Wikipedia tumwiki https://tum.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jani_likulu MediaWiki 1.47.0-wmf.15 first-letter Media Special Talk User User talk Wikipedia Wikipedia talk File File talk MediaWiki MediaWiki talk Template Template talk Help Help talk Category Category talk TimedText TimedText talk Module Module talk Event Event talk 0 4510 119590 115114 2026-08-19T02:54:43Z Viyowoyero-vya-Malaŵi 11606 /* growthexperiments-addlink-summary-summary:3|0|0 */ 119590 wikitext text/x-wiki   [[File:1997_Events_Collage.png|right|thumb|300x300px|Kufuma ku mazere, mwakuyana na wotchi: filimu ya ''Titanic'', iyo yikasanga ndalama zinandi chomene pa nyengo iyo; ''Buku la Harry Potter na Libwe la Mufilosofe'' likusindikizgika; Comet Hale-Bopp yikujumpha pa [[Charu cha pasi (Tera)|caru capasi]] ndipo yikuŵa yimoza mwa nyenyezi izo zikuwoneka comene mu vilimika vya m’ma 1900 ; Golide Bauhinia Square, apo mazaza gha Hong Kong ghakupelekeka kufuma ku [[Ufumu Ubanyi|United Kingdom]] ku [[China]] ; chigumula cha ku Europe chapakati chikakoma ŵanthu 114 ku [[Czechia|Czech Republic]], [[Poland]], na [[Germany]] ; Ndege ya Korea ya 801 yikawira apo vula yikuru yikaŵa ku Guam, ndipo ŵanthu 229 ŵakafwa; ''Mars Munthu Wakupenja Nthowa'' na ''Mulendo'' ŵakufika pa [[Aresi (Mazi)|Mars]] ; maluŵa agho ghakakhala kuwaro kwa Nyumba ya Ufumu ya Kensington pamanyuma pa nyifwa ya Diana, Kalonga wa Wales, mu ngozi ya galimoto ku [[Paris]] .]] {{Year article header|1997}} == Vyakuchitika == === Januwale === * Januwale 1 – Nthowa yakuchenjezgera ŵanthu para kwachitika ngozi yikwamba ku [[United States of America|United States]] . * January 11 – [[Turkey]] wakuwofya [[Cyprus]] chifukwa cha mgwirizano wakugula vigeŵenga vya Russia vya S-300, ndipo ivi vikapangiska kuti paŵe suzgo la vigeŵenga vya ku Cyprus . <ref>{{Cite web |date=2011-10-23 |title=Turkey hints at strike on Cypriot missiles |url=https://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/turkey-hints-strike-cypriot-missiles-1282572.html |url-access=subscription |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20220501/https://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/turkey-hints-strike-cypriot-missiles-1282572.html |archive-date=May 1, 2022 |access-date=2021-03-08 |website=The Independent |language=en}}</ref> * Januwale 16 – Kukomeka kwa Ennis Cosby : Pafupi na msewu wa 405 ku [[Los Angeles]], mwana wa Bill Cosby Ennis wakuponyeka mu mutu mu kuyezgayezga kwakutondeka kwa kwiba. * Januwale 17 - Rocket ya Delta II iyo yikanyamura katundu wa GPS wa ŵasilikari yikaphulika, nyengo yichoko waka kufuma ku Cape Canaveral . * January 18 – Kumpoto chakumanjiliro gha dazi [[Rwanda|kwa Rwanda]], ŵasilikari ŵa Hutu ŵakakoma ŵanchito 6 ŵa ku [[Spain]] awo ŵakawovwiranga ŵanthu na ŵasilikari ŵatatu, ndipo ŵakapweteka chomene munyake. * January 19 – Yasser Arafat wakawelera ku Hebron pamanyuma pa vyaka vyakujumpha 30, ndipo wakakolerana na vikondwelero vya kupeleka kwa msumba waumaliro wa West Bank uwo ukulaŵilirika na Israel. <ref>{{Cite web |date=January 19, 1997 |title=Arafat arrives in Hebron for 'victory' celebration |url=http://edition.cnn.com/WORLD/9701/19/hebron.arafat/index.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211229161043/http://edition.cnn.com/WORLD/9701/19/hebron.arafat/index.html |archive-date=December 29, 2021 |access-date=December 29, 2021 |website=CNN World News}}</ref> (→ Phangano la Heburoni ) * Januwale 23 - Madeleine Albright wakazgoka mulembi wakwamba wa boma la United States, pamanyuma pa kukhozgeka na wupu wa ŵalara ŵa boma la United States . <ref>{{Cite web |title=Biography: Madeleine Korbel Albright |url=http://secretary.state.gov/www/albright/albright.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160204185811/http://secretary.state.gov/www/albright/albright.html |archive-date=February 4, 2016 |access-date=July 9, 2010 |publisher=Office of the US Secretary of State}}</ref> * Januwale 26 - VJTI yikusintha zina lake kufuma ku sukulu ya Jubilee ya Victoria ku sukulu ya Veermata Jijabai ku Mumbai. === Febuluwale === * Febuluwale 4 ** Pa ulendo wawo wakuya ku [[Lebanon]], ndege ziŵiri za Israeli izo zikanyamuranga ŵasilikari zikatimbana, ndipo wose 73 awo ŵakaŵa mu ndege iyi ŵakafwa. ** Pamanyuma pakuti pakwamba ŵasuska ivyo vikasankhika, Pulezidenti [[Serbia|wa Serbia]] Slobodan Milošević wakazomerezga kuti ŵakususka ŵakathereska pa visankho vya Novembala 1996. ** Chindindindi cha nkhongono ya 6.5 chikachitika mu chigaŵa cha North Khorasan, ku Iran, ndipo ŵanthu 88 ŵakafwa ndipo ŵanyake 1,948 ŵakapwetekeka. * February 10 – Nkhani ya mchenga : Manyuzipepara gha ku Australia ghakulemba nkhani zakuti boma la Papua New Guinea latora ŵasilikari ŵa pa chirwa cha Bougainville . * February 13 - ''STS-82'' : Ntchito yakunozga na kunozga telesikopu ya Hubble yikwamba na ŵasayansi ŵakufuma ku Space Shuttle <nowiki><i id="mwjg">Discovery</i></nowiki> . * Febuluwale 28 ** North Hollywood shootout : Ŵankhungu ŵaŵiri, awo ŵakavwara vingwe vya kevlar, ndipo ŵakaŵa na mfuti za Type 56S izo ŵakasintha mwambura kuzomerezgeka na magazini ghakukwana na vinyake, ŵakapweteka ŵapolisi 20 na ŵanthu ŵambura nkhondo pa nkhondo ya mfuti. Ivyo vikachitika vikupangiska kuti ŵanthu ŵambe kugazgana pa nkhongono zakwenelera za moto izo ŵapolisi ŵakuwonelera malo ŵa ku United States ŵangaŵa nazo para vinthu vyanthena ivi vyachitika munthazi. <sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">&#x5B; ''<nowiki><span title="The material near this tag may contain information that is not relevant to the article's main topic. (April 2019)">kolelanako?</span></nowiki>'' &#x5D;</sup> ** 1997 Chikalata cha ŵasilikari ŵa Turkey : Chifukwa cha ungano uwo ukachitika na National Security Council, ŵasilikari ŵa Turkey ŵakapeleka chikalata chakuti ŵazomerezge fundo zinandi zakukhwaskana na charu. Pamanyuma pa Juni 18, boma la Turkey likaleka ntchito chifukwa chakuti ŵanthu ŵakaŵachichizga. === Malichi === * March 4 – Pulezidenti wa US [[Bill Clinton]] wakakanizga ndalama za boma ku kafukufuku waliyose wakukhwaskana na kupanga ŵanthu . <ref>{{Cite web |title=Memorandum on the Prohibition on Federal Funding for Cloning of Human Beings {{!}} The American Presidency Project |url=https://www.presidency.ucsb.edu/documents/memorandum-the-prohibition-federal-funding-for-cloning-human-beings |access-date=2025-09-11 |website=www.presidency.ucsb.edu}}</ref> * March 7 – Ku [[Sri Lanka]], Tamil Tigers yikapoka malo gha ŵasilikari na kukoma ŵasilikari ŵakujumpha 100 ŵa ku Sri Lanka. * Malichi 9 - Munthu wakumanyikwa chomene wa ku America wakukomeka ku [[Los Angeles]] . * Malichi 13 ** Ŵamishonale ŵa ku [[India]] ŵakusankha Mudumbu Nirmala, kuti waŵe mulongozgi wawo m’malo mwa Mama Teresa . ** Ŵanthu ŵa mu charu cha China ŵakapanga msumba uphya wa Chongqing, kufuma ku chigaŵa cha Sichuan . * Malichi 16 – Nkhani ya mchenga : Pa chirwa cha Bougainville ku Papua New Guinea, ŵasilikari ŵa mulara wa ŵasilikari Jerry Singirok ŵakakaka Tim Spicer na ŵasilikari ŵake ŵa mchenga . * March 18 – Mchira wa ndege ya Russia ya An-24 charter ukaphyoka apo yikaŵa pa ulendo wakuya ku Turkey, ndege iyi yikawira, ndipo wose 50 awo ŵakaŵa mu ndege iyi ŵakakomeka, ndipo ivi vikapangiska kuti ndege zose za An-24 zikhale pasi. * Malichi 21 – Ku Zaire, Étienne Tshisekedi wakasankhika kuŵa nduna yikuru; wakufumiska awo ŵakukhozgera Mobutu Sese Seko mu kabineti yake. * Malichi 22 - Comet Hale-Bopp yikupanga pafupi chomene na charu chapasi. * Malichi 24 – Mphoto za 69 za sukulu, izo zikuchitika na Billy Crystal, zikuchitika ku Shrine Auditorium ku [[Los Angeles]], ndipo ''Mulwari wa Chingelezi'' wakapokera chithunzithunzi chiwemi chomene . Pa nyengo ya ungano uwu, ŵakumba kupanga DVD ku United States. * March 24 – 26 – Mu San Diego, 39 Ŵakusopa ŵa Chipata cha Kuchanya ŵakujikoma ŵanandi pa malo ghawo. * Malichi 26 - Julius Chan wakaleka nchito yake ya kuŵa nduna yikuru ya Papua New Guinea, ndipo wakamalizga nkhani ya Sandline . <ref>{{Cite web |date=March 26, 1997 |title=Papua New Guinea Head Steps Down After Mutiny |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1997/03/26/world/papua-new-guinea-head-steps-down-after-mutiny.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160308051336/http://www.nytimes.com/1997/03/26/world/papua-new-guinea-head-steps-down-after-mutiny.html |archive-date=March 8, 2016 |access-date=December 29, 2021 |website=New York Times |agency=Associated Press}}</ref> * Malichi 31 – Mndandanda wa TV wa ŵana ''wa Teletubbies'' ukuwonekera pa BBC. === Epulo === * April 3 – Kukomeka kwa Thalit ku [[Algeria]] : wose kupatulapo 1 pa ŵanthu 53 awo ŵakukhala ku Thalit ŵakukomeka na ŵasilikari ŵa nkhondo. <ref>{{Cite web |date=6 April 1997 |title=More than 80 Algerians killed in weekend massacres |url=http://www.cnn.com/WORLD/9704/06/algeria.massacre/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240612075645/http://www.cnn.com/WORLD/9704/06/algeria.massacre/ |archive-date=12 June 2024 |access-date=5 September 2024 |website=[[CNN]]}}</ref> * Epulero 14 ** Moto ukubuka mu msasa wa ŵalendo pa Chidika cha Mena, {{Convert|11|km|mi}} kufuma ku Mecca ; 343 ŵakufwa. ** Kapitawo wakale wa ŵasilikari ŵa SS , Erich Priebke, wakuyeruzgikaso; pa Julayi 22 wakuzengeka mu jele vyaka khumi na vinkhondi. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Lara Santoro |date=April 17, 1997 |title=Ex-Nazi's Trial Opens Up Italy's Fascist Past |url=https://www.csmonitor.com/1997/0417/041797.intl.intl.2.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211229161044/https://www.csmonitor.com/1997/0417/041797.intl.intl.2.html |archive-date=December 29, 2021 |access-date=December 29, 2021 |website=Christian Science Monitor}}</ref> * Epulero 18 – Mlonga Wakufipa wa Kumpoto ukuswa madamu na kusefukira ku Grand Forks, North Dakota, na East Grand Forks, Minnesota, ndipo ukupangiska kuti paŵe ndalama zakukwana madola 200 gha ku America.&nbsp;biliyoni zinandi. * April 21 – Rocket ya Pegasus yikunyamura viwangwa vya ŵanthu 24 kuzungulira charu chapasi, mu kuŵika kwakwamba kwa mlengalenga na kampani ya Celestis . * Epulero 22 ** Kukomeka kwa ŵanthu ŵa mu mizi 93 ku [[Algeria]] . ** Suzgo la mazuŵa 126 la ŵanthu awo ŵakakoleka ku nyumba ya kazembe wa Japan ku Lima, [[Peru]] . * April 23 – Ŵanthu ŵa mu mizi 42 ŵakakomeka pa nkhondo ya ku Omaria ku Algeria. * Epulero 29 ** Bungwe Lakukanizga Vida vya Kemiko (OPCW), phangano la CWC likuyamba nchito. ** Sitima ziŵiri zikawira ku Hunan, ku China; Ŵanthu 126 ŵakukomeka. === Nga === * May 1 – Tony Blair wakazgoka Nduna Yikuru ya United Kingdom, apo chipani cha Labour chikawina chisankho cha United Kingdom cha 1997 ndipo chikawelera ku boma kwa nyengo yakwamba mu vyaka 18. <ref>{{Cite web |title=The Election. The Statistics. How the UK voted on May 1st. |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/special/politics97/news/05/0505/stats.shtml |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150324034533/http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/special/politics97/news/05/0505/stats.shtml |archive-date=March 24, 2015 |access-date=8 July 2020 |website=BBC Politics 97 |publisher=BBC News}}</ref> * May 9 – Mwana wakwamba wa ŵapapi ŵatatu uyo wakasinthika na majini wake wakababika. <ref>{{Cite web |title=DocGuide |url=http://www.docguide.com/healthy-baby-born-after-worlds-first-successful-cytoplasmic-transfer |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171012010231/http://www.docguide.com/healthy-baby-born-after-worlds-first-successful-cytoplasmic-transfer |archive-date=October 12, 2017 |access-date=2015-11-25 |publisher=DocGuide}}</ref> * Meyi 10 - The 7.3 M Chindindindi cha Qayen chikuchitika kumafumiro gha dazi kwa [[Iran]] na nkhongono ya Mercalli ya X ( ''Extreme'' ). Ŵanthu pafupifupi 1,567 ŵakakomeka ndipo ŵanyake 2,300 ŵakapwetekeka. * May 11 – IBM 's Deep Blue wakuthereska Garry Kasparov mu maseŵero ghakumasinda gha maseŵero ghakuweleraso, nyengo yakwamba iyo kompyuta yikuthereska msilikari wa pa charu chose wa chess mu maseŵero. * Meyi 12 ** Phangano la mtende pakati pa Russia na Chechnya likusayinirika. ** Mphepo yankhongono ya F1 yikatimba msumba wa [[Miami]], ndipo yikananga ndalama zakukwana madola 525,000. Vithuzithuzi na mavidiyo gha chimphepo ichi vikaŵa mitu ya nkhani pa charu chose. * May 15 – Boma la United States likuzomerezga kuti kukaŵa "Nkhondo Yachisisi" ku Laos ( 1953 – 1975 ) pa nyengo ya Nkhondo ya Vietnam, ndipo likupatulira Chikumbusko cha Laos mwakuchindika Hmong na ŵanyake awo ŵakaŵa ŵasilikari ŵa "Nkhondo Yachisisi". <ref>{{Cite web |date=13 May 2013 |title=Laos, Hmong Veterans of Vietnam War Honored At National Ceremonies |url=http://www.businesswire.com/news/home/20130512005048/en/Laos-Hmong-Veterans-Vietnam-War-Honored-National |access-date=13 May 2024 |website=Businesswire}}</ref> * Meyi 16 ** Nkhondo yakwamba ya Congo yikamara apo pulezidenti Mobutu Sese Seko wakafumiskika kufuma ku Zaire . ** Pulezidenti wa United States [[Bill Clinton]] wakuphepiska mwakuzomerezgeka ku ŵanthu awo ŵakapona pa kafukufuku wa Tuskegee wakukhwaskana na nthenda ya chikhoso iyo yikachizgika yayi ku Negro Male na mbumba zawo. * Meyi 17 - Ŵasilikari ŵa Laurent Kabila ŵakaluta ku Kinshasa . * Meyi 21 - Radiohead wakufumiska OK Kompyuta * Meyi 23 ** Mohammad Khatami wakawina chisankho cha pulezidenti wa Iran mu 1997 ndipo wakazgoka pulezidenti wakwamba [[Iran|wa ku Iran]] uyo wakakhumbanga kusintha vinthu . ** Chiwawa chikayamba ku Banjarmasin, [[Indonesia|ku Indonesia]], ndipo ŵanthu pafupifupi 137 ŵakafwa. <ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20120406042644/http://articles.cnn.com/1997-05-25/world/9705_25_indo.elex_1_mitra-plaza-rioting-police-and-troops?_s=PM:WORLD 130 looters die in fire during Indonesian riot – CNN] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120406042644/http://articles.cnn.com/1997-05-25/world/9705_25_indo.elex_1_mitra-plaza-rioting-police-and-troops?_s=PM:WORLD|date=2012-04-06}}. Articles.cnn.com (1997-05-25). Retrieved on 2011-06-12.</ref> * May 25 - Kuwukira kwa ŵasilikari ku [[Sierra Leone]] kukasintha Pulezidenti Ahmad Tejan Kabbah na Major Johnny Paul Koroma . * May 27 – Mphepo yankhongono yachinayi iyo yikakoma ŵanthu ŵanandi mu vilimika vya m’ma 1990 yikatimba Jarrell, [[Texas]], yikakoma ŵanthu 27 na kunanga vinthu vinandi chomene mu vigaŵa vya Double Creek Estates. * May 31 – Mulatho wa Confederation wa makilomita 13, mulatho utali chomene pa charu chose uwo ukujumpha mu maji ghakuzura na aisi, ukujulika pakati pa chirwa cha Prince Edward na New Brunswick, Canada. === Juni === * Juni 1 ** Socialist Party -kulongozgeka na mgwirizano wa pakati-kumanzere ukawina mzere wachiŵiri mu 1997 chisankho cha malango cha France, chikayamba na chitatu Kukhala pamoza (1997–2002). ** [[Hugo Banzer]] wakawina pa chisankho cha pulezidenti ku [[Bolivia]] . * Juni 2 - Ku Denver, [[Colorado]], Timothy McVeigh wakasangika na mulandu pa milandu 15 ya kukoma munthu na kupanga chiŵembu chifukwa chakuti wakachitako mabomba mu msumba wa Oklahoma mu 1995. * Juni 10 – Mulongozgi wa Khmer Rouge Pol Pot wakulamula kuti ŵakome mulongozgi wake wakuvikilira, Son Sen, na 11 ŵa mu mbumba ya Sen, pambere Pol Pot wandachimbire msumba wake wakukhora wa kumpoto. * Juni 11 – Ku United Kingdom, Nyumba ya Mazaza yikavotera kuti mfuti zilekeskeke . * Juni 13 - Jury yikadumura kuti Timothy McVeigh wakomeke chifukwa cha chigaŵa chake pa bomba ilo likaponyeka mu msumba wa Oklahoma mu 1995. * Juni 16 – Ŵanthu pafupifupi 50 ŵakakomeka mu nkhondo ya Daïat Labguer (M’sila) ku Algeria. * Juni 21 – Wupu wa ŵanakazi ŵa maseŵero gha basketball ( WNBA ) ukuseŵera maseŵero ghake ghakwamba ku The Great Western Forum ku Los Angeles. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Voepel |first=Mechelle |date=2016-06-16 |title=Twenty seasons later, a look back at WNBA's first game |url=https://www.espn.com/wnba/story/_/id/16256278/twenty-years-later-look-back-wnba-first-game |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191007192630/https://www.espn.com/wnba/story/_/id/16256278/twenty-years-later-look-back-wnba-first-game |archive-date=October 7, 2019 |access-date=2019-10-07 |website=ESPN.com |language=en}}</ref> * Juni 25 ** Kuphulika kukuru kwa phiri la Soufrière Hills pa cirwa ca Montserrat kukapangiska kuti ŵanthu ŵafumemo mu malo agha ndipo paumaliro ŵakaleka msumba ukuru wa Plymouth . ** Ndege ya mlengalenga ya Progress M-34 iyo yikugwira ntchito yayi yikutimbana na siteshoni ya mlengalenga ya ku Russia yakuchemeka Mir. * Juni 26 - Bertie Ahern wakusankhika kuŵa Taoiseach wa 10 wa Republic of Ireland ndipo Mary Harney wakusankhika kuŵa wa 16, ndipo mwanakazi wakwamba, Tánaiste, pamanyuma pakuti vipani vyawo, Fianna Fáil na ŵa Democrats ŵakupambana, ŵawina chisankho cha 1997 . === July === * [[Julayi]] – Kusefukira kwa maji kwa pakati pa Europe mu 1997 kukachitika mu Poland, Germany, na Czech Republic. * Julayi 1 - United Kingdom yikupereka ulamuliro wa Hong Kong ku China. * Julayi 2 – Banki ya Thailand yikuyandama baht, kupangiska suzgo la ndalama ku Asia . * Julayi 4 - Kafukufuku wa mlengalenga wa NASA wa Pathfinder wakafika pa [[Aresi (Mazi)|Mars]] . * Julayi 5 ** Ku Cambodia, Hun Sen wa chipani cha ŵanthu ŵa ku Cambodia wakawuskapo boma la Norodom Ranariddh . ** Gulu la Chisilamu la ku Egypt likupharazga kuti likuleka nkhaza . * Julayi 8 - NATO yikuchema [[Czechia|Czech Republic]], [[Hungary]], na [[Poland]] kuti ŵanjire mu mgwirizano uwu mu 1999 . * July 10 – Ku London, ŵasayansi ŵakuyowoya ivyo ŵakasanga pa kusanda DNA kufuma ku viwangwa vya Neanderthal, ivyo vikukhozgera fundo yakuti ŵanthu ŵakasintha kufuma ku Africa, kuŵika " Eva wa ku Africa " pa vyaka 100,000 kufika pa 200,000 ivyo vyajumpha. * Julayi 11 - Moto wa pa hotelo ya Royal Jomtien Resort ku Pattaya, moto wa hotelo ya [[Thailand]], ukakoma ŵanthu 90. * July 13 – Viwangwa vya Che Guevara vikawelera ku [[Cuba]] kuti vikasungike, pamoza na ŵanyake awo wakaŵa nawo. Guevara na ŵanyake ŵakakomeka pa Okutobala 9 1967 ku [[Bolivia]] . * Julayi 15 - Munthu wakukoma ŵanthu Andrew Cunanan wakawombera Gianni Versace uyo wakapanga mafashoni kuwaro kwa nyumba ya Versace ku Miami Beach . * Julayi 17 - Kampani ya FW Woolworth yikujara pamanyuma pa vyaka 117 mu bizinesi. * July 25 – KR Narayanan wakalumbira kuŵa pulezidenti wa 10 wa India ndiposo membala wakwamba wa gulu la Dalit kuŵa na udindo uwu. * Julayi 27 – Pafupifupi 50 ŵakukomeka mu nyifwa ya Si Zerrouk ku Algeria. * Julayi 30 – Ŵanthu 18 ŵakukomeka chifukwa cha kusefukira kwa charu cha Thredbo ku malo ghakuchezgera gha Snowy Mountains ku Australia. === August === * Ogasiti 3 – Pakati pa 40 na 76 ŵanthu ŵa mu mizi ŵakukomeka mu kukomeka kwa Oued El-Had na Mezouara ku Algeria. * Ogasiti 3 – 11 – Vilumba viŵiri pa vilumba vitatu vya [[Comoros|Union of the Comoros]] – Anjouan na Mohéli – vikayezga kuwelera ku ulamuliro wa ŵakoloni wa France. Pulani iyi yikatondeka apo boma la France la Pulezidenti [[Jacques Chirac]] likakana kuŵawusaso, ndipo ivi vikapangiska kuti virwa viŵiri ivi viŵeso mu Comoros mu vyaka viŵiri ivyo vikalondezgapo. * Ogasiti 4 – Jeanne Calment, munthu wakukhozgeka kuti ni mulara chomene uyo wakakhalapo, wakafwa na vyaka 122 na mazuŵa 164. * August 6 – Ndege ya Korean Air Flight 801 yikawira kumanjiliro gha dazi kwa chiŵanja cha ndege cha Guam, ndipo ŵanthu 228 ŵakafwa. * Ogasiti 13 - Trey Parker na Matt Stone 's vithuzithuzi vyakusekeska vya pa TV, ''South Park'', vikamba kupharazgika na chigaŵa chakwamba, ''Cartman wakupokera kafukufuku wa m'makutu'', pa Comedy Central . * August 20 – Ŵanthu ŵakujumpha 60 ŵakakomeka, 15 ŵakakoleka pa nkhondo ya Souhane ku Algeria. * Ogasiti 26 ** 60-100 ŵakukomeka mu nyifwa ya Beni Ali ku Algeria. ** Komiti yakujiyimira payokha ya pa charu chose yakuwona vya kuwuskapo ntchito yikukhazikiska ku Northern Ireland, nga ni chigaŵa cha mtende . * Ogasiti 29 ** Ŵanthu ŵakujumpha 98 (ndipo panji ŵakukwana 400) ŵakukomeka pa nkhondo ya Rais ku Algeria. ** Netflix, Inc. yikakhazikiska nga ni DVD-na-makalata ghakuguliska. * Ogasiti 31 – Nyifwa ya Diana, Kalonga wa Wales : Diana, Kalonga wa Wales, wakutoleka ku chipatala pamanyuma pa ngozi ya galimoto nyengo yichoko waka pakati pa usiku, mu msewu wa Pont de l'Alma ku Paris. Ŵakumuphalira kuti wafwa pa 4:00 .&nbsp;ine. <ref>{{Cite web |year=1997 |title=Series of Real-Time Reports involving the tragic death of Diana, Princess of Wales |url=http://www.emergency.com/dianaded.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080507233601/http://www.emergency.com/dianaded.htm |archive-date=May 7, 2008 |access-date=December 9, 2018 |publisher=Emergency}}</ref> === Sepitembala === * Seputembala 1 – Dango la ku Dublin lakukhwaskana na umo ŵakuchitira na ŵanthu awo ŵakupempha wanangwa wa kuthaŵira ku charu chinyake kuyana na dango la European Union likwamba kugwira ntchito. * Seputembala 5 ** Ŵanthu ŵakujumpha 87 ŵakukomeka apo Beni Messous wakakomeka ku Algeria. ** Komiti ya Olimpiki ya pa Charu Chose yikasankha Athens, Greece, kuti yiŵe msumba uwo uzamuchitira maseŵero gha Olimpiki gha chilimwe cha 2004 . <ref>{{Cite web |last=Longman |first=Jere |date=September 6, 1997 |title=Athens Wins a Vote for Tradition, and the 2004 Olympics |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1997/09/06/sports/athens-wins-a-vote-for-tradition-and-the-2004-olympics.html?mcubz=0 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170918201607/http://www.nytimes.com/1997/09/06/sports/athens-wins-a-vote-for-tradition-and-the-2004-olympics.html?mcubz=0 |archive-date=September 18, 2017 |access-date=September 18, 2017 |website=The New York Times}}</ref> * Seputembala 6 – Maliro gha Diana, Mfumukazi ya Wales, ghakuchitika ku Westminster Abbey, London, UK, ghakuwonelera na ŵanthu ŵakujumpha mabiliyoni ghaŵiri pa charu chose. * Seputembala 11 - Scotland yikavotera kuti yiŵe na Nyumba Yamadango yakugaŵika, ndipo yikapanga Nyumba Yamadango ya Scotland pambere vyaka viŵiri vindafike * Seputembala 15 – Chisankho cha nyumba ya malango ya ku Norway chikuchitika ku [[Norway]] . * Seputembala 18 ** Ŵasilikari ŵa Al-Qaeda ŵakawukira ŵanthu ŵanandi ku [[Mostar]], [[Bosnia na Herzegovina|ku Bosnia na Herzegovina]] . ** Wales wakuvotera kuti ŵapeleke mazaza pa boma na kupanga wupu wa ŵalara ŵa boma la Wales . * Seputembala 20 – Ŵanthu 53 ŵakakomeka mu nkhondo ya Guelb El-Kebir ku Algeria. <ref>{{Cite web |date=22 September 1997 |title=53 die in Algerian massacre |url=http://www.dispatch.co.za:80/1997/09/22/page%207.htm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20050227101937/http://www.dispatch.co.za/1997/09/22/page%207.htm |archive-date=27 February 2005 |access-date=11 May 2017 |publisher=Daily Dispatch}}</ref> * Seputembala 21 ** Nkhondo ya Chiponosko cha Chisilamu, iyo ni gulu la ŵasilikari la chiponosko cha Chisilamu, yikupharazga kuti nkhondo yileke kuchitika ku Algeria. ** Tchalitchi la St. Olaf, tchalitchi la malibwe ilo likapangika mu vilimika vya m’ma 1600 ku Tyrvää, [[Finland|ku Finland]], likawotcheka. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Church of St Olaf |url=http://www.sastamalanseurakunta.fi/pyhaolavi/english.shtml |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110720193052/http://www.sastamalanseurakunta.fi/pyhaolavi/english.shtml |archive-date=July 20, 2011}}</ref> * Seputembala 26 ** Ndege ya Garuda Indonesia 152 yikawira apo yikaŵa pafupi kufika ku Medan, ku North Sumatra, apo kukaŵa chiwuvi mu 1997 ku chigaŵa cha kumwera chakumafumiro gha dazi kwa Asia, ndipo ŵanthu wose 234 awo ŵakaŵa mu ndege iyi ŵakafwa. Iyi yikuŵa ngozi ya ndege iyo yikakoma ŵanthu ŵanandi chomene mu mdauko wa Indonesia. ** Chindindindi chikachitika mu vigaŵa vya ku Italy vya Umbria na Marche, ndipo chigaŵa chinyake cha Basilica ya St. === Okutobala === * October 1 – Luke Woodham wakunjira mu sukulu ya sekondare ya Pearl ku Pearl, Mississippi na kujura moto, kukoma ŵasungwana ŵaŵiri, pamanyuma pa kukoma anyina mulenji uwu. * October 2 - Ŵasayansi ŵa ku Britain Moira Bruce na John Collinge, pamoza na ŵanyawo, ŵakalongora kuti mtundu uphya wa nthenda ya Creutzfeldt-Jakob ni nthenda yimoza na nthenda ya ng'ombe . * October 3 - Mulongozgi wa Paraguay, Juan Carlos Wasmosy, wakaphalira munthu uyo wakasuskanga Lino Oviedo kuti wakakike. * October 10 – Ngozi yikuru chomene ya ndege ku Uruguay yikachitika apo ndege ya Austral Líneas Aéreas 2553 yikawira pafupi na Nuevo Berlín, ndipo wose 74 awo ŵakaŵa mu ndege iyi ŵakafwa. * October 12 – Kukomeka kwa Sidi Daoud : 43 ŵakukomeka pa msewu wautesi ku Algeria. * Okutobala 15 ** Andy Green wakaŵika rekodi yakwamba ya liwiro la pa charu chapasi la gulu la ThrustSSC, ilo likalongozgekanga na Richard Noble wa ku UK. ThrustSSC yikujumpha mu nthowa ya mtunda wakuwuluka pa mapopa gha Black Rock, Nevada pa liwiro la pafupifupi la 1,227.985 .&nbsp;km/ora (763.035&nbsp;mph). ** NASA yikatumizga kafukufuku wa Cassini-Huygens ku Saturn. * October 16 – Chithunzithunzi chakwamba cha mitundu chikuwoneka pa tchati chakwamba cha nyuzipepara ya ''The New York Times'' . * October 17 – Viwangwa vya Che Guevara vikuŵikika na ntchindi zose za ŵasilikari mu nyumba yakuzengeka mwapadera mu msumba wa Santa Clara, [[Cuba]], uko wakathereska nkhondo yakukhozga ya [[Mbiri ya Cuba yakwambilila|Cuban Revolution]] vyaka 39 ivyo vyajumphapo. * October 22 – Munthu wa ku Denmark uyo wakachimbira Steen Christensen wakaba nyumba ya ufumu ya ku hotelo ku Helsinki, Finland, ndipo wakakoma ŵapolisi ŵaŵiri apo wakachimbiranga kukoleka. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Larros |first=Heini |last2=Suhonen |first2=Pete |date=November 27, 1998 |title=Steen Christensen: Pyövelin puheenvuoro |url=https://www.city.fi/ilmiot/steen+christensen+pyovelin+puheenvuoro/4812 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210924020801/https://www.city.fi/ilmiot/steen+christensen+pyovelin+puheenvuoro/4812 |archive-date=September 24, 2021 |access-date=September 24, 2021 |website=City-lehti |language=fi}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |last=Palmén |first=Tiia |date=June 19, 2016 |title=Poliisisurmat järkyttivät Suomea 1997 – kaksi poliisia ammuttiin kadulle |url=https://www.iltalehti.fi/uutiset/a/2016061821756836 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181022073640/https://www.iltalehti.fi/uutiset/2016061821756836_uu.shtml |archive-date=October 22, 2018 |access-date=September 24, 2021 |website=[[Iltalehti]] |language=fi}}</ref> * October 29 – Suzgo la ku Iraq la kuwuskapo viŵeto : Iraq yikuti yizamuyamba kuwombera ndege zakuwonelera za Lockheed U-2 izo zikugwiriskirika nchito na ŵalaŵiliri ŵa UNSCOM. === Novembala === * Novembala 2 – Mphepo yankhongono ya Linda yikananga kumwera kwa [[Vietnam]] na [[Thailand]], ndipo yikakoma ŵanthu 3,275. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Joint Typhoon Warning Center |year=2001 |title=1997 Annual Tropical Cyclone Report |url=http://www.usno.navy.mil/NOOC/nmfc-ph/RSS/jtwc/atcr/1997atcr/pdf/1997_complete.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110606210557/http://www.usno.navy.mil/NOOC/nmfc-ph/RSS/jtwc/atcr/1997atcr/pdf/1997_complete.pdf |archive-date=2011-06-06 |access-date=2010-03-22}}</ref> * Novembala 11 – Makampani ghakupharazgira gha WorldCom na MCI Communications ghakupharazga kuti ghapokera ndalama zakukwana madola 37 gha ku America .&nbsp;biliyoni kuphatikizgika kuti ŵapange MCI WorldCom, kuphatikizgika kukuru chomene mu mdauko wa US. * Novembala 12 – Mary McAleese wakasankhika kuŵa pulezidenti wachinkhondi na chitatu wa Ireland panyuma pa Mary Robinson, nyengo yakwamba pa charu chose kuti mwanakazi yumoza wasankhike kuŵa mulongozgi wa boma . * Novembala 13 - Ramzi Yousef wakasangika kuti wali na mulandu wa kupanga bomba ilo likaponyeka mu 1993 pa malo gha malonda gha pa charu chose . * Novembala 17 – Ku Luxor, [[Egypt]], ŵanthu 62 ŵakakomeka na ŵasilikari 6 ŵa Chisilamu kuwaro kwa Tempile la Hatshepsut . * Novembala 19 – Mu Des Moines, Iowa, Bobbi McCaughey wakubaba ŵana ŵankhondi na ŵaŵiri mu mulandu wachiŵiri uwo ukumanyikwa apo ŵana wose ŵankhondi na ŵaŵiri ŵakubabika ŵamoyo, ndipo wakwamba umo wose ŵakupona pa nyengo ya ŵana. * Novembala 27 – Ntchito ya NASA yakupima vula ya malo ghakuzizima yikayamba, kwamba kwa chigaŵa cha satellite cha Mitambo na Nthowa Yakuwala ya Charu chapasi . === Disembala === * Disembala 1 - Mu boma la India la Bihar, Ranvir Sena wakawukira chipani cha CPI (ML) Lakshmanpur-Bathe, ndipo wakakoma ŵanthu 63 ŵa mtundu wapasi . * Disembala 3 – Ku Ottawa, Ontario, Canada, ŵamisiri ŵakufuma mu vyaru 121 ŵakasainira phangano lakukanizga kupanga na kuŵika mabomba ghakuwukira ŵanthu . Kweni vyaru vya United States, China, Russia, South Korea na vyaru vinyake 32 vikuzomerezga yayi phangano ili. * Disembala 10 - Mzinda ukuru wa [[Kazakhstan]] ukasamuskika ku Almaty kuluta ku Astana . * Disembala 11 - Chipangano cha Kyoto chikuzomerezgeka na komiti ya United Nations . <ref>{{Cite web |title=7 .a Kyoto Protocol to the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change |url=https://treaties.un.org/pages/ViewDetails.aspx?src=TREATY&mtdsg_no=XXVII-7-a&chapter=27&lang=en |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181008095709/https://treaties.un.org/pages/ViewDetails.aspx?src=TREATY&mtdsg_no=XXVII-7-a&chapter=27&lang=en |archive-date=8 October 2018 |access-date=27 November 2014 |website=UN Treaty Database}}</ref> * Disembala 15 - Microsoft yikufumiska Windows 98 Beta 3 * December 16 – Ku [[Japan]], ŵana ŵakujumpha 700 ŵakusuzgika na nthenda ya chikhoso pamanyuma pakuti ŵawonelera chigaŵa chinyake cha anime ya Pokémon . * Disembala 19 ** Janet Jagan (wakufwa wa Cheddi Jagan ) wakupokera udindo ku [[Guyana]] . ** Ndege ya SilkAir Flight 185 yikawira mu mlonga wa Musi, pafupi na Palembang ku Indonesia, ndipo ŵanthu 104 ŵakafwa. * Disembala 21 - Brazil yikathereska Australia 6-0 mu chikho chakumaliya cha Confederations . * Disembala 24 – Ŵanthu ŵa mu mizi 50–100 ŵakukomeka mu nyifwa ya Sid El-Antri ku Algeria. * Disembala 27 – Mulongozgi wa ŵasilikari ŵakugomezgeka ŵa Ulster Billy Wright wakakomeka ku Northern Ireland, mukati mwa jele la Long Kesh . * Disembala 29 – Hong Kong wakamba kukoma nkhuku zose izo zili mu chigaŵa chake (1.25&nbsp;miliyoni) kuti ŵalekeske kuthandazgika kwa kachirombo ka Influenza A ako kangakoma ŵanthu, mtundu wa H5N1 . * Disembala 30 – Wilaya wa Relizane wakakomeka pa Disembala 30, 1997 : Mu chinthu chiheni chomene icho chikachitika mu chigaluka cha ku Algeria, ŵanthu 400 ŵakufuma mu misumba yinayi mu <nowiki><i id="mwA2w">wilaya</i></nowiki> ya Relizane ŵakakomeka. == Kubabika na nyifwa ==   == Mphoto za Nobel == [[File:Nobel_medal.png|right|120x120px]] * Makemiko - Paulo D. Boyer, Yohane E. Walker, Jens C. Skou * Nkhani zachuma - Banki ya Sweden - Robert C. Merton, Myron Wakusambira * Mabuku – Dario Fo * Mtende – Kampeni ya pa charu chose yakukanizga migodi na Jody Williams * Sayansi - Steven Chu, Claude Cohen-Tannoudji, William D. Phillips * Munkhwala - Stanley B. == Mabuku == {{Reflist}} o1zx57xwtqquqm3jx8nel9y500q9u71 3 6887 119579 119537 2026-08-18T13:17:14Z MediaWiki message delivery 2648 /* Growth/Newsletters/36 */ new section 119579 wikitext text/x-wiki {{User:MiszaBot/config |maxarchivesize = 10 |counter = 1 |algo = old(48h) |archive = User talk:Tumbuka Arch/Archive %(counter)d |minthreadstoarchive = 1 |minthreadsleft = 4 }} {{User new message large|textcolor=Black|color1=LightCyan|start1=0%|color2=Aqua|start2=20%|color3=DodgerBlue|start3=90%|bordersize=2px|bordercolor=DodgerBlue|radius=10px|textsize=200%|rotation=135deg|icon-left=|icon-right=[[File:Face-smile.svg|32px|link=|alt=]]|text=Dofyani pano kuti munitumile uthenga uliwose!}}{{User new message large|textcolor=White|color1=#008000|start1=0%|color2=#007500|start2=50%|color3=#007000|start3=75%|bordersize=1px|bordercolor=#007000|radius=10px|textsize=200%|rotation=135deg|icon-left=|icon-right=[[File:Face-smile.svg|32px|link=|alt=]]|text=Just click here to add a new message!|url=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/User_talk:Tumbuka_Arch?action=edit&section=new}} <!-- Do not use another URL in this documentation, especially not Special:MyTalk! Someone might copy it from here and think that it works on their talk page... while it only works for THEMSELVES. -->{{User new message large|textcolor=Black|color1=Wheat|start1=0%|color2=Wheat|start2=20%|color3=Wheat|start3=90%|bordersize=2px|bordercolor=Wheat|radius=10px|textsize=150%|rotation=135deg|icon-left=|icon-right=|text={{big|♕}}{{spaces|2}}<u>PLEASE CLICK HERE TO ADD A NEW MESSAGE</u>{{spaces|2}}{{big|♕}}}} {{Tumbuka Arch Talk 2}} {{Archives}} <!--- New sections go at the BOTTOM of the page ---> '''ALL TUMBUKA HISTORY BOOKS''' [https://drive.google.com/drive/folders/1XgLgzF3vyXF9NMdLiymx5weR5twXJ4pB?usp=sharing Here] == TumbukaArchBot == @[[User:Tumbuka Arch|Tumbuka Arch]] Hello, I saw you are encoding a bot called TumbukaArchBot. I am intrigued by this. I understand bots take a lot of work, but I wanted to make my own bot which expands the very short articles on this wiki by adding and translating information from Wikidata and other Wikipedias (for example the English and Swahili editions). I don't know where to start, so I hope you have some knowledge? Yewo chomene!! '''''[[User:Viyowoyero-vya-Malaŵi|Viyowoyero-vya-Malaŵi]]'''''[[User talk:Viyowoyero-vya-Malaŵi|'''<span style='color: #00008b;background-color: #FFFFFF;'>_★^★_★</span>''']] 12:45, 13 Ogasiti 2026 (UTC) :@[[User:Viyowoyero-vya-Malaŵi|Viyowoyero-vya-Malaŵi]], thanks for reminding me. The bot is already available and currently in test. I can post instructions via email if it is okay with you. Yewo chomene. [[user:Tumbuka Arch|<span style='color: #FFFFFF;background-color: #191970;'>'''''Tumbuka Arch'''''</span>]][[user talk:Tumbuka Arch|'''<span style='color: #B20000;background-color: #FFFFFF;'>^★_★^★</span>''']] 11:14, 16 Ogasiti 2026 (UTC) ::Yes please! Amazing to see its up and running. Yewo chomene. '''''[[User:Viyowoyero-vya-Malaŵi|Viyowoyero-vya-Malaŵi]]'''''[[User talk:Viyowoyero-vya-Malaŵi|'''<span style='color: #00008b;background-color: #FFFFFF;'>_★^★_★</span>''']] 11:58, 16 Ogasiti 2026 (UTC) == Growth/Newsletters/36 == <div class="plainlinks mw-content-ltr" lang="en" dir="ltr"> [[File:Growth team logo - Icon only.svg|right|180px|frameless|class=skin-invert]] ''Updates from the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Growth|Growth]] team on our work to improve the new editor experience.'' === Recent releases === ====Account creation experiments==== Several [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Contributors/Account Creation Experiments|experiments to increase successful account creation]] have delivered significant results. * An updated message shown to logged-out mobile users who try to edit produced a 27% relative increase in account creation and is being scaled to all wikis. ([[phab:T424595|T424595]]) * A new account menu button in the mobile web header, [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Contributors/Account Creation Experiments#Experiment Results: Mobile Web Account Menu|A/B tested across five Wikipedias with nearly 8 million participants]], made logged-out mobile users 25% more likely to create an account, with no significant difference in constructive editing behavior. ([[phab:T428220|T428220]]) *A simpler post-edit dialog for temporary account holders increased permanent account creation by 87% (relative), converting more temp editors into registered ones. ([[phab:T416418|T416418]])[[File:Create account - July 2026 updates.png|thumb|The redesigned account creation form increases registration by a relative 24.4%]] *We also redesigned the account creation form itself ([[phab:T409236|T409236]]): adding real-time username validation, a concise summary of the username policy, a "reveal password" option, and a simplified design aligned with [[wmdoc:codex/latest|Codex]] guidelines. In an A/B test on English Wikipedia mobile, users who saw the redesigned form created permanent accounts at a rate of 20.4%, compared to 16.4% for the control group (a 24.4% relative increase). ====Revise Tone structured task==== [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Growth/Revise Tone|Revise Tone]] helps newcomers identify passages that may contain non-encyclopedic language and guides them through revising the tone. In A/B testing on Arabic, English, French, and Portuguese Wikipedias, newcomer task completion rates were [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Growth/Revise Tone#Experiment Results|38.7% higher]] than the default Copyedit task, with no decrease in edit quality. The test ended July 9, and the feature is now available to everyone on these wikis, configurable via Community Configuration. [[phab:T426364|We plan]] to release Revise Tone to more wikis. ====Automated mentor list cleanup==== Communities can now [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Growth/Mentorship#Automated mentor list cleanup|automatically mark inactive mentors as ''away'' or remove them from mentorship entirely]] (which automatically reassigns their mentees). Inactivity is based on edits, and talk page responses count, so mentors answering mentee questions remain active. We recommend enabling both options together; administrators can enable them via [[Special:CommunityConfiguration]] and review the mentor list at [[Special:ManageMentors]]. ====Growth features for Wikidata==== Growth features are [[phab:T400937|now available at Wikidata]], including a simplified Newcomer Homepage, Mentorship, the Impact module, Community Updates and the Help Panel. === Work in progress === [[File:Home designs labeled.png|thumb|Early concepts for evolving the Newcomer Homepage into a personalized 'Home' that grows with contributors.]] ====Home==== The Growth and [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Moderator Tools|Moderator Tools]] teams are developing [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Home|Home]] ([[phabricator:T419358|T419358]]): a unified, personalized landing page intended to replace the Newcomer Homepage. Rather than remaining a newcomer-only feature, Home will evolve with users as they gain experience, surfacing Suggested Edits, edits to review, and moderation workflows at the right moment. === Research === The [https://research.wikimedia.org/ Wikimedia Research team], in partnership with the Growth Team, published findings from two projects on how new editors learn and integrate into the community: * [[m:Research:Understanding_newcomer_mentorship_on_Wikipedia|Understanding newcomer mentorship on Wikipedia]] * [[m:Research:Successful_Newcomers_Survey_2025#Results|Successful Newcomers Survey]] ''<small>'''[[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Growth/Newsletters|Growth team's newsletter]]''' prepared by [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Growth|the Growth team]] and posted by [[m:User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]] • [[mw:Talk:Growth|Give feedback]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Global message delivery/Targets/Growth team updates|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].</small>'' </div> 13:17, 18 Ogasiti 2026 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:Trizek (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Growth_team_updates&oldid=30870183 --> o3mgpznc6l5h2hvzofxsnq4e2lm3nnh 0 6974 119580 115102 2026-08-19T00:43:12Z Viyowoyero-vya-Malaŵi 11606 119580 wikitext text/x-wiki {{short description|African island country in the Indian Ocean}} {{about|the country|the archipelago|Comoro Islands}} {{pp-move|small=yes}} {{Use dmy dates|date=July 2020}} {{Infobox country | conventional_long_name = Union of the Comoros | common_name = Comoros | native_name = {{ubl|{{native name|zdj|Udzima wa Komori}}|{{native name|fr|Union des Comores}}|{{native name|ar|جمهورية القمر المتحدة}}|''{{transliteration|ar|DIN|Jamhuriyat al-Qumur al-Mutaḥida}}''}} | image_flag = Flag of the Comoros.svg | flag_type = [[Flag of the Comoros|Flag]] | image_coat = Seal of the Comoros.svg | symbol_type = [[National seal of the Comoros|Seal]] | image_map = File:Comoros (orthographic projection).svg | map_caption = Location of the Comoros (circled) | image_map2 = | national_motto = {{vunblist |{{native phrase|fr|"Unité – Solidarité – Développement"|italics=off}}|{{native phrase|ar|وحدة، تضامن، تنمية|italics=off}} |"Unity – Solidarity – Development"}} | national_anthem = ''[[Udzima wa ya Masiwa]]'' (Comorian)<br />({{Lang-en|"The Union of the Islands"}})<div style="padding-top:0.5em;">{{center|}}</div> | official_languages = {{hlist|[[Comorian language|Comorian]]|[[French language|French]]|[[Arabic]]}} | ethnic_groups = <!--The following is sourced (see ethnic_groups_year above), so please do not change it without also replacing that source:-->{{ublist|[[Demographics of the Comoros|Comorians]]{{Efn|Mixture of [[Bantu peoples|Bantu]], [[Malagasy people|Malagasy]], and [[Arabs|Arab]] people}} 97.1%|[[Makua people|Makua]] 1.6%|[[Demographics of the Comoros|Others]] 1.3%}} | demonym = Comorian | capital = [[Moroni, Comoros|Moroni]] | coordinates = {{Coord|11.69|S|43.26|E|type:city}} | largest_city = capital | ethnic_groups_ref = <ref name="Comoros - People {{!}} Britannica">{{Cite web |title=Comoros - People {{!}} Britannica |url=https://www.britannica.com/place/Comoros/People |access-date=2022-09-25 |website=www.britannica.com |language=en |archive-date=19 December 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201219213908/https://www.britannica.com/place/Comoros/People |url-status=live }}</ref> | ethnic_groups_year = 2000 | religion = 98% [[Islam in the Comoros|Sunni Islam]] (Official) <br/>2% [[Christianity in the Comoros|Christianity]] | government_type = [[Federal state|Federal]] [[Presidential system|presidential]] [[republic]] | leader_title1 = [[President of the Comoros|President]] | leader_name1 = [[Azali Assoumani]] | leader_title2 = [[Assembly of the Union of the Comoros#Presidents of the Assembly|President of the Assembly]] | leader_name2 = [[Moustadroine Abdou]] | legislature = {{nowrap|[[Assembly of the Union of the Comoros|Assembly of the Union]]}} | area_rank = 170th <!-- Should match [[List of countries and dependencies by area]] --> | area_km2 = 1,861 | area_sq_mi = 719 <!--Do not remove per [[WP:MOSNUM]]--> | percent_water = negligible | population_estimate = 850,886 | population_estimate_year = 2019 | population_estimate_rank = 160th <!-- Should match [[List of countries and dependencies by area]] --> | population_census = | population_census_year = | population_density_km2 = 457 | population_density_sq_mi = 1,184 | population_densitymi³ = <!--Do not remove per [[WP:MOSNUM]]--> | population_density_rank = 27th | GDP_PPP_year = 2019 | GDP_PPP = $2.446 billion<ref name=imf2>{{cite web |url=http://www.imf.org/external/pubs/ft/weo/2016/02/weodata/weorept.aspx?pr.x=87&pr.y=7&sy=2014&ey=2021&scsm=1&ssd=1&sort=country&ds=.&br=1&c=632&s=NGDPD%2CNGDPDPC%2CPPPGDP%2CPPPPC&grp=0&a= |title=Comoros |publisher=International Monetary Fund |access-date=17 April 2012 |archive-date=6 February 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200206163807/https://www.imf.org/external/pubs/ft/weo/2016/02/weodata/weorept.aspx?pr.x=87&pr.y=7&sy=2014&ey=2021&scsm=1&ssd=1&sort=country&ds=.&br=1&c=632&s=NGDPD%2CNGDPDPC%2CPPPGDP%2CPPPPC&grp=0&a= |url-status=live }}</ref> | GDP_PPP_per_capita = $2,799<ref name=imf2 /> | GDP_PPP_rank = 178th | GDP_PPP_per_capita_rank = 177th | GDP_nominal = $1.179 billion<ref name=imf2 /> | GDP_nominal_year = 2019 | GDP_nominal_per_capita = $1,349<ref name=imf2 /> | GDP_nominal_rank = 182nd | GDP_nominal_per_capita_rank = 165th | Gini_year = 2013 | Gini_change = decrease<!--increase/decrease/steady--> | Gini = 45.0 <!--number only--> | Gini_ref = <ref name="gini-index">{{cite web |title=GINI index |url=http://data.worldbank.org/indicator/SI.POV.GINI?order=wbapi_data_value_2007+wbapi_data_value+wbapi_data_value-last&sort=asc&page=1 |publisher=World Bank |access-date=26 July 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140430091714/http://data.worldbank.org/indicator/SI.POV.GINI?order=wbapi_data_value_2007+wbapi_data_value+wbapi_data_value-last&sort=asc&page=1 |archive-date=30 April 2014|url-status=live}}</ref> | Gini_rank = 141st | HDI_year = 2021<!-- Please use the year to which the data refers, not the publication year--> | HDI_change = decrease <!--increase/decrease/steady--> | HDI = 0.558 <!--number only--> | HDI_ref = <ref name="UNHDR">{{cite book |title=Human Development Report 2020 The Next Frontier: Human Development and the Anthropocene |date=15 December 2020 |publisher=United Nations Development Programme |isbn=978-92-1-126442-5 |pages=343–346 |url=http://hdr.undp.org/sites/default/files/hdr2020.pdf |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20221009/http://hdr.undp.org/sites/default/files/hdr2020.pdf |archive-date=2022-10-09 |url-status=live |access-date=16 December 2020}}</ref> | HDI_rank = 156th | sovereignty_type = [[History of the Comoros|Formation]] | established_event1 = Discovery by Portuguese explorers | established_date1 = 1503 | established_event2 = [[Grande Comore|Ngazidja]], [[Anjouan|Ndzwani]], [[Mohéli|Mwali]] under French rule | established_date2 = 1886 | established_event3 = Protectorate of the Comoros | established_date3 = 6 September 1887 | established_event4 = Dependency of the [[French Madagascar|Colony of Madagascar and Dependencies]] | established_date4 = 9 April 1908 | established_event5 = [[French overseas departments and territories|French Overseas Territory]] | established_date5 = 27 October 1946 | established_event6 = State of Comoros | established_date6 = 22 December 1961 | established_event7 = [[List of sovereign states by date of formation|Independence]] from [[France]] | established_date7 = 6 July 1975 | established_event8 = Federal Islamic Republic of Comoros | established_date8 = 1 October 1978<ref>{{cite web |url=https://mjp.univ-perp.fr/constit/km1978.htm |title=Comoros Constitution of October 1, 1978 |publisher=Digithèque MJP |date=2012 |access-date=24 October 2020 |archive-date=27 October 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201027171729/https://mjp.univ-perp.fr/constit/km1978.htm |url-status=live }} {{in lang|fr}}</ref> | established_event9 = Union of the Comoros | established_date9 = 23 December 2001 | established_event10 = [[Constitution of the Comoros|Current constitution]] | established_date10 = 17 May 2009 | currency = [[Comorian franc]] | currency_code = KMF | time_zone = [[East Africa Time|EAT]] | utc_offset = +3 | time_zone_DST = | utc_offset_DST = | drives_on = Right | calling_code = [[+269]] | cctld = [[.km]] | today = | religion_ref = <ref>{{cite book |first1=Martin |last1=Ottenheimer |first2=Harriet |last2=Ottenheimer |year=1994 |title=Historical Dictionary of the Comoro Islands |publisher=Scarecrow |page=73 |isbn=978-0-8108-2819-3}}</ref> }} '''Comoros''',{{NoteTag|{{IPAc-en|audio=En-us-Comoros.ogg|ˈ|k|ɒ|m|ər|oʊ|z}}; [[Comorian languages|Comorian]]: ''Komori'', {{IPA-all|ko.mo.ri|pron}}; {{lang-ar|جزر القمر}}, ''{{transliteration|ar|DIN|Juzur al-Qumur{{\}}Qamar}}''; {{lang-fr|Comores}}}} mwaboma, '''Mkolelanako wa Comoros''',{{NoteTag|[[Comorian languages|Comorian]]: ''Udzima wa Komori;'' {{lang-fr|Union des Comores}}; {{lang-ar|الاتحاد القمري}} ''{{transliteration|ar|DIN|al-Ittiḥād al-Qumurī{{\}}Qamarī}}''}} ni caru cakujiyimira paŵekha ico cili na virwa vitatu ku Southeastern Africa. Msumba wake ukuru ni Moroni. Chisopa icho ŵanthu ŵanandi ŵakulondezga, kweniso chisopa cha boma, ni Chisilamu cha Sunni. Charu cha Comoros chikapharazga kuti chafwatuka ku France pa Julayi 6, 1975. Charu ichi chili mu wupu wa vyaru vya maarabu, ndipo ndico nchigaŵa cimoza pera mu caru ca maarabu ico cili mu cigaŵa ca kumwera. Charu ichi chili mu wupu wa African Union, Organisation internationale de la Francophonie, Organisation of Islamic Cooperation, na Indian Ocean Commission. Charu ichi chili na viyowoyero vitatu: Shikomori, Chifurenchi na Chiarabic. Charu ichi chili na virwa vikuruvikuru vitatu na virwa vichoko vinandi. Virwa vyose vya Comoro ni vya mapiri. Mayotte wakakana kujipatura ku France mu 1974, ndipo wakulutilira kulamulirika na France. Boma la France likakanira ivyo wupu wa United Nations Security Council ukayowoya vyakuti Comoros ndiyo yili na mazaza pa cirwa ici.<ref name="GA31_first-resolution">The first UN General Assembly Resolution regarding the matter, "[https://web.archive.org/web/20080408191407/http://un.cti.depaul.edu/Countries/Comoros/1156213396.pdf Question of the Comorian island of Mayotte] (PDF)", United Nations General Assembly Resolution A/RES/31/4, (21 October 1976) states "the occupation by France of the Comorian island of Mayotte constitutes a flagrant encroachment on the national unity of the Comorian State, a Member of the United Nations," rejecting the French-administered referendums and condemning French presence in Mayotte.</ref><ref>As defined by the [[Organization of African Unity]], the [[Non-Aligned Movement|Movement of Non-Aligned Countries]], the [[Organisation of Islamic Cooperation]], and the [[United Nations General Assembly]]: the most recent UN General Assembly Resolution regarding the matter, "Question of the Comorian island of Mayotte," United Nations General Assembly Resolution A/RES/49/18, (6 December 1994) states "the results of the referendum of 22 December 1974 were to be considered on a global basis and not island by island,...Reaffirms the sovereignty of the Islamic Federal Republic of the Comoros over the island of Mayotte". [https://web.archive.org/web/20080106080523/http://un.cti.depaul.edu/public/Comoros/10/English/ Several resolutions expressing similar sentiments were passed between 1977 (31/4) and 1994 (49/18).]</ref><ref name="GlobalPolicy_SC-Vetoes">{{cite web |url=http://www.globalpolicy.org/security/membship/veto/vetosubj.htm |title=Subjects of UN Security Council Vetoes |publisher=Global Policy Forum |access-date=27 March 2008 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080317010910/http://www.globalpolicy.org/security/membship/veto/vetosubj.htm |archive-date=17 March 2008 |url-status=dead}}</ref> Mayotte wakazgoka chigaŵa cha ku France mu 2011 pamanyuma pa referendum iyo yikapokeka na ŵanthu ŵanandi.