World Conference against Racism

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    <title>World Conference against Racism</title>
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        <username>Lucius Diadem</username>
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      <text bytes="6408" sha1="3qkfkw0uu7rrcefwt39bstjvthhu4oa" xml:space="preserve">''Wɔatwerɛ nsɛm wei wɔ '''Asante Twi''' mu''  

'''World Conference Against Racism''' ('''WCAR''') yɛ amanaman ntam nnoɔma a wɔayɛ nhehyɛeɛ ɛfiri [[:en:UNESCO|UNESCO]] de mmɔden bɔ nnipa nkekyɛmu adwene mu nsusuiɛ ɛne nnipa dwumayɛ. Wɔayɛ nhyiamu ahodoɔ num de besi nnɛ; wɔ afe 1978, 1983, 2001, 2009 ne 2021 mu. Wɔ Wiase Ko II ne Holocaust no akyi no, wɔte UNESCO sɛ ahyehyɛdeɛ a egyina Amanaman Nkabom so, na wɔfirii ase berɛ a wɔhyehyɛɛ no ara pɛ de hyɛɛ nyansahu mu adesua a ɛfa mmusua ahorow ho ne wɔn ho a wɔtrɛw mu wɔ ɔmanfo adwene mu no ho nkuran na ama wɔatumi ayi nnipa mu nyiyim ho adwene a enni mu no afi hɔ. N'adwuma a wodii kan tintimii no mu biako ne The Race Question wɔ 1950 mu, a nhomanimfo a wɔagye din wɔ wiase nyinaa de wɔn nsa hyɛɛ ase.  

== 1978 nhyiam ==
[[File:Anti-apartheidsdemonstratie_in_Amsterdam_de_kop_van_de_demonstratie,_Bestanddeelnr_934-2645.jpg|thumb|Anti-apartheidsdemonstratie in Amsterdam de kop van de demonstratie, Bestanddeelnr 934-2645]]
Wɔ 1978 mu no, wɔyɛɛ Wiase Nhyiam a Wɔko Tiaa Ɔtan hunu wɔ Geneva, Switzerland. Ná nhyiam no mu asɛm titiriw ne South Africa amammuisɛm a ɛfa nnipa mu nyiyim ne nnipa mu nyiyim ho. Eyi kaa Israel ne South Africa ntam abusuabɔ (ne titire sikasɛm ne sraadi mu biakoyɛ) ho asɛm, na wɔsrɛɛ sɛ Amanaman Nkabom Ahobammɔ Boayikuw no nsusuw &quot;ahyɛmu a emu yɛ duru na ɛho hia&quot; a wɔde bɛba [[South Africa]] ne &quot;ɔman mu nnipa mu nyiyim a ɛwɔ Afrika anafo fam&quot; no ho, na wɔkasa tiaa apartheid a ɛwɔ South Africa no&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |title=Report of the Committee on the Elimination of Racial Discrimination, Seventy-eighth Session |date=2023-12-02 |url=https://doi.org/10.18356/9789211070408 |series=Report of the Committee on the Elimination of Racial Discrimination |publisher=United Nations |isbn=978-92-1-107040-8 |access-date=2025-06-19}}&lt;/ref&gt;. N'adiyie ne dwumadie bi nso wɔ hɔ a ɛfi nhyiam no mu bae a ɛkasa tia mmusuo mu nyiyim, nnipa mu nyiyim, ne nnipa mu nyiyim, na ɛhwehwɛ sɛ wɔhwehwɛ nhomasua akwan a wɔde bɛhyɛ &quot;nnipa nyinaa ntam nteaseɛ ho nkuran na wɔada...mmusuo ne nnipa mu nyiyim mu nnyinaso adi&quot;, ne nsɛm afoforɔ&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |title=Report of the Committee on the Elimination of Racial Discrimination, Seventy-eighth Session |date=2023-12-02 |url=https://doi.org/10.18356/9789211070408 |series=Report of the Committee on the Elimination of Racial Discrimination |publisher=United Nations |isbn=978-92-1-107040-8 |access-date=2025-06-19}}&lt;/ref&gt;. 

== 1983 nhyiam ==
Wɔyɛɛ Wiase Nhyiam a Wɔko Tiaa Ɔtan hunu nso wɔ Geneva, Switzerland, wɔ afe 1983 mu. 

== 2001 nhyiam ==
Wɔyɛɛ 2001 nhyiam no wɔ Durban, [[South Africa]], wɔ Amanaman Nkabom no mmoa ase firi Ɔsanaa bosome da a ɛtɔ so 31 kɔsi Ɛbɔ bosome da ɛtɔ so 8 wɔ afe 2001. Ireland manpanin a na ɔdi kan, [[:en:Mary_Robinson|Mary Robinson]], a na ɔyɛ Amanaman Nkabom no Asɛnnibea Kunini a Ɛhwɛ Nnipa Ahofadi Ho Nsɛm So saa bere no, na odii anim sɛ ɔmampanyin. 

Ná wɔato asɛm a ɛne &quot;Wiase Nhyiam a Wɔko Tia Nnipa mu Nyiyim, Nnipakuw mu Ntam a Ɔtan Hunu, Nnipa a Wonim Wɔn Nnipakuw a Ɛwɔ Baabi a Wɔte ne Ɔtan a Wɔwɔ ma Wɔn a Wɔnte Wɔn Ase&quot; no din wɔ nhyiam no ase, na na wɔresusuw ntɛnkyea a wɔyɛ kuw bi tia kuw foforo ho. Bere pii a wɔde yɛɛ nhwehwɛmu no fa sɛnea Israelfoɔ ne Palestinafoɔ di nsɛm no ho&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |title=Malware Detection in PDF Files Using Machine Learning |date=2025-05-05 |url=https://doi.org/10.46632/jdaai/4/1/50 |work=REST Journal on Data Analytics and Artificial Intelligence |volume=4 |issue=1 March 2025 |pages=422–430 |doi=10.46632/jdaai/4/1/50 |access-date=2025-06-19}}&lt;/ref&gt;, na wɔkaa sɛ nnipa atirimɔdensɛm ne nnipakum a ɛrekɔ so wɔ wiase no mu no yɛ biribi foforɔ.

Wɔ afe 2001 nhyiam no ase no, na akasakasa wɔ Middle East ne nkoasom ho, na na wɔne Israel a wɔtow hyɛ wɔn so ne Israel-atamfo a wɔsɔre tia wɔn wɔ nhyiam bi a wɔne nnwumakuw a wɔnyɛ aban mufo yɛ a ɛbaa bere koro no ara mu. Amerika ne Israel yii wɔn ho adi wɔ nhyiam no mfinimfini wɔ gyinabeɛ bi a, wɔ wɔn adwene mu no, wɔkaa Israel ho asɛm ma wɔkasa tiaa no, na wɔde Sion som toto nnipa mu nyiyim ho&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |title=Council adopts declaration on racism |date=2001-11-01 |url=https://doi.org/10.1108/et.2001.00443gab.017 |work=Education + Training |volume=43 |issue=7 |doi=10.1108/et.2001.00443gab.017 |issn=0040-0912 |access-date=2025-06-19}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |title=Transgressions and Racism: The Struggle over a New Constitution in Bolivia |date=2020-12-31 |url=https://doi.org/10.1515/9780822394334-015 |work=Histories of Race and Racism |pages=299–310 |publisher=Duke University Press |isbn=978-0-8223-9433-4 |access-date=2025-06-19}}&lt;/ref&gt;. Europa Amanaman Nkabom no nso ampene Arab aman nsɛm a wɔkasa tia Israel sɛ &quot;nnipa atirimɔdensɛm&quot;&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |title=un-human-rights-chief-deplores-deteriorating-situation-for-civilians-in-sri-lanka-jan-29-2009-2pp |url=https://doi.org/10.1163/2210-7975_hrd-9846-0013 |access-date=2025-06-19}}&lt;/ref&gt;.

Afei nso wɔ nhyiam no ase no, Afrika aman, a [[Nigeria]] ne Zimbabwe dii anim, ne Afrika-Amerikafoɔ nnwumakuo a wɔnyɛ aban adwumayɛfoɔ no pɛe sɛ wɔn mu biara srɛ fafiri fi aman a wɔde wɔn ani sii nkoasom so no hɔ, sɛ wobegye atom sɛ ɛyɛ bɔne a ɛtia adesamma, na wɔhwehwɛ nsiesie a ɛfata. Europafo no boom boaa UK, na nea na Afrikafoɔ no bɛtumi anya no ne mmoa a wɔde maa New African Initiative, ɛka a wobetua, sika a wɔde bɛko AIDS, aban sika a kan no atamfo ne wɔn mfɛfo de kɔmaa Atɔe Fam no a wɔfow, ne nnipa a wɔtɔn wɔn no a wobegyae no. Nanso asɛmfua 'ahotɔ' no ankɔ so&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |title=Document 4: The World Conference against Racism: Declarations on the Transatlantic Slave Trade |date=2004 |url=https://doi.org/10.5040/9781350220324.0005 |work=Genocide, War Crimes and the West |publisher=Zed Books Ltd |isbn=978-1-350-22032-4 |access-date=2025-06-19}}&lt;/ref&gt;.

== Hwɛ nso ==

* [[:en:Durban_III|Durban III]]
* [[:en:Israel_and_apartheid|Israel ne apartheid]]
* [[:en:International_Day_for_Tolerance|Nnidie a Wɔde Ma Afoforɔ Da]]
* [[:en:United_Nations_General_Assembly_Resolution_3379|Amanaman Nkabom Badwa no Mmarahyɛ Badwa a Ɛto so 3379]]

== Mmeaeɛ a menyaa mmoa firiiɛ ==
&lt;references /&gt;
[[Nkyekyεmu:Africa Wiki Challenge]]
[[Nkyekyεmu:2025]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>African apologies for the Atlantic slave trade</title>
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      <text bytes="5236" sha1="e6ivs34j6i29wq0w6w12032qgah4sqj" xml:space="preserve">Atlantic slave trade ɛfa ɔhyɛɛ a wɔhyɛɛ Abibifoɔ ahodoɔ maa wɔtuu kɔtenaa Ewiase foforɔ no, mpɛn pii no, na ɛfa Abibirem ha akannifo ne nkuro a na wɔwɔ so no. Europafoɔ no ne Abibirem ha mpayinfoɔ no bi ne nkoa dwadifoɔ kyekyere Abibifoɔ no dodoɔ no ara de wɔn tu bata kɔ Amerika nkoa mfuo, de wɔn yɛ adwuma. Abibirem nkuro ahodoɔ no ara nyaa mfasoɔ firi saa nnwadie yi, wɔ sikasem mu ne amanoɔsem mu, ɛfiri sɛ na ɛfa nnipa a wɔde wɔn sesa nnoɔma firi Europafo no hɔ te sɛ atuo, ntoma, ne nsaden. Wɔ nnansa yi mfe mu no, Abibirem aman no bi ne nnipakuo ahodoɔ no bi de kyɛwpa a ɛdi mu awerɛhoɔ kwanso de akasa atia dwadie a wɔn nananom de wɔn ho hyɛɛ mu no&lt;ref&gt;Holsey, Bayo (2011). &quot;[https://www.jstor.org/stable/10.2979/transition.105.74 Owning Up to the Past?]&quot;. ''Transition'' (105): 74–87. doi:10.2979/transition.105.74. JSTOR 10.2979/transition.105.74&lt;/ref&gt;.

== Akyɛwpa ho nsɛm ==

=== Benin ===
Wɔ afe 2000 mu no, Beninese Ɔmampannin Mathieu Kérékou paa kyɛw wɔ badwam wɔ Benin abakɔsɛm mu a ɔde ne ho hyɛɛ Atlantic nkoa aguadi mu bere a na wɔfrɛ ɔman no asasesin sɛ Dahomey Ahemman no.[1] Beninese aban mpanyimfo tuu kwan kɔɔ Virginia ne Washington, DC wɔ United States de bɔɔ ne kyɛwpa no ho dawuru.[2] Beninese ɔmanyɛfo Luc Gnacadja kae sɛ &lt;nowiki&gt;&amp;&lt;/nowiki&gt;quot;yɛsu ma bɔne fafiri ne mpata&lt;nowiki&gt;&amp;&lt;/nowiki&gt;quot;, de kaa ho sɛ Akoa adwuma no yɛ aniwu, na yenu yɛn ho wɔ ho.[2] 

=== Cameroon ===
Wɔ afe 2013 mu no, William Holland, a ɔyɛ Afrikani-Amerikani aguadifo ne ankorankoro a wɔde wɔn ayɛ nkoa a wofi Virginia aseni no de abusua anato ho nhwehwɛmu dii dwuma de hwehwɛɛ ne nananom fii Oku abusua a ɛwɔ Cameroon no mu. Akyiri yi Holland tuu kwan kɔɔ Bakou kurow a ɛwɔ Cameroon no mu, faako a ɛhɔnom abusuakuw no panyin, Ngako Ngalatchui, de kyɛwpa a ɛfata mae maa Oku abusua no abakɔsɛm mu tɔn a wɔtɔn nnommum wɔ nkoatɔn mu no.[3] 

=== Ghana ===
Wɔ afe 2006 mu no, Ghana de Project Joseph, nhyehyɛeɛ a wɔayɛ sɛ ɛbɛma nsrahwɛ ne sika a wɔde bɛto Ghana afiri Atlantic nkoa aguadi asefoɔ hɔ no aba. Na nhyehyɛe no atirimpɔw ne sɛ ɛbɛyɛ kyɛwpa ama Ghana abakɔsɛm mu dwuma a odii wɔ nkoatɔn mu, na wɔde Bible mu nipa Joseph a n’abusua tɔn no kɔɔ nkoasom mu no din too so.[4] 

Wɔ London, England nsrahwɛ bi mu wɔ afe 2007 mu no, Ghana ɔmampanyin John Kufuor pow adwene a ɛne sɛ Europa aman no de asɛyɛde nyinaa ma nkoatɔn no, na wɔkae sɛ &lt;nowiki&gt;&amp;&lt;/nowiki&gt;quot;mfinimfini aborɔfo akuw bi nso di fɔ&lt;nowiki&gt;&amp;&lt;/nowiki&gt;quot;. Ɔkae sɛ &lt;nowiki&gt;&amp;&lt;/nowiki&gt;quot;ɔkwan biara a wobɛfa so ahwɛ no, nkoasom ne nkoasom yɛ bɔne ne adwuma a ɛyɛ animguase sɛ wosusuw ho mpo wɔ atirimɔdensɛm afoforo a na ɛwɔ hɔ saa bere no ho a&lt;nowiki&gt;&amp;&lt;/nowiki&gt;quot;.[1] 

Wɔ afe 2022 mu no, Nana Obokese Ampah I, Asebu atetesɛm mu hene no, de kyɛwpa mae wɔ baguam, na ɔkae sɛ, &amp;amp;quot;bere aso sɛ yedi nea ɛsɛ sɛ wɔka kyerɛ Afrikafo a wɔatu akɔtra mmeae foforo no ho dwuma. Ɛsɛ sɛ yɛde yɛn ho hyɛ nkɔmmɔbɔ a ntease wom mu de gye yɛn nneyɛe ne yɛn nneyɛe a wɔnyɛ no tom na yɛpata yɛn ho sɛ yɛn ahenni sodifo wɔ Atlantic adwadie mu, a ɛyɛ nwonwa sɛ wɔbɛyɛ saa.

=== Nigeria ===
Nigeria Wɔ afe 2009 mu no, Nigeria Ɔmanfoɔ Hokwan Nhyiamu a Nigeria amanyɔfoɔ Shehu Sani di wɔn anim no, frɛɛ atitire a wɔwɔ Nigeria sɛ wɔnpa kyɛw wɔ wɔn nananom ho a wɔde hyɛɛ nkoatɔn mu no ho.[6] ARO Bagua a ɛhwɛ mpanyimfo so no ampene so sɛ wɔbɛpa kyɛw, na wɔkae sɛ &lt;nowiki&gt;&amp;&lt;/nowiki&gt;quot;wɔnpa kyɛw wɔ nea esii wɔ bere a atwam no ho&lt;nowiki&gt;&amp;&lt;/nowiki&gt;quot;.[4] Wɔ afe 2018 mu no, Abdulrasheed Adewale Akanbi, atetesɛm mu ɔhene a okura Oluwo abodin IWO no, de kyɛwpa mae wɔ dwuma a ahemfo mmusua a wɔyɛ atetesɛm a ɛwɔ Nigeria dii wɔ Atlantic nkoa aguadi mu no ho.[7] Seriki Abass, nkoatɔnfoɔ a wagye din a ɔwɔ Nigeria kuro Badagry mu no asefoɔ de kyɛwpa maa nkoa a ɔtɔn no abakɔsɛm mu no.[8] 

=== Uganda ===
Wɔ 1998 mu no, Uganda Ɔmampanyin Yoweri Museveni kae wɔ nsɛm a wobisabisaa no mu sɛ ɔrenhwehwɛ kyɛwpa mfi U.S. ɔmampanyin Bill Clinton hɔ wɔ Clinton nsrahwɛ a ɔyɛe wɔ Afrika no mu. Museveni kaa sɛ, &amp;amp;quot;Afrikafoɔ atitire na wɔko tiaa wɔn ho wɔn ho na wɔkyeree wɔn ankasa nkurɔfoɔ na wɔtɔn wɔn. Sɛ obi pa kyɛw a ɛsɛ sɛ ɛyɛ Afrikafoɔ atitire. Yɛda so ara wɔ saa atorofoɔ no wɔ ha nnɛ mpo&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |last=Clinton J. Dawes, Michael Meads |title=A Land-Based Thalassia testudinum Nursery Near Tampa Bay, Florida |date=2009-01-01 |url=https://doi.org/10.18785/goms.2702.01 |work=Gulf of Mexico Science |volume=27 |issue=2 |doi=10.18785/goms.2702.01 |issn=1087-688X |access-date=2025-06-20}}&lt;/ref&gt;.

Wɔ afe 2023 mu no, Musevini de kyɛwpa a ɛfata maa Atlantic aguadi no&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |last=Jeremy Black |title=The Slave Trade Expands Greatly |date=2023-12-13 |url=https://doi.org/10.4324/9781003457923-3 |work=The Atlantic Slave Trade in World History |pages=44–74 |place=New York |publisher=Routledge |isbn=978-1-003-45792-3 |access-date=2025-06-20}}&lt;/ref&gt;.

== Mmeaeɛ a menyaa mmoa ==
&lt;references /&gt;
[[Nkyekyεmu:Africa Wiki Challenge]]
[[Nkyekyεmu:2025]]</text>
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        <id>16034</id>
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      <text bytes="7321" sha1="sb9xqo3hcpfbiwd5o7czee3cdnojcsd" xml:space="preserve">Atlantic slave trade ɛfa ɔhyɛɛ a wɔhyɛɛ Abibifoɔ ahodoɔ maa wɔtuu kɔtenaa Ewiase foforɔ no, mpɛn pii no, na ɛfa Abibirem ha akannifo ne nkuro a na wɔwɔ so no. Europafoɔ no ne Abibirem ha mpayinfoɔ no bi ne nkoa dwadifoɔ kyekyere Abibifoɔ no dodoɔ no ara de wɔn tu bata kɔ Amerika nkoa mfuo, de wɔn yɛ adwuma. Abibirem nkuro ahodoɔ no ara nyaa mfasoɔ firi saa nnwadie yi, wɔ sikasem mu ne amanoɔsem mu, ɛfiri sɛ na ɛfa nnipa a wɔde wɔn sesa nnoɔma firi Europafoɔ no hɔ te sɛ atuo, ntoma, ne nsaden. Wɔ nnansa yi mfeɛ mu no, Abibirem aman no bi ne nnipakuo ahodoɔ no bi de kyɛwpa a ɛdi mu awerɛhoɔ kwanso de akasa atia dwadie a wɔn nananom de wɔn ho hyɛɛ mu no&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Citation |last=Holsey |title=Owning Up to the Past? |date=2011 |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/10.2979/transition.105.74 |work=Transition |issue=105 |pages=74 |doi=10.2979/transition.105.74 |access-date=2025-06-20}}&lt;/ref&gt;.

== Akyɛwpa ho nsɛm ==

=== Benin ===
Wɔ afe 2000 mu no, Beninese Ɔmampannin Mathieu Kérékou paa kyɛw wɔ badwam wɔ Benin abakɔsɛm mu a ɔde ne ho hyɛɛ Atlantic nkoa aguadi mu bere a na wɔfrɛ ɔman no asasesin sɛ Dahomey Ahemman no&lt;ref&gt;Holsey, Bayo (2011). &quot;[https://www.jstor.org/stable/10.2979/transition.105.74 Owning Up to the Past?]&quot;. ''Transition'' (105): 74–87. doi:10.2979/transition.105.74. JSTOR 10.2979/transition.105.74&lt;/ref&gt;. Beninese aban mpanimfo tuu kwan kɔɔ Virginia ne Washington, DC wɔ United States de bɔɔ ne kyɛwpa no ho dawuru&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt;. Beninese ɔmanyɛfoɔ Luc Gnacadja kae sɛ &quot;yɛsu ma bɔne fafiri ne mpata &quot;de kaa ho sɛ Akoa adwuma no yɛ aniwu, na yenu yɛn ho wɔ ho&quot;&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt;. 

