Wikipedia tumwiki https://tum.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jani_likulu MediaWiki 1.47.0-wmf.15 first-letter Media Special Talk User User talk Wikipedia Wikipedia talk File File talk MediaWiki MediaWiki talk Template Template talk Help Help talk Category Category talk TimedText TimedText talk Module Module talk Event Event talk 10 18506 119552 48427 2026-08-17T02:35:44Z CommonsDelinker 72 Replacing Flag_of_Tuvalu_(1996–1997).svg with [[File:Flag_of_Tuvalu_(1995–1997).svg]] (by [[:c:User:CommonsDelinker|CommonsDelinker]] because: [[:c:COM:FR|File renamed]]: [[:c:COM:FR#FR3|Criterion 3]] (obvious error) · See: https://www.wipo.int/wipolex/en 119552 wikitext text/x-wiki {{ {{{1<noinclude>|country showdata</noinclude>}}} | alias = Tuvalu | flag alias = Flag of Tuvalu.svg | flag alias-1976 = Flag of Tuvalu (1976–1978).svg | flag alias-1978 = Flag of Tuvalu (1978–1995).svg | flag alias-oct1995 = Flag of Tuvalu (1995).svg | flag alias-1995 = Flag of Tuvalu (1995–1997).svg | size = {{{size|}}} | name = {{{name|}}} | altlink = {{{altlink|}}} | variant = {{{variant|}}} <noinclude> | var1 = 1976 | var2 = 1978 | var3 = oct1995 | var4 = 1995 | redir1 = TUV | related1 = Gilbert and Ellice Islands </noinclude> }} sfw3peq5d7is7tfgrf2tt7zzbld2c2t 0 48619 119538 2026-08-16T12:18:14Z Viyowoyero-vya-Malaŵi 11606 Created page with "{{Databox}} '''Google Maps''' panji '''Mapu ya Google''' ni [[Webusaiti|webusayiti]] yakupangira mapu ndiposo pulogiramu ya ŵakugula iyo yikapangika na Google. Ikupereka vithuzithuzi vya satellite, vithuzithuzi vyakufuma mu mlengalenga, mapu gha misewu, 360° mawonekero ghakuwonekera ya misewu (Street View), umo magalimoto ghakuchitira mu nyengo yeneco, na kunozga nthowa zakwendamo pa malundi, galimoto, njinga, na vyakwendekwenda vya ŵanthu wose. Kufuma mu 2020, ŵant..." 119538 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Google Maps''' panji '''Mapu ya Google''' ni [[Webusaiti|webusayiti]] yakupangira mapu ndiposo pulogiramu ya ŵakugula iyo yikapangika na Google. Ikupereka vithuzithuzi vya satellite, vithuzithuzi vyakufuma mu mlengalenga, mapu gha misewu, 360° mawonekero ghakuwonekera ya misewu (Street View), umo magalimoto ghakuchitira mu nyengo yeneco, na kunozga nthowa zakwendamo pa malundi, galimoto, njinga, na vyakwendekwenda vya ŵanthu wose. Kufuma mu 2020, ŵanthu ŵakujumpha biliyoni yimoza ŵakagwiliskiranga ntchito Google Maps mwezi uliwose pa charu chose.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Google Maps Metrics and Infographics |url=https://sites.google.com/a/pressatgoogle.com/google-maps-for-iphone/google-maps-metrics|access-date=April 1, 2021|website=Google Maps for iPhone |archive-date=March 21, 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220321192815/https://sites.google.com/a/pressatgoogle.com/google-maps-for-iphone/google-maps-metrics|url-status=live}}</ref> Google Maps yikamba nga ni pulogiramu ya pa kompyuta ya [[C++]] iyo yikapangika na ŵabali Lars na Jens Rasmussen, Stephen Ma na Noel Gordon ku [[Australia]] ku Where 2 Technologies. Mu Okutobala 2004, kampani iyi yikagulika na Google, ndipo yikayisintha kuŵa pulogiramu ya pa webusayiti. Pamanyuma pa kugula kampani yakuwoneska vya malo na vyakuwonera vyakuchitika mu nyengo yeneco, Google Maps yikakhazikiskika mu Febuluwale 2005.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.google.co.uk/about/company/history/#2005 |website=Google Company |title= Our history in depth |access-date=June 13, 2016 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160406123606/http://www.google.co.uk/about/company/history/#2005 |archive-date=April 6, 2016}}</ref> Kumapeto kwa uteŵeti uwu kukugwiriskira ncito [[JavaScript]], XML, na Ajax. Google Maps yikupereka API iyo yikuzomerezga mapu kuŵikika pa mawebusaiti gha ŵanyake,<ref>{{cite web|url=https://developers.google.com/maps/|title=Google Maps API |website=[[Google Developers]] |url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120420064042/https://developers.google.com/maps/|archive-date=April 20, 2012}}</ref> ndipo yikupereka malo ghakusangirako malonda na mabungwe ghanyake mu vyaru vinandi pa charu chose. Google Map Maker wakazomerezga awo ŵakugwiliskira ntchito kuti ŵakolerane pakusazgirako na kusintha mapu gha pa charu chose kweni ghakalekeskeka kufuma mu Malichi 2017. Kweni, vyakupeleka vya ŵanthu ŵanandi ku Google Maps vikalekeskeka yayi chifukwa kampani iyi yikapharazga kuti vinthu ivi vizamusamuskika ku pulogiramu ya Google Local Guides,<ref>{{Cite web |last=Perez |first=Sarah |date=November 8, 2016 |title=Google to shut down Map Maker, its crowdsourced map editing tool |url=https://techcrunch.com/2016/11/08/google-to-shut-down-map-maker-its-crowdsourced-map-editing-tool/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170811010547/https://techcrunch.com/2016/11/08/google-to-shut-down-map-maker-its-crowdsourced-map-editing-tool/ |archive-date=August 11, 2017 |access-date=June 23, 2017 |website=TechCrunch}}</ref> nangauli ise tingapeleka yayi. {{anchor|Google Maps satellite view}} Kuwoneka kwa satellite ya Google Maps ni "pachanya-pasi" panji kuwona kwa maso gha mbalame; vithuzithuzi vinandi vya misumba ivyo vikuwoneka makora chomene ni vithuzithuzi ivyo vikujambulika kufuma mu ndege izo zikuwuluka pa mtunda wa mamita 240 m’paka 460, apo vithuzithuzi vinyake vinandi vikufuma ku masetilaiti.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://support.google.com/earth/answer/21417? |title=Blurry or outdated imagery |website=Google Earth Help |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131024133733/https://support.google.com/earth/answer/21417 |archive-date=October 24, 2013 |access-date=January 12, 2014 }}</ref> Vithuzithuzi vinandi ivyo vikusangika pa satellite vikujumpha vyaka vitatu yayi ndipo vikusinthika nyengo zose, kuyana na lipoti la mu 2011.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.technicamix.com/2011/10/18/how-often-is-google-maps-and-google-earth-updated/ |title=How Often is Google Maps and Google Earth Updated? |website=TechnicaMix |date=October 18, 2011 |first1=Frank |last1=Anderson |access-date=November 24, 2013 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131203003513/http://www.technicamix.com/2011/10/18/how-often-is-google-maps-and-google-earth-updated/ |archive-date=December 3, 2013 }}</ref> Google Maps pakwamba ghakagwiliskiranga ntchito mtundu wa Mercator projection, ndipo ntheura ghakatondekanga kulongora makora malo ghakuzingilizga vingwe.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://developers.google.com/maps/documentation/javascript/maptypes#MapCoordinates|title=Map Types – Google Maps JavaScript API v3 — Google Developers|date=July 27, 2012|publisher=Google Inc.|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130115141027/https://developers.google.com/maps/documentation/javascript/maptypes#MapCoordinates|archive-date=January 15, 2013|url-status=live|access-date=January 3, 2013}}</ref> Mu Ogasiti 2018, Google Maps gha pa kompyuta ghakasintha kuti ghalongore charu chapasi cha 3D. Ntchakukwaniska kusinthaso ku mapu gha 2D mu vyakuŵikapo. Google Maps ya pa foni yikafumiskika kakwamba mu 2006; mabuku ghasonosono apa ghali na GPS yakulongozgera pa malo ghakukhotakhota pamoza na vinthu vyakujipeleka vyakovwira pakuŵika galimoto. Mu 2013, ŵakasanga kuti ni pulogiramu yakumanyikwa chomene pa charu chose, ndipo ŵanthu ŵakujumpha 54% awo ŵali na mafoni gha pa charu chose ŵakugwiliskira ntchito.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.businessinsider.com/google-smartphone-app-popularity-2013-9#infographic |title=Google+ Smartphone App Popularity |work=Business Insider |access-date=September 6, 2013 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130906083614/http://www.businessinsider.com/google-smartphone-app-popularity-2013-9#infographic |archive-date=September 6, 2013 }}</ref> Mu 2017, pulogiramu iyi yikayowoyeka kuti yili na ŵanthu ŵakukwana 2 biliyoni awo ŵakugwiliskira ntchito pa Android, pamoza na vinyake vinandi vya Google nga ni [[YouTube]], Chrome, Gmail, Search, na Google Play. == Ukaboni == <references />{{Authority control}} [[Category:Google]] [[Category:Google Maps]] 2nvt87ereasbd1ar4emgzmsc2nuef8f 0 48620 119539 2026-08-16T12:24:32Z Viyowoyero-vya-Malaŵi 11606 Created page with "{{Databox}} '''Atacama Mndandanda Wakuru wa Milimita''' ('''ALMA''') ni chipangizo chakuwonera vyakuthambo icho chili na [[Telesikopu|matelesikopu]] 66 gha pa wayilesi mu mapopa gha [[Atacama]] kumpoto kwa [[Chile]], agho ghakuwona nkhongono za magesi pa utali wa mafunde ya milimita na milimita. Mndandanda uwu wapangika pa chiphapha cha Chajnantor icho chili na mtunda wa mamita 5,000 (16,000 ft) – pafupi na malo ghakuwonerapo gha Llano de Chajnantor na malo ghakuyezgap..." 119539 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Atacama Mndandanda Wakuru wa Milimita''' ('''ALMA''') ni chipangizo chakuwonera vyakuthambo icho chili na [[Telesikopu|matelesikopu]] 66 gha pa wayilesi mu mapopa gha [[Atacama]] kumpoto kwa [[Chile]], agho ghakuwona nkhongono za magesi pa utali wa mafunde ya milimita na milimita. Mndandanda uwu wapangika pa chiphapha cha Chajnantor icho chili na mtunda wa mamita 5,000 (16,000 ft) – pafupi na malo ghakuwonerapo gha Llano de Chajnantor na malo ghakuyezgapo gha Atacama. Malo agha ghakasankhika chifukwa chakuti ghali pachanya chomene ndiposo ghali na chinyezi chichoko, vinthu ivyo ni vyakuzirwa chomene kuti phokoso lichepeskeke na kuchepeska nkhongono ya chimanyikwiro chifukwa cha mphepo ya pa charu chapasi.