mauritius}} | style="text-align:center" | {{flagicon|Mauritius}} |[[Mauritius]] |style="text-align:right;"|2,040 |style="text-align:right;"|1,284,264 |style="text-align:right;"|2009 |style="text-align:right;"|630 |[[Port Louis]] | Maurice/Moris | MUS |- | style="text-align:center" | {{Coat of arms|text=none|Mayotte}} | style="text-align:center" | {{flagicon|Mayotte|local}} |[[Mayotte]] (France) |style="text-align:right;"|374 |style="text-align:right;"|223,765 |style="text-align:right;"|2009 |style="text-align:right;"|490 |[[Mamoudzou]] | Mayotte/Maore/Maiôty | MYT |- | style="text-align:center" | {{Coat of arms|text=none|Mozambique}} | style="text-align:center" | {{flagicon|Mozambique}} |[[Mozambique]] |style="text-align:right;"|801,590 |style="text-align:right;"|21,669,278 |style="text-align:right;"|2009 |style="text-align:right;"|27 |[[Maputo]] | Moçambique/Mozambiki/Msumbiji/Muzambhiki | MOZ |- | style="text-align:center" | {{Coat of arms|text=none|Réunion}} | style="text-align:center" | {{flagicon|Réunion}} | [[Réunion]] (France) |style="text-align:right;"|2,512 |style="text-align:right;"|743,981 |style="text-align:right;"|2002 |style="text-align:right;"|296 |[[Saint-Denis, Réunion|Saint Denis]] | La Réunion | FRA-RE |- | style="text-align:center" | {{Coat of arms|text=none|Rwanda}} | style="text-align:center" | {{flagicon|Rwanda}} | [[Rwanda]] |style="text-align:right;"|26,338 |style="text-align:right;"|10,473,282 |style="text-align:right;"|2009 |style="text-align:right;"|398 |[[Kigali]] | Rwanda | RWA |- | style="text-align:center" | {{Coat of arms|text=none|Seychelles}} | style="text-align:center" | {{flagicon|Seychelles}} |[[Seychelles]] |style="text-align:right;"|455 |style="text-align:right;"|87,476 |style="text-align:right;"|2009 |style="text-align:right;"|192 |[[Victoria, Seychelles|Victoria]] | Seychelles/Sesel | SYC |- | style="text-align:center" | {{Coat of arms|text=none|Somalia}} | style="text-align:center" | {{flagicon|Somalia}} |[[Somalia]] |style="text-align:right;"|637,657 |style="text-align:right;"|9,832,017 |style="text-align:right;"|2009 |style="text-align:right;"|15 |[[Mogadishu]] | 𐒈𐒝𐒑𐒛𐒐𐒘𐒕𐒖 (Soomaaliya) /الصومال (aṣ-Ṣūmāl) | SOM |- | style="text-align:center" | {{Coat of arms|text=none|Somaliland}} | style="text-align:center" | {{flagicon|Somaliland}} |[[Somaliland]] |style="text-align:right;"|176,120 |style="text-align:right;"|5,708,180 |style="text-align:right;"|2021 |style="text-align:right;"|25 |[[Hargeisa]] | Soomaaliland/صوماليلاند (Ṣūmālīlānd) | |- | style="text-align:center" | {{Coat of arms|text=none|South Sudan}} | style="text-align:center" | {{flagicon|South Sudan}} |[[South Sudan]] |style="text-align:right;"|619,745 |style="text-align:right;"|8,260,490 |style="text-align:right;"|2008 |style="text-align:right;"|13 |[[Juba]] | South Sudan | SSD |- | style="text-align:center" | {{Coat of arms|text=none|Sudan}} | style="text-align:center" | {{flagicon|Sudan}} |[[Sudan]] |style="text-align:right;"|1,861,484 |style="text-align:right;"|30,894,000 |style="text-align:right;"|2008 |style="text-align:right;"|17 |[[Khartoum]] | Sudan/السودان (as-Sūdān) | SDN |- | style="text-align:center" | {{Coat of arms|text=none|Tanzania}} | style="text-align:center" | {{flagicon|Tanzania}} |[[Tanzania]] |style="text-align:right;"|945,087 |style="text-align:right;"|44,929,002 |style="text-align:right;"|2009 |style="text-align:right;"|43 |[[Dodoma]] | Tanzania/Tanzania | TZA |- | style="text-align:center" | {{Coat of arms|text=none|Uganda}} | style="text-align:center" | {{flagicon|Uganda}} |[[Uganda]] |style="text-align:right;"|236,040 |style="text-align:right;"|32,369,558 |style="text-align:right;"|2009 |style="text-align:right;"|137 |[[Kampala]] | Uganda/Yuganda | UGA |- | style="text-align:center" | {{Coat of arms|text=none|Zambia}} | style="text-align:center" | {{flagicon|Zambia}} |[[Zambia]] |style="text-align:right;"|752,614 |style="text-align:right;"|11,862,740 |style="text-align:right;"|2009 |style="text-align:right;"|16 |[[Lusaka]] | Zambia | ZMB |- | style="text-align:center" | {{Coat of arms|text=none|Zimbabwe}} | style="text-align:center" | {{flagicon|Zimbabwe}} |[[Zimbabwe]] |style="text-align:right;"|390,580 |style="text-align:right;"|11,392,629 |style="text-align:right;"|2009 |style="text-align:right;"|29 |[[Harare]] | Zimbabwe | ZWE |- |colspan="10" style="background:#eee; text-align:center;"|'''Pakati pa Afilika''' |- | style="text-align:center" | {{Coat of arms|text=none|Angola}} | style="text-align:center" | {{flagicon|Angola}} |[[Angola]] |style="text-align:right;"|1,246,700 |style="text-align:right;"|12,799,293 |style="text-align:right;"|2009 |style="text-align:right;"|10 |[[Luanda]] | Angola | AGO |- | style="text-align:center" | {{Coat of arms|text=none|Cameroon}} | style="text-align:center" | {{flagicon|Cameroon}} |[[Cameroon]] |style="text-align:right;"|475,440 |style="text-align:right;"|18,879,301 |style="text-align:right;"|2009 |style="text-align:right;"|40 |[[Yaoundé]] | Cameroun/Kamerun | CMR |- | style="text-align:center" | {{Coat of arms|text=none|Central African Republic}} | style="text-align:center" | {{flagicon|Central African Republic}} |[[Central African Republic]] |style="text-align:right;"|622,984 |style="text-align:right;"|4,511,488 |style="text-align:right;"|2009 |style="text-align:right;"|7 |[[Bangui]] | Ködörösêse tî Bêafrîka/République centrafricaine | CAF |- | style="text-align:center" | {{Coat of arms|text=none|Chad}} | style="text-align:center" | {{flagicon|Chad}} |[[Chad]] |style="text-align:right;"|1,284,000 |style="text-align:right;"|10,329,208 |style="text-align:right;"|2009 |style="text-align:right;"|8 |[[N'Djamena]] | تشاد (Tšād)/Tchad | TCD |- | style="text-align:center" | {{Coat of arms|text=none|Republic of the Congo}} | style="text-align:center" | {{flagicon|Republic of the Congo}} |[[Republic of the Congo]] |style="text-align:right;"|342,000 |style="text-align:right;"|4,012,809 |style="text-align:right;"|2009 |style="text-align:right;"|12 |[[Brazzaville]] | Congo/Kôngo/Kongó | COG |- | style="text-align:center" | {{Coat of arms|text=none|Democratic Republic of the Congo}} | style="text-align:center" | {{flagicon|Democratic Republic of the Congo}} |[[Democratic Republic of the Congo]] |style="text-align:right;"|2,345,410 |style="text-align:right;"|69,575,000 |style="text-align:right;"|2012 |style="text-align:right;"|30 |[[Kinshasa]] | République démocratique du Congo | COD |- | style="text-align:center" | {{Coat of arms|text=none|Equatorial Guinea}} | style="text-align:center" | {{flagicon|Equatorial Guinea}} |[[Equatorial Guinea]] |style="text-align:right;"|28,051 |style="text-align:right;"|633,441 |style="text-align:right;"|2009 |style="text-align:right;"|23 |[[Malabo]] | Guinea Ecuatorial/Guinée Équatoriale/Guiné Equatorial | GNQ |- | style="text-align:center" | {{Coat