=== Cameroon ===
Wɔ afe 2013 mu no, William Holland, a ɔyɛ Afrikani-Amerikani aguadifo ne ankorankoro a wɔde wɔn ayɛ nkoa a wofi Virginia aseni no de abusua anato ho nhwehwɛmu dii dwuma de hwehwɛɛ ne nananom fii Oku abusua a ɛwɔ Cameroon no mu. Akyiri yi Holland tuu kwan kɔɔ Bakou kurow a ɛwɔ Cameroon no mu, faako a ɛhɔnom abusuakuw no panyin, Ngako Ngalatchui, de kyɛwpa a ɛfata mae maa Oku abusua no abakɔsɛm mu tɔn a wɔtɔn nnommum wɔ nkoatɔn mu no&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |title=REFLECTIONS ON SLAVES, THE SLAVE TRADE, AND ARABIAN POLITICS |date=2013-01-11 |url=https://doi.org/10.4324/9780203039939-27 |work=Quest For Sheba |pages=250–261 |publisher=Routledge |isbn=978-0-203-03993-9 |access-date=2025-06-20}}&lt;/ref&gt;. 

=== Ghana ===
Wɔ afe 2006 mu no, Ghana de Project Joseph, nhyehyɛeɛ a wɔayɛ sɛ ɛbɛma nsrahwɛ ne sika a wɔde bɛto Ghana afiri Atlantic nkoa aguadi asefoɔ hɔ no aba. Na nhyehyɛe no atirimpɔw ne sɛ ɛbɛyɛ kyɛwpa ama Ghana abakɔsɛm mu dwuma a odii wɔ nkoatɔn mu, na wɔde Bible mu nipa Joseph a n’abusua tɔn no kɔɔ nkoasom mu no din too so&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |last=Theodore R. Johnson |title=How to Apologize for Slavery |date=2014-08-06 |url=https://www.theatlantic.com/international/archive/2014/08/how-to-apologize-for-slavery/375650/ |language=en |access-date=2025-06-20}}&lt;/ref&gt;. 

Wɔ London, England nsrahwɛ bi mu wɔ afe 2007 mu no, Ghana ɔmampanyin John Kufuor pow adwene a ɛne sɛ Europa aman no de asɛyɛde nyinaa ma nkoatɔn no, na wɔkae sɛ &lt;nowiki&gt;&amp;&lt;/nowiki&gt;quot;mfinimfini aborɔfo akuw bi nso di fɔ&lt;nowiki&gt;&amp;&lt;/nowiki&gt;quot;. Ɔkae sɛ &lt;nowiki&gt;&amp;&lt;/nowiki&gt;quot;ɔkwan biara a wobɛfa so ahwɛ no, nkoasom ne nkoasom yɛ bɔne ne adwuma a ɛyɛ animguase sɛ wosusuw ho mpo wɔ atirimɔdensɛm afoforo a na ɛwɔ hɔ saa bere no ho a&quot;&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;. 

Wɔ afe 2022 mu no, Nana Obokese Ampah I, Asebu atetesɛm mu hene no, de kyɛwpa mae wɔ baguam, na ɔkae sɛ,&quot;bere aso sɛ yedi nea ɛsɛ sɛ wɔka kyerɛ Afrikafoɔ a wɔatu akɔtena mmeaeɛ foforɔ no ho dwuma. Ɛsɛ sɛ yɛde yɛn ho hyɛ nkɔmmɔbɔ a nteaseɛ wom mu de gye yɛn nneyɛeɛ ne yɛn nneyɛeɛ a wɔnyɛ no tom na yɛpata yɛn ho sɛ yɛn ahenni sodifo wɔ Atlantic adwadie mu, a ɛyɛ nwonwa sɛ wɔbɛyɛ saa&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot;&gt;{{Citation |last=BLACK ENTERPRISE Editors |title=Ghana and Other African Nations Who Enslaved and Sold Blacks to Europeans to Formally Apologize |date=2022-09-25 |url=https://www.blackenterprise.com/ghana-and-other-african-nations-who-enslaved-and-sold-blacks-to-europeans-to-formally-apologize/ |language=en-US |access-date=2025-06-20}}&lt;/ref&gt;.

=== Nigeria ===
Nigeria Wɔ afe 2009 mu no, Nigeria Ɔmanfoɔ Hokwan Nhyiamu a Nigeria amanyɔfoɔ [[:en:Shehu_Sani|Shehu Sani]] di wɔn anim no, frɛɛ atitire a wɔwɔ Nigeria sɛ wɔnpa kyɛw wɔ wɔn nananom ho a wɔde hyɛɛ nkoatɔn mu no ho&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |last=David Richardson |title=Slave Trade |date=2003-10-16 |url=https://doi.org/10.1093/acref/9780195301731.013.51130 |work=African American Studies Center |publisher=Oxford University Press |isbn=978-0-19-530173-1 |access-date=2025-06-20}}&lt;/ref&gt;. ARO Bagua a ɛhwɛ mpanyimfo so no ampene so sɛ wɔbɛpa kyɛw, na wɔkae sɛ &lt;nowiki&gt;&amp;&lt;/nowiki&gt;quot;wɔnpa kyɛw wɔ nea esii wɔ bere a atwam no ho&quot;&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot; /&gt;.  

Wɔ afe 2018 mu no, Abdulrasheed Adewale Akanbi, atetesɛm mu ɔhene a okura Oluwo abodin IWO no, de kyɛwpa mae wɔ dwuma a ahemfo mmusua a wɔyɛ atetesɛm a ɛwɔ Nigeria dii wɔ Atlantic nkoa aguadi mu no ho&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |last=Wasiq Khan |title=The Atlantic Slave Trade and its Lasting Impact |date=2018-10-25 |url=https://doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780198804307.013.8 |work=The Oxford Handbook of Nigerian Politics |pages=59–75 |publisher=Oxford University Press |isbn=978-0-19-880430-7 |access-date=2025-06-20}}&lt;/ref&gt;. 

[[:en:Seriki_Williams_Abass|Seriki Abass]], nkoatɔnfoɔ a wagye din a ɔwɔ Nigeria kuro Badagry mu no asefoɔ de kyɛwpa maa nkoa a ɔtɔn no abakɔsɛm mu no&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |title=University of Glasgow - Schools - School of Humanities {{!}} Sgoil nan Daonnachdan - Research in the School of Humanities - History Research - History Summer Reading Suggestions - Whyte - Slave trade |url=https://www.gla.ac.uk/schools/humanities/research/historyresearch/welcome/whyte-slavetrade/ |access-date=2025-06-20}}&lt;/ref&gt;. 

=== Uganda ===
Wɔ 1998 mu no, Uganda Ɔmampanyin [[:en:Yoweri_Museveni|Yoweri Museveni]] kae wɔ nsɛm a wɔbisabisaa no mu sɛ ɔrenhwehwɛ kyɛwpa mfi U.S. ɔmampanyin [[:en:Bill_Clinton|Bill Clinton]] hɔ wɔ Clinton nsrahwɛ a ɔyɛe wɔ Afrika no mu. Museveni kaa sɛ, Afrikafoɔ atitire na wɔko tiaa wɔn ho wɔn ho na wɔkyeree wɔn ankasa nkurɔfoɔ na wɔtɔn wɔn. Sɛ obi pa kyɛw a ɛsɛ sɛ ɛyɛ Afrikafoɔ atitire. Yɛda so ara wɔ saa atorofoɔ no wɔ ha nnɛ mpo&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot;&gt;{{Citation |last=Clinton J. Dawes, Michael Meads |title=A Land-Based Thalassia testudinum Nursery Near Tampa Bay, Florida |date=2009-01-01 |url=https://doi.org/10.18785/goms.2702.01 |work=Gulf of Mexico Science |volume=27 |issue=2 |doi=10.18785/goms.2702.01 |issn=1087-688X |access-date=2025-06-20}}&lt;/ref&gt;.

Wɔ afe 2023 mu no, Musevini de kyɛwpa a ɛfata maa Atlantic adwadie no&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |last=Jeremy Black |title=The Slave Trade Expands Greatly |date=2023-12-13 |url=https://doi.org/10.4324/9781003457923-3 |work=The Atlantic Slave Trade in World History |pages=44–74 |place=New York |publisher=Routledge |isbn=978-1-003-45792-3 |access-date=2025-06-20}}&lt;/ref&gt;.

== Mmeaeɛ a menyaa mmoa ==
&lt;references /&gt;
[[Nkyekyεmu:Africa Wiki Challenge]]
[[Nkyekyεmu:2025]]</text>
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    <title>Commission to Study and Develop Reparation Proposals for African Americans Act</title>
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      <text bytes="3383" sha1="7cmw2svxys9r4fw99xyk3hv4a5c45qr" xml:space="preserve">''Wɔatwerɛ nsɛm wei wɔ '''Asante Twi''' mu''
[[File:Great_Seal_of_the_United_States_(obverse).svg|alt=Great Seal of the United States|thumb|Great Seal of the United States (obverse)]]Commission to Study and Develop Reparation Proposals for African-Americans Act, yɛ mmara a United States Congress de too dwa wɔ 1989 mu a Rep. John Conyers. Mmara no botaeɛ ne sɛ ɛbɛbɔ boayikuw bi a wɔbɛhwehwɛ mfaso a ɛwɔ so sɛ wobetua Afrika-Amerikafo ka wɔ Amerika nkoasom ho. Ná Ɔmanpanyin a odi kan a ɔtaa mmara no akyi no yɛ Rep. Ayanna Pressley, wɔ January 3, 2025, wɔ 119th Congress.[ 1] Na Sheila Jackson Lee nso ato nsa afrɛ mmara no wɔ January 2023 ansa na ɔrewu wɔ 2024.[ 2]

== Abakɔsɛm ==
Conyers de mmara no bae wɔ 1989 mu, na ɔde dii dwuma wɔ Congress biara mu kosii sɛ ɔgyaee adwuma no bɛyɛ mfe 30 akyi.

Wɔ June da a ɛtɔ so dunson wɔ afe 2019 mu no, House Judiciary Subcommittee on the Constitution, Civil Rights, and Civil Liberties yɛɛ asɛm a ɛfa saa asɛm yi ho, wɔ nea wohui sɛ ɛyɛ abakɔsɛm mu, esiane sɛ na wɔadi kan asusuw reparations ho wɔ saa beae no wɔ afe 2007 mu, &quot;afe biako ansa na wɔapaw ɔman no mu ɔtamfo panyin a odi kan no&quot;. 3]

Rep. Conyers wui wɔ October 2019 mu, a na ɔhwɛ mmara no so wɔ mmarahyɛ badwa biara mu fi 1989 kosi 2017 mu. &quot;40&quot; no gyina hɔ ma &quot;bɔ a wɔanhyɛ&quot; a United States &quot;de maa nkoa a wɔagye wɔn: sɛ wɔwie Ɔmanko no a, wobenya asase a ne kɛse yɛ eka aduanan ne afurum&quot;. 4]

Cory Booker na ɔhyɛ mmara foforo bi a ɛka ho wɔ Senate no mu. Ɔmanpanyin a ɔyɛ Ɔmanpanyin wɔ Ɔmanpanyin Adwumayɛbea no mu, Nancy Pelosi, daa no adi sɛ ɔtaa HR akyi. 40.[ 5] 2020 Demokrate amanyɔkuw no mu nnipa pii a wɔrepɛ sɛ wɔpaw wɔn sɛ manpanyin no ada wɔn kyɛfa adi. 6]

Wɔ April 2021 mu no, ɔmampɛ no nyaa ne ho kwan wɔ boayikuw no mu nea edi kan wɔ ne abakɔsɛm mu, na wɔde kɔɔ ɔmampɛ no anim sɛ wɔnhwɛ so na wɔmmɔ ho dawuru. 7][8]

Mmara no a Rep. John Conyers, Jr. (na kan ɔyɛ U.S. Representative for Michigan) a ɔhwehwɛ sɛ wɔhyɛ ɔmansin bi ase ma wɔnhwehwɛ mu na wɔde amanneɛbɔ a wɔahyehyɛ ama Congress ne Amerika manfo a emu nsunsuanso ne nyansahyɛ ahorow a ɛfa nsiesie ho ne nsiesie ho nsunsuanso a wɔde bɛma Afrika-Amerikafo esiane;

na wɔn mu bi ne Ɔman no ne Ɔmantam aban ahorow a na wɔtaa wɔn akyi no.

de jure ne de facto nyiyim a wɔyɛ nkoa a wɔagye wɔn ne wɔn asefo fi Ɔmanko no awiei besi nnɛ.

ɔhaw a nkoasom de aba no da so wɔ hɔ.

ɔkwan a wɔfa so de kyerɛwde ne mfiri a wɔde kyerɛ ade ne mfiridwuma di dwuma de ka sɛ nkoasom yɛ bɔne a ɛtia nnipa, na ɛyɛ bɔne a ɛtia nnipa a wofi Afrika.

dwuma a Atifi famfo di wɔ nkoasom nhyehyɛe a ɛwɔ Anafo fam no mu.

Mfaso a efi mu ba tẽẽ ma ɔman mu nnwuma, ɔmanfo ne ankorankoro, ne ntoaso nhomasua, nnwumakuw, nyamesom ne akuw ahorow.

wɔreka akwan a ɛfata a wɔbɛfa so akyerɛkyerɛ Amerikafo no ma wɔahu nea wɔahu no ho asɛm.

a ɔreka ɔkwan a ɛfata a wɔfa so siesie asɛm no, bere a wɔresusuw nea Komisi no ahu no ho no.[ 9]

== Hwɛ nso ==

* John Conyers
* Kuro Mu Mpanyimfo Ahyehyɛde a Wɔboa Ma Wɔyɛ Asotwe Ne Atɛntrenee
* Nnipa mu nyiyim wɔ United States
* Wɔ United States no, wɔmaa nkoa tuaa ka
* Nkoasom

== Nea Ɛwɔ Mu ==

== Mmeaeɛ a menyaa mmoa firiiɛ ==
[[Nkyekyεmu:Africa Wiki Challenge]]
[[Nkyekyεmu:2025]]</text>
      <sha1>7cmw2svxys9r4fw99xyk3hv4a5c45qr</sha1>
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    <revision>
      <id>190716</id>
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      <text bytes="4893" sha1="7xqowr7z90xz6diiucrunzzkctsb0o1" xml:space="preserve">''Wɔatwerɛ nsɛm wei wɔ '''Asante Twi''' mu''
[[File:Great_Seal_of_the_United_States_(obverse).svg|alt=Great Seal of the United States|thumb|Great Seal of the United States (obverse)]]Commission to Study and Develop Reparation Proposals for African-Americans Act, yɛ mmara a United States Congress de too dwa wɔ 1989 mu a Rep. [[:en:Ayanna_Pressley|John Conyers]]. Mmara no botaeɛ ne sɛ ɛbɛbɔ boayikuw bi a wɔbɛhwehwɛ mfaso a ɛwɔ so sɛ wobetua Afrika-Amerikafo ka wɔ Amerika nkoasom ho. Ná Ɔmanpanyin a odi kan a ɔtaa mmara no akyi no yɛ Rep. Ayanna Pressley, wɔ Ɔpɛpɔn bosome da ɛtɔ so 3 wɔ afe 2025, wɔ 119th Congress&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |title=WHO leads global charge against tropical disease |date=2007-05 |url=https://doi.org/10.1007/bf03309428 |work=PharmacoEconomics &amp;amp; Outcomes News |volume=527 |issue=1 |pages=10–10 |doi=10.1007/bf03309428 |issn=1173-5503 |access-date=2025-06-19}}&lt;/ref&gt;. [[:en:Sheila_Jackson_Lee|Sheila Jackson Lee]] nso ato nsa afrɛ mmara no wɔ Ɔpɛpɔn bosome mu wɔ afe  2023 ansa na ɔrewu wɔ afe 2024&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |title=Prologue: |date=2023-09-25 |url=https://doi.org/10.2307/jj.17072686.3 |work=Nonviolence |pages=1–8 |publisher=Haus Publishing |isbn=978-1-913368-80-7 |access-date=2025-06-19}}&lt;/ref&gt;.

== Abakɔsɛm ==
Conyers de mmara no bae wɔ afe 1989 mu, na ɔde dii dwuma wɔ Congress biara mu kosii sɛ ɔgyaee adwuma no bɛyɛ mfeɛ 30 akyi.

Wɔ Ayɛwohomumu bosome da a ɛtɔ so dunson wɔ afe 2019 mu no, [[:en:United_States_House_Judiciary_Subcommittee_on_the_Constitution,_Civil_Rights_and_Civil_Liberties|House Judiciary Subcommittee on the Constitution, Civil Rights, and Civil Liberties]] yɛɛ asɛm a ɛfa saa asɛm yi ho, wɔ nea wohunuu sɛ ɛyɛ abakɔsɛm mu, esiane sɛ na wɔadi kan asusu reparations ho wɔ saa beae no wɔ afe 2007 mu, &quot;afe biako ansa na wɔapaw ɔman no mu ɔtamfo panyin a odi kan no&quot;&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |last=Silvia Dutrénit Bielous |title=Arrival at destination. What comes next? … |date=2019-11-06 |url=https://doi.org/10.4324/9780429031335-9 |work=Forensic Anthropology Teams in Latin America |pages=236–249 |publisher=Routledge |isbn=978-0-429-03133-5 |access-date=2025-06-19}}&lt;/ref&gt;.

Rep. Conyers wui wɔ October 2019 mu, a na ɔhwɛ mmara no so wɔ mmarahyɛ badwa biara mu fi 1989 kosi 2017 mu. &quot;40&quot; no gyina hɔ ma &quot;bɔ a wɔanhyɛ&quot; a United States &quot;de maa nkoa a wɔagye wɔn: sɛ wɔwie Ɔmanko no a, wobenya asase a ne kɛse yɛ eka aduanan ne afurum&quot;&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |title=Rankin, John Elliott, (29 March 1882–26 Nov. 1960), Ex-Member Congress, House of Representatives |date=2007-12-01 |url=https://doi.org/10.1093/ww/9780199540884.013.u242127 |work=Who Was Who |publisher=Oxford University Press |access-date=2025-06-19}}&lt;/ref&gt;.

[[:en:Cory_Booker|Cory Booker]] na ɔhyɛ mmara foforɔ bi a ɛka ho wɔ Senate no mu. Ɔmanpanin a ɔyɛ Ɔmanpanin wɔ Ɔmanpanyin Adwumayɛbea no mu, Nancy Pelosi, daa no adi sɛ ɔtaa HR akyi. 40&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |title=Reparations and the legacy of Rep. John Conyers |url=https://www.finalcall.com/artman/publish/editorials/Reparations-and-the-legacy-of-Rep-John-Conyers.shtml |access-date=2025-06-19}}&lt;/ref&gt;. 2020 Demokrate amanyɔkuo no mu nnipa pii a wɔrepɛ sɛ wɔpaw wɔn sɛ manpanin no ada wɔn kyɛfa adi&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |last=Ellie West, Clare Topping, April Sotomayor |title=Easy green wins — interactive panel case examples and discussion |date=2020-04-01 |url=https://doi.org/10.22233/9781910443774.31.6 |work=BSAVA Congress Proceedings 2020 |pages=258–258 |publisher=British Small Animal Veterinary Association |isbn=978-1-910443-76-7 |access-date=2025-06-19}}&lt;/ref&gt;.

Wɔ Oforisuo bosome wɔ afe 2021 mu no, ɔmampɛ no nyaa ne ho kwan wɔ boayikuo no mu nea edi kan wɔ ne abakɔsɛm mu, na wɔde kɔɔ abatoa no anim sɛ wɔnhwɛ so na wɔmmɔ ho dawuru&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |title=John Conyers: H.R.3745: Commission to Study Reparation Proposals for African Americans Act |date=2021-08-15 |url=https://doi.org/10.3735/9781935306627.book-part-247 |work=Schlager Anthology of Black America |publisher=Schlager Group Inc. |isbn=978-1-935306-62-7 |access-date=2025-06-19}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |last=Boer Deng |title=US lawmakers advance controversial science-policy bill |date=2015-05-21 |url=https://doi.org/10.1038/nature.2015.17430 |work=Nature |doi=10.1038/nature.2015.17430 |issn=0028-0836 |access-date=2025-06-19}}&lt;/ref&gt;.