<ref name="PARQUE">{{cite journal |doi=10.1086/679330 |title=Parque Astronómico de Atacama: An Ideal Site for Millimeter, Submillimeter, and Mid-Infrared Astronomy |date=2014 |last1=Bustos |first1=R. |last2=Rubio |first2=M. |last3=Otárola |first3=A. |last4=Nagar |first4=N. |journal=Publications of the Astronomical Society of the Pacific |volume=126 |issue=946 |pages=1126 |arxiv = 1410.2451 |bibcode = 2014PASP..126.1126B |s2cid=118539242 |display-authors=3 }}</ref> ALMA yikupereka umanyi pa kubabika kwa nyenyezi mu nyengo yakwambilira ya Stelliferous na vithuzithuzi vyakukwana vya nyenyezi za mu malo agha na kupangika kwa mapulaneti.<ref name="AstroJour">{{cite journal |last1=Bae |first1=Jaehan |last2=Teague |first2=Richard |last3=Andrews |first3=Sean M. |last4=Benisty |first4=Myriam |last5=Facchini |first5=Stefano |last6=Galloway-Sprietsma |first6=Maria |last7=Loomis |first7=Ryan A. |last8=Aikawa |first8=Yuri |last9=Alarcón |first9=Felipe |last10=Bergin |first10=Edwin |last11=Bergner |first11=Jennifer B. |last12=Booth |first12=Alice S. |last13=Cataldi |first13=Gianni |last14=Cleeves |first14=L. Ilsedore |last15=Czekala |first15=Ian |last16=Guzmán |first16=Viviana V. |last17=Huang |first17=Jane |last18=Ilee |first18=John D. |last19=Kurtovic |first19=Nicolas T. |last20=Law |first20=Charles J. |last21=Gal |first21=Romane Le |last22=Liu |first22=Yao |last23=Long |first23=Feng |last24=Ménard |first24=François |last25=Öberg |first25=Karin I. |last26=Pérez |first26=Laura M. |last27=Qi |first27=Chunhua |last28=Schwarz |first28=Kamber R. |last29=Sierra |first29=Anibal |last30=Walsh |first30=Catherine |last31=Wilner |first31=David J. |last32=Zhang |first32=Ke |title=Molecules with ALMA at Planet-forming Scales (MAPS): A Circumplanetary Disk Candidate in Molecular-line Emission in the AS 209 Disk |journal=The Astrophysical Journal Letters |date=1 August 2022 |volume=934 |issue=2 |pages=L20 |doi=10.3847/2041-8213/ac7fa3|arxiv=2207.05923 |bibcode=2022ApJ...934L..20B |s2cid=250492936 |doi-access=free }}</ref><ref name="Plait">{{cite web |last1=Plait |first1=Phil |title=A still-forming exoplanet predicted to exist is found in exactly the right spot |url=https://www.syfy.com/syfy-wire/bad-astronomy-exoplanet-around-as-209-is-carving-gaps-in-its-disk |website=SYFY Official Site |date=8 September 2022}}</ref> ALMA ni mgwirizano wa pa charu chose pakati pa vyaru vya ku [[Europe]], [[United States of America|America]], [[Canada]], [[Japan]], [[South Korea]], [[Taiwan]], na [[Chile]].<ref name="bbc-2016-05-29">{{cite news | title= Alma telescope peers into space from Chile's mountains | first = Gideon | last = Long | work = BBC News | url = https://www.bbc.com/news/world-latin-america-36357501 | date = 29 May 2016 | access-date = 29 May 2016 }}</ref> Ni telesikopu yakudura chomene iyo yikugwira ntchito pa charu chapasi.<ref name="eso-alma-inauguration">{{cite web | title = ALMA Inauguration Heralds New Era of Discovery | publisher = ESO - European Southern Observatory | date = 13 March 2013 | url = https://www.eso.org/public/news/eso1312/ | access-date = 29 April 2014}}</ref><ref>{{cite web | last = Romero | first = Simon | title = At the End of the Earth, Seeking Clues to the Universe | work =The New York Times | date = 7 April 2012 | url = https://www.nytimes.com/2012/04/08/world/americas/high-in-chilean-desert-a-huge-astronomy-project.html | access-date = 8 April 2012}}</ref> ALMA yikamba kusanda vinthu vya sayansi mu chigaŵa chachiŵiri cha 2011, ndipo vithuzithuzi vyakwamba vikafumiskika ku ŵamapepara pa 3 Okutobala 2011. Nthowa iyi yikugwira ntchito mwakukwana kufuma mu Malichi 2013.<ref>{{cite news|title=Alma telescope: Ribbon cut on astronomical giant|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/science-environment-21774448|publisher=BBC|access-date=13 March 2013|work=BBC News|date=2013-03-13|last1=Hernandez|first1=Vladimir}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal | doi = 10.1117/2.3201407.14| title = Pierre Cox plenary: ALMA Update| journal = SPIE Newsroom| year = 2014| last1 = Spie}}</ref> ==Ukaboni== {{reflist}}{{Authority control}} [[Category:Matelesikopu]] 85xbb7oz9sx8tgtvgs6y962g1f8cmxp 119540 119539 2026-08-16T12:27:16Z Viyowoyero-vya-Malaŵi 11606 119540 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Atacama Mndandanda Wakuru wa Milimita''' ([[ChiNgelezi]]: '''Atacama Large Millimeter Array'''; '''ALMA''') ni chipangizo chakuwonera vyakuthambo icho chili na [[Telesikopu|matelesikopu]] 66 gha pa wayilesi mu mapopa gha [[Atacama]] kumpoto kwa [[Chile]], agho ghakuwona nkhongono za magesi pa utali wa mafunde ya milimita na milimita. Mndandanda uwu wapangika pa chiphapha cha Chajnantor icho chili na mtunda wa mamita 5,000 (16,000 ft) – pafupi na malo ghakuwonerapo gha Llano de Chajnantor na malo ghakuyezgapo gha Atacama. Malo agha ghakasankhika chifukwa chakuti ghali pachanya chomene ndiposo ghali na chinyezi chichoko, vinthu ivyo ni vyakuzirwa chomene kuti phokoso lichepeskeke na kuchepeska nkhongono ya chimanyikwiro chifukwa cha mphepo ya pa charu chapasi.<ref name="PARQUE">{{cite journal |doi=10.1086/679330 |title=Parque Astronómico de Atacama: An Ideal Site for Millimeter, Submillimeter, and Mid-Infrared Astronomy |date=2014 |last1=Bustos |first1=R. |last2=Rubio |first2=M. |last3=Otárola |first3=A. |last4=Nagar |first4=N. |journal=Publications of the Astronomical Society of the Pacific |volume=126 |issue=946 |pages=1126 |arxiv = 1410.2451 |bibcode = 2014PASP..126.1126B |s2cid=118539242 |display-authors=3 }}</ref> ALMA yikupereka umanyi pa kubabika kwa nyenyezi mu nyengo yakwambilira ya Stelliferous na vithuzithuzi vyakukwana vya nyenyezi za mu malo agha na kupangika kwa mapulaneti.<ref name="AstroJour">{{cite journal |last1=Bae |first1=Jaehan |last2=Teague |first2=Richard |last3=Andrews |first3=Sean M. |last4=Benisty |first4=Myriam |last5=Facchini |first5=Stefano |last6=Galloway-Sprietsma |first6=Maria |last7=Loomis |first7=Ryan A. |last8=Aikawa |first8=Yuri |last9=Alarcón |first9=Felipe |last10=Bergin |first10=Edwin |last11=Bergner |first11=Jennifer B. |last12=Booth |first12=Alice S. |last13=Cataldi |first13=Gianni |last14=Cleeves |first14=L. Ilsedore |last15=Czekala |first15=Ian |last16=Guzmán |first16=Viviana V. |last17=Huang |first17=Jane |last18=Ilee |first18=John D. |last19=Kurtovic |first19=Nicolas T. |last20=Law |first20=Charles J. |last21=Gal |first21=Romane Le |last22=Liu |first22=Yao |last23=Long |first23=Feng |last24=Ménard |first24=François |last25=Öberg |first25=Karin I. |last26=Pérez |first26=Laura M. |last27=Qi |first27=Chunhua |last28=Schwarz |first28=Kamber R. |last29=Sierra |first29=Anibal |last30=Walsh |first30=Catherine |last31=Wilner |first31=David J. |last32=Zhang |first32=Ke |title=Molecules with ALMA at Planet-forming Scales (MAPS): A Circumplanetary Disk Candidate in Molecular-line Emission in the AS 209 Disk |journal=The Astrophysical Journal Letters |date=1 August 2022 |volume=934 |issue=2 |pages=L20 |doi=10.3847/2041-8213/ac7fa3|arxiv=2207.05923 |bibcode=2022ApJ...934L..20B |s2cid=250492936 |doi-access=free }}</ref><ref name="Plait">{{cite web |last1=Plait |first1=Phil |title=A still-forming exoplanet predicted to exist is found in exactly the right spot |url=https://www.syfy.com/syfy-wire/bad-astronomy-exoplanet-around-as-209-is-carving-gaps-in-its-disk |website=SYFY Official Site |date=8 September 2022}}</ref> ALMA ni mgwirizano wa pa charu chose pakati pa vyaru vya ku [[Europe]], [[United States of America|America]], [[Canada]], [[Japan]], [[South Korea]], [[Taiwan]], na [[Chile]].<ref name="bbc-2016-05-29">{{cite news | title= Alma telescope peers into space from Chile's mountains | first = Gideon | last = Long | work = BBC News | url = https://www.bbc.com/news/world-latin-america-36357501 | date = 29 May 2016 | access-date = 29 May 2016 }}</ref> Ni telesikopu yakudura chomene iyo yikugwira ntchito pa charu chapasi.<ref name="eso-alma-inauguration">{{cite web | title = ALMA Inauguration Heralds New Era of Discovery | publisher = ESO - European Southern Observatory | date = 13 March 2013 | url = https://www.eso.org/public/news/eso1312/ | access-date = 29 April 2014}}</ref><ref>{{cite web | last = Romero | first = Simon | title = At the End of the Earth, Seeking Clues to the Universe | work =The New York Times | date = 7 April 2012 | url = https://www.nytimes.com/2012/04/08/world/americas/high-in-chilean-desert-a-huge-astronomy-project.html | access-date = 8 April 2012}}</ref> ALMA yikamba kusanda vinthu vya sayansi mu chigaŵa chachiŵiri cha 2011, ndipo vithuzithuzi vyakwamba vikafumiskika ku ŵamapepara pa 3 Okutobala 2011. Nthowa iyi yikugwira ntchito mwakukwana kufuma mu Malichi 2013.