of arms|text=none|Gabon}} | style="text-align:center" | {{flagicon|Gabon}} |[[Gabon]] |style="text-align:right;"|267,667 |style="text-align:right;"|1,514,993 |style="text-align:right;"|2009 |style="text-align:right;"|6 |[[Libreville]] | gabonaise | GAB |- | style="text-align:center" | [[File:Insigne Insularum Sancti Thomae et Principis.png|25px]] | style="text-align:center" | {{flagicon|São Tomé and Príncipe}} | [[Sao Tome na Principe]] |style="text-align:right;"|1,001 |style="text-align:right;"|212,679 |style="text-align:right;"|2009 |style="text-align:right;"|212 |[[São Tomé]] | Sao Tome na Principe | STP |- style="background:#eee;" |colspan="10" style="text-align:center;"|'''Kummwela kwa Afilika''' |- | style="text-align:center" | {{Coat of arms|text=none|Botswana}} | style="text-align:center" | {{flagicon|Botswana}} |[[Botswana]] |style="text-align:right;"|600,370 |style="text-align:right;"|1,990,876 |style="text-align:right;"|2009 |style="text-align:right;"|3 |[[Gaborone]] | Botswana/Botswana | BWA |- | style="text-align:center" | {{Coat of arms|text=none|Eswatini}} | style="text-align:center" | {{flagicon|Eswatini}} |[[Eswatini]] |style="text-align:right;"|17,363 |style="text-align:right;"|1,123,913 |style="text-align:right;"|2009 |style="text-align:right;"|65 |[[Mbabane]] | eSwatini/Eswatini | SWZ |- | style="text-align:center" | {{Coat of arms|text=none|Lesotho}} | style="text-align:center" | {{flagicon|Lesotho}} |[[Lesotho]] |style="text-align:right;"|30,355 |style="text-align:right;"|2,130,819 |style="text-align:right;"|2009 |style="text-align:right;"|70 |[[Maseru]] | Lesotho/Lesotho | LSO |- | style="text-align:center" | {{Coat of arms|text=none|Namibia}} | style="text-align:center" | {{flagicon|Namibia}} | [[Namibia]] |style="text-align:right;"|825,418 |style="text-align:right;"|2,108,665 |style="text-align:right;"|2009 |style="text-align:right;"|3 |[[Windhoek]] | Namibia | NAM |- | style="text-align:center" | {{Coat of arms|text=none|South Africa}} | style="text-align:center" | {{flagicon|South Africa}} |[[South Africa]] |style="text-align:right;"|1,219,912 |style="text-align:right;"|51,770,560 |style="text-align:right;"|2011 |style="text-align:right;"|42 |[[Bloemfontein]], [[Cape Town]], [[Pretoria]]{{efn|[[Bloemfontein]] is the judicial capital of South Africa, while [[Cape Town]] is its legislative seat, and [[Pretoria]] is the country's administrative seat.}} | yaseNingizimu Afrika/yoMzantsi-Afrika/Suid-Afrika/Afrika-Borwa/Aforika Borwa/Afrika Borwa/Afrika Dzonga/yeNingizimu Afrika/Afurika Tshipembe/yeSewula Afrika | ZAF |- style="background:#eee;" |colspan="10" style="text-align:center;"|'''Kumafumilo gha Dazi gha Afilika''' |- | style="text-align:center" | {{Coat of arms|text=none|Benin}} | style="text-align:center" | {{flagicon|Benin}} | [[Benin]] |style="text-align:right;"|112,620 |style="text-align:right;"|8,791,832 |style="text-align:right;"|2009 |style="text-align:right;"|78 |[[Porto-Novo]] | Bénin | BEN |- | style="text-align:center" | {{Coat of arms|text=none|Burkina Faso}} | style="text-align:center" | {{flagicon|Burkina Faso}} | [[Burkina Faso]] |style="text-align:right;"|274,200 |style="text-align:right;"|15,746,232 |style="text-align:right;"|2009 |style="text-align:right;"|57 |[[Ouagadougou]] | Burkina Faso | BFA |- | style="text-align:center" | {{Coat of arms|text=none|Cape Verde}} | style="text-align:center" | {{flagicon|Cape