== Hwɛ nso ==

* [[:en:John_Conyers|John Conyers]]
* [[:en:Mayors_Organized_for_Reparations_and_Equity|Kuro Mu Mpanyimfo Ahyehyɛde a Wɔboa Ma Wɔyɛ Asotwe Ne Atɛntenee]]
* [[:en:Racism_in_the_United_States|Nnipa mu nyiyim wɔ United States]]
* [[:en:Reparations_for_slavery_in_the_United_States|Wɔ United States no, wɔmaa nkoa tuaa ka]]
* [[:en:Slavery|Nkoasom]]

== Nea Ɛwɔ Mu ==

== Mmeaeɛ a menyaa mmoa firiiɛ ==
[[Nkyekyεmu:Africa Wiki Challenge]]
[[Nkyekyεmu:2025]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Abibiman Nkabom Kuo Nkrataa a Ɛfa Atutenafoɔ a Wɔsan De Wɔn Ba Wɔn Man mu Ho. (African Union Protocols on Refugee Repatriation)</title>
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      <text bytes="8342" sha1="emicobl1py0px4kj868rxsyecebx5po" xml:space="preserve">''Wɔatwerɛ nsɛm wei wɔ '''Asante Twi''' mu''

'''African Union Nkrataa a Ɛfa Atutenafoɔ a Wɔsan De Wɔn Ba Wɔn Man mu Ho.''' African Union (AU) a ɛyɛ ɔman a ɛhwɛ ma [[Abibrem|Afrika]] nyinaa bom yɛ biako, asomdwoeɛ ne ahobammɔ no ayɛ mmara ne nhyehyɛeɛ a ɛfa sɛnea wɔbɛbɔ wɔn a wɔaguan akɔ wɔn man mu ho ban ne sɛnea wɔbɛsan akɔ wɔn man mu ho. African Union (AU) mmara a ɛfa aguanfo a wɔsan ba wɔn kurom ho no gyina nnyinasosɛm a ɛfa nnipa ahofadi, wɔn a wɔsan ba wɔn ankasa man mu, ne nnipa a wɔwɔ aman afoforo mu biakoyɛ so, na ɛma wonya anoyi a ɛbɛtena hɔ daa a ahobammɔ, nnidie, ne asetena a edi mũ ho hia paa. Mmara mu nnyinasoɔ a Afrika Amanaman Nkabom no de yɛ adwuma ne 1969 OAU Apam a Ɛhwɛ Aguanfo Haw Ho Nsɛm So wɔ Afrika no.

== Mmara nhyehyɛeɛ a ɛhwɛ atutenafoɔ a wɔsan ba no so wɔ Abibirem ==

=== Afe 1969 Abibiman Nkabom Kuo a Ɛhwɛ Atutenafoɔ So Nhyiam ===
Abibirem Nkabom Kuo (OAU) a seesei wɔfrɛ no Abibirem Kuo (AU) no gyee 1969 Amanaman Nkabom a Ɛhwɛ Atutenafoɔ Haw Ho Nsɛm a Ɛwɔ Afrika no toom wɔ Addis Ababa. Eyi da so ara yɛ amammu nhyehyɛeɛ a ɛboa ma wɔbɔ aguanfo ho ban wɔ wiase nyinaa no mu biako&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |last=G Okoth-Obbo |title=Conference papers. Thirty years on: a legal review of the 1969 OAU Refugee Convention governing the specific aspects of refugee problems in Africa |date=2001-04-01 |url=https://doi.org/10.1093/rsq/20.1.79 |work=Refugee Survey Quarterly |volume=20 |issue=1 |pages=79–138 |doi=10.1093/rsq/20.1.79 |issn=1020-4067 |access-date=2025-06-18}}&lt;/ref&gt;.

Nnoɔma atitire a ɛfa a wɔde nkurɔfoɔ bɛkɔ fie ho no bi ne:

* '''Ɔpɛ''': Nnyinasosɛm V (a) no kyerɛ sɛ, sɛ aguanfo kyerɛ sɛ wɔpɛ sɛ wɔsan ba fie a, ɛsɛ sɛ wɔma wɔsan kɔ wɔn kurom.
* '''Anuonyam ne ahobammɔ''': Ɛsɛ sɛ wɔde obi kɔ fie wɔ &quot;ahobammɔ ne nidi mu.&quot;
* '''Tripartite Agreements''': Article V ((2) hyɛ nkabom ho nkuran wɔ ɔman a ofiri mu, ɔman a ɔretie no, ne UNHCR ntam de ma kwan ma wɔsan kɔ fie wɔ nhyehyɛe pa mu denam tripartite apam ahorow so&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |title=4 UNHCR and Urban Refugees |date=2022-01-31 |url=https://doi.org/10.1515/9780228009351-007 |work=The Urbanization of Forced Displacement |pages=81–119 |publisher=McGill-Queen's University Press |isbn=978-0-2280-0935-1 |access-date=2025-06-18}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |title=UNHCR, the UN Refugee Agency |url=https://www.unhcr.org/africa/ |access-date=2025-06-18}}&lt;/ref&gt;.

&quot;Ɛsɛ sɛ wɔdi obi a wɔsan de no kɔ ɔman foforo so no su a ɛyɛ pɛ no ho dwuma wɔ nsɛm nyinaa mu...&quot;&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |title=Key Legal Considerations on the Standards of Treatment of Refugees Recognized under the 1969 OAU Convention Governing the Specific Aspects of Refugee Problems in Africa |date=2018-03 |url=https://doi.org/10.1093/ijrl/eey012 |work=International Journal of Refugee Law |volume=30 |issue=1 |pages=166–172 |doi=10.1093/ijrl/eey012 |issn=0953-8186 |access-date=2025-06-18}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== &quot;Afrika Nnipa ne Amanamanmufo Nkorabata&quot; (1981) ===
Ɛwom sɛ ɛnyɛ aguanfo nkutoo ho asɛm de, nanso Afrika Mmara no hyɛ hokwan ahorow a ɛho hia sɛ wɔsan de wɔn ba wɔn man mu no mu den:

Akwan a wɔfa so tu mpɔn (Nsɛm a Wɔahyehyɛ No 12)

Ahobammɔ a wɔde ma obi a wɔhyɛ no ma ɔsan kɔ ne kurom (non-refoulement)

Sɛ obi pɛ sɛ ɔsan kɔ n'asase so a, ɔwɔ hokwan sɛ ɔyɛ saa (Nkyekyɛm 12.2)

c. Kampala Apam (2009)

Afrika Mmanaman Nkabom no Nhyehyɛe a Ɛfa Mmoa a Wɔde Ma Wɔn a Wɔatu Afi Wɔn Man Mu (IDPs), a wɔfrɛ no Kampala Nhyehyɛe no, boa atubrafo ho ban denam wɔn a wobetumi atu afi wɔn man mu bere a wɔasan akɔ wɔn man mu no so&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Citation |title=African Union Convention for the Protection and Assistance of Internally Displaced Persons in Africa (Kampala Convention) {{!}} African Union |url=https://au.int/en/treaties/african-union-convention-protection-and-assistance-internally-displaced-persons-africa |access-date=2025-06-18}}&lt;/ref&gt;.

Nnyinasosɛm 11 no si so dua sɛ wɔn a wɔatu wɔn afi wɔn afie mu no wɔ hokwan sɛ wofi wɔn pɛ mu san kɔ wɔn kurom wɔ ahobammɔ ne nidi mu.

Wɔhyɛ aman a wɔwom no sɛ wɔmmoa ma wɔsan wɔn akyi na wɔnsan nsiesie wɔn.

== AU nhyehyɛeɛ ne wɔn dwumadie ==

=== African Commission on Human and Peoples' Rights (ACHPR) ===
Ɔhwɛ ma wɔde Afrika Mmara no di dwuma na ɔtwe adwene si ɔman no akwan a wɔfa so ne atubrafo ne wɔn a wɔsan ba no di nsɛm no so.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |title=African Charter on Human and Peoples’ Rights |url=https://doi.org/10.5040/9781472562432.ch-001 |work=Documents of the African Commission on Human and Peoples’ Rights |publisher=Hart Publishing |isbn=978-1-84113-092-7 |access-date=2025-06-18}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== African Union Commission (AUC) ===
Ɔne UNHCR ne amantam no bom yɛ adwuma de boa amanyɔsɛm a wɔdi ho dwuma, tumi a wɔhyɛ, ne atoyerɛnkyɛm ho mmoa.

=== African Centre for the Study and Research on Migration (ACSRM) ===
Saa bea yi a ɛwɔ Mali no yɛ nhwehwɛmu ne afotu adwuma wɔ Afrika Abibiman amammerɛ a ɛfa atubrafo ho, a wɔn a wɔsan kɔ wɔn man mu no nso ka ho.

== Dwumadie nhyehyɛeɛ ne nneyɛeɛ pa ==
AU akwankyerɛ ahodoɔ no si nhyehyɛeɛ a ɛdidi soɔ yi so dua wɔ ɔsan a wɔbɛsan de aba ɔman no mu:

* '''Akwankyerɛ:''' Ɛnsɛ sɛ wɔhyɛ obi ma ɔsan kɔ fie anaa wɔhyɛ no ma ɔsan kɔ fie denam nhyɛso anaa asiane so.
* '''Non-Refoulement''': Ɛnsɛ sɛ aman de nnipa kɔ ɔman a wɔn nkwa anaa wɔn ahofadi wɔ asiane mu.
* Nsɛm a ɛsɛ sɛ wɔkyerɛkyerɛ: Ɛsɛ sɛ wɔma aguanfo no hu tebea a ɛwɔ wɔn man mu yiye.
* '''Apam a Wɔyɛ no Mprɛnsa''': Nkɔmmɔbɔ a ɛwɔ aman a nnipa fi mu, aman a wogye wɔn, ne amanaman ntam ahyehyɛde ahorow (titiriw UNHCR) ntam no ho hia paa na ama wɔatumi asan akɔ wɔn kurom.
* '''Adwene a wɔfa so yɛ nsakrae''': Ɛsɛ sɛ wɔboa wɔn a wɔresan aba wɔn man mu no ma wonya baabi a wɔbɛtena, wɔn asetena mu nneɛma, ne nneɛma a ɛho hia a wobetumi de adi dwuma.

== AU ne UNHCR Nkɔmmɔbɔ ==
Nhyehyɛeɛ a AU ne UNHCR ayɛ no ho hia na ama wɔatumi de nkurɔfoɔ aba wɔn man mu. AU no boa:

* Ɔman no Atɛn a Ɛfa atutenafoɔ Ho a Ɛne Afe 1969 Amanaman Nkabom no hyia.

* Sika a wɔde bɛboa wɔn a wɔresan aba no.
* Asomdwoeɛ a wɔde bɛyɛ adwuma wɔ bea ahodoɔ a ɔko ɛsii no ɛkyiri no a wɔde bɛyɛ nnoɔma ahodoɔ bi a ɔboa ma wɔsan ba no.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |last=Namira Negm |title=The African Union Convention for the Protection and Assistance of Internally Displaced Persons in Africa (2009) (Kampala Convention) |date=2023-10-28 |url=https://doi.org/10.1163/9789004508651_012 |work=An Introduction to the African Union Environmental Treaties |pages=74–74 |publisher=Brill {{!}} Nijhoff |isbn=978-90-04-50865-1 |access-date=2025-06-18}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;

== Ɔhaw ahodoɔ ==
Ɛmfa ho sɛ mmara mu nnwinnadeɛ a emu yɛ den wɔ hɔ no, ɔhaw ahodoɔ bi wɔ hɔ a ɛmma wɔntumi mfa Abibiman Nkabom Kuo nhyehyɛeɛ ahodoɔ a ɛfa a wɔde nkurɔfoɔ a wɔreba fie no nni dwuma yie:

* Amanyɔsɛm mu basabasayɛ a ɛrekɔ so wɔ aman a wofi mu no ma nkurɔfo a wɔresan aba wɔn man mu no ho dwo wɔn.

* Ahonyade a enni mu a wɔde ma wɔn a wɔsan kɔ wɔn asetenam no.
* Ɛnsɛ sɛ wɔhwɛ wɔn a wɔresan aba wɔn man mu no ahofadi so yie.
* Ahyeɛ so a wɔato mu ne nnipa a wɔrefiri aman foforɔ so a wɔmpɛ wɔn ho asɛm wɔ mmeaeɛ bi no ne Afrika Amanaman Nkabom no nnyinasosɛm a ɛfa baakoyɛ ho no nhyia.

== Mmuaeɛ ==
Amanaman Nkabom no nhyehyɛe a ɛfa atubrafo a wɔsan ba wɔn man mu ho no kyerɛ sɛ wɔagye nnipa ahofadi, Afrika biakoyɛ, ne ɔmantam mu asɛyɛde atom. Afe 1969 Afrika Amanaman Nkabom Ahyehyɛde no Refugee Convention no ne Kampala Convention no ne African Charter no yɛ mmara ne abrabɔ mu nnyinaso a emu yɛ den a ɛbɛma aguanfo a wɔresan aba wɔn man mu no ayɛ nea wɔn ankasa pɛ, wɔ nidi mu, na wɔakɔ so ayɛ saa. Nanso, mpɛn pii no, esiane sɛ amammuisɛm, sikasɛm, ne ahyehyɛde ahorow no mma kwan nti, wontumi nyɛ saa. Wɔ Afrika nyinaa no, sɛ yɛpɛ sɛ yɛhyɛ wɔn a wɔresan aba wɔn man mu no ahofadi ho nkuran a, ehia sɛ yɛhyɛ Afrika Aman Nkabom no tumi a wɔde hyɛ mmara ase na wɔhwɛ sɛnea wɔde yɛ adwuma no mu den.

== Baabi a menyaa mmoa firiiɛ ==
[[Nkyekyεmu:Africa Wiki Challenge]]
[[Nkyekyεmu:2025]]</text>
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        <username>Christian Owusu Ansah</username>
        <id>16034</id>
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      <comment>Christian Owusu Ansah moved page [[African Union Protocols on Refugee Repatriation]] to [[Abibiman Nkabom Kuo Nkrataa a Ɛfa Atutenafoɔ a Wɔsan De Wɔn Ba Wɔn Man mu Ho. (African Union Protocols on Refugee Repatriation)]]</comment>
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      <text bytes="8342" sha1="emicobl1py0px4kj868rxsyecebx5po" xml:space="preserve">''Wɔatwerɛ nsɛm wei wɔ '''Asante Twi''' mu''

'''African Union Nkrataa a Ɛfa Atutenafoɔ a Wɔsan De Wɔn Ba Wɔn Man mu Ho.''' African Union (AU) a ɛyɛ ɔman a ɛhwɛ ma [[Abibrem|Afrika]] nyinaa bom yɛ biako, asomdwoeɛ ne ahobammɔ no ayɛ mmara ne nhyehyɛeɛ a ɛfa sɛnea wɔbɛbɔ wɔn a wɔaguan akɔ wɔn man mu ho ban ne sɛnea wɔbɛsan akɔ wɔn man mu ho. African Union (AU) mmara a ɛfa aguanfo a wɔsan ba wɔn kurom ho no gyina nnyinasosɛm a ɛfa nnipa ahofadi, wɔn a wɔsan ba wɔn ankasa man mu, ne nnipa a wɔwɔ aman afoforo mu biakoyɛ so, na ɛma wonya anoyi a ɛbɛtena hɔ daa a ahobammɔ, nnidie, ne asetena a edi mũ ho hia paa. Mmara mu nnyinasoɔ a Afrika Amanaman Nkabom no de yɛ adwuma ne 1969 OAU Apam a Ɛhwɛ Aguanfo Haw Ho Nsɛm So wɔ Afrika no.

== Mmara nhyehyɛeɛ a ɛhwɛ atutenafoɔ a wɔsan ba no so wɔ Abibirem ==

=== Afe 1969 Abibiman Nkabom Kuo a Ɛhwɛ Atutenafoɔ So Nhyiam ===
Abibirem Nkabom Kuo (OAU) a seesei wɔfrɛ no Abibirem Kuo (AU) no gyee 1969 Amanaman Nkabom a Ɛhwɛ Atutenafoɔ Haw Ho Nsɛm a Ɛwɔ Afrika no toom wɔ Addis Ababa. Eyi da so ara yɛ amammu nhyehyɛeɛ a ɛboa ma wɔbɔ aguanfo ho ban wɔ wiase nyinaa no mu biako&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |last=G Okoth-Obbo |title=Conference papers. Thirty years on: a legal review of the 1969 OAU Refugee Convention governing the specific aspects of refugee problems in Africa |date=2001-04-01 |url=https://doi.org/10.1093/rsq/20.1.79 |work=Refugee Survey Quarterly |volume=20 |issue=1 |pages=79–138 |doi=10.1093/rsq/20.1.79 |issn=1020-4067 |access-date=2025-06-18}}&lt;/ref&gt;.

Nnoɔma atitire a ɛfa a wɔde nkurɔfoɔ bɛkɔ fie ho no bi ne:

* '''Ɔpɛ''': Nnyinasosɛm V (a) no kyerɛ sɛ, sɛ aguanfo kyerɛ sɛ wɔpɛ sɛ wɔsan ba fie a, ɛsɛ sɛ wɔma wɔsan kɔ wɔn kurom.
* '''Anuonyam ne ahobammɔ''': Ɛsɛ sɛ wɔde obi kɔ fie wɔ &quot;ahobammɔ ne nidi mu.&quot;
* '''Tripartite Agreements''': Article V ((2) hyɛ nkabom ho nkuran wɔ ɔman a ofiri mu, ɔman a ɔretie no, ne UNHCR ntam de ma kwan ma wɔsan kɔ fie wɔ nhyehyɛe pa mu denam tripartite apam ahorow so&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |title=4 UNHCR and Urban Refugees |date=2022-01-31 |url=https://doi.org/10.1515/9780228009351-007 |work=The Urbanization of Forced Displacement |pages=81–119 |publisher=McGill-Queen's University Press |isbn=978-0-2280-0935-1 |access-date=2025-06-18}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |title=UNHCR, the UN Refugee Agency |url=https://www.unhcr.org/africa/ |access-date=2025-06-18}}&lt;/ref&gt;.

&quot;Ɛsɛ sɛ wɔdi obi a wɔsan de no kɔ ɔman foforo so no su a ɛyɛ pɛ no ho dwuma wɔ nsɛm nyinaa mu...&quot;&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |title=Key Legal Considerations on the Standards of Treatment of Refugees Recognized under the 1969 OAU Convention Governing the Specific Aspects of Refugee Problems in Africa |date=2018-03 |url=https://doi.org/10.1093/ijrl/eey012 |work=International Journal of Refugee Law |volume=30 |issue=1 |pages=166–172 |doi=10.1093/ijrl/eey012 |issn=0953-8186 |access-date=2025-06-18}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== &quot;Afrika Nnipa ne Amanamanmufo Nkorabata&quot; (1981) ===
Ɛwom sɛ ɛnyɛ aguanfo nkutoo ho asɛm de, nanso Afrika Mmara no hyɛ hokwan ahorow a ɛho hia sɛ wɔsan de wɔn ba wɔn man mu no mu den:

Akwan a wɔfa so tu mpɔn (Nsɛm a Wɔahyehyɛ No 12)

Ahobammɔ a wɔde ma obi a wɔhyɛ no ma ɔsan kɔ ne kurom (non-refoulement)

Sɛ obi pɛ sɛ ɔsan kɔ n'asase so a, ɔwɔ hokwan sɛ ɔyɛ saa (Nkyekyɛm 12.2)

c. Kampala Apam (2009)

Afrika Mmanaman Nkabom no Nhyehyɛe a Ɛfa Mmoa a Wɔde Ma Wɔn a Wɔatu Afi Wɔn Man Mu (IDPs), a wɔfrɛ no Kampala Nhyehyɛe no, boa atubrafo ho ban denam wɔn a wobetumi atu afi wɔn man mu bere a wɔasan akɔ wɔn man mu no so&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Citation |title=African Union Convention for the Protection and Assistance of Internally Displaced Persons in Africa (Kampala Convention) {{!}} African Union |url=https://au.int/en/treaties/african-union-convention-protection-and-assistance-internally-displaced-persons-africa |access-date=2025-06-18}}&lt;/ref&gt;.

Nnyinasosɛm 11 no si so dua sɛ wɔn a wɔatu wɔn afi wɔn afie mu no wɔ hokwan sɛ wofi wɔn pɛ mu san kɔ wɔn kurom wɔ ahobammɔ ne nidi mu.

Wɔhyɛ aman a wɔwom no sɛ wɔmmoa ma wɔsan wɔn akyi na wɔnsan nsiesie wɔn.

== AU nhyehyɛeɛ ne wɔn dwumadie ==

=== African Commission on Human and Peoples' Rights (ACHPR) ===
Ɔhwɛ ma wɔde Afrika Mmara no di dwuma na ɔtwe adwene si ɔman no akwan a wɔfa so ne atubrafo ne wɔn a wɔsan ba no di nsɛm no so.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |title=African Charter on Human and Peoples’ Rights |url=https://doi.org/10.5040/9781472562432.ch-001 |work=Documents of the African Commission on Human and Peoples’ Rights |publisher=Hart Publishing |isbn=978-1-84113-092-7 |access-date=2025-06-18}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== African Union Commission (AUC) ===
Ɔne UNHCR ne amantam no bom yɛ adwuma de boa amanyɔsɛm a wɔdi ho dwuma, tumi a wɔhyɛ, ne atoyerɛnkyɛm ho mmoa.

=== African Centre for the Study and Research on Migration (ACSRM) ===
Saa bea yi a ɛwɔ Mali no yɛ nhwehwɛmu ne afotu adwuma wɔ Afrika Abibiman amammerɛ a ɛfa atubrafo ho, a wɔn a wɔsan kɔ wɔn man mu no nso ka ho.

