Wikipedia tumwiki https://tum.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jani_likulu MediaWiki 1.47.0-wmf.7 first-letter Media Special Talk User User talk Wikipedia Wikipedia talk File File talk MediaWiki MediaWiki talk Template Template talk Help Help talk Category Category talk TimedText TimedText talk Module Module talk Event Event talk 0 4344 116569 115242 2026-06-18T10:19:47Z NVNkz 11711 116569 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}}'''6''' ('''vikhondi na kamoza''') ni bolopointi, pakati pa [[5 (nambala)|5]] na [[7 (nambala)|7]]. [[Category:Nambala]] c2xhl6qga68ao7hose0vkaspvn0y715 0 4349 116577 115234 2026-06-18T11:39:52Z NVNkz 11711 Created by translating the page "[[:ha:Special:Redirect/revision/733759|11 (alƙalami)]]" 116577 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}}'''11''' ('''khumi na tum Ozawa''' '''khumi na yumoza''') ni nambara, pakati pa [[10 (nambala)|10]] [[12 (nambala)|12]]. [[Category:Nambala]] 5xma1gp57lw7fpo5y3hqacx43og3jyh 0 4350 116567 115232 2026-06-18T10:12:52Z NVNkz 11711 Created by translating the page "[[:ha:Special:Redirect/revision/58096|12 (alƙalami)]]" 116567 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}}'''12''' ('''khumi na ŵaŵiri''' panji '''khumi na ŵaŵiri''') ni nambara, pakati pa [[11 (nambala)|11]] na [[13 (nambala)|13]]. [[Category:Nambala]] oiz3poyhl6r3skufjny0dp5e7rdhtku 0 4351 116566 115230 2026-06-18T10:04:50Z NVNkz 11711 Created by translating the page "[[:ha:Special:Redirect/revision/467511|13 (alƙalami)]]" 116566 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}}'''13''' ('''khumi na zitatu''' panji '''khumi na zitatu''') ni nambara, pakati pa [[12 (nambala)|12]] na [[14 (nambala)|14]]. [[File:13_rightside_up.png|thumb|nambala 13]] [[File:Lokschuppen_Bamberg_Nummer_3139581.jpg|thumb|nambala 13]] [[Category:Nambala]] ph3i1ctpelm2a69p9t9x1vopaztj2ea 0 4358 116568 115216 2026-06-18T10:17:08Z NVNkz 11711 Created by translating the page "[[:ha:Special:Redirect/revision/58388|20 (alƙalami)]]" 116568 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}}'''20''' ('''makumi ghaŵiri''') ni bolopointi, pakati pa [[19 (nambala)|19]] na [[21 (nambala)|21]]. [[Category:Nambala]] iblq8ry68vqeep4a8550306ey4tpztw 0 6902 116561 110961 2026-06-18T04:39:46Z Jmabel 11751 ([[c:GR|GR]]) [[c:COM:FR|File renamed]]: [[File:Pacific Palisades Photo D Ramey Logan (cropped).jpg]] → [[File:Pacific Palisades Photo Don Ramey Logan (cropped).jpg]] [[c:COM:FR|rename criterion 2]] 116561 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Short description|Largest city in California, United States}} {{About||the county|Los Angeles County, California|other uses}} {{Pp-vandalism|small=yes}} {{Redirect-multi|2|City of Los Angeles|LA}} {{Use mdy dates|date=June 2023}} {{Use American English|date=September 2019}} <!--The article is about the city proper of Los Angeles. Please do not put information about the metropolitan area in this article; it belongs in [[Los Angeles metropolitan area]]. Please do not put info about the county in this article; it belongs in [[Los Angeles County, California]]. --> {{Infobox settlement | settlement_type = [[List of municipalities in California|Msumba]] | name = Los Angeles | official_name = City of Los Angeles | image_skyline = {{multiple image | border = infobox | total_width = 290 | image_style = border:1; | perrow = 1/2/2/2 | caption_align = center | image1 = Los Angeles with Mount Baldy.jpg | caption1 = [[List of tallest buildings in Los Angeles|Skyline]] of [[Downtown Los Angeles]] | image2 = Hollywood sign (8485145044).jpg | caption2 = [[Hollywood Sign]] | image3 = Echo Park Lake.jpg | caption3 = [[Echo Park]] | image4 = Olvera st los angeles (cropped2).jpg | caption4 = [[Calle Olvera]] | image5 = Los Angeles City Hall 2013 (cropped).jpg | caption5 = [[Los Angeles City Hall]] | image6 = Griffith observatory 2006.jpg | caption6 = [[Griffith Observatory]] | image7 = Venice Beach, Los Angeles, CA 01 (cropped2).jpg | caption7 = [[Venice, Los Angeles#Venice Beach|Venice Beach]] }} <!-- DO NOT change without discussion --> | image_flag = Flag of Los Angeles, California.svg | image_seal = Seal of Los Angeles.svg | seal_link = Seal of Los Angeles | image_blank_emblem = Wordmark of Los Angeles, California.svg | blank_emblem_type = Logo | blank_emblem_size = 100px | blank_emblem_alt = L.A. city seal next to LACITY.GOV | blank_emblem_link = Seal of Los Angeles | nickname = L.A., City of Angels,<ref name=VOAnick /> [[The Entertainment Capital of the World]],<ref name=VOAnick>{{cite news|url=http://learningenglish.voanews.com/content/nicknames-for-los-angeles/1644584.html|title=Nicknames for Los Angeles|work=[[Voice of America]]|first1=Shelley|last1=Gollust|date=April 18, 2013|access-date=June 26, 2014}}</ref> La-la-land, Tinseltown<ref name=VOAnick /> | image_map = LA County Incorporated Areas Los Angeles highlighted.svg | map_caption = Location within California and [[Los Angeles County]] | pushpin_map = California#USA#North America | pushpin_relief = 1 | pushpin_mapsize = 290px | pushpin_map_caption = Location within California##Location within the United States##Location within North America | pushpin_label = Los Angeles | pushpin_label_position = right | coordinates = {{coord|34|03|N|118|15|W|region:US-CA_type:city(3800000)|display=inline,title}} | subdivision_type = [[List of sovereign states|Country]] | subdivision_name = {{Flagu|United States}} | subdivision_type1 = [[U.S. state|State]] | subdivision_type2 = [[List of counties in California|County]] | subdivision_name1 = {{Flag|California}} | subdivision_name2 = {{Flagicon image|Flag of Los Angeles County, California.svg}} [[Los Angeles County, California|Los Angeles]] | subdivision_type3 = [[List of regions of California|Region]] | subdivision_type4 = [[Combined Statistical Area|CSA]] | subdivision_type5 = [[Metropolitan statistical area|MSA]] | subdivision_name3 = [[Southern California]] | subdivision_name4 = [[Greater Los Angeles|Los Angeles-Long Beach]] | subdivision_name5 = [[Los Angeles metropolitan area|Los Angeles-Long Beach-Anaheim]] | established_title = [[Pueblo de Los Ángeles|Pueblo]] | established_date = September 4, 1781<ref name="CaliforniaCounty1899">{{cite book|last=Barrows|first=H.D.|title=Historical Society of Southern California Quarterly|chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=JMg1AAAAIAAJ&pg=PA151|access-date=September 28, 2011|year=1899|page=151ff|chapter=Felepe de Neve|volume=4}}</ref> | established_title1 = [[City status]] | established_date1 = May 23, 1835<ref>{{cite web|url = https://www.kcet.org/shows/lost-la/this-1835-decree-made-the-pueblo-of-los-angeles-a-ciudad-and-californias-capital| title = This 1835 Decree Made the Pueblo of Los Angeles a Ciudad – And California's Capital| publisher=[[KCET]]| access-date = January 27, 2018| date = April 2016}}</ref> | established_title2 = [[Municipal corporation|Incorporated]] | established_date2 = April 4, 1850<ref>{{cite web|url = http://www.calafco.org/docs/Cities_by_incorp_date.doc|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20130221091414/http://www.calafco.org/docs/Cities_by_incorp_date.doc|url-status=dead|archive-date = February 21, 2013| title = California Cities by Incorporation Date| format =DOC|publisher=California Association of [[Local Agency Formation Commission]]s| access-date = August 25, 2014}}</ref> | named_for = [[Queen of Heaven|Our Lady, Queen of the Angels]] <!-- Government ----------->| government_type = [[Mayor–council government|Strong mayor–council]]<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.lacity.org/city-government/about-city-government |title=About the City Government |publisher=City of Los Angeles |access-date=February 8, 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150208103544/http://www.lacity.org/city-government/about-city-government |archive-date=February 8, 2015 |url-status=dead }}</ref> | governing_body = [[Los Angeles City Council]] | leader_title = [[Mayor of Los Angeles|Mayor]] | leader_name = [[Karen Bass]] ([[Democratic Party (United States)|D]]) | leader_title1 = [[Los Angeles City Attorney|City Attorney]] | leader_name1 = [[Hydee Feldstein Soto]] (D) | total_type = Total | unit_pref = Imperial | area_footnotes = <ref name="CenPopGazetteer2021">{{cite web|title=2021 U.S. Gazetteer Files|url=https://www2.census.gov/geo/docs/maps-data/data/gazetteer/2021_Gazetteer/2021_gaz_place_06.txt|publisher=United States Census Bureau|access-date=September 7, 2021}}</ref> | area_total_sq_mi = 501.55 | area_total_km2 = 1299.01 | area_land_sq_mi = 469.49 | area_land_km2 = 1215.97 | area_water_sq_mi = 32.06 | area_water_km2 = 83.04 | elevation_m = 93 | elevation_ft = 305 | elevation_min_ft = 0 | elevation_max_m = 1576 | elevation_max_ft = 5075 | elevation_footnotes = | elevation_max_footnotes = | elevation_min_footnotes = | population_total = 3,898,747 | population_as_of = [[2020 United States census|2020]] | population_footnotes = <ref name="QuickFacts">{{cite web |title=QuickFacts: Los Angeles city, California |url=https://www.census.gov/quickfacts/fact/table/losangelescitycalifornia/POP010220|access-date=January 21, 2023 |publisher=U.S. Census Bureau}}</ref> | pop_est_footnotes = <ref name="QuickFacts" /> | population_est = 3,849,297 | pop_est_as_of = 2021 | population_rank = [[List of United States cities by population|2nd]] in the United States<br />[[List of largest cities in California by population|1st]] in California | population_density_sq_mi = 8304.22 | population_density_km2 = 3206.29 | population_urban_footnotes = <ref name="urban area">{{cite web |url=https://www.census.gov/programs-surveys/geography/guidance/geo-areas/urban-rural.html|title=List of 2020 Census Urban Areas|website=census.gov|publisher=United States Census Bureau|access-date=January 8, 2023}}</ref> | population_urban = 12,237,376 (US: [[List of United States urban areas|2nd]]) | population_density_urban_km2 = 2,886.6 | population_density_urban_sq_mi = 7,476.3 | population_metro_footnotes = <ref name="2020Pop">{{cite web |title=2020 Population and Housing State Data |url=https://www.census.gov/library/visualizations/interactive/2020-population-and-housing-state-data.html |publisher=United States Census Bureau |access-date=August 22, 2021}}</ref> | population_metro = 13,200,998 (US: [[List of metropolitan statistical areas|2nd]]) | population_demonym = Angeleno, Angelino, Angeleño<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.kcet.org/shows/lost-la/angelino-angeleno-and-angeleno|title=Angelino, Angeleno, and Angeleño|date=January 10, 2011|website=KCET}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/Angeleno|title=Definition of ANGELENO|website=www.merriam-webster.com|date=May 16, 2023 }}</ref> | postal_code_type = [[ZIP Code]]s | postal_code = {{collapsible list |framestyle = text-align:left;border:0;padding:0;line-height:16px; |titlestyle = background:transparent;text-align:left;font-weight:normal; |hlist = true |90001–90084, 90086–90089, 90091, 90093–90097, 90099, 90101–90103, 90174, 90185, 90189, 90291–90293, 91040–91043, 91303–91308, 91311, 91316, 91324–91328, 91330, 91331, 91335, 91340, 91342–91349, 91352–91353, 91356–91357, 91364–91367, 91401–91499, 91504–91505, 91601–91609<ref>[https://media.metro.net/about_us/pla/images/lazipcodes.pdf Zip Codes Within the City of Los Angeles] – LAHD</ref> }} | area_code = [[Area codes 213 and 323|213, 323]], [[Area codes 310 and 424|310, 424]], [[Area codes 818 and 747|818, 747]] | area_code_type = [[North American Numbering Plan|Area codes]] | blank_name_sec1 = [[Federal Information Processing Standards|FIPS]] code | blank_info_sec1 = {{FIPS|06|44000}} | blank1_name_sec1 = [[Geographic Names Information System|GNIS]] feature IDs | blank1_info_sec1 = {{GNIS 4|1662328}}, {{GNIS 4|2410877}} | website = [https://www.lacity.gov lacity.gov] | short_description = City in California | leader_title2 = [[Los Angeles City Controller|City Controller]] | leader_name2 = [[Kenneth Mejia]] (D) | timezone = [[Pacific Time Zone|PST]] | utc_offset = –08:00 | timezone_DST = [[Pacific Daylight Time|PDT]] | utc_offset_DST = –07:00 }} '''Los Angeles''' ({{IPAc-en|US|l|ɔː|s|_|ˈ|æ|n|dʒ|əl|ə|s|audio=En-us-los-angeles.ogg}} {{respell|lawss|_|AN|jəl|əs}}; {{lang-es|Los Ángeles|link=no}} {{IPA-es|los ˈaŋxeles|}}, {{lit|The Angels}}), kanandi zina lake likulembeka kuti '''L.A.''',<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.laalmanac.com/geography/ge13b.php|title=Nicknames for Los Angeles, California|website=www.laalmanac.com}}</ref> ni msumba uwo uli na ŵanthu ŵanandi comene mu [[California]], [[U.S.A]]. Msumba uwu ndiwo uli pakatikati pa malonda, ndalama, na kakhaliro ka ŵanthu ŵa ku Southern California. Los Angeles ni tawuni yaciŵiri ya ŵanthu ŵanandi mu United States pamanyuma pa New York City, na ŵanthu pafupifupi 3.9 miliyoni mu mphepete mwa tawuni iyi mu 2020.<ref name="QuickFacts" /> Los Angeles wali na mphepo ya ku Meditereniyani, ŵanthu ŵa mitundu yakupambanapambana, ndiposo msumba ukuru. Cikaŵa cikaya ca makampani gha mafilimu gha ku Hollywood.<ref name="CenPopGazetteer2021" /> TChigawo chachikulu cha mzindawu chili mu chigawo cha kumwera kwa California pafupi ndi nyanja ya Pacific kumadzulo ndipo chimadutsa m'mapiri a Santa Monica ndi kumpoto ku San Fernando Valley, pomwe mzindawu uli m'malire a San Gabriel Valley kum'mawa kwake. Chigaŵa ichi chili na malo ghakukwana 1210 km2 ndipo chili ku chigaŵa cha Los Angeles, icho chili na ŵanthu ŵanandi chomene ku United States. Kuzakafika mu 2022, chigaŵa ichi chizamukhala ŵanthu pafupifupi 9.86 miliyoni.<ref name=LosAngelesCountyDecline2022>{{cite web |url=https://dof.ca.gov/wp-content/uploads/Forecasting/Demographics/Documents/E-1_2022PressRelease.pdf |title=Slowing State Population Decline puts Latest Population at 39,185,000 |website=dof.ca.gov |access-date=June 12, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220612004340/https://dof.ca.gov/wp-content/uploads/Forecasting/Demographics/Documents/E-1_2022PressRelease.pdf |archive-date=June 12, 2022}}</ref> Ni tawuni yacitatu iyo ŵanthu ŵakuluta kukaya ku United States, pamanyuma pa New York City na Miami, ndipo ŵanthu ŵakujumpha 4.6 miliyoni ŵakaluta kukaya mu tawuni iyi mu 2019.<ref>[https://www.worldatlas.com/cities/america-s-10-most-visited-cities.html "America's 10 most visited cities"], World Atlas, September 23, 2021</ref> Cigaŵa ico sono ni Los Angeles, pakwamba cikakhalanga na ŵanthu ŵa mtundu wa Tongva, ndipo pamanyuma pake Juan Rodríguez Cabrillo wakacicemera zina ili mu 1542. Msumba uwu ukapangika pa Seputembala 4, 1781, na kazembe wa Spain Felipe de Neve, pa muzi wa Yaanga. Cikaŵa cigaŵa ca Mexico mu 1821 pamasinda pa Nkhondo ya Kujiyimira. Mu 1848, paumaliro wa Nkhondo ya Mexico na America, boma la Los Angeles na chigaŵa chinyake cha California ŵakagura ku United States na phangano la Guadalupe Hidalgo. Pa Epulero 4, 1850, pamanyuma pa myezi yinkhondi, msumba wa Los Angeles ukapangika kuŵa boma. Mu ma 1890 mafuta ghakati ghasangika, msumba uwu ukakura mwaluŵiro.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://blogs.getty.edu/iris/subterranean-l-a-the-urban-oil-fields/|title=Subterranean L.A.: The Urban Oil Fields |date=July 16, 2013|website=The Getty Iris |access-date=December 31, 2015}}</ref> Msumba uwu ukakura comene cifukwa ca kuzengeka kwa mugelo wa maji wa Los Angeles Aqueduct mu 1913. Los Angeles wali na ŵanthu ŵa mu vyaru vyakupambanapambana ndipo ŵali na mafakitale ghakupambanapambana. Lili na dowoko la katundu likuru chomene ku vyaru vya ku America.<ref>{{Cite web |last=LaRocco |first=Lori Ann |date=September 24, 2022 |title=New York is now the nation's busiest port in a historic tipping point for U.S.-bound trade |url=https://www.cnbc.com/2022/09/24/new-york-now-no-1-port-in-us-as-sea-change-in-trade-hits-west-coast.html |access-date=May 22, 2023 |website=CNBC |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Port of NYNJ Beats West Coast Rivals with Highest 2023 Volumes |url=https://maritime-executive.com/article/port-of-nynj-beats-west-coast-rivals-with-highest-2023-volumes |access-date=May 22, 2023 |website=The Maritime Executive |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Port of New York and New Jersey Remains US' Top Container Port |url=https://www.marinelink.com/news/port-new-york-new-jersey-remains-us-top-501852 |access-date=May 22, 2023 |website=www.marinelink.com|date=December 28, 2022 }}</ref> Mu chaka cha 2018, msumba wa Los Angeles ukaŵa na ndalama zakukwana $1 trillion, ndipo uwu ukaŵa msumba wachitatu pa charu chose pa ndalama zakukwana $1 trillion, pamanyuma pa New York na Tokyo. Ku Los Angeles ndiko kukacitikira maseŵero gha Olimpiki mu 1932 na 1984, ndipo ndiko kuzamucitikira maseŵero gha Olimpiki mu 2028. Sonosono apa, cikhutu ico cikacitika mu California, cikapangiska kuti maji gha mu msumba uwu na gha mu Los Angeles ghaŵe ghambura maji.<ref name=LosAngelesRunningOutOfWater>{{cite news|url= https://www.latimes.com/environment/story/2022-10-13/as-election-nears-future-l-a-water-supply-gains-focus|title=Los Angeles is running out of water, and time. Are leaders willing to act?|author=Hayley Smith|newspaper=Los Angeles Times|date=October 13, 2022|access-date=October 14, 2022}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Smith |first=Hayley |date=March 1, 2022 |title=California drought continues after state has its driest January and February on record |url=https://www.latimes.com/california/story/2022-03-01/california-drought-will-continue-after-dry-winter |access-date=November 23, 2022 |website=Los Angeles Times |language=en-US}}</ref> {{TOC limit|3}} ==Zina== Kuyana na umo zina la msumba uwu likazunulikiranga ku malo agha, lizgu ili likusinthanga kufuma ku zina linyake kuya ku linyake. Nkhani ya mu 1953 mu nyuzipepara ya American Name Society yikayowoya kuti mazina gha malo agha ghakafuma ku mazina gha ŵanthu ŵa ku Spain..<ref name="stein">{{cite journal|last=Stein|first=David Allen|year=1953|title=Los Angeles: A Noble Fight Nobly Lost|journal=[[Names (journal)|Names]]|volume=1|issue=1|pages=35–38|doi=10.1179/nam.1953.1.1.35}}</ref> In 1908, librarian [[Charles Fletcher Lummis]], who argued for the name's pronunciation with a hard ''g'' ({{IPAc-en|ɡ}}),<ref>{{cite news|last=Masters|first=Nathan|date=February 24, 2011|url=https://www.kcet.org/shows/lost-la/the-crusader-in-corduroy-the-land-of-soundest-philosophy-and-the-g-that-shall-not-be-jellified|title=The Crusader in Corduroy, the Land of Soundest Philosophy, and the 'G' That Shall Not Be Jellified|work=KCET|publisher=Public Media Group of Southern California|access-date=July 4, 2021}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|last=Masters|first=Nathan|date=May 6, 2016|url=https://www.kcet.org/shows/lost-la/how-to-pronounce-los-angeles-according-to-charles-lummis|title=How to Pronounce "Los Angeles," According to Charles Lummis|work=KCET|publisher=Public Media Group of Southern California|access-date=July 4, 2021}}</ref> reported that there were at least 12 pronunciation variants.<ref>{{cite news|last=Lummis|first=Charles Fletcher|date=June 29, 1908|url=https://www.newspapers.com/clip/32760469/19080629losangeleslummis/|title=This Is the Way to Pronounce Los Angeles|work=Nebraska State Journal|page=4}}</ref> Mu vyaka vya m'ma 1900, nyuzipepara ya Los Angeles Times yikayowoya kuti lizgu ili likwenera kuzunulika kuti Loce AHNG-hayl-ais (/loʊs ˈɑːŋheɪleɪs/), kung'anamura kuti lizgu ili likwenera kuzunulika kuti Loce AHNG-hayl-ais. Ici cikaŵa cakukondweska yayi.<ref>{{cite book|last1=Kenyon|first1=John Samuel|author1-link=John Samuel Kenyon|last2=Knott|first2=Thomas Albert|year=1944|title=A Pronouncing Dictionary of American English|location=Springfield, Mass.|publisher=G. & C. Merriam|page=260|url=https://archive.org/details/pronouncingdicti00unse/page/260/mode/1up}}</ref> Kufuma mu ma 1930, /lɔːs ˈændʒələs/ ndiyo yikayowoyekanga comene. Mu 1934, wupu wa United States Board on Geographic Names ukadumura kuti mazgu agha ghalembeke nthena. Mu 1952, "jury" iyo yikimikika na Meya Fletcher Bowron yikakolerana nayo fundo iyi.<ref name="stein"/><ref name="harvey">{{cite news|last=Harvey|first=Steve|date=June 26, 2011|url=https://www.latimes.com/local/la-xpm-2011-jun-26-la-me-0626-then-20110626-story.html|title=Devil of a time with City of Angels' name|work=Los Angeles Times|access-date=July 4, 2021}}</ref> Kuyowoya mazgu mu United Kingdom kukusazgapo /lɒs ˈændʒɪliːz, -lɪz, -lɪs/ loss AN-jil-eez, -iz, -iss. Jack Windsor Lewis wakalongosora mazgu agho ghakuyowoyeka kanandi, {{IPAc-en|l|ɒ|s|_|ˈ|æ|n|dʒ|ɪ|l|iː|z|audio=En-uk-Los Angeles.ogg}}, mazgu agha ghakalembekanga mwakuyana na mazgu gha Chigiriki agho ghakumalira pa -es, "ghakalongoranga kuti ŵanthu ŵakamanyanga makora mabuku gha mu Baibolo agho ghakalembekanga kale, kweni Chisipanishi chikamanyanga yayi".<ref>{{cite book|last=Windsor Lewis|first=Jack|year=1990|chapter=''Happ''Y land reconnoitred: the unstressed word-final -{{zwj}}y vowel in General British pronunciation|editor-last=Ramsaran|editor-first=Susan|title=Studies in the Pronunciation of English: A Commemorative Volume in Honour of A.C. Gimson|publisher=Routledge|pages=159–167|isbn=978-1-138-92111-5|chapter-url=http://www.yek.me.uk/happyland.html}} Pages 166–167.</ref> ==Mbili== {{Main|History of Los Angeles}} {{For timeline}} === Mbiri ya ŵanthu ŵakwambilira === [[File:ElAliso treepre1875drawing.jpg|thumb|left|[[Yaanga]], muzi wakuzirwa wa ŵanthu ŵa mtundu wa Tongva uwo ukaŵako pambere ŵanthu ŵa ku Spain ŵandambe kukhala mu msumba wa Los Angeles.]] Ŵanthu ŵa ku California awo ŵakakhalanga mu chigaŵa icho lero ni Los Angeles Basin na San Fernando Valley, ŵakaŵa ŵa mtundu wa Tongva (uwo sono ukuchemekaso Gabrieleño kufuma mu nyengo ya ŵanthu ŵa ku Spain). Ku malo agha ndiko kukaŵa tawuni ya Yaanga (Tongva: Iyáangaʾ), iyo yikung'anamura "malo gha khuni la thondo", ndipo zuŵa linyake ndiko ŵanthu ŵa ku Spain ŵakazenga tawuni ya Pueblo de Los Ángeles. Iyáangaʾ likung'anamulikaso kuti "dambo la josi".<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.sacbee.com/101/story/1066675.html|title=Smoke is Normal&nbsp;– for 1800|last=Bowman|first=Chris|date=July 8, 2008|newspaper=[[The Sacramento Bee]]|access-date=October 6, 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080709015204/http://www.sacbee.com/101/story/1066675.html|archive-date=July 9, 2008}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://webarchive.iiasa.ac.at/Admin/PUB/Documents/IR-98-077.pdf|title=Environment: Evolution of a Concept|author=Gordon J. MacDonald|page=2|quote=The Native American name for Los Angeles was Yang na, which translates into "the valley of smoke."}}</ref><ref name="google86">{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=CET4QodMZysC&pg=PA86|title=Fifteen Hundred California Place Names|last=Bright|first=William|publisher=University of California Press|year=1998|isbn=978-0-520-21271-8|page=86|lccn=97043147|quote=Founded on the site of a Gabrielino Indian village called Yang-na, or iyáangẚ, 'poison-oak place.'}}</ref><ref name="sfgate2002">{{cite news|url=http://www.sfgate.com/homeandgarden/thedirt/article/Roots-of-native-names-2712675.php|title=Roots of native names|last=Sullivan|first=Ron|date=December 7, 2002|newspaper=[[San Francisco Chronicle]]|access-date=January 7, 2015|quote=Los Angeles itself was built over a Gabrielino village called Yangna or iyaanga', 'poison oak place.'}}</ref><ref name=":02">{{Cite book |last=Estrada |first=William David |title=The Los Angeles Plaza: Sacred and Contested Space |publisher=University of Texas Press |year=2009 |isbn=978-0-292-78209-9 |pages=15–50}}</ref> === Boma la Spain === Mu 1542 Juan Rodríguez Cabrillo, uyo wakendanga pa nyanja, wakapika chigaŵa cha kumwera kwa California kuti chiŵe cha Ufumu wa Spain. Gaspar de Portolà na mishonale Juan Crespí ŵakafika pa malo agho sono ni Los Angeles pa Ogasiti 2, 1769.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://pacificahistory.wikispaces.com/Portola+Expedition+1769+Diaries|title=Portola Expedition 1769 Diaries|publisher=Pacifica Historical Society|access-date=January 7, 2015|archive-date=November 13, 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151113232240/http://pacificahistory.wikispaces.com/Portola+Expedition+1769+Diaries|url-status=dead}}</ref> [[File:Mission San Fernando Rey de España (Oriana Day) (cropped).jpg|thumb|left|Mu 1797, ŵanthu ŵa ku Spain ŵakambiska Mission San Fernando Rey de España.]] Mu 1771, Franciscan Junípero Serra wakambiska mulimo wa kuzenga Mission San Gabriel Arcángel, iyo yikaŵa mishoni yakwamba mu cigaŵa ici. Pa Seputembala 4, 1781, gulu la ŵanthu ŵakukwana 44 awo ŵakamanyikwanga kuti "Los Pobladores" ŵakambiska tawuni iyo ŵakalicema kuti El Pueblo de Nuestra Señora la Reina de los Ángeles, panji kuti "Sumba ya Mama withu, Fumukazi ya Ŵangelo".<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.laalmanac.com/history/hi03b.php|title=Settlement of Los Angeles|website=Los Angeles Almanac|language=en-US|access-date=September 2, 2018}}</ref> Zina la tawuni iyi likususkana; buku la Guinness Book of World Records likuti "El Pueblo de Nuestra Señora la Reina de los Ángeles de Porciúncula"; mabuku ghanyake ghakung'anamura zina ili mwakudumura. Mu msumba uwu ndimo muli dayosisi yikuru comene ya Katolika ku United States. Vigaŵa viŵiri pa viŵiri vya ŵanthu ŵa ku Mexico panji ŵa ku (New Spain) ŵakaŵa ŵa mtundu wa mestizo panji mulatto, awo ŵakaŵa ŵa mu Africa, ŵa fuko limoza na ŵa ku Europe. Kwa vyaka vinandi, ŵanthu ŵakakhalanga mu muzi uwu, kweni mu 1820, ŵanthu ŵakasazgikira kufika pa 650. Mazuŵa ghano, ŵanthu ŵakukumbukira malo agha mu chigaŵa cha Pueblo Plaza na Olvera Street, ku Los Angeles.<ref name="Estrada2006">{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=NzlO8C5-Q88C|title=Los Angeles's Olvera Street|last=Estrada|first=William D.|publisher=Arcadia Publishing|year=2006|isbn=978-0-7385-3105-2|access-date=September 30, 2011}}</ref> === Boma la Mexico === [[File:Portrait of Pio Pico (Californian State Library) (detail).jpg|thumb|left|Pío Pico, uyo wakaŵa kazembe waumaliro wa ku Mexico, wakawovwira comene kuti msumba wa Los Angeles ukhazikike.]] Mu 1821, caru ca New Spain cikapoka wanangwa ku Spain, ndipo sono ŵanthu ŵa ku pueblo ŵakakhalanga mu caru ca Mexico. Mu nyengo ya Mexican, Kazembe Pío Pico wakazgora msumba wa Los Angeles kuŵa msumba ukuru wa Alta California. Pa nyengo iyi, boma liphya likambiska vinthu vinandi vyakukondweska ŵanthu ŵa ku Los Angeles.<ref>{{cite web |title=Monterey County Historical Society, Local History Pages--Secularization and the Ranchos, 1826-1846 |url=http://mchsmuseum.com/secularization.html |access-date=October 26, 2017 |website=mchsmuseum.com}}</ref> Mu 1846, pa nkhondo iyo yikacitikira caru ca Mexico na America, ŵasilikari ŵa boma la United States ŵakanjira mu muzi uwu. Ivi vikapangiska kuti boma la Mexico lizingire msumba wa Los Angeles, ndipo ŵasilikari ŵa Mexico ŵakukwana 150 ŵakarwa nkhondo na ŵasilikari ŵa boma la Mexico. Muwuso wa Mexico ukamara pamasinda pa Nkhondo ya ku America na Mexico, iyo yikacitikira ku California. Ŵanthu ŵa ku America ndiwo ŵakamba kuwusa caru ca California, pamanyuma pa nkhondo zinandi izo zikamara na kukolerana pa cipangano ca Cahuenga pa Janyuwale 13, 1847. Boma la Mexico likapika mazaza mu 1848, ndipo likapangana na boma la Guadalupe Hidalgo kuti likapeleke msumba wa Los Angeles na chigaŵa chose cha Alta California ku United States.<ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=KyFPAAAAYAAJ|title=Historical and biographical record of southern California: containing a history of southern California from its earliest settlement to the opening year of the twentieth century|last=Guinn|first=James Miller|publisher=Chapman pub. co.|year=1902|page=50|access-date=September 30, 2011}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Bauer |first=K. Jack |url=https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/25746154 |title=The Mexican War, 1846-1848 |date=1993 |publisher=University of Nebraska Press |edition=Bison books |location=Lincoln |pages=184|oclc=25746154 }}</ref> ===Post-Conquest era=== {{See also|Victorian Downtown Los Angeles|Los Angeles in the 1920s}} [[File:Treaty of Cahuenga.jpg|thumb|right|upright=1.1|Phangano la Cahuenga, ilo likapangika mu 1847 na munthu wa ku California Andrés Pico na John C. Frémont, wakamalizga U.S. Ŵakapoka California.]] Mu 1876 ŵakazenga njanji yakufuma ku New Orleans kuluta ku Los Angeles, ndipo mu 1885 ŵakazenga njanji yakufuma ku Santa Fe. Mu 1892, mafuta ghakasangika mu msumba uwu na mu vigaŵa vyapafupi, ndipo mu 1923, vinthu ivi vikawovwira kuti California yiŵe charu icho chikupanga mafuta ghanandi chomene mu charu ichi. Kuzakafika mu 1900, mu msumba uwu mukaŵa ŵanthu ŵakujumpha 102,000, ndipo maji ghakaŵa ghakusoŵa. Mu 1913, apo ŵakamalizga kuzenga mugelo wa maji ku Los Angeles, William Mulholland ndiyo wakawovwira kuti msumba uwu ulutilire kukura. Chifukwa cha malango agho ghakakanizganga msumba wa Los Angeles kuguliska panji kupeleka maji ku ŵanthu ŵa mu vigaŵa vinyake, misumba yinandi iyo yikazingilizga msumba uwu yikamba kukolerana na Los Angeles.<ref name="LAgrowth">{{citation|last=Basiago|first=Andrew D.|publisher=The Regents of the University of California|title=Water For Los Angeles&nbsp;– Sam Nelson Interview|url=http://texts.cdlib.org/view?docId=ft0v19n64m&doc.view=entire_text|date=February 7, 1988|at=11|access-date=October 7, 2013}}</ref><ref>{{cite map|publisher=City of Los Angeles Bureau of Engineering|title=Annexation and Detachment Map|url=http://navigatela.lacity.org/common/mapgallery/pdf/annex34x44.pdf|access-date=March 1, 2017|archive-date=March 1, 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170301193923/http://navigatela.lacity.org/common/mapgallery/pdf/annex34x44.pdf|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref name="FinalReport">{{cite web|url=http://www.lamag.com/citythink/citythinkblog/2013/09/25/citydig-las-20th-century-land-grab|title=CityDig: L.A.'s 20th Century Land Grab|author1-link=Glen Creason|last=Creason|first=Glen|date=September 26, 2013|publisher=Los Angeles Magazine|access-date=October 10, 2013}}</ref>[[File:Paramount Pictures studio gate, c. 1940 (cropped).jpg|thumb|left|In the early 20th century, [[Major film studios|Hollywood studios]], like [[Paramount Pictures]], helped transform [[Hollywood, Los Angeles|Hollywood]] into the world capital of film and helped solidify LA as a global economic hub.]] Los Angeles ndiyo yikaŵa na dango lakwamba la kugaŵa malo mu United States. Pa Seputembala 14, 1908, wupu wakulongozga msumba wa Los Angeles ukapharazga kuti malo ghakusungirako ŵanthu na mafakitale ghaŵe ghakupambanapambana. Dango liphya ili likakanizga kuti ŵanthu ŵakhalengemo mu malo ghamoza agho ghakaŵa na malo ghamoza agho ghakaŵa ghakupambana na ghanyake. Mu vyaru ivyo ŵakakanizga mulimo uwu, mukaŵa nyumba zakusungiramo viŵeto, malo ghakusungiramo nkhuni, na malo gha mafakitale agho ghakaŵa na makina. Malango agha ghakapelekeka pamanyuma pakuti vinthu vya mu maindasitiri vyamara. Ivi vikasazgikirapo pa vinthu vinyake ivyo kale vikaŵanga vyakukwiyiska. Vinyake mwa vinthu ivi ni malo ghakusungiramo vinthu vyakuphulika, malo ghakupangira gasi, malo ghakupangira mafuta, malo ghakukomerako nyama, na malo ghakusungiramo viŵiya. Kweniso boma la Los Angeles likapeleka malo 7 ghakusungirako vinthu mu tawuni iyi. Ndipouli, pakati pa 1908 na 1915, wupu wa boma ku Los Angeles ukazomerezga kuti ŵanthu ŵaleke kugwiliskira nchito malo agha, ndipo ivi vikapangiska kuti ŵanthu ŵambe kugwiliskira nchito malo agha pa vinthu vinyake. Pali mphambano ziŵiri pakati pa dango la Residence District Ordinance la mu 1908 na malango ghanyake gha ku United States. Cakwamba, malango gha mu 1908 ghakapanga mapu ghakukwana yayi nga umo vikaŵira na dango la mu 1916 la New York City. Chachiŵiri, malo ghakukhalamo ghakapambaniskanga yayi mitundu ya nyumba; ghakapambaniskanga yayi nyumba, mahotelo, na nyumba za mbumba yimoza. Mu 1910, Hollywood yikasazgikana na msumba wa Los Angeles, ndipo pa nyengo iyi mu msumba uwu mukaŵa kale makampani 10 gha mafilimu. Mu 1921, makampani gha mafilimu ghakujumpha 80 pa 100 gha mu caru cose ghakaŵa ku L.A. Ndalama izo ŵakasanganga cifukwa ca mulimo uwu, zikawovwira kuti msumba uwu uleke kukumana na suzgo la ndalama ilo likakhwaska caru cose pa nyengo ya suzgo yikuru ya caru cose. Kuzakafika mu 1930, ciŵelengero ca ŵanthu cikajumpha pa 1 miliyoni. Mu 1932, mu msumba uwu ndimo mukachitikira maseŵero gha Olimpiki.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.census.gov/population/www/documentation/twps0027/tab16.txt|title=Population of the 100 Largest Urban Places: 1930|date=June 15, 1998|publisher=[[United States Census Bureau]]|access-date=January 8, 2015}}</ref><ref name="YoungYoung2007">{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=QYYMqXUyjnUC&pg=PA21|title=The Great Depression in America: a cultural encyclopedia|last1=Young|first1=William H.|last2=Young|first2=Nancy K.|date=March 2007|publisher=Greenwood Publishing Group|isbn=978-0-313-33521-1|page=21|access-date=September 30, 2011}}</ref> ===Post-WWII=== [[File:WSA Photo 4235.jpg|thumb|right|Mu Nkhondo Yachiŵiri ya Charu Chose, kampani ya California Shipbuilding Corporation pa Terminal Island yikaŵa pakati pa ŵanthu ŵanandi awo ŵakazenga sitima izo zikazengera malo ghakusungirako sitima mu msumba wa Los Angeles.]] Mu nyengo ya Nkhondo Yachiŵiri ya Charu Chose, Los Angeles likaŵa likuru la kupanga vyombo na ndege. Calship yikapanga maboti ghanandi gha Liberty na Victory Ships pa Terminal Island, ndipo malo gha Los Angeles ghakaŵa likuru gha vyombo vikuruvikuru vinkhondi na viŵiri vya charu (Douglas Aircraft Company, Hughes Aircraft, Lockheed, North American Aviation, Northrop Corporation, na Vultee). Nkhondo Yachiŵiri ya Charu Chose yikati yamara, msumba wa Los Angeles ukakura mwaluŵiro chomene kuluska kale, ndipo ukamba kusanjika mu chigaŵa cha San Fernando Valley. Chifukwa cha Nkhondo Yachiŵiri ya Charu Chose, kukura kwa matawuni gha mphaka, na unandi wa ŵanthu, malo ghakusanguluska ghanandi ghakazengeka na kugwiriridwa mu malo agha. Chifukwa cha mphambano ya mitundu, mu 1965 ku Watts kukachitika chisokonezo ndipo ŵanthu 34 ŵakafwa na kupwetekeka.<ref name="Hinton2">{{cite book |last1=Hinton |first1=Elizabeth |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ATS6CwAAQBAJ&q=Turn+left+or+get+shot&pg=PA69 |title=From the War on Poverty to the War on Crime: The Making of Mass Incarceration in America |date=2016 |publisher=Harvard University Press |isbn=9780674737235 |pages=68–72}}</ref>[[File:Olympic Torch Tower of the Los Angeles Coliseum.jpg|thumb|left|Chiphikiro chakujulira maseŵero gha Olimpiki mu 1984 pa LA Coliseum]] Mu 1969, California ndiyo yikaŵa malo ghakwamba apo pa Intaneti pakaŵavya vinthu vyakupambanapambana, ndipo uthenga wakwamba uwo ukafuma ku Yunivesite ya California ku Los Angeles (UCLA) ukaluta ku Stanford Research Institute ku Menlo Park. Mu 1973, Tom Bradley wakasankhika kuŵa meya wakwamba wa msumba uwu, ndipo wakagwira nchito nyengo zinkhondi mpaka apo wakafumira mu 1993. Vinthu vinyake ivyo vikacitika mu msumba uwu mu vyaka vya m'ma 1970 vikusazgapo nkhondo ya Symbionese Liberation Army ku South Central mu 1974 na milandu ya Hillside Stranglers mu 1977-1978. Kukwambilira kwa 1984, msumba uwu ukaŵa na ŵanthu ŵanandi comene kuluska wa Chicago, ndipo ukaŵa msumba waciŵiri pa misumba yikuru ku United States. Mu 1984, mu msumba uwu mukacitikaso maseŵero gha pa Olimpiki. Nangauli vyaru 14 vya Cikomyunizimu vikakana kuti vileke kuŵapo pa maseŵero gha Olimpiki, kweni maseŵero gha Olimpiki gha mu 1984 ghakaŵa ghakovwira comene kuluska maseŵero ghanyake ghose agho ghakaŵako, ndipo ghakaŵa ghaciŵiri kuti ghaŵe na phindu.<ref name="Zarnowski">{{cite journal|author-link1=Frank Zarnowski|last=Zarnowski|first=C. Frank|date=Summer 1992|title=A Look at Olympic Costs|url=http://www.la84foundation.org/SportsLibrary/JOH/JOHv1n1/JOHv1n1f.pdf|url-status=dead|journal=Citius, Altius, Fortius|volume=1|issue=1|pages=16–32|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080528012143/http://www.la84foundation.org/SportsLibrary/JOH/JOHv1n1/JOHv1n1f.pdf|archive-date=May 28, 2008|access-date=October 1, 2011}}</ref>[[File:48 California Willshire Grand (cropped).jpg|thumb|upright|[[Wilshire Grand Center]], nyumba iyi yikazengeka mu 2017, ndipo ni nyumba yitali chomene ku California na kumanjiliro gha dazi kwa United States.]] Pa 29 Epulero, 1992, pakawuka viwawa pakati pa mafuko, ndipo khoti la ku Simi Valley likagamura kuti ŵapolisi ŵanayi ŵa Los Angeles Police Department (LAPD) ŵaleke mulandu. Mu 1994, cindindindindi cikuru ico cikacitika ku Northridge cikasunkhunya msumba uwu, ndipo cikabwangandura vinthu vyakukwana $12.5 biliyoni na kukoma ŵanthu 72. Caka ici cikamara na mulandu wa Rampart, uwo ukaŵa umoza mwa milandu yikuru comene ya kupuluska mu mdauko wa America.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.pbs.org/wgbh/pages/frontline/shows/lapd/scandal/cron.html|title=Rampart Scandal Timeline|access-date=October 1, 2011|publisher=[[Frontline (U.S. TV series)|PBS Frontline]]}}</ref> === M'ma 2000 === Mu 2002, Meya James Hahn wakalongozga kampeni yakuwukira boma, ndipo ivi vikapangiska kuti ŵanthu ŵa mu San Fernando Valley na Hollywood ŵaleke kuwukira boma. Mu 2022, Karen Bass wakazgoka mwanakazi wakwamba kuŵa meya wa msumba uwu, ndipo ivi vikapangiska kuti msumba wa Los Angeles uŵe msumba ukuru chomene mu United States kuti mwanakazi waŵe meya. Mu msumba wa Los Angeles ndimo muzamuchitikira maseŵero gha Olimpiki gha mu 2028.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://money.cnn.com/2017/07/31/news/los-angeles-olympics-2028/index.html|title=Los Angeles will host 2028 Olympics|last=Horowitz|first=Julia|date=August 1, 2017|website=[[CNNMoney]]|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170731190432/http://money.cnn.com/2017/07/31/news/los-angeles-olympics-2028/index.html|archive-date=July 31, 2017|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.worldatlas.com/articles/cities-which-have-hosted-multiple-summer-olympic-games.html|title=Cities Which Have Hosted Multiple Summer Olympic Games|website=worldatlas|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161215161622/http://www.worldatlas.com/articles/cities-which-have-hosted-multiple-summer-olympic-games.html|archive-date=December 15, 2016|url-status=live}}</ref> == Makhalilo gha malo == {{See also|Los Angeles Basin|San Fernando Valley}} === Malo ghakukhala === [[File:Los Angeles by Sentinel-2, 2019-03-30.jpg|thumb|Kuwona malo gha ku Los Angeles kufuma pa satellite]] Msumba wa Los Angeles uli na malo ghakukwana 1,302 km2 ndipo uli na malo ghakukwana 1,214 km2 na maji ghakukwana 88 km2.<ref name="gazetteer">{{Cite US Gazetteer|2010|places|CA}}</ref> Msumba uwu uli pa mtunda wa makilomita 71 kufuma kumpoto kuya kumwera ndipo uli pa mtunda wa makilomita 29 kufuma kumafumiro gha dazi kuya kumanjiliro gha dazi. Msumba uwu uli pa mtunda wa makilomita 550. Los Angeles ni tawuni ya mapiri ndiposo ya mapiri. Malo ghapachanya chomene mu msumba uwu ni Phiri la Lukens ilo lili pa mtunda wa mamita 1,547, ilo lili kumpoto chakumafumiro gha dazi kwa San Fernando Valley. Chigaŵa chakumafumiro gha dazi kwa mapiri gha Santa Monica chikupakana ku Nyanja ya Pacific ndipo chikupatura Los Angeles Basin na San Fernando Valley. Vigaŵa vinyake vya ku Los Angeles vili na mapiri. Ku mpoto kwa tawuni ya Washington, ku vigaŵa vya kumafumiro gha dazi nga ni Boyle Heights, chigaŵa cha Crenshaw kuzingilizga Baldwin Hills, na chigaŵa cha San Pedro. Kuzingilizga tawuni iyi kuli mapiri ghatali. Kumpoto kwake kuli mapiri gha San Gabriel, agho ŵanthu ŵa ku Angelenos ŵakutemwa kuluta kukasopa. Malo ghapachanya chomene ni Phiri la San Antonio, ilo ŵanthu ŵa ku malo agha ŵakulimanya kuti Phiri la Baldy. Kutali na malo agha, kuli Phiri la San Gorgonio, ilo lili pa mtunda wa makilomita 130 kumafumiro gha dazi kwa msumba wa Los Angeles. Mlonga wa Los Angeles, uwo nyengo zinandi ukwenda nyengo yiliyose, ndiwo ukwenda mu maji. Wupu wa Army Corps of Engineers ukanozga na kujara makilomita 82 kuti maji ghaleke kwiza. Mtsinjewu umayamba mu chigawo cha Canoga Park mumzindawu, umadutsa chakum'mawa kuchokera ku San Fernando Valley kumpoto kwa mapiri a Santa Monica, ndipo umatembenukira kumwera kudzera pakatikati pa mzindawu, ukuyenda kumlomo wake ku Port of Long Beach ku Pacific Ocean. Mlonga ucoko wa Ballona ukuthira mu Santa Monica Bay ku Playa del Rey.<ref name="Gumprecht2001">{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=2ftBJpp7aIoC|title=The Los Angeles River: Its Life, Death, and Possible Rebirth|last=Gumprecht|first=Blake|date=March 2001|publisher=JHU Press|isbn=978-0-8018-6642-5|page=173|access-date=October 3, 2011}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.google.com/maps/@34.1149676,-116.8483927,10.69z|title=Google Maps|website=Google Maps}}</ref> === Vyakumela === {{see also|California coastal sage and chaparral}} [[File:The Duck Pond at Playa del Rey.jpg|thumb|left|[[Del Rey Lagoon Park|Del Rey Lagoon]] ku [[Playa del Rey]]]] Ku Los Angeles kuli vyakumera vinandi, cifukwa ca malo ghakupambanapambana, nga ni mumphepete mwa nyanja, mu vipalamba, na mu mapiri. Vimera ivi vikusangika chomene mu vigaŵa vya m'mphepete mwa nyanja, chaparral, na mu nkhorongo. Vyakumera vya ku malo agha ni: California poppy, matilija poppy, toyon, Ceanothus, Chamise, Coast Live Oak, sycamore, willow na Giant Wildrye. Vinyake mwa vyakumera ivi, nga ni sunflowers ya ku Los Angeles, vikusangika viŵi yayi mwakuti vili pafupi kumara. Nangauli mu msumba uwu mulije khuni ili, kweni khuni la Coral Tree (Erythrina caffra) ndilo ni khuni la boma la Los Angeles, ndipo maluŵa gha boma la Los Angeles ni Paradise Bird (Strelitzia reginae).<ref name="Communications2003">{{cite book|title=Los Angeles Magazine|date=April 2003|publisher=Emmis Communications|page=62|chapter=Flower|journal=Los Angeles|issn=1522-9149|access-date=October 6, 2011|chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=-10EAAAAMBAJ&pg=PA62}}</ref> [[Washingtonia robusta|Mexican Fan Palms]], [[Phoenix canariensis|Canary Island Palms]], [[Syagrus romanzoffiana|Queen Palms]], [[Date Palm]]s, na [[Washingtonia filifera|California Fan Palms]] ni vinyake mwa vyakumera ivi ni vya ku Los Angeles, nangauli ni vya ku California pera, kweni vikusangika mu msumba wa Los Angeles yayi. === Nthaka === [[File:Mt. Lukens overlooking La Crescenta-Montrose.jpg|thumb|right|[[Mount Lukens]], mu mapiri gha San Gabriel, muli malo ghatali chomene ku Los Angeles]] Pakuti msumba wa Los Angeles uli pa malo ghakucemeka Pacific Ring of Fire, nyengo zinyake kukuchitika vindindindi. Vinthu ivi vikupangiska kuti paŵe vindindindi vikuruvikuru, ivyo vikupangiska kuti paŵe vindindindi vikuruvikuru pafupifupi 10,000 pa caka mu Southern California, nangauli vinandi mwa vindindindi ivi ni vichoko mwakuti vingapulikikwa yayi.<ref name="quakes">{{cite web|url=https://earthquake.usgs.gov/learn/facts.php|title=Earthquake Facts|publisher=[[United States Geological Survey]]|access-date=October 3, 2011}}</ref> Chigaŵa cha San Andreas Fault, icho chili pa mphaka pakati pa Pacific Plate na North American Plate, chikuduka mu chigaŵa cha Los Angeles. Cigaŵa ca malo agha ico cikujumpha mu Southern California, cikutimbanizgika na cindindindi cikuru pa virimika 110 panji 140, ndipo ŵakumanya vya cindindindindi ŵakucenjezga kuti cindindindi cikuru cinyake cingacitikaso, cifukwa cindindindi cikuru cakumalizga ico cikacitika cikaŵa ico cikacitika ku Fort Tejon mu 1857. Malo gha ku Los Angeles na malo ghanyake agho ghakukhala ŵanthu ŵanandi, ghakunangika na vindindindi vyamabuchi. Vindindindi vikuruvikuru ivyo vyacitika mu Los Angeles ni vya ku Long Beach mu 1933, ku San Fernando mu 1971, ku Whittier Narrows mu 1987, na ku Northridge mu 1994. Kweni vinyake ni vyambura nkhongono ndipo munthu wakuvipulikiska yayi. Wupu wa USGS ukafumiska lipoti la UCERF la ku California ilo likulongosora umo chindindindi chingachitikira ku California. Vigaŵa vinyake vya tawuni iyi vikusuzgikaso na tsunami. Malo agho ghali pa dowoko ghakaŵaso na ngozi chifukwa cha chindindindi icho chikachitika ku Aleutian Islands mu 1946, ku Valdivia mu 1960, ku Alaska mu 1964, ku Chile mu 2010, na ku Japan mu 2011.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://geology.com/records/largest-earthquake/|title=World's Largest Recorded Earthquake|publisher=Geology.com|access-date=January 12, 2015}}</ref> === Msumba === {{Main|List of districts and neighborhoods in Los Angeles}} {{wide image|LA Downtown View (cropped).jpg|800px|{{center|The skyline of [[Downtown Los Angeles]]}}}} Msumba uwu uli na vigaŵa vinandi, ndipo vinyake mwa vigaŵa ivi vikaŵa mu msumba wa Los Angeles. Vigaŵa ivi vikapangika pacoko na pacoko, ndipo vili na malo ghakukwana mwakuti msumba uli na vikhwangwani ivyo vikulongora vigaŵa vyose.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://ladot.lacity.org/WhatWeDo/Operations/NeighborhoodServices/Neighborhoodsigns/index.htm|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150907050707/http://ladot.lacity.org/WhatWeDo/Operations/NeighborhoodServices/Neighborhoodsigns/index.htm|url-status=dead|title=LADOT|archive-date=September 7, 2015}}</ref> ==== Overview ==== [[File:The Griffith Observatory at night, Mt. Hollywood, Los Angeles, California, U.S.jpg|thumb|left|View of the [[Downtown Los Angeles]] skyline from [[Griffith Park]]]] Misewu ya mu tawuni iyi yikwenda mu nthowa zakuyana waka, ndipo misewu yinyake yikujumpha mu misewu iyi. Kweni ivi vikusuzga cifukwa ca malo ghambura kwendeska magalimoto, ndipo ivi vyapangiska kuti paŵe mageti ghakupambanapambana mu madambo ghose agho ghakukhala mu msumba wa Los Angeles. Misewu yikuru-yikuru yikupangika kuti yikwendeska magalimoto ghanandi mu vigaŵa vinandi vya mu msumba uwu, ndipo yinandi mwa misewu iyi njitali comene; Sepulveda Boulevard njitali makilomita 69, ndipo Foothill Boulevard njitali makilomita 97, ndipo yikufika ku San Bernardino. Ŵadokotala ŵa galimoto ku Los Angeles ŵakuŵa na suzgo lakuti pa caru cose paŵa nyengo zinonono comene, kuyana na umo ŵakwendeskera magalimoto ŵakucitira, TomTom. Ŵadokotala ŵa magalimoto mu LA ŵakumalira maora 92 pa msewu pa chaka. Pa nyengo ya maora gha pachanya chomene, pali magalimoto ghakukwana 80 peresenti, kuyana na ivyo vyalembeka pa index iyi.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.usatoday.com/story/news/nation-now/2015/04/01/worst-cities-traffic-usa-los-angeles/70762026/|title=Los Angeles tops worst cities for traffic in USA|website=USA TODAY|access-date=December 31, 2015}}</ref> Kanandi mu msumba wa Los Angeles mukuŵa nyumba zambura kujumpha msinkhu, mwakupambana na mu msumba wa New York. Ku Los Angeles kuli nyumba zikuruzikuru yayi, kweni pali malo ghachoko waka nga ni Downtown, Warner Center, Century City, Koreatown, Miracle Mile, Hollywood, na Westwood. Nyumba zichoko waka izo zili kuzengeka kuwaro kwa malo agha, zikuwoneka makora comene. Mulimo wa kuzenga ukucitika mu vigaŵa vyakupambanapambana, m'malo mwa kuzenga nyumba yimoza. Kweni mu msumba wa Los Angeles muli nyumba zinandi zakujumpha 30 zakudikanya, ndipo 14 zili na nyumba zakujumpha 50 zakudikanya, ndipo ziŵiri zili na nyumba zakujumpha 70 zakudikanya, ndipo nyumba yitali chomene ni Wilshire Grand Center. Kweniso mu msumba wa Los Angeles muli nyumba zinandi zakukhalamo m'malo mwa nyumba za mbumba yimoza. <gallery mode="packed" heights="100" caption="Malo ghanyake gha [[List of districts and neighborhoods in Los Angeles|Los Angeles]]"> File:Crossing 1st St. (15569188450) (cropped2).jpg|[[Boyle Heights, Los Angeles|Boyle Heights]] File:Little Armenia Los Angeles view edit1.jpg|[[East Hollywood, Los Angeles|East Hollywood]] File:Skyline view of Los Angeles, California, centering on the 13-story Eastern Columbia Building in the Broadway Theater District LCCN2013631691 (cropped).tif|[[Historic Core, Los Angeles|Historic Core]] File:Pacific Palisades Photo Don Ramey Logan (cropped).jpg|[[Pacific Palisades, Los Angeles|Pacific Palisades]] File:20140810-0429 Nisei Week Festival (cropped).JPG|[[Little Tokyo, Los Angeles|Little Tokyo]] File:Silverlake, Los Angeles (cropped).jpg|[[Silver Lake, Los Angeles|Silver Lake]] File:San-Pedro1.jpg|[[San Pedro, Los Angeles|San Pedro]] File:View of Griffith Park from Sunset Boulevard (cropped2).jpg|[[Los Feliz, Los Angeles|Los Feliz]] File:Sunny business district roads (Unsplash) (cropped).jpg|[[Financial District, Los Angeles|Financial District]] File:Aerial view of beaches (Venice) July 2022 (3).jpg|[[Venice, Los Angeles|Venice]] File:The Duck Pond at Playa del Rey (cropped).jpg|[[Playa del Rey, Los Angeles|Playa del Rey]] File:Wilshire Boulevard winds through Westwood-3730987095 (cropped).jpg|[[Westwood, Los Angeles|Westwood]] </gallery> === Nyengo === {{Main|Climate of Los Angeles}} {{climate chart | Los Angeles (Downtown) |48.9|68.0|3.29 |50.0|68.0|3.64 |52.4|69.9|2.23 |54.8|72.4|0.69 |58.1|73.7|0.32 |61.4|77.2|0.09 |64.7|82.0|0.02 |65.4|84.0|0.00 |64.2|83.0|0.13 |59.9|78.6|0.58 |53.1|72.9|0.78 |48.2|67.4|2.48 |float = right |clear = right |units = imperial |source = NOAA<ref name="Los Angeles Downtown Weatherbox NOAA txt"/>}} Los Angeles ili na nyengo ziŵiri za nyengo ya chihanya na nyengo ya chiwuvi (Köppen Csb pa mphepete mwa nyanja na vigaŵa vinandi vya pakati pa msumba, Csa pafupi na metropolitan region kumanjiliro gha dazi), kweni yikupokera maji ghavula pachaka pachoko kuluska malo ghanyake gha mu nyanja ya Mediterranean, ntheura yili pafupi na mphaka ya nyengo ya chiwuvi (BSh), nangauli yikusulako waka. Nyengo ya muhanya yikuŵa yiwemi mu cilimika cose. Mu nyengo ya chiwuvi, malo agha ghakukwana pafupifupi 68 °F (20 °C) ndipo ghakupangiska kuti ŵanthu ŵaŵe nga ŵali mu malo ghakuzizima, nangauli nyengo iyi yikuzizima chomene chifukwa chakuti usiku kukuzizima chomene.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://boomcalifornia.com/2017/05/22/the-myth-of-a-desert-metropolis-los-angeles-was-not-built-in-a-desert-but-are-we-making-it-one/|title=The Myth of a Desert Metropolis: Los Angeles was not built in a desert, but are we making it one?|date=May 22, 2017|website=Boom California|language=en|access-date=March 8, 2019}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.plantmaps.com/koppen-climate-classification-map-north-america.php|title=Interactive North America Koppen-Geiger Climate Classification Map|website=www.plantmaps.com|access-date=March 8, 2019}}</ref> Mu msumba wa Los Angeles, zuŵa likuŵala comene mu cilimika cose, ndipo cilimika cilicose kuli mazuŵa 35 pera agho kuli vula. Mu nyanja iyi, mu mwezi wa Epulero, Meyi, Juni na Novembala, nyengo ya kotcha yikupambana na 32°C. Mu mwezi wa Julayi, Ogasiti, Okutobala, nyengo ya kotcha yikupambana na mazuŵa ghankhondi. Ku San Fernando Valley na San Gabriel Valley kukuzizima comene. Mu vigaŵa vya ku mpoto, nyengo yikupambana chomene. Kutentha kwapakati pa nyanja ndi 63 °F (17 °C), kuchokera 58 °F (14 °C) mu Januwale mpaka 68 °F (20 °C) mu Ogasiti. Maora gha zuŵa ghakujumpha 3,000 pa cilimika, kufuma pa ora limoza pa zuŵa mu Disembala kufika pa ora limoza pa zuŵa mu Julayi. Malo gha ku Los Angeles ghakusangikaso na vinthu vinyake ivyo vikuchitika mu malo ghachoko, ivyo vikupangiska kuti malo ghachoko ghaŵe pafupi na malo ghanyake. Mwaciyelezgero, nyengo yakuzizima comene mu mwezi wa Julayi ku Santa Monica Pier ni 21 °C, apo ku Canoga Park, uko kuli pa mtunda wa makilomita 24, kuli 35 °C. Mzinda uwu, nga ni malo ghanandi gha kumwera kwa California, ukuŵa na nyengo yakuzizima iyo yikuchemeka kuti "June Gloom". Para kwaca mulenji kukuŵa mabingu panji jumi, ndipo para kwaca namise kukuŵa zuŵa.<ref name="Poole2010">{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=HAPWv2OkeXUC&pg=PA22|title=Frommer's Los Angeles 2011|last=Poole|first=Matthew R.|date=September 22, 2010|publisher=John Wiley & Sons|isbn=978-0-470-62619-1|page=22|access-date=October 5, 2011}}</ref>[[File:Lake Hollywood Reservoir by clinton steeds.jpg|thumb|left|[[Hollywood Reservoir|Lake Hollywood]] ku [[Santa Monica Mountains]]]] Sonosono apa, cikhutu ico cikacitika mu California cikapangiska kuti maji gha mu msumba uwu ghaleke kwenda makora.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.latimes.com/california/story/2022-03-01/california-drought-will-continue-after-dry-winter |title=California drought continues after state has its driest January and February on record |website=www.latimes.com |date= March 2022|access-date=March 9, 2022}}</ref> Mu tawuni ya Los Angeles mukuŵa vula yikuru pa chaka, ndipo kanandi yikuwa pakati pa Novembala na Malichi. Nyengo zinyake vula iyi yikuŵa yichoko waka, kweni nyengo zinyake yikuŵa yikuru chomene. Kanandi vula yikulokwa comene mu mapiri na mumphepete mwa nyanja cifukwa ca kukwera kwa mapiri. Nyengo ya cihanya yikuŵavya vula. Nyengo zinyake, para mphepo ya kumwera panji ya kumafumiro gha dazi yikwiza, nyengo ya chihanya yikuŵa na chivula cha mphepo, chomenechomene mu mapiri. Ku mphepete mwa nyanja kulije vula yinandi, kweni ku mapiri kuli vula yinandi. Vikuwoneka kuti ni viŵi yayi kuti vula yinonenge. Kanandi vinthu vikusintha kufuma pa chaka chimoza kuya pa chinyake, ndipo nyengo yichoko waka ya vula yikulokwa yayi. Kanandi mu nyanja ya Pacific para kuli vula, kukaŵanga nyengo ya El Niño, ndipo para kuli chilangalanga, kukaŵanga nyengo ya La Niña. Para vula yalokwa kanandi waka mu mazuŵa ghacoko waka yingapangiska kuti maji ghatutuke mu mapiri, comenecomene para moto wamara mu mapiri.<ref name="NCDC-CANOGA">{{cite web |year=2004 |title=Climatography of the United States No. 20 (1971–2000) |url=http://cdo.ncdc.noaa.gov/climatenormals/clim20/ca/041484.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130902181245/http://cdo.ncdc.noaa.gov/climatenormals/clim20/ca/041484.pdf |archive-date=September 2, 2013 |access-date=October 5, 2011 |publisher=[[National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration]]}}</ref> [[File:Venice Beach, Los Angeles, CA 07.JPG|thumb|right|Venice Beach ku South Coast ya California]] Kuzizima na chiwuvi ni viŵi yayi mu msumba na mumphepete mwa nyanja, ndipo kaumaliro ku chiwuvi kukaŵanga pa 29 January 1979. Kuzizima kukuchitika pafupifupi chaka chilichose mu madambo, apo mapiri gha mu msumba ghakuŵa na chiwuvi nyengo ya chiwuvi. Pa Janyuwale 15, 1932, mu msumba wa Los Angeles mukaŵa chiwuvi chikuru chomene. Mu Febuluwale 2019 kukawa chiwuvi chakwamba kufuma mu 1962, ndipo mu Janyuwale 2021 kukawa chiwuvi mu malo ghakufupi na Los Angeles. Ku malo ghakukwelera ku tawuni iyi, nyengo yakuzizima chomene yikaŵapo pa Seputembala 27, 2010, ndipo nyengo yakuzizima chomene yikaŵapo pa Janyuwale 4, 1949. Mu msumba wa Los Angeles, nyengo yakuzizima chomene iyo yili kulembekapo ni 49 °C, pa Seputembala 6, 2020, ku weather station pa Pierce College mu San Fernando Valley pafupi na Woodland Hills. Mu nyengo ya cihanya na nyengo ya ciwuvi, mphepo ya Santa Ana nyengo zinyake yikucitiska kuti ku Los Angeles kuŵe kwakotcha comene ndiposo kukawomira, ndipo ivi vikupangiska kuti paŵe ngozi yikuru ya moto. <ref>{{cite web |author1=National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration |title=Los Angeles/Oxnard |url=https://w2.weather.gov/climate/index.php?wfo=lox |website=National Weather Service Forecast Office |access-date=September 9, 2020}}</ref>{{Los Angeles weatherbox}} === Nkhani za malo === {{Further|Pollution in California#Los Angeles air pollution}} {{external media|width=210px|align=right|headerimage=|audio1=[https://www.sciencehistory.org/distillations/podcast/fighting-smog-in-los-angeles "Fighting Smog in Los Angeles"], ''Distillations'' Podcast, 2018 [[Science History Institute]]}} Pakuti mu msumba uwu muli magalimoto ghanandi, kweniso muli maboti ghanandi, mu msumba uwu mukuŵa mphepo ziheni chomene. Mu chigaŵa cha Los Angeles na San Fernando Valley, mphepo ya mu mphepo yikupambana comene na mphepo ya mu mphepo zinyake. Vipimo vya mphepo iyo yikufuma ku magalimoto mu msumba vingasazgikira kufika pa 55 peresenti.<ref>{{cite journal|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=xdwDAAAAMBAJ&pg=PA65|title=What can we do about smog?|last=Stimson|first=Thomas E.|date=July 1955|journal=[[Popular Mechanics]]|page=65|issn=0032-4558|access-date=October 6, 2011}}</ref> [[File:Los Angeles Pollution (cropped).jpg|thumb|left|Chithukivu mu msumba wa Los Angeles mu Disembala 2005]] Nyengo ya chivula ichi yikwamba mu Meyi na kumalira mu Okutobala. Apo misumba yinyake yikuruyikuru yikuthemba vula kuti yifumiske josi, mu msumba wa Los Angeles vula yikuŵavya malita 380. Nkhani ya umo mphepo yiliri ku Los Angeles na mu misumba yinyake yikuruyikuru yikawovwira kuti paŵe malango ghakukhwaskana na umo vinthu viliri pa caru cose, kusazgapo dango la Clean Air Act. Apo dango ili likapelekekanga, boma la California likatondeka kupanga pulani iyo yingawovwira kuti lipulikirenge malango ghaphya ghakukhwaskana na mphepo yiwemi. Sonosono apa, boma la California ndilo likamba kulimbikira kuti lileke kunanga mphepo. Vikuwoneka kuti mu vilimika vyakulondezgapo, chivula ichi chizamulutilira kuchepa chifukwa cha vinthu vinandi ivyo ŵanthu ŵacita kuti ŵachepeske chivula ichi. Vinthu ivi ni magalimoto agho ghakwenda na magesi na magalimoto ghanyake agho ghakwenda na magesi, magalimoto agho ghakwenda na ŵanthu ŵanandi, na vinyake. Chiŵelengero cha ŵanthu awo ŵakasuzgikanga na mphepo ya smog mu msumba wa Los Angeles, chachepa kufuma pa ŵanthu 100 pa chaka mu ma 1970, kufika pa zero mu vyaka vya m'ma 2000. Nangauli vinthu vikwenda makora, kweni lipoti la pa caka la American Lung Association la 2006 na 2007 likati msumba uwu ndiwo ukaŵa wakunangika comene mu caru cose. Mu 2008, msumba uwu ukaŵa wachiŵiri pa malo agho kukaŵanga mphepo ziheni chomene ndipo ukaŵaso na mphepo ziheni chomene chaka chose. Mu 2010, tawuni iyi yikafiska ivyo yikakhumbanga vyakuti mu msumba uwu, 20 peresenti ya magesi gha mu msumba uwu ghafumenge ku malo agho ghangawelerapo. Kafukufuku wa American Lung Association wa mu 2013 wakulongora kuti mu chigaŵa ichi ndimo muli chivula cha mphepo icho chikunanga chomene mu charu, ndipo ni chigaŵa chachinayi pa vigaŵa vyose ivyo vikufipiskika nyengo yichoko waka na chaka chose. Kweniso ku Los Angeles ndiko kuli munda ukuru comene wa mafuta. Mu msumba uwu muli visimi vya mafuta vyakujumpha 700 ivyo vili pa mtunda wa mamita 460 kufuma ku nyumba, matchalitchi, masukulu, na vipatala. Mu tawuni iyi muli viyuni vinandi ivyo vikukhala na viyuni vyamuthengere. Ŵanandi ŵali na suzgo ili. Nangauli Serieys na ŵanyake mu 2014 ŵakasanga kuti maselo agho ghakovwira kuti maselo ghasinthe ghangaŵa mu malo ghakupambanapambana, kweni ŵakutondeka kulongora kuti maselo agha ghangawovwira kuti maselo ghasinthe mwakuti ghapone para maselo ghasintha.<ref name="Serieys-et-al-2014-bundle">{{Unbulleted list citebundle|{{cite journal | last1=Lambert | first1=Max R. | last2=Brans | first2=Kristien I. | last3=Des Roches | first3=Simone | last4=Donihue | first4=Colin M. | last5=Diamond | first5=Sarah E. | title=Adaptive Evolution in Cities: Progress and Misconceptions | journal=[[Trends in Ecology & Evolution]] | publisher=[[Cell Press]] | volume=36 | issue=3 | year=2021 | issn=0169-5347 | doi=10.1016/j.tree.2020.11.002 | pages=239–257| pmid=33342595 | s2cid=229342193 }}|{{cite journal | last1=Serieys | first1=Laurel E. K. | last2=Lea | first2=Amanda | last3=Pollinger | first3=John P. | last4=Riley | first4=Seth P. D. | last5=Wayne | first5=Robert K. | title=Disease and freeways drive genetic change in urban bobcat populations | journal=Evolutionary Applications | publisher=[[Blackwell publishing|Blackwell]] | volume=8 | issue=1 | date=December 2, 2014 | issn=1752-4571 | doi=10.1111/eva.12226 | pages=75–92 | pmid=25667604 | pmc=4310583 | s2cid=27501058}}}}</ref> == Chiwerengero cha anthu == {{Main|Demographics of Los Angeles}} {{See also|History of Armenian Americans in Los Angeles|History of Central Americans in Los Angeles|History of Chinese Americans in Los Angeles|History of Iranian Americans in Los Angeles|History of the Japanese in Los Angeles|History of the Jews in Los Angeles|History of Palestinians in Los Angeles|Ukrainian Americans in Los Angeles|History of Mexican Americans in Los Angeles}} {{US Census population |1850= 1610 |1860= 4385 |1870= 5728 |1880= 11183 |1890= 50395 |1900= 102479 |1910= 319198 |1920= 576673 |1930= 1238048 |1940= 1504277 |1950= 1970358 |1960= 2479015 |1970= 2811801 |1980= 2968528 |1990= 3485398 |2000= 3694820 |2010= 3792621 |2020= 3898747 |estyear= 2022 |estimate= 3819538 |estref=<ref>{{cite web|url=https://dof.ca.gov/wp-content/uploads/Forecasting/Demographics/Documents/E-1_2022PressRelease.pdf|title=Slowing state population decline puts latest population at 39,185,000|format=Press Release|work=Department of Finance|access-date=February 5, 2023|date=May 2, 2022|location=Sacramento|archive-date=May 25, 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220525233629/https://dof.ca.gov/wp-content/uploads/Forecasting/Demographics/Documents/E-1_2022PressRelease.pdf|url-status=dead}}</ref> |align-fn=center | footnote=United States Census Bureau<ref>{{cite web |url = https://www.census.gov/programs-surveys/decennial-census.html |title = Census of Population and Housing |publisher = [[U.S. Census Bureau]] |access-date = March 19, 2007 }}</ref><br />2010–2020, 2021<ref name="QuickFacts"/> }} Ku United States, mu 2010, ŵanthu awo ŵakalembeka mu msumba wa Los Angeles ŵakaŵa 3,792,621. Ŵanthu awo ŵakakhalanga mu tawuni iyi ŵakaŵanga 8,092.3 pa mita yimoza na hafu (3,124.5 pa kilomita yimoza). Kuyana na msinkhu wawo, ŵanthu 874,525 (23.1%) ŵakaŵa na vyaka vyambura kukwana 18, ŵanthu 434,478 (11.5%) ŵakaŵa ŵa vyaka vya pakati pa 18 na 24, ŵanthu 1,209,367 (31.9%) ŵakaŵa ŵa vyaka vya pakati pa 25 na 44, ŵanthu 877,555 (23.1%) ŵakaŵa ŵa vyaka vya pakati pa 45 na 64, ndipo ŵanthu 396,696 (10.5%) ŵakaŵa ŵa vyaka vya pakati pa 65 na kujumphirapo. Ŵakaŵa na vyaka 34.1. Pa ŵanakazi 100, ŵanalume ŵakaŵapo 99.2. Pa ŵanakazi 100 ŵa vyaka 18 kuya munthazi, pakaŵa ŵanalume 97.6. Pakaŵa nyumba zakukwana 1,413,995 (kufuma pa 1,298,350 mu 2005 kufika mu 2009) ndipo nyumba izi zikakhalanga ŵanthu 2,812.8 pa sikweya kilomita (1,086.0 pa sikweya kilomita), ndipo nyumba 503,863 (38.2%) zikaŵa za ŵanthu awo ŵakakhalanga mu nyumba zawo, ndipo 814,305 (61.8%) zikaŵa za ŵanthu awo ŵakachitanga renti. Pa ŵanthu awo ŵakakhalanga mu nyumba zawo, ŵanthu 1,535,444 (40.5% ya ŵanthu wose) ndiwo ŵakakhalanga mu nyumba zawo, ndipo ŵanthu 2,172,576 (57.3%) ndiwo ŵakakhalanga mu nyumba zawo. Kuyana na kalembera wa mu 2010, mu msumba wa Los Angeles, ŵanthu awo ŵakakhalanga mu ukavu ŵakasanganga ndalama zakukwana $49,497.<ref name="Census 2010, LA city">{{cite web |title=Los Angeles (city), California |url=https://www.census.gov/quickfacts/table/PST045215/0644000,06 |access-date=October 3, 2016 |publisher=[[United States Census Bureau]]}}</ref> === Mtundu na fuko === {| class="wikitable sortable collapsible" style="font-size: 90%;" |- !Racial and ethnic composition !1940<ref name="Census">{{cite web |title=Race and Hispanic Origin for Selected Cities and Other Places: Earliest Census to 1990 |url=https://www.census.gov/population/www/documentation/twps0076/twps0076.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120812191959/http://www.census.gov/population/www/documentation/twps0076/twps0076.html |archive-date=August 12, 2012 |access-date=November 6, 2015 |publisher=[[United States Census Bureau]]}}</ref> !1970<ref name="Census" /> !1990<ref name="Census" /> !2010<ref name=datacensus/> !2020<ref name=datacensus>{{cite web|url=https://data.census.gov/cedsci/table?g=1600000US0644000&y=2020&d=DEC%20Redistricting%20Data%20%28PL%2094-171%29&tid=DECENNIALPL2020.P2|publisher=US Census Bureau|title=2020: DEC Redistricting Data (PL 94-171)}}</ref> |- |[[Hispanic and Latino Americans|Hispanic or Latino (of any race)]] |7.1% |17.1% |39.9% |48.5% |46.9% |- |[[Non-Hispanic whites|White (non-Hispanic)]] |86.3% |61.1% |37.3% |28.7% |28.9% |- |[[Asian American|Asian (non-Hispanic)]] |2.2% |3.6% |9.8% |11.1% |11.7% |- |[[African American|Black or African American (non-Hispanic)]] |4.2% |17.9% |14.0% |9.2% |8.3% |- |Other (non-Hispanic) |N/A |N/A |0.1% |0.3% |0.7% |- |[[Multiracial American|Two or more races (non-Hispanic)]] |N/A |N/A |N/A |2.0% |3.3% |} Kuyana na census ya mu 2010, ŵanthu ŵa mitundu yakupambanapambana mu Los Angeles ni: 1,888,158 White (49.8%), 365,118 African Americans (9.6%), 28,215 Native Americans (0.7%), 426,959 Asians (11.3%), 5,577 Pacific Islanders (0.1%), 902,959 from other races (23.8%), and 175,635 (4.6%) from two or more races. Ŵanthu ŵa ku Spain panji ŵa ku Latin America ŵakaŵapo 1,838,822 (48.5%). Mu msumba wa Los Angeles muli ŵanthu ŵakufuma mu vyaru vyakujumpha 140, ndipo ŵakuyowoya viyowoyero vyakukwana 224. Ŵanthu ŵa mitundu yinyake nga ni Chinatown, Historic Filipinotown, Koreatown, Little Armenia, Little Ethiopia, Tehrangeles, Little Tokyo, Little Bangladesh, na Thai Town ni viyelezgero vya ŵanthu ŵa viyowoyero vinandi ku Los Angeles.<ref name="Census 2010, LA city" /><ref name="World Population Review">{{cite web |title=Los Angeles, California Population 2019 |url=http://worldpopulationreview.com/us-cities/los-angeles-population/ |website=World Population Review |access-date=August 21, 2019}}</ref> [[File:Distribution of high income households across LA County.png|thumb|left|Percentage of households with incomes above $150k across [[Los Angeles County, California|Los Angeles County]] census tracts]] Mu 2010, ŵanthu ŵa ku Spain awo ŵakaŵa kuti mbazungu ŵakaŵapo 28.7 peresenti, ndipo mu 1940 ŵakaŵa 86.3 peresenti. Ŵanthu ŵanandi ŵa ku Spain ŵakukhala mu vigaŵa vya mumphepete mwa nyanja ya Pacific kweniso mu vigaŵa vya Santa Monica Mountains. Ŵanthu ŵa ku Mexico ndiwo ŵakukhala mu tawuni iyi. Ŵanthu ŵa ku Mexico ndiwo ŵakukhala mu tawuni iyi. Ŵanthu ŵa ku Spain ŵakukhala ku Mexico na ku Central America ndipo ŵakukhala mu msumba wa Los Angeles na cigaŵa cake cose. Vinthu ivi vikucitika comene mu vigaŵa vya ku Downtown nga ni East Los Angeles, Northeast Los Angeles na Westlake. Kweniso, ŵanthu ŵanandi awo ŵakukhala mu vigaŵa vya kumafumiro gha dazi kwa msumba wa Los Angeles, ku Downey, mbakufuma ku Spain.<ref name="Census 2010, LA city" />[[File:Race and ethnicity 2010- Los Angeles (5560490330).png|thumb|upright=1.1|Mapu gha mitundu na mitundu mu Los Angeles ku 2010 U.S. census. Mapu gha mtundu na mitundu mu LA 2010 U. S. census . Mapu gha mafuko na mitundu mu L. S. ku 2010 U . S. censuses. Dontho lililose ni ŵanthu 25.: {{legend inline|outline=white|white|text=⬤|textcolor=#ff0000|White}} {{legend inline|outline=white|white|text=⬤|textcolor=#0000ff|Black}} {{legend inline|outline=white|white|text=⬤|textcolor=#00ffaa|Asian}} {{legend inline|outline=white|white|text=⬤|textcolor=#ffa600|Hispanic}} {{legend inline|outline=white|white|text=⬤|textcolor=#ffff07|Other}}]] Mitundu yikuru ya ku Asia ni ya ku Philippines (3.2%) na ya ku Korea (2.9%), iyo yili na vigaŵa vyawo mu Wilshire Center na Historic Filipinotown. Ŵanthu ŵa ku China, awo mba 1.8% mwa ŵanthu wose ŵa ku Los Angeles, ŵakukhala kuwaro kwa msumba wa Los Angeles ndipo ŵakukhala mu San Gabriel Valley kumafumiro gha dazi kwa Los Angeles County, kweni ŵalipo ŵanandi mu msumba uwu, chomene mu Chinatown. Ku Chinatown na ku Thaitown kukukhala ŵanthu ŵanandi ŵa ku Thailand na Cambodia, awo ni 0.3% na 0.1% ya ŵanthu ŵa ku Los Angeles. Ŵanthu ŵa ku Japan ŵalipo 0.9% mu msumba wa Los Angeles ndipo ŵali na malo ghakucemeka Little Tokyo mu msumba uwu, ndipo gulu linyake la ŵanthu ŵa ku Japan ŵali mu chigaŵa cha Sawtelle ku West Los Angeles. Ŵanthu ŵa ku Vietnam ŵakukwana 0.5% mu msumba wa Los Angeles. Ŵanthu ŵa ku India ŵakukwana 0.9% mu msumba uwu. Mu tawuni iyi mukukhala ŵanthu ŵa ku Armenia, Asiriya, na Iran, ndipo ŵanandi ŵakukhala mu vigaŵa vyakucemeka Little Armenia na Tehrangeles. Ŵanthu ŵa ku America awo mba fuko la African American ndiwo ŵakhalanga comene ku South Los Angeles, ndipo ndiwo ŵakhalanga ŵanthu ŵanandi mu chigaŵa ichi kufuma waka mu ma 1960. Vigaŵa vya ku South Los Angeles uko kuli ŵanthu ŵanandi ŵa ku Africa ni Crenshaw, Baldwin Hills, Leimert Park, Hyde Park, Gramercy Park, Manchester Square na Watts. Padera pa South Los Angeles, vigaŵa vinyake vya ku Central Los Angeles, nga ni Mid-City na Mid-Wilshire navyo vili na ŵanthu ŵanandi ŵa ku Africa. Ku Fairfax kuli ŵanthu ŵanandi ŵa ku Eritrea na Ethiopia. Los Angeles ni tawuni yaciŵiri pa caru cose pa ŵanthu ŵa ku Mexico, Armenia, El Salvador, Philippines, na Guatemala, ndipo ni tawuni yacitatu pa ŵanthu ŵa ku Canada, kweniso ni tawuni yaciŵiri pa ŵanthu ŵa ku Japan, Iran, Cambodia, na Roma. Ŵanthu ŵa ku Italy ŵakukhala ku San Pedro.<ref>{{cite book|url= https://books.google.com/books?id=MwQZUOiSqPcC&q=italians+in+los+angeles|title=Italians in Los Angeles|isbn=9780738547756 |last1=Bitetti |first1=Marge |year=2007 }}</ref> Ŵanandi mwa ŵanthu ŵa ku Los Angeles awo ŵakababikira ku vyaru vinyake ŵakababikira mu [[Mexico]], [[El Salvador]], [[Guatemala]], [[Philippines]] na [[Korea]].<ref>https://web.archive.org/web/20230721044750/https://dornsife.usc.edu/assets/sites/731/docs/LOSANGELES_web.pdf</ref> === Chisopo === {{bar box |title = Religious affiliation (2014)<ref name="LAReligion1" /><ref name="LAReligion2" /> |titlebar=#ccf |background-color=#f8f9fa |float=right |bars = {{bar percent|Christian|darkblue|65}} {{bar percent|[[Catholic Church|Catholic]]|mediumblue|32}} {{bar percent|[[Protestant]]|mediumblue|30}} {{bar percent|Other Christian|mediumblue|3}} {{bar percent|Unaffiliated|purple|25}} {{bar percent|Jewish|lightgreen|3}} {{bar percent|[[Muslim]]|lightgreen|2}} {{bar percent|[[Buddhist]]|lightgreen|2}} {{bar percent|[[Hindu]]|lightgreen|1}} {{bar percent|Other faiths|lightgreen|1}} }} Kuyana na kafukufuku uyo wakacitika mu 2014 na Pew Research Center, Cikhristu ndico cisopa cikuru comene mu Los Angeles (65%).<ref name="LAReligion1">{{cite web |title=Religious Landscape Study: Adults in the Los Angeles Metro Area |publisher=[[Pew Research Center]] |url=https://www.pewresearch.org/religion/religious-landscape-study/metro-area/los-angeles-metro-area/ |year=2014 |access-date=2023-06-26 }}</ref><ref name="LAReligion2">{{cite web|url=http://www.pewforum.org/2015/05/12/americas-changing-religious-landscape/|title=America's Changing Religious Landscape|date=May 12, 2015|publisher=[[Pew Research Center]]: Religion & Public Life}}</ref> Tchalitchi la Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Los Angeles ndilo likuru comene mu caru ici. Cardinal Roger Mahony, uyo wakaŵa bishopu mulara, ndiyo wakalaŵiliranga mulimo wa kuzenga Cathedral of Our Lady of the Angels, iyo yikajulika mu Seputembala 2002 mu msumba wa Los Angeles. Mu chaka cha 2011, ŵanthu ŵakambaso kulondezga kaluso ka kupanga misa na viphikiro vya kusopa Nuestra Señora de los Ángeles, kuti ŵakumbukirenge kukhazikiskika kwa msumba wa Los Angeles mu 1781. Nkharo iyi yikamba pa zuŵa la kukondwelera kukhazikiskika kwa msumba wa Los Angeles mu 1782 ndipo yikalutilira pafupifupi vilimika 100 pamanyuma pake.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.thequeenofangels.com/wp-content/media/tidings-online20110906.pdf|title=2011 'Grand Procession' revives founding of L.A. Marian devotion|author=Dellinger, Robert|date=September 6, 2011|work=The Tidings Online|access-date=January 14, 2015}}</ref>[[File:St. Vincent de Paul Catholic Church (Los Angeles) (cropped).jpg|thumb|left|upright|[[St. Vincent de Paul Church (Los Angeles)|St. Vincent de Paul Church]], a parish of the [[Archdiocese of Los Angeles]]]] Mu tawuni iyi muli Ŵayuda 621,000, ndipo tawuni iyi ndiyo yili na Ŵayuda ŵanandi chomene mu United States, pamanyuma pa msumba wa New York. Ŵayuda ŵanandi ŵa ku Los Angeles ŵakukhala ku Westside na ku San Fernando Valley, nangauli ku Boyle Heights kukaŵa Ŵayuda ŵanandi pambere Nkhondo Yachiŵiri ya Charu Chose yindachitike chifukwa cha kukanizgika kukhazikiska nyumba. Vigaŵa vikuru-vikuru vya Ŵayuda ŵa Orthodox ni Hancock Park, Pico-Robertson, na Valley Village, apo Ŵayuda ŵa ku Israel ŵakukhala mu vigaŵa vya Encino na Tarzana, na Ŵayuda ŵa ku Persia ku Beverly Hills. Mu msumba wa Los Angeles muli visopa vya Ciyuda vyakupambanapambana, nga ni Ciyuda ca Reform, Ciyuda ca Conservative, Ciyuda ca Orthodox, na Ciyuda ca Reconstructionist. Nyumba ya kusoperamo ya Breed Street ku East Los Angeles, iyo yikazengeka mu 1923, yikaŵa yikuru comene kumanjiliro gha dazi kwa Chicago. Wupu wa Kabbalah nawo ulipo mu msumba uwu. Mpingo wa International Church of the Foursquare Gospel ukapangika ku Los Angeles na Aimee Semple McPherson mu 1923 ndipo uli na ofesi yikuru ku malo agha mpaka lero. Kwa vilimika vinandi, mpingo uwu ukacitiranga maungano ghawo mu tempele la Angelus, ilo pa nyengo iyo likazengekanga, likaŵa limoza mwa matchalitchi ghakurughakuru mu caru ici.<ref>Edith Waldvogel Blumhofer, ''Aimee Semple McPherson: everybody's sister'', Wm. B. Eerdmans Publishing, USA, 1993, page 246–247</ref>[[File:Wilshire Boulevard Temple 2017 (cropped).jpg|thumb|right|[[Wilshire Boulevard Temple]] is one of the largest [[synagogue]]s in LA.]] Mu msumba wa Los Angeles mukaŵa ŵanthu ŵanandi ŵa chisopa cha Chiprotesitanti. Mpingo wakwamba wa Ŵaprotesitanti ku Los Angeles ukaŵa wa Ŵametodisti uwo ukacitikira mu nyumba ya munthu munyake mu 1850. Ndipo mpingo wakale chomene wa Ŵaprotesitanti uwo uchali kugwira nchito, wa First Congregational Church, ukapangika mu 1867. Kukwambilira kwa vyaka vya m'ma 1900, wupu wakuwona vya Baibolo wa Bible Institute of Los Angeles ukalemba mabuku agho ghakambiska gulu la Ŵakhristu la Fundamentalist. Ndipo gulu la Azusa Street Revival likambiska chisopa cha Pentekoste.<ref name="Eighteen5019Thirty">{{cite web |author=Clifton L. Holland |title=n Overview of Religion in Los Angeles from 1850 to 1930 |url=http://www.prolades.com/glama/la5co07/overview_1850-1930.htm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170905133328/http://www.prolades.com/glama/la5co07/overview_1850-1930.htm |archive-date=September 5, 2017 |access-date=September 18, 2017}}</ref> Mpingo wa Metropolitan Community Church nawo ukambira mu cigaŵa ca Los Angeles. Matchalitchi ghakuzirwa mu msumba uwu ni agha: [[First Presbyterian Church of Hollywood]], [[Bel Air Presbyterian Church]], [[First African Methodist Episcopal Church of Los Angeles]], [[West Angeles Church of God in Christ]], [[Second Baptist Church (Los Angeles, California)|Second Baptist Church]], [[Crenshaw Christian Center]], [[McCarty Memorial Christian Church]], na First Congregational Church. [[File:Second Church of Christ, Scientist, Los Angeles.jpg|thumb|left|[[Second Church of Christ, Scientist (Los Angeles)|Second Church of Christ, Scientist]]]] Kachisi wa Los Angeles California Temple, kachisi wachiŵiri mu ukuru wake uyo wakwendeskeka na Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints, wali pa Santa Monica Boulevard mu muzi wa Westwood ku Los Angeles. Tempile ili likajulika mu 1956, ndipo likaŵa lakwamba kuzengeka ku California. Ku chigaŵa cha Hollywood ku Los Angeles, kuli maofesi ghanandi, matchalitchi, na malo ghakucemeka Celebrity Center of Scientology.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.scientology.cc/en_US/index.html|title=Church of Scientology Celebrity Centre International|website=Church of Scientology Celebrity Centre International|access-date=June 17, 2018}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |first=Daniel |last=Miller |url=https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/news/general-news/scientologys-hollywood-real-estate-empire-213141/ |title=Scientology's Hollywood Real Estate Empire |work=[[The Hollywood Reporter]] |date=July 21, 2011 |access-date=February 26, 2022}}</ref> Pakuti mu msumba wa Los Angeles muli ŵanthu ŵa mitundu yakupambanapambana, ŵanthu ŵa visopa vyakupambanapambana ŵakusangikamo. Vinyake mwa visopa ivi ni Chibuda, Chihindu, Chisilamu, Chizoroastriya, Sikhism, Chibahá'í, matchalitchi gha Orthodox, Chisufi, Chishintoism, Chitaoism, Chinkhumi, Chitchayinizi, na ghanyake ghanandi. Mwaciyelezgero, ŵanthu ŵakufuma ku Asia ŵali kupanga mipingo yinandi ya Ŵabuddha, ndipo mu msumba uwu muli Ŵabuddha ŵanandi comene kuluska mu caru cose. Nyumba yakwamba ya Ŵabuddha yakupangiramo vyakununkhira yikazengeka mu msumba uwu mu 1875. Ŵanthu ŵanandi ŵakugomezga kuti Ciuta kulije ndipo ŵakulondezga visambizgo vyautesi. Mzere Wambura Tchalitchi.<ref name="Eighteen5019Thirty" /> === Homelessness === {{main|Homelessness in Los Angeles}} [[File:Homeless people, Los Angeles, California (cropped).jpg|thumb|upright|Mahema gha Ŵambura Nyumba ku [[Los Angeles City Hall]], 2021]] Kufika mu Janyuwale 2020, mu msumba wa Los Angeles muli ŵanthu ŵakukwana 41,290 awo ŵalije pakukhala, ndipo ŵanthu aŵa ŵakukwana pafupifupi 62 peresenti ya ŵanthu wose awo ŵalije pakukhala mu chigaŵa ichi. Ichi chikulongora kuti ŵanthu awo ŵakasoŵa pakukhala ŵakasazgikira na 14.2% kuyana na cilimika cakwambilira (para ŵanthu awo ŵakasoŵa pakukhala ŵakasazgikira na 12.7% ku LA County). Mu tawuni ya Los Angeles, ŵanthu ŵanandi chomene mbambura nyumba, ndipo ŵakukhala mu muzi wa Skid Row. Mu tawuni iyi muli ŵanthu ŵakukwana 8,000, ndipo tawuni iyi njimoza mwa tawuni izo zili na ŵanthu ŵanandi chomene mu United States. Ŵanandi ŵakuyowoya kuti ŵanthu awo ŵakusoŵa pakukhala mu Los Angeles ŵakusazgikira cifukwa ca kusoŵa nyumba zakukwana kweniso cifukwa ca kumwa munkhwala panji vinthu vinyake vyakupambanapambana. Pa ŵanthu 82,955 awo ŵakaŵavya nyumba mu 2019, pafupifupi 60 pa ŵanthu 100 ŵaliwose ŵakayowoya kuti ŵakaŵavya nyumba chifukwa cha masuzgo gha ndalama. Mu msumba wa Los Angeles, ŵanthu ŵafipa ŵakusuzgika comene na kusoŵa pakukhala.<ref name=":0">{{Cite news|last=Cowan|first=Jill|date=June 12, 2020|title=What Los Angeles's Homeless Count Results Tell Us|language=en-US|work=The New York Times|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2020/06/12/us/la-county-homeless-population.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200612130812/https://www.nytimes.com/2020/06/12/us/la-county-homeless-population.html|archive-date=June 12, 2020|url-access=subscription|url-status=live|access-date=July 6, 2020|issn=0362-4331}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=2823 – Report And Recommendations Of The Ad Hoc Committee On Black People Experiencing Homelessness|url=https://www.lahsa.org/documents?id=2823-report-and-recommendations-of-the-ad-hoc-committee-on-black-people-experiencing-homelessness|access-date=July 6, 2020|website=www.lahsa.org}}</ref> === Viwawa === {{Main|Crime in Los Angeles}}{{See also|List of criminal gangs in Los Angeles}} [[File:LAPD Staples Center Officers.jpg|thumb|left|Ŵalaraŵalara ŵa Boma [[Los Angeles Police Department]] (LAPD)]] Mu 1992, mu msumba wa Los Angeles, ŵanthu 1,092 ŵakakomeka. Vigeŵenga vikamba kuchepa mu Los Angeles mu ma 1990 na m'ma 2000, ndipo mu 2009, ŵanthu 314 ŵakakomeka.