Verde}} | [[Cape Verde]] |style="text-align:right;"|4,033 |style="text-align:right;"|429,474 |style="text-align:right;"|2009 |style="text-align:right;"|107 |[[Praia]] | Cabo Verde/Kabu Verdi | CPV |- | style="text-align:center" | {{Coat of arms|text=none|The Gambia}} | style="text-align:center" | {{flagicon|The Gambia}} | [[The Gambia]] |style="text-align:right;"|11,300 |style="text-align:right;"|1,782,893 |style="text-align:right;"|2009 |style="text-align:right;"|158 |[[Banjul]] | The Gambia | GMB |- | style="text-align:center" | {{Coat of arms|text=none|Ghana}} | style="text-align:center" | {{flagicon|Ghana}} | [[Ghana]] |style="text-align:right;"|239,460 |style="text-align:right;"|23,832,495 |style="text-align:right;"|2009 |style="text-align:right;"|100 |[[Accra]] | Ghana | GHA |- | style="text-align:center" | {{Coat of arms|text=none|Guinea}} | style="text-align:center" | {{flagicon|Guinea}} | [[Guinea]] |style="text-align:right;"|245,857 |style="text-align:right;"|10,057,975 |style="text-align:right;"|2009 |style="text-align:right;"|41 |[[Conakry]] | Guinée | GIN |- | style="text-align:center" | {{Coat of arms|text=none|Guinea-Bissau}} | style="text-align:center" | {{flagicon|Guinea-Bissau}} | [[Guinea-Bissau]] |style="text-align:right;"|36,120 |style="text-align:right;"|1,533,964 |style="text-align:right;"|2009 |style="text-align:right;"|43 |[[Bissau]] | Guiné-Bissau | GNB |- | style="text-align:center" | {{Coat of arms|text=none|Ivory Coast}} | style="text-align:center" | {{flagicon|Ivory Coast}} |[[Ivory Coast]] |style="text-align:right;"|322,460 |style="text-align:right;"|20,617,068 |style="text-align:right;"|2009 |style="text-align:right;"|64 |[[Abidjan]],{{efn|[[Yamoussoukro]] is the official capital of [[Ivory Coast]], while [[Abidjan]] is the ''de facto'' seat.}} [[Yamoussoukro]] | Côte d'Ivoire | CIV |- | style="text-align:center" | {{Coat of arms|text=none|Liberia}} | style="text-align:center" | {{flagicon|Liberia}} |[[Liberia]] |style="text-align:right;"|111,370 |style="text-align:right;"|3,441,790 |style="text-align:right;"|2009 |style="text-align:right;"|31 |[[Monrovia]] | Liberia | LBR |- | style="text-align:center" | {{Coat of arms|text=none|Mali}} | style="text-align:center" | {{flagicon|Mali}} |[[Mali]] |style="text-align:right;"|1,240,000 |style="text-align:right;"|12,666,987 |style="text-align:right;"|2009 |style="text-align:right;"|10 |[[Bamako]] | Mali | MLI |- | style="text-align:center" | {{Coat of arms|text=none|Mauritania}} | style="text-align:center" | {{flagicon|Mauritania}} |[[Mauritania]] |style="text-align:right;"|1,030,700 |style="text-align:right;"|3,129,486 |style="text-align:right;"|2009 |style="text-align:right;"|3 |[[Nouakchott]] | موريتانيا (Mūrītānyā) | MRT |- | style="text-align:center" | {{Coat of arms|text=none|Niger}} | style="text-align:center" | {{flagicon|Niger}} |[[Niger]] |style="text-align:right;"|1,267,000 |style="text-align:right;"|15,306,252 |style="text-align:right;"|2009 |style="text-align:right;"|12 |[[Niamey]] | Niger | NER |- | style="text-align:center" | {{Coat of arms|text=none|Nigeria}} | style="text-align:center" | {{flagicon|Nigeria}} |[[Nigeria]] |style="text-align:right;"|923,768 |style="text-align:right;"|166,629,000 |style="text-align:right;"|2012 |style="text-align:right;"|180 |[[Abuja]] | Nigeria | NGA |- | style="text-align:center" | {{Coat of arms|text=none|United