<ref>{{cite news|title=Alma telescope: Ribbon cut on astronomical giant|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/science-environment-21774448|publisher=BBC|access-date=13 March 2013|work=BBC News|date=2013-03-13|last1=Hernandez|first1=Vladimir}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal | doi = 10.1117/2.3201407.14| title = Pierre Cox plenary: ALMA Update| journal = SPIE Newsroom| year = 2014| last1 = Spie}}</ref> ==Ukaboni== {{reflist}}{{Authority control}} [[Category:Matelesikopu]] hir31zvx9zgbyee21zgry0p5in4xk20 119541 119540 2026-08-16T12:27:35Z Viyowoyero-vya-Malaŵi 11606 119541 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Atacama Mndandanda Wakuru wa Milimita''' ([[ChiNgelezi]]: ''Atacama Large Millimeter Array''; '''ALMA''') ni chipangizo chakuwonera vyakuthambo icho chili na [[Telesikopu|matelesikopu]] 66 gha pa wayilesi mu mapopa gha [[Atacama]] kumpoto kwa [[Chile]], agho ghakuwona nkhongono za magesi pa utali wa mafunde ya milimita na milimita. Mndandanda uwu wapangika pa chiphapha cha Chajnantor icho chili na mtunda wa mamita 5,000 (16,000 ft) – pafupi na malo ghakuwonerapo gha Llano de Chajnantor na malo ghakuyezgapo gha Atacama. Malo agha ghakasankhika chifukwa chakuti ghali pachanya chomene ndiposo ghali na chinyezi chichoko, vinthu ivyo ni vyakuzirwa chomene kuti phokoso lichepeskeke na kuchepeska nkhongono ya chimanyikwiro chifukwa cha mphepo ya pa charu chapasi.<ref name="PARQUE">{{cite journal |doi=10.1086/679330 |title=Parque Astronómico de Atacama: An Ideal Site for Millimeter, Submillimeter, and Mid-Infrared Astronomy |date=2014 |last1=Bustos |first1=R. |last2=Rubio |first2=M. |last3=Otárola |first3=A. |last4=Nagar |first4=N. |journal=Publications of the Astronomical Society of the Pacific |volume=126 |issue=946 |pages=1126 |arxiv = 1410.2451 |bibcode = 2014PASP..126.1126B |s2cid=118539242 |display-authors=3 }}</ref> ALMA yikupereka umanyi pa kubabika kwa nyenyezi mu nyengo yakwambilira ya Stelliferous na vithuzithuzi vyakukwana vya nyenyezi za mu malo agha na kupangika kwa mapulaneti.<ref name="AstroJour">{{cite journal |last1=Bae |first1=Jaehan |last2=Teague |first2=Richard |last3=Andrews |first3=Sean M. |last4=Benisty |first4=Myriam |last5=Facchini |first5=Stefano |last6=Galloway-Sprietsma |first6=Maria |last7=Loomis |first7=Ryan A. |last8=Aikawa |first8=Yuri |last9=Alarcón |first9=Felipe |last10=Bergin |first10=Edwin |last11=Bergner |first11=Jennifer B. |last12=Booth |first12=Alice S. |last13=Cataldi |first13=Gianni |last14=Cleeves |first14=L. Ilsedore |last15=Czekala |first15=Ian |last16=Guzmán |first16=Viviana V. |last17=Huang |first17=Jane |last18=Ilee |first18=John D. |last19=Kurtovic |first19=Nicolas T. |last20=Law |first20=Charles J. |last21=Gal |first21=Romane Le |last22=Liu |first22=Yao |last23=Long |first23=Feng |last24=Ménard |first24=François |last25=Öberg |first25=Karin I. |last26=Pérez |first26=Laura M. |last27=Qi |first27=Chunhua |last28=Schwarz |first28=Kamber R. |last29=Sierra |first29=Anibal |last30=Walsh |first30=Catherine |last31=Wilner |first31=David J. |last32=Zhang |first32=Ke |title=Molecules with ALMA at Planet-forming Scales (MAPS): A Circumplanetary Disk Candidate in Molecular-line Emission in the AS 209 Disk |journal=The Astrophysical Journal Letters |date=1 August 2022 |volume=934 |issue=2 |pages=L20 |doi=10.3847/2041-8213/ac7fa3|arxiv=2207.05923 |bibcode=2022ApJ...934L..20B |s2cid=250492936 |doi-access=free }}</ref><ref name="Plait">{{cite web |last1=Plait |first1=Phil |title=A still-forming exoplanet predicted to exist is found in exactly the right spot |url=https://www.syfy.com/syfy-wire/bad-astronomy-exoplanet-around-as-209-is-carving-gaps-in-its-disk |website=SYFY Official Site |date=8 September 2022}}</ref> ALMA ni mgwirizano wa pa charu chose pakati pa vyaru vya ku [[Europe]], [[United States of America|America]], [[Canada]], [[Japan]], [[South Korea]], [[Taiwan]], na [[Chile]].<ref name="bbc-2016-05-29">{{cite news | title= Alma telescope peers into space from Chile's mountains | first = Gideon | last = Long | work = BBC News | url = https://www.bbc.com/news/world-latin-america-36357501 | date = 29 May 2016 | access-date = 29 May 2016 }}</ref> Ni telesikopu yakudura chomene iyo yikugwira ntchito pa charu chapasi.<ref name="eso-alma-inauguration">{{cite web | title = ALMA Inauguration Heralds New Era of Discovery | publisher = ESO - European Southern Observatory | date = 13 March 2013 | url = https://www.eso.org/public/news/eso1312/ | access-date = 29 April 2014}}</ref><ref>{{cite web | last = Romero | first = Simon | title = At the End of the Earth, Seeking Clues to the Universe | work =The New York Times | date = 7 April 2012 | url = https://www.nytimes.com/2012/04/08/world/americas/high-in-chilean-desert-a-huge-astronomy-project.html | access-date = 8 April 2012}}</ref> ALMA yikamba kusanda vinthu vya sayansi mu chigaŵa chachiŵiri cha 2011, ndipo vithuzithuzi vyakwamba vikafumiskika ku ŵamapepara pa 3 Okutobala 2011. Nthowa iyi yikugwira ntchito mwakukwana kufuma mu Malichi 2013.<ref>{{cite news|title=Alma telescope: Ribbon cut on astronomical giant|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/science-environment-21774448|publisher=BBC|access-date=13 March 2013|work=BBC News|date=2013-03-13|last1=Hernandez|first1=Vladimir}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal | doi = 10.1117/2.3201407.14| title = Pierre Cox plenary: ALMA Update| journal = SPIE Newsroom| year = 2014| last1 = Spie}}</ref> ==Ukaboni== {{reflist}}{{Authority control}} [[Category:Matelesikopu]] p7lpozkyss6p24szbttqa2owk8i6zeq 0 48621 119542 2026-08-16T13:41:25Z Viyowoyero-vya-Malaŵi 11606 Created page with "{{databox}} [[File:Berocca tablet and drink.jpg|thumb|Mapiritsi na vyakumwa vya Berocca, vyakupakira vya ku Australia]] '''Berocca''' ni mtundu wa vyakumwa vyakuthukira na mapiritsi gha mavitamini agho ghali na mavitamini gha B na vitamini C, agho ghakupangika na kampani ya [[Bayer]].<ref name="datasheet">{{Cite web |title=Professional Information: BEROCCA® PERFORMANCE 50+ EFFERVESCENT TABLETS |url=https://www.bayer.com/sites/default/files/Berocca%20Performance%2050%20E..." 119542 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} [[File:Berocca tablet and drink.jpg|thumb|Mapiritsi na vyakumwa vya Berocca, vyakupakira vya ku Australia]] '''Berocca''' ni mtundu wa vyakumwa vyakuthukira na mapiritsi gha mavitamini agho ghali na mavitamini gha B na vitamini C, agho ghakupangika na kampani ya [[Bayer]].<ref name="datasheet">{{Cite web |title=Professional Information: BEROCCA® PERFORMANCE 50+ EFFERVESCENT TABLETS |url=https://www.bayer.com/sites/default/files/Berocca%20Performance%2050%20Eff%20Tabs%20PI.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240626144745/https://www.bayer.com/sites/default/files/Berocca%20Performance%2050%20Eff%20Tabs%20PI.pdf |archive-date=2024-06-26 |access-date=2025-08-31 |website=www.bayer.com |url-status=live }}</ref> Berocca wakakhazikiska pakwamba ku [[Switzerland]] mu 1969 na Roche, ndipo wakusangika mu vyaru vinandi pa charu chose.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Berocca: Boost Your Energy and Focus with Vitamin B Complex |url=https://scbc.au/collections/berocca |access-date=2025-08-31 |website=Steel City Beverage Co. |language=en}}</ref> == Mitundu == Berocca Performance ni mtundu wa mavitamini gha B, vitamini C pamoza na magnesium, calcium na zinc.<ref name="datasheet" /> Apo wakafumiskika kakwamba mu 1969, Berocca wakazakaŵa na mtundu umoza, Berry, uwo pamanyuma ukazgoka Original Berry. Sono vikwiza mu mitundu yinayi: Mabulosi Ghakwambilira, Olenji, Blackcurrant, na Mango & Olenji. == Mlingo na ivyo mukwenera kughanaghanirapo == Mlingo wakuzomerezgeka wa zuŵa lililose (wa vyaka 12 kuya munthazi) ni piritsi limoza zuŵa lililose. Tablet yiliyose yili na 260 mg ya sodium.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://labeling.bayercare.com/omr/online/berocca.pdf |title=Berocca Supplement Facts |publisher=bayercare.com |date= |accessdate=2013-11-22}}</ref> Mu mapiritsi agho ghakuguliskika ku Australia na New Zealand muli sodium 273 mg.<ref>As stated on the side of the tablet container.</ref> Mapiritsi gha Berocca ghakuthukira ghali na [[aspartame]] ([[phenylalanine]]) yichoko waka.<ref>{{cite web|title=Frequently asked questions|url=http://www.berocca.co.uk/frequently-asked-questions/|website=Berocca|publisher=Bayer|accessdate=13 February 2018|archive-date=14 February 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180214141952/http://www.berocca.co.uk/frequently-asked-questions/|url-status=dead}}</ref> == Kuguliska == Mu Malichi 2011, Dipatimenti ya Umoyo ya ku Australia yikadumura kuti yilekeske malonda gha Berocca chifukwa chakuti yikayowoyanga kuti yikupereka nkhongono kwambura ukaboni.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.news.com.au/national/victoria/berocca-fights-therapeutic-goods-administration-ruling-that-ads-breached-the-advertising-code-/news-story/c3e3a9543e69e12ee2b106e7f372108c|title= Berocca fights Therapeutic Goods Administration ruling that ads breached the advertising code|access-date=15 March 2026|website=Courier Mail}}</ref> Dipatimenti yeneyiyi yikamupa Berocca mphoto ya vyakupangika vya Healthcare mu Novembala 2010.