== Dwumadie nhyehyɛeɛ ne nneyɛeɛ pa ==
AU akwankyerɛ ahodoɔ no si nhyehyɛeɛ a ɛdidi soɔ yi so dua wɔ ɔsan a wɔbɛsan de aba ɔman no mu:

* '''Akwankyerɛ:''' Ɛnsɛ sɛ wɔhyɛ obi ma ɔsan kɔ fie anaa wɔhyɛ no ma ɔsan kɔ fie denam nhyɛso anaa asiane so.
* '''Non-Refoulement''': Ɛnsɛ sɛ aman de nnipa kɔ ɔman a wɔn nkwa anaa wɔn ahofadi wɔ asiane mu.
* Nsɛm a ɛsɛ sɛ wɔkyerɛkyerɛ: Ɛsɛ sɛ wɔma aguanfo no hu tebea a ɛwɔ wɔn man mu yiye.
* '''Apam a Wɔyɛ no Mprɛnsa''': Nkɔmmɔbɔ a ɛwɔ aman a nnipa fi mu, aman a wogye wɔn, ne amanaman ntam ahyehyɛde ahorow (titiriw UNHCR) ntam no ho hia paa na ama wɔatumi asan akɔ wɔn kurom.
* '''Adwene a wɔfa so yɛ nsakrae''': Ɛsɛ sɛ wɔboa wɔn a wɔresan aba wɔn man mu no ma wonya baabi a wɔbɛtena, wɔn asetena mu nneɛma, ne nneɛma a ɛho hia a wobetumi de adi dwuma.

== AU ne UNHCR Nkɔmmɔbɔ ==
Nhyehyɛeɛ a AU ne UNHCR ayɛ no ho hia na ama wɔatumi de nkurɔfoɔ aba wɔn man mu. AU no boa:

* Ɔman no Atɛn a Ɛfa atutenafoɔ Ho a Ɛne Afe 1969 Amanaman Nkabom no hyia.

* Sika a wɔde bɛboa wɔn a wɔresan aba no.
* Asomdwoeɛ a wɔde bɛyɛ adwuma wɔ bea ahodoɔ a ɔko ɛsii no ɛkyiri no a wɔde bɛyɛ nnoɔma ahodoɔ bi a ɔboa ma wɔsan ba no.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |last=Namira Negm |title=The African Union Convention for the Protection and Assistance of Internally Displaced Persons in Africa (2009) (Kampala Convention) |date=2023-10-28 |url=https://doi.org/10.1163/9789004508651_012 |work=An Introduction to the African Union Environmental Treaties |pages=74–74 |publisher=Brill {{!}} Nijhoff |isbn=978-90-04-50865-1 |access-date=2025-06-18}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;

== Ɔhaw ahodoɔ ==
Ɛmfa ho sɛ mmara mu nnwinnadeɛ a emu yɛ den wɔ hɔ no, ɔhaw ahodoɔ bi wɔ hɔ a ɛmma wɔntumi mfa Abibiman Nkabom Kuo nhyehyɛeɛ ahodoɔ a ɛfa a wɔde nkurɔfoɔ a wɔreba fie no nni dwuma yie:

* Amanyɔsɛm mu basabasayɛ a ɛrekɔ so wɔ aman a wofi mu no ma nkurɔfo a wɔresan aba wɔn man mu no ho dwo wɔn.

* Ahonyade a enni mu a wɔde ma wɔn a wɔsan kɔ wɔn asetenam no.
* Ɛnsɛ sɛ wɔhwɛ wɔn a wɔresan aba wɔn man mu no ahofadi so yie.
* Ahyeɛ so a wɔato mu ne nnipa a wɔrefiri aman foforɔ so a wɔmpɛ wɔn ho asɛm wɔ mmeaeɛ bi no ne Afrika Amanaman Nkabom no nnyinasosɛm a ɛfa baakoyɛ ho no nhyia.

== Mmuaeɛ ==
Amanaman Nkabom no nhyehyɛe a ɛfa atubrafo a wɔsan ba wɔn man mu ho no kyerɛ sɛ wɔagye nnipa ahofadi, Afrika biakoyɛ, ne ɔmantam mu asɛyɛde atom. Afe 1969 Afrika Amanaman Nkabom Ahyehyɛde no Refugee Convention no ne Kampala Convention no ne African Charter no yɛ mmara ne abrabɔ mu nnyinaso a emu yɛ den a ɛbɛma aguanfo a wɔresan aba wɔn man mu no ayɛ nea wɔn ankasa pɛ, wɔ nidi mu, na wɔakɔ so ayɛ saa. Nanso, mpɛn pii no, esiane sɛ amammuisɛm, sikasɛm, ne ahyehyɛde ahorow no mma kwan nti, wontumi nyɛ saa. Wɔ Afrika nyinaa no, sɛ yɛpɛ sɛ yɛhyɛ wɔn a wɔresan aba wɔn man mu no ahofadi ho nkuran a, ehia sɛ yɛhyɛ Afrika Aman Nkabom no tumi a wɔde hyɛ mmara ase na wɔhwɛ sɛnea wɔde yɛ adwuma no mu den.

== Baabi a menyaa mmoa firiiɛ ==
[[Nkyekyεmu:Africa Wiki Challenge]]
[[Nkyekyεmu:2025]]</text>
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      <timestamp>2025-06-19T14:49:51Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
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      <comment>/* &quot;Afrika Nnipa ne Amanamanmufo Nkorabata&quot; (1981) */</comment>
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      <text bytes="8348" sha1="4qbiumz1qb12lkrlnmeh0ztdyembz7l" xml:space="preserve">''Wɔatwerɛ nsɛm wei wɔ '''Asante Twi''' mu''

'''African Union Nkrataa a Ɛfa Atutenafoɔ a Wɔsan De Wɔn Ba Wɔn Man mu Ho.''' African Union (AU) a ɛyɛ ɔman a ɛhwɛ ma [[Abibrem|Afrika]] nyinaa bom yɛ biako, asomdwoeɛ ne ahobammɔ no ayɛ mmara ne nhyehyɛeɛ a ɛfa sɛnea wɔbɛbɔ wɔn a wɔaguan akɔ wɔn man mu ho ban ne sɛnea wɔbɛsan akɔ wɔn man mu ho. African Union (AU) mmara a ɛfa aguanfo a wɔsan ba wɔn kurom ho no gyina nnyinasosɛm a ɛfa nnipa ahofadi, wɔn a wɔsan ba wɔn ankasa man mu, ne nnipa a wɔwɔ aman afoforo mu biakoyɛ so, na ɛma wonya anoyi a ɛbɛtena hɔ daa a ahobammɔ, nnidie, ne asetena a edi mũ ho hia paa. Mmara mu nnyinasoɔ a Afrika Amanaman Nkabom no de yɛ adwuma ne 1969 OAU Apam a Ɛhwɛ Aguanfo Haw Ho Nsɛm So wɔ Afrika no.

== Mmara nhyehyɛeɛ a ɛhwɛ atutenafoɔ a wɔsan ba no so wɔ Abibirem ==

=== Afe 1969 Abibiman Nkabom Kuo a Ɛhwɛ Atutenafoɔ So Nhyiam ===
Abibirem Nkabom Kuo (OAU) a seesei wɔfrɛ no Abibirem Kuo (AU) no gyee 1969 Amanaman Nkabom a Ɛhwɛ Atutenafoɔ Haw Ho Nsɛm a Ɛwɔ Afrika no toom wɔ Addis Ababa. Eyi da so ara yɛ amammu nhyehyɛeɛ a ɛboa ma wɔbɔ aguanfo ho ban wɔ wiase nyinaa no mu biako&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |last=G Okoth-Obbo |title=Conference papers. Thirty years on: a legal review of the 1969 OAU Refugee Convention governing the specific aspects of refugee problems in Africa |date=2001-04-01 |url=https://doi.org/10.1093/rsq/20.1.79 |work=Refugee Survey Quarterly |volume=20 |issue=1 |pages=79–138 |doi=10.1093/rsq/20.1.79 |issn=1020-4067 |access-date=2025-06-18}}&lt;/ref&gt;.

Nnoɔma atitire a ɛfa a wɔde nkurɔfoɔ bɛkɔ fie ho no bi ne:

* '''Ɔpɛ''': Nnyinasosɛm V (a) no kyerɛ sɛ, sɛ aguanfo kyerɛ sɛ wɔpɛ sɛ wɔsan ba fie a, ɛsɛ sɛ wɔma wɔsan kɔ wɔn kurom.
* '''Anuonyam ne ahobammɔ''': Ɛsɛ sɛ wɔde obi kɔ fie wɔ &quot;ahobammɔ ne nidi mu.&quot;
* '''Tripartite Agreements''': Article V ((2) hyɛ nkabom ho nkuran wɔ ɔman a ofiri mu, ɔman a ɔretie no, ne UNHCR ntam de ma kwan ma wɔsan kɔ fie wɔ nhyehyɛe pa mu denam tripartite apam ahorow so&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |title=4 UNHCR and Urban Refugees |date=2022-01-31 |url=https://doi.org/10.1515/9780228009351-007 |work=The Urbanization of Forced Displacement |pages=81–119 |publisher=McGill-Queen's University Press |isbn=978-0-2280-0935-1 |access-date=2025-06-18}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |title=UNHCR, the UN Refugee Agency |url=https://www.unhcr.org/africa/ |access-date=2025-06-18}}&lt;/ref&gt;.

&quot;Ɛsɛ sɛ wɔdi obi a wɔsan de no kɔ ɔman foforo so no su a ɛyɛ pɛ no ho dwuma wɔ nsɛm nyinaa mu...&quot;&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |title=Key Legal Considerations on the Standards of Treatment of Refugees Recognized under the 1969 OAU Convention Governing the Specific Aspects of Refugee Problems in Africa |date=2018-03 |url=https://doi.org/10.1093/ijrl/eey012 |work=International Journal of Refugee Law |volume=30 |issue=1 |pages=166–172 |doi=10.1093/ijrl/eey012 |issn=0953-8186 |access-date=2025-06-18}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== &quot;Afrika Nnipa ne Amanamanmufo Nkorabata&quot; (1981) ===
Ɛwom sɛ ɛnyɛ aguanfo nkutoo ho asɛm de, nanso Afrika Mmara no hyɛ hokwan ahorow a ɛho hia sɛ wɔsan de wɔn ba wɔn man mu no mu den:

Akwan a wɔfa so tu mpɔn (Nsɛm a Wɔahyehyɛ No 12)

Ahobammɔ a wɔde ma obi a wɔhyɛ no ma ɔsan kɔ ne kurom (non-refoulement)

Sɛ obi pɛ sɛ ɔsan kɔ n'asase so a, ɔwɔ hokwan sɛ ɔyɛ saa (Nkyekyɛm 12.2)

=== Kampala Apam (2009) ===
Afrika Mmanaman Nkabom no Nhyehyɛe a Ɛfa Mmoa a Wɔde Ma Wɔn a Wɔatu Afi Wɔn Man Mu (IDPs), a wɔfrɛ no Kampala Nhyehyɛe no, boa atubrafo ho ban denam wɔn a wobetumi atu afi wɔn man mu bere a wɔasan akɔ wɔn man mu no so&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Citation |title=African Union Convention for the Protection and Assistance of Internally Displaced Persons in Africa (Kampala Convention) {{!}} African Union |url=https://au.int/en/treaties/african-union-convention-protection-and-assistance-internally-displaced-persons-africa |access-date=2025-06-18}}&lt;/ref&gt;.

Nnyinasosɛm 11 no si so dua sɛ wɔn a wɔatu wɔn afi wɔn afie mu no wɔ hokwan sɛ wofi wɔn pɛ mu san kɔ wɔn kurom wɔ ahobammɔ ne nidi mu.

Wɔhyɛ aman a wɔwom no sɛ wɔmmoa ma wɔsan wɔn akyi na wɔnsan nsiesie wɔn.

== AU nhyehyɛeɛ ne wɔn dwumadie ==

=== African Commission on Human and Peoples' Rights (ACHPR) ===
Ɔhwɛ ma wɔde Afrika Mmara no di dwuma na ɔtwe adwene si ɔman no akwan a wɔfa so ne atubrafo ne wɔn a wɔsan ba no di nsɛm no so.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |title=African Charter on Human and Peoples’ Rights |url=https://doi.org/10.5040/9781472562432.ch-001 |work=Documents of the African Commission on Human and Peoples’ Rights |publisher=Hart Publishing |isbn=978-1-84113-092-7 |access-date=2025-06-18}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== African Union Commission (AUC) ===
Ɔne UNHCR ne amantam no bom yɛ adwuma de boa amanyɔsɛm a wɔdi ho dwuma, tumi a wɔhyɛ, ne atoyerɛnkyɛm ho mmoa.

=== African Centre for the Study and Research on Migration (ACSRM) ===
Saa bea yi a ɛwɔ Mali no yɛ nhwehwɛmu ne afotu adwuma wɔ Afrika Abibiman amammerɛ a ɛfa atubrafo ho, a wɔn a wɔsan kɔ wɔn man mu no nso ka ho.

== Dwumadie nhyehyɛeɛ ne nneyɛeɛ pa ==
AU akwankyerɛ ahodoɔ no si nhyehyɛeɛ a ɛdidi soɔ yi so dua wɔ ɔsan a wɔbɛsan de aba ɔman no mu:

* '''Akwankyerɛ:''' Ɛnsɛ sɛ wɔhyɛ obi ma ɔsan kɔ fie anaa wɔhyɛ no ma ɔsan kɔ fie denam nhyɛso anaa asiane so.
* '''Non-Refoulement''': Ɛnsɛ sɛ aman de nnipa kɔ ɔman a wɔn nkwa anaa wɔn ahofadi wɔ asiane mu.
* Nsɛm a ɛsɛ sɛ wɔkyerɛkyerɛ: Ɛsɛ sɛ wɔma aguanfo no hu tebea a ɛwɔ wɔn man mu yiye.
* '''Apam a Wɔyɛ no Mprɛnsa''': Nkɔmmɔbɔ a ɛwɔ aman a nnipa fi mu, aman a wogye wɔn, ne amanaman ntam ahyehyɛde ahorow (titiriw UNHCR) ntam no ho hia paa na ama wɔatumi asan akɔ wɔn kurom.
* '''Adwene a wɔfa so yɛ nsakrae''': Ɛsɛ sɛ wɔboa wɔn a wɔresan aba wɔn man mu no ma wonya baabi a wɔbɛtena, wɔn asetena mu nneɛma, ne nneɛma a ɛho hia a wobetumi de adi dwuma.

== AU ne UNHCR Nkɔmmɔbɔ ==
Nhyehyɛeɛ a AU ne UNHCR ayɛ no ho hia na ama wɔatumi de nkurɔfoɔ aba wɔn man mu. AU no boa:

* Ɔman no Atɛn a Ɛfa atutenafoɔ Ho a Ɛne Afe 1969 Amanaman Nkabom no hyia.

* Sika a wɔde bɛboa wɔn a wɔresan aba no.
* Asomdwoeɛ a wɔde bɛyɛ adwuma wɔ bea ahodoɔ a ɔko ɛsii no ɛkyiri no a wɔde bɛyɛ nnoɔma ahodoɔ bi a ɔboa ma wɔsan ba no.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |last=Namira Negm |title=The African Union Convention for the Protection and Assistance of Internally Displaced Persons in Africa (2009) (Kampala Convention) |date=2023-10-28 |url=https://doi.org/10.1163/9789004508651_012 |work=An Introduction to the African Union Environmental Treaties |pages=74–74 |publisher=Brill {{!}} Nijhoff |isbn=978-90-04-50865-1 |access-date=2025-06-18}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;

== Ɔhaw ahodoɔ ==
Ɛmfa ho sɛ mmara mu nnwinnadeɛ a emu yɛ den wɔ hɔ no, ɔhaw ahodoɔ bi wɔ hɔ a ɛmma wɔntumi mfa Abibiman Nkabom Kuo nhyehyɛeɛ ahodoɔ a ɛfa a wɔde nkurɔfoɔ a wɔreba fie no nni dwuma yie:

* Amanyɔsɛm mu basabasayɛ a ɛrekɔ so wɔ aman a wofi mu no ma nkurɔfo a wɔresan aba wɔn man mu no ho dwo wɔn.

* Ahonyadeɛ a enni mu a wɔde ma wɔn a wɔsan kɔ wɔn asetenam no.
* Ɛnsɛ sɛ wɔhwɛ wɔn a wɔresan aba wɔn man mu no ahofadi so yie.
* Ahyeɛ so a wɔato mu ne nnipa a wɔrefiri aman foforɔ so a wɔmpɛ wɔn ho asɛm wɔ mmeaeɛ bi no ne Afrika Amanaman Nkabom no nnyinasosɛm a ɛfa baakoyɛ ho no nhyia.

== Mmuaeɛ ==
Amanaman Nkabom no nhyehyɛe a ɛfa atubrafo a wɔsan ba wɔn man mu ho no kyerɛ sɛ wɔagye nnipa ahofadi, Afrika biakoyɛ, ne ɔmantam mu asɛyɛde atom. Afe 1969 Afrika Amanaman Nkabom Ahyehyɛde no Refugee Convention no ne Kampala Convention no ne African Charter no yɛ mmara ne abrabɔ mu nnyinaso a emu yɛ den a ɛbɛma aguanfo a wɔresan aba wɔn man mu no ayɛ nea wɔn ankasa pɛ, wɔ nidi mu, na wɔakɔ so ayɛ saa. Nanso, mpɛn pii no, esiane sɛ amammuisɛm, sikasɛm, ne ahyehyɛde ahorow no mma kwan nti, wontumi nyɛ saa. Wɔ Afrika nyinaa no, sɛ yɛpɛ sɛ yɛhyɛ wɔn a wɔresan aba wɔn man mu no ahofadi ho nkuran a, ehia sɛ yɛhyɛ Afrika Aman Nkabom no tumi a wɔde hyɛ mmara ase na wɔhwɛ sɛnea wɔde yɛ adwuma no mu den.

== Baabi a menyaa mmoa firiiɛ ==
[[Nkyekyεmu:Africa Wiki Challenge]]
[[Nkyekyεmu:2025]]</text>
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      <text bytes="8352" sha1="7vqea2c5r1hrksmzkgnj412eljqkfmp" xml:space="preserve">''Wɔatwerɛ nsɛm wei wɔ '''Asante Twi''' mu''

'''African Union Nkrataa a Ɛfa Atutenafoɔ a Wɔsan De Wɔn Ba Wɔn Man mu Ho.''' African Union (AU) a ɛyɛ ɔman a ɛhwɛ ma [[Abibrem|Afrika]] nyinaa bom yɛ biako, asomdwoeɛ ne ahobammɔ no ayɛ mmara ne nhyehyɛeɛ a ɛfa sɛnea wɔbɛbɔ wɔn a wɔaguan akɔ wɔn man mu ho ban ne sɛnea wɔbɛsan akɔ wɔn man mu ho. African Union (AU) mmara a ɛfa aguanfo a wɔsan ba wɔn kurom ho no gyina nnyinasosɛm a ɛfa nnipa ahofadi, wɔn a wɔsan ba wɔn ankasa man mu, ne nnipa a wɔwɔ aman afoforo mu biakoyɛ so, na ɛma wonya anoyi a ɛbɛtena hɔ daa a ahobammɔ, nnidie, ne asetena a edi mũ ho hia paa. Mmara mu nnyinasoɔ a Afrika Amanaman Nkabom no de yɛ adwuma ne 1969 OAU Apam a Ɛhwɛ Aguanfo Haw Ho Nsɛm So wɔ Afrika no.

== Mmara nhyehyɛeɛ a ɛhwɛ atutenafoɔ a wɔsan ba no so wɔ Abibirem ==

=== Afe 1969 Abibiman Nkabom Kuo a Ɛhwɛ Atutenafoɔ So Nhyiam ===
Abibirem Nkabom Kuo (OAU) a seesei wɔfrɛ no Abibirem Kuo (AU) no gyee 1969 Amanaman Nkabom a Ɛhwɛ Atutenafoɔ Haw Ho Nsɛm a Ɛwɔ Afrika no toom wɔ Addis Ababa. Eyi da so ara yɛ amammu nhyehyɛeɛ a ɛboa ma wɔbɔ aguanfo ho ban wɔ wiase nyinaa no mu biako&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |last=G Okoth-Obbo |title=Conference papers. Thirty years on: a legal review of the 1969 OAU Refugee Convention governing the specific aspects of refugee problems in Africa |date=2001-04-01 |url=https://doi.org/10.1093/rsq/20.1.79 |work=Refugee Survey Quarterly |volume=20 |issue=1 |pages=79–138 |doi=10.1093/rsq/20.1.79 |issn=1020-4067 |access-date=2025-06-18}}&lt;/ref&gt;.