Kingdom}} | style="text-align:center" | {{flagicon|Saint Helena, Ascension and Tristan da Cunha}} |[[Saint Helena, Ascension and Tristan da Cunha]] (United Kingdom) |style="text-align:right;"|420 |style="text-align:right;"|7,728 |style="text-align:right;"|2012 |style="text-align:right;"|13 |[[Jamestown, Saint Helena|Jamestown]] | Saint Helena, Ascension and Tristan da Cunha | SHN |- | style="text-align:center" | {{Coat of arms|text=none|Senegal}} | style="text-align:center" | {{flagicon|Senegal}} |[[Senegal]] |style="text-align:right;"|196,190 |style="text-align:right;"|13,711,597 |style="text-align:right;"|2009 |style="text-align:right;"|70 |[[Dakar]] | Sénégal | SEN |- | style="text-align:center" | {{Coat of arms|text=none|Sierra Leone}} | style="text-align:center" | {{flagicon|Sierra Leone}} |[[Sierra Leone]] |style="text-align:right;"|71,740 |style="text-align:right;"|6,440,053 |style="text-align:right;"|2009 |style="text-align:right;"|90 |[[Freetown]] | Sierra Leone | SLE |- | style="text-align:center" | {{Coat of arms|text=none|Togo}} | style="text-align:center" | {{flagicon|Togo}} |[[Togo]] |style="text-align:right;"|56,785 |style="text-align:right;"|6,019,877 |style="text-align:right;"|2009 |style="text-align:right;"|106 |[[Lomé]] | togolaise | TGO |- style="font-weight:bold; background:#eee;" | colspan="3" | Afilika pamoza |style="text-align:right;"|30,368,609 |style="text-align:right;"|1,001,320,281 |style="text-align:right;"|2009 |style="text-align:right;"|33 ! colspan="3"| |} <!--end country info table + refs--> ==Wonaniso== {{Portal|Africa}} <!-- *[[Bibliography of Africa]] --> * [[Index of Africa-related articles]] * [[African historiography]] * [[Outline of Africa]] ==Vyakulemba== {{notelist}} ==Ukaboni== {{reflist}} ==Vyalemba vinandi== * {{Cite book|last=Malone|first=Jacqui|url= |title=Steppin' on the Blues: the Visible Rhythms of African American Dance|date=1996|publisher=University of Illinois Press|oclc=891842452}} * {{Cite book|last=Welsh-Asante|first=Kariamu|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=WrbrTfSO3fwC|title=African Dance|date=2009|publisher=Infobase Publishing|isbn=978-1-4381-2427-8|language=en}} * {{cite book |last1=Shillington |first1=Kevin |title=History of Africa |date=2005 |publisher=Palgrave Macmillan |isbn=978-0-333-59957-0 }} == Vyakulemba vinyake == {{see also|Africa Bibliography}} {{refbegin}} * {{cite book|last=Asante|first=Molefi|author-link=Molefi Asante|title=The History of Africa|publisher=Routledge|location=US|date=2007|isbn=978-0-415-77139-9}} * {{cite book|last=Clark|first=J. Desmond|author-link=J. Desmond Clark|title=The Prehistory of Africa|publisher=Thames and Hudson|location=London|date=1970|isbn=978-0-500-02069-2}} * {{cite book|last=Crowder|first=Michael|title=The Story of Nigeria|publisher=Faber|location=London|date=1978|isbn=978-0-571-04947-9}} * {{cite book|last=Davidson|first=Basil|author-link=Basil Davidson|title=The African Past: Chronicles from Antiquity to Modern Times|publisher=Penguin|location=Harmondsworth|date=1966|oclc=2016817}} * {{cite book|last1=Gordon|first1=April A.|first2=Donald L.|last2=Gordon|title=Understanding Contemporary Africa|publisher=Lynne Rienner Publishers|location=Boulder|date=1996|isbn=978-1-55587-547-3}} * {{cite book|last=Khapoya|first=Vincent B.