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.theage.com.au/national/health-ruling-a-letdown-for-popular-pickmeup-20110315-1bvyc.html |title=Health ruling a let-down for popular pick-me-up |publisher=Theage.com.au |date=2011-03-16 |accessdate=2012-06-28}}</ref> ==Ukaboni== {{reflist}} {{authority control}} [[Category:Vyakurya vyakuwonjezera]] 71tfktlro6n149etzunhef5htetyeq5 10 48622 119543 2026-08-16T13:52:12Z Viyowoyero-vya-Malaŵi 11606 Created page with "<div class="skin-invert-image"> {{Annotated image 4 | image = HMB biosynthesis and metabolism diagram - no labels.svg | class = skin-invert-image | align = {{{align|right}}} | width = 600 | height = 436 | image-width = 600 | image-bg-color = light-dark(white,transparent) | annot-color = var(--color-base,#202122) | image-left = 0 | image-top = 0 | header = {{{header|{{when pagename is|Β-Hydroxy β-methylbutyric acid=Biosynthesis and metabolism of β-hydroxy β-methylbuty..." 119543 wikitext text/x-wiki <div class="skin-invert-image"> {{Annotated image 4 | image = HMB biosynthesis and metabolism diagram - no labels.svg | class = skin-invert-image | align = {{{align|right}}} | width = 600 | height = 436 | image-width = 600 | image-bg-color = light-dark(white,transparent) | annot-color = var(--color-base,#202122) | image-left = 0 | image-top = 0 | header = {{{header|{{when pagename is|Β-Hydroxy β-methylbutyric acid=Biosynthesis and metabolism of β-hydroxy β-methylbutyrate in humans|Leucine=Leucine metabolism in humans|other=[[Leucine#Metabolism in humans|Leucine metabolism in humans]]}}}}} | header_background = {{{header background|light-dark(#F0F8FF,var(--background-color-neutral))}}} | caption = {{{caption|Human [[metabolic pathway]] for {{no selflink|β-Hydroxy β-methylbutyric acid|HMB}} and {{No selflink|isovaleryl-CoA}} relative to {{No selflink|leucine|{{nowrap|{{smallcaps all|L}}-leucine}}}}.{{when pagename is|Β-Hydroxy β-methylbutyric acid=<ref name="ISSN position stand 2013" /><ref name="HMB athletic performance-related effects 2011 reviewb" /><ref name="Leucine metabolism" />|other=<ref name="ISSN position stand 2013">{{cite journal | vauthors = Wilson JM, Fitschen PJ, Campbell B, Wilson GJ, Zanchi N, Taylor L, Wilborn C, Kalman DS, Stout JR, Hoffman JR, Ziegenfuss TN, Lopez HL, Kreider RB, Smith-Ryan AE, Antonio J | title = International Society of Sports Nutrition Position Stand: beta-hydroxy-beta-methylbutyrate (HMB) | journal = Journal of the International Society of Sports Nutrition | volume = 10 | issue = 1 | pages = 6 | date = February 2013 | pmid = 23374455 | pmc = 3568064 | doi = 10.1186/1550-2783-10-6 | doi-access = free }}</ref><ref name="HMB athletic performance-related effects 2011 reviewb">{{cite journal | vauthors = Zanchi NE, Gerlinger-Romero F, Guimarães-Ferreira L, de Siqueira Filho MA, Felitti V, Lira FS, Seelaender M, Lancha AH | title = HMB supplementation: clinical and athletic performance-related effects and mechanisms of action | journal = Amino Acids | volume = 40 | issue = 4 | pages = 1015–1025 | date = April 2011 | pmid = 20607321 | doi = 10.1007/s00726-010-0678-0 | s2cid = 11120110 | url = https://repositorio.unal.edu.co/handle/unal/77957 | quote = HMB is a metabolite of the amino acid leucine (Van Koverin and Nissen 1992), an essential amino acid. The first step in HMB metabolism is the reversible transamination of leucine to [α-KIC] that occurs mainly extrahepatically (Block and Buse 1990). Following this enzymatic reaction, [α-KIC] may follow one of two pathways. In the first, HMB is produced from [α-KIC] by the cytosolic enzyme KIC dioxygenase (Sabourin and Bieber 1983). The cytosolic dioxygenase has been characterized extensively and differs from the mitochondrial form in that the dioxygenase enzyme is a cytosolic enzyme, whereas the dehydrogenase enzyme is found exclusively in the mitochondrion (Sabourin and Bieber 1981, 1983). Importantly, this route of HMB formation is direct and completely dependent of liver KIC dioxygenase. Following this pathway, HMB in the cytosol is first converted to cytosolic β-hydroxy-β-methylglutaryl-CoA (HMG-CoA), which can then be directed for cholesterol synthesis (Rudney 1957) (Fig. 1). In fact, numerous biochemical studies have shown that HMB is a precursor of cholesterol (Zabin and Bloch 1951; Nissen et al. 2000).<!--<br /><br /> In the second pathway, after transamination, [α-KIC] in liver generates isovaleryl-CoA through the enzymatic action of branched-chain ketoacid dehydrogenase (BCKD) and after several steps, there is production of HMG-CoA through the enzyme HMG-CoA synthase (Fig. 1). Under normal conditions the majority of KIC is converted into isovaleryl-CoA, in which approximately 5% of leucine is metabolized into HMB (Wilson et al. 2008; Van Koverin and Nissen 1992). However, Nissen and Abumrad (1997) provided evidence that the primary fate of HMB is probably conversion to HMG-CoA in the liver, for cholesterol biosynthesis.--> }}</ref>{{when pagename is|Leucine=<ref name="Leucine metabolism" />|other=<ref name="Leucine metabolism">{{cite book | vauthors=Kohlmeier M | title=Nutrient Metabolism: Structures, Functions, and Genes | date=May 2015 | publisher=Academic Press | isbn=978-0-12-387784-0 | pages=385–388 | edition=2nd | section-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=aTQTAAAAQBAJ&q=beta-hydroxy%20beta-methylbutyrate%20HMB&pg=PA387 | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=aTQTAAAAQBAJ | access-date=6 June 2016 | section=Leucine | quote= Energy fuel: Eventually, most Leu is broken down, providing about 6.0kcal/g. About 60% of ingested Leu is oxidized within a few hours&nbsp;... Ketogenesis: A significant proportion (40% of an ingested dose) is converted into acetyl-CoA and thereby contributes to the synthesis of ketones, steroids, fatty acids, and other compounds}}<br />[https://books.google.com/books?id=aTQTAAAAQBAJ&pg=PA386#v=onepage&q&f=false Figure 8.57: Metabolism of {{smallcaps all|L}}-leucine]</ref>}}}} Of the two major pathways, {{nowrap|{{smallcaps all|L}}-leucine}} is mostly metabolized into isovaleryl-CoA, while only about&nbsp;5% is metabolized into HMB.<ref name="ISSN position stand 2013" /><ref name="HMB athletic performance-related effects 2011 reviewb" /><ref name="Leucine metabolism" />}}} | alt = Diagram of leucine, HMB, and isovaleryl-CoA metabolism in humans | annot-font-size = 12 | annotations = {{Annotation|180|2|{{when pagename is|Leucine={{highlight|'''{{smallcaps all|L}}-Leucine'''}}|other=[[Leucine|{{nowrap|{{smallcaps all|L}}-Leucine}}]]}}|font-size=18}} {{Annotation|96|37|[[Branched-chain amino acid aminotransferase|Branched-chain amino<br />acid aminotransferase]]}} {{Annotation|240|30|[[α-Ketoglutarate]]}} {{Annotation|243|61|[[Glutamate]]}} {{Annotation|466|75|[[Glutamate]]}} {{Annotation|383|30|[[Alanine]]}} {{Annotation|383|62|[[Pyruvate]]}} {{Annotation|75|85|[[Skeletal muscle|Muscle]]: {{No selflink|Alpha-Ketoisocaproic acid|α-Ketoisocaproate}} (α-KIC)|font-size=15}} {{Annotation|82|128|[[Liver]]: {{No selflink|Alpha-Ketoisocaproic acid|α-Ketoisocaproate}} (α-KIC)|font-size=15}} {{Annotation|300|106|{{no selflink|Branched-chain α-ketoacid dehydrogenase|Branched-chain α-ketoacid<br />dehydrogenase}} ([[mitochondria]])}} {{Annotation|93|156|[[4-Hydroxyphenylpyruvate dioxygenase|KIC-dioxygenase]]<br />([[cytosol]])}} {{Annotation|465|126|{{when pagename is|Isovaleryl-CoA={{highlight|'''Isovaleryl-CoA'''}}|other=[[Isovaleryl-CoA]]}}|font-size=15}} {{Annotation|85|198|{{no selflink|β-Hydroxy β-methylbutyric acid|'''β-Hydroxy<br />β-methylbutyrate'''}}<br />('''HMB''')|background-color={{if pagename|Β-Hydroxy β-methylbutyric acid=hsla(60,100%,50%,.35)|other=}}|font-size=15}} {{Annotation|2|205|[[Excretion|Excreted]]<br />in [[urine]]<br />(10–40%)}} {{Annotation|239|217|{{when pagename is|Beta-Hydroxy beta-methylbutyryl-CoA={{highlight|'''HMB-CoA'''}}|other=[[beta-Hydroxy beta-methylbutyryl-CoA|HMB-CoA]]}}|font-size=13}} {{Annotation|175|269|{{when pagename is|HMG-CoA=β-Hydroxy β-methylglutaryl-CoA<br />({{highlight|'''HMG-CoA'''}})|other=[[HMG-CoA|β-Hydroxy β-methylglutaryl-CoA]]<br />(HMG-CoA)}}|font-size=13}} {{Annotation|445|208|{{when pagename is|Methylcrotonyl-CoA=β-Methylcrotonyl-CoA<br />({{highlight|'''MC-CoA'''}})|other=[[Methylcrotonyl-CoA|β-Methylcrotonyl-CoA]]<br />(MC-CoA)}}|font-size=13}} {{Annotation|442|269|{{when pagename is|3-Methylglutaconyl-CoA=β-Methylglutaconyl-CoA<br />({{highlight|'''MG-CoA'''}})|other=[[3-Methylglutaconyl-CoA|β-Methylglutaconyl-CoA]]<br />(MG-CoA)}}|font-size=13}} {{Annotation|395|148|[[carbon dioxide|CO₂]]}} {{Annotation|221|246|[[carbon dioxide|CO₂]]}} {{Annotation|214|163|[[oxygen|O₂]]}} {{Annotation|211|186|[[carbon dioxide|CO₂]]}} {{Annotation|426|239|[[Properties of water|H₂O]]}} {{Annotation|458|246|[[carbon dioxide|CO₂]]}} {{Annotation|422|297|[[Properties of water|H₂O]]}} {{Annotation|242|316|([[liver]])<br />[[HMG-CoA lyase|HMG-CoA<br />lyase]]}} {{Annotation|314|208|{{when pagename is|Enoyl-CoA hydratase={{highlight|'''Enoyl-CoA hydratase'''}}|other=[[Enoyl-CoA hydratase]]}}}} {{Annotation|511|163|{{when pagename is|Isovaleryl-CoA dehydrogenase={{highlight|'''Isovaleryl-CoA<br />dehydrogenase'''}}|other=[[Isovaleryl-CoA dehydrogenase|Isovaleryl-CoA<br />dehydrogenase]]}}|text-align=left|font-size=12}} {{Annotation|511|238|{{when