<ref name="article33">{{cite web |url=http://legal.un.org/repertory/art33/english/rep_supp5_vol2-art33_e.pdf |title=Article 33, Repertory, Supplement 5, vol. II (1970–1978) |work=United Nations, Office of Legal Affairs (OLA)|url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141006084240/http://legal.un.org/repertory/art33/english/rep_supp5_vol2-art33_e.pdf |archive-date=6 October 2014}}</ref> Virwa vya Comoros vili na malo ghakukwana 1,861 km2. Mu 2019 ŵanthu ŵakukwana 850,886.{{UN Population|ref}} Ŵanthu ŵakwambilira awo ŵakakhalanga mu virwa vya Comoros ŵakaŵa ŵanthu ŵa ku Austronesian na Malagasy. Charu ichi chikaŵa pasi pa ufumu wa France mu vyaka vya m'ma 1800 pambere chindaŵe na wanangwa mu 1975. Mu caru ici muli maboma ghakujumpha 20 agho ghayezga kutimbanizga boma. Kweniso charu ichi chili na masuzgo ghakuru chomene pa nkhani ya ndalama, ndipo chili pa chigaŵa chapasi chomene pa charu chose. Mu 2008, ŵanthu pafupifupi hafu ŵakakhalanga pasi pa ukavu wa US$1.25 pa zuŵa.<ref>[http://hdr.undp.org/en/media/HDI_2008_EN_Tables.pdf ''Human Development Indices''] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081219191319/http://hdr.undp.org/en/media/HDI_2008_EN_Tables.pdf |date=19 December 2008 }}, Table 3: Human and income poverty, p. 35. Retrieved on 1 June 2009</ref> == Zina == Zina lakuti Comoros lili kufuma ku lizgu la Chiarabu lakuti قمر qamar ("mwezi").<ref>{{cite journal |url=http://www.comores-online.com/mwezinet/histoire/islandsofthemoon.htm |title=The Islands of the Moon |journal=Aramco World |volume=47 |issue=4 |date=July–August 1996 |pages=40 |access-date=20 September 2007 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071013214138/http://comores-online.com/mwezinet/histoire/islandsofthemoon.htm |archive-date=13 October 2007|url-status=live}}</ref> == Mbili == {{Main|History of the Comoros}} === Settlement === [[File:Dhow.jpg|right|thumb|A large [[dhow]] with [[lateen]] sail rigs]] [[File:Vanilla plantation in wood dsc00190.jpg|thumb|upright|A [[vanilla]] plantation]] Mwakuyana na vidokoni, jinni (mzimu) wakaponya libwe lakuzirwa, ilo likapangiska moto ukuru. Ici cikazgoka phiri la Karthala, ilo likapangiska cirwa ca Grande Comore. Ŵanyake ŵakuti Themba Solomoni nalo likaluta ku chirwa ichi. Ŵanthu ŵakwambilira awo ŵakakhalanga mu virwa vya Comoro ŵakamanyikwa kuti ŵakaŵa ŵanthu ŵa ku Austronesia awo ŵakendanga pa boti kufuma ku virwa vya ku Southeast Asia.<ref>{{cite journal |title=Ancient crops provide first archaeological signature of the westward Austronesian expansion |journal=Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences |volume=113 |issue=24 |pages=6635–6640 |author1=Alison Crowther |author2=Leilani Lucas |author3=Richard Helm |author4=Mark Horton |author5=Ceri Shipton |author6=Henry T. Wright |display-authors=etal |date=2016 |doi=10.1073/pnas.1522714113 |pmid=27247383 |pmc=4914162 |bibcode=2016PNAS..113.6635C |doi-access=free}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |title=The Comoros show the earliest Austronesian gene flow into the Swahili Corridor |journal=The American Journal of Human Genetics |volume=102 |pages=58–68 |author1=Nicolas Brucato |author2=Veronica Fernandes |author3=Stéphane Mazières |author4=Pradiptajati Kusuma |author5=Murray P. Cox|display-authors=etal |date=2018 |issue=1 |doi=10.1016/j.ajhg.2017.11.011 |pmid=29304377 |pmc=5777450 |doi-access=free}}</ref> Ŵanthu aŵa ŵakafika mu vyaka vya m'ma 700 C.E., apo pakaŵa malo ghakale chomene agho ŵakasanga ku Mayotte. Ŵanthu ŵanyake awo ŵakaluta ku malo agha ŵakafuma kumafumiro gha dazi kwa Africa, ku Arabia, ku Persian Gulf, ku Malaŵi, na ku Madagascar. Ŵanthu awo ŵakayowoyanga ciyowoyero ca Bantu ŵakakhalanga pa virwa ivi kufuma waka apo ŵanthu ŵakambira kukhazikika, ndipo ŵakwenera kuti ŵakiza na ŵazga.<ref>Walker, Iain. "Islands in a Cosmopolitan Sea: A History of the Comoros." Hurst Publishers. 2019.</ref> Vyaru vya Comoros vikupangika mu vigaŵa viŵiri. Nyengo yakwambilira iyo ŵanthu ŵakakhalanga pa chirwa ichi ni nyengo ya Dembeni (cha m'ma 700 C.E. m'paka 10 C.E.).<ref name=spear>{{cite journal |author=Thomas Spear |title=Early Swahili History Reconsidered |journal=The International Journal of African Historical Studies |volume=33 |issue=2 |year=2000 |pages=257–290 |doi=10.2307/220649 |jstor=220649}}</ref> Kwambira mu nyengo ya 11 m'paka 15 C.E., malonda na ŵanthu ŵa ku Madagascar kweniso ŵamalonda ŵa ku Swahili Coast na Middle East ŵakakura chomene. Ŵanthu ŵanandi ŵa ku Comoros ŵali kufuma ku chirwa cha Arabia, chomenechomene ku Hadhramaut. === Medieval Comoros === Mbiri yikulongora kuti mu 632, ŵanthu ŵa pa chirwa ichi ŵakati ŵapulika vya cisopa ca Ciisilamu, ŵakatuma nthumi yawo, Mtswa-Mwindza, ku Mecca. Kweni apo iyo wakafikanga, nchimi ya Ciisilamu, Muhammad, yikaŵa kuti yafwa. Ndipouli, wakati wakhalako nyengo yicoko waka ku Mecca, wakawelera ku Ngazidja ndipo wakadangilira kuti ŵanthu ŵa pa cirwa ici ŵambe kusopa Cisilamu.<ref name=verin>{{cite journal |author=Pierre Vérin |title=Mtswa Muyindza et l'introduction de l'Islam à Ngazidja; au sujet de la tradition et du texte de Pechmarty |journal=Études Océan Indien |volume=2 |year=1982 |pages=95–100}}</ref> Mu 933, ŵanthu ŵa ku Oman ŵakamba kuchema Comoros kuti Virwa vya Mafuta. Mu mabuku ghakwambilira gha ku East Africa, mabuku gha Al-Masudi ghakulongosora nthowa zakwendamo malonda za chisopa cha Chisilamu, kweniso umo Ŵasilamu ŵakenderanga mumphepete mwa nyanja na virwa ivi. Ŵakapelekaso cisopa ca Ciislam ku ŵanthu ŵa ku Zanj kusazgapo Comoros. Apo Comoros yikakuranga mumphepete mwa nyanja ya East Africa, ŵakazenga visopo vikuru na vichoko wuwo. Virwa vya Comoros vikaŵa vya ŵanthu ŵa ku Swahili ndipo vikaŵa malo ghakurughakuru ghakwendeskera malonda, kweniso ghakaŵa na misumba yinandi ya malonda nga ni Kilwa, ku Tanzania, Sofala (malo agho ŵakaguliskiranga golide ku Zimbabwe), Mozambique, na Mombasa ku Kenya. Ŵanthu ŵa ku Portugal ŵakiza ku virwa vya ku Indian Ocean kuumaliro wa vyaka vya m'ma 1400 C.E. Ŵanthu ŵa ku Portugal ŵakamba kwiza ku virwa ivi na boti la Vasco da Gama mu 1503.<ref>Walker, Iain. "Islands in a Cosmopolitan Sea: A History of the Comoros." Hurst Publishers. 2019, p 49-50.</ref> Mu vyaka vya m'ma 1500 C.E., virwa ivi vikapeleka vyakurya ku ŵanthu ŵa ku Portugal ku Mozambique. Kuumaliro wa vyaka vya m'ma 1500, ŵalongozgi ŵa ku malo agha ŵakamba kuthereska Ŵachidachi na Ŵapwitikizi. Muhaliri wake Said bin Sultan wakasazgirako mazaza gha Ŵaarabu ŵa ku Oman mu cigaŵa ici, ndipo wakasamuskira boma lake ku Zanzibar. Ndipouli, Comoros ghakaŵa ghacilendo, ndipo nangauli virwa vitatu vikuruvikuru vikaŵa vyakukolerana, kweni cirwa cikuru comene, Ngazidja, cikagaŵika mu maufumu ghanandi.<ref name="Thomas Spear 1984 291–305">{{cite journal |author=Thomas Spear |title=The Shirazi in Swahili Traditions, Culture, and History |journal=History in Africa |volume=11 |year=1984 |pages=291–305 |doi=10.2307/3171638 |publisher=African Studies Association |jstor=3171638 |s2cid=162212370}}</ref> Apo ŵa ku Europe ŵakamba kutemwa virwa vya Comoros, ŵanthu ŵa ku virwa ivi ŵakamba kugwiliskira nchito makora mwaŵi uwu, ndipo pakwamba ŵakagwiliskiranga nchito maboti agho ghakalutanga ku India, comene-comene gha Cingelezi, ndipo pamanyuma ŵakagwiliskiranga nchito ŵazga mu virwa vya ku Mascarenes.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Prestholdt |first1=Jeremy |year=2007 |title=Similitude and empire: on Comorian strategies of Englishness |journal=Journal of World History |volume=18 |issue=2 |pages=113–138 |doi=10.1353/jwh.2007.0015 |s2cid=145310983}}</ref><ref name="Thomas Spear 1984 291–305" /> === European contact and French colonisation === [[File:Carte des isles de Comore Johanna ou Anjouan Mohilla ou Moaly et Mayote Bnf40600530t.jpg|thumb|left|French map of the Comores, 1747]] [[File:Camora.jpg|thumb|left|An 1808 map refers to the islands as "Camora".]] [[File:Moroni-Place des Assemblées.jpg|thumb|A public square, Moroni, 1908]] Mu vyaka vya m'ma 1800, ŵasilikari ŵa ku Madagascar, comenecomene Betsimisaraka na Sakalava, ŵakamba kuwukira virwa vya Comoros kuti ŵasange ŵazga ndipo virwa ivi vikabwangandulika cifukwa vyakurya vikaparanyika ndipo ŵanthu ŵakakomeka, ŵakatolekera ku wuzga panji ŵakacimbilira ku Africa.<ref>Walker, Iain. "Islands in a Cosmopolitan Sea: A History of the Comoros." Hurst Publishers. 2019, p 254.</ref> Ŵanthu ŵakakhalanga pa virwa ivi na ŵazga awo ŵakafuma ku virwa vikuruvikuru. Mu 1865, ku Comoros, ŵanthu pafupifupi 40% ŵakaŵa ŵazga. France yikamba kulamulira ku Comoros pakutora Mayotte mu 1841 apo Sakalava uyo wakaŵa sultan Andriantsoly [fr] (uyo wakamanyikwaso na zina lakuti Tsy Levalo) wakalemba phangano la April 1841, ilo likapeleka cirwa ku boma la France. Nyengo yeneyiyo, Ndzwani (panji Johanna nga umo ŵanthu ŵa ku Britain ŵakamumanyiranga) wakalutilira kuŵa malo ghakwenderako ŵamalonda ŵa ku England awo ŵakalutanga ku India na ku Far East, kweniso ŵalovi ŵa vikoko ŵa ku America. Vinthu vinyake ivyo vikatoleka ku Comoros ni ŵazga, kokosoni, makuni, ng'ombe, na viŵiya vinyake. Ŵanthu ŵa ku France, makampani gha ku France, na ŵamalonda ŵasambazi ŵa ku Arabia ŵakamba kulima minda. Pamasinda pakuti Mayotte wapokeka na France, charu ichi chikazgoka malo ghakupandamo shuga. Virwa vinyake navyo vikasintha, ndipo vyakurya vikuruvikuru nga ni ylang-ylang, vanilla, cloves, vyakumera vyakununkhira, khofi, mbuto za koko, na sisal vikamba kulima. Mu 1886, Mwali wakaŵikika pasi pa kuvikilirika na Ŵafarisi. Mu chaka chenechicho, Sultan Said Ali wa ku Bambao, uyo wakaŵa yumoza wa mafumu gha Ngazidja, wakaŵika chilumba ichi mu mawoko gha Ŵafalansa. Mu 1908, virwa ivi vikaŵa na boma limoza (Colonie de Mayotte et dépendances) ndipo vikaŵa pasi pa muwuso wa kazembe mukuru wa ku Madagascar. Mu 1909, Sultan Said Muhamed wa ku Ndzwani wakaleka ufumu wake na kwamba kulamulira ku France. Mu 1912, boma la Madagascar likamara kulamulira virwa ivi. Mu 1973, ŵakazomerezgana na France kuti Comoros yiŵe yakujiyimira paŵekha mu 1978, nangauli ŵimiliri ŵa boma la Mayotte ŵakazomerezga kuti charu ichi chiŵe pamoza na France. Pa virwa vyose vinayi, ŵakacita phangano la ŵanthu wose. Vyaru vitatu vikazomera kuti vijiyimire vyekha, kweni vyaru vinyake vitatu vikazomera yayi. Ndipouli, pa Julayi 6, 1975, nyumba ya malango ya Comoros yikapeleka dango lakuti charu ichi chiŵe na wanangwa wakujiyimira. Ahmed Abdallah wakapharazga wanangwa wa Comorian State (État comorien; دولة القمر) ndipo wakaŵa purezidenti wakwamba. Ŵacifurenci ŵakazomera boma liphya ili. === Kujilamulila (1975) === [[File:Flag of the Comoros (1963 to 1975).svg|thumb|[[Flag of the Comoros]] (1963 to 1975)]] [[File:Flag of the Comoros (1975-1978).svg|thumb|[[Flag of the Comoros]] (1975 to 1978)]] [[File:Ikililou Dhoinine 2012.jpg|thumb|upright|[[Ikililou Dhoinine]], [[President of the Comoros]] from 2011 to 2016]] Vyaka 30 vyakulondezgapo vikaŵa vyamahara. Pa 3 Ogasiti, 1975, mwezi umoza yayi kufuma apo boma likapokera wanangwa, pulezidenti Ahmed Abdallah wakawuskika pa udindo wake na kuwuskako munthu munyake uyo wakaŵa wa United National Front of the Comoros (FNUK) zina lake Said Mohamed Jaffar. Pakati pajumpha myezi yichoko waka, mu Janyuwale 1976, Jaffar wakawuskika pa udindo na kwamba kuteŵetera nga nduna yake ya vya kuvikilira charu, Ali Soilih. Mu nyengo iyi, ŵanthu ŵa ku Mayotte ŵakavota katatu kuti ŵafumeko ku France. Pa ungano wakwamba uwo ukacitika pa virwa vyose pa 22 Disembala 1974, ŵanthu 63.8% ŵakakolerana kuti Mayotte walutilire kuŵa na ubwezi na France. Virwa vitatu ivyo vikakhalako, ivyo vikawusikanga na Pulezidenti Soilih, vikamba kulondezga fundo za wupu wakulongozga na wa kusama. Pa Meyi 13, 1978, Bob Denard, uyo wakapemphekaso na wupu wa French Intelligence Service (SDECE), wakawelera kuti wawuskemo pulezidenti Soilih na kuwezgerapo Abdallah na wovwiri wa maboma gha France, Rhodesia na South Africa. Ali Soilih ŵakamukora na kumukoma masabata ghacoko waka pamanyuma pake. Mwakupambana na Soilih, muwuso wa Abdallah ukaŵa na muwuso wa wupu wakulongozga na kukolerana na Chisilamu cha maluso ndipo chalo ichi chikasinthika zina kuŵa Federal Islamic Republic of the Comoros (République Fédérale Islamique des Comores; République القمر الإتحادية الإسلامية). Bob Denard wakaŵa mulaŵiliri wakwamba wa Abdallah Abderamane; wakucemeka "Viceroy of the Comoros", ndipo nyengo zinyake wakawonekanga nga ni munthu wankhongono wa boma. Kufupi comene na South Africa, uko kukawovwiranga "ŵalinda ŵa pulezidenti", wakazomerezga kuti Paris wajumphe dango la pa caru cose lakukanizga boma la apartheid kwizira mwa Moroni. Kweniso wakambiska gulu la ŵasilikari ŵakugwilira nchito pa msonkho kufuma ku virwa ivi. Abdallah wakalutilira kuŵa pulezidenti mpaka mu 1989 apo wakawopa kuti boma lingamuwukira, ndipo wakalemba dango lakuti ŵapolisi ŵa boma, awo ŵakalongozgekanga na Bob Denard, ŵaleke kuvikilira ŵasilikari. Pakati pajumpha nyengo yicoko waka, Abdallah wakakomeka mu ofesi yake na mulara wa ŵasilikari uyo wakaŵa na citima, kweni pamanyuma pake ŵanthu ŵanyake ŵakayowoya kuti ŵakamuwukira na futi. Nangauli Denard nayo wakapwetekeka, kweni ŵanthu ŵakukayika usange uyo wakakoma Abdallah wakaŵa msilikari uyo wakaŵa pasi pake. Pakati pajumpha mazuŵa ghacoko waka, ŵasilikari ŵa ku France ŵakamutolera ku South Africa. Said Mohamed Djohar, mubali mulara wa Soilih, wakazgoka purezidenti, ndipo wakateŵetera mpaka Seputembala 1995, apo Bob Denard wakawelera na kuyezga kupoka boma. Pa nyengo iyi, caru ca France cikaŵawovwira na ŵasilikari ŵa parachute na kucicizga Denard kuti wajipeleke. Ŵacifurenci ŵakamufumiska Djohar na kuluta nayo ku Reunion, ndipo Mohamed Taki Abdoulkarim, uyo wakawovwirika na boma la Paris, wakaŵa pulezidenti. Wakalongozga caru kufuma mu 1996, mu nyengo ya masuzgo gha ŵantchito, kukanizgika kwa boma, na nkhondo za kulekana, mpaka apo wakafwira mu Novembala 1998. Wakalongozgeka na Pulezidenti wa nyengo yichoko Tadjidine Ben Said Massounde.<ref>{{cite news |title=Comoros president dies from heart attack |author=Kamal Eddine Saindou |agency=Associated Press |pages=International News |date=6 November 1998 |url=http://www.highbeam.com/doc/1P1-19411384.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150328162054/http://www.highbeam.com/doc/1P1-19411384.html|url-status=dead |archive-date=28 March 2015}}</ref> Virwa vya Ndzwani na Mwali vikajiyimira vyekha mu 1997, pakukhumba kuwezgerapo muwuso wa France. Kweni caru ca France cikakana, ndipo ici cikapangiska kuti ŵasilikari ŵa boma na ŵakugaluka ŵakumane. Mu Epulero 1999, Colonel Azali Assoumani, Chief of Staff wa Army, wakapoka mazaza mwa kuwukira boma kwambura kuthiska ndopa, na kuwuskapo Pulezidenti wa nyengo yeneyiyo Massounde, chifukwa cha kupeleŵera kwa ŵalongozgi mu suzgo. Uwu ukaŵa utimbanizgi wa 18 wa Comoros kufuma apo charu ichi chikapokera wanangwa mu 1975. Azali wakatondeka kukhozga mazaza ghake na kwambaso kulamulira virwa ivi. Wupu wa African Union, pasi pa muwuso wa Pulezidenti Thabo Mbeki wa ku South Africa, ukaŵika vyeruzgo pa Ndzwani kuti wawovwirepo pa kudumbiskana na kupembuzga. Kuyana na fundo za Fomboni Accords, izo ŵalongozgi ŵa virwa vyose vitatu ŵakalemba mu Disembala 2001, zina la boma ili likasinthika kuŵa Union of the Comoros. Mulara wa wupu uwu, nangauli wakusankhika pa maungano gha pa caru cose, kweni wakusankhika kufuma pa cigaŵa cilicose ca virwa ivi. Azali wakafumapo mu boma mu 2002 kuti wakaŵepo pa mavoti gha pulezidenti wa Comoros, ndipo wakathereska. Pa nyengo iyo boma la Comoros likaŵa na mazaza pa charu chose, Azali wakaŵa mulongozgi wa ŵasilikari ndipo nyengo zose wakaŵanga wa demokilase yayi. Mu 2005, boma likapeleka dango lakuti wupu uliwose ukwenera kuchita mulimo wake. Mu 2006, Ahmed Abdallah Mohamed Sambi ndiyo wakathereska mavoti. Azali wakachindika ivyo vikachitika pa mavoti, ndipo ici cikawovwira kuti paŵe mtende na demokilase mu virwa ivi. Colonel Mohammed Bacar, uyo wakasambizgika ku France ndipo wakaŵa kazembe wa Ndzwani mu 2001, wakakana kufumapo pa udindo wake. Wakachita voti mu Juni 2007 kuti wakhazikiske muwuso wake uwo ukazomerezgeka yayi na boma la Comoros na African Union. Pa 25 Malichi 2008 ŵasilikari ŵanandi ŵa African Union na Comoros ŵakakora Ndzwani uyo wakaŵa mu mawoko gha ŵasilikari, ndipo ŵanthu ŵakamuzomera.<ref>{{cite web |title=COMOROS: The legacy of a Big Man on a small island |date=10 December 2008 |publisher=[[The New Humanitarian|IRIN]] |url=http://www.irinnews.org/Report.aspx?ReportId=81898 |access-date=25 March 2009 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081220055102/http://www.irinnews.org/Report.aspx?ReportId=81898 |archive-date=20 December 2008 |url-status=live}}</ref> Ŵalwani ŵanyake ŵakafwa na kupwetekeka, kweni palije maukaboni agho ghakulongora. Ŵanthu 11 ŵakapwetekeka. Ŵalaraŵalara ŵanyake ŵa boma ŵakakakika. Bacar wakacimbilira ku Mayotte na boti la matayala kuti wakapemphe cisungusungu. Ku Comoros kukachitika viwawa vyakwimikana na France (wonani Anjouan). Paumaliro, Bacar wakapika wanangwa wa kukhala ku Benin. Kwambira apo Comoros yikapokera wanangwa kufuma ku France, pakaŵa ŵanthu ŵakujumpha 20 awo ŵakayezga kutimbanizga boma. Pambuyo pa chisankho cha kumapeto kwa chaka cha 2010, wachiwiri kwa purezidenti wakale Ikililou Dhoinine adaloledwa kukhala purezidenti pa 26 Meyi 2011. Munthu wa chipani chakulongozga, Dhoinine wakawovwirika na pulezidenti wa sono Ahmed Abdallah Mohamed Sambi. Dhoinine, uyo wakasambira vya munkhwala, ni pulezidenti wakwamba wa Comoros kufuma ku cirwa ca Mwali. Pambuyo pa zisankho za 2016, Azali Assoumani, kuchokera ku Ngazidja, adakhala purezidenti kwa nthawi yachitatu. Mu 2018 Azali wakachita referendum pa kusintha kwa malango agho ghangazomerezga kuti pulezidenti wateŵetere nyengo ziŵiri. Vinthu ivi vikapokelereka nangauli ŵakususkana navyo ndipo ŵakamukana. Mu April 2019, Azali wakasankhika kuŵa pulezidenti.<ref>{{Cite news |url=https://www.reuters.com/article/uk-comoros-elections-idUKKCN1R72F9 |title=Comoros president named winner in election rejected by opposition |newspaper=[[Reuters]] |date=26 March 2019 |via=www.reuters.com |access-date=23 March 2021 |archive-date=15 April 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210415090434/https://www.reuters.com/article/uk-comoros-elections-idUKKCN1R72F9 |url-status=live }}</ref> Mu Januwale 2020, mavoti gha chalo cha Comoros ghakaŵa gha chipani cha President Azali Assoumani, Convention for the Renewal of the Comoros, CRC. Pakakhumbikwiranga kuti paŵe ŵanthu ŵanandi mu Nyumba ya Malamulo, ico cikang'anamuranga kuti nkhongono zake zikasazgikiranga. CRC yikapoka malo 17 pa malo 24 mu nyumba ya malango. Mu 2021, Comoros yikalemba na kuzomerezga phangano lakukanizga vilwero vya nyukiliya. Mu 2023, Comoros yikacemeka kuŵa mulendo wambura kunjira mu ungano wa G7 ku Hiroshima.<ref>{{cite web |title=G7 Summit 2023: Scrutinizing the Guest List |url=https://thediplomat.com/2023/05/g7-summit-2023-scrutinizing-the-guest-list/ |website=thediplomat.com}}</ref> == Makhalilo gha charu == {{Main|Geography of the Comoros}} [[File:Comoros CIA factbook map.png|thumb|upright=1.35|A map of the Comoros]] Virwa vya Comoros ni Ngazidja (Grande Comore), Mwali (Mohéli) na Ndzwani (Anjouan), ivyo ni virwa vikuruvikuru vitatu mu Comoros. Virwa ivi vikumanyikwa na mazina ghawo mu ciyowoyero ca ku Comoros, nangauli ŵanthu ŵa ku vyaru vinyake ŵakugwiliskira nchito mazina ghawo gha Cifurenchi. Msumba ukuru wa Moroni uli pa Ngazidja. Chirwa ichi chili mu nyanja ya Indian Ocean, pakati pa Africa (pafupi na Mozambique na Tanzania) na Madagascar. Charu ichi chili na malo ghakukwana 1,861 km2, ndipo ni chimoza mwa vyaru vichoko chomene pa charu chapasi. Comoros nayo wali na malo ghakukwana 320 km2 (120 sq mi) mu nyanja zake. Virwa ivi vili na mapiri ghatali kweniso tumapiri tuchokotuchoko. Virwa vikuruvikuru ivi vili na ŵanthu ŵanandi chomene nga ni ivi:<ref name="ReferenceA">Institut Nationale de la Statistique et Études Économiques et Démographiques, Comoros (web).</ref> {| class="sortable wikitable" |- ! Name || Area <br />km²|| Population<br />Census 2017<ref name="ReferenceA"/> |- | Mwali ||align="right"|290||align="right"|51,567 |- | Ngazidja ||align="right"|1,147||align="right"|379,367 |- | Ndzwani ||align="right"|424||align="right"|327,382 |- | '''''Totals''''' ||align="right"|1,861||align="right"|758,316 |} Ngazidja ni msumba ukuru comene pa virwa vyose vya Comoros. Kweniso ni cirwa ciphya comene, ntheura pasi lake lili na malibwe. Cirwa ici chili na mapiri ghaŵiri, Karthala (ghakugolera) na La Grille (ghakugolera), ndipo palije dowoko liwemi. Mwali, uyo msumba wake ni Fomboni, ni cirwa cicoko comene pa virwa vikuruvikuru vinayi. Ndzwani, uwo msumba wake ukuru ni Mutsamudu, uli na kawonekero ka katatu ako kakupangika na mapiri ghatatu gha Shisiwani, Nioumakele na Jimilime agho ghakufuma pa Phiri la Ntingui. [[File:Gran Comore landscape.jpg|thumb|Grande Comore landscape]] Virwa vya Comoros vikaŵako cifukwa ca vimalibwe ivyo vikuphulika. Phiri la Karthala, ilo lili pa Ngazidja, ndilo lili pachanya chomene mu charu ichi. Mu chigaŵa ichi ndimo muli nkhorongo yikuru comene ya ku Comoros. Kartala ni phiri ilo lili na vimalibwe vinandi chomene pa charu chapasi. Mu 2005 apo phiri ili likawa, ŵanthu 40,000 ŵakachimbira, ndipo chiziŵa icho chikaŵa mu phiri ili chikabwanganduka. Virwa vya Comoros vikumanyikwaso kuti ni Îles Éparses panji Îles éparses de l'océan indien (Virwa Vyakupambanapambana mu Nyanja ya Indian). Virwa vya Glorioso vikaŵa pasi pa boma la Comoros pambere chaka cha 1975 chindafike. Banc du Geyser, ni cirwa ico kale cikaŵa mu Comoros Archipelago, kweni sono cili pasi pa maji. Virwa vya Comoros na France vicali kuwona kuti Banc du Geyser ni cigaŵa ca Glorioso Islands, ntheura ni cigaŵa ca cigaŵa cake ca cuma. === Nyengo === {{Main|Climate of the Comoros}} [[File:Comoros diver with fish (5974549425).jpg|thumb|Munthu wakusambira ku Comoros na somba]] Nyengo iyi njakuthukira ndipo nyengo zikupambana. Mu mwezi wa Malichi, nyengo yakuzizima chomene pa nyengo ya vula (iyo yikuchemeka kuti kashkazi/kaskazi, kung'anamura chivula cha kumpoto, icho chikamba mu Novembala m'paka Epulero), ndipo mu nyengo yakuzizima chomene, nyengo yakuzizima iyo yikufuma mu Meyi m'paka Okutobala, kuzing'anamura chivula cha kumwera. Virwa ivi vikusuzgika na chimphepo.<ref>[[#Ottenheimer|Ottenheimer]], pp. 20, 72</ref> === Biodiversity === {{main|Comoros forests|Comoro Islands|Wildlife of the Comoros}} Virwa vya Comoros ni malo agho ghali na nkhorongo. Mu 2018, charu ichi chikaŵa pa nambara 33 pa vyaru 172. Mu Disembala 1952, cisomba cinyake cakucemeka coelacanth cikasangikaso mumphepete mwa nyanja ya Comoros. Ŵanthu ŵakagomezganga kuti mtundu uwu wa viyuni uli na vyaka 66 ndipo ukafwa kale chomene m'paka mu 1938, apo ukawonekera pa nyanja ya South Africa. Pakati pa 1938 na 1975, vikoko 84 vikakoleka na kulembeka.<ref>{{Cite news |url=https://www.newspapers.com/clip/11755368/70millionyearold_fish_dissected/ |title=70-million-year-old fish dissected – Coaelacanth (1975) |date=1975-05-28 |work=Redlands Daily Facts |access-date=2017-06-18 |pages=6 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190401050904/https://www.newspapers.com/clip/11755368/70millionyearold_fish_dissected/ |archive-date=1 April 2019|url-status=live}}</ref> ===Protected areas=== Mu Comoros muli malo ghakukwana 6 ghakusungirako vyamoyo nga ni Karthala, Coelacanth, na Mitsamiouli Ndroudi pa Grande Comore, Phiri la Ntringui na Shisiwani pa Anjouan, na Mohéli National Park pa Mohéli. Virwa vya Karthala na Phiri la Ntrigui ni vyakumera vyapacanya comene pa virwa ivi. Virwa vya Coelacanth, Mitsamiouli Ndroudi, na Shisiwani ni vyakumera vya mu nyanja ivyo vikuvikilira virwa vya mumphepete mwa nyanja. Malo ghakusungirako vinyama gha Mohéli ghakusazgapo malo gha pa mtunda na gha mu nyanja.<ref>UNEP-WCMC (2021). Protected Area Profile for Comoros from the World Database of Protected Areas. Accessed 31 August 2021. [https://www.protectedplanet.net/en/country/COM] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210831155830/https://www.protectedplanet.net/en/country/COM|date=31 August 2021}}</ref> == Boma == {{Main|Politics of the Comoros}} {{see also|List of rulers of Comoros}} [[File:Moroni harbour (2).jpg|thumb|[[Moroni, Comoros|Moroni]], capital of the Comoros, with the port and Badjanani Mosque]] Boma la Comoros lili na boma la pulezidenti, ndipo pulezidenti wa Comoros ni mutu wa boma na wa boma. Pa Disembala 23, 2001, boma la Comoros likakolerana na dango ili. Boma la Comoros likaŵa la ŵasilikari, ndipo apo Azali Assoumani wakapelekanga mazaza kwa Ahmed Abdallah Mohamed Sambi mu Meyi 2006, likaŵa lakukondweska chomene. Boma ndilo likuŵa na mazaza pa boma. Boma na pharalamende ndivyo vili na mazaza ghakulongozga. Mu ndime yakwamba ya dango ili muli fundo yakuti boma likwenera kulongozgeka na chisopa cha Cisilamu, kweniso kuti ŵanthu wose ŵa mu Comoros ŵakwenera kuŵa na wanangwa wakusankha. Chirwa chilichose (kuyana na mutu waciŵiri wa Dango) cili na wanangwa ukuru wa kujilongozga mu wupu wa European Union, kusazgapo kuŵa na malango ghaco ( panji Dango lakwamba), pulezidenti, na Nyumba ya Malamulo. Ngazidja ndiyo wali na udindo uwu, ndipo Azali ndiyo ni purezidenti wa wupu uwu.