Nnoɔma atitire a ɛfa a wɔde nkurɔfoɔ bɛkɔ fie ho no bi ne:

* '''Ɔpɛ''': Nnyinasosɛm V (a) no kyerɛ sɛ, sɛ aguanfo kyerɛ sɛ wɔpɛ sɛ wɔsan ba fie a, ɛsɛ sɛ wɔma wɔsan kɔ wɔn kurom.
* '''Anuonyam ne ahobammɔ''': Ɛsɛ sɛ wɔde obi kɔ fie wɔ &quot;ahobammɔ ne nidi mu.&quot;
* '''Tripartite Agreements''': Article V ((2) hyɛ nkabom ho nkuran wɔ ɔman a ofiri mu, ɔman a ɔretie no, ne UNHCR ntam de ma kwan ma wɔsan kɔ fie wɔ nhyehyɛe pa mu denam tripartite apam ahorow so&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |title=4 UNHCR and Urban Refugees |date=2022-01-31 |url=https://doi.org/10.1515/9780228009351-007 |work=The Urbanization of Forced Displacement |pages=81–119 |publisher=McGill-Queen's University Press |isbn=978-0-2280-0935-1 |access-date=2025-06-18}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |title=UNHCR, the UN Refugee Agency |url=https://www.unhcr.org/africa/ |access-date=2025-06-18}}&lt;/ref&gt;.

&quot;Ɛsɛ sɛ wɔdi obi a wɔsan de no kɔ ɔman foforo so no su a ɛyɛ pɛ no ho dwuma wɔ nsɛm nyinaa mu...&quot;&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |title=Key Legal Considerations on the Standards of Treatment of Refugees Recognized under the 1969 OAU Convention Governing the Specific Aspects of Refugee Problems in Africa |date=2018-03 |url=https://doi.org/10.1093/ijrl/eey012 |work=International Journal of Refugee Law |volume=30 |issue=1 |pages=166–172 |doi=10.1093/ijrl/eey012 |issn=0953-8186 |access-date=2025-06-18}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== &quot;Afrika Nnipa ne Amanamanmufo Nkorabata&quot; (1981) ===
Ɛwom sɛ ɛnyɛ aguanfo nkutoo ho asɛm de, nanso Afrika Mmara no hyɛ hokwan ahorow a ɛho hia sɛ wɔsan de wɔn ba wɔn man mu no mu den:

* Akwan a wɔfa so tu mpɔn (Nsɛm a Wɔahyehyɛ No 12)
* Ahobammɔ a wɔde ma obi a wɔhyɛ no ma ɔsan kɔ ne kurom (non-refoulement)
* Sɛ obi pɛ sɛ ɔsan kɔ n'asase so a, ɔwɔ hokwan sɛ ɔyɛ saa (Nkyekyɛm 12.2)

=== Kampala Apam (2009) ===
Afrika Mmanaman Nkabom no Nhyehyɛe a Ɛfa Mmoa a Wɔde Ma Wɔn a Wɔatu Afi Wɔn Man Mu (IDPs), a wɔfrɛ no Kampala Nhyehyɛe no, boa atubrafo ho ban denam wɔn a wobetumi atu afi wɔn man mu bere a wɔasan akɔ wɔn man mu no so&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Citation |title=African Union Convention for the Protection and Assistance of Internally Displaced Persons in Africa (Kampala Convention) {{!}} African Union |url=https://au.int/en/treaties/african-union-convention-protection-and-assistance-internally-displaced-persons-africa |access-date=2025-06-18}}&lt;/ref&gt;.

Nnyinasosɛm 11 no si so dua sɛ wɔn a wɔatu wɔn afi wɔn afie mu no wɔ hokwan sɛ wofi wɔn pɛ mu san kɔ wɔn kurom wɔ ahobammɔ ne nidi mu.

Wɔhyɛ aman a wɔwom no sɛ wɔmmoa ma wɔsan wɔn akyi na wɔnsan nsiesie wɔn.

== AU nhyehyɛeɛ ne wɔn dwumadie ==

=== African Commission on Human and Peoples' Rights (ACHPR) ===
Ɔhwɛ ma wɔde Afrika Mmara no di dwuma na ɔtwe adwene si ɔman no akwan a wɔfa so ne atubrafo ne wɔn a wɔsan ba no di nsɛm no so.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |title=African Charter on Human and Peoples’ Rights |url=https://doi.org/10.5040/9781472562432.ch-001 |work=Documents of the African Commission on Human and Peoples’ Rights |publisher=Hart Publishing |isbn=978-1-84113-092-7 |access-date=2025-06-18}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== African Union Commission (AUC) ===
Ɔne UNHCR ne amantam no bom yɛ adwuma de boa amanyɔsɛm a wɔdi ho dwuma, tumi a wɔhyɛ, ne atoyerɛnkyɛm ho mmoa.

=== African Centre for the Study and Research on Migration (ACSRM) ===
Saa bea yi a ɛwɔ Mali no yɛ nhwehwɛmu ne afotu adwuma wɔ Afrika Abibiman amammerɛ a ɛfa atubrafo ho, a wɔn a wɔsan kɔ wɔn man mu no nso ka ho.

== Dwumadie nhyehyɛeɛ ne nneyɛeɛ pa ==
AU akwankyerɛ ahodoɔ no si nhyehyɛeɛ a ɛdidi soɔ yi so dua wɔ ɔsan a wɔbɛsan de aba ɔman no mu:

* '''Akwankyerɛ:''' Ɛnsɛ sɛ wɔhyɛ obi ma ɔsan kɔ fie anaa wɔhyɛ no ma ɔsan kɔ fie denam nhyɛso anaa asiane so.
* '''Non-Refoulement''': Ɛnsɛ sɛ aman de nnipa kɔ ɔman a wɔn nkwa anaa wɔn ahofadi wɔ asiane mu.
* Nsɛm a ɛsɛ sɛ wɔkyerɛkyerɛ: Ɛsɛ sɛ wɔma aguanfo no hu tebea a ɛwɔ wɔn man mu yiye.
* '''Apam a Wɔyɛ no Mprɛnsa''': Nkɔmmɔbɔ a ɛwɔ aman a nnipa fi mu, aman a wogye wɔn, ne amanaman ntam ahyehyɛde ahorow (titiriw UNHCR) ntam no ho hia paa na ama wɔatumi asan akɔ wɔn kurom.
* '''Adwene a wɔfa so yɛ nsakrae''': Ɛsɛ sɛ wɔboa wɔn a wɔresan aba wɔn man mu no ma wonya baabi a wɔbɛtena, wɔn asetena mu nneɛma, ne nneɛma a ɛho hia a wobetumi de adi dwuma.

== AU ne UNHCR Nkɔmmɔbɔ ==
Nhyehyɛeɛ a AU ne UNHCR ayɛ no ho hia na ama wɔatumi de nkurɔfoɔ aba wɔn man mu. AU no boa:

* Ɔman no Atɛn a Ɛfa atutenafoɔ Ho a Ɛne Afe 1969 Amanaman Nkabom no hyia.

* Sika a wɔde bɛboa wɔn a wɔresan aba no.
* Asomdwoeɛ a wɔde bɛyɛ adwuma wɔ bea ahodoɔ a ɔko ɛsii no ɛkyiri no a wɔde bɛyɛ nnoɔma ahodoɔ bi a ɔboa ma wɔsan ba no.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |last=Namira Negm |title=The African Union Convention for the Protection and Assistance of Internally Displaced Persons in Africa (2009) (Kampala Convention) |date=2023-10-28 |url=https://doi.org/10.1163/9789004508651_012 |work=An Introduction to the African Union Environmental Treaties |pages=74–74 |publisher=Brill {{!}} Nijhoff |isbn=978-90-04-50865-1 |access-date=2025-06-18}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;

== Ɔhaw ahodoɔ ==
Ɛmfa ho sɛ mmara mu nnwinnadeɛ a emu yɛ den wɔ hɔ no, ɔhaw ahodoɔ bi wɔ hɔ a ɛmma wɔntumi mfa Abibiman Nkabom Kuo nhyehyɛeɛ ahodoɔ a ɛfa a wɔde nkurɔfoɔ a wɔreba fie no nni dwuma yie:

* Amanyɔsɛm mu basabasayɛ a ɛrekɔ so wɔ aman a wofi mu no ma nkurɔfo a wɔresan aba wɔn man mu no ho dwo wɔn.

* Ahonyadeɛ a enni mu a wɔde ma wɔn a wɔsan kɔ wɔn asetenam no.
* Ɛnsɛ sɛ wɔhwɛ wɔn a wɔresan aba wɔn man mu no ahofadi so yie.
* Ahyeɛ so a wɔato mu ne nnipa a wɔrefiri aman foforɔ so a wɔmpɛ wɔn ho asɛm wɔ mmeaeɛ bi no ne Afrika Amanaman Nkabom no nnyinasosɛm a ɛfa baakoyɛ ho no nhyia.

== Mmuaeɛ ==
Amanaman Nkabom no nhyehyɛe a ɛfa atubrafo a wɔsan ba wɔn man mu ho no kyerɛ sɛ wɔagye nnipa ahofadi, Afrika biakoyɛ, ne ɔmantam mu asɛyɛde atom. Afe 1969 Afrika Amanaman Nkabom Ahyehyɛde no Refugee Convention no ne Kampala Convention no ne African Charter no yɛ mmara ne abrabɔ mu nnyinaso a emu yɛ den a ɛbɛma aguanfo a wɔresan aba wɔn man mu no ayɛ nea wɔn ankasa pɛ, wɔ nidi mu, na wɔakɔ so ayɛ saa. Nanso, mpɛn pii no, esiane sɛ amammuisɛm, sikasɛm, ne ahyehyɛde ahorow no mma kwan nti, wontumi nyɛ saa. Wɔ Afrika nyinaa no, sɛ yɛpɛ sɛ yɛhyɛ wɔn a wɔresan aba wɔn man mu no ahofadi ho nkuran a, ehia sɛ yɛhyɛ Afrika Aman Nkabom no tumi a wɔde hyɛ mmara ase na wɔhwɛ sɛnea wɔde yɛ adwuma no mu den.

== Baabi a menyaa mmoa firiiɛ ==
[[Nkyekyεmu:Africa Wiki Challenge]]
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    <title>United Nations Working Group of Experts on People of African Descent</title>
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      <text bytes="5571" sha1="709itoqh83civbq5w6lo9v01dule4ey" xml:space="preserve">''Wɔatwerɛ nsɛm wei wɔ '''Asante Twi''' mu''

Amanaman Nkabom Adwumayɛfo Adwuma Kuo a Ɛhwɛ Nnipa a Wɔfiri Afrika (WGEPAD) so. Amanaman Nkabom Adwumayɛfo Kuo a Ɛhwɛ Nnipa a Wɔfi Afrika so (WGEPAD) yɛ nipa kyɛfa ho nhyehyɛe a ɛho hia a Amanaman Nkabom Agyinafo Bagua a Ɛhwɛ Nnipa kyɛfa so de sii hɔ wɔ afe 2002 mu. Ɛyɛ nhyehyeɛ a wɔde di nsɛm a ɛfa nnipa mu nyiyim, nnipa mu nyiyim, nnipa a wɔmpɛ wɔn ho asɛm, ne nnipa a wɔmpɛ wɔn ho asɛm ho dwuma. Adwuma kuo no di dwuma titiriw wɔ nnipa a wofi Afrika mu nya nnipa kyɛfa a edi mu, a ɛne nnipa kyɛfa ho mmara hyia.

== Nhyehyɛeɛ ne Asɛyɛde ==
Wɔhyehyɛɛ WGEPAD wɔ Human Rights Commission Resolution 2002/68, na akyiri yi Human Rights Council Resolution 9/14 gyee toom. Wɔhyehyɛɛ no sɛ mmuaeɛ ma Durban Declaration and Programme of Action (DDPA, 2001)&quot; ɛyɛ amanaman ntam apam a ɛgye tom sɛ nkoasom, nkoatɔ a ɛsen Atlantic, nnɔbae mu, ne apartheid yɛ biribi a ɛde nnipa a wofi Afrika mu ho atirimɔdensɛm ba&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |title=OHCHR and human rights mechanisms |date=2018-07-25 |url=https://doi.org/10.18356/f7a66638-en |access-date=2025-06-19}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |title=Working Group of Experts on People of African Descent |url=https://www.ohchr.org/en/special-procedures/wg-african-descent |language=en |access-date=2025-06-19}}&lt;/ref&gt;.

WGEPAD adwuma titiriw no bi ne:

Adesua a ɛfa nnipa a wofi Afrika a wɔwɔ aman foforo so no tebea ho.

Wɔrebɔ akwan a wɔbɛfa so ayi nnipa mu nyiyim afi hɔ ho dawuru.

Wɔne nniso ahorow ne Amanaman Nkabom ahyehyɛde ahorow redi nkitaho.

Wɔyɛ nsrahwɛ wɔ aman ahorow so na wɔde nea wɔahu no ho amanneɛbɔ ma.

Ɛho hia sɛ wɔhyɛ nnipa a wofi Afrika mu no nkuran ma wɔhu sɛ ɛsɛ sɛ wɔhyɛ nnipa a wofi Afrika mu ho nkuran wɔ mfe du no mu (2015-2024).

== Dwuma ne Nnwuma ==
Adwumayɛfo Kuw no yɛ adwuma sɛ ahwɛfo ne afotufo. N'adwuma gyina nnyinasosɛm ahorow a ɛne sɛ obiara yɛ pɛ, wodi asɛntrenee, na wɔhyɛ afoforo nkuran no so. Nneɛma atitiriw a ɛwɔ n'adwuma mu no bi ne:

=== Nsrahwɛ a Wɔyɛ Wɔ Aman Biara So ===
WGEPAD yɛ nsrahwɛ ahorow de susuw nnipa a wɔyɛ Afrikafo a wɔwɔ aman ahorow so no nipa kyɛfa ho. Ɛno akyi no, wɔde amanneɛbɔ ne nyansahyɛ ahorow kɔma Amanaman Nkabom Asɛnnibea a Ɛhwɛ Nnipa Ahofadi Ho Nsɛm So no. Nsase a wɔkɔɔ so no bi ne:

United States (2016 ne 2023)

Brazil (wɔ afe 2014)

Sweden (2014)

Netherlands (2014)

Canada (wɔ afe 2016)

Amanneɛbɔ yi ada ɔmansin mu nyiyim adi, polisifo atirimɔdensɛm, sikasɛm mu nkogudi, ne nnipa a wofi Afrika ase a wɔhyɛ wɔn so no adi&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Citation |title=The UN Working Group of Experts on People of African Descent’s Report on the United States – An International Perspective on Race in America |url=https://doi.org/10.1163/2210-7975_hrd-9969-2016033 |access-date=2025-06-19}}&lt;/ref&gt;.

=== Afe Afe Nhyiam ne Nsɛm a Wobesusuw Ho ===
Kuw no yɛ baguam nhyiamu ahorow afe biara, na ɛma ɔmanfo, nhomanimfo, ne aban ahorow hyia susuw nsɛm te sɛ reparations, structural racism, access to justice, ne cultural rights ho.

=== Amanaman Nkabom Mfirihyia Du a wɔde ma nnipa a wofi Afrika (2015 - 2024) ===
WGEPAD hyɛ nsɛm a ɛfa Amanaman Nkabom Mfirihyia Du no ho nkuran. Ɛhyɛ aman no nkuran sɛ wɔmfa ɔman no nhyehyɛe a wɔde bɛyɛ adwuma, wɔboaboa nsɛm ano, na wɔmfa Afrikafo asefo abakɔsɛm nhyɛ nwomasua nhyehyɛe mu&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |last=Juneau Gary, Neal S. Rubin |title=The United Nations' International Decade for People of African Descent (IDPAD) |date=2015 |url=https://doi.org/10.1037/e509312016-001 |access-date=2025-06-19}}&lt;/ref&gt;.

== Amanneɛbɔ Titiriw ne Nea Ɛkɔ So ==
WGEPAD's 2016 report on the United States baa wiase nyinaa atesɛm krataa mu bere a wɔfrɛɛ sɛ wɔntua nkoa ho ka no na wɔkae sɛ Atlantic nkoatɔ no yɛ  ⁇ bɔne a ɛtia adesamma ⁇ . Ɛkasa tiaa polisifo basabasayɛ a ɛrekɔ so wɔ wiase nyinaa no, na ɛkae sɛ, &quot;Afei a polisifo kunkum nkurɔfo no, ɛma nkurɔfo di yaw, na ɛma nkurɔfo di yaw no, ɛma wɔkaakae nnipa mu nyiyim a na nkurɔfo de di awu wɔ tete no&quot;&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |title=The UN Working Group of Experts on People of African Descent’s Report on the United States – An International Perspective on Race in America |url=https://doi.org/10.1163/2210-7975_hrd-9969-2016033 |access-date=2025-06-19}}&lt;/ref&gt;.

Wɔ Brazil no, Adwuma Kuw no sii ntini a abusua ne ɔbarima ne ɔbea ntam gyinabea ka ho so dua, na wɔdaa basabasayɛ a ɛrekɔ so wɔ mmea a wofi Afrika-Brazil no so ne nsɛnnennen a wɔhyia wɔ adwuma ne nhomasua mu no adi.

WGEPAD adwuma no ama nnipa a wɔkasa tia Abibifo mmusua mu nyiyim ada adi wɔ wiase nyinaa, na ama nnipa a wɔhwɛ nnipa ahofadi ho ahyehyɛde ahorow, aban ahorow, ne ɔmanfo a wɔwɔ ɔman no mu no anya wɔn botae.

== Ɔhaw ne Nneɛma a Ɛmma Yentumi Nyɛ Biara ==
Ɛmfa ho mmɔden a Adwumakuw no bɔe no, ɔhaw ahorow bi wɔ hɔ a ɛsɛ sɛ wodi ho dwuma:

Nkuranhyɛ a ɛnhyɛ da: Aman no nni mmara kwan so sɛ wobedi WGEPAD's afotu akyi.

Sika ne ahoɔden a wonnya nni dwuma: Nneɛma a ɛwɔ hɔ no mma ɛnyɛ mmerɛw sɛ wɔbɛyɛ akwantu ahorow no ne adwuma a wɔde di akyi no.

Amanyɔsɛm mu ɔsɔretia: Aman bi kasa tia nhwehwɛmu no, titiriw nea ɛfa reparations anaa nnipa mu nyiyim ho.

Nanso, WGEPAD da so ara yɛ abrabɔ ne amammuisɛm ho asɛm a ɛho hia wɔ Amanaman Nkabom nhyehyɛe mu a ɛhwehwɛ sɛ wobedi nnipa mu nyiyim ho dwuma.

== Mmeaeɛ a menyaa mmoa firiiɛ ==
[[Nkyekyεmu:Africa Wiki Challenge]]
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      <text bytes="5622" sha1="okbz4n0896psxssilqocu5qhq0y0m75" xml:space="preserve">''Wɔatwerɛ nsɛm wei wɔ '''Asante Twi''' mu''

'''Amanaman Nkabom Adwumayɛfo Adwuma Kuo a Ɛhwɛ Nnipa a Wɔfiri Afrika (WGEPAD) so.''' Amanaman Nkabom Adwumayɛfoɔ Kuo a Ɛhwɛ Nnipa a Wɔfi Afrika so (WGEPAD) yɛ nipa kyɛfa ho nhyehyɛeɛ a ɛho hia a Amanaman Nkabom Agyinafoɔ Badwa a Ɛhwɛ Nnipa kyɛfa so de sii hɔ wɔ afe 2002 mu. Ɛyɛ nhyehyɛeɛ a wɔde di nsɛm a ɛfa nnipa mu nyiyim, nnipa a wɔmpɛ wɔn ho asɛm, ne nnideɛ abɔ nnipa bi nom. Adwuma kuo no di dwuma sono wɔ nnipa a wɔfiri Afrika mu nya nnipa kyɛfa a edi mu, a ɛne nnipa kyɛfa ho mmara hyia.

== Ne sie ne asɛyɛeɛ ==
'''Wɔhyehyɛɛ WGEPAD wɔ Human Rights Commission Resolution 2002/68''', na akyiri yi '''Human Rights Council Resolution 9/14''' gyee toom. '''Wɔhyehyɛɛ no sɛ mmuaeɛ ma Durban Declaration and Programme of Action''' (DDPA, 2001)&quot; ɛyɛ amanaman ntam apam a ɛgye tom sɛ nkoasom, nkoatɔ a ɛsen Atlantic, nnɔbae mu, ne apartheid yɛ biribi a ɛde nnipa a wofi Afrika mu ho atirimɔdensɛm ba&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |title=OHCHR and human rights mechanisms |date=2018-07-25 |url=https://doi.org/10.18356/f7a66638-en |access-date=2025-06-19}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |title=Working Group of Experts on People of African Descent |url=https://www.ohchr.org/en/special-procedures/wg-african-descent |language=en |access-date=2025-06-19}}&lt;/ref&gt;.