pagename is|Methylcrotonyl-CoA carboxylase={{highlight|'''MC-CoA<br />carboxylase'''}}|other=[[Methylcrotonyl-CoA carboxylase|MC-CoA<br />carboxylase]]}}|text-align=left|font-size=12}} {{Annotation|376|254|{{when pagename is|Methylglutaconyl-CoA hydratase={{highlight|'''MG-CoA<br />hydratase'''}}|other=[[Methylglutaconyl-CoA hydratase|MG-CoA<br />hydratase]]}}|text-align=center|font-size=12}} {{Annotation|59|316|[[HMG-CoA reductase|HMG-CoA<br />reductase]]}} {{Annotation|410|331|[[HMG-CoA synthase|HMG-CoA&nbsp;<br />synthase]]|text-align=right|font-size=12}} {{Annotation|205|387|[[3-Hydroxybutyrate dehydrogenase|β-Hydroxybutyrate<br />dehydrogenase]]|font-size=12|text-align=left}} {{Annotation|80|385|[[:File:Mevalonate pathway.svg|Mevalonate<br />pathway]]|font-size=12|text-align=left}} {{Annotation|389|385|[[Thiolase]]|font-size=12}} {{Annotation|274|236|Unknown<br />enzyme|font-size=12|text-align=left}} {{Annotation|152|420|[[beta-Hydroxybutyric acid|β-Hydroxybutyrate]]|background-color={{when pagename is|Beta-Hydroxybutyric acid=hsla(60,100%,50%,.35)|other=}}|font-size=13}} {{Annotation|432|395|[[Acetoacetyl-CoA]]|font-size=13}} {{Annotation|328|395|[[Acetyl-CoA]]|font-size=13}} {{Annotation|164|365|[[Acetoacetate]]|font-size=13}} {{Annotation|44|365|[[Mevalonate]]|font-size=13}} {{Annotation|43|420|[[Cholesterol]]|font-size=13}} <!--The following annotation is added to the diagram only when the "note" parameter is used to specify its inclusion; it adds an annotated note about the unknown thioesterase enzyme that catalyzes the HMB↔HMB-CoA reaction; this note appears in a reference tooltip.--> {{#ifeq:{{Yesno-no|{{{note|<noinclude>yes</noinclude>}}}}}|yes|{{Annotation|206|209|{{#tag:ref|This reaction is catalyzed by an unknown [[thioesterase]] enzyme.{{#ifeq:{{Yesno-no|{{{note refs named|}}}}}|yes|<ref name="HMB-CoA ⇔ HMB" /><ref name="pmid21918059" />|<ref name="HMB-CoA ⇔ HMB">{{cite web|title=KEGG Reaction: R10759|url=http://www.genome.jp/dbget-bin/www_bget?rn:R10759|website=Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes|publisher=Kanehisa Laboratories|access-date=24 June 2016}}</ref><ref name="pmid21918059">{{cite journal | vauthors = Mock DM, Stratton SL, Horvath TD, Bogusiewicz A, Matthews NI, Henrich CL, Dawson AM, Spencer HJ, Owen SN, Boysen G, Moran JH | title = Urinary excretion of 3-hydroxyisovaleric acid and 3-hydroxyisovaleryl carnitine increases in response to a leucine challenge in marginally biotin-deficient humans | journal = The Journal of Nutrition | volume = 141 | issue = 11 | pages = 1925–1930 | date = November 2011 | pmid = 21918059 | pmc = 3192457 | doi = 10.3945/jn.111.146126 | department = primary source | quote = Metabolic impairment diverts methylcrotonyl CoA to 3-hydroxyisovaleryl CoA in a reaction catalyzed by enoyl-CoA hydratase (22, 23). 3-Hydroxyisovaleryl CoA accumulation can inhibit cellular respiration either directly or via effects on the ratios of acyl CoA:free CoA if further metabolism and detoxification of 3-hydroxyisovaleryl CoA does not occur (22). The transfer to carnitine by 4 carnitine acyl-CoA transferases distributed in subcellular compartments likely serves as an important reservoir for acyl moieties (39–41). 3-Hydroxyisovaleryl CoA is likely detoxified by carnitine acetyltransferase producing 3HIA-carnitine, which is transported across the inner mitochondrial membrane (and hence effectively out of the mitochondria) via carnitine-acylcarnitine translocase (39). 3HIA-carnitine is thought to be either directly deacylated by a hydrolase to 3HIA or to undergo a second CoA exchange to again form 3-hydroxyisovaleryl CoA followed by release of 3HIA and free CoA by a thioesterase.}}</ref>}}| group="note"}}}}}}<!--End of reference tooltip-based annotation--> }} </div> <!-- END OF ANNOTATED IMAGE TEMPLATE--><noinclude> {{Documentation | content = To [[Wikipedia:Transclusion|transclude]] this template as is, use:<br /> {{tlx|Leucine metabolism in humans&nbsp;|&nbsp;note{{=}}yes}}<br /> {{High priority|Important:}} If the note parameter is set to yes ({{para|note|yes}}), the article receiving the transclusion from this template ''must'' have a reference group for "note" included in a "Notes" or "References" section at the end of the article (code: <code><nowiki>{{Reflist|group=note}}</nowiki></code>). ==Other optional parameters== To transclude this template with a different header, alignment, and/or caption, use:<br /> {{tlx|Leucine metabolism in humans&nbsp;|&nbsp;header{{=}}''(desired header)''&nbsp;|&nbsp;header background{{=}}''([[web colors|color hex code]])''&nbsp;|&nbsp;align{{=}}''(left/right/center)''&nbsp;|&nbsp;caption{{=}}''(desired caption)''}} The image's [[Wikipedia:Alternative text for images|alternative text]] (i.e. {{para|alt}} parameter) is "Diagram of leucine, HMB, and isovaleryl-CoA metabolism in humans". {{Template reference list}} ;Notes {{Reflist|group=note}} {{Sandbox other|| [[Category:Biochemistry image insertion templates]] [[Category:Pharmacokinetics templates]] }}}}<!--(end Documentation)--> </noinclude> o82mzth4a6ce7ic247muxkvoqohgtfb 119544 119543 2026-08-16T13:54:57Z Viyowoyero-vya-Malaŵi 11606 119544 wikitext text/x-wiki <div class="skin-invert-image"> {{Annotated image 4 | image = HMB biosynthesis and metabolism diagram - no labels.svg | class = skin-invert-image | align = {{{align|right}}} | width = 600 | height = 436 | image-width = 600 | image-bg-color = light-dark(white,transparent) | annot-color = var(--color-base,#202122) | image-left = 0 | image-top = 0 | header = {{{header|{{when pagename is|Β-Hydroxy β-methylbutyric acid=Biosynthesis and metabolism of β-hydroxy β-methylbutyrate in humans|Leucine=Leucine metabolism in humans|other=[[Leucine#Metabolism in humans|Leucine metabolism in humans]]}}}}} | header_background = {{{header background|light-dark(#F0F8FF,var(--background-color-neutral))}}} | caption = {{{caption|Human [[metabolic pathway]] for {{no selflink|β-Hydroxy β-methylbutyric acid|HMB}} and {{No selflink|isovaleryl-CoA}} relative to {{No selflink|leucine|{{nowrap|{{smallcaps all|L}}-leucine}}}}.{{when pagename is|Β-Hydroxy β-methylbutyric acid=<ref name="ISSN position stand 2013" /><ref name="HMB athletic performance-related effects 2011 reviewb" /><ref name="Leucine metabolism" />|other=<ref name="ISSN position stand 2013">{{cite journal | vauthors = Wilson JM, Fitschen PJ, Campbell B, Wilson GJ, Zanchi N, Taylor L, Wilborn C, Kalman DS, Stout JR, Hoffman JR, Ziegenfuss TN, Lopez HL, Kreider RB, Smith-Ryan AE, Antonio J | title = International Society of Sports Nutrition Position Stand: beta-hydroxy-beta-methylbutyrate (HMB) | journal = Journal of the International Society of Sports Nutrition | volume = 10 | issue = 1 | pages = 6 | date = February 2013 | pmid = 23374455 | pmc = 3568064 | doi = 10.1186/1550-2783-10-6 | doi-access = free }}</ref><ref name="HMB athletic performance-related effects 2011 reviewb">{{cite journal | vauthors = Zanchi NE, Gerlinger-Romero F, Guimarães-Ferreira L, de Siqueira Filho MA, Felitti V, Lira FS, Seelaender M, Lancha AH | title = HMB supplementation: clinical and athletic performance-related effects and mechanisms of action | journal = Amino Acids | volume = 40 | issue = 4 | pages = 1015–1025 | date = April 2011 | pmid = 20607321 | doi = 10.1007/s00726-010-0678-0 | s2cid = 11120110 | url = https://repositorio.unal.edu.co/handle/unal/77957 | quote = HMB is a metabolite of the amino acid leucine (Van Koverin and Nissen 1992), an essential amino acid. The first step in HMB metabolism is the reversible transamination of leucine to [α-KIC] that occurs mainly extrahepatically (Block and Buse 1990). Following this enzymatic reaction, [α-KIC] may follow one of two pathways. In the first, HMB is produced from [α-KIC] by the cytosolic enzyme KIC dioxygenase (Sabourin and Bieber 1983). The cytosolic dioxygenase has been characterized extensively and differs from the mitochondrial form in that the dioxygenase enzyme is a cytosolic enzyme, whereas the dehydrogenase enzyme is found exclusively in the mitochondrion (Sabourin and Bieber 1981, 1983). Importantly, this route of HMB formation is direct and completely dependent of liver KIC dioxygenase. Following this pathway, HMB in the cytosol is first converted to cytosolic β-hydroxy-β-methylglutaryl-CoA (HMG-CoA), which can then be directed for cholesterol synthesis (Rudney 1957) (Fig. 1). In fact, numerous biochemical studies have shown that HMB is a precursor of cholesterol (Zabin and Bloch 1951; Nissen et al. 2000).<!--<br /><br /> In the second pathway, after transamination, [α-KIC] in liver generates isovaleryl-CoA through the enzymatic action of branched-chain ketoacid dehydrogenase (BCKD) and after several steps, there is production of HMG-CoA through the enzyme HMG-CoA synthase (Fig. 1). Under normal conditions the majority of KIC is converted into isovaleryl-CoA, in which approximately 5% of leucine is metabolized into HMB (Wilson et al. 2008; Van Koverin and Nissen 1992). However, Nissen and Abumrad (1997) provided evidence that the primary fate of HMB is probably conversion to HMG-CoA in the liver, for cholesterol biosynthesis.