<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20110709032541/http://africanelections.tripod.com/km.html AFRICAN ELECTIONS DATABASE] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110709032541/http://africanelections.tripod.com/km.html |date=9 July 2011 }}, Elections in the Comoros.</ref> === Legal system === Boma la Comoros lili na malango gha Chisilamu, malango gha ku France (Napoleonic Code), na malango gha mu charu (mila na ntsi). Ŵalara ŵa mu muzi, panji makhoti ghakurughakuru, ndiwo ghakumazga mphindano zinandi. Ŵeruzgi ŵakujiyimira ŵekha. Khoti Likuru Chomene likuŵa nga ni wupu wakuwona vya malango, ndipo likovwira pa nkhani za malango na kulaŵilira vyakusankha vya pulezidenti. Pakuti ni Khoti Likuru Chomene, likweruzgaso milandu iyo boma likususka. Khoti Likuru Chomene lili na ŵanthu ŵaŵiri awo ŵakusankhika na pulezidenti, ŵaŵiri awo ŵakusankhika na wupu wakuwona vya wanangwa wa ŵanthu, na yumoza uyo wakusankhika na boma la chilumba chilichose.<ref name="CfHR_Law-of-the-Union">{{cite web |date=23 December 2001 |title=Fundamental Law of the Union of Comoros (English excerpts) |url=http://www.chr.up.ac.za/hr_docs/constitutions/docs/ComorosC%20(english%20summary)(rev).doc |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20061009114022/http://www.chr.up.ac.za/hr_docs/constitutions/docs/ComorosC%20(english%20summary)(rev).doc |archive-date=9 October 2006 |access-date=25 April 2021 |publisher=Centre for Human Rights, University of Pretoria, South Africa |format=DOC}}</ref> === Political culture === Pafupifupi 80 peresenti ya bajeti ya boma lapakati pa caru yikugwiliskirika nchito pa ndondomeko ya boma iyo yikupanga boma lakujiyimira palekha na pulezidenti wa virwa vitatu ivi. Pa Meyi 16, 2009, pakachitika ungano wa ŵanthu wose kuti ŵamanye usange ŵangamazga maburoko gha boma. Ŵanthu 52.7% awo ŵakaŵa na wanangwa wa kuvota ŵakavota, ndipo 93.8% ŵakazomera. Pakugwiliskira nchito kusintha uku, pulezidenti wa cirwa cilicose wakaŵa kazembe ndipo ŵalaŵiliri ŵakaŵa ŵa pharazgi.<ref name=allafrica20090519>{{cite news |title=Comoros: Referendum Approves Downscaling of Government |publisher=AllAfrica Global Media |date=19 May 2009 |url=http://allafrica.com/stories/200905190777.html |access-date=20 May 2009 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090525063235/http://allafrica.com/stories/200905190777.html |archive-date=25 May 2009 |url-status=live}}</ref> === Foreign relations === {{Main|Foreign relations of the Comoros}} Mu Novembala 1975, Comoros yikaŵa cigaŵa ca nambara 143 ca wupu wa United Nations. Nangauli ŵanthu ŵa ku Mayotte ŵakasankha kuti ŵaŵe ŵenekaya ŵa ku France, kweni charu ichi chikaŵa chigaŵa cha France. Virwa vya Comoros vikayowoyapo kanandi waka kuti vikukhumba Mayotte ku wupu wa United Nations General Assembly, ndipo wupu uwu ukazomerezga fundo zinandi za mutu wakuti "Fumbo la Cirwa ca Mayotte ku Comoros". Ndipouli, mu vyakucitika vyakucitika, fundo izi zilije nkhongono ndipo palije cilindizga cakuti Mayotte waŵe cigaŵa ca Comoros kwambura kuzomerezgeka na ŵanthu ŵake. Sonosono apa, ungano uwu wasungilira fundo iyi pa ndondomeko yake, kweni ukuyilekeska caka na caka kwambura kuchitapo kanthu. Wupu unyake, nga ni wupu wa African Unity, Movement of Non-Aligned Countries na Organization of Islamic Cooperation, nawo ŵakususka mazaza gha France pa Mayotte.<ref name="GA31_first-resolution" /><ref>{{cite web |url=http://un.cti.depaul.edu/Countries/Comoros/1156245840.pdf |title=Forty-ninth session: Agenda item 36: 49/18. Question of the Comorian island of Mayotte |work=United Nations General Assembly |date=6 December 1994|url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080527195255/http://un.cti.depaul.edu/Countries/Comoros/1156245840.pdf |archive-date=27 May 2008}}</ref> Kuti ŵamalizge kudumbiskana nkhani iyi na kugega kunjira mu wupu wa Comoros, ŵanthu ŵa ku Mayotte ŵakasankha kuti ŵaŵe chigaŵa cha France mu 2009. Malo ghaphya agha ghakamba kugwira ntchito pa 31 Malichi 2011 ndipo Mayotte wakazomerezgeka na European Union kuŵa chigaŵa chakutali chomene pa 1 Janyuwale 2014. Pa cifukwa ici, Mayotte wali ku cigaŵa ca France. Comoros njumoza wa mawupu gha United Nations, African Union, Arab League, World Bank, International Monetary Fund, Indian Ocean Commission na African Development Bank. Pa Epulero 10, 2008, Comoros yikaŵa caru ca nambara 179 kuzomera phangano la Kyoto la United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change. Comoros yikasayina phangano la UN lakukanizga vilwero vya nyukiliya.<ref>{{Cite web |date=7 July 2017 |title=Chapter XXVI: Disarmament&nbsp;– No. 9 Treaty on the Prohibition of Nuclear Weapons |url=https://treaties.un.org/Pages/ViewDetails.aspx?src=TREATY&mtdsg_no=XXVI-9&chapter=26&clang=_en |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190806220546/https://treaties.un.org/Pages/ViewDetails.aspx?src=TREATY&mtdsg_no=XXVI-9&chapter=26&clang=_en |archive-date=6 August 2019 |access-date=16 August 2019 |publisher=United Nations Treaty Collection}}</ref> Mu Meyi 2013, wupu wa Comoros ukamanyikwa chifukwa cha kupeleka chikalata ku ofesi ya wupu wa International Criminal Court (ICC) pa nkhani ya ivyo vikachitika pa "May 31, 2010 apo Israyeli wakawukira gulu la ŵanthu awo ŵakalutanga ku Gaza". Mu Novembala 2014, wapolisi wa ICC wakadumura kuti ivyo vikachitika vikaŵa vya mulandu wa nkhondo, kweni vikaŵa vyakukwana yayi kuti mulandu uwu uŵikike ku ICC.<ref>Statement of the Prosecutor of the International Criminal Court, [[Fatou Bensouda]], on concluding the preliminary examination of the situation referred by the Union of the Comoros: "Rome Statute legal requirements have not been met",[https://web.archive.org/web/20150602191655/http://www.icc-cpi.int/en_menus/icc/structure%20of%20the%20court/office%20of%20the%20prosecutor/reports%20and%20statements/statement/Pages/otp-statement-06-11-2014.aspx "Statement of 6th November 2014"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150602191655/http://www.icc-cpi.int/en_menus/icc/structure%20of%20the%20court/office%20of%20the%20prosecutor/reports%20and%20statements/statement/Pages/otp-statement-06-11-2014.aspx|date=2 June 2015}}</ref> Mu 2000, ciŵelengero ca ŵanthu awo ŵakafumanga mu caru cawo cikaŵa 21.2%.<ref>{{cite web |first1=Dilip |last1=Ratha |author2=Sanket Mohapatra |author3=Ani Silwal |url=http://siteresources.worldbank.org/INTPROSPECTS/Resources/334934-1199807908806/Comoros.pdf |title=The Migration and Remittances Factbook 2011: Comoros |work=Worldbank.org |date=2011 |access-date=29 November 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304054019/http://siteresources.worldbank.org/INTPROSPECTS/Resources/334934-1199807908806/Comoros.pdf |archive-date=4 March 2016|url-status=live}}</ref> === Military === {{Main|Military of the Comoros}} Ŵasilikari ŵa ku Comoros ŵali na ŵasilikari ŵachoko waka na ŵapolisi 500 kweniso ŵasilikari ŵakuvikilira ŵanthu 500. Phangano la kuvikilira caru na caru ca France likovwira kuti ŵasilikari ŵa ku Comoros ŵavikilire malo ghawo, kusambizga ŵasilikari ŵa ku Comoros, na kulaŵilira vinthu vya mu mlengalenga. Pa cifukwa ico boma la France likapempha, caru ca Comoros cili na ŵasilikari ŵakuzirwa, kweniso cikukhala na msasa ucoko wa ŵasilikari ŵa ku nyanja na gulu la ŵasilikari ŵa ku vyaru vinyake (Foreign Legion Detachment) ku Mayotte. Boma liphya likati lakhazikiskika mu Meyi/Juni 2011, wupu wa UNREC (Lomé) ukaluta ku Comoros ndipo ukalemba ulongozgi wakukhwaskana na ndondomeko ya kuvikilira chalo. Paumaliro wa ndondomeko iyi, ku umaliro wa Malichi 2012, ndondomeko ya malango iyo yikukolerana na mabungwe ghose agho ghakucitako mulimo wa SSR yizamuŵa kuti yakhazikika. Pa nyengo iyi, boma likwenera kuzomerezga fundo iyi na kuyilondezga.<ref>FINAL EVALUATION, Peace Building Fund Programme in the Comoros 2008–2011, 19 October 2011 – 8 November 2011</ref> === Human rights === {{Main|Human rights in the Comoros}} Ku Comoros, ŵanalume na ŵanakazi awo ŵakugonana na ŵanalume ŵanyawo mbambura kuzomerezgeka. Para munthu wacita nthena, wakujalirika mu jele vyaka vinkhondi.<ref>{{cite web |title=State-Sponsored Homophobia |url=https://ilga.org/state-sponsored-homophobia-report |website=International Lesbian Gay Bisexual Trans and Intersex Association |date=20 March 2019 |access-date=16 August 2019 |archive-date=8 February 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200208040345/https://ilga.org/state-sponsored-homophobia-report |url-status=live }}</ref> == Chuma == {{Main|Economy of the Comoros}} [[File:Historical economic growth of the Comores.jpg|thumb|right|GDP per capita development, since 1950]] [[File:Comoros Product Exports (2019).svg|upright=1.3|thumb|right|A proportional representation of Comoros' economy, 2019]] Ŵanthu ŵanandi ku Comoros mbakavu, kweni "para tikuwona kuti pa caru cose pali ukavu wakukwana madola 1.90 pa zuŵa, ŵanthu ŵaŵiri pera pa ŵanthu 10 ŵa ku Comoros ndiwo mbakavu. Ukavu ukakhira na 10 peresenti pakati pa 2014 na 2018, ndipo vinthu vikamba kwenda makora. Kuyana yayi pa vya ndalama kukulutilira, ndipo pali mphambano yikuru pakati pa vikaya na misumba. Ndalama izo ŵanthu ŵa ku Comoros ŵakutumira ku vyaru vinyake ni zinandi chomene pa GDP ya charu ichi. Kuyana na ILO's ILOSTAT statistical database, pakati pa 1991 na 2019 chiŵelengero cha ŵambura nchito nga ni peresenti ya ŵantchito wose chikaŵa pakati pa 4.38% na 4.3%. Kweni mu Okutobala 2005, ofesi ya Comoros Ministry of Planning and Regional Development yikati: "Ŵanthu awo ŵalije nchito ŵalipo 14.3 peresenti.<ref name="Office of the General Commissioner for Planning, Ministry of Planning and Regional Development">{{cite web |title=Union of the Comoros: Poverty Reduction and Growth Strategy Paper (Updated Interim Paper) |publisher=Office of the General Commissioner for Planning, Ministry of Planning and Regional Development |date=October 2005 |url=http://siteresources.worldbank.org/INTPRS1/Resources/Comoros_IPRSP(Oct2005).pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20061231121817/http://siteresources.worldbank.org/INTPRS1/Resources/Comoros_IPRSP(Oct2005).pdf |archive-date=31 December 2006 |url-status=live}}</ref> Mu 2019, ŵanthu ŵakujumpha 56% ŵakagwiranga nchito mu vyalo vya ulimi, ndipo 29% ŵakagwiranga nchito mu mafakitale na 14% mu maofesi. Virwa ivi vikuthemba pa vyakurya vyakunowa nga ni vanilla, sinamoni, na cloves. Virwa vya Comoros ndivyo vikupanga mafuta ghanandi chomene gha ylang-ylang, agho ghakugwiliskirika ntchito pakupanga mafuta ghakununkhira. Ŵanthu ŵanandi ŵakukhala mu vigaŵa vya vigaŵa vya vigaŵa vya vigaŵa vya vigaŵa vya vigaŵa vya vigaŵa vya vigaŵa vya vigaŵa vya vigaŵa vya vigaŵa vya vigaŵa vya vigaŵa vinandi. Mu 2004, GDP ya ku Comoros yikakura na 1.9% ndipo GDP ya munthu yumoza yikalutilira kuchepa. Kuchepa kwa vinthu ivi kukulongosoreka na vinthu vinyake, nga nkhuchepa kwa ndalama zakugwilira nchito, kukhira kwa unandi wa ndalama, na kusazgikira kwa malonda cifukwa ca kukhira kwa mitengo ya vyakurya, comenecomene vanilla.<ref name="Office of the General Commissioner for Planning, Ministry of Planning and Regional Development" /> Ndondomeko ya ndalama yikukanizgika cifukwa ca ndalama zambura kuwoneka makora, malipiro gha ŵantchito ŵa boma agho ghali kukwera comene, na ngongoli ya caru cose iyo yili kujumpha comene mphaka ya HIPC. Ndipouli, kuŵa mu cigaŵa ca franc, ico nchakovwira comene kuti vinthu viŵe makora, kwanovwira kuti mitengo ya mu caru yileke kunangika. Virwa vya Comoros vili na nthowa zakwendakwenda zambura kwenelera, ŵanthu ŵachoko waka ndipo ŵakusazgikira luŵiro, kweniso vyakuthupi vichoko waka. Ŵanthu awo ŵali na masambiro ghachoko chomene ndiwo ŵakupangiska kuti vinthu viŵayendere makora pa umoyo wawo, ŵanthu ŵanandi ŵaleke ntchito, kweniso ŵakuthemba chomene ndalama zakufuma ku vyaru vinyake. Vyaru vikupanga 40% ya GDP ndipo vikupanga vyakurya vinandi. Boma likufwilirapo comene kuti likhozge masambiro na masambiro gha ŵanthu, kuti likanizgire malonda na mafakitale, kuti likhozge umoyo wa ŵanthu, kuti lipelekenge ndalama zinandi ku vyaru vinyake, kuti likhozge vyakusanguluska, na kuchepeska unandi wa ŵanthu. Charu cha Comoros chili mu wupu wa Organisation for the Harmonization of Business Law in Africa (OHADA).<ref name="ohada.com"> {{cite web |title=OHADA.com: The business law portal in Africa |url=http://www.ohada.com/index.php |access-date=22 March 2009 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090326033744/http://www.ohada.com/index.php |archive-date=26 March 2009 |url-status=live}}</ref> == Ŵanthu == {{Main|Demographics of the Comoros}} {{Largest cities | country = Comoros | stat_ref = Source:<ref name=LESOTHOCITIES>{{cite web |url=https://simplemaps.com/static/data/country-cities/km/km.xlsx|archive-date=2023-06-23|title=Comoros Cities by Population, 2022}}</ref> | list_by_pop = | div_name = | div_link = Islands of Comoros{{!}}Island | city_1 = Moroni, Comoros{{!}}Moroni| div_1 = Grande Comore| pop_1 = 111,329| img_1 = Moroni harbour (2).jpg | city_2 = Mutsamudu | div_2 = Anjouan| pop_2 = 30,000| img_2 = Citadel of Mutsamudu (9983241846).jpg | city_3 =Ouani| div_3 =Anjouan| pop_3 = 22,501| img_3 =Stade De ouani anjouan.JPG | city_4 = Mandza | div_4 =Grande Comore| pop_4 = 21,000| img_4 = | city_5 = Fomboni| div_5 = Mohéli| pop_5 = 18,277 | city_6 = Domoni| div_6 = Anjouan| pop_6 = 16,276 | city_7 = Adda-Douéni| div_7 = Anjouan | pop_7 = 10,858 | city_8 =Kourani| div_8 = Grande Comore| pop_8 = 10,000 | city_9 = Bazimini| div_9 = Anjouan | pop_9 = 8,952 | city_10 = Mkazi| div_10 = Grande Comore| pop_10 = 8,438 }} [[File:Moroni Mosque Photo by Sascha Grabow.jpg|thumb|upright|A mosque in Moroni]] Virwa vya Comoros vili na ŵanthu pafupifupi 850,000, ndipo ni vyaru ivyo vili na ŵanthu ŵachoko chomene pa charu chose. Mu 2001, ŵanthu 34% ŵakakhalanga mu matawuni, kweni kufuma nyengo iyo, chiŵelengero cha ŵanthu mu matawuni chikukura. Pafupifupi hafu ya ŵanthu ŵa ku Comoros ŵali na vyaka vyambura kukwana 15. Malo ghakurughakuru gha misumba ni Moroni, Mitsamihuli, Fumbuni, Mutsamudu, Domoni, na Fomboni. Ku France kuli ŵanthu ŵakukwana 200,000 na 350,000 ŵa ku Comoros.<ref>"[https://www.reuters.com/article/idUSL27778648 FACTBOX-Relations between France and Comoros] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171012030947/https://www.reuters.com/article/idUSL27778648 |date=12 October 2017 }}". Reuters. 27 March 2008.</ref> === Ethnic groups === Virwa vya Comoros vili na ŵanthu 97.1% ŵa fuko la Comorian, awo ŵakupambana mitundu. Ŵanyake mwa ŵanthu aŵa mba Makua na Ŵaindiya. Ku Grande Comore kuli ŵanthu ŵanandi awo ŵali kusamira ku caru cinyake kufuma ku China. Nangauli ŵanthu ŵanandi ŵa ku France ŵakafumako ku Comoros mu 1975, kweni ŵanthu ŵachoko waka ŵa ku Creole awo ŵakafuma ku France, Madagascar, na Réunion, ndiwo ŵakukhala mu Comoros.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2018-07-20 |title=Comoros country profile |language=en-GB |work=BBC News |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-13229685 |access-date=2021-05-18 |archive-date=16 May 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210516073917/https://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-13229685 |url-status=live }}</ref> === Languages === {{Further|Languages of the Comoros}} Viyowoyero ivyo vikuyowoyeka chomene ku Comoros ni viyowoyero vya ku Comoros, ivyo vikutchemeka Shikomori. Chiyowoyero ichi chikukolerana na Chiswahili, ndipo ŵanthu ŵakuyowoya viyowoyero ivi pa virwa vyose vinayi. Ŵanthu ŵanandi ŵakulemba vilembo vya Chiarabic na Chilatini, ndipo sonosono apa ŵalemba vilembo vya Chilatini.<ref name=chamanga>{{cite book |author=Mohamed Ahmed-Chamanga |title=Introduction à la grammaire structurale du comorien |place=Moroni |publisher=Komedit |year=2010}}</ref> Chiarabic na Cifurenci ni viyowoyero vinyake vya boma pamoza na Cikomoro. Ŵanthu ŵanandi ŵakuyowoya Ciarabu cifukwa ndiyo ni ciyowoyero caciŵiri. Cifurenci ni ciyowoyero ca boma ndiposo ciyowoyero ca masambiro ghanandi agho ghakukolerana na Baibolo yayi. === Religion === {{Further|Religion in the Comoros}} [[File:Anjouan - Islands of Comoros.jpg|thumb|A view of Domoni, [[Anjouan]] including mosque]] Chisopa chikuru ni Chisilamu cha Sunni, ndipo ŵanthu pafupifupi 99% ndiwo ŵakumusopa. Charu cha Comoros ndicho chili na Ŵasilamu ŵanandi chomene ku Southern Africa ndipo chili kumwera chomene kwa Mayotte na Cocos Islands. Ŵanthu ŵachoko waka ŵa ku Comoros Mbakhristu, ndipo ŵanandi awo ŵakukhala ku Madagascar Mbakhristu. Ŵanthu ŵanandi awo ŵakufuma ku France mba Katolika.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/comoros/ |title=CIA World Factbook: Comoros |publisher=Cia.gov |access-date=15 January 2011 |archive-date=10 January 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210110042946/https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/comoros |url-status=live }}</ref> === Health === {{Further|Health in the Comoros}} Pa ŵanthu 100,000, pali ŵadokotala 15. Mu 2004, mwanakazi waliyose wakaba ŵana 4.7. Ŵanakazi ŵakukhala vyaka 67 ndipo ŵanalume 62.<ref name="afro.who.int">{{cite web |url=http://www.afro.who.int/home/countries/fact_sheets/comoros.pdf |title=WHO Country Offices in the WHO African Region – WHO Regional Office for Africa |publisher=Afro.who.int |access-date=1 June 2010 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100107104115/http://www.afro.who.int/home/countries/fact_sheets/comoros.pdf |archive-date=7 January 2010}}</ref> === Education === {{Further|Education in the Comoros}} Pafupifupi ŵana wose ŵakusambira mu masukulu gha Quranic, kanandi pambere ŵandambe kusambira. Ŵana ŵakusambizgika Baibolo, kuŵazga pamtima, na kulemba vilembo vya Chiarabu. Ŵapapi ŵanandi ŵakutemwa kuti ŵana ŵawo ŵasambirenge mu masukulu gha Koran pambere ŵandalute ku masukulu gha ku France. Nangauli boma likuŵavya ndalama zinandi, ndipo ŵasambizgi ŵakupokera malipiro ghanandi yayi, kweni pali masukulu ghanandi ghapadera na gha ŵanthu wose agho ghali na masambiro ghawemi. Mapulani gha masambiro gha ku Comoros, padera pa vilimika vicoko waka mu nyengo ya kuzgoka kwa boma, ghakaŵa ghakuyana waka na gha ku France. Sonosono apa, ŵanthu ŵamba kusambizga mu sukulu za ku Comoros na kusazga masukulu ghaŵiri agha, masukulu ghakusambizgira ŵanthu Baibolo na gha Koran.<ref>Damir Ben Ali & Iain Walker. 2017 "Attempts at fusion of the Comorian educational systems: religious education in Comorian and Arabic and secular education in French". In I. Walker. ed., Contemporary issues in Swahili ethnography. London, New York: Routledge.</ref> Pa nyengo iyo charu cha Comoros chikaŵa pambere chindambe kuwusa, masambiro ghakaŵa ghakukhwaskana na ulimi, kuliska viŵeto, na ntchito za pa nyumba. Ŵana ŵakasambizgikaso makhaliro ghawemi gha cisopa ca Ciisilamu. Mu ma 1900, vinthu vikasintha chomene pa nkhani ya masambiro. Ici cikacitikanga comene na ŵana ŵa ŵanthu ŵakuzirwa. Comores yikati yapokera wanangwa mu 1975, masambiro ghakasintha. Ŵasambizgi ŵakasoŵa ndalama zakugwilira ntchito, ndipo ŵanandi ŵakamba kunyenyenkha ntchito. Ntheura pakati pa 1997 na 2001, masambiro gha boma ghakamara. Kufuma waka apo boma likambira kujiyimira palekha, masambiro ghakamba kuwoneka makora chomene ndipo pali nthowa zinyake izo ŵanthu ŵakuchita. Kweniso chiŵelengero cha awo ŵakulembeska sukulu chikukura. Mu 2000, ŵana 44.2% ŵa vyaka 5 m'paka 14 ŵakasambiranga sukulu. Ŵanthu ŵanandi ŵakusoŵa vinthu vyakukhumbikwa pa sukulu, vinthu vinyake, ŵasambizgi ŵakwenelera, mabuku, na vinthu vinyake. Ŵasambizgi ŵanandi ŵakutondeka kusanga malipiro mwakuti ŵakukana kugwira nchito. Pambere chaka cha 2000 chindafike, ŵana ŵa sukulu awo ŵakakhumbanga masambiro gha ku yunivesite ŵakeneranga kuluta ku charu chinyake. Ndipouli, kukwambilira kwa vyaka vya m'ma 2000, mu caru ici mukaŵa yunivesite. Ivi vikawovwira kuti vinthu vyendenge makora pa caru na kuti ŵanthu ŵanandi ŵakusambira comene ŵaleke kuwelera ku virwa ivi kukagwira nchito. Chiyowoyero cha ku Comoros chilije vilembo, kweni ŵanthu ŵakugwiliskira ntchito vilembo vya Chiarabu na Chilatini. Mu 2004, ŵanthu pafupifupi 57 pa 100 ŵaliwose ŵakamanyanga kulemba na kulemba vilembo vya Chilatini, ndipo ŵanthu ŵakujumpha 90 pa 100 ŵaliwose ŵakamanyanga kulemba na kulemba vilembo vya Chiarabu.<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20061231044041/http://www.uis.unesco.org/profiles/EN/EDU/countryProfile_en.aspx?code=1740 UNESCO Institute for Statistics, country profile of Comoros; 2004] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20061231044041/http://www.uis.unesco.org/profiles/EN/EDU/countryProfile_en.aspx?code=1740 |date=31 December 2006 }}.</ref> == Mwambo == {{See also|Public holidays in the Comoros}} Kanandi ŵanakazi ŵa ku Ndzwani ŵakuvwara malaya ghaswesi na ghatuŵa ghakuchemeka shiromani, apo ku Ngazidja na Mwali ŵakuvwara masilafu ghakununkhira ghakuchemeka leso. Ŵanakazi ŵanandi ŵakuvwara nkhule ya sandalwood na korali yakuchemeka msinzano. Ŵanalume ŵakuvwara malaya ghatali ghatuŵa ghakuchemeka nkandu, ndipo ŵakughavwalika kofia.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.comoros-islands.com/index.php?!=15 |title=Comoros Islands: Islands & Beyond |publisher=comoros-islands.com |access-date=29 November 2016|url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161115135340/http://www.comoros-islands.com/index.php?!=15 |archive-date=15 November 2016}}</ref> === Marriage === Mu Comoros muli mitundu yiŵiri ya nthengwa, nthengwa yichoko (iyo yikuchemeka Mna daho pa Ngazidja) na nthengwa ya kaluso (iyo yikuchemeka ada pa Ngazidja, harusi pa virwa vinyake). Nthengwa yichoko iyi njambura kukhumba vinandi. Cikaŵa cipusu, cakukhora, ndiposo cakudura yayi, ndipo mukwati wakapelekanga ndalama zicoko waka. Mwanalume wangatorana na mwanakazi yumoza pera, kweni kanandi ŵanalume na ŵanakazi ŵakuŵa na nthengwa yimoza pera mu muzi. Cimanyikwiro ca nthengwa iyi ni vyakuvwara vyagolide, viphikiro vya masabata ghaŵiri, na vyawanangwa vikuru. Nangauli ndalama izo ŵakwendeskera nthengwa zikugaŵikana pakati pa mbumba zose ziŵiri kweniso na ŵanthu ŵanandi, kweni ukwati wa ada pa Ngazidja ungaŵa wakudura pafupifupi mapaundi 5,000. Ŵakutorana ŵanandi ŵakumalira nyengo yawo yinandi kuti ŵasunge ndalama zakovwilira mbumba yawo, ndipo kanandi pa nthengwa pakusangika ŵana awo mbalara.<ref>{{cite journal |last=Walker |first=Iain |year=2002 |title=Les aspects économiques du grand mariage de Ngazidja |journal=Autrepart |volume=23 |pages=157–171 |doi=10.3917/autr.023.0157}}</ref>{{NoteTag|According to the [English] "'''Extract'''" at {{cite journal |url=https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/africa/article/abs/two-marriage-forms-in-the-comoro-islands-an-investigation/225744C2CB77FFB747423677EC0F63B5 |title=Two Marriage Forms in the Comoro Islands: An Investigation |journal=Africa |publisher=[[Cambridge University Press]] |date=January 23, 2012 |volume=47 |issue=4 |pages=344–359 |doi=10.2307/1158341 |jstor=1158341 |access-date=December 27, 2021 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211227044724/https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/africa/article/abs/two-marriage-forms-in-the-comoro-islands-an-investigation/225744C2CB77FFB747423677EC0F63B5 |archive-date=December 27, 2021 |quote='''Extract'''<br />Comorian marriage must strike anyone with even the most passing knowledge of the Islands as surprising. All men strive for the lavish, expensive and lengthy marriage form known as ndola nkuu (great marriage) or harusi ya ada (customary marriage) even though a perfectly respectable simple form, mna daho (little house), is all that moslem customary law requires. Mna daho marriages cost almost nothing: ada marriages may cost as much as £5000. Why invest such a large sum in this way? What, in plain anthropological language, are the functions of ada marriage? |last1=Shepherd |first1=Gillian M. |s2cid=145156752}}}} Para mwanalume wafwa, wakwamba kuŵa na vyaka vinandi. Malo ghake ghakukwera comene, ndipo kufuma pa nyengo iyi waŵenge na wanangwa wa kuyowoya pa wumba na kunjilirapo pa ndyali, mu muzi wake na mu caru cose. Waŵenge na wanangwa wa kulongora udindo wake mwa kuvwara mharuma, mtundu unyake wa chisoti, pa viŵegha vyake, ndipo wanganjira mu mzikiti pa mulyango wa ŵalara, na kukhala kunthazi. Kweniso mwanakazi wakusintha para waŵa "mama" na kukhala mu nyumba yake. Pa virwa vinyake, nthengwa yikucitika mwakuyana na dango yayi, kweni yikuŵa yakuzirwa comene kweniso njakudura. Kanandi ŵakususka ndondomeko iyi cifukwa cakuti njakudura comene, kweni yikovwira kuti ŵanthu ŵaŵe ŵakukolerana. Kweniso ŵanthu ŵakwamba kupeleka msonkho pa nthengwa kuti ŵasange ndalama zakwendeskera vikaya.<ref>{{cite journal |journal=[[Africa (journal)|Africa]] |date=1 January 1977 |volume=47 |issue=4 |last=Shepherd |first=Gillian M. |title=Two Marriage Forms in the Comoro Islands: An Investigation |pages=344–359 |doi=10.2307/1158341 |jstor=1158341 |s2cid=145156752 |id={{ProQuest|1298706914}} }}</ref> === Kinship and social structure === [[File:JOUR DE L'AÏDE DHUL HAJJ BANGOI-KOUNI.jpg|thumb|Villagers in Bangwa Kuuni, Ngazidja]] Ŵanthu ŵa ku Comoros ŵali na mbumba ziŵiri. Ŵanthu awo ŵakukhala mu mbumba ya Bantu ŵakuyana waka na ŵanthu awo ŵakukhala mu mbumba ya ŵanthu awo ŵakukhala mu nyumba za ŵanalume. Ndipouli, pa virwa ivi pali mphambano yikuru comene, cifukwa pa Ngazidja, ŵanthu awo ŵali mu mbumba za ŵanyinawo ndiwo ŵali na nkhongono comene.