WGEPAD adwuma titire no bi ne:

* Adesua a ɛfa nnipa a wofi Afrika a wɔwɔ aman foforo so no tebea ho.
* Wɔrebɔ akwan a wɔbɛfa so ayi nnipa mu nyiyim afi hɔ ho dawuru.
* Wɔne nniso ahorow ne Amanaman Nkabom ahyehyɛde ahorow redi nkitaho.
* Wɔyɛ nsrahwɛ wɔ aman ahorow so na wɔde nea wɔahu no ho amanneɛbɔ ma.
* Ɛho hia sɛ wɔhyɛ nnipa a wofi Afrika mu no nkuran ma wɔhu sɛ ɛsɛ sɛ wɔhyɛ nnipa a wofi Afrika mu ho nkuran wɔ mfe du no mu (2015-2024).

== Ne nnwuma ahodoɔ ==
Adwumayɛfoɔ Kuo no yɛ adwuma sɛ ahwɛfoɔ ne afotufoɔ. N'adwuma gyina nnyinasosɛm ahodoɔ a ɛne sɛ obiara yɛ pɛ, wɔdi asɛntenee, na wɔhyɛ afoforɔ nkuran no so. Nnoɔma atitire a ɛwɔ n'adwuma mu no bi ne:

=== Nsrahwɛ a wɔyɛ wɔ aman biara so ===
WGEPAD yɛ nsrahwɛ ahodoɔ de susuw nnipa a wɔyɛ Afrikafo a wɔwɔ aman ahorow so no nipa kyɛfa ho. Ɛno akyi no, wɔde amanneɛbɔ ne nyansahyɛ ahorow kɔma Amanaman Nkabom Asɛnnibea a Ɛhwɛ Nnipa Ahofadi Ho Nsɛm So no. Nsase a wɔkɔɔ so no bi ne:

* United States (2016 ne 2023)
* Brazil (wɔ afe 2014)
* Sweden (2014)
* Netherlands (2014)
* Canada (wɔ afe 2016)

Amanneɛbɔ yi ada ɔmansin mu nyiyim adi, polisifoɔ atirimɔdensɛm, sikasɛm mu nkogudie, ne nnipa a wɔfiri Afrika ase a wɔhyɛ wɔn so no adi&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Citation |title=The UN Working Group of Experts on People of African Descent’s Report on the United States – An International Perspective on Race in America |url=https://doi.org/10.1163/2210-7975_hrd-9969-2016033 |access-date=2025-06-19}}&lt;/ref&gt;.

=== Afe Afe nhyiam ne nsɛm a wɔbesusu ho ===
Kuo no yɛ badwam nhyiamu ahodoɔ afe biara, na ɛma ɔmanfoɔ, nwomanimfoɔ, ne aban ahodoɔ hyia susu nsɛm te sɛ reparations, structural racism, access to justice, ne cultural rights ho.

=== Amansan Nkabom Mfirihyia Du a wɔde ma nnipa a wɔfiri Afrika (2015 - 2024) ===
WGEPAD hyɛ nsɛm a ɛfa Amanaman Nkabom Mfirihyia Du no ho nkuran. Ɛhyɛ aman no nkuran sɛ wɔmfa ɔman no nhyehyɛe a wɔde bɛyɛ adwuma, wɔboaboa nsɛm ano, na wɔmfa Afrikafo asefo abakɔsɛm nhyɛ nwomasua nhyehyɛe mu&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |last=Juneau Gary, Neal S. Rubin |title=The United Nations' International Decade for People of African Descent (IDPAD) |date=2015 |url=https://doi.org/10.1037/e509312016-001 |access-date=2025-06-19}}&lt;/ref&gt;.

== Amanneɛbɔ titire ne nea ɛkɔ so ==
'''WGEPAD's 2016 report on the United States''' baa wiase nyinaa atesɛm krataa mu bere a wɔfrɛɛ sɛ wɔntua nkoa ho ka no na wɔkae sɛ Atlantic nkoatɔ no yɛ  &quot;bɔne a ɛtia adesamma&quot;. Ɛkasa tiaa polisifo basabasayɛ a ɛrekɔ so wɔ wiase nyinaa no, na ɛkae sɛ, &quot;Afei a polisifo kunkum nkurɔfo no, ɛma nkurɔfoɔ di yaw, na ɛma nkurɔfoɔ di yaw no, ɛma wɔkaakaeɛ nnipa mu nyiyim a na nkurɔfoɔ de di awu wɔ tete no&quot;&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |title=The UN Working Group of Experts on People of African Descent’s Report on the United States – An International Perspective on Race in America |url=https://doi.org/10.1163/2210-7975_hrd-9969-2016033 |access-date=2025-06-19}}&lt;/ref&gt;.

Wɔ Brazil no, Adwuma Kuw no sii ntini a abusua ne ɔbarima ne ɔbea ntam gyinabea ka ho so dua, na wɔdaa basabasayɛ a ɛrekɔ so wɔ mmea a wɔfiri Afrika-Brazil no so ne ɔhaw a wɔhyia wɔ adwuma ne nwomasua mu no adi.

WGEPAD adwuma no ama nnipa a wɔkasa tia Abibifo mmusua mu nyiyim ada adi wɔ wiase nyinaa, na ama nnipa a wɔhwɛ nnipa fahodie ho ahyehyɛdeɛ ahodoɔ, aban ahodoɔ, ne ɔmanfoɔ a wɔwɔ ɔman no mu no anya wɔn botaeɛ.

== Ɔhaw ne nnoɔma a wɔhyiaeɛ ==
Ɛmfa ho mmɔden a Adwumakuw no bɔe no, ɔhaw ahorow bi wɔ hɔ a ɛsɛ sɛ wodi ho dwuma:

* '''Nkuranhyɛ a ɛnhyɛ da''': Aman no nni mmara kwan so sɛ wobedi WGEPAD's afotu akyi.
* '''Sika ne ahoɔden a wonnya nni dwuma''': Nneɛma a ɛwɔ hɔ no mma ɛnyɛ mmerɛw sɛ wɔbɛyɛ akwantu ahorow no ne adwuma a wɔde di akyi no.
* '''Amanyɔsɛm mu ɔsɔretia''': Aman bi kasa tia nhwehwɛmu no, titiriw nea ɛfa reparations anaa nnipa mu nyiyim ho.

Nanso, WGEPAD da so ara yɛ abrabɔ ne amammuisɛm ho asɛm a ɛho hia wɔ Amanaman Nkabom nhyehyɛe mu a ɛhwehwɛ sɛ wobedi nnipa mu nyiyim ho dwuma.

== Mmeaeɛ a menyaa mmoa firiiɛ ==
[[Nkyekyεmu:Africa Wiki Challenge]]
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    <title>Civil Rights Act of 1964</title>
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      <comment>Created page with &quot;''Wɔatwerɛ nsɛm wei wɔ '''Asante Twi''' mu'' [[File:Great_Seal_of_the_United_States_(obverse).svg|alt=Great Seal of the United States|thumb|Great Seal of the United States (obverse)]] The Civil Rights Act of 1964 ([[:en:Act_of_Congress#Public_law,_private_law,_designation|Pub. L. 88]] [[:en:Act_of_Congress#Public_law,_private_law,_designation|- 352]], [https://uslaw.link/citation/stat/78/241\ 78 Stat. 241,] a wɔhyɛɛ no Kitawonsa bosome da ɛtɔ so 2 wɔ afe 1964)...&quot;</comment>
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      <text bytes="7435" sha1="5t8r9a59b02wjy9m6ohzrll7stpm510" xml:space="preserve">''Wɔatwerɛ nsɛm wei wɔ '''Asante Twi''' mu''
[[File:Great_Seal_of_the_United_States_(obverse).svg|alt=Great Seal of the United States|thumb|Great Seal of the United States (obverse)]]
The Civil Rights Act of 1964 ([[:en:Act_of_Congress#Public_law,_private_law,_designation|Pub. L. 88]] [[:en:Act_of_Congress#Public_law,_private_law,_designation|- 352]], [https://uslaw.link/citation/stat/78/241\ 78 Stat. 241,] a wɔhyɛɛ no Kitawonsa bosome da ɛtɔ so 2 wɔ afe 1964) yɛ ɔmanfoɔ kyɛfa ne adwuma mmara a ɛwɔ [[United States]] a ɛbu 

nnipa mu nyiyim a ɛgyina mmusuo, kɔla, nyamesom, nna&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |title=,,,Sexual Orientation and Gender Identity Discrimination Claims Under the Fair Housing Act After Bostock v. Clayton County |date=2021 |url=https://doi.org/10.17161/1808.31570 |work=Kansas Law Review |doi=10.17161/1808.31570 |issn=0083-4025 |access-date=2025-06-19}}&lt;/ref&gt;, ne ɔman a obi fi mu so. 4] Ɛbara wɔn a wɔmpɛ sɛ wɔde wɔn ho hyɛ abatow mu, wɔn a wɔtew wɔn ho fi mmusua afoforo ho wɔ sukuu ahorow mu, ne wɔn a wɔyɛ basabasa wɔ adwuma mu no. Mmara no &quot;da so ara yɛ mmara mu nkonimdi a ɛsen biara wɔ Amerika abakɔsɛm mu&quot;&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Citation |last=Francis R. Valeo |title=A New Senate Approach to Civil Rights Legislation |date=2020-01-29 |url=https://doi.org/10.4324/9781315702407-5 |work=Mike Mansfield, Majority Leader |pages=92–136 |publisher=Routledge |isbn=978-1-315-70240-7 |access-date=2025-06-19}}&lt;/ref&gt;.

Mfitiaseɛ no, na tumi a wɔde ma sɛ wɔmfa mmara no nni dwuma no yɛ mmerɛ, nanso mfeɛ bi akyi no, wɔde bi kaa ho. Congress kyerɛeɛ sɛ ɔwɔ tumi sɛ ɔhyehyɛ mmara wɔ United States Amanyɔ Mmara no afã horow pii ase, titiriw tumi a ɔwɔ sɛ ɔhyehyɛ mmara wɔ aman ntam adwadi eho wɔ Adesua I, Ɔfã 8 no mu, ne asɛde sɛ ɔhyɛ ɔmanfo nyinaa bɔ a mmara no bɔ wɔn ho ban pɛpɛɛpɛ wɔ Nsakrae a Ɛto so 14 no mu, ne asɛde a ɔwɔ sɛ ɔbɔ abatoɔ ho ban wɔ Nsakrae a Ɛto so 15 no mu.

Ɔmampanyin John F. Kennedy wɔ June 1963 mu, nanso Senate no kasa tiaa no. Bere a wokum Kennedy wɔ November 22, 1963 no, Ɔmampanyin Lyndon B. Johnson hyɛɛ mmara no ho nkuran. United States House of Representatives gyee mmara no toom wɔ February 10, 1964, na bere a wɔde nnafua 72 twaa kwan no, United States Senate gyee toom wɔ June 19, 1964. Ntɔso a etwa to no yɛ 290 ⁇ 130 wɔ Agyinatufo Asɔre no mu ne 73 ⁇ 27 wɔ Agyinatufo Asɔre no mu. 6] Bere a Ɔman Bagua no penee Senate mmaransɛm no so wiei no, Ɔman Baabi a Ɛwɔ Ho Mmara a wɔhyɛɛ ase 1964 no, Ɔmampanyin Johnson de ne nsa hyɛɛ ase sɛ mmara wɔ Ɔman Bagua no mu wɔ July 2, 1964.

Atirimpɔw

=== Ɔsesɛw ne New Deal bere ===
Wɔ afe 1883 mu no, United States Asɛnnibea Kunini no buu atɛn sɛ Congress nni tumi sɛ ɔbara nyiyim wɔ ankorankoro mu, na ɛno maa Civil Rights Act a wɔyɛɛ no afe 1875 no sɛee hokwan a na ɔwɔ sɛ ɔbɔ ɔmanfo ho ban no. 7]

Wɔ afeha a ɛto so 19 awiei ne afeha a ɛto so 20 mfiase mu no, mmara kwan so nnyinaso a wɔde gyee Civil Rights Act a wofii ase wɔ 1875 mu no yɛ su kɛse bi a United States Asɛnnibea Kunini no dodow no ara de yɛɛ adwuma de sɛee aban nhyehyɛe a ɛfa ankorankoro ho no fã, gye sɛ wɔde mmara a wɔde bɔɔ ɔmanfo abrabɔ ho ban.

Wɔ 1930 mfe no mu no, wɔ New Deal no mu no, Asɛnnibea Kunini no mu atemmufo dodow no ara de nkakrankakra sesaa wɔn mmara mu nkyerɛkyerɛ de maa aban no kwan ma wɔyɛɛ nnwuma a ɛfa ankorankoro ho no kɛse wɔ Adwumayɛ Mmara no ase, na saa kwan no maa aban no yɛɛ ɔmanfo hokwan ho mmara a ɛbaraa ɔmanfo ne ankorankoro mu nyiyim wɔ Adwumayɛ Mmara no mu.

Bere a &quot;Black Cabinet&quot; mpanimfoɔ ne March on Washington Movement no nyaa ne so nkɛntɛnso no, ansa na U.S. rebɛkɔ Wiase Ko II no, Ɔmampanyin Franklin Roosevelt de Executive Order 8802 mae, na ɛno ne mmara a edi kan a ɛko tia nyiyim, na ɔhyehyɛɛ Fair Employment Practices Committee. 8] Ɔmanpanyin Harry Truman, a na odi Roosevelt ade no, paw Ɔmanpanyin no Boayikuw a Ɛhwɛ Ɔmanfo Ahofadi Ho Nsɛm So, na ɔhyɛɛ afeha a ɛto so 20 no mu Mmara a edi kan a ɛfa Ɔmanfo Ahofadi ho, na ɔhyɛɛ mmara 9980 ne 9981 a ɛhwɛ ma adwuma a ɛteɛ ne nnipa mu nyiyim ba wɔ aban no ne asraafo no mu&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |title=Executive Order 9981: Desegregation of the Armed Forces |date=2020-10-01 |url=https://doi.org/10.3735/9781935306528.book-part-128 |work=Milestone Documents in American History |publisher=Schlager Group Inc. |isbn=978-1-935306-52-8 |access-date=2025-06-19}}&lt;/ref&gt;.

=== Civil Rights Act of 1957 (Nnipa Ahofadi Mmara) ===
Ɔmanfo Ahofadi Mmara a wɔhyɛɛ ase wɔ 1957 mu, a Ɔmampanin Dwight D. Eisenhower wɔ September 9, 1957 mu no, na ɛyɛ aban aban mmara a edi kan a ɛfa ɔmanfo ahofadi ho fi bere a wɔpenee ɔmanfo ahofadi ho mmara wɔ 1875 mu no. Bere a Asɛnnibea Kunini no kae sɛ sukuu mu nyiyim tia mmara wɔ 1954 mu wɔ asɛm a ɛne Brown v. Board of Education, Southern Democrats fii ase yɛɛ ɔsatu de &quot;sɔre tiae kɛse&quot; tiaa nyiyim, na mpo aborɔfo akannifo kakraa bi a wɔdwene sɛ wɔyɛ pɛsɛmenkominya no sesae kɔɔ nnipa mu nyiyim so pefee. 10][11] Akwan bi so a na Eisenhower rebɔ mmɔden sɛ ɔbɛma nnipa a wɔhwehwɛ sɛ wɔyɛ nsakrae a ɛkɔ akyiri aka wɔn adwene no, ɔhyɛɛ mmara bi a ɛbɔ ɔmanfo ahofadi ho ban a ɛbɛma wɔanya hokwan akɔ abatoɔ mu ama Afrikafo Amerikafoɔ&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |last=Chester J. Pach, Elmo Richardson |title=The presidency of Dwight D. Eisenhower |date=1991 |series=American presidency series |edition=Rev. ed |place=Lawrence, Kan |publisher=Univ. Press of Kansas |isbn=978-0-7006-0437-1 |access-date=2025-06-19}}&lt;/ref&gt;.

Ɛmfa ho sɛ na wɔn nkɛntɛnso wɔ African-American voter participation so yɛ kakraa bi, bere a black voter registration fi 0% (wɔ amantam 11 mu) kosii 5% (wɔ amantam 97) ɛmfa ho sɛ na wɔn mu dodow no ara yɛ abibifo&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;, Civil Rights Act of 1957 no de United States Commission on Civil Rights ne United States Department of Justice Civil Rights Division sii hɔ. Ɛduruu afe 1960 no, na wɔn a wɔyɛ abibifo a wɔtow aba no ayɛ 3%&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |title=Boston of Faversham, Baron, (Terence George Boston) (21 March 1930–23 July 2011) |date=2007-12-01 |url=https://doi.org/10.1093/ww/9780199540884.013.u8166 |work=Who Was Who |publisher=Oxford University Press |access-date=2025-06-19}}&lt;/ref&gt;, na Congress gyee Civil Rights Act of 1960 no, na eyi maa 1957 Act no mu nsɛm bi a na enni mu no baa mu.

=== Akwankyerɛ ===
Wiase mu nsɛm ho amanneɛbɔfoɔ nso dii dwuma kɛseɛ wɔ Kennedy ne Johnson nniso no nyinaa mu, na ɛmaa 1964 Civil Rights Act no baa mu. Esiane sɛ wiase nyinaa ani gyee nsɛm a wɔkaa wɔ TV so a ɛfa nnipa ahofadi ho a wɔkaa ho asɛm wɔ TV so te sɛ 1957 Little Rock Ɔhaw no, na wɔkasa tiaa 1954 Brown vs Board of Education gyinabea a United States Asɛnnibea Kunini no gyinabea a ɛbaraa ɔmanfo sukuu mu nyiyim, ne 1963 Birmingham ɔsatu no ho a wɔto hyɛɛ wɔn so no nti, aban no de nhyɛso kɛse too aban no so sɛ wɔmfa mmara mu nsakrae a emu yɛ den mmra&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |last=Mary L. Dudziak |title=Brown as a Cold War Case |date=2004-06-01 |url=https://academic.oup.com/jah/article-lookup/doi/10.2307/3659611 |work=Journal of American History |volume=91 |issue=1 |pages=32 |language=en |doi=10.2307/3659611 |access-date=2025-06-19}}&lt;/ref&gt;.

== Mmeaeɛ a menyaa mmoa firiiɛ ==
[[Nkyekyεmu:Africa Wiki Challenge]]</text>
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      <text bytes="8615" sha1="h92xbuyyf0tek3u0pxu6m1f4afnpxo1" xml:space="preserve">''Wɔatwerɛ nsɛm wei wɔ '''Asante Twi''' mu''
[[File:Great_Seal_of_the_United_States_(obverse).svg|alt=Great Seal of the United States|thumb|Great Seal of the United States (obverse)]]
The Civil Rights Act of 1964 ([[:en:Act_of_Congress#Public_law,_private_law,_designation|Pub. L. 88]] [[:en:Act_of_Congress#Public_law,_private_law,_designation|- 352]], [https://uslaw.link/citation/stat/78/241\ 78 Stat. 241,] a wɔhyɛɛ no Kitawonsa bosome da ɛtɔ so 2 wɔ afe 1964) yɛ ɔmanfoɔ kyɛfa ne adwuma mmara a ɛwɔ [[United States]] a ɛbu 

nnipa mu nyiyim a ɛgyina mmusuo, kɔla, nyamesom, nna&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |title=,,,Sexual Orientation and Gender Identity Discrimination Claims Under the Fair Housing Act After Bostock v. Clayton County |date=2021 |url=https://doi.org/10.17161/1808.31570 |work=Kansas Law Review |doi=10.17161/1808.31570 |issn=0083-4025 |access-date=2025-06-19}}&lt;/ref&gt;, ne ɔman a obi fi mu so. 4] Ɛbara wɔn a wɔmpɛ sɛ wɔde wɔn ho hyɛ abatow mu, wɔn a wɔtew wɔn ho fi mmusua afoforo ho wɔ sukuu ahorow mu, ne wɔn a wɔyɛ basabasa wɔ adwuma mu no. Mmara no &quot;da so ara yɛ mmara mu nkonimdi a ɛsen biara wɔ Amerika abakɔsɛm mu&quot;&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Citation |last=Francis R. Valeo |title=A New Senate Approach to Civil Rights Legislation |date=2020-01-29 |url=https://doi.org/10.4324/9781315702407-5 |work=Mike Mansfield, Majority Leader |pages=92–136 |publisher=Routledge |isbn=978-1-315-70240-7 |access-date=2025-06-19}}&lt;/ref&gt;.

Mfitiaseɛ no, na tumi a wɔde ma sɛ wɔmfa mmara no nni dwuma no yɛ mmerɛ, nanso mfeɛ bi akyi no, wɔde bi kaa ho. Congress kyerɛeɛ sɛ ɔwɔ tumi sɛ ɔhyehyɛ mmara wɔ United States Amanyɔ Mmara no afã horow pii ase, titiriw tumi a ɔwɔ sɛ ɔhyehyɛ mmara wɔ aman ntam adwadi eho wɔ Adesua I, Ɔfã 8 no mu, ne asɛde sɛ ɔhyɛ ɔmanfo nyinaa bɔ a mmara no bɔ wɔn ho ban pɛpɛɛpɛ wɔ Nsakrae a Ɛto so 14 no mu, ne asɛde a ɔwɔ sɛ ɔbɔ abatoɔ ho ban wɔ Nsakrae a Ɛto so 15 no mu.