--> }}</ref>{{when pagename is|Leucine=<ref name="Leucine metabolism" />|other=<ref name="Leucine metabolism">{{cite book | vauthors=Kohlmeier M | title=Nutrient Metabolism: Structures, Functions, and Genes | date=May 2015 | publisher=Academic Press | isbn=978-0-12-387784-0 | pages=385–388 | edition=2nd | section-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=aTQTAAAAQBAJ&q=beta-hydroxy%20beta-methylbutyrate%20HMB&pg=PA387 | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=aTQTAAAAQBAJ | access-date=6 June 2016 | section=Leucine | quote= Energy fuel: Eventually, most Leu is broken down, providing about 6.0kcal/g. About 60% of ingested Leu is oxidized within a few hours&nbsp;... Ketogenesis: A significant proportion (40% of an ingested dose) is converted into acetyl-CoA and thereby contributes to the synthesis of ketones, steroids, fatty acids, and other compounds}}<br />[https://books.google.com/books?id=aTQTAAAAQBAJ&pg=PA386#v=onepage&q&f=false Figure 8.57: Kusintha kwa thupi kwa {{smallcaps all|L}}-leucine]</ref>}}}} Pa nthowa ziŵiri zikuruzikuru, {{nowrap|{{smallcaps all|L}}-leucine}} likusinthika chomene kuŵa isovaleryl-CoA, apo pafupifupi&nbsp;5% pera ndilo likusinthika kuŵa HMB.<ref name="ISSN position stand 2013" /><ref name="HMB athletic performance-related effects 2011 reviewb" /><ref name="Leucine metabolism" />}}} | alt = Diagram of leucine, HMB, and isovaleryl-CoA metabolism in humans | annot-font-size = 12 | annotations = {{Annotation|180|2|{{when pagename is|Leucine={{highlight|'''{{smallcaps all|L}}-Leucine'''}}|other=[[Leucine|{{nowrap|{{smallcaps all|L}}-Leucine}}]]}}|font-size=18}} {{Annotation|96|37|[[Branched-chain amino acid aminotransferase|Branched-chain amino<br />acid aminotransferase]]}} {{Annotation|240|30|[[α-Ketoglutarate]]}} {{Annotation|243|61|[[Glutamate]]}} {{Annotation|466|75|[[Glutamate]]}} {{Annotation|383|30|[[Alanine]]}} {{Annotation|383|62|[[Pyruvate]]}} {{Annotation|75|85|[[Skeletal muscle|Muscle]]: {{No selflink|Alpha-Ketoisocaproic acid|α-Ketoisocaproate}} (α-KIC)|font-size=15}} {{Annotation|82|128|[[Liver]]: {{No selflink|Alpha-Ketoisocaproic acid|α-Ketoisocaproate}} (α-KIC)|font-size=15}} {{Annotation|300|106|{{no selflink|Branched-chain α-ketoacid dehydrogenase|Branched-chain α-ketoacid<br />dehydrogenase}} ([[mitochondria]])}} {{Annotation|93|156|[[4-Hydroxyphenylpyruvate dioxygenase|KIC-dioxygenase]]<br />([[cytosol]])}} {{Annotation|465|126|{{when pagename is|Isovaleryl-CoA={{highlight|'''Isovaleryl-CoA'''}}|other=[[Isovaleryl-CoA]]}}|font-size=15}} {{Annotation|85|198|{{no selflink|β-Hydroxy β-methylbutyric acid|'''β-Hydroxy<br />β-methylbutyrate'''}}<br />('''HMB''')|background-color={{if pagename|Β-Hydroxy β-methylbutyric acid=hsla(60,100%,50%,.35)|other=}}|font-size=15}} {{Annotation|2|205|[[Excretion|Excreted]]<br />in [[urine]]<br />(10–40%)}} {{Annotation|239|217|{{when pagename is|Beta-Hydroxy beta-methylbutyryl-CoA={{highlight|'''HMB-CoA'''}}|other=[[beta-Hydroxy beta-methylbutyryl-CoA|HMB-CoA]]}}|font-size=13}} {{Annotation|175|269|{{when pagename is|HMG-CoA=β-Hydroxy β-methylglutaryl-CoA<br />({{highlight|'''HMG-CoA'''}})|other=[[HMG-CoA|β-Hydroxy β-methylglutaryl-CoA]]<br />(HMG-CoA)}}|font-size=13}} {{Annotation|445|208|{{when pagename is|Methylcrotonyl-CoA=β-Methylcrotonyl-CoA<br />({{highlight|'''MC-CoA'''}})|other=[[Methylcrotonyl-CoA|β-Methylcrotonyl-CoA]]<br />(MC-CoA)}}|font-size=13}} {{Annotation|442|269|{{when pagename is|3-Methylglutaconyl-CoA=β-Methylglutaconyl-CoA<br />({{highlight|'''MG-CoA'''}})|other=[[3-Methylglutaconyl-CoA|β-Methylglutaconyl-CoA]]<br />(MG-CoA)}}|font-size=13}} {{Annotation|395|148|[[carbon dioxide|CO₂]]}} {{Annotation|221|246|[[carbon dioxide|CO₂]]}} {{Annotation|214|163|[[oxygen|O₂]]}} {{Annotation|211|186|[[carbon dioxide|CO₂]]}} {{Annotation|426|239|[[Properties of water|H₂O]]}} {{Annotation|458|246|[[carbon dioxide|CO₂]]}} {{Annotation|422|297|[[Properties of water|H₂O]]}} {{Annotation|242|316|([[liver]])<br />[[HMG-CoA lyase|HMG-CoA<br />lyase]]}} {{Annotation|314|208|{{when pagename is|Enoyl-CoA hydratase={{highlight|'''Enoyl-CoA hydratase'''}}|other=[[Enoyl-CoA hydratase]]}}}} {{Annotation|511|163|{{when pagename is|Isovaleryl-CoA dehydrogenase={{highlight|'''Isovaleryl-CoA<br />dehydrogenase'''}}|other=[[Isovaleryl-CoA dehydrogenase|Isovaleryl-CoA<br />dehydrogenase]]}}|text-align=left|font-size=12}} {{Annotation|511|238|{{when pagename is|Methylcrotonyl-CoA carboxylase={{highlight|'''MC-CoA<br />carboxylase'''}}|other=[[Methylcrotonyl-CoA carboxylase|MC-CoA<br />carboxylase]]}}|text-align=left|font-size=12}} {{Annotation|376|254|{{when pagename is|Methylglutaconyl-CoA hydratase={{highlight|'''MG-CoA<br />hydratase'''}}|other=[[Methylglutaconyl-CoA hydratase|MG-CoA<br />hydratase]]}}|text-align=center|font-size=12}} {{Annotation|59|316|[[HMG-CoA reductase|HMG-CoA<br />reductase]]}} {{Annotation|410|331|[[HMG-CoA synthase|HMG-CoA&nbsp;<br />synthase]]|text-align=right|font-size=12}} {{Annotation|205|387|[[3-Hydroxybutyrate dehydrogenase|β-Hydroxybutyrate<br />dehydrogenase]]|font-size=12|text-align=left}} {{Annotation|80|385|[[:File:Mevalonate pathway.svg|Mevalonate<br />pathway]]|font-size=12|text-align=left}} {{Annotation|389|385|[[Thiolase]]|font-size=12}} {{Annotation|274|236|Unknown<br />enzyme|font-size=12|text-align=left}} {{Annotation|152|420|[[beta-Hydroxybutyric acid|β-Hydroxybutyrate]]|background-color={{when pagename is|Beta-Hydroxybutyric acid=hsla(60,100%,50%,.35)|other=}}|font-size=13}} {{Annotation|432|395|[[Acetoacetyl-CoA]]|font-size=13}} {{Annotation|328|395|[[Acetyl-CoA]]|font-size=13}} {{Annotation|164|365|[[Acetoacetate]]|font-size=13}} {{Annotation|44|365|[[Mevalonate]]|font-size=13}} {{Annotation|43|420|[[Cholesterol]]|font-size=13}} <!--The following annotation is added to the diagram only when the "note" parameter is used to specify its inclusion; it adds an annotated note about the unknown thioesterase enzyme that catalyzes the HMB↔HMB-CoA reaction; this note appears in a reference tooltip.--> {{#ifeq:{{Yesno-no|{{{note|<noinclude>yes</noinclude>}}}}}|yes|{{Annotation|206|209|{{#tag:ref|This reaction is catalyzed by an unknown [[thioesterase]] enzyme.{{#ifeq:{{Yesno-no|{{{note refs named|}}}}}|yes|<ref name="HMB-CoA ⇔ HMB" /><ref name="pmid21918059" />|<ref name="HMB-CoA ⇔ HMB">{{cite web|title=KEGG Reaction: R10759|url=http://www.genome.jp/dbget-bin/www_bget?rn:R10759|website=Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes|publisher=Kanehisa Laboratories|access-date=24 June 2016}}</ref><ref name="pmid21918059">{{cite journal | vauthors = Mock DM, Stratton SL, Horvath TD, Bogusiewicz A, Matthews NI, Henrich CL, Dawson AM, Spencer HJ, Owen SN, Boysen G, Moran JH | title = Urinary excretion of 3-hydroxyisovaleric acid and 3-hydroxyisovaleryl carnitine increases in response to a leucine challenge in marginally biotin-deficient humans | journal = The Journal of Nutrition | volume = 141 | issue = 11 | pages = 1925–1930 | date = November 2011 | pmid = 21918059 | pmc = 3192457 | doi = 10.3945/jn.111.146126 | department = primary source | quote = Metabolic impairment diverts methylcrotonyl CoA to 3-hydroxyisovaleryl CoA in a reaction catalyzed by enoyl-CoA hydratase (22, 23). 3-Hydroxyisovaleryl CoA accumulation can inhibit cellular respiration either directly or via effects on the ratios of acyl CoA:free CoA if further metabolism and detoxification of 3-hydroxyisovaleryl CoA does not occur (22). The transfer to carnitine by 4 carnitine acyl-CoA transferases distributed in subcellular compartments likely serves as an important reservoir for acyl moieties (39–41). 3-Hydroxyisovaleryl CoA is likely detoxified by carnitine acetyltransferase producing 3HIA-carnitine, which is transported across the inner mitochondrial membrane (and hence effectively out of the mitochondria) via carnitine-acylcarnitine translocase (39). 3HIA-carnitine is thought to be either directly deacylated by a hydrolase to 3HIA or to undergo a second CoA exchange to again form 3-hydroxyisovaleryl CoA followed by release of 3HIA and free CoA by a thioesterase.}}</ref>}}| group="note"}}}}}}<!--End of reference tooltip-based annotation--> }} </div> <!-- END OF ANNOTATED IMAGE TEMPLATE--><noinclude> {{Documentation | content = To [[Wikipedia:Transclusion|transclude]] this template as is, use:<br /> {{tlx|Leucine metabolism in humans&nbsp;|&nbsp;note{{=}}yes}}<br /> {{High priority|Important:}} If the note parameter is set to yes ({{para|note|yes}}), the article receiving the transclusion from this template ''must'' have a reference group for "note" included in a "Notes" or "References" section at the end of the article (code: <code><nowiki>{{Reflist|group=note}}</nowiki></code>). ==Other optional parameters== To transclude this template with a different header, alignment, and/or caption, use:<br /> {{tlx|Leucine metabolism in humans&nbsp;|&nbsp;header{{=}}''(desired header)''&nbsp;|&nbsp;header background{{=}}''([[web colors|color hex code]])''&nbsp;|&nbsp;align{{=}}''(left/right/center)''&nbsp;|&nbsp;caption{{=}}''(desired caption)''}} The image's [[Wikipedia:Alternative text for images|alternative text]] (i.e. {{para|alt}} parameter) is "Diagram of leucine, HMB, and isovaleryl-CoA metabolism in humans". {{Template reference list}} ;Notes {{Reflist|group=note}} {{Sandbox other|| [[Category:Biochemistry image insertion templates]] [[Category:Pharmacokinetics templates]] }}}}<!