<ref>Walker, Iain. "Becoming the Other, Being Oneself: Constructing Identities in a Connected World." Cambridge Scholars Publishing. 2010.</ref> === Music === {{Further|Music of the Comoros}} Sumu za Twarab, izo zikafuma ku Zanzibar kukwambilira kwa m'ma 1900, zikulutilira kuŵa zakumanyikwa comene pa virwa ivi ndipo zikumanyikwa comene pa maukwati.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Graebner |first1=Werner |year=2001 |title=Twarab ya shingazidja: a first approach |journal=Swahili Forum |volume=8 |pages=129–143}}</ref> === Media === {{Further|Mass media in the Comoros}} Ku Comoros kuli manyuzipepara ghaŵiri gha zuŵa na zuŵa, la boma la Al-Watwan, na la boma la La Gazette des Comores. Paliso manyuzipepara ghanyake agho ghakulembeka mwambura kwenelera kweniso mawebusayiti ghanyake. Wupu wa boma wa ORTC (Office de Radio et Télévision des Comores) ndiwo ukupeleka mauthenga gha pa wayilesi na pa wayilesi. Pa virwa vya Grande Comore na Anjouan pali TV iyo yikwendeskeka na boma la chigaŵa cha Anjouan. Paliso mawayilesi ghacoko waka gha wayilesi gha ku Grande Comore na Mohéli, ndipo pa virwa ivi pali wayilesi ya Mayotte Radio na French TV.<ref>{{CIA World Factbook |url=https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/comoros/#communications |article=Comoros: Communications}}</ref> == Wonaniso == {{portal|Africa}} *[[Index of Comoros-related articles]] == Vyakulemba == {{notelist}} {{NoteFoot}} == Ukaboni == === Citations === {{Reflist|35em}} === Sources === {{refbegin}} *{{cite book |ref=Ottenheimer |title=Historical Dictionary of the Comoro Islands. ''African Historical Dictionaries; No. 59'' |author1=Martin Ottenheimer |author2=Harriet Ottenheimer |year=1994 |publisher=Scarecrow Press |location=Metuchen, NJ |isbn=978-0-585-07021-6}} *{{cite book |title=Islands in a Cosmopolitan Sea: A History of the Comoros |author=Iain Walker |year=2019 |publisher=Hurst Publishers |location=London, England |isbn=9781787381469}} *This article incorporates text from the [[Library of Congress]] Country Studies, which is in the [[public domain]]. {{refend}} == Vigaŵa vya kuwalo == {{Sister project links|voy=Comoros|Comoros|collapsible=collapsed}} *[https://web.archive.org/web/20101210081335/http://www.beit-salam.km/ Union des Comores] – Official government website *{{Wikiatlas|Comoros}} *[https://web.archive.org/web/20210227184315/https://go2comoros.com/ Tourism website] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210227184315/https://go2comoros.com/ |date=27 February 2021 }} *[http://www.embassy.org/embassies/km.html Embassy des Comores] – The Federal and Islamic Republic of the Comoros in New York, United States *{{GovPubs|comoros}} *{{curlie|Regional/Africa/Comoros}} *[https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-africa-13229685 Comoros] from the [[BBC News]] *[http://www.ifs.du.edu/ifs/frm_CountryProfile.aspx?Country=KM Key Development Forecasts for Comoros] from [[International Futures]] {{Clear}} {{Comoros topics}} {{Navboxes |list = {{Countries and territories bordering the Indian Ocean}} {{Countries of Africa}} {{Somali Plate}} {{Arab League}} {{Organization of Islamic Cooperation |state=collapsed }} {{African Union}} {{La Francophonie |state=collapsed }} }} {{Authority control}} {{Coord|12.3|S|43.7|E|display=title}} [[Category:Comoros| ]]<!--please leave the empty space as standard--> [[Category:Countries in Africa]] [[Category:1975 establishments in Africa]] [[Category:Arabic-speaking countries and territories]] [[Category:Comoros archipelago]] [[Category:East African countries]] [[Category:Federal republics]] [[Category:French-speaking countries and territories]] [[Category:Island countries of the Indian Ocean]] [[Category:Island countries]] [[Category:Least developed countries]] [[Category:Member states of the African Union]] [[Category:Member states of the Arab League]] [[Category:Member states of the Organisation internationale de la Francophonie]] [[Category:Member states of the Organisation of Islamic Cooperation]] [[Category:Member states of the United Nations]] [[Category:Small Island Developing States]] [[Category:States and territories established in 1503]] [[Category:States and territories established in 1975]] szt5oi7mtmiasvsaljc4r5cjm6ksz1j 119581 119580 2026-08-19T00:44:43Z Viyowoyero-vya-Malaŵi 11606 /* Ŵanthu */ 119581 wikitext text/x-wiki {{short description|African island country in the Indian Ocean}} {{about|the country|the archipelago|Comoro Islands}} {{pp-move|small=yes}} {{Use dmy dates|date=July 2020}} {{Infobox country | conventional_long_name = Union of the Comoros | common_name = Comoros | native_name = {{ubl|{{native name|zdj|Udzima wa Komori}}|{{native name|fr|Union des Comores}}|{{native name|ar|جمهورية القمر المتحدة}}|''{{transliteration|ar|DIN|Jamhuriyat al-Qumur al-Mutaḥida}}''}} | image_flag = Flag of the Comoros.svg | flag_type = [[Flag of the Comoros|Flag]] | image_coat = Seal of the Comoros.svg | symbol_type = [[National seal of the Comoros|Seal]] | image_map = File:Comoros (orthographic projection).svg | map_caption = Location of the Comoros (circled) | image_map2 = | national_motto = {{vunblist |{{native phrase|fr|"Unité – Solidarité – Développement"|italics=off}}|{{native phrase|ar|وحدة، تضامن، تنمية|italics=off}} |"Unity – Solidarity – Development"}} | national_anthem = ''[[Udzima wa ya Masiwa]]'' (Comorian)<br />({{Lang-en|"The Union of the Islands"}})<div style="padding-top:0.5em;">{{center|}}</div> | official_languages = {{hlist|[[Comorian language|Comorian]]|[[French language|French]]|[[Arabic]]}} | ethnic_groups = <!--The following is sourced (see ethnic_groups_year above), so please do not change it without also replacing that source:-->{{ublist|[[Demographics of the Comoros|Comorians]]{{Efn|Mixture of [[Bantu peoples|Bantu]], [[Malagasy people|Malagasy]], and [[Arabs|Arab]] people}} 97.1%|[[Makua people|Makua]] 1.6%|[[Demographics of the Comoros|Others]] 1.3%}} | demonym = Comorian | capital = [[Moroni, Comoros|Moroni]] | coordinates = {{Coord|11.69|S|43.26|E|type:city}} | largest_city = capital | ethnic_groups_ref = <ref name="Comoros - People {{!}} Britannica">{{Cite web |title=Comoros - People {{!}} Britannica |url=https://www.britannica.com/place/Comoros/People |access-date=2022-09-25 |website=www.britannica.com |language=en |archive-date=19 December 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201219213908/https://www.britannica.com/place/Comoros/People |url-status=live }}</ref> | ethnic_groups_year = 2000 | religion = 98% [[Islam in the Comoros|Sunni Islam]] (Official) <br/>2% [[Christianity in the Comoros|Christianity]] | government_type = [[Federal state|Federal]] [[Presidential system|presidential]] [[republic]] | leader_title1 = [[President of the Comoros|President]] | leader_name1 = [[Azali Assoumani]] | leader_title2 = [[Assembly of the Union of the Comoros#Presidents of the Assembly|President of the Assembly]] | leader_name2 = [[Moustadroine Abdou]] | legislature = {{nowrap|[[Assembly of the Union of the Comoros|Assembly of the Union]]}} | area_rank = 170th <!-- Should match [[List of countries and dependencies by area]] --> | area_km2 = 1,861 | area_sq_mi = 719 <!--Do not remove per [[WP:MOSNUM]]--> | percent_water = negligible | population_estimate = 850,886 | population_estimate_year = 2019 | population_estimate_rank = 160th <!-- Should match [[List of countries and dependencies by area]] --> | population_census = | population_census_year = | population_density_km2 = 457 | population_density_sq_mi = 1,184 | population_densitymi³ = <!--Do not remove per [[WP:MOSNUM]]--> | population_density_rank = 27th | GDP_PPP_year = 2019 | GDP_PPP = $2.446 billion<ref name=imf2>{{cite web |url=http://www.imf.org/external/pubs/ft/weo/2016/02/weodata/weorept.aspx?pr.x=87&pr.y=7&sy=2014&ey=2021&scsm=1&ssd=1&sort=country&ds=.&br=1&c=632&s=NGDPD%2CNGDPDPC%2CPPPGDP%2CPPPPC&grp=0&a= |title=Comoros |publisher=International Monetary Fund |access-date=17 April 2012 |archive-date=6 February 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200206163807/https://www.imf.org/external/pubs/ft/weo/2016/02/weodata/weorept.aspx?pr.x=87&pr.y=7&sy=2014&ey=2021&scsm=1&ssd=1&sort=country&ds=.&br=1&c=632&s=NGDPD%2CNGDPDPC%2CPPPGDP%2CPPPPC&grp=0&a= |url-status=live }}</ref> | GDP_PPP_per_capita = $2,799<ref name=imf2 /> | GDP_PPP_rank = 178th | GDP_PPP_per_capita_rank = 177th | GDP_nominal = $1.179 billion<ref name=imf2 /> | GDP_nominal_year = 2019 | GDP_nominal_per_capita = $1,349<ref name=imf2 /> | GDP_nominal_rank = 182nd | GDP_nominal_per_capita_rank = 165th | Gini_year = 2013 | Gini_change = decrease<!--increase/decrease/steady--> | Gini = 45.0 <!--number only--> | Gini_ref = <ref name="gini-index">{{cite web |title=GINI index |url=http://data.worldbank.org/indicator/SI.POV.GINI?order=wbapi_data_value_2007+wbapi_data_value+wbapi_data_value-last&sort=asc&page=1 |publisher=World Bank |access-date=26 July 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140430091714/http://data.worldbank.org/indicator/SI.POV.GINI?order=wbapi_data_value_2007+wbapi_data_value+wbapi_data_value-last&sort=asc&page=1 |archive-date=30 April 2014|url-status=live}}</ref> | Gini_rank = 141st | HDI_year = 2021<!-- Please use the year to which the data refers, not the publication year--> | HDI_change = decrease <!--increase/decrease/steady--> | HDI = 0.558 <!--number only--> | HDI_ref = <ref name="UNHDR">{{cite book |title=Human Development Report 2020 The Next Frontier: Human Development and the Anthropocene |date=15 December 2020 |publisher=United Nations Development Programme |isbn=978-92-1-126442-5 |pages=343–346 |url=http://hdr.undp.org/sites/default/files/hdr2020.pdf |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20221009/http://hdr.undp.org/sites/default/files/hdr2020.pdf |archive-date=2022-10-09 |url-status=live |access-date=16 December 2020}}</ref> | HDI_rank = 156th | sovereignty_type = [[History of the Comoros|Formation]] | established_event1 = Discovery by Portuguese explorers | established_date1 = 1503 | established_event2 = [[Grande Comore|Ngazidja]], [[Anjouan|Ndzwani]], [[Mohéli|Mwali]] under French rule | established_date2 = 1886 | established_event3 = Protectorate of the Comoros | established_date3 = 6 September 1887 | established_event4 = Dependency of the [[French Madagascar|Colony of Madagascar and Dependencies]] | established_date4 = 9 April 1908 | established_event5 = [[French overseas departments and territories|French Overseas Territory]] | established_date5 = 27 October 1946 | established_event6 = State of Comoros | established_date6 = 22 December 1961 | established_event7 = [[List of sovereign states by date of formation|Independence]] from [[France]] | established_date7 = 6 July 1975 | established_event8 = Federal Islamic Republic of Comoros | established_date8 = 1 October 1978<ref>{{cite web |url=https://mjp.univ-perp.fr/constit/km1978.htm |title=Comoros Constitution of October 1, 1978 |publisher=Digithèque MJP |date=2012 |access-date=24 October 2020 |archive-date=27 October 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201027171729/https://mjp.univ-perp.fr/constit/km1978.htm |url-status=live }} {{in lang|fr}}</ref> | established_event9 = Union of the Comoros | established_date9 = 23 December 2001 | established_event10 = [[Constitution of the Comoros|Current constitution]] | established_date10 = 17 May 2009 | currency = [[Comorian franc]] | currency_code = KMF | time_zone = [[East Africa Time|EAT]] | utc_offset = +3 | time_zone_DST = | utc_offset_DST = | drives_on = Right | calling_code = [[+269]] | cctld = [[.km]] | today = | religion_ref = <ref>{{cite book |first1=Martin |last1=Ottenheimer |first2=Harriet |last2=Ottenheimer |year=1994 |title=Historical Dictionary of the Comoro Islands |publisher=Scarecrow |page=73 |isbn=978-0-8108-2819-3}}</ref> }} '''Comoros''',{{NoteTag|{{IPAc-en|audio=En-us-Comoros.ogg|ˈ|k|ɒ|m|ər|oʊ|z}}; [[Comorian languages|Comorian]]: ''Komori'', {{IPA-all|ko.mo.ri|pron}}; {{lang-ar|جزر القمر}}, ''{{transliteration|ar|DIN|Juzur al-Qumur{{\}}Qamar}}''; {{lang-fr|Comores}}}} mwaboma, '''Mkolelanako wa Comoros''',{{NoteTag|[[Comorian languages|Comorian]]: ''Udzima wa Komori;'' {{lang-fr|Union des Comores}}; {{lang-ar|الاتحاد القمري}} ''{{transliteration|ar|DIN|al-Ittiḥād al-Qumurī{{\}}Qamarī}}''}} ni caru cakujiyimira paŵekha ico cili na virwa vitatu ku Southeastern Africa. Msumba wake ukuru ni Moroni. Chisopa icho ŵanthu ŵanandi ŵakulondezga, kweniso chisopa cha boma, ni Chisilamu cha Sunni. Charu cha Comoros chikapharazga kuti chafwatuka ku France pa Julayi 6, 1975. Charu ichi chili mu wupu wa vyaru vya maarabu, ndipo ndico nchigaŵa cimoza pera mu caru ca maarabu ico cili mu cigaŵa ca kumwera. Charu ichi chili mu wupu wa African Union, Organisation internationale de la Francophonie, Organisation of Islamic Cooperation, na Indian Ocean Commission. Charu ichi chili na viyowoyero vitatu: Shikomori, Chifurenchi na Chiarabic. Charu ichi chili na virwa vikuruvikuru vitatu na virwa vichoko vinandi. Virwa vyose vya Comoro ni vya mapiri. Mayotte wakakana kujipatura ku France mu 1974, ndipo wakulutilira kulamulirika na France. Boma la France likakanira ivyo wupu wa United Nations Security Council ukayowoya vyakuti Comoros ndiyo yili na mazaza pa cirwa ici.<ref name="GA31_first-resolution">The first UN General Assembly Resolution regarding the matter, "[https://web.archive.org/web/20080408191407/http://un.cti.depaul.edu/Countries/Comoros/1156213396.pdf Question of the Comorian island of Mayotte] (PDF)", United Nations General Assembly Resolution A/RES/31/4, (21 October 1976) states "the occupation by France of the Comorian island of Mayotte constitutes a flagrant encroachment on the national unity of the Comorian State, a Member of the United Nations," rejecting the French-administered referendums and condemning French presence in Mayotte.</ref><ref>As defined by the [[Organization of African Unity]], the [[Non-Aligned Movement|Movement of Non-Aligned Countries]], the [[Organisation of Islamic Cooperation]], and the [[United Nations General Assembly]]: the most recent UN General Assembly Resolution regarding the matter, "Question of the Comorian island of Mayotte," United Nations General Assembly Resolution A/RES/49/18, (6 December 1994) states "the results of the referendum of 22 December 1974 were to be considered on a global basis and not island by island,...Reaffirms the sovereignty of the Islamic Federal Republic of the Comoros over the island of Mayotte". [https://web.archive.org/web/20080106080523/http://un.cti.depaul.edu/public/Comoros/10/English/ Several resolutions expressing similar sentiments were passed between 1977 (31/4) and 1994 (49/18).]</ref><ref name="GlobalPolicy_SC-Vetoes">{{cite web |url=http://www.globalpolicy.org/security/membship/veto/vetosubj.htm |title=Subjects of UN Security Council Vetoes |publisher=Global Policy Forum |access-date=27 March 2008 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080317010910/http://www.globalpolicy.org/security/membship/veto/vetosubj.htm |archive-date=17 March 2008 |url-status=dead}}</ref> Mayotte wakazgoka chigaŵa cha ku France mu 2011 pamanyuma pa referendum iyo yikapokeka na ŵanthu ŵanandi.<ref name="article33">{{cite web |url=http://legal.un.org/repertory/art33/english/rep_supp5_vol2-art33_e.pdf |title=Article 33, Repertory, Supplement 5, vol. II (1970–1978) |work=United Nations, Office of Legal Affairs (OLA)|url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141006084240/http://legal.un.org/repertory/art33/english/rep_supp5_vol2-art33_e.pdf |archive-date=6 October 2014}}</ref> Virwa vya Comoros vili na malo ghakukwana 1,861 km2. Mu 2019 ŵanthu ŵakukwana 850,886.{{UN Population|ref}} Ŵanthu ŵakwambilira awo ŵakakhalanga mu virwa vya Comoros ŵakaŵa ŵanthu ŵa ku Austronesian na Malagasy. Charu ichi chikaŵa pasi pa ufumu wa France mu vyaka vya m'ma 1800 pambere chindaŵe na wanangwa mu 1975. Mu caru ici muli maboma ghakujumpha 20 agho ghayezga kutimbanizga boma. Kweniso charu ichi chili na masuzgo ghakuru chomene pa nkhani ya ndalama, ndipo chili pa chigaŵa chapasi chomene pa charu chose. Mu 2008, ŵanthu pafupifupi hafu ŵakakhalanga pasi pa ukavu wa US$1.25 pa zuŵa.<ref>[http://hdr.undp.org/en/media/HDI_2008_EN_Tables.pdf ''Human Development Indices''] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081219191319/http://hdr.undp.org/en/media/HDI_2008_EN_Tables.pdf |date=19 December 2008 }}, Table 3: Human and income poverty, p. 35. Retrieved on 1 June 2009</ref> == Zina == Zina lakuti Comoros lili kufuma ku lizgu la Chiarabu lakuti قمر qamar ("mwezi").<ref>{{cite journal |url=http://www.comores-online.com/mwezinet/histoire/islandsofthemoon.htm |title=The Islands of the Moon |journal=Aramco World |volume=47 |issue=4 |date=July–August 1996 |pages=40 |access-date=20 September 2007 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071013214138/http://comores-online.com/mwezinet/histoire/islandsofthemoon.htm |archive-date=13 October 2007|url-status=live}}</ref> == Mbili == {{Main|History of the Comoros}} === Settlement === [[File:Dhow.jpg|right|thumb|A large [[dhow]] with [[lateen]] sail rigs]] [[File:Vanilla plantation in wood dsc00190.jpg|thumb|upright|A [[vanilla]] plantation]] Mwakuyana na vidokoni, jinni (mzimu) wakaponya libwe lakuzirwa, ilo likapangiska moto ukuru. Ici cikazgoka phiri la Karthala, ilo likapangiska cirwa ca Grande Comore. Ŵanyake ŵakuti Themba Solomoni nalo likaluta ku chirwa ichi. Ŵanthu ŵakwambilira awo ŵakakhalanga mu virwa vya Comoro ŵakamanyikwa kuti ŵakaŵa ŵanthu ŵa ku Austronesia awo ŵakendanga pa boti kufuma ku virwa vya ku Southeast Asia.<ref>{{cite journal |title=Ancient crops provide first archaeological signature of the westward Austronesian expansion |journal=Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences |volume=113 |issue=24 |pages=6635–6640 |author1=Alison Crowther |author2=Leilani Lucas |author3=Richard Helm |author4=Mark Horton |author5=Ceri Shipton |author6=Henry T. Wright |display-authors=etal |date=2016 |doi=10.1073/pnas.1522714113 |pmid=27247383 |pmc=4914162 |bibcode=2016PNAS..113.6635C |doi-access=free}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |title=The Comoros show the earliest Austronesian gene flow into the Swahili Corridor |journal=The American Journal of Human Genetics |volume=102 |pages=58–68 |author1=Nicolas Brucato |author2=Veronica Fernandes |author3=Stéphane Mazières |author4=Pradiptajati Kusuma |author5=Murray P. Cox|display-authors=etal |date=2018 |issue=1 |doi=10.1016/j.ajhg.2017.11.011 |pmid=29304377 |pmc=5777450 |doi-access=free}}</ref> Ŵanthu aŵa ŵakafika mu vyaka vya m'ma 700 C.E., apo pakaŵa malo ghakale chomene agho ŵakasanga ku Mayotte. Ŵanthu ŵanyake awo ŵakaluta ku malo agha ŵakafuma kumafumiro gha dazi kwa Africa, ku Arabia, ku Persian Gulf, ku Malaŵi, na ku Madagascar. Ŵanthu awo ŵakayowoyanga ciyowoyero ca Bantu ŵakakhalanga pa virwa ivi kufuma waka apo ŵanthu ŵakambira kukhazikika, ndipo ŵakwenera kuti ŵakiza na ŵazga.<ref>Walker, Iain. "Islands in a Cosmopolitan Sea: A History of the Comoros." Hurst Publishers. 2019.</ref> Vyaru vya Comoros vikupangika mu vigaŵa viŵiri. Nyengo yakwambilira iyo ŵanthu ŵakakhalanga pa chirwa ichi ni nyengo ya Dembeni (cha m'ma 700 C.E. m'paka 10 C.E.).<ref name=spear>{{cite journal |author=Thomas Spear |title=Early Swahili History Reconsidered |journal=The International Journal of African Historical Studies |volume=33 |issue=2 |year=2000 |pages=257–290 |doi=10.2307/220649 |jstor=220649}}</ref> Kwambira mu nyengo ya 11 m'paka 15 C.E., malonda na ŵanthu ŵa ku Madagascar kweniso ŵamalonda ŵa ku Swahili Coast na Middle East ŵakakura chomene. Ŵanthu ŵanandi ŵa ku Comoros ŵali kufuma ku chirwa cha Arabia, chomenechomene ku Hadhramaut. === Medieval Comoros === Mbiri yikulongora kuti mu 632, ŵanthu ŵa pa chirwa ichi ŵakati ŵapulika vya cisopa ca Ciisilamu, ŵakatuma nthumi yawo, Mtswa-Mwindza, ku Mecca. Kweni apo iyo wakafikanga, nchimi ya Ciisilamu, Muhammad, yikaŵa kuti yafwa. Ndipouli, wakati wakhalako nyengo yicoko waka ku Mecca, wakawelera ku Ngazidja ndipo wakadangilira kuti ŵanthu ŵa pa cirwa ici ŵambe kusopa Cisilamu.<ref name=verin>{{cite journal |author=Pierre Vérin |title=Mtswa Muyindza et l'introduction de l'Islam à Ngazidja; au sujet de la tradition et du texte de Pechmarty |journal=Études Océan Indien |volume=2 |year=1982 |pages=95–100}}</ref> Mu 933, ŵanthu ŵa ku Oman ŵakamba kuchema Comoros kuti Virwa vya Mafuta. Mu mabuku ghakwambilira gha ku East Africa, mabuku gha Al-Masudi ghakulongosora nthowa zakwendamo malonda za chisopa cha Chisilamu, kweniso umo Ŵasilamu ŵakenderanga mumphepete mwa nyanja na virwa ivi. Ŵakapelekaso cisopa ca Ciislam ku ŵanthu ŵa ku Zanj kusazgapo Comoros. Apo Comoros yikakuranga mumphepete mwa nyanja ya East Africa, ŵakazenga visopo vikuru na vichoko wuwo. Virwa vya Comoros vikaŵa vya ŵanthu ŵa ku Swahili ndipo vikaŵa malo ghakurughakuru ghakwendeskera malonda, kweniso ghakaŵa na misumba yinandi ya malonda nga ni Kilwa, ku Tanzania, Sofala (malo agho ŵakaguliskiranga golide ku Zimbabwe), Mozambique, na Mombasa ku Kenya. Ŵanthu ŵa ku Portugal ŵakiza ku virwa vya ku Indian Ocean kuumaliro wa vyaka vya m'ma 1400 C.E. Ŵanthu ŵa ku Portugal ŵakamba kwiza ku virwa ivi na boti la Vasco da Gama mu 1503.<ref>Walker, Iain. "Islands in a Cosmopolitan Sea: A History of the Comoros." Hurst Publishers. 2019, p 49-50.</ref> Mu vyaka vya m'ma 1500 C.E., virwa ivi vikapeleka vyakurya ku ŵanthu ŵa ku Portugal ku Mozambique. Kuumaliro wa vyaka vya m'ma 1500, ŵalongozgi ŵa ku malo agha ŵakamba kuthereska Ŵachidachi na Ŵapwitikizi. Muhaliri wake Said bin Sultan wakasazgirako mazaza gha Ŵaarabu ŵa ku Oman mu cigaŵa ici, ndipo wakasamuskira boma lake ku Zanzibar. Ndipouli, Comoros ghakaŵa ghacilendo, ndipo nangauli virwa vitatu vikuruvikuru vikaŵa vyakukolerana, kweni cirwa cikuru comene, Ngazidja, cikagaŵika mu maufumu ghanandi.<ref name="Thomas Spear 1984 291–305">{{cite journal |author=Thomas Spear |title=The Shirazi in Swahili Traditions, Culture, and History |journal=History in Africa |volume=11 |year=1984 |pages=291–305 |doi=10.2307/3171638 |publisher=African Studies Association |jstor=3171638 |s2cid=162212370}}</ref> Apo ŵa ku Europe ŵakamba kutemwa virwa vya Comoros, ŵanthu ŵa ku virwa ivi ŵakamba kugwiliskira nchito makora mwaŵi uwu, ndipo pakwamba ŵakagwiliskiranga nchito maboti agho ghakalutanga ku India, comene-comene gha Cingelezi, ndipo pamanyuma ŵakagwiliskiranga nchito ŵazga mu virwa vya ku Mascarenes.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Prestholdt |first1=Jeremy |year=2007 |title=Similitude and empire: on Comorian strategies of Englishness |journal=Journal of World History |volume=18 |issue=2 |pages=113–138 |doi=10.1353/jwh.2007.0015 |s2cid=145310983}}</ref><ref name="Thomas Spear 1984 291–305" /> === European contact and French colonisation === [[File:Carte des isles de Comore Johanna ou Anjouan Mohilla ou Moaly et Mayote Bnf40600530t.jpg|thumb|left|French map of the Comores, 1747]] [[File:Camora.jpg|thumb|left|An 1808 map refers to the islands as "Camora".]] [[File:Moroni-Place des Assemblées.jpg|thumb|A public square, Moroni, 1908]] Mu vyaka vya m'ma 1800, ŵasilikari ŵa ku Madagascar, comenecomene Betsimisaraka na Sakalava, ŵakamba kuwukira virwa vya Comoros kuti ŵasange ŵazga ndipo virwa ivi vikabwangandulika cifukwa vyakurya vikaparanyika ndipo ŵanthu ŵakakomeka, ŵakatolekera ku wuzga panji ŵakacimbilira ku Africa.<ref>Walker, Iain. "Islands in a Cosmopolitan Sea: A History of the Comoros." Hurst Publishers. 2019, p 254.