Ɔmampanyin John F. Kennedy wɔ June 1963 mu, nanso Senate no kasa tiaa no. Bere a wokum Kennedy wɔ November 22, 1963 no, Ɔmampanyin Lyndon B. Johnson hyɛɛ mmara no ho nkuran. United States House of Representatives gyee mmara no toom wɔ February 10, 1964, na bere a wɔde nnafua 72 twaa kwan no, United States Senate gyee toom wɔ Ayɛwohomumu da ɛtɔ so 19 wɔ afe 1964. Ntɔsoɔ a etwa to no yɛ 290 -130 wɔ Agyinatufo Asɔre no mu ne 73 -27 wɔ Agyinatufo Asɔre no mu&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |title=HR. 7152. PASSAGE. -- Senate Vote #409 -- June 19, 1964 |url=https://www.govtrack.us/congress/votes/88-1964/s409 |language=en |access-date=2025-06-19}}&lt;/ref&gt;. Berɛ a Ɔman Badwa no penee Senate mmaransɛm no so wiei no, Ɔman Baabi a Ɛwɔ Ho Mmara a wɔhyɛɛ ase wɔ afe1964 no, Ɔmampanyin Johnson de ne nsa hyɛɛ ase sɛ mmara wɔ Ɔman Badwa no mu wɔ Kitawonsa da ɛtɔ so 2 wɔ afe 1964.

== Ɛho asɛm ==

=== Nhyehyɛeɛ foforɛ berɛ ===
Wɔ afe 1883 mu no, United States Asɛnnibea Kunini no buu atɛn sɛ Congress nni tumi sɛ ɔbara nyiyim wɔ ankorɛankorɛ mu, na ɛno maa [[:en:Civil_Rights_Act_of_1875|Civil Rights Act a wɔyɛɛ no afe 1875]] no sɛee hokwan a na ɔwɔ sɛ ɔbɔ ɔmanfoɔ ho ban no&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |title=U.S. Reports: Civil Rights Cases, 109 U.S. 3 (1883). |url=https://www.loc.gov/item/usrep109003/ |access-date=2025-06-19}}&lt;/ref&gt;.

Wɔ afeha a ɛto so 19 awiei ne afeha a ɛto so 20 mfiase mu no, mmara kwan so nnyinaso a wɔde gyee Civil Rights Act a wofii ase wɔ 1875 mu no yɛ su kɛse bi a United States Asɛnnibea Kunini no dodow no ara de yɛɛ adwuma de sɛee aban nhyehyɛe a ɛfa ankorankoro ho no fã, gye sɛ wɔde mmara a wɔde bɔɔ ɔmanfo abrabɔ ho ban.

Wɔ 1930 mfe no mu no, wɔ New Deal no mu no, Asɛnnibea Kunini no mu atemmufo dodow no ara de nkakrankakra sesaa wɔn mmara mu nkyerɛkyerɛ de maa aban no kwan ma wɔyɛɛ nnwuma a ɛfa ankorankoro ho no kɛse wɔ Adwumayɛ Mmara no ase, na saa kwan no maa aban no yɛɛ ɔmanfo hokwan ho mmara a ɛbaraa ɔmanfo ne ankorankoro mu nyiyim wɔ Adwumayɛ Mmara no mu.

Bere a &quot;Black Cabinet&quot; mpanimfoɔ ne March on Washington Movement no nyaa ne so nkɛntɛnso no, ansa na U.S. rebɛkɔ Wiase Ko II no, Ɔmampanyin Franklin Roosevelt de Executive Order 8802 mae, na ɛno ne mmara a edi kan a ɛko tia nyiyim, na ɔhyehyɛɛ Fair Employment Practices Committee&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |title=FDR on racial discrimination, 1942 {{!}} Gilder Lehrman Institute of American History |url=https://www.gilderlehrman.org/history-resources/spotlight-primary-source/fdr-racial-discrimination-1942 |access-date=2025-06-19}}&lt;/ref&gt;. Ɔmanpanin Harry Truman, a na odi Roosevelt ade no, paw Ɔmanpanin no Boayikuw a Ɛhwɛ Ɔmanfo Ahofadi Ho Nsɛm So, na ɔhyɛɛ afeha a ɛto so 20 no mu Mmara a edi kan a ɛfa Ɔmanfoɔ fahodie ho, na ɔhyɛɛ mmara 9980 ne 9981 a ɛhwɛ ma adwuma a ɛteɛ ne nnipa mu nyiyim ba wɔ aban no ne asraafo no mu&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |title=Executive Order 9981: Desegregation of the Armed Forces |date=2020-10-01 |url=https://doi.org/10.3735/9781935306528.book-part-128 |work=Milestone Documents in American History |publisher=Schlager Group Inc. |isbn=978-1-935306-52-8 |access-date=2025-06-19}}&lt;/ref&gt;.

=== Civil Rights Act of 1957 (Nnipa Ahofadi Mmara) ===
Ɔmanfo Ahofadi Mmara a wɔhyɛɛ ase wɔ 1957 mu, a Ɔmampanin Dwight D. Eisenhower wɔ September 9, 1957 mu no, na ɛyɛ aban aban mmara a edi kan a ɛfa ɔmanfo fahodie ho fi berɛ a wɔpenee ɔmanfo ahofadi ho mmara wɔ 1875 mu no. Bere a Asɛnnibea Kunini no kae sɛ sukuu mu nyiyim tia mmara wɔ 1954 mu wɔ asɛm a ɛne Brown v. Board of Education, Southern Democrats fii ase yɛɛ ɔsatu de &quot;sɔre tiae kɛse&quot; tiaa nyiyim, na mpo aborɔfo akannifo kakraa bi a wɔdwene sɛ wɔyɛ pɛsɛmenkominya no sesae kɔɔ nnipa mu nyiyim so pefee&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |last=Michael J . Klarman |title=From Jim Crow To Civil Rights |date=2004-02-05 |url=https://doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780195129038.001.0001 |publisher=Oxford University PressNew York, NY |isbn=978-0-19-512903-8 |access-date=2025-06-19}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |last=Waldo L. Schmitt |title=Hancock Pacific-Galapagos Expedition, 1934 : diary, December 24, 1933 - March 10, 1934, original, volume 1 |date=1933 |url=https://doi.org/10.5962/bhl.title.128344 |publisher=[s.n.] |access-date=2025-06-19}}&lt;/ref&gt;. Akwan bi so a na Eisenhower rebɔ mmɔden sɛ ɔbɛma nnipa a wɔhwehwɛ sɛ wɔyɛ nsakrae a ɛkɔ akyiri aka wɔn adwene no, ɔhyɛɛ mmara bi a ɛbɔ ɔmanfoɔ fahodie ho ban a ɛbɛma wɔanya fahodie akɔ abatoɔ mu ama Afrikafo Amerikafoɔ&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |last=Chester J. Pach, Elmo Richardson |title=The presidency of Dwight D. Eisenhower |date=1991 |series=American presidency series |edition=Rev. ed |place=Lawrence, Kan |publisher=Univ. Press of Kansas |isbn=978-0-7006-0437-1 |access-date=2025-06-19}}&lt;/ref&gt;.

Ɛmfa ho sɛ na wɔn nkɛntɛnsoɔ wɔ African-American voter participation so yɛ kakraa bi, bere a black voter registration fi 0% (wɔ amantam 11 mu) kosii 5% (wɔ amantam 97) ɛmfa ho sɛ na wɔn mu dodow no ara yɛ abibifo&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;, Civil Rights Act of 1957 no de United States Commission on Civil Rights ne United States Department of Justice Civil Rights Division sii hɔ. Ɛduruu afe 1960 no, na wɔn a wɔyɛ abibifo a wɔtow aba no ayɛ 3%&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |title=Boston of Faversham, Baron, (Terence George Boston) (21 March 1930–23 July 2011) |date=2007-12-01 |url=https://doi.org/10.1093/ww/9780199540884.013.u8166 |work=Who Was Who |publisher=Oxford University Press |access-date=2025-06-19}}&lt;/ref&gt;, na Congress gyee Civil Rights Act of 1960 no, na eyi maa 1957 Act no mu nsɛm bi a na enni mu no baa mu.

=== Akwankyerɛ ===
Wiase mu nsɛm ho amanneɛbɔfoɔ nso dii dwuma kɛseɛ wɔ Kennedy ne Johnson nniso no nyinaa mu, na ɛmaa 1964 Civil Rights Act no baa mu. Esiane sɛ wiase nyinaa ani gyee nsɛm a wɔkaa wɔ TV so a ɛfa nnipa ahofadi ho a wɔkaa ho asɛm wɔ TV so te sɛ 1957 Little Rock Ɔhaw no, na wɔkasa tiaa 1954 Brown vs Board of Education gyinabea a United States Asɛnnibea Kunini no gyinabea a ɛbaraa ɔmanfo sukuu mu nyiyim, ne 1963 Birmingham ɔsatu no ho a wɔto hyɛɛ wɔn so no nti, aban no de nhyɛso kɛse too aban no so sɛ wɔmfa mmara mu nsakrae a emu yɛ den mmra&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |last=Mary L. Dudziak |title=Brown as a Cold War Case |date=2004-06-01 |url=https://academic.oup.com/jah/article-lookup/doi/10.2307/3659611 |work=Journal of American History |volume=91 |issue=1 |pages=32 |language=en |doi=10.2307/3659611 |access-date=2025-06-19}}&lt;/ref&gt;.

== Mmeaeɛ a menyaa mmoa firiiɛ ==
[[Nkyekyεmu:Africa Wiki Challenge]]</text>
      <sha1>h92xbuyyf0tek3u0pxu6m1f4afnpxo1</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>190719</id>
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      <text bytes="8899" sha1="perqddm9r40x8ykhf4sed0yonxzfjls" xml:space="preserve">''Wɔatwerɛ nsɛm wei wɔ '''Asante Twi''' mu''
[[File:Great_Seal_of_the_United_States_(obverse).svg|alt=Great Seal of the United States|thumb|Great Seal of the United States (obverse)]]
The Civil Rights Act of 1964 ([[:en:Act_of_Congress#Public_law,_private_law,_designation|Pub. L. 88]] [[:en:Act_of_Congress#Public_law,_private_law,_designation|- 352]], [https://uslaw.link/citation/stat/78/241\ 78 Stat. 241,] a wɔhyɛɛ no Kitawonsa bosome da ɛtɔ so 2 wɔ afe 1964) yɛ ɔmanfoɔ kyɛfa ne adwuma mmara a ɛwɔ [[United States]] a ɛbu nnipa mu nyiyim a ɛgyina mmusuo, kɔla, nyamesom, nna&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |title=,,,Sexual Orientation and Gender Identity Discrimination Claims Under the Fair Housing Act After Bostock v. Clayton County |date=2021 |url=https://doi.org/10.17161/1808.31570 |work=Kansas Law Review |doi=10.17161/1808.31570 |issn=0083-4025 |access-date=2025-06-19}}&lt;/ref&gt;, ne ɔman a obi firi mu so&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |title=Civil Rights Act (1964) |date=2009-09-30 |url=https://doi.org/10.1093/acref/9780195301731.013.33785 |work=African American Studies Center |publisher=Oxford University Press |isbn=978-0-19-530173-1 |access-date=2025-06-19}}&lt;/ref&gt;. Ɛbara wɔn a wɔmpɛ sɛ wɔde wɔn ho hyɛ abatow mu, wɔn a wɔtew wɔn ho fi mmusua afoforo ho wɔ sukuu ahorow mu, ne wɔn a wɔyɛ basabasa wɔ adwuma mu no. Mmara no &quot;da so ara yɛ mmara mu nkonimdi a ɛsen biara wɔ Amerika abakɔsɛm mu&quot;&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Citation |last=Francis R. Valeo |title=A New Senate Approach to Civil Rights Legislation |date=2020-01-29 |url=https://doi.org/10.4324/9781315702407-5 |work=Mike Mansfield, Majority Leader |pages=92–136 |publisher=Routledge |isbn=978-1-315-70240-7 |access-date=2025-06-19}}&lt;/ref&gt;. 

Mfitiaseɛ no, na tumi a wɔde ma sɛ wɔmfa mmara no nni dwuma no yɛ mmerɛ, nanso mfeɛ bi akyi no, wɔde bi kaa ho. Congress kyerɛeɛ sɛ ɔwɔ tumi sɛ ɔhyehyɛ mmara wɔ United States Amanyɔ Mmara no afã horow pii ase, titiriw tumi a ɔwɔ sɛ ɔhyehyɛ mmara wɔ aman ntam adwadi eho wɔ Adesua I, Ɔfã 8 no mu, ne asɛde sɛ ɔhyɛ ɔmanfo nyinaa bɔ a mmara no bɔ wɔn ho ban pɛpɛɛpɛ wɔ Nsakrae a Ɛto so 14 no mu, ne asɛde a ɔwɔ sɛ ɔbɔ abatoɔ ho ban wɔ Nsakrae a Ɛto so 15 no mu.

Ɔmampanyin John F. Kennedy wɔ June 1963 mu, nanso Senate no kasa tiaa no. Bere a wokum Kennedy wɔ November 22, 1963 no, Ɔmampanyin Lyndon B. Johnson hyɛɛ mmara no ho nkuran. United States House of Representatives gyee mmara no toom wɔ February 10, 1964, na bere a wɔde nnafua 72 twaa kwan no, United States Senate gyee toom wɔ Ayɛwohomumu da ɛtɔ so 19 wɔ afe 1964. Ntɔsoɔ a etwa to no yɛ 290 -130 wɔ Agyinatufo Asɔre no mu ne 73 -27 wɔ Agyinatufo Asɔre no mu&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |title=HR. 7152. PASSAGE. -- Senate Vote #409 -- June 19, 1964 |url=https://www.govtrack.us/congress/votes/88-1964/s409 |language=en |access-date=2025-06-19}}&lt;/ref&gt;. Berɛ a Ɔman Badwa no penee Senate mmaransɛm no so wiei no, Ɔman Baabi a Ɛwɔ Ho Mmara a wɔhyɛɛ ase wɔ afe1964 no, Ɔmampanyin Johnson de ne nsa hyɛɛ ase sɛ mmara wɔ Ɔman Badwa no mu wɔ Kitawonsa da ɛtɔ so 2 wɔ afe 1964.

== Ɛho asɛm ==

=== Nhyehyɛeɛ foforɛ berɛ ===
Wɔ afe 1883 mu no, United States Asɛnnibea Kunini no buu atɛn sɛ Congress nni tumi sɛ ɔbara nyiyim wɔ ankorɛankorɛ mu, na ɛno maa [[:en:Civil_Rights_Act_of_1875|Civil Rights Act a wɔyɛɛ no afe 1875]] no sɛee hokwan a na ɔwɔ sɛ ɔbɔ ɔmanfoɔ ho ban no&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |title=U.S. Reports: Civil Rights Cases, 109 U.S. 3 (1883). |url=https://www.loc.gov/item/usrep109003/ |access-date=2025-06-19}}&lt;/ref&gt;.

Wɔ afeha a ɛto so 19 awiei ne afeha a ɛto so 20 mfiase mu no, mmara kwan so nnyinaso a wɔde gyee Civil Rights Act a wofii ase wɔ 1875 mu no yɛ su kɛse bi a United States Asɛnnibea Kunini no dodow no ara de yɛɛ adwuma de sɛee aban nhyehyɛe a ɛfa ankorankoro ho no fã, gye sɛ wɔde mmara a wɔde bɔɔ ɔmanfo abrabɔ ho ban.

Wɔ 1930 mfe no mu no, wɔ New Deal no mu no, Asɛnnibea Kunini no mu atemmufo dodow no ara de nkakrankakra sesaa wɔn mmara mu nkyerɛkyerɛ de maa aban no kwan ma wɔyɛɛ nnwuma a ɛfa ankorankoro ho no kɛse wɔ Adwumayɛ Mmara no ase, na saa kwan no maa aban no yɛɛ ɔmanfo hokwan ho mmara a ɛbaraa ɔmanfo ne ankorankoro mu nyiyim wɔ Adwumayɛ Mmara no mu.

Bere a &quot;Black Cabinet&quot; mpanimfoɔ ne March on Washington Movement no nyaa ne so nkɛntɛnso no, ansa na U.S. rebɛkɔ Wiase Ko II no, Ɔmampanyin Franklin Roosevelt de Executive Order 8802 mae, na ɛno ne mmara a edi kan a ɛko tia nyiyim, na ɔhyehyɛɛ Fair Employment Practices Committee&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |title=FDR on racial discrimination, 1942 {{!}} Gilder Lehrman Institute of American History |url=https://www.gilderlehrman.org/history-resources/spotlight-primary-source/fdr-racial-discrimination-1942 |access-date=2025-06-19}}&lt;/ref&gt;. Ɔmanpanin Harry Truman, a na odi Roosevelt ade no, paw Ɔmanpanin no Boayikuw a Ɛhwɛ Ɔmanfo Ahofadi Ho Nsɛm So, na ɔhyɛɛ afeha a ɛto so 20 no mu Mmara a edi kan a ɛfa Ɔmanfoɔ fahodie ho, na ɔhyɛɛ mmara 9980 ne 9981 a ɛhwɛ ma adwuma a ɛteɛ ne nnipa mu nyiyim ba wɔ aban no ne asraafo no mu&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |title=Executive Order 9981: Desegregation of the Armed Forces |date=2020-10-01 |url=https://doi.org/10.3735/9781935306528.book-part-128 |work=Milestone Documents in American History |publisher=Schlager Group Inc. |isbn=978-1-935306-52-8 |access-date=2025-06-19}}&lt;/ref&gt;.

=== Civil Rights Act of 1957 (Nnipa Ahofadi Mmara) ===
Ɔmanfo Ahofadi Mmara a wɔhyɛɛ ase wɔ 1957 mu, a Ɔmampanin Dwight D. Eisenhower wɔ September 9, 1957 mu no, na ɛyɛ aban aban mmara a edi kan a ɛfa ɔmanfo fahodie ho fi berɛ a wɔpenee ɔmanfo ahofadi ho mmara wɔ 1875 mu no. Bere a Asɛnnibea Kunini no kae sɛ sukuu mu nyiyim tia mmara wɔ 1954 mu wɔ asɛm a ɛne Brown v. Board of Education, Southern Democrats fii ase yɛɛ ɔsatu de &quot;sɔre tiae kɛse&quot; tiaa nyiyim, na mpo aborɔfo akannifo kakraa bi a wɔdwene sɛ wɔyɛ pɛsɛmenkominya no sesae kɔɔ nnipa mu nyiyim so pefee&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |last=Michael J . Klarman |title=From Jim Crow To Civil Rights |date=2004-02-05 |url=https://doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780195129038.001.0001 |publisher=Oxford University PressNew York, NY |isbn=978-0-19-512903-8 |access-date=2025-06-19}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |last=Waldo L. Schmitt |title=Hancock Pacific-Galapagos Expedition, 1934 : diary, December 24, 1933 - March 10, 1934, original, volume 1 |date=1933 |url=https://doi.org/10.5962/bhl.title.128344 |publisher=[s.n.] |access-date=2025-06-19}}&lt;/ref&gt;. Akwan bi so a na Eisenhower rebɔ mmɔden sɛ ɔbɛma nnipa a wɔhwehwɛ sɛ wɔyɛ nsakrae a ɛkɔ akyiri aka wɔn adwene no, ɔhyɛɛ mmara bi a ɛbɔ ɔmanfoɔ fahodie ho ban a ɛbɛma wɔanya fahodie akɔ abatoɔ mu ama Afrikafo Amerikafoɔ&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |last=Chester J. Pach, Elmo Richardson |title=The presidency of Dwight D. Eisenhower |date=1991 |series=American presidency series |edition=Rev. ed |place=Lawrence, Kan |publisher=Univ. Press of Kansas |isbn=978-0-7006-0437-1 |access-date=2025-06-19}}&lt;/ref&gt;.

Ɛmfa ho sɛ na wɔn nkɛntɛnsoɔ wɔ African-American voter participation so yɛ kakraa bi, bere a black voter registration fi 0% (wɔ amantam 11 mu) kosii 5% (wɔ amantam 97) ɛmfa ho sɛ na wɔn mu dodow no ara yɛ abibifo&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;, Civil Rights Act of 1957 no de United States Commission on Civil Rights ne United States Department of Justice Civil Rights Division sii hɔ. Ɛduruu afe 1960 no, na wɔn a wɔyɛ abibifo a wɔtow aba no ayɛ 3%&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |title=Boston of Faversham, Baron, (Terence George Boston) (21 March 1930–23 July 2011) |date=2007-12-01 |url=https://doi.org/10.1093/ww/9780199540884.013.u8166 |work=Who Was Who |publisher=Oxford University Press |access-date=2025-06-19}}&lt;/ref&gt;, na Congress gyee Civil Rights Act of 1960 no, na eyi maa 1957 Act no mu nsɛm bi a na enni mu no baa mu.