--(end Documentation)--> </noinclude> da872ppkza8pkmoeam8endllpejbsc3 119545 119544 2026-08-16T13:56:05Z Viyowoyero-vya-Malaŵi 11606 119545 wikitext text/x-wiki <div class="skin-invert-image"> {{Annotated image 4 | image = HMB biosynthesis and metabolism diagram - no labels.svg | class = skin-invert-image | align = {{{align|right}}} | width = 600 | height = 436 | image-width = 600 | image-bg-color = light-dark(white,transparent) | annot-color = var(--color-base,#202122) | image-left = 0 | image-top = 0 | header = {{{header|{{when pagename is|Β-Hydroxy β-methylbutyric acid=Biosynthesis and metabolism of β-hydroxy β-methylbutyrate in humans|Leucine=Leucine metabolism in humans|other=[[Leucine#Metabolism in humans|Leucine metabolism in humans]]}}}}} | header_background = {{{header background|light-dark(#F0F8FF,var(--background-color-neutral))}}} | caption = {{{caption|Munthu [[nthowa yakusinthira vyakurya]] kwa {{no selflink|β-Hydroxy β-methylbutyric acid|HMB}} na {{No selflink|isovaleryl-CoA}} pakuyaniska na {{No selflink|leucine|{{nowrap|{{smallcaps all|L}}-leucine}}}}.{{when pagename is|Β-Hydroxy β-methylbutyric acid=<ref name="ISSN position stand 2013" /><ref name="HMB athletic performance-related effects 2011 reviewb" /><ref name="Leucine metabolism" />|other=<ref name="ISSN position stand 2013">{{cite journal | vauthors = Wilson JM, Fitschen PJ, Campbell B, Wilson GJ, Zanchi N, Taylor L, Wilborn C, Kalman DS, Stout JR, Hoffman JR, Ziegenfuss TN, Lopez HL, Kreider RB, Smith-Ryan AE, Antonio J | title = International Society of Sports Nutrition Position Stand: beta-hydroxy-beta-methylbutyrate (HMB) | journal = Journal of the International Society of Sports Nutrition | volume = 10 | issue = 1 | pages = 6 | date = February 2013 | pmid = 23374455 | pmc = 3568064 | doi = 10.1186/1550-2783-10-6 | doi-access = free }}</ref><ref name="HMB athletic performance-related effects 2011 reviewb">{{cite journal | vauthors = Zanchi NE, Gerlinger-Romero F, Guimarães-Ferreira L, de Siqueira Filho MA, Felitti V, Lira FS, Seelaender M, Lancha AH | title = HMB supplementation: clinical and athletic performance-related effects and mechanisms of action | journal = Amino Acids | volume = 40 | issue = 4 | pages = 1015–1025 | date = April 2011 | pmid = 20607321 | doi = 10.1007/s00726-010-0678-0 | s2cid = 11120110 | url = https://repositorio.unal.edu.co/handle/unal/77957 | quote = HMB is a metabolite of the amino acid leucine (Van Koverin and Nissen 1992), an essential amino acid. The first step in HMB metabolism is the reversible transamination of leucine to [α-KIC] that occurs mainly extrahepatically (Block and Buse 1990). Following this enzymatic reaction, [α-KIC] may follow one of two pathways. In the first, HMB is produced from [α-KIC] by the cytosolic enzyme KIC dioxygenase (Sabourin and Bieber 1983). The cytosolic dioxygenase has been characterized extensively and differs from the mitochondrial form in that the dioxygenase enzyme is a cytosolic enzyme, whereas the dehydrogenase enzyme is found exclusively in the mitochondrion (Sabourin and Bieber 1981, 1983). Importantly, this route of HMB formation is direct and completely dependent of liver KIC dioxygenase. Following this pathway, HMB in the cytosol is first converted to cytosolic β-hydroxy-β-methylglutaryl-CoA (HMG-CoA), which can then be directed for cholesterol synthesis (Rudney 1957) (Fig. 1). In fact, numerous biochemical studies have shown that HMB is a precursor of cholesterol (Zabin and Bloch 1951; Nissen et al. 2000).<!--<br /><br /> In the second pathway, after transamination, [α-KIC] in liver generates isovaleryl-CoA through the enzymatic action of branched-chain ketoacid dehydrogenase (BCKD) and after several steps, there is production of HMG-CoA through the enzyme HMG-CoA synthase (Fig. 1). Under normal conditions the majority of KIC is converted into isovaleryl-CoA, in which approximately 5% of leucine is metabolized into HMB (Wilson et al. 2008; Van Koverin and Nissen 1992). However, Nissen and Abumrad (1997) provided evidence that the primary fate of HMB is probably conversion to HMG-CoA in the liver, for cholesterol biosynthesis.--> }}</ref>{{when pagename is|Leucine=<ref name="Leucine metabolism" />|other=<ref name="Leucine metabolism">{{cite book | vauthors=Kohlmeier M | title=Nutrient Metabolism: Structures, Functions, and Genes | date=May 2015 | publisher=Academic Press | isbn=978-0-12-387784-0 | pages=385–388 | edition=2nd | section-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=aTQTAAAAQBAJ&q=beta-hydroxy%20beta-methylbutyrate%20HMB&pg=PA387 | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=aTQTAAAAQBAJ | access-date=6 June 2016 | section=Leucine | quote= Energy fuel: Eventually, most Leu is broken down, providing about 6.0kcal/g. About 60% of ingested Leu is oxidized within a few hours&nbsp;... Ketogenesis: A significant proportion (40% of an ingested dose) is converted into acetyl-CoA and thereby contributes to the synthesis of ketones, steroids, fatty acids, and other compounds}}<br />[https://books.google.com/books?id=aTQTAAAAQBAJ&pg=PA386#v=onepage&q&f=false Figure 8.57: Kusintha kwa thupi kwa {{smallcaps all|L}}-leucine]</ref>}}}} Pa nthowa ziŵiri zikuruzikuru, {{nowrap|{{smallcaps all|L}}-leucine}} likusinthika chomene kuŵa isovaleryl-CoA, apo pafupifupi&nbsp;5% pera ndilo likusinthika kuŵa HMB.<ref name="ISSN position stand 2013" /><ref name="HMB athletic performance-related effects 2011 reviewb" /><ref name="Leucine metabolism" />}}} | alt = Diagram of leucine, HMB, and isovaleryl-CoA metabolism in humans | annot-font-size = 12 | annotations = {{Annotation|180|2|{{when pagename is|Leucine={{highlight|'''{{smallcaps all|L}}-Leucine'''}}|other=[[Leucine|{{nowrap|{{smallcaps all|L}}-Leucine}}]]}}|font-size=18}} {{Annotation|96|37|[[Branched-chain amino acid aminotransferase|Branched-chain amino<br />acid aminotransferase]]}} {{Annotation|240|30|[[α-Ketoglutarate]]}} {{Annotation|243|61|[[Glutamate]]}} {{Annotation|466|75|[[Glutamate]]}} {{Annotation|383|30|[[Alanine]]}} {{Annotation|383|62|[[Pyruvate]]}} {{Annotation|75|85|[[Skeletal muscle|Muscle]]: {{No selflink|Alpha-Ketoisocaproic acid|α-Ketoisocaproate}} (α-KIC)|font-size=15}} {{Annotation|82|128|[[Liver]]: {{No selflink|Alpha-Ketoisocaproic acid|α-Ketoisocaproate}} (α-KIC)|font-size=15}} {{Annotation|300|106|{{no selflink|Branched-chain α-ketoacid dehydrogenase|Branched-chain α-ketoacid<br />dehydrogenase}} ([[mitochondria]])}} {{Annotation|93|156|[[4-Hydroxyphenylpyruvate dioxygenase|KIC-dioxygenase]]<br />([[cytosol]])}} {{Annotation|465|126|{{when pagename is|Isovaleryl-CoA={{highlight|'''Isovaleryl-CoA'''}}|other=[[Isovaleryl-CoA]]}}|font-size=15}} {{Annotation|85|198|{{no selflink|β-Hydroxy β-methylbutyric acid|'''β-Hydroxy<br />β-methylbutyrate'''}}<br />('''HMB''')|background-color={{if pagename|Β-Hydroxy β-methylbutyric acid=hsla(60,100%,50%,.35)|other=}}|font-size=15}} {{Annotation|2|205|[[Excretion|Excreted]]<br />in [[urine]]<br />(10–40%)}} {{Annotation|239|217|{{when pagename is|Beta-Hydroxy beta-methylbutyryl-CoA={{highlight|'''HMB-CoA'''}}|other=[[beta-Hydroxy beta-methylbutyryl-CoA|HMB-CoA]]}}|font-size=13}} {{Annotation|175|269|{{when pagename is|HMG-CoA=β-Hydroxy β-methylglutaryl-CoA<br />({{highlight|'''HMG-CoA'''}})|other=[[HMG-CoA|β-Hydroxy β-methylglutaryl-CoA]]<br />(HMG-CoA)}}|font-size=13}} {{Annotation|445|208|{{when pagename is|Methylcrotonyl-CoA=β-Methylcrotonyl-CoA<br />({{highlight|'''MC-CoA'''}})|other=[[Methylcrotonyl-CoA|β-Methylcrotonyl-CoA]]<br />(MC-CoA)}}|font-size=13}} {{Annotation|442|269|{{when pagename is|3-Methylglutaconyl-CoA=β-Methylglutaconyl-CoA<br />({{highlight|'''MG-CoA'''}})|other=[[3-Methylglutaconyl-CoA|β-Methylglutaconyl-CoA]]<br />(MG-CoA)}}|font-size=13}} {{Annotation|395|148|[[carbon dioxide|CO₂]]}} {{Annotation|221|246|[[carbon dioxide|CO₂]]}} {{Annotation|214|163|[[oxygen|O₂]]}} {{Annotation|211|186|[[carbon dioxide|CO₂]]}} {{Annotation|426|239|[[Properties of water|H₂O]]}} {{Annotation|458|246|[[carbon dioxide|CO₂]]}} {{Annotation|422|297|[[Properties of water|H₂O]]}} {{Annotation|242|316|([[liver]])<br />[[HMG-CoA lyase|HMG-CoA<br />lyase]]}} {{Annotation|314|208|{{when pagename is|Enoyl-CoA hydratase={{highlight|'''Enoyl-CoA hydratase'''}}|other=[[Enoyl-CoA hydratase]]}}}} {{Annotation|511|163|{{when pagename is|Isovaleryl-CoA dehydrogenase={{highlight|'''Isovaleryl-CoA<br />dehydrogenase'''}}|other=[[Isovaleryl-CoA dehydrogenase|Isovaleryl-CoA<br />dehydrogenase]]}}|text-align=left|font-size=12}} {{Annotation|511|238|{{when pagename is|Methylcrotonyl-CoA carboxylase={{highlight|'''MC-CoA<br />carboxylase'''}}|other=[[Methylcrotonyl-CoA carboxylase|MC-CoA<br />carboxylase]]}}|text-align=left|font-size=12}} {{Annotation|376|254|{{when pagename is|Methylglutaconyl-CoA hydratase={{highlight|'''MG-CoA<br />hydratase'''}}|other=[[Methylglutaconyl-CoA hydratase|MG-CoA<br />hydratase]]}}|text-align=center|font-size=12}} {{Annotation|59|316|[[HMG-CoA reductase|HMG-CoA<br />reductase]]}} {{Annotation|410|331|[[HMG-CoA synthase|HMG-CoA&nbsp;<br />synthase]]|text-align=right|font-size=12}} {{Annotation|205|387|[[3-Hydroxybutyrate dehydrogenase|β-Hydroxybutyrate<br />dehydrogenase]]|font-size=12|text-align=left}} {{Annotation|80|385|[[:File:Mevalonate pathway.svg|Mevalonate<br />pathway]]|font-size=12|text-align=left}} {{Annotation|389|385|[[Thiolase]]|font-size=12}} {{Annotation|274|236|Unknown<br />enzyme|font-size=12|text-align=left}} {{Annotation|152|420|[[beta-Hydroxybutyric acid|β-Hydroxybutyrate]]|background-color={{when pagename is|Beta-Hydroxybutyric acid=hsla(60,100%,50%,.35)|other=}}|font-size=13}} {{Annotation|432|395|[[Acetoacetyl-CoA]]|font-size=13}} {{Annotation|328|395|[[Acetyl-CoA]]|font-size=13}} {{Annotation|164|365|[[Acetoacetate]]|font-size=13}} {{Annotation|44|365|[[Mevalonate]]|font-size=13}} {{Annotation|43|420|[[Cholesterol]]|font-size=13}} <!