</ref> Ŵanthu ŵakakhalanga pa virwa ivi na ŵazga awo ŵakafuma ku virwa vikuruvikuru. Mu 1865, ku Comoros, ŵanthu pafupifupi 40% ŵakaŵa ŵazga. France yikamba kulamulira ku Comoros pakutora Mayotte mu 1841 apo Sakalava uyo wakaŵa sultan Andriantsoly [fr] (uyo wakamanyikwaso na zina lakuti Tsy Levalo) wakalemba phangano la April 1841, ilo likapeleka cirwa ku boma la France. Nyengo yeneyiyo, Ndzwani (panji Johanna nga umo ŵanthu ŵa ku Britain ŵakamumanyiranga) wakalutilira kuŵa malo ghakwenderako ŵamalonda ŵa ku England awo ŵakalutanga ku India na ku Far East, kweniso ŵalovi ŵa vikoko ŵa ku America. Vinthu vinyake ivyo vikatoleka ku Comoros ni ŵazga, kokosoni, makuni, ng'ombe, na viŵiya vinyake. Ŵanthu ŵa ku France, makampani gha ku France, na ŵamalonda ŵasambazi ŵa ku Arabia ŵakamba kulima minda. Pamasinda pakuti Mayotte wapokeka na France, charu ichi chikazgoka malo ghakupandamo shuga. Virwa vinyake navyo vikasintha, ndipo vyakurya vikuruvikuru nga ni ylang-ylang, vanilla, cloves, vyakumera vyakununkhira, khofi, mbuto za koko, na sisal vikamba kulima. Mu 1886, Mwali wakaŵikika pasi pa kuvikilirika na Ŵafarisi. Mu chaka chenechicho, Sultan Said Ali wa ku Bambao, uyo wakaŵa yumoza wa mafumu gha Ngazidja, wakaŵika chilumba ichi mu mawoko gha Ŵafalansa. Mu 1908, virwa ivi vikaŵa na boma limoza (Colonie de Mayotte et dépendances) ndipo vikaŵa pasi pa muwuso wa kazembe mukuru wa ku Madagascar. Mu 1909, Sultan Said Muhamed wa ku Ndzwani wakaleka ufumu wake na kwamba kulamulira ku France. Mu 1912, boma la Madagascar likamara kulamulira virwa ivi. Mu 1973, ŵakazomerezgana na France kuti Comoros yiŵe yakujiyimira paŵekha mu 1978, nangauli ŵimiliri ŵa boma la Mayotte ŵakazomerezga kuti charu ichi chiŵe pamoza na France. Pa virwa vyose vinayi, ŵakacita phangano la ŵanthu wose. Vyaru vitatu vikazomera kuti vijiyimire vyekha, kweni vyaru vinyake vitatu vikazomera yayi. Ndipouli, pa Julayi 6, 1975, nyumba ya malango ya Comoros yikapeleka dango lakuti charu ichi chiŵe na wanangwa wakujiyimira. Ahmed Abdallah wakapharazga wanangwa wa Comorian State (État comorien; دولة القمر) ndipo wakaŵa purezidenti wakwamba. Ŵacifurenci ŵakazomera boma liphya ili. === Kujilamulila (1975) === [[File:Flag of the Comoros (1963 to 1975).svg|thumb|[[Flag of the Comoros]] (1963 to 1975)]] [[File:Flag of the Comoros (1975-1978).svg|thumb|[[Flag of the Comoros]] (1975 to 1978)]] [[File:Ikililou Dhoinine 2012.jpg|thumb|upright|[[Ikililou Dhoinine]], [[President of the Comoros]] from 2011 to 2016]] Vyaka 30 vyakulondezgapo vikaŵa vyamahara. Pa 3 Ogasiti, 1975, mwezi umoza yayi kufuma apo boma likapokera wanangwa, pulezidenti Ahmed Abdallah wakawuskika pa udindo wake na kuwuskako munthu munyake uyo wakaŵa wa United National Front of the Comoros (FNUK) zina lake Said Mohamed Jaffar. Pakati pajumpha myezi yichoko waka, mu Janyuwale 1976, Jaffar wakawuskika pa udindo na kwamba kuteŵetera nga nduna yake ya vya kuvikilira charu, Ali Soilih. Mu nyengo iyi, ŵanthu ŵa ku Mayotte ŵakavota katatu kuti ŵafumeko ku France. Pa ungano wakwamba uwo ukacitika pa virwa vyose pa 22 Disembala 1974, ŵanthu 63.8% ŵakakolerana kuti Mayotte walutilire kuŵa na ubwezi na France. Virwa vitatu ivyo vikakhalako, ivyo vikawusikanga na Pulezidenti Soilih, vikamba kulondezga fundo za wupu wakulongozga na wa kusama. Pa Meyi 13, 1978, Bob Denard, uyo wakapemphekaso na wupu wa French Intelligence Service (SDECE), wakawelera kuti wawuskemo pulezidenti Soilih na kuwezgerapo Abdallah na wovwiri wa maboma gha France, Rhodesia na South Africa. Ali Soilih ŵakamukora na kumukoma masabata ghacoko waka pamanyuma pake. Mwakupambana na Soilih, muwuso wa Abdallah ukaŵa na muwuso wa wupu wakulongozga na kukolerana na Chisilamu cha maluso ndipo chalo ichi chikasinthika zina kuŵa Federal Islamic Republic of the Comoros (République Fédérale Islamique des Comores; République القمر الإتحادية الإسلامية). Bob Denard wakaŵa mulaŵiliri wakwamba wa Abdallah Abderamane; wakucemeka "Viceroy of the Comoros", ndipo nyengo zinyake wakawonekanga nga ni munthu wankhongono wa boma. Kufupi comene na South Africa, uko kukawovwiranga "ŵalinda ŵa pulezidenti", wakazomerezga kuti Paris wajumphe dango la pa caru cose lakukanizga boma la apartheid kwizira mwa Moroni. Kweniso wakambiska gulu la ŵasilikari ŵakugwilira nchito pa msonkho kufuma ku virwa ivi. Abdallah wakalutilira kuŵa pulezidenti mpaka mu 1989 apo wakawopa kuti boma lingamuwukira, ndipo wakalemba dango lakuti ŵapolisi ŵa boma, awo ŵakalongozgekanga na Bob Denard, ŵaleke kuvikilira ŵasilikari. Pakati pajumpha nyengo yicoko waka, Abdallah wakakomeka mu ofesi yake na mulara wa ŵasilikari uyo wakaŵa na citima, kweni pamanyuma pake ŵanthu ŵanyake ŵakayowoya kuti ŵakamuwukira na futi. Nangauli Denard nayo wakapwetekeka, kweni ŵanthu ŵakukayika usange uyo wakakoma Abdallah wakaŵa msilikari uyo wakaŵa pasi pake. Pakati pajumpha mazuŵa ghacoko waka, ŵasilikari ŵa ku France ŵakamutolera ku South Africa. Said Mohamed Djohar, mubali mulara wa Soilih, wakazgoka purezidenti, ndipo wakateŵetera mpaka Seputembala 1995, apo Bob Denard wakawelera na kuyezga kupoka boma. Pa nyengo iyi, caru ca France cikaŵawovwira na ŵasilikari ŵa parachute na kucicizga Denard kuti wajipeleke. Ŵacifurenci ŵakamufumiska Djohar na kuluta nayo ku Reunion, ndipo Mohamed Taki Abdoulkarim, uyo wakawovwirika na boma la Paris, wakaŵa pulezidenti. Wakalongozga caru kufuma mu 1996, mu nyengo ya masuzgo gha ŵantchito, kukanizgika kwa boma, na nkhondo za kulekana, mpaka apo wakafwira mu Novembala 1998. Wakalongozgeka na Pulezidenti wa nyengo yichoko Tadjidine Ben Said Massounde.<ref>{{cite news |title=Comoros president dies from heart attack |author=Kamal Eddine Saindou |agency=Associated Press |pages=International News |date=6 November 1998 |url=http://www.highbeam.com/doc/1P1-19411384.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150328162054/http://www.highbeam.com/doc/1P1-19411384.html|url-status=dead |archive-date=28 March 2015}}</ref> Virwa vya Ndzwani na Mwali vikajiyimira vyekha mu 1997, pakukhumba kuwezgerapo muwuso wa France. Kweni caru ca France cikakana, ndipo ici cikapangiska kuti ŵasilikari ŵa boma na ŵakugaluka ŵakumane. Mu Epulero 1999, Colonel Azali Assoumani, Chief of Staff wa Army, wakapoka mazaza mwa kuwukira boma kwambura kuthiska ndopa, na kuwuskapo Pulezidenti wa nyengo yeneyiyo Massounde, chifukwa cha kupeleŵera kwa ŵalongozgi mu suzgo. Uwu ukaŵa utimbanizgi wa 18 wa Comoros kufuma apo charu ichi chikapokera wanangwa mu 1975. Azali wakatondeka kukhozga mazaza ghake na kwambaso kulamulira virwa ivi. Wupu wa African Union, pasi pa muwuso wa Pulezidenti Thabo Mbeki wa ku South Africa, ukaŵika vyeruzgo pa Ndzwani kuti wawovwirepo pa kudumbiskana na kupembuzga. Kuyana na fundo za Fomboni Accords, izo ŵalongozgi ŵa virwa vyose vitatu ŵakalemba mu Disembala 2001, zina la boma ili likasinthika kuŵa Union of the Comoros. Mulara wa wupu uwu, nangauli wakusankhika pa maungano gha pa caru cose, kweni wakusankhika kufuma pa cigaŵa cilicose ca virwa ivi. Azali wakafumapo mu boma mu 2002 kuti wakaŵepo pa mavoti gha pulezidenti wa Comoros, ndipo wakathereska. Pa nyengo iyo boma la Comoros likaŵa na mazaza pa charu chose, Azali wakaŵa mulongozgi wa ŵasilikari ndipo nyengo zose wakaŵanga wa demokilase yayi. Mu 2005, boma likapeleka dango lakuti wupu uliwose ukwenera kuchita mulimo wake. Mu 2006, Ahmed Abdallah Mohamed Sambi ndiyo wakathereska mavoti. Azali wakachindika ivyo vikachitika pa mavoti, ndipo ici cikawovwira kuti paŵe mtende na demokilase mu virwa ivi. Colonel Mohammed Bacar, uyo wakasambizgika ku France ndipo wakaŵa kazembe wa Ndzwani mu 2001, wakakana kufumapo pa udindo wake. Wakachita voti mu Juni 2007 kuti wakhazikiske muwuso wake uwo ukazomerezgeka yayi na boma la Comoros na African Union. Pa 25 Malichi 2008 ŵasilikari ŵanandi ŵa African Union na Comoros ŵakakora Ndzwani uyo wakaŵa mu mawoko gha ŵasilikari, ndipo ŵanthu ŵakamuzomera.<ref>{{cite web |title=COMOROS: The legacy of a Big Man on a small island |date=10 December 2008 |publisher=[[The New Humanitarian|IRIN]] |url=http://www.irinnews.org/Report.aspx?ReportId=81898 |access-date=25 March 2009 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081220055102/http://www.irinnews.org/Report.aspx?ReportId=81898 |archive-date=20 December 2008 |url-status=live}}</ref> Ŵalwani ŵanyake ŵakafwa na kupwetekeka, kweni palije maukaboni agho ghakulongora. Ŵanthu 11 ŵakapwetekeka. Ŵalaraŵalara ŵanyake ŵa boma ŵakakakika. Bacar wakacimbilira ku Mayotte na boti la matayala kuti wakapemphe cisungusungu. Ku Comoros kukachitika viwawa vyakwimikana na France (wonani Anjouan). Paumaliro, Bacar wakapika wanangwa wa kukhala ku Benin. Kwambira apo Comoros yikapokera wanangwa kufuma ku France, pakaŵa ŵanthu ŵakujumpha 20 awo ŵakayezga kutimbanizga boma. Pambuyo pa chisankho cha kumapeto kwa chaka cha 2010, wachiwiri kwa purezidenti wakale Ikililou Dhoinine adaloledwa kukhala purezidenti pa 26 Meyi 2011. Munthu wa chipani chakulongozga, Dhoinine wakawovwirika na pulezidenti wa sono Ahmed Abdallah Mohamed Sambi. Dhoinine, uyo wakasambira vya munkhwala, ni pulezidenti wakwamba wa Comoros kufuma ku cirwa ca Mwali. Pambuyo pa zisankho za 2016, Azali Assoumani, kuchokera ku Ngazidja, adakhala purezidenti kwa nthawi yachitatu. Mu 2018 Azali wakachita referendum pa kusintha kwa malango agho ghangazomerezga kuti pulezidenti wateŵetere nyengo ziŵiri. Vinthu ivi vikapokelereka nangauli ŵakususkana navyo ndipo ŵakamukana. Mu April 2019, Azali wakasankhika kuŵa pulezidenti.<ref>{{Cite news |url=https://www.reuters.com/article/uk-comoros-elections-idUKKCN1R72F9 |title=Comoros president named winner in election rejected by opposition |newspaper=[[Reuters]] |date=26 March 2019 |via=www.reuters.com |access-date=23 March 2021 |archive-date=15 April 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210415090434/https://www.reuters.com/article/uk-comoros-elections-idUKKCN1R72F9 |url-status=live }}</ref> Mu Januwale 2020, mavoti gha chalo cha Comoros ghakaŵa gha chipani cha President Azali Assoumani, Convention for the Renewal of the Comoros, CRC. Pakakhumbikwiranga kuti paŵe ŵanthu ŵanandi mu Nyumba ya Malamulo, ico cikang'anamuranga kuti nkhongono zake zikasazgikiranga. CRC yikapoka malo 17 pa malo 24 mu nyumba ya malango. Mu 2021, Comoros yikalemba na kuzomerezga phangano lakukanizga vilwero vya nyukiliya. Mu 2023, Comoros yikacemeka kuŵa mulendo wambura kunjira mu ungano wa G7 ku Hiroshima.<ref>{{cite web |title=G7 Summit 2023: Scrutinizing the Guest List |url=https://thediplomat.com/2023/05/g7-summit-2023-scrutinizing-the-guest-list/ |website=thediplomat.com}}</ref> == Makhalilo gha charu == {{Main|Geography of the Comoros}} [[File:Comoros CIA factbook map.png|thumb|upright=1.35|A map of the Comoros]] Virwa vya Comoros ni Ngazidja (Grande Comore), Mwali (Mohéli) na Ndzwani (Anjouan), ivyo ni virwa vikuruvikuru vitatu mu Comoros. Virwa ivi vikumanyikwa na mazina ghawo mu ciyowoyero ca ku Comoros, nangauli ŵanthu ŵa ku vyaru vinyake ŵakugwiliskira nchito mazina ghawo gha Cifurenchi. Msumba ukuru wa Moroni uli pa Ngazidja. Chirwa ichi chili mu nyanja ya Indian Ocean, pakati pa Africa (pafupi na Mozambique na Tanzania) na Madagascar. Charu ichi chili na malo ghakukwana 1,861 km2, ndipo ni chimoza mwa vyaru vichoko chomene pa charu chapasi. Comoros nayo wali na malo ghakukwana 320 km2 (120 sq mi) mu nyanja zake. Virwa ivi vili na mapiri ghatali kweniso tumapiri tuchokotuchoko. Virwa vikuruvikuru ivi vili na ŵanthu ŵanandi chomene nga ni ivi:<ref name="ReferenceA">Institut Nationale de la Statistique et Études Économiques et Démographiques, Comoros (web).</ref> {| class="sortable wikitable" |- ! Name || Area <br />km²|| Population<br />Census 2017<ref name="ReferenceA"/> |- | Mwali ||align="right"|290||align="right"|51,567 |- | Ngazidja ||align="right"|1,147||align="right"|379,367 |- | Ndzwani ||align="right"|424||align="right"|327,382 |- | '''''Totals''''' ||align="right"|1,861||align="right"|758,316 |} Ngazidja ni msumba ukuru comene pa virwa vyose vya Comoros. Kweniso ni cirwa ciphya comene, ntheura pasi lake lili na malibwe. Cirwa ici chili na mapiri ghaŵiri, Karthala (ghakugolera) na La Grille (ghakugolera), ndipo palije dowoko liwemi. Mwali, uyo msumba wake ni Fomboni, ni cirwa cicoko comene pa virwa vikuruvikuru vinayi. Ndzwani, uwo msumba wake ukuru ni Mutsamudu, uli na kawonekero ka katatu ako kakupangika na mapiri ghatatu gha Shisiwani, Nioumakele na Jimilime agho ghakufuma pa Phiri la Ntingui. [[File:Gran Comore landscape.jpg|thumb|Grande Comore landscape]] Virwa vya Comoros vikaŵako cifukwa ca vimalibwe ivyo vikuphulika. Phiri la Karthala, ilo lili pa Ngazidja, ndilo lili pachanya chomene mu charu ichi. Mu chigaŵa ichi ndimo muli nkhorongo yikuru comene ya ku Comoros. Kartala ni phiri ilo lili na vimalibwe vinandi chomene pa charu chapasi. Mu 2005 apo phiri ili likawa, ŵanthu 40,000 ŵakachimbira, ndipo chiziŵa icho chikaŵa mu phiri ili chikabwanganduka. Virwa vya Comoros vikumanyikwaso kuti ni Îles Éparses panji Îles éparses de l'océan indien (Virwa Vyakupambanapambana mu Nyanja ya Indian). Virwa vya Glorioso vikaŵa pasi pa boma la Comoros pambere chaka cha 1975 chindafike. Banc du Geyser, ni cirwa ico kale cikaŵa mu Comoros Archipelago, kweni sono cili pasi pa maji. Virwa vya Comoros na France vicali kuwona kuti Banc du Geyser ni cigaŵa ca Glorioso Islands, ntheura ni cigaŵa ca cigaŵa cake ca cuma. === Nyengo === {{Main|Climate of the Comoros}} [[File:Comoros diver with fish (5974549425).jpg|thumb|Munthu wakusambira ku Comoros na somba]] Nyengo iyi njakuthukira ndipo nyengo zikupambana. Mu mwezi wa Malichi, nyengo yakuzizima chomene pa nyengo ya vula (iyo yikuchemeka kuti kashkazi/kaskazi, kung'anamura chivula cha kumpoto, icho chikamba mu Novembala m'paka Epulero), ndipo mu nyengo yakuzizima chomene, nyengo yakuzizima iyo yikufuma mu Meyi m'paka Okutobala, kuzing'anamura chivula cha kumwera. Virwa ivi vikusuzgika na chimphepo.<ref>[[#Ottenheimer|Ottenheimer]], pp. 20, 72</ref> === Biodiversity === {{main|Comoros forests|Comoro Islands|Wildlife of the Comoros}} Virwa vya Comoros ni malo agho ghali na nkhorongo. Mu 2018, charu ichi chikaŵa pa nambara 33 pa vyaru 172. Mu Disembala 1952, cisomba cinyake cakucemeka coelacanth cikasangikaso mumphepete mwa nyanja ya Comoros. Ŵanthu ŵakagomezganga kuti mtundu uwu wa viyuni uli na vyaka 66 ndipo ukafwa kale chomene m'paka mu 1938, apo ukawonekera pa nyanja ya South Africa. Pakati pa 1938 na 1975, vikoko 84 vikakoleka na kulembeka.<ref>{{Cite news |url=https://www.newspapers.com/clip/11755368/70millionyearold_fish_dissected/ |title=70-million-year-old fish dissected – Coaelacanth (1975) |date=1975-05-28 |work=Redlands Daily Facts |access-date=2017-06-18 |pages=6 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190401050904/https://www.newspapers.com/clip/11755368/70millionyearold_fish_dissected/ |archive-date=1 April 2019|url-status=live}}</ref> ===Protected areas=== Mu Comoros muli malo ghakukwana 6 ghakusungirako vyamoyo nga ni Karthala, Coelacanth, na Mitsamiouli Ndroudi pa Grande Comore, Phiri la Ntringui na Shisiwani pa Anjouan, na Mohéli National Park pa Mohéli. Virwa vya Karthala na Phiri la Ntrigui ni vyakumera vyapacanya comene pa virwa ivi. Virwa vya Coelacanth, Mitsamiouli Ndroudi, na Shisiwani ni vyakumera vya mu nyanja ivyo vikuvikilira virwa vya mumphepete mwa nyanja. Malo ghakusungirako vinyama gha Mohéli ghakusazgapo malo gha pa mtunda na gha mu nyanja.<ref>UNEP-WCMC (2021). Protected Area Profile for Comoros from the World Database of Protected Areas. Accessed 31 August 2021. [https://www.protectedplanet.net/en/country/COM] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210831155830/https://www.protectedplanet.net/en/country/COM|date=31 August 2021}}</ref> == Boma == {{Main|Politics of the Comoros}} {{see also|List of rulers of Comoros}} [[File:Moroni harbour (2).jpg|thumb|[[Moroni, Comoros|Moroni]], capital of the Comoros, with the port and Badjanani Mosque]] Boma la Comoros lili na boma la pulezidenti, ndipo pulezidenti wa Comoros ni mutu wa boma na wa boma. Pa Disembala 23, 2001, boma la Comoros likakolerana na dango ili. Boma la Comoros likaŵa la ŵasilikari, ndipo apo Azali Assoumani wakapelekanga mazaza kwa Ahmed Abdallah Mohamed Sambi mu Meyi 2006, likaŵa lakukondweska chomene. Boma ndilo likuŵa na mazaza pa boma. Boma na pharalamende ndivyo vili na mazaza ghakulongozga. Mu ndime yakwamba ya dango ili muli fundo yakuti boma likwenera kulongozgeka na chisopa cha Cisilamu, kweniso kuti ŵanthu wose ŵa mu Comoros ŵakwenera kuŵa na wanangwa wakusankha. Chirwa chilichose (kuyana na mutu waciŵiri wa Dango) cili na wanangwa ukuru wa kujilongozga mu wupu wa European Union, kusazgapo kuŵa na malango ghaco ( panji Dango lakwamba), pulezidenti, na Nyumba ya Malamulo. Ngazidja ndiyo wali na udindo uwu, ndipo Azali ndiyo ni purezidenti wa wupu uwu.<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20110709032541/http://africanelections.tripod.com/km.html AFRICAN ELECTIONS DATABASE] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110709032541/http://africanelections.tripod.com/km.html |date=9 July 2011 }}, Elections in the Comoros.</ref> === Legal system === Boma la Comoros lili na malango gha Chisilamu, malango gha ku France (Napoleonic Code), na malango gha mu charu (mila na ntsi). Ŵalara ŵa mu muzi, panji makhoti ghakurughakuru, ndiwo ghakumazga mphindano zinandi. Ŵeruzgi ŵakujiyimira ŵekha. Khoti Likuru Chomene likuŵa nga ni wupu wakuwona vya malango, ndipo likovwira pa nkhani za malango na kulaŵilira vyakusankha vya pulezidenti. Pakuti ni Khoti Likuru Chomene, likweruzgaso milandu iyo boma likususka. Khoti Likuru Chomene lili na ŵanthu ŵaŵiri awo ŵakusankhika na pulezidenti, ŵaŵiri awo ŵakusankhika na wupu wakuwona vya wanangwa wa ŵanthu, na yumoza uyo wakusankhika na boma la chilumba chilichose.<ref name="CfHR_Law-of-the-Union">{{cite web |date=23 December 2001 |title=Fundamental Law of the Union of Comoros (English excerpts) |url=http://www.chr.up.ac.za/hr_docs/constitutions/docs/ComorosC%20(english%20summary)(rev).doc |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20061009114022/http://www.chr.up.ac.za/hr_docs/constitutions/docs/ComorosC%20(english%20summary)(rev).doc |archive-date=9 October 2006 |access-date=25 April 2021 |publisher=Centre for Human Rights, University of Pretoria, South Africa |format=DOC}}</ref> === Political culture === Pafupifupi 80 peresenti ya bajeti ya boma lapakati pa caru yikugwiliskirika nchito pa ndondomeko ya boma iyo yikupanga boma lakujiyimira palekha na pulezidenti wa virwa vitatu ivi. Pa Meyi 16, 2009, pakachitika ungano wa ŵanthu wose kuti ŵamanye usange ŵangamazga maburoko gha boma. Ŵanthu 52.7% awo ŵakaŵa na wanangwa wa kuvota ŵakavota, ndipo 93.8% ŵakazomera. Pakugwiliskira nchito kusintha uku, pulezidenti wa cirwa cilicose wakaŵa kazembe ndipo ŵalaŵiliri ŵakaŵa ŵa pharazgi.<ref name=allafrica20090519>{{cite news |title=Comoros: Referendum Approves Downscaling of Government |publisher=AllAfrica Global Media |date=19 May 2009 |url=http://allafrica.com/stories/200905190777.html |access-date=20 May 2009 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090525063235/http://allafrica.com/stories/200905190777.html |archive-date=25 May 2009 |url-status=live}}</ref> === Foreign relations === {{Main|Foreign relations of the Comoros}} Mu Novembala 1975, Comoros yikaŵa cigaŵa ca nambara 143 ca wupu wa United Nations. Nangauli ŵanthu ŵa ku Mayotte ŵakasankha kuti ŵaŵe ŵenekaya ŵa ku France, kweni charu ichi chikaŵa chigaŵa cha France. Virwa vya Comoros vikayowoyapo kanandi waka kuti vikukhumba Mayotte ku wupu wa United Nations General Assembly, ndipo wupu uwu ukazomerezga fundo zinandi za mutu wakuti "Fumbo la Cirwa ca Mayotte ku Comoros". Ndipouli, mu vyakucitika vyakucitika, fundo izi zilije nkhongono ndipo palije cilindizga cakuti Mayotte waŵe cigaŵa ca Comoros kwambura kuzomerezgeka na ŵanthu ŵake. Sonosono apa, ungano uwu wasungilira fundo iyi pa ndondomeko yake, kweni ukuyilekeska caka na caka kwambura kuchitapo kanthu. Wupu unyake, nga ni wupu wa African Unity, Movement of Non-Aligned Countries na Organization of Islamic Cooperation, nawo ŵakususka mazaza gha France pa Mayotte.<ref name="GA31_first-resolution" /><ref>{{cite web |url=http://un.cti.depaul.edu/Countries/Comoros/1156245840.pdf |title=Forty-ninth session: Agenda item 36: 49/18. Question of the Comorian island of Mayotte |work=United Nations General Assembly |date=6 December 1994|url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080527195255/http://un.cti.depaul.edu/Countries/Comoros/1156245840.pdf |archive-date=27 May 2008}}</ref> Kuti ŵamalizge kudumbiskana nkhani iyi na kugega kunjira mu wupu wa Comoros, ŵanthu ŵa ku Mayotte ŵakasankha kuti ŵaŵe chigaŵa cha France mu 2009. Malo ghaphya agha ghakamba kugwira ntchito pa 31 Malichi 2011 ndipo Mayotte wakazomerezgeka na European Union kuŵa chigaŵa chakutali chomene pa 1 Janyuwale 2014. Pa cifukwa ici, Mayotte wali ku cigaŵa ca France. Comoros njumoza wa mawupu gha United Nations, African Union, Arab League, World Bank, International Monetary Fund, Indian Ocean Commission na African Development Bank. Pa Epulero 10, 2008, Comoros yikaŵa caru ca nambara 179 kuzomera phangano la Kyoto la United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change. Comoros yikasayina phangano la UN lakukanizga vilwero vya nyukiliya.<ref>{{Cite web |date=7 July 2017 |title=Chapter XXVI: Disarmament&nbsp;– No. 9 Treaty on the Prohibition of Nuclear Weapons |url=https://treaties.un.org/Pages/ViewDetails.aspx?src=TREATY&mtdsg_no=XXVI-9&chapter=26&clang=_en |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190806220546/https://treaties.un.org/Pages/ViewDetails.aspx?src=TREATY&mtdsg_no=XXVI-9&chapter=26&clang=_en |archive-date=6 August 2019 |access-date=16 August 2019 |publisher=United Nations Treaty Collection}}</ref> Mu Meyi 2013, wupu wa Comoros ukamanyikwa chifukwa cha kupeleka chikalata ku ofesi ya wupu wa International Criminal Court (ICC) pa nkhani ya ivyo vikachitika pa "May 31, 2010 apo Israyeli wakawukira gulu la ŵanthu awo ŵakalutanga ku Gaza". Mu Novembala 2014, wapolisi wa ICC wakadumura kuti ivyo vikachitika vikaŵa vya mulandu wa nkhondo, kweni vikaŵa vyakukwana yayi kuti mulandu uwu uŵikike ku ICC.<ref>Statement of the Prosecutor of the International Criminal Court, [[Fatou Bensouda]], on concluding the preliminary examination of the situation referred by the Union of the Comoros: "Rome Statute legal requirements have not been met",[https://web.archive.org/web/20150602191655/http://www.icc-cpi.int/en_menus/icc/structure%20of%20the%20court/office%20of%20the%20prosecutor/reports%20and%20statements/statement/Pages/otp-statement-06-11-2014.aspx "Statement of 6th November 2014"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150602191655/http://www.icc-cpi.int/en_menus/icc/structure%20of%20the%20court/office%20of%20the%20prosecutor/reports%20and%20statements/statement/Pages/otp-statement-06-11-2014.aspx|date=2 June 2015}}</ref> Mu 2000, ciŵelengero ca ŵanthu awo ŵakafumanga mu caru cawo cikaŵa 21.2%.<ref>{{cite web |first1=Dilip |last1=Ratha |author2=Sanket Mohapatra |author3=Ani Silwal |url=http://siteresources.worldbank.org/INTPROSPECTS/Resources/334934-1199807908806/Comoros.pdf |title=The Migration and Remittances Factbook 2011: Comoros |work=Worldbank.org |date=2011 |access-date=29 November 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304054019/http://siteresources.worldbank.org/INTPROSPECTS/Resources/334934-1199807908806/Comoros.pdf |archive-date=4 March 2016|url-status=live}}</ref> === Military === {{Main|Military of the Comoros}} Ŵasilikari ŵa ku Comoros ŵali na ŵasilikari ŵachoko waka na ŵapolisi 500 kweniso ŵasilikari ŵakuvikilira ŵanthu 500. Phangano la kuvikilira caru na caru ca France likovwira kuti ŵasilikari ŵa ku Comoros ŵavikilire malo ghawo, kusambizga ŵasilikari ŵa ku Comoros, na kulaŵilira vinthu vya mu mlengalenga. Pa cifukwa ico boma la France likapempha, caru ca Comoros cili na ŵasilikari ŵakuzirwa, kweniso cikukhala na msasa ucoko wa ŵasilikari ŵa ku nyanja na gulu la ŵasilikari ŵa ku vyaru vinyake (Foreign Legion Detachment) ku Mayotte. Boma liphya likati lakhazikiskika mu Meyi/Juni 2011, wupu wa UNREC (Lomé) ukaluta ku Comoros ndipo ukalemba ulongozgi wakukhwaskana na ndondomeko ya kuvikilira chalo. Paumaliro wa ndondomeko iyi, ku umaliro wa Malichi 2012, ndondomeko ya malango iyo yikukolerana na mabungwe ghose agho ghakucitako mulimo wa SSR yizamuŵa kuti yakhazikika. Pa nyengo iyi, boma likwenera kuzomerezga fundo iyi na kuyilondezga.<ref>FINAL EVALUATION, Peace Building Fund Programme in the Comoros 2008–2011, 19 October 2011 – 8 November 2011</ref> === Human rights === {{Main|Human rights in the Comoros}} Ku Comoros, ŵanalume na ŵanakazi awo ŵakugonana na ŵanalume ŵanyawo mbambura kuzomerezgeka. Para munthu wacita nthena, wakujalirika mu jele vyaka vinkhondi.<ref>{{cite web |title=State-Sponsored Homophobia |url=https://ilga.org/state-sponsored-homophobia-report |website=International Lesbian Gay Bisexual Trans and Intersex Association |date=20 March 2019 |access-date=16 August 2019 |archive-date=8 February 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200208040345/https://ilga.org/state-sponsored-homophobia-report |url-status=live }}</ref> == Chuma == {{Main|Economy of the Comoros}} [[File:Historical economic growth of the Comores.jpg|thumb|right|GDP per capita development, since 1950]] [[File:Comoros Product Exports (2019).svg|upright=1.3|thumb|right|A proportional representation of Comoros' economy, 2019]] Ŵanthu ŵanandi ku Comoros mbakavu, kweni "para tikuwona kuti pa caru cose pali ukavu wakukwana madola 1.90 pa zuŵa, ŵanthu ŵaŵiri pera pa ŵanthu 10 ŵa ku Comoros ndiwo mbakavu. Ukavu ukakhira na 10 peresenti pakati pa 2014 na 2018, ndipo vinthu vikamba kwenda makora. Kuyana yayi pa vya ndalama kukulutilira, ndipo pali mphambano yikuru pakati pa vikaya na misumba. Ndalama izo ŵanthu ŵa ku Comoros ŵakutumira ku vyaru vinyake ni zinandi chomene pa GDP ya charu ichi. Kuyana na ILO's ILOSTAT statistical database, pakati pa 1991 na 2019 chiŵelengero cha ŵambura nchito nga ni peresenti ya ŵantchito wose chikaŵa pakati pa 4.38% na 4.3%. Kweni mu Okutobala 2005, ofesi ya Comoros Ministry of Planning and Regional Development yikati: "Ŵanthu awo ŵalije nchito ŵalipo 14.3 peresenti.