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://abclocal.go.com/story?section=news/local/los_angeles&id=7204706|title=Los Angeles crime rates hit 50-year lows|author=Powell, Amy|date=January 6, 2010|access-date=January 14, 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150721210109/http://abclocal.go.com/story?section=news%2Flocal%2Flos_angeles&id=7204706|archive-date=July 21, 2015|url-status=dead|publisher=[[KABC-TV]]}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.lapdonline.org/read_the_beat_magazine/pdf_view/43819|title=LAPD year-end crime statistics|publisher=[[Los Angeles Police Department]]|access-date=April 13, 2010|archive-date=July 11, 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130711054236/http://www.lapdonline.org/read_the_beat_magazine/pdf_view/43819|url-status=dead}}</ref> Ici cikung'anamura kuti pa ŵanthu 100,000, 7.85 ndiwo ŵakukoma ŵanthu, ndipo ici cikulongora kuti ŵanthu awo ŵakukoma ŵanthu ŵacoko comene pakuyaniska na mu 1980 apo ŵanthu 34.2 pa ŵanthu 100,000 ndiwo ŵakakomeka.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.disastercenter.com/californ/crime/976.htm|title=Uniform Crime Reports of Los Angelesand Index from 1985 to 2005|access-date=April 20, 2016}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.lapdonline.org/assets/pdf/cityprof.pdf|title=LAPD Online Crime Rates|publisher=[[Los Angeles Police Department]]|access-date=April 13, 2010}}</ref> Pa ŵanthu aŵa, 15 ŵakaŵa ŵapolisi. Munthu yumoza uyo ŵakamukoma ni Randal Simmons wa mu gulu la SWAT, ndipo wakaŵa wakwamba kukomeka mu LAPD. Mu 2013, mu msumba wa Los Angeles, ŵanthu ŵakukwana 251 ŵakakomeka. Ŵapolisi ŵakughanaghana kuti pali vinthu vinandi ivyo vikupangiska kuti ŵanthu ŵaleke kugwiliskira nchito Intaneti, ndipo cimoza mwa vinthu ivi nchakuti ŵawukirano ŵakumalira nyengo yinandi pa Intaneti. Mu 2021, ŵanthu ŵakukoma ŵanthu ŵakwera comene kufuma mu 2008 ndipo pakaŵa ŵanthu 348. Mu 2015, vikavumbukwa kuti ŵapolisi ŵa ku Los Angeles ŵakayowoyanga viŵi yayi vya ulwani kwa vyaka 8, ivyo vikapangiska kuti ulwani uwu uwoneke kuŵa uchoko chomene kuluska umo uliri.<ref>{{cite news |title=Los Angeles Police Underreported Crime Stats for 8 Years |url=https://time.com/4074896/los-angeles-crime-rates-higher-assaults/ |magazine=[[Time (magazine)|Time]] |date=October 15, 2015}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=LAPD captain accuses department of twisting crime statistics to make city seem safer |url=https://www.latimes.com/local/lanow/la-me-ln-lapd-crime-stats-claim-20171103-story.html |work=Los Angeles Times |date=November 6, 2017}}</ref> Banja la Dragna na la Cohen ndilo likaŵa likuru pa gulu la vigeŵenga mu msumba uwu mu nyengo ya kuzomerezgeka kwa cigeŵenga, ndipo likakura comene mu vyaka vya m'ma 1940 na 1950 apo kukaŵa nkhondo ya Sunset Strip. Mwakuyana na dipatimenti ya polisi ya ku Los Angeles, mu msumba uwu muli ŵanthu ŵakukwana 45,000, awo ŵali mu magulu 450. Ŵanyake mwa ŵanthu aŵa ni ŵa Crips na ŵa Bloods, awo ni magulu gha pa msewu gha ŵanthu ŵa ku Africa na America, ndipo ŵakambira ku South Los Angeles. Magulu gha pa msewu gha ŵanthu ŵa ku Latin America nga ni Sureños, na Mara Salvatrucha, gheneagho ghali na ŵanthu ŵa ku El Salvador, ghose ghakafuma ku Los Angeles. Lekani msumba uwu ukuchemeka kuti "Mzinda wa Magulu gha Vigeŵenga ku America".<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.reuters.com/article/idUSN08492271|title=Police target 11 worst Los Angeles street gangs|author=Serjeant, Jill|date=February 8, 2007|newspaper=[[Reuters]]|access-date=January 14, 2015}}</ref> == Chuma == {{Further|Los Angeles Chamber of Commerce}} {{See also|Los Angeles County, California#Economy}} [[File:Tree Map of Employment by Industries in Los Angeles County, Ca (2015).svg|thumb|Chiwerengero cha anthu ogwira ntchito m'mafakitale ku Los Angeles mu 2015]] Vinthu ivyo vikupangiska kuti msumba wa Los Angeles uŵe na ndalama zinandi ni malonda gha pa caru cose, vyakusanguluska (kuwonelera pa TV, mafilimu, maseŵero gha pa vidiyo, kwimba sumu, na kupanga vinthu vinyake), vyakupangiska ndege, vya tekinoloje, vyakupangira mafuta, mafashoni, vyakuvwara, na vyamwendakwenda. Vinyake mwa vinthu ivi ni vya ndalama, kutumirana mauthenga, malango, vyaumoyo, na vyamwendesko. Mu 2017 Global Financial Centres Index, Los Angeles yikaŵikika pa malo 19 pa malo gha ndalama pa charu chose kweniso pa malo 6 ku United States pamanyuma pa New York City, [[San Francisco#Economy|San Francisco]], [[Economy of Chicago#Finance|Chicago]], [[Economy of Boston|Boston]], na [[Economy of Washington, D.C.|Washington, D.C]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.longfinance.net/images/gfci/gfci_21.pdf|title=The Global Financial Centres Index 21|date=March 2017|publisher=Long Finance|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170611000617/http://www.longfinance.net/images/gfci/gfci_21.pdf|archive-date=June 11, 2017|url-status=dead}}</ref> Pa ma studio ghankhondi ghakurughakuru gha mafilimu, Paramount Pictures pera ndiyo yili mu msumba wa Los Angeles. Los Angeles ni malo ghakuru comene ghakupangira vinthu ku United States. Madowoko gha ku Los Angeles na Long Beach, agho ghakukolerana na malo agha, ndigho ghakutchuka chomene ku United States ndipo ndigho ghachinkhondi pa charu chose.<ref name="citydata">{{cite web |title=Los Angeles: Economy |url=<nowiki>http://www.city-data.com/us-cities/The-West/Los-Angeles-Economy.html</nowiki> site blacklisted |access-date=October 7, 2011 |publisher=[[City-Data]]}}</ref>[[File:Los Angeles Harbor - panoramio - Zzyzx (1).jpg|thumb|left|Port of Los Angeles na Port of Long Beach ni malo ghachinkhondi pa vyaru ivyo vili na ŵanthu ŵanandi chomene pa charu chose.]] Pa ma studio ghankhondi ghakurughakuru gha mafilimu, Paramount Pictures pera ndiyo yili mu msumba wa Los Angeles. Los Angeles ni malo ghakuru comene ghakupangira vinthu ku United States. Madowoko gha ku Los Angeles na Long Beach, agho ghakukolerana na malo agha, ndigho ghakutchuka chomene ku United States ndipo ndigho ghachinkhondi pa charu chose.<ref>{{Cite news|last=Chiotakis|first=Steve|date=October 1, 2019|title=Navigating LA's cannabis industry with the city's pot czar|language=en|publisher=KCRW|url=https://www.kcrw.com/news/shows/greater-la/la-opens-its-first-cannabis-cafe/navigating-las-cannabis-industry-with-the-citys-pot-czar|access-date=October 30, 2019}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|last=REYES|first=EMILY ALPERT|date=October 29, 2019|title=L.A. should suspend vetting applications for pot shops amid concerns, Wesson urges|language=en-US|newspaper=[[Los Angeles Times]]|url=https://www.latimes.com/california/story/2019-10-29/la-pot-shops-licensing-suspection-urged|access-date=October 30, 2019}}</ref> Mu chaka cha 2018, mu msumba wa Los Angeles muli makampani ghatatu agho ghakusangika pa Fortune 500. Makampani agha ni: AECOM, CBRE Group, na Reliance Steel & Aluminum Co. Makampani ghanyake agho ghali na ofesi yawo yikuru ku Los Angeles na vigaŵa vyapafupi ni agha: [[The Aerospace Corporation]], [[California Pizza Kitchen]],<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.cpk.com/about|title=Our Company: From a legendary pizza to a global brand|website=[[California Pizza Kitchen]]|access-date=July 30, 2022}}</ref> [[Capital Group Companies]], [[Deluxe Entertainment Services Group]], [[Dine Brands Global]], [[DreamWorks Animation]], [[Dollar Shave Club]], [[Fandango Media]], [[Farmers Insurance Group]], [[Forever 21]], [[Hulu]], [[Panda Express]], [[SpaceX]], [[Ubisoft Film & Television]], [[The Walt Disney Company]], [[Universal Pictures]], [[Warner Bros.]], [[Warner Music Group]], na [[Trader Joe's]]. [[File:Skyline view of Los Angeles, California LCCN2013631685 (cropped).tif|thumb|right|[[Downtown Los Angeles]] ni malo ghakucitirapo bizinesi mu msumba uwu.]] {| class="wikitable sortable" |+ ! colspan="3" |Largest non-government employers in Los Angeles County, August 2018<ref>{{cite web|url=https://lacontroller.org/wp-content/uploads/2019/02/FY18_CAFR_Final_1.31.19_v3.pdf|title=City of Los Angeles' Comprehensive Annual Financial Report|date=January 31, 2019|access-date=September 9, 2019|archive-date=December 12, 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191212053646/https://lacontroller.org/wp-content/uploads/2019/02/FY18_CAFR_Final_1.31.19_v3.pdf|url-status=dead}}</ref> |- !Rank !Employer !Employees |- |1 |[[Kaiser Permanente]] |37,468 |- |2 |[[University of Southern California]] |21,055 |- |3 |[[Northrop Grumman|Northrop Grumman Corp.]] |16,600 |- |4 |[[Providence Health & Services|Providence Health and Services Southern California]] |15,952 |- |5 |[[Target Corporation|Target Corp.]] |15,000 |- |6 |[[Ralphs]]/Food 4 Less (Kroger Co. Division) |14,970 |- |7 |[[Cedars-Sinai Medical Center]] |14,903 |- |8 |[[The Walt Disney Company|Walt Disney Co.]] |13,000 |- |9 |[[Allied Universal]] |12,879 |- |10 |[[NBCUniversal|NBC Universal]] |12,000 |} == Vinthu vyakukhwaskana na luso na kakhaliro == {{Main|Culture of Los Angeles}} [[File:Los Angeles Plaza-1.jpg|thumb|right|Malo ghakale chomene gha mu msumba uwu, pa Plaza de Los Ángeles pafupi na Calle Olvera]] Kanandi msumba wa Los Angeles ndiwo ukuchemeka kuti msumba wa ŵanthu awo ŵakughanaghana na kupanga vinthu, chifukwa munthu yumoza pa ŵanthu 6 awo ŵakukhala mu msumba uwu, wakugwira ntchito ya kupanga vinthu. Ndipo ŵanthu ŵanandi ŵakukhala mu msumba uwu, nga ni awo ŵakulemba mabuku, awo ŵakupanga mafilimu, awo ŵakuchita maseŵero, awo ŵakuvina, na awo ŵakwimba. Msumba uwu ukumanyikwaso cifukwa ca vithuzithuzi vyakutowa ivyo vili pa viliŵa.<ref name="shatkin2013">{{cite news | newspaper = Los Angeles Magazine | title = Let the Renaissance Begin: L.A. Votes to Lift Mural Ban | last = Shatkin | first = Elina | date = August 28, 2013 | url = https://www.lamag.com/culturefiles/let-the-renaissance-begin-la-votes-to-lift-mural-ban/}}</ref> === Malo ghakuzirwa === {{See also||List of sites of interest in the Los Angeles area|National Register of Historic Places listings in Los Angeles, California}} [[File:El Cabrillo Courtyard.png|thumb|left|[[El Cabrillo]], a [[Spanish Colonial Revival|Spanish Revival]] style [[National Historic Landmark]]]] The [[Culture_of_Los_Angeles#Architecture|architecture of Los Angeles]] is influenced by its Spanish, Mexican, and American roots. Popular styles in the city include [[Spanish Colonial Revival]] style, [[Mission Revival]] style, [[California Churrigueresque]] style, [[Mediterranean Revival]] style, [[Art Deco architecture|Art Deco]] style, and [[Mid-Century Modern]] style, among others. Malo ghakuzirwa ku Los Angeles ni [[Hollywood Sign]],<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.hollywoodsign.org/|title=The Hollywood Sign, Official website for one of the most iconic landmarks in the world|website=Hollywood sign.org|access-date=July 25, 2022}}</ref> [[Walt Disney Concert Hall]], [[Capitol Records Building]],<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.discoverlosangeles.com/visit/the-capitol-records-building-the-story-of-an-la-icon|title=The Capitol Records Building: The Story of an L.A. Icon – Discover Los Angeles|access-date=July 25, 2022}}</ref> the [[Cathedral of Our Lady of the Angels]],<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://olacathedral.org/|title=Cathedral of our lady of the angels – Los Angeles, CA|website=olacathedral.org|access-date=July 25, 2022}}</ref> [[Angels Flight]],<ref>{{Cite web|url= https://www.angelsflight.org/|title=Angels Flight Railway: Los Angeles Landmark since 1901|website=angels flight.org|access-date=July 25, 2022}}</ref> [[Grauman's Chinese Theatre]],<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://variety.com/2022/film/features/hollywood-tcl-chinese-theatre-95-anniversary-1235268815/|title=Hollywood's iconic TCL Chinese Theatre Celebrates 95 Years of Premieres and Stars|last=Gilchrist|first=Todd|date=May 18, 2022|website=[[Variety (magazine)|Variety]]|access-date=July 25, 2022}}</ref> [[Dolby Theatre]],<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.dolby.com/movies-tv/dolby-theatre/#gref|title=The Dolby Theatre|website=dolby.com|access-date=July 25, 2022}}</ref> [[Griffith Observatory]],<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://griffithobservatory.org/about/|title=Griffith Observatory: A Symbol of Los Angeles, A Leader in Public Observing|website=[[Griffith Observatory]]|access-date=July 25, 2022}}</ref> [[Getty Center]],<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.getty.edu/|title=Getty Center homepage|website=getty.edu|access-date=July 26, 2022}}</ref> [[Getty Villa]],<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.getty.edu/visit/villa/|title=Visit the Getty Villa Museum|website=getty.edu|access-date=July 26, 2022}}</ref> [[Stahl House]],<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://stahlhouse.com/|title=The Stahl House – About us|website=[[Stahl House]]|access-date=July 26, 2022}}</ref> the [[Los Angeles Memorial Coliseum]], [[L.A. Live]], the [[Los Angeles County Museum of Art]], the [[Venice Canal Historic District]] nad boardwalk, [[Theme Building]], [[Bradbury Building]], [[U.S. Bank Tower]], [[Wilshire Grand Center]], [[Hollywood Boulevard]], [[Los Angeles City Hall]], [[Hollywood Bowl]], battleship {{USS|Iowa|BB-61|6}}, [[Watts Towers]],<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.latimes.com/travel/story/2021-12-24/how-the-watts-towers-were-born-and-how-they-got-to-be-100|title=Watts Towers at 100: Junk turned into art still casts a spell|last=Reynolds|first=Christopher|date=December 24, 2021|website=[[The Los Angeles Times]]|access-date=July 26, 2022}}</ref> [[Staples Center]], [[Dodger Stadium]], na [[Olvera Street]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.discoverlosangeles.com/things-to-do/discover-olvera-street-and-historic-el-pueblo-de-los-angeles|title=Discover Olvera Street And Historic El Pueblo De Los Angeles|website=discoverlosangeles.com|access-date=July 26, 2022}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.lalive.com/visitor-center/about-la-live|title=About L.A. Live|website=[[L.A. Live]]|access-date=July 26, 2022}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.discoverlosangeles.com/things-to-do/the-hollywood-bowl-the-story-of-an-la-icon|title=The Hollywood Bowl – Discover Los Angeles|website=Discover Los Angeles|access-date=July 26, 2022}}</ref> === Mafilimu na maseŵero === [[File:Chinese Theatre (26776735090).jpg|thumb|upright=.9|Nyumba ya Grauman ya ku China pa Hollywood Walk of Fame]] Ŵanthu ŵa ku Los Angeles ŵakutemwana chomene na maseŵero. Kuyana na ivyo likayowoya gulu linyake (USC Stevens Institute for Innovation), "pa caru pali maseŵero ghakujumpha 1,100 pa cilimika, ndipo sabata yiliyose maseŵero agha ghakukwana 21". Ku Los Angeles kuli malo ghakupambanapambana ghakusambizgira sumu, ndipo ŵanthu ŵakujumpha 1.3 miliyoni ŵakuluta ku malo agha. Nyumba ya Walt Disney Concert Hall, ndiyo yili pakatikati pa malo ghakusungiramo sumu agha, ndipo ndimo muli gulu lakumanyikwa la ŵakwimba sumu la Los Angeles Philharmonic. Mabungwe ghakuzirwa nga ni Center Theatre Group, Los Angeles Master Chorale, na Los Angeles Opera nawo ŵakukhala ku Music Center.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.laopera.org/|title=LA Opera – Los Angeles|website=[[Los Angeles Opera]]|access-date=July 25, 2022}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.centertheatregroup.org/about/our-history/|title=Our History – Center Theatre Group|website=centertheatregroup.org|access-date=July 25, 2022}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.lamasterchorale.org/|title=Los Angeles Chorale Official Homepage|website=lamasterchorale.org|access-date=July 25, 2022}}</ref> Ŵaluso ŵakulongozgeka na ŵanthu ŵa ku malo ghakupambanapambana nga ni sukulu ya Colburn School na USC Thornton School of Music. [[File:Hollywood bowl and sign.jpg|left|thumb|[[Hollywood Bowl]] kju [[Hollywood Hills]]]] Dera la Hollywood ndilo likumanyikwa kuti ndilo likupangiska kuti ŵanthu ŵapange mafilimu, ndipo dera la Los Angeles ndilo likupangiska kuti ŵanthu ŵapange mafilimu. Mu msumba uwu ndimo muli masitudiyo ghakurughakuru gha mafilimu na makampani ghakurughakuru gha sumu. Ku Los Angeles ndiko kukucitikira ma Academy Awards, ma Primetime Emmy Awards, ma Grammy Awards na ma show ghanyake ghanandi. Ku Los Angeles ndiko kuli sukulu ya USC School of Cinematic Arts iyo ni sukulu yakale comene ya ku America.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2006/01/31/movies/31film.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060203034021/http://www.nytimes.com/2006/01/31/movies/31film.html |archive-date=February 3, 2006 |url-access=subscription |url-status=live|title=At U.S.C., a Practical Emphasis in Film|last=Waxman|first=Sharon|date=January 31, 2006|newspaper=[[The New York Times]]|access-date=October 14, 2011}}</ref> === Museums and galleries === {{See also|List of museums in Los Angeles|List of museums in Los Angeles County, California}} [[File:Getty Villa exterior.jpg|thumb|right|Getty Villa ni yimoza mwa maofesi ghaŵiri gha J. Paul Getty Museum, pafupi na Getty Center]] Mu chigaŵa cha Los Angeles muli nyumba zakusungiramo vinthu vyakale na malo ghakusungiramo vinthu vyakale ghakukwana 841.<ref name="lmu" /> Vinyake mwa vinthu ivi ni Los Angeles County Museum of Art, Getty Center (chigaŵa cha J. Paul Getty Trust, ni wupu uwo uli na vinthu vinandi pa caru cose), Petersen Automotive Museum, Huntington Library, Natural History Museum, Battleship Iowa, The Broad, iyo yili na vinthu vyakujumpha 2,000 ivyo vikulongora luso la mazuŵa ghano, na Museum of Contemporary Art. Ku Gallery Row kuli nyumba zinandi za vinthu vyakujambulika, ndipo ŵanthu ŵanandi ŵakwiza ku Downtown Art Walk.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://articles.latimes.com/2011/aug/05/local/la-me-0805-art-walk-20110805|title=Downtown L.A. Art Walk safety changes planned|last=Mather|first=Kate|date=August 5, 2011|newspaper=[[Los Angeles Times]]|access-date=October 20, 2011}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.moca.org/about/mission-and-history|title=Welcome to the Museum of Contemporary Art|website=moca.org|access-date=July 25, 2022}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.pacificbattleship.com/|title=Battleship USS Iowa Official website|website=Pacificbattleship.com|access-date=July 25, 2022}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.petersen.org/|title=Welcome to the Petersen Automotive Museum|website=petersen.org|access-date=July 25, 2022}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://articles.latimes.com/2009/mar/16/entertainment/et-getty16|title=Getty slashes operating budget after severe investment losses|last=Boehm|first=Mike|date=March 16, 2009|newspaper=[[Los Angeles Times]]|access-date=October 20, 2011}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.lacma.org/overview|title=Overview|publisher=[[Los Angeles County Museum of Art]]|access-date=October 20, 2011}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.huntington.org/about|title=About the Huntington|website=[[Huntington Library]]|access-date=July 25, 2022}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://brianpetruzzelli.com/modern-architecture-in-los-angeles/|title=Modern Architecture in Los Angeles|website=brianpetruzzelli.com|date=November 8, 2022 |access-date=March 18, 2023}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://nhm.org/|title=Natural History Museum of Los Angeles|website=nhm.org|access-date=July 25, 2022}}</ref><ref name="lmu">{{cite web|url=http://www.lmu.edu/about/The_Los_Angeles_Region.htm|title=The Los Angeles Region|date=May 5, 2008|publisher=[[Loyola Marymount University]]|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111018115613/http://www.lmu.edu/about/The_Los_Angeles_Region.htm|archive-date=October 18, 2011|url-status=dead|access-date=October 20, 2011}}</ref> ===Libraries=== [[File:Los Angeles Central Library, 630 W. 5th St. Downtown Los Angeles 2 (cropped).jpg|thumb|left|[[Los Angeles Public Library|Los Angeles Central Library]]]] Ku Los Angeles kuli mabuku ghakukwana 72.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.lapl.org/branches/|title=Los Angeles Public Library Branches|publisher=[[Los Angeles Public Library]]|access-date=October 24, 2011}}</ref> Vigaŵa vya malo ghambura kukolerana na boma vikusangika na maofesi gha Layibulare ya Boma la Los Angeles, agho ghanandi ghali pafupi na ŵanthu.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://lacountylibrary.org/|title=LA County Library|website=lacountylibrary.org|access-date=July 25, 2022}}</ref> === Kuphika === Vyakurya vya ku Los Angeles vikukolerana na vyakurya vya ku vyaru vinyake ivyo vili na ŵanthu ŵanandi awo ŵakwiza mu msumba uwu. Kuzakafika mu 2022, Michelin Guide yamanya malo ghakurya 10 agho ghakupeleka nyenyezi ziŵiri ku malo ghakurya ghaŵiri na nyenyezi yimoza ku malo ghakurya 8.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://guide.michelin.com/us/en/california/us-los-angeles/restaurants/1-star-michelin/2-stars-michelin|title=Los Angeles Michelin Restaurants|website=guide.michelin.com|access-date=November 29, 2022}}</ref> Ŵanthu awo ŵakafuma ku Latin America, comenecomene ku Mexico, ŵakiza na cakurya nga ni tacos, burritos, quesadillas, tortas, tamales, na enchiladas ico ŵakaguliskanga mu magalimoto ghakuguliska vyakurya, mu malo ghakupangira cakurya, na mu malo ghakupangira cakurya. Ku malo ghakurya gha ku Asia, uko kuli ŵanthu ŵanandi ŵakufuma ku vyaru vinyake, kuli malo ghanandi mu tawuni iyi. Kweniso ku Los Angeles kuli vyakurya vinandi vyambura vyakurya vya nyama.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.discoverlosangeles.com/things-to-do/chinatown-the-story-of-an-la-icon|title=The Guide to Chinatown in Los Angeles|newspaper=Discover Los Angeles|access-date=November 29, 2022}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.discoverlosangeles.com/visit/the-guide-to-koreatown-in-los-angeles|title=The Guide to Koreantown in Los Angeles|website=discoverlosangeles.com|access-date=November 29, 2022}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.discoverlosangeles.com/things-to-do/a-walking-tour-of-little-tokyo|title=A Walking Tour of Little Tokyo|website=discoverlosangeles.com|access-date=November 29, 2022}}</ref> == Maseŵero == {{See also|Sports in Los Angeles|History of the National Football League in Los Angeles}} [[File:USC vs University of Oregon November 2019 (cropped).png|alt=|thumb|upright=1.1|[[Los Angeles Memorial Coliseum]]]] Ku Los Angeles na vigaŵa vinyake, kuli magulu 11 gha maseŵero ghakupambanapambana. Timu izi zikusazgapo Los Angeles Dodgers na Los Angeles Angels za Major League Baseball (MLB), Los Angeles Rams na Los Angeles Chargers za National Football League (NFL), Los Angeles Lakers na Los Angeles Clippers za National Basketball Association (NBA), Los Angeles Kings na Anaheim Ducks za National Hockey League (NHL), Los Angeles Galaxy na Los Angeles FC za Major League Soccer (MLS), na Los Angeles Sparks za Women's National Basketball Association (WNBA). Timu zinandi za maseŵero zikusazgapo UCLA Bruins na USC Trojans mu National Collegiate Athletic Association (NCAA), zose ziŵiri ni timu za Division I mu Pac-12 Conference, kweni zikusamukira ku Big Ten Conference.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.espn.com/college-sports/story/_/id/34173688/source-usc-ucla-considering-move-pac-12-big-ten |title=USC, UCLA moving from Pac-12 to Big Ten in 2024|last=Thamel|first=Pete|author-link=Pete Thamel |date=June 30, 2022|website=[[ESPN]]|access-date=July 24, 2022}}</ref>[[File:Dodger Stadium field from upper deck 2015-10-04.jpg|thumb|left|Dodger Stadium, nyumba ya LA Dodgers ya Major League Baseball]] Los Angeles ni msumba waciŵiri mu United States, kweni pakati pa 1995 na 2015 kukaŵavya timu ya NFL. Nyengo yinyake ku Los Angeles kukaŵa magulu ghaŵiri gha NFL: Rams na Raiders. Wose ŵaŵiri ŵakafumako mu msumba uwu mu 1995, ndipo Rams ŵakasamira ku St. Louis, ndipo gulu la Raiders likawelera ku Oakland. Pamanyuma pa vilimika 21 mu St. Louis, pa 12 January, 2016, NFL yalengeza kuti a Rams abwerera ku Los Angeles kwa nyengo ya 2016 NFL ndi masewera ake omwe amasewera ku Los Angeles Memorial Coliseum kwa nyengo zinayi.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.nfl.com/news/story/0ap3000000621645/article/rams-to-relocate-to-la-chargers-first-option-to-join|title=Rams to relocate to L.A.; Chargers first option to join|last=Hanzus|first=Dan|date=January 12, 2016|access-date=January 13, 2016|publisher=National Football League|website=NFL.com}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.therams.com/news-and-events/article-1/Rams-to-Return-to-Los-Angeles/802b4e16-671e-4864-97b6-943115cdc4cf|title=Rams to Return to Los Angeles|date=January 12, 2016|access-date=January 13, 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160120221040/http://www.therams.com/news-and-events/article-1/Rams-to-Return-to-Los-Angeles/802b4e16-671e-4864-97b6-943115cdc4cf|archive-date=January 20, 2016|url-status=dead|publisher=St. Louis Rams}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/sports/wp/2015/01/12/nfl-returns-to-los-angeles-owners-approve-move-by-rams-chargers-with-option-to-join/|title=NFL returns to Los Angeles: Owners approve move by Rams; Chargers with option to join|last=Maske|first=Mark|date=January 12, 2016|newspaper=[[The Washington Post]]|access-date=January 12, 2016}}</ref> Pamaso pa 1995, a Rams ankasewera masewera awo ku Coliseum kuyambira 1946 mpaka 1979 zomwe zinawapangitsa kukhala gulu loyamba la masewera olimbitsa thupi ku Los Angeles, ndipo kenako anasamukira ku Anaheim Stadium kuyambira 1980 mpaka 1994. San Diego Chargers yalengeza pa 12 January, 2017, kuti iwo nawonso kusamukira ku Los Angeles (woyamba kuyambira nyengo yake yoyamba mu 1960) ndipo kukhala Los Angeles Chargers kuyambira mu 2017 NFL nyengo ndipo ankachita pa Ulemu Health Sports Park mu Carson, California kwa nyengo zitatu. Mu nyengo ya 2020, Rams na Chargers ŵakasamira ku SoFi Stadium iyo yikazengeka waka.<ref>{{cite web|url= https://www.foxbusiness.com/sports/rams-chargers-sofi-stadium-virtual-ceremony-final-cost|title=Rams, Chargers unveil $5 billion SoFi Stadium at virtual ceremony ahead of NFL kickoff|last=Barrabi|first=Thomas|date=September 8, 2020|website=[[Fox Business]]|access-date=September 8, 2020}}</ref> [[File:Crypto.com arena drone shot early 2023.jpg|thumb|upright=1.1|Crypto.com Arena, nyumba ya Los Angeles Lakers, Los Angeles Clippers, Los Angeles Kings, na Los Angeles Sparks]] Ku Los Angeles kuli malo ghanandi gha maseŵero, kusazgapo Dodger Stadium, Los Angeles Memorial Coliseum, BMO Stadium na Crypto.com Arena. The Forum, SoFi Stadium, Dignity Health Sports Park, Rose Bowl, Angel Stadium, na Honda Center zili mu misumba ya pafupi na Los Angeles.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.xfl.com/teams/los-angeles|title=XFL.com – Official home of the XFL|website=www.xfl.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.lacoliseum.com/coliseum-history/|title=Los Angeles Coliseum: Coliseum History|website=lacoliseum.com|access-date=July 24, 2022}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://bancofcaliforniastadium.com/about/|title=Banc of California Stadium: Stadium Info|website=bancofcaliforniastadium.com|access-date=July 24, 2022}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.cryptoarena.com/arena-info/about-us|title=Crypto.com Arena: About Us|website=cryptoarena.com|access-date=July 24, 2022}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.mlb.com/dodgers/ballpark|title=Dodger Stadium|website=[[Los Angeles Dodgers]]|access-date=July 24, 2022}}</ref> Msumba wa Los Angeles ndiwo ukacitiska maseŵero gha Olimpiki kaŵiri, mu 1932 na mu 1984, ndipo uzamucitiska maseŵero agha kacitatu mu 2028. Los Angeles ni msumba wacitatu ku London (1908, 1948, na 2012) na Paris (1900, 1924, na 2024) kuti kukacitikira maseŵero gha Olimpiki katatu. Apo maseŵero gha Olimpiki ghakacitikanga mu 1932, malo agho kale ghakaŵa 10th Street ghakazgoka Olympic Blvd. Mu 1985 ku Los Angeles kukacitikaso maseŵero ghakucemeka Deaflympics, ndipo mu 2015 kukacitikaso maseŵero ghanyake ghakucemeka Special Olympics World Summer Games.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.specialolympics.org/RegionsPages/content.aspx?id=17736&LangType=1033|title=Los Angeles To Host 2015 Special Olympics World Summer Games|date=September 14, 2011|publisher=[[Special Olympics]]|access-date=February 9, 2012}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2017/07/31/sports/olympics/los-angeles-2028-summer-olympics.html|title=Los Angeles Makes Deal to Host the 2028 Summer Olympics|last1=NAGOURNEY|first1=Adam|date=July 31, 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170802233825/https://www.nytimes.com/2017/07/31/sports/olympics/los-angeles-2028-summer-olympics.html|archive-date=August 2, 2017|url-status=live|newspaper=[[The New York Times]]|last2=LONGMAN|first2=JERÉ|author-link=Adam Nagourney}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.deaflympics.com/games.asp?1985-s|title=Games – Deaflympics|work=deaflympics.com|access-date=June 29, 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180211093131/http://deaflympics.com/games.asp?1985-s|archive-date=February 11, 2018|url-status=dead}}</ref> [[File:LAFC vs Philadelphia Union (2018) by Subashwilfred (20180630233148).jpg|thumb|left|[[BMO Stadium]], nyumba ya [[Los Angeles FC]] ya [[Major League Soccer]]]] 8 NFL Super Bowls nayo yikacitikira mu msumba uwu na vigaŵa vyapafupi- 2 ku Memorial Coliseum (the first Super Bowl, I and VII), 5 ku Rose Bowl mu Pasadena (XI, XIV, XVII, XXI, and XXVII), na 1 ku Inglewood (LVI).<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.nfl.com/news/los-angeles-to-host-super-bowl-lvi-in-feb-2022-at-sofi-stadium|title=Los Angeles to host Super Bowl LVI in Feb. 2022 at SoFi Stadium|date=February 9, 2021|website=NFL.com|publisher=[[National Football League]]|access-date=October 10, 2021}}</ref> Mu Rose Bowl mukusangikaso maseŵero ghakupambanapambana gha mpira wa koleji ghakucemeka Rose Bowl, agho ghakucitika zuŵa lililose la Caka Ciphya. Mu 1994, ku Los Angeles kukacitikaso maseŵero 8 gha nkhonya ya caru cose mu Rose Bowl, kusazgapo maseŵero ghaumaliro, apo Brazil ndiyo yikawina. Mu Rose Bowl mukaŵaso maseŵero ghanayi mu 1999 pa nkhumano ya caru cose ya FIFA ya ŵanakazi, kusazgapo maseŵero ghaumaliro, apo United States yikathereska China pa penalty. Mu maseŵero agha, Brandi Chastain wakavura shati yake wakati walemba penalty iyo yikapangiska kuti waŵe na nkharo yiwemi. Msumba wa Los Angeles uzamuŵa umoza mwa misumba 11 ya ku United States uko kuzamucitikira maseŵero gha nkhonya ya caru cose ya FIFA ya 2026. Maseŵero agha ghazamucitikira mu Sitediyamu ya SoFi. Los Angeles ni limoza mwa misumba 6 ya ku North America iyo yikamba kuwina nkhonyo mu viphapha vikuruvikuru vyose (MLB, NFL, NHL, NBA na MLS), ndipo yikamalizga mu 2012 apo Kings yikathereska Stanley Cup.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.latimes.com/projects/los-angeles-dodgers-multiple-titles/|title=Only 10 cities have won multiple titles in a year, Los Angeles now tied for the most|last=Mukherjee|first=Rahul|date=October 27, 2020|website=[[Los Angeles Times]]|access-date=October 27, 2020}}</ref> == Boma == {{Main|Government of Los Angeles}} {{See also|Government of Los Angeles County}} [[File:City Hall, LA, CA, jjron 22.03.2012 (cropped).jpg|thumb|upright|Nyumba ya boma ya Los Angeles, iyo yikazengeka mu 1928, ndiyo yili na ofesi ya Meya wa msumba uwu na ya City Council.]] Los Angeles ni msumba uwo uli pasi pa dango la ŵanthu wose, kweni ni msumba uwo uli pasi pa dango la ŵanthu wose yayi. Ndondomeko iyo yilipo sono yikapelekeka pa Juni 8, 1999, ndipo yasinthika kanandi waka.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.lacity.org/city-government/city-charter-rules-and-codes|title=Los Angeles, California Code Resources|publisher=American Legal Publishing|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150123035002/http://lacity.org/city-government/city-charter-rules-and-codes|archive-date=January 23, 2015|url-status=dead|access-date=January 23, 2015}}</ref> Boma ilo likusankhika na ŵanthu likupangika na wupu wa boma la Los Angeles City Council na meya wa Los Angeles, awo ŵakugwira ntchito mu boma la meya, kweniso loya wa boma (kuti waleke kupusikika na loya wa chigaŵa, ofesi ya chigaŵa) na mulongozgi wa boma. Meya wa tawuni iyi ni Karen Bass. Pali vigaŵa 15 vya makomiti gha tawuni. Mu msumba uwu muli maofesi ghanandi na maofesala, kusazgapo Dipatimenti ya Polisi ya Los Angeles (LAPD), Los Angeles Board of Police Commissioners, Los Angeles Fire Department (LAFD), Housing Authority of the City of Los Angeles (HACLA), Los Angeles Department of Transportation (LADOT), na Los Angeles Public Library (LAPL).<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.lapl.org/|title=Los Angeles Public Library Website|website=[[Los Angeles Public Library]]|access-date=July 24, 2022}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://locator.lacounty.gov/lac/Location/3175767/housing-authority-of-the-city-of-los-angeles|title=Housing Authority of the City of Los Angeles – Services Locator lacounty.gov|website=locator.lacounty.gov|access-date=July 24, 2022}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url= https://www.lapdonline.org/police-commission/|title=Police Commission – LAPD Online|website=lapdonline.org|access-date=July 24, 2022}}</ref> Chikalata cha msumba wa Los Angeles icho chikazomerezgeka na ŵanthu awo ŵakasora mu 1999 chikapangiska kuti paŵe ma komiti agho ghakwimira ŵanthu wose awo ŵakukhala mu muzi uwu, awo ŵakugwira ntchito panji awo ŵali na katundu wawo. Makomiti gha vigaŵa ghakulaŵilira vinthu paŵekha ndipo ghakusankha ŵekha umo ŵacitirenge vinthu, ghakusankha mphaka zawo, ghakupanga malango ghawo, na kusora ŵalaraŵalara ŵawo. Pali makomiti gha vigaŵa pafupifupi 90. Ŵanthu ŵa ku Los Angeles ŵakusora ŵalaŵiliri ŵa vigaŵa 1, 2, 3, na 4. === Federal and state representation === Mu Nyumba ya Malamulo ya California, Los Angeles wali kugaŵikana pakati pa vigaŵa 14. Mu chigaŵa cha California, msumba uwu uli na vigaŵa 8. Mu Nyumba ya Malamulo ya United States, yili na vigaŵa 9.<ref>{{Cite web |title=City of Los Angeles Hub |url=https://geohub.lacity.org/datasets/ab63122b097641d28d70ef434ebdf852/explore?location=34.073608,-118.192183,9.98 |access-date=2023-06-15 |website=geohub.lacity.org |language=en-us}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://wedrawthelines.ca.gov/downloads/meeting_handouts_072011/handouts_20110729_q2_sd_finaldraft_splits.zip|title=Communities of Interest&nbsp;— City|publisher=California Citizens Redistricting Commission|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151023054153/http://wedrawthelines.ca.gov/downloads/meeting_handouts_072011/handouts_20110729_q2_sd_finaldraft_splits.zip|archive-date=October 23, 2015|url-status=dead|access-date=September 28, 2014}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://wedrawthelines.ca.gov/downloads/meeting_handouts_072011/handouts_20110729_q2_ad_finaldraft_splits.zip|title=Communities of Interest&nbsp;— City|publisher=California Citizens Redistricting Commission|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151023054757/http://wedrawthelines.ca.gov/downloads/meeting_handouts_072011/handouts_20110729_q2_ad_finaldraft_splits.zip|archive-date=October 23, 2015|url-status=dead|access-date=September 28, 2014}}</ref> == Masambilo == === Colleges and universities === [[File:Powell Library (cropped).JPG|thumb|right|[[University of California, Los Angeles]]]] [[File:Doheny.jpg|thumb|right|[[University of Southern California]]]] [[File:Cal State University, Los Angeles.jpg|right|thumb|[[California State University, Los Angeles]]]] [[File:2 2011-09-29 WarnerBldg Facade SP-Pano1 (cropped).jpg|thumb|right|[[American Film Institute]]]] [[File:Loyola Marymount SunkenGardens SacredHeartChapel (cropped).jpg|thumb|right|[[Loyola Marymount University]]]] [[File:OxyThorne cropped.jpg|thumb|right|[[Occidental College]]]] Pali ma yunivesite ghatatu mu msumba uwu: California State University, Los Angeles (CSULA), California State University, Northridge (CSUN) na University of California, Los Angeles (UCLA).<ref>{{cite web|url=https://alumni.ucla.edu/uclas-story/|title=UCLA's Story|website=UCLA.edu|publisher=[[University of California Los Angeles]]|access-date=August 7, 2017}}</ref> Ma koleji ghapadera mu msumba uwu ni agha: {{colbegin}} * [[AFI Conservatory|American Film Institute Conservatory]]<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.afi.com/|title=Official website of American Film Institute|website=AFI.com|access-date=August 7, 2017}}</ref> * [[Alliant International University]]<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.alliant.edu/campus-locations/los-angeles|title=Alliant International University – Los Angeles Campus|website=alliant.edu|access-date=August 7, 2017}}</ref> * [[American Academy of Dramatic Arts]] (Los Angeles Campus)<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.aada.edu/campuses/los-angeles-campus-overview/|title=American Academy of Dramatic Arts – Los Angeles Campus Overview|website=aada.edu|access-date=August 7, 2017}}</ref> * [[American Jewish University]]<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.aju.edu/about-aju|title=American Jewish University – About AJU|website=AJU.edu|access-date=August 7, 2017}}</ref> * [[Abraham Lincoln University]]<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.alu.edu/about/alu-history/|title=History of ALU|website=ALU.edu|access-date=August 7, 2017}}</ref> * [[American Musical and Dramatic Academy|The American Musical and Dramatic Academy – Los Angeles campus]] * [[Antioch University]]'s Los Angeles campus<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.antioch.edu/los-angeles/|title=Antioch University Los Angeles|website=antioch.edu|date=October 18, 2016 |access-date=August 7, 2017}}</ref> * [[Charles R. Drew University of Medicine and Science]]<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.cdrewu.edu/|title=Charles R. Drew University: homepage|website=cdrewu.edu|access-date=August 7, 2017}}</ref> * [[Colburn School]]<ref>{{cite web|title=Colburn|url=https://www.colburnschool.edu/|access-date=January 22, 2022|website=colburnschool.edu}}</ref> * [[Columbia College Hollywood]]<ref>{{cite web|url=https://columbiacollege.edu/|title=Columbia College Hollywood – Explore your dreams|website=Colombiacollege.edu|access-date=August 7, 2017}}</ref> * [[Emerson College]] (Los Angeles Campus)<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.emerson.edu/emerson-los-angeles|title=Emerson Los Angeles|website=Emerson.edu|access-date=August 7, 2017}}</ref> * [[Emperor's College]]<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.emperors.edu/about/|title=Discover Emporor's|website=Emperors.edu|access-date=August 7, 2017}}</ref> * [[Fashion Institute of Design & Merchandising]]'s Los Angeles campus (FIDM) * [[Los Angeles Film School]]<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.lafilm.edu/|title=The Los Angeles Film School|website=lafilm.edu|access-date=August 7, 2017}}</ref> * [[Loyola Marymount University]] (LMU is also the parent university of [[Loyola Law School]] in Los Angeles)<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.lmu.edu/about/history/|title=Loyola Marymount: Our History|website=LMU.edu|access-date=August 7, 2017}}</ref> * [[Mount St. Mary's College]]<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.msmu.edu/|title=Mount St. Mary's: Fast Facts|website=msmu.edu|access-date=August 7, 2017}}</ref> * [[National University (California)|National University]] of California<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.nu.edu/locations/southerncalifornia/losangeles/|title=National University – Los Angeles, California|website=nu.edu|access-date=August 7, 2017}}</ref> * [[Occidental College]] ("Oxy")<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.oxy.edu/about-oxy|title=About Oxy – Occidental College|website=Oxy.edu|access-date=August 7, 2017}}</ref> * [[Otis College of Art and Design]] (Otis)<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.otis.edu/|title=Otis College of Art & Design website|website=otis.edu|access-date=August 7, 2017}}</ref> * [[Southern California Institute of Architecture]] (SCI-Arc)<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.sciarc.edu/|title=Southern California Institute of Architecture: A School of Architectural Thinking|website=sciarc.edu|access-date=August 7, 2017}}</ref> * [[Southwestern Law School]]<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.swlaw.edu/about-southwestern/history-southwestern|title=Southwestern Law school – Los Angeles|website=swlaw.edu|access-date=August 7, 2017}}</ref> * [[University of Southern California]] (USC)<ref>{{cite web|url=https://about.usc.edu/|title=About USC|website=USC.edu|publisher=[[University of Southern California]]|access-date=August 7, 2017}}</ref> * [[Woodbury University]]<ref>{{cite web|url=https://woodbury.edu/program/school-of-architecture/los-angeles/|title=Los Angeles – Woodbury University|website=woodbury.edu|date=October 14, 2016 |access-date=August 7, 2017}}</ref> {{colend}} Sukulu ya Community College yili na ma campus 9 agho ghakulongozgeka na ma trustees gha Los Angeles Community College District: {{colbegin}} * [[East Los Angeles College]] (ELAC)<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.elac.edu/|title=East Los Angeles College|website=elac.edu|access-date=August 7, 2017}}</ref> * [[Los Angeles City College]] (LACC)<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.lacitycollege.edu/|title=Los Angeles City College|website=lacitycollege.edu|access-date=August 7, 2017}}</ref> * [[Los Angeles Harbor College]]<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.lahc.edu/|title=Los Angeles Harbor College|website=lahc.edu|access-date=August 7, 2017}}</ref> * [[Los Angeles Mission College]]<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.lamission.edu/|title=Los Angeles Mission College|website=lamission.edu|access-date=August 7, 2017}}</ref> * [[Los Angeles Pierce College]]<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.piercecollege.edu/|title=Los Angeles Pierce College|website=Piercecollege.edu|access-date=August 7, 2017}}</ref> * [[Los Angeles Valley College]] (LAVC)<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.lavc.edu/|title=Los Angeles Valley College|website=lavc.edu|access-date=August 7, 2017}}</ref> * [[Los Angeles Southwest College]]<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.lasc.edu/|title=L.A. Southwest College|website=lasc.edu|access-date=August 7, 2017}}</ref> * [[Los Angeles Trade-Technical College]]<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.lattc.edu/|title=Los Angeles Trade-Technical College|website=lattc.edu|access-date=August 7, 2017}}</ref> * [[West Los Angeles College]]<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.wlac.edu/|title=West Los Angeles College homepage|website=wlac.edu|access-date=August 7, 2017}}</ref> {{colend}} Pali makoleji na mayunivesite ghanandi agho ghakusangika kuwaro kwa msumba wa Greater Los Angeles, kusazgapo Claremont Colleges consortium, iyo yikusazgapo makoleji agho ghakusankha makoleji agho ghakusambizga vya maluso ku U.S., na California Institute of Technology (Caltech), yimoza ya mabungwe agho ghakusambizga vya STEM pa charu chose. ===Sukulu=== {{See also|Los Angeles County, California#Education|List of high schools in Los Angeles County, California}}Sukulu ya Los Angeles Unified School District yikusambizga ŵana ŵa sukulu pafupifupi 800,000 mu msumba wa Los Angeles na mu vigaŵa vinyake. Pamasinda pakuti pulogiramu ya Proposition 13 ya mu 1978 yazomerezgeka, masukulu gha mu matawuni ghakaŵa na suzgo la ndalama. LAUSD yikumanyikwa na masukulu agho ghali na ndalama zinandi yayi, ghakuzura na ŵanthu kweniso ghakupwelelereka makora yayi, nangauli masukulu 162 agho ghakusangika mu Magnet Schools ghakukolerana na masukulu ghapadera. Vigaŵa vichoko waka vya Los Angeles vili mu Inglewood Unified School District, na Las Virgenes Unified School District. Ofesi ya Maphunziro ya Los Angeles County ikugwira ntchito ya Los Angeles County High School for the Arts.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www2.census.gov/geo/maps/DC2020/PL20/st06_ca/schooldistrict_maps/c06037_los_angeles/DC20SD_C06037.pdf|title=2020 census – school district reference map: Los Angeles County, CA|publisher=[[U.S. Census Bureau]]|accessdate=January 8, 2021|page=6/19}} – [https://web.archive.org/web/20220509050503/https://www.lacoe.edu/Portals/0/BusinessServices/Business/County%20Committee/Las%20Virgenes%20USD.pdf?ver=2016-08-01-154827-037 See map of Las Virgenes USD], [https://planning.lacity.org/odocument/0541e9db-ddb3-4279-a1d8-a271048fcc9d See map of Los Angeles city boundary]</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www2.census.gov/geo/maps/DC2020/PL20/st06_ca/schooldistrict_maps/c06037_los_angeles/DC20SD_C06037.pdf|title=2020 census – school district reference map: Los Angeles County, CA|publisher=[[U.S. Census Bureau]]|accessdate=January 8, 2021|page=11/19}} – [https://web.archive.org/web/20220509050503/https://www.lacoe.edu/Portals/0/BusinessServices/Business/County%20Committee/Inglewood%20USD.pdf?ver=2019-04-01-135454-273 See map of Inglewood USD], [https://planning.lacity.org/odocument/0541e9db-ddb3-4279-a1d8-a271048fcc9d See map of Los Angeles city boundary]</ref> == Wayilesi == {{Main|Media in Los Angeles}} {{See also|List of television shows set in Los Angeles|List of films set in Los Angeles}} [[File:Hollywood Sign (Zuschnitt).jpg|thumb|left|The [[Hollywood Sign]] is a prominent symbol of the [[American film industry]].]] Chigawo cha Los Angeles ndi chigawo chachiwiri cha msika waukulu kwambiri ku US (pambuyo pa New York) ndi nyumba 5,431,140 (4,956% ya US), yomwe imagwiritsidwa ntchito ndi ma wailesi osiyanasiyana a AM ndi FM ndi ma TV. Los Angeles na New York City ni vyaru viŵiri pera ivyo vili na VHF 7.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.museum.tv/archives/etv/A/htmlA/allocation/allocation.htm|title=Allocation|publisher=[[Museum of Broadcast Communications]]|access-date=October 20, 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130829172310/http://www.museum.tv/archives/etv/A/htmlA/allocation/allocation.htm|archive-date=August 29, 2013|url-status=dead}}</ref> Nyuzipepara yikuru ya mu ciyowoyero ca Cingelezi iyo yikufuma zuŵa lililose mu cigaŵa ici ni Los Angeles Times.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.latimes.com/about|title=About the Los Angeles Times|website=[[Los Angeles Times]]|access-date=July 25, 2022}}</ref> La Opinión ni nyuzipepara yikuru ya Cisipanishi ya mu msumba uwu.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://laopinion.com/|title=LA Opinión website|website=laopinion.com|access-date=July 25, 2022}}</ref> The Korea Times ni nyuzipepara yikuru ya mu chiyowoyero cha ku Korea, ndipo The World Journal ni nyuzipepara yikuru ya chiyowoyero cha ku China. Nyuzipepara ya Los Angeles Sentinel ni nyuzipepara yikuru ya mu msumba uwu iyo yikulembeka na ŵanthu ŵa ku America.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://lasentinel.net/about|title=About Us: Los Angeles Sentinel|website=lasentinel.net|access-date=July 25, 2022}}</ref> Magazini ya Investor's Business Daily yikufuma ku maofesi agho ghali ku Los Angeles, ku Playa del Rey.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.investors.com/|title=Investors Business Daily: Stock News and Stock Market Analysis|website=investors.com|access-date=July 26, 2022}}</ref> [[File:LA Times building.jpg|thumb|right|The former ''[[Los Angeles Times|LA Times]]'' headquarters]] Ma TV ghanayi ghakurughakuru, pamoza na Telemundo na Univision, nawo ŵali na masiteshoni agho ghakupharazga ku Los Angeles na ku West Coast: KABC-TV ya ABC (Channel 7), KCBS-TV ya CBS (Channel 2), KTTV-TV ya Fox (Channel 11), KNBC-TV ya NBC (Channel 4), KCOP-TV ya MyNetworkTV (Channel 13), KEAV-TV ya Telemundo (Channel 52), na KMEX-TV ya Univision (Channel 34). Chigawochi chili ndi masiteshoni anayi a PBS, pomwe KCET, idalumikizananso ndi netiweki ngati wachiwiri wachiwiri mu Ogasiti 2019, atakhala zaka zisanu ndi zitatu zapitazi ngati wailesi yakanema yayikulu kwambiri mdzikolo. KTBN (Channel 40) ni wayilesi yakumanyikwa ya Trinity Broadcasting Network, iyo yili ku Santa Ana. Vipharazgo vinandi vya pa TV, nga ni KCAL-TV (Channel 9) na KTLA-TV (Channel 5), vikuyowoyeka mu chigaŵa ichi.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.nbclosangeles.com/|title=NBC Los Angeles|website=nbclosangeles.com|access-date=July 24, 2022}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://abc7.com/|title=Los Angeles and Southern California News, Weather, Sports|website=abc7.com|access-date=July 24, 2022}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.foxla.com/|title=FOX 11 Los Angeles|website=foxla.com|access-date=July 24, 2022}}</ref> [[File:Paramountpicturesmelrosegate (cropped).jpg|thumb|left|[[Paramount Pictures]] Studios]] Paliso manyuzipepara ghanyake ghacoko gha ku malo agha, nga ni Los Angeles Register, Los Angeles Community News, Los Angeles Daily News, LA Weekly, L.A. Mu magazini iyi muli nkhani za ku Greater Los Angeles, Los Angeles Magazine, Los Angeles Business Journal, Los Angeles Daily Journal, The Hollywood Reporter, Variety, na Los Angeles Downtown News.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.ladowntownnews.com/site/about.html|title=Los Angeles Downtown News – History|website=ladowntownnews.com|access-date=July 25, 2022|archive-date=July 6, 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220706223303/http://www.ladowntownnews.com/site/about.html|url-status=dead}}</ref> Padera pa manyuzipepara ghakurughakuru, pali manyuzipepara ghanandi agho ghakulembeka mu viyowoyero ivyo ŵanthu ŵakufuma mu vyaru vinyake ŵakuyowoya, nga ni Ciarmenia, Cingelezi, Cikoreya, Ciperesiya, Cirussia, Cichayina, Cijapani, Cihebere, na Ciarabu. Misumba yinandi iyo yili pafupi na Los Angeles yili na manyuzipepara agho ghakulembeka zuŵa lililose. Mwaciyelezgero, magazini ya The Daily Breeze (iyo yikupharazga ku South Bay), na The Long Beach Press-Telegram. Nkhani za luso, chikhalidwe ndi moyo wausiku ku Los Angeles zikufotokozedwanso ndi owongolera angapo am'deralo ndi mayiko, kuphatikiza Time Out Los Angeles, Thrillist, Kristin's List, DailyCandy, Diversity News Magazine, LAist, ndi Flavorpill.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://beta.flavorpill.com/losangeles|title=Flavorpill|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130207012702/http://beta.flavorpill.com/losangeles|archive-date=February 7, 2013|url-status=dead|access-date=September 1, 2015}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://laist.com/about-us|title=Welcome to LAist: About Us|website=last.com|access-date=July 25, 2022}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.timeout.com/los-angeles|title=Time Out Los Angeles: The L.A. guide for things to do, restaurants, bars, movies, shopping, events and more|website=timeout.com|access-date=July 25, 2022}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.thrillist.com/|title=Thrillist Official website|website=thrillist.com|access-date=July 25, 2022}}</ref> ==Infrastructure== === Transportation === {{Main|Transportation in Los Angeles}} ==== Freeways ==== {{Main|Southern California freeways}} [[File:Los Angeles - Echangeur autoroute 110 105 (cropped).JPG|thumb|[[Judge Harry Pregerson Interchange]], connecting the [[Interstate 105 (California)|Century Freeway (I-105)]] and the [[Interstate 110 and State Route 110 (California)|Harbor Freeway (I-110)]] in [[South Los Angeles|South LA]].]] Msumba uwu na vigaŵa vinyake vya mu msumba wa Los Angeles vili na misewu yinandi. Lipoti la Texas Transportation Institute la Urban Mobility Report likati mu 2019 misewu ya ku Los Angeles ndiyo yikaŵa yakusuzga chomene ku United States.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://static.tti.tamu.edu/tti.tamu.edu/documents/mobility-report-2021.pdf|title=2021 Urban Mobility Report|publisher=Texas Transportation Institute|date=June 2021|access-date=April 22, 2022}}</ref> Kufuma pa malo agha pakaŵa ku San Francisco/Oakland, Washington, D.C., na Miami. Nangauli mu msumba uwu muli magalimoto ghanandi, kweni ŵanthu awo ŵakwenda mu msumba wa Los Angeles ŵakwenda nyengo yifupi kuluska awo ŵakwenda mu misumba yinyake yikuruyikuru nga ni New York City, Philadelphia, na Chicago. Ku Los Angeles, pa avereji, munthu wakendanga maminiti 29.2 kuti wakafike ku nchito, ndipo nyengo iyi yikuyana waka na ya ku San Francisco na Washington, D.C.<ref name="ACS2006">{{cite web|url=http://factfinder.census.gov/servlet/DCGeoSelectServlet?ds_name=ACS_2006_EST_G00_|title=American Community Survey 2006, Table S0802|publisher=[[United States Census Bureau]]|access-date=July 11, 2010|archive-date=September 16, 2008|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080916055045/http://factfinder.census.gov/servlet/DCGeoSelectServlet?ds_name=ACS_2006_EST_G00_|url-status=dead}}{{dead link|date=June 2022|bot=medic}}{{cbignore|bot=medic}}https://www.census.gov/programs-surveys/acs/</ref> Misewu yikuru iyo yikusazga LA na vyaru vinyake ni Interstate 5, iyo yikwenda kumwera kufuma ku San Diego kuya ku Tijuana ku Mexico na kumpoto kufuma ku Sacramento, Portland, na Seattle kuya ku mphaka ya Canada na US; Interstate 10, iyo yili kumwera chomene kumafumiro gha dazi kuya kumanjiliro gha dazi, ndipo yikwenda kufuma ku mphepete ya nyanja kukafika ku Jacksonville, Florida; na U.S. Nthowa ya 101, iyo yikuluta ku California Central Coast, San Francisco, ku Redwood Empire, na ku Oregon na Washington. ==== Public transit ==== {{Main|Los Angeles County Metropolitan Transportation Authority}} [[File:Metrogoldlinemem.jpg|thumb|left|Sitima ya Los Angeles Metro Rail imagwira ntchito ndi LACMTA.]] Ku Los Angeles County Metropolitan Transportation Authority (LA County Metro) na mabungwe ghanyake ghakupambanapambana ghakwendeska magalimoto gha pa msewu, kweniso magalimoto gha pasi pa mtunda na magalimoto gha pa njanji mu chigaŵa chose cha Los Angeles, ndipo mwezi uliwose ŵanthu ŵakukwana 38.8 miliyoni ŵakukwera magalimoto agha. Pa ŵanthu aŵa, ŵanandi (30.5 miliyoni) ŵakwenda pa mabasi gha mu msumba uwu, agho ni ghaciŵiri pa mabasi ghose mu caru ici. Mwezi uliwose, ŵanthu pafupifupi 8.2 miliyoni ŵakakweranga sitima ya pasi pa mtunda. Mu chaka cha 2017, ŵanthu ŵakukwana 397 miliyoni ŵakakwera mabasi, ndipo ŵanthu pafupifupi 285 miliyoni ŵakakwera mabasi ndipo ŵanthu pafupifupi 113 miliyoni ŵakakwera njanji. Mu chigaŵa chakwamba cha chaka cha 2018, ŵanthu ŵakukwana 95 miliyoni ŵakakwera sitima, ndipo mu chigaŵa ichi ŵanthu ŵakukwana 98 miliyoni ŵakakwera sitima mu chaka cha 2017, ndipo mu chigaŵa ichi ŵanthu ŵakukwana 105 miliyoni ŵakakwera sitima mu chaka cha 2016. Mu 2005, ŵanthu 10.2% mu msumba wa Los Angeles ŵakendanga na magalimoto. Malinga ndi kafukufuku wa American Community Survey wa 2016, 9.2% ya ogwira ntchito ku Los Angeles (mzinda) adapita kuntchito pogwiritsa ntchito zoyendera pagulu.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://censusreporter.org/data/table/?table=B08101&geo_ids=16000US0644000&primary_geo_id=16000US0644000|title=Means of Transportation to Work by Age|publisher=Census Reporter|access-date=May 6, 2018}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://money.cnn.com/2007/06/13/real_estate/public_transit_commutes/index.htm|title=New Yorkers are Top Transit Users|last=Christie|first=Les|date=June 29, 2007|access-date=October 24, 2011|publisher=CNN}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://isotp.metro.net/MetroRidership/Index.aspx|title=Interactive Estimated Ridership Stats: Calendar Year, 2017|publisher=Los Angeles County Metro Transit Authority|access-date=May 6, 2018}}</ref><ref name="metro">{{cite web|url=http://www.metro.net/news/pages/ridership-statistics/|title=Ridership Statistics|publisher=[[Los Angeles County Metropolitan Transportation Authority]]|access-date=October 24, 2011|archive-date=November 1, 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111101115617/http://www.metro.net/news/pages/ridership-statistics/|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref name="metro" /><ref>{{cite web|url=http://isotp.metro.net/MetroRidership/YearOverYear.aspx|title=Interactive Estimated Ridership Stats: Year over Year, 2018|publisher=Los Angeles County Metro Transit Authority|access-date=May 6, 2018}}</ref> [[File:Los Angeles Union Station 22.jpg|thumb|right|Siteshoni ya Union Station yikusangika na Amtrak California, Metrolink, na Metro Rail.]] Msewu wa pasi pa mtunda uwo ukujumpha mu msumba uwu, ndiwo uli pa nambara 9 pa misewu yinandi iyo yikujumpha mu United States.<ref name="APTA">{{cite web|url=http://www.apta.com/resources/statistics/Documents/Ridership/2011_q1_ridership_APTA.pdf|title=Public Transit Ridership Report|year=2011|publisher=[[American Public Transportation Association]]|access-date=October 24, 2011}}</ref> Msewu uwu uli na misewu ya B na D, kweniso misewu ya A, C, E, na K. Mu 2016, E Line yikafika ku Pacific Ocean pa Santa Monica. Msewu wa Metro G na J ni misewu ya mabasi agho ghakwenda mwaluŵiro. Kuzakafika mu 2022, masiteshoni gha sitima ya light rail ghazamuŵa 99. Msumba uwu uli na njanji iyo yikufuma ku Los Angeles kuluta ku vigaŵa vyapafupi.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://metrolinktrains.com/|title=Welcome to Metrolink|website=metrolinktrains.com|access-date=July 25, 2022}}</ref> Padera pa masitima agho ghakupelekeka na Metrolink na Los Angeles County Metropolitan Transportation Authority, ku Los Angeles kukwendekaso sitima za Amtrak. Siteshoni ya njanji yikuru mu msumba uwu ni Union Station kumpoto kwa Downtown. Kweniso, tawuni iyi yikupanga mabasi gha pa tawuni iyi na gha ku malo ghanyake kwizira mu dipatimenti yakuwona vya mendero ya ku Los Angeles, panji kuti LADOT. ==== Airports ==== {{Main|List of airports in the Los Angeles area}} [[File:TheThemeBuildingLosAngeles (cropped2).jpg|thumb|right|Los Angeles Intl. Ndege ya LAX ndiyo yili na ŵanthu ŵanandi comene pa caru cose capasi.]] Ndege yikuru ya pa charu chose na ya pa charu chapasi iyo yikulongozgera ku Los Angeles ni Ndege ya pa charu cose ya Los Angeles (IATA: LAX, ICAO: KLAX), iyo yikumanyikwa na code ya pa ndege iyi, '''LAX'''.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.flylax.com/|title=Office website of the Los Angeles International Airport|website=flylax.com|access-date=July 24, 2022}}</ref> Malo agha ghali ku Westside ku Los Angeles pafupi na Sofi Stadium ku Inglewood. Pali viŵanja vikuru-vikuru vya ndege ivyo vili pafupi na malo agha: * {{airport codes|ONT|KONT}} [[Ontario International Airport]], owned by the city of Ontario, CA; serves the Inland Empire.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.flyontario.com/corporate/airport-information|title=Airport Information|website=[[Ontario International Airport]]|access-date=July 25, 2022}}</ref> * {{airport codes|BUR|KBUR}} [[Hollywood Burbank Airport]], jointly owned by the cities of Burbank, Glendale, and Pasadena. Formerly known as Bob Hope Airport and Burbank Airport, the closest airport to Downtown Los Angeles serves the San Fernando, San Gabriel, and Antelope Valleys.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.hollywoodburbankairport.com/about-us/history_facts/|title=History & Facts of Burbank Airport|website=[[Hollywood Burbank Airport]]|access-date=July 25, 2022}}</ref> * {{airport codes|LGB|KLGB}} [[Long Beach Airport]], serves the Long Beach/Harbor area.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.longbeach.gov/lgb/about-us/|title=Long Beach Airport Directory|website=[[Long Beach Airport]]|access-date=July 25, 2022}}</ref> * {{airport codes|SNA|KSNA}} [[John Wayne Airport]] of Orange County. Limoza mwa ma eyapoti ghakurughakuru chomene pa charu chose ghakusangika ku Los Angeles: Van Nuys Airport {{airport codes|VNY|KVNY}}.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.lawa.org/welcome_VNY.aspx?id=92|title=Van Nuys Airport General Description|publisher=[[Los Angeles World Airports]]|access-date=October 25, 2011}}</ref> ==== Seaports ==== [[File:Vincent Thomas bridge.San Pedro.JPG|thumb|left|Mlatho wa Vincent Thomas pa Terminal Island mu Port of Los Angeles]] Mzinda wa Port of Los Angeles uli ku San Pedro Bay mu chigaŵa cha San Pedro, pafupifupi makilomita 20 kumwera kwa Downtown. Mumphepete mwa nyanja iyi muli malo ghakurughakuru agho ghakukwana makilomita 69. Mumphepete mwa nyanja iyi muli nyanja yinyake yakuchemeka Long Beach.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.portoflosangeles.org/|title=Port of Los Angeles, the nations #1 container port and global model for sustainability, security, and social responsibility|website=[[Port of Los Angeles]]|access-date=July 25, 2022}}</ref> Maboti gha ku Port of Los Angeles na Port of Long Beach pamoza ghakupanga Los Angeles/Long Beach Harbor.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.mxsocal.org/pdffiles/108th%20HSC%20Mtg%20Apr%205%202006.pdf|title=Los Angeles/Long Beach Harbor Safety Committee|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20061008141319/http://www.mxsocal.org/pdffiles/108th%20HSC%20Mtg%20Apr%205%202006.pdf|archive-date=October 8, 2006|url-status=dead|access-date=March 16, 2011}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.harboremployers.com/web/|title=Los Angeles/Long Beach Harbor Employers Association|publisher=Harboremployers.com|access-date=March 16, 2011}}</ref> Madowoko ghaŵiri agha ngakwamba pa madoko ghose gha vyamuminda pa charu chose chapasi, ndipo mu 2008 ghakatumizganga vyamuminda vyakujumpha 14.2 miliyoni.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://aapa.files.cms-plus.com/Statistics/WORLD%20PORT%20RANKINGS%2020081.pdf|title=AAPA World Port Rankings 2008|access-date=March 16, 2011}}</ref> Port of Los Angeles ndiyo yili na ma container ghanandi chomene ku United States ndipo ndiyo yili na ma cruise ghanandi chomene pa West Coast ya United States -  The Port of Los Angeles's World Cruise Center yikawovwira ŵanthu pafupifupi 590,000 mu 2014.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.portoflosangeles.org/facilities/passenger.asp|title=Cruise Passenger and Ferry Terminals|publisher=[[Port of Los Angeles]]|access-date=January 14, 2015}}</ref> Paliso madoko ghanyake agho ghakukhala ŵanthu ŵanandi agho ghali mumphepete mwa nyanja ya Los Angeles. Mumphepete mwa nyanja iyi muli maboti ghanayi: Vincent Thomas Bridge, Henry Ford Bridge, Long Beach International Gateway Bridge, na Commodore Schuyler F. Mlatho wa Heim. Sitima ya Catalina Express ndiyo yikwenda kufuma ku San Pedro kuya ku Avalon (na Two Harbors) pa Santa Catalina Island. == Ŵanthu ŵakumanyikwa == {{Main|List of people from Los Angeles}} ==Misumba yakuyana mazina== [[File:Sister cities of Los Angeles.jpg|alt=|thumb|A sign near [[Los Angeles City Hall|LA City Hall]] displaying Los Angeles' sister cities.]] <!-- *** IMPORTANT *** * Please do not add or remove sister cities unless you provide a reliable * * source. This list is verified by http://sistercities.lacity.org/, * * which lists 25 sister cities. If you make changes to this list without * * citing a source, your edits will be reverted. * --> Los Angeles has 25 [[sister cities]],<ref name="Sistercities">{{cite web|url=http://sistercities.lacity.org/|title=Sister Cities of Los Angeles|publisher=[[Government of Los Angeles|Sister Cities Los Angeles]]|access-date=February 25, 2019}}</ref> listed chronologically by year joined: {{Colbegin}} * {{flagdeco|ISR}} [[Eilat]], Israel (1959) * {{flagdeco|JPN}} [[Nagoya]], Japan (1959) * {{flagdeco|BRA}} [[Salvador, Bahia|Salvador]], Brazil (1962) * {{flagdeco|FRA}} [[Bordeaux]], France (1964)<ref name="Bordeaux twinnings">{{cite web | url=http://www.bordeaux.fr/p63778/europe%C2%A0et%C2%A0international | title=Bordeaux– Rayonnement européen et mondial | work=Mairie de Bordeaux | access-date=July 29, 2013 | language=fr |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130207154903/http://www.bordeaux.fr/p63778/europe%C2%A0et%C2%A0international | archive-date=February 7, 2013}}</ref><ref name="Bordeaux twinnings 2">{{cite web | url=http://www.cncd.fr/frontoffice/bdd-recherche-resultat.asp?searchField=bordeaux&x=36&y=14 | title=Bordeaux-Atlas français de la coopération décentralisée et des autres actions extérieures | work=Délégation pour l'Action Extérieure des Collectivités Territoriales (Ministère des Affaires étrangères) | access-date=July 29, 2013 | language=fr |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130207152951/http://www.cncd.fr/frontoffice/bdd-recherche-resultat.asp?searchField=bordeaux&x=36&y=14 | archive-date=February 7, 2013}}</ref> * {{flagdeco|DEU}} [[Berlin]], Germany (1967)<ref name="Berlin twinnings">{{cite web | url=http://www.berlin.de/rbmskzl/staedteverbindungen/staedtepartnerschaft_ueberblick.en.html | title=Berlin City Partnerships | work=Der Regierende Bürgermeister Berlin | access-date=September 17, 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130521054019/http://www.berlin.de/rbmskzl/staedteverbindungen/staedtepartnerschaft_ueberblick.en.html | archive-date=May 21, 2013}}</ref> * {{flagdeco|ZMB}} [[Lusaka]], Zambia (1968) * {{flagdeco|MEX}} [[Mexico City]], Mexico (1969) * {{flagdeco|NZL}} [[Auckland]], New Zealand (1971) * {{flagdeco|ROK}} [[Busan]], South Korea (1971) * {{flagdeco|IND}} [[Mumbai]], India (1972) * {{flagdeco|IRN}} [[Tehran]], Iran (1972) * {{flagdeco|ROC}} [[Taipei]], Taiwan (1979) * {{flagdeco|PRC}} [[Guangzhou]], China (1981)<ref name="Guangzhou twinnings">{{cite web | url=http://www.gzwaishi.gov.cn/Category_121/Index.aspx | title=Guangzhou Sister Cities | publisher=Guangzhou Foreign Affairs Office | access-date=July 21, 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121024091437/http://www.gzwaishi.gov.cn/Category_121/Index.aspx | archive-date=October 24, 2012}}</ref> * {{flagdeco|GRC}} [[Athens]], Greece (1984) * {{flagdeco|RUS}} [[Saint Petersburg]], Russia (1984) * {{flagdeco|CAN}} [[Vancouver]], Canada (1986)<ref name="Vancouver">{{cite web | url=http://vancouver.ca/ctyclerk/cclerk/20080311/documents/a14.pdf | title=Vancouver Twinning Relationships | publisher=City of Vancouver | access-date=December 5, 2009 }}</ref> * {{flagdeco|EGY}} [[Giza]], Egypt (1989) * {{flagdeco|IDN}} [[Jakarta]], Indonesia (1990) * {{flagdeco|LTU}} [[Kaunas]], Lithuania (1991) * {{flagdeco|PHL}} [[Makati]], Philippines (1992) * {{flagdeco|CRO}} [[Split, Croatia]] (1993)<ref name="Split twinnings">{{cite web | url=http://www.split.hr/Default.aspx?sec=526 | title=Gradovi prijatelji Splita |trans-title=Split Twin Towns | work=Grad Split [Split Official City Website] | access-date=December 19, 2013 | language=hr |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120324035937/http://www.split.hr/Default.aspx?sec=526 | archive-date=March 24, 2012}}</ref> * {{flagdeco|SLV}} [[San Salvador]], El Salvador (2005) * {{flagdeco|LBN}} [[Beirut]], Lebanon (2006) * {{flagdeco|ITA}} [[Ischia, Campania]], Italy (2006) * {{flagdeco|ARM}} [[Yerevan]], Armenia (2007)<ref name="Yerevan twinnings 2">{{cite web | url=http://www.yerevan.am/en/partner/sister-cities/ | title=Yerevan Twin Towns & Sister Cities | work=Yerevan Municipality Official Website | access-date=November 4, 2013}}</ref> {{Colend}} In addition, Los Angeles has the following "friendship cities": * {{flagdeco|POL}} [[Łódź]], Poland * {{flagicon|AUS}} City of [[Melbourne]], Australia * {{flagdeco|UK}} [[Manchester]], United Kingdom<ref name="Manchester">{{cite web|url=http://www.manchestereveningnews.co.uk/news/greater-manchester-news/twinning-link-with-la-925445|title=Twinning link with LA|date=July 27, 2009|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130731001604/http://www.manchestereveningnews.co.uk/news/greater-manchester-news/twinning-link-with-la-925445|archive-date=July 31, 2013|url-status=dead|access-date=July 28, 2009|newspaper=[[Manchester Evening News]]}}</ref> * {{flagdeco|ISR}} [[Tel Aviv]], Israel<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.jewishla.org/Tel_Aviv_LA_Partnership.cfm|title=Tel Aviv/Los Angeles Partnership|year=2007|publisher=The Jewish Federation of Greater Los Angeles|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080623075353/http://www.jewishla.org/Tel_Aviv_LA_Partnership.cfm|archive-date=June 23, 2008|access-date=August 7, 2008}}</ref> == Wonaniso == {{colbegin}} * [[Largest cities in Southern California]] * [[Largest cities in the Americas]] * [[List of hotels in Los Angeles]] * [[List of largest houses in the Los Angeles Metropolitan Area]] * [[List of museums in Los Angeles]] * [[List of museums in Los Angeles County, California]] * [[List of music venues in Los Angeles]] * [[List of people from Los Angeles]] * [[List of tallest buildings in Los Angeles]] * [[National Register of Historic Places listings in Los Angeles, California]] * [[USS Los Angeles|USS ''Los Angeles'']], 4 ships (including 1 airship) {{colend}} == Ukaboni == {{reflist}} == Vyakulemba vinyake == {{See also|Bibliography of Los Angeles}} === General === * Holli, Melvin G., and Jones, Peter d'A., eds. ''Biographical Dictionary of American Mayors, 1820-1980'' (Greenwood Press, 1981) short scholarly biographies each of the city's mayors 1820 to 1980. [https://archive.org/details/biographicaldict0000unse_r8s1 online]; see index at p.&nbsp;409 for list. * {{cite book|title=Southern California: An Island on the Land|author=Carey McWilliams|publisher=Peregrine Smith|year=2009|isbn=978-0-87905-007-8|edition=9th|author-link=Carey McWilliams (journalist)|url=https://archive.org/details/southerncaliforn00mcwi}} * {{cite book|title=It's Your Misfortune and None of My Own: A New History of the American West|title-link=It's Your Misfortune and None of My Own|author=Richard White|publisher=University of Oklahoma Press|year=1991|isbn=978-0-8061-2567-1|author-link=Richard White (historian)}} * {{cite book|title=Los Angeles: Capital of the Third World|author=David Rieff|publisher=Touchstone|year=1992|isbn=978-0-671-79210-7|author-link=David Rieff}} * {{cite book|title=Translating LA: A Tour of the Rainbow City|author=Peter Theroux|publisher=Norton|year=1994|isbn=978-0-393-31394-9|author-link=Peter Theroux|url=https://archive.org/details/translatingla00pete}} * {{cite book|title=Los Angeles: A History of the Future|author=Paul Glover|publisher=Greenplanners|year=1995|isbn=978-0-9622911-0-4|author-link=Paul Glover (activist)}} * {{cite book|title=Los Angeles A to Z: An Encyclopedia of the City and County|author=Leonard Pitt & Dale Pitt|publisher=University of California Press|year=2000|isbn=978-0-520-20530-7|place=Berkeley}} * {{cite book|title=Los Angeles: Portrait of a City|author=[[Kevin Starr]] and David Ulin|publisher=[[Taschen]] America|year=2009|isbn=978-3-8365-0291-7|editor=Jim Heimann|url-access=registration|url=https://archive.org/details/losangelesportra0000unse}} === Architecture and urban theory === * {{cite book|title=Los Angeles: The Architecture of Four Ecologies|author=Reyner Banham|publisher=[[University of California Press]]|year=2009|isbn=978-0-520-26015-3|edition=2nd|place=Berkeley|author-link=Reyner Banham}} * {{cite book|title=City of Quartz: Excavating the Future in Los Angeles|title-link=City of Quartz|author=Mike Davis|publisher=Verso|year=2006|isbn=978-1-84467-568-5|author-link=Mike Davis (scholar)}} * {{cite book |title=The Fragmented Metropolis: Los Angeles 1850–1930 |author=[[Robert M. Fogelson]] |publisher=University of California Press |year=1993 |isbn=978-0-520-08230-4 |place=Berkeley}} * {{cite book|title=The History of Forgetting: Los Angeles and the Erasure of Memory|author=Norman M. Klein|publisher=Verso|year=1997|isbn=978-1-84467-242-4}} * {{cite book|title=L.A. Lost & Found: An Architectural History of Los Angeles|author=Sam Hall Kaplan|publisher=Hennessey and Ingalls|year=2000|isbn=978-0-940512-23-8}} * {{cite book|title=Overdrive: L.A. Constructs the Future, 1940–1990|author=Wim de Wit and Christopher James Alexander|publisher=Getty Publications|year=2013|isbn=978-1-60606-128-2}} === Race relations === * {{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=0lQXqQPNOUcC|title=Anything but Mexican: Chicanos in contemporary Los Angeles|last=Acuña|first=Rodolfo|publisher=Verso|year=1996|isbn=978-1-85984-031-3|author-link=Rodolfo Acuña|access-date=September 30, 2011}} * {{cite book|title=No Crystal Stair: African Americans in the City of Angels|last=George|first=Lynell|publisher=Verso|year=1992|isbn=978-0-86091-389-4}} * {{cite book|title=L.A. City Limits: African American Los Angeles from the Great Depression to the Present|last=Sides|first=Josh|publisher=University of California Press|year=2006|isbn=978-0-520-24830-4|place=Berkeley}} * {{cite book|title=Murder at the Sleepy Lagoon: Zoot Suits, Race, and Riot in Wartime L.A.|author=Eduardo Obregón Pagán|publisher=The University of North Carolina Press|year=2006|isbn=978-0-8078-5494-5}} * {{cite book|title=The Great Black Way: L.A. in the 1940s and the Last African American Renaissance|url=https://archive.org/details/greatblackwayla00smit|url-access=registration|author=R. J. Smith|publisher=PublicAffairs|year=2007|isbn=978-1-58648-521-4}} === LGBT === * {{cite book|title=Gay L. A.: A History of Sexual Outlaws, Power Politics, And Lipstick Lesbians|author=[[Lillian Faderman]] and Stuart Timmons|publisher=Basic Books|year=2006|isbn=978-0-465-02288-5|url=https://archive.org/details/gaylahistoryofse00lill}} * {{cite book|title=Bohemian Los Angeles: and the Making of Modern Politics|last=Hurewitz|first=Daniel|publisher=University of California Press|year=2007|isbn=978-0-520-24925-7|place=Berkeley|url-access=registration|url=https://archive.org/details/bohemianlosangel0000hure}} === Environment === * {{cite book|title=Cadillac Desert: The American West and its Disappearing Water|title-link=Cadillac Desert|author=Marc Reisner|publisher=[[Penguin Books]]|year=1986|isbn=978-0-14-017824-1|author-link=Marc Reisner}} * {{cite book|title=Smogtown: The Lung-Burning History of Pollution in Los Angeles|author=Chip Jacobs and William Kelly|publisher=Outlook Hardcover|year=2008|isbn=978-1-58567-860-0|url=https://archive.org/details/smogtownlungburn00jaco}} === Social movements === * {{cite book|title=Set the Night on Fire: L.A. in the Sixties|author=Mike Davis and Jon Wiener|publisher=Verso|year=2020|isbn=978-1-78478-024-1}} === Art and literature === * {{cite book|title=Writing Los Angeles: A Literary Anthology|publisher=[[Library of America]]|year=2002|isbn=978-1-931082-27-3|editor=David L. Ulin|url-access=registration|url=https://archive.org/details/writinglosangele0000unse}} * {{cite book|title=Pop L.A.: Art and the City in the 1960s|last=Whiting|first=Cécile|publisher=University of California Press|year=2008|isbn=978-0-520-25634-7|place=Berkeley}} == Vigaŵa vya kuwalo == {{Sister project links|voy=Los Angeles|collapsible=true}} <!-- *********************** ({{No More Links}}) *************************** * Please be cautious in adding more links to this article. Wikipedia * * is not a collection of links nor should it be used for advertising. * * * * Excessive or inappropriate links Will-Be-Deleted. * * See [[Wikipedia:External links]] & [[Wikipedia:Spam]] for details. * * * * If there are already plentiful links, please propose additions or * * replacements on this article's [[[[Talk:Los Angeles|talk page]]]], * * or submit your link to the relevant category at the Open Directory * * Project (dmoz.org) and link back to that category using the {{dmoz}}* * template. * ********************** ({{No More Links}}) **************************** --> <!-- {{Spoken Wikipedia|LosAngelesPart1.ogg|2011-10-08}} --> * {{official website}} {{Clear}} {{Portal bar|North America|United States|California|Cities|Greater Los Angeles}} {{Los Angeles}} {{Navboxes |title = Articles related to Los Angeles |list = {{Los Angeles County, California}} {{Greater Los Angeles Area}} {{California county seats}} {{California}} {{Olympic Summer Games Host Cities}} {{Paralympic Summer Games Host Cities}} {{World's most populated urban areas}} {{California cities and mayors of 100,000 population}} {{Southern California megaregion}} {{Megacities}} }} {{authority control}} [[Category:Los Angeles| ]] [[Category:1781 establishments in New Spain]] [[Category:1850 establishments in California]] [[Category:Cities in Los Angeles County, California]] [[Category:County seats in California]] [[Category:Incorporated cities and towns in California]] [[Category:Populated coastal places in California]] [[Category:Populated places established in 1781]] [[Category:Port cities in California]] [[Category:Railway towns in California]] [[Category:Spanish mission settlements in North America]] qm4pih56ucugybutv71ijju8dej48n9 0 6919 116528 115448 2026-06-18T00:09:05Z InternetArchiveBot 6449 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 116528 wikitext text/x-wiki {{short description|Country in Central Africa}} {{about|charu|nkhani zinyake}} {{pp-move-indef}} {{featured article}} {{Use dmy dates|date=December 2020}} {{Infobox country | conventional_long_name = Charu cha Cameroon | common_name = Cameroon | native_name = {{native name|fr|République du Cameroun}} | image_flag = Flag of Cameroon.svg | alt_flag = Vertical tricolor (green, red, yellow) with a five-pointed gold star in the center of the red | image_coat = Coat of arms of Cameroon.svg | symbol_type = Coat of arms | national_motto = <br />{{native phrase|fr|"Paix – Travail – Patrie"|italics=off}}<br />"Peace – Work – Fatherland" | national_anthem = <br />{{native phrase|fr|"Ô Cameroun, Berceau de nos Ancêtres"|italics=off|nolink=yes}}<br />"[[O Cameroon, Cradle of Our Forefathers]]"{{parabr}}{{center| }} | image_map = Cameroon (orthographic projection).svg | alt_map = Location of Cameroon on the globe. | image_map2 = | capital = [[Yaoundé]]<ref name="CIA">{{Cite CIA World Factbook|country=Cameroon|section=People and Society|date=16 May 2022 }}</ref> | coordinates = {{Coord|3|52|N|11|31|E|type:city}} | largest_city = [[Douala]] | official_languages = [[French language|French]]{{*}}[[English language|English]] | regional_languages = {{Plainlist| * [[Cameroonian Pidgin English]] * [[Fula language|Fula]] * [[Ewondo language|Ewondo]] * [[Chadian Arabic]] * [[Camfranglais]] }} | ethnic_groups_ref = <ref name="CIA"/> | ethnic_groups = {{vunblist | {{nowrap | 24.3% [[Bamileke people|Bamileke]]-[[Bamum people|Bamum]]}} | 21.6% [[Beti-Pahuin peoples|Beti/Bassa-Mbam]] | 14.6% [[Biu–Mandara languages|Biu-Mandara]] | 11% [[Fula people|Fulani]] & [[Baggara Arabs|Shuwa]] | 9.8% [[Adamawa–Ubangi languages|Adamawa-Ubangi]] ([[Mbum languages|Mbum]]-[[Gbaya languages|Gbaya]]) | 7.7% [[Ring languages|Grassfielders]] | 3.3% [[African Pygmies|Pygmy peoples]] | 2.7% [[:fr:Sawa (peuple)|Sawa/ Côtier]] | 0.7% Southwest Bantu | 4.5% Others/Foreign }} | religion = {{ublist |item_style=white-space:nowrap; | 59.7% [[Christianity]] | 20.2% [[Islam in Cameroon|Islam]] | 19.0% [[Traditional African religions|Traditional faiths]] | 0.8% [[Irreligion|No religion]] | 0.3% Others }} | religion_year = 2020 | religion_ref = <ref name="National Profiles"/> | demonym = [[Demographics of Cameroon|Cameroonian]] | government_type = [[Unitary state|Unitary]] [[Dominant-party system|dominant-party]] [[Presidential system|presidential]] [[republic]]<ref>{{cite web|title=Democracy Index 2020|url=https://www.eiu.com/n/campaigns/democracy-index-2020/|access-date=2021-12-17|website=Economist Intelligence Unit|language=en-GB}}</ref> under a [[dictatorship]]<ref>David Wallechinsky, "Tyrants: the World's 20 Worst Living Dictators", Regan Press, 2006, pp. 286–290</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2011-06-19 |title=The world's enduring dictators: Paul Biya, Cameroon |url=https://www.cbsnews.com/news/the-worlds-enduring-dictators-paul-biya-cameroon-19-06-2011/ |access-date=2022-12-20 |website=CBS News |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2020-11-02 |title=For the sake of Cameroon, life-president Paul Biya must be forced out|last=Tampa|first=Vava |url=http://www.theguardian.com/world/2020/nov/02/for-the-sake-of-cameroon-life-president-paul-biya-must-be-forced-out |access-date=2022-12-20 |website=the Guardian |language=en}}</ref> | leader_title1 = [[President of Cameroon|President]] | leader_name1 = [[Paul Biya]] | leader_title2 = [[Prime Minister of Cameroon|Prime Minister]] | leader_name2 = [[Joseph Ngute]] | leader_title3 = [[Senate (Cameroon)|President of Senate]] | leader_name3 = [[Marcel Niat Njifenji]] | leader_title4 = [[List of presidents of the National Assembly of Cameroon|President of National Assembly]] | leader_name4 = [[Cavayé Yéguié Djibril]] | legislature = [[Parliament of Cameroon|Parliament]] | upper_house = [[Senate (Cameroon)|Senate]] | lower_house = [[National Assembly (Cameroon)|National Assembly]] | sovereignty_type = Independence | sovereignty_note = from [[France]] and the [[United Kingdom]] | established_event1 = Independence from France | established_date1 = 1 January 1960 | established_event2 = Independence from the United Kingdom | established_date2 = 1 October 1961 | area_km2 = 475,442 | area_rank = 53rd <!