=== Akwankyerɛ ===
Wiase mu nsɛm ho amanneɛbɔfoɔ nso dii dwuma kɛseɛ wɔ Kennedy ne Johnson nniso no nyinaa mu, na ɛmaa 1964 Civil Rights Act no baa mu. Esiane sɛ wiase nyinaa ani gyee nsɛm a wɔkaa wɔ TV so a ɛfa nnipa ahofadi ho a wɔkaa ho asɛm wɔ TV so te sɛ 1957 Little Rock Ɔhaw no, na wɔkasa tiaa 1954 Brown vs Board of Education gyinabea a United States Asɛnnibea Kunini no gyinabea a ɛbaraa ɔmanfo sukuu mu nyiyim, ne 1963 Birmingham ɔsatu no ho a wɔto hyɛɛ wɔn so no nti, aban no de nhyɛso kɛse too aban no so sɛ wɔmfa mmara mu nsakrae a emu yɛ den mmra&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |last=Mary L. Dudziak |title=Brown as a Cold War Case |date=2004-06-01 |url=https://academic.oup.com/jah/article-lookup/doi/10.2307/3659611 |work=Journal of American History |volume=91 |issue=1 |pages=32 |language=en |doi=10.2307/3659611 |access-date=2025-06-19}}&lt;/ref&gt;.

== Mmeaeɛ a menyaa mmoa firiiɛ ==
[[Nkyekyεmu:Africa Wiki Challenge]]
&lt;references /&gt;
[[Nkyekyεmu:2025]]</text>
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      <comment>Created page with &quot;''Wɔatwerɛ nsɛm wei wɔ '''Asante Twi''' mu'' [[File:Great_Seal_of_the_United_States_(obverse).svg|alt=Great Seal of the United States|thumb|Great Seal of the United States (obverse)]] Voting Rights Act of 1965 yɛ mmara bi a ɛwɔ United States a ɛbara nnipa mu nyiyim wɔ abatoɔ   mu. 7][8][9] Ɔmanpanyin Lyndon B. Johnson bere a na ɔmanfo kyɛfa ho nnipakan rekɔ so wɔ August 6, 1965 mu no, na akyiri yi Congress sesaa mmara no mpɛn anum de trɛw ne ahobammɔ mu...&quot;</comment>
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[[File:Great_Seal_of_the_United_States_(obverse).svg|alt=Great Seal of the United States|thumb|Great Seal of the United States (obverse)]]
Voting Rights Act of 1965 yɛ mmara bi a ɛwɔ United States a ɛbara nnipa mu nyiyim wɔ abatoɔ 

mu. 7][8][9] Ɔmanpanyin Lyndon B. Johnson bere a na ɔmanfo kyɛfa ho nnipakan rekɔ so wɔ August 6, 1965 mu no, na akyiri yi Congress sesaa mmara no mpɛn anum de trɛw ne ahobammɔ mu. Wɔyɛɛ saa mmara no sɛnea ɛbɛyɛ a ɔman no mu nnipa a ɛsono wɔn amammerɛ benya hokwan akɔ so atena ase, titiriw wɔ Amerika anafo fam. Sɛnea U.S. Wɔ United States Asɛnnibea a Ɛhwɛ Atɛntrenee Ho Nsɛm So no, wobu mmara no sɛ ɛyɛ mmara a edi mũ sen biara wɔ ɔman no mu. 10] The National Archives and Records Administration kaa sɛ: &quot;Voting Rights Act of 1965 no yɛ mmara mu nsakrae a ɛsen biara wɔ abusuabɔ a ɛda aban ne ɔmantam nniso ntam wɔ abatoɔ mu fi bere a wɔsan kyekyee Ɔmanko no akyi no&quot;. 11]

Mmara no wɔ nnyinasosɛm pii a ɛhwɛ ma wɔyɛ abatow. Mmara no mu &quot;nhyehyɛe ahorow&quot; no ma ɔman mũ no nyinaa nya hokwan sɛ wobedi ade. Ɔfã a ɛtɔ so 2 no yɛ mmara bi a ɛbara ɔman no ne aban a ɛwɔ hɔ no sɛ wɔremfa mmara biara a &quot;ɛde ɔman ba biara hokwan a ɔwɔ sɛ ɔtow aba esiane ne honam ani hwɛbea anaa ne kɔla anaa sɛ ɔka kasa bi a nnipa kakraa bi pɛ ka ho no mma no&quot;. 12] Nnyinasosɛm afoforo a wɔhyɛ no nsow no hyɛ akenkan ne akyerɛw ho sɔhwɛ ne nneɛma a ɛtete saa a na wɔadi kan de abɔ mmusuakuw nketewa ahofadi no ho ban. Mmara no san ka &quot;nneɛma pɔtee&quot; bi ho asɛm a wɔde di dwuma wɔ amammui bi mu nkutoo. Nnyinasosɛm titiriw bi ne Ɔfã a ɛto so 5 a ɛhwehwɛ sɛ wodi kan yɛ nhyiamu no ho nhyehyɛe, a ɛbara aman bi sɛ wɔmmfa nsakrae biara a ɛfa abatoɔ ho nni dwuma bere a U.S. Attorney General anaa U.S. Ɔmantam Asɛnnibea a ɛwɔ D.C. no kae sɛ nsakrae no mfa nyiyim mma nnipa kakraa bi a wɔwɔ ahobammɔ no.[ 13] Nnyinasosɛm foforo a ɛho hia hwehwɛ sɛ amansin a kasa kakraa bi na wɔka no ma wɔn a wɔtɔ wɔn bo ase no ma wɔn nsa ka nkrataa a wɔde to aba ma wɔtow aba wɔ kasa abien mu ne nneɛma foforo a wɔde yɛ abatow no.

Ɔfã 5 ne nhyehyɛɛ soronko afofor pii a wɔdze dzi dwuma wɔ amansɛm mu a &quot;ahoban a wɔdze ma&quot; a wɔakyerɛw no wɔ Ɔfã 4 (b) no kã ho. Mfiase no na wɔhyehyɛɛ mmara no sɛ wɔmfa nyɛ adwuma wɔ amammui a na wodi atirimɔdensɛm wɔ abatow mu wɔ 1965 mu no, na Congress no yɛɛ mmara no foforo wɔ 1970 ne 1975 mu. Wɔ Shelby County v. Holder (2013), U.S. Asɛnnibea Kunini no bɔɔ asɛm no gui sɛ mmara no ne mmara no nhyia, na ɔkyerɛe sɛ ne bere atwam. 14] Asɛnnibea no antia Ɔfã a ɛto so 5, nanso sɛ wɔamfa ɔkwan a wɔfa so bɔ ho ban a, Ɔfã a ɛto so 5 no ntumi nyɛ adwuma. [ 15] Asɛnnibea ahorow a na wɔadi kan de wɔn ho ato asɛm no so no maa wɔn a na wɔrekyerɛw wɔn din sɛ wɔn a wɔbɛtow wɔn din no dodow kɔɔ soro kɛse wɔ Shelby gyinaesi no akyi&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |last=Catalina Feder, Michael G. Miller |title=Voter Purges After Shelby: Part of Special Symposium on Election Sciences |date=2020-11 |url=https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/10.1177/1532673X20916426 |work=American Politics Research |volume=48 |issue=6 |pages=687–692 |language=en |doi=10.1177/1532673X20916426 |issn=1532-673X |access-date=2025-06-19}}&lt;/ref&gt;.[ 16]

== Mmeaeɛ a menyaa mmoa firiiɛ ==
[[Nkyekyεmu:Africa Wiki Challenge]]
[[Nkyekyεmu:2025]]</text>
      <sha1>pv5mq4irb449fsktz9hv3idbx0z0qoo</sha1>
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      <id>190721</id>
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        <username>Christian Owusu Ansah</username>
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      <text bytes="5907" sha1="lkw86fg3ryeq1x69e1kcnz1y6dcdahl" xml:space="preserve">''Wɔatwerɛ nsɛm wei wɔ '''Asante Twi''' mu''
[[File:Great_Seal_of_the_United_States_(obverse).svg|alt=Great Seal of the United States|thumb|Great Seal of the United States (obverse)]]
Voting Rights Act of 1965 yɛ mmara bi a ɛwɔ United States a ɛbara nnipa mu nyiyim wɔ abatoɔ mu&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |title=Voting Rights Act (1965) |date=2009-09-30 |url=https://doi.org/10.1093/acref/9780195301731.013.33777 |work=African American Studies Center |publisher=Oxford University Press |isbn=978-0-19-530173-1 |access-date=2025-06-19}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |title=Voting Rights Act (1965) |date=2009-09-30 |url=https://doi.org/10.1093/acref/9780195301731.013.33777 |work=African American Studies Center |publisher=Oxford University Press |isbn=978-0-19-530173-1 |access-date=2025-06-19}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |title=Voting Rights Act (1965) |date=2009-09-30 |url=https://doi.org/10.1093/acref/9780195301731.013.33777 |work=African American Studies Center |publisher=Oxford University Press |isbn=978-0-19-530173-1 |access-date=2025-06-19}}&lt;/ref&gt;. [[:en:Lyndon_B._Johnson|Ɔmanpanin Lyndon B. Johnson]] berɛ a na ɔmanfoɔ kyɛfa ho nnipakan rekɔ so wɔ Ɔsanaa da ɔtɛ so 6 wɔ afe 1965 mu no, na akyiri yi [[:en:United_States_Congress|Congress]] sesaa mmara no mpɛn anum de trɛɛ ne bammɔ mu. Wɔyɛɛ saa mmara no sɛnea ɛbɛyɛ a ɔman no mu nnipa a ɛsono wɔn amammerɛ benya hokwan akɔ so atena ase, titiriw wɔ Amerika anafo fam. Sɛnea U.S. Wɔ United States Asɛnnibea a Ɛhwɛ Atɛntrenee Ho Nsɛm So no, wobu mmara no sɛ ɛyɛ mmara a edi mũ sen biara wɔ ɔman no mu&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |last=Peyton McCrary |title=Voting Rights Act |date=2009-02-09 |url=https://doi.org/10.1093/acref/9780195301731.013.45166 |work=African American Studies Center |publisher=Oxford University Press |isbn=978-0-19-530173-1 |access-date=2025-06-19}}&lt;/ref&gt;. The National Archives and Records Administration kaa sɛ: &quot;Voting Rights Act of 1965 no yɛ mmara mu nsakraeɛ a ɛsen biara wɔ abusuabɔ a ɛda aban ne ɔmantam nniso ntam wɔ abatoɔ mu fi bere a wɔsan kyekyee Ɔmanko no akyi no&quot;&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |title=Voting Rights Act |date=2020-10-01 |url=https://doi.org/10.3735/9781935306528.book-part-145 |work=Milestone Documents in American History |publisher=Schlager Group Inc. |isbn=978-1-935306-52-8 |access-date=2025-06-19}}&lt;/ref&gt;. 

Mmara no wɔ nnyinasosɛm pii a ɛhwɛ ma wɔyɛ abatow. Mmara no mu &quot;nhyehyɛe ahorow&quot; no ma ɔman mũ no nyinaa nya hokwan sɛ wobedi ade. Ɔfã a ɛtɔ so 2 no yɛ mmara bi a ɛbara ɔman no ne aban a ɛwɔ hɔ no sɛ wɔremfa mmara biara a &quot;ɛde ɔman ba biara hokwan a ɔwɔ sɛ ɔtow aba esiane ne honam ani hwɛbea anaa ne kɔla anaa sɛ ɔka kasa bi a nnipa kakraa bi pɛ ka ho no mma no&quot;&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |title=États-Unis, Cour suprême des États-Unis, 1 er juin 2021, Brnovich Attorney General of Arizona v Democratic National Committee , n° 19-1257 |date=2021-10-01 |url=https://doi.org/10.3917/ridc.734.0257 |work=Revue internationale de droit comparé |volume=73 e année |issue=4 |pages=984–985 |doi=10.3917/ridc.734.0257 |issn=0035-3337 |access-date=2025-06-19}}&lt;/ref&gt;. Nnyinasosɛm afoforɔ a wɔhyɛ no nsow no hyɛ akenkan ne atwerɛ ho sɔhwɛ ne nneɛma a ɛtete saa a na wɔadi kan de abɔ mmusuakuo nketewa ahofadi no ho ban. Mmara no san ka &quot;nneɛma pɔtee&quot; bi ho asɛm a wɔde di dwuma wɔ amammui bi mu nkutoo. Nnyinasosɛm titiriw bi ne Ɔfã a ɛto so 5 a ɛhwehwɛ sɛ wodi kan yɛ nhyiamu no ho nhyehyɛe, a ɛbara aman bi sɛ wɔmmfa nsakraeɛ biara a ɛfa abatoɔ ho nni dwuma bere a U.S. Attorney General anaa U.S. Ɔmantam Asɛnnibea a ɛwɔ D.C. no kae sɛ nsakrae no mfa nyiyim mma nnipa kakraa bi a wɔwɔ ahobammɔ no&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |title=Processes and Products of Voting Rights Act Enforcement |date=2000 |url=https://doi.org/10.5040/9798400683800.0010 |work=Maximization, Whatever the Cost |pages=141–160 |doi=10.5040/9798400683800.0010 |access-date=2025-06-19}}&lt;/ref&gt;. Nnyinasosɛm foforo a ɛho hia hwehwɛ sɛ amansin a kasa kakraa bi na wɔka no ma wɔn a wɔtɔ wɔn bo ase no ma wɔn nsa ka nkrataa a wɔde to aba ma wɔtow aba wɔ kasa abien mu ne nneɛma foforo a wɔde yɛ abatoɔ no.

Ɔfã 5 ne nhyehyɛɛ soronko afofor pii a wɔdze dzi dwuma wɔ amansɛm mu a &quot;ahoban a wɔdze ma&quot; a wɔakyerɛw no wɔ Ɔfã 4 (b) no kã ho. Mfiase no na wɔhyehyɛɛ mmara no sɛ wɔmfa nyɛ adwuma wɔ amammui a na wodi atirimɔdensɛm wɔ abatow mu wɔ 1965 mu no, na Congress no yɛɛ mmara no foforo wɔ 1970 ne 1975 mu. Wɔ ''Shelby County v. Holder'' (2013), U.S. Asɛnnibea Kunini no bɔɔ asɛm no gui sɛ mmara no ne mmara no nhyia, na ɔkyerɛe sɛ ne bere atwam&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |title=Shelby County v. Holder |date=2025-06-09 |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Shelby_County_v._Holder&amp;oldid=1294759010 |work=Wikipedia |language=en |access-date=2025-06-19}}&lt;/ref&gt;. Asɛnnibea no antia Ɔfã a ɛto so 5, nanso sɛ wɔamfa ɔkwan a wɔfa so bɔ ho ban a, Ɔfã a ɛto so 5 no ntumi nyɛ adwuma&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |last=Alan Pike |title=Voting Rights and Southern Legislatures Post-Shelby County v. Holder |date=2013-07-10 |url=https://doi.org/10.18737/m7r31s |work=Southern Spaces |doi=10.18737/m7r31s |issn=1551-2754 |access-date=2025-06-19}}&lt;/ref&gt;. Asɛnnibea ahodoɔ a na wɔadi kan de wɔn ho ato asɛm no so no maa wɔn a na wɔretwerɛ wɔn din sɛ wɔn a wɔbɛtoɔ wɔn din no dodoɔ kɔɔ soro kɛseɛ wɔ Shelby gyinaesie no akyi&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |last=Catalina Feder, Michael G. Miller |title=Voter Purges After Shelby: Part of Special Symposium on Election Sciences |date=2020-11 |url=https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/10.1177/1532673X20916426 |work=American Politics Research |volume=48 |issue=6 |pages=687–692 |language=en |doi=10.1177/1532673X20916426 |issn=1532-673X |access-date=2025-06-19}}&lt;/ref&gt;.

== Mmeaeɛ a menyaa mmoa firiiɛ ==
[[Nkyekyεmu:Africa Wiki Challenge]]
[[Nkyekyεmu:2025]]</text>
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        <username>Christian Owusu Ansah</username>
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      <text bytes="6731" sha1="312mvkd6b1ge6w2qj67p5dvbj8e3wyl" xml:space="preserve">''Wɔatwerɛ nsɛm wei wɔ '''Asante Twi''' mu''
[[File:Great_Seal_of_the_United_States_(obverse).svg|alt=Great Seal of the United States|thumb|Great Seal of the United States (obverse)]]
Voting Rights Act of 1965 yɛ mmara bi a ɛwɔ United States a ɛbara nnipa mu nyiyim wɔ abatoɔ mu&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |title=Voting Rights Act (1965) |date=2009-09-30 |url=https://doi.org/10.1093/acref/9780195301731.013.33777 |work=African American Studies Center |publisher=Oxford University Press |isbn=978-0-19-530173-1 |access-date=2025-06-19}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |title=Voting Rights Act (1965) |date=2009-09-30 |url=https://doi.org/10.1093/acref/9780195301731.013.33777 |work=African American Studies Center |publisher=Oxford University Press |isbn=978-0-19-530173-1 |access-date=2025-06-19}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |title=Voting Rights Act (1965) |date=2009-09-30 |url=https://doi.org/10.1093/acref/9780195301731.013.33777 |work=African American Studies Center |publisher=Oxford University Press |isbn=978-0-19-530173-1 |access-date=2025-06-19}}&lt;/ref&gt;. [[:en:Lyndon_B._Johnson|Ɔmanpanin Lyndon B. Johnson]] berɛ a na ɔmanfoɔ kyɛfa ho nnipakan rekɔ so wɔ Ɔsanaa da ɔtɛ so 6 wɔ afe 1965 mu no, na akyiri yi [[:en:United_States_Congress|Congress]] sesaa mmara no mpɛn anum de trɛɛ ne bammɔ mu. Wɔyɛɛ saa mmara no sɛnea ɛbɛyɛ a ɔman no mu nnipa a ɛsono wɔn amammerɛ benya hokwan akɔ so atena ase, titiriw wɔ Amerika anafo fam. Sɛnea U.S. Wɔ United States Asɛnnibea a Ɛhwɛ Atɛntrenee Ho Nsɛm So no, wobu mmara no sɛ ɛyɛ mmara a edi mũ sen biara wɔ ɔman no mu&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |last=Peyton McCrary |title=Voting Rights Act |date=2009-02-09 |url=https://doi.org/10.1093/acref/9780195301731.013.45166 |work=African American Studies Center |publisher=Oxford University Press |isbn=978-0-19-530173-1 |access-date=2025-06-19}}&lt;/ref&gt;. The National Archives and Records Administration kaa sɛ: &quot;Voting Rights Act of 1965 no yɛ mmara mu nsakraeɛ a ɛsen biara wɔ abusuabɔ a ɛda aban ne ɔmantam nniso ntam wɔ abatoɔ mu fi bere a wɔsan kyekyee Ɔmanko no akyi no&quot;&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |title=Voting Rights Act |date=2020-10-01 |url=https://doi.org/10.3735/9781935306528.book-part-145 |work=Milestone Documents in American History |publisher=Schlager Group Inc. |isbn=978-1-935306-52-8 |access-date=2025-06-19}}&lt;/ref&gt;. 

Mmara no wɔ nnyinasosɛm pii a ɛhwɛ ma wɔyɛ abatow. Mmara no mu &quot;nhyehyɛe ahorow&quot; no ma ɔman mũ no nyinaa nya hokwan sɛ wobedi ade. Ɔfã a ɛtɔ so 2 no yɛ mmara bi a ɛbara ɔman no ne aban a ɛwɔ hɔ no sɛ wɔremfa mmara biara a &quot;ɛde ɔman ba biara hokwan a ɔwɔ sɛ ɔtow aba esiane ne honam ani hwɛbea anaa ne kɔla anaa sɛ ɔka kasa bi a nnipa kakraa bi pɛ ka ho no mma no&quot;&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |title=États-Unis, Cour suprême des États-Unis, 1 er juin 2021, Brnovich Attorney General of Arizona v Democratic National Committee , n° 19-1257 |date=2021-10-01 |url=https://doi.org/10.3917/ridc.734.0257 |work=Revue internationale de droit comparé |volume=73 e année |issue=4 |pages=984–985 |doi=10.3917/ridc.734.0257 |issn=0035-3337 |access-date=2025-06-19}}&lt;/ref&gt;. Nnyinasosɛm afoforɔ a wɔhyɛ no nsow no hyɛ akenkan ne atwerɛ ho sɔhwɛ ne nneɛma a ɛtete saa a na wɔadi kan de abɔ mmusuakuo nketewa ahofadi no ho ban. Mmara no san ka &quot;nneɛma pɔtee&quot; bi ho asɛm a wɔde di dwuma wɔ amammui bi mu nkutoo. Nnyinasosɛm titiriw bi ne Ɔfã a ɛto so 5 a ɛhwehwɛ sɛ wodi kan yɛ nhyiamu no ho nhyehyɛe, a ɛbara aman bi sɛ wɔmmfa nsakraeɛ biara a ɛfa abatoɔ ho nni dwuma bere a U.S. Attorney General anaa U.S. Ɔmantam Asɛnnibea a ɛwɔ D.C. no kae sɛ nsakrae no mfa nyiyim mma nnipa kakraa bi a wɔwɔ ahobammɔ no&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |title=Processes and Products of Voting Rights