--The following annotation is added to the diagram only when the "note" parameter is used to specify its inclusion; it adds an annotated note about the unknown thioesterase enzyme that catalyzes the HMB↔HMB-CoA reaction; this note appears in a reference tooltip.--> {{#ifeq:{{Yesno-no|{{{note|<noinclude>yes</noinclude>}}}}}|yes|{{Annotation|206|209|{{#tag:ref|This reaction is catalyzed by an unknown [[thioesterase]] enzyme.{{#ifeq:{{Yesno-no|{{{note refs named|}}}}}|yes|<ref name="HMB-CoA ⇔ HMB" /><ref name="pmid21918059" />|<ref name="HMB-CoA ⇔ HMB">{{cite web|title=KEGG Reaction: R10759|url=http://www.genome.jp/dbget-bin/www_bget?rn:R10759|website=Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes|publisher=Kanehisa Laboratories|access-date=24 June 2016}}</ref><ref name="pmid21918059">{{cite journal | vauthors = Mock DM, Stratton SL, Horvath TD, Bogusiewicz A, Matthews NI, Henrich CL, Dawson AM, Spencer HJ, Owen SN, Boysen G, Moran JH | title = Urinary excretion of 3-hydroxyisovaleric acid and 3-hydroxyisovaleryl carnitine increases in response to a leucine challenge in marginally biotin-deficient humans | journal = The Journal of Nutrition | volume = 141 | issue = 11 | pages = 1925–1930 | date = November 2011 | pmid = 21918059 | pmc = 3192457 | doi = 10.3945/jn.111.146126 | department = primary source | quote = Metabolic impairment diverts methylcrotonyl CoA to 3-hydroxyisovaleryl CoA in a reaction catalyzed by enoyl-CoA hydratase (22, 23). 3-Hydroxyisovaleryl CoA accumulation can inhibit cellular respiration either directly or via effects on the ratios of acyl CoA:free CoA if further metabolism and detoxification of 3-hydroxyisovaleryl CoA does not occur (22). The transfer to carnitine by 4 carnitine acyl-CoA transferases distributed in subcellular compartments likely serves as an important reservoir for acyl moieties (39–41). 3-Hydroxyisovaleryl CoA is likely detoxified by carnitine acetyltransferase producing 3HIA-carnitine, which is transported across the inner mitochondrial membrane (and hence effectively out of the mitochondria) via carnitine-acylcarnitine translocase (39). 3HIA-carnitine is thought to be either directly deacylated by a hydrolase to 3HIA or to undergo a second CoA exchange to again form 3-hydroxyisovaleryl CoA followed by release of 3HIA and free CoA by a thioesterase.}}</ref>}}| group="note"}}}}}}<!--End of reference tooltip-based annotation--> }} </div> <!-- END OF ANNOTATED IMAGE TEMPLATE--><noinclude> {{Documentation | content = To [[Wikipedia:Transclusion|transclude]] this template as is, use:<br /> {{tlx|Leucine metabolism in humans&nbsp;|&nbsp;note{{=}}yes}}<br /> {{High priority|Important:}} If the note parameter is set to yes ({{para|note|yes}}), the article receiving the transclusion from this template ''must'' have a reference group for "note" included in a "Notes" or "References" section at the end of the article (code: <code><nowiki>{{Reflist|group=note}}</nowiki></code>). ==Other optional parameters== To transclude this template with a different header, alignment, and/or caption, use:<br /> {{tlx|Leucine metabolism in humans&nbsp;|&nbsp;header{{=}}''(desired header)''&nbsp;|&nbsp;header background{{=}}''([[web colors|color hex code]])''&nbsp;|&nbsp;align{{=}}''(left/right/center)''&nbsp;|&nbsp;caption{{=}}''(desired caption)''}} The image's [[Wikipedia:Alternative text for images|alternative text]] (i.e. {{para|alt}} parameter) is "Diagram of leucine, HMB, and isovaleryl-CoA metabolism in humans". {{Template reference list}} ;Notes {{Reflist|group=note}} {{Sandbox other|| [[Category:Biochemistry image insertion templates]] [[Category:Pharmacokinetics templates]] }}}}<!--(end Documentation)--> </noinclude> j3p6mi8s4i46vo4lza7vg60ootu8mjl 0 48623 119546 2026-08-16T13:57:28Z Viyowoyero-vya-Malaŵi 11606 Created page with "'''3-hydroxyisovaleryl-CoA''' ni chinthu icho chikupangika mu thupi la [[munthu]] ndipo chikupangika na [[L-leucine]].<ref>https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3568064</ref><ref>https://books.google.com/books?id=aTQTAAAAQBAJ&q=beta-hydroxy%20beta-methylbutyrate%20HMB&pg=PA387</ref> == Nthowa yakusinthira vyakurya == {{Leucine metabolism in humans|align=center|note=yes}} == Ukaboni == <references /> [[Category:Kusintha kwa vyakurya]]" 119546 wikitext text/x-wiki '''3-hydroxyisovaleryl-CoA''' ni chinthu icho chikupangika mu thupi la [[munthu]] ndipo chikupangika na [[L-leucine]].<ref>https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3568064</ref><ref>https://books.google.com/books?id=aTQTAAAAQBAJ&q=beta-hydroxy%20beta-methylbutyrate%20HMB&pg=PA387</ref> == Nthowa yakusinthira vyakurya == {{Leucine metabolism in humans|align=center|note=yes}} == Ukaboni == <references /> [[Category:Kusintha kwa vyakurya]] fima98al4tpilmnmtfx3php9le9zf1h 119547 119546 2026-08-16T13:59:45Z Viyowoyero-vya-Malaŵi 11606 /* Ukaboni */ 119547 wikitext text/x-wiki '''3-hydroxyisovaleryl-CoA''' ni chinthu icho chikupangika mu thupi la [[munthu]] ndipo chikupangika na [[L-leucine]].<ref>https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3568064</ref><ref>https://books.google.com/books?id=aTQTAAAAQBAJ&q=beta-hydroxy%20beta-methylbutyrate%20HMB&pg=PA387</ref> == Nthowa yakusinthira vyakurya == {{Leucine metabolism in humans|align=center|note=yes}} ==Manotisi== {{Reflist|group=note}} == Ukaboni == <references /> [[Category:Kusintha kwa vyakurya]] 868hfmdzclh1rfoawhemfkhx63b876p 119548 119547 2026-08-16T14:03:03Z Viyowoyero-vya-Malaŵi 11606 119548 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''3-hydroxyisovaleryl-CoA''' ni chinthu icho chikupangika mu thupi la [[munthu]] ndipo chikupangika na [[L-leucine]].<ref>https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3568064</ref><ref>https://books.google.com/books?id=aTQTAAAAQBAJ&q=beta-hydroxy%20beta-methylbutyrate%20HMB&pg=PA387</ref> == Nthowa yakusinthira vyakurya == {{Leucine metabolism in humans|align=center|note=yes}} ==Manotisi== {{Reflist|group=note}} == Ukaboni == <references /> [[Category:Kusintha kwa vyakurya]] p3nxyx87sh0ss9dhrm3jmyc37y65r8f 119549 119548 2026-08-16T14:03:17Z Viyowoyero-vya-Malaŵi 11606 Undid revision [[Special:Diff/119548|119548]] by [[Special:Contributions/Viyowoyero-vya-Malaŵi|Viyowoyero-vya-Malaŵi]] ([[User talk:Viyowoyero-vya-Malaŵi|talk]]) 119549 wikitext text/x-wiki '''3-hydroxyisovaleryl-CoA''' ni chinthu icho chikupangika mu thupi la [[munthu]] ndipo chikupangika na [[L-leucine]].<ref>https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3568064</ref><ref>https://books.google.com/books?id=aTQTAAAAQBAJ&q=beta-hydroxy%20beta-methylbutyrate%20HMB&pg=PA387</ref> == Nthowa yakusinthira vyakurya == {{Leucine metabolism in humans|align=center|note=yes}} ==Manotisi== {{Reflist|group=note}} == Ukaboni == <references /> [[Category:Kusintha kwa vyakurya]] 868hfmdzclh1rfoawhemfkhx63b876p 0 48624 119550 2026-08-17T01:25:31Z Viyowoyero-vya-Malaŵi 11606 Created page with "{{Databox}} '''{{PAGENAME}}''' ni muzi mu [[Grande Comore]] mu charu cha [[Comoros]]. Muli ŵanthu 5,558 (1991).<ref>http://world-gazetteer.com/wg.php?x=&men=gcis&lng=en&des=wg&srt=npan&col=abcdefghinoq&msz=1500&geo=-116</ref> ==Ukaboni== {{reflist}} [[Category:Comoros]]" 119550 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''{{PAGENAME}}''' ni muzi mu [[Grande Comore]] mu charu cha [[Comoros]]. Muli ŵanthu 5,558 (1991).<ref>http://world-gazetteer.com/wg.php?x=&men=gcis&lng=en&des=wg&srt=npan&col=abcdefghinoq&msz=1500&geo=-116</ref> ==Ukaboni== {{reflist}} [[Category:Comoros]] lyh1695b06n5txuqxknes1yft78k0a0 0 48625 119551 2026-08-17T01:27:00Z Viyowoyero-vya-Malaŵi 11606 Created page with "{{Databox}} '''{{PAGENAME}}''' ni muzi mu [[Grande Comore]] mu charu cha [[Comoros]]. Muli ŵanthu 2,620 (1991).<ref>http://world-gazetteer.com/wg.php?x=&men=gcis&lng=en&des=wg&srt=npan&col=abcdefghinoq&msz=1500&geo=-116</ref> ==Ukaboni== {{reflist}} [[Category:Comoros]]" 119551 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''{{PAGENAME}}''' ni muzi mu [[Grande Comore]] mu charu cha [[Comoros]]. Muli ŵanthu 2,620 (1991).<ref>http://world-gazetteer.com/wg.php?x=&men=gcis&lng=en&des=wg&srt=npan&col=abcdefghinoq&msz=1500&geo=-116</ref> ==Ukaboni== {{reflist}} [[Category:Comoros]] e2wvdbg5tucnzxdzc244at3ci35i0mk