-- Area rank should match [[List of countries and dependencies by area]] sourced from the UN--> | area_sq_mi = 183,569 <!--Do not remove per [[Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Dates and numbers]]--> | percent_water = 0.57 <ref name="CIA"/> | population_estimate = 29,321,637 <ref name="CIA"/> | population_estimate_year = 2022 | population_estimate_rank = 51st | population_density_km2 = 39.7 | population_density_sq_mi = 102,8 <!--Do not remove per [[WP:MOSNUM]]--> | GDP_PPP = {{increase}} $101.950 billion<ref name="imf2">{{cite web |url=https://www.imf.org/en/Publications/WEO/weo-database/2021/April/weo-report?c=622,&s=NGDP_RPCH,NGDPD,PPPGDP,NGDPDPC,PPPPC,&sy=2018&ey=2026&ssm=0&scsm=1&scc=0&ssd=1&ssc=0&sic=0&sort=country&ds=.&br=1 |title=World Economic Outlook Database, April 2021 |publisher=[[International Monetary Fund]] |website=IMF.org |access-date=6 April 2021}}</ref> | GDP_PPP_year = 2021 | GDP_PPP_rank = 94th | GDP_PPP_per_capita = {{increase}} $3,745<ref name="imf2"/> | GDP_PPP_per_capita_rank = 187th | GDP_nominal = {{increase}} $44.893 billion<ref name="imf2"/> | GDP_nominal_rank = 89th | GDP_nominal_year = 2021 | GDP_nominal_per_capita = {{increase}} $1,649<ref name="imf2"/> | GDP_nominal_per_capita_rank = 150th | Gini = 46.6 <!--number only--> | Gini_year = 2014 | Gini_change = <!--increase/decrease/steady--> | Gini_ref = <ref>{{cite web |url=https://databank.worldbank.org/data/reports.aspx?source=2&series=SI.POV.GINI |title=GINI index (World Bank estimate) |publisher=[[World Bank]] |website=databank.worldbank.org |access-date=7 February 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180331192040/http://databank.worldbank.org/data/reports.aspx?source=2&series=SI.POV.GINI |archive-date=31 March 2018 }}</ref> | Gini_rank = | HDI = 0.576 <!--number only--> | HDI_year = 2021<!-- Please use the year to which the data refers, not the publication year--> | HDI_change = steady<!--increase/decrease/steady--> | HDI_ref = <ref name="UNHDR">{{cite web|url=https://hdr.undp.org/system/files/documents/global-report-document/hdr2021-22pdf_1.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220908052326/https://hdr.undp.org/system/files/documents/global-report-document/hdr2021-22pdf_1.pdf |archive-date=2022-09-08 |url-status=live|title=Human Development Report 2021/2022|language=en|publisher=[[United Nations Development Programme]]|date=September 8, 2022|access-date=September 8, 2022}}</ref> | HDI_rank = 151st | currency = [[Central African CFA franc]] | currency_code = XAF | time_zone = [[West Africa Time|WAT]] | utc_offset = +1 | utc_offset_DST = | time_zone_DST = | date_format = dd/mm/yyyy <br /> yyyy/mm/dd | drives_on = Right | calling_code = [[Telephone numbers in Cameroon|+237]] | cctld = [[.cm]] | footnote_a = These are the titles as given in the ''Constitution of the Republic of Cameroon'', Article X ({{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060228030033/http://confinder.richmond.edu/admin/docs/Cameroon.pdf |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20221009/http://confinder.richmond.edu/admin/docs/Cameroon.pdf |archive-date=2022-10-09 |url-status=live |date=28 February 2006 |title=English }} and {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060228030033/http://www.prc.cm/instit/consti.htm |date=28 February 2006 |title=French }} versions). 18 January 1996. The French version of the song is sometimes called {{lang|fr|Chant de Ralliement}}, as in Swarovski Orchestra (2004). ''National Anthems of the World''. Koch International Classics; and the English version "O Cameroon, Cradle of Our Forefathers", as in [[#DeLancey|DeLancey and DeLancey]] 61. }} '''Cameroon''' ({{lang-en|Cameroon}},{{IPAc-en|audio=En-Cameroon-pronunciation.ogg|ˌ|k|æ|m|ə|ˈ|r|uː|n}}, {{lang-fr|Cameroun}}, [[Duala language|Duala]]: {{lang|dua|Kamerun}}, [[Ewondo language|Ewondo]]: {{lang|ewo|Kamərún}}, {{lang-ff|Kamerun}}, {{lang-fmp|Kamerun}}), (French: République du Cameroun), ni chalo icho chili [[kumanjiliro gha dazi kwa Africa]]. Charu ichi chili na mphaka na [[Nigeria]] kumanjiliro gha dazi na kumpoto, [[Chad]] kumpoto kwa kumafumiro gha dazi, [[Central African Republic]] kumafumiro gha dazi, [[Equatorial Guinea]], [[Gabon na Republic of Congo]] kumwera. Mphepete mwa nyanja iyi pali [[nyanja ya Biafra]], iyo yili mu [[nyanja ya Atlantic]] na [[Gulf of Guine]]<nowiki/>a. Cifukwa ca malo ghake ghakutowa agho ghali pa mphambano pakati pa vyaru vya kumanjiliro gha dazi kwa Africa na vya pakati pa [[Africa]], ŵanthu ŵakughanaghana kuti charu ichi chili ku vigaŵa vyose viŵiri. <ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.ethnologue.com/country/CM|title=Cameroon|website=Ethnologue|language=en|access-date=1 July 2019}}</ref>Ŵanthu pafupifupi 27 miliyoni ŵakuyowoya viyowoyero vyakujumpha 250.<ref name=":5">{{cite web |last=Pereltsvaig |first=Asya |date=16 June 2011 |title=Linguistic diversity in Africa and Europe – Languages Of The World |url=https://www.languagesoftheworld.info/geolinguistics/linguistic-diversity-in-africa-and-europe.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120515155945/http://www.languagesoftheworld.info/geolinguistics/linguistic-diversity-in-africa-and-europe.html |archive-date=15 May 2012 |access-date=4 July 2019 |website=languagesoftheworld.info}}</ref><ref name=":4">Kouega, Jean-Paul. 'The Language Situation in Cameroon', Current Issues in Language Planning, vol. 8/no. 1, (2007), pp. 3–94.</ref> Ŵanthu ŵakwambilira awo ŵakakhalanga mu chigaŵa ichi ŵakaŵa ŵanthu ŵa mtundu wa Sao awo ŵakakhalanga kufupi na [[Nyanja ya Chad]], kweniso ŵanthu ŵa mtundu wa Baka awo ŵakakhalanga mu nkhorongo ya kumwera kwa charu ichi. Mu vyaka vya m'ma 1400, ŵanthu ŵa ku [[Portugal]] ŵakafika pa malo agha na kughathya [[Rio dos Camarões]] ([[Mlonga wa Shrimp]]). Ŵasilikari ŵa Fulani ŵakakhazikiska boma la Adamawa kumpoto kwa charu ichi mu ma 1800, ndipo mafuko ghakupambanapambana gha kumanjiliro gha dazi na kumpoto kwa charu ichi ghakakhazikiska vigaŵa vyawo. Mu 1884, charu cha Cameroon chikaŵa pasi pa [[Germany]]. Nkhondo Yakwamba ya Caru Cose yikati yamara, caru ici cikagaŵika pakati pa France na United Kingdom. Chipani cha Union des Populations du Cameroun (UPC) chikakhumbanga kuti charu ichi chiŵe na wanangwa, kweni mu ma 1950, charu cha France chikakanizga, ndipo ichi chikapangiska kuti ŵanthu ŵa ku France na UPC ŵambe kuwukira charu chawo m'paka mu 1971. Mu 1960, chigaŵa cha Cameroon icho chikaŵa pasi pa French chikamba kujiyimira paŵekha. Chigaŵa chakumwera cha British Cameroons chikakolerana na charu ichi mu 1961 ndipo chikazgoka Federal Republic of Cameroon. Wupu uwu ukamara mu 1972. Mu 1972, charu ichi chikachemekaso kuti United Republic of Cameroon, ndipo mu 1984 chikachemekaso kuti Republic of Cameroon. Paul Biya, uyo ni pulezidenti wa sono, ndiyo walaŵiliranga charu ichi kwamba mu 1982 pamanyuma pakuti Ahidjo wafumapo. Charu cha Cameroon chili na boma la pulezidenti. Viyowoyero vya boma vya ku Cameroon ni Chifurenchi na Chingelezi. Ŵanthu ŵanandi awo ŵakukhala mu tawuni iyi Mbakhristu, ndipo ŵachoko waka ndiwo ŵakusopa Chisilamu. Chigaŵa ichi chili na ŵanthu awo ŵakuyowoya Chingelezi, awo ŵakukhumba kuti chigaŵa ichi chileke kuŵa na ŵanthu ŵanandi, kweniso kuti chipatukeko panji chiŵe na wanangwa (nga umo vikaŵira na South Cameroon National Council). Mu 2017, masuzgo agho ghakaŵapo chifukwa cha boma la Ambazonian mu vigaŵa ivyo ŵanthu ŵakuyowoya Chingelezi ghakafika paheni chomene. Ŵanthu ŵanandi ku Cameroon ŵalimi. Kanandi ŵanthu ŵakuchema charu ichi kuti "Africa in miniature" chifukwa cha malo ghake ghakupambanapambana, viyowoyero, na mitheto.<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20131128084534/http://www.ncdc.noaa.gov/oa/climate/globalextremes.html Highest Average Annual Precipitation Extremes]. Global Measured Extremes of Temperature and Precipitation, [[National Climatic Data Center]]. 25 May 2012. Last accessed 1 July 2019.</ref><ref name=":5" />Vinyake mwa vyaru ivi ni vigaŵa vya nyanja, mapopa, mapiri, nkhorongo, na mapiri. Malo ghake ghatali chomene, pafupifupi mamita 4,100 (13,500 ft), ni Phiri la Cameroon ku Southwest Region. Msumba ukuru uwo uli na ŵanthu ŵanandi ni Douala, uwo uli mumphepete mwa Mlonga wa Wouri, msumba ukuru wa vyachuma na dowoko likuru; Yaoundé, msumba ukuru wa ndyali; na Garoua. Ku Limbe, kumwera ca kumanjiliro gha dazi, kuli dowoko la nyanja. Charu cha Cameroon chikumanyikwa na sumu zake za Makossa, Njang, na Bikutsi. Charu ichi chili mu wupu wa African Union, United Nations, Organisation Internationale de la Francophonie (OIF), Commonwealth of Nations, Non-Aligned Movement na Organisation of Islamic Cooperation. ==Zina== Pakwamba, Ŵapwitikizi ŵakachemanga mlonga wa Wouri kuti Cameroon. Ŵakawuchemanga kuti Rio dos Camarões, kung'anamura "mulonga wa nkharamu".<ref>[https://www.etymonline.com/word/cameroon Cameroon (adj.)] nation in West Africa, its name is taken from the Anglicized form of the former name of the River Wouri, which was called by the Portuguese Rio dos Camarões "river of prawns" (16c.) for the abundance of these they found in its broad estuary. camarões is from Latin cammarus "a crawfish, prawn."</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Camarões: o que os crustáceos têm a ver com o país? ("Cameroon: what do the crustaceans have to do with the country?") |url=https://veja.abril.com.br/blog/sobre-palavras/camaroes-o-que-os-crustaceos-tem-a-ver-com-o-pais/ |publisher=[[Veja (magazine)|Veja]] |access-date=21 November 2020}}</ref> Mazuŵa ghano, charu ichi chikuchemeka Camarões mu Ciphwitikizi. ==Mbili== {{Main|History of Cameroon}} ===Mbili yakwamba=== Charu icho sono chikuchemeka Cameroon, ŵanthu ŵakakhalanga mwenemumo mu nyengo ya Neolithic. Ŵanthu awo ŵakakhalanga mu charu ichi nyengo yitali chomene ni Baka (Pygmies). Ŵanthu ŵanyake ŵakugomezga kuti ŵanthu ŵa mtundu wa Bantu ŵakasamukira ku vigaŵa vya kumafumiro gha dazi, kumwera, na pakati pa Africa vyaka pafupifupi 2,000 ivyo vyajumpha. Ŵanthu ŵa mtundu wa Sao ŵakamba kukhala kufupi na Nyanja ya Chad, c. Mu 500 C.E., ufumu wa Kanem na ufumu unyake uwo ukamulondezganga ukababika. Maufumu, vyaru, na maufumu ghakawuka kumanjiliro gha dazi.<ref name=Njung/> Mu 1472, ŵanthu ŵa ku Portugal ŵakafika pa dowoko ili. Ŵakawona kuti mu Mlonga wa Wouri mukaŵa [[shrimpu]] zinandi za mtundu wa Lepidophthalmus turneranus, ndipo ŵakazitcha kuti Rio dos Camarões. Mu vyaka vyakulondezgapo, ŵanthu ŵa ku Europe ŵakambiska malonda na ŵanthu ŵa mumphepete mwa nyanja. Mu 1896, Sultani Ibrahim Njoya wakambiska ciyowoyero ca ciyowoyero ici. Mazuŵa ghano, mu Cameroon, ŵanthu ŵakusambira Baibolo ili kwizira mu pulojekiti ya Bamum Scripts and Archives.<ref name="NMAA">{{cite web |title=Bamum |url=http://africa.si.edu/exhibits/inscribing/bamum.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120101155844/http://africa.si.edu/exhibits/inscribing/bamum.html |archive-date=1 January 2012 |access-date=29 January 2012 |publisher=National Museum of African Art, Smithsonian Institution}}</ref>[[File:Shumom-text.jpg|thumb|upright|[[Bamum script]] is a writing system developed by King Njoya in the late 19th century.]] === Boma la Germany === {{Main|Kamerun}} Mu 1868, kampani ya Woermann Company ya ku Hamburg yikazenga malo ghakusungiramo katundu. Wakazengeka pa mlonga wa Wouri. <ref name="DeLancey 125" />Nyengo yikati yajumphapo, Gustav Nachtigal wakacita phangano na yumoza wa mafumu gha mu cigaŵa ici kuti malo agha ghaŵe gha themba la Germany. Mu 1884, Ufumu wa Germany ukati charu ichi ntcha ku Cameroon ndipo ukamba kulimbana na ŵanthu ŵa mu charu ichi. Pa nyengo iyo boma la Germany likalamuliranga caru ici, maboma ghakawovwiranga makampani. Mu vyaru ivi ŵakagwiliskiranga ntchito ŵanthu awo ŵakaŵachichizganga kugwira ntchito mu minda ya banane, ghamayi, mafuta gha makuni, na koko. Nanga ni milimo ya kuzenga yikaŵa yakukhumbikwa. Boma linyake likasuska comene fundo iyi.<ref name="DeLancey 125">[[#DeLancey|DeLancey and DeLancey]] 125.</ref> === Ufumu wa France na Britain === {{Main|French Cameroon|British Cameroon}} Nkhondo Yakwamba ya Caru Cose yikati yamara, caru ca Cameroon cikaŵa pasi pa muwuso wa League of Nations ndipo cikagaŵika mu vyaru vya French Cameroon na British Cameroon mu 1919. Boma la France likawovwira kuti vinthu vyendenge makora mu Cameroon na kunozgaso vinthu vya mu charu ichi.<ref name="DeLancey 125"/> Ŵanandi ŵakakhalanga mu vigaŵa ivyo vikaŵa pafupi na Nigeria. Ŵanthu ŵa ku malo agha ŵakadandawura kuti ŵanthu ŵakaŵaleka waka. Ŵantchito ŵakufuma ku Nigeria ŵakiza ku Southern Cameroon, ndipo ŵakaŵakanizga kugwira nchito mwakucicizgika, kweni ŵakakwiyiska ŵanthu ŵa mu caru ici, awo ŵakajiwonanga nga ŵalije nchito.<ref>[[#DeLancey|DeLancey and DeLancey]] 4.</ref> Mu 1946, mawupu gha League of Nations ghakazgoka United Nations Trusteeships, ndipo nkhani ya kujiyimira payekha yikaŵa yakuzirwa chomene mu France. Pa Julayi 13, 1955, boma la France likakanizga chipani cha Union des Populations du Cameroun (UPC). Ivi vikapangiska kuti UPC yambe nkhondo ya ŵasilikari na kukoma ŵalongozgi ŵanandi ŵa chipani ichi, kusazgapo Ruben Um Nyobè, Félix-Roland Moumié na Ernest Ouandie. Mu vyaru vya Britain ivyo vikachemekanga Cameroon, ŵanthu ŵakakhumbanga kumanya usange ŵanganjilirapo mu vyaru vya France panji ku Nigeria.<ref>{{Cite journal | last1 = Takougang | first1 = J. | title = Nationalism, democratisation and political opportunism in Cameroon | doi = 10.1080/0258900032000142455 | journal = Journal of Contemporary African Studies | volume = 21 | issue = 3 | pages = 427–445 | year = 2003 | s2cid = 153564848 }}</ref> ===Kujilamulila=== [[File:Ahmadou Ahidjo.jpg|thumb|Former president [[Ahmadou Ahidjo]] ruled from 1960 until 1982.]] Pa Janyuwale 1, 1960, charu cha French Cameroon chikamba kujiyimira paŵekha. Pa Okutobala 1, 1961, vyaru ivyo kale vikachemekanga British Southern Cameroons, vikajiyimira pavyake kufuma ku United Kingdom.<ref>{{cite book|author=Diane Cook|title=Cameroon|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=jn7TBAAAQBAJ&pg=PT95|date=2 September 2014|publisher=Mason Crest|isbn=978-1-4222-9434-5|page=95}}</ref> Ahidjo wakagwiliskira nchito nkhondo iyo yikaŵa pakati pa iyo na UPC kuti wakhozge mazaza ghake, ndipo wakalutilira kucita nthena nanga ni apo UPC yikaparanyika mu 1971. Chipani chake cha ndale, cha Cameroon National Union (CNU), chikaŵa chipani chimoza pera pa 1 Seputembala 1966 ndipo pa 20 Meyi 1972, chikaŵa na referendum yakuwuskapo boma la feduro na kwendera boma la United Republic of Cameroon. Zuŵa ili ni Zuŵa la Charu. Ahidjo wakendeskanga ndyali ya vyamalonda, ndipo wakadangizganga vyakurya vya ndalama na mafuta. Boma likagwiliskira nchito ndalama za mafuta kuti lipangire ndalama zakwendeskera vinthu, kulipira ŵalimi, na kupeleka ndalama zakwendeskera vinthu vikuruvikuru. Kweni vinthu vinandi vikenda makora yayi apo Ahidjo wakasankha ŵanthu ŵambura kuzomerezgeka kuti ŵaŵalongozge.<ref>[[#DeLancey|DeLancey and DeLancey]] 7.</ref> Mbendera ya caru yikasinthika pa 20 Meyi 1975. Ŵakawuskamo nyenyezi ziŵiri na kuŵikamo yinyake yikuru iyo yikwimira kukolerana. Ahidjo wakafumapo pa udindo wake pa Novembala 4, 1982 ndipo wakapeleka mazaza kwa Paul Biya. Ndipouli, Ahidjo wakalutilira kuwusa CNU ndipo wakayezga kuwusa caru kufuma kumasinda mpaka apo Biya na ŵabwezi ŵake ŵakamucicizga kuti waleke. Biya wakamba kuwusa na boma la demokalase, kweni boma likati latondekapo, wakayamba kulongozga nga umo wakacitiranga mulara wake. Mu vyaka vya m'ma 1980 m'paka m'ma 1990, kukaŵa suzgo la vyachuma chifukwa cha suzgo la vyachuma pa charu chose, chilangalanga, kukhira kwa mafuta, na vimbundi, kusuzgika na ŵabwezi. Cameroon wakathemba wovwiri wa vyaru vinyake, wakadumulizga ndalama za boma, na kupanga makampani ghanyake. Mu Disembala 1990, apo boma la Britain likambaso kwambiska vyaru vinandi, ŵanthu ŵa ku Southern Cameroons ŵakakhumbanga kuti charu ichi chiŵe na wanangwa wa kujilongozga. Dango la Ntchito la 1992 mu Cameroon likupeleka wanangwa ku ŵantchito wa kuŵa mu wupu wa ŵantchito panji kuleka kuŵa mu wupu uliwose. Wantchito wakusankha kunjira wupu uliwose wa ŵantchito mu nchito yake cifukwa pali wupu unyake wa ŵantchito mu nchito yiliyose.<ref>''[https://scholar.google.com/scholar?cluster=2268401385755685468&authuser=2 Ginna Violet Yella. "Freedom of Trade Union Membership: An Appraisal of the 1992 Labour Code of Cameroon" United International Journal for Research & Technology (UIJRT) 1.2 (2019): 18–25.]''</ref>[[File:Paul Biya 2014.png|thumb|left|upright|[[Paul Biya]] has ruled the country since 1982.]] Mu Juni 2006, ŵakamazga mphindano za chigaŵa cha Bakassi. Pa ungano uwu pakaŵa Pulezidenti Paul Biya wa ku Cameroon, kweniso Pulezidenti Olusegun Obasanjo wa ku Nigeria na Secretary General wa UN Kofi Annan. Chigaŵa chakumpoto cha chigaŵa ichi chikapelekeka ku boma la Cameroon mu Ogasiti 2006, ndipo chigaŵa chinyake chikapelekeka ku Cameroon mu 2008. Ŵanthu ŵanandi ŵa ku Bakassi ŵakakana kuzomerezga boma la Cameroon. Nangauli ŵasilikari ŵanandi ŵakaleka nkhondo mu Novembala 2009, kweni ŵanyake ŵakalutilira kurwa nkhondo kwa vyaka vinandi. Mu Febuluwale 2008, ku Cameroon kukacitika vivulupi vikuru comene mu vyaka 15, apo gulu la ŵanthu awo ŵakasuzgikanga na vigeŵenga ku Douala, likakura na kuŵa vigeŵenga mu matawuni 31.<ref name=Nkemngu/><ref name=Matthews/> Mu Meyi 2014, pamanyuma pa kukomeka kwa ŵasungwana ŵa sukulu ŵa Chibok, pulezidenti Paul Biya wa ku Cameroon na Idriss Déby wa ku Chad ŵakapharazga kuti ŵakurwa nkhondo na Boko Haram, ndipo ŵakatuma ŵasilikari ku mphaka ya Nigeria. Gulu la Boko Haram likawukira ku Cameroon kanandi waka, ndipo mu Disembala 2014, likakoma ŵanthu 84, kweni likathereskeka chomene mu Janyuwale 2015. Cameroon yalengeza kupambana pa Boko Haram pa gawo la Cameroon mu Seputembala 2018.<ref>[https://www.cbc.ca/news/world/cameroon-boko-haram-1.4844513 Boko Haram has been repelled, Cameroon's leader declares], CBC News, 30 September 2018. Accessed 18 June 2019.</ref> Kwambira mu Novembala 2016, ŵanthu ŵakuyowoya Chingelezi ŵakufuma ku vigaŵa vya kumpoto na kumwera kwa charu ichi ŵakuchitiska kampeni kuti chiyowoyero cha Chingelezi chikalutilire kugwiliskirika ntchito mu masukulu na makhoti. Ŵanthu ŵanandi ŵakakomeka ndipo ŵanyake ŵakajalirika mu jele. Mu 2017, boma la Biya likakanizga ŵanthu kuchezga pa Intaneti kwa myezi yitatu. Mu Seputembala, ŵanthu ŵakugaluka ŵakamba nkhondo ya kuwukira boma kuti chigaŵa ichi chiŵe na wanangwa wakuyowoya Chingelezi. Boma likamba kuwukira boma, ndipo ŵanthu ŵakamba kuwukira mu vigaŵa vya kumpoto na kumwera kwa charu ichi. Kufumira mu 2019, nkhondo pakati pa ŵasilikari na ŵasilikari ŵa boma zikulutilira. Mu chaka cha 2020, ŵanthu ŵanandi ŵakakomeka chifukwa cha vigeŵenga, ndipo boma likapeleka ndalama yayi. Kwambira mu 2016, ŵanthu ŵakujumpha 450,000 ŵachimbira mu vikaya vyawo. Nkhondo iyi yikapangiska kuti ŵanthu ŵa Boko Haram ŵambeso kuwukira charu cha Cameroon. Ŵanthu ŵakujumpha 30,000 ŵa kumpoto kwa Cameroon ŵakachimbilira ku Chad pamanyuma pa kulimbana kwa mafuko pa nkhani ya maji pakati pa ŵalovi ŵa Musgum na ŵaliska ŵa mafuko gha Arab Choa mu Disembala 2021.<ref>{{cite news |title=Thousands flee northern Cameroon after deadly intercommunal clashes |url=https://www.france24.com/en/africa/20211209-thousands-flee-northern-cameroon-after-deadly-intercommunal-clashes |work=France 24 |date=10 December 2021}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Northern Cameroon bears brunt of inter-ethnic clashes, 22 dead, 30 injured |url=https://www.africanews.com/2021/12/14/northern-cameroon-bears-brunt-of-inter-ethnic-clashes-22-dead-30-injured/ |work=[[Africanews]] |date=14 December 2021}}</ref> ==Ndale na boma== {{Main|Politics of Cameroon}} [[File:YaoundeUnityPalace.png|thumb|Unity Palace – Cameroon Presidency]] Pulezidenti wa charu cha Cameroon ndiyo wakusankhika na kupanga ndondomeko, wakulongozga maboma, wakulongozga ŵasilikari, wakuchita vyamalango, ndipo wakuŵikapo mtima kuti vinthu viŵe makora. Pulezidenti wakwimika ŵalara ŵa boma pa vigaŵa vyose, kwambira pa nduna yikuru (iyo yikuwoneka nga ni mulongozgi wa boma), m'paka ku ŵalongozgi ŵa vigaŵa na ŵalara ŵa vigaŵa. Pa vilimika vinkhondi na viŵiri vilivyose, pulezidenti wakusankhika na ŵanthu. Kufuma apo charu cha Cameroon chikapokera wanangwa, pakaŵa ŵalongozgi ŵaŵiri. Nyumba ya Malango ndiyo yikupanga malango. Wupu uwu uli na mamembara 180, ndipo ŵakusankhika kwa vyaka vinkhondi.<ref name="msu">{{cite web |title=Cameroon: Government |url=https://globaledge.msu.edu/countries/cameroon/government |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130507153207/http://globaledge.msu.edu/countries/cameroon/government |archive-date=7 May 2013 |access-date=12 April 2013 |publisher=Michigan State University: Broad College of Business}}</ref>Malango ghakupokeka na ŵanthu ŵanandi.Ndondomeko ya malango ya mu 1996 yikupanga nyumba yachiŵiri ya boma, iyo ni Senate. Boma likuzomerezga mazaza gha ŵalongozgi ŵa ndyali, fons, na lamibe kuti ŵachitenge vinthu pa malo agha na kumazga mphindano usange malango agha ghakususkana yayi na malango gha charu. Boma la Cameroon lili na malango gha boma, malango gha ŵanthu wose, na malango gha mitheto. Nangauli boma likujiyimira palekha, kweni boma la ŵeruzgi likulamulirika na Unduna wa vya Malango. Pulezidenti wakusora ŵeruzgi pa vigaŵa vyose. Ŵeruzgi ŵali kugaŵika mu makhoti ghaŵiri, khoti la apilu, na khoti likuru. Khoti Likuru la Vyamalango ilo lili na ŵanthu 9, likuŵa na ŵeruzgi awo ŵakweruzga ŵalaraŵalara ŵa boma para ŵapika mulandu wa kugalukira boma.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.etat.sciencespobordeaux.fr/_anglais/institutionnel/cameroon.html|access-date=12 April 2013|title=Cameroon: Institutional Situation|publisher=Montesquieu University of Bordeaux|author=Abdourhamane, Boubacar Issa|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100921001254/http://etat.sciencespobordeaux.fr/_anglais/institutionnel/cameroon.html|archive-date=21 September 2010}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.commonwealthofnations.org/sectors-cameroon/government/|access-date=12 April 2013|title=Government in Cameroon|publisher=Commonwealth of Nations|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140328164623/http://www.commonwealthofnations.org/sectors-cameroon/government/|archive-date=28 March 2014}}</ref> ===Political culture=== [[File:Statue d'un chef coutumier à Bana.jpg|thumb|right|upright|A statue of a chief in [[Bana, Cameroon|Bana]], West Region]] Ŵanthu ŵanandi ku Cameroon ŵakuwona kuti vimbundi vili pa vigaŵa vyose vya boma. Mu 1997, charu cha Cameroon chikakhazikiska maofesi ghakwimikana na vimbundi mu maofesi 29, kweni 25 pera pa maofesi agha ndigho ghakamba kugwira ntchito, ndipo mu 2012, wupu wa Transparency International ukaŵika charu cha Cameroon pa nambara 144 pa maofesi 176 pa charu chose. Pa 18 January 2006, Biya wakambiska kampeni yakwimikana na vimbundi pasi pa ulongozgi wa National Anti-Corruption Observatory. Ku Cameroon kuli vigaŵa vinandi ivyo vingaŵa na vimbundi, nga ni misika, vyakupwelelera umoyo wa ŵanthu, na vyakupeleka vya boma. Ndipouli, vimbundi vyafika paheni chomene, nangauli pali mabungwe ghakwimikana na vimbundi, chifukwa mu 2018, Transparency International yikaŵika Cameroon pa malo 152. Chipani cha Democratic Movement cha President Biya cha Cameroon People's Democratic Movement (CPDM) ndicho chikaŵa chipani pera icho chikaŵa na wanangwa wa ndyali m'paka mu Disembala 1990. Kufuma waka pa nyengo iyi, magulu ghanandi gha ndyali gha mu vigaŵa ivi ghapangika. Chipani cha Social Democratic Front (SDF) ndicho chikususka chomene ndipo chikulongozgeka na John Fru Ndi. Biya na chipani cake ŵakalutilira kuwusa pa udindo wa pulezidenti na pa Nyumba ya Malango mu mavoti gha caru cose, agho ŵalwani ŵake ŵakuti ghakaŵa ghambura urunji. Wupu wakuvikilira wanangwa wa ŵanthu ukuti boma likukanizga wanangwa wa magulu ghakwimikana na boma mwa kukanizga vipharazgo, kunanga maungano, na kukora ŵalongozgi na ŵapharazgi. Ŵanthu awo ŵakuyowoya Cingelezi ndiwo ŵakutambuzgika comene; kanandi para ŵanthu ŵakususkana ŵakuŵa na vivulupi na kukoma ŵanthu. Mu 2017, Pulezidenti Biya wakajara Intaneti mu chigaŵa cha Chingelezi kwa mazuŵa 94, ndipo ŵanthu mamiliyoni ghankhondi ŵakasuzgika, kusazgapo mabungwe gha Silicon Mountain. Bungwe la Freedom House likuti charu cha Cameroon "ntchakufwatuka yayi" pa nkhani ya wanangwa wa ŵanthu. Chisankho chatha cha nyumba yamalamulo chinachitika pa 9 February 2020.<ref name=Kandemeh/> ===Ubale na vyaru vinyake=== {{Further|Foreign relations of Cameroon}} [[File:Paul Biya with Obamas 2014.jpg|thumb|President [[Paul Biya]] with U.S. President [[Barack Obama]] in 2014]] Charu cha Cameroon chili mu wupu wa Commonwealth of Nations na La Francophonie. Ndondomeko ya vyaru vinyake ya caru ici yikukolerana comene na ya caru ca France, ico nchabwezi cake cikuru. Charu cha Cameroon chikuthemba comene caru ca France pa nkhani ya kuvikilira caru cake, nangauli ndalama izo ŵakupeleka ku nkhondo ni zinandi comene pakuyaniska na za maboma ghanyake. Pulezidenti Biya wali mu nkhondo ya vilimika vinandi na boma la Nigeria cifukwa ca kutora malo gha Bakassi. Charu cha Cameroon na Nigeria vili na mphaka ya makilomita 1,600 ndipo vikususkana pa nkhani ya chigaŵa cha Bakassi. Mu 1994, caru ca Cameroon cikapempha Khoti la pa Caru Cose kuti limare suzgo ili. Mu 1996, vyaru viŵiri ivi vikayezga kuti vilekane nkhondo, kweni nkhondo yikalutilira kwa vyaka vinandi. Mu 2002, khoti la ICJ likadumura kuti phangano la Britain na Germany ilo likachitika mu 1913, likapeleka wanangwa ku Cameroon. Khoti likadumura kuti vyaru vyose viŵiri vifumemo mu caru ici ndipo likakana kupempha kwa Cameroon kuti wapeleke malipiro cifukwa ca kukhalamo kwa nyengo yitali kwa Nigeria. Mu 2004, Nigeria yikatondeka kufiska nyengo yakutemeka yakupelekera malo agha. Pa ungano uwo ukacitika mu Juni 2006, uwo ukacitiskika na wupu wa UN, pakaŵa phangano lakuti Nigeria yifumemo mu cigaŵa ici. Kuwuskako na kupeleka mazaza kukamara mu Ogasiti 2006. Mu Julayi 2019, mathenga gha vyaru 37, kusazgapo Cameroon, ghakasayina kalata yakuyana na iyi ku UNHRC kuvikilira umo China yikuchitira na ma Uyghur mu chigaŵa cha Xinjiang.<ref>{{cite news |title=Which Countries Are For or Against China's Xinjiang Policies? |url=https://thediplomat.com/2019/07/which-countries-are-for-or-against-chinas-xinjiang-policies/ |work=[[The Diplomat]] |date=15 July 2019}}</ref> === Ŵankhondo === {{Main|Cameroonian Armed Forces}} [[File:Vehicules militaires pendant le défilé7.jpg|thumb|Military vehicles during a parade]] Wankhondo wa Cameroon, (French: Forces armées camerounaises, FAC) wakupangika na ŵasilikari ŵa charu (Armée de Terre), ŵasilikari ŵa ku nyanja (Marine Nationale de la République (MNR), wakusazgapo ŵasilikari ŵa ku nyanja), ŵasilikari ŵa ku mphepo (Armée de l'Air du Cameroun, AAC), na ŵasilikari ŵa ku charu. Ŵanalume na ŵanakazi awo ŵali na vyaka vyapakati pa 18 na 23 ndipo ŵamalizga masambiro gha ku sekondare, ŵangaluta ku usilikari. Awo ŵakunjira gulu ili ŵakwenera kuteŵetera vyaka vinayi. Ku Cameroon kulije dango lakuti ŵanthu ŵanjirenge usilikari, kweni boma likuchema ŵanthu kuti ŵanjire usilikari nyengo na nyengo.<ref name="CIA" /> === Wanangwa wa '''ŵa'''nthu === {{See also|Human rights in Cameroon}} Magulu ghakuvikilira wanangwa wa ŵanthu ghakususka ŵapolisi na ŵasilikari kuti ŵakuchitira nkhaza na kutambuzga ŵanthu awo ŵakukayikira kuti ŵakuswa malango, ŵanthu ŵa mitundu yinyake, ŵanalume awo ŵakugonana na ŵanakazi ŵanyawo, na ŵanthu awo ŵakuchitako ndyali.<ref name="Amnesty"/><ref name="Freedom House"/><ref name="Human Rights Report"/><ref name="EHRC"/> Kafukufuku wakulongora kuti ŵanthu ŵakujumpha 21,000 ŵakachimbilira ku vyaru vyapafupi, ndipo 160,000 ŵakacimbira kwawo cifukwa ca vivulupi. Vigeŵenga vili na ŵanthu ŵanandi chomene ndipo vikuŵavya chakurya na munkhwala wakukwana. Ndipouli, kwambira mu vyaka vya m'ma 2000, ŵapolisi na ŵasilikari ŵanandi ŵakutambuzgika cifukwa ca nkharo yawo yiheni. Pa Julayi 25, 2018, Mubali Zeid Ra'ad Al Hussein, mulara wa UN wakuwona vya wanangwa wa ŵanthu, wakadandawura chomene na ivyo vikachitika mu vigaŵa vya kumpoto na kumwera kwa Cameroon. Kuyana na OCHA, ŵanthu ŵakujumpha 1.7 miliyoni ŵakukhumbikwira wovwiri wa ŵanthu wose mu vigaŵa vya kumpoto na kumwera kwa caru ici. OCHA yikughanaghana kuti ŵanthu ŵakujumpha 628,000 ŵali kufumamo mu vikaya vyawo cifukwa ca vivulupi mu vigaŵa viŵiri ivi, ndipo ŵanthu ŵakujumpha 87,000 ŵachimbilira ku Nigeria. Kucitirana vinthu vya kugonana kwa ŵanalume panji ŵanakazi ŵamoza kukukanizgika na cipaturo 347-1 ca dango la cilango. Kwambira mu Disembala 2020, wupu wa Human Rights Watch ukati gulu la Islamist la Boko Haram lakhwimiska nkhondo na kukoma ŵanthu 80 mu matawuni na mizi ya kumpoto kwa Cameroon.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.hrw.org/news/2021/04/05/cameroon-boko-haram-attacks-escalate-far-north|title=Cameroon: Boko Haram Attacks Escalate in Far North|date=5 April 2021|access-date=5 April 2021|publisher=Human Rights Watch}}</ref> ===Administrative divisions=== {{Main|Regions of Cameroon|Departments of Cameroon}} [[File:Provinces of Cameroon EN.svg|thumb|upright|Cameroon is divided into 10 regions.]] Dango la caru la Cameroon likugaŵa caru ici mu vigaŵa 10, ndipo cilicose cikulongozgeka na wupu wa vigaŵa. Chigaŵa chilichose chikulongozgeka na kazembe. Ŵalongozgi aŵa ŵakufiska ivyo pulezidenti wakukhumba, ŵakuphalira ŵanthu umo vinthu viliri mu vigaŵa, ŵakwendeska ntchito za boma, kukhazikiska bata, na kulaŵilira ŵalongozgi ŵa maboma ghachoko. Ŵalara ŵa boma ŵali na mazaza ghakupambanapambana. Ŵalaraŵalara wose ŵa boma ŵakugwira ntchito mu Unduna wa Vyaru. Vigaŵa ivi vili kugaŵika vigaŵa 58 (Départements). Ŵalaraŵalara aŵa ŵakulongozgeka na ŵalara ŵa boma awo ŵakwimikika na pulezidenti. Vigaŵa ivi vili kugaŵikana mu vigaŵa vichokovichoko (arrondissements), ivyo vikulongozgeka na ŵalara ŵa vigaŵa (sous-prefets). Vigaŵa, ivyo vikulongozgeka na ŵalongozgi ŵa vigaŵa (chefs de district), ni vigaŵa vichoko chomene. Vigaŵa vitatu vya kumpoto ni Far North (Extrême Nord), North (Nord), na Adamawa (Adamaoua). Kumwera kwake kuli msumba wa Central na East. Chigaŵa cha South (Sud) chili mumphepete mwa nyanja ya Gulf of Guinea. Chigaŵa cha kumanjiliro gha dazi kwa Cameroon chili na vigaŵa vinayi: chigaŵa cha Littoral na South-West chili mumphepete mwa nyanja, ndipo chigaŵa cha North-West na West chili kumanjiliro gha dazi kwa charu ichi.<ref name="unhchr">{{cite web |title=Core document forming part of the reports of States Parties: Cameroon |url=http://www.unhchr.ch/tbs/doc.nsf/0/33bb745d595710e3c125693d0035f74b?Opendocument |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151023091521/http://www.unhchr.ch/tbs/doc.nsf/0/33bb745d595710e3c125693d0035f74b?Opendocument |archive-date=23 October 2015 |access-date=12 April 2013 |publisher=UNHCHR}}</ref> ==Makhalilo gha charu== {{Main|Geography of Cameroon|Geology of Cameroon}} [[File:Rhumsiki Peak.jpg|thumb|[[Volcanic plugs]] dot the landscape near [[Rhumsiki]], Far North Region.]] Charu cha Cameroon chili pa nambara 53 pa vyaru vikuruvikuru pa charu chapasi. Charu ichi chili pakati na kumanjiliro gha dazi kwa Africa, ndipo chili pa nyanja ya Atlantic. Charu cha Cameroon chili pakati pa latitude 1° na 13°N, ndipo longitude 8° na 17°E. Cameroon wakulongozga nyanja ya Atlantic kwa mamayilozi 12. Mabuku agho ghakulongosora vya ŵalendo ghakuyowoya kuti Cameroon ni "Africa mu kanyake" cifukwa muli vyakumera vinandi: mumphepete mwa nyanja, mu mapopa, mu mapiri, mu nkhorongo, na mu malo ghanyake. Charu ichi chili pafupi na Nigeria na Nyanja ya Atlantic kumanjiliro gha dazi; Chad kumpoto kwa kumafumiro gha dazi; Central African Republic kumafumiro gha dazi; Equatorial Guinea, Gabon, na Republic of Congo kumwera. Cameroon wali kugaŵika vigaŵa vinkhondi vikuruvikuru ivyo vikumanyikwa na malo ghake, nyengo yake, na vyakumera. Chigaŵa cha mumphepete mwa nyanja chili na mtunda wa makilomita 15 m'paka 150 (9 m'paka 93 mi) kufuma ku Gulf of Guinea ndipo chili na mtunda wa mamita 90. Malo agha ghali na nkhorongo zinandi chomene ndipo ghanyake mwa malo agha ndigho ghali na maji ghanandi chomene pa charu chapasi. Chilumba cha South Cameroon chikukwera kuchokera ku nyanja ya m'mphepete mwa nyanja mpaka mamita 650. Mu chigaŵa ichi muli nkhorongo zinandi chomene, nangauli nyengo ya vula na ya chilangalanga yikupambana. Malo agha ghali mu chigaŵa cha Atlantic Equatorial coastal forests ecoregion.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.unido.org/fileadmin/user_media/Procurement/Ahmed/16001956/16001956ZPaa_TOR_final%20Report.pdf|publisher=UNIDO|title=ICAM of Kribi Campo|access-date=12 April 2013|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130506165602/http://www.unido.org/fileadmin/user_media/Procurement/Ahmed/16001956/16001956ZPaa_TOR_final%20Report.pdf|archive-date=6 May 2013}}</ref>[[File:Elephants around tree in Waza, Cameroon.jpg|thumb|Elephants in [[Waza National Park]]]] Mapiri, tumapiri, na malo ghapachanya agho ghakumanyikwa na zina lakuti Cameroon range ghakutambazga kufuma ku Phiri la Cameroon pa m'mphepete mwa nyanja. Chigaŵa ichi chili na mphepo yakuzizima yayi, chomenechomene ku Western High Plateau. Malo agha ndigho ghakutowa comene mu Cameroon, comenecomene pafupi na Phiri la Cameroon. Ku malo agha kuli mapiri agho ghakupangika na vimalibwe. Pa Ogasiti 21, 1986, Nyanja ya Nyos, yikafumiska mphepo ya carbon dioxide ndipo yikakoma ŵanthu pakati pa 1,700 na 2,000. Wupu wa World Wildlife Fund ukati malo agha ni nkhalango za ku Cameroon.<ref name=":0" /> Charu cha kumwera chikukwelera kumpoto m'paka ku chigaŵa cha Adamawa. Malo agha ghakuthandazgika kufuma ku mapiri gha kumanjiliro gha dazi na kupanga mphambano pakati pa kumpoto na kumwera kwa charu ichi. Malo agha ghali pa mtunda wa mamita 1,100, ndipo matenthedwe ghake ghakukwana 22°C mpaka 25°C. Chigaŵa cha kumpoto kwa chigaŵa ichi chikwenda kufuma mumphepete mwa mlonga wa Adamawa m'paka ku Nyanja ya Chad, ndipo chili pa mtunda wa mamita 300 m'paka 350. Vyakumera vyake ni vyakumera vya mu savani na vyakumera. Ici nchigaŵa cakomira ico kuli vivula vicoko comene ndipo cikutentha comene.<ref name=":0" /> Ku Cameroon, maji ghakwenda mu nthowa zinayi. Kumwera, milonga yikuru ni Ntem, Nyong, Sanaga, na Wouri. Maji agha ghakuthira kumwera ca kumanjiliro gha dazi panji kumanjiliro gha dazi na kunjira mu nyanja ya Gulf of Guinea. Mlonga wa Dja na Kadéï ukuthira kumwera ca kumafumiro gha dazi na kunjira mu mlonga wa Congo. Mu kumpoto kwa Cameroon, Mlonga wa Bénoué ukufuma kumpoto na kumanjiliro gha dazi na kuthira mu Niger. Mlonga wa Logone ukufuma kumpoto na kunjira mu Nyanja ya Chad, iyo Cameroon yikukhala pamoza na vyaru vitatu.<ref name=":0">{{cite web|title=Country Files: Cameroon|url=http://www.fao.org/docrep/005/T0360E/T0360E04.htm|publisher=UN Food and Agriculture Organization|access-date=3 March 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130611075925/http://www.fao.org/docrep/005/t0360e/T0360E04.htm|archive-date=11 June 2013}}</ref> ==Chuma na vyakuzenga== {{Main|Economy of Cameroon}} GDP ya ku Cameroon pa munthu yumoza (Purchasing power parity) yikayaniskika na US$3,700 mu 2017. Vigaŵa vikuruvikuru ivyo ŵanthu ŵakuguliska ni Netherlands, France, China, Belgium, Italy, Algeria, na Malaysia.<ref name=":1" /> Cameroon wali na vyaka 10 [pawuli?] Vinthu vikwenda makora mu vyaru ivi, ndipo GDP yikukura pafupifupi 4% pa chaka. Mu nyengo ya 2004-2008, ngongoli ya boma yikakhira kufuma pa 60% ya GDP kufika pa 10% ndipo ndalama za boma zikasazgikira kanayi kufika pa US$ 3 biliyoni. Charu cha Cameroon chili mu wupu wa Central African States Bank (umo muli vyaru vinandi), Customs and Economic Union of Central Africa (UDEAC) na Organization for the Harmonization of Business Law in Africa (OHADA). Ndalama zake ni CFA franc. Ŵanthu awo ŵakaŵavya nchito ŵakaŵa pa 3.38% mu 2019, ndipo 23.8% ya ŵanthu ŵakakhalanga pasi pa ukavu wa US$1.90 pa zuŵa mu 2014. Kwambira kuumaliro wa m'ma 1980, Cameroon wakulondezga mapulogiramu gha Banki ya Caru Cose na ya International Monetary Fund (IMF) ghakovwira kuchepeska ukavu, kupanga vyamahara, na kusazgirako cuma. Boma la Russia lachitapo kanthu kuti likhozge vyalo vya ŵanthu awo ŵakwendakwenda.<ref name=":1" /> Pafupifupi 70% ya ŵanthu awo ŵakakhalanga mu minda iyi, ndipo mu 2017 ŵalimi ndiwo ŵakapanganga 16.7% ya GDP. Ŵalimi ŵa mu chigaŵa ichi ndiwo ŵakulima chomene. Ŵakuguliska vyakurya ivyo vyakhalako, ndipo ŵanyake ŵakuguliska minda yawo. Malo gha mu matawuni ghakuthemba comene pa ulimi wa ŵalimi. Charu ichi chili na malo ghawemi chomene ndipo ŵanthu ŵakutemwa kulima banane, koko, mafuta gha makuni gha maolive, mphira, na tiyi. Mu vigaŵa vya kumwera kwa Cameroon, ŵanthu ŵakupanda khofi, shuga, na hona. Mu vigaŵa vya kumanjiliro gha dazi, khofi ni vyakurya vyakuzirwa chomene, ndipo kumpoto, vyakumera nga ni thonje, phere, na mpunga vikupambika makora. Mu 2004, ku Cameroon ŵakamba kupanga thonje lakufuma ku vyakumera vya Fairtrade.<ref name=":1">Fairtrade International, University of Greenwich and Institute of Development Studies, [https://web.archive.org/web/20210831045046/https://files.fairtrade.net/publications/2011_FairtradeCotton_ImpactMaliSenegaCameroonIndia_Summary.pdf Fairtrade Cotton: Assessing Impact in Mali, Senegal, Cameroon and India], published May 2011, accessed 31 August 2021</ref>[[File:Taureaux et vaches hollandais à wallya Cameroun.jpg|left|thumb|Dutch bulls and cows at Wallya community during the rainy season in Cameroon]] Viŵeto vikuŵikika mu caru cose. Ŵanthu 5,000 ŵakugwira nchito yaulovi ndipo chaka cilicose ŵakurya matani ghakujumpha 100,000 gha vyakurya vya mu nyanja. Mu vigaŵa vya ku mizi, ŵanthu ŵanandi ŵakutemwa kurya nyama ya vinyama. Sono malonda gha nyama za mu nkhorongo ghajumpha kukoma makuni, ndipo ni suzgo likuru chomene ku vyamoyo vya mu nkhorongo mu Cameroon.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/africa/1920391.stm|access-date=12 April 2013|publisher=BBC|title=UK project tackles bushmeat diet|date=10 April 2002|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140427082156/http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/africa/1920391.stm|archive-date=27 April 2014}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/programmes/cooking_in_the_danger_zone/7282187.stm|access-date=12 April 2013|title=Cameroon's bushmeat dilemma|date=14 March 2008|publisher=BBC|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120529040509/http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/programmes/cooking_in_the_danger_zone/7282187.stm|archive-date=29 May 2012}}</ref> Nkhorongo ya kumwera kwa caru ici yili na makuni ghanandi comene, agho ghakukwana 37% ya caru cose ca Cameroon. Kweni malo ghanandi gha mu nkhorongo agha ngakusuzga kufika. Kuzenga makuni, uko ŵanthu ŵakufuma ku vyaru vinyake ndiwo ŵakuchitako, kukovwira boma kusanga ndalama zakukwana madola 60 miliyoni pa chaka (kwambira mu 1998), ndipo malango ghakukhumba kuti makuni ghakhalenge makora. Ndipouli, nchito iyi njimoza mwa nchito izo zilije malango ghanandi mu Cameroon. Mu 2017, makampani ghakupanga vinthu ghakapanga pafupifupi 26.5% ya GDP. Vigaŵa vyakujumpha 75 peresenti vya mafakitale gha ku Cameroon vili ku Douala na Bonabéri. Charu cha Cameroon chili na vinthu vinandi vyakututuŵa, kweni vikuguliskika viŵi yayi. Kufumira waka mu 1986, mulimo wa kunozga mafuta wachepa, kweni uwu ni msonkho ukuru comene mwakuti ukukhwaska comene cuma. Mlonga wa kumwera uli na majigha na maji ghakututuka, kweni malo agha ndigho ghakovwira kupanga magesi na kupeleka nkhongono ku vyaru vinandi. Mlonga wa Sanaga ndiwo ukupeleka nkhongono ku malo ghakurughakuru gha magesi agho ghali ku Edéa. Magesi ghanyake ghose agho Cameroon wakugwiliskira nchito ghakufuma ku mafuta. Vigaŵa vinandi mu caru ici vicali vyambura magesi.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.climateparl.net/cpcontent/pdfs/Kribi,%202010-03-27,%20Parlementarians.pdf|access-date=12 April 2013|title=Harnessing Central Africa's Hydropower Potential|author=Prevost, Yves|publisher=Climate Parliament|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140427082535/http://www.climateparl.net/cpcontent/pdfs/Kribi%2C%202010-03-27%2C%20Parlementarians.pdf|archive-date=27 April 2014}}</ref> Kanandi vikusuzga kwenda mu Cameroon. Pa misewu yose iyo yili mu charu ichi, ni 6.6% pera iyo yili na phura. Kanandi para ŵapolisi na ŵasilikari ŵakugwiliskira nchito vyakujara misewu, ŵakupeleka vimbundi ku ŵanthu. Kwamba mu 2005, suzgo ili lakura chomene kumafumiro gha dazi kwa Central African Republic. Doko la ku Douala Mabasi agho ghakwendeskeka na maboma ghakupambanapambana ghakukolerana na misumba yikuruyikuru. Ŵanthu ŵanandi ŵakwenda pa njanji izi. Njanji iyi yikwenda kufuma ku Kumba kumanjiliro gha dazi m'paka ku Bélabo kumafumiro gha dazi na kumpoto m'paka ku Ngaoundéré. Malo gha ndege gha pa caru cose ghali ku Douala na Yaoundé, ndipo ghacitatu ghali ku Maroua. Msumba wa Douala ndiwo ni msumba ukuru wa ku malo agha. Kumpoto, mlonga wa Bénoué ukufuma ku Garoua m'paka ku Nigeria. Nangauli wanangwa wa vyakupharazga wawovwira comene kwambira mu vyaka vya m'ma 2000, kweni pa nyengo yasono ŵanthu ŵanandi ŵakuchita vimbundi. Nyengo zose manyuzipepara ghakujisuzga kuti boma lileke kuŵasuzga. Ma wayilesi na mawayilesi ghakurughakuru ni gha boma, ndipo mawoko ghanyake nga ni mafoni na matelefoni ghakufuma ku charu, ghakwendeskeka na boma. Kweni kufuma mu vyaka vya m'ma 2000, ŵanthu ŵanandi ŵakugwiliskira ntchito mafoni na Intaneti.<ref name="Freedom House" /> == Ŵanthu == {{Main|Demographics of Cameroon}} Ŵanthu ŵa ku Cameroon ŵakaŵa 27,198,628 mu {{UN_Population|Year}}.{{UN_Population|ref}} Ŵanalume ŵakakhazganga kukhala vyaka 62.3 (60.6 kwa ŵanalume na 64 kwa ŵanakazi).<ref name="CIA"/> [[File:GedWomenDay.JPG|left|thumb|Cameroonian women on Women's Day Celebration]] Mu Cameroon, ŵanakazi mbanandi comene (50,5%) kuluska ŵanalume (49,5%). Ŵanthu ŵakujumpha 60 pa 100 ŵali na vyaka vyambura kukwana 25. Ŵanthu awo ŵali na vyaka vyakujumpha 65 ŵalipo 3.11% pera. Ŵanthu ŵa ku Cameroon ŵakukhala mu misumba na mizi. Ŵanthu ŵanandi ŵakukhala mu misumba yikuruyikuru, mu vigaŵa vya kumanjiliro gha dazi, na kumpoto kwa charu. Msumba ukuru chomene ni Douala, Yaoundé, na Garoua. Kweni ku Adamawa Plateau, kumwera kwa Bénoué, na ku South Cameroon Plateau, ŵanthu mbachoko chomene. Wupu wa vyaumoyo pa charu chose (World Health Organization) ukati mu 2013, chiŵelengero cha ŵanthu awo ŵakababikanga chikaŵa 4.8 ndipo chiŵelengero cha ŵanthu awo ŵakakhalanga mu charu ichi chikakwera na 2.56%. Ŵanthu ŵakufuma ku vigaŵa vya kumanjiliro gha dazi uko kuli ŵanthu ŵanandi chomene kweniso ku vigaŵa vya kumpoto uko kuli ŵanthu ŵachoko chomene ŵakuluta ku malo ghakupwanthirako vyakumera gha mumphepete mwa nyanja na ku misumba kuti ŵakasange nchito. Ŵanandi ŵakufumapo yayi pa nyumba zawo cifukwa cakuti ŵantchito ŵakucita nchito mu mafakitale gha makuni na malo ghanyake gha kumwera na kumafumiro gha dazi. Nangauli chiŵelengero cha ŵanalume na ŵanakazi pa caru cose nchakuyana waka, kweni ŵanalume ndiwo ŵakunjira mu caru ici.<ref>[[#Neba|Neba]] 103–4.</ref>[[File:Maison obus.jpg|thumb|The homes of the [[Musgum dwelling units|Musgum]], in the Far North Region, are made of earth and grass.]] Ŵanthu ŵakutora ŵanakazi ŵanandi panji ŵanakazi pera, ndipo mbumba ya ku Cameroon njikulu comene. Ku chigaŵa cha kumpoto, ŵanakazi ndiwo ŵakupwelelera nyumba, ndipo ŵanalume ŵakuliska viŵeto panji ŵalimi. Ku vigaŵa vya kumwera, ŵanakazi ndiwo ŵakupanda vyakurya, ndipo ŵanalume ndiwo ŵakupanda nyama na vyakurya. Ŵanthu ŵanandi ku Cameroon mbanalume, ndipo nkhaza na kusankhana pakati pa ŵanakazi vyazara chomene.<ref name="Freedom House"/><ref name="Human Rights Report"/><ref>[[#Mbaku|Mbaku]] 141.</ref> Ŵanthu ŵa mafuko na viyowoyero vyakupambanapambana mu Cameroon ŵalipo pakati pa 230 na 282. Chigaŵa cha Adamawa chikupatura vigaŵa ivi mu vigaŵa vya kumpoto na kumwera. Ŵanthu awo ŵakukhala kumpoto kwa charu ichi ni Ŵasudani awo ŵakukhala mu vigaŵa vya mapiri na vyakumwera. Ŵanthu ŵachoko waka ŵa mtundu wa Shuwa ŵakukhala kufupi na Nyanja ya Chad. Kumwera kwa Cameroon kuli ŵanthu awo ŵakuyowoya viyowoyero vya Bantu na Semi-Bantu. Ŵanthu awo ŵakuyowoya viyowoyero vya Bantu ŵakukhala mu vigaŵa vya mumphepete mwa nyanja na ku equator, ndipo awo ŵakuyowoya viyowoyero vya Semi-Bantu ŵakukhala mu vyaru vya kumanjiliro gha dazi. Ŵanthu pafupifupi 5,000 ŵa mtundu wa Gyele na Baka ŵakwenda mu nkhorongo za kumwera na kumafumiro gha dazi kwa charu ichi, panji ŵakukhala mu mizi yichoko iyo yili mumphepete mwa misewu. Ŵanthu ŵa ku Nigeria ndiwo mbanandi comene pa ŵanthu wose awo ŵali kufuma ku vyaru vinyake.<ref>[[#Neba|Neba]] 108.</ref> {{Largest cities of Cameroon}} === Ŵakuchimbira kwawo === {{Main|Refugees in Cameroon}} Mu 2007, caru ca Cameroon cikapokelera ŵanthu pafupifupi 97,400 awo ŵakacimbira kwawo. Pa ŵanthu aŵa, 49,300 ŵakafuma ku Central African Republic (ŵanandi ŵakacimbizgika kumanjiliro gha dazi cifukwa ca nkhondo), 41,600 ŵakafuma ku Chad, ndipo 2,900 ŵakafuma ku Nigeria.<ref name="World Refugee Survey 2008">{{cite news|title=World Refugee Survey 2008|publisher=U.S. Committee for Refugees and Immigrants|date=19 June 2008|url=http://www.refugees.org/survey/|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081002225617/http://www.refugees.org/survey/|archive-date=2 October 2008}}</ref> Kufuma mu 2005, ŵanthu ŵanandi ŵa ku Cameroon ŵakukoleka na vigeŵenga vya ku Central Africa. Mu myezi yakwambilira ya 2014, ŵanthu ŵanandi ŵakachimbira ku Central African Republic na kwiza ku Cameroon. Pa June 4, 2014, AlertNet yikati:{{blockquote| Almost 90,000 people have fled to neighbouring Cameroon since December and up to 2,000 a week, mostly women and children, are still crossing the border, the United Nations said. "Women and children are arriving in Cameroon in a shocking state, after weeks, sometimes months, on the road, foraging for food," said [[Ertharin Cousin]], executive director of the [[World Food Programme]] (WFP).<ref> {{cite web | last = Nguyen | first = Katie | title = Cameroon: Starving, Exhausted CAR Refugees Stream Into Cameroon – UN | work = allAfrica.com | access-date = 8 June 2014 | date = 4 June 2014 | url = http://allafrica.com/stories/201406051108.html | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20140610095552/http://allafrica.com/stories/201406051108.html | archive-date = 10 June 2014 }} </ref> }} ===Languages=== {{Further|Languages of Cameroon}} [[File:Nigeria Benin Cameroon languages.png|thumb|Map of the region's indigenous languages|upright=1.2]] Pa ŵanthu awo ŵakuyowoya Cifurenci na Cingelezi, ŵanthu 70 pa 100 ŵali mu caru ca Cameroon ndipo ŵanyake 30 pa 100. Cijeremani, ciyowoyero ico cikayowoyeka na ŵanthu ŵakwambilira awo ŵakakhalanga mu caru ici, sono cikuyowoyeka mu ciyowoyero ca Cifurenci na Cingelezi. Chingelezi cha Pidgin cha ku Cameroon ndicho chikuyowoyeka chomene mu vigaŵa ivyo kale vikaŵa pasi pa Britain. Chiyowoyero cha Chingelezi, Chifurenchi, na Pidgin icho chikuchemeka Camfranglais chikamba kutchuka chomene mu matawuni kwamba m'ma 1970. Padera pa viyowoyero ivyo ŵanthu ŵakayowoyanga mu nyengo iyo charu ichi chikaŵa pasi pa ufumu wa Cameroon, ŵanthu pafupifupi 20 miliyoni ŵakuyowoya viyowoyero vinyake pafupifupi 250. Ndico cifukwa cake caru ca Cameroon nchimoza mwa vyaru ivyo vili na ŵanthu ŵanandi ŵa viyowoyero vyakupambanapambana. Mu 2017, ŵanthu awo ŵakayowoyanga Chingelezi ŵakachitanga viyezgelero chifukwa cha nkhaza izo ŵanthu ŵakuyowoya Chifurenchi ŵakaŵachitiranga. Ŵasilikari ŵakaŵatuma kuti ŵakomere ŵanthu awo ŵakasuskanga. Ivi vikapangiska kuti charu cha Ambazonia chijiyimire pachekha. Kufika mu Juni 2020, ŵanthu ŵakukwana 740,000 ŵakaŵa kuti ŵafumamo mu vikaya vyawo chifukwa cha suzgo ili.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://reliefweb.int/report/cameroon/cameroon-humanitarian-dashboard-january-june-2020| title=Relief Web Humanitarian Dashboard|access-date=11 August 2021}}</ref> ===Chisopo=== {{Main|Religion in Cameroon}} {{bar box |title=[[Religion in Cameroon]] (2020 estimate by the [[Association of Religion Data Archives|ARDA]])<ref name="National Profiles">{{cite web | url=https://www.thearda.com/world-religion/national-profiles?u=40c | title=National Profiles }}</ref> |titlebar=#ddd |float=right |bars= {{bar percent|[[Roman Catholicism in Cameroon|Catholicism]]|yellow|26.6}} {{bar percent|[[Protestantism]]|blue|22.5}} {{bar percent|[[Islam in Cameroon|Islam]]|green|20.2}} {{bar percent|[[Irreligion|None]]|black|0.8}} {{bar percent|[[African traditional religion|Folk]]|red|19.0}} {{bar percent|[[Freedom of religion|Other, including other Christian]]|gray|10.8}} }} Charu cha Cameroon chili na wanangwa wa kusopa ndipo ŵanthu ŵanandi ŵakusopa mu chisopa chawo. Ŵanthu ŵanandi ŵakugomezga Chikhristu, ndipo ŵanthu pafupifupi vigaŵa viŵiri pa vigaŵa vitatu vya ŵanthu wose awo ŵakukhala mu charu ichi ŵakugomezga Chisilamu. Kweniso ŵanthu ŵanandi ŵakulondezga visopa vyawo. Ŵasilamu ŵakukhala comene kumpoto, apo Ŵakhristu ŵakukhala comene kumwera na kumanjiliro gha dazi kwa caru ici. Mu misumba yikuru muli ŵanthu ŵanandi ŵa mitundu yose yiŵiri. Ŵasilamu ku Cameroon ŵali kugaŵika mu magulu gha Sufi, Salafi, Shi'a, na Ŵasilamu ŵambura kusopa.<ref name="The Economist">{{cite news|title=The veil in west Africa: Banning the burqa: Why more countries are outlawing the full-face veil|url=https://www.economist.com/news/middle-east-and-africa/21692902-why-more-countries-are-outlawing-full-face-veil-banning-burqa|access-date=15 February 2016|newspaper=[[The Economist]]|date=13 February 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160214211305/http://www.economist.com/news/middle-east-and-africa/21692902-why-more-countries-are-outlawing-full-face-veil-banning-burqa|archive-date=14 February 2016}}</ref><ref>Pew Forum on Religious & Public life. 9 August 2012. Retrieved 29 October 2013</ref> [[File:Yaoundé_Cathédrale.jpg|left|thumb|[[Our Lady of Victories Cathedral, Yaoundé|Our Lady of Victories Cathedral]], [[Catholic Church|catholic church]] in [[Yaoundé]]]] Ŵanthu ŵa ku vigaŵa vya kumpoto na kumwera kwa caru ca Cameroon, awo kale ŵakaŵa ku Britain, ndiwo mbanandi comene pa ŵanthu awo Mbakhristu. Ku vigaŵa vya kumwera na kumanjiliro gha dazi uko ŵanthu ŵakuyowoya Cifurenci, ŵanandi mba Katolika. Ŵanthu ŵa ku mizi ya kumwera ŵakulondezga visambizgo vya Chikhristu panji visambizgo vya ŵanthu ŵa ku Africa, panji ŵakukolerana na visambizgo ivi. Ŵanthu ŵanandi ŵakugomezga mauloŵevu, ndipo boma likukanizga vinthu ivi. Kanandi ŵanthu awo ŵakughanaghana kuti ni ŵamasalamusi ŵakuŵachitira nkhaza. Gulu la chisopa cha Islamist la Ansar al-Islam likuyowoyeka kuti likugwira ntchito kumpoto kwa Cameroon. Mu vigaŵa vya kumpoto, ŵanthu ŵanandi ŵa mtundu wa Fulani mba Chislamu, kweni ŵanthu wose ŵali kugaŵa pakati pa Ŵasilamu, Ŵakhristu, na awo ŵakulondezga visopa vyawo. Ŵanthu ŵa mtundu wa Bamum awo ŵakukhala ku chigaŵa cha kumanjiliro gha dazi, ŵanandi mwa iwo Mbasilamu. Visopa vya ŵanthu ŵa ku malo agha vikulondezgeka mu vigaŵa vya ku mizi mu charu chose, kweni vikulondezgeka viŵi yayi mu matawuni.<ref name="IRFR">{{cite web |date=8 April 2011 |title=July–December, 2010 International Religious Freedom Report – Cameroon |url=https://2009-2017.state.gov/j/drl/rls/irf/2010_5/168393.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111105101810/http://www.state.gov/g/drl/rls/irf/2010_5/168393.htm |archive-date=5 November 2011 |access-date=29 September 2020 |publisher=US Department of State}}<!--note that this is outdated; the CIA Factbook is from 2018--></ref> ===Masambilo na umoyo=== {{main|Education in Cameroon|Health in Cameroon}} [[File:Cameroonian school children gather around U.S. Army Master Sgt. John Reid, center, for a group photo near Douala, Cameroon, March 19, 2014, during Central Accord 14 140319-A-PP104-039.jpg|thumb|School children in Cameroon]] Mu 2013, chiŵelengero cha ŵanthu ŵakumanya kulemba na kulemba mu Cameroon chikaŵa 71.3%. Pa ŵawukirano ŵa vyaka vyapakati pa 15 na 24, ŵanalume 85.4% ndipo ŵanakazi 76.4%. Ŵana ŵanandi ŵakusambira ku sukulu za boma izo ni zakudura kuluska za boma na za cisopa. Ndondomeko ya masambiro mu caru ici yikusazgapo masambiro gha ku Britain na France. Charu cha Cameroon ndicho chili na ŵana ŵanandi chomene ku Africa. Ŵasungwana ŵakuluta ku sukulu viŵi yayi pakuyaniska na ŵasepuka cifukwa ca kakhaliro ka ŵanthu, milimo ya pa nyumba, kutengwa, kunjira nthumbo, na kusuzgika maghanoghano. Nangauli chiŵelengero cha ŵasambizgi awo ŵakusangika pa sukulu ntchikuru chomene kumwera, kweni ŵasambizgi awo ŵakusangika mu vigaŵa ivi mbanandi comene. Mu 2013, chiŵelengero cha ŵana ŵa sukulu awo ŵakalembeskanga ku pulayimale chikaŵa 93.5%. Ku Cameroon, ŵana ŵanandi ŵakugwira nchito. Nakuti dipatimenti ya United States Department of Labor yikati ŵana 56 pa 100 awo ŵali na vilimika vyapakati pa 5 na 14 ŵakugwira nchito ndipo pafupifupi 53 pa 100 pa ŵana awo ŵali na vyaka vyapakati pa 7 na 14 ŵakugwira nchito pamoza na sukulu. Mu Disembala 2014, ofesi ya International Labor Affairs yikalemba kuti charu cha Cameroon ndicho chikagwiliskiranga ntchito ŵana pa kupanga koko.<ref>[http://www.dol.gov/ilab/reports/child-labor/list-of-goods/ List of Goods Produced by Child Labor or Forced Labor] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150610003351/http://www.dol.gov/ilab/reports/child-labor/list-of-goods/ |date=10 June 2015 }}. Dol.gov. Retrieved 29 June 2015.</ref>[[File:Life expectancy of Cameroon.svg|thumb|Life expectancy in Cameroon|upright=1.2]] Kanandi wovwiri wa munkhwala nguheni. Mu 2012, ŵanthu ŵakukhazga kuti ŵazamukhala na umoyo utali vyaka 56, ndipo ŵakukhazga kuti ŵazamukhala na umoyo uwemi vyaka 48. Ku Cameroon, ŵana ŵanandi ŵakubabika, ndipo mwanakazi yumoza wakubaba ŵana 4.8, ndipo mama wakubaba mwana wakwamba para wafika vyaka 19.7. Ku Cameroon, pali dokotala yumoza pera pa ŵanthu 5,000, mwakuyana na Wupu wa vya Umoyo pa Caru Cose. Mu 2014, pa GDP yose iyo yikagwiliskirika ntchito pa vya cipatala, pakaŵa 4.1% pera. Cifukwa ca kucepa kwa ndalama, ŵapharazgi mbacoko comene. Ŵadokotala na manesi awo ŵakasambizgika ku Cameroon, ŵakusamira ku caru cinyake cifukwa ku Cameroon malipiro ghawo ngacoko comene ndipo nchito njinandi. Ŵanesi ŵalije nchito nangauli ŵakukhumbikwira wovwiri wawo. Ŵanyake ŵakujipeleka kuti ŵaleke kutaya maluso ghawo. Kunja kwa misumba yikuruyikuru, malo agha kanandi ngakukazuzgika yayi. Mu 2012, matenda ghatatu agho ghakukoma ŵanthu ŵanandi chomene ni HIV/AIDS, nthenda zakwambukira na nthenda ya kusulura. Matenda agho ghakumara yayi nga ni nthenda ya dengue, filariasis, leishmaniasis, maleriya, meningitis, schistosomiasis, na nthenda ya kugona. Chiŵelengero cha ŵanthu awo ŵali na HIV/AIDS mu 2016 chikaŵa pa 3.8% pa ŵanthu ŵa vyaka vyapakati pa 15-49, nangauli ŵanthu ŵanandi ŵakususkana na matenda agha. Ku Cameroon, 58% ŵa ŵanthu awo ŵali na HIV ŵakumanya umo ŵaliri, ndipo 37% pera ndiwo ŵakupokera munkhwala. Mu 2016, ŵanthu ŵakujumpha 29,000 ŵakafwa na AIDS. Kusona mabere, ni kaluso ako kakusangika comene mu Cameroon ndipo kungakhwaska umoyo wa ŵasungwana.<ref>Joe, Randy. (23 June 2006) [http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/africa/5107360.stm Africa | Cameroon girls battle 'breast ironing'] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070211233459/http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/africa/5107360.stm |date=11 February 2007 }}. BBC News. Retrieved 29 June 2015.</ref><ref>[http://www.bbc.co.uk/programmes/p01pgpzf BBC World Service – Outlook, Fighting 'Breast Ironing' in Cameroon] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140120111044/http://www.bbc.co.uk/programmes/p01pgpzf |date=20 January 2014 }}. Bbc.co.uk (16 January 2014). Retrieved 29 June 2015.</ref><ref>[http://www.channel4.com/news/breast-ironing-fgm-victim-girls-chest-cameroon-uk Campaigners warn of 'breast ironing' in the UK – Channel 4 News] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140820113942/http://www.channel4.com/news/breast-ironing-fgm-victim-girls-chest-cameroon-uk |date=20 August 2014 }}. Channel4.com (18 April 2014). Retrieved 29 June 2015.</ref><ref>Bawe, Rosaline Ngunshi (24 August 2011) [http://www.ohchr.org/Documents/HRBodies/CEDAW/HarmfulPractices/GenderEmpowermentandDevelopment.pdf Breast Ironing : A harmful traditional practice in Cameroon] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150226024853/http://www.ohchr.org/Documents/HRBodies/CEDAW/HarmfulPractices/GenderEmpowermentandDevelopment.pdf|date=26 February 2015}}. Gender Empowerment and Development(GeED)</ref> Nangauli ŵanakazi ŵanandi ŵakutemweka yayi, kweni mu vyaru vinyake ŵakutemweka chomene. Kweniso pa nkhani ya umoyo wa ŵanakazi na ŵasungwana, mu 2014 chiŵelengero cha ŵanthu awo ŵakugwiliskira ntchito munkhwala uwu chikaŵa 34.4%. Ŵanthu ŵanandi ŵakuwona kuti ŵanthu awo ŵakuchizga ŵekha ndiwo ŵangachizga matenda.<ref name="Lantum" />{{clear}} ==Mwambo== {{Main|Culture of Cameroon}} ===Music and dance=== {{Further|Public holidays in Cameroon}} [[File:Baka dancers June 2006.jpg|thumb|upright|Dancers greet visitors to the East Region.]] Sumu na kuvina ni vyakuzirwa chomene pa viphikiro, viphikiro, maungano, na vyakusanguluska vya ku Cameroon. Vinthu vikwenda makora yayi pa kuvina kwa ŵanthu ŵaviyowoyero vinyake. Vinthu vinyake ivyo ŵanthu ŵakwimba ni vyakusanguluska pera yayi, kweni ni vya kusopa. Kwamba kale, ŵanthu ŵakutemwa kuyowoya sumu. Pa maseŵero agha, ŵakwimba ŵakwimba nga ni uyo wakwimba yekha. Vyakwimbira vingaŵa nga ni kukuŵa mawoko na kukhomelera malundi, kweni vyakwimbira vinyake ni mabelu agho ŵakwimba ŵakuvwara, vyakwimbira vyawo, matambulara na matambulara agho ghakuyowoya, vyakwimbira vya viŵeya, masengwe, vyakwimbira vya makumbalo, vyakwimbira vya vingwe, vyakwimbira vya viŵeya, na vyakwimbira vinyake. Ŵanyake ŵakwimba ŵekha sumu zose, uku ŵakwimba na vyakwimbira nga ni bango. Ŵanthu ŵanandi ŵakutemwa kwimba sumu nga ni ambasse bey, assiko, mangambeu, na tsamassi. Sumu za ku Nigeria zakhwaska ŵanthu ŵa ku Cameroon awo ŵakuyowoya Chingelezi, ndipo sumu ya Prince Nico Mbarga yakuchemeka "Sweet Mother" ndiyo yikuguliskika chomene mu Africa. Sumu izo zikumanyikwa comene ni makossa na bikutsi. Makossa wakambira ku Douala ndipo wakusazga sumu za ŵanthu, za highlife, za soul, na za ku Congo. Ŵalendo nga ni Manu Dibango, Francis Bebey, Moni Bilé, na Petit-Pays ndiwo ŵakamba kutchuka pa charu chose mu vyaka vya m'ma 1970 na 1980. Sumu ya Bikutsi yikafuma ku ŵanthu ŵa ku Ewondo. Ŵalendo nga ni Anne-Marie Nzié ndiwo ŵakamba kulilemba mu m'ma 1940, ndipo ŵanthu nga ni Mama Ohandja na Les Têtes Brulées ndiwo ŵakamba kulilemba mu m'ma 1960, 1970, na 1980.<ref>[[#DeLancey|DeLancey and DeLancey]] 51</ref><ref name= Nkolo/> ===Holidays=== {{Further|Public holidays in Cameroon}} Zuŵa lakuzirwa comene ilo ŵanthu ŵakutemwera caru cawo mu Cameroon ni Zuŵa la Cikaya, panji Zuŵa la Umoza. Pa maholide gha visopa ghakuzirwa chomene ni Zuŵa la Kukwelera kwa Yesu kuchanya, na Zuŵa la Kukwelera kwa Yesu kuchanya, ilo kanandi likuchitika mazuŵa 39 pamanyuma pa Isitara. Mu vigaŵa vya kumpoto na kumwera kwa charu cha Cameroon, ŵakuchemeka Ambazonia.<ref>Keke, Reginald Chikere. "Southern Cameroons/Ambazonia Conflict: A Political Economy." Theory & Event 23.2 (2020): 329–351.</ref> ===Cuisine=== {{Further|Cameroonian cuisine}} [[File:Ndolè à la viande, morue et crevettes.jpg|thumb|Plantains and "Bobolo" (made from cassava) served with Ndolè (meat and shrimp)]] Vyakurya vikupambana mu vigaŵa vyakupambanapambana, kweni ŵanthu ŵanandi mu charu ichi ŵakutemwa kurya chakurya chikuru cha mise. Cakurya ico ŵanthu ŵakutemwa kurya ni cocoyams, chimanga, manioc, millet, plantains, mbatata, mpunga, panji yams, ndipo kanandi ŵakusazgako fufu. Ŵakupeleka nyama iyi pamoza na msuzi, sopo, panji chiŵiya icho ŵakuchita na vyakurya vya mu chiŵaya, mphonje, mafuta gha nkhaka, panji vinyake. Ŵanthu ŵanandi ŵakutemwa kurya nyama na somba, kweni ni zakudura chomene. Vyakurya ivi kanandi vikuŵa vyakunowa chomene.<ref>[[#Hudgens|Hudgens and Trillo]] 1047</ref><ref>[[#Mbaku|Mbaku]] 122</ref><ref>[[#West|West]] 84.</ref> Ŵanthu ŵanandi ŵakutemwa kugwiliskira ntchito vyakuvwara, kweni kanandi ŵakugwiliskira ntchito woko lamalyero pakurya. Chakurya cha mulenji ni chingwa na vipambi ivyo vyakhalapo pamoza na khofi panji tiyi. Kawirikawiri chakudya cham'mawa chimapangidwa kuchokera ku ufa wa tirigu mu zakudya zosiyanasiyana monga puff-puff (ma donuts), nthochi ya Accra yopangidwa ndi nthochi ndi ufa, makeke a nyemba, ndi zina zambiri. Ŵanthu ŵanandi ŵakutemwa kurya vyakurya vyakunowa, comenecomene mu matawuni ghakurughakuru uko ŵakugura ku ŵamalonda.<ref>[[#Mbaku|Mbaku]] 121</ref><ref>[[#Hudgens|Hudgens and Trillo]] 1049.</ref> ===Fashion=== [[File:Camerounais en tenue traditionnelle.jpg|thumb|upright|Cameroonian fashion is varied and often mixes modern and traditional elements. Note the wearing of [[sun glasses]], [[Monk shoe]]s, [[sandals]], and a [[Smartwatch]].]] Ŵanthu ŵa ku Cameroon mbanandi comene ndipo ŵali na mitheto yakupambanapambana. Nyengo, visopa, mitheto, na mitheto, kweniso vinthu ivyo vikupangiska kuti ŵanthu ŵambeso kuvwara makora ku Cameroon ni vinthu ivyo vikupangiska kuti ŵanthu ŵambeso kuvwara makora. Vinthu vinyake vyakuvwara ivyo ŵanthu ŵakutemwa ni: Pagnes, malaya agho ŵanakazi ŵa ku Cameroon ŵakuvwara; Chechia, chisoti chakutchuka; kwa, thumba la ŵanalume; na Gandura, malaya gha ŵanalume. Ŵanalume na ŵanakazi ŵakugwiliskira ntchito vyakuvwara ivi, kweni vikupambana mu vigaŵa. Imane Ayissi njumoza wa ŵanthu ŵakumanyikwa chomene mu charu cha Cameroon.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.journalducameroun.com/en/cameroonimane-ayissi-detremined-to-project-cameroons-couture/|title=Cameroon:Imane Ayissi detremined to project Cameroon's couture|date=7 April 2020}}</ref> ===Local arts and crafts=== [[File:Woman weaving baskets near Lake Ossa.jpg|thumb|A woman weaves a basket near [[Lake Ossa]], Littoral Region. Cameroonians practise such handicrafts throughout the country.]] Mu caru cose ici, ŵanthu ŵakucita vinthu vya maluso na vya mawoko kuti ŵaguliske, kutozga, na kusopa. Ŵanthu ŵanandi ŵakutemwa kujoba vinthu mu makuni. Dongo liwemi comene la ku mapiri gha kumanjiliro gha dazi likugwiriskirika nchito pakupanga viŵiya vya dongo na vyakupangira vinthu. Ŵanyake awo ŵakugwira ntchito iyi ni awo ŵakukhomera matumba, ŵakunozga mphete, ŵakunozga mkuŵa na mkuŵa, ŵakutozga na kupenta mphonje, ŵakukhomera, na kupanga vikumba. Nyumba za ŵanthu ŵa ku Mbororo izo ŵakazengeranga ku malo ghakupambanapambana, zikapangika na mathabwa na mahamba. Ŵanthu ŵanandi ŵakutemwa kuzenga nyumba izo zili na simenti na tini. Vinthu vyakusanguluska ivyo vikuchitika mazuŵa ghano vikusangika mu vyaru vinandi nga ni Doual'art, Africréa, na Art Wash, Atelier Viking, ArtBakery.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.postzambia.com/post-read_article.php?articleId=8690|access-date=12 April 2013|work=The Post|author=Mulenga, Andrew|date=30 April 2010|title=Cameroon's indomitable contemporary art|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140311124956/http://www.postzambia.com/post-read_article.php?articleId=8690|archive-date=11 March 2014}}</ref> ===Literature=== {{Main|Literature of Cameroon}} Mabuku gha ku Cameroon ghakuyowoya chomene vya ŵanthu ŵa ku Europe na ŵa ku Africa. Ŵanthu ŵanyake awo ŵakalembako mabuku nga ni Louis-Marie Pouka na Sankie Maimo, ŵakasambizgika na ŵamishonale ŵa ku Europe. Pamanyuma pa Nkhondo Yachiŵiri ya Caru Cose, ŵalembi nga ni Mongo Beti na Ferdinand Oyono ŵakasanda na kususka ukoloni na kukana kusangana na ŵanthu ŵa mitundu yinyake.<ref name=Fitzpatrick/><ref>[[#Mbaku|Mbaku]] 77, 83–4</ref><ref name=Volet/> ===Films and literature=== {{Further|Cinema of Cameroon}} Pakati pajumpha nyengo yichoko waka kufuma apo charu chikapokera wanangwa, ŵanthu ŵanyake awo ŵakachitanga mafilimu nga ni Jean-Paul Ngassa na Thérèse Sita-Bella, ŵakasanda nkhani zakuyana waka. Mu m'ma 1960, Mongo Beti, Ferdinand Léopold Oyono, na ŵanyake ŵakasanda nkhani za umo ŵanthu ŵakugwilira ntchito mu vyaru vinyake. Pakati pa m'ma 1970, ŵanthu awo ŵakapanganga mafilimu nga ni Jean-Pierre Dikongué Pipa na Daniel Kamwa, ŵakadumbiskana nkhani ya mphindano pakati pa ŵanthu ŵa mu nyengo yakale na ŵa mu nyengo ya ŵakaronga. Mu vyaka 20 vyakunthazi, mabuku na mafilimu ghakaŵa na nkhani za ku Cameroon.<ref>[[#DeLancey|DeLancey and DeLancey]] 120.</ref> === Maseŵera === {{main|Sport in Cameroon}} [[File:Cameroon vs Germany 2003.jpg|thumb|[[Cameroon national football team|Cameroon]] faces [[Germany national football team|Germany]] at [[Zentralstadion]] in Leipzig, 17 November 2004.]] Ndondomeko ya boma yikukhozgera comene maseŵero ghose. Maseŵero ghakumanyikwa nga nkhunjilira mu boti na kulimbana, ndipo ŵanthu ŵakujumpha 400 ŵakuchita chiphalizgano cha Mount Cameroon Race of Hope chaka chilichose. Charu cha Cameroon ntchimoza mwa vyaru vichoko chomene ivyo vili pa chigaŵa cha vyakumwera ivyo vyachitako maseŵero gha pa nyengo ya chiwuvi. Maseŵero gha ku Cameroon ghakwendeskeka na bola. Pali magulu ghanandi gha maseŵero gha bola gha ŵanthu awo ŵakutemwa maseŵero agha. Gulu la chalo ili ndilo likutchuka chomene mu Africa kwambira apo likachitiska maseŵera gha FIFA World Cup mu 1982 na 1990. Charu cha Cameroon chawina maseŵera gha Africa Cup of Nations maulendo ghankhondi na mendulo ya golide pa maseŵera gha Olimpiki gha mu 2000. Charu cha Cameroon ndicho chikapokelera nkhonya ya chalo cha Africa ya ŵanakazi mu November-December 2016, nkhonya ya chalo cha Africa ya 2020 na nkhonya ya chalo cha Africa ya 2021. Gulu la ŵanakazi la mpira likucemeka kuti "Indomitable Lionesses", ndipo nga umo viliri na ŵanalume, nalo ndakukondwa pa caru cose, nangauli lindasangepo njombe yikuru. Cricket nayo yikanjira mu Cameroon nga ni maseŵero agho ghakwiza sono apo wupu wa Cameroon Cricket Federation ukuchitako maseŵero gha pa caru cose Charu cha Cameroon chili na ŵasepuka ŵanandi ŵa National Basketball Association kusazgapo Pascal Siakam, Joel Embiid, D. J. Wakayama Strawberry, Ruben Boumtje-Boumtje, Christian Koloko, na Luc Mbah a Moute. Mlembi wakale wa UFC heavyweight Francis Ngannou amachokera ku Cameroon.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Morgan |first=Emmanuel |date=2022-01-21 |title=The Fearsome, Quiet Champion |work=[[The New York Times]] |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2022/01/21/sports/francis-ngannou-ufc-fight.html |url-access=subscription |access-date=2022-04-29 |issn=0362-4331}}</ref> ==Wonaniso== {{portal|Cameroon}} * [[Index of Cameroon-related articles]] * [[Outline of Cameroon]] * [[Telephone numbers in Cameroon]] {{clear}} ==Vyakulemba== {{Reflist|refs= <ref name=Fanso>Fanso, V. G. (1989). ''Cameroon History for Secondary Schools and Colleges, Vol. 1: From Prehistoric Times to the Nineteenth Century.'' Hong Kong: Macmillan Education Ltd., p. 84, {{ISBN|0333471210}}.</ref> <ref name=Matthews>Matthews, Andy (12 March 2008). "[https://web.archive.org/web/20081206040327/http://www.africanews.com/site/list_messages/16465 Cameroon protests in USA] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081206040327/http://www.africanews.com/site/list_messages/16465 |date=6 December 2008 }}", Africa News. Retrieved 13 March 2008.</ref> <ref name="IRIN">"[http://www.irinnews.org/report.aspx?reportid=57951 Cameroon: New anti-corruption drive leaves many sceptical] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070421180241/http://irinnews.org/report.aspx?reportid=57951 |date=21 April 2007 }}". 27 January 2006. ''IRIN''. UN Office for the Coordination of Humanitarian Affairs. Retrieved 6 April 2007.</ref> <ref name=Njung>Njung, GN, Lucas Tazanu Mangula, and Emmanuel Nfor Nkwiyir (2003). ''Introduction to History: Cameroon''. ANUCAM, pp. 5–6.</ref> <ref name=Corruption>"[https://web.archive.org/web/20131129013918/http://cpi.transparency.org/cpi2012/results/ Corruption Perceptions Index 2012] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131129013918/http://cpi.transparency.org/cpi2012/results/ |date=29 November 2013 }}". Transparency International.</ref> <ref name=Nkemngu>Nkemngu, Martin A. (11 March 2008). "[http://allafrica.com/stories/200803110765.html Facts and Figures of the Tragic Protests]", ''[[Cameroon Tribune]]''. Retrieved 12 March 2008.{{subscription needed}} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080313004646/http://allafrica.com/stories/200803110765.html |date=13 March 2008 }}</ref> <ref name="Amnesty">{{cite web|url=https://www.amnesty.org/en/documents/pol10/0001/2006/en/ |title=Cameroon |access-date=6 April 2007 |work=Amnesty International Report 2006 |publisher=Amnesty International}}</ref> <ref name="State Dept">"[https://2009-2017.state.gov/r/pa/ei/bgn/26431.htm U.S. Relations With Cameroon] ". United States Department of State. Retrieved 6 April 2007.</ref> <ref name="Freedom House">{{cite book|ref=House|chapter=Cameroon (2006)|url=http://www.freedomhouse.org/template.cfm?page=22&year=2006&country=6935|title=Country Report: 2006 Edition|publisher=Freedom House|access-date=6 April 2007|date=13 January 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070930220940/http://www.freedomhouse.org/template.cfm?page=22&year=2006&country=6935|archive-date=30 September 2007}}</ref> <ref name="Human Rights Report">"[https://2001-2009.state.gov/g/drl/rls/hrrpt/2006/78723.htm Cameroon] ". Country Reports on Human Rights Practices, 6 March 2007. Bureau of Democracy, Human Rights, and Labor, U.S. Department of State. Retrieved 6 April 2007.</ref> <ref name="EHRC">{{cite web|url=https://www.amnesty.org/en/documents/IOR41/006/2006/en/ |title=2006 Elections to the Human Rights Council: Background information on candidate countries |access-date=6 February 2007 |date=30 April 2006 |publisher=Amnesty International}}</ref> <ref name=Kandemeh>Kandemeh, Emmanuel (17 July 2007). "[http://fr.allafrica.com/stories/200707170411.html Journalists Warned against Declaring Election Results]", ''Cameroon Tribune''. Retrieved 18 July 2007 {{subscription needed}}.</ref> <ref name=Lantum>Lantum, Daniel M., and Martin Ekeke Monono (2005). "Republic of Cameroon", ''Who Global Atlas of Traditional, Complementary and Alternative Medicine''. [[World Health Organization]], p. 14.</ref> <ref name="Demographic Yearbook">[http://unstats.un.org/unsd/demographic/products/dyb/DYB2003/Table03.pdf ''Demographic Yearbook 2004''] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121114040712/http://unstats.un.org/unsd/demographic/products/dyb/DYB2003/Table03.pdf |date=14 November 2012 }}. United Nations Statistics Division.</ref> <ref name=Fomensky>Fomensky, R., M. Gwanfogbe, and F. Tsala, editorial advisers (1985) ''Macmillan School Atlas for Cameroon.'' Malaysia: Macmillan Education, p. 6</ref> <ref name=Extremes>"[https://web.archive.org/web/20131128084534/http://www.ncdc.noaa.gov/oa/climate/globalextremes.html#highpre Highest Average Annual Precipitation Extremes] {{Webarchive|url=https://archive.today/20120525195312/http://www.ncdc.noaa.gov/oa/climate/globalextremes.html#highpre |date=25 May 2012 }}". Global Measured Extremes of Temperature and Precipitation, [[National Climatic Data Center]], 9 August 2004. Retrieved 6 April 2007.</ref> <ref name=Gwanfogbe>Gwanfogbe, Mathew; Meligui, Ambrose; Moukam, Jean and Nguoghia, Jeanette (1983). ''Geography of Cameroon.'' Hong Kong: Macmillan Education, p. 20, {{ISBN|0333366905}}.</ref> <!--<ref name=Area>"[https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/rankorder/2147rank.html Rank Order – Area] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140209041128/https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/rankorder/2147rank.html |date=9 February 2014 }}". ''The World Factbook''. United States Central Intelligence Agency. Retrieved 6 April 2007.</ref>--> <ref name=Green>Green, RH (1969). "The Economy of Cameroon Federal Republic". In Robson, Peter, and DA Lury (eds). ''The Economies of Africa'', p.&nbsp;239. Allen and Unwin.</ref> <ref name="Musa Biya plan">Musa, Tansa (8 April 2008). "[https://www.reuters.com/article/idUSL08308448 Biya plan to keep power in Cameroon clears hurdle] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150924132016/http://www.reuters.com/article/2008/04/08/idUSL08308448 |date=24 September 2015 }}". Reuters. Retrieved 9 April 2008.</ref> <ref name="Musa Gunmen">Musa, Tansa (27 June 2007). "[http://www.alertnet.org/thenews/newsdesk/L27787695.htm Gunmen kill one, kidnap 22 in Cameroon near CAR] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070629170646/http://www.alertnet.org/thenews/newsdesk/L27787695.htm |date=29 June 2007 }}". Reuters. Retrieved 27 June 2007.</ref> <ref name=RCross>International Federation of Red Cross and Red Crescent Societies (28 May 2007). "[http://webarchive.loc.gov/all/20070613175522/http://www.reliefweb.int/rw/RWB.NSF/db900SID/EKOI-73N32R?OpenDocument Cameroon: Population Movement; DREF Bulletin no. MDRCM004]". ReliefWeb. Retrieved 18 June 2007.</ref> <ref name=Niba>Niba, Francis Ngwa (20 February 2007). "[http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/africa/6376389.stm New language for divided Cameroon] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070221172852/http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/africa/6376389.stm |date=21 February 2007 }}". ''BBC News''. Retrieved 6 April 2007.</ref> <ref name=Fitzpatrick>Fitzpatrick, Mary (2002). "Cameroon." ''Lonely Planet West Africa'', 5th ed. China: Lonely Planet Publications Pty Ltd., p. 38</ref> <ref name=Geschiere>Geschiere, Peter (1997). ''The Modernity of Witchcraft: Politics and the Occult in Postcolonial Africa''. Charlottesville: University Press of Virginia, pp. 169–170, {{ISBN|0813917034}}.</ref> <ref name=Nkolo>Nkolo, Jean-Victor, and Graeme Ewens (2000). "Cameroon: Music of a Small Continent". ''World Music, Volume 1: Africa, Europe and the Middle East''. London: Rough Guides Ltd., p. 43, {{ISBN|1858286352}}.</ref> <ref name=Volet>Volet, Jean-Marie (10 November 2006). "[http://aflit.arts.uwa.edu.au/CountryCameroonEN.html Cameroon Literature at a glance] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110811215426/http://aflit.arts.uwa.edu.au/CountryCameroonEN.html |date=11 August 2011 }}". ''Reading women writers and African literatures''. Retrieved 6 April 2007.