<ref name="Office of the General Commissioner for Planning, Ministry of Planning and Regional Development">{{cite web |title=Union of the Comoros: Poverty Reduction and Growth Strategy Paper (Updated Interim Paper) |publisher=Office of the General Commissioner for Planning, Ministry of Planning and Regional Development |date=October 2005 |url=http://siteresources.worldbank.org/INTPRS1/Resources/Comoros_IPRSP(Oct2005).pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20061231121817/http://siteresources.worldbank.org/INTPRS1/Resources/Comoros_IPRSP(Oct2005).pdf |archive-date=31 December 2006 |url-status=live}}</ref> Mu 2019, ŵanthu ŵakujumpha 56% ŵakagwiranga nchito mu vyalo vya ulimi, ndipo 29% ŵakagwiranga nchito mu mafakitale na 14% mu maofesi. Virwa ivi vikuthemba pa vyakurya vyakunowa nga ni vanilla, sinamoni, na cloves. Virwa vya Comoros ndivyo vikupanga mafuta ghanandi chomene gha ylang-ylang, agho ghakugwiliskirika ntchito pakupanga mafuta ghakununkhira. Ŵanthu ŵanandi ŵakukhala mu vigaŵa vya vigaŵa vya vigaŵa vya vigaŵa vya vigaŵa vya vigaŵa vya vigaŵa vya vigaŵa vya vigaŵa vya vigaŵa vya vigaŵa vya vigaŵa vya vigaŵa vinandi. Mu 2004, GDP ya ku Comoros yikakura na 1.9% ndipo GDP ya munthu yumoza yikalutilira kuchepa. Kuchepa kwa vinthu ivi kukulongosoreka na vinthu vinyake, nga nkhuchepa kwa ndalama zakugwilira nchito, kukhira kwa unandi wa ndalama, na kusazgikira kwa malonda cifukwa ca kukhira kwa mitengo ya vyakurya, comenecomene vanilla.<ref name="Office of the General Commissioner for Planning, Ministry of Planning and Regional Development" /> Ndondomeko ya ndalama yikukanizgika cifukwa ca ndalama zambura kuwoneka makora, malipiro gha ŵantchito ŵa boma agho ghali kukwera comene, na ngongoli ya caru cose iyo yili kujumpha comene mphaka ya HIPC. Ndipouli, kuŵa mu cigaŵa ca franc, ico nchakovwira comene kuti vinthu viŵe makora, kwanovwira kuti mitengo ya mu caru yileke kunangika. Virwa vya Comoros vili na nthowa zakwendakwenda zambura kwenelera, ŵanthu ŵachoko waka ndipo ŵakusazgikira luŵiro, kweniso vyakuthupi vichoko waka. Ŵanthu awo ŵali na masambiro ghachoko chomene ndiwo ŵakupangiska kuti vinthu viŵayendere makora pa umoyo wawo, ŵanthu ŵanandi ŵaleke ntchito, kweniso ŵakuthemba chomene ndalama zakufuma ku vyaru vinyake. Vyaru vikupanga 40% ya GDP ndipo vikupanga vyakurya vinandi. Boma likufwilirapo comene kuti likhozge masambiro na masambiro gha ŵanthu, kuti likanizgire malonda na mafakitale, kuti likhozge umoyo wa ŵanthu, kuti lipelekenge ndalama zinandi ku vyaru vinyake, kuti likhozge vyakusanguluska, na kuchepeska unandi wa ŵanthu. Charu cha Comoros chili mu wupu wa Organisation for the Harmonization of Business Law in Africa (OHADA).<ref name="ohada.com"> {{cite web |title=OHADA.com: The business law portal in Africa |url=http://www.ohada.com/index.php |access-date=22 March 2009 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090326033744/http://www.ohada.com/index.php |archive-date=26 March 2009 |url-status=live}}</ref> == Ŵanthu == {{Main|Demographics of the Comoros}} {{Largest cities | country = Comoros | stat_ref = Source:<ref name=LESOTHOCITIES>{{cite web |url=https://simplemaps.com/static/data/country-cities/km/km.xlsx|archive-date=2023-06-23|title=Comoros Cities by Population, 2022}}</ref> | list_by_pop = | div_name = | div_link = Islands of Comoros{{!}}Island | city_1 = Moroni, Comoros{{!}}Moroni| div_1 = Grande Comore| pop_1 = 111,329| img_1 = Moroni harbour (2).jpg | city_2 = Mutsamudu | div_2 = Anjouan| pop_2 = 30,000| img_2 = Citadel of Mutsamudu (9983241846).jpg | city_3 =Ouani| div_3 =Anjouan| pop_3 = 22,501| img_3 =Stade De ouani anjouan.JPG | city_4 = Mandza | div_4 =Grande Comore| pop_4 = 21,000| img_4 = | city_5 = Fomboni| div_5 = Mohéli| pop_5 = 18,277 | city_6 = Domoni| div_6 = Anjouan| pop_6 = 16,276 | city_7 = Adda-Douéni| div_7 = Anjouan | pop_7 = 10,858 | city_8 =Kourani| div_8 = Grande Comore| pop_8 = 10,000 | city_9 = Bazimini| div_9 = Anjouan | pop_9 = 8,952 | city_10 = Ounkazi| div_10 = Grande Comore| pop_10 = 8,438 }} [[File:Moroni Mosque Photo by Sascha Grabow.jpg|thumb|upright|A mosque in Moroni]] Virwa vya Comoros vili na ŵanthu pafupifupi 850,000, ndipo ni vyaru ivyo vili na ŵanthu ŵachoko chomene pa charu chose. Mu 2001, ŵanthu 34% ŵakakhalanga mu matawuni, kweni kufuma nyengo iyo, chiŵelengero cha ŵanthu mu matawuni chikukura. Pafupifupi hafu ya ŵanthu ŵa ku Comoros ŵali na vyaka vyambura kukwana 15. Malo ghakurughakuru gha misumba ni Moroni, Mitsamihuli, Fumbuni, Mutsamudu, Domoni, na Fomboni. Ku France kuli ŵanthu ŵakukwana 200,000 na 350,000 ŵa ku Comoros.<ref>"[https://www.reuters.com/article/idUSL27778648 FACTBOX-Relations between France and Comoros] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171012030947/https://www.reuters.com/article/idUSL27778648 |date=12 October 2017 }}". Reuters. 27 March 2008.</ref> === Ethnic groups === Virwa vya Comoros vili na ŵanthu 97.1% ŵa fuko la Comorian, awo ŵakupambana mitundu. Ŵanyake mwa ŵanthu aŵa mba Makua na Ŵaindiya. Ku Grande Comore kuli ŵanthu ŵanandi awo ŵali kusamira ku caru cinyake kufuma ku China. Nangauli ŵanthu ŵanandi ŵa ku France ŵakafumako ku Comoros mu 1975, kweni ŵanthu ŵachoko waka ŵa ku Creole awo ŵakafuma ku France, Madagascar, na Réunion, ndiwo ŵakukhala mu Comoros.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2018-07-20 |title=Comoros country profile |language=en-GB |work=BBC News |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-13229685 |access-date=2021-05-18 |archive-date=16 May 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210516073917/https://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-13229685 |url-status=live }}</ref> === Languages === {{Further|Languages of the Comoros}} Viyowoyero ivyo vikuyowoyeka chomene ku Comoros ni viyowoyero vya ku Comoros, ivyo vikutchemeka Shikomori. Chiyowoyero ichi chikukolerana na Chiswahili, ndipo ŵanthu ŵakuyowoya viyowoyero ivi pa virwa vyose vinayi. Ŵanthu ŵanandi ŵakulemba vilembo vya Chiarabic na Chilatini, ndipo sonosono apa ŵalemba vilembo vya Chilatini.<ref name=chamanga>{{cite book |author=Mohamed Ahmed-Chamanga |title=Introduction à la grammaire structurale du comorien |place=Moroni |publisher=Komedit |year=2010}}</ref> Chiarabic na Cifurenci ni viyowoyero vinyake vya boma pamoza na Cikomoro. Ŵanthu ŵanandi ŵakuyowoya Ciarabu cifukwa ndiyo ni ciyowoyero caciŵiri. Cifurenci ni ciyowoyero ca boma ndiposo ciyowoyero ca masambiro ghanandi agho ghakukolerana na Baibolo yayi. === Religion === {{Further|Religion in the Comoros}} [[File:Anjouan - Islands of Comoros.jpg|thumb|A view of Domoni, [[Anjouan]] including mosque]] Chisopa chikuru ni Chisilamu cha Sunni, ndipo ŵanthu pafupifupi 99% ndiwo ŵakumusopa. Charu cha Comoros ndicho chili na Ŵasilamu ŵanandi chomene ku Southern Africa ndipo chili kumwera chomene kwa Mayotte na Cocos Islands. Ŵanthu ŵachoko waka ŵa ku Comoros Mbakhristu, ndipo ŵanandi awo ŵakukhala ku Madagascar Mbakhristu. Ŵanthu ŵanandi awo ŵakufuma ku France mba Katolika.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/comoros/ |title=CIA World Factbook: Comoros |publisher=Cia.gov |access-date=15 January 2011 |archive-date=10 January 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210110042946/https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/comoros |url-status=live }}</ref> === Health === {{Further|Health in the Comoros}} Pa ŵanthu 100,000, pali ŵadokotala 15. Mu 2004, mwanakazi waliyose wakaba ŵana 4.7. Ŵanakazi ŵakukhala vyaka 67 ndipo ŵanalume 62.<ref name="afro.who.int">{{cite web |url=http://www.afro.who.int/home/countries/fact_sheets/comoros.pdf |title=WHO Country Offices in the WHO African Region – WHO Regional Office for Africa |publisher=Afro.who.int |access-date=1 June 2010 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100107104115/http://www.afro.who.int/home/countries/fact_sheets/comoros.pdf |archive-date=7 January 2010}}</ref> === Education === {{Further|Education in the Comoros}} Pafupifupi ŵana wose ŵakusambira mu masukulu gha Quranic, kanandi pambere ŵandambe kusambira. Ŵana ŵakusambizgika Baibolo, kuŵazga pamtima, na kulemba vilembo vya Chiarabu. Ŵapapi ŵanandi ŵakutemwa kuti ŵana ŵawo ŵasambirenge mu masukulu gha Koran pambere ŵandalute ku masukulu gha ku France. Nangauli boma likuŵavya ndalama zinandi, ndipo ŵasambizgi ŵakupokera malipiro ghanandi yayi, kweni pali masukulu ghanandi ghapadera na gha ŵanthu wose agho ghali na masambiro ghawemi. Mapulani gha masambiro gha ku Comoros, padera pa vilimika vicoko waka mu nyengo ya kuzgoka kwa boma, ghakaŵa ghakuyana waka na gha ku France. Sonosono apa, ŵanthu ŵamba kusambizga mu sukulu za ku Comoros na kusazga masukulu ghaŵiri agha, masukulu ghakusambizgira ŵanthu Baibolo na gha Koran.<ref>Damir Ben Ali & Iain Walker. 2017 "Attempts at fusion of the Comorian educational systems: religious education in Comorian and Arabic and secular education in French". In I. Walker. ed., Contemporary issues in Swahili ethnography. London, New York: Routledge.</ref> Pa nyengo iyo charu cha Comoros chikaŵa pambere chindambe kuwusa, masambiro ghakaŵa ghakukhwaskana na ulimi, kuliska viŵeto, na ntchito za pa nyumba. Ŵana ŵakasambizgikaso makhaliro ghawemi gha cisopa ca Ciisilamu. Mu ma 1900, vinthu vikasintha chomene pa nkhani ya masambiro. Ici cikacitikanga comene na ŵana ŵa ŵanthu ŵakuzirwa. Comores yikati yapokera wanangwa mu 1975, masambiro ghakasintha. Ŵasambizgi ŵakasoŵa ndalama zakugwilira ntchito, ndipo ŵanandi ŵakamba kunyenyenkha ntchito. Ntheura pakati pa 1997 na 2001, masambiro gha boma ghakamara. Kufuma waka apo boma likambira kujiyimira palekha, masambiro ghakamba kuwoneka makora chomene ndipo pali nthowa zinyake izo ŵanthu ŵakuchita. Kweniso chiŵelengero cha awo ŵakulembeska sukulu chikukura. Mu 2000, ŵana 44.2% ŵa vyaka 5 m'paka 14 ŵakasambiranga sukulu. Ŵanthu ŵanandi ŵakusoŵa vinthu vyakukhumbikwa pa sukulu, vinthu vinyake, ŵasambizgi ŵakwenelera, mabuku, na vinthu vinyake. Ŵasambizgi ŵanandi ŵakutondeka kusanga malipiro mwakuti ŵakukana kugwira nchito. Pambere chaka cha 2000 chindafike, ŵana ŵa sukulu awo ŵakakhumbanga masambiro gha ku yunivesite ŵakeneranga kuluta ku charu chinyake. Ndipouli, kukwambilira kwa vyaka vya m'ma 2000, mu caru ici mukaŵa yunivesite. Ivi vikawovwira kuti vinthu vyendenge makora pa caru na kuti ŵanthu ŵanandi ŵakusambira comene ŵaleke kuwelera ku virwa ivi kukagwira nchito. Chiyowoyero cha ku Comoros chilije vilembo, kweni ŵanthu ŵakugwiliskira ntchito vilembo vya Chiarabu na Chilatini. Mu 2004, ŵanthu pafupifupi 57 pa 100 ŵaliwose ŵakamanyanga kulemba na kulemba vilembo vya Chilatini, ndipo ŵanthu ŵakujumpha 90 pa 100 ŵaliwose ŵakamanyanga kulemba na kulemba vilembo vya Chiarabu.<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20061231044041/http://www.uis.unesco.org/profiles/EN/EDU/countryProfile_en.aspx?code=1740 UNESCO Institute for Statistics, country profile of Comoros; 2004] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20061231044041/http://www.uis.unesco.org/profiles/EN/EDU/countryProfile_en.aspx?code=1740 |date=31 December 2006 }}.</ref> == Mwambo == {{See also|Public holidays in the Comoros}} Kanandi ŵanakazi ŵa ku Ndzwani ŵakuvwara malaya ghaswesi na ghatuŵa ghakuchemeka shiromani, apo ku Ngazidja na Mwali ŵakuvwara masilafu ghakununkhira ghakuchemeka leso. Ŵanakazi ŵanandi ŵakuvwara nkhule ya sandalwood na korali yakuchemeka msinzano. Ŵanalume ŵakuvwara malaya ghatali ghatuŵa ghakuchemeka nkandu, ndipo ŵakughavwalika kofia.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.comoros-islands.com/index.php?!=15 |title=Comoros Islands: Islands & Beyond |publisher=comoros-islands.com |access-date=29 November 2016|url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161115135340/http://www.comoros-islands.com/index.php?!=15 |archive-date=15 November 2016}}</ref> === Marriage === Mu Comoros muli mitundu yiŵiri ya nthengwa, nthengwa yichoko (iyo yikuchemeka Mna daho pa Ngazidja) na nthengwa ya kaluso (iyo yikuchemeka ada pa Ngazidja, harusi pa virwa vinyake). Nthengwa yichoko iyi njambura kukhumba vinandi. Cikaŵa cipusu, cakukhora, ndiposo cakudura yayi, ndipo mukwati wakapelekanga ndalama zicoko waka. Mwanalume wangatorana na mwanakazi yumoza pera, kweni kanandi ŵanalume na ŵanakazi ŵakuŵa na nthengwa yimoza pera mu muzi. Cimanyikwiro ca nthengwa iyi ni vyakuvwara vyagolide, viphikiro vya masabata ghaŵiri, na vyawanangwa vikuru. Nangauli ndalama izo ŵakwendeskera nthengwa zikugaŵikana pakati pa mbumba zose ziŵiri kweniso na ŵanthu ŵanandi, kweni ukwati wa ada pa Ngazidja ungaŵa wakudura pafupifupi mapaundi 5,000. Ŵakutorana ŵanandi ŵakumalira nyengo yawo yinandi kuti ŵasunge ndalama zakovwilira mbumba yawo, ndipo kanandi pa nthengwa pakusangika ŵana awo mbalara.<ref>{{cite journal |last=Walker |first=Iain |year=2002 |title=Les aspects économiques du grand mariage de Ngazidja |journal=Autrepart |volume=23 |pages=157–171 |doi=10.3917/autr.023.0157}}</ref>{{NoteTag|According to the [English] "'''Extract'''" at {{cite journal |url=https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/africa/article/abs/two-marriage-forms-in-the-comoro-islands-an-investigation/225744C2CB77FFB747423677EC0F63B5 |title=Two Marriage Forms in the Comoro Islands: An Investigation |journal=Africa |publisher=[[Cambridge University Press]] |date=January 23, 2012 |volume=47 |issue=4 |pages=344–359 |doi=10.2307/1158341 |jstor=1158341 |access-date=December 27, 2021 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211227044724/https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/africa/article/abs/two-marriage-forms-in-the-comoro-islands-an-investigation/225744C2CB77FFB747423677EC0F63B5 |archive-date=December 27, 2021 |quote='''Extract'''<br />Comorian marriage must strike anyone with even the most passing knowledge of the Islands as surprising. All men strive for the lavish, expensive and lengthy marriage form known as ndola nkuu (great marriage) or harusi ya ada (customary marriage) even though a perfectly respectable simple form, mna daho (little house), is all that moslem customary law requires. Mna daho marriages cost almost nothing: ada marriages may cost as much as £5000. Why invest such a large sum in this way? What, in plain anthropological language, are the functions of ada marriage? |last1=Shepherd |first1=Gillian M. |s2cid=145156752}}}} Para mwanalume wafwa, wakwamba kuŵa na vyaka vinandi. Malo ghake ghakukwera comene, ndipo kufuma pa nyengo iyi waŵenge na wanangwa wa kuyowoya pa wumba na kunjilirapo pa ndyali, mu muzi wake na mu caru cose. Waŵenge na wanangwa wa kulongora udindo wake mwa kuvwara mharuma, mtundu unyake wa chisoti, pa viŵegha vyake, ndipo wanganjira mu mzikiti pa mulyango wa ŵalara, na kukhala kunthazi. Kweniso mwanakazi wakusintha para waŵa "mama" na kukhala mu nyumba yake. Pa virwa vinyake, nthengwa yikucitika mwakuyana na dango yayi, kweni yikuŵa yakuzirwa comene kweniso njakudura. Kanandi ŵakususka ndondomeko iyi cifukwa cakuti njakudura comene, kweni yikovwira kuti ŵanthu ŵaŵe ŵakukolerana. Kweniso ŵanthu ŵakwamba kupeleka msonkho pa nthengwa kuti ŵasange ndalama zakwendeskera vikaya.<ref>{{cite journal |journal=[[Africa (journal)|Africa]] |date=1 January 1977 |volume=47 |issue=4 |last=Shepherd |first=Gillian M. |title=Two Marriage Forms in the Comoro Islands: An Investigation |pages=344–359 |doi=10.2307/1158341 |jstor=1158341 |s2cid=145156752 |id={{ProQuest|1298706914}} }}</ref> === Kinship and social structure === [[File:JOUR DE L'AÏDE DHUL HAJJ BANGOI-KOUNI.jpg|thumb|Villagers in Bangwa Kuuni, Ngazidja]] Ŵanthu ŵa ku Comoros ŵali na mbumba ziŵiri. Ŵanthu awo ŵakukhala mu mbumba ya Bantu ŵakuyana waka na ŵanthu awo ŵakukhala mu mbumba ya ŵanthu awo ŵakukhala mu nyumba za ŵanalume. Ndipouli, pa virwa ivi pali mphambano yikuru comene, cifukwa pa Ngazidja, ŵanthu awo ŵali mu mbumba za ŵanyinawo ndiwo ŵali na nkhongono comene.<ref>Walker, Iain. "Becoming the Other, Being Oneself: Constructing Identities in a Connected World." Cambridge Scholars Publishing. 2010.</ref> === Music === {{Further|Music of the Comoros}} Sumu za Twarab, izo zikafuma ku Zanzibar kukwambilira kwa m'ma 1900, zikulutilira kuŵa zakumanyikwa comene pa virwa ivi ndipo zikumanyikwa comene pa maukwati.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Graebner |first1=Werner |year=2001 |title=Twarab ya shingazidja: a first approach |journal=Swahili Forum |volume=8 |pages=129–143}}</ref> === Media === {{Further|Mass media in the Comoros}} Ku Comoros kuli manyuzipepara ghaŵiri gha zuŵa na zuŵa, la boma la Al-Watwan, na la boma la La Gazette des Comores. Paliso manyuzipepara ghanyake agho ghakulembeka mwambura kwenelera kweniso mawebusayiti ghanyake. Wupu wa boma wa ORTC (Office de Radio et Télévision des Comores) ndiwo ukupeleka mauthenga gha pa wayilesi na pa wayilesi. Pa virwa vya Grande Comore na Anjouan pali TV iyo yikwendeskeka na boma la chigaŵa cha Anjouan. Paliso mawayilesi ghacoko waka gha wayilesi gha ku Grande Comore na Mohéli, ndipo pa virwa ivi pali wayilesi ya Mayotte Radio na French TV.<ref>{{CIA World Factbook |url=https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/comoros/#communications |article=Comoros: Communications}}</ref> == Wonaniso == {{portal|Africa}} *[[Index of Comoros-related articles]] == Vyakulemba == {{notelist}} {{NoteFoot}} == Ukaboni == === Citations === {{Reflist|35em}} === Sources === {{refbegin}} *{{cite book |ref=Ottenheimer |title=Historical Dictionary of the Comoro Islands. ''African Historical Dictionaries; No. 59'' |author1=Martin Ottenheimer |author2=Harriet Ottenheimer |year=1994 |publisher=Scarecrow Press |location=Metuchen, NJ |isbn=978-0-585-07021-6}} *{{cite book |title=Islands in a Cosmopolitan Sea: A History of the Comoros |author=Iain Walker |year=2019 |publisher=Hurst Publishers |location=London, England |isbn=9781787381469}} *This article incorporates text from the [[Library of Congress]] Country Studies, which is in the [[public domain]]. {{refend}} == Vigaŵa vya kuwalo == {{Sister project links|voy=Comoros|Comoros|collapsible=collapsed}} *[https://web.archive.org/web/20101210081335/http://www.beit-salam.km/ Union des Comores] – Official government website *{{Wikiatlas|Comoros}} *[https://web.archive.org/web/20210227184315/https://go2comoros.com/ Tourism website] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210227184315/https://go2comoros.com/ |date=27 February 2021 }} *[http://www.embassy.org/embassies/km.html Embassy des Comores] – The Federal and Islamic Republic of the Comoros in New York, United States *{{GovPubs|comoros}} *{{curlie|Regional/Africa/Comoros}} *[https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-africa-13229685 Comoros] from the [[BBC News]] *[http://www.ifs.du.edu/ifs/frm_CountryProfile.aspx?Country=KM Key Development Forecasts for Comoros] from [[International Futures]] {{Clear}} {{Comoros topics}} {{Navboxes |list = {{Countries and territories bordering the Indian Ocean}} {{Countries of Africa}} {{Somali Plate}} {{Arab League}} {{Organization of Islamic Cooperation |state=collapsed }} {{African Union}} {{La Francophonie |state=collapsed }} }} {{Authority control}} {{Coord|12.3|S|43.7|E|display=title}} [[Category:Comoros| ]]<!--please leave the empty space as standard--> [[Category:Countries in Africa]] [[Category:1975 establishments in Africa]] [[Category:Arabic-speaking countries and territories]] [[Category:Comoros archipelago]] [[Category:East African countries]] [[Category:Federal republics]] [[Category:French-speaking countries and territories]] [[Category:Island countries of the Indian Ocean]] [[Category:Island countries]] [[Category:Least developed countries]] [[Category:Member states of the African Union]] [[Category:Member states of the Arab League]] [[Category:Member states of the Organisation internationale de la Francophonie]] [[Category:Member states of the Organisation of Islamic Cooperation]] [[Category:Member states of the United Nations]] [[Category:Small Island Developing States]] [[Category:States and territories established in 1503]] [[Category:States and territories established in 1975]] 6jli9k6tl2ljt2eamzdqkaxxo4nld63 0 24227 119591 118612 2026-08-19T02:55:09Z Viyowoyero-vya-Malaŵi 11606 /* growthexperiments-addlink-summary-summary:3|0|0 */ 119591 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Short description|Kawonelo ka masambiro mu Malawi}}[[File:Schoolchildren in Malawi.jpg|thumb|Ŵana ŵa sukulu ya pulayimale pa ungano wa pawaro ku Malawi|300x300px]] '''Masambiro gha ku [[Malawi]]''' ghakovwira munthu kuti waŵe wakunozgeka kuluta ku masukulu gha sekondare na mayunivesite. Ndipouli, mbanthu ŵacoko comene awo ŵakuluta ku sukulu ya sekondare panji ku yunivesite. Ŵana ŵanandi ŵakuleka sukulu, comenecomene awo ŵakusambira pulayimale. ==Sukulu ya pulayimale== Masukulu ghakupambana mu vigaŵa viŵiri: gha boma na gha ŵekha. Mu mizi na vikaya vinandi mu caru cose muli masukulu agha. Kuzakafika mu 1970, kukaŵa masukulu ghakwambilira pafupifupi 2,000 agho ghakaŵanga na ŵana 35 pa ŵana 100 ŵaliwose. Pa ŵana wose ŵa sukulu za pulayimare, 12 pa 100 ŵaliwose ŵakasambiranga mu masukulu ghapadera agho ghakaŵa gha tchalitchi. ==Sukulu ya sekondare== Masambiro gha ku sekondare ghakaŵa ghacedwa comene ku Malawi, cifukwa cakuti mu nyengo ya ukoloni, masambiro gha ku sekondare ghakaŵavya mahara. Mu Malaŵi muli masukulu ghasekondale gha mitundu yinkhondi. Vinyake mwa vinthu ivi ni masukulu ghakusambizgirako ŵanthu, masukulu gha zuŵa, masukulu gha boma, masukulu gha ku sekondare, na masukulu ghapachanya. Ŵasambizgi ŵanandi ŵa masambiro ghaciŵiri ŵali na madigiri panji madipuloma. Mu masambiro agha, ŵana wose ŵakwenera kusambira vya ulimi. Ŵanyamata ŵakuchiskika kuti ŵagwirenge nchito za makuni, visulo, na kupenta, ndipo ŵasungwana ŵakuchiskika kuti ŵagwirenge nchito za panyumba. Chimoza mwa vinthu vikuru ivyo ŵanthu ŵakususka pa masukulu gha sekondare mu Malawi ntchakuti ghakusambizga chomene masambiro gha ku yunivesite. Ŵasambiri ŵanandi ŵakwamba kugwira nchito mwaluŵiro ndipo ŵakukhumbikwira kuŵasambizga vinthu vinyake. Ntheura, masukulu gha sekondare ghakuŵa na ŵana ŵa sukulu ŵacoko comene. Nakuti pa ŵawukirano wose ŵa ku Malawi, yumoza pera pa ŵawukirano ŵanayi ndiyo wakumalizga sukulu. <ref>{{Cite book|title = Youth Studies|url = https://archive.org/details/youthstudiesintr0000furl|last = Furlong|first = Andy|publisher = Routledge|year = 2013|isbn = 978-0-415-56479-3|location = Abingdon, Oxon|pages = [https://archive.org/details/youthstudiesintr0000furl/page/233 233]}}</ref> ==System ya Sukulu za boma== Wupu wa UNICEF ukati mu 1994, boma likakhazikiska sukulu zaulere za ŵana wose. <ref name="ilab">[http://www.dol.gov/ilab/media/reports/iclp/tda2001/Malawi.htm "Malawi"] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081006092319/http://www.dol.gov/ilab/media/reports/iclp/TDA2001/malawi.htm |date=2008-10-06 }}. ''2001 Findings on the Worst Forms of Child Labor''. [[Bureau of International Labor Affairs]], [[U.S. Department of Labor]] (2002). ''This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the [[public domain]]''.</ref> Mu 1994, ciŵelengero ca ŵana awo ŵakalembeskanga masambiro gha ku pulayimale cikaŵa 133.9 peresenti, ndipo 102.6 peresenti. <ref name=ilab/> Mu 1995, ŵana 62 pa 100 ŵaliwose awo ŵakamba sukulu ya pulayimale ŵakafika mu kilasi laciŵiri, ndipo 34 pa 100 ŵaliwose ŵakafika mu kilasi lacinayi. <ref name=ilab/> Ŵasungwana ŵanandi ŵakuleka sukulu kuluska ŵanyamata. <ref name=ilab/> ==System ya Sukulu zaŵene== Masukulu gha ŵanthu ŵekha ghafuma mu Malaŵi ndipo ghakovwira kuti sukulu za boma zileke kwenda. Masukulu ghaŵene ghakusazgapo masukulu nga ni tukombo private girls secondary school, Bedir IS, Phungu, Lilongwe Girls, Hossana private School na Sunnyside School. Masukulu ghanyake ghakusambizgika na boma. [[Sukulu yakwamba]] ya ŵasungwana ya Tukombo yikamba mu 1998, ndipo yikwendeskeka na NY nkhatabay development trust. Wupu wa [[Bedir Foundation]], uwo ukambika mu 2000, uli na masukulu ghaŵiri: Bedir Star International School, Lilongwe na Bedir International School, Blantyre. Vyose viŵiri vikugwiliskira nchito masambiro gha Cambridge International Examinations, kweniso MANEB. ===Sukulu za Charitable Foundation=== Masukulu ghanandi gha kujikora ghapangika mu Malawi nga ni mawupu gha vyawanangwa na ŵana ŵa sukulu: * Wupu wa [[Jacaranda Foundation]], <ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.jacarandafoundation.org|title=Jacaranda Foundation: Building Schools, Providing Education, Preventing AIDS in Malawi}}</ref> uwo ukazengeka na mama Marie Da Silva, ndiwo ukuwovwira sukulu iyi. Ili ndilo likaŵa sukulu yimoza pera yaulere ku Malawi ya ŵana ŵa sukulu za pulayimale na sekondare. Ŵana ŵanandi ŵa sukulu ya Jacaranda mbalanda chifukwa cha nthenda ya [[HIV]]/[[AIDS]], nga umo vikaŵira pa [[CNN Heroes]] mu 2008. <ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.cnn.com/2008/WORLD/africa/02/14/dasilva/|title=CNN Heroes: Giving hope to orphans of AIDS|website=[[CNN]]}}</ref> * Sukulu ya St. Patrick Academy & primary * [[Joyce Banda Foundation]] ni wupu uwo ukwendeska masukulu gha primary na secondary mu Malawi. * Wupu wa [[Raising Malawi]] Foundation ukuzenga sukulu ya ŵasungwana ku Malawi. * Sukulu ya Legson Kayira Primary na Community Center * Gulu la [[Youth of Malawi]] lazenga sukulu ya pulayimale iyo yikugwiliskira nchito nkhongono ya dazi, ndipo yikuwunjika maji gha vula mu muzi wa Chimphamba, mu cigaŵa ca Mchinji ku vigaŵa vya ku Malaŵi. ==System ya Yunivesite== Masukulu ghapachanya mu Malawi ghali na masukulu ghanayi gha boma na ghanyake ghapachanya. Palije yunivesite ya ku Malawi iyo yili pa chigaŵa cha [[Times Higher]] panji [[QS World University Rankings]]. <ref>{{Cite web |date=2021-08-25 |title=World University Rankings |url=https://www.timeshighereducation.com/world-university-rankings/2022/world-ranking |access-date=2023-03-25|website=Times Higher Education (THE) |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=QS World University Rankings 2022 |url=https://www.topuniversities.com/university-rankings/world-university-rankings/2022 |access-date=2023-03-25 |website=Top Universities |language=en}}</ref> Malaŵi ni yimoza mwa vyaru ivyo vili na ŵanthu ŵacoko comene pa caru cose awo ŵakusambira pa yunivesite. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Wider access to higher education needs a mindset shift |url=https://www.universityworldnews.com/post.php?story=20180705091345766 |access-date=2023-03-25|website=University World News}}</ref> Ŵakuyezgayezga kuti ŵasambire masambiro ghapachanya, comenecomene ŵanakazi awo kanandi ŵakuŵavya mwaŵi. <ref>{{Cite web |date=2020-06-23 |title=Strengthening Higher Education Access in Malawi Activity (SHEAMA) |url=https://education.asu.edu/projects-and-impact/sheama-higher-education-access-malawi |access-date=2022-05-08 |website=Mary Lou Fulton Teachers College |language=en}}</ref> Masukulu gha boma ni agha (mwakuyana na umo ghakaŵirako): * [[Yunivesite ya Malawi]] ni yunivesite yakwamba na yikuru chomene mu Malawi. Likasangika mu 1964 ndipo lili na masukulu ghanandi. * [[Yunivesite ya Mzuzu]] yikayambika mu chaka cha 1997 ndipo njimoza mwa yunivesite zikuruzikuru za ku Malawi. Sukulu iyi yili mu msumba wa [[Mzuzu]], kumpoto kwa charu ichi. Kumpoto kwa Malaŵi ni malo ghakavu comene, ndipo ŵana wose ŵakuseŵera ndipo ŵanthu ŵalara ŵakulima. Ŵana ŵanyake ŵakovwira ŵalara pa ulimi, kweni ŵanandi ŵakuluta ku sukulu. * [[Lilongwe Yunivesite ya Kulima na Vinthu Vyacilengiwa]] ni yunivesite iyo yili ku [[Lilongwe]], Malawi. Likapangika mu chaka cha 2011 pakusazgikana pakati pa Bunda College of Agriculture of the University of Malawi na Natural Resources College (NRC). * [[Malawi University of Science and Technology]] (MUST), panji [[University of Southern Malawi]], yikambikwa pa 17 Disembala 2012 na Malawi University of Science and Technology Act No. 31 ya 2012 nga ni yunivesite yachinayi ya boma mu Malawi. Likatsegulika mu 2014 na Professor Peter Mutharika, LL.B ((Hons), J.D.S. Malo agha ghali mu chigaŵa cha [[Thyolo (ving'anamulilo vinyake)|Thyolo]], ku Malawi. Malo agha ghali pa malo ghakukwana {{convert|215,000 |m2|ha acre|abbr=on}} ndipo chigaŵa chose cha nyumba zake {{convert|46,000| m2|sqyd|abbr=on}}. Yunivesite iyi yili na malo ghakukwana ŵanthu 3,000, kweni yingaŵa na malo ghakujumpha kaŵiri. Nadi, Yunivesite iyi yizamovwira comene boma la Malawi kuti ŵanthu ŵasambire masambiro ghapacanya. Para sukulu iyi yafika pa malo ghake, yizamuŵa na Malawi Institute of Technology, Ndata School of Climate & Earth Sciences, Academy of Medical Sciences na Bingu School of Culture and Heritage. Malo gha Malawi Industrial Research and Technology Development Centre ghazamuŵa ku MIT. Masukulu ghapachanya gha ku Malawi ni agha: * Yunivesite ya Central Christian ni Yunivesite ya Private-Not-Profit iyo yikupangiska kafukufuku ndipo yikukhumba kupeleka masambiro gha palipose na pa mtunda mu Malawi * Catholic University of Malawi ni sukulu iyi yili mu chigaŵa cha Montfort mu chigaŵa cha Chiladzulu mu Malawi. Likakhazikiskika mu 2004 ndipo likajulika mu 2006, ndipo likaŵa na masukulu gha vya [[sayansi]] na masambiro. Pasono likusambizgaso vya vyachuma, malonda, bizinesi, na kuwerengera ndalama. Malipiro gha pa Yunivesite {{as of when?}} Ndalama izi zikasazgikira kankhondi na kamoza kufika pa pafupifupi mapaundi 380 pa caka, kuluska kaŵiri malipiro ghapachanya gha ku Malawi. <ref>{{cite news|last1=Scott|first1=David|title=Developing pharmacy in Malawi|url=http://www.pharmaceutical-journal.com/20202748.article|access-date=17 July 2017|publisher=Pharmaceutical Journal|date=4 July 2017}}</ref> ==Ntchito ya kusambizga na kusambizga== Unduna wa vya masambiro ndiwo ukulemba mapulogiramu gha masukulu gha ku Malawi na kulaŵilira masambiro gha ŵasambizgi. Ŵasambizgi ŵakusambira masambiro gha ku sukulu na masambiro ghanyake. Pakusambizga munthu payekha, pakukhumbikwira kuti walongozgekenge. Ŵasambizgi ŵanandi ŵakwamba kusambizga pa sukulu za pulayimale mu sukulu iyo yili pafupi na malo ghakusambizgira ŵasambizgi. Pamanyuma pake, ŵakusambizga pa gulu ndipo msambizgi uyo wakusambira wakusambizga yekha kilasi kwa masabata 6. Pali mitundu yitatu ya ŵasambizgi awo ŵakusambizga ŵanthu. Ŵasambizgi awo ŵali kumalizga masambiro agha ndiwo ŵakulongozga dipatimenti zinandi, ndipo ŵakovwirika na ŵantchito awo ŵali na maudindo ghapachanya panji ghapachanya. ===Ŵasambizgi ŵa ku pulayimale=== Malawi wali na masukulu ghanayi ghakusambizga masambiro gha ku pulayimale. Msambizgi wa PT4 wali na chiphaso cha Malawi School Certificate of Education (MSCE) icho ni vyaka vinayi vya masambiro gha ku sekondare, na chiphaso cha ŵasambizgi cha vyaka viŵiri. Para munthu wafika pa msinkhu wa PT3, wakuŵa na mwaŵi wa kufumba mafumbo. Para munthu wakughanaghana kuti wakumanya vinandi pa nkhani iyi, wakwenera kufumba fumbo. Ndipouli, PT2 ni digiri ya boma (Muteŵeti wa msambizgi mulara) apo PT1 njakovwira kwa msambizgi mulara, ŵasambizgi ŵa pulayimale na awo ŵakulaŵilira ntchito. ===Ŵasambizgi ŵa sukulu za sekondare=== Ŵasambizgi ŵa masukulu gha sekondare ŵakusambizgika pa sukulu ya masambiro. Sukulu iyi yikupeleka masambiro gha mitundu yitatu: Diploma of Education, Bachelor of Education na University Certificate of Education. ===Wasambizgi ŵa pa yunivesite=== Ŵasambizgi ŵa pa yunivesite iyi ŵalipo 30 peresenti. Mu 1977, pa ŵasambizgi 199, 87 ŵakaŵa ŵakufuma ku vyaru vinyake. Pa ŵasambizgi aŵa, 27 ŵakaŵa ŵa ku Malawi, ndipo ŵanyake 48 ŵakasambiranga masambiro ghapachanya ku vyaru vinyake. Pali kukhumbikwa kuti ŵanthu awo pasono ŵakuteŵetera nga ni ŵasambizgi ŵalutilire kuŵa na maluso kweniso kuti ŵanthu ŵanandi ŵa ku Malawi ŵasambizgike. ===Wupu wa mawupu gha boma yayi=== {{Third-party}} Wungwero Book Foundation yikusambizga ŵasambizgi ŵa mabuku pa sukulu ya DAPP. <ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.africanlibraryproject.org/about-us/our-partners/136-library-partner-wungwero-book-foundation-malawi|title=African Library Project - Library Partner - Wungwero Book Foundation Malawi|work=The African Library Project.}}</ref> Wupu unyake ukuru uwo uli ku Malawi, ndipo ukucemeka AYISE, ukupeleka masambiro ku masukulu gha mu cigaŵa ici. <ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.ayisemw.org|title=Cheap Electronics Could Be A Good Idea}}</ref> ==Ŵasambizgi ŵakumanyikwa ŵa ku Malawi== * [[Joyce Banda]] - Mtsogoleri wakale wa Malawi, woyambitsa bungwe la [[Joyce Banda Foundation]] * [[Frank Chipasula]] - mulembi, mulembi na wakusambizga * [[Peter Mutharika]] - Pulezidenti wa Malaŵi, pulofesa wa malango, mulaŵiliri wa malango gha vyaru vyakupambanapambana * [[Anjimile Oponyo]] - wakusambizga ==Ŵanthu ŵakumanyikwa ŵa ku Malawi== * [[Frank Chipasula]] - mulembi, mulembi na wakusambizga * [[William Kamkwamba]] - Msambiri wa ku Malawi uyo wakamanya kumanyikwa chifukwa cha kuzenga mphero ya mphepo kufuma ku vigaŵa vinyake <ref>{{cite AV media|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=G8yKFVPOD6o |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/varchive/youtube/20211221/G8yKFVPOD6o |archive-date=2021-12-21 |url-status=live|title=William Kamkwamba: How I built a windmill|date=1 August 2007|via=YouTube}}{{cbignore}}</ref> ==Ukaboni== {{Reflist}} ==Vigaŵa vya kuwaro== * [https://web.archive.org/web/20081108102928/http://www.malawi.gov.mw/Education/Home%20%20Education.htm Unduna wa vya Masambiro wa ku Malawi (en)] * [https://web.archive.org/web/20090323022613/http://www.sacmeq.org/education-malawi.htm Kafukufuku Wakulongosora vya Masambiro na Umoyo wa Ŵanthu ku Malawi], Wupu wa Southern and Eastern Africa Consortium for Monitoring Educational Quality (SACMEQ) (en) * [http://www.mef-malawi.org Wupu Wakulongozga ya Malawi (en)] {{Masambiro gha ku Africa}} [[Category: Masambiro gha ku Malawi| ]] [[Category:Masambiro gha ku Africa|Malawi]] gklt3qqboo4ly2jh4ai20zn7g8qctlo 0 25128 119585 69849 2026-08-19T02:09:31Z Viyowoyero-vya-Malaŵi 11606 119585 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox river|name=Shire River|name_native=|name_native_lang=|name_other=Shiré, Chire|name_etymology=[[Chewa language|Chewa]] ''chiri'', "steep banks"<ref>{{Cite journal|url=http://www.jstor.org/stable/29778127|title=SHIRE, SHIRWA, AND NYASA|author=Price, T.|year=1966|journal=The Society of Malawi Journal|volume=19|issue=1|pages=15-19|via=JSTOR}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://historyofmalawi.com/?p=872|title=The Mighty Shire River – History Of Malawi}}</ref> <!---------------------- IMAGE & MAP -->|image=Shire fluss nsanje.jpg|image_size=|image_caption=The Shire near [[Nsanje]], [[Malawi]]|map=Shire (rivière).png|map_size=280px|map_caption=|pushpin_map=|pushpin_map_size=|pushpin_map_caption=<!---------------------- LOCATION -->|subdivision_type1=Country|subdivision_name1=[[Malawi]], [[Mozambique]]|subdivision_type2=|subdivision_name2=|subdivision_type3=|subdivision_name3=|subdivision_type4=|subdivision_name4=|subdivision_type5=|subdivision_name5=<!---------------------- PHYSICAL CHARACTERISTICS -->|length={{convert|402|km|mi|abbr=on}}|width_min=|width_avg=|width_max=|depth_min=|depth_avg=|depth_max=|discharge1_location=|discharge1_min=|discharge1_avg=486 m3/s|discharge1_max=<!---------------------- BASIN FEATURES -->|source1=[[Lake Malawi]]|source1_location=|source1_coordinates={{coord|14|25|25|S|35|14|10|E|display=inline}}|source1_elevation={{convert|474|m|abbr=on}}|mouth=[[Zambezi]]|mouth_location=|mouth_coordinates={{coord|17|41|36|S|35|18|55|E|display=inline,title}}|mouth_elevation=|progression=|river_system=|basin_size=|tributaries_left=|tributaries_right=|custom_label=|custom_data=|extra=}}'''Mlonga wa Shire''' ni mronga ukuru comene mu [[Malaŵi|Malawi]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=December 20, 2010 |title=The Ruins of the Moment: Shire River, Malawi — Photos by Pete McGregor |url=https://worldsenz.blogspot.com/2010/12/shire-river-malawi.html}}</ref>Ni maji ghekha agho ghakuthira mu [[Nyanja ya Malaŵi|Nyanja ya Malawi]] ndipo ghakuthira mu Mlonga wa Zambezi ku Mozambique. Utali wake ni makilomita 402. Mlonga wa Upper Shire ukufuma mu Nyanja ya Malawi ndipo uli na mtunda wa makilomita 19 pambere undafike mu Nyanja ya Malombe. Kufuma apo, maji ghakukhira kufuma mu Nyanja ya Malombe na kuluta kumwera kujumpha mu malo ghakuchemeka Liwonde National Park. Pakati pa matawuni gha Matope na Chikwawa, mlonga wa pakati ukujumpha mamita 400. Madamu ghaŵiri gha maji agho ghakazengeka kumpoto kwa Blantyre. Mlonga uwu ukujumpha ku Chikwawa, ndipo ukuzgokera kumwera ca kumafumiro gha dazi na kunjira mu vidika vya Mozambique. Mlonga ukuru comene wa Ruo, uwo njumoza wa milonga iyo yikwenda nyengo yitali, ukunjira mu Shire kufupi na tawuni ya Chiromo ku Malawi. Maji agha ghakwenda mu malo ghakuru ghakuchemeka Elephant Marsh pambere ghandafike apo Mlonga wa Zambezi ukusamira kumwera kwa tawuni ya Sena, ku Mozambique. Mu 1859, David Livingstone wakaluta ku malo ghaŵiri ku Zambezi.<ref>{{cite book|last1=Briggs|first1=Philip|title=Malawi|date=2016|publisher=Bradt Travel Guides|isbn=9781784770143|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=CQueDAAAQBAJ&pg=PA9|page=9|language=en}}</ref> Dambo ili lili mu chigaŵa cha East African Rift system.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Live Search Maps |url=http://mappoint.msn.com/(rddmzdbprlpfsl5504qmz245)/map.aspx?C=0%2c0&A=100000&L=WLD0409 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071203211025/http://mappoint.msn.com/(rddmzdbprlpfsl5504qmz245)/map.aspx?C=0%2C0&A=100000&L=WLD0409 |archive-date=2007-12-03 |access-date=2007-08-09}}</ref> [[File:Ferry_over_Shire_River_in_Mozambique.JPG|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Ferry_over_Shire_River_in_Mozambique.JPG|left|thumb|250x250px|Ferry crossing the Shire in Mozambique]] {{clear|left}} == Ukaboni == <references group="" responsive="1"></references> {{Rivers of Malawi}}{{Rivers of Mozambique}}{{Authority control}} {{Malawi-river-stub}} {{Mozambique-river-stub}} 51kxneykkiqpor2omdyvttv3vhzxxw9 0 48645 119577 2026-08-18T12:19:21Z Viyowoyero-vya-Malaŵi 11606 Created page with "{{databox}} [[File:Microsoft Office Teams (2025–present).svg|right|130px]] '''Microsoft Teams''' ni pulogiramu yakukolerana ya magulu iyo yikapangika na [[Microsoft]] nga ni chisankho cha [[Microsoft 365]]. Yikupereka vinthu nga nkhuchezga pa malo ghakugwilira ntchito, kuchezga pa vidiyo, kusunga mafayilo, na kuphatikizgana na mapulogiramu na vyakuchitika vya Microsoft na vinyake.<ref name="slack2">{{Cite news |last=Warren |first=Tom |date=2 November 2016 |title=Micros..." 119577 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} [[File:Microsoft Office Teams (2025–present).svg|right|130px]] '''Microsoft Teams''' ni pulogiramu yakukolerana ya magulu iyo yikapangika na [[Microsoft]] nga ni chisankho cha [[Microsoft 365]]. Yikupereka vinthu nga nkhuchezga pa malo ghakugwilira ntchito, kuchezga pa vidiyo, kusunga mafayilo, na kuphatikizgana na mapulogiramu na vyakuchitika vya Microsoft na vinyake.<ref name="slack2">{{Cite news |last=Warren |first=Tom |date=2 November 2016 |title=Microsoft Teams launches to take on Slack in the workplace |url=https://www.theverge.com/2016/11/2/13497992/microsoft-teams-slack-competitor-features |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200220204255/https://www.theverge.com/2016/11/2/13497992/microsoft-teams-slack-competitor-features |archive-date=February 20, 2020 |work=The Verge}}</ref> Teams pachokopachoko yikanjira mu malo gha malo ghakale gha Microsoft ghakutumirana mauthenga na kukolerana, kusazgapo Skype ya Bizinesi, [[Skype]], Flip, na Microsoft Classroom. Pulatifomu iyi yikakura chomene mu nyengo ya muliri wa [[COVID-19]], pamoza na awo ŵakachitanga mpikisano nga ni Zoom, Slack, na Google Meet, apo mabungwe ghakasintha na kugwira ntchito kutali na maungano gha pa [[intaneti]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=2021-05-31 |title=COVID impact on meeting apps: Google Meet, Zoom, Microsoft Teams never had it better |url=https://www.cnbctv18.com/smart-tech/covid-impact-on-meeting-apps-google-meet-zoom-microsoft-teams-never-had-it-better-9493981.htm |access-date=2022-09-01 |website=cnbctv18.com |language=en |archive-date=September 1, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220901161940/https://www.cnbctv18.com/smart-tech/covid-impact-on-meeting-apps-google-meet-zoom-microsoft-teams-never-had-it-better-9493981.htm |url-status=live }}</ref> Kufuma mu Januwale 2023, Microsoft yikaŵa na ŵanthu pafupifupi 280 miliyoni awo ŵakugwiliskira ntchito mwezi uliwose.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Novet |first1=Jordan |date=27 March 2023 |title=Microsoft says its new version of Teams is twice as fast |website=CNBC |url=https://www.cnbc.com/2023/03/27/microsoft-starts-public-preview-of-new-teams-for-commercial-clients.html |access-date=27 March 2023 |archive-date=March 27, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230327211208/https://www.cnbc.com/2023/03/27/microsoft-starts-public-preview-of-new-teams-for-commercial-clients.html |url-status=live }}</ref> ==Ukaboni== {{reflist}} {{authority control}} [[Category:Microsoft]] tm8o8o78gfohqj9zzo29lnp3mjtyqne 119578 119577 2026-08-18T12:21:31Z Viyowoyero-vya-Malaŵi 11606 119578 wikitext text/x-wiki [[File:Microsoft Office Teams (2025–present).svg|right|130px]] '''Microsoft Teams''' ni pulogiramu yakukolerana ya magulu iyo yikapangika na [[Microsoft]] nga ni chisankho cha [[Microsoft 365]]. Yikupereka vinthu nga nkhuchezga pa malo ghakugwilira ntchito, kuchezga pa vidiyo, kusunga mafayilo, na kuphatikizgana na mapulogiramu na vyakuchitika vya Microsoft na vinyake.<ref name="slack2">{{Cite news |last=Warren |first=Tom |date=2 November 2016 |title=Microsoft Teams launches to take on Slack in the workplace |url=https://www.theverge.com/2016/11/2/13497992/microsoft-teams-slack-competitor-features |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200220204255/https://www.theverge.com/2016/11/2/13497992/microsoft-teams-slack-competitor-features |archive-date=February 20, 2020 |work=The Verge}}</ref> Teams pachokopachoko yikanjira mu malo gha malo ghakale gha Microsoft ghakutumirana mauthenga na kukolerana, kusazgapo Skype ya Bizinesi, [[Skype]], Flip, na Microsoft Classroom. Pulatifomu iyi yikakura chomene mu nyengo ya muliri wa [[COVID-19]], pamoza na awo ŵakachitanga mpikisano nga ni Zoom, Slack, na Google Meet, apo mabungwe ghakasintha na kugwira ntchito kutali na maungano gha pa [[intaneti]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=2021-05-31 |title=COVID impact on meeting apps: Google Meet, Zoom, Microsoft Teams never had it better |url=https://www.cnbctv18.com/smart-tech/covid-impact-on-meeting-apps-google-meet-zoom-microsoft-teams-never-had-it-better-9493981.htm |access-date=2022-09-01 |website=cnbctv18.com |language=en |archive-date=September 1, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220901161940/https://www.cnbctv18.com/smart-tech/covid-impact-on-meeting-apps-google-meet-zoom-microsoft-teams-never-had-it-better-9493981.htm |url-status=live }}</ref> Kufuma mu Januwale 2023, Microsoft yikaŵa na ŵanthu pafupifupi 280 miliyoni awo ŵakugwiliskira ntchito mwezi uliwose.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Novet |first1=Jordan |date=27 March 2023 |title=Microsoft says its new version of Teams is twice as fast |website=CNBC |url=https://www.cnbc.com/2023/03/27/microsoft-starts-public-preview-of-new-teams-for-commercial-clients.html |access-date=27 March 2023 |archive-date=March 27, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230327211208/https://www.cnbc.com/2023/03/27/microsoft-starts-public-preview-of-new-teams-for-commercial-clients.html |url-status=live }}</ref> ==Ukaboni== {{reflist}} {{authority control}} [[Category:Microsoft]] epe7ouicjzpewf3idjq15bhk7gu409s 0 48646 119582 2026-08-19T02:03:50Z Viyowoyero-vya-Malaŵi 11606 Created page with "{{Databox}} '''Nioumamilima''' ni muzi uwo uli pa chirwa cha [[Grande Comore]] (Ngazidja) ku [[Comoros]]. Ŵanthu ŵanandi awo ŵakakhalanga mu muzi uwu ŵakafumiskikapo na kuluta mu misumba yikuruyikuru iyo Ŵaarabu ŵakakhalanga. Chilato chikuru cha ulendo uwu chikaŵa chakuti ŵaŵasambizge Chisilamu na vinjeru vya Chisilamu. Ŵalembi ŵa mdauko ŵa ku Comoros ŵakuti visambizgo ivi vikafuma ku ŵanthu ŵa ku Iran panji ŵa ku Shirazi. Ŵanthu ŵa mu muzi uwu ŵakat..." 119582 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Nioumamilima''' ni muzi uwo uli pa chirwa cha [[Grande Comore]] (Ngazidja) ku [[Comoros]]. Ŵanthu ŵanandi awo ŵakakhalanga mu muzi uwu ŵakafumiskikapo na kuluta mu misumba yikuruyikuru iyo Ŵaarabu ŵakakhalanga. Chilato chikuru cha ulendo uwu chikaŵa chakuti ŵaŵasambizge Chisilamu na vinjeru vya Chisilamu. Ŵalembi ŵa mdauko ŵa ku Comoros ŵakuti visambizgo ivi vikafuma ku ŵanthu ŵa ku Iran panji ŵa ku Shirazi. Ŵanthu ŵa mu muzi uwu ŵakati ŵasambira sukulu iyi, ŵakawelera ku Nioumamilima na kuzenga masukulu gha Korani na mizikiti. Ŵanthu ŵa ku malo agha ŵakaŵachemanga kuti ŵasilikari ŵa mu mizi. Pasono mu muzi uwu muli misikiti 27 na masukulu 5 gha Korani. Ni malo ghanyake agho ghakutukuka chomene pa ulimi mu chigaŵa cha Badjini, ndipo ŵakupanga vipambi ivyo vikusazgapo vanila na cloves. Mu 2014, pakaŵa ŵawukirano ŵakujumpha 500 awo ŵakachitanga ntchito ya ulimi. Ŵanyake ŵasankha kuleka sukulu kuti ŵaŵike ndalama mu ulimi. Kuyana na chiŵelengero cha ŵanthu mu 2008, mu muzi uwu ukaŵa na ŵanthu 3,000.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://world-gazetteer.com/wg.php?x=&men=gcis&lng=en&des=wg&srt=npan&col=abcdefghinoq&msz=1500&geo=-116|title=Comoros: largest cities and towns and statistics of their population|publisher=World Gazetteer|access-date=30 March 2011}}{{dead link|date=July 2021|bot=medic}}{{cbignore|bot=medic}}</ref> ==Ukaboni== {{Reflist}} {{Authority control}} {{coord|11|51|S|43|26|E|display=title|region:KM_type:city_source:GNS-enwiki}} [[Category:Comoros]] 32pygl1y70itd8o1w0vcmjs8pp6ghio 119583 119582 2026-08-19T02:05:30Z Viyowoyero-vya-Malaŵi 11606 119583 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Nioumamilima''' ni muzi uwo uli pa chirwa cha [[Grande Comore]] (Ngazidja) ku [[Comoros]]. Ŵanthu ŵanandi awo ŵakakhalanga mu muzi uwu ŵakafumiskikapo na kuluta mu misumba yikuruyikuru iyo Ŵaarabu ŵakakhalanga. Chilato chikuru cha ulendo uwu chikaŵa chakuti ŵaŵasambizge [[Chisilamu]] na vinjeru vya Chisilamu. Ŵalembi ŵa mdauko ŵa ku Comoros ŵakuti visambizgo ivi vikafuma ku ŵanthu ŵa ku Iran panji ŵa ku Shirazi. Ŵanthu ŵa mu muzi uwu ŵakati ŵasambira sukulu iyi, ŵakawelera ku Nioumamilima na kuzenga masukulu gha Korani na mizikiti. Ŵanthu ŵa ku malo agha ŵakaŵachemanga kuti ŵasilikari ŵa mu mizi. Pasono mu muzi uwu muli misikiti 27 na masukulu 5 gha Korani. Ni malo ghanyake agho ghakutukuka chomene pa ulimi mu chigaŵa cha Badjini, ndipo ŵakupanga vipambi ivyo vikusazgapo vanila na cloves. Mu 2014, pakaŵa ŵawukirano ŵakujumpha 500 awo ŵakachitanga ntchito ya ulimi. Ŵanyake ŵasankha kuleka sukulu kuti ŵaŵike ndalama mu ulimi. Kuyana na chiŵelengero cha ŵanthu mu 2008, mu muzi uwu ukaŵa na ŵanthu 3,000.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://world-gazetteer.com/wg.php?x=&men=gcis&lng=en&des=wg&srt=npan&col=abcdefghinoq&msz=1500&geo=-116|title=Comoros: largest cities and towns and statistics of their population|publisher=World Gazetteer|access-date=30 March 2011}}{{dead link|date=July 2021|bot=medic}}{{cbignore|bot=medic}}</ref> ==Ukaboni== {{Reflist}} {{Authority control}} {{coord|11|51|S|43|26|E|display=title|region:KM_type:city_source:GNS-enwiki}} [[Category:Comoros]] eipndbxvx9c2wncgzogzglgueya8x1b 14 48647 119584 2026-08-19T02:07:26Z Viyowoyero-vya-Malaŵi 11606 Created page with "{{Category explanation|pages that transclude {{tlx|coord}} and do not have coordinates on Wikidata. These may need to be fixed by hand or by bot. See [[:d:Wikidata:Coordinates tracking|Wikidata:Coordinates tracking]] for more information}}" 119584 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Category explanation|pages that transclude {{tlx|coord}} and do not have coordinates on Wikidata. These may need to be fixed by hand or by bot. See [[:d:Wikidata:Coordinates tracking|Wikidata:Coordinates tracking]] for more information}} puva7vovvv3xodllxhudgtpqgfhr5ds 119586 119584 2026-08-19T02:11:03Z Viyowoyero-vya-Malaŵi 11606 119586 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Empty category}} {{Wikipedia category |hidden=yes |tracking=yes |description=Pages are added to this category by '''[[Template:Coord]]''' and '''[[Module:Coordinates]]'''.}} {{Category explanation|pages that transclude {{tlx|coord}} and do not have coordinates on Wikidata. These may need to be fixed by hand or by bot. See [[:d:Wikidata:Coordinates tracking|Wikidata:Coordinates tracking]] for more information}} nzz7u7jvevr1u7sarvwl2a5l3srtoi7 119587 119586 2026-08-19T02:12:09Z Viyowoyero-vya-Malaŵi 11606 119587 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Empty category}} {{Wikipedia category |hidden=yes |tracking=yes |description=Pages are added to this category by '''[[Template:Coord]]''' and '''[[Module:Coordinates]]'''.}} {{Tracks Wikidata|P625}} {{Category explanation|pages that transclude {{tlx|coord}} and do not have coordinates on Wikidata. These may need to be fixed by hand or by bot. See [[:d:Wikidata:Coordinates tracking|Wikidata:Coordinates tracking]] for more information} 2d1jall2ui20i4p5adrjhjznx7dzmrb 119588 119587 2026-08-19T02:12:22Z Viyowoyero-vya-Malaŵi 11606 119588 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Empty category}} {{Wikipedia category |hidden=yes |tracking=yes |description=Pages are added to this category by '''[[Template:Coord]]''' and '''[[Module:Coordinates]]'''.}} {{Tracks Wikidata|P625}} {{Category explanation|pages that transclude {{tlx|coord}} and do not have coordinates on Wikidata. These may need to be fixed by hand or by bot. See [[:d:Wikidata:Coordinates tracking|Wikidata:Coordinates tracking]] for more information}} 395u9cguq3scjmc451uqbsf3mf1g0np 0 48648 119589 2026-08-19T02:24:53Z Viyowoyero-vya-Malaŵi 11606 Created page with "{{Databox}} '''Center''' ni muzi mu [[Limpopo]] mu charu cha {{#invoke:wd|property|linked|references|P17}}.<ref>https://geonames.org</ref> ==Ukaboni== {{reflist}} [[Category:South Africa]] [[Category:Limpopo]]" 119589 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Center''' ni muzi mu [[Limpopo]] mu charu cha {{#invoke:wd|property|linked|references|P17}}.<ref>https://geonames.org</ref> ==Ukaboni== {{reflist}} [[Category:South Africa]] [[Category:Limpopo]] hoz39b6q4vybb2hayq7l58sda6tuxir 119592 119589 2026-08-19T05:56:51Z Viyowoyero-vya-Malaŵi 11606 Redirected page to [[Center, Makhuduthamaga]] 119592 wikitext text/x-wiki #REDIRECT [[Center, Makhuduthamaga]] mpigfzdeuqnfcal046yiou7vmrlqx68