|title=The African experience: an introduction|publisher=Prentice Hall|location=Upper Saddle River, NJ|date=1998|isbn=978-0-13-745852-3|url=https://archive.org/details/africanexperienc00khap}} * Moore, Clark D., and Ann Dunbar (1968). ''Africa Yesterday and Today'', in series, ''The George School Readings on Developing Lands''. New York: Praeger Publishers. * [[V. S. Naipaul|Naipaul, V.S.]] ''The Masque of Africa: Glimpses of African Belief''. Picador, 2010. {{ISBN|978-0-330-47205-0}} * {{cite journal|last1=Wade|first1=Lizzie|title=Drones and satellites spot lost civilizations in unlikely places|journal=Science|doi=10.1126/science.aaa7864|year=2015|doi-access=free}} {{refend}} == Vigaŵa vya kuwalo == {{Sister project links|n=Category:Africa|voy=Africa}} '''General information''' * {{GovPubs|Africa}} * {{Britannica|7924}} * {{curlie|Regional/Africa}} * [https://education.nationalgeographic.org/resource/africa-human-geography Africa: Human Geography] at the [[National Geographic Society]] * [https://www.loc.gov/rr/amed/ African & Middle Eastern Reading Room] from the United States [[Library of Congress]] * [http://www-sul.stanford.edu/depts/ssrg/africa/ Africa South of the Sahara] from [[Stanford University]] * [http://www.aluka.org/ Aluka], digital library of scholarly resources from and about Africa * [https://web.archive.org/web/20100117005910/http://www.usaraf.army.mil/MAP_INTERACTIVE/INTERACTIVE_MAP.swf Africa Interactive Map] from the [[United States Army Africa]] '''History''' * [https://www.bbc.co.uk/worldservice/africa/features/storyofafrica/index_section10.shtml The Story of Africa] from [[BBC World Service]] * {{Cite EB1911|wstitle= Africa | volume= 1 | pages = 320–358 |short= 1}} * [http://www.africa.upenn.edu/Urgent_Action/menu_APIC.html Africa Policy Information Center (APIC)] * [https://web.archive.org/web/20131103230525/http://www.scribd.com/doc/161017303/Hungarian-military-forces-in-Africa-%E2%80%93-past-and-future-Recovering-lost-knowledge-exploiting-cultural-anthropology-resources-creating-a-comprehensive Hungarian military forces in Africa] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131103230525/http://www.scribd.com/doc/161017303/Hungarian-military-forces-in-Africa-%E2%80%93-past-and-future-Recovering-lost-knowledge-exploiting-cultural-anthropology-resources-creating-a-comprehensive |date=3 November 2013 }} '''News media''' * [http://allafrica.com/ allAfrica.com] current news, events and statistics * [https://www.bbc.co.uk/worldservice/africa/features/focus_magazine/index.shtml ''Focus on Africa''] magazine from [[BBC World Service]] {{Africa topics}} {{Africa}} {{Navboxes |title = Articles related to Africa |list = {{African Trade Agreements}} {{Continents of the world}} {{Regions of the world}} }} {{Authority control}} [[Category:Africa| ]] [[Category:Continents]] p6c13krub6exj76flm12ixibctloxh4 0 47612 116397 2026-06-14T19:09:01Z NVNkz 11711 Created by translating the page "[[:ha:Special:Redirect/revision/466325|22 (alƙalami)]]" 116397 wikitext text/x-wiki [[File:Regular_quadrilateral_with_22.png|thumb|22]] {{databox}}'''22''' ('''makumi ghaŵiri na ghaŵiri''') ni nambara, pakati pa [[21 (nambala)|21]] na 23 [[Category:Nambala]] bs50yq8z99qp89afryzlm5fimj6utem 0 47613 116398 2026-06-14T19:16:15Z Isksks 11734 Created by translating the page "[[:ha:Special:Redirect/revision/467524|23 (alƙalami)]]" 116398 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}}'''23''' ('''makumi ghaŵiri na ghatatu''') ni nambara, pakati pa 22 na 24. 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