</ref> }} ==Ukaboni== {{refbegin}} * {{cite book|ref=DeLancey|author1=DeLancey, Mark W. |author2=DeLancey, Mark Dike |year=2000|title=Historical Dictionary of the Republic of Cameroon|edition=3rd |place=Lanham, Maryland|publisher= The Scarecrow Press|isbn=978-0810837751}} * {{cite book|ref= Hudgens|author1=Hudgens, Jim |author2=Trillo, Richard |year=1999|title=West Africa: The Rough Guide|edition=3rd |place=London|publisher= Rough Guides|isbn=978-1858284682}} * {{cite book|ref=Mbaku|author=Mbaku, John Mukum |year=2005|title=Culture and Customs of Cameroon|place=Westport, Connecticut|publisher= Greenwood Press|isbn=978-0313332319}} * {{cite book|ref=Neba|author=Neba, Aaron |year=1999|title=Modern Geography of the Republic of Cameroon|edition=3rd |place=Bamenda|publisher= Neba Publishers}} * {{cite book|ref=West|author=West, Ben |year=2004|title=Cameroon: The Bradt Travel Guide|place=Guilford, Connecticut|publisher= The Globe Pequot Press|isbn=978-1841620787}} {{refend}} ===Notes=== {{Notelist}} == Vyakulemba vinyake == {{refbegin}} * {{cite web|url=http://www.rsf.org/article.php3?id_article=20731 |title=Cameroon – Annual Report 2007 |access-date=7 February 2007 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070526152356/http://www.rsf.org/article.php3?id_article=20731 |archive-date=26 May 2007 }} . Reporters without Borders. Retrieved 6 April 2007. * {{cite web|url=http://hdr.undp.org/hdr2006/statistics/countries/country_fact_sheets/cty_fs_CMR.html |title=Cameroon |access-date=6 January 2007 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070113020758/http://hdr.undp.org/hdr2006/statistics/countries/country_fact_sheets/cty_fs_CMR.html |archive-date=13 January 2007 }} . ''Human Development Report 2006''. United Nations Development Programme. Retrieved 6 April 2007. * {{Cite EB1911|wstitle= Cameroon | volume= 5 |last= Cana |first= Frank Richardson |author-link= | pages = 110&ndash;113 |short= 1}} * Fonge, Fuabeh P. (1997). ''Modernization without Development in Africa: Patterns of Change and Continuity in Post-Independence Cameroonian Public Service''. Trenton, New Jersey: Africa World Press, Inc. * MacDonald, Brian S. (1997). "Case Study 4: Cameroon", ''Military Spending in Developing Countries: How Much Is Too Much?'' McGill-Queen's University Press. * [[Dorothy L. Njeuma|Njeuma, Dorothy L.]] (no date). "[https://web.archive.org/web/20070609152111/http://www.bc.edu/bc_org/avp/soe/cihe/inhea/profiles/Cameroon.htm Country Profiles: Cameroon]". The Boston College Center for International Higher Education. Retrieved 11 April 2008. * Rechniewski, Elizabeth. "1947: Decolonisation in the Shadow of the Cold War: the Case of French Cameroon." ''Australian & New Zealand Journal of European Studies'' 9.3 (2017). [https://web.archive.org/web/20200318212354/https://cesaa.org.au/_content/uploads/2018/06/Elizabeth-Rechniewski_1947-Decolonisation.pdf online] * Sa'ah, Randy Joe (23 June 2006). "[http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/africa/5107360.stm Cameroon girls battle 'breast ironing']". ''BBC News''. Retrieved 6 April 2007. * Wright, Susannah, ed. (2006). ''Cameroon''. Madrid: MTH Multimedia S.L. * "[http://www.imf.org/external/pubs/ft/weo/2006/02/data/index.aspx World Economic and Financial Surveys]". World Economic Outlook Database, International Monetary Fund. September 2006. Retrieved 6 April 2007. {{refend}} == Vigaŵa vya kuwalo == {{Sister project links|voy=Cameroon|Cameroon}} * [https://web.archive.org/web/20210110023649/https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/cameroon/ Cameroon]. ''[[The World Factbook]]''. [[Central Intelligence Agency]]. * [https://web.archive.org/web/20140324190641/http://www.business-anti-corruption.com/country-profiles/sub-saharan-africa/cameroon/business-corruption-in-cameroon.aspx Cameroon Corruption Profile] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140324190641/http://www.business-anti-corruption.com/country-profiles/sub-saharan-africa/cameroon/business-corruption-in-cameroon.aspx |date=24 March 2014 }} from [[Business Anti-Corruption Portal]] * [https://web.archive.org/web/20080704153516/http://ucblibraries.colorado.edu/govpubs/for/cameroon.htm Cameroon] from ''UCB Libraries GovPubs'' * {{curlie |Regional/Africa/Cameroon}} * [https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-africa-13146029 Cameroon profile] from the [[BBC News]] * {{Wikiatlas |Cameroon}} * [http://www.ifs.du.edu/ifs/frm_CountryProfile.aspx?Country=CM Key Development Forecasts for Cameroon] from [[International Futures]] ;Boma * [https://web.archive.org/web/20170529010519/http://www.presidenceducameroun.com/ Presidency of the Republic of Cameroon] * [https://web.archive.org/web/20110715013604/http://www.spm.gov.cm/index.php?L=1 Prime Minister's Office] * [https://web.archive.org/web/20090805071905/http://www.assemblenationale.cm/ National Assembly of Cameroon] * [http://www.globalintegrity.org/report/Cameroon/2010/ Global Integrity Report: Cameroon] has reporting on anti-corruption in Cameroon * [https://web.archive.org/web/20081210080443/https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/world-leaders-1/world-leaders-c/cameroon.html Chief of State and Cabinet Members] ;Trade * [http://wits.worldbank.org/CountryProfile/Country/CMR/Year/2012/Summary Summary Trade Statistics] from World Bank {{Cameroon topics}} {{Navboxes |title = Articles relating to Cameroon |list = {{Countries of Africa}} {{African Union}} {{Organization of the Islamic Conference (OIC)|state =collapsed}} {{Commonwealth of Nations}} }} {{Authority control}} {{Coord|6|N|12|E|display=title}} [[Category:Cameroon| ]] [[Category:1960 establishments in Cameroon]] [[Category:Central African countries]] [[Category:Countries in Africa]] [[Category:Countries and territories where English is an official language]] [[Category:French-speaking countries and territories]] [[Category:Member states of the African Union]] [[Category:Member states of the Commonwealth of Nations]] [[Category:Member states of the Organisation internationale de la Francophonie]] [[Category:Member states of the Organisation of Islamic Cooperation]] [[Category:Member states of the United Nations]] [[Category:Republics in the Commonwealth of Nations]] [[Category:States and territories established in 1960]] lseq9v30yq3owlijjptx0e9dge1gkvc 0 6943 116542 115474 2026-06-18T01:34:23Z InternetArchiveBot 6449 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 116542 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Short description|Country in Southern Africa}} {{Redirect|Namibian}} {{pp-move|small=yes}} {{Use dmy dates|date=December 2019}} {{Use South African English|date=March 2021}} {{Infobox country | conventional_long_name = Republic of Namibia | common_name = Namibia | native_name = {{collapsible list |titlestyle = background:transparent;text-align:center;line-height:normal;font-size:85%; |title = Name in national languages | {{Infobox | subbox=yes | bodystyle=font-size:78%;font-weight:normal; | rowclass1 = mergedrow | label1 = [[Afrikaans]]: | data1 = {{lang|af|Republiek van Namibië}}<ref>{{cite web |url=http://209.88.21.36/opencms/export/sites/default/grnnet/MLRR/DocArchive/Land-Reform/Communal_Land_Reform_Act_Afrikaans.pdf |title=Communal Land Reform Act, Afrikaans |publisher=Government of Namibia |access-date=18 February 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160225105003/http://209.88.21.36/opencms/export/sites/default/grnnet/MLRR/DocArchive/Land-Reform/Communal_Land_Reform_Act_Afrikaans.pdf |archive-date=25 February 2016 |url-status=dead}}</ref> | rowclass2 = mergedrow | label2 = [[German language|German]]: | data2 = {{lang|de|Republik Namibia}}<ref>{{cite web |url=http://209.88.21.36/opencms/export/sites/default/grnnet/MLRR/DocArchive/land-Reform/Communal_Land_Reform_Act_German.pdf |title=Communal Land Reform Act, German |publisher=Government of Namibia. |access-date=18 February 2016 }} {{dead link|date=February 2018 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> | rowclass3 = mergedrow | label3 = [[Khoekhoe language|Khoekhoegowab]]: | data3 = {{lang|naq|Namibiab Republiki dib}}<ref>{{cite web |url=http://209.88.21.36/opencms/export/sites/default/grnnet/MLRR/DocArchive/Land-Reform/Communal_Land_Reform_Act_Nama.pdf |title=Communal Land Reform Act, Khoekhoegowab |publisher=Government of Namibia |access-date=18 February 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160225104943/http://209.88.21.36/opencms/export/sites/default/grnnet/MLRR/DocArchive/Land-Reform/Communal_Land_Reform_Act_Nama.pdf |archive-date=25 February 2016 |url-status=dead}}</ref> | rowclass4 = mergedrow | label4 = [[Herero language|Otjiherero]]: | data4 = {{lang|hz|Orepublika yaNamibia}}<ref>{{cite web |url=http://209.88.21.36/opencms/export/sites/default/grnnet/MLRR/DocArchive/Land-Reform/Communal_Land_Reform_Act_Herero.pdf |title=Communal Land Reform Act, Otjiherero |publisher=Government of Namibia |access-date=18 February 2016 }} {{dead link|date=February 2018 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> | rowclass5 = mergedrow | label5 = [[Ovambo language|Oshiwambo]]: | data5 = {{lang|kj|Orepublika yaNamibia}}<ref>{{cite web |url=http://baslerafrika.ch/wp-content/uploads/Neuerwerbungsliste-2013.pdf |title=Communal Land Reform Act, Oshiwambo |publisher=Government of Namibia |access-date=18 February 2016 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160301124906/http://baslerafrika.ch/wp-content/uploads/Neuerwerbungsliste-2013.pdf |archive-date=1 March 2016}}</ref> | rowclass6 = mergedrow | label6 = [[Kwangali language|RuKwangali]]: | data6 = {{lang|kwn|Republika zaNamibia}}<ref>{{cite web |url=http://209.88.21.36/opencms/export/sites/default/grnnet/MLRR/DocArchive/Land-Reform/Communal_Land_Reform_Act_Rukwangali.pdf |title=Communal Land Reform Act, Rukwangali |publisher=Government of Namibia |access-date=18 February 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160225104955/http://209.88.21.36/opencms/export/sites/default/grnnet/MLRR/DocArchive/Land-Reform/Communal_Land_Reform_Act_Rukwangali.pdf |archive-date=25 February 2016 |url-status=dead}}</ref> | rowclass7 = mergedrow | label7 = [[Tswana language|Setswana]]: | data7 = {{lang|tn|Rephaboliki ya Namibia}}<ref>{{cite web |url=http://209.88.21.36/opencms/export/sites/default/grnnet/MLRR/DocArchive/Land-Reform/Communal_Land_Reform_Act_Setswana.pdf |title=Communal Land Reform Act, Setswana |publisher=Government of Namibia |access-date=18 February 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160225105008/http://209.88.21.36/opencms/export/sites/default/grnnet/MLRR/DocArchive/Land-Reform/Communal_Land_Reform_Act_Setswana.pdf |archive-date=25 February 2016 |url-status=dead}}</ref> | rowclass8 = mergedrow | label8 = [[Lozi language|siLozi]]: | data8 = {{lang|loz| Namibia ye Lukuluhile}}<ref>{{cite web |url=http://209.88.21.36/opencms/export/sites/default/grnnet/MLRR/DocArchive/Land-Reform/Communal_Land_Reform_Act_Lozi.pdf |title=Communal Land Reform Act, Lozi |publisher=Government of Namibia |access-date=18 February 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160225104949/http://209.88.21.36/opencms/export/sites/default/grnnet/MLRR/DocArchive/Land-Reform/Communal_Land_Reform_Act_Lozi.pdf |archive-date=25 February 2016 |url-status=dead}}</ref> }} }} | image_flag = Flag of Namibia.svg | image_coat = Coat of arms of Namibia.svg | national_motto = "Unity, Liberty, Justice" | national_anthem = "[[Namibia, Land of the Brave]]" <div class="center" style="padding-top:0.5em;"> </div> | image_map = {{Switcher|[[File:Namibia (orthographic projection).svg|frameless]]|Show globe|[[File:Location Namibia AU Africa.svg|upright=1.15|frameless]]|Show map of Africa|default=1}} | map_caption = | capital = [[Windhoek]] | coordinates = {{Coord|22|34|S|17|5|E|type:city_region:NA}} | largest_city = capital | official_languages = [[English language|English]] | national_languages = {{unbulleted list |[[Afrikaans]] |[[German language|German]] |[[Herero language|Otjiherero]] |[[Khoekhoe language|Khoekhoegowab]] |[[Oshiwambo]] |[[Kwangali language|RuKwangali]] |[[Tswana language|Setswana]] |[[Lozi language|siLozi]] }} | regional_languages = {{unbulleted list | [[!Kung language|!Kung]] | [[Gciriku language|Gciriku]] | [[Mbukushu language|Thimbukushu]] }} | ethnic_groups = {{unbulleted list | 49.5% [[Ovambo people|Ovambo]] | 9.2% [[Kavango people|Kavango]] | 8.0% [[Coloured people in Namibia|Coloured]] {{small|(including [[Baster]])}} | 7.0% [[Herero people|Herero]] | 7.0% [[Damara (people)|Damara]] | 7.0% [[White Namibians|White]] | 4.7% [[Nama people|Nama]] | 3.5% [[Lozi people|Lozi]] | 3.0% [[San people|San]] | 0.6% [[Tswana people|Tswana]] | 0.5% others }} | ethnic_groups_year = 2014 | religion = {{ublist |item_style=white-space:nowrap; |87.9% [[Christianity in Namibia|Christianity]] |—43.7% [[Evangelical Lutheran Church in Namibia|Lutheranism]] |—22.8% [[Catholic Church in Namibia|Catholicism]] |—17.0% [[Diocese of Namibia|Anglicanism]] |—4.4% other [[List of Christian denominations|Christian]] |10.2% [[African Traditional Religion|Traditional faiths]] |1.6% [[Irreligion|no religion]] |0.3% others}} | religion_year = 2013 | religion_ref = <ref>{{Cite web | title=Namibia Demographic and Health Survey 2013 | publisher=The Namibia Ministry of Health and Social Services (MoHSS) and ICF International | date=September 2014 | url=https://dhsprogram.com/pubs/pdf/FR298/FR298.pdf | access-date=5 July 2021 | page=30}} Only people between 15 and 49 years of age were surveyed.</ref> | demonym = [[Demographics of Namibia|Namibian]] | government_type = [[Unitary state|Unitary]] [[Dominant-party system|dominant-party]] [[Semi-presidential system|semi-presidential]] [[republic]]<ref name="Dual" /> | leader_title1 = [[President of Namibia|President]] | leader_name1 = [[Netumbo Nandi-Ndaitwah]] | leader_title2 = [[Vice President of Namibia|Vice President]] | leader_name2 = [[Lucia Witbooi]] | leader_title3 = [[Prime Minister of Namibia|Prime Minister]] | leader_name3 = [[Elijah Ngurare]] | leader_title4 = [[Deputy Prime Minister]] | leader_name4 = [[Natangwe Ithete]] | leader_title5 = [[Chief Justice of Namibia|Chief Justice]] | leader_name5 = [[Peter Shivute]] | legislature = [[Parliament of Namibia|Parliament]] | upper_house = [[National Council (Namibia)|National Council]] | lower_house = [[National Assembly (Namibia)|National Assembly]] | sovereignty_type = Independence from [[South Africa]] | established_event1 = [[Constitution of Namibia|Constitution]] | established_date1 = 9 February 1990 | established_event2 = Independence | established_date2 = 21 March 1990 | area_km2 = 825,615 | area_rank = 34th | area_sq_mi = 318,696 <!--Do not remove per [[WP:MOSNUM]]--> | percent_water = negligible | population_estimate = 2,777,232<ref>{{Cite CIA World Factbook|country=Namibia|access-date=22 June 2023|year=2023}}</ref> | population_estimate_year = 2023 | population_estimate_rank = 141th | population_density_km2 = 3.2 | population_density_sq_mi = 6.6 <!--Do not remove per [[WP:MOSNUM]]--> | population_density_rank = 235th | GDP_PPP = {{increase}} $30.2 billion<ref name="imfna">{{cite web |url= https://www.imf.org/en/Publications/WEO/weo-database/2023/April/weo-report?c=728,&s=NGDP_R,NGDP_RPCH,NGDP,NGDPD,PPPGDP,NGDP_D,NGDPRPC,NGDPRPPPPC,NGDPPC,NGDPDPC,PPPPC,PPPSH,PPPEX,NID_NGDP,NGSD_NGDP,PCPI,PCPIPCH,PCPIE,PCPIEPCH,TM_RPCH,TMG_RPCH,TX_RPCH,TXG_RPCH,LP,GGR,GGR_NGDP,GGX,GGX_NGDP,GGXCNL,GGXCNL_NGDP,GGXONLB,GGXONLB_NGDP,GGXWDN,GGXWDN_NGDP,GGXWDG,GGXWDG_NGDP,NGDP_FY,BCA,BCA_NGDPD,&sy=2021&ey=2023&ssm=0&scsm=1&scc=0&ssd=1&ssc=0&sic=0&sort=country&ds=.&br=1 |title=Report for Selected Countries and Subjects |publisher=[[International Monetary Fund]] |website=IMF.org |access-date=24 April 2023}}</ref> | GDP_PPP_year = 2023 | GDP_PPP_rank = 146th | GDP_PPP_per_capita = {{increase}} $11,439<ref name=imfna/> | GDP_PPP_per_capita_rank = 116th | GDP_nominal = {{increase}} $13.4 billion<ref name=imfna/> | GDP_nominal_year = 2023 | GDP_nominal_rank = 146th | GDP_nominal_per_capita = {{increase}} $5,100<ref name=imfna/> | GDP_nominal_per_capita_rank = 110th | Gini = 59.1 <!-- number only --> | Gini_year = 2015 | Gini_change = <!-- increase/decrease/steady --> | Gini_ref = <ref>{{cite web |url=https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/SI.POV.GINI?locations=NA |title=GINI index (World Bank estimate) |publisher=[[World Bank]] |website=data.worldbank.org |access-date=20 January 2019}}</ref> | Gini_rank = | HDI = 0.615 <!-- number only --> | HDI_year = 2021 <!-- Please use the year to which the data refers, not the publication year --> | HDI_change = decrease <!-- increase/decrease/steady --> | HDI_ref = <ref name="HDI">{{cite web|url=https://hdr.undp.org/system/files/documents/global-report-document/hdr2021-22pdf_1.pdf|title=Human Development Report 2021/2022|language=en|publisher=[[United Nations Development Programme]]|date=8 September 2022|access-date=8 September 2022}}</ref> | HDI_rank = 139th | currency = [[Namibian dollar]] <br /> (NAD) <br /> [[South African rand]] (ZAR) | time_zone = [[Central Africa Time|CAST]] | utc_offset = +2 | date_format = dd/mm/yyyy | drives_on = left | calling_code = [[+264]] | cctld = [[.na]] | footnote_a = | today = }} '''Namibia''' ({{IPAc-en|audio=En-us-Namibia.ogg|n|ə|ˈ|m|ɪ|b|i|ə}}, {{IPAc-en|n|æ|ˈ|-}}),<ref>{{citation|last=Wells |first=John C. |year=2008 |title= Longman Pronunciation Dictionary |edition=3rd |publisher= Longman |isbn= 978-1405881180}}</ref><ref>{{citation |last= Roach |first=Peter |year=2011 |title= Cambridge English Pronouncing Dictionary |edition=18th |place=Cambridge |publisher= Cambridge University Press |isbn= 978-0521152532}}</ref> officially the '''Republic of Namibia''', is a country in [[Southern Africa]]. Its western border is the [[Atlantic Ocean]]. It shares land borders with [[Zambia]] and [[Angola]] to the north, [[Botswana]] to the east and [[South Africa]] to the south and east. Although [[Kazungula|it does not]] border [[Zimbabwe]], less than 200 metres (660 feet) of the Botswanan right bank of the [[Zambezi|Zambezi River]] separates the two countries. Namibia gained independence from South Africa on 21 March 1990, following the [[Namibian War of Independence]]. Its capital and largest city is [[Windhoek]]. Namibia is a member state of the [[United Nations]] (UN), the [[Southern African Development Community]] (SADC), the [[African Union]] (AU) and the [[Commonwealth of Nations]]. The driest country in [[sub-Saharan Africa]],<ref>{{cite web |url=https://edition.cnn.com/2012/10/23/world/africa/namibia-eye-on-country-profile/index.html |title=Namibia country profile: moving on from a difficult past |author=Peter Shadbolt |website=CNN |date=24 October 2012}}</ref> Namibia has been inhabited since pre-historic times by the [[San people|San]], [[Damara people|Damara]] and [[Nama people]]. Around the 14th century, [[immigration|immigrating]] [[Bantu peoples]] arrived as part of the [[Bantu expansion]]. Since then, the Bantu groups, the largest being the [[Ovambo people|Ovambo]], have dominated the population of the country; since the late 19th century, they have constituted a majority. Today Namibia is one of the [[List of countries and territories by population density|least densely populated]] countries in the world. It has a population of 2.55&nbsp;million people and is a stable [[multi-party system|multi-party]] [[parliamentary democracy]]. Agriculture, [[Tourism in Namibia|tourism]] and the [[Mining in Namibia|mining industry]]&nbsp;– including mining for gem diamonds, [[Uranium mining|uranium]], [[Gold mining|gold]], [[Silver mining|silver]] and [[base metal]]s&nbsp;– form the basis of its [[Economy of Namibia|economy]], while the manufacturing sector is comparatively small. In 1884, the [[German Empire]] established rule over most of the territory, forming a colony known as [[German South West Africa]]. Between 1904 and 1908, it perpetrated a [[Herero and Namaqua genocide|genocide against the Herero and Nama people]]. German rule ended in 1915 with a defeat by South African forces. In 1920, after the end of [[World War I]], the [[League of Nations]] [[League of Nations mandate|mandated]] administration of the colony to South Africa. As mandatory power, South Africa imposed its laws, including racial classifications and rules. From 1948, with the [[National Party (South Africa)|National Party]] elected to power, this included South Africa applying [[apartheid]] to what was then known as [[South West Africa]]. In the later 20th century, uprisings and demands for political representation by native African political activists seeking independence resulted in the UN assuming direct responsibility over the territory in 1966, but the country of South Africa maintained {{lang|la|de facto}} rule. In 1973, the UN recognised the South West Africa People's Organisation ([[SWAPO]]) as the official representative of the Namibian people. Following continued guerrilla warfare, Namibia obtained independence in 1990. However, [[Walvis Bay]] and the [[Penguin Islands]] remained under South African control until 1994. ==History== {{Main|History of Namibia}} ===Etymology=== The name of the country is derived from the [[Namib]] desert, the oldest desert in the world.<ref name=at1315>Spriggs, A. (2001) {{WWF ecoregion|name=Africa: Namibia|id=at1315}}</ref> The name ''Namib'' itself is of [[nama language|Nama]] origin and means "vast place". That word for the country was chosen by [[Mburumba Kerina]], who originally proposed the name the "Republic of Namib".<ref>{{cite web | url =https://www.namibian.com.na/127811/archive-read/The-Man-Who-Named-Namibia--Mburumba-Kerina |title=The Man Who Named Namibia- Mburumba Kerina|work=The Namibian| access-date =15 June 2021}}</ref> Before its independence in 1990, the area was known first as [[German South-West Africa]] (''Deutsch-Südwestafrika''), then as [[South West Africa]], reflecting the colonial occupation by the Germans and South Africans. ===Pre-colonial period=== The dry lands of Namibia have been inhabited since prehistoric times by the [[San people|San]], [[Damara people|Damara]], and [[Nama people|Nama]]. For thousands of years, the [[Khoisan]] peoples of Southern Africa maintained a [[nomad]]ic life, the [[Khoikhoi]] as pastoralists and the San people as [[hunter-gatherer]]s. Around the 14th century, immigrating [[Bantu people]] began to arrive during the [[Bantu expansion]] from central Africa.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Belda|first=Pascal|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=NcsUr8BkqAUC&q=The+dry+lands+of+Namibia+have+been+inhabited+since+early+times+by+San,+Damara,+and+Nama.+Around+the+14th+century,+immigrating+Bantu+people+began+to+arrive+during+the+Bantu+expansion+from+central+Africa.&pg=PA14|title=Namibia|date=May 2007|publisher=MTH Multimedia S.L.|isbn=978-84-935202-1-2|language=en}}</ref> From the late 18th century onward, [[Oorlam people]] from Cape Colony crossed the [[Orange River]] and moved into the area that today is southern Namibia.<ref name="KDA">{{cite web |url=http://www.klausdierks.com/Biographies/Biographies_A.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081015021238/http://www.klausdierks.com/Biographies/Biographies_A.htm |archive-date=15 October 2008 |last=Dierks |first=Klaus |author-link=Klaus Dierks |title=Biographies of Namibian Personalities, A |access-date=24 June 2010}}</ref> Their encounters with the nomadic Nama tribes were largely peaceful. They received the missionaries accompanying the Oorlam very well,<ref name="Dierks">{{cite web |last=Dierks |first=Klaus |author-link=Klaus Dierks |title=Warmbad becomes two hundred years |url=http://www.klausdierks.com/Warm_Bath/index.htm |website=Klausdierks.com |access-date=22 June 2010 |archive-date=21 August 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190821172028/http://www.klausdierks.com/Warm_Bath/index.htm |url-status=dead }}</ref> granting them the right to use waterholes and grazing against an annual payment.{{sfn|Vedder|1997|p=177}} On their way further north, however, the Oorlam encountered clans of the [[OvaHerero people|OvaHerero]] at Windhoek, [[Gobabis]], and [[Okahandja]], who resisted their encroachment. The Nama-Herero War broke out in 1880, with hostilities ebbing only after the [[German Empire]] deployed troops to the contested places and cemented the status quo among the Nama, Oorlam, and Herero.{{sfn|Vedder|1997|p=659}} In 1878, the [[Cape Colony|Cape of Good Hope]], then a British colony, annexed the port of Walvis Bay and the offshore [[Penguin Islands]]; these became an integral part of the new [[Union of South Africa]] at its creation in 1910. The first Europeans to disembark and explore the region were the Portuguese navigators [[Diogo Cão]] in 1485<ref>{{Cite web|last=Observador|title=Padrão português com 500 anos foi roubado da Namíbia no século XIX. Vai ser devolvido|url=https://observador.pt/2019/05/17/padrao-portugues-com-500-anos-foi-roubado-da-namibia-no-seculo-xix-vai-ser-devolvido/|access-date=2020-12-07|website=Observador|language=pt-PT}}</ref> and [[Bartolomeu Dias]] in 1486, but the Portuguese did not try to claim the area. Like most of the interior of [[Sub-Saharan Africa]], Namibia was not extensively explored by Europeans until the 19th century. At that time traders and settlers came principally from Germany and Sweden. In 1870, [[Finland|Finnish]] missionaries came to the northern part of Namibia to spread the [[Lutheranism|Lutheran religion]] among the [[Ovambo people|Ovambo]] and [[Kavango people]].<ref name="finnish-mission"/> In the late 19th century, [[Dorsland Trek]]kers crossed the area on their way from the [[South African Republic|Transvaal]] to Angola. Some of them settled in Namibia instead of continuing their journey. ===German rule=== {{see also|German South West Africa|Herero and Namaqua genocide}} Namibia became a German colony in 1884 under [[Otto von Bismarck]] to forestall perceived British encroachment and was known as [[German South West Africa]] (''Deutsch-Südwestafrika'').<ref>{{cite encyclopedia|title=German South West Africa|encyclopedia=Encyclopædia Britannica|url=https://www.britannica.com/eb/article-9036573/German-South-West-Africa|access-date=15 April 2008}}</ref> The [[Palgrave Commission]] by the British governor in Cape Town determined that only the natural deep-water harbour of Walvis Bay was worth occupying and thus annexed it to the Cape province of British South Africa. In 1897, a [[1890s African rinderpest epizootic|rinderpest epidemic]] caused massive cattle die-offs of an estimated 95% of cattle in southern & central Namibia. In response the German colonizers set up a veterinary [[Cordon sanitaire (medicine)|cordon]] fence known as the [[Red Line (Namibia)|Red Line]].<ref name=":7">{{Cite journal |last1=Lechler |first1=Marie |last2=McNamee |first2=Lachlan |date=December 2018 |title=Indirect Colonial Rule Undermines Support for Democracy: Evidence From a Natural Experiment in Namibia |url=http://journals.sagepub.com/doi/10.1177/0010414018758760 |journal=Comparative Political Studies |language=en |volume=51 |issue=14 |pages=1864–1871 (p. 7–14) |doi=10.1177/0010414018758760 |s2cid=158335936 |issn=0010-4140 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230515045624/https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/10.1177/0010414018758760 |archive-date=15 May 2023 |access-date=2 June 2023 |url-status=bot: unknown }}</ref> In 1907 this fence then broadly defined the boundaries for the first Police Zone.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Lechler |first1=Marie |last2=McNamee |first2=Lachlan |date=December 2018 |title=Indirect Colonial Rule Undermines Support for Democracy: Evidence From a Natural Experiment in Namibia |url=http://journals.sagepub.com/doi/10.1177/0010414018758760 |journal=Comparative Political Studies |language=en |volume=51 |issue=14 |pages=1865 (p. 8) |doi=10.1177/0010414018758760 |s2cid=158335936 |issn=0010-4140 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230515045624/https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/10.1177/0010414018758760 |archive-date=15 May 2023 |access-date=2 June 2023 |url-status=bot: unknown }}</ref> From 1904 to 1907, the [[Herero people|Herero]] and the [[Nama people|Namaqua]] [[Herero Wars|took up arms]] against brutal German colonialism. In a calculated punitive action by the German occupiers, government officials ordered the extinction of the natives in the [[Herero and Namaqua genocide|OvaHerero and Namaqua genocide]]. In what has been called the "first genocide of the 20th century",<ref>{{cite web |author=David Olusoga |url=https://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/2015/apr/18/pope-francis-armenian-genocide-first-20th-century-namibia |title=Dear Pope Francis, Namibia was the 20th century's first genocide |work=The Guardian |date=18 April 2015 |access-date=26 November 2015|author-link=David Olusoga }}</ref> the Germans systematically killed 10,000 Nama (half the population) and approximately 65,000 Herero (about 80% of the population).<ref>Drechsler, Horst (1980). The actual number of deaths in the limited number of battles with the Germany Schutztruppe (expeditionary force) were limited; most of the deaths occurred after fighting had ended. The German military governor [[Lothar von Trotha]] issued an explicit extermination order, and many Herero died of disease and abuse in detention camps after being taken from their land. A substantial minority of Herero crossed the Kalahari desert into the British colony of Bechuanaland (modern-day Botswana), where a small community continues to live in western Botswana near to border with Namibia. ''Let us die fighting'', originally published (1966) under the title ''Südwestafrika unter deutscher Kolonialherrschaft''. Berlin: Akademie-Verlag.</ref><ref name="Adhikari" /> The survivors, when finally released from detention, were subjected to a policy of dispossession, deportation, forced labour, racial segregation, and discrimination in a system that in many ways foreshadowed the [[apartheid]] established by South Africa in 1948. Most Africans were confined to so-called native territories, which under South African rule after 1949 were turned into "homelands" ([[Bantustans]]). Some historians have speculated that the German genocide in Namibia was a model for the [[Nazism|Nazi]]s in [[the Holocaust]].<ref name="Madley" /> The memory of genocide remains relevant to ethnic identity in independent Namibia and to relations with Germany.<ref>{{cite book |first1=Reinhart |last1=Kößler |first2=Henning |last2=Melber |chapter=Völkermord und Gedenken: Der Genozid an den Herero und Nama in Deutsch-Südwestafrika 1904–1908 |lang=de |trans-title=Genocide and memory: the genocide of the Herero and Nama in German South-West Africa, 1904–08 |title=Jahrbuch zur Geschichte und Wirkung des Holocaust |year=2004 |pages=37–75 |isbn=9783593372822 |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=_b5iRhydlHUC&pg=PA37 }}</ref> The German minister for aid development apologised for the Namibian genocide in 2004, however, the German government distanced itself from this apology.<ref>{{cite web |author=Andrew Meldrum |title=German minister says sorry for genocide in Namibia |url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2004/aug/16/germany.andrewmeldrum |work=The Guardian |date=15 August 2004 |access-date=26 October 2018}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=German minister says sorry for genocide in Namibia |url=Völkermord an Herero und Nama: Abkommen zwischen Deutschland und Namibia |work=bpb |date=22 June 2021 |access-date=24 January 2023}}</ref>{{Clear|left}} ===South African mandate=== {{see also|South West Africa}}[[File:Kirche denkmal nam.jpg|thumb|German church and monument to colonists in Windhoek, Namibia.]]During World War I, South African troops under General [[Louis Botha]] [[South West Africa campaign|occupied the territory]] and deposed the German colonial administration. The end of the war and the [[Treaty of Versailles]] resulted in South West Africa remaining a possession of South Africa, at first as a [[League of Nations mandate]], until 1990.<ref name=Rajagopal>{{cite book|last=Rajagopal|first=Balakrishnan|title=International Law from Below: Development, Social Movements and Third World Resistance|url=https://archive.org/details/internationallaw00raja|url-access=limited|year=2003|pages=[https://archive.org/details/internationallaw00raja/page/n66 50]–68|publisher=Cambridge University Press|location=Cambridge|isbn=978-0521016711}}</ref> The mandate system was formed as a compromise between those who advocated for an Allied annexation of former German and Ottoman territories and a proposition put forward by those who wished to grant them to an international trusteeship until they could govern themselves.<ref name=Rajagopal/> It permitted the South African government to administer South West Africa until that territory's inhabitants were prepared for political self-determination.<ref name=Louis>{{cite book|last=Louis|first=William Roger|title=Ends of British Imperialism: The Scramble for Empire, Suez, and Decolonization|year=2006|pages=251–261|publisher=I.B. Tauris & Company, Ltd|location=London|isbn=978-1845113476}}</ref> South Africa interpreted the mandate as a veiled annexation and made no attempt to prepare South West Africa for future autonomy.<ref name=Louis/>{{multiple image | image1 = Witbooi Hendrik.jpg | width1 = 130 | image2 = SamuelMaharero.jpg | width2 = 140 | footer = [[Hendrik Witbooi (Namaqua chief)|Hendrik Witbooi]] (left) and [[Samuel Maharero]] (right) were prominent leaders against German colonial rule. }} As a result of the [[United Nations Conference on International Organization|Conference on International Organization]] in 1945, the League of Nations was formally superseded by the [[United Nations]] (UN) and former League mandates by a trusteeship system. Article 77 of the [[United Nations Charter]] stated that UN trusteeship "shall apply...to territories now held under mandate"; furthermore, it would "be a matter of subsequent agreement as to which territories in the foregoing territories will be brought under the trusteeship system and under what terms".<ref name=Vandenbosch>{{cite book|last=Vandenbosch|first=Amry|title=South Africa and the World: The Foreign Policy of Apartheid|url=https://archive.org/details/southafricaworld00vand|url-access=registration|year=1970|pages=[https://archive.org/details/southafricaworld00vand/page/207 207–224]|publisher=University Press of Kentucky|location=Lexington|isbn=978-0813164946}}</ref> The UN requested all former League of Nations mandates be surrendered to its [[United Nations Trusteeship Council|Trusteeship Council]] in anticipation of their independence.<ref name=Vandenbosch/> South Africa declined to do so and instead requested permission from the UN to formally annex South West Africa, for which it received considerable criticism.<ref name=Vandenbosch/> When the UN General Assembly rejected this proposal, South Africa dismissed its opinion and began solidifying control of the territory.<ref name=Vandenbosch/> The UN Generally Assembly and Security Council responded by referring the issue to the [[International Court of Justice]] (ICJ), which held a number of discussions on the legality of South African rule between 1949 and 1966.<ref name=First>{{cite book|last=First|first=Ruth|editor1-last=Segal|editor1-first=Ronald|title=South West Africa|year=1963|pages=169–193|publisher=Penguin Books, Incorporated|location=Baltimore|isbn=978-0844620619}}</ref> [[File:Namibia homelands 78.jpeg|thumb|Map depicting the [[Police Zone (South West Africa)|Police Zone]] (in tan) and tribal homelands (in red) as they existed in 1978. Self-governing tribal homelands appear as tan with red stripes.]] South Africa began imposing ''[[apartheid]],'' its codified system of racial segregation and discrimination, on South West Africa during the late 1940s.<ref name="Crawford1">{{cite book|last=Crawford|first=Neta|title=Argument and Change in World Politics: Ethics, Decolonization, and Humanitarian Intervention|url=https://archive.org/details/argumentchangewo00craw|url-access=limited|year=2002|pages=[https://archive.org/details/argumentchangewo00craw/page/n350 333]–336|publisher=Cambridge University Press|location=Cambridge|isbn=978-0521002790}}</ref> Black South West Africans were subject to [[pass laws]], curfews, and a host of residential regulations that restricted their movement.<ref name="Crawford1" /> Development was concentrated in the southern region of the territory adjacent to South Africa, known as the "[[Police Zone (South West Africa)|Police Zone]]", where most of the major settlements and commercial economic activity were located.<ref name="Devils">{{cite book|title=The Devils Are Among Us: The War for Namibia|url=https://archive.org/details/devilsareamongus00deni|url-access=limited|last1=Herbstein|first1=Denis|last2=Evenson|first2=John|publisher=Zed Books Ltd|year=1989|isbn=978-0862328962|location=London|pages=[https://archive.org/details/devilsareamongus00deni/page/n26 14]–23}}</ref> Outside the Police Zone, indigenous peoples were restricted to theoretically self-governing [[Bantustan#Bantustans in South West Africa|tribal homelands]].<ref name="Devils" /> During the late 1950s and early 1960s, the accelerated [[decolonisation of Africa]] and mounting pressure on the remaining colonial powers to grant their colonies self-determination resulted in the formation of nascent nationalist parties in South West Africa.<ref name="Müller">{{cite book|last=Müller|first=Johann Alexander|title=The Inevitable Pipeline Into Exile. Botswana's Role in the Namibian Liberation Struggle|year=2012|pages=36–41|publisher=Basler Afrika Bibliographien Namibia Resource Center and Southern Africa Library|location=Basel, Switzerland|isbn=978-3905758290}}</ref> Movements such as the [[South West African National Union]] (SWANU) and the [[South West African People's Organisation]] advocated for the formal termination of South Africa's mandate and independence for the territory.<ref name="Müller" /> In 1966, following the ICJ's controversial ruling that it had no legal standing to consider the question of South African rule, SWAPO launched an armed insurgency that escalated into part of a wider regional conflict known as the [[South African Border War]].<ref name="Caprivi">{{cite book|last=Kangumu|first=Bennett|title=Contesting Caprivi: A History of Colonial Isolation and Regional Nationalism in Namibia|year=2011|pages=143–153|publisher=Basler Afrika Bibliographien Namibia Resource Center and Southern Africa Library|location=Basel|isbn=978-3905758221}}</ref>[[File:Foreign Observer identification badge in the 1989 Namibian election.jpg|thumb|Foreign Observer identification badge issued during the 1989 Namibian election]]In 1971 Namibian contract workers led a [[1971–72 Namibian contract workers strike|general strike against the contract system]] and in support of independence.<ref name="Moorsom1979">{{cite journal |last1=Moorsom |first1=Richard |date=April 1979 |title=Labour Consciousness and the 1971–72 Contract Workers Strike in Namibia |journal=Development and Change |volume=10 |issue=2 |pages=205–231 |doi=10.1111/j.1467-7660.1979.tb00041.x}}</ref> Some of the striking workers would later join SWAPO's [[People's Liberation Army of Namibia|PLAN]]<ref name="Devils2">{{cite book |last1=Herbstein |first1=Denis |url=https://archive.org/details/devilsareamongus00herb_929 |title=The Devils Are Among Us: The War for Namibia |last2=Evenson |first2=John |publisher=Zed Books Ltd |year=1989 |isbn=978-0862328962 |location=London |pages=[https://archive.org/details/devilsareamongus00herb_929/page/n26 14]–23 |url-access=limited}}</ref> as part of the South African Border War. ===Independence=== As SWAPO's insurgency intensified, South Africa's case for annexation in the international community continued to decline.<ref name=Dobell>{{cite book|last=Dobell|first=Lauren|title=Swapo's Struggle for Namibia, 1960–1991: War by Other Means|year=1998|pages=27–39|publisher=P. Schlettwein Publishing Switzerland|location=Basel|isbn=978-3908193029}}</ref> The UN declared that South Africa had failed in its obligations to ensure the moral and material well-being of South West Africa's indigenous inhabitants, and had thus disavowed its own mandate.<ref name=Yusuf>{{cite book|last=Yusuf|first=Abdulqawi|title=African Yearbook of International Law, Volume I|year=1994|pages=16–34|publisher=Martinus Nijhoff Publishers|location=The Hague|isbn=978-0-7923-2718-9}}</ref> On 12 June 1968, the UN General Assembly adopted a resolution proclaiming that, in accordance with the desires of its people, South West Africa be renamed ''Namibia''.<ref name=Yusuf/> [[United Nations Security Council Resolution 269]], adopted in August 1969, declared South Africa's continued occupation of Namibia illegal.<ref name=Yusuf/><ref name="MAA">{{cite book|last=Peter|first=Abbott|author2=Helmoed-Romer Heitman|author3=Paul Hannon|title=Modern African Wars (3): South-West Africa|pages=5–13|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=t9Aj997IO9gC|isbn=978-1-85532-122-9|year=1991|publisher=Osprey Publishing}}{{Dead link|date=February 2023 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> In recognition of this landmark decision, SWAPO's armed wing was renamed the [[People's Liberation Army of Namibia]] (PLAN).<ref name=Camp>{{cite book|last=Williams|first=Christian|title=National Liberation in Postcolonial Southern Africa: A Historical Ethnography of SWAPO's Exile Camps|date=October 2015|pages=73–89|publisher=Cambridge University Press|location=Cambridge|isbn=978-1107099340}}</ref> Namibia became one of several flashpoints for [[Cold War]] proxy conflicts in southern Africa during the latter years of the PLAN insurgency.<ref name=Hughes>{{cite book|last=Hughes|first=Geraint|title=My Enemy's Enemy: Proxy Warfare in International Politics|year=2014|pages=73–86|publisher=Sussex Academic Press|location=Brighton|isbn=978-1845196271}}</ref> The insurgents sought out weapons and sent recruits to the Soviet Union for military training.<ref name="Betram">{{cite book|last=Bertram|first=Christoph|title=Prospects of Soviet Power in the 1980s|year=1980|pages=51–54|publisher=Palgrave Books|location=Basingstoke|isbn=978-1349052592}}</ref> As the PLAN war effort gained momentum, the Soviet Union and other sympathetic states such as Cuba continued to increase their support, deploying advisers to train the insurgents directly as well as supplying more weapons and ammunition.<ref name=Vanneman>{{cite book|last=Vanneman|first=Peter|title=Soviet Strategy in Southern Africa: Gorbachev's Pragmatic Approach|url=https://archive.org/details/sovietstrategyin00vann|url-access=registration|year=1990|pages=[https://archive.org/details/sovietstrategyin00vann/page/41 41–57]|publisher=Hoover Institution Press|location=Stanford|isbn=978-0817989026}}</ref> SWAPO's leadership, dependent on Soviet, Angolan, and Cuban military aid, positioned the movement firmly within the socialist bloc by 1975.<ref name="Dreyer">{{cite book|title=Namibia and Southern Africa: Regional Dynamics of Decolonization, 1945-90|last=Dreyer|first=Ronald|location=London|publisher=Kegan Paul International|year=1994|isbn=978-0710304711|pages=73–87, 100–116, 192}}</ref> This practical alliance reinforced the external perception of SWAPO as a Soviet proxy, which dominated Cold War rhetoric in South Africa and the United States.<ref name="Devils"/> For its part, the Soviet Union supported SWAPO partly because it viewed South Africa as a regional Western ally.<ref name=Shultz>{{cite book|last=Shultz|first=Richard|title=Soviet Union and Revolutionary Warfare: Principles, Practices, and Regional Comparisons|url=https://archive.org/details/sovietunionrevo00shul/page/121|url-access=registration|year=1988|pages=[https://archive.org/details/sovietunionrevo00shul/page/121 121–123, 140–145]|publisher=Hoover Institution Press|location=Stanford, California|isbn=978-0817987114}}</ref> [[File:SADF-Operations 4.jpg|thumb|left|South African troops patrol the border region for PLAN insurgents, 1980s.]] Growing war weariness and the reduction of tensions between the superpowers compelled South Africa, Angola, and Cuba to accede to the [[Tripartite Accord (Angola)|Tripartite Accord]], under pressure from both the Soviet Union and the United States.<ref name=SACP>{{cite book |last1=Sechaba |first1=Tsepo |last2=Ellis |first2=Stephen |title=Comrades Against Apartheid: The ANC & the South African Communist Party in Exile |year=1992 |pages=184–187 |publisher=Indiana University Press |location=Bloomington |isbn= 978-0253210623}}</ref> South Africa accepted Namibian independence in exchange for Cuban military withdrawal from the region and an Angolan commitment to cease all aid to PLAN.<ref name="James">{{cite book|title=A Political History of the Civil War in Angola: 1974-1990|last=James III|first=W. Martin|location=New Brunswick|publisher=Transaction Publishers|year=2011|orig-date=1992|isbn=978-1-4128-1506-2|pages=207–214, 239–245}}</ref> PLAN and South Africa adopted an informal ceasefire in August 1988, and a [[United Nations Transition Assistance Group]] (UNTAG) was formed to monitor the Namibian peace process and supervise the return of refugees.<ref name="Sitkowski">{{cite book |last=Sitkowski |first=Andrzej |title=UN peacekeeping: myth and reality |publisher=Greenwood Publishing Group |location=Westport, Connecticut |year=2006 |pages=80–86 |isbn=978-0-275-99214-9}}</ref> The ceasefire was broken after PLAN made a final incursion into the territory, possibly as a result of misunderstanding UNTAG's directives, in March 1989.<ref name="Clairborne">{{cite news|title=SWAPO Incursion into Namibia Seen as Major Blunder by Nujoma |last=Clairborne |first=John |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/archive/politics/1989/04/07/swapo-incursion-into-namibia-seen-as-major-blunder-by-nujoma/7182b414-2fd3-4036-b3f8-be9debd58840/ |newspaper=[[The Washington Post]] |location=Washington DC |date=7 April 1989 |access-date=18 February 2018}}</ref> A new ceasefire was later imposed with the condition that the insurgents were to be confined to their external bases in Angola until they could be disarmed and demobilised by UNTAG.<ref name="Sitkowski"/><ref name=Demob>{{cite book |last1=Colletta |first1=Nat |last2=Kostner |first2=Markus |last3=Wiederhofer |first3=Indo |title=Case Studies of War-To-Peace Transition: The Demobilization and Reintegration of Ex-Combatants in Ethiopia, Namibia, and Uganda |year=1996 |pages=127–142 |publisher=[[World Bank]]|location=Washington DC |isbn=978-0821336748}}</ref> [[File:South Africa Border War Map.png|thumb|South African-occupied [[South West Africa]] (1915–1990) and maximum extent of [[South African Border War|South African]] and [[UNITA]] operations in Angola and Zambia during the [[South African Border War]].]] By the end of the 11-month transition period, the last South African troops had been withdrawn from Namibia, all political prisoners granted amnesty, racially discriminatory legislation repealed, and 42,000 Namibian refugees returned to their homes.<ref name="Dreyer"/> Just over 97% of eligible voters participated in the country's first [[Namibian parliamentary election, 1989|parliamentary elections]] held under a [[universal franchise]].<ref name="NYT1989">{{cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/1989/11/15/world/namibia-rebel-group-wins-vote-but-it-falls-short-of-full-control.html|title=Namibia Rebel Group Wins Vote, But It Falls Short of Full Control|work=The New York Times|date=15 November 1989|access-date=20 June 2014}}</ref> The United Nations plan included oversight by [[Election monitoring|foreign election observers]] in an effort to ensure a [[Election#Difficulties with elections|free and fair election]]. SWAPO won a plurality of seats in the [[Members of the Constituent Assembly of Namibia|Constituent Assembly]] with 57% of the popular vote.<ref name="NYT1989"/> This gave the party 41 seats, but not a two-thirds majority, which would have enabled it to draft the constitution on its own.<ref name="NYT1989"/> The Namibian Constitution was adopted in February 1990. It incorporated protection for human rights and compensation for state expropriations of private property and established an independent judiciary, legislature, and an executive presidency (the constituent assembly became the national assembly). The country officially became independent on 21 March 1990.<ref>[https://www.sahistory.org.za/dated-event/namibia-gains-independence Namibia gains Independence] – South African History Online</ref><ref name="finnish-mission"/> [[Sam Nujoma]] was sworn in as the first [[President of Namibia]] at a ceremony attended by [[Nelson Mandela]] of South Africa (who had been released from prison the previous month) and representatives from 147 countries, including 20 heads of state.<ref>{{cite web | last=Dierks | first=Klaus | author-link=Klaus Dierks | url=http://www.klausdierks.com/Chronology/132.htm |title=7. The Period after Namibian Independence | publisher=Klausdierks.com |access-date=21 August 2020}}</ref> In 1994, shortly before the first multiracial elections in South Africa, that country ceded Walvis Bay to Namibia.<ref>{{cite web|title=Treaty between the Government of the Republic of South Africa and the Government of the Republic of Namibia with respect to Walvis Bay and the off-shore Islands, 28 February 1994|url=https://www.un.org/Depts/los/LEGISLATIONANDTREATIES/PDFFILES/TREATIES/ZAF-NAM1994OI.PDF|website=United Nations}}</ref> ===After independence=== Since independence Namibia has completed the transition from white minority apartheid rule to parliamentary democracy. [[Multiparty democracy]] was introduced and has been maintained, with local, regional and [[Elections in Namibia|national elections]] held regularly. Several registered political parties are active and represented in the National Assembly, although the [[SWAPO]] has won every election since independence.<ref>{{cite web|title=Country report: Spotlight on Namibia |publisher=[[Commonwealth of Nations|Commonwealth]] Secretariat |url=http://www.thecommonwealth.org/news/34580/34581/224187/250510spotlightonnamibia.htm |date=25 May 2010 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100705012456/http://www.thecommonwealth.org/news/34580/34581/224187/250510spotlightonnamibia.htm |archive-date=5 July 2010 }}</ref> The transition from the 15-year rule of President [[Sam Nujoma|Nujoma]] to his successor [[Hifikepunye Pohamba]] in 2005 went smoothly.<ref name="IRIN">{{cite news |title=IRIN country profile Namibia |agency=[[The New Humanitarian|IRIN]] |url=http://www.irinnews.org/country.aspx?CountryCode=NA&RegionCode=SAF |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100217173041/http://www.irinnews.org/country.aspx?CountryCode=NA&RegionCode=SAF |archive-date=17 February 2010 |access-date=12 July 2010|date=March 2007}}</ref> Since independence, the Namibian government has promoted a policy of national reconciliation. It issued an amnesty for those who fought on either side during the liberation war. The civil war in Angola spilled over and adversely affected Namibians living in the north of the country. In 1998, [[Namibia Defence Force]] (NDF) troops were sent to the [[Democratic Republic of the Congo]] as part of a [[Southern African Development Community]] (SADC) contingent. In 1999, the national government quashed a secessionist attempt in the northeastern [[Caprivi Strip]].<ref name="IRIN"/> The [[Caprivi conflict]] was initiated by the [[Caprivi Liberation Army]] (CLA), a [[Rebellion|rebel]] group led by [[Mishake Muyongo]]. It wanted the Caprivi Strip to secede and form its own society. In December 2014, Prime Minister [[Hage Geingob]], the candidate of ruling SWAPO, won the [[2014 Namibian general election|presidential elections]], taking 87% of the vote. His predecessor, President [[Hifikepunye Pohamba]], also of SWAPO, had served the maximum two terms allowed by the constitution.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-30285987|title = Namibian presidential election won by Swapo's Hage Geingob|work = BBC News|date = December 2014}}</ref> In December 2019, President Hage Geingob was [[2019 Namibian general election|re-elected]] for a second term, taking 56.3% of the vote.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-50618516|title = Namibia's President Hage Geingob wins re-election|work = BBC News|date = December 2019}}</ref> ==Geography== {{Main|Geography of Namibia}} [[File:Namib Desert Namibia(2).jpg|thumb|Sand dunes in the [[Namib]], Namibia]] [[File:Namibia Natural Earth 1.jpg|thumb|upright=1.3|Shaded relief map of Namibia]] [[File:Koppen-Geiger_Map_NAM_present.svg|350 px|thumb|[[Köppen climate classification|Köppen climate types]] of Namibia]] At {{convert|825615|km2|sqmi|0|abbr=on}},<ref>{{cite web|title=Rank Order&nbsp;– Area|publisher=CIA World Fact Book|url=https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/rankorder/2147rank.html|access-date=12 April 2008|archive-date=9 February 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140209041128/https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/rankorder/2147rank.html|url-status=dead}}</ref> Namibia is the world's thirty-fourth largest country (after Venezuela). It lies mostly between latitudes [[17th parallel south|17°]] and [[29th parallel south|29°S]] (a small area is north of 17°), and longitudes [[11th meridian east|11°]] and [[26th meridian east|26°E]]. Being situated between the [[Namib]] and the [[Kalahari Desert|Kalahari]] deserts, Namibia has the least rainfall of any country in sub-Saharan Africa.<ref>{{Cite news |title=Land degradation causes poverty |last=Brandt |first=Edgar |newspaper=[[New Era (Namibia)|New Era]] |date=21 September 2012 |url=http://allafrica.com/stories/201209211357.html}}</ref> The Namibian landscape consists generally of five geographical areas, each with characteristic [[Abiotic component|abiotic conditions]] and vegetation, with some variation within and overlap between them: the Central Plateau, the Namib, the [[Great Escarpment, Southern Africa|Great Escarpment]], the [[Bushveld]], and the Kalahari Desert. The Central Plateau runs from north to south, bordered by the [[Skeleton Coast]] to the northwest, the Namib Desert and its coastal plains to the southwest, the [[Orange River]] to the south, and the Kalahari Desert to the east. The Central Plateau is home to the highest point in Namibia at [[Königstein, Namibia|Königstein]] elevation {{convert|2606|m|ft|0}}.<ref name="elevation">{{cite web |url=http://landsat.usgs.gov/gallery/detail/367/ |title=Landsat.usgs.gov |publisher=Landsat.usgs.gov |access-date=26 June 2010 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080907062948/http://landsat.usgs.gov/gallery/detail/367/ |archive-date=7 September 2008}}</ref> The Namib is a broad expanse of hyper-arid gravel plains and dunes that stretches along Namibia's entire coastline. It varies between {{convert|100|and|200|km|mi|-1}} in width. Areas within the Namib include the Skeleton Coast and the [[Kaokoveld]] in the north and the extensive Namib Sand Sea along the central coast.<ref name=at1315/> The Great Escarpment swiftly rises to over {{convert|2000|m|ft|-3}}. Average temperatures and temperature ranges increase further inland from the cold Atlantic waters, while the lingering coastal fogs slowly diminish. Although the area is rocky with poorly developed soils, it is significantly more productive than the Namib Desert. As summer winds are forced over the Escarpment, moisture is extracted as precipitation.<ref>Spriggs, A. (2001) {{WWF ecoregion|name=Africa: Namibia|id=at1316}}</ref> The Bushveld is found in north-eastern Namibia along the Angolan border and in the Caprivi Strip. The area receives a significantly greater amount of precipitation than the rest of the country, averaging around {{convert|400|mm|in|0|abbr=on}} per year. The area is generally flat and the soils sandy, limiting their ability to retain water and support agriculture.<ref name="Cowling, S. 2001">Cowling, S. 2001. {{WWF ecoregion|id=at1322|name=Succulent Karoo}}</ref> The Kalahari Desert, an arid region that extends into South Africa and Botswana, is one of Namibia's well-known geographical features. The Kalahari, while popularly known as a desert, has a variety of localised environments, including some verdant and technically non-desert areas. The [[Succulent Karoo]] is home to over 5,000 species of plants, nearly half of them [[Endemism|endemic]]; approximately 10 percent of the world's [[succulents]] are found in the Karoo.<ref>Van Jaarsveld, E. J. 1987. The succulent riches of South Africa and Namibia. Aloc, 24: 45–92</ref><ref>Smith et al 1993</ref> The reason behind this high productivity and endemism may be the relatively stable nature of precipitation.<ref>Spriggs, A. (2001) {{WWF ecoregion|name=Southern Africa: including parts of Botswana, northeastern Namibia, Zimbabwe, and northern South Africa |id=at0709}}</ref> Namibia's Coastal Desert is one of the oldest deserts in the world. Its sand dunes, created by the strong onshore winds, are the highest in the world.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.nasa.gov/multimedia/imagegallery/image_feature_540.html |title=NASA&nbsp;– Namibia's Coastal Desert |publisher=nasa.gov |access-date=9 October 2009}}</ref> Because of the location of the shoreline, at the point where the Atlantic's cold water reaches Africa's hot climate, often extremely dense fog forms along the coast.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.geographia.com/namibia/ |title=An Introduction to Namibia |publisher=geographia.com |access-date=9 October 2009}}</ref> Near the coast there are areas where the dune-hummocks are vegetated.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.nacoma.org.na/Our_Coast/WalkOnOurCoastline.htm |title=NACOMA&nbsp;– Namibian Coast Conservation and Management Project |publisher=nacoma.org.na |access-date=9 October 2009 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090721154939/http://www.nacoma.org.na/Our_Coast/WalkOnOurCoastline.htm |archive-date=21 July 2009}}</ref> Namibia has rich coastal and marine resources that remain largely unexplored.<ref name=Sparks/> [[File:SAC Namibia-cactus.jpg|thumb|[[Fish River Canyon]]]] The [[Caprivi Strip]] extends east from the northeastern corner of the country. ===Climate=== [[File:Namibia-1113.jpg|thumb|Namibia is primarily a large desert and semi-desert plateau.]] Namibia extends from 17°S to 25°S latitude: climatically the range of the sub-Tropical High Pressure Belt. Its overall climate description is arid, descending from the Sub-Humid [mean rain above {{cvt|500|mm|in|0}}] through Semi-Arid [between {{cvt|300 and 500|mm|in|0}}] (embracing most of the waterless Kalahari) and Arid [from {{cvt|150 to 300|mm|in|0}}] (these three regions are inland from the western [[Great Escarpment, Southern Africa|escarpment]]) to the Hyper-Arid coastal plain [less than {{cvt|100|mm|in|0}}]. Temperature maxima are limited by the overall elevation of the entire region: only in the far south, [[Warmbad, Namibia|Warmbad]] for instance, are maxima above {{cvt|40|C|F}} recorded.<ref>"Paper and digital Climate Section". Namibia Meteorological Services</ref> Typically the sub-Tropical High Pressure Belt, with frequent clear skies, provides more than 300 days of sunshine per year. It is situated at the southern edge of the tropics; the [[Tropic of Capricorn]] cuts the country about in half. The winter (June&nbsp;– August) is generally dry. Both rainy seasons occur in summer: the small rainy season between September and November, the big one between February and April.<ref>{{cite web |publisher=Real Namibia |title=The Rainy Season |url=http://www.realnamibia.com/rn_028rainyseason.htm |access-date=28 July 2010 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100906094745/http://www.realnamibia.com/rn_028rainyseason.htm |archive-date=6 September 2010}}</ref> Humidity is low, and average [[rain]]fall varies from almost zero in the [[Skeleton Coast|coastal desert]] to more than {{cvt|600|mm|in|0}} in the Caprivi Strip. Rainfall is highly variable, and droughts are common.<ref name="EBClimate">{{cite encyclopedia |title=Namibia |url=https://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/402283/Namibia/43996 |encyclopedia=[[Encyclopædia Britannica]] |access-date=28 July 2010}}</ref> In the summer of 2006/07 the rainfall was recorded far below the annual average.<ref name="Olszewski1">{{Cite news |last=Olszewski |first=John |newspaper=[[Namibia Economist]] |title=Climate change forces us to recognise new normals |url=http://www.economist.com.na/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&catid=531:weather&id=14308:climate-change-forces-us-to-recognise-new-normals&Itemid=54 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110513062850/http://www.economist.com.na/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&catid=531:weather&id=14308:climate-change-forces-us-to-recognise-new-normals&Itemid=54 |archive-date=13 May 2011 |date=13 May 2009}}</ref> In May 2019, Namibia declared a state of emergency in response to the drought,<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.africanews.com/2019/05/06/namibia-declares-national-state-of-emergency-over-drought/|title=Namibia declares national state of emergency over drought|last=AfricaNews|date=2019-05-06|website=Africanews|language=en|access-date=2019-05-20}}</ref> and extended it by additional 6 months in October 2019.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Namibian|first=The|title=State of drought emergency extended|url=https://www.namibian.com.na/index.php?page=archive-read&id=193796|access-date=2020-11-24|website=The Namibian|language=en|archive-date=10 March 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210310104544/https://www.namibian.com.na/index.php?page=archive-read&id=193796|url-status=dead}}</ref> Weather and climate in the coastal area are dominated by the cold, north-flowing [[Benguela Current]] of the Atlantic Ocean, which accounts for very low [[Precipitation (meteorology)|precipitation]] ({{cvt|50|mm|in|0}} per year or less), frequent dense fog, and overall lower temperatures than in the rest of the country.<ref name="EBClimate"/> In Winter, occasionally a condition known as ''{{lang|de|[[Bergwind]]}}'' (German for "mountain wind") or ''{{lang|af|Oosweer}}'' ([[Afrikaans]] for "east weather") occurs, a hot dry wind blowing from the inland to the coast. As the area behind the coast is a desert, these winds can develop into sand storms, leaving sand deposits in the Atlantic Ocean that are visible on satellite images.<ref name="Olszewski2">{{Cite news |last=Olszewski |first=John |newspaper=Namibia Economist |title=Understanding Weather&nbsp;– not predicting it |url=http://www.economist.com.na/index.php?option=com_content&view=category&layout=blog&id=575&Itemid=54&limitstart=5 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101207061033/http://www.economist.com.na/index.php?option=com_content&view=category&layout=blog&id=575&Itemid=54&limitstart=5 |archive-date=7 December 2010 |date=25 June 2010}}</ref> The Central Plateau and Kalahari areas have wide [[Diurnal temperature variation|diurnal]] temperature ranges of up to 30C (54F).<ref name="EBClimate"/> ''Efundja'', the annual seasonal flooding of the northern parts of the country, often causes not only damage to infrastructure but loss of life.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.unmultimedia.org/radio/english/2011/04/debilitating-floods-hit-northern-and-central-namibia/ |title=Debilitating floods hit northern and central Namibia |last=Adams |first=Gerry |date=15 April 2011 |publisher=United Nations Radio |access-date=19 February 2012 |archive-date=20 December 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161220185613/http://www.unmultimedia.org/radio/english/2011/04/debilitating-floods-hit-northern-and-central-namibia/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> The rains that cause these floods originate in Angola, flow into Namibia's [[Cuvelai-Etosha Basin]], and fill the ''oshanas'' ([[Oshiwambo]]: flood plains) there. The worst floods {{As of|2012|alt=so far}} occurred in March 2011 and displaced 21,000 people.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.namibian.com.na/index.php?id=28&tx_ttnews%5Btt_news%5D=79689&no_cache=1 |title=Heaviest floods ever in Namibia |last=van den Bosch |first=Servaas |date=29 March 2011 |work=[[The Namibian]]}}</ref> ===Water sources=== {{Main|Water supply and sanitation in Namibia}} Namibia is the driest country in [[sub-Saharan Africa]] and depends largely on groundwater. With an average rainfall of about {{cvt|350|mm|in|0}} per annum, the highest rainfall occurs in the Caprivi Strip in the northeast (about {{cvt|600|mm|in|0}} per annum) and decreases in a westerly and southwesterly direction to as little as {{cvt|50|mm|in|0}} and less per annum at the coast. The only perennial rivers are found on the national borders with South Africa, Angola, Zambia, and the short border with Botswana in the Caprivi Strip. In the interior of the country, surface water is available only in the summer months when rivers are in flood after exceptional rainfalls. Otherwise, surface water is restricted to a few large storage dams retaining and damming up these seasonal floods and their run-off. Where people do not live near perennial rivers or make use of the storage dams, they are dependent on groundwater. Even isolated communities and those economic activities located far from good surface water sources, such as mining, agriculture, and tourism, can be supplied from groundwater over nearly 80% of the country.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.iwrm-namibia.info.na/iwrm/fundaments-in-iwrm/groundwater-in-namibia/index.php |title=Groundwater in Namibia |website=Integrated Water Resource Management |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160729155617/http://www.iwrm-namibia.info.na/iwrm/fundaments-in-iwrm/groundwater-in-namibia/index.php |archive-date=29 July 2016 }}</ref> More than 100,000 [[borehole]]s have been drilled in Namibia over the past century. One third of these boreholes have been drilled dry.<ref>{{cite book |title=Groundwater in Namibia |url=http://www.namhydro.com/downloads.html |editor1=Greg Christelis |name-list-style=amp |editor2=Wilhelm Struckmeier |via=Namibian Hydrogeological Association |year=2001 |isbn=978-0-86976-571-5 |access-date=10 July 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150404091336/http://namhydro.com/downloads.html |archive-date=4 April 2015 |url-status=dead }}</ref> An [[aquifer]] called Ohangwena II, on both sides of the Angola-Namibia border, was discovered in 2012. It has been estimated to be capable of supplying a population of 800,000 people in the North for 400 years, at the current (2018) rate of consumption.<ref name=aqui>{{cite web|last=McGrath |first=Matt |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/science-environment-18875385 |title=Vast aquifer found in Namibia could last for centuries |publisher=BBC World |date=20 July 2012 |access-date=10 September 2013}}</ref> Experts estimate that Namibia has {{convert|7,720|km3|cumi|abbr=on}} of underground water.<ref name=afr>{{cite web|last=McGrath |first=Matt |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/science-environment-17775211 |title='Huge' water resource exists under Africa |publisher=BBC World Service |date=20 April 2012 |access-date=10 September 2013}}</ref><ref name=aqmap/> According to [[African Folder,]] a sewage-to-water treatment project in Namibia not only provides citizens with safe drinking water but also boosts productivity by 6% per year. All pollutants and impurities are removed using cutting-edge "multi-barrier" technology, which includes residual chlorination, ozone treatment, and ultra membrane filtration. Strict bio-monitoring methods are also used throughout the process to ensure high-quality, safe drinking water.<ref>{{cite web |title=How Namibia Is Recycling Drinking Water From Toilet To Tap |url=https://africanfolder.com/how-namibia-is-recycling-drinking-water-from-toilet-to-tap/|website=African Folder|last=Jayeoba |first=Deborah|date=16 January 2023 |access-date=12 March 2023}}</ref> ===Communal Wildlife Conservancies=== [[File:SAC Namibia-bushveld.jpg|thumb|upright=1.25|[[Quivertree]] Forest, [[Bushveld]]]] {{Main|Communal Wildlife Conservancies in Namibia}} Mu vyaru vichoko waka pa caru cose capasi, dango la boma la Namibia likuyowoyapo comene za kuvikilira na kuvikilira vinthu vyakuthupi. Ndime ya 95 yikuti, "Boma likulimbikira kukhozga na kusungilira umoyo uwemi wa ŵanthu pakutolera ndondomeko ya vyaru ivyo vikulondezga fundo izi: kusungilira vyamoyo, vinthu ivyo vikukhumbikwa pa umoyo wa ŵanthu, na vinthu ivyo vikukhumbikwa pa umoyo wa ŵanthu ku Namibia, kweniso kugwiliskira ntchito vinthu ivyo vikukhumbikwa pa umoyo wa ŵanthu ku Namibia kuti ŵanthu wose ŵa mu charu ichi ŵasange chandulo sono na munthazi". Mu 1993, boma liphya la Namibia likapokera ndalama kufuma ku wupu wa United States Agency for International Development (USAID) kwizira mu pulogiramu yawo ya Living in a Finite Environment (LIFE). Unduna wa vya Munda na Ulendo, na wovwiri wa ndalama kufuma ku mawupu nga ni USAID, Endangered Wildlife Trust, WWF, na Canadian Ambassador's Fund, wose pamoza ŵakuzenga ndondomeko ya kovwira ŵanthu pa nkhani ya kulongozga vinthu vyakuthupi (CBNRM). Cholinga chachikulu cha polojekitiyi ndikuthandizira kusamalira zachilengedwe mwa kupereka ufulu kwa anthu ammudzi kuti azisamalira zachilengedwe ndi zokopa alendo.<ref name=UNEP/> == Government and politics == [[File:Tintenpalast-Windhoek.jpg|thumb|{{center|[[Tintenpalast]], the centre of Namibia's government}}]] {{Main|Politics of Namibia|Elections in Namibia}} Namibia ni chalo icho chili na nduna yimoza. Pulezidenti wa ku Namibia wakusankhika kwa vyaka vinkhondi ndipo ni mulongozgi wa boma. Wose awo ŵali mu wupu wa boma ŵakuŵa na udindo ku wupu wa malango.{{refn|Article 41 of the Constitution of the Republic of Namibia.<ref name=CN/>}}<ref name="ECN">{{cite web|url=http://www.ecn.na/web/ecn/elections|title=How to Register as a Voter|publisher=Electoral Commission of Namibia|access-date=22 March 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180721014311/http://www.ecn.na/web/ecn/elections|archive-date=21 July 2018|url-status=dead}}</ref> The [[Constitution of Namibia]] outlines the following as the organs of the country's government:<ref name="Bösl">{{Cite book |last1=Shivute |first1=Peter |author-link1=Peter Shivute |editor1-last=Bösl |editor1-first=Anton |editor2-last=Horn |editor2-first=Nico |chapter-url=http://www.kas.de/wf/doc/kas_15058-544-2-30.pdf |chapter=Foreword |page=10 |title=The Independence of the Judiciary in Namibia |publisher=[[Macmillan Publishers|Macmillan Education Namibia]] |series= Publications sponsored by [[Konrad Adenauer Stiftung]] |isbn=978-99916-0-807-5 |year=2008 }}</ref> *Executive: executive power is exercised by the President and the [[Cabinet of Namibia|Government]]. *Legislature: Namibia has a [[Bicameralism|bicameral]] [[Parliament of Namibia|Parliament]] with the [[National Assembly of Namibia|National Assembly]] as [[lower house]], and the [[National Council of Namibia|National Council]] as the [[upper house]].<ref name="parliament153">{{cite web|title=National Council|url=http://www.parliament.gov.na/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=153&Itemid=1264|website=Parliament.gov.na|language=en|access-date=21 August 2020}}</ref> *[[Judiciary]]: Namibia has a system of courts that interpret and apply the law in the name of the state. While the constitution envisaged a [[multi-party system]] for Namibia's government, the [[SWAPO]] party has been [[Dominant-party system|dominant]] since independence in 1990.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.swapoparty.org/throw_out_nyamu_motion.html |title=SWAPO:Dominant party? |publisher=Swapoparty.org |access-date=26 August 2017 |archive-date=3 March 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160303222946/http://www.swapoparty.org/throw_out_nyamu_motion.html |url-status=dead }}</ref> ===Foreign relations=== {{Main|Foreign relations of Namibia}} [[File:Russia-Africa Summit in Sochi (2019-10-24).jpg|thumb|Namibian President [[Hage Geingob]] with African leaders and Russian President [[Vladimir Putin]] at the [[Russia–Africa Summit]] in Sochi, 24 October 2019]] Boma la Namibia likulondezga ndondomeko ya vyaru vyakupambanapambana, ndipo likulutilira kukolerana na vyaru ivyo vikawovwira pa nkhondo ya wanangwa, kusazgapo Cuba. Boma la Namibia lili na ŵasilikari ŵacoko waka kweniso ndarama zakusuzga, ntheura likukhumba kukhozga ubali wake na vyaru vya kumwera kwa Africa. Nga ni membala wa wupu wa Southern African Development Community, caru ca Namibia cikukhumba kuti ciŵe cakukolerana na vyaru vinyake. Pa 23 Epulero 1990, caru ici cikaŵa ciŵaro ca nambara 160 ca UN. Pa zuŵa ilo likapokelera wanangwa wake, likaŵa chalo cha nambara 50 mu Commonwealth of Nations. ===Military=== {{Main|Namibian Defence Force}} Kukwambilira kwa chaka cha 2020, The Global Firepower Index (GFP) yikayowoya kuti ŵasilikari ŵa ku Namibia ŵali pa malo gha 126 pa vyaru 137. Pa vyaru 34 vya mu Africa, Namibia nayo yili pa malo gha 28. Nangauli vikaŵa nthena, ndalama izo boma likagwiliskiranga nchito pa mulimo wa kuvikilira caru zikaŵa N$5,885 miliyoni (kuyana na ndalama izo zikaŵapo mu cilimika cakwambilira, zikakhira na 1.2%). Pafupifupi madola 6 biliyoni gha ku Namibia (US$411 miliyoni mu 2021) Unduna wa Chivikiliro ukupokela ndalama zinayi kufuma ku boma pa unduna uliwose. Ku Namibia kulije ŵalwani mu cigaŵa ici, nangauli kuli kukwesana pa nkhani ya mphaka na mapulani gha kuzenga. Ndondomeko ya boma la Namibia yikulongosora kuti mulimo wa ŵasilikari ni "kuvikilira caru na vinthu vya caru". Namibia yikapanga gulu la ŵasilikari (NDF), ilo likapangika na ŵasilikari awo ŵakasuzgikanga na nkhondo iyo yikacitika kwa vilimika 23: gulu la ŵasilikari la People's Liberation Army of Namibia (PLAN) na South West African Territorial Force (SWATF). Ŵabritishi ŵakanozga pulani ya umo ŵasilikari aŵa ŵakeneranga kukolerana, ndipo ŵakamba kusambizga ŵasilikari ŵa NDF, awo ŵakaŵa na likuru la ŵasilikari na magulu ghankhondi. Ŵasilikari ŵa ku Kenya awo ŵakagwiranga nchito na gulu la United Nations Transitional Assistance Group (UNTAG) ŵakakhala ku Namibia kwa myezi yitatu kuti ŵasambizge ŵasilikari ŵa NDF kweniso kuti ŵakhazikiske mtende ku mpoto kwa charu ichi. Kuyana na ivyo Unduna wa Vyankhondo wa ku Namibia ukayowoya, ŵanalume na ŵanakazi ŵakukwana 7,500 ndiwo ŵanjirenge usilikari. Mkulu wa Nkhondo ya Namibia ndi Air Vice Marshal Martin Kambulu Pinehas (kuyambira pa 1 April 2020). Mu 2017, charu cha Namibia chikasayinira phangano la UN lakukanizga kugwiliskira nchito vilwero vya nyukiliya.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://treaties.un.org/Pages/ViewDetails.aspx?src=TREATY&mtdsg_no=XXVI-9&chapter=26&clang=_en |title=Chapter XXVI: Disarmament&nbsp;– No. 9 Treaty on the Prohibition of Nuclear Weapons |publisher=United Nations Treaty Collection |date=7 July 2017}}</ref> ===Administrative divisions=== [[File:Namibia_14_regions-numbered.svg|340px|thumb|right|upright=1.8|[[Regions of Namibia]]]] {{Main|Administrative divisions of Namibia}} Charu cha Namibia chili kugaŵikana mu vigaŵa 14, ivyo navyo vili kugaŵikana mu vigaŵa 121. Kugaŵikana kwa Namibia kukupangika na ma komiti agho ghakupanga mphaka ndipo ghakupokelereka panji kukanizgika na wupu wa National Assembly. Kufuma apo boma ili likambira, makomiti ghanayi ghakupanga mphaka ya vigaŵa ghakapeleka mulimo wawo, ndipo laumaliro likaŵa mu 2013 ndipo likalongozgekanga na Mweruzgi Alfred Siboleka. Ŵalaraŵalara ŵa vigaŵa ŵakusoleka mwakudunjika na ŵanthu awo ŵakukhala mu vigaŵa vyawo. Boma la ku Namibia lingaŵa na maboma gha vigaŵa viŵiri (mabungwe gha chigaŵa chakwamba na chigaŵa chachiŵiri), maboma gha tawuni panji gha muzi.<ref name=alan>{{cite web |title=Local Authorities |url=http://www.alan.org.na/?q=localauthorities/list |publisher=Association of Local Authorities in Namibia |access-date=10 September 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130610203011/http://www.alan.org.na/?q=localauthorities%2Flist |archive-date=10 June 2013 |url-status=dead }}</ref>{{clear|left}} ===Human rights=== {{Main|Human rights in Namibia}} Namibia njimoza mwa vyaru vya mu Africa ivyo vili na wanangwa ndiposo vya demokarasi, ndipo boma lake likuvikilira wanangwa wa ŵanthu. Ndipouli, nkhani zikuru zikusazgapo vimbundi vya mu boma na unandi wa ŵakayidi. Kweniso ŵanthu awo ŵachimbira kwawo ŵakuzomerezgeka yayi kwenda mwakufwatuka. Dango ili likwendera yayi, kweni kugonana kwa ŵanalume panji ŵanakazi ŵekhaŵekha nkhukanizgika mu Namibia. Ŵanthu ŵanandi ŵakutemwera yayi panji kutinkhana na ŵanthu awo ŵakugonana na ŵanalume panji ŵanakazi ŵanyawo. Ŵalaraŵalara ŵanyake ŵa boma la Namibia na ŵanthu ŵakumanyikwa, nga ni Mulongozgi wa Boma la Namibia, John Walters, na mwanakazi wakwamba, Monica Geingos, ŵakukhumba kuti kugonana kwa ŵanalume panji ŵanakazi ŵekhaŵekha kulekerethu ndipo ŵakukhumba kuti ŵanalume panji ŵanakazi ŵekhaŵekha ŵaŵe na wanangwa wakuyana na wanangwa wawo.<ref name=":4">{{Cite web |date=2021-03-30 |title=2020 Country Reports on Human Rights Practices: Namibia |url=https://www.state.gov/reports/2020-country-reports-on-human-rights-practices/namibia/ |access-date=2021-05-24 |website=United States Department of State |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{cite news | title=Sodomy law's days numbered - Geingos | last=Beukes | first=Jemima | date=14 June 2019 | newspaper=[[Namibian Sun]] | url=https://www.namibiansun.com/news/sodomy-laws-days-numbered-geingos2019-06-13}}</ref> Mu Novembala 2018, vikalembeka kuti 32% ya ŵanakazi ŵa vyaka vyapakati pa 15 na 49 ŵakasuzgika na nkhaza na nkhaza za mu nyumba izo ŵakachitikanga na ŵawoli panji ŵabwezi ŵawo, ndipo 29.5% ya ŵanalume ŵakagomezganga kuti nkhaza izo ŵakachitiranga ŵawoli panji ŵabwezi ŵawo zikaŵa zakwenelera. Ndondomeko ya boma la Namibia yikupanga wanangwa, wanangwa na wanangwa wakuyana kwa ŵanakazi mu Namibia ndipo gulu la SWAPO, ilo liri pa mazaza mu Namibia, lakhazikiska ndondomeko yakuti ŵanakazi wose ŵaŵe na wanangwa wakuyana mu boma.<ref>{{cite news | title=Namibia's 'zebra' politics could make it stand out from the global herd | last=O'Riordan | first=Alexander | date=8 July 2014 | newspaper=[[The Guardian]] | url=https://www.theguardian.com/global-development/2014/jul/08/namibia-gender-equality-zebra-politics}}</ref><ref name="USDOS">Human Rights In Namibia (November 2021). [https://www.state.gov/reports/2021-country-reports-on-human-rights-practices/namibia/#:~:text=Significant%20human%20rights%20issues%20included,or%20elsewhere%20in%20the%20government. 2021 Country Report on Human Rights: Namibia]. state.gov</ref> ==Economy== {{Main|Economy of Namibia}} [[File:GDP per capita development in Southern Africa.svg|thumb|Historical GDP per capita development in southern African countries, since 1950]] [[File:Downtown Windhoek, Independence Avenue.jpg|thumb|Downtown [[Windhoek]]]] Namibia's economy is tied closely to [[Economy of South Africa|South Africa]]'s due to their shared history.<ref name="Intelligence1">[https://web.archive.org/web/20210110010829/https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/namibia Namibia]. ''[[The World Factbook]]''. [[Central Intelligence Agency]].</ref><ref name="Department1">{{cite web |url=http://ucblibraries.colorado.edu/govpubs/for/namibia.htm |title=Namibia |publisher=UCB Libraries GovPubs |access-date=26 August 2017 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160303221805/http://ucblibraries.colorado.edu/govpubs/for/namibia.htm |archive-date=3 March 2016}}</ref> The largest economic sectors are mining (10.4% of the gross domestic product in 2009), agriculture (5.0%), manufacturing (13.5%), and tourism (14.5%).<ref name=usds>{{cite web |url=https://2009-2017.state.gov/r/pa/ei/bgn/5472.htm |title=Background Note:Namibia |publisher=[[United States Department of State|US Department of State]] |date=26 October 2010|access-date=26 August 2017}}</ref> Namibia has a highly developed banking sector with modern infrastructures, such as online banking and cellphone banking. The [[Bank of Namibia]] (BoN) is the central bank of Namibia responsible for performing all other functions ordinarily performed by a central bank. There are five BoN authorised commercial banks in Namibia: Bank Windhoek, First National Bank, Nedbank, Standard Bank and Small and Medium Enterprises Bank.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.bon.com.na|title=Bank of Namibia (BoN)|access-date=3 April 2011}}</ref> Namibia's economy is characterised by a divide between the formal and the informal economies, which is in part aggravated by the legacy of apartheid spatial planning.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Laufs |first=Johannes |date=2011 |title=Document: Bridging the Economic Divide in Urban Areas of Namibia: Townships within the Local Economic Development Framework |url=http://rgdoi.net/10.13140/RG.2.1.1825.5600 |doi=10.13140/RG.2.1.1825.5600}}</ref> According to the Namibia Labour Force Survey Report 2012, conducted by the [[Namibia Statistics Agency]], the country's unemployment rate is 27.4%.<ref>{{cite web |date=9 April 2013 |url=http://www.microdata.nsa.org.na/index.php/catalog/9 |title=Namibia Labour Force Survey 2012 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131019214139/http://www.microdata.nsa.org.na/index.php/catalog/9 |archive-date=19 October 2013 |publisher=Namibia Statistics Agency }}</ref> "Strict unemployment" (people actively seeking a full-time job) stood at 20.2% in 2000, 21.9% in 2004 and spiralled to 29.4% in 2008. Under a broader definition (including people who have given up searching for employment) unemployment rose to 36.7% in 2004. This estimate considers people in the [[Informal sector|informal economy]] as employed. Labour and Social Welfare Minister [[Immanuel Ngatjizeko]] praised the 2008 study as "by far superior in scope and quality to any that has been available previously",<ref>Duddy, Jo-Mare (4 February 2010) [http://www.namibian.com.na/indexx.php?archive_id=62453&page_type=archive_story_detail&page=2592 "Half of all Namibians unemployed"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131002115959/http://www.namibian.com.na/indexx.php?archive_id=62453&page_type=archive_story_detail&page=2592 |date=2 October 2013 }}. ''The Namibian''</ref> but its methodology has also received criticism.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://allafrica.com/stories/201111180890.html |title=Mwinga speaks out on his findings |last=Ndjebela |first=Toivo |date=18 November 2011 |newspaper=[[New Era (Namibia)|New Era]]}}</ref> In 2004 a labour act was passed to protect people from job discrimination stemming from pregnancy and HIV/AIDS status. In early 2010 the Government [[tender board]] announced that "henceforth 100 per cent of all unskilled and semi-skilled labour must be sourced, without exception, from within Namibia".<ref>Mongudhi, Tileni (3 February 2010 ) [http://www.namibian.com.na/indexx.php?archive_id=62400&page_type=archive_story_detail&page=2597 "Tender Board tightens rules to protect jobs"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131002120324/http://www.namibian.com.na/indexx.php?archive_id=62400&page_type=archive_story_detail&page=2597 |date=2 October 2013 }}. ''The Namibian''</ref> In 2013, global business and financial news provider, [[Bloomberg L.P.|Bloomberg]], named Namibia the top emerging market economy in Africa and the 13th best in the world. Only four African countries made the Top 20 Emerging Markets list in the March 2013 issue of Bloomberg Markets magazine, and Namibia was rated ahead of [[Morocco]] (19th), South Africa (15th), and Zambia (14th). Worldwide, Namibia also fared better than Hungary, Brazil, and Mexico. Bloomberg Markets magazine ranked the top 20 based on more than a dozen criteria. The data came from Bloomberg's own financial-market statistics, IMF forecasts and the World Bank. The countries were also rated on areas of particular interest to foreign investors: the ease of doing business, the perceived level of corruption and economic freedom. To attract foreign investment, the government has made improvement in reducing red tape resulted from excessive government regulations, making Namibia one of the least bureaucratic places to do business in the region. Facilitation payments are occasionally demanded by customs due to cumbersome and costly customs procedures.<ref>{{cite web|title=Snapshot of Namibia Country Profile|url=http://www.business-anti-corruption.com/country-profiles/sub-saharan-africa/namibia/snapshot.aspx|publisher=Business Anti-Corruption Portal|access-date=6 February 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140220022104/http://www.business-anti-corruption.com/country-profiles/sub-saharan-africa/namibia/snapshot.aspx|archive-date=20 February 2014|url-status=dead}}</ref> Namibia is also classified as an Upper Middle Income country by the [[World Bank]], and ranks 87th out of 185 economies in terms of ease of doing business.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.doingbusiness.org/data/exploreeconomies/namibia/ |title=Namibia |publisher=Doingbusiness.org |date=10 January 2013 |access-date=10 September 2013 |archive-date=26 September 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130926174152/http://www.doingbusiness.org/data/exploreeconomies/namibia/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> The [[cost of living in Namibia]] is relatively high because most goods, including cereals, need to be imported. Its capital city, Windhoek, is the 150th most expensive place in the world for expatriates to live.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.xpatulator.com/outside.cfm?lid=142|title=Namibia, Windhoek Cost of Living|website=Apatulator.com|access-date=26 August 2017}}</ref> [[Taxation in Namibia]] includes personal income tax, which is applicable to the total taxable income of an individual. All individuals are taxed at progressive marginal rates over a series of income brackets. The value-added tax (VAT) is applicable to most of the commodities and services.<ref>PAYE12 Volume 18 published by The Ministry of Finance in Namibia</ref> [[File:Sandstorm while driving from Swakopmund to Walfish Bay, 2005.jpg|thumb|The [[B2 road (Namibia)|B2]] between [[Swakopmund]] and [[Walvis Bay]], Namibia]] Despite the remote nature of much of the country, Namibia has seaports, airports, highways, and [[Rail transport in Namibia|railways]] (narrow-gauge). It seeks to become a regional transportation hub; it has an important seaport and several landlocked neighbours. The Central Plateau already serves as a [[transportation corridor]] from the more densely populated north to South Africa, the source of four-fifths of Namibia's imports.<ref name="World Almanac 2004" /> ===Agriculture=== {{Main|Agriculture in Namibia}} [[File:Schildburgsdorf.jpg|thumb|Welcoming sign of the ''Burgsdorf'' farm in [[Hardap Region|Hardap]]]] Pafupifupi hafu ya ŵanthu ŵa mu Namibia ŵakuthemba ulimi kuti ŵasange vyakukhumbikwa pa umoyo, kweni nanga ni sono ŵakukhumbikwira kunjizga vyakurya vinyake mu charu. Nangauli ciŵelengero ca ŵanthu awo ŵakukhala mu caru ici cikujumpha ciŵelengero ca ŵanthu awo ŵakukhala mu vyaru vikavu comene vya mu Africa, kweni ŵanthu ŵanandi mu caru ici ŵakukhala mu mizi ndipo ŵakukhumbikwira ndalama zinandi kuti ŵasange vyakukhumbikwa pa umoyo. Ku Namibia ndiko kuli ŵanthu ŵanandi chomene ŵambura kupokera ndalama zakukwana, cifukwa cakuti ŵanthu ŵanandi ŵakukhala mu matawuni, ndipo ŵanandi ŵakukhala mu mizi. Ntheura, pa mdauko uwu, pali ŵanthu awo ŵakuthemba yayi chuma kuti ŵasange vyakukhumbikwa pa umoyo. Nangauli charu cha Namibia chili na vyakurya vyakukwana 1 peresenti yayi, kweni ŵanthu pafupifupi hafu ya ŵanthu wose ŵali mu ulimi..<ref name="World Almanac 2004">World Almanac. 2004.</ref> Pafupifupi hafu ya minda ya ku Namibia yili mu mawoko gha ŵalimi pafupifupi 4,000. Mu 2004, boma la United Kingdom likapeleka ndalama zakukwana madola 180,000 ku boma la Namibia kuti lipeleke ndalama zakovwilira pa mulimo wa kunozga malo. Germany yapeleka ndalama zakukwana €1.1billion mu 2021 kwa vyaka 30 kuti yilute ku ŵanthu awo ŵakakomeka mu vyaka vya m'ma 1900, kweni ndalama izi zilute ku vinthu vyakuzenga, vyaumoyo, na masambiro, kuti zikagwirenge ntchito pa vinthu vya malo yayi. Mu vyaru vinyake, ŵanthu ŵakughanaghana kuti vinthu viheni ivyo vikuchitika mu caru vingapangiska kuti ŵanthu ŵaleke kugwiliskira nchito vinthu ivi. Kweni ndalama izo zikufuma ku ŵanthu awo ŵakugwiliskira nchito vinthu ivi zikovwira kuti ŵanthu ŵaleke kusanga ndalama zinandi. Cimoza mwa vinthu ivyo vikukura comene mu caru ca Namibia ni malo ghakusungirako vinyama. Vinthu ivi ni vyakuzirwa comene ku ŵanthu awo ŵakukhala ku mizi, awo kanandi ŵakusoŵa nchito. ===Mining and electricity=== {{main|Mining in Namibia}} Munda wa migodi ndiwo ukupeleka ndalama zinandi chomene ku charu cha Namibia. Namibia ni caru cacinayi pa vyaru ivyo vikupanga mafuta ghakununkhira mu Africa, ndipo pa vyaru vyose ivyo vikupanga uranium, ico cikaŵa cacinayi. Pali ndalama zinandi izo zaŵikika mu migodi ya uranium ndipo Namibia wakunozgekera kuti yiŵe charu chikuru icho chikufumiska uranium mu 2015. Ndipouli, mu chaka cha 2019, charu cha Namibia chikalutilira kupanga matani 750 gha uranium pa chaka, ndipo ichi chikapangiska kuti charu ichi chiŵe na vyakurya vinandi yayi pa charu chose chapasi.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.mining.com/web/70-years-of-global-uranium-production-by-country/ |title=70 years of global uranium production by country |first=Govind |last=Bhutada |date=September 23, 2021 |publisher=Visual Capitalist Elements |via=Mining.Com}}</ref> Pakuti ku Namibia kuli malibwe ghanandi gha dayamondi, ndiko kukusangika malibwe gha mtengo wapatali comene. Nangauli charu cha Namibia chikumanyikwa kuti chili na malibwe gha dayamondi na uranium, kweni ŵanthu ŵakufumiskamo vinthu vinyake nga ni tungsten, golide, tin, fluorspar, manganese, marble, mkuŵa, na zinc. Mu nyanja ya Atlantic muli mafuta ghanandi agho ŵanthu ŵaghanaghanenge kughagura kunthazi. Kuyana na buku la "The Diamond Investigation", ilo likuyowoya za malonda gha dayamondi pa caru cose, kufuma mu 1978, De Beers, kampani yikuru comene ya dayamondi, yikaguranga dayamondi zinandi za ku Namibia, ndipo yikalutilira kucita nthena, cifukwa cakuti "ufumu uliwose uwo uzamwiza ku muwuso uzamukhumbikwira ndalama izi kuti uŵe na umoyo". Vuto la magetsi m'nyumba ndi 220 V AC. Magesi ghakufumira ku malo ghakupangira magesi agho ghakupanga mphepo na maji. Nthowa zinyake zakupangira magesi nazo zikovwira. Mu 2010, boma la Namibia likakhumba kuzenga malo ghakugwilira nchito ya nyukiliya mu 2018. Ŵakapangaso ndondomeko yakuti pa malo agha paŵikikikenge vyakununkhira vya uranium.<ref name=Saveorsink>{{cite news|title=Uranium: Saving or sinking Namibia? |last=Weidlich |first=Brigitte |newspaper=[[The Namibian]] |date=7 January 2011 |url=http://www.namibian.com.na/news/full-story/archive/2011/january/article/uranium-saving-or-sinking-namibia |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110113120601/http://www.namibian.com.na/news/full-story/archive/2011/january/article/uranium-saving-or-sinking-namibia |archive-date=13 January 2011 }}</ref> ===Diamonds=== Nangauli malibwe ghanandi gha dayamondi ghakufuma ku Africa, kweni ku Namibia kulije nkhondo, kupoka, na kukoma ŵanthu nga umo viliri mu vyaru vinyake vya mu Africa. Vinthu ivi vikuchitika chifukwa cha umo vinthu viliri pa ndyali, umo chuma chiliri, masuzgo agho ŵanthu ŵakukumana nagho, umo vinthu viliri pa ndyali, kweniso chifukwa cha umo vinthu viliri mu vigaŵa vinyake.<ref>{{cite journal|journal=South African Security|title=Diamonds Without Blood: A Look at Namibia|author=Nathan Munier|date=1 March 2016|volume=9|issue=1|pages=21–41|doi=10.1080/19392206.2016.1132903|s2cid=147267236}}</ref> ===Oil and natural gas=== Vikuwoneka kuti mu 2022, visimi viŵiri vya ku Orange vingaŵa na mafuta ghakukwana 2 biliyoni na 3 biliyoni. Ndalama izo ŵakulindizga kuti ŵazakasange zingawovwira kuti vinthu visinthe mu charu cha Namibia na kovwira kuti vinthu viŵe makora.<ref name="bra1">{{cite news |last1=Brandt |first1=Edgar |title=Namibia: Orange Basin potential shoots up to billions of barrels |url=https://allafrica.com/stories/202204080598.html |access-date=13 April 2022 |agency=allafrica.com |publisher=AllAfrica, New Era |date=8 April 2022}}</ref> ===Tourism=== {{Main|Tourism in Namibia}} [[File:Equus burchelli 4.jpg|thumb|An example of Namibian wildlife, the [[plains zebra]], is one focus of tourism.]] Ntchito zaulendo zikovwira comene (14.5%) pa GDP ya Namibia, ndipo zikupangiska nchito zinandi (18.2% za nchito zose) mwakudunjika panji mwakudunjika yayi, kweniso zikovwira ŵalendo ŵakujumpha miliyoni pa caka. Caru ici nchakudokeka comene mu Africa ndipo cikumanyikwa kuti ŵanthu ŵakuwona malo agho kuli vinyama na vinyama. Ku malo agha kuli malo ghanandi agho ŵanthu awo ŵakukhumba kuwona malo ghakupambanapambana ŵakugona. Kusanga vyakurya na vyakurya vyakukhumbikwa pa ulendo wa ku Namibia ni vigaŵa vikuru na vyakukhora vya ndalama za ku Namibia. Mu 2000, vyakurya ivi vikawovwira kuti kuŵe na vyakurya vyakukhumbikwa pa ulendo wa ku Namibia. Kweniso, maseŵero ghanyake ghakofya nga ni kujumpha mu maji, kuduka kufuma pasi, na kukwera galimoto ya 4x4 ghakumanyikwa chomene, ndipo mu misumba yinandi muli makampani agho ghakwendeska ŵanthu. Malo agho ŵanthu ŵanandi ŵakuluta ni Windhoek, Caprivi Strip, Fish River Canyon, Sossusvlei, Skeleton Coast Park, Sesriem, Etosha Pan na matawuni gha Swakopmund, Walvis Bay na Lüderitz.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.namibiatourism.com.na/namibia-top-attractions/ |title=Namibia top tourist destinations |publisher=Namibiatourism.com.na |access-date=26 August 2017 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161227102320/http://www.namibiatourism.com.na/namibia-top-attractions/ |archive-date=27 December 2016}}</ref> Windhoek ni malo ghakuzirwa chomene ku Namibia chifukwa cha malo agho ghakusangika kweniso chifukwa chakuti yili pafupi na Hosea Kutako International Airport. Malinga ndi kafukufuku wa The Namibia Tourism Exit Survey, omwe adapangidwa ndi Millennium Challenge Corporation ku Namibian Directorate of Tourism, 56% ya alendo onse omwe adapita ku Namibia mu 2012 ⁇ 13 adapita ku Windhoek. Maofesi ghanandi gha boma na mawupu agho ghakwendakwenda nga ni Namibia Wildlife Resorts na Namibia Tourism Board kweniso mabungwe agho ghakwendakwenda nga ni Hospitality Association of Namibia ghali na ofesi yawo yikuru ku Windhoek. Mu tawuni iyi muli malo ghanandi ghakukhala ŵanthu nga ni Windhoek Country Club Resort na malo ghanyake ghakukhala ŵanthu nga ni Hilton Hotels and Resorts. Wupu wakuwona vya maulendo ku Namibia, wakuchemeka kuti Namibia Tourism Board (NTB), ukakhazikiskika na dango la chalo cha Namibia la 2000 (Act 21 of 2000). Chilato chake nchakuti boma liŵikenge malango ghakwendeskera vyamwendekero ndiposo kuti Namibia yiŵe malo ghakwendera vyamwendekero. Ku Namibia kuli mabungwe ghanandi agho ghakwendakwenda, nga ni Federation of Namibia Tourism Associations (bungwe ilo likwimira mabungwe ghose agho ghakwendakwenda), Hospitality Association of Namibia, Association of Namibian Travel Agents, Car Rental Association of Namibia na Tour and Safari Association of Namibia. ===Water supply and sanitation=== {{Main|Water supply and sanitation in Namibia}} Ku Namibia, maji ghakukwana ghakupelekeka na kampani ya NamWater, iyo yikuguliska maji ku matawuni agho ghakuguliska maji kwizira mu magesi. Mu vigaŵa vya ku mizi, Dipatimenti Yakupeleka Maji ku Vigaŵa vya ku Mizi mu Unduna wa vya Vyakurya, Vyakumwa na Vyamuthengere ndiyo yikupanga maji ghakumwa. Mu 2011, wupu wa UN ukawona kuti kufuma waka apo charu cha Namibia chikamba kujiwusa mu 1990, maji ghakwenda makora chomene. Kweni ŵanthu ŵanandi ŵakutondeka kugwiliskira nchito maji agha cifukwa cakuti ghalije nchito ndiposo cifukwa cakuti malo ghakusungiramo maji ghali kutali comene na ku mizi. Lekani ŵanthu ŵanandi ŵa ku Namibia ŵakutemwa visimi vya mu mphepete mwa nyanja m'malo mwa visimi vya maji ivyo vili kutali.<ref name=":1">{{Cite news|url = http://www.namibian.com.na/news/full-story/archive/2011/july/article/red-alert-on-sanitation-and-safe-drinking-water/|title = Red alert on sanitation and safe drinking water|last = Smith|first = Jana–Mari|date = 12 July 2011|work = [[The Namibian]]|url-status=dead|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20120531123557/http://www.namibian.com.na/news/full-story/archive/2011/july/article/red-alert-on-sanitation-and-safe-drinking-water/|archive-date = 31 May 2012|df = dmy-all}}</ref> Kuyana na umo ŵanthu ŵakucitira kuti ŵaŵe na maji ghawemi, mu Namibia mulije maji ghawemi. Pa sukulu izi pali masukulu 298 agho ghalije vimbuzi. Pafupifupi ŵana 50 pa 100 awo ŵakufwa, ŵakufwa cifukwa ca kusoŵa maji ghawemi, malo ghawemi ghakusungira vyakurya, panji cifukwa ca kulwaralwara; ndipo 23 pa 100 ŵakufwa cifukwa ca kusulura pera. Wupu wa UN ukayowoya kuti mu caru ici muli "kusoŵa maji". Ku vigaŵa vinandi, nyumba za ŵanthu ŵakuzirwa na ŵanthu ŵapakati ndizo zikukhalanga makora yayi. Vipinda vya ŵanthu ŵekha ni vyakudura comene ku ŵanthu wose mu matawuni cifukwa ca maji agho ŵakugwiliskira nchito na ndalama izo ŵakugwiliskira nchito pakuvizenga. Pa vigaŵa vya ku mizi, ŵanthu 13 pa ŵanthu 100 ŵali na maji ghawemi, apo mu 1990 ŵanthu 8 pera ndiwo ŵakaŵa na maji ghawemi. Ŵanandi awo ŵakukhala ku Namibia ŵakugwiliskira nchito "vipinda vyamumphepete", ivyo ni mathumba gha pulasitiki agho ŵakugwiliskira nchito para ŵakukhumba kukazuzga, ndipo para ŵaghagwiliskira nchito ŵakughataya mu thengere. Kugwiliskira nchito malo ghambura kuvunduka pafupi na malo ghakukhalamo kuti munthu wanjiremo na kukhalamo ni suzgo likuru ku ŵanthu.<ref name=":2">{{Cite news|url=http://www.namibian.com.na/indexx.php?id=11284&page_type=story_detail&category_id=1|title=More than 1 million Namibians defecate in open|last=Tjihenuna|first=Theresia|date=2 April 2014|work=[[The Namibian]]|access-date=26 August 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140407103151/http://www.namibian.com.na/indexx.php?id=11284&page_type=story_detail&category_id=1|archive-date=7 April 2014|url-status=dead}}</ref> ==Demographics== {{Main|Demographics of Namibia}} [[File:Namibia Population Density (2011).jpg|thumb|left|upright=1.5|Population density in Namibia by regions (census 2011)]] Pa vyaru vyose ivyo vili na wanangwa wakujiwusa, Namibia ndiyo yili na ŵanthu ŵachoko chomene, kufuma pa Mongolia. Mu 2017 ŵanthu ŵakaŵapo pafupifupi 3.08 pa km2. Kuyana na UN, mu 2015 mwanakazi yumoza wakababanga ŵana 3.47.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://datacatalog.worldbank.org/dataset/world-development-indicators|title=World Development Indicators (WDI) {{!}} Data Catalog|website=datacatalog.worldbank.org|access-date=9 July 2019}}</ref> ===Ethnic groups=== Ŵanandi mwa ŵanthu ŵa ku Namibia ŵakuyowoya ciyowoyero ca Bantu, comenecomene ŵa fuko la Ovambo, ilo ni hafu ya ŵanthu wose ŵa ku Namibia, ndipo ŵakukhala kumpoto kwa caru ici. Mitundu yinyake ni Herero na Himba, awo ŵakuyowoya ciyowoyero cakuyana na ici, na Damara, awo ŵakuyowoya ciyowoyero ca Khoekhoe nga ni Nama. Padera pa ŵantu ŵa mtundu wa Bantu, paliso magulu ghanandi gha ŵanthu ŵa mtundu wa Khoisan (nga ni Nama na San), awo mbana ŵa ŵanthu ŵa ku Southern Africa. Kweniso mu caru ici muli ŵanthu ŵanyake awo ŵakacimbira ku Angola. Paliso magulu ghaŵiri gha ŵanthu ŵamitundu yakupambanapambana, awo ŵakucemeka kuti "Coloureds" na "Basters", ndipo wose pamoza ŵali na ciŵelengero ca 8.0% (ŵanthu ŵa mitundu yakupambanapambana ŵakuluska ŵa mitundu yakupambanapambana). Ku Namibia kuli ŵanthu ŵanandi ŵa ku China, ndipo mu 2006 ŵanthu aŵa ŵakaŵa 40,000.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.migrationinformation.org/Feature/display.cfm?id=690 |title=China and Africa: Stronger Economic Ties Mean More Migration |author=Malia Politzer |publisher=Migration Information Source |date=August 2008 |access-date=10 September 2013}}</ref>[[File:Himba Woman and Family.JPG|thumb|[[Himba people]] in northern Namibia]] Ŵazungu (ŵakufuma ku Afrika, Germany, Britain na Portugal) ŵali pakati pa 4.0 na 7.0% mwa ŵanthu wose. Nangauli ciŵelengero ca ŵanthu aŵa cikakhira pamasinda pa kupokera wanangwa cifukwa ca kufumako ku vyaru vinyake ndiposo cifukwa ca kucepa kwa ŵana awo ŵakubabika, kweni ŵacali kuŵa ŵaciŵiri pa ŵanthu ŵa ku Europe, mu viŵelengero vyawo na viŵelengero vyawo, mu vyaru vya kumwera kwa Sahara (pamanyuma pa South Africa).<ref name=CIA>{{cite web|author=Central Intelligence Agency |author-link=CIA |work=[[The World Factbook]]|title=Namibia |url=https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/namibia/ |year=2009|access-date=23 January 2010}}</ref> Ŵazungu ŵanandi ŵa ku Namibia na ŵanthu ŵanyake ŵa mitundu yakupambanapambana ŵakuyowoya ciyowoyero ca Afrikaans ndipo ŵali na mitheto yakuyana na ya ŵanthu ŵa ku South Africa. Ŵazungu ŵanandi (pafupifupi 30,000) ŵali kufuma ku ŵa German awo ŵakakhalanga ku Namibia pambere ŵandambe kuwukira caru ca South Africa pa Nkhondo Yakwamba ya Caru Cose, ndipo ŵali na masukulu na masukulu gha ku Germany. Pafupifupi ŵanthu wose ŵa ku Portugal awo ŵakakhalanga mu caru ici ŵakafuma ku Angola, uko kale kukaŵa caru ca Portugal. Mu 1960, ku South-West Africa kukaŵa ŵanthu 526,004, ndipo 73,464 ŵakaŵa ŵazungu (14 peresenti).<ref>{{Cite book |last=Singh |first= Lalita Prasad |title = The United Nations and Namibia |publisher=East African Publishing House |year = 1980}}</ref> [[File:Toutrek.jpg|thumb|[[Afrikaner]] children in Namibia]] ===Censuses=== Ku Namibia, pakuŵa kalembera wa ŵanthu para pajumpha vilimika khumi. Ŵakati ŵaŵa na wanangwa, ŵakalemba ŵanthu na nyumba zawo mu 1991. Ŵakalembaso mu 2001, 2011, na 2023 (ŵakacedwa vyaka viŵiri cifukwa ca nthenda ya COVID-19 kweniso cifukwa ca suzgo la ndalama). Nthowa yakupimira ni kupenda ŵanthu wose awo ŵakukhala mu Namibia pa zuŵa ilo ŵakalembeka, kulikose uko ŵakukhala. Nthowa iyi yikucemeka de facto. Kuyana na ndondomeko ya kalembera iyi, caru ici cagaŵika mu vigaŵa 4,042. Malo agha ghakupambana yayi na mphaka za malo ghakusankhirapo kuti ŵasange fundo zakugomezgeka zakukhwaskana na mavoti. Mu 2011, ŵanthu ŵakakwana 2,113,077. Pakati pa 2001 na 2011 chiŵelengero cha ŵanthu icho chikakwera chaka chilichose chikaŵa 1.4%, kuyana na 2.6% mu vyaka 10 vyakumasinda.<ref name=snapshot>{{cite news |url=http://allafrica.com/stories/201303280355.html?page=2 |title=Census gives snapshot of Namibia's population |last=Duddy |first=Jo Maré |date=28 March 2013 |newspaper=[[The Namibian]]|access-date=26 August 2017}}</ref> ===Urban settlements=== {{Main|List of cities and towns in Namibia}} Ku Namibia kuli matawuni 13, agho ghakulamulirwa na ma municipalities na matawuni 26, agho ghakulamulirwa na town councils.<ref name=EW15>{{Cite news | title=Know Your Local Authority | publisher=Institute for Public Policy Research | newspaper=Election Watch | year = 2015 | issue=3 | page=4}}</ref><ref>{{cite news | last=Hartman | first=Adam | title=Town regrading a 'sad move' | newspaper=[[The Namibian]] | date=27 Aug 2010 | page=1 | url=https://www.namibian.com.na/index.php?id=69963&page=archive-read | url-status=live | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120317023725/http://www.namibian.com.na/news-articles/national/full-story/archive/2010/august/article/town-regrading-a-sad-move/ | archive-date=2012-03-17}}</ref> Windhoek, uwo ni msumba ukuru, ndiwo ni msumba ukuru comene mu Namibia. {{Largest cities | country = Namibia | stat_ref = According to the 2011 Census<ref>{{cite web |url=http://citypopulation.de/Namibia.html |title=Namibia |website=citypopulation.de |access-date=16 February 2022}}</ref> | list_by_pop = | div_name = Region | div_link = | city_1 = Windhoek | div_1 = Khomas Region{{!}}Khomas | pop_1 = 325,858 | img_1 = Klein-Windhoek 01.jpg | city_2 = Rundu | div_2 = Kavango Region{{!}}Kavango | pop_2 = 63,431 | img_2 = Rundu, Namibia, Okavango-River, Angola (2018).jpg | city_3 = Walvis Bay | div_3 = Erongo Region{{!}}Erongo | pop_3 = 62,096 | img_3 = Walvis Bay aerial.jpg | city_4 = Swakopmund | div_4 = Erongo Region{{!}}Erongo | pop_4 = 44,725 | img_4 = Mole, Jetty and Lighthouse Swakopmund, Namibia.jpg | city_5 = Oshakati | div_5 = Oshana Region{{!}}Oshana | pop_5 = 36,541 | city_6 = Rehoboth, Namibia{{!}}Rehoboth | div_6 = Hardap Region{{!}}Hardap | pop_6 = 28,843 | city_7 = Katima Mulilo | div_7 = Zambezi Region{{!}}Zambezi | pop_7 = 28,362 | city_8 = Otjiwarongo | div_8 = Otjozondjupa Region{{!}}Otjozondjupa | pop_8 = 28,249 | city_9 = Ondangwa | div_9 = Oshana Region {{!}}Oshana | pop_9 = 22,822 | city_10 = Okahandja | div_10 = Otjozondjupa Region{{!}}Otjozondjupa | pop_10 = 22,639 }} ===Religion=== {{Main|Religion in Namibia}} [[File:Swakopmund ev-luth Kirche 1.jpg|thumb|right|Lutheran church in [[Swakopmund]]]] Ŵanthu ŵanandi ku Namibia Mbakhristu, ndipo pafupifupi 75 pa ŵanthu 100 ŵaliwose ni Mapulotesitanti, ndipo 50 pa ŵanthu 100 ŵaliwose ni Malutere. Ŵanthu ŵa chisopa cha Lutheran ndiwo mbachoko chomene mu charu ichi, ndipo ŵali kufuma ku ŵanthu ŵa ku Germany na ŵa ku Finland awo ŵakambiska visopa ivi mu nyengo iyo charu ichi chikaŵa pasi pa Britain. Mu virimika vya m'ma 1800, ŵamishonale ŵakayamba nchito ya kupharazga, ndipo ŵanthu ŵanandi ŵa ku Namibia ŵakamba kuŵa Ŵakhristu. Mazuŵa ghano, Ŵakhristu ŵanandi mba Lutheran, kweni paliso Ŵakatolika ŵa Roma, ŵa Methodist, ŵa Anglican, ŵa African Methodist Episcopal, ŵa Dutch Reformed, ŵa Latter-day Saints, na Ŵakaboni ŵa Yehova. Ŵanandi mwa ŵanthu aŵa mba Nama, ndipo ŵalipo pafupifupi 9,000. Ku Namibia kuli Ŵayuda ŵacoko waka pafupifupi 100.<ref name="jewishvirtuallibrary1">{{cite web|url=https://www.jewishvirtuallibrary.org/jsource/vjw/namibia.html |title=Namibia: Virtual Jewish History Tour |publisher=Jewishvirtuallibrary.org |access-date=1 August 2013}}</ref> ===Languages=== {{Main|Languages of Namibia}} {{bar box |title=Languages in Namibia |titlebar=#ddd |left1=Languages |right1=percent |float=right |bars= {{bar percent|Oshiwambo|darkgreen|48.9}} {{bar percent|Khoekhoegowab|purple|11.3}} {{bar percent|Afrikaans|red|10.4}} {{bar percent|Otjiherero|black|8.6}} {{bar percent|RuKwangali|orange|8.5}} {{bar percent|siLozi|green|4.8}} {{bar percent|English|blue|3.4}} {{bar percent|German|teal|0.9}} {{bar percent|San|darkred|0.8}} {{bar percent|Setswana|gray|0.3}} {{bar percent|Other African|tan|1.2}} {{bar percent|Other European|lime|0.7}} {{bar percent|Asian|violet|0.1}} }} M'paka mu 1990, Cingelezi, Cijeremani, na Cifrikaans zikaŵa viyowoyero vya boma. Pambere caru ca Namibia cindafumeko ku South Africa, gulu la SWAPO likagomezganga kuti caru ici cikwenera kuŵa na ciyowoyero cimoza, ndipo likapambananga na caru ca South Africa (co cikapeleka mazaza ku viyowoyero vikuruvikuru vyose 11 vya mu caru ici), ico cikati "nthowa ya kusankhana mitundu na viyowoyero yikamanyikwa makora". Mwantheura, wupu wa SWAPO ukasora Cingelezi kuŵa ciyowoyero ca boma, nangauli ŵanthu pafupifupi 3 pa ŵanthu 100 ŵaliwose ndiwo ŵakuyowoya Cingelezi. Ndondomeko iyi yikugwira nchito pa nchito za boma, masambiro na pa wayilesi, comenecomene pa wayilesi ya boma ya NBC.<ref name=kriger>{{cite book |last1=Kriger |first1=Robert & Ethel |title=Afrikaans Literature: Recollection, Redefinition, Restitution. |date=1996 |publisher=Rodopi Bv Editions |isbn=978-9042000513 |pages=66–67}}</ref> Viyowoyero vinyake vya mu vyaru ivi vyazomerezgeka kusambizgika mu masukulu gha pulayimale. Masukulu ghapadera ghakwenera kulondezga fundo zakuyana waka na za boma, ndipo "Chingelezi" ni sambiro lakucicizgika. Ŵanthu ŵanyake ŵakususka kuti, nga umo vikaŵira mu vyaru vinyake vya mu Africa, ŵanthu ŵanandi ŵakuluta ku sukulu za chiyowoyero chimoza. Ŵanthu ŵanandi ŵakuluta ku sukulu za chiyowoyero chimoza. Kuyana na census ya mu 2011, viyowoyero ivyo vikuyowoyeka chomene ni Oshiwambo (chiyowoyero icho chikuyowoyeka na ŵanthu ŵanandi mu nyumba 49%), Khoekhoegowab (11.3%), Afrikaans (10.4%), RuKwangali (9%), na Otjiherero (9%). Ciyowoyero ico ŵanthu ŵanandi ŵakucimanya ni ciyowoyero ca Afrikaans, ico cikuyowoyeka mu caru ici. Viyowoyero vyose viŵiri, Cingelezi na Ciafrikaans, vikuyowoyeka pa caru cose. Kuyana na census ya mu chaka cha 2011, viyowoyelo vyose ivyo vikuyowoyeka ni 48.9% Oshiwambo, 11.3% Khoekhoegowab, 10.4% Afrikaans, 8.6% Otjiherero, 8.5% RuKwangali, 4.8% siLozi, 3.4% English, 1.2% Other African languages, 0.9% German, 0.8% San, 0.7% Other European languages, 0.3% Setswana, and 0.1% Asian languages. Ŵazungu ŵanandi ŵakuyowoya ciyowoyero ca Afrikaans panji Cigerman. Pakati pajumpha vilimika vyakujumpha 100 kufuma apo boma la Germany likamalira kulamulira caru ici, ciyowoyero ca Cijeremani cikulutilira kuŵa cakovwira comene pa malonda. Afrikaans yikuyowoyeka na 60% ya ŵazungu, German na 32%, English na 7% ndipo Portuguese na 4 ⁇ 5%. Pakuti charu ichi chili pafupi chomene na Angola, ŵanthu ŵanandi ŵakuyowoya Chiphwitikizi.<ref>{{Cite news | first=Catherine | last=Sasman | date=15 August 2011 | url= https://www.namibian.com.na/83964/archive-read/Portuguese-to-be-introduced-in-schools | title=Portuguese to be introduced in schools | newspaper=[[The Namibian]] | url-status=live | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121222082932/http://www.namibian.com.na/index.php?id=28&tx_ttnews%5Btt_news%5D=85817&no_cache=1 | archive-date=22 December 2012}}</ref> ===Health=== {{Main|Health in Namibia}} {{See also|HIV/AIDS in Namibia}} Mu 2017 ŵanthu ŵakakhala na umoyo vyaka 64, ndipo ichi ntchigaŵa cha ŵanthu ŵachoko chomene pa charu chose. Mu 2012, boma la Namibia likambiska pulogiramu ya National Health Extension Program. Mu pulogiramu iyi mukaŵa ŵanthu ŵakukwana 1,800 (2015), ndipo ŵanthu aŵa ŵakasambizgika umo ŵangapwelelera umoyo wawo kwa myezi 6. Mu pulogiramu iyi mukaŵaso ntchito ya kovwira ŵalwari, kupwelelera umoyo wawo, kupwelelera maji, kupwelelera umoyo wawo, kupima HIV, na kupwelelera ŵanthu awo ŵali na majeremusi. Namibia yikukumana na nthenda zakwambukira yayi. Kafukufuku wa Demographic and Health (2013) wakulongosora ivyo ŵasanga pa nkhani ya kuthamanga kwa ndopa, kuthamanga kwa ndopa, nthenda ya shuga, na kunenepa chomene:<ref>{{cite web |title=Going the extra mile to deliver health care |url=https://www.unicef.org/namibia/Health_Worker_HIS_print.pdf |publisher=unicef |date=7 August 2015 |access-date=11 July 2018 |archive-date=11 July 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180711093332/https://www.unicef.org/namibia/Health_Worker_HIS_print.pdf |url-status=dead }}</ref> * Among eligible respondents age 35–64, more than 4 in 10 women (44 percent) and men (45 percent) have elevated blood pressure or are currently taking medicine to lower their blood pressure. * Forty-nine percent of women and 61 percent of men are not aware that they have elevated blood pressure. * Forty-three percent of women and 34 percent of men with hypertension are taking medication for their condition. * Only 29 percent of women and 20 percent of men with hypertension are taking medication and have their blood pressure under control. * Six percent of women and 7 percent of men are diabetic; that is, they have elevated fasting plasma glucose values or report that they are taking diabetes medication. An additional 7 percent of women and 6 percent of men are prediabetic. * Sixty-seven percent of women and 74 percent of men with diabetes are taking medication to lower their blood glucose. * Women and men with a higher-than-normal body mass index (25.0 or higher) are more likely to have elevated blood pressure and elevated fasting blood glucose.<ref name=":3">{{citation-attribution|1={{cite web |title=Namibia Demographic and Health Survey 2013 |url=https://dhsprogram.com/pubs/pdf/FR298/FR298.pdf |publisher=Ministry of Health and Social Services |date=September 2014 |access-date=16 February 2022}}}}</ref> [[File:AIDS and HIV prevalence 2008.svg|thumb|upright=1.3|Estimated percentage of HIV among young adults (15–49) per country {{as of|2011|lc=y}}.<ref>{{cite web|title=AIDSinfo|url=http://www.unaids.org/en/dataanalysis/datatools/aidsinfo/|website=UNAIDS|access-date=4 March 2013|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130305203900/http://www.unaids.org/en/dataanalysis/datatools/aidsinfo/|archive-date=5 March 2013}}</ref> {{Col-begin}} {{Col-break}} {{legend|#b00000|<small>15–50</small>}} {{col-end}}]] Nthenda ya HIV yikulutilira kuŵa suzgo likuru ku Namibia nangauli Unduna wa vya Umoyo na Wovwiri pa vya Umoyo wa Ŵanthu wachita vinandi pa nkhani ya kovwira ŵanthu awo ŵali na nthenda iyi. Mu 2001, ŵanthu pafupifupi 210,000 ŵakaŵa na HIV/AIDS, ndipo ciŵelengero ca awo ŵakafwa mu 2003 cikaŵa 16,000. Kuyana na lipoti la UNAIDS la mu 2011, nthenda iyi mu Namibia "yikuwoneka kuti yikumara". Pakuti nthenda ya HIV/AIDS yacepeska ŵanthu awo ŵakugwira nchito, ciŵelengero ca ŵana ŵambura ŵapapi cikusazgikira. Boma ndilo likwenera kusambizga ŵana aŵa, kuŵapa cakurya, nyumba na vyakuvwara. Kafukufuku wakukhwaskana na umo ŵanthu ŵakukhalira na umoyo wawo, uyo wali na kachilombo ka HIV wakamara mu 2013 ndipo ukaŵa kachinayi pa kafukufuku wakukhwaskana na umo ŵanthu ŵakukhalira na umoyo wawo mu charu chose cha Namibia. DHS yikayowoya vinthu vyakuzirwa ivyo vikuchitika para ŵanthu ŵali na HIV: * Overall, 26 percent of men age 15–49 and 32 percent of those age 50–64 have been circumcised.&nbsp;HIV prevalence for men age 15–49 is lower among circumcised (8.0 percent) than among uncircumcised men (11.9 percent). The pattern of lower HIV prevalence among circumcised than uncircumcised men is observed across most background characteristics. For each age group, circumcised men have lower HIV prevalence than those who are not circumcised; the difference is especially pronounced for men age 35–39 and 45–49 (11.7 percentage points each). The difference in HIV prevalence between uncircumcised and circumcised men is larger among urban than rural men (5.2 percentage points versus 2.1 percentage points). * HIV prevalence among respondents age 15–49 is 16.9 percent for women and 10.9 percent for men. HIV prevalence rates among women and men age 50–64 are similar (16.7 percent and 16.0 percent, respectively). * HIV prevalence peaks in the 35–39 age group for both women and men (30.9 percent and 22.6 percent, respectively). It is lowest among respondents age 15–24 (2.5–6.4 percent for women and 2.0–3.4 percent for men). * Among respondents age 15–49, HIV prevalence is highest for women and men in Zambezi (30.9 percent and 15.9 percent, respectively) and lowest for women in Omaheke (6.9 percent) and men in Ohangwena (6.6 percent). * In 76.4 percent of the 1,007 cohabiting couples who were tested for HIV in the 2013 NDHS, both partners were HIV negative; in 10.1 percent of the couples, both partners were HIV positive; and 13.5 percent of the couples were discordant (that is, one partner was infected with HIV and the other was not).<ref name=":3" /> Mu 2015, Unduna wa vya Umoyo na Wovwiri ku Ŵana na UNAIDS ukalemba lipoti la umo matenda gha HIV ghakuthandazgikira mu ŵanthu ŵa vyaka 15 kufika 49, ndipo likati ŵanthu pafupifupi 210,000 ŵakukhala na HIV. Suzgo ya maleriya yikuwoneka kuti yikusazgikira cifukwa ca nthenda ya AIDS. Kafukufuku wakulongora kuti ku Namibia, para munthu wali na HIV, wakulwaraso maleriya pafupifupi 14.5 peresenti. Kweniso para munthu wali na HIV, wakufwa na maleriya pafupifupi pa nyengo yimoza. Mu 2002 mu caru ici mukaŵa ŵadokotala 598 pera.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.afro.who.int/home/countries/fact_sheets/namibia.pdf |title=WHO Country Offices in the WHO African Region |publisher=Afro.who.int |access-date=26 June 2010 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100107105806/http://www.afro.who.int/home/countries/fact_sheets/namibia.pdf |archive-date=7 January 2010}}</ref> ==Mwambo== ===Sport=== {{Main|Sport in Namibia|Rugby union in Namibia}} [[File:Namibia Rugby Team.jpg|right|thumb|upright|The [[Namibia national rugby union team|Namibia rugby team]]]] Maseŵero ghakumanyikwa comene mu Namibia ni mpira. Timu ya mpira ya ku Namibia yikaluta ku Africa mu 1998, 2008 na 2019, kweni yichali yayi ku World Cup. Timu ya rugby ya ku Namibia ndiyo yikwenda makora comene pa nkhonyo zose, ndipo yalutapo pa nkhonyo zinkhondi na yimoza ya caru cose. Mu 1999, 2003, 2007, 2011, 2015 na 2019 Namibia yikaŵapo pa mpikisano wa Rugby World Cup. Charu cha India chikupanga maseŵero ghakupambanapambana, nga ni maseŵero gha Cricket World Cup 2003, ICC T20 World Cup 2021 na ICC Men's T20 World Cup 2022. Mu Disembala 2017, Namibia Cricket yikafika pa final ya Cricket South Africa (CSA) Provincial One Day Challenge kwa nyengo yakwamba.<ref name="NCYR">{{cite web |author=Helge Schütz |date=19 December 2017 |title=Namibia Cricket Year Review |url=https://www.namibian.com.na/62702/read/Namibia-Cricket-Year-Review |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171222051115/https://www.namibian.com.na/62702/read/Namibia-Cricket-Year-Review |archive-date=22 December 2017}}</ref> Mu Febuluwale 2018 ku Zimbabwe kukachitika chiphikiro cha ICC World Cricket League Division 2 icho chikachitikanga na Namibia, Kenya, UAE, Nepal, Canada na Oman. Kweniso Namibia yikafika pa malo ghakwenelera kuti yilute ku ICC T20 World Cup 2021 ndipo yikaluta ku Super 12. Munthu wakumanyikwa comene wa ku Namibia ni Frankie Fredericks, uyo wakucimbilira mtunda wa mamita 100 na 200. Wakawina mendulo zinayi za siliva pa maseŵero gha Olimpiki (1992, 1996) ndipo wali na mendulo zinandi pa maseŵero gha pa caru cose gha maseŵero ghakukhozga thupi. Trevor Dodds ndiyo wakawina mpikisano wa Greater Greensboro Open mu 1998, ndipo uwu ukaŵa mpikisano umoza mwa mipikisano 15 iyo wakachitapo pa umoyo wake. Mu 1998, wakaŵa pa nambara 78 pa caru cose. Dan Craven wakayimira Namibia pa maseŵero gha Olimpiki gha 2016 mu mpikisano wa pa msewu na mpikisano wa munthu payekha. Boxer Julius Indongo ni mulongozgi wa WBA, IBF, na IBO mu gulu la light welterweight. Munthu munyake wakumanyikwa comene wa ku Namibia ni Jacques Burger, uyo kale wakaseŵeranga rugby. Burger wakaseŵera mu timu ya Saracens na Aurillac ku Europe, kweniso wakaseŵera mu timu ya caru cose ya Spain maulendo 41. ===Media=== {{see also|Media of Namibia}} Nangauli caru ca Namibia cili na ŵanthu ŵacoko waka, kweni pali vinthu vinandi ivyo ŵanthu ŵakuyowoya. Pali ma TV ghaŵiri, mawayilesi 19 (kwambura kupenderako mawayilesi gha ŵanthu wose), na manyuzipepara 5 gha zuŵa na zuŵa, kweniso magazini ghanandi gha sabata yiliyose. Kweniso pali nkhani zinandi izo zikufuma ku vyaru vinyake, comenecomene ku South Africa. Ŵapharazgi ŵa pa Intaneti ŵakugwiliskira nchito mabuku ghakupulintira. Boma la Namibia lili na wupu wakulemba nkhani wakucemeka NAMPA. Ŵapharazgi pafupifupi 300 ŵakugwira nchito mu caru ici. Nyuzipepara yakwamba ya ku Namibia yikaŵa Windhoeker Anzeiger ya ciyowoyero ca Cijeremani, iyo yikamba mu 1898. Mu nyengo ya kuwusa kwa Germany, manyuzipepara ghakalongosoranga comene ivyo vikacitikanga nadi ndiposo maghanoghano gha ŵazungu awo ŵakayowoyanga Cigerman. Ŵazungu ŵanandi ŵakaŵayuyuranga panji ŵakaŵawonanga kuti mbakofya. Mu nyengo ya boma la South Africa, ŵanthu ŵacisungu ŵakalutilira kuŵa na maghanoghano ghambura kwenelera, ndipo boma la Pretoria likalutilira kuŵa na nkhongono pa nkhani za nyuzipepara za ku South West Africa. Ŵapharazgi ŵa nyuzipepara ŵakawonekanga nga kuti ŵakutimbanizga wupu uwo ukaŵako, ndipo kanandi ŵakawofyanga ŵanthu awo ŵakasuskanga boma.<ref name="Rothe">Rothe, Andreas (2010): Media System and News Selection in Namibia. p. 14–96</ref><ref>von Nahmen, Carsten (2001): Deutschsprachige Medien in Namibia</ref><ref name=Links>Links, Frederico (2006): ''We write what we like: The role of independent print media and independent reporting in Namibia''</ref> Manyuzipepara gha mazuŵa ghano ni The Namibian (Chingelezi na viyowoyero vinyake), Die Republikein (Chiafrikaans), Allgemeine Zeitung (Chijeremani) na Namibian Sun (Chingelezi) kweniso New Era (Chingelezi). Kupatulapo nyuzipepara yikuru ya The Namibian, iyo yili na ŵanthu awo ŵakugomezga, nyuzipepara zinyake izo zili mu gulu la Democratic Media Holdings. Ŵapharazgi ŵanyake awo ŵakulembeka mu manyuzipepara ni: Informanté, la TrustCo, Windhoek Observer, Namibia Economist, na Namib Times. Mu magazini ya Current Affairs muli mabuku nga ni Insight Namibia, Vision2030 Focus magazine na Prime FOCUS. Magazini ya Sister Namibia ndiyo yikugwira nchito kwa nyengo yitali mu Namibia, ndipo magazini ya Namibia Sport ndiyo yikupharazga vya maseŵero pa caru cose. Kweniso, mabuku ghakusindikizgika ghakulembeka na gulu la chipani, nyuzipepara za ŵana ŵa sukulu, na mabuku ghakuyowoya vya ŵanthu. Wayilesi yikamba mu 1969, ndipo TV yikamba mu 1981. Mulimo wa pa wayilesi na wa pa wayilesi lero ukucitika na wupu wa boma wa Namibia Broadcasting Corporation (NBC). Wupu uwu ukupeleka wayilesi ya TV na wayilesi ya "National Radio" mu Cingelezi na viyowoyero vinyake 9. Masiteshoni gha pa wayilesi ghakukwana 9 ghakupharazga comene Cingelezi, kupaturako Radio Omulunga (Oshiwambo) na Kosmos 94.1 (Afrikaans). TV ya One Africa yakhala ikulimbana ndi NBC kuyambira m'ma 2000.<ref name=Rothe/><ref name="oneafricabackground">[https://web.archive.org/web/20100928202233/http://www.oneafrica.tv/node/2 One Africa Television]. oneafrica.tv. 25 May 2010</ref> Kuyana na vyaru vyapafupi, ku Namibia kuli wanangwa wakuyowoya na ŵanthu. Mu vyaka vyakumasinda, caru ici cikaŵanga pa malo ghapacanya pa mapulogiramu gha Reporters Without Borders ghakulongosora vya wanangwa wa ŵanthu wakulemba nkhani. Mu 2010, cikaŵa pa malo gha 21. Kafukufuku wakukhwaskana na vyakupharazga ku Africa wakulongora kuti vinthu vili makora. Ndipouli, nga ni umo viliri mu vyaru vinyake, mu Namibia ŵimiliri ŵa boma na ŵamalonda ŵakulutilira kuŵa na mazaza pa nkhani ya nkhani za nyuzipepara. Mu 2009, boma la Namibia likaŵa pa malo gha 36 pa nkhani ya wanangwa wa ŵanthu wakuyowoyapo. Mu 2013 yikaŵa pa malo 19, mu 2014 yikaŵa pa malo 22 ndipo mu 2019 yikaŵa pa malo 23. Ichi chikung'anamura kuti sono ni charu icho chili pa malo ghapachanya chomene pa vyaru vya mu Africa pa nkhani ya wanangwa wa ŵanthu wakuyowoya. Ŵapharazgi na manyuzipepara ku Namibia ŵakwimikika na chaputara cha ku Namibia cha Media Institute of Southern Africa na Editors' Forum of Namibia. Mu 2009, boma likasora munthu wakujiyimira payekha kuti waŵavikilire.<ref name=Rothe/> ===Education=== [[File:42817 06.JPG|thumb|Secondary school students]] {{Main|Education in Namibia}} {{See also|List of schools in Namibia}} Ku Namibia kuli masambiro gha mahala gha pulayimale na gha sekondale. Ŵana ŵa sukulu ŵa giredi 1 kufika ku 7 ni awo ŵali mu kilasi la pulayimale, ndipo ŵana ŵa sukulu ŵa giredi 8 kufika ku 12 ni awo ŵali mu kilasi la sekondare. Mu 1998, ku Namibia kukaŵa ŵana 400,325 ŵa sukulu za pulayimale na 115,237 ŵa sukulu za sekondare. Mu 1999, chiŵerengero cha ŵana ŵa sukulu na ŵasambizgi chikaŵa 32:1, ndipo pafupifupi 8% ya GDP yikagwiranga nchito pa masambiro. Mulimo wakunozga visambizgo, kafukufuku wa masambiro, na kusambizga ŵasambizgi ukuchitika na National Institute for Educational Development (NIED) ku Okahandja.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.nied.edu.na/ |title=National Institute for Educational Development |publisher=Nied.edu.na |access-date=26 June 2010}}</ref> Pa vyaru vya kumwera kwa Sahara, caru ca Namibia nchimoza mwa vyaru ivyo vili na ŵanthu ŵanandi comene awo ŵakumanya kuŵazga na kulemba. Kuyana na CIA World Factbook, mu 2018 ŵanthu 91.5% ŵa vyaka 15 kuya munthazi ŵakumanya kuŵazga na kulemba. Masukulu ghanandi ku Namibia ghakupharazgika na boma, kweni ghanyake ni ghapadera. Masukulu agha ghakukolerana na masambiro gha mu caru ici. Pali masukulu ghanayi ghakusambizga ŵasambizgi, masukulu ghatatu gha vya ulimi, na masukulu gha polisi. Masukulu agha ni: University of Namibia (UNAM), International University of Management (IUM) na Namibia University of Science and Technology (NUST). Namibia yikaŵa pa malo gha 100 pa Global Innovation Index mu 2021.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Global Innovation Index 2021 |url=https://www.wipo.int/global_innovation_index/en/2021/|work=[[World Intellectual Property Organization]]|publisher=[[United Nations]]|access-date=2022-03-05 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Release of the Global Innovation Index 2020: Who Will Finance Innovation?|url=https://www.wipo.int/global_innovation_index/en/2020/index.html|access-date=2021-09-02|website=www.wipo.int|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Global Innovation Index 2019|url=https://www.wipo.int/global_innovation_index/en/2019/index.html|access-date=2021-09-02|website=www.wipo.int|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=RTD - Item|url=https://ec.europa.eu/newsroom/rtd/items/691898|access-date=2021-09-02|website=ec.europa.eu}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|date=2013-10-28|title=Global Innovation Index|url=https://knowledge.insead.edu/entrepreneurship-innovation/global-innovation-index-2930|access-date=2021-09-02|website=INSEAD Knowledge|language=en|archive-date=2 September 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210902101622/https://knowledge.insead.edu/entrepreneurship-innovation/global-innovation-index-2930|url-status=dead}}</ref> ==Wonaniso== *[[Index of Namibia-related articles]] *[[Outline of Namibia]] == Ukaboni == ===Notes=== {{Reflist |refs = <ref name=Adhikari>{{cite journal |last = Adhikari |first= Mohamed |title = 'Streams of Blood And Streams of Money': New Perspectives on the Annihilation of the Herero and Nama Peoples of Namibia, 1904–1908 |journal=Kronos |jstor=41056613 |year = 2008 |volume=34|issue=34|pages=303–320}}</ref> <ref name=aqmap>{{cite journal |vauthors = MacDonald AM, Bonsor HC, Dochartaigh BÉ, Taylor RG |doi=10.1088/1748-9326/7/2/024009 |title = Quantitative maps of groundwater resources in Africa |journal=Environ. Res. Lett. |volume=7 |page=024009 |year=2012 |issue=2 |bibcode=2012ERL.....7b4009M |citeseerx=10.1.1.693.4081 |s2cid=154336728 }}</ref> <ref name="finnish-mission">{{cite web|url=https://felm.suomenlahetysseura.fi/namibia-30-vuotta-suomalaisilla-oli-merkittava-rooli-namibian-itsenaistymisessa/|title=Namibia 30 vuotta – Suomalaisilla oli merkittävä rooli Namibian itsenäistymisessä|publisher=[[Finnish Evangelical Lutheran Mission]]|date=20 March 2020|access-date=11 February 2023|language=fi}}</ref> <!-- <ref name=Gerwarth>{{cite journal |last = Gerwarth |first = Robert |title = L'Antichambre de l'Holocauste? A propos du Debat sur les Violences Coloniales et la Guerre d'Extermination Nazie |language = fr |journal=Vingtième Siècle|year= 2008 |volume=99|pages=143–159 |JSTOR = 20475396 |doi=10.3917/ving.099.0143 |last2=Malinowski |first2=Stephan|issue=3 }} says most scholars think it did not influence the Nazis.</ref> --> <ref name=Humavindu>{{cite journal |last1 = Humavindu |first1 = Michael N. |last2 = Barnes |first2 = Jonothan I. |title= Trophy Hunting in the Namibian Economy: An Assessment. Environmental Economics Unit, Directorate of Environmental Affairs, Ministry of Environment and Tourism, Namibia |journal= South African Journal of Wildlife Research |volume=33|issue=2|pages= 65–70 |date=October 2003 }}</ref> <ref name=Korenromp>{{cite journal |pmid=16229771|last1=Korenromp |first1= E.L. |last2=Williams |first2= B.G. |last3=de Vlas |first3= S.J. |last4=Gouws |first4= E. |last5=Gilks |first5= C.F. |last6=Ghys |first6= P.D. |last7=Nahlen |first7= B.L. |year=2005 |title=Malaria Attributable to the HIV-1 Epidemic, Sub-Saharan Africa |journal= Emerging Infectious Diseases|volume= 11|issue= 9|pages= 1410–1419 |doi=10.3201/eid1109.050337|pmc=3310631}}</ref> <ref name=Lange>{{cite journal |doi=10.1007/s10640-004-4045-z |last = Lange |first = Glenn-marie |title= Wealth, Natural Capital, and Sustainable Development: Contrasting Examples from Botswana and Namibia|journal= Environmental & Resource Economics|year=2004|volume=29 |issue = 3 |pages=257–83 |s2cid = 155085174 }}</ref> <ref name=Madley>{{cite journal |last = Madley |first = Benjamin |title = From Africa to Auschwitz: How German South West Africa Incubated Ideas and Methods Adopted and Developed by the Nazis in Eastern Europe |journal=European History Quarterly |year=2005 |volume=35 |issue=3 |pages=429–464 |doi=10.1177/0265691405054218 |s2cid = 144290873 }} says it influenced Nazis.</ref> <ref name=Sparks>{{cite journal |title=Namibia's Coastal and Marine Development Potential |volume=83 |issue=333|page=477 |journal=African Affairs |last=Sparks |first=Donald L. |doi=10.1093/oxfordjournals.afraf.a097645 |year=1984 }}</ref> <ref name="Stefanova">Stefanova, Kristina (August 2005). [https://web.archive.org/web/20080110052258/http://usinfo.state.gov/journals/ites/0805/ijee/stefanova.htm Protecting Namibia's Natural Resources]. usinfo.state.gov</ref> <ref name=UNEP>[https://web.archive.org/web/20121113190527/http://www.wri.org/publication/content/7600 Nature in Local Hands: The Case for Namibia's Conservancies] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121113190527/http://www.wri.org/publication/content/7600 |date=13 November 2012 }}. UNEP, UNDP, WRI, and World Bank. 2005.</ref> }} === Literature === ; Works cited {{refbegin}} * {{cite book |last = Vedder |first = Heinrich |author-link = Heinrich Vedder |title = Das alte Südwestafrika. Südwestafrikas Geschichte bis zum Tode Mahareros 1890 |trans-title = The old South-West Africa. South-West Africa's history until Maharero's death 1890 |language = de |year = 1997 |edition = 7th |publisher = Namibia Scientific Society |location = Windhoek |isbn = 978-0-949995-33-9 }} * {{cite book |last1 = Olusoga |first1 = David |author1-link = David Olusoga |last2 = Erichsen |first2 = Casper W. |title = The Kaiser's Holocaust: Germany's Forgotten Genocide |year = 2010 |publisher = Farber and Farber |location = London, England |isbn = 978-0-571-23142-3 }} * {{cite journal |last = Besenyo |first = Molnar |url = http://knbsz.gov.hu/hu/letoltes/szsz/2013_1_spec.pdf |title = UN peacekeeping in Namibia |journal = Tradecraft Review |publisher = Military National Security Service |location = Budapest, Hungary |year = 2013 |issue = 2013/1. Special Issue |pages = 93–109 |access-date = 8 November 2014 |archive-date = 17 December 2014 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20141217203716/http://knbsz.gov.hu/hu/letoltes/szsz/2013_1_spec.pdf |url-status = dead }} {{refend}} ; General references {{refbegin}} * Christy, S. A. (2007). ''Namibian Travel Photography''. * Horn, N/Bösl, A (eds.). ''Human rights and the rule of law in Namibia'', Macmillan Namibia, 2008. * Horn, N/Bösl, A (eds.). ''The independence of the judiciary in Namibia'', Macmillan Namibia, 2008. * KAS Factbook Namibia, Facts and figures about the status and development of Namibia, Ed. Konrad-Adenauer-Stiftung e.V. * [[:fr:Jean-Claude Fritz|Fritz, Jean-Claude]]. ''La Namibie indépendante. Les coûts d'une décolonisation retardée'', Paris: [[L'Harmattan]], 1991. * ''World Almanac''. 2004. New York, NY: World Almanac Books. {{refend}} == Vigaŵa vya kuwalo == {{Spoken Wikipedia|Namibia spoken word.ogg|date=2009-08-31}} {{Sister project links|voy=Namibia|collapsible=collapsed}} <!-- *********************** ({{No More Links}}) *************************** * Please be cautious in adding more links to this article. Wikipedia * * is not a collection of links nor should it be used for advertising. * * * * Vigilant Wikipedians will delete excessive or inappropriate links * * See [[Wikipedia:External links]] & [[Wikipedia:Spam]] for details. * * * * If there are already plentiful links, please propose additions or * * replacements on this article's discussion page, or submit your link * * to the relevant category at the Open Directory Project (dmoz.org) * * and link back to that category using the {{dmoz}} template. * ********************** ({{No More Links}}) **************************** --> * [https://web.archive.org/web/20210110010829/https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/namibia Namibia]. ''[[The World Factbook]]''. [[Central Intelligence Agency]]. * [https://web.archive.org/web/20160303221805/http://ucblibraries.colorado.edu/govpubs/for/namibia.htm Namibia] from ''UCB Libraries GovPubs'' (archived 3 March 2016) * {{curlie|Regional/Africa/Namibia}} * {{Wikiatlas|Namibia}} * [http://www.ifs.du.edu/ifs/frm_CountryProfile.aspx?Country=NA Key Development Forecasts for Namibia] from [[International Futures]] * [https://web.archive.org/web/20121204101417/http://www.grnnet.gov.na/ Republic of Namibia] Government Portal (archived 3 December 2012) *[https://web.archive.org/web/20081210072855/https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/world-leaders-1/world-leaders-n/namibia.html Chief of State and Cabinet Members] (archived 10 December 2008) {{Namibia topics}} {{Navboxes |title = Articles relating to Namibia |list = {{Countries of Africa}} {{Former German colonies}} {{Southern African Development Community}} {{African Union}} {{English official language clickable map}} {{Commonwealth of Nations}} }} {{Portalbar|Africa}} {{Authority control}} {{Coord|22|S|17|E|type:country_region:NA|display=title}} [[Category:Namibia| ]] [[Category:Southern African countries]] [[Category:Member states of the African Union]] [[Category:Countries and territories where English is an official language]] [[Category:Member states of the Commonwealth of Nations]] [[Category:States and territories established in 1990]] [[Category:Member states of the United Nations]] [[Category:Republics in the Commonwealth of Nations]] [[Category:Former German colonies]] [[Category:1990 establishments in Africa]] [[Category:Countries in Africa]] 8wmcd4v90t8bw3g6yrdaa9je6rh2eks 0 7188 116575 23569 2026-06-18T10:57:23Z NVNkz 11711 Created by translating the page "[[:am:Special:Redirect/revision/334359|ያዉንዴ]]" 116575 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Yaounde''' ni msumba ukuru wa charu cha [[Cameroon]]. [[File:Centre_Province_Yaoundé_002.JPG|thumb|300x300px|Yaunde]] Ŵanthu (1997) ŵakukwana 1,430,000. Mzinda uwu uli pa 03°52′ ሰሜን ኬክሮስ እና 11°31′ ምሥራቅ ኬንትሮስ . Likakhazikiska mu [[1880]] na ŵamalonda [[ዝሆን ጥርስ|ŵa minyanga]] [[Germany|ya ku Germany]]. [[Category:Afrika]] 1nsad6m852ejiy4kwq5nlz85sjnweg6 116576 116575 2026-06-18T10:58:29Z NVNkz 11711 116576 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Yaounde''' ni msumba ukuru wa charu cha [[Cameroon]]. [[File:Centre_Province_Yaoundé_002.JPG|thumb|300x300px|Yaunde]] Ŵanthu (1997) ŵakukwana 1,430,000. Mzinda uwu uli pa 03°52′ 11°31′ mu [[1880]] na ŵamalonda [[ዝሆን ጥርስ|ŵa minyanga]] [[Germany|ya ku Germany]]. [[Category:Afrika]] dp5a7j87fzal8vbd2ir87ywadm885in 0 10075 116558 28461 2026-06-18T04:25:54Z CubanoBoi 7227 CubanoBoi moved page [[Nampati,Thyolo]] to [[Nampati, Thyolo]] 28461 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Nampati''' ni malo agho ghakusangika mu boma la [[Thyolo]],[[Chigaŵa cha Kummwela]],mu [[charu cha Malaŵi]]. [[Category:Boma la Thyolo]] [[Category:Malo ghakusangika mu boma la Thyolo]] [[Category:Chigaŵa cha Kummwela]] lgm8yo9yut9lynn62zfx4pc83vawang 116560 116558 2026-06-18T04:26:07Z CubanoBoi 7227 /* */ 116560 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Nampati''' ni malo agho ghakusangika mu boma la [[Thyolo]], [[Chigaŵa cha Kummwela]], mu [[charu cha Malaŵi]]. [[Category:Boma la Thyolo]] [[Category:Malo ghakusangika mu boma la Thyolo]] [[Category:Chigaŵa cha Kummwela]] kx4cac3jb1kr7n9ty8lhi1qm5en4iia 0 10354 116552 44285 2026-06-18T03:48:19Z CubanoBoi 7227 116552 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Manyowe '''ni malo agho ghakusangika mu msumba wa Blantyre, [[Chigaŵa cha Kummwela]], mu [[charu cha Malaŵi]]. [[Category:Boma la Blantyre]] [[Category:Malo ghakusangika mu msumba wa Blantyre]] [[Category:Sukulu zakwamba zakusangika mu msumba wa Blantyre]] [[Category:Malo ghakusangika mu boma la Blantyre]] [[Category:Chigaŵa cha Kummwela]] 49qiqc8w1b4bvnsctuang6cf92v88e8 0 11317 116555 30509 2026-06-18T04:08:48Z CubanoBoi 7227 116555 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} '''Chipwela '''ni zina la [[sukulu yakwamba]] kweneso malo agho ghakusangika mu boma la [[Chitipa]],mu [[higaŵa cha kumpoto|chigaŵa cha kumpoto]],mu charu cha [[Malaŵi]]. [[Category:Sukulu zakwamba zakusangika mu boma la Chitipa]] [[Category:Chitipa]] [[Category:Malo ghakusangika mu boma la Chitipa]] [[Category:Chitipa,Malaŵi]] kyz1vnfcnlfy6uazcpo6ow8yta983p9 0 11458 116547 111628 2026-06-18T03:14:54Z CubanoBoi 7227 spaces between the references 116547 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox settlement | name = Benthu | settlement_type = Msumba | subdivison_type = Charu | subdivison_name = [[Malawi]] | subdivision_type1 = [[Chigaŵa (Malaŵi)|Chigaŵa]] | subdivision_name1 = [[Chigaŵa cha kumpoto]] | subdivision_type2 = [[Boma (Malaŵi)|Boma]] | subdivision_name2 = [[Boma la Chitipa]] | subdivision_type3 = [[Chigaŵa chavisankho]] | subdivision_name3 = | pushpin_map = Malawi#Northern Region#Chitipa | subdivision_type4 = [[traditional authority]]<ref> [https://malawi24.com/2018/07/13/64-year-old-man-netted-for-sexually-abusing-granddaughter/ 64-year-old man netted for sexually abusing granddaughter - Malawi24 (in English)]</ref><ref> [https://www.faceofmalawi.com/2018/12/06/cyclist-dies-after-plunging-into-rumphi-river/ Cyclist dies after plunging into Rumphi River - Face of Malawi (In English)</ref> | subdivision_name4 = [[TA Nthalire]] }} '''Benthu''' ni zina la [[sukulu yakwamba]] kweneso malo agho ghakusangika mu boma la [[Chitipa]], mu [[higaŵa cha kumpoto|chigaŵa cha kumpoto]], mu charu cha [[Malaŵi]]. == Sukulu == Gulu la [[ActionAid Malawi]] likapeleka matebulo 60, mabuku 5,400 na mipira 9 ku masukulu gha [[Kapelemera, Chitipa|Kapelemela]], [[Mwenje, Chitipa|Mwenje]] na Benthu.<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20230704153952/https://mwnation.com/actionaid-pumps-k22m-into-chitipa/ ActionAid pumps K22m into Chitipa - The Nation (in English)]</ref> == Ukaboni == [[Category:Sukulu zakwamba zakusangika mu boma la Chitipa]] [[Category:Chitipa]] [[Category:Malo ghakusangika mu boma la Chitipa]] [[Category:Chitipa,Malaŵi]] gtkkxypecgr4l9tp18qvznksagpne68 116548 116547 2026-06-18T03:16:09Z CubanoBoi 7227 116548 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox settlement | name = Benthu | settlement_type = Msumba | subdivison_type = Charu | subdivison_name = [[Malawi]] | subdivision_type1 = [[Chigaŵa (Malaŵi)|Chigaŵa]] | subdivision_name1 = [[Chigaŵa cha kumpoto]] | subdivision_type2 = [[Boma (Malaŵi)|Boma]] | subdivision_name2 = [[Boma la Chitipa]] | subdivision_type3 = [[Chigaŵa chavisankho]] | subdivision_name3 = | pushpin_map = Malawi#Northern Region#Chitipa | subdivision_type4 = [[traditional authority]]<ref> [https://malawi24.com/2018/07/13/64-year-old-man-netted-for-sexually-abusing-granddaughter/ 64-year-old man netted for sexually abusing granddaughter - Malawi24 (in English)]</ref><ref> [https://www.faceofmalawi.com/2018/12/06/cyclist-dies-after-plunging-into-rumphi-river/ Cyclist dies after plunging into Rumphi River - Face of Malawi (In English)</ref> | subdivision_name4 = [[TA Nthalire]] | subdivision_type = Charu | subdivision_name = [[Malaŵi]] }} '''Benthu''' ni zina la [[sukulu yakwamba]] kweneso malo agho ghakusangika mu boma la [[Chitipa]], mu [[higaŵa cha kumpoto|chigaŵa cha kumpoto]], mu charu cha [[Malaŵi]]. == Sukulu == Gulu la [[ActionAid Malawi]] likapeleka matebulo 60, mabuku 5,400 na mipira 9 ku masukulu gha [[Kapelemera, Chitipa|Kapelemela]], [[Mwenje, Chitipa|Mwenje]] na Benthu.<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20230704153952/https://mwnation.com/actionaid-pumps-k22m-into-chitipa/ ActionAid pumps K22m into Chitipa - The Nation (in English)]</ref> == Ukaboni == [[Category:Sukulu zakwamba zakusangika mu boma la Chitipa]] [[Category:Chitipa]] [[Category:Malo ghakusangika mu boma la Chitipa]] [[Category:Chitipa,Malaŵi]] j8px5l8gg2op3g00u894u36wa6shrcx 0 12624 116550 32696 2026-06-18T03:20:05Z CubanoBoi 7227 116550 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} '''Hinckley (Utah)''' ni malo ghamusumba ghakusangika mu [[Utah]], charu cha [[United States of America]]. {{Misumba ya Utah‎}} [[Category:Misumba na mizi ya mu Utah‎]] [[Category:Malo ghakusangika mu United States]] [[Category:Utah, United States]] 265h1jj1ltduaxhmncszd2b3ygzoey6 0 13538 116551 34707 2026-06-18T03:33:15Z CubanoBoi 7227 116551 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Vidreres ''' ni muzi uwo ukusangika mu [[chigaŵa cha Girona]] mu malo ghakulu gha [[Catalonia]] mu charu cha [[Spain]]. {{Chigaŵa cha Girona}} [[Category:Misumba na mizi ya mu chigaŵa cha Girona]] [[Category:Malo ghakusangika mu Spain]] [[Category:Girona, Spain]] tilnoij7e1fzktycd8zn7x54xto4vcn 0 19460 116549 50192 2026-06-18T03:18:07Z CubanoBoi 7227 116549 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Sun City, North West''' ni muzi mu msumba wa [[Moses Kotane, North West|Moses Kotane]], mu boma likulu la [[Bojanala Platinum District Municipality]], chigaŵa chikulu cha [[North west]], mu charu cha [[South Africa]]. {{Bojanala Platinum District Municipality}} [[Category:Mizi yamu msumba wa Moses Kotane]] [[Category:North West, South Africa]] [[Category:South Africa]] [[Category:Bojanala Platinum District Municipality]] [[Category:Moses Kotane, North West]] l7s1ui2lnw26c2az2995bt1tome97m0 0 20139 116543 63665 2026-06-18T01:34:55Z InternetArchiveBot 6449 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 116543 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Napoleon Dzombe''' ni munthu wa bizinesi ndiposo wakupeleka vyawanangwa mu [[Malaŵi]]. Ndiyo wakambiska chipatala cha Blessing..<ref>{{Cite book|last1=Swidler|first1=Ann|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=GXSYDwAAQBAJ&q=Napoleon+Dzombe&pg=PA33|title=A Fraught Embrace: The Romance and Reality of AIDS Altruism in Africa|last2=Watkins|first2=Susan Cotts|date=4 December 2018|publisher=Princeton University Press|isbn=978-0-691-18320-6|language=en}}</ref> == Umoyo == Wakawovwira comene pa nyengo ya chilangalanga ico cikacitika mu Malawi mu 2001-2002. Dzombe wakovwiraso kuti kulime makora mu Malawi. Iyo ni mweneko wa Madalitso Food Production ndipo wakwendeskaso kampani ya shuga. Kampani ya Dzombe yakucemeka Mtalimanja Holdings Limited nayo yikasangirapo ndalama zinandi mu makina ghakupangira mpunga. Mu 2012, Dzombe wakalongozga gulu la ŵamalonda awo ŵakaŵika ndalama zinandi mu vyakupangira mafuta gha biodiesel ku Malawi. Mulimo wake ukaŵa mu filimu yifupi ya 2005 yakucemeka "A Warm Heart". Dzombe wali mu mpingo wa Church of Christ.<ref>[http://www.christianchronicle.org/article125~Spotlight%3A_Seeing_his_life_on_film Christian Chronicle article on Dzombe]</ref> {{Authority control}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Dzombe, Napoleon}} [[Category:Zuŵa lakubabikira likusoŵa (ŵanthu ŵamoyo)]] [[Category:Ŵanthu ŵamoyo]] [[Category:Ŵamalonda ŵa ku Malawi]] [[Category:Ŵakhristu ŵa ku Malawi]] [[CategoryChaka cha kubabikira chakusoŵa (ŵanthu ŵamoyo)]] [[Category:Awo Ŵali mu Churches of Christ]] == Ukaboni == <references group="" responsive="0"></references> == Vigaŵa vya kuwaro == * [https://web.archive.org/web/20170323205504/http://www.forceforgood.org/aboutus/lifetime-achievement-award/2005-napoleon-dzombe.shtml Nu Skin article on Dzombe] * [https://web.archive.org/web/20130411023155/http://www.byutv.org/watch/112145e6-3d80-423c-8e93-64369dcb827f/the-blessings-hospital-miracle-the-blessings-hospital-miracle BYU TIV article on Dzombe] * [https://web.archive.org/web/20130504201248/http://www.nuskin.com/corpcom/en_US/thesource/featuredarticle/napoleon_dzombe_recognizedwithnationalachieveraward.html Nu Skin article on Dzombe] * [https://web.archive.org/web/20160304081604/http://www.manaonline.gov.mw/index.php/national/health/item/2206-napoleon-dzombe-rescues-nkhotakota-district-hospital Feb. 8, 2013 Malawi News Agency article on Dzombe donating food to a hospital] * [https://web.archive.org/web/20111130040912/http://www.malawiproject.org/programs/agriculture/mtalimanja/ Article on agricultural village founded by Dzombe] {{Authority control}} l6tjbobx9yrosfp1spoeucf1lr8ls2c 0 23312 116557 66095 2026-06-18T04:25:36Z CubanoBoi 7227 /* */ 116557 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Mandlhakazi, Limpopo''' ni msumba udoko mu boma likulu la [[Mopani District Municipality]], mu chigaŵa chikulu cha [[Limpopo, South Africa|Limpopo]], charu cha [[South Africa]]. {{Mopani District Municipality}} [[Category:Misumba yamu boma la Mopani]] [[Category:Limpopo, South Africa]] [[Category:South Africa]] [[Category:Mopani, Limpopo]] 2gg9wp7admc01uj9ix86xnuut2j46g4 0 28123 116556 75633 2026-06-18T04:22:17Z CubanoBoi 7227 /* */ 116556 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} '''Steinfurt''' ni msumba wakusangika mu charu cha [[Germany]], cha pakati mu chilwa chikulu cha [[Ulaya]]. [[Category:Misumba ikulu na idoko yamu Germany]] [[Category:Germany]] [[Category:Malo ghamu Germany]] [[Category:Mndandanda wa misumba na matauni ghachoko ghamu Germany]] 5lq5tew9hc3ovud6zb5qj6g45obhnad 0 38949 116570 96847 2026-06-18T10:20:59Z NVNkz 11711 116570 wikitext text/x-wiki [[File:NumberSetinC.svg|thumb|Vigaŵa-vya-vigaŵa vipendero-vikomi]] '''Vipendero''' ni chinthu cha samuzi icho chikugwiliskika pa kupenda, [[kupima]], na [[kudinda]]. Mu viyelezgero vyakwambilira muli manambala gha ulengiwa 1, 2, 3, 4, na ghanyakhe gha nthe. Vipendero vinga yimililika mu chiyowoyero na mazgu gha vipendero. Mwanthunthu, vipendero vyakupambanapambana vyikwimililika na vimanyikwiro, vyakuchemeka mafigara; nga ni, "5" icho ni figara lakwimilira chipendero cha [[Nkhonde]]. Pakuti vimanyikwiro ni vichoko waka ivyo vingasungililika, kanandi vimanyikwiro vidoko waka vikundandika mwakuti viyimilile chipendero chilichose. Nthowa yakugwiliskira ntchito vipendero iyi ŵanthu ŵanandi ŵakugwiliskira ntchito manambara gha [[Chihindu]]-[[Chirungwana]], icho chikuzomelezga kuti Nambara yiliyose yilembeke na vimanyikwiro vyakudankha vinkhonde, vyakuchemeka minywe. Mu chiyowoyero kanandi, figara chikuyoyeka makola yayi kupambana kwakhe chipendero icho chikwimilira. [[Category:Nambala]] rnadwr657y9vq71mbi73g1gta8px4ji 0 39507 116527 115447 2026-06-18T00:07:44Z InternetArchiveBot 6449 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 116527 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Short description|Country in Central Africa}} {{Pp-move|small=yes}} {{Use dmy dates|date=December 2019}} {{Infobox country | conventional_long_name = Charu cha Burundi | native_name = {{ublist|item_style=font-size:88%;|{{native name|rn|Repuburika y’Uburundi}} |{{native name|fr|République du Burundi}}}} | common_name = Burundi | image_flag = Flag of Burundi.svg | image_coat = Coat of arms of Burundi.svg | image_map = {{Switcher|[[File:Burundi (orthographic projection).svg|frameless]]|Show globe|[[File:Location Burundi AU Africa.svg|upright=1.15|frameless]]|Show map of Africa|default=1}} | map_caption = | image_map2 = | national_motto = {{unbulleted list |{{native phrase|rn|"Ubumwe, Ibikorwa, Amajambere"|italics=off|nolink=on}} |{{native phrase|fr|"Unité, Travail, Progrès"|italics=off|nolink=on}} |{{native phrase|en|"Union, Work, Progress"|italics=off|nolink=on}} }} | national_anthem = {{native phrase|rn|[[Burundi Bwacu]]|nolink=yes}}<br />{{small|''Our Burundi''}}<br /> {{center|}} [[File:Burundi Bwacu.ogg]] | languages_type = Official languages | languages = {{unbulleted list|style=white-space:nowrap; | [[Kirundi]] | [[French language|French]] | [[English language|English]] }} | capital = [[Gitega]] (political) [[Bujumbura]] (economic){{efn|name=central_cities|While Gitega has been established as the political capital, Bujumbura is still the seat of the government and economic capital.}} | coordinates = {{Coord|3|30|S|30|00|E}} | largest_city = [[Bujumbura]] | demonym = [[Demographics of Burundi|Burundian]] | ethnic_groups = {{ublist |85% [[Hutu]] |14% [[Tutsi]] |1% [[Twa]] |~3,000 Europeans |{{nowrap|~2,000 South Asians}}}} | ethnic_groups_year = 2018<ref name="Central Intelligence Agency 2018">{{cite web | title=The World Factbook – Burundi | website=Central Intelligence Agency |date=7 August 2018 |url=https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/burundi/ |access-date=13 August 2018 |df=dmy-all }}</ref> | government_type = [[Unitary state|Unitary]] [[Dominant-party system|dominant-party]] [[Presidential system|presidential]] [[republic]] | leader_title1 = [[List of Presidents of Burundi|President]] | leader_name1 = [[Évariste Ndayishimiye]] | leader_title2 = [[Vice President of Burundi|Vice President]] | leader_name2 = [[Prosper Bazombanza]] | leader_title3 = [[Prime Minister of Burundi|Prime Minister]] | leader_name3 = [[Gervais Ndirakobuca]] | leader_title4 = | leader_name4 = | legislature = [[Parliament of Burundi|Parliament]] | upper_house = [[Senate (Burundi)|Senate]] | lower_house = [[National Assembly (Burundi)|National Assembly]] | sovereignty_type = [[History of Burundi|Establishment history]] | established_event1 = [[Kingdom of Burundi|Kingdom]]<ref name="auto"/> | established_date1 = 1680–1966 | established_event2 = Part of [[German East Africa]] | established_date2 = 1890–1916 | established_event3 = Part of [[Ruanda-Urundi]] | established_date3 = 1916–1962 | established_event4 = Independence from Belgium | established_date4 = 1 July 1962 | established_event5 = Republic | established_date5 = 28 November 1966 | established_event6 = [[Constitution of Burundi|Current constitution]] | established_date6 = 17 May 2018 | area_km2 = 27834 | area_rank = 142 | area_sq_mi = | area_footnote = <ref name=ISTEEBU>{{cite web |url=http://www.isteebu.bi/index.php/economie-en-bref |title=Quelques données pour le Burundi |language=fr |publisher=ISTEEBU |access-date=17 December 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170728161954/http://isteebu.bi/index.php/economie-en-bref |archive-date=28 July 2017 |url-status=dead }}</ref> | percent_water = 10<ref>{{Cite report |date=July 2015 |title=Annuaire statistique du Burundi |language=fr |url=http://www.isteebu.bi/images/annuaires/annuaire%202013%20pdf%20fin.pdf |publisher=ISTEEBU |page=105 |access-date=17 December 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160607125402/http://www.isteebu.bi/images/annuaires/annuaire%202013%20pdf%20fin.pdf |archive-date=7 June 2016 |url-status=dead }}</ref> | population_estimate =12,574,571 <ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.isteebu.bi/wp-content/uploads/2020/07/PROJECTIONS-COMMUNALES-020620-rapport-VF.pdf |title=Projections Demographiques au niveau communal 2010-2050|website=www.isteebu.bi|access-date=22 January 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210428235555/https://www.isteebu.bi/wp-content/uploads/2020/07/PROJECTIONS-COMMUNALES-020620-rapport-VF.pdf|archive-date=28 April 2021|url-status=live}}</ref> | population_estimate_year = 2022 | population_estimate_rank = 77th | population_census = 8,053,574<ref name=ISTEEBU/> | population_census_year = 2008 | population_density_km2 = 451.8 | population_density_sq_mi = | population_density_rank = 31st | GDP_PPP_year = 2022 | GDP_PPP = {{increase}}$10.8 billion <ref name="imf.org"/> | GDP_PPP_rank = 164th | GDP_PPP_per_capita = {{increase}} $865 <ref name="imf.org">{{cite web|url=https://www.imf.org/en/Publications/WEO/weo-database/2022/October|title=World Economic Outlook Database, October 2022|date=October 2022|website=IMF.org|publisher=[[International Monetary Fund]]|access-date= October 11, 2022}}</ref> | GDP_PPP_per_capita_rank = 193rd | GDP_nominal = {{increase}}$3.6 billion <ref name="imf.org"/> | GDP_nominal_rank = 173rd | GDP_nominal_year = 2022 | GDP_nominal_per_capita = {{increase}}$292<ref name="imf.org"/> | GDP_nominal_per_capita_rank = 192nd | Gini_year = 2013 | Gini_change = Decrease | Gini = 39.2 <!--number only--> | Gini_ref = <ref>{{cite web |url= http://databank.worldbank.org/data/views/reports/tableview.aspx |title= Gini Index, World Bank Estimate |work= World Development Indicators |publisher= The World Bank |access-date= 13 January 2015 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20150626193432/http://databank.worldbank.org/data/views/reports/tableview.aspx |archive-date= 26 June 2015 |url-status= live |df= dmy-all }}</ref> | Gini_rank = | HDI_year = 2021<!-- Please use the year to which the data refers, not the publication year--> | HDI_change = increase<!--increase/decrease/steady--> | HDI = 0.426 <!--number only--> | HDI_ref = <ref name="UNHDR">{{cite book|title=Human Development Report 2020 The Next Frontier: Human Development and the Anthropocene|date=15 December 2020|publisher=United Nations Development Programme|isbn=978-92-1-126442-5|pages=343–346|url=http://hdr.undp.org/sites/default/files/hdr2020.pdf|access-date=16 December 2020}}</ref> | HDI_rank = 187th | currency = [[Burundian franc]] (FBu) | currency_code = BIF | time_zone = [[Central Africa Time|CAT]] | utc_offset = +2 | drives_on = right | date_format = dd/mm/yyyy | calling_code = [[+257]] | cctld = [[.bi]] | footnote_a = | religion = {{ublist |item_style=white-space:nowrap; |93.4% [[Christianity]] |—63.7% [[Catholic Church in Burundi|Roman Catholic]] |—25.2% [[Protestant]] |—4.5% Other [[Christian]] |4.3% [[African Traditional Religion|Traditional faiths]] |2.1% [[Islam in Burundi|Islam]] |0.2% [[Religion in Burundi|Others]] / [[Irreligion|None]] }} | religion_year = 2020 | religion_ref = <ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.thearda.com/world-religion/national-profiles?u=38c | title=National Profiles }}</ref> | today = }}<!-- {{Infobox ethnonym|'''Umu'''Rundi|'''Aba'''Rundi|[[Kirundi|'''IKi'''Rundi]]|'''Bu'''rundi}}--> '''Burundi''' ({{IPAc-en|audio=En-Burundi-pronunciation.ogg|b|ə|ˈ|r|ʊ|n|d|i}}, {{IPAc-en|-|ˈ|r|ʌ|n|-}}),({{lang-rn|Repuburika y’Uburundi}}<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.presidence.gov.bi/2018/07/03/6271/ | title=Constitution de la République du Burundi promulguée le 07 juin 2018 }}</ref> {{IPA-rw|u.βu.ɾǔː.ndi|}}; [[Swahili language|Swahili]]: ''Jamuhuri ya Burundi''; [[French language|French]]: ''République du Burundi'' {{IPA-fr|buʁundi, byʁyndi|}}), ntcharu icho chili ku [[Great Rift Valley]], pakati pa [[Africa]] na [[East Africa]]. Charu ichi chili na mphaka na charu cha [[Rwanda]] kumpoto, [[Tanzania]] kumafumiro gha dazi na kumwera kwa kumafumiro gha dazi, na [[Democratic Republic of Congo]] kumanjiliro gha dazi. Msumba ukuru wa charu ichi ni [[Gitega]] na [[Bujumbura]].<ref name="capital-change">{{cite web|url=https://www.presidence.gov.bi/2019/02/13/loi-n104-du-04-fevrier-2019-portant-fixation-de-la-capitale-politique-et-de-la-capitale-economique-du-burundi/|title=Loi n°1/04 du 04 février 2019 portant Fixation de la Capitale Politique et de la Capitale Economique du Burundi|access-date=24 February 2019}}</ref> Ŵanthu ŵa mtundu wa [[Twa]], [[Hutu]], na [[Tutsi]] ŵakhala mu Burundi kwa vilimika pafupifupi 500. Kwa vilimika vyakujumpha 200, Burundi ukaŵa ufumu wakujiyimira wekha, m'paka mu ma 1900, apo ukaŵa pasi pa [[Germany]].<ref>{{cite book |first=Helmut |last=Strizek |title=Geschenkte Kolonien: Ruanda und Burundi unter deutscher Herrschaft |trans-title=Donated colonies: Rwanda and Burundi under German rule |location=Berlin |publisher=Ch. Links Verlag |year=2006 |isbn=978-3861533900}}</ref> Nkhondo Yakwamba ya Caru Cose yikati yamara ndipo caru ca [[Germany]] cikati calekeka, wupu wa [[League of Nations]] "ukapeleka" caru ici ku [[Belgium]]. Nkhondo Yachiŵiri ya Caru Cose yikati yamara, malo agha ghakazgoka malo gha United Nations<ref name="EBArchived">{{Cite encyclopedia |title=German East Africa {{!}} former German dependency, Africa |encyclopedia=Encyclopedia Britannica |url=https://www.britannica.com/place/German-East-Africa |access-date=16 September 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170902012730/https://www.britannica.com/place/German-East-Africa |archive-date=2 September 2017 |quote=In archived text: German East Africa, German Deutsch-Ostafrika, former dependency of imperial Germany, corresponding to present-day Rwanda and Burundi, the continental portion of Tanzania, and a small section of Mozambique. Penetration of the area was begun in 1884 by German commercial agents, and German claims were recognized by the other European powers in the period 1885–94. In 1891 the German imperial government took over administration of the area from the German East Africa Company. Although its subjugation was not completed until 1907, the colony experienced considerable economic development before World War I. During the war it was occupied by the British, who received a mandate to administer the greater part of it (Tanganyika Territory) by the Treaty of Versailles (signed June 1919; enacted January 1920). A smaller portion (Ruanda-Urundi) was entrusted to Belgium. |url-status=live}}</ref>. Ŵachijeremani na ŵa ku [[Belgium]] ndiwo ŵakalongozganga charu cha Burundi na Rwanda. Ku Burundi na Rwanda kukaŵavya boma limoza m'paka apo ŵanthu ŵa ku [[Europe]] ŵakakhalira mu Africa.<ref name=EBArchived /> Charu cha Burundi chikapokera wanangwa mu 1962 ndipo pakwamba chikaŵa na muwuso wa ufumu, kweni ŵanthu ŵanandi ŵakakomeka, boma likapoka mazaza, ndipo mu chigaŵa ichi mukaŵa masuzgo ghanandi. [[Nkhondo za mtundu]], [[nkhondo ziŵiri za pa cikaya]], na kukoma ŵanthu ŵanandi mu ma 1970, na mu 1990, vikakoma ŵanthu ŵanandi comene, ndipo chuma chikalutilira kuchepa.<ref name="xlix">[[#Eggers|Eggers]], p. xlix.</ref>Mu chaka cha 2015 mukaŵa nkhondo yikuru ya ndyali apo [[Pierre Nkurunziza]] wakasankha kuti wazakaŵepo pa manda ghacitatu, ndipo boma likayezga kuti liŵawukire. Ndondomeko ya ndyali ya Burundi njakuti munthu waliyose wakwimira munyake. Pulezidenti wa charu cha Burundi ni mulongozgi wa boma. Pasono mu Burundi muli vipani 21 ivyo vili kulembeka. Pa Malichi 13, 1992, Pierre Buyoya, uyo wakaŵa mulongozgi wa Ŵatutsi, wakambiska ndondomeko ya ndyali. Pakati pajumpha vilimika vinkhondi na cimoza, pa Juni 6, 1998, dango la boma likasintha, kusazgirako mipando ya Nyumba ya Malango na kuŵikapo ŵaŵiri ŵa pulezidenti. Cifukwa ca phangano la ku Arusha, mu 2000, Burundi likakhazikiska boma la nyengo yicoko waka. Mu Okutobala 2016, Burundi yikaphalira UN kuti yikukhumba kufumamo mu khoti ili. Charu cha Burundi chikulutilira kukhala ku mizi, ndipo mu 2019, ŵanthu 13.4% pera ndiwo ŵakakhalanga mu matawuni. Chiŵelengero cha ŵanthu awo ŵakukhala mu vigaŵa ivi chikukwana 315 pa kilomita yimoza. Pafupifupi 85% ya ŵanthu aŵa mba fuko la Chihutu, 15% mba Tutsi, ndipo ŵankhondi na yumoza pera ndiwo mba fuko la Twa. Viyowoyero vya boma mu Burundi ni Kirundi, Chifurenchi, na Chingelezi. Charu cha Burundi ntchimoza mwa vyaru vichoko chomene mu Africa, ndipo malo ghake ghanandi ghakuliskako viŵeto.<ref name="autogenerated4">Bermingham, Eldredge, Dick, Christopher W. and Moritz, Craig (2005). ''Tropical Rainforests: Past, Present, and Future''. Chicago, Illinois: University of Chicago Press, p. 146. {{ISBN|0-226-04468-8}}</ref> Kuzakafika mu 2005, caru ici cikaŵa kuti caphyoka na makuni, ndipo malo ghambura kukwana 6% ghakaŵa na makuni. Charu cha Burundi nchikavu chomene pa charu chose, kuyana na GDP (Gross Domestic Product) pa munthu yumoza, na $292 mu 2022, ndipo ni chalo chambura kukura chomene, icho chikukumana na ukavu, vimbundi, kukhazikika yayi, mazaza, na kuleka kusambira. Mu Burundi muli ŵanthu ŵanandi, ndipo ŵawukirano ŵanandi ŵakusamira ku vyaru vinyake kukapenja nchito. Lipoti la 2018 la umo ŵanthu ŵaliri ŵakukondwa pa charu chose, likati charu ichi chili pa nambara 156.<ref name="auto1">{{cite news|newspaper=The Guardian|title=Finland is the happiest country in the world, says UN report|url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2018/mar/14/finland-happiest-country-world-un-report|date=14 March 2018|last=Collinson|first=Patrick|access-date=15 March 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180314234610/https://www.theguardian.com/world/2018/mar/14/finland-happiest-country-world-un-report|archive-date=14 March 2018|url-status=live}}</ref>Charu cha Burundi chili mu wupu wa African Union, Common Market for Eastern and Southern Africa, United Nations, East African Community (EAC) na Movement of Non-Aligned. ==Zina== Zina lakuti Burundi lili kufuma ku zina la [[Themba la Burundi]], ilo likawusa chigaŵa ichi kwamba mu ma 1500. Zina ili likwenera kuti likafuma ku ŵanthu ŵa mtundu wa Ha awo ŵakakhalanga mu chigaŵa ichi.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.thehistorytalk.com/civil-war-top-war-countries/burundi/kingdom-of-burundi|title=Kingdom of Burundi – Discover your Country's Long History|website=www.thehistorytalk.com|access-date=1 April 2021|archive-date=17 April 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160417112313/http://www.thehistorytalk.com/civil-war-top-war-countries/burundi/kingdom-of-burundi|url-status=dead}}</ref> == Mbili == {{Main|History of Burundi|Ruanda-Urundi}} Burundi ni chalo chimoza mwa vyaru vichoko chomene mu sub-Saharan Africa, pamoza na caru ca Rwanda (nga ni Botswana, Lesotho, na Eswatini), ico cikulutilira na caru ca Africa ico cikaŵa pambere ufumu wandafike.<ref>Uvin, Peter. 1999. "Ethnicity and Power in Burundi and Rwanda: Different Paths to Mass Violence" in Comparative Politics, Vol. 31, No. 3 (Apr. 1999), pp. 253–272 Published by: Comparative Politics, Ph.D. Programs in Political Science, City University of New York. Page 254.</ref> Ndipouli, nchakuzirwa kumanya kuti mitheto na mafuko vikusintha nyengo zose. Nangauli ŵanthu ŵakasamukira ku chigaŵa ichi mu nyengo zakupambanapambana, kweni ŵanthu ŵanyake ŵakuwona kuti pali mphambano pakati pa mitundu. Pakwamba ŵanthu ŵa mafuko ghakupambanapambana ŵakakhalanga mwamtende. Nkhondo zakwamba pakati pa mafuko zikamba m'ma 1700, apo ŵanthu ŵakasazgikiranga comene. ===Ufumu wa Burundi=== {{Main|Kingdom of Burundi}} Ukaboni wakwamba wakuti charu cha Burundi chikaŵako ni wa kuumaliro wa vyaka vya m'ma 1500. Mu vyaka vyakulondezgapo, msumba uwu ukatandazgika na kusazgapo vyaru vinyake. Ufumu wa Burundi, panji kuti Urundi, uwo ukaŵa ku chigaŵa cha Great Lakes, ukaŵa ufumu uwo ukawusikanga na fumu yinyake. Themba ili likalongozganga gulu la ŵanthu ŵakuzirwa (ganwa) awo ŵakaŵa na malo ghanandi ndipo ŵakeneranga kupeleka msonkho ku ŵalimi (ŵanandi ŵakaŵa Ŵahutu) na ŵaliska (ŵanandi ŵakaŵa Ŵakututsi). Ufumu wa Burundi ukaŵa na mazaza pa ndyali kweniso ndalama zinandi.<ref>VANDEGINSTE, S., Stones left unturned: law and transitional justice in Burundi, Antwerp-Oxford-Portland, Intersentia, 2010, p 17.</ref> Pakati pa vyaka vya m'ma 1800, ufumu wa Ŵatutsi ukakhozga mazaza ghake pa malo, kupanga, na kugaŵira ŵanthu vinthu. Pa nyengo iyi, nyumba ya ufumu yikaŵa ya Ŵatutsi na Ŵanyaruguru. Ŵakaŵa na udindo wapachanya kuluska ŵaliska ŵanyake nga ni Ŵatutsi na Ŵahima. Ŵanthu ŵa mtundu uwu ŵakaŵa Ŵahutu, ndipo ŵa mtundu wa Twa ŵakaŵa ŵacigaŵa ca pasi comene. Kweni vinthu vikasintha. Ŵahutu ŵanyake ŵakaŵa ŵa mu gulu la ŵanthu ŵakuzirwa ndipo ŵakayowoyangapo kanthu pa umo boma likenderanga.<ref>R. O. Collins & J. M. Burns. 2007. A History of Sub-Saharan Africa, Cambridge University Press. Page 125.</ref> Ŵanthu ŵa mtundu wa Hutu na wa Tutsi ŵakasankhiranga kuyana na mtundu wawo yayi. Ŵakulima Ŵahutu awo ŵakasanga usambazi na viŵeto ŵakaŵanga na udindo wapachanya kuluska Ŵakututsi. Ŵanyake ŵakazgokanga ŵalongozgi ŵa Ŵaganwa. Kweni pali nkhani zinyake izo zikulongora kuti Ŵakututsi ŵakataya viŵeto vyawo vyose ndipo pamasinda ŵakamba kuchemeka Ŵahutu. Ntheura, mphambano pakati pa Ŵahutu na Ŵakututsi yikaŵa ya cikaya pera yayi. Kweniso pakaŵa nkhani zinandi za ŵanthu ŵa mtundu wa Hutu na Tutsi awo ŵakatorananga. Mu vyaru vinyake, ŵanthu ŵakutemwa chomene kulimbana na ŵamazaza kuluska mtundu wawo.<ref name="weissman">WEISSMAN, S., Preventing genocide in Burundi: lessons from international diplomacy, Washington D.C., United States Institute of Peace Press, 1998, p5.</ref> === Boma la Germany na Belgium === {{Main|German East Africa|Ruanda-Urundi}} Kwambira mu 1884, kampani ya German East Africa Company yikagwiranga nchito mu vigaŵa vya mu Africa. Cifukwa ca kukhuŵara na mphindano za mphaka pakati pa German East Africa Company, British Empire na Sultanate of Zanzibar, Ufumu wa Germany ukaciskika kuti ulekeske kugaluka kwa Abushiri na kuvikilira vyakukhumba vya ufumu mu cigaŵa ici. Mu 1891, kampani ya German East Africa Company yikapeleka wanangwa wake ku ufumu wa Germany, ndipo mu nthowa iyi yikambiska ufumu wa German East Africa, uwo ukaŵa na vyaru nga ni Burundi (Urundi), Rwanda (Ruanda), na Tanzania. Mu ma 1880, ufumu wa Germany ukaŵika ŵasilikari mu vyaru vya Rwanda na Burundi. Malo agho sono ni msumba wa Gitega ghakaŵa malo ghakulongozgera chigaŵa cha Ruanda-Urundi.<ref>{{Cite encyclopedia|url=https://www.britannica.com/place/Gitega|title=Gitega {{!}} Burundi|encyclopedia=Encyclopedia Britannica|access-date=16 September 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170902015516/https://www.britannica.com/place/Gitega|archive-date=2 September 2017|url-status=live}}</ref> Mu nyengo ya Nkhondo Yakwamba ya Caru Cose, nkhondo ya ku East Africa yikakhwaska comene cigaŵa ca Great Lakes. Ŵasilikari ŵa ku Belgium na Britain ŵakamba kuwukira msumba uwu. Ŵasilikari ŵa Germany awo ŵakaŵa ku Burundi ŵakawelera chifukwa cha unandi wa ŵasilikari ŵa ku Belgium. Pa Juni 17, 1916, ŵasilikari ŵa ku Burundi na Rwanda ŵakamba kuwukira charu ichi. Ŵasilikari ŵa Force Publique na British Lake Force ŵakamba kupoka tawuni ya Tabora, iyo yikaŵa pakati pa chigaŵa cha German East Africa. Nkhondo yikati yamara, nga ni umo vikaŵira mu phangano la Versailles, caru ca Germany cikacicizgika kupeleka ku caru ca Belgium cigaŵa ca kumanjiliro gha dazi kwa German East Africa. Pa Okutobala 20, 1924, charu cha Ruanda-Urundi, icho sono chikuchemeka Rwanda na Burundi, chikaŵa pasi pa boma la Belgium. Mu vyaru vinyake, msumba uwu ukaŵa wa ufumu wa Belgian. Nangauli ku Burundi kukaŵa ŵamazaza ŵa ku Europe, kweni ufumu uwu ukalutilira kuŵa na mazaza.<ref name="cia">[https://web.archive.org/web/20210122232849/https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/burundi/ CIA – The World Factbook – Burundi] [[CIA]]. Retrieved 8 June 2008.</ref><ref name="wein5">{{cite book |last = Weinstein|first = Warren |author2=Robert Schrere |title = Political Conflict and Ethnic Strategies: A Case Study of Burundi|publisher=Maxwell School of Citizenship and Public Affairs |year = 1976|location = Syracuse University |isbn = 0-915984-20-2 |page=5}}</ref> Ndipouli, ŵa ku Belgium ŵakasungilira vinthu vinandi ivyo vikaŵa mu ufumu uwu. Pamanyuma pa Nkhondo Yachiŵiri ya Caru Cose, caru ca Ruanda-Urundi cikaŵa pasi pa boma la Belgium. M'ma 1940, boma likasintha vinthu vinyake mu charu. Pa Okutobala 4, 1943, boma la Burundi likagaŵikana pakati pa vigaŵa vya ŵalara na vigaŵa vyapasi. Ŵalongozgi ŵa vigaŵa ŵakalongozganga charu, ndipo pakaŵa vigaŵa vinyake. Ŵalara ŵa boma nawo ŵakaŵa na mazaza. Mu 1948, caru ca Belgium cikapeleka wanangwa ku vigaŵa ivi kuti viŵe na magulu gha ndyali. Vyaru ivi vikawovwira kuti charu cha Burundi chiŵe na wanangwa wakufumako ku Belgium pa Julayi 1, 1962. ===Kujiyimila=== [[File:Flag of Burundi (1962–1966).svg|thumb|alt=flag white saltire cross on green and red background with plant in centre white rondel|Flag of the [[Kingdom of Burundi]] (1962–1966).]] [[File:Plaza de la Independencia.JPG|thumb|alt=flag sign at flagpole and raised plaza|Independence Square and monument in Bujumbura.]] Pa Janyuwale 20, 1959, Themba Mwami Mwambutsa IV likapempha kuti charu cha Burundi chijipature ku Belgium. Mu myezi yakulondezgapo, magulu gha ndyali gha ku Burundi ghakamba kukhozgera kuti boma la Belgium lileke kulamulira charu ichi na kupatura charu cha Rwanda na Burundi. Gulu lakwamba na likuru comene pa magulu agha likaŵa la Union for National Progress (UPRONA). Nkhondo ya ku Rwanda ndiyo yikawovwira kuti charu cha Burundi chiŵe na wanangwa uwu. Cifukwa ca Nkhondo ya ku Rwanda, ŵanthu ŵanandi ŵa mtundu wa Tutsi ŵakiza ku Burundi mu 1959 m'paka 1961.<ref name="people60">{{cite book|last = MacDonald|first = Fiona|title = Peoples of Africa|publisher = Marshall Cavendish|year = 2001|location = Tarrytown, New York|isbn = 0-7614-7158-8|page = [https://archive.org/details/peoplesofafrica0000mars/page/60 60]|display-authors = etal|url = https://archive.org/details/peoplesofafrica0000mars/page/60}}</ref><ref name="news.bbc.co.uk">{{cite news|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/africa/country_profiles/1068991.stm|work=BBC News|title=Timeline: Burundi|date=25 February 2010|access-date=27 April 2010|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110830225045/http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/africa/country_profiles/1068991.stm|archive-date=30 August 2011|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20080626223814/http://www.amnestyusa.org/countries/sudan/timeline_rwanda.pdf Timeline: Rwanda] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080626223814/http://www.amnestyusa.org/countries/sudan/timeline_rwanda.pdf |date=26 June 2008 }}. Amnesty International. Retrieved 12 July 2008.</ref> Pa Seputembala 8, 1961, kukaŵa mavoti ghakwamba mu Burundi ndipo chipani cha UPRONA, icho chikulongozgeka na Fumu Louis Rwagasore, chikapokera mavoti ghakujumpha 80 peresenti. Pa 13 Okutobala, Fumu Rwagasore, ya vilimika 29, yikakomeka pamanyuma pa mavoti, ndipo ici cikapangiska kuti ŵanthu ŵanandi ŵa mu Burundi ŵaleke kugomezgeka. Charu ichi chikamba kujiyimira paŵekha pa Julayi 1, 1962, ndipo chikasintha zina lake kufuma ku Ruanda-Urundi kuya ku Burundi. Pa nyengo iyi, charu cha Burundi chikaŵa pasi pa muwuso wa muwuso wa fumu. Pa Seputembala 18, 1962, charu cha Burundi chikapokelereka na wupu wa United Nations.<ref>[https://www.un.org/News/Press/docs/2006/org1469.doc.htm United Nations Member States] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141001135208/http://www.un.org/News/Press/docs/2006/org1469.doc.htm |date=1 October 2014 }}. 3 July 2006. Retrieved 22 June 2008.</ref> Mu 1963, Fumu Mwambutsa yikimika Pierre Ngendandumwe, uyo wakaŵa nduna yikuru ya ciHutu, kweni wakakomeka pa 15 Janyuwale 1965 na Mututsi wa ku Rwanda uyo wakagwiranga nchito ku ofesi ya wupu wa United States. Kupha uku kukacitika mu nyengo ya suzgo ya Congo apo vyaru vya ku Western ivyo vikususkana na boma la Communist vikalimbana na boma la Communist People's Republic of China apo likayezganga kupanga Burundi kuŵa malo ghakulondezgako awo ŵakususka boma la Communist. Pa maungano gha pa caru cose agho ghakacitika mu Meyi 1965, Ŵahutu ŵanandi ŵakaŵa mu nyumba ya malango, kweni Themba Mwambutsa likati lasankha Mututsi kuŵa nduna yikuru, Ŵahutu ŵanyake ŵakawona kuti ici nchambura urunji ndipo suzgo la mafuko likakura comene. Mu Okutobala 1965, ŵapolisi awo ŵakalongozgekanga na Ŵahutu ŵakayezga kutimbanizga boma, kweni ŵakatondeka. Gulu la ŵasilikari la Ŵatutsi, ilo likalongozgekanga na mulara wa ŵasilikari ŵa Ŵatutsi, Kaputeni Michel Micombero, likawuskamo Ŵahutu mu gulu lawo ndipo likaŵawukira.<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20171115023627/http://www.peri.umass.edu/fileadmin/pdf/dpe/modern_conflicts/burundi.pdf Burundi (1993–2006)] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171115023627/http://www.peri.umass.edu/fileadmin/pdf/dpe/modern_conflicts/burundi.pdf |date=15 November 2017 }}. University of Massachusetts Amherst</ref> Themba Mwambutsa, ilo likacimbira mu caru ici pa nyengo ya kuwukira boma mu Okutobala 1965, likathereskeka na kuwukira boma mu Julayi 1966 ndipo mwana wake waciwukirano, Karonga Ntare V, wakapokera ufumu. Mu Novembala wa chaka chenechicho, nduna yikuru ya ŵa Tutsi, uyo pa nyengo iyo wakaŵa Capt. Michel Micombero, wakawuskapo Ntare pa udindo wake. Pakuŵa pulezidenti, Micombero wakavikilira chisopa cha ku Africa ndipo ŵanthu ŵa ku China ŵakamovwira. Wakakhazikiska dango na ndondomeko yiwemi, ndipo wakathereska nkhondo ya Ŵahutu. === Nkhondo za paŵene na kukoma ŵanthu === {{Further|Burundian genocide (1972)|Burundian genocide (1993)}} Kuumaliro wa Epulero 1972, vinthu viŵiri vikacitika ivyo vikapangiska kuti ŵanthu ŵa mu Burundi ŵakomeke. Pa Epulero 27, 1972, ŵanthu ŵa mtundu wa Hutu awo ŵakaŵa mu gulu la ŵasilikari ŵakagaluka mu tawuni ya Rumonge na Nyanza-Lac. Ŵasilikari aŵa ŵakasuzganga Ŵatutsi na Ŵahutu wose awo ŵakakana kunjilirapo. Mu nyengo yakwamba iyi, ŵanthu ŵa mtundu wa Hutu ŵakukwana 800 m'paka 1200. Pa nyengo yeneyira, Themba Ntare V la ku Burundi likawerako ku wuzga, ndipo ivi vikapangiska kuti mu charu ichi muŵe masuzgo ghanandi. Pa Epulero 29, 1972, Ntare V, wa vyaka 24, wakakomeka. Mu myezi yakulondezgapo, boma la Michel Micombero, ilo likaŵa na ŵanthu ŵanandi ŵa mtundu wa Tutsi, likagwiliskira ntchito ŵasilikari kuti ŵarwe na ŵakugaluka ŵa mtundu wa Hutu na kukoma ŵanthu ŵanandi ŵa mtundu uwu. Ŵanthu ŵanandi ŵakamanya yayi unandi wa awo ŵakafwa, kweni ŵanthu ŵanyake ŵakuti ŵanthu 80,000 panji 210,000 ndiwo ŵakafwa. Mwakusazgirapo, ŵanthu ŵanandi Ŵahutu ŵakacimbira ku Zaire, Rwanda, na Tanzania.<ref name="ICIBFR-85-496" /> Nkhondo ya pawenenawene yikati yamara, Micombero wakamba kusuzgika maghanoghano. Mu 1976, Kolonele Jean-Baptiste Bagaza, Mututsi, wakalongozga boma kwambura kuthiska ndopa. Mu 1981, boma lake likalemba dango liphya ilo likakanizga kuti charu cha Burundi chiŵe na chipani chimoza. Mu Ogasiti 1984, Bagaza wakasankhika kuŵa mutu wa boma. Mu nyengo ya kuwusa kwake, Bagaza wakasuzga ŵanthu awo ŵakasuskanga ndyali na wanangwa wa kusopa.<ref name="ICIBFR-85-496" /> Major Pierre Buyoya (Tutsi) wakathereska Bagaza mu 1987, wakayimiska dango na kumazga vipani. Wakawezgerapo muwuso wa ŵasilikari mwa Wupu wa Wusilikari wa Chiponosko cha Charu (CSMN). Uthenga wakususkana na mtundu wa Tutsi uwo ukapharazgika na ŵasilikari ŵa UBU ŵa mu 1972, awo ŵakambaso kucemeka PALIPEHUTU mu 1981, ukapangiska kuti Ŵatutsi ŵakomeke mu mizi ya kumpoto kwa Ntega na Marangara mu Ogasiti 1988. Boma likati ŵanthu 5,000 ndiwo ŵakafwa, kweni mabungwe ghanyake ghambura vya boma ghakagomezganga kuti ŵanthu aŵa ŵakafwa bweka yayi.<ref name="ICIBFR-85-496" /> Boma liphya ili likapeleka yayi cilango cakusuzga nga umo vikaŵira mu 1972. Boma ili likathera apo likapeleka dango lakuti ŵanthu wose awo ŵakakhumbanga kukoma ŵanthu ŵaleke kukomeka. Ŵanthu ŵanyake ŵakuti nyengo iyi ndiyo yikaŵa "nyengo iyo ŵanthu ŵakakhalanga kwambura kulangika". Ŵanthu ŵanyake ŵakuti "ntchindi zambura kulangika" zikamba mu 1965 na 1972, apo Ŵahutu ŵachoko waka ŵakakoma Ŵakututsi. Pamanyuma pa kukomeka kwa ŵanthu aŵa, gulu la ŵanthu ŵa ku Hutu ŵakalembera kalata Pierre Buyoya, kumupempha kuti waŵawovwire. Ŵakakakika na kujalirika mu jele. Pakati pajumpha masabata ghacoko waka, Buyoya wakasora boma liphya, ilo likaŵa na ŵaliska ŵaŵiri ŵakuyana. Wakimika Adrien Sibomana (Hutu) kuŵa nduna yikuru. Buyoya wakapangaso komiti yakuwona vya umoza wa chalo. Mu 1992, boma likapanga dango liphya ilo likazomerezganga kuti maboma gha vipani vinandi ghaŵepo, kweni nkhondo yikamba.<ref name="ICIBFR-85-496" /> Ŵanthu pafupifupi 250,000 ŵakafwa mu Burundi cifukwa ca nkhondo izo zikacitika pakati pa 1962 na 1993. Kufuma waka apo charu cha Burundi chikapokera wanangwa mu 1962, ŵanthu ŵaŵiri ŵakakomeka mu charu ichi: mu 1972, Ŵahutu ŵakakomeka na ŵasilikari ŵa Ŵatutsi, ndipo mu 1993, Ŵahutu ŵanandi ŵakakomeka na Ŵatutsi. Malipoti ghaumaliro gha wupu wa International Commission of Inquiry for Burundi agho ghakapelekeka ku wupu wa United Nations Security Council mu 2002, ghakati vyose ivi ni vigeŵenga.<ref name=ICIBFR-85-496> International Commission of Inquiry for Burundi (2002). Paragraphs 85,496. </ref> === Ciyezgo cakwamba ca demokilase na nkhondo pakati pa Tutsi National Army na Hutu === Mu Juni 1993, Melchior Ndadaye, mulongozgi wa gulu la Hutu la Front for Democracy in Burundi (FRODEBU), ndiyo wakathereska pa mavoti ghakwamba. Wakazgoka mulongozgi wakwamba wa mtundu wa Hutu, ndipo wakadangiliranga boma ilo likakolerananga na Ŵahutu. Nangauli wakayezga kuti wamazge mphindano za mafuko mu caru ici, kweni ivyo wakacita vikakwiyiska ŵasilikari ŵa gulu la ŵasilikari la Ŵatutsi. Nkhondo ya ku Burundi (1993~2005) yikaŵa na vivulupi pakati pa ŵakugaluka ŵa Hutu na ŵasilikari ŵa Tutsi. Ŵanthu pafupifupi 300,000, comenecomene ŵanthu bweka, ŵakakomeka mu vilimika vyakulondezgapo.<ref>[http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/africa/country_profiles/1068873.stm Country profile Burundi] BBC. {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111007175839/http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/africa/country_profiles/1068873.stm |date=7 October 2011 }}. (accessed on 29 October 2008)</ref> Kukwambilira kwa 1994, nyumba ya malango yikasora Cyprien Ntaryamira (Muhutu) kuŵa pulezidenti. Iyo na Juvénal Habyarimana, pulezidenti wa Rwanda, wose ŵakaŵa Ŵahutu, ndipo ŵakafwa pamoza apo ndege yawo yikawa mu Epulero 1994. Ŵanthu ŵanandi ŵakamba kuchimbilira ku Rwanda. Mulara wa Nyumba ya Malango, Sylvestre Ntibantunganya (Hutu), wakasankhika kuŵa pulezidenti mu Okutobala 1994. Boma la wupu wakulongozga likapangika na magulu 12 pa 13. Ŵakaleka kukoma ŵanthu ŵanandi, kweni nkhaza zikamba. Ŵahutu ŵanandi awo ŵakacimbira ku Bujumbura, msumba ukuru wa caru ici, ŵakakomeka. Bungwe la Tutsi Union for National Progress likafumamo mu boma na mu nyumba ya malango. Mu 1996, Pierre Buyoya (Tutsi) wakambaso kuwusa mwa kuwukira boma. Wakayimiska malango gha boma ndipo wakalapa kuŵa pulezidenti mu 1998. Iyi yikaŵa nyengo yaciŵiri iyo wakaŵira pulezidenti, pamanyuma pa nyengo yakwamba kufuma mu 1987 mpaka 1993. Pakuwona umo ŵakugaluka ŵakacitira, boma likapangiska ŵanthu ŵanandi kuti ŵasamire ku misasa ya ŵanthu ŵakucimbira kwawo. Mu nyengo ya muwuso wa Buyoya, pakamba kudumbiskana vya mtende kwa nyengo yitali, ndipo South Africa ndiyo yikaŵa pakati pawo. Vigaŵa vyose viŵiri vikalemba mapangano mu Arusha, Tanzania na Pretoria, South Africa, kuti ŵagaŵane mazaza mu Burundi. Pakakhumbikwanga vilimika vinayi kuti ŵanozge ivyo ŵakakolerana.[[File:Second Congo War Africa map en.svg|thumb|alt=color map of African countries showing Uganda Rwanda and Burundi backing rebels against Kabila|Belligerents of the [[Second Congo War]]. Burundi backed the rebels.]] Pa Ogasiti 28, 2000, boma lakwendera lumoza la Burundi likanozgeka nga ni cigaŵa ca Mapangano gha Mtende na Kuphemana. Boma lakwimira boma ili likaŵa pa nyengo yakuyezgelera kwa vilimika vinkhondi. Pakati pajumpha nyengo yitali kufuma apo ŵakawovwilirapo yayi kuti paŵe mtende, mu 2001 pakaŵa ndondomeko ya mtende ndipo ŵakakolerana kuti ŵagaŵane mazaza. Mu 2003, boma la Burundi ilo likulongozgeka na ŵa Tutsi na gulu likuru chomene la ŵakugaluka la Ŵahutu, la CNDD-FDD (National Council for the Defense of Democracy-Forces for the Defense of Democracy), ŵakadumura phangano lakuti ŵaleke kwambiska nkhondo. Mu 2003, mulongozgi wa FRODEBU Domitien Ndayizeye (Hutu) wakasankhika kuŵa pulezidenti. Kukwambilira kwa 2005, ŵanthu ŵa mafuko ghakupambanapambana ŵakasankhika pa maofesi gha boma la Burundi. Mu chaka ichi, pakaŵa maungano gha boma na gha pulezidenti. Pierre Nkurunziza (Hutu), uyo wakaŵa mulongozgi wa gulu la ŵakugaluka, wakasankhika kuŵa pulezidenti mu 2005. Mu 2008, boma la Burundi likadumbiskana na gulu la Hutu lakucemeka Palipehutu-National Liberation Forces (NLF) kuti ŵize na mtende mu caru.<ref>Liang, Yin (4 June 2008). [http://news.xinhuanet.com/english/2008-06/04/content_8308846.htm "EU welcomes positive developments in Burundi"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170125174002/http://news.xinhuanet.com/english/2008-06/04/content_8308846.htm |date=25 January 2017 }}. ''China View''. Xinhua News Agency. Retrieved on 29 June 2008.</ref> ===Kuzomelezgana mtendere=== Ŵalongozgi ŵa mu vyaru vya ku Africa ŵakamba kudumbiskana vya mtende pakati pa vyaru ivyo vikwambana, pamanyuma pakuti Secretary General wa United Nations Boutros Boutros-Ghali waŵapempha kuti ŵanjirepo pa suzgo ili. Mu 1995, ŵakamba kudumbiskana na pulezidenti wa ku Tanzania, Julius Nyerere. Apo maungano agha ghakacitikanga, Pulezidenti wa South Africa, Thabo Mbeki, na wa United States, Bill Clinton, nawo ŵakayowoyapo. Maungano agha ghakaŵa gha mtundu wa Track I. Nthowa iyi ya kudumbiskirana yingayowoyeka kuti ni nthowa ya udumizgi iyo yikusazgapo ŵimiliri ŵa boma panji ŵimiliri ŵa boma, awo ŵangagwiliskira ntchito mbiri yawo yiwemi, kuphalirako ŵanyawo, panji nthowa ya "karoti na ndodo" kuti ŵafike pa chilato chinyake panji kuti ŵapangiske kuti chichitike, kanandi ŵakuchita vinthu nga ni "kuchezga" panji "kupambana na kutondeka".<ref>{{cite book|author1=Ramsbotham, Oliver |author2=Woodhouse, Tom |author3=Miall, Hugh |title=Contemporary Conflict Resolution|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=-IbuQE02-KkC&pg=PA24|year=2011|publisher=Polity|isbn=978-0-7456-4974-0|pages=24–}}</ref> Cilato cikuru cikaŵa cakuti boma la Burundi na ŵasilikari ŵake ŵasinthe vinthu mwakuti paŵe mphambano pakati pa Ŵakututsi na Ŵahutu. Ukaŵa wa vigaŵa viŵiri. Cakwamba, boma lakwendera lumoza lizamunjira mu malo ghake, ndipo pulezidenti wazamulamulira vyaka vitatu. Cilato caciŵiri cikaŵa cakuti ŵasilikari ŵambeso kwendera ŵekha, ndipo magulu ghaŵiri agha ghakaŵa ghakuyana. Nga ni umo vyalongosolera nyengo yitali iyo maungano gha mtende ghakacitikira, awo ŵakadumbiskana na awo ŵakadumbiskananga ŵakakumana na masuzgo ghanandi. Cakwamba, ŵalara ŵa boma la Burundi ŵakawona kuti vilato ivi ni "vyambura kwenelera" ndipo ŵakawona kuti phangano ili ndakubudika, ndakususkana, ndiposo ndakubudika. Caciŵiri, ndipo ico nchakuzirwa comene nchakuti, ŵanthu ŵa ku Burundi ŵakagomezganga kuti phangano ili liŵenge lambura nchito usange palije kuleka kuwukira. Kuti ivi vicitike, pakukhumbikwira kudumbiskana mwakudunjika na magulu gha ŵakugaluka. Gulu likuru la Ŵahutu likaŵa na maghanoghano ghambura kwenelera pa nkhani ya boma ilo likukhumba kuti ŵanthu ŵaŵiri ŵagaŵane mazaza. Mu 2000, pulezidenti wa Burundi wakasazga phangano ili pamoza na magulu 13 pa magulu 19 gha Ŵahutu na Ŵakututsi. Pakaŵa mphindano pa nkhani ya gulu ilo lizamulongozga boma liphya, ndiposo apo nkhondo yizamwambira. Ŵanthu awo ŵakapangiska kuti paleke kuŵa mtende ŵakaŵa gulu la Ŵatutsi na Ŵahutu awo ŵakakana kusayina phangano ili. Pakati pajumpha vilimika vitatu, pa ungano wa ŵalongozgi ŵa vyaru vya ku Africa uwo ukacitikira mu Tanzania, pulezidenti wa Burundi na gulu likuru la Ŵahutu ŵakakolerana kuti ŵamazge nkhondo. Ndipouli, magulu ghacoko waka gha Ŵahutu, nga ni gulu la Forces for National Liberation, ghakalutilira kugwira nchito. ===UN kunjililapo=== Pakati pa 1993 na 2003, ŵanthu ŵanandi ŵakadumbiskana vya mtende, ndipo ŵalongozgi ŵa ku Tanzania, South Africa, na Uganda ndiwo ŵakadangiliranga. Pakwamba gulu la South African Protection Support Detachment likatumika kuvikilira ŵalongozgi ŵa ku Burundi awo ŵakawerako ku wuzga. Ŵasilikari aŵa ŵakazgoka cigaŵa ca African Union Mission ku Burundi, awo ŵakatumika kuti ŵawovwire kunozga boma lakwendera. Mu Juni 2004, wupu wa UN ukachitapo kanthu na kupokelera mulimo wa kusungiska mtende, kulongora kuti caru cose cikukhozgera ndondomeko ya mtende mu Burundi.<ref name="Howard, Lise Morje 2008">Howard, Lise Morje (2008). UN Peacekeeping in Civil Wars. New York: Cambridge University Press.</ref> Ntchito ya Mission, pasi pa Mutu VII wa Charter ya United Nations, yili kuti yikulaŵilira kuwombora, kufumiska vilwero, kususka ŵasilikari na kuŵaso ŵankhondo, kovwira wovwiri wa ŵanthu, kuwelera ku ŵanthu ŵakuchimbira kwawo na ku vyaru ivyo vyasuzgika, kovwira pa masankharo, kuvikilira ŵasilikare ŵa pa charu chose na ŵanthu ŵa ku Burundi, kulaŵilira mphaka za Burundi, kusazgapo kulekeska viŵembu vya nkhondo, na kovwira pa kunozga vinthu vya mu ndyali, malango, ŵasilikara na ŵapolisi.<ref name="Howard, Lise Morje 2008"/> Suzgo likuru comene mu nyengo yakwambilira likaŵa lakuti gulu la ŵakugaluka la Ŵahutu likalutilira kulimbana na ndondomeko ya mtende. Gulu ili likalutilira kulimbana na ŵasilikari ŵa UN mu tawuni iyi. Kuzakafika mu Juni 2005, gulu ili likaleka kurwa nkhondo ndipo ŵimiliri ŵake ŵakaweleraso ku ndyali. Maphwando onse a ndale avomereza njira yogaŵanirana mphamvu pakati pa mafuko: palibe chipani cha ndale chomwe chingapeze malo mu maofesi a boma pokhapokha ngati chikugwirizana ndi mafuko ena.<ref name="Howard, Lise Morje 2008"/> Ntchito ya UN yikaŵa ya kuŵika ndondomeko ya kugaŵikana kwa mazaza mu dango la boma, mwakuti paŵe maungano gha boma. Ŵakaŵawuskamo vilwero, na kuŵawovwira kuti ŵambeso kusopa. Mu Febuluwale 2005, dango ili likapokelereka na ŵanthu ŵakujumpha 90%. Mu Meyi, Juni, na Ogasiti 2005, kukaŵaso maungano ghatatu ghakupambanapambana gha Nyumba ya Malamulo na gha pulezidenti. Nangauli pasono pali masuzgo ghanyake pa nkhani ya kuwelera kwa ŵanthu awo ŵakacimbira kwawo na kusanga vyakurya vyakukwana ku ŵanthu awo ŵakaŵa mu nkhondo, kweni gulu ili likakhorwa na ŵanthu ŵanandi awo ŵakaŵa ŵalongozgi ŵa nkhondo kweniso ŵanthu wose. Wakawovwirapo pa milimo yinandi yakuzenga masukulu, nyumba za ŵalanda, maofesi gha munkhwala, na kuzenga vinthu vinyake nga ni maji. ===2006 mpaka 2018=== [[File:BujumburaFromCathedral.jpg|thumb|alt=aerial view of highrise building and low rise red roofed buildings|View of the capital city Bujumbura in 2006.]] Ntchito yakuzenga ku Burundi yikamba kugwira ntchito mu 2006. Wupu wa UN ukaleka mulimo wake wa kusungilira mtende na kwambaso kovwirapo pa mulimo wa kuzenga.<ref name="accessed on 29-10-08">[http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/africa/country_profiles/1068991.stm Timeline Burundi] BBC. {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110830225045/http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/africa/country_profiles/1068991.stm |date=30 August 2011 }}. (accessed on 29 October 2008)</ref> Kuti ŵanozgekere kunozgaso vyalo vyawo, caru ca Rwanda, D.R.Congo na Burundi, ŵakaŵaso na wupu wakucemeka Regional Economic Community of the Great Lakes Countries. Kweniso mu 2007, charu cha Burundi pamoza na charu cha Rwanda, vikaŵa mu wupu wa East African Community. Ndipouli, mazgu gha Ceasefire ya Seputembala 2006 pakati pa boma na gulu lakwamba la ŵakususka, la FLN (Forces for National Liberation, lakucemekaso NLF panji FROLINA), ghakafiskika yayi, ndipo ŵalaraŵalara ŵa FLN ŵakafumamo mu gulu la awo ŵakulaŵilira nkhondo iyi, ŵakuti wanangwa wawo uli pangozi. Mu Seputembala 2007, magulu ghakwimikana gha FLN ghakalimbana mu msumba wa msumba uwu, ndipo ŵakukoma ŵanthu 20 ndipo ŵanthu ŵakamba kuchimbira. Ku vigaŵa vinyake vya charu ichi, ŵakugaluka ŵakamba kuwukira. Ŵalwani ŵakakolerana yayi na boma pa nkhani ya kufumiska vilwero na kufwatura ŵakayidi ŵa ndyali. Kuumaliro wa 2007 na kuuyambiro wa 2008, ŵakurwa nkhondo ŵa FLN ŵakawukira misasa yakuvikilirika na boma uko kukaŵa ŵakurwa nkhondo. Nyumba za ŵanthu ŵa ku mizi nazo zikapokeka.<ref name="hrw.org">[https://www.hrw.org/english/docs/2008/05/29/burund18974.htm Burundi: Release Civilians Detained Without Charge |Human Rights Watch] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080602040602/http://hrw.org/english/docs/2008/05/29/burund18974.htm|date=2 June 2008}}. Hrw.org (29 May 2008). Retrieved on 24 November 2012.</ref> Lipoti la wupu wa Amnesty International la mu 2007 likulongora kuti pali vinandi ivyo vikukhumbikwa kunozgekera. Ŵasilikari ŵakusuzgika kanandi waka na nkhaza za FLN. Wachiŵiri uyu wakulemba ŵana ŵasilikari. Ŵanakazi ŵakusuzgika comene. Kanandi awo ŵakuchita viheni ŵakutondeka kweruzgika na boma. Pali kukhumbikwa kukuru kwa kusintha ndondomeko ya vyeruzgo. Ŵanthu ŵakalutilira kukomeka cifukwa ca kuswa malango, kuswa malango gha boma, na kuswa malango gha boma. Kuumaliro kwa Malichi 2008, gulu la FLN likapempha kuti nyumba ya malango yikhazikiske dango ilo likuŵaphalira kuti ŵaleke kukakika. Vinthu ivi vikukhwaska vigeŵenga vyambura kuzirwa, kweni vigeŵenga vikuru ivyo vikuswa malango gha caru cose nga ni nkhondo panji viheni ivyo ŵanthu ŵakucita yayi. Nangauli boma likapeleka wanangwa uwu ku ŵanthu kumanyuma, kweni FLN yikatondeka kusanga wanangwa uwu. Pa 17 Epulero 2008, FLN yikaponya mabomba pa Bujumbura. Ŵasilikari ŵa Burundi ŵakaŵawukira ndipo gulu la FLN likapwetekeka comene. Pa Meyi 26, 2008, pakalembeka phangano liphya la kuleka kuwukira. Mu Ogasiti 2008, Purezidenti Nkurunziza wakakumana na mulongozgi wa FLN Agathon Rwasa, pamoza na Charles Nqakula, Minister of Safety and Security wa South Africa. Uwu ukaŵa ungano wakwamba kufuma mu Juni 2007. Wose ŵakakolerana kuti ŵawunganenge kaŵiri pa sabata kuti ŵanozge mphindano izo zingaŵapo pa nyengo ya kuwezgerapo mtende. Wupu wa United Nations ukuyezgayezga kuwona umo vinthu vikukhwaskira ŵanthu awo ŵakuzenga mtende. Kukwambilira kwa m'ma 2010, gulu la UN lakuvikilira mtende mu Burundi likayezga kupima umo ndondomeko yake ya kulekeska vilwero, kusunkhunyika na kuweleramo mu caru yikaŵira yiwemi mwa kupenda unandi wa vilwero ivyo vikatoleka cifukwa cakuti vilwero vikaŵa vinandi mu caru ici. Ndipouli, pa maungano agha pakaŵavya ŵanthu awo ŵakaŵapo pa nyengo iyi, awo ŵakaŵa na nkharo yiwemi pakuwona umo vinthu vikuŵira para ŵanthu ŵakukhumba mtende. Kufumira mu chaka cha 2012, charu cha Burundi chikagwiranga nchito ya kusungilira mtende ya African Union, kusazgapo ntchito ya ku Somalia kwimikana na ŵasilikari ŵa Al-Shabaab. Mu 2014, Komiti ya Unenesko na Kuphemana yikakhazikiskika, pakwamba kwa vilimika vinayi ndipo yikasazgikira vyaka vinayi mu 2018.<ref name=reuters2014>{{cite web | last=Nduwimana | first=Patrick | title=Burundi creates reconciliation body that divides public opinion | website=[[Reuters]] | date=18 April 2014 | url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-burundi-politics-idUSBREA3H0E020140418 | access-date=12 October 2021}}</ref><ref name=justice2019>{{cite web | title=Burundi: the commission of divided truths |first=Ephrem |last=Rugiririz| website=JusticeInfo.net | date=25 November 2019 | url=https://www.justiceinfo.net/en/43042-burundi-the-commission-of-divided-truths.html | access-date=12 October 2021}}</ref> ====2015 unrest==== {{Main|Burundian unrest (2015–2018)}} Mu Epulero 2015 ŵanthu ŵakamba kususka boma chifukwa cha ivyo chipani icho chili na mazaza chikayowoya.<ref>{{Cite news|title = Après moi, moi|url = https://www.economist.com/news/middle-east-and-africa/21650190-more-africans-are-resisting-presidential-efforts-flout-constitutional-term?zid=304&ah=e5690753dc78ce91909083042ad12e30|newspaper = The Economist|date = 2 May 2015|access-date = 14 May 2015|issn = 0013-0613|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20150518091746/http://www.economist.com/news/middle-east-and-africa/21650190-more-africans-are-resisting-presidential-efforts-flout-constitutional-term?zid=304&ah=e5690753dc78ce91909083042ad12e30|archive-date = 18 May 2015|url-status = live|df = dmy-all}}</ref> Awo ŵakasuskanga ŵakatenge Nkurunziza wangasankhika yayi kuti wazakaŵepo kachitatu, kweni khoti la malango mu charu ichi likakolerana nayo (nangauli ŵanthu ŵanyake ŵakachimbira mu charu ichi pa nyengo iyo ŵakavotera). Kuyezga kupoka boma pa 13 May kukatondeka kufumiska Nkurunziza. Wakawelera ku Burundi, wakayamba kuwuskamo ŵanthu mu boma lake, ndipo wakakora ŵalongozgi ŵanandi ŵa boma awo ŵakagalukira boma.<ref>[https://www.theguardian.com/world/2015/may/15/burundi-president-returns-to-divided-capital-after-failed-coup "Burundi's president returns to divided capital after failed coup"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171020022341/https://www.theguardian.com/world/2015/may/15/burundi-president-returns-to-divided-capital-after-failed-coup |date=20 October 2017 }}. ''The Guardian'' (15 May 2015). Retrieved on 29 June 2015.</ref><ref>[https://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-32724083 "Burundi general declares coup against President Nkurunziza"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180711123731/https://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-32724083 |date=11 July 2018 }} BBC</ref><ref name=cnn01>[http://www.cnn.com/2015/05/15/africa/burundi-coup-leaders-arrested/index.html Burundi arrests leaders of attempted coup] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170516061354/http://www.cnn.com/2015/05/15/africa/burundi-coup-leaders-arrested/index.html |date=16 May 2017 }}. CNN.com (15 May 2015). Retrieved on 29 June 2015.</ref><ref>Laing, Aislinn. (15 May 2015) [https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/africaandindianocean/burundi/11607171/Burundi-coup-fails-as-president-returns-to-the-country.html "Burundi president hunts for coup leaders as he returns to the capital"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180130091614/http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/africaandindianocean/burundi/11607171/Burundi-coup-fails-as-president-returns-to-the-country.html |date=30 January 2018 }}. ''Daily Telegraph''. Retrieved on 29 June 2015.</ref><ref>[http://www.aljazeera.com/news/2015/05/president-burundi-army-coup-failed-150515002113225.html "President 'back in Burundi' after army says coup failed"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170605235845/http://www.aljazeera.com/news/2015/05/president-burundi-army-coup-failed-150515002113225.html |date=5 June 2017 }}. Al Jazeera English (15 May 2015). Retrieved on 29 June 2015.</ref> Kweni pamanyuma pa chiyezgo cha kuwukira boma, ŵanthu ŵakalutilira kususka ndipo ŵanthu ŵakujumpha 100,000 ŵakachimbira mu charu ichi pa 20 May. Pali malipoti ghakuti ŵanthu ŵakulutilira kuswa wanangwa wa ŵanthu, kusazgapo kukoma ŵanthu kwambura mulandu, kutambuzgika, kuzgeŵa, na kukanizga wanangwa wa kuyowoya. Nangauli wupu wa United Nations, African Union, United States, France, South Africa, Belgium, na maboma ghanyake ghakaŵachiska kuti ŵaleke kuwungana, kweni chipani icho chili na mazaza chikachita mavoti pa Juni 29, kweni ŵakususka. Pa 30 September 2016, wupu wa United Nations Human Rights Council ukakhazikiska Commission of Inquiry on Burundi mwa resolution 33/24. Wupu uwu uli na mulimo wa "kusanda mwakudumura maubendezi gha wanangwa wa ŵanthu agho ghacitika mu Burundi kwambira mu Epulero 2015, kumanya awo ŵakughanaghana kuti ndiwo ŵakucita ivi na kupeleka ulongozgi". Pa Seputembala 29, 2017, wupu wakuwona vya Burundi ukachiska boma la Burundi kuti lileke kuswa wanangwa wa ŵanthu. Likayowoyaso kuti, "Boma la Burundi likukana kukolerana na Komiti ya Kupenjerezga, nangauli yikumuŵeyelera kanandi waka". Pa viheni ivyo wupu uwu ukalemba pali kukakika na kukakika mwambura kwenelera, kutambuzgika, nkhaza, nkhaza, kukomeka kwambura mulandu, kujowoleka, kukaka ŵanthu kuti ŵaleke kwiza ku nyumba zawo, na mitundu yinyake ya nkhaza za kugonana".<ref name="ohchr.org">{{cite web |title=OHCHR – Commission calls on Burundian government to put an end to serious human rights violations |url=http://www.ohchr.org/EN/NewsEvents/Pages/DisplayNews.aspx?NewsID=22184&LangID=E |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171011021822/http://www.ohchr.org/EN/NewsEvents/Pages/DisplayNews.aspx?NewsID=22184&LangID=E |archive-date=11 October 2017 |access-date=10 October 2017 |website=www.ohchr.org}}</ref> === 2018 mpaka pano === In a [[2018 Burundian constitutional referendum|constitutional referendum]] in May 2018, Burundians voted by 79.08% to approve an amended constitution that ensured that Nkurunziza could remain in power until 2034.<ref>{{Cite news|last=Moore|first=Jina|date=2018-05-17|title=In Tiny Burundi, a Huge Vote (Published 2018)|language=en-US|work=The New York Times|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2018/05/17/world/africa/burundi-referendum-vote.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180517214927/https://www.nytimes.com/2018/05/17/world/africa/burundi-referendum-vote.html |archive-date=2018-05-17 |url-access=subscription |url-status=live|access-date=2021-01-08|issn=0362-4331}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Amendments to constitution of Burundi approved: electoral commission – Xinhua {{!}} English.news.cn|url=http://www.xinhuanet.com/english/2018-05/22/c_137195886.htm|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180522112315/http://www.xinhuanet.com/english/2018-05/22/c_137195886.htm|url-status=dead|archive-date=22 May 2018|access-date=2021-01-08|website=www.xinhuanet.com}}</ref>Ndipouli, ŵanthu ŵanandi ŵakazizwa chomene apo Nkurunziza wakapharazga kuti walekenge kuwusa nyengo yinyake. Pa 20 May 2020, Evariste Ndayishimiye, uyo wakasankhika na chipani cha CNDD-FDD kuŵa mulondezgi wa Nkurunziza, wakathereska pa mavoti 71.45%. Pakati pajumpha nyengo yicoko waka, pa 9 Juni 2020, Nkurunziza wakafwa na nthenda ya mtima, wali na vilimika 55. Pakaŵa fundo yakuti nyifwa yake yikakhwaskana na COVID-19, nangauli fundo iyi yindazomerezgeke. <ref name=":03">{{Cite news|last=Dahir|first=Abdi Latif|date=2020-06-09|title=President of Burundi, Pierre Nkurunziza, 55, Dies of Heart Attack|language=en-US|work=The New York Times|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2020/06/09/world/africa/burundi-president-pierre-nkurunziza-dead.html|access-date=2021-01-08|issn=0362-4331}}</ref><ref name=":1">{{Cite web |title=Who is Burundi's new president, Evariste Ndayishimiye? |url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2020/6/18/evariste-ndayishimiye-who-is-burundis-new-president |access-date=2021-01-08 |website=www.aljazeera.com |language=en}}</ref> Mu Disembala 2021, moto ukuru wa mu jele ukakoma ŵanthu ŵanandi mu msumba wa Gitega. Mu Novembala 2022, mu masuzgo gha nthenda ya COVID-19 na kuwukira kwa Russia ku Ukraine, chiŵelengero cha chuma cha Burundi chikakwera pachoko waka kufika pa 3 peresenti, kuyana na kafukufuku wa International Monetary Fund. Pasono, charu cha Burundi nchimoza mwa vyaru vikavu comene pa caru capasi pamanyuma pa Haiti, ndipo pa munthu yumoza, munthu waliyose wakusangapo ndalama zakukwana madola 270.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Santosdiaz |first1=Richie |title=Burundi: Fintech Landscape and Potential In The World's Poorest Country |url=https://thefintechtimes.com/burundi-fintech-landscape-and-potential-in-the-worlds-poorest-country/ |website=The Fintech Times |date=19 August 2022}}</ref> == Boma == {{Main|Politics of Burundi}} [[File:Pierre Nkurunziza - World Economic Forum on Africa 2008.jpg|thumb|alt=Pierre Nkurunziza at World Economic Forum 2008 looking right|[[Pierre Nkurunziza]], President of Burundi from 2005 to 2020.]] Ndyali za ku Burundi ni za boma la demokilase ilo likulongozgeka na pulezidenti. Pulezidenti wa charu cha Burundi ni mulongozgi wa boma. Pasono mu Burundi muli vipani 21 ivyo vili kulembeka.<ref name="state">[https://2009-2017.state.gov/r/pa/ei/bgn/2821.htm Background Note: Burundi]. [[United States Department of State]]. February 2008. Retrieved on 28 June 2008.</ref>Pa Malichi 13, 1992, Pierre Buyoya, uyo wakaŵa mulongozgi wa Ŵatutsi, wakambiska ndondomeko ya ndyali. Pakati pajumpha vilimika vinkhondi na cimoza, pa Juni 6, 1998, dango la boma likasintha, kusazgirako mipando ya wupu wakulongozga na kuŵikapo ŵaŵiri. Cifukwa ca phangano la ku Arusha, mu 2000, Burundi likakhazikiska boma la nyengo yicoko waka. Wupu wakulongozga mu Burundi ni wupu uwo uli na nyumba ziŵiri, uwo uli na Nyumba ya Malango ya Vyaru na Nyumba ya Malango ya Wupu Wakulongozga. Kufumira mu chaka cha 2004, Nyumba ya Malango ya Charu chose yikaŵa na mamembala 170, ndipo chipani cha Front for Democracy mu Burundi chikaŵa na vithuzithuzi 38%, ndipo 10% ya nyumba ya Malango yikaŵa mu mawoko gha UPRONA. Mavoti 52 ghakaŵa gha magulu ghanyake. Dango la Burundi likusambizga kuti mu wupu wa Transitional National Assembly muŵe Ŵahutu 60%, Ŵatutsi 40%, ŵanakazi 30%, kweniso ŵa Batwa ŵatatu. Ŵabali awo ŵali mu wupu uwu ŵakusankhika na ŵanthu wose ndipo ŵakukhala vyaka vinkhondi. Nyumba ya Malango ya Wupu Wakulongozga yili na mamembara 51, ndipo malo ghatatu ghali kupika ku ŵanthu awo kale ŵakaŵa ŵalongozgi. Kuyana na dango la boma la Burundi, ŵanakazi ndiwo ŵakwenera kuŵa pa mavoti 30. Ŵabali ŵa mu Nyumba ya Malango ŵakusankhika na ŵanthu awo ŵakufuma mu vigaŵa vyose vya Burundi. Mu vigaŵa vyose 18 vya Burundi, muli munthu yumoza Muhutu na munyake Mututsi. Nyengo yimoza ya wupu wa wupu wa wupu wa wupu wa wupu wa wupu wa wupu wa wupu wa wupu wa wupu wa wupu wa wupu wa wupu wa wupu wa wupu wa wupu wa wupu wa wupu wa wupu wa wupu wa wupu wa wupu wa wupu wa wupu wa wupu wa wupu wa wupu wa wupu. Wupu wakulongozga mu Burundi ndiwo ukusankha pulezidenti kuti wateŵetere vyaka vinkhondi. Pulezidenti wa Burundi wakwimika ŵamazaza mu wupu wake wa nduna. Kweniso pulezidenti wangasora ŵanthu 14 ŵa mu wupu wa Transitional Senate kuti ŵateŵetere mu wupu wa Council of Minister. Ŵabali awo ŵakuteŵetera mu wupu wa nduna ŵakwenera kuzomerezgeka na ŵaŵiri pa ŵatatu ŵa ŵanthu ŵa mu wupu wa nduna. Kweniso pulezidenti wakusankha ŵachiŵiri kwa pulezidenti. Kufumira waka mu 2015, Pierre Nkurunziza ndiyo wakaŵa pulezidenti wa Burundi. Wachiŵiri kwa pulezidenti wakaŵa Therence Sinunguruza, ndipo wachiŵiri kwa pulezidenti wakaŵa Gervais Rufyikiri. Pa 20 May 2020, Evariste Ndayishimiye, uyo wakasankhika na chipani cha CNDD-FDD kuŵa mulondezgi wa Nkurunziza, wakathereska pa mavoti 71.45%. Pakati pajumpha nyengo yicoko waka, pa 9 Juni 2020, Nkurunziza wakafwa na nthenda ya mtima, wali na vilimika 55. Kuyana na dango la chalo, Pascal Nyabenda, mulongozgi wa chalo, ndiyo wakalongozga boma mpaka apo Ndayishimiye wakajura ofesi pa 18 June 2020.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2020/06/09/world/africa/burundi-president-pierre-nkurunziza-dead.html|title=President of Burundi, Pierre Nkurunziza, 55, Dies of Heart Attack|first=Abdi Latif|last=Dahir|newspaper=The New York Times|date=9 June 2020}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2020/6/18/evariste-ndayishimiye-who-is-burundis-new-president|title=Who is Burundi's new president, Evariste Ndayishimiye?|website=www.aljazeera.com}}</ref> Khoti Likuru la ku Burundi ni khoti likuru comene. Paliso makhoti ghatatu gha apilu agho ghali pasi pa Khoti Likuru Chomene. Makhoti gha Cigaŵa Cakwamba ghakugwira nchito nga ni makhoti gha mu vigaŵa vyose vya Burundi kweniso makhoti gha mu vigaŵa 123.<ref name="unburundi">{{cite journal|title=Republic of Burundi: Public Administration Country Profile|journal=United Nations' Division for Public Administration and Development Management (DPADM)|date=July 2004|pages=5–7|url=http://unpan1.un.org/intradoc/groups/public/documents/un/unpan023253.pdf|access-date=20 September 2008|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081001231041/http://unpan1.un.org/intradoc/groups/public/documents/un/unpan023253.pdf|archive-date=1 October 2008|url-status=live}}</ref> [[File:Embassy_of_Burundi_in_Brussels.jpg|thumb|Embassy of Burundi in Brussels]] === Wanangwa wa '''ŵa'''nthu === {{See also|Human rights in Burundi|LGBT rights in Burundi}} Boma la Burundi lakususkika kanandi waka na mawupu ghakuvikilira wanangwa wa ŵanthu kusazgapo Human Rights Watch cifukwa ca kukora na kweruzga Jean-Claude Kavumbagu cifukwa ca nkhani izo wakalemba. Bungwe la Amnesty International (AI) likati ni kayidi wa njuŵi ndipo likukhumba kuti "wafwatulike mwaluŵiro". Mu Epulero 2009, boma la Burundi likasintha dango lakuti ŵanalume panji ŵanakazi ŵekhaŵekha ŵagonanenge. Munthu uyo wazomerezgeka kugonana na mwanalume panji mwanakazi munyake, wangakakika vyaka viŵiri panji vitatu na kupelekeka cilango ca ndalama zakukwana 50,000 panji 100,000. Bungwe la Amnesty International likususka ivyo vikacitika, ndipo likuti ni kuswa malango gha caru cose na gha mu vyaru vinyake ghakukhwaskana na wanangwa wa ŵanthu. Pa Okutobala 27, 2017, charu cha Burundi chikafumamo mu khoti la International Criminal Court (ICC). Chinthu ichi chikachitika pamanyuma pakuti wupu wa United Nations walemba lipoti mu Seputembala 2017 ilo likati charu ichi chikuswa wanangwa wa ŵanthu. Pa Novembala 9, 2017, khoti la ICC likati ŵanthu awo ŵakuswa wanangwa wa ŵanthu mu charu cha Burundi ŵalutilirenge kweruzgika.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2017/11/09/world/africa/icc-burundi-nkurunziza.html|title=We're Not Done Yet, Hague Court Tells Burundi's Leaders|last1=Gladstone|first1=Rick|date=9 November 2017|work=The New York Times|access-date=10 November 2017|last2=Simons|first2=Marlise|issn=0362-4331|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171110150241/https://www.nytimes.com/2017/11/09/world/africa/icc-burundi-nkurunziza.html|archive-date=10 November 2017|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.hrw.org/news/2017/11/09/icc-new-burundi-investigation|title=ICC: New Burundi Investigation|date=9 November 2017|work=Human Rights Watch|access-date=10 November 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171121164937/https://www.hrw.org/news/2017/11/09/icc-new-burundi-investigation|archive-date=21 November 2017|url-status=live}}</ref> === Kuga'''ŵanika''' === {{Main|Provinces of Burundi|Communes of Burundi|Collines of Burundi}} Charu cha Burundi chili na vigaŵa 18, vikaya 119, na tumapiri 2,638. Maboma gha vigaŵa ghakwendera mphaka izi. Vigaŵa na vikaya vya Burundi vikapangika pa zuŵa la Khisimasi mu 1959 na dango la ku Belgium. Ŵakaŵa ŵalongozgi ŵa mitundu yinyake. Mu 2000, cigaŵa ca Bujumbura cikagaŵika mu vigaŵa viŵiri, Bujumbura Rural na Bujumbura Mairie. Chigaŵa chiphya chomene, Rumonge, chikapangika pa 26 March 2015 kufuma ku vigaŵa vya Bujumbura Rural na Bururi. Mu Julayi 2022, boma la Burundi likapharazga kuti lizamunozga vyaru. Ndondomeko iyi yikukhumba kuti vigaŵa vichepeko kufuma pa 18 kufika pa 5, ndipo maboma gha vigaŵa vichepeko kufuma pa 119 kufika pa 42. Kusintha uku kukukhumbikwira kuzomerezgeka na pharalamende ya Burundi kuti kwambe kugwira ntchito.<ref name=":2">{{Cite web |last=bdiagnews |date=2022-07-14 |title=Burundi : Proposition - 5 provinces au lieu de 18 et 42 communes au lieu de 119 |url=https://burundi-agnews.org/government/burundi-proposition-5-provinces-au-lieu-de-18-et-42-communes-au-lieu-de-119/ |access-date=2022-07-29 |website=Nouvelles du Burundi - Africa Generation News |language=en-US}}</ref> {{#section:Provinces of Burundi|table}} == Makhalilo gha charu == [[File:By-map.png|thumb|left|alt=tan colour map of Burundi with cities|Map of Burundi.]] [[file:Hippos in Burundi.png|thumb|Hippos at Kibira National Park in northwest Burundi]] {{Main|Geography of Burundi|Climate of Burundi}} Charu cha Burundi ntchichoko chomene pa vyaru vyose vya mu Africa. Charu cha Burundi chili ku chigaŵa cha Albertine Rift, icho chili kumanjiliro gha dazi kwa East African Rift. Charu ichi chili pakati pa Africa. Charu cha Burundi chili kumpoto na charu cha Rwanda, kumafumiro gha dazi na kumwera kwa Tanzania, ndipo kumanjiliro gha dazi na charu cha Democratic Republic of Congo. Chigaŵa ichi chili mu nkhorongo za Albertine Rift, Central Zambezian miombo, na Victoria Basin. Chigaŵa chapakati pa chigaŵa ichi chili pa mtunda wa mamita 1,707 (5,600 ft). Phiri la Heha ilo lili pachanya chomene lili pa mtunda wa mamita 2,685 ndipo lili kumwera cha kumafumiro gha dazi kwa msumba ukuru wa Bujumbura. Mlonga wa Nile ukufuma mu chigaŵa cha Bururi, ndipo ukufuma mu Nyanja ya Victoria na kunjira mu mlonga wa Ruvyironza. Nyanja ya Victoria nayo njakuzirwa comene, ndipo yikunjira mu mlonga wa Kagera. Nyanja yinyake yikuru ni Nyanja ya Tanganyika, iyo yili kumwera ca kumanjiliro gha dazi kwa Burundi. Pali malo ghaŵiri ghakusungirako vyamoyo: Kibira National Park kumpoto cha kumanjiliro gha dazi (chigaŵa chichoko cha nkhorongo, icho chili pafupi na Nyungwe Forest National Park mu Rwanda), na Ruvubu National Park kumpoto kwa kumafumiro gha dazi (kuyana na Mlonga wa Rurubu, uwo ukuchemekaso Ruvubu panji Ruvuvu). Vyose viŵiri vikaŵako mu 1982 kuti vivikilire vyamoyo..<ref name="autogenerated5">East, Rob (1999). ''African Antelope Database 1998''. [[Gland, Switzerland]]: [[International Union for Conservation of Nature]], p. 74. {{ISBN|2-8317-0477-4}}.</ref> ===Vyamoyo=== {{Main|Wildlife of Burundi}} == Chuma == {{Main|Economy of Burundi}} {{See also|List of companies based in Burundi}} [[File:GDP per capita development of Burundi.svg|thumb|Historical development of GDP per capita]] Charu cha Burundi chili kutali na nyanja ndipo chili na vyakurya vinandi yayi. Chuma chake ndi ulimi, chomwe chimapanga 50% ya GDP mu 2017 ndipo chimagwira ntchito zoposa 90% za anthu. Vyakurya ivyo vikovwira ŵanthu kuti ŵajilamulire ŵekha vikupanga 90% ya vyakurya vyose.<ref name="autogenerated1">[[#Eggers|Eggers]], p. xlvii.</ref>Vinthu vikuru ivyo Burundi likuguliska ni khofi na tiyi, ivyo vikupanga ndalama zinandi pa caru cose. Vyakumera vinyake ni katoni, tiyi, mbuto, sorghum, mbatata, nthochi, manioc (tapioca); nyama ya ng'ombe, mkaka na vikumba. Nangauli ŵanthu ŵanandi ŵakuthemba chomene ulimi kuti ŵasange vyakukhumbikwa pa umoyo, kweni ŵanandi ŵalije ndalama zakukwana. Ici nchifukwa cakuti ŵanthu ŵakukura comene ndipo palije ndondomeko yakukolerana pa nkhani ya malo. Mu 2014, ŵalimi ŵanandi ŵakagwiranga munda wakukwana ekala limoza. Charu cha Burundi nchimoza mwa vyaru vikavu comene pa caru capasi, cifukwa ca malo agho kulije maji, kusoŵa kwa masambiro, na kuthandazgika kwa HIV/AIDS. Pafupifupi 80% ya ŵanthu ŵa mu Burundi mbakavu. Mu Burundi mose mukaŵa njara na kusoŵa cakurya, comenecomene mu vilimika vya m'ma 1900, ndipo kuyana na Wupu wa vyakurya wa pa caru cose (World Food Programme), ŵana 56.8% awo ŵandakwaniske vyaka vinkhondi ŵakulwara nthenda ya kusoŵa cakurya. Ndalama izo charu cha Burundi chikupeleka ku vyakurya vinyake na ndalama izo chikupeleka ku vyakurya vinyake, vikuthemba pa nyengo iyo vinthu viliri pa charu chose kweniso mtengo wa khofi na tiyi.[[File:Tree map export 2009 Burundi.jpeg|thumb|alt=color chart of exports by value with percentages|Graphical depiction of Burundi's product exports in 28 colour-coded categories in 2009.]] Nkhongono zakugulira za ŵanthu ŵanandi ku Burundi zanangika cifukwa cakuti malipiro ghakwera comene yayi. Chifukwa cha ukavu uwo ukuŵako, charu cha Burundi chikulutilira kuthemba wovwiri wa vyaru viŵiri na vinandi. Wovwiri wa vyaru vinyake ndiwo ukupeleka ndalama zinandi chomene ku ŵanthu ŵa mu Burundi. Charu cha Burundi chikapokelera ndalama zakukwana madola 700 miliyoni kufuma ku wupu wa East African Community mu 2009. Vimbundi ivyo vikucitika mu boma vikutondeska kuti makampani ghaŵe na nchito yiwemi cifukwa malango ghakwenda makora. Kafukufuku uyo wakachitika mu chaka cha 2007 walongora kuti ŵanthu ŵa ku Burundi mbakukhorwa yayi na umoyo wawo.<ref name="auto1"/><ref>White, A. (2007). [https://web.archive.org/web/20161025102648/http://data360.org/pdf/20071219073602.A%20Global%20Projection%20of%20Subjective%20Well-being.pdf A Global Projection of Subjective Well-being: A Challenge to Positive Psychology?] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161025102648/http://data360.org/pdf/20071219073602.A%20Global%20Projection%20of%20Subjective%20Well-being.pdf |date=25 October 2016 }} Psychtalk 56, 17–20. Retrieved 8 June 2008.</ref>[[File:Burundi - Lake Tanganyika fisheries.jpg|thumb|alt=two sitting in skiff on beach on lakeshore with mountains in bckround|Fishermen on Lake Tanganyika.]] Vinthu vinyake ivyo vili mu charu ichi ni uranium, nickel, cobalt, mkuwa, na platinamu. Padera pa vyakurya, vyaru vinyake ni ivi: Kupanga vinthu vyakufuma ku vyaru vinyake; kuzenga vinthu vya boma; kupanga vyakurya na vinthu vinyake vyakudura nga ni mabulangete, skapato na sopo. Pa nkhani ya umanyi, charu cha Burundi chili pa malo ghaciŵiri kufuma pa ghaumaliro mu index ya World Economic Forum's Network Readiness Index (NRI). Mu 2014, charu cha Burundi chikaŵa pa nambara 147. Ŵanthu ŵanandi ŵakusoŵa ndalama, comenecomene ku mizi uko kuli ŵanthu ŵanandi. Ŵanthu ŵaŵiri pera pa ŵanthu wose awo ŵakukhala mu mizi iyi ndiwo ŵali na maakaunti ku banki, ndipo ŵalipo ŵachoko chomene pa ŵanthu aŵa. Ndipouli, ndalama zichoko waka zikovwira comene, pakuti ŵanthu 4 pa ŵanthu 100 wose mu Burundi ŵali mu mawupu gha ndalama zichoko waka. Vyaru ivi vikuthemba comene yayi pa wovwiri wa awo ŵakupeleka wovwiri. Charu cha Burundi chili mu wupu wa East African Community (EAC) ndipo chingaŵa chigaŵa cha wupu wa East African Federation. Vinthu vikwenda makora mu charu ichi, kweni charu ichi chikulutilira kunangika.<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20161226084746/http://www.worlddiplomacy.org/Countries/Burundi/InfoBuru.html Burundi] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161226084746/http://www.worlddiplomacy.org/Countries/Burundi/InfoBuru.html |date=26 December 2016 }}. Worlddiplomacy.org. Retrieved on 29 June 2015.</ref> === Ndalama === {{Main|Burundian franc}} Ndalama ya ku Burundi ni franc (ISO 4217 code BIF). Ndalama izi zikaŵa 100 centimes, kweni mu Burundi mukaŵavya ndalama za centimes. Ndondomeko ya ndalama yikulongozgeka na banki yikuru, Bank of the Republic of Burundi.{{Exchange Rate|BIF}} === Mayendelo === {{Main|Transport in Burundi}} [[File:BujumburaAirport.jpg|thumb|[[Bujumbura International Airport]] terminal in Bujumbura]] [[File:Truck and bicylists near Gitega, Burundi.jpg|thumb|left|alt=two bicyclists hold on to back of truck descending a hill|Bicycles are a popular means of transport in Burundi]] Mtundu wa kwendeska vinthu mu Burundi ngwakukwana yayi ndipo ulije nkhongono. Kuyana na lipoti la DHL Global Connectedness Index la 2012, charu cha Burundi ndicho chili na ŵanthu ŵachoko chomene pa vyaru 140 ivyo vikalembeka. Malo gha ndege gha Bujumbura International Airport ndigho ghekha ghali na msewu wakwenda pa msewu ndipo kufuma mu Meyi 2017 ghakaŵa na ndege zinayi (Brussels Airlines, Ethiopian Airlines, Kenya Airways na RwandAir). Mzinda wa Kigali ndiwo uli na ndege zinandi zakuluta ku Bujumbura. Charu ichi chili na misewu yinandi, kweni mu 2005, misewu yinandi yayi mu charu ichi yikaŵa yakwenda pa msewu ndipo mu 2012, mabasi ghakwendera mabasi gha ŵanthu ŵekha ghakaŵa ghakwendeskeka na mabasi agho ghakalutanga ku Kigali. Bujumbura wakukolerana na boti la ŵanthu na katundu (la MV Mwongozo) na Kigoma mu Tanzania.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.worldtravelguide.net/burundi/travel-by|title=Travel to Burundi|date=2017-04-05|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170405013013/http://www.worldtravelguide.net/burundi/travel-by|access-date=2020-01-27|archive-date=5 April 2017}}</ref> Pali pulani ya nyengo yitali ya kwendera njanji na kuluta ku Kigali na ku Kampala na Kenya. == Ŵanthu == {{Largest cities | country = Burundi | stat_ref = Source:<ref name=BURUNDICITIES>{{cite web |url=https://simplemaps.com/static/data/country-cities/bi/bi.xlsx|archive-date=2023-06-23|title=Burundi Cities by Population}}</ref> | list_by_pop = | div_name = | div_link = Provinces of Burundi{{!}}Province | city_1 = Bujumbura| div_1 = Bujumbura Mairie| pop_1 = 658,859| img_1 = BujumburaFromCathedral.jpg | city_2 = Gitega | div_2 = Gitega Province{{!}}Gitega | pop_2 = 135,467| img_2 = INSS_Gitega_n.jpg | city_3 = Ngozi, Burundi{{!}}Ngozi| div_3 = Ngozi Province{{!}}Ngozi| pop_3 = 39,884| img_3 =University of ngozi.jpg | city_4 = Rumonge | div_4 = Bururi Province{{!}}Bururi| pop_4 = 35,931 | img_4 = Météo de la ville.jpg | city_5 = Cibitoke | div_5 = Cibitoke Province{{!}}Cibitoke| pop_5 = 23,885 | city_6 = Kayanza| div_6 = Kayanza Province{{!}}Kayanza| pop_6 = 21,767 | city_7 = Bubanza| div_7 = Bubanza Province{{!}}Bubanza | pop_7 = 20,031 | city_8 = Karuzi| div_8 = Karuzi Province{{!}}Karuzi | pop_8 = 10,705 | city_9 = Kirundo| div_9 = Kirundo Province{{!}}Kirundo| pop_9 = 10,024 | city_10 = Muyinga| div_10 = Muyinga Province{{!}}Muyinga| pop_10 = 9,609 }} [[File:Burundi tradition.jpg|thumb|left|Men in colourful clothing with drums]] [[File:Children in Bujumbura.jpg|thumb|alt=three children looking directly at camera|Children in Bujumbura, Burundi]] {{Main|Demographics of Burundi|Languages of Burundi}} Kufumila mu Okutobala 2021, chalo cha Burundi chikaŵa na ŵanthu ŵakukwana 12,346,893, apo mu 1950 ŵakaŵa 2,456,000. Ŵanthu ŵakusazgikira pa caru cose pa ciŵelengero ca 2.5 peresenti pa caka, ndipo ici nchiŵelengero ico nchiŵiri kuluska ca pa caru cose. Mu 2021, charu cha Burundi ndicho chikaŵa pa nambara 10 pa vyaru vyose pa nkhani ya kubaba. Ŵanthu ŵanandi ŵa ku Burundi ŵali kusamira ku vyaru vinyake cifukwa ca nkhondo. Mu 2006, boma la United States likapokelera ŵanthu 10,000 ŵakufuma ku Burundi. Charu cha Burundi chikulutilira kuŵa na ŵanthu ŵanandi awo ŵakukhala ku mizi. Chiŵelengero cha ŵanthu awo ŵakukhala mu vigaŵa ivi chikukwana 315 pa kilomita yimoza. Pafupifupi ŵanthu 85 pa 100 ŵali na fuko la Hutu, 15 pa 100 ŵali na fuko la Tutsi, ndipo ŵanthu ŵachoko chomene pa 100 ŵali na fuko la Twa. Viyowoyero vya boma mu Burundi ni Chikirundi, Cifurenci, na Cingelezi. Mu 2014, chiyowoyero cha Chingelezi ndicho chikaŵa chiyowoyero cha boma. Ŵanthu ŵanandi ŵakuyowoya Cikirundi, ndipo pacoko waka 10 peresenti ŵakuyowoya Cifurenci.<ref>[https://observatoire.francophonie.org/wp-content/uploads/2022/10/Rapport-La-langue-francaise-dans-le-monde_VF-2022.pdf La langue française dans le monde] (2022)</ref> ===Chisopo=== {{Main|Religion in Burundi}} Ŵanthu ŵanyake ŵakuyowoya kuti Ŵakhristu ŵalipo 80 panji 90 peresenti. Ŵaprotesitanti na ŵa Anglican ndiwo ŵakukhalapo 15-25%. Ŵanthu pafupifupi 5 pa 100 ŵaliwose ŵakulondezga visambizgo vya chisopa. Ŵasilamu ŵalipo 2~5%, ndipo ŵanandi mwa ŵanthu aŵa mba Sunni ndipo ŵakukhala mu misumba.<ref name="cia"/><ref name="pew">[https://web.archive.org/web/20171204222921/http://www.globalreligiousfutures.org/countries/burundi/religious_demography#/?affiliations_religion_id=0&affiliations_year=2010 Pew Research Center's Religion & Public Life Project: Burundi] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171204222921/http://www.globalreligiousfutures.org/countries/burundi/religious_demography#/?affiliations_religion_id=0&affiliations_year=2010|date=4 December 2017}}. [[Pew Research Center]]. 2010.</ref><ref name="state2010">[https://web.archive.org/web/20101123105533/http://www.state.gov/g/drl/rls/irf/2010/148667.htm Burundi] . U.S. Department of State. State.gov (17 November 2010). Retrieved on 24 November 2012.</ref> ===Umoyo=== {{Main|Health in Burundi}} Mu vyaru vyose 120 ivyo vili na njala pa caru cose, mu Burundi ndimo muli njara yikuru comene. Nkhondo ya pawenenawene iyo yikacitika mu 1962, yikatimbanizga nthowa za munkhwala mu caru ici. Mu 2015, ku Burundi kukaŵaso vivulupi vinandi, ndipo ivi vikapangiska kuti ŵanthu ŵaleke kupokera wovwiri wa munkhwala. Nga ni vyaru vinyake vya ku Africa, Burundi nayo wakugwiliskira ntchito munkhwala wa ŵanthu ŵa ku Africa. Mu vyaka vya m'ma 1980, boma la Burundi likapempha Wupu wa United Nations Development Program kuti uŵawovwire kuti ŵanozge nthowa zakwendeskera ndopa na kwamba kafukufuku wa munkhwala wakufuma ku vyakumera. Pa nyengo yeneyiyo, wupu wa Burundi Association of Traditional Practitioners (ATRADIBU) ukapangika, uwo ukakolerana na wupu wa boma kuti uŵike wupu wa Centre for Research and Promotion of Traditional Medicine in Burundi (CRPMT).<ref name=":4">{{Cite journal|title=Indigenous medicine and biomedical health care in fragile settings: insights from Burundi|last1=Falisse|first1=Jean-Benoit|last2=Masino|first2=Serena|last3=Ngenzebuhoro|first3=Raymond|s2cid=4917618|journal=Health Policy and Planning|year=2018|volume=33|issue=4|pages=483–493|doi=10.1093/heapol/czy002|pmid=29452365|doi-access=free}}</ref> Wovwiri wa vyaru vinandi wawovwira kuti vipatala viwovwire ŵanthu mu Burundi. Ndipouli, ŵanthu awo ŵakovwira ŵanthu ku vyaru vinyake ŵakukana kugwiliskira nchito munkhwala wa ku Burundi. Mu 2015, mwana yumoza pa ŵana 10 ŵaliwose ku Burundi wakafwanga pambere wandakwaniske vyaka 5 chifukwa cha matenda agho ŵanthu ŵangaghagwentha na kuchizga. Nkhondo iyo yikucitika sono mu Burundi yikutondeska kuti ŵanthu ŵa mu caru ici ŵasange munkhwala na vinthu vinyake vya mu cipatala. Ku Burundi, ŵanthu ŵakukhala vyaka 60.1 mu 2015. Mu 2013, caru ca Burundi cikagwiliskira nchito 8% ya GDP yawo pa vya cipatala. Nangauli mu Burundi mwanakazi waliyose wakubaba ŵana 6,1, kweni pa ŵanakazi 1,000 awo ŵakubabika ŵakufwa 61.9. Wupu wa vyaumoyo wa pa caru cose (WHO) ukuti ŵanthu mu caru ici ŵakukhala vyaka 58 panji 62. Matenda agho ghakuzara comene mu Burundi ni maleriya na typhoid fever.<ref name=":8">{{Cite web |title=Burundi |url=http://proxy.library.upenn.edu:2083/ps/i.do?p=SUIC&u=upenn_main&id=GALE&#124;CX3652100082&v=2.1&it=r&sid=summon |website=Worldmark Encyclopedia of the Nations}}{{Dead link|date=May 2023|bot=InternetArchiveBot|fix-attempted=yes}}</ref> == Mwambo == [[File:Gitega drums.JPG|thumb|right|alt=four drums in courtyard|Drums from [[Gitega]].]] {{Main|Culture of Burundi|Tourism in Burundi|Music of Burundi}} Ŵanthu ŵa ku Burundi ŵakutemwa mitheto ya uko ŵakukhala kweniso ŵakulondezga mitheto ya vyaru vinyake. Pakuti ŵanthu ŵanandi ku Burundi ŵakutemwa kulima, chakurya chawo ni mbuto, mpunga, na phere. Cifukwa ca ndalama zinandi, nyama yikulyeka kamoza pera pa mwezi. Para ŵanthu ŵanandi ŵa ku Burundi ŵakukumana pa chiphikiro, ŵakumwa pamoza mpeke, panji moŵa, kufuma mu chiŵiya chikuru kuti ŵalongore umoza. Ŵanthu ŵakumanyikwa ŵa ku Burundi ni Mohammed Tchité uyo wakuseŵera bola na Jean-Pierre Nimbona, uyo wakumanyikwa na zina lakuti Kidumu (uyo wakukhala ku Nairobi, Kenya). Ku Burundi, ŵanthu ŵanandi ŵakutemwa kupanga vinthu vya mawoko. Ŵanthu ŵa ku malo agha ŵakutemwa chomene kuluka viŵiya. Vinthu vinyake nga ni visalu, visalu, vithuzithuzi, na viŵiya vya dongo vikupangika mu Burundi. Kulizga tung'oma nkhwakuzirwa comene mu mitheto ya ŵanthu. Gulu la Royal Drummers of Burundi, ilo ndakumanyikwa pa caru cose, ndipo lakhala likucita maseŵero agha kwa vilimika vyakujumpha 40, likucemeka na sumu za karyenda, amashako, ibishikiso na ikiranya. Kaŵirikaŵiri kuvina kukulongozgana na kuvina kwa viŵiya, uko kukuwoneka kanandi pa viphikiro na pa maungano gha mbumba. Ŵanthu ŵanandi ku Burundi ŵakutemwa kuvina kwa abatimbo, uko kukucitikira pa viphikiro vya boma. Vyakwimbira vinyake ivyo vikumanyikwa ni vyakwimbira nga ni sefuleti, sitara, ikembe, indonongo, umuduri, inanga, na inyagara.<ref name="r1">{{cite web |title=Burundi Arts and Literature |url=http://www.cp-pc.ca/english/burundi/arts.html |url-status=bot: unknown |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20061001220348/http://www.cp-pc.ca/english/burundi/arts.html |archive-date=1 October 2006 |access-date=21 July 2008}} Cultural Profiles Project. Citizenship and Immigration Canada. Retrieved 30 June 2008.</ref>[[File:Le Match.jpg|thumb|left|alt=five men playing football one red and black striped jersey and four in yellow jersey|Football in Burundi]] Ŵanthu ŵa mu caru ici ŵakutemwa comene kuyowoya nkhani za kale na kusambizga ŵanthu vinthu vyakuzirwa. Imigani, indirimbo, amazina na ivyivugo ni mabuku gha mu Burundi. Maseŵera gha basketball na track and field ngakumanyikwa comene. Ŵanthu ŵanandi ŵakutemwa maseŵero agha. Mu tawuni iyi muli magulu ghaŵiri ghakurughakuru gha maseŵero gha judo. Mu caru cose ici, ŵanthu ŵakutemwa comene maseŵero gha bola. Maholide ghanandi gha Cikristu ghakukondwelereka, ndipo Khisimasi ndiyo yikuru comene. Zuŵa la wanangwa wa Burundi likukondwelereka chaka chilichose pa 1 Julayi. Mu 2005, boma la Burundi likati Eid al-Fitr, ni holide ya Chisilamu.<ref name="Burundi celebrates Muslim holiday">[http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/africa/4402974.stm Burundi celebrates Muslim holiday] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170617204223/http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/africa/4402974.stm|date=17 June 2017}}. [[BBC]]. 3 November 2005. Retrieved on 30 June 2008.</ref> ===Media=== {{see also|Mass media in Burundi}} ===Masambilo=== {{Update section|date=June 2018}} [[File:Carolus Magnus Schule-Burundi.jpg|thumb|alt=group of children at school in white shirt and khaki shorts uniforms|Carolus Magnus School in Burundi. The school benefits from the campaign "Your Day for Africa" by Aktion Tagwerk.]] {{Main|Education in Burundi}} Mu 2009, chiŵelengero cha ŵanthu ŵakumanya kuŵazga na kulemba mu Burundi chikaŵa 67% (73% ŵanalume na 61% ŵanakazi), ndipo chiŵelengero cha ŵanalume na ŵanakazi ŵa vyaka vyapakati pa 15 na 24 chikaŵa 77% na 76%. Mu 2015, chiŵelengero ichi chikakwera kufika pa 85.6% (88.2% ŵanalume na 83.1% ŵanakazi).<ref>{{cite web|url=http://data.uis.unesco.org/Index.aspx?DataSetCode=EDULIT_DS&popupcustomise=true&lang=en|title=Education|last=UIS|website=data.uis.unesco.org|access-date=22 October 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170905185501/http://data.uis.unesco.org/Index.aspx?DataSetCode=EDULIT_DS&popupcustomise=true&lang=en|archive-date=5 September 2017|url-status=dead}}</ref>Kufuma mu 2002, ŵanakazi ŵakumanya kulemba na kulemba ŵakukwera na 17%. Chiŵelengero cha ŵanthu awo ŵakumanya kuŵazga na kulemba mu Burundi ntchichoko chomene chifukwa chakuti ŵanthu ŵanandi ŵakusangika yayi ku sukulu. Kweniso ŵanthu awo ŵakumanya kuŵazga na kulemba mu Chikirundi ŵakusangika waka mu mabuku gha chiyowoyero ichi. Ŵanyamata 10 pa 100 ŵaliwose ku Burundi ŵakuzomerezgeka kusambira masambiro gha ku sekondare. Ku Burundi kuli yunivesite yimoza ya boma, yunivesite ya Burundi. Mu misumba iyi muli malo ghakusungirako vinthu vyakale nga ni Burundi Geological Museum mu Bujumbura, Burundi National Museum, na Burundi Museum of Life mu Gitega. Mu 2010, ku Rwoga, Canada, kukajulika sukulu ya pulayimale iyo yikazengeka na ŵana ŵa ku Westwood High School. Kufumira mu chaka cha 2018, charu cha Burundi chikagwiliskira ntchito ndalama zakuyana na 5.1% ya GDP yake pa masambiro.<ref name="Kingiri & Onana 2021">{{cite book |author1=Njoki Kingiri |author2=Awono Onana |editor1-last=Schneegans |editor1-first=S. |editor2-last=Straza |editor2-first=T. |editor3-last=Lewis |editor3-first=J. |title=Central and East Africa. In UNESCO Science Report: the Race Against Time for Smarter Development. |date=11 June 2021 |publisher=UNESCO |location=Paris |isbn=978-92-3-100450-6 |pages=496–533 |url=https://unesdoc.unesco.org/ark:/48223/pf0000377433}}</ref> ===Sayansi=== Ndondomeko ya ku Burundi ya sayansi, matekinoloje, kafukufuku na vyakupanga vinthu vinyake (2013) yikulongosora vya vyakurya; sayansi ya munkhwala; nkhongono, migodi na mendero; maji; kuzgoka mapopa; sayansi ya vyamoyo na ŵanthu ŵa mu vyaru vinyake; sayansi ya vinthu; injiniya na mafakitale; ICT; sayansi ya mlengalenga; masamu; na sayansi ya umoyo wa ŵanthu. Pa nkhani ya sayansi ya vinthu, mabuku gha mu Burundi ghakajumphapo kaŵiri kufuma pa 0.6 kufika pa 1.2 pa ŵanthu 1 miliyoni pakati pa 2012 na 2019, ndipo charu ichi chili pakati pa vyaru 15 vya ku Africa kumwera kwa Sahara. Ŵasayansi ŵa vya munkhwala ndiwo ŵakwendeskanga chomene kafukufuku: mu 2018, ŵasayansi ŵa vya munkhwala ŵakaŵa na 4%, kweni pakati pa 2011 na 2019, ŵakalemba mabuku 41%. Ndondomeko ya sayansi, matekinoloje, kafukufuku na vyakusintha (2013) yikulaŵiska comene pa kupanga ndondomeko na vinthu vyakwendeskera vinthu, kukhozga kukolerana mu vyaru na vyaru vinyake, na kuŵika sayansi mu umoyo wa ŵanthu. Mu Okutobala 2014, ofesi ya EAC yikati National Institute of Public Health ni malo ghakutowa chomene. Ŵasayansi ŵa ku Burundi ŵali kulembapo nkhani zinkhondi na ziŵiri pa nkhani ya HIV na matenda ghakututuka gha mu vyaru vya muhanya uno. Ndondomeko iyi yikulaŵiskaso comene pa kusambizga ŵasayansi. Ŵasayansi ŵanandi ŵakagwira ntchito iyi kufuma pa 40 kufika pa 55 pa ŵanthu 1 miliyoni pakati pa 2011 na 2018. Ndalama izo munthu waliyose wakugwiliskira ntchito pakusanda vinthu zikukwera kufuma pa $14,310 (kuyana na ivyo vikachitika mu 2005) kufika pa $22,480, pakuti kufuma mu 2012, ndalama izo ŵanthu ŵakupeleka pakusanda vinthu mu vyaru vinyake zikukwera kufuma pa 0.11% kufika pa 0.21% ya GDP. Kufuma mu 2011, caru ca Burundi cacita vinandi comene pa nkhani ya sayansi, kweni cakukwana yayi kufuma apo ŵakazomerezgera vilato vyawo mu 2015. Ku Burundi kuli mabuku gha sayansi 6 pa ŵanthu 1 miliyoni. Pafupifupi 97.5% ya zofalitsa zinaphatikizira olemba achilendo pakati pa 2017 ndi 2019, ndipo a Uganda ali pakati pa othandizira asanu.<ref name="Kingiri & Onana 2021"/> == Wonaniso == {{portal|Burundi}} * [[Outline of Burundi]] * [[Index of Burundi-related articles]] * [[Wildlife of Burundi]] * [[National Defence Force (Burundi)]] * <!-- [[Bibliography of Burundi]] --> * <!-- {{wikipedia books link|Burundi}} --> {{clear}} == Vinyake == {{Notelist}} == Ukaboni == {{reflist}} == Mabuku == {{Refbegin}} * {{cite book |ref=Eggers|last = Eggers|first = Ellen K. |title = Historical Dictionary of Burundi|publisher=Scarecrow Press|year = 2006|location = Lanham, Maryland|isbn = 0-8108-5302-7|edition= 3rd}} *{{cite book|ref=Lemarchand1996|author=Lemarchand, Rene |title=Burundi: Ethnic Conflict and Genocide|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=3d_r13a3IgMC&pg=PR17|date=1996|publisher=Cambridge University Press|isbn=978-0-521-56623-0}} {{Refend}} == Vyakulemba vinyake == {{refbegin}} * Abdallah, Ahmedou Ould ''Burundi on the Brink, 1993–95: A UN Special Envoy Reflects on Preventive Diplomacy'' * {{cite book |author =Allen, J. A. |title=Africa South of the Sahara 2004: South of the Sahara |publisher=Taylor and Francis Group|year = 2003|location = New York, New York |isbn = 1-85743-183-9 |display-authors=etal}} * Bentley, Kristina and Southall, Roger ''An African Peace Process: Mandela, South Africa, and Burundi'' * Chrétien, Jean-Pierre ''The Great Lakes of Africa: Two Thousand Years of History'' * [[Patricia Daley|Daley, Patricia]] ''Gender and Genocide in Burundi: The Search for Spaces of Peace in the Great Lakes Region'' * {{cite book |last = Gates |first = Henry Lewis |author2 = Anthony Appiah |title = Africana: The Encyclopedia of the African and African American Experience |publisher = Basic Civitas Books |year = 1999 |location = New York, New York |isbn = 0-465-00071-1 |url = https://archive.org/details/africanaencyclop00appi }} * Ewusi, Kale and Akwanga, Ebenezer ''Burundi's Negative Peace: The Shadow of a Broken Continent in the Era of Nepad'' * Jennings, Christian ''Across the Red River: Rwanda, Burundi and the Heart of Darkness'' * Kayoya, Michel ''My Father's Footsteps'' (''Sur les traces de mon père'') East African Publishing House, 1973 * Kayoya, Michel ''Entre deux mondes'' (Between two worlds) Lavigerie Éditeurs, Bujumbura: 1971. Kayoya was murdered during the 1972 genocide. * Kidder, Tracy, ''Strength in What Remains'' (A biography of a Burundian immigrant to the US) * {{cite book |last =Krueger |first =Robert |author2=Kathleen Tobin Krueger |title=From Bloodshed to Hope in Burundi: Our Embassy Years during Genocide |publisher=University of Texas Press|year = 2007|location = Austin, Texas|isbn = 978-0-292-71486-1}} * Melady, Thomas Patrick ''Burundi: The Tragic Years'' * Nivonzima, David and Fendell, Len ''Unlocking Horns: Forgiveness and Reconciliation in Burundi'' * Uvin, Peter ''Life After Violence: A People's Story of Burundi'' * Watt, Nigel '' Burundi: The Biography of a Small African Country'' * {{cite book |last = Weinstein|first = Warren |title = Historical Dictionary of Burundi|publisher=Scarecrow Press|year = 2006|location = Metuchen, New Jersey|isbn = 0-8108-0962-1}} 1st. edition. {{refend}} == Vigaŵa vya kuwalo == {{Sister project links|voy=Burundi|Burundi}} {{Scholia|country}} * Records of [https://web.archive.org/web/20230808155412/https://search.archives.un.org/united-nations-international-commission-of-inquiry-for-burundi-unicib-1995-1996 the United Nations International Commission of Inquiry for Burundi (UNICIB) (1995–1996)] at the United Nations Archives *{{in lang|fr}} [https://web.archive.org/web/20180420053748/http://www.burundi.gov.bi/ Official Burundi government website] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180420053748/http://www.burundi.gov.bi/ |date=20 April 2018 }} * [https://web.archive.org/web/20121204213713/http://justice.gov.bi/ Official Website of the Ministry of Justice of Burundi] * [https://web.archive.org/web/20110813050117/https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/world-leaders-1/world-leaders-b/burundi.html Chief of State and Cabinet Members] * [https://web.archive.org/web/20210122232849/https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/burundi/ Burundi]. ''[[The World Factbook]]''. [[Central Intelligence Agency]]. * [https://web.archive.org/web/20090523153822/http://ucblibraries.colorado.edu/govpubs/for/burundi.htm Burundi] from ''UCB Libraries GovPubs'' * {{curlie|Regional/Africa/Burundi}} * [https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-africa-13085064 Burundi] from the [[BBC News]] * {{Wikiatlas|Burundi}} * [http://www.ifs.du.edu/ifs/frm_CountryProfile.aspx?Country=BI Key Development Forecasts for Burundi] from [[International Futures]] {{Burundi topics}} {{Navboxes |list = {{Countries of Africa}} {{African Union}} {{La Francophonie|state=collapsed}} {{Former German colonies}} }} {{Authority control}} {{Coord|3|30|S|30|00|E|type:country_region:BI|display=title}} [[Category:Burundi| ]]<!--please leave the empty space as standard--> [[Category:Central African countries]] [[Category:East African countries]] [[Category:Countries and territories where English is an official language]] [[Category:French-speaking countries and territories]] [[Category:Landlocked countries]] [[Category:Least developed countries]] [[Category:Member states of the Organisation internationale de la Francophonie]] [[Category:Member states of the African Union]] [[Category:Member states of the United Nations]] [[Category:Republics]] [[Category:States and territories established in 1962]] [[Category:Swahili-speaking countries and territories]] [[Category:1962 establishments in Burundi]] [[Category:Countries in Africa]] [[Category:Former monarchies]] jgp1mkj5xyd82d32kdifdium0xr0naf 0 46079 116541 115173 2026-06-18T01:08:36Z InternetArchiveBot 6449 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 116541 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Nyumba ya boma''' ni nyumba ya mulongozgi wa boma, mulongozgi wa boma, mulongozgi wa cisopa, mulongozgi wa wupu wa vyaru, panji munthu munyake wakuzirwa. Ŵangaŵa kuti ŵakukhala mu nyumba iyo ŵakugwilira ntchito. == Mndandanda wa nyumba za boma, kuyana na vyaru == ===Afghanistan=== *[[Arg, Kabul|Arg]] ([[Cabinet of Afghanistan|Cabinet]]) ===Albania=== * [[Prime Minister's Office (Albania)|Prime Minister's Office]] * [[Pallati i Brigadave]] * [[Ish-Blloku]] (former residence of [[Enver Hoxha]]) ===Algeria=== * [[El Mouradia Palace|El Mouradia Presidential Palace]] ===Angola=== * Presidential Palace ===Antigua and Barbuda=== * [[Government House (Antigua & Barbuda)|Government House]] ([[List of Governors-General of Antigua and Barbuda|Governor-General]]) ===Argentina=== [[File:Casa Rosada Buenos Aires.JPG|thumb|Casa Rosada, [[Buenos Aires]]]] * [[Casa Rosada]] ([[President of Argentina|Presidential]] office) * [[Quinta de Olivos]] (Presidential residence) * [[Chapadmalal]] Residence (Summer House) ===Armenia=== [[File:Plaza de la República, Ereván, Armenia, 2016-10-02, DD 120-122 HDR.jpg|thumb|[[Government House, Yerevan|Government House]], [[Yerevan]]]] * [[President's Residence, Yerevan|President's Residence]] * Prime Minister's Vacation House, in [[Sevan, Armenia|Sevan]] (President, retreat)<ref>{{cite book|author=Beth Potter|title=Lonely Planet Georgia, Armenia and Azerbaijan|publisher=Lonely Planet Publications|page=218}}</ref> * [[Prime Minister's Residence, Yerevan|Prime Minister's Residence]] * [[Government House, Yerevan|Government House]] ===Australia=== ====Federal==== * [[Government House, Canberra|Government House]] ([[Monarchy of Australia|Monarchy]], [[Governor-General of Australia|Governor-General]]) * [[Admiralty House (Sydney)|Admiralty House]] (Monarchy, Governor-General, [[Sydney]] residence) * [[The Lodge (Australia)|The Lodge]] ([[Prime Minister of Australia|Prime Minister]]) * [[Kirribilli House]] (Prime Minister, [[Sydney]] residence) ====State==== [[File:GovernmentHouseMelbourne1 gobeirne.jpg|thumb|Government House, Melbourne]] * '''[[New South Wales]]''':<br />[[Government House, Sydney|Government House]] ([[Governor of New South Wales|Governor]])<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.dailytelegraph.com.au/news/sydney-nsw/governor-marie-bashir-makes-a-grand-return-home-to-government-house/comments-e6freuzi-1226160666275 |title=Governor return to Government House |access-date=2011-10-07 |archive-date=2020-03-21 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200321120456/https://www.dailytelegraph.com.au/news/sydney-nsw/governor-marie-bashir-makes-a-grand-return-home-to-government-house/comments-e6freuzi-1226160666275?nk=6685e8a1cfc70dff8062057406f7dcbe-1584792296 |url-status=live }}</ref> * '''[[Queensland]]''':<br />[[Government House, Queensland|Government House]] ([[Governor of Queensland|Governor]]) * '''[[South Australia]]''':<br />[[Government House, Adelaide|Government House]] ([[Governor of South Australia|Governor]]) * '''[[Tasmania]]''':<br />[[Government House, Hobart|Government House]] ([[Governor of Tasmania|Governor]]) * '''[[Victoria (Australia)|Victoria]]''':<br />[[Government House, Melbourne|Government House]] ([[Governor of Victoria|Governor]]) * '''[[Western Australia]]''':<br />[[Government House, Perth|Government House]] ([[Governor of Western Australia|Governor]]) ====Territorial==== =====Internal territory===== * '''[[Northern Territory]]''':<br />[[Government House, Darwin|Government House]] ([[Administrator of the Northern Territory|Administrator]]) =====External territories===== * '''[[Christmas Island]]''':<br />Government House (Administrator) * '''[[Cocos (Keeling) Islands]]''':<br />Government House (Administrator) * '''[[Norfolk Island]]''':<br />Government House ([[Administrative heads of Norfolk Island|Administrator]]) =====State, former===== * '''[[New South Wales]]'''<br /> [[Old Government House, Parramatta|Old Government House]] ([[Governor of New South Wales|Governor]] country residence at [[Parramatta, New South Wales|Parramatta]] (1790–1855) formerly)<br /> Hillview, ([[Governor of New South Wales|Governor]] summer residence at [[Sutton Forest]] (1882–1958), formerly)<br /> [[Cranbrook, Bellevue Hill]], ([[Governor of New South Wales|Governor]] residence 1901–1917, formerly) * '''[[Queensland]]'''<br /> Adelaide House, ([[Governor of Queensland|Governor]] residence (1859–1862) formerly; now The Deanery of St. John's Anglican Cathedral <br />[[Old Government House, Queensland|Old Government House]] ([[Governor of Queensland|Governor]] residence (1862–1909) formerly; kept as headquarters of the [[National Trust of Australia]]) * '''[[South Australia]]'''<br />[[Old Government House, South Australia|Old Government House]] ([[Governor of South Australia|Governor]] summer residence (1860–1880), formerly)<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.parks.sa.gov.au/belair/visit/index.htm#whats_on|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20070901090758/http://www.parks.sa.gov.au/belair/visit/index.htm|url-status=dead|title=Belair National Park – Visiting the Park|archivedate=September 1, 2007}}</ref><br /> [[Marble Hill, South Australia|Marble Hill]] ([[Governor of South Australia|Governor]] summer residence (1880–1955), formerly; destroyed in the Black Sunday Bushfire of 1955) * '''[[Victoria (Australia)|Victoria]]'''<br />[[La Trobe's Cottage]] ([[Governor of Victoria|Lieutenant Governor]], residence (1840–1854) formerly; kept as museum)<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.nattrust.com.au/trust_properties/melbourne_and_surrounds/la_trobe_s_cottage |title=National Trust of Australia: La Trobe's Cottage |access-date=2007-08-16 |archive-date=2009-12-13 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091213165650/http://www.nattrust.com.au/trust_properties/melbourne_and_surrounds/la_trobe_s_cottage |url-status=live }}</ref><br />[[Toorak House]] ([[Governor of Victoria|Governor]] residence (1854–1874), formerly; currently being used as a church)<ref>[http://www.whitehat.com.au/Melbourne/Places/ToorakHouse.asp Toorak House] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070831050215/http://www.whitehat.com.au/Melbourne/Places/ToorakHouse.asp |date=2007-08-31 }}</ref><br /> [[Bishopscourt, East Melbourne|Bishopscourt]] ([[Governor of Victoria|Governor]] residence (1874–1876), formerly) <br />[[Stonnington Mansion]] ([[Governor of Victoria|Governor]] residence (1901–1931) formerly; currently being restored as private home)<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.adonline.id.au/buildings/stonnington.php |title=Melbourne Buildings: Stonnington |access-date=2007-08-16 |archive-date=2011-10-01 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111001213718/http://www.adonline.id.au/buildings/stonnington.php |url-status=live }}</ref> * '''[[Tasmania]]'''<br /> [[Old Government House, Tasmania|Old Government House]] ([[Governor of Tasmania|Governor's]] residence (1807–1857, demolished 1858)<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.abc.net.au/local/photos/2013/01/31/3680215.htm|title=Model of Old Government House: 1837 - ABC (None) - Australian Broadcasting Corporation|website=[[Australian Broadcasting Corporation]]|access-date=2013-10-14|archive-date=2016-03-04|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304050018/http://www.abc.net.au/local/photos/2013/01/31/3680215.htm|url-status=live}}</ref> ===Austria=== [[File:Wien Hofburg Neue Burg Heldenplatz.jpg|thumb|Hofburg ''Neue Burg'' section, seen from [[Heldenplatz]].]] [[File:Wien - Bundeskanzleramt1.JPG|thumb|[[Ballhausplatz]] Nr. 2]] * [[Hofburg]] ([[President of Austria|President]], formerly the [[Habsburg monarchy|Emperor]]) * [[Ballhausplatz]] Nr. 2 ([[Chancellor of Austria|Chancellor]]) * [[Mürzsteg Hunting Lodge|Jagdschloss Mürzsteg]] (Summer retreat of the [[President of Austria|President]]) ====Former royal residences==== * [[Schönbrunn Palace]] ===Azerbaijan=== * [[Zagulba Presidential Residence|Residence of Zagulba]] * Presidential Mountain Palace – Rest residence in [[Qabala|Gabala]] ===Bahamas=== [[File:BahamianGovernmentHouse.JPG|thumb|[[Government House, The Bahamas]]]] * [[Government House, The Bahamas|Government House]] ([[List of Governors-General of the Bahamas|Governor-General]]) ===Bahrain=== *[[Rifa'a Palace]] ([[House of Al-Khalifa|King]]) *[[Al-Sakhir Palace]] ([[House of Al-Khalifa|King]]) *[[Shaikh Isa Palace]] ([[House of Al-Khalifa|King]]) *[[Al Rawda Palace]] ([[House of Al-Khalifa|King]]) *[[Al-Qudaibiya Palace]] ([[Prime Minister of Bahrain|Prime Minister]]) ===Bangladesh=== [[File:Bangabhaban.jpg|thumb|Bangabhaban, [[Dhaka]]]] *[[Bangabhaban]] ([[President of Bangladesh|President]]) *[[Gonobhaban]] ([[Prime Minister of Bangladesh|Prime Minister]]) *[[Uttara Gonobhaban]] (Retreat) ===Barbados=== *[[State House, Barbados|State House]] ([[President of Barbados|President]]) *[[Ilaro Court]] ([[List of Prime Ministers of Barbados|Prime Minister]]) ===Belarus=== * [[Independence Palace, Minsk|Independence Palace of Belarus]] ([[President of Belarus|President]]) * {{ill|Old Presidential Residence|ru|Резиденция президента Республики Беларусь|be|Рэзідэнцыя Прэзідэнта Рэспублікі Беларусь}} ([[President of Belarus|President]]) ===Belgium=== * [[Royal Palace of Brussels]] ([[Monarchy of Belgium|Monarch's working palace]]) * [[Royal Castle of Laeken|Château de Laeken]] (Monarch's residence) * [[Ciergnon Castle]] (Monarch's [[Ardennes]] residence) * {{ill|The Lambermont|fr|Résidence du Premier ministre de Belgique|nl|Lambermont (gebouw)}} ([[List of Prime Ministers of Belgium|Prime Minister]]'s residence) * {{ill|16 Rue de la Loi|fr|16, rue de la Loi|nl|Wetstraat 16}} / Wetstraat 16 (Prime Minister's office) ===Belize=== * Belize House ([[List of Governors-General of Belize|Governor-General]]) ====Former==== * [[Government House, Belize|Government House]] (Governor-General, formerly; kept for official government functions, [[state guest house]] for visiting foreign dignitaries, and as House of Culture Museum) ===Benin=== * Presidential Palace ===Bhutan=== *[[Dechencholing Palace]] ([[List of rulers of Bhutan|King]]) ===Bolivia=== [[File:Palacio Quemado (Palacio de Gobierno) y Catedral Metropolitana de La Paz, Bolivia.jpg|thumb|{{lang|es|[[Palacio Quemado]]|italic=no}}]] * {{lang|es|[[Palacio Quemado]]|italic=no}} (President's office) * Palace of Calacoto (Official residence of the [[President of Bolivia|President]]) * Castillo blanco (Winter residence of the President) * Principado de la Glorieta (Summer residence of the President) * Villa Albina (Summer residence of the President) * Mercado street (Office prime minister) * Casa Verde (Official residence of the prime minister) ===Bosnia and Herzegovina=== [[File:Presidency of BiH in Sarajevo 2023.01.29 1.jpg|thumb|[[Building of the Presidency of Bosnia and Herzegovina]]]] * [[Building of the Presidency of Bosnia and Herzegovina|Presidency Building]] * Konak Residence ([[state guest house]]) ===Botswana=== * State House ([[President of Botswana|President]]) ===Brazil=== [[File:Palacio Alvorada commons.jpg|thumb|Palácio da Alvorada, [[Brasília]]]] * [[Palácio da Alvorada]] ([[President of Brazil|President]]ial residence) * [[Palácio do Planalto]] (Presidential office) * [[Granja do Torto]] (President, retreat) * [[Palácio Rio Negro]] (President, retreat) * [[Jabiru's Palace|Palácio do Jaburu]] ([[Vice President of Brazil|Vice President]]) ====Former==== * [[Catete Palace]] (President, formerly; kept as Museu da República) * [[Paço de São Cristóvão|Palace of São Cristóvão]] ([[John VI of Portugal|King]] and [[Imperial Family of Brazil|Emperor]], formerly; kept as the [[National Museum of Brazil]]) * [[Imperial Museum of Brazil|Palácio Imperial de Petrópolis]] (Emperor, summer residence, formerly; kept as Imperial Museum of Brazil) ====State==== [[File:Webysther_20150907164050_-_Palácio_Rio_Branco.jpg|thumb|[[Rio Branco Palace|Palácio Rio Branco]], [[Salvador, Bahia]]]] *[[Bahia]] **Palácio de Ondina **Palácio da Aclamação (former) **[[Rio Branco Palace|Palácio Rio Branco]] (former) * [[Federal District (Brazil)|Federal District]] **Palácio do Buriti *[[Maranhão]] **Palácio dos Leões *[[Minas Gerais]] **Cidade Administrativa de Minas Gerais *[[Paraná (state)|Paraná]] **Palácio Iguaçu * [[Pernambuco]] ** Palácio Campo das Princesas * [[Rio de Janeiro (state)|Rio de Janeiro]] ** [[Palácio das Laranjeiras]] *[[Rio Grande do Sul]] **Palácio Piratini *[[São Paulo (state)|São Paulo]] **[[Palácio dos Bandeirantes]] ===Brunei=== * [[Istana Nurul Iman]] ([[List of Sultans of Brunei|Sultan]]) ===Bulgaria=== [[File:Euxinograd-palace-benkovski.png|thumb|[[Euxinograd]] palace, [[Bulgaria]]]] ====Current==== * [[The Largo]] (A complex of government office buildings in Sofia): ** [[Dondukov 1]] (The office of the [[Council of Ministers of Bulgaria|Council of Ministers]]) ** [[Dondukov 2]] (The office of the [[List of Presidents of Bulgaria|President]]) ** [[National Assembly (Bulgaria)|National Assembly]] office building * [[Boyana Residence]] (A complex of residential buildings outside Sofia): ** [[National Historical Museum (Bulgaria)|Home № 1]] (National History Museum) ** [[Home № 2]] (Residences of the members of the Cabinet) ** [[Villa Kalina]] (The home of the [[List of Presidents of Bulgaria|President]]) * [[Euxinograd]] (former royal residence outside Varna; currently used by the President and Prime Minister) ====Former royal residences==== * [[National Art Gallery (Bulgaria)|The Royal Palace]] (former royal residence in Sofia; currently the [[National Art Gallery (Bulgaria)|National Art Gallery]]) * [[Vrana Palace]] (former royal residence outside Sofia; currently used by Tsar Simeon II) * [[Tsarska Bistritsa]] (former royal residence outside Samokov; currently used by Tsar Simeon II) ===Burundi=== * Kiriri Presidential Palace ===Cambodia=== [[File:Phnom Penh Preah Moha Prasat Khemarin 02.jpg|thumb|[[Royal Palace of Cambodia#Khemarin Palace|Khemarin Palace]] in [[Phnom Penh]]]] * [[Royal Palace, Phnom Penh|Royal Palace]] ([[King of Cambodia|King]], official; the formal name of the building within the palace compound in which the King resides in is called [[Royal Palace of Cambodia#Khemarin Palace|Khemarin Palace]]) * [[The Royal Residence]] ([[King of Cambodia|King]], secondary) * [[Peace Palace, Phnom Penh|Peace Palace]] ([[Prime Minister of Cambodia|Prime Minister]], official workplace; the Prime Minister lives at his own private residence) ===Cameroon=== * Unity Palace<ref>{{cite web|last=Cameroon|first=Unity Palace|title=The Presidential Residence|url=http://www.prc.cm/indexen.php|work=All About the PRC|access-date=2011-08-15|archive-date=2018-12-25|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181225155309/https://www.prc.cm/fr/|url-status=live}}</ref> ===Canada=== {{see also|Government Houses of Canada}} ====Federal==== [[File:Ottawa - Rideau Hall.JPG|thumb|[[Rideau Hall]] in [[Ottawa]]]] * [[Rideau Hall]] ([[Monarchy of Canada|monarch]], [[Governor General of Canada|governor general]], [[Ottawa]] residence)<ref>[https://wayback.archive-it.org/all/20071220024357/http://www.gg.ca/rh/rh_e.asp Governor General of Canada: Rideau Hall] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090227000000/http://www.gg.ca/rh/rh_e.asp |date=February 27, 2009 }}. [https://archive.ph/20121205052132/http://www2.parl.gc.ca/Sites/LOP/Infoparl/english/issue.asp?param=130&art=820 Galbraith, William; ''Canadian Parliamentary Review'': Fiftieth Anniversary of the 1939 Royal Visit; Vol. 12, No. 3, 1989]. Lanctot, Gustave; ''Royal Tour of King George VI and Queen Elizabeth in Canada and the United States of America 1939''; E.P. Taylor Foundation; 1964. [https://web.archive.org/web/20080606042521/http://www.monarchist.ca/mc/palace.htm Aimers, John; ''Monarchy Canada'': The Palace on the Rideau; April 1996] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090131000000/http://www.monarchist.ca/mc/palace.htm |date=January 31, 2009 }}</ref> * [[Citadelle of Quebec]] ([[Monarchy of Canada|monarch]], governor general, [[Quebec City]] residence)<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20061009183138/http://www.gg.ca/citadelle/index_e.asp Governor General of Canada: La Citadelle] {{webarchive|url=https://archive.today/20061009183138/http://www.gg.ca/citadelle/index_e.asp |date=2006-10-09 }}</ref> [[File:Official residence of the Prime Minister of Canada from the Ottawa River.jpg|thumb|View of [[24 Sussex Drive]] from across the [[Ottawa River]]]] * [[24 Sussex Drive]] ([[Prime Minister of Canada|prime minister]])<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20070814081549/http://pm.gc.ca/eng/feature.asp?pageId=34 Prime Minister of Canada: 24 Sussex Drive] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070814081549/http://pm.gc.ca/eng/feature.asp?pageId=34 |date=2007-08-14 }}</ref> * [[Harrington Lake]] (prime minister, country retreat)<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.canadascapital.gc.ca/bins/ncc_web_content_page.asp?cid=16297-24563-24537-24540&lang=1 |title=National Capital Commission: Harrington Lake |access-date=2007-08-16 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071210030320/http://www.canadascapital.gc.ca/bins/ncc_web_content_page.asp?cid=16297-24563-24537-24540&lang=1 |archive-date=2007-12-10 |url-status=dead }}</ref> * [[Stornoway (residence)|Stornoway]] ([[Leader of the Opposition (Canada)|leader of the opposition]])<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.canadascapital.gc.ca/bins/ncc_web_content_page.asp?cid=16297-24563-24537-24541&lang=1&bhcp=1 |title=National Capital Commission: Stornoway |access-date=2007-08-16 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080101221639/http://www.canadascapital.gc.ca/bins/ncc_web_content_page.asp?cid=16297-24563-24537-24541&lang=1&bhcp=1 |archive-date=2008-01-01 |url-status=dead }}</ref> * [[The Farm (Canada)|The Farm, Gatineau Park]] ([[Speaker of the House of Commons of Canada|speaker of the House of Commons]])<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.canadascapital.gc.ca/bins/ncc_web_content_page.asp?cid=16297-24563-24537-24542&lang=1 |title=National Capital Commission: The Farm |access-date=2007-08-16 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070625065413/http://canadascapital.gc.ca/bins/ncc_web_content_page.asp?cid=16297-24563-24537-24542&lang=1 |archive-date=2007-06-25 |url-status=dead }}</ref> * [[7 Rideau Gate]] ([[state guest house]])<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.canadascapital.gc.ca/bins/ncc_web_content_page.asp?cid=16297-24563-24537-24543&lang=1 |title=National Capital Commission: 7 Rideau Gate |access-date=2007-08-16 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071210070430/http://www.canadascapital.gc.ca/bins/ncc_web_content_page.asp?cid=16297-24563-24537-24543&lang=1 |archive-date=2007-12-10 |url-status=dead }}</ref> ====Provincial==== * '''[[British Columbia]]''':<br />[[Government House (British Columbia)|Government House]] ([[Monarchy in British Columbia|monarch]], [[Lieutenant Governor of British Columbia|lieutenant governor]]) * '''[[Manitoba]]''':<br />[[Government House (Manitoba)|Government House]] ([[Monarchy in Manitoba|monarch]], [[Lieutenant Governor of Manitoba|lieutenant governor]]) * '''[[New Brunswick]]''':<br />[[Old Government House, Fredericton|Old Government House]] ([[Monarchy in New Brunswick|monarch]], [[Lieutenant Governor of New Brunswick|lieutenant governor]]) * '''[[Newfoundland and Labrador]]''':<br />[[Government House (Newfoundland and Labrador)|Government House]] ([[Monarchy in Newfoundland and Labrador|monarch]], [[Lieutenant Governor of Newfoundland and Labrador|lieutenant governor]]) * '''[[Nova Scotia]]''':<br />[[Government House (Nova Scotia)|Government House]] ([[Monarchy in Nova Scotia|monarch]], [[Lieutenant Governor of Nova Scotia|lieutenant governor]]) * '''[[Prince Edward Island]]''':<br />[[Government House (Prince Edward Island)|Government House]] ([[Monarchy in Prince Edward Island|monarch]], [[Lieutenant Governor of Prince Edward Island|lieutenant governor]]) * '''[[Quebec]]''':<br/>[[Édifice Price|Édifice Price/Price Building]] ([[Premier of Quebec|premier]]) The provinces of [[Ontario]] and [[Quebec]] no longer have official residences for their [[Lieutenant-Governor (Canada)|lieutenant governors]], but do provide them with accommodations; in the case of Ontario, only if necessary. There is a [[Government House (Saskatchewan)|Government House]] in [[Regina, Saskatchewan]], though it does not serve as a residence, containing only the [[Lieutenant Governor of Saskatchewan|lieutenant governor]]'s offices. [[Alberta]] also has a [[Government House (Alberta)|Government House]], but it is used solely for official entertaining and meetings. ===Cape Verde=== [[File:Praia-Palácio Presidencial (1) (cropped).jpg|thumb|[[Presidential Palace of Cape Verde]]]] * [[Palácio Presidencial]] ===Central African Republic=== * [[Renaissance Palace]] ===Chad=== * Presidential Palace ===Chile=== [[File:Moneda 1.JPG|thumb|Palacio de La Moneda, Santiago]] * None. The [[List of presidents of Chile|President]] uses own private residence. * Presidential [[Palace of Cerro Castillo]], [[Viña del Mar]] (President, retreat) ====Former==== * [[Palacio de La Moneda]] (President, formerly; kept as office for President) ===China=== [[File:Zhongnanhai06.jpg|thumb|Zhongnanhai, [[Beijing]]]] * [[Zhongnanhai]] (Communist Party/State Council) * [[Jade Spring Hill]] (Villa area of the [[Central Military Commission]]) * [[Beidaihe District]] (Communist Party's summer retreat place) * [[Diaoyutai State Guesthouse]] (visiting dignitaries) ====Former==== ;Office and Residence * [[Presidential Palace (Nanjing)|Presidential Palace]] in [[Nanjing]] (1912, 1927–1937, 1946–1949; kept as museum from 1998) * Qing army and the naval department in Beijing (1912–1928) * Fortress Park and the [[Prince Chun Mansion]] of [[Zhongnanhai]] (1912–1928) * [[Guangzhou]] Guanyinshan (now Yuexiu Shan) Yuexiu Building (1917–1922, the building destroyed in 1922, today this site for the [[Sun Yat-sen Memorial Hall (Guangzhou)|Guangzhou Zhongshan Memorial Hall]]) * [[Republic of China (1912–1949)|Republic of China]] Lu Haijun [[Grand Marshal]] base camp was established in Guangzhou, was established in the original Guangdong Shi Min soil factory (1923–1925；now [[Sun Yat-sen]] [[Marshal]] House Memorial Hall) * [[Wuhan]] Nanyang Building (1926–1927) * [[Reorganized National Government of the Republic of China]] Headquarters in [[Nanjing]] (1940–1945) * Residence of [[Wang Jingwei]] in [[Nanjing]] (1940–1945) * [[Chongqing]] [[Nationalist Government]] Building (1937–1945) * Huangshan official residence (1938–1945, [[Chiang Kai-shek]]'s residence in [[Chongqing]]) * Huangpu Road official residence (1929–1937, 1945–1949; also called '''Qi Ru''', [[Chiang Kai-shek]]'s residence in [[Nanjing]]) * Shuangqing Villa in [[Beijing]] (former residence of [[Mao Zedong]] at 1949) ;Residence *[[Forbidden City]] (Emperor) *[[Zhongnanhai]] in [[Beijing]] (Emperor, family) *[[Old Summer Palace]] (Emperor, retreat) *[[Mukden Palace]] (Emperor, summer residence) *[[Chengde Mountain Resort]] (Emperor, summer residence) *[[Summer Palace]] (Emperor, retreat) *[[Museum of the Imperial Palace of the Manchu State|Imperial Palace of the Manchu State]] ([[Emperor of Manchukuo]]) *[[Manchukuo]] General Affairs State Council building (Prime Minister of Manchukuo) *Manchukuo Prime Minister's residence (residence of [[Zhang Jinghui]]) ====Special administrative regions==== ====Hong Kong==== [[File:GH facade.JPG|thumb|Government House, Hong Kong]] * ''[[Government House, Hong Kong|Government House]]'' ([[Chief Executive of Hong Kong|Chief Executive]]) * ''[[Fanling Lodge]]'' ([[Chief Executive of Hong Kong|Chief Executive]] – Summer) * ''Victoria House and Victoria Flats'' (15 Barker Road, The Peak) ([[Chief Secretary (Hong Kong)|Chief Secretary]]) * ''Residence of the Financial Secretary'' (45 Shouson Hill Road, Deep Water Bay) ([[Financial Secretary (Hong Kong)|Financial Secretary]]) * ''Residence of Secretary for Justice'' (19 Severn Road, The Peak) ([[Secretary for Justice]]) * ''Chief Justice's House'' (19 Gough Hill Road, The Peak) ([[Chief Justice]] of the [[Court of Final Appeal (Hong Kong)|Court of Final Appeal]]) Also Known as Clavadel * ''[[Headquarters House (Hong Kong)|Headquarters House]]'' (11 Barker Road, The Peak) (Commanding Officer of PLA in Hong Kong) * ''[[Grenville House]]'' (Residence for [[Tung Chee Hwa]] during his time as [[Chief Executive of Hong Kong|Chief Executive]] 1997–2006) ====Macau==== * [[Macau Government House|Government House]] ([[Chief Executive of Macau|Chief Executive]]) ====Former Portuguese Macau==== * [[Macau Government Headquarters]] was both the official residence and office for the [[Governor of Macau]] until 1999. ====Former British Colony of Hong Kong==== * [[Flagstaff House, Hong Kong|Flagstaff House]] (commander of British forces in Hong Kong, formerly until 1978) * [[Island House (Hong Kong)|Island House]] (formerly, District Officers (North), and later District Commissioners for the New Territories) * [[Gate Lodge]] ([[Governor of Hong Kong]]'s summer residence 1900–1934) * [[Mountain Lodge#The first Mountain Lodge (1867–1897)|Mountain Lodge]] (summer residence 1867–1897) * [[Former French Mission Building|Beaconsfield House]] ===Colombia=== [[File:Casa-narino-1-fachada.jpg|thumb|Casa de Nariño, Bogota]] *[[Casa de Nariño]] ([[President of Colombia|President]]) *Hacienda Hato Grande (President, retreat) *Casa de Huspedes Ilustres (President, summer retreat) [[Cartagena de Indias|Cartagena]] ===Comoros=== * Presidential Palace ===Congo, Democratic Republic of the=== * [[Palais de la Nation (Kinshasa)|Palais de la Nation]] ====Former==== * Palais du mont [[Ngaliema]] (residence of [[Mobutu Sese Seko]]) * [[Palais de Marbre]] (residence of [[Laurent-Désiré Kabila]]) ===Congo, Republic of the=== * Brazzaville Presidential Palace ===Costa Rica=== * Casa Presidencial, Costa Rica (President) ===Croatia=== * [[Predsjednički dvori]] ([[President of Croatia|President]]) * [[Banski dvori]] ([[Croatian Government|Government]]) ===Cuba=== [[File:Comité Central PCC.jpg|thumb|[[Palace of the Revolution]]]] *[[Palace of the Revolution]] ([[First Secretary of the Communist Party of Cuba|First Secretary]]) ====Former==== *[[Museum of the Revolution (Cuba)|Presidential Palace]] ([[List of Presidents of Cuba|President]]) *Punto Cero, [[Playa, Havana]] ([[Fidel Castro]]'s private residence) ===Cyprus=== * [[Presidential Palace, (Nicosia)|Presidential Palace]] ===Czech Republic=== [[File:Night view of the Castle and Charles Bridge, Prague - 8034.jpg|thumb|[[Prague Castle]], the residence of the President of the Czech Republic]] * [[Prague Castle]] ([[President of the Czech Republic|President]]) * [[Lány (Kladno District)#Sights|Lány Castle]] (President, summer residence) * [[Kramář's Villa]] ([[Prime Minister of the Czech Republic|Prime Minister]]) ===Denmark=== [[File:Copenhagen amalienborg seen from opera house.jpg|thumb|[[Amalienborg Palace]], Denmark]] * [[Gråsten Palace]] ([[List of Danish monarchs|Monarch]], summer residence) * [[Amalienborg Palace]] (Monarch, winter residence) * [[Fredensborg Palace]] (Monarch, spring and autumn residence) * [[Marselisborg Palace]] (Monarch, summer retreat) * [[The Hermitage Palace]] (Monarch) * [[Sorgenfri Palace]] (Monarch) * [[Chancellory House]] (Crown Prince and family) * [[Marienborg]] ([[Prime Minister of Denmark|Prime Minister]], Official Residence/Summer Retreat) ====Former==== * [[Frederiksborg Palace]] * [[Kronborg]] * [[Rosenborg Castle]] * [[Frederiksberg Palace]] ===Djibouti=== * Presidential Palace ===Dominica=== * [[Government House, Dominica|Government House]] ([[List of Presidents of Dominica|President]]) ===Dominican Republic=== [[File:Dominikanische Republik Nationalpalast Santo Domingo.jpg|thumb|[[National Palace (Dominican Republic)|Palacio Nacional, Dominican Republic]]]] *[[National Palace (Dominican Republic)|Palacio Nacional, Dominican Republic]] ([[List of Presidents of the Dominican Republic|President]]) ===East Timor=== * [[Nicolau Lobato Presidential Palace]] ([[President of East Timor|President]]) ===Ecuador=== [[File:Carondelet - Quito.JPG|thumb|{{lang|es|[[Palacio de Carondelet]]}}]] * {{lang|es|[[Palacio de Carondelet]]}} ([[List of heads of state of Ecuador|President]]) ===Egypt=== * [[Abdeen Palace]] * [[Heliopolis Palace]] * [[Koubbeh Palace]] * [[Montaza Palace]] * [[Ras el-Tin Palace]] ===El Salvador=== * [[Casa Presidencial (El Salvador)|Casa Presidencial]], also called Casa Blanca (President) ===Equatorial Guinea=== * [[Malabo Government Building]] ===Eritrea=== * [[Asmara President's Office]] ===Estonia=== [[File:Presidential Palace in Tallinn, Estonia.jpg|thumb|[[Presidential Palace (Tallinn)|Presidential Palace]] in [[Kadriorg]], [[Tallinn]].]] *[[Presidential Palace (Tallinn)|Presidential Palace]] ([[President of Estonia|President]]) *[[Stenbock House]] ([[Prime minister of Estonia|Prime minister]]){{citation needed|date=September 2018}} ====Former==== *[[Oru Palace]] ([[President of Estonia|President]], 1935–1940, summer residence) *[[Paslepa]] Residence (President, 199?–2008, summer residence) ===Eswatini=== * Lozitha Palace ([[Ngwenyama|King]]) ===Ethiopia=== * [[National Palace (Ethiopia)|National Palace]] ([[List of Presidents of Ethiopia|President]]) * [[Imperial Palace Addis Ababa|Imperial Palace]] ([[List of heads of government of Ethiopia|Prime Minister]]) ===Fiji=== * [[Government House, Suva|Government House]] ([[President of Fiji|President]]) ===Finland=== [[File:Presidential Palace, Helsinki, 1820 (2) (36293837230).jpg|thumb|The [[Presidential Palace, Helsinki|Presidential Palace]], the official residence of the [[president of Finland]].]] * [[Presidential Palace, Helsinki|Presidential Palace]] (president, state official use) * [[Mäntyniemi]], also Talludden (private residence [[President of Finland|President]]) * [[Kultaranta]], also Gullranda (summer residence the President) * [[Kesäranta]], also Villa Bjälbo ([[Prime Minister of Finland|Prime Minister]]) ====Former==== * [[Tamminiemi]] (President, formerly; kept as [[Urho Kekkonen]] Museum) ===France=== [[File:Secretary Pompeo Arrives to Meet with French Foreign Minister Le Drian in Paris (50610423656).jpg|thumb|Élysée Palace]] [[File:Fort de Brégançon 07.06.2007.JPG|thumb|Brégançon Fort]] [[File:Grande cour de l'Hôtel Matignon Sep 2017.jpg|thumb|Hôtel Matignon]] * [[Élysée Palace]] ([[President of France|President]]) * [[La Lanterne (Versailles)]] (President, retreat) * [[Fort de Brégançon]] (President, summer residence) * [[Château de Rambouillet]] (President, former summer residence) * [[Hôtel de Matignon]] ([[Prime Minister of France|Prime Minister]]) * Domaine de Souzy-la-Briche (Prime Minister, summer residence) ({{Interlanguage link multi | Château de Souzy-la-Briche|fr|Château de Souzy-la-Briche}}) * [[Petit Luxembourg]] (President of the [[French Senate|Senate]]) * Hôtel de Lassay (President of the [[French National Assembly|National Assembly]]) * [[Hôtel de Marigny]] ([[state guest house]]) ====Former royal residences==== * [[Château de Blois]] * [[Château de Chambord]] * [[Château de Compiègne]] *[[Château de Malmaison]] * [[Château de Saint-Germain-en-Laye]] * [[Louvre Palace]] * [[Palace of Fontainebleau]] * [[Palace of Versailles]] ====Territorial==== '''French Polynesia''' * Presidence (President of French Polynesia) * Haut Commissariat (High Commissioner of French Polynesia) ===Gabon=== * Presidential Palace ===Gambia=== *[[State House, The Gambia|State House]] ([[Heads of state of The Gambia|President]]) ===Georgia=== * [[Avlabari Presidential Palace]] (2009-2018) * [[Orbeliani Palace]] (since 2018) ===Germany=== [[File:Villa Hammerschmidt Bonn Seite Adenauerallee 20080831.jpg|thumb|Villa Hammerschmidt]] :[[File:Bellevue Palace Berlin 02-14.jpg|thumb|Schloss Bellevue]] ====Current==== [[File:Bundeskanzleramt from Reichstag.jpg|thumb|Bundeskanzleramt]] [[File:Bundesarchiv B 145 Bild-001502, Bonn, Palais Schaumburg.jpg|thumb|Palais Schaumburg]] '''Federal''' * [[Schloss Bellevue]] (President, residence) * [[Bundespräsidialamt]] ([[President of Germany|President]], office) * [[Villa Hammerschmidt]] (President, retreat) * [[Federal Chancellery, Berlin|Bundeskanzleramt]] ([[Chancellor of Germany|Chancellor]], residence) * [[Palais Schaumburg]] (Chancellor, retreat) * [[Schloss Meseberg]], [[Gransee]] (Official Guest house for Berlin) * [[Hotel Petersberg|Gästehaus auf dem Petersberg]], [[Königswinter]] (Official Guest house for Bonn) '''States''' * Villa Reitzenstein, [[Stuttgart]], [[Baden-Württemberg|State of Baden-Württemberg]] * [[Bayerische Staatskanzlei]], [[Munich]], [[Free State of Bavaria]] * [[Rotes Rathaus]], [[Berlin]], [[Berlin|City State of Berlin]] * Staatskanzlei Brandenburg, [[Potsdam]], [[State of Brandenburg]] * [[Bürgerschaft of Bremen|Haus der Bürgerschaft]], [[Bremen]], [[Free Hanseatic City of Bremen]] * [[Hamburg Rathaus]], [[Hamburg]], [[Free and Hanseatic City of Hamburg]] * Grand Hotel Rose, [[Wiesbaden]], [[Hesse|State of Hesse]] * Staatskanzlei Mecklenburg-Vorpommern, [[Schwerin]], [[Mecklenburg-Vorpommern|State of Mecklenburg-Vorpommern]] * Niedersächsische Staatskanzlei, [[Hanover]], [[Lower Saxony|State of Lower Saxony]] * Landeshaus Düsseldorf, [[Düsseldorf]], [[North Rhine-Westphalia|State of North Rhine-Westphalia]] * [[Neues Zeughaus]], [[Mainz]], [[Rhineland-Palatinate|State of Rhineland-Palatinate]] * Staatskanzlei des Saarlandes, [[Saarbrücken]], [[Saarland|State of Saarland]] * Sächsische Staatskanzlei, [[Dresden]], [[Saxony|Free State of Saxony]] * Palais am Fürstenwall, [[Magdeburg]], [[Saxony-Anhalt|State of Saxony-Anhalt]] * Staatskanzlei Schleswig-Holstein, [[Kiel]], [[Schleswig-Holstein]] * Kurmainzische Statthalterei, [[Erfurt]], [[Thuringia|Free State of Thuringia]] ====Former royal residences==== '''[[Brandenburg]]'''/'''[[Prussia]]'''/'''Imperial'''/'''[[East Germany]]'''/'''Former [[West Germany]]''' [[File:Ostteil Sanssouci.jpg|thumb|Sanssouci Palace]] * [[Stadtschloss, Potsdam]] (now [[Landtag of Brandenburg]] seat) * [[Babelsberg Palace]], Potsdam * [[Cecilienhof]], Potsdam * [[New Palace (Potsdam)|New Palace]], Potsdam * [[Sanssouci]], Potsdam * [[Berlin Palace]], Berlin * [[Charlottenburg Palace]], [[Berlin]] * [[Kronprinzenpalais]], Berlin * [[Reich Chancellery]] (office of the [[Chancellor of Germany]]) * [[Friedrichsruh]] Manor, ([[Otto von Bismarck]]'s residence in [[Herzogtum Lauenburg]], [[Schleswig-Holstein]], near [[Hamburg]]) * [[Varzin]] Manor, ([[Otto von Bismarck]]'s residence in [[Farther Pomerania]]) * [[Führerbunker]], ([[Adolf Hitler]]'s Berlin residence) * [[Berghof (residence)|Berghof]], ([[Adolf Hitler]]'s Berchtesgaden residence) * [[Kehlsteinhaus]] ([[Adolf Hitler]]'s Berchtesgaden residence) * [[Wolf's Lair]] ([[Adolf Hitler]]'s first [[Eastern Front (World War II)|Eastern Front]] military headquarters in [[World War II]]) * [[Führer Headquarters]] * [[Schoenhausen Palace]], [[Berlin]] East German President (1949–1960) * [[Majakowskiring]], [[Berlin]] East German Leadership compound (to 1960), * [[Waldsiedlung]], East German Leadership compound (1960–1990), North of Berlin near Wandlitz, Brandenburg * [[Bundeskanzleramt]], [[Bonn]], (Office of [[Chancellor of Germany]], 1976–1999), today used for seat of Federal Ministry for Economic Cooperation and Development * [[Kanzlerbungalow]], [[Bonn]], Private residence of the [[Chancellor of Germany]] and his family 1964–1999 '''Other''' [[File:Castle Mannheim.jpg|thumb|Mannheim Palace]] * [[Dresden Castle]] * [[Karlsruhe Palace]] * [[Ludwigsburg Palace]] * [[Munich Residenz]] * [[Mannheim Palace]] * [[Schloss Oldenburg]] * [[Residential Palace Darmstadt]] * [[Schwerin Castle]] ([[Landtag of Mecklenburg-Vorpommern]] seat) * [[Veste Coburg]] * [[Schloss Weimar]] ===Ghana=== * [[Osu Castle]] formal ([[President of Ghana|Presidential]]) residence * [[Golden Jubilee House]] current ([[President of Ghana|Presidential]]) residence * Peduase Lodge ([[President of Ghana|Presidential]]) retreat ===Greece=== * [[Presidential Palace, Athens|Presidential Mansion]] ([[List of Presidents of Greece|President]], formerly the [[King of Greece|King]]) * [[Maximos Mansion]] ([[List of Prime Ministers of Greece|Prime Minister]], office) ====Former==== *[[Tatoi|Palace of Dekeleia]] ([[Kings of Greece]]) ===Grenada=== * Government House ([[List of Governors-General of Grenada|Governor-General]]) ===Guatemala=== [[File:Palacio De Gobierno De Guatemala (243091369).jpeg|thumb|[[National Palace (Guatemala)|National Palace]]]] * Casa Presidencial ====Former==== * [[National Palace (Guatemala)]] ===Guyana=== * [[State House, Guyana|State House]] ([[List of Presidents of Guyana|President]]) ===Guinea=== * [[Presidential Palace (Guinea)|Presidential Palace]] * Villa Syli (official guest house) ====Former==== * Belle Vue (demolished; former summer residence of the President) ===Guinea-Bissau=== [[File:Palácio Presidencial em Bissau (2).jpg|thumb|[[Presidential Palace, Bissau]]]] * [[Presidential Palace, Bissau|Presidential Palace]] ===Haiti=== ====Former==== * [[National Palace (Haiti)|National Palace]] (destroyed by the [[2010 Haiti earthquake|2010 earthquake]]) ===Honduras=== * [[Presidential Palace of Honduras|Palacio José Cecilio del Valle]] ([[President of Honduras|President]]) ===Hungary=== [[File:Buda--Castles01.jpg|thumb|Buda Castle, Budapest]] *[[Sándor Palace]] ([[Heads of state of Hungary|President]]) *[[Court Theatre of Buda|Carmelite Monastery]] ([[Prime Minister of Hungary|Prime Minister]]) ====Former==== * [[Buda Castle]] ([[Royal Hungary|King]], formerly; retained as Historical Museum of Budapest and [[Hungarian National Gallery]]) ===Iceland=== * [[Bessastaðir]] ([[President of Iceland|President]]) ===India=== {{main|List of official residences of India}} ====Union==== [[File:Rashtrapati Bhavan-2.jpg|thumb|The Rashtrapati Bhavan, [[New Delhi]]]] * [[Rashtrapati Bhavan]] ([[President of India|President]]) * [[Rashtrapati Nilayam]] (President, retreat) * [[The Retreat Building]] (President, retreat) * [[Rashtrapati Ashiana]] (President, retreat) * [[Rashtrapati Niwas]] ([[Viceroy of India]]'s Viceregal Lodge 1888 - 1947 formerly; President, retreat 1947 - 1965 formerly) * [[Vice President's House (India)|Uparashtrapati Bhavan]] ([[Vice President of India|Vice President]]) * [[7, Lok Kalyan Marg]] ([[Prime Minister of India|Prime Minister]]) * [[Hyderabad House]] ([[State guest house]]) ====State==== * '''[[Andhra Pradesh]]''':<br />[[Raj Bhavan, Vijayawada]] ([[Governor of Andhra Pradesh|Governor]]) * '''[[Arunachal Pradesh]]''':<br />[[Raj Bhavan, Itanagar]] ([[Governor of Arunachal Pradesh|Governor]]) * '''[[Assam]]''':<br />[[Raj Bhavan, Guwahati]] ([[Governor of Assam|Governor]]) * '''[[Bihar]]''':<br />[[Raj Bhavan, Patna]] ([[Governor of Bihar|Governor]])<br /> [[1, Aney Marg]] ([[Chief Minister of Bihar|Chief Minister]]) * '''[[Chhattisgarh]]''':<br />[[Raj Bhavan, Raipur]] ([[Governor of Chhattisgarh|Governor]]) * '''[[Goa]]''':<br />[[Raj Bhavan, Panaji]] ([[Governor of Goa|Governor]]) * '''[[Gujarat]]''':<br />[[Raj Bhavan, Gandhinagar]] ([[Governor of Gujarat|Governor]]) * '''[[Haryana]]''':<br />[[Raj Bhavan, Haryana]] ([[Governor of Haryana|Governor]]) * '''[[Himachal Pradesh]]''':<br />[[Raj Bhavan, Shimla]] ([[Governor of Himachal Pradesh|Governor]])<br /> [[Oakover]] ([[Chief Minister of Himachal Pradesh|Chief Minister]]) * '''[[Jharkhand]]''':<br />[[Raj Bhavan, Ranchi]] ([[Governor of Jharkhand|Governor]]) * '''[[Karnataka]]''':<br />[[Raj Bhavan, Bangalore]] ([[Governor of Karnataka|Governor]])<br /> [[Anugraha]] ([[Chief Minister of Karnataka|Chief Minister]]) * '''[[Kerala]]''':<br />[[Raj Bhavan, Thiruvananthapuram]] ([[Governor of Kerala|Governor]])<br /> [[Cliff House, Thiruvananthapuram|Cliff House]] ([[Chief Minister of Kerala|Chief Minister]]) * '''[[Madhya Pradesh]]''':<br />[[Raj Bhavan, Bhopal]] ([[Governor of Madhya Pradesh|Governor]])<br />[[Raj Bhavan, Pachmarhi]] (Governor, summer residence) * '''[[Maharashtra]]''':<br />[[Raj Bhavan, Mumbai]] ([[Governor of Maharashtra|Governor]])<br />[[Raj Bhavan, Nagpur]] (Governor, winter residence)<br />[[Raj Bhavan, Pune]] (Governor, monsoon residence)<br />[[Raj Bhavan, Mahabaleshwar]] (Governor, summer residence)<br />[[Varsha Bungalow]] ([[Chief Minister of Maharashtra|Chief Minister]]) * '''[[Manipur]]''':<br />[[Raj Bhavan, Imphal]] ([[Governor of Manipur|Governor]]) * '''[[Meghalaya]]''':<br />[[Raj Bhavan, Shillong]] ([[Governor of Meghalaya|Governor]]) * '''[[Mizoram]]''':<br />[[Raj Bhavan, Aizawl]] ([[Governor of Mizoram|Governor]]) * '''[[Nagaland]]''':<br />[[Raj Bhavan, Kohima]] ([[Governor of Nagaland|Governor]]) * '''[[Odisha]]''':<br />[[Raj Bhavan, Bhubaneswar]] ([[Governor of Odisha|Governor]]) <br /> [[Raj Bhavan, Puri]] (Governor, summer residence) * '''[[Punjab, India|Punjab]]''':<br />[[Raj Bhavan, Punjab]] ([[Governor of Punjab (India)|Governor]]) * '''[[Rajasthan]]''':<br />[[Raj Bhavan, Jaipur]] ([[Governor of Rajasthan|Governor]]) * '''[[Sikkim]]''':<br />[[Raj Bhavan, Gangtok]] ([[Governor of Sikkim|Governor]]) * '''[[Tamil Nadu]]''':<br />[[Raj Bhavan, Chennai]] ([[Governor of Tamil Nadu|Governor]])<br />[[Raj Bhavan, Ooty]] (Governor, summer residence) * '''[[Telangana]]''':<br />[[Raj Bhavan, Hyderabad]] ([[Governor of Telangana|Governor]])<br /> [[Pragathi Bhavan]] ([[Chief Minister of Telangana|Chief Minister]]) * '''[[Tripura]]''':<br />[[Raj Bhavan, Agartala]] ([[Governor of Tripura|Governor]]) * '''[[Uttar Pradesh]]''':<br />[[Raj Bhavan, Lucknow]] ([[Governor of Uttar Pradesh|Governor]])<br /> [[5, Kalidas Marg]] ([[Chief Minister of Uttar Pradesh|Chief Minister]]) * '''[[Uttarakhand]]''':<br />[[Raj Bhavan, Dehradun]] ([[Governor of Uttarakhand|Governor]])<br />[[Raj Bhavan, Nainital]] (Governor, summer residence) * '''[[West Bengal]]''':<br />[[Raj Bhavan, Kolkata]] ([[Governor of West Bengal|Governor]])<br />[[Raj Bhavan, Darjeeling]] (Governor, summer residence) ====Union territories==== * '''[[Andaman and Nicobar Islands]]''':<br /> [[Raj Niwas, Port Blair]] ([[Lieutenant Governor of the Andaman and Nicobar Islands|Lieutenant Governor]]) * '''[[Delhi]]''':<br /> [[Raj Niwas, Delhi]] ([[Lieutenant Governor of Delhi|Lieutenant Governor]]) * '''[[Jammu and Kashmir (union territory)|Jammu and Kashmir]]''':<br />[[Raj Bhavan, Jammu]] ([[Lieutenant Governor of Jammu and Kashmir|Lieutenant Governor]], winter residence)<br />[[Raj Bhavan, Srinagar]] (Lieutenant Governor, summer residence) * '''[[Ladakh]]''':<br /> [[Raj Niwas, Leh]] ([[Lieutenant Governor of Ladakh|Lieutenant Governor]]) * '''[[Puducherry (union territory)|Puducherry]]''':<br /> [[Raj Niwas, Pondicherry]] ([[Lieutenant Governor of Pondicherry|Lieutenant Governor]]) ===Indonesia=== [[File:Merdeka Palace Changing Guard 2.jpg|thumb|Istana Merdeka, [[Jakarta]]]] * [[Istana Negara, Jakarta|Istana Negara]], [[Jakarta]] ([[President of Indonesia|President]]) * [[Istana Merdeka]], Jakarta (President) * [[Tampaksiring Palace|Istana Tampaksiring]], [[Bali]] (President) * [[Gedung Agung]], [[Yogyakarta]] (President) * [[Istana Bogor]], [[Bogor]], [[West Java]] (President, retreat) * [[Istana Cipanas]], [[Cipanas, Cianjur|Cipanas]], West Java (President, retreat) * Rumah Dinas Wakil Presiden, Jakarta ([[Vice President of Indonesia|Vice President]]) ====Provincial==== * '''[[West Java]]''':<br />Gedung Pakuan, [[Bandung]], [[West Java]] (Governor) * '''[[Aceh]]''':<br />Meligoe Aceh (Governor) * '''[[East Kalimantan]]''':<br />Lamin Etam (Governor) * '''[[East Java]]''':<br />Gedung Grahadi (Governor) * '''[[Yogyakarta]]''':<br />[[Kraton Ngayogyakarta Hadiningrat]] (Governor/Sultan) ===Iran=== * [[Beit Rahbari Complex]] ([[Supreme Leader of Iran|Supreme Leader]]) * [[Sa'dabad Palace]] ([[President of Iran|President]]) ====Former==== * [[Ālī Qāpū|Ali Qapu]] ([[Safavid dynasty]], formerly; kept as museum) * [[Golestan Palace]] ([[Qajar dynasty]], formerly; kept as museum) * [[Marble Palace (Tehran)|Marble Palace]] ([[Pahlavi dynasty]], kept as museum) * [[Niavaran Palace Complex]] ([[Pahlavi dynasty]], formerly; kept as museum) * [[Ramsar Palace]] ([[Pahlavi dynasty]], kept as museum) * [[Sadabad Palace]] ([[Pahlavi dynasty]], formerly; Some buildings are kept as museum and some are still used by the government) ===Iraq=== * [[Radwaniyah Palace]]: (President) * [[Republican Palace (Iraq)|Republican Palace]]: (Prime Minister) * [[Al Zaqura Building]]: (Prime Minister) ===Ireland=== [[File:Áras an Uachtaráin 2010.jpg|thumb|Áras an Uachtaráin, [[Dublin]]]] * [[Áras an Uachtaráin]] ([[President of Ireland|President]]) * [[Steward's Lodge]] ([[Taoiseach]]'s 'unofficial residence'; the Taoiseach's office is in [[Government Buildings, Dublin]]) * [[Farmleigh]] (visiting foreign dignitaries) ====Former==== * [[Hill of Tara]] (''[[High King of Ireland|Ard-Rí]]'') * [[Dublin Castle]] (seat of British rule prior to independence in 1922) * [[Deerfield Residence|Chief Secretary's Lodge]], now the U.S. Ambassador's Residence ([[Chief Secretary for Ireland]]) * Viceregal Lodge, now [[Áras an Uachtaráin]] ([[Lord Lieutenant of Ireland|Lord Lieutenant]] / [[Governor-General of the Irish Free State|Governor-General]]) ===Israel=== [[File:Julius Jacobs house.jpg|thumb|Beit Aghion, [[Jerusalem]].]] * ''[[Beit HaNassi]]'' ("President's House") ([[President of Israel|President]]) * ''[[Beit Aghion]]'' ("Aghion House") ([[Prime Minister of Israel|Prime Minister]]) * ''[[King David Hotel]]'' (visiting dignitaries) ===Italy=== [[File:Quirinale palazzo e obelisco con dioscuri Roma.jpg|thumb|Palazzo del Quirinale]] [[File:Palazzo Chigi - esterno.jpg|thumb|Palazzo Chigi]] * [[Quirinal Palace]] ([[President of the Italian Republic|President]], residence; formerly residence of the [[Pope]] and then of the [[House of Savoy|King]]) * Castelporziano (President, retreat) * [[Villa Rosebery]] (President, summer retreat) * [[Chigi Palace]] ([[Prime Minister of Italy|Prime Minister]]) * [[Villa Doria Pamphili]] (International meetings) * [[Villa Madama]] (International meetings) * [[Palazzo Giustiniani, Rome|Palazzo Giustiniani]] ([[President of the Senate (Italy)|President of the Senate]]) ====Former residences==== * [[Villa Farnese]] (former summer presidential residence) * [[Palazzo del Viminale]] (formerly Prime Minister, now seat of the Ministry of the Interior) * [[Palazzo Venezia]] ([[Benito Mussolini|Mussolini]]'s office) * [[Villa Torlonia (Rome)]] ([[Benito Mussolini|Mussolini]]'s residence) * [[Residences of the Royal House of Savoy]] (Royal family's residences in [[Piedmont]]) * [[Palace of Caserta|Royal Palace of Caserta]] (Royal family) * [[Royal Palace of Milan]] (Royal family) * [[Royal Villa of Monza]] (Royal family) * [[Royal Palace of Naples]] (Royal family) ===Ivory Coast=== * Le Palais de la Présidence ([[List of heads of state of Ivory Coast|President]]) ===Jamaica=== * [[King's House, Jamaica|King's House]], also Government House ([[Governor-General of Jamaica|Governor-General]]) * Jamaica House ([[Prime Minister of Jamaica|Prime Minister's office]]) * [[Vale Royal (Jamaica)|Vale Royal]] ([[Prime Minister of Jamaica|Prime Minister]]) ===Japan=== [[File:Seimon Ishibashi.JPG|thumb|The [[Tokyo Imperial Palace]], the official residence of the [[emperor of Japan]].]] [[File:Kantei PM Japan Residence.jpg |thumb|[[Kantei]], Tokyo]] * [[Tokyo Imperial Palace]], Official Residence of the ([[Emperor of Japan]]) <!-- * Fukiage [[Ōmiya Palace]] ([[Empress Dowager]])--><!-- not a permanent facility --> * [[Tōgū Palace]], Official Residence of the ([[Fumihito, Crown Prince of Japan|Crown Prince of Japan]]) <!-- * [[Kyōto]] [[Ōmiya Palace]] (imperial lodge in Kyoto, for visiting foreign dignitaries)--><!-- guest house is not a residence --> * [[Kantei]], Official Residence of the ([[Prime Minister of Japan]]) <!-- * [[Geihinkan]], also known as [[Akasaka Palace]] and [[state guest house]] (visiting foreign dignitaries)--><!-- guest house is not a residence --> <!-- * [[Kyoto Geihinkan]], also known as [[Kyoto State Guest House]] (visiting foreign dignitaries)--><!-- guest house is not a residence --> * [[Akasaka Palace]], Official State Guest House of [[Japan]] * [[Kyoto State Guest House]], Second Official State Guest House of Japan * Multiple Imperial Villas serve as Winter, Summer and Country retreats for the Emperor and the Imperial Family. ====Former==== * [[Kyoto Imperial Palace]], also known as Kyōto Imperial Palace (Emperor, until 1869; kept as museum) * [[Osaka Castle]], also known as one of Japan's most famous landmarks (residence of [[Kampaku]] [[Toyotomi Hideyoshi]], now kept as [[Osaka Castle Park]]) * [[Edo Castle]], ([[Tokugawa shogunate]], 1603–1867; demolished, now part of Imperial Palace Gardens) * [[Tokyo Metropolitan Teien Art Museum]], also known as Prince Asaka Residence (Prime Minister, 1947 and 48–50, now open to the public as a museum) ===Jordan=== *[[Raghadan Palace]] ([[List of kings of Jordan|King]]) *[[Al Hummar Palace]] (used for state receptions) *[[Basman Palace]] (King) *[[Al Qasr al Sagheer]] (King) ===Kazakhstan=== * [[Ak Orda Presidential Palace]] ([[President of Kazakhstan|President]]) ===Kenya=== *[[State House (Kenya)|State House]] ([[Heads of state of Kenya|President]]) ===Kosovo=== [[File:Skenderbeg Prishtina.jpg|thumb|Government of the Republic of Kosovo building in [[Pristina]]]] *Presidenca e Republikës së Kosovës (Official workplace of the [[President of the Republic of Kosovo|President]]) *[[Government of Kosovo|Qeveria e Republikës së Kosovës]] (Official workplace of the [[Prime Minister of Kosovo|Prime Minister]]) ===Kuwait=== * [[Seif Palace]] (also known as the [[Amiri Diwan]] or Emir's Palace) ([[List of emirs of Kuwait|Emir]]) * [[Bayan Palace]] (Emir) * [[Dar Salwa]] (Emir) ====Former==== * [[Dasman Palace]] (Emir, formerly) ===Kyrgyzstan=== * [[White House, Bishkek|White House]], also Government House or Presidential Palace * [[Ala Archa State Residence]] (President, Prime Minister, Former Presidents) ===Laos=== * [[Presidential Palace (Laos)|Presidential Palace]] (President) ====Former==== * [[Royal Palace, Luang Prabang]] (also known as Haw Kham, former residence of the King of [[Kingdom of Laos|Laos]]) ===Latvia=== * [[Rīgas pils]] ([[List of Presidents of Latvia|President]]) ===Lebanon=== [[File:Beiteddine Palace InnerCourtyard.jpg|thumb|Beiteddine Palace]] * [[Baabda Palace]] ([[List of Presidents of Lebanon|President]]) * [[Beiteddine Palace]] (President, summer retreat) * [[Grand Serail]] ([[List of Prime Ministers of Lebanon|Prime Minister]]) * [[Ain Al Tine Palace]] (Parliament Speaker) ====Former==== * [[Beiteddine Palace]] ([[Fakhr-al-Din II|Prince]], formerly; kept as a museum) ===Lesotho=== *Royal Palace ([[List of kings of Lesotho|King]]) *State House ([[List of Prime Ministers of Lesotho|Prime Minister]]) ===Liberia=== *[[Executive Mansion (Liberia)|Executive Mansion]] ([[President of Liberia|President]]) ===Libya=== *Al-Sikka, Tripoli ([[Government of National Unity (Libya)|Government of National Unity]]) *Al Nasr Convention Centre ([[General National Congress]], formerly) *Dar al-Salam Hotel ([[House of Representatives (Libya)|House of Representatives]]) *Abusita Navy Base ([[Presidential Council (Libya)|Presidential Council]]) *[[Royal Palace of Tripoli]] ([[List of heads of state of Libya|King]], formerly) *[[Bab al-Azizia]] ([[List of heads of state of Libya|Leader and Guide of the Revolution]], formerly) ===Liechtenstein=== *[[Vaduz Castle]] ([[List of princes of Liechtenstein|Prince]]) ===Lithuania=== [[File:Wilno - Pałac prezydencki.jpg|thumb|Presidential Palace, Vilnius]][[Presidential Palace, Vilnius|Presidential Palace]] ====Former==== * [[Historical Presidential Palace, Kaunas]] (President, formerly; kept as museum) * [[Royal Palace of Lithuania]] (formerly [[Grand Duchy of Lithuania|Grand Duke]]) ===Luxembourg=== [[File:Grand Ducal Palace, Luxembourg 1.jpg|thumb|Grand Ducal Palace]] * [[Grand Ducal Palace, Luxembourg|Grand Ducal Palace]] ([[List of Grand Dukes of Luxembourg|Monarch]]) * [[Berg Castle]] (Monarch) * [[Fischbach Castle]] (Grand Duke Jean) * [[:fr:Hôtel de Bourgogne (Luxembourg)|Hôtel de Bourgogne]] ([[List of prime ministers of Luxembourg|Prime minister]]) ===Madagascar=== * [[Iavoloha Palace|Iavoloha]] * [[Ambohitsorohitra Palace|Ambohitsorohitra]] ===Malawi=== * Sanjika Palace ([[Heads of state of Malawi|President]]) * New State House ([[Heads of state of Malawi|President]]) ===Malaysia=== ====Federal==== *[[Istana Negara, Jalan Duta|Istana Negara]], [[Kuala Lumpur]] ([[Yang di-Pertuan Agong|King]]) *[[Istana Melawati]]. [[Putrajaya]], ([[Yang di-Pertuan Agong|King]], retreat) *[[Seri Perdana]], [[Putrajaya]] ([[Prime Minister of Malaysia|Prime Minister]]) * Seri Satria, [[Putrajaya]] ([[Deputy Prime Minister of Malaysia|Deputy Prime Minister]]) ====State==== *'''[[Perlis]]'''<br />Istana Arau ([[Raja of Perlis|Raja]])<br />Chief Minister's Official Residence ([[List of Menteris Besar of Perlis|Chief Minister]]) *'''[[Kedah]]'''<br />[[Anak Bukit|Istana Anak Bukit]] ([[Sultan of Kedah|Sultan]])<br />Seri Mentaloon ([[List of Menteris Besar of Kedah|Chief Minister]]) *'''[[Penang]]'''<br />[[The Residency, Penang|Seri Mutiara]] ([[List of governors of Penang|Governor]])<br />[[Seri Teratai]] ([[List of Chief Ministers of Penang|Chief Minister]]) *'''[[Perak]]'''<br />[[Istana Iskandariah]] ([[Sultan of Perak|Sultan]], largely ceremonial)<br />Istana Kinta ([[Sultan of Perak|Sultan]])<br />Chief Minister's Official Residence ([[List of Menteris Besar of Perak|Chief Minister]]) *'''[[Selangor]]'''<br />[[Istana Alam Shah]] ([[Sultan of Selangor|Sultan]], largely ceremonial)<br />[[Istana Bukit Kayangan]] ([[Sultan of Selangor|Sultan]])<br />Chief Minister's Official Residence ([[List of Menteris Besar of Selangor|Chief Minister]]) *'''[[Negeri Sembilan]]'''<br />[[Seri Menanti|Istana Besar Seri Menanti]] ([[Yamtuan Besar|Yang di-Pertuan Besar]])<br />Chief Minister's Official Residence ([[List of Menteris Besar of Negeri Sembilan|Chief Minister]]) *'''[[Malacca]]'''<br />Istana Melaka ([[Yang di-Pertua Negeri Melaka|Governor]])<br />Seri Bendahara ([[List of Chief Ministers of Malacca|Chief Minister]]) *'''[[Johor]]'''<br />[[Istana Besar]] ([[Sultan of Johor|Sultan]], largely ceremonial)<br />[[Istana Bukit Serene]] ([[Sultan of Johor|Sultan]])<br />Saujana ([[List of Menteris Besar of Johor|Chief Minister]]) *'''[[Pahang]]'''<br />Istana Abu Bakar ([[Sultan of Pahang|Sultan]])<br />Chief Minister's Official Residence ([[List of Menteris Besar of Pahang|Chief Minister]]) *'''[[Terengganu]]'''<br />Istana Syarqiyyah ([[Sultan of Terengganu|Sultan]])<br />Seri Iman ([[List of Menteris Besar of Terengganu|Chief Minister]]) *'''[[Kelantan]]'''<br />Istana Balai Besar ([[Sultan of Kelantan|Sultan]], largely ceremonial)<br />Istana Negeri ([[Sultan of Kelantan|Sultan]])<br />JKR 10 ([[List of Menteris Besar of Kelantan|Chief Minister]]) *'''[[Sabah]]'''<br />Istana Seri Kinabalu ([[Yang di-Pertua Negeri of Sabah|Governor]])<br />Seri Gaya ([[Chief Minister of Sabah|Chief Minister]]) *'''[[Sarawak]]'''<br />[[The Astana, Sarawak|The Astana]] ([[Yang di-Pertua Negeri Sarawak|Governor]])<br />Demak Jaya ([[List of Chief Ministers of Sarawak|Premier]]) ====Former==== * Former [[Istana Negara, Jalan Istana|Istana Negara at Jalan Istana]] (King, former official residence) *'''[[Penang]]'''<br />[[Suffolk House, Penang|Suffolk House]] (Former [[List of governors of Penang|Governor]]'s residence) *'''[[Malacca]]'''<br />[[Governor's Museum|Old Governor's residence]] (Former [[List of governors of Malacca|Governor]] and [[Yang di-Pertua Negeri Melaka|Yang di-Pertua Negeri]]'s residence) ===Maldives=== * [[Muliaage]] ([[President of the Maldives|President]]) * Hilaaleege Official residence ([[Vice President of the Maldives|Vice President]]) ====Former==== * [[Theemuge]] ([[President of the Maldives|President]], formerly; now the Supreme Court of the Maldives) ===Mali=== * Presidential Palace ===Malta=== [[File:Malta Attard San Anton Palace BW 2011-10-09 10-06-16.jpg|thumb|[[San Anton Palace]], [[Attard]]]] * [[San Anton Palace]] (Official Residence of the President) * [[Verdala Palace]] (Summer Residence of the President) * [[Villa Francia]] (Official Residence of the Prime Minister) * [[Girgenti Palace]] (Summer Residence of the Prime Minister) ====Former==== * [[Fort St. Angelo]] (former residence of the Grand Master, now restored) * [[Grandmaster's Palace (Valletta)|Grandmaster's Palace]] (former residence of the Grand Master and the Governor, now housing the Office of the President and a museum) * [[Palazzo Vilhena]] (former residence of the Grand Master, now a museum) * [[Aħrax Tower]] (former summer residence of the Governor, now abandoned) * [[Casa Leoni]] (former residence of the Governor, now housing a government ministry) ===Mauritania=== * [[Presidential Palace (Mauritania)|Presidential Palace]] ===Mauritius=== * [[State House (Mauritius)|State House]] ([[List of Presidents of Mauritius|President]]) * [[Clarisse House]] ([[List of Prime Ministers of Mauritius|Prime Ministers]]) ===Mexico=== [[File:Palacio Nacional, México D.F., México, 2013-10-16, DD 119.JPG|thumb|[[National Palace (Mexico)|National Palace]] in Mexico City]] * [[National Palace (Mexico)|National Palace]] ([[President of Mexico|President]]) ====Former==== * [[Los Pinos]] (Presidential residence and office) * [[Chapultepec Castle|Castillo de Chapultepec]] (Emperor then President, formerly; kept as National Museum of History) <nowiki>*</nowiki><small>In every state of the Mexico the [[Palacio de Gobierno]], or Government Palace, was the official residence the governor, they are now maintained solely as the relevant governor's offices.</small> *[[Casa Borda, Cuernavaca]] (Emperor's summer residence, formerly; kept as a cultural centre) ====States==== Querétaro * Casa de la Corregidora (Governor mansion) ===Moldova=== * [[Presidential Palace, Chișinău|Presidential Palace]] ====Transnistria==== * Presidential Palace, Tiraspol ===Monaco=== *[[Prince's Palace of Monaco|Palais Princier de Monaco]] ([[Prince of Monaco|Monarch]]) *Résidence du ministre d'État ([[Minister of State (Monaco)|Minister of State]]) ===Mongolia=== * [[Government Palace (Mongolia)|Government Palace]] (Offices of the President and Prime Minister) * The Marshal Mansion ([[President of Mongolia|President]], former winter residence of [[Khorloogiin Choibalsan]] and [[Yumjaagiin Tsedenbal]]) * Ikh Tenger Complex (President's residence) ===Montenegro=== * Blue Palace (Official Residence of the President) ===Morocco=== * [[Dar al-Makhzen (Rabat)|Dar al-Makhzen]], [[Rabat]] (main residence) * [[Dar al-Makhzen (Fez)|Dar al-Makhzen]], [[Fes]] * [[Kasbah of Marrakesh|Dar al-Makhzen]], [[Marrakesh]] * [[Kasbah of Moulay Ismail|Dar al-Makhzen]], [[Meknes]] * [[Dar el Makhzen (Tangier)|Marchane Palace]], [[Tangier]] * [[Bahia Palace]], [[Marrakech]] ===Mozambique=== * [[Palácio da Ponta Vermelha]] ([[Heads of state of Mozambique|President]]) ===Myanmar=== * [[Presidential Palace, Naypyidaw|Presidential Palace]] ([[Prime Minister of Myanmar|Prime Minister]] during the current state of emergency,<ref>{{cite news |title=Min Aung Hlaing's Mania for the Presidency Is Alive and Well—and May Soon Bear Fruit |url=https://www.irrawaddy.com/opinion/analysis/min-aung-hlaings-mania-for-the-presidency-is-alive-and-well-and-may-soon-bear-fruit.html |access-date=12 January 2023 |work=[[The Irrawaddy]] |date=6 January 2023 |quote=Right after the coup, [Min Aung Hlaing] moved straight into the Presidential Residence.}}</ref> normally [[President of Myanmar|President]]) * [[Zeyadili Palace]] ([[Tatmadaw]] Headquarters) ====Former==== * [[Government House, Rangoon|Government House]] (Governor) * [[Belmond Governor's Residence]] (Governor) * [[Zayar Thiri Baikman]] in [[Yangon]] ([[Tatmadaw]] Headquarters) ===Namibia=== * [[State House of Namibia|State House]] ([[List of Presidents of Namibia|President]]) ===Nauru=== * [[State House (Nauru)|State House]] ([[President of Nauru|President]]; formerly kept as immigration detention center) ===Netherlands=== [[File:Palacio Real, Ámsterdam, Países Bajos, 2016-05-30, DD 07-09 HDR.jpg|thumb|Royal Palace, Amsterdam]] * [[The Dutch Royal Palace|The Royal Palace]] (official reception palace for foreign dignitaries and used for weddings and the act of abdication) * [[Huis ten Bosch|Palace Huis ten Bosch]] (official residence of the king) * [[Noordeinde Palace]] (official working palace of the king) * [[Catshuis]] (official residence of the prime minister of the Netherlands) * [[Drakensteyn Castle]] (private residence of [[Princess Beatrix of the Netherlands]], the country's former Queen.) Former residence [[File:Den Haag Binnenhof 02.jpg|thumb|Binnenhof, The Hague]] [[File:Apeldoorn Paleis Het Loo 1.jpg|thumb|Palace het Loo, Apeldoorn]] * [[Soestdijk Palace]] (former royal residence of [[Juliana of the Netherlands|Queen Juliana]]) * [[Het Loo Palace]] (former royal summer residence of [[Wilhelmina of the Netherlands|Queen Wilhelmina]]) * [[Anneville (Ulvenhout)]] (former royal residence of [[Wilhelmina of the Netherlands]]) * [[Binnenhof]] (former royal residence of [[Floris IV, Count of Holland]]), (currently parlement building) * [[Breda Castle]] (former royal residence of [[William III of England]]) * [[Bronbeek]] (former royal residence of [[William III of the Netherlands]]) * [[City Hall of Tilburg]] (former royal residence of [[William II of the Netherlands]] ) * [[Huis Doorn]] (former royal residence of [[Wilhelm II, German Emperor]]) * [[Kneuterdijk Palace]] (former royal residence of [[William II of the Netherlands]]) * [[Koninklijke Schouwburg]] (former royal residence of [[William V, Prince of Orange]]) * [[Lange Voorhout Palace]] (former royal residence) * [[Mauritshuis]] (former royal residence of [[John Maurice, Prince of Nassau-Siegen]]) * [[Stadhouderlijk Hof]] (former royal residence of [[William Louis, Count of Nassau-Dillenburg]]) ===Nepal=== * [[Sheetal Niwas]] ([[President of Nepal|President]]) *[[Baluwatar, Kathmandu|Baluwatar]] ([[Prime Minister of Nepal|Prime Minister]]) ===New Zealand=== [[File:Government House front.jpg|thumb|[[Government House, Wellington|Government House]], [[Wellington]]]] * [[Government House, Wellington|Government House]] ([[Governor-General of New Zealand|Governor-General]]) * [[Government House, Auckland|Government House]] (Governor-General, Auckland residence) * [[Premier House]] ([[Prime Minister of New Zealand|Prime Minister]]) <!--* Turongo House (Maori King) --> <!--Commented out due to the Maori King not being an actual sovereign "befitting" an official residence; this removal with no prejudice to the actual role the Maori King plays in NZ society--> ====Former==== *[[Old Government House, Auckland]] ====Realm==== *'''Cook Islands''': Government House ([[Queen's Representative]]) * '''Tokelau''': Government House ([[Administrators of Tokelau|Administrator]]) ===Nicaragua=== * [[:es:Casa Naranja|Presidential Palace]] * El Carmen Residence (Residence of president [[Daniel Ortega]]) * [[:es:La Loma (Palacio Presidencial)|Presidential Palace]] (former) ===Niger=== * Presidential Palace ===Nigeria=== ====Federal==== *[[Aso Villa]] ([[President of Nigeria|President]]) ====State==== * '''[[Lagos State]]''':<br />[[Lagos State Governor's House|Lagos House]] ([[Governor of Lagos State|Governor]] * '''[[Rivers State]]''':<br />[[Government House, Port Harcourt|Government House]] ([[Governor of Rivers State|Governor]]) ===North Korea=== {{main|North Korean leader's residences}} * [[Government Complex No. 1]] (39°0'56"N 125°44'43"E) * [[Ryongsong Residence]] ([[Chairman of the National Defense Commission of North Korea|Chairman of National Defense Commission]]) * [[Kangdong Residence]] * [[Sinuiju North Korean Leader's Residence]] * [[:zh:百花園迎賓館|Paekhwawon State Guest House]] ====Former==== * [[Kumsusan Palace of the Sun]] ([[List of Presidents of North Korea|President]], formerly; kept as mausoleum) ===North Macedonia=== * [[Villa Vodno]] (Official Presidential workplace) ===Norway=== [[File:Slottet oslo 2.jpg|thumb|Royal Palace, Oslo]] * [[Royal Palace, Oslo|Royal Palace]] ([[Oslo]]) * [[Bygdøy Royal Estate]] ([[Norwegian monarchy|Monarch]], summer retreat) * [[Oscarshall Castle, Oslo|Oscarshall Castle]] * [[Akershus Castle, Oslo|Akershus Castle]] * [[Gamlehaugen]] (Monarch, [[Bergen]]) * [[Ledaal]] (Monarch, [[Stavanger]]) * [[Stiftsgården]] (Monarch, [[Trondheim]]) * [[Skaugum|Skaugum Estate]] (Crown Prince) * [[Inkognitogata 18]] ([[Heads of government of Norway|Prime Minister]]) * [[Inkognitogata 18|Riddervolds gate 2]] (Visiting foreign dignitaries) ===Oman=== *[[Al Alam Palace]] *[[Bait Barka]] *[[Hisn Al Shomoukh]] *[[Court (royal)|Royal Court]] *[[Hisn Salalah]] *[[Sohar Palace]] *[[Qasr Mamoora]] *[[Razat Farm]] ===Pakistan=== ====Federal==== * [[Aiwan-e-Sadr]] ([[President of Pakistan|President]]) * [[Prime Minister House (Pakistan)|Prime Minister House]] ([[Prime Minister of Pakistan|Prime Minister]]) ====Provincial==== * '''[[Balochistan, Pakistan|Balochistan]]''':<br />Governor's House * '''[[Khyber Pakhtunkhwa]]''':<br />[[Governor's House (Peshawar)|Governor's House]] * '''[[Punjab (Pakistan)|Punjab]]''':<br />[[Governor's House (Lahore)|Governor's House]] * '''[[Sindh]]''':<br />[[Governor's House (Karachi)|Governor's House]] ===Palestine=== *[[Mukataa]] (PLO) ===Panama=== * [[Palacio de las Garzas]] ([[List of Heads of State of Panama|President]]) ===Papua New Guinea=== * Government House ([[Governor-General of Papua New Guinea|Governor-General]]) ===Paraguay=== [[File:Palacio de los López.jpg|thumb|[[Palacio de los López]]]] * [[Mburuvichá Roga]] ([[List of Presidents of Paraguay|President]]) * [[Palacio de los López]] (Presidential office) ===Peru=== [[File:PalacioEjecutivodelPeru.jpg|thumb|Palacio de Gobierno, [[Lima]]]] * [[Government Palace (Peru)|Palacio de Gobierno]] ([[List of Presidents of Peru|President]]) ===Philippines=== [[File:Malacañang Palace (local img).jpg|thumb|The [[Malacañang Palace]] as viewed from the [[Pasig River]]]] * [[Malacañang Palace]], [[Manila]] ([[President of the Philippines|President]]) * [[Malacañang sa Sugbo]], [[Cebu City]] ([[President of the Philippines|President]], official residence in Visayas) * [[Malacañang of the South|Presidential Guest House (''Malacañang of the South'')]], [[Davao City]] ([[President of the Philippines|President]], official residence in Mindanao) * [[The Mansion (Baguio)|Mansion House]], [[Baguio]] ([[President of the Philippines|President]], official summer residence) * [[Quezon City Reception House]], [[Quezon City]] ([[Vice President of the Philippines|Vice President]]) ====Former==== * Independence House, [[Aguinaldo Shrine]], [[Kawit]], [[Cavite]] (''de facto'' official residence of [[First Philippine Republic]] and [[Republic of Biak-na-Bato]]) * [[Palacio del Gobernador]], [[Intramuros]], [[Manila]] (residence of [[Governor-General of the Philippines]]) * [[Malolos Cathedral]], [[Malolos]], [[Bulacan]] (official residence of [[First Philippine Republic]]) * [[Malacañang of the North|Malacañang ti Amianan]], [[Paoay, Ilocos Norte|Paoay]], [[Ilocos Norte]] (former residence of the late [[Ferdinand Marcos]]; now a memorial museum) * [[Leyte Provincial Capitol]], seat of the [[Commonwealth of the Philippines]] ===Poland=== [[File:Warszawa Pałac Prezydencki 2011.jpg|thumb|Presidential Palace, Warsaw]] * [[Presidential Palace, Warsaw|Presidential Palace]] in [[Warsaw]] ([[President of the Republic of Poland|President]]) * Villa Parkowa (Official residence of [[Prime Minister of Poland|Prime Minister]]) * [[Belweder]] in [[Warsaw]] (President's residence until 1994; since then kept for official government functions and visiting foreign dignitaries) * Presidential Castle in [[Wisła]] * Presidential Manor House in [[Ciechocinek]] * Presidential Residence in [[Hel, Poland|Hel]] * Presidential Residence in [[Lucień]] * Presidential Residence in [[Ruda Tarnowska]] * Presidential Villa in Klarysew part of [[Konstancin-Jeziorna]] ==== Former ==== * [[Wawel Castle]] * [[Royal Castle, Warsaw|Royal Castle]] (King, formerly; now museum) *[[Wilanów Palace]] *[[Palace on the Isle]] *[[Sanok Castle]] *[[Zhovkva Castle]] *[[Malbork Castle]] *[[Brzeg Castle]] *[[Ujazdów Castle]] *[[Piotrków Trybunalski Castle]] *[[Niepołomice Castle]] *[[Palace of the Grand Dukes of Lithuania]] *[[Saxon Palace]] *[[Tykocin Castle]] ===Portugal=== [[File:Palacio Belem Lisboa.JPG|thumb|[[Belém Palace|Belém National Palace]], [[Lisbon]].]] [[File:Queluz Palace fountains.JPG|thumb|[[Queluz National Palace]], [[Queluz, Portugal|Queluz]].]] * [[Belém Palace]] ([[President of Portugal|President of the Republic]]) ** [[Palace of the Dukes of Braganza]] ([[President of Portugal|President of the Republic]], official residence in the [[Norte Region, Portugal|North Region]]) ** [[Citadel of Cascais]] ([[President of Portugal|President of the Republic]], official summer residence) * [[São Bento Mansion]] ([[List of Prime Ministers of Portugal|Prime Minister]]) * [[Palace of Necessidades]] (Ministry of Foreign Affairs) * [[Fort of São Julião da Barra]] (Minister of National Defence) * [[:pt:Palácio de São Lourenço|Palace of São Lourenço]] (Representative of the Republic in [[Madeira]]) * [[Madre de Deus Manor]] (Representative of the Republic in the [[Azores]]) * [[Queluz Palace]] ([[state guest house]]) ==== Former ==== * [[Ajuda Palace|Ajuda Royal Palace]] (official royal residence) * [[Castle of São Jorge|Alcáçova Palace at São Jorge Castle]] (official royal residence) * [[University of Coimbra|Alcáçova Palace at Coimbra]] (official royal residence) * [[Royal Palace of Évora|Évora Royal Palace]] (official royal residence) * [[Palace of Mafra|Royal Building of Mafra (Palace and Basilica)]] (official royal residence) * [[Palace of Necessidades|Necessidades Royal Palace]] (official royal residence) * [[Ribeira Palace|Ribeira Royal Palace]] (official royal residence) * [[Queluz Palace|Queluz Royal Palace]] (summer residence turned official royal residence) * [[Sintra National Palace|Sintra Royal Palace]] (summer residence turned official royal residence) ===Qatar=== * [[Amiri Diwan of the State of Qatar|Emir's Palace]] ([[List of emirs of Qatar|Emir]]) * Al Wajba Palace (Emir) ===Romania=== * Vila Lac 3 (residence of the [[President of Romania|President]]) * [[Cotroceni Palace]] (office of the President) * [[Victoria Palace]] (office of the [[Prime Minister of Romania|Prime Minister]]) * [[Elisabeta Palace]] (official residence of HM [[Margareta of Romania]]) * [[Săvârșin Castle]] (residence of HM [[Margareta of Romania]]) ===Russia=== [[File:Grand Kremlin Palace, Moscow.jpg|thumb|Grand Kremlin Palace]] * [[Moscow Kremlin|Kremlin]] ([[President of Russia|President]]) * [[Zavidovo]] (President) * [[Novo-Ogaryovo]] (President) * [[White House (Moscow)|White House]] ([[Prime Minister of Russia|Prime Minister]]) ====Former==== * [[Alexander Palace]] ([[Russian Czar|Tsar]], formerly; kept as museum) * [[Anichkov Palace]] (Tsar, formerly; kept as Pioneers Palace) * [[Catherine Palace]] (Tsar, summer retreat, formerly; kept as museum) * [[Nicholas Palace]] (Tsar, formerly; kept as commercial offices) * [[Oranienbaum, Russia|Oraniembaum]] (Tsar, formerly; kept as museum) * [[Pavlovsk Palace|Pavlovsk]] (Tsar, formerly; kept as museum) * [[Peterhof Palace]] (Tsar, formerly; kept as museum) * [[Pella Palace]] (Tsar, summer retreat, formerly; demolished) * [[Summer Palace (Rastrelli)|Summer Palace]] (Tsar, summer retreat, formerly; demolished) * [[Tauride Palace]] (Tsar, formerly; kept as offices for Interparliamentary Assembly of Member Nations of the Commonwealth of Independent States) * [[Vladimir Palace]] (Tsar, formerly; kept as Academics' House) * [[Winter Palace]] (Tsar, winter retreat, formerly; kept as museum) * [[Yelagin Palace]] (Tsar, summer retreat, formerly; kept as museum) * [[Kuntsevo Dacha]] (Summer residence of [[Joseph Stalin]]) * Stalin's Dacha in [[Sochi]] (Summer residence of [[Joseph Stalin]]) ====Republics==== [[File:Kazan Kremlin Presidential Palace 08-2016.jpg|thumb|Kazan Kremlin]] * '''[[Adygea]]''':<br />Building of the Administration of the Republic Of Adygea, [[Maykop]] ([[Head of the Republic of Adygea|Head]]) * '''[[Bashkortostan]]''':<br />[[Republic House, Bashkortostan|Republic House]] ([[Head of the Republic of Bashkortostan|Head]]) * '''[[Buryatia]]''':<br />54 Ulitsa Lenina, [[Ulan-Ude]] ([[Head of the Republic of Buryatia|Head]]) * '''[[Chechnya]]''':<br />Residence of the Head of the Chechen Republic, [[Grozny]] ([[Head of the Chechen Republic|Head]]) * '''[[Chuvashia]]''':<br />Government House, [[Cheboksary]] ([[Head of the Chuvash Republic|Head]]) * '''[[Dagestan]]''':<br />White House, [[Makhachkala]] ([[Head of the Republic of Dagestan|Head]]) * '''[[Ingushetia]]''':<br />14 Prospekt I. Zyazikova, [[Magas]] ([[Head of the Republic of Ingushetia|Head]]) * '''[[Karachay-Cherkessia]]''':<br />Government House, [[Cherkessk]] ([[Head of Karachay-Cherkessia|Head]]) * '''[[Republic of Karelia]]''':<br />19 Prospekt Lenina, [[Petrozavodsk]] ([[Head of the Republic of Karelia|Head]]) * '''[[Khakassia]]''':<br />Residence of the Head of the Republic of Khakassia, [[Abakan]] ([[Head of the Republic of Khakassia|Head]]) * '''[[Komi Republic]]''':<br />9 Ulitsa Kommunisticheskaya, [[Syktyvkar]] ([[Head of the Komi Republic|Head]]) * '''[[Mordovia]]''':<br />Dom Respubliki, [[Saransk]] ([[Head of the Republic of Mordovia|Head]]) * '''[[Sakha]]''':<br />11 Ulitsa Kirova, [[Yakutsk]] ([[Head of the Sakha Republic|Head]]) * '''[[Tatarstan]]''':<br />[[Kazan Kremlin]] ([[President of the Republic of Tatarstan|President]]) * '''[[Udmurtia]]''':<br />Palace of the Head of the Udmurt Republic, [[Izhevsk]] ([[Head of the Udmurt Republic|Head]]) ====Krais==== * '''[[Krasnodar Krai]]''':<br />35 Ulitsa Krasnaya, [[Krasnodar]] ([[Governor of Krasnodar Krai|Governor]]) ===Rwanda=== * [[Urugwiro]] ===Saint Kitts and Nevis=== * [[Government House, Saint Christopher and Nevis|Government House]] ([[List of Governors-General of Saint Kitts and Nevis|Governor-General]]) ===Saint Lucia=== * [[Government House, Saint Lucia|Government House]] ([[List of Governors-General of Saint Lucia|Governor-General]]) ===Saint Vincent and the Grenadines=== * Government House ([[List of Governors-General of Saint Vincent and the Grenadines|Governor-General]]) ===Samoa=== * Government House ([[O le Ao o le Malo|Head of State]]) ====Former==== *Villa Vailima ===São Tomé and Príncipe=== [[File:São Tomé - Palacio Presidencial.jpg|thumb|[[Presidential Palace of São Tomé e Príncipe]]]] * [[Presidential Palace of São Tomé e Príncipe|Presidential Palace]] ===Saudi Arabia=== * [[Al Yamamah Palace]], [[Riyadh]] ([[King of Saudi Arabia|King]]) * Al Salam Palace, [[Jeddah]] ([[King of Saudi Arabia|King]]) * Al Safa Palace, [[Mecca]] ([[King of Saudi Arabia|King]]) ===Senegal=== * Palais de la Republique ([[List of Presidents of Senegal|President]]) ===Serbia=== [[File:Predsednistvo.jpg|thumb|Novi dvor (New Court)]] * [[Novi dvor]] ([[President of Serbia|President's]] office) * Užička 23 (Presidents residence) * [[Beli dvor]] ([[House of Karađorđević|Crown Prince]]) ====Former==== * [[Stari dvor]] ([[House of Obrenović|King]], formerly; current City Assembly of [[Belgrade]]) * [[Royal Palace (Belgrade)|Royal Palace]] ([[House of Karađorđević|King]], formerly) ===Seychelles=== * [[State House (Seychelles)|State House]] ([[List of Presidents of Seychelles|President]]) ===Sierra Leone=== * [[State House (Sierra Leone)|State House]] ([[Heads of government of Sierra Leone|President]]) ===Singapore=== * [[Istana (Singapore)|Istana]] (President; de jure) * [[Sri Temasek]] ([[Prime Minister of Singapore|Prime Minister]]) ===Slovakia=== [[File:Bratislava-grassalkovičov palác.jpg|thumb|Grassalkovich Palace]] * [[Grassalkovich Palace]] ([[List of Presidents of Slovakia|President]]) ===Slovenia=== * [[Government and Presidential Palace, Ljubljana]] ===Solomon Islands=== * Government House ([[Governor-General of the Solomon Islands|Governor-General]]) ===Somalia=== * [[Villa Somalia]] ([[List of Presidents of Somalia|President]]) ===South Africa=== * [[Mahlamba Ndlopfu]], [[Pretoria]], ([[President of South Africa|President]]) * [[Genadendal Residence]], [[Cape Town]] ([[President of South Africa|President]]) ====Provincial==== * [[Leeuwenhof]] ([[Premier of the Western Cape]]) ====Provincial, former==== * '''[[Cape Province]]''':<br />[[Government House, Cape Province|Government House]] (Governor, formerly; kept as offices for [[Prime Minister of South Africa|Prime Minister]]) * '''[[Transvaal Province|Transvaal]]''':<br />[[Government House, Pretoria|Government House]] (Lieutenant General, formerly) * '''[[Colony of Natal|Natal]]''':<br />[[Government House, Natal|Government House]] (Lieutenant-Governor, formerly) * '''[[Orange Free State (province)|Orange Free State]]''':<br />[[Government House, Orange Free State|Government House]] (Governor, formerly) ===South Korea=== [[File:Seoul Gyeongbokgung Blue House Bukhansan cropped.jpg|thumb|Cheong Wa Dae, [[Seoul]]]] * [[Blue House|Cheong Wa Dae]] ("House with Blue Rooftiles") ([[President of South Korea|President]]; no longer used) : – Cheong Wa Dae was the official presidential office and residence complex for the [[President of South Korea]] before [[Yoon Suk-yeol]]. : – It is located next to Gyeongbokgung, the main palace during the Joseon dynasty. * Cheong Nam Dae ("Cheong Wa Dae in the South") ([[President of South Korea|President]]; no longer used) : – Cheong Nam Dae used to be one of the two vacation residences for the President of Republic of Korea. It was returned to public in 2003. : – It is located in Cheongwon-gun, North Chungcheong Province. * Cheong Hae Dae ("Cheong Wa Dae on the Seashore") ([[President of South Korea|President]]; no longer used) : – Cheong Hae Dae used to be one of the two vacation residences for the President of Republic of Korea. Although the president no longer uses this facility this compound is still under the administration of the Republic of Korea Navy, and thus is not open to public access. : – It is located on one of the islands of Geoje-shi, South Gyeongsang Province. * Gukhoeuijang Gonggwan ("Official Residence of the Speaker of National Assembly") ([[List of Speakers of the National Assembly of South Korea|Speaker of National Assembly]]) : – This is the official residence for the Speaker of the National Assembly of Republic of Korea. The Speaker, also, does not work here. : – It is located in Hannam-dong, Yongsan-gu, Seoul, where many foreign missions to Korea are located. * Daebeobwonjang Gonggwan ("Official Residence of the Chief Justice of the Supreme Court") ([[Chief Justice of the Supreme Court of Korea]]) : – This is the official residence for the Chief Justice of the Supreme Court of Korea. The Chief Justice, also, does not work here. : – It is also located in Hannam-dong, Yongsan-gu, Seoul. * Heonbeopjaepansojang Gonggwan ("Official Residence of the President of the Constitutional Court") ([[President of the Constitutional Court of Korea]]) : – This is the official residence for the President of the Constitutional Court of Korea. The President of the Court, also, does not work here. : – It is located close to Cheong Wa Dae. * Chongri Gonggwan ("Official Residence of the Prime Minister") ([[Prime Minister of South Korea|Prime Minister]]) : – This is the official residence for the Prime Minister of Republic of Korea. The Prime Minister, however, does not work here. : – It is located close to Cheong Wa Dae. * Most ministers of state and heads of administrative regions also have official residences, although they are not listed here. ===South Sudan=== * Presidential Palace ===Spain=== [[File:Royal Palace of Madrid 02.jpg|thumb|[[Royal Palace of Madrid]], nyumba ya boma ya [[king of Spain|Themba la Spain]].]] * [[Palacio Real de Madrid]] (Official residence of [[Spanish Royal Family|Spanish monarchs]], but used only for state ceremonies. In [[Madrid]]'s city center) * [[Palacio de la Zarzuela]] (''De facto'' residence of the monarch. Also his office. A few kilometers outside of Madrid's city center) * [[Palace of Marivent|Palacio de Marivent]] (Summer retreat of the monarch. In [[Majorca]], [[Balearic Islands]]) * [[Alcázar of Seville|Reales Alcázares de Sevilla]] (official residence of the monarch in [[Andalusia]]) * Palacio de Albéniz (official residence of the monarch in [[Catalonia]]. In [[Barcelona]]) * [[Palacio de la Moncloa]] ([[Prime Minister of Spain|President of the Government]]. Also his office) * [[Santa Cruz Palace, Madrid]] ([[Ministry of Foreign Affairs and Cooperation (Spain)|Minister of Foreign Affairs]]) ====Autonomous communities==== * '''[[Aragon]]''':<br />Edificio Pignatelli (President of DGA) * '''[[Andalusia]]''':<br />[[Palacio de San Telmo]] (President of the [[Junta de Andalucía|Junta]]) * '''[[Basque Country (autonomous community)|Basque Country]]''':<br />[[Ajuria Enea]] ([[Lehendakari]]) *'''[[Catalonia]]''':<br />Casa dels Canonges ([[List of Presidents of the Generalitat de Catalunya|President of the Generalitat]]) *'''[[Galicia (Spain)|Galicia]]''':<br />Monte Pío ([[List of Presidents of Galicia|President of the Xunta]]) *'''[[Castile and Leon]]''':<br /> Colegio de la Asunción (President of the [[Junta de Castilla y León|Junta]]) ===Sri Lanka=== * [[President's House, Colombo|President's House]] (Official residence in [[Colombo]] of the [[President of Sri Lanka|President]]) * [[President's Pavilion]] (Official residence in [[Kandy]] of the President) * [[Queen's Cottage]] (Country retreat of the President) * [[Prime Minister's House (Colombo)|Temple Trees]] (Official residence of the [[Prime Minister of Sri Lanka|Prime Minister]]) * [[Prime Minister's Cottage]] (country retreat of the prime minister) * [[Speaker's Residence, Sri Jayawardenapura-Kotte|Speaker's Residence]] (official residence of the [[Speaker of the Parliament of Sri Lanka|speaker of the Parliament]]) * [[Chief Justice's House, Colombo|Chief Justice's House]] (official residence of the [[Chief Justice of Sri Lanka|chief justice]]) * [[Visumpaya]] (Residence of a cabinet minister nominated by the president) * [[General's House, Nuwara Eliya|General's House]] (country retreat for Members of Parliament) * [[Bank House, Colombo]] (official residence of the [[governor of the Central Bank of Sri Lanka]]) * [[General's House, Colombo]] (official residence of the [[commander of the Sri Lanka Army]]) ===Sudan=== * [[Republican Palace, Khartoum|Republican Palace]] ===Suriname=== * [[Gouvernementsgebouw]], better known as Presidential Palace ===Sweden=== ====Royal==== [[File:Royal-Palace-Stockholm.jpg|thumb|The Royal Palace in [[Stockholm]]]] [[File:Drottningholm castle viewed from east 2005-08-14.jpg|thumb|Drottningholm Palace]] [[File:Sagerska palatset.jpg|thumb|Sager Palace]] [[File:Harpsund2.JPG|thumb|Harpsund]] * [[Royal Palace in Stockholm]] (official residence since 1754, but not used as such since 1981) * [[Drottningholm Palace]] (everyday residence of [[Monarchy of Sweden|TM The King and Queen]] since 1981) * [[Haga Palace]] (Official residence of TRH [[Crown Princess Victoria of Sweden|The Crown Princess]] and [[Prince Daniel, Duke of Västergötland]]. Palaces owned by the State, at the disposal of the King, but not in use) * [[Gripsholm Castle]] * [[Rosendal Palace]] * [[Rosersberg Palace]] * [[Stenhammar Palace]] * [[Strömsholm Palace]] * [[Tullgarn Palace]] * [[Ulriksdal Palace]] =====Former royal residences===== * [[Arvfurstens palats]] * [[Kalmar Castle]] * [[Karlberg Palace]] * [[Nyköping Castle]] * [[Uppsala Castle]] * [[Vadstena Castle]] * [[Wrangel Palace]] (Official residence 1697–1754) ====Prime Ministerial==== * [[Sager House]] (Official residence of the [[Prime Minister of Sweden|Prime Minister]]) * [[Harpsund]] (Country retreat for the Prime Minister) ====Gubernatorial==== *'''[[Gävleborg County]]'''<br />[[Gävle Castle]] ([[List of governors of Gävleborg County|governor]]) *'''[[Halland County]]'''<br />[[Halmstad Castle]] ([[List of governors of Halland County|governor]]) *'''[[Jönköping County]]'''<br />The Residence, [[Jönköping]] ([[List of governors of Jönköping County|governor]]) *'''[[Skåne County]]'''<br />The Residence, [[Malmö]] ([[List of governors of Skåne County|governor]]) *'''[[Stockholm County]]'''<br />[[Tessin Palace]] ([[List of governors of Stockholm County|governor]]) *'''[[Uppsala County]]'''<br />[[Uppsala Castle]] ([[List of governors of Uppsala County|governor]]) *'''[[Västmanland County]]'''<br />[[Västerås Castle]] ([[List of governors of Västmanland County|governor]]) *'''[[Västra Götaland County]]'''<br />The Residence, [[Gothenburg]] ([[List of governors of Västra Götaland County|governor]]) *'''[[Örebro County]]'''<br />[[Örebro Castle]] ([[List of governors of Örebro County|governor]]) *'''[[Östergötland County]]'''<br />[[Linköping Castle]] ([[List of governors of Östergötland County|governor]]) ===Switzerland=== [[File:Kehrsatz_Landsitz_Lohn_DSC05534.jpg|thumb|Lohn Estate]] Official [[Estate (house)|estates]] of the [[Swiss Federal Council]]: *[[Lohn Estate]] *[[Béatrice-von-Wattenwyl-Haus]] ===Syria=== *[[Presidential Palace, Damascus|New Shaab Palace]], on Mount Mazzeh, Damascus *[[Tishreen Palace]], Ar Rabwah, Damascus *President's summer house, built for security and rapid exits on the banks of the [[Mediterranean Sea]] ====Former==== *Mustapha Pasha al-Abed's Palace (President) *Nazim Pashas's Palace (President) ===Taiwan=== [[File:Presidential-Palace-(Taipei).png|thumb|Presidential Building, [[Taipei]]]] ;Workplace * [[Presidential Office Building (Republic of China)|Presidential Office Building]] (formerly office of [[Governor-General of Taiwan]]) ;Residence * [[Official Residence of the President of the Republic of China|Yonghe Residence]] * [[Shilin Official Residence]] (Former residence of [[Chiang Kai-shek]]) * [[Guesthouses of Chiang Kai-shek]] * [[Seven Seas Residence]](Former residence of [[Chiang Ching-kuo]]) ;Guest House * [[Taipei Guest House]] * [[Grand Hotel (Taipei)]] ===Tajikistan=== * [[Palace of Nations, Dushanbe|Kohi Millat]] ===Tanzania=== * [[State House (Tanzania)|State House]] ([[President of Tanzania|President]]) ===Thailand=== [[File:Grand Palace in Bangkok - Chakri Mahaprasad Hall.jpg|thumb|Grand Palace, Bangkok]] * [[Grand Palace, Bangkok|Grand Palace]] ([[King of Thailand|Monarch]], official and ceremonial but not residential) * [[Dusit Palace]] (Monarch; parts of it now houses several museums) ** [[Amphorn Sathan Residential Hall]] (Monarch, primary residential home of King [[Vajiralongkorn]]) ** [[Chitralada Royal Villa]] (Formerly of the monarch, now residence of Queen [[Sirikit]]) * [[Bang Pa-In Royal Palace]] (Monarch, summer retreat, now generally open to the public) * [[Klai Kangwon Villa]] (Monarch, seaside retreat) * [[Bhubing Palace]] (Monarch, northern residence) * Thaksin Ratchaniwet Palace (Monarch, southern residence) * Phu Phan Palace (Monarch, northeastern residence) * [[Srapathum Palace]] ([[Sirindhorn|Princess Royal]]) * [[Sukhothai Palace]] (Princesses, daughters of Vajiralongkorn) * Chakri Bongkot Palace ([[Chulabhorn|Princess Srisavangavadhana]]) * Deves Palace ([[Soamsawali|Princess Suddhanarinatha]]) * [[Phitsanulok Mansion]] ([[Prime Minister of Thailand|Prime Minister]]) ====Former==== * Royal Palace of Sukhothai (Monarch of Sukhothai, now part of [[Sukhothai Historical Park]]) * [[Chan Palace]] (Monarch from Sukhothai to Ayutthaya and Viceroy of Ayutthaya, now a historic site) * Royal Palace of Ayutthaya (Monarch of Ayutthaya, now part of [[Ayutthaya Historical Park]]) * Chandrakasem Palace (Viceroy of Ayutthaya, now the National Museum) * Suan Luang Palace (Deputy Viceroy of Ayutthaya, now part of Ayutthaya Historical Park) * [[King Narai's Palace]] (Residence of King [[Narai]], now the National Museum) * [[Thonburi Palace]] ([[Taksin|Monarch of Thonburi]], now the Royal Thai Navy Headquarters) * [[Front Palace]] (Viceroy, now the [[Bangkok National Museum|National Museum]]) * [[Rear Palace]] ([[Anurak Devesh|Deputy Viceroy]], now [[Siriraj Hospital]]) * [[Phra Nakhon Khiri Historical Park|Phra Nakhon Khiri Palace]] (Monarch, summer retreat, now the Historical Park) * [[Saranrom Palace]] (Accommodation of state foreign guests) * [[Phra Chuthathut Palace]] (Summer retreat of King [[Chulalongkorn]], now area of [[Chulalongkorn University]]) * [[Sanam Chan Palace]] (Residence of King [[Vajiravudh]], now a museum) * [[Phaya Thai Palace]] (Residence of King [[Vajiravudh]], now a museum) * [[Mrigadayavan Palace]] (Summer retreat of King [[Vajiravudh]]) * Istana Nilam (Monarch of [[Pattani Kingdom|Patani]]) * Wiang Keaw Palace (Monarch from [[Lan Na]] to [[Kingdom of Chiang Mai|Chiang Mai]]) * Royal Palace of Phrae (Monarch of Phrae) ===Togo=== * [[The Palace of the Governors (Togo)|The Palace of the Governors]] ===Tonga=== * [[Royal Palace, Tonga|Royal Palace]] ([[House of Tupou|King]]) ===Trinidad and Tobago=== [[File:WhiteHall2009.JPG|thumb|Whitehall, [[Port of Spain]]]] * [[President's House, Trinidad and Tobago|President's House]] * St. Anns Diplomatic Residence ([[List of Prime Ministers of Trinidad and Tobago|Prime Minister]]) * Whitehall ([[List of Prime Ministers of Trinidad and Tobago|Prime Minister's office]]) * Official residence ([[List of Prime Ministers of Trinidad and Tobago|Chief Secretary, Tobago House of Assembly]]) ===Tunisia=== * [[Carthage Palace]] === Turkey === ==== State ==== [[File:Presidential Palace Main.jpg|thumb|The [[Presidential Complex (Turkey)|Presidential Complex]], The Official Residence of the [[President of Turkey]].]] * [[Presidential Complex (Turkey)|Presidential Complex]] ([[President of Turkey|President]]), official residence * [[Huber Mansion]] ([[President of Turkey|President]]) * [[Vahdettin Pavilion]] (State guest house) * [[Beylerbeyi Palace]] ([[President of Turkey|President]]) * [[Dolmabahçe Palace]] ([[President of Turkey|President]]) * Ahlat Mansion ([[President of Turkey|President]]) * [[Florya Atatürk Marine Mansion|Florya Marine Mansion]] ([[President of Turkey|President]], formerly) * [[Çankaya Mansion]] ([[Vice President of Turkey|Vice President]]) ==== Former ==== * [[Topkapı Palace]] (Ottoman monarchy) * [[Yıldız Palace]] (Ottoman monarchy) ===Turkmenistan=== *[[Oguzkhan Presidential Palace]] ([[Politics of Turkmenistan|President]]) ===Tuvalu=== * Government House ([[Governor General of Tuvalu|Governor General]]) ===Uganda=== * State House ([[President of Uganda|President]]) ===Ukraine=== [[File:Маріїнський палац в Києві (cropped).jpg|thumb|Mariinskyi Palace, Kyiv]] * [[Mariinskyi Palace]] ([[President of Ukraine|President]]) * [[House with Chimaeras]] (President) * [[House of the Weeping Widow]] (President) * [[Potocki Palace, Lviv|Pototsky Palace]] (President) ===Uruguay=== [[File:Estanciaanchorena.jpg|thumb|Parque Anchorena, [[Uruguay]]]] * [[Estévez Palace|Palacio Estévez]] (former Presidential office, now protocolar building) * [[Executive Tower, Montevideo|Torre Ejecutiva]] (Presidential office) * [[Suarez Residence]] (Presidential residence) *[[Anchorena Presidential Estate|Parque Anchorena]] (Presidential summer residence) *Residencia de Punta del Este (Presidential summer residence) ===United Arab Emirates=== * [[Presidential Palace, Abu Dhabi|Presidential Diwan]] in [[Abu Dhabi]] ([[President of the United Arab Emirates|President]]) * [[Zabeel Palace]] in [[Dubai]] ([[Vice President of the United Arab Emirates|Vice President & Prime minister]]) ===United Kingdom=== [[File:Buckingham Palace, London, England, 24Jan04.jpg|thumb|Buckingham Palace, London]] {{See also|List of British royal residences}} * [[Buckingham Palace]] (official working palace of [[Charles III|the King]] and [[Prince Edward, Earl of Wessex|the Duke]] and [[Sophie, Countess of Wessex|Duchess of Edinburgh]]) * [[Windsor Castle]] (official country residence of the King) * [[Palace of Holyroodhouse]] (official residence of the King in Scotland) * [[Hillsborough Castle]] (official residence of the King in Northern Ireland when in the province, otherwise, the official residence of the [[Secretary of State for Northern Ireland]]) * [[Clarence House]] (official London residence of the King and [[Queen Camilla|Queen]] while renovations to Buckingham Palace are ongoing; previously official residence of [[Queen Elizabeth the Queen Mother]]) * [[Kensington Palace]] (London residence of [[Prince Richard, Duke of Gloucester|the Duke]] and [[Birgitte, Duchess of Gloucester|Duchess of Gloucester]], [[Prince Edward, Duke of Kent|the Duke]] and [[Katharine, Duchess of Kent|Duchess of Kent]], [[William, Prince of Wales|the Prince]] and [[Catherine, Princess of Wales|Princess of Wales]] and their family) * [[St James's Palace]] (seat of the Royal Court and senior Palace of the Sovereign, London residence of [[Anne, Princess Royal|the Princess Royal]] and [[Timothy Laurence|Sir Timothy Laurence]], [[Princess Alexandra, The Honourable Lady Ogilvy|Princess Alexandra]], and [[Princess Beatrice]] and [[Edoardo Mapelli Mozzi]]) * [[Bagshot Park]] (official country residence of [[Prince Edward, Earl of Wessex|the Duke]] and [[Sophie, Countess of Wessex|Duchess of Edinburgh]]) * [[10 Downing Street]] (London residence of the [[Prime Minister of the United Kingdom|Prime Minister]], in their capacity as [[First Lord of the Treasury]]) * [[11 Downing Street]] (official residence of the [[Chancellor of the Exchequer]], in their capacity as [[Second Lord of the Treasury]]) * [[12 Downing Street]] (official residence of the [[Government Chief Whip]] but currently houses the Offices of the Prime Minister) * [[Chequers]] (Country residence of the [[Prime Minister of the United Kingdom|Prime Minister]]) * Carlton Gardens, [[St. James's]] (No. 1 is the official residence of the Foreign Secretary and No. 2 houses the [[Privy Council]] Office) * [[Admiralty House (London)|Admiralty House]] (three ministerial flats for use by Ministers of the Crown) * [[Chevening|Chevening House]] (country residence of a Minister of the Crown nominated by the Prime Minister, which is by custom given to the [[Secretary of State for Foreign and Commonwealth Affairs|Foreign Secretary]]) * [[Dorneywood]] (country residence of a Minister of the Crown nominated by the Prime Minister, which is by custom given to the [[Chancellor of the Exchequer]]) * [[Palace of Westminster]] (grand state apartments for the [[Lord Speaker]] of the [[House of Lords]], [[Speaker of the House of Commons (United Kingdom)|Speaker]] of the [[House of Commons of the United Kingdom|House of Commons]], and the [[Lord Chancellor]]) ====Former==== * [[Bridewell Palace]] ([[Edward VI of England|King]], formerly; demolished) * [[Carlton House, London]] ([[The Prince Regent|Prince]], formerly; demolished) * [[Cumberland House]] ([[Prince Henry, Duke of Cumberland and Strathearn|Prince]], formerly; demolished) * [[Edinburgh Castle]] ([[David I of Scotland|King]], formerly; kept as museum, barracks, vault, and venue for state receptions) * [[Eltham Palace]] ([[Charles II of England|King]], formerly; Great Hall kept as museum) * [[Falkland Palace]] ([[James V of Scotland|King]], formerly; kept as museum) * [[Hampton Court Palace]] ([[George III|King]], formerly; kept as museum) * [[Kew Palace]] ([[Victoria of the United Kingdom|Queen]], formerly; kept as museum) * [[Linlithgow Palace]] ([[James I of Scotland|King]], formerly; damaged in fire (1746), kept as museum) * [[Marlborough House]] ([[Elizabeth II|Queen]], formerly; kept for headquarters for [[Commonwealth Secretariat]]) * [[Nonsuch Palace]] ([[Henry VIII of England|King]], formerly; demolished) * [[Palace of Placentia]] ([[Charles II of England|King]], formerly; demolished) * [[Queen's House]] ([[Anne of Denmark|Queen]], formerly; kept as museum) * [[Richmond Palace]] ([[Charles I of England|King]], formerly; demolished) * [[Tower of London]] ([[Charles I of England|King]], formerly; kept as museum, barracks and vault) * [[Palace of Westminster]] ([[Henry VIII of England|King]], formerly; kept as annex to the Houses of [[Parliament of the United Kingdom|Parliament]]) * [[Palace of Whitehall]] ([[James II of England|King]]; destroyed in fire) * [[Cathays Park]] (The [[Secretary of State for Wales|Welsh Secretary]] had an official flat here prior to devolution) * Cabin Hill (former residence of the [[Prime Minister of Northern Ireland]], later converted into a [[Campbell_College|school]]) * [[Stormont Castle]] (former residence of the [[Prime Minister of Northern Ireland]]) * [[Stormont House]] (former residence of the [[Speaker of the House of Commons of Northern Ireland]]) =====Scotland===== * [[Bute House]] (Official residence of the [[First Minister of Scotland]]) * [[Tulliallan Castle]] (Official residence of the [[Police Scotland#Chief Constables|Chief Constable of the Police Service of Scotland]]) =====City of London===== * [[Mansion House, London|Mansion House]] (official residence of the [[Lord Mayor of London]]) ====Religious==== * [[Lambeth Palace]] (official London residence of the [[Archbishop of Canterbury]]) * [[Old Palace, Canterbury]] (official residence of the [[Archbishop of Canterbury]] in Canterbury) * [[Bishopthorpe Palace]] (official residence of the [[Archbishop of York]]) * [[Number 2 Rothesay Terrace]] (official residence of the [[Moderator of the General Assembly of the Church of Scotland]]) ====Territorial==== * '''Anguilla''': [[Government House, Anguilla|Government House]] (official residence of the [[Governor of Anguilla|governor]]) * '''Bermuda''': [[Government House, Bermuda|Government House]] (official residence of the [[Governor of Bermuda|governor]]) * '''British Virgin Islands''': [[Government House, British Virgin Islands|Government House]] (official residence of the [[Governor of the British Virgin Islands|governor]]) * '''Cayman Islands''': [[Government House, Cayman Islands|Government House]] (official residence of the [[Governor of the Cayman Islands|governor]]) * '''Falkland Islands''': [[Government House (Falkland Islands)|Government House]] (official residence of the [[Governor of the Falkland Islands|governor]]) * '''Gibraltar''': [[The Convent (Gibraltar)|The Convent]] (official residence of the [[Governor of Gibraltar|governor]]) [[6 Convent Place]] (official residence of the [[Chief Minister of Gibraltar|chief minister]]) * '''Guernsey''': Government House (official residence of the [[Lieutenant Governor of Guernsey|lieutenant governor]]) * '''Jersey''': [[Government House, Jersey|Government House]] (official residence of the [[Lieutenant Governor of Jersey|lieutenant governor]]) * '''Isle of Man''': [[Government House, Isle of Man|Government House]] (official residence of the [[Lieutenant Governor of the Isle of Man|lieutenant governor]]) * '''Montserrat''': [[Government House, Montserrat|Government House]] (official residence of the [[Governor of Montserrat|governor]]) * '''Pitcairn Islands''': Government House (official residence of the [[Governor of the Pitcairn Islands|governor]]) * '''Saint Helena''': [[Plantation House (Saint Helena)|Plantation House]] (official residence of the [[Governor of Saint Helena|governor]]) [[The Castle (Saint Helena)|The Castle]] (former official residence of the governor, now used as the governor's office) * '''Turks and Caicos Islands''': Government House (official residence of the [[Governor of the Turks and Caicos Islands|governor]]) ===United States=== [[File:WhiteHouseSouthFacade.JPG|thumb|White House, Washington]] {{see also|List of United States presidential residences|Western White House|List of governors' mansions in the United States}} *[[White House]] ([[President of the United States|President]]) *[[Camp David]] (President, retreat) *[[Number One Observatory Circle]] ([[Vice President of the United States|Vice President]]) *[[Blair House]] ([[state guest house]]) *[[Presidential Townhouse]] (guest house for former Presidents) *[[Trowbridge House]] (currently being renovated to replace the Presidential Townhouse) *[[Fort Myer|Quarters Six]] ([[Chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff]]) *[[Quarters 1 (Fort Myer)|Quarters One]] ([[Chief of Staff of the United States Army]]) *[[Fort Myer|Quarters Seven / Air House]] ([[Chief of Staff of the United States Air Force]]) *[[Washington Navy Yard|Quarters A / Tingey House]] ([[Chief of Naval Operations]]) *[[Marine Barracks, Washington, D.C.|Historic Home of the Commandants]] ([[Commandant of the United States Marine Corps|Commandant of the Marine Corps]]) *[[50 United Nations Plaza]] 37th floor penthouse ([[United States Ambassador to the United Nations|Ambassador to the United Nations]])<ref>{{cite web|date=2019-08-22|title=Taxpayer Alert! U.S. Government Buys $16M Penthouse at 50 UN Plaza|url=https://www.realtor.com/news/trends/us-government-buys-16m-penthouse-un-plaza/|access-date=2020-08-24|website=Real Estate News and Advice {{!}} Realtor.com®|language=en|archive-date=2020-11-08|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201108185339/https://www.realtor.com/news/trends/us-government-buys-16m-penthouse-un-plaza/|url-status=live}}</ref> ====State==== [[File:Alabama Governor's Mansion by Highsmith 01B.jpg|thumb|Alabama Governor's Mansion]] [[File:Gov Mans 1.JPG|thumb|California Governor's Mansion]] [[File:CO governors mansion.jpg|thumb|Colorado Governor's Mansion]] [[File:Iolani Palace (1328).JPG|thumb|Hawaiʻi: ''ʻIolani Palace'']] [[File:CedarCrest.jpg|thumb|Kansas: ''Cedar Crest'']] [[File:KY Governors Mansion.png|thumb|Kentucky Governor's Mansion]] [[File:MD Governor Mansion 09.JPG|thumb|Maryland: ''Government House'']] [[File:Minnesota Governor's Residence.jpg|thumb|Minnesota Governor's Residence]] [[File:Drumthwacket1.jpg|thumb|New Jersey: ''Drumthwacket'']] [[File:Mansion thru Roses.jpg|thumb|Ohio Governor's Mansion]] [[File:Texas governors mansion.jpg|thumb|Texas Governor's Mansion]] [[File:Kearns Mansion Salt Lake City.jpeg|thumb|Utah Governor's Mansion]] {{see also|List of governors' mansions in the United States}} *'''[[Alabama]]''':<br />[[Alabama Governor's Mansion|Governor's Mansion]]<br />[[President's Mansion (University of Alabama)|President's Mansion]] (President of the University of Alabama) *'''[[Alaska]]''':<br />[[Alaska Governor's Mansion|Governor's Mansion]] *'''[[Arizona]]''':<br />''none'' *'''[[Arkansas]]''':<br />[[Arkansas Governor's Mansion|Governor's Mansion]] *'''[[California]]''':<br />''[[Governor's Mansion State Historic Park|Governor's Mansion]]''<br />Blake House (President of the University of California)<ref name="sfgate_free_mansions">{{Cite news | url= http://www.sfgate.com/cgi-bin/article.cgi?file=%2Fc%2Fa%2F2005%2F11%2F14%2FMNGDFFO0JJ1.DTL | title= Free mansions for people of means: UC system spends about US$1 million yearly on upkeep | newspaper= [[San Francisco Chronicle]] | date= November 14, 2005 | page= A9 | first1= Tanya | last1= Schevitz | first2= Todd | last2= Wallack | access-date= October 27, 2013 | archive-date= July 13, 2021 | archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20210713080113/https://www.sfgate.com/education/article/Free-mansions-for-people-of-means-UC-system-2595754.php | url-status= live }}</ref><br />[[University of California#Criticism and controversies|University House]] (most common name for official residences of the chancellor of each individual University of California campus)<ref>See University of California Policy 2.725, [https://web.archive.org/web/20130202142334/http://www.ucop.edu/ucophome/coordrev/policy/univprov_hsing_policy.pdf "University-Provided Housing,"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130202142334/http://www.ucop.edu/ucophome/coordrev/policy/univprov_hsing_policy.pdf |date=2013-02-02 }} 1 August 2009, 2, and University of California Business and Finance Bulletin G-45, [https://web.archive.org/web/20130202042535/http://www.ucop.edu/ucophome/policies/bfb/g45.pdf "Implementing Requirements on Expenses Incurred in Support of Official Responsibilities of the President and Chancellors,"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130202042535/http://www.ucop.edu/ucophome/policies/bfb/g45.pdf |date=2013-02-02 }} 20 May 2008, 2.</ref><br /> [[University House, Berkeley]] (Chancellor of the [[University of California, Berkeley]]) *'''[[Colorado]]''':<br />[[Colorado Governor's Mansion|Governor's Mansion]] *'''[[Connecticut]]''':<br />[[Connecticut Governor's Mansion|Governor's Mansion]] *'''[[Delaware]]''':<br />''[[Delaware Governor's Mansion|Woodburn]]'' *'''[[Florida]]''':<br />[[Florida Governor's Mansion|Governor's Mansion]] *'''[[Georgia (U.S. state)|Georgia]]''':<br />[[Georgia Governor's Mansion|Governor's Mansion]] *'''[[Hawaii]]''':<br />[[Washington Place]] ([[Kingdom of Hawaii|Queen]] then [[Governor of Hawaii|Governor]], formerly kept as museum)<br />[[ʻIolani Palace]] (Queen, formerly kept for official government functions)<br />[[Hulihee Palace]] (Queen, formerly retained as museum) <br />[[College Hill (Hawaii)|College Hill]] (University of Hawaii President) *'''[[Idaho]]''':<br />''none'' *'''[[Illinois]]''':<br />[[Illinois Executive Mansion|Executive Mansion]] ([[Governor of Illinois|Governor]])<br />[[Illinois Supreme Court#Justices|Supreme Court Justices' apartments]]<br />[[University of Illinois at Chicago]] Chancellor's Residence<ref>https://web.archive.org/web/20130612094318/http://www.chicagoflame.com/2.9144/the-perks-of-being-a-chancellor-1.1294014 {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130612094318/http://www.chicagoflame.com/2.9144/the-perks-of-being-a-chancellor-1.1294014 |date=2013-06-12 }} {{Bare URL inline|date=March 2022}}</ref><br />President's House, home of the [[University of Illinois]]' President<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.uillinois.edu/president/history/house.cfm |title=President's House, History, University of Illinois |access-date=2011-02-10 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110504104619/http://www.uillinois.edu/president/history/house.cfm |archive-date=2011-05-04 }}</ref> *'''[[Indiana]]''':<br />[[Indiana Governor's Mansion|Governor's Mansion]] *'''[[Iowa]]''':<br />''[[Terrace Hill]]'' *'''[[Kansas]]''':<br />''[[Cedar Crest (mansion)|Cedar Crest]]'' *'''[[Kentucky]]''':<br />[[Kentucky Governor's Mansion|Governor's Mansion]]<br />[[Old Governor's Mansion (Frankfort, Kentucky)|Old Governor's Mansion]] (now official residence of the lieutenant governor)<br />Maxwell Place (President of the University of Kentucky)<ref name="Maxwell Place">{{cite web |url=http://ukcc.uky.edu/cgi-bin/dynamo?maps.391+campus+0040 |title=Campus Guide: Maxwell Place |publisher=[[University of Kentucky]] |date=July 22, 2012 |access-date=July 22, 2012 |archive-date=March 23, 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190323134130/http://ukcc.uky.edu/cgi-bin/dynamo?maps.391+campus+0040 |url-status=live }}</ref><br />Amelia Place (President of the University of Louisville)<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.courier-journal.com/story/news/local/highlands-crescenthill/2015/10/27/mansion-home-away-home-uofl-president/74472614/|title=UofL owns Highlands mansion, but nobody's home|first=Martha|last=Elson|newspaper=[[The Courier-Journal]]|date=October 29, 2015|access-date=October 31, 2015|archive-date=October 19, 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221019143605/https://www.courier-journal.com/story/news/local/highlands-crescenthill/2015/10/27/mansion-home-away-home-uofl-president/74472614/|url-status=live}} The house is not currently used as a full-time residence. Current university president [[James R. Ramsey|James Ramsey]] was not required to live in the house upon becoming president in 2002 because he was hired from the university's faculty and already owned a home in the area. During his tenure, he has used the house mainly for fundraisers and other university events, and has used a carriage house on the property for smaller events and as lodging for university guests.</ref> *'''[[Louisiana]]''':<br />[[Louisiana Governor's Mansion|Governor's Mansion]] *'''[[Maine]]''':<br />''[[The Blaine House|Blaine House]]'' *'''[[Maryland]]''':<br />''[[Government House (Maryland)|Government House]]''<br />''[[Jennings House (Annapolis, Maryland)|Jennings House]]'' (from 1777–1870) *'''[[Massachusetts]]''':<br />''none'' *'''[[Michigan]]''':<br />[[Michigan Governor's Residence|Governor's Residence, Lansing]]<br />[[Michigan Governor's Summer Residence|Governor's Summer Residence, Mackinac Island]] *'''[[Minnesota]]''':<br />[[Minnesota Governor's Residence|Governor's Residence]] <br />[[Eastcliff (mansion)|Eastcliff]] (President of the University of Minnesota)<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www1.umn.edu/president/the-office/eastcliff/ |title=Welcome to Eastcliff |publisher=University of Minnesota |access-date=March 16, 2014 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131127151103/http://www1.umn.edu/president/the-office/eastcliff/ |archive-date=November 27, 2013 }}</ref> *'''[[Mississippi]]''':<br />[[Mississippi Governor's Mansion|Governor's Residence]] *'''[[Missouri]]''':<br />[[Missouri Governor's Mansion|Governor's Mansion]] *'''[[Montana]]''':<br />[[Montana Governor's Residence|Governor's Mansion]] *'''[[Nebraska]]''':<br />[[Nebraska Governor's Mansion|Governor's Mansion]] *'''[[Nevada]]''':<br />[[Nevada Governor's Mansion|Governor's Mansion]] *'''[[New Hampshire]]''':<br />''[[New Hampshire Governor's Mansion|Bridges House]]'' *'''[[New Jersey]]''':<br />''[[Drumthwacket]]''<br />[[Island Beach State Park#Governor's Ocean Residence|Governor's Ocean Residence]] (Summer Residence)<ref>{{cite web|url=http://content.usatoday.com/communities/onpolitics/post/2011/08/chris-christie-helicopter-rides-new-jersey-shore-house-/1#.WIjtEbYrKi4|title=Gov. Christie's office rebuts helicopter story|publisher=USA Today|access-date=January 25, 2017|archive-date=March 23, 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190323133540/http://content.usatoday.com/communities/onpolitics/post/2011/08/chris-christie-helicopter-rides-new-jersey-shore-house-/1#.WIjtEbYrKi4|url-status=live}}</ref> <br />''President's House (Official Residence of the Rutgers University President)'' *'''[[New Mexico]]''':<br />[[New Mexico Governor's Mansion|Governor's Mansion]] *'''[[New York (state)|New York]]''':<br />[[New York State Executive Mansion|Executive Mansion]] *'''[[North Carolina]]''':<br />[[North Carolina Executive Mansion|Executive Mansion]] <br />[[North Carolina Executive Mansion#governor's western residence|Western Residence]] (Mountain Retreat) *'''[[North Dakota]]''':<br />[[North Dakota Governor's Residence|Governor's Mansion]] *'''[[Ohio]]''':<br />[[Ohio Governor's Mansion|Governor's Mansion]] *'''[[Oklahoma]]''':<br />[[Oklahoma Governor's Mansion|Governor's Mansion]] *'''[[Oregon]]''':<br />''[[Mahonia Hall#Previous governors' residence|Stiff-Jarman House]]'' (prior to 1988)<br />''[[Mahonia Hall]]''<br />''[[McMorran House]]''<ref>{{Cite news | url= http://projects.registerguard.com/csp/cms/sites/web/updates/20551637-55/story.csp | title= Top Duck's old roost renovated: McMorran House is more than UO president's home | newspaper= [[The Register-Guard]] | date= September 28, 2009 | page= A1 | first= Greg | last= Bolt | access-date= July 28, 2016 | archive-date= October 19, 2022 | archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20221019143606/https://www.registerguard.com/ | url-status= live }}</ref> (University of Oregon President) *'''[[Pennsylvania]]''':<br />[[Pennsylvania Governor's Mansion|Governor's Mansion]] *'''[[Rhode Island]]''':<br />''none'' *'''[[South Carolina]]''':<br />[[South Carolina Governor's Mansion|Governor's Mansion]] *'''[[South Dakota]]''':<br />[[South Dakota Governor's Residence|Governor's Mansion]] *'''[[Tennessee]]''':<br />[[Tennessee Governor's Mansion|Governor's Mansion]] *'''[[Texas]]''':<br />[[Texas Governor's Mansion|Governor's Mansion]]<br />[http://www.tspb.texas.gov/prop/tc/tc-hidden-spaces/ Texas Speaker's Apartment] (at [[Texas State Capitol]])<br />[https://web.archive.org/web/20150531220520/http://www.tspb.state.tx.us/SPB/Gallery/hidden/01.htm Texas Lieutenant Governor's Apartment] (prior to 1983 fire) (at [[Texas State Capitol]]) *'''[[Utah]]''':<br />[[Utah Governor's Mansion|Governor's Mansion]] *'''[[Vermont]]''':<br />[[The Pavilion (Vermont)|The Pavilion]] *'''[[Virginia]]''':<br />[[Executive Mansion (Virginia)|Executive Mansion]]<br />President's House (President of the College of William & Mary)<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.wm.edu/about/history/historiccampus/presidentshouse/index.php |title=Historic Campus: The President's House |publisher=The College of William & Mary |access-date=February 9, 2013 |archive-date=May 12, 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190512001107/https://www.wm.edu/about/history/historiccampus/presidentshouse/index.php |url-status=live }}</ref> *[[Carr's Hill]] (President of The University of Virginia) *'''[[Washington (state)|Washington]]''':<br />[[Washington Governor's Mansion|Governor's Mansion]]<br />[[Hill-Crest]] (President of the University of Washington) *'''[[West Virginia]]''':<br />[[West Virginia Governor's Mansion|Executive Mansion]] *'''[[Wisconsin]]''':<br />[[Wisconsin Governor's Mansion|Governor's Mansion]]<br />Olin House (Chancellor of the University of Wisconsin – Madison)<ref>{{cite web|url=https://kb.wisc.edu/vip/page.php?id=9395|title=Olin House / Chancellor's Residence|publisher=University of Wisconsin – Madison|access-date=March 16, 2014|archive-date=March 16, 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140316215054/https://kb.wisc.edu/vip/page.php?id=9395|url-status=live}}</ref> <br />Chancellor's Residence (Chancellor of the University of Wisconsin – Milwaukee)<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.jsonline.com/news/education/uwms-new-chancellors-mansion-will-help-woo-donors-6175fkf-173227921.html |title=UWM's new chancellor's mansion will help woo donors |publisher=Milwaukee Journal Sentinel |access-date=March 16, 2014 |archive-date=March 16, 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140316200744/http://www.jsonline.com/news/education/uwms-new-chancellors-mansion-will-help-woo-donors-6175fkf-173227921.html |url-status=live }}</ref> *'''[[Wyoming]]''':<br />[[Wyoming Governor's Mansion|Governor's Mansion]] ====Territorial==== '''Puerto Rico''' * [[La Fortaleza]] (Governor's Mansion) * Playa El Convento (Governor's Beach Retreat) '''Guam''' * Government House ([[List of Guam Governors|Governor]]) ====Local==== [[File:Henry County Sheriff's Residence and Jail.jpg|thumb|Henry County Sheriff's Residence and Jail]] Some mayors in cities with an official mayor's residence choose instead to reside at their private residence, using the official residence for official functions only. This has occurred in the 21st century in [[Detroit]] and [[New York City]], although {{as of|2016|lc=on}} the mayors of both cities live in the official residences. In the case of [[Denver]], no mayor has ever lived in the official residence; the city instead makes it available to certain non-profit groups for special functions. *'''[[Denver|Denver, Colorado]]''':<br />[[Cableland]] *'''[[Detroit|Detroit, Michigan]]''':<br />[[Manoogian Mansion]] *'''[[Los Angeles|Los Angeles, California]]''':<br />[[Getty House]] *'''[[New York City|New York, New York]]''':<br />[[Gracie Mansion]] *'''[[Henry County, Ohio]]''':<br />[[Henry County Sheriff's Residence and Jail]] (former) ====Other==== [[File:Walter Lowrie House (Princeton, New Jersey).jpg|thumb|Walter Lowrie House, Princeton, New Jersey]] This section is reserved for official residences maintained by private, nongovernmental institutions. *'''[[Kensington, California]]''':<br /> Blake House (President of the [[University of California]]) *'''[[New Orleans|New Orleans, Louisiana]]''':<br /> 2 [[Audubon Place (New Orleans, Louisiana)|Audubon Place]] ([[President of Tulane|President]] of [[Tulane University]]) *'''[[New York, New York]]''':<br /> President's House (President of [[Columbia University]])<br /> 37 [[Washington Square Park|Washington Square]] West (President of [[New York University]]) *'''[[Salt Lake City|Salt Lake City, Utah]]''':<br />[[Beehive House]] ([[President of the Church (LDS Church)|President]] of [[the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints]]; former) ===Uzbekistan=== * [[Ok Saroy Presidential Palace|Oqsaroy]] ([[President of Uzbekistan|President]]) * [[Kuksaroy Presidential Palace|Kuksaroy]] ([[President of Uzbekistan|President]]) ===Vanuatu=== * State House ([[President of Vanuatu|President]]) ===Vatican City=== [[File:Watykan Plac sw Piora kolumnada Berniniego.JPG|thumb|Apostolic Palace, Vatican]] * [[Apostolic Palace]] ([[Pope]]) * [[Papal Palace of Castel Gandolfo|Castel Gandolfo]] (Pope, summer residence; now partly open to the public as a museum and garden) * [[Domus Sanctae Marthae]] (Guest House, now kept as [[Pope Francis]]'s residence) * ''[[Mater Ecclesiae]]'' ([[Pope Benedict XVI|Pope Emeritus]]) ====Former==== * [[Lateran Palace]] (Pope, formerly; currently houses in part the [[Cardinal Vicar|Vicariate of Rome]] and the [[Pontifical Museum of Christian Antiquities]]) * [[Palace of the Popes in Viterbo]] (Pope, formerly; part of the [[Museo del Colle del Duomo]]) * [[Orvieto Papacy|Papal Palace, Orvieto]] (Pope, formerly; houses the Museo Opera del Duomo) * [[Perugia Papacy|Papal Palace, Perugia]] (Pope, formerly; destroyed by fire in 1534) * [[Palace of the Popes in Anagni]] (Pope, formerly; part of the Museo bonifaciano e del Lazio meridionale * [[Palais des Papes]], [[Avignon]] (Pope, formerly; houses a convention centre and the archives of the [[departments of France|département]] of [[Vaucluse]]). * [[Castel Sant'Angelo]] (Pope, formerly; kept as Museo Nazionale di Castel Sant'Angelo) * [[Palace of Castel Gandolfo]] (Pope, formerly; currently a museum) ===Venezuela=== [[File:Miraflores 2010.JPG|thumb|[[Miraflores Palace]]]] * [[Palacio de Miraflores]] ([[President of Venezuela|President]]) * [[La Casona]] ([[Presidential residence]]) * La Guzmania (former Vacation Residence) ===Vietnam=== [[File:Vietnamese Presidential Palace, Hanoi, 2006-Nov-17.jpg|thumb|Presidential Palace, Hanoi]] * [[Presidential Palace, Hanoi|Presidential Palace]] * [[Government Office (Vietnam)|Government Office]] ([[Prime Minister of Vietnam|Prime Minister]]) * 1A Hùng Vương, Ba Đình, Hà Nội [[General Secretary of the Communist Party of Vietnam|General Secretary]]'s Residence ====Former==== *[[Ho Chi Minh's Stilt House]], (Former residence of [[Ho Chi Minh]]) *[[Independence Palace]], (now the ''Reunification Convention Hall'', former residence of the President of [[South Vietnam]]) *[[Gia Long Palace]] *[[Imperial City, Huế]] (former residence of the [[Nguyen dynasty]] monarchs) *[[Imperial Citadel of Thang Long]] (located in Hanoi, former residence of Vietnamese dynasties) ===Yemen=== * [[Presidential Palace (Yemen)|Presidential Palace]] ===Zambia=== * State House ([[List of Presidents of Zambia|President]]) ===Zimbabwe=== * [[State House, Harare|State House]] ([[List of Presidents of Zimbabwe|President]]) == Mawupu gha pa caru cose == ===Caribbean Community=== ====Former==== * Colgrain House, Camp Street, [[Georgetown, Guyana|Georgetown]] (former residence of the [[Secretary-General of the Caribbean Community]], 1968-2011)<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.stabroeknews.com/2013/05/06/news/guyana/colgrain-house-no-longer-home-of-caricom-secretary-general/ |title=Colgrain House no longer home of Caricom Secretary-General |date=May 6, 2013 |website=stabroeknews.com |access-date=July 1, 2023}}</ref> ===Commonwealth of Nations=== * The Garden House, 40B Hill Street, [[Mayfair]], [[London]] (residence of the [[Commonwealth Secretary-General]]) ===United Nations=== * 3 [[Sutton Place, Manhattan]], [[New York City]] (residence of the [[Secretary-General of the United Nations]]) ==Wonaniso== * [[Air transports of heads of state and government]] * [[Castle]] * [[List of palaces]] * [[Palace]] * [[Presidential palace]] ==Vyalkulemba== {{Reflist|30em}} {{Commons category|Official residences}} {{Lists of Real Estate superlatives}} {{Authority control}} [[Category:Nyumba za boma| ]] [[Category:Mndandanda wa nyumba za boma]] bq2vtr50pmm5ltaglmabzfv8xx92v60 0 47011 116545 113192 2026-06-18T03:08:07Z CubanoBoi 7227 /* Mphambano */ 116545 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Language review}}{{zambia-geo-stub}} [[File:OpenStreetMap D109.png|thumb|350x350px|Mapu ya Msewu wa Lundazi–Malaŵi]] Msewu wa '''D109''', panji Msewu wa '''Lundazi–Malaŵi''', ni msewu wa [[Boma la Lundazi]], [[Chigaŵa cha Kumafumilo gha Dazi, Zambia|Chigaŵa cha Kumafumilo gha Dazi]], kwa [[Zambia]]. Msewu uwu ukukoleska msumba wa [[Lundazi]], [[Msewu wa Lundazi–Chama|D103]], na [[Msewu wa Chipata–Lundazi|M12]] ku [[Malaŵi]]. == Mphambano == Mphambano ku kumanjiliro gha dazi–kumafumiro gha dazi:<ref name="OSM">{{Cite web |title=OpenStreetMap |url=https://www.openstreetmap.org/ |access-date=2025-07-27 |website=OpenStreetMap |language=en}}</ref> {| class="wikitable" !Boma !Msumba !km !Mphambano |- | rowspan="2" |[[Boma la Lundazi|Lundazi]] |[[Lundazi]] |0 |[[File:Route_départementale_française_103.svg|60x60px]] [[Msewu wa D103 (Zambia)|D103]] |- | | |[[File:SA_road_R110.svg|26x26px]] [[Msewu wa RD110 (Zambia)|RD110]] |- |[[Boma la Lundazi|Lundazi]] / [[Boma la Chasefu|Chasefu]] | | |{{Flagicon|Malawi}} [[File:M20 ZAF jct.svg|43x43px]] [[Msewu wa M20 (Malaŵi)|M20]] |} * * == Ukaboni == {{Reflist}} [[Category:Msewu mu Zambia]] btu8zsno965u4pe9pxq5ewehyp9np97 116546 116545 2026-06-18T03:08:19Z CubanoBoi 7227 /* Mphambano */ 116546 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Language review}}{{zambia-geo-stub}} [[File:OpenStreetMap D109.png|thumb|350x350px|Mapu ya Msewu wa Lundazi–Malaŵi]] Msewu wa '''D109''', panji Msewu wa '''Lundazi–Malaŵi''', ni msewu wa [[Boma la Lundazi]], [[Chigaŵa cha Kumafumilo gha Dazi, Zambia|Chigaŵa cha Kumafumilo gha Dazi]], kwa [[Zambia]]. Msewu uwu ukukoleska msumba wa [[Lundazi]], [[Msewu wa Lundazi–Chama|D103]], na [[Msewu wa Chipata–Lundazi|M12]] ku [[Malaŵi]]. == Mphambano == Mphambano ku kumanjiliro gha dazi–kumafumiro gha dazi:<ref name="OSM">{{Cite web |title=OpenStreetMap |url=https://www.openstreetmap.org/ |access-date=2025-07-27 |website=OpenStreetMap |language=en}}</ref> {| class="wikitable" !Boma !Msumba !km !Mphambano |- | rowspan="2" |[[Boma la Lundazi|Lundazi]] |[[Lundazi]] |0 |[[File:Route_départementale_française_103.svg|60x60px]] [[Msewu wa D103 (Zambia)|D103]] |- | rowspan="2" | | |[[File:SA_road_R110.svg|26x26px]] [[Msewu wa RD110 (Zambia)|RD110]] |- |[[Boma la Lundazi|Lundazi]] / [[Boma la Chasefu|Chasefu]] | |{{Flagicon|Malawi}} [[File:M20 ZAF jct.svg|43x43px]] [[Msewu wa M20 (Malaŵi)|M20]] |} * * == Ukaboni == {{Reflist}} [[Category:Msewu mu Zambia]] q9emiyxtlzc3jw18psw5lfgoqcrlf0e 0 47628 116544 116429 2026-06-18T01:45:48Z InternetArchiveBot 6449 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 116544 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''{{PAGENAME}}''' (''Ahmad Boestamam National Secondary School'') ni sukulu cha [[Sitiawan]] kwa [[Malaysia]].<ref>https://web.archive.org/web/20120118054244/http://smkab.org/smkab/</ref> ==Vilembo vifupi== {{reflist}} [[Category:Malaysia]] [[Category:Sukulu]] 8lbgog36qcgzcfnbmh2pv1j1hcwcqej 2 47662 116524 116490 2026-06-17T23:38:12Z Viyowoyero-vya-Malaŵi 11606 116524 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''{{PAGENAME}}''' ni [[munthu]] wakufuma ku {{#invoke:wd|property|linked|references|P27}}. Iwo ni {{#invoke:wd|property|linked|references|P21}}. ==Moyo== {{PAGENAME}} wakababika mu {{#invoke:wd|property|linked|references|P569}} ku {{#invoke:wd|property|linked|references|P19}}. ==Vilembo vifupi== {{reflist}} <!-- [[Category:Ŵanthu ŵamoyo]] --> sqtll13a7c8lk4e3sun58t1e76e3v5l 0 47672 116499 2026-06-17T12:01:56Z Viyowoyero-vya-Malaŵi 11606 Created page with "{{Databox}} '''{{PAGENAME}}''' ni [[munthu]] wakufuma ku {{#invoke:wd|property|linked|references|P27}}. Iwo ni {{#invoke:wd|property|linked|references|P21}}. ==Moyo== {{PAGENAME}} wakababika mu {{#invoke:wd|property|linked|references|P569}} ku {{#invoke:wd|property|linked|references|P19}}. ==Vilembo vifupi== {{reflist}} [[Category:Ŵanthu ŵamoyo]]" 116499 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''{{PAGENAME}}''' ni [[munthu]] wakufuma ku {{#invoke:wd|property|linked|references|P27}}. Iwo ni {{#invoke:wd|property|linked|references|P21}}. ==Moyo== {{PAGENAME}} wakababika mu {{#invoke:wd|property|linked|references|P569}} ku {{#invoke:wd|property|linked|references|P19}}. ==Vilembo vifupi== {{reflist}} [[Category:Ŵanthu ŵamoyo]] eiat2wcxonrud80pcd45f8mavhrds78 0 47673 116500 2026-06-17T12:06:21Z Viyowoyero-vya-Malaŵi 11606 Created page with "{{Databox}} '''{{PAGENAME}}''' ni [[munthu]] wakufuma ku {{#invoke:wd|property|linked|references|P27}}. Iwo ni {{#invoke:wd|property|linked|references|P21}}. ==Moyo== {{PAGENAME}} wakababika mu {{#invoke:wd|property|linked|references|P569}} ku {{#invoke:wd|property|linked|references|P19}}. ==Vilembo vifupi== {{reflist}} [[Category:Ŵanthu ŵamoyo]]" 116500 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''{{PAGENAME}}''' ni [[munthu]] wakufuma ku {{#invoke:wd|property|linked|references|P27}}. Iwo ni {{#invoke:wd|property|linked|references|P21}}. ==Moyo== {{PAGENAME}} wakababika mu {{#invoke:wd|property|linked|references|P569}} ku {{#invoke:wd|property|linked|references|P19}}. ==Vilembo vifupi== {{reflist}} [[Category:Ŵanthu ŵamoyo]] eiat2wcxonrud80pcd45f8mavhrds78 0 47674 116501 2026-06-17T12:20:30Z Viyowoyero-vya-Malaŵi 11606 Created page with "{{Databox}} '''''{{PAGENAME}}''''' ni mtundu wa [[viyuni]] ivyo vili mu taxon ya ŵapapi la {{#invoke:wd|property|linked|references|P171}}. ==Umo IUCN yikusungira== [[Umo IUCN yikusungira]] ''{{PAGENAME}}'' ni {{#invoke:wd|property|linked|references|P141}}. ===Chithuzi=== [[File:Status_iucn3.1_LC.svg|250px]] ==Vilembo vifupi== {{reflist}} [[Category:Viyuni]] [[Category:Vinyama]]" 116501 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''''{{PAGENAME}}''''' ni mtundu wa [[viyuni]] ivyo vili mu taxon ya ŵapapi la {{#invoke:wd|property|linked|references|P171}}. ==Umo IUCN yikusungira== [[Umo IUCN yikusungira]] ''{{PAGENAME}}'' ni {{#invoke:wd|property|linked|references|P141}}. ===Chithuzi=== [[File:Status_iucn3.1_LC.svg|250px]] ==Vilembo vifupi== {{reflist}} [[Category:Viyuni]] [[Category:Vinyama]] or9v6n4qs6mhe3fy6qebfd89gu4t8b5 116502 116501 2026-06-17T12:21:07Z Viyowoyero-vya-Malaŵi 11606 116502 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''''{{PAGENAME}}''''' ni mtundu wa [[viyuni]] ivyo vili mu taxon ya ŵapapi la {{#invoke:wd|property|linked|references|P171}}. ==Umo IUCN yikusungira== [[Umo IUCN yikusungira]] ''{{PAGENAME}}'' ni {{#invoke:wd|property|linked|references|P141}}. ===Chithuzi=== [[File:Status_iucn3.1_LC.svg|275px]] ==Vilembo vifupi== {{reflist}} [[Category:Viyuni]] [[Category:Vinyama]] pskwhkoidn32jd1gx4r4l4nyqzuoz1c 2 47675 116503 2026-06-17T12:22:37Z Viyowoyero-vya-Malaŵi 11606 Created page with "{{Databox}} '''''{{PAGENAME}}''''' ni mtundu wa [[XYZ]] ivyo vili mu taxon ya ŵapapi la {{#invoke:wd|property|linked|references|P171}}. ==Umo IUCN yikusungira== [[Umo IUCN yikusungira]] ''{{PAGENAME}}'' ni {{#invoke:wd|property|linked|references|P141}}. ===Chithuzi=== [[File:Status_iucn3.1_LC.svg|275px]] ==Vilembo vifupi== {{reflist}} <!-- [[Category:Viyuni]] (For birds)--> <!-- [[Category:Vinyama]] -->" 116503 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''''{{PAGENAME}}''''' ni mtundu wa [[XYZ]] ivyo vili mu taxon ya ŵapapi la {{#invoke:wd|property|linked|references|P171}}. ==Umo IUCN yikusungira== [[Umo IUCN yikusungira]] ''{{PAGENAME}}'' ni {{#invoke:wd|property|linked|references|P141}}. ===Chithuzi=== [[File:Status_iucn3.1_LC.svg|275px]] ==Vilembo vifupi== {{reflist}} <!-- [[Category:Viyuni]] (For birds)--> <!-- [[Category:Vinyama]] --> 4a173ilgwc0b7edbo564rvgj0tj2t7k 116504 116503 2026-06-17T12:23:58Z Viyowoyero-vya-Malaŵi 11606 116504 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''''{{PAGENAME}}''''' ni mtundu wa [[XYZ]] ivyo vili mu taxon ya ŵapapi la ''{{#invoke:wd|property|linked|references|P171}}''. ==Umo IUCN yikusungira== [[Umo IUCN yikusungira]] ''{{PAGENAME}}'' ni {{#invoke:wd|property|linked|references|P141}}. ===Chithuzi=== [[File:Status_iucn3.1_LC.svg|275px]] ==Vilembo vifupi== {{reflist}} <!-- [[Category:Viyuni]] (For birds)--> <!-- [[Category:Vinyama]] --> kbqji251cj6pimj6fe0tqrs8s105qra 0 47676 116505 2026-06-17T12:25:58Z Viyowoyero-vya-Malaŵi 11606 Created page with "{{Databox}} '''''{{PAGENAME}}''''' ni mtundu wa [[viyuni]] ivyo vili mu taxon ya ŵapapi la ''{{#invoke:wd|property|linked|references|P171}}''. ==Umo IUCN yikusungira== [[Umo IUCN yikusungira]] ''{{PAGENAME}}'' ni {{#invoke:wd|property|linked|references|P141}}. ===Chithuzi=== [[File:Status_iucn3.1_LC.svg|275px]] ==Vilembo vifupi== {{reflist}} [[Category:Viyuni]] [[Category:Vinyama]]" 116505 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''''{{PAGENAME}}''''' ni mtundu wa [[viyuni]] ivyo vili mu taxon ya ŵapapi la ''{{#invoke:wd|property|linked|references|P171}}''. ==Umo IUCN yikusungira== [[Umo IUCN yikusungira]] ''{{PAGENAME}}'' ni {{#invoke:wd|property|linked|references|P141}}. ===Chithuzi=== [[File:Status_iucn3.1_LC.svg|275px]] ==Vilembo vifupi== {{reflist}} [[Category:Viyuni]] [[Category:Vinyama]] 105clkeyrqojbr9t2uny4lijjpasop0 0 47677 116506 2026-06-17T12:29:49Z Viyowoyero-vya-Malaŵi 11606 Created page with "{{Databox}} '''''{{PAGENAME}}''''' ni mtundu wa [[viyuni]] ivyo vili mu taxon ya ŵapapi la ''{{#invoke:wd|property|linked|references|P171}}''. ==Umo IUCN yikusungira== [[Umo IUCN yikusungira]] ''{{PAGENAME}}'' ni {{#invoke:wd|property|linked|references|P141}}. ===Chithuzi=== [[File:Status_iucn3.1_LC.svg|275px]] ==Vilembo vifupi== {{reflist}} [[Category:Viyuni]] [[Category:Vinyama]]" 116506 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''''{{PAGENAME}}''''' ni mtundu wa [[viyuni]] ivyo vili mu taxon ya ŵapapi la ''{{#invoke:wd|property|linked|references|P171}}''. ==Umo IUCN yikusungira== [[Umo IUCN yikusungira]] ''{{PAGENAME}}'' ni {{#invoke:wd|property|linked|references|P141}}. ===Chithuzi=== [[File:Status_iucn3.1_LC.svg|275px]] ==Vilembo vifupi== {{reflist}} [[Category:Viyuni]] [[Category:Vinyama]] 105clkeyrqojbr9t2uny4lijjpasop0 2 47678 116507 2026-06-17T12:39:15Z Viyowoyero-vya-Malaŵi 11606 Created page with "{{Databox}} '''''{{PAGENAME}}''''' ni [[Maseŵero gha pa vidiyo|maseŵero gha pa vidiyo]] agho ghakasindikizgika na {{#invoke:wd|property|linked|references|P123}}. ==Zuŵa ilo likalembekera== ''{{PAGENAME}}'' wakafumiskika mu {{#invoke:wd|property|linked|references|P577}}. ==Vilembo vifupi== {{reflist}} <!-- [[Category:Maseŵera gha pa vidiyo]] -->" 116507 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''''{{PAGENAME}}''''' ni [[Maseŵero gha pa vidiyo|maseŵero gha pa vidiyo]] agho ghakasindikizgika na {{#invoke:wd|property|linked|references|P123}}. ==Zuŵa ilo likalembekera== ''{{PAGENAME}}'' wakafumiskika mu {{#invoke:wd|property|linked|references|P577}}. ==Vilembo vifupi== {{reflist}} <!-- [[Category:Maseŵera gha pa vidiyo]] --> p69paqrmff0ex1w0cef53u9lk52z6mc 0 47679 116508 2026-06-17T12:39:35Z Viyowoyero-vya-Malaŵi 11606 Created page with "{{Databox}} '''''{{PAGENAME}}''''' ni [[Maseŵero gha pa vidiyo|maseŵero gha pa vidiyo]] agho ghakasindikizgika na {{#invoke:wd|property|linked|references|P123}}. ==Zuŵa ilo likalembekera== ''{{PAGENAME}}'' wakafumiskika mu {{#invoke:wd|property|linked|references|P577}}. ==Vilembo vifupi== {{reflist}} [[Category:Maseŵera gha pa vidiyo]]" 116508 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''''{{PAGENAME}}''''' ni [[Maseŵero gha pa vidiyo|maseŵero gha pa vidiyo]] agho ghakasindikizgika na {{#invoke:wd|property|linked|references|P123}}. ==Zuŵa ilo likalembekera== ''{{PAGENAME}}'' wakafumiskika mu {{#invoke:wd|property|linked|references|P577}}. ==Vilembo vifupi== {{reflist}} [[Category:Maseŵera gha pa vidiyo]] l41quj9irnvsq0jkmnel5dfxzvfa28e 0 47680 116509 2026-06-17T12:41:14Z Viyowoyero-vya-Malaŵi 11606 Created page with "{{Databox}} '''''{{PAGENAME}}''''' ni [[Maseŵero gha pa vidiyo|maseŵero gha pa vidiyo]] agho ghakasindikizgika na {{#invoke:wd|property|linked|references|P123}}. ==Zuŵa ilo likalembekera== ''{{PAGENAME}}'' wakafumiskika mu {{#invoke:wd|property|linked|references|P577}}. ==Vilembo vifupi== {{reflist}} [[Category:Maseŵera gha pa vidiyo]]" 116509 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''''{{PAGENAME}}''''' ni [[Maseŵero gha pa vidiyo|maseŵero gha pa vidiyo]] agho ghakasindikizgika na {{#invoke:wd|property|linked|references|P123}}. ==Zuŵa ilo likalembekera== ''{{PAGENAME}}'' wakafumiskika mu {{#invoke:wd|property|linked|references|P577}}. ==Vilembo vifupi== {{reflist}} [[Category:Maseŵera gha pa vidiyo]] l41quj9irnvsq0jkmnel5dfxzvfa28e 0 47681 116510 2026-06-17T12:45:44Z Viyowoyero-vya-Malaŵi 11606 Created page with "'''Maseŵero gha pa vidiyo''' panji '''maseŵero gha pa kompyuta''' ni [[maseŵero]] agho ghakukhwaskana na kuyowoyeskana na munthu panji chipangizo chakunjilirapo (nga ni joystick, controller, [[Kiyibodi|kiyibodi]], panji chipangizo chakumanyira umo chinthu chikuchitira) kuti ŵapangirepo mazgoro ghakuwoneka kufuma ku chipangizo chakuwoneskera, chomenechomene chikulongoreka mu vidiyo pa televishoni, pa [[kompyuta]], pa flat-pan handdiscrees panji pa flat-pan discre head..." 116510 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Maseŵero gha pa vidiyo''' panji '''maseŵero gha pa kompyuta''' ni [[maseŵero]] agho ghakukhwaskana na kuyowoyeskana na munthu panji chipangizo chakunjilirapo (nga ni joystick, controller, [[Kiyibodi|kiyibodi]], panji chipangizo chakumanyira umo chinthu chikuchitira) kuti ŵapangirepo mazgoro ghakuwoneka kufuma ku chipangizo chakuwoneskera, chomenechomene chikulongoreka mu vidiyo pa televishoni, pa [[kompyuta]], pa flat-pan handdiscrees panji pa flat-pan discre headset ya unenesko. Maseŵero ghanandi gha pa vidiyo gha mazuŵa ghano ghakupulikikwa na kuwonekera, ndipo ghakupulikikwa kwizira mu viyowoyero panji mahedifoni, ndipo nyengo zinyake na mitundu yinyake ya vyakupulikira (mwachiyelezgero, tekinoloje ya haptic iyo yikupereka vyakupulikika vyakukhwaska). Maseŵero ghanyake gha pa vidiyo ghakuzomerezgaso kuti munthu waŵikepo maikolofoni na webcam kuti wadumbiskanenge na kuwonelera pa maseŵero. {{Stub}} [[Category:Maseŵero gha pa vidiyo| ]] t9cy742io2p3fanopgl6l1biwq7t1qd 116512 116510 2026-06-17T12:47:56Z Viyowoyero-vya-Malaŵi 11606 116512 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Maseŵero gha pa vidiyo''' panji '''maseŵero gha pa kompyuta''' ni [[maseŵero]] agho ghakukhwaskana na kuyowoyeskana na munthu panji chipangizo chakunjilirapo (nga ni joystick, controller, [[Kiyibodi|kiyibodi]], panji chipangizo chakumanyira umo chinthu chikuchitira) kuti ŵapangirepo mazgoro ghakuwoneka kufuma ku chipangizo chakuwoneskera, chomenechomene chikulongoreka mu vidiyo pa televishoni, pa [[kompyuta]], pa flat-pan handdiscrees panji pa flat-pan discre headset ya unenesko. Maseŵero ghanandi gha pa vidiyo gha mazuŵa ghano ghakupulikikwa na kuwonekera, ndipo ghakupulikikwa kwizira mu viyowoyero panji mahedifoni, ndipo nyengo zinyake na mitundu yinyake ya vyakupulikira (mwachiyelezgero, tekinoloje ya haptic iyo yikupereka vyakupulikika vyakukhwaska). Maseŵero ghanyake gha pa vidiyo ghakuzomerezgaso kuti munthu waŵikepo maikolofoni na webcam kuti wadumbiskanenge na kuwonelera pa maseŵero. {{Stub}} [[Category:Maseŵera gha pa vidiyo| ]] n9ooi4ra3ztf79klhrkd0v0fwmjxmkc 14 47682 116511 2026-06-17T12:47:07Z Viyowoyero-vya-Malaŵi 11606 Created page with "{{PAGENAME}} [[Category:Maseŵera]]" 116511 wikitext text/x-wiki {{PAGENAME}} [[Category:Maseŵera]] sllhl9iyrt6j5fppj5r5xvo7sduqxeo 0 47683 116513 2026-06-17T12:48:58Z Viyowoyero-vya-Malaŵi 11606 Created page with "{{Databox}} '''''{{PAGENAME}}''''' ni [[Maseŵero gha pa vidiyo|maseŵero gha pa vidiyo]] agho ghakasindikizgika na {{#invoke:wd|property|linked|references|P123}}. ==Zuŵa ilo likalembekera== ''{{PAGENAME}}'' wakafumiskika mu {{#invoke:wd|property|linked|references|P577}}. ==Vilembo vifupi== {{reflist}} [[Category:Maseŵera gha pa vidiyo]]" 116513 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''''{{PAGENAME}}''''' ni [[Maseŵero gha pa vidiyo|maseŵero gha pa vidiyo]] agho ghakasindikizgika na {{#invoke:wd|property|linked|references|P123}}. ==Zuŵa ilo likalembekera== ''{{PAGENAME}}'' wakafumiskika mu {{#invoke:wd|property|linked|references|P577}}. ==Vilembo vifupi== {{reflist}} [[Category:Maseŵera gha pa vidiyo]] l41quj9irnvsq0jkmnel5dfxzvfa28e 0 47684 116514 2026-06-17T12:52:24Z Viyowoyero-vya-Malaŵi 11606 Created page with "{{Databox}} '''''{{PAGENAME}}''''' ni [[Maseŵero gha pa vidiyo|maseŵero gha pa vidiyo]] agho ghakasindikizgika na {{#invoke:wd|property|linked|references|P123}}. ==Zuŵa ilo likalembekera== ''{{PAGENAME}}'' wakafumiskika mu {{#invoke:wd|property|linked|references|P577}}. ==Vilembo vifupi== {{reflist}} [[Category:Maseŵera gha pa vidiyo]]" 116514 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''''{{PAGENAME}}''''' ni [[Maseŵero gha pa vidiyo|maseŵero gha pa vidiyo]] agho ghakasindikizgika na {{#invoke:wd|property|linked|references|P123}}. ==Zuŵa ilo likalembekera== ''{{PAGENAME}}'' wakafumiskika mu {{#invoke:wd|property|linked|references|P577}}. ==Vilembo vifupi== {{reflist}} [[Category:Maseŵera gha pa vidiyo]] l41quj9irnvsq0jkmnel5dfxzvfa28e 0 47685 116515 2026-06-17T12:57:25Z Viyowoyero-vya-Malaŵi 11606 Created page with "{{Databox}} '''{{PAGENAME}}''' ni muzi mu [[Northern Territory]] mu charu cha {{#invoke:wd|property|linked|references|P17}}. Muli ŵanthu 1,081 (2016).<ref>https://www.abs.gov.au/census/find-census-data/quickstats/2016/SSC70136</ref> ==Vilembo vifupi== {{reflist}} [[Category:Australia]]" 116515 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''{{PAGENAME}}''' ni muzi mu [[Northern Territory]] mu charu cha {{#invoke:wd|property|linked|references|P17}}. Muli ŵanthu 1,081 (2016).<ref>https://www.abs.gov.au/census/find-census-data/quickstats/2016/SSC70136</ref> ==Vilembo vifupi== {{reflist}} [[Category:Australia]] jpbhxb8dpbil835lxo57bb6uptxx9lo 0 47686 116516 2026-06-17T13:00:45Z Viyowoyero-vya-Malaŵi 11606 Created page with "{{Databox}} '''{{PAGENAME}}''' ni muzi mu [[chigaŵa cha Al Jahra]] mu charu cha {{#invoke:wd|property|linked|references|P17}}. Likumanyikwa chifukwa cha ulimi wake, malo ghake ghawemi, ndiposo ntchito yake pa chitukuko cha chuma cha Kuwait. Muli ŵanthu 6,840 (2025). [[Category:Kuwait]]" 116516 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''{{PAGENAME}}''' ni muzi mu [[chigaŵa cha Al Jahra]] mu charu cha {{#invoke:wd|property|linked|references|P17}}. Likumanyikwa chifukwa cha ulimi wake, malo ghake ghawemi, ndiposo ntchito yake pa chitukuko cha chuma cha Kuwait. Muli ŵanthu 6,840 (2025). [[Category:Kuwait]] rh1ukjrlc0p9ubz6jo927kcghtj8s0m 0 47687 116517 2026-06-17T13:28:03Z Viyowoyero-vya-Malaŵi 11606 Created page with "{{Databox}} '''{{PAGENAME}}''' ([[ChiTumbuka]]: ''Msewu wa Yungas'') ni msewu mu charu cha {{#invoke:wd|property|linked|references|P17}}. [[Category:Bolivia]]" 116517 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''{{PAGENAME}}''' ([[ChiTumbuka]]: ''Msewu wa Yungas'') ni msewu mu charu cha {{#invoke:wd|property|linked|references|P17}}. [[Category:Bolivia]] kb9s43esrkhshckonct2bsse7mb9yt6 0 47688 116518 2026-06-17T13:56:37Z Viyowoyero-vya-Malaŵi 11606 Created page with "{{Databox}} '''{{PAGENAME}}''' ni [[munthu]] wakufuma ku {{#invoke:wd|property|linked|references|P27}}. Iwo ni {{#invoke:wd|property|linked|references|P21}}. ==Moyo== {{PAGENAME}} wakababika mu {{#invoke:wd|property|linked|references|P569}}. ==Vilembo vifupi== {{reflist}} [[Category:Ŵanthu ŵamoyo]]" 116518 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''{{PAGENAME}}''' ni [[munthu]] wakufuma ku {{#invoke:wd|property|linked|references|P27}}. Iwo ni {{#invoke:wd|property|linked|references|P21}}. ==Moyo== {{PAGENAME}} wakababika mu {{#invoke:wd|property|linked|references|P569}}. ==Vilembo vifupi== {{reflist}} [[Category:Ŵanthu ŵamoyo]] 0zql6djua1ppg3k56d4cwmip9kjfciv 0 47689 116519 2026-06-17T13:57:44Z Viyowoyero-vya-Malaŵi 11606 Created page with "{{Databox}} '''{{PAGENAME}}''' ni [[munthu]] wakufuma ku {{#invoke:wd|property|linked|references|P27}}. Iwo ni {{#invoke:wd|property|linked|references|P21}}. ==Moyo== {{PAGENAME}} wakababika mu {{#invoke:wd|property|linked|references|P569}} ku {{#invoke:wd|property|linked|references|P19}}. ==Vilembo vifupi== {{reflist}} [[Category:Ŵanthu ŵamoyo]]" 116519 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''{{PAGENAME}}''' ni [[munthu]] wakufuma ku {{#invoke:wd|property|linked|references|P27}}. Iwo ni {{#invoke:wd|property|linked|references|P21}}. ==Moyo== {{PAGENAME}} wakababika mu {{#invoke:wd|property|linked|references|P569}} ku {{#invoke:wd|property|linked|references|P19}}. ==Vilembo vifupi== {{reflist}} [[Category:Ŵanthu ŵamoyo]] eiat2wcxonrud80pcd45f8mavhrds78 0 47690 116520 2026-06-17T23:27:33Z Viyowoyero-vya-Malaŵi 11606 Created page with "{{Databox}} '''''{{PAGENAME}}''''' ni [[Maseŵero gha pa vidiyo|maseŵero gha pa vidiyo]] agho ghakasindikizgika na {{#invoke:wd|property|linked|references|P123}}. ==Zuŵa ilo likalembekera== ''{{PAGENAME}}'' wakafumiskika mu {{#invoke:wd|property|linked|references|P577}}. ==Vilembo vifupi== {{reflist}} [[Category:Maseŵera gha pa vidiyo]]" 116520 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''''{{PAGENAME}}''''' ni [[Maseŵero gha pa vidiyo|maseŵero gha pa vidiyo]] agho ghakasindikizgika na {{#invoke:wd|property|linked|references|P123}}. ==Zuŵa ilo likalembekera== ''{{PAGENAME}}'' wakafumiskika mu {{#invoke:wd|property|linked|references|P577}}. ==Vilembo vifupi== {{reflist}} [[Category:Maseŵera gha pa vidiyo]] l41quj9irnvsq0jkmnel5dfxzvfa28e 0 47691 116521 2026-06-17T23:31:27Z Viyowoyero-vya-Malaŵi 11606 Created page with "{{Databox}} '''''{{PAGENAME}}''''' ni [[Maseŵero gha pa vidiyo|maseŵero gha pa vidiyo]] agho ghakasindikizgika na {{#invoke:wd|property|linked|references|P123}}. ==Zuŵa ilo likalembekera== ''{{PAGENAME}}'' wakafumiskika mu {{#invoke:wd|property|linked|references|P577}}. ==Vilembo vifupi== {{reflist}} [[Category:Maseŵera gha pa vidiyo]]" 116521 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''''{{PAGENAME}}''''' ni [[Maseŵero gha pa vidiyo|maseŵero gha pa vidiyo]] agho ghakasindikizgika na {{#invoke:wd|property|linked|references|P123}}. ==Zuŵa ilo likalembekera== ''{{PAGENAME}}'' wakafumiskika mu {{#invoke:wd|property|linked|references|P577}}. ==Vilembo vifupi== {{reflist}} [[Category:Maseŵera gha pa vidiyo]] l41quj9irnvsq0jkmnel5dfxzvfa28e 0 47692 116522 2026-06-17T23:32:42Z Viyowoyero-vya-Malaŵi 11606 Created page with "{{Databox}} '''''{{PAGENAME}}''''' ni [[Maseŵero gha pa vidiyo|maseŵero gha pa vidiyo]] agho ghakasindikizgika na {{#invoke:wd|property|linked|references|P123}}. ==Zuŵa ilo likalembekera== ''{{PAGENAME}}'' wakafumiskika mu {{#invoke:wd|property|linked|references|P577}}. ==Vilembo vifupi== {{reflist}} [[Category:Maseŵera gha pa vidiyo]]" 116522 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''''{{PAGENAME}}''''' ni [[Maseŵero gha pa vidiyo|maseŵero gha pa vidiyo]] agho ghakasindikizgika na {{#invoke:wd|property|linked|references|P123}}. ==Zuŵa ilo likalembekera== ''{{PAGENAME}}'' wakafumiskika mu {{#invoke:wd|property|linked|references|P577}}. ==Vilembo vifupi== {{reflist}} [[Category:Maseŵera gha pa vidiyo]] l41quj9irnvsq0jkmnel5dfxzvfa28e 0 47693 116523 2026-06-17T23:36:09Z Viyowoyero-vya-Malaŵi 11606 Created page with "{{Databox}} '''''{{PAGENAME}}''''' ni [[Maseŵero gha pa vidiyo|maseŵero gha pa vidiyo]] agho ghakasindikizgika na {{#invoke:wd|property|linked|references|P123}}. ==Zuŵa ilo likalembekera== ''{{PAGENAME}}'' wakafumiskika mu {{#invoke:wd|property|linked|references|P577}}. ==Vilembo vifupi== {{reflist}} [[Category:Maseŵera gha pa vidiyo]]" 116523 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''''{{PAGENAME}}''''' ni [[Maseŵero gha pa vidiyo|maseŵero gha pa vidiyo]] agho ghakasindikizgika na {{#invoke:wd|property|linked|references|P123}}. ==Zuŵa ilo likalembekera== ''{{PAGENAME}}'' wakafumiskika mu {{#invoke:wd|property|linked|references|P577}}. ==Vilembo vifupi== {{reflist}} [[Category:Maseŵera gha pa vidiyo]] l41quj9irnvsq0jkmnel5dfxzvfa28e 0 47694 116525 2026-06-17T23:39:49Z Viyowoyero-vya-Malaŵi 11606 Created page with "{{Databox}} '''{{PAGENAME}}''' ni [[munthu]] wakufuma ku {{#invoke:wd|property|linked|references|P27}}. Iwo ni {{#invoke:wd|property|linked|references|P21}}. ==Moyo== {{PAGENAME}} wakababika mu {{#invoke:wd|property|linked|references|P569}} ku {{#invoke:wd|property|linked|references|P19}}. ==Vilembo vifupi== {{reflist}} [[Category:Ŵanthu ŵamoyo]]" 116525 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''{{PAGENAME}}''' ni [[munthu]] wakufuma ku {{#invoke:wd|property|linked|references|P27}}. Iwo ni {{#invoke:wd|property|linked|references|P21}}. ==Moyo== {{PAGENAME}} wakababika mu {{#invoke:wd|property|linked|references|P569}} ku {{#invoke:wd|property|linked|references|P19}}. ==Vilembo vifupi== {{reflist}} [[Category:Ŵanthu ŵamoyo]] eiat2wcxonrud80pcd45f8mavhrds78 0 47695 116526 2026-06-17T23:44:25Z Viyowoyero-vya-Malaŵi 11606 Created page with "{{Databox}} '''''{{PAGENAME}}''''' ni mtundu wa [[vyakumela]] ivyo vili mu taxon ya ŵapapi la ''{{#invoke:wd|property|linked|references|P171}}''. ==Umo IUCN yikusungira== [[Umo IUCN yikusungira]] ''{{PAGENAME}}'' ni {{#invoke:wd|property|linked|references|P141}}. ===Chithuzi=== [[File:Status_iucn3.1_CR.svg|275px]] ==Vilembo vifupi== {{reflist}} [[Category:Vyakumela]] [[Category:Vinyama]]" 116526 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''''{{PAGENAME}}''''' ni mtundu wa [[vyakumela]] ivyo vili mu taxon ya ŵapapi la ''{{#invoke:wd|property|linked|references|P171}}''. ==Umo IUCN yikusungira== [[Umo IUCN yikusungira]] ''{{PAGENAME}}'' ni {{#invoke:wd|property|linked|references|P141}}. ===Chithuzi=== [[File:Status_iucn3.1_CR.svg|275px]] ==Vilembo vifupi== {{reflist}} [[Category:Vyakumela]] [[Category:Vinyama]] okzcn4pmz18s6jbwue6gy52c1c5gt2u 0 47696 116529 2026-06-18T00:31:55Z Viyowoyero-vya-Malaŵi 11606 Created page with "{{Databox}} '''{{PAGENAME}}''' ni [[munthu]] wakufuma ku {{#invoke:wd|property|linked|references|P27}}. Iwo ni {{#invoke:wd|property|linked|references|P21}}. ==Moyo== {{PAGENAME}} wakababika mu {{#invoke:wd|property|linked|references|P569}} ku {{#invoke:wd|property|linked|references|P19}}. ==Vilembo vifupi== {{reflist}} [[Category:Ŵanthu ŵamoyo]]" 116529 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''{{PAGENAME}}''' ni [[munthu]] wakufuma ku {{#invoke:wd|property|linked|references|P27}}. Iwo ni {{#invoke:wd|property|linked|references|P21}}. ==Moyo== {{PAGENAME}} wakababika mu {{#invoke:wd|property|linked|references|P569}} ku {{#invoke:wd|property|linked|references|P19}}. ==Vilembo vifupi== {{reflist}} [[Category:Ŵanthu ŵamoyo]] eiat2wcxonrud80pcd45f8mavhrds78 0 47697 116530 2026-06-18T00:36:42Z Viyowoyero-vya-Malaŵi 11606 Created page with "{{Databox}} '''{{PAGENAME}}''' ni [[munthu]] wakufuma ku {{#invoke:wd|property|linked|references|P27}}. Iwo ni {{#invoke:wd|property|linked|references|P21}}. ==Moyo== {{PAGENAME}} wakababika mu {{#invoke:wd|property|linked|references|P569}} ku {{#invoke:wd|property|linked|references|P19}}. ==Vilembo vifupi== {{reflist}} [[Category:Ŵanthu ŵamoyo]]" 116530 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''{{PAGENAME}}''' ni [[munthu]] wakufuma ku {{#invoke:wd|property|linked|references|P27}}. Iwo ni {{#invoke:wd|property|linked|references|P21}}. ==Moyo== {{PAGENAME}} wakababika mu {{#invoke:wd|property|linked|references|P569}} ku {{#invoke:wd|property|linked|references|P19}}. ==Vilembo vifupi== {{reflist}} [[Category:Ŵanthu ŵamoyo]] eiat2wcxonrud80pcd45f8mavhrds78 116531 116530 2026-06-18T00:38:52Z Viyowoyero-vya-Malaŵi 11606 116531 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''{{PAGENAME}}''' ni [[munthu]] wakufuma ku {{#invoke:wd|property|linked|references|P27}}. Iwo ni {{#invoke:wd|property|linked|references|P21}}. ==Moyo== {{PAGENAME}} wakababika mu {{#invoke:wd|property|linked|references|P569}} ku {{#invoke:wd|property|linked|references|P19}}, [[Illinois]]. ==Vilembo vifupi== {{reflist}} [[Category:Ŵanthu ŵamoyo]] p78d2tnucaq8rwo9ohtscc26yaxz8dr 116532 116531 2026-06-18T00:39:05Z Viyowoyero-vya-Malaŵi 11606 116532 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''{{PAGENAME}}''' ni [[munthu]] wakufuma ku {{#invoke:wd|property|linked|references|P27}}. Iwo ni {{#invoke:wd|property|linked|references|P21}}. ==Moyo== {{PAGENAME}} wakababika mu {{#invoke:wd|property|linked|references|P569}} ku {{#invoke:wd|property|linked|references|P19}}, [[Indiana]]. ==Vilembo vifupi== {{reflist}} [[Category:Ŵanthu ŵamoyo]] 8fgid4sc5z5jv37x3um62q7can9v0jq 0 47698 116533 2026-06-18T00:46:31Z Viyowoyero-vya-Malaŵi 11606 Created page with "{{Databox}} '''{{PAGENAME}}''' ni [[munthu]] wakufuma ku {{#invoke:wd|property|linked|references|P27}}. Iwo ni {{#invoke:wd|property|linked|references|P21}}. ==Moyo== {{PAGENAME}} wakababika mu {{#invoke:wd|property|linked|references|P569}} ku {{#invoke:wd|property|linked|references|P19}}. ==Vilembo vifupi== {{reflist}} [[Category:Ŵanthu ŵamoyo]]" 116533 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''{{PAGENAME}}''' ni [[munthu]] wakufuma ku {{#invoke:wd|property|linked|references|P27}}. Iwo ni {{#invoke:wd|property|linked|references|P21}}. ==Moyo== {{PAGENAME}} wakababika mu {{#invoke:wd|property|linked|references|P569}} ku {{#invoke:wd|property|linked|references|P19}}. ==Vilembo vifupi== {{reflist}} [[Category:Ŵanthu ŵamoyo]] eiat2wcxonrud80pcd45f8mavhrds78 0 47699 116534 2026-06-18T00:47:53Z Viyowoyero-vya-Malaŵi 11606 Created page with "{{Databox}} '''{{PAGENAME}}''' ni [[munthu]] wakufuma ku {{#invoke:wd|property|linked|references|P27}}. Iwo ni {{#invoke:wd|property|linked|references|P21}}. ==Moyo== {{PAGENAME}} wakababika mu {{#invoke:wd|property|linked|references|P569}}. ==Vilembo vifupi== {{reflist}} [[Category:Ŵanthu ŵamoyo]]" 116534 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''{{PAGENAME}}''' ni [[munthu]] wakufuma ku {{#invoke:wd|property|linked|references|P27}}. Iwo ni {{#invoke:wd|property|linked|references|P21}}. ==Moyo== {{PAGENAME}} wakababika mu {{#invoke:wd|property|linked|references|P569}}. ==Vilembo vifupi== {{reflist}} [[Category:Ŵanthu ŵamoyo]] 0zql6djua1ppg3k56d4cwmip9kjfciv 0 47700 116535 2026-06-18T00:49:06Z Viyowoyero-vya-Malaŵi 11606 Created page with "{{Databox}} '''{{PAGENAME}}''' ni [[munthu]] wakufuma ku {{#invoke:wd|property|linked|references|P27}}. Iwo ni {{#invoke:wd|property|linked|references|P21}}. ==Moyo== {{PAGENAME}} wakababika mu {{#invoke:wd|property|linked|references|P569}} ku {{#invoke:wd|property|linked|references|P19}}. ==Vilembo vifupi== {{reflist}} [[Category:Ŵanthu ŵamoyo]]" 116535 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''{{PAGENAME}}''' ni [[munthu]] wakufuma ku {{#invoke:wd|property|linked|references|P27}}. Iwo ni {{#invoke:wd|property|linked|references|P21}}. ==Moyo== {{PAGENAME}} wakababika mu {{#invoke:wd|property|linked|references|P569}} ku {{#invoke:wd|property|linked|references|P19}}. ==Vilembo vifupi== {{reflist}} [[Category:Ŵanthu ŵamoyo]] eiat2wcxonrud80pcd45f8mavhrds78 0 47701 116536 2026-06-18T00:50:24Z Viyowoyero-vya-Malaŵi 11606 Created page with "{{Databox}} '''{{PAGENAME}}''' ni [[munthu]] wakufuma ku {{#invoke:wd|property|linked|references|P27}}. Iwo ni {{#invoke:wd|property|linked|references|P21}}. ==Moyo== {{PAGENAME}} wakababika mu {{#invoke:wd|property|linked|references|P569}} ku {{#invoke:wd|property|linked|references|P19}}. ==Vilembo vifupi== {{reflist}} [[Category:Ŵanthu ŵamoyo]]" 116536 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''{{PAGENAME}}''' ni [[munthu]] wakufuma ku {{#invoke:wd|property|linked|references|P27}}. Iwo ni {{#invoke:wd|property|linked|references|P21}}. ==Moyo== {{PAGENAME}} wakababika mu {{#invoke:wd|property|linked|references|P569}} ku {{#invoke:wd|property|linked|references|P19}}. ==Vilembo vifupi== {{reflist}} [[Category:Ŵanthu ŵamoyo]] eiat2wcxonrud80pcd45f8mavhrds78 0 47702 116537 2026-06-18T00:51:47Z Viyowoyero-vya-Malaŵi 11606 Created page with "{{Databox}} '''Frank Chawinga''' panji '''{{PAGENAME}}''' ni [[munthu]] wakufuma ku {{#invoke:wd|property|linked|references|P27}}. Iwo ni {{#invoke:wd|property|linked|references|P21}}. ==Moyo== {{PAGENAME}} wakababika mu {{#invoke:wd|property|linked|references|P569}} ku {{#invoke:wd|property|linked|references|P19}}. ==Vilembo vifupi== {{reflist}} [[Category:Ŵanthu ŵamoyo]]" 116537 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Frank Chawinga''' panji '''{{PAGENAME}}''' ni [[munthu]] wakufuma ku {{#invoke:wd|property|linked|references|P27}}. Iwo ni {{#invoke:wd|property|linked|references|P21}}. ==Moyo== {{PAGENAME}} wakababika mu {{#invoke:wd|property|linked|references|P569}} ku {{#invoke:wd|property|linked|references|P19}}. ==Vilembo vifupi== {{reflist}} [[Category:Ŵanthu ŵamoyo]] o92xo36rj9ph4gaczmnlfqn3los8fqk 116538 116537 2026-06-18T00:52:20Z Viyowoyero-vya-Malaŵi 11606 116538 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Frank Chawinga''' panji '''{{PAGENAME}}''' ni [[munthu]] wakufuma ku {{#invoke:wd|property|linked|references|P27}}. Iwo ni {{#invoke:wd|property|linked|references|P21}}. ==Moyo== {{PAGENAME}} wakababika mu {{#invoke:wd|property|linked|references|P569}} ku {{#invoke:wd|property|linked|references|P27}}. ==Vilembo vifupi== {{reflist}} [[Category:Ŵanthu ŵamoyo]] lseeqhtc49ngdxvrpr7u7c2nhm5lpb4 0 47703 116539 2026-06-18T00:53:25Z Viyowoyero-vya-Malaŵi 11606 Created page with "{{Databox}} '''{{PAGENAME}}''' ni [[munthu]] wakufuma ku {{#invoke:wd|property|linked|references|P27}}. Iwo ni {{#invoke:wd|property|linked|references|P21}}. ==Moyo== {{PAGENAME}} wakababika mu {{#invoke:wd|property|linked|references|P569}} ku {{#invoke:wd|property|linked|references|P19}}. ==Vilembo vifupi== {{reflist}} [[Category:Ŵanthu ŵamoyo]]" 116539 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''{{PAGENAME}}''' ni [[munthu]] wakufuma ku {{#invoke:wd|property|linked|references|P27}}. Iwo ni {{#invoke:wd|property|linked|references|P21}}. ==Moyo== {{PAGENAME}} wakababika mu {{#invoke:wd|property|linked|references|P569}} ku {{#invoke:wd|property|linked|references|P19}}. ==Vilembo vifupi== {{reflist}} [[Category:Ŵanthu ŵamoyo]] eiat2wcxonrud80pcd45f8mavhrds78 0 47704 116540 2026-06-18T00:57:44Z Viyowoyero-vya-Malaŵi 11606 Created page with "{{Databox}} '''''{{PAGENAME}}''''' ni mtundu wa [[viyuni]] ivyo vili mu taxon ya ŵapapi la ''{{#invoke:wd|property|linked|references|P171}}''. ==Umo IUCN yikusungira== [[Umo IUCN yikusungira]] ''{{PAGENAME}}'' ni {{#invoke:wd|property|linked|references|P141}}. ===Chithuzi=== [[File:Status_iucn3.1_LC.svg|275px]] ==Vilembo vifupi== {{reflist}} [[Category:Viyuni]] [[Category:Vinyama]]" 116540 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''''{{PAGENAME}}''''' ni mtundu wa [[viyuni]] ivyo vili mu taxon ya ŵapapi la ''{{#invoke:wd|property|linked|references|P171}}''. ==Umo IUCN yikusungira== [[Umo IUCN yikusungira]] ''{{PAGENAME}}'' ni {{#invoke:wd|property|linked|references|P141}}. ===Chithuzi=== [[File:Status_iucn3.1_LC.svg|275px]] ==Vilembo vifupi== {{reflist}} [[Category:Viyuni]] [[Category:Vinyama]] 105clkeyrqojbr9t2uny4lijjpasop0 1 47705 116553 2026-06-18T03:54:28Z CubanoBoi 7227 /* Sources to expand this article */ new section 116553 wikitext text/x-wiki == Sources to expand this article == Bus stop: * https://mapxplore.com/business/malawi/manyowe-blantyre/ Politics (also including [[Chilomoni, Blantyre|Chilomoni]] and [[Nancholi, Blantyre|Nancholi]]) * https://africabrief.substack.com/p/makondi-files-nomination-promises Church/Religion * https://adventistdirectory.org/ViewEntity.aspx?EntityID=158005 I will also archive these three on archive.org incase they shut down. [[User:CubanoBoi|CubanoBoi]] [[File:Flag of Cuba (3-2).svg|20px|link=special:Contributions/CubanoBoi]] [[File:Coat of arms of Cuba.svg|20px|link=User talk:CubanoBoi]] 03:54, 18 Juni 2026 (UTC) oaro8iekxbi903v4e1rzzmchd24whxi 1 47706 116554 2026-06-18T04:05:17Z CubanoBoi 7227 /* Split page into two */ new section 116554 wikitext text/x-wiki == Split page into two == Appears to be two different places named Chipwela in the Chitipa District. * [https://www.google.com/maps/place/Chipwela+TC/@-9.6919051,33.2809043,934m/data=!3m1!1e3!4m10!1m2!2m1!1sChipwela+Chitipa!3m6!1s0x19013b006019ed77:0x74a23a1836c00db5!8m2!3d-9.6918756!4d33.2834191!15sChBDaGlwd2VsYSBDaGl0aXBhkgEPaG91c2luZ19zb2NpZXR54AEA!16s%2Fg%2F11yn65_8cd?entry=ttu&g_ep=EgoyMDI2MDYxMy4wIKXMDSoASAFQAw%3D%3D Google Maps. Chipwela TC / Chipwela playground] is located in the main town of Chitipa * [https://www.openstreetmap.org/node/6258626047#map=14/-9.77353/33.52100 OpenStreetMap village] is located in rural Chitipa, [https://www.openstreetmap.org/directions?engine=fossgis_osrm_car&route=-9.7026075%2C33.274819%3B-9.7735285%2C33.5209982#map=12/-9.7453/33.3974 33 kilometers east] of the main town I will make this article about the OpenStreetMap rural town, if anyone has any more information on the other Chipwela please create that article aswell. [[User:CubanoBoi|CubanoBoi]] [[File:Flag of Cuba (3-2).svg|20px|link=special:Contributions/CubanoBoi]] [[File:Coat of arms of Cuba.svg|20px|link=User talk:CubanoBoi]] 04:05, 18 Juni 2026 (UTC) s4umise0uyta5srepqd784rdo3r5rkt 0 47707 116559 2026-06-18T04:25:54Z CubanoBoi 7227 CubanoBoi moved page [[Nampati,Thyolo]] to [[Nampati, Thyolo]] 116559 wikitext text/x-wiki #REDIRECT [[Nampati, Thyolo]] edspwpgmdl4v1aod8j5vqsoen1agwsy 0 47708 116562 2026-06-18T05:40:16Z Viyowoyero-vya-Malaŵi 11606 Created page with "{{Databox}} '''{{PAGENAME}}''' ni [[munthu]] wakufuma ku {{#invoke:wd|property|linked|references|P27}}. Iwo ni {{#invoke:wd|property|linked|references|P21}}. ==Moyo== {{PAGENAME}} wakababika mu {{#invoke:wd|property|linked|references|P569}} ku {{#invoke:wd|property|linked|references|P19}}. ==Vilembo vifupi== {{reflist}} [[Category:Ŵanthu ŵamoyo]]" 116562 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''{{PAGENAME}}''' ni [[munthu]] wakufuma ku {{#invoke:wd|property|linked|references|P27}}. Iwo ni {{#invoke:wd|property|linked|references|P21}}. ==Moyo== {{PAGENAME}} wakababika mu {{#invoke:wd|property|linked|references|P569}} ku {{#invoke:wd|property|linked|references|P19}}. ==Vilembo vifupi== {{reflist}} [[Category:Ŵanthu ŵamoyo]] eiat2wcxonrud80pcd45f8mavhrds78 0 47709 116563 2026-06-18T05:42:05Z Viyowoyero-vya-Malaŵi 11606 Created page with "{{Databox}} '''{{PAGENAME}}''' ni [[munthu]] wakufuma ku {{#invoke:wd|property|linked|references|P27}}. Iwo ni {{#invoke:wd|property|linked|references|P21}}. ==Moyo== {{PAGENAME}} wakababika mu {{#invoke:wd|property|linked|references|P569}} ku {{#invoke:wd|property|linked|references|P19}}. ==Vilembo vifupi== {{reflist}} [[Category:Ŵanthu ŵamoyo]]" 116563 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''{{PAGENAME}}''' ni [[munthu]] wakufuma ku {{#invoke:wd|property|linked|references|P27}}. Iwo ni {{#invoke:wd|property|linked|references|P21}}. ==Moyo== {{PAGENAME}} wakababika mu {{#invoke:wd|property|linked|references|P569}} ku {{#invoke:wd|property|linked|references|P19}}. ==Vilembo vifupi== {{reflist}} [[Category:Ŵanthu ŵamoyo]] eiat2wcxonrud80pcd45f8mavhrds78 0 47710 116564 2026-06-18T05:46:37Z Viyowoyero-vya-Malaŵi 11606 Created page with "{{Databox}} '''{{PAGENAME}}''' ni muzi mu [[chigaŵa cha Dhofar]] mu charu cha {{#invoke:wd|property|linked|references|P17}}. [[Category:XYZ]]" 116564 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''{{PAGENAME}}''' ni muzi mu [[chigaŵa cha Dhofar]] mu charu cha {{#invoke:wd|property|linked|references|P17}}. [[Category:XYZ]] a28xq6gz92x8jd6k61r4afgmf83lvea 116565 116564 2026-06-18T05:48:48Z Viyowoyero-vya-Malaŵi 11606 116565 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''{{PAGENAME}}''' ni muzi mu [[chigaŵa cha Dhofar]] mu charu cha {{#invoke:wd|property|linked|references|P17}}. [[Category:Oman]] dem0kdurvts5xo5zllihrm9g0pxwgpr 0 47711 116571 2026-06-18T10:21:04Z Viyowoyero-vya-Malaŵi 11606 Created page with "{{Databox}} '''{{PAGENAME}}''' ni muzi mu [[chigaŵa cha Komi]] mu charu cha {{#invoke:wd|property|linked|references|P17}}. Muli ŵanthu 7,276 (2010).<ref>http://www.gks.ru/free_doc/new_site/perepis2010/croc/perepis_itogi1612.htm</ref> ==Vilembo vifupi== {{reflist}} [[Category:Russia]]" 116571 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''{{PAGENAME}}''' ni muzi mu [[chigaŵa cha Komi]] mu charu cha {{#invoke:wd|property|linked|references|P17}}. Muli ŵanthu 7,276 (2010).<ref>http://www.gks.ru/free_doc/new_site/perepis2010/croc/perepis_itogi1612.htm</ref> ==Vilembo vifupi== {{reflist}} [[Category:Russia]] ey586abmjv0toln3dyn8oy17oan2c1g 0 47712 116572 2026-06-18T10:23:42Z Viyowoyero-vya-Malaŵi 11606 Created page with "{{Databox}} '''{{PAGENAME}}''' ni msumba mu [[chigaŵa cha Yamalo-Nenets]] mu charu cha {{#invoke:wd|property|linked|references|P17}}. Muli ŵanthu 26,936 (2010).<ref>http://www.gks.ru/free_doc/new_site/perepis2010/croc/perepis_itogi1612.htm</ref> ==Vilembo vifupi== {{reflist}} [[Category:Russia]]" 116572 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''{{PAGENAME}}''' ni msumba mu [[chigaŵa cha Yamalo-Nenets]] mu charu cha {{#invoke:wd|property|linked|references|P17}}. Muli ŵanthu 26,936 (2010).<ref>http://www.gks.ru/free_doc/new_site/perepis2010/croc/perepis_itogi1612.htm</ref> ==Vilembo vifupi== {{reflist}} [[Category:Russia]] cd4sg0h0bon1ywhbsslvugi1i6ldhpo 0 47713 116573 2026-06-18T10:30:30Z Viyowoyero-vya-Malaŵi 11606 Created page with "{{Databox}} '''{{PAGENAME}}''' ni muzi mu [[chigaŵa cha Tashkent]] mu charu cha {{#invoke:wd|property|linked|references|P17}}. Muli ŵanthu 2,000 (1999). [[Category:Uzbekistan]]" 116573 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''{{PAGENAME}}''' ni muzi mu [[chigaŵa cha Tashkent]] mu charu cha {{#invoke:wd|property|linked|references|P17}}. Muli ŵanthu 2,000 (1999). [[Category:Uzbekistan]] 9w66wfmpibglvt868fjy9s83ae46szt 0 47714 116574 2026-06-18T10:36:05Z NVNkz 11711 Created by translating the page "[[:ha:Special:Redirect/revision/467465|25 (alƙalami)]]" 116574 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}}'''25''' ('''makumi ghaŵiri na limoza''') ni nambara, pakati pa [[24 (nambala)|24]] na 26. [[File:Scudetto25.svg|thumb|Nambala 25 pa sitampu .]] [[File:Number-25-on-door.jpg|thumb|nambala 25]] [[Category:Nambala]] qzm3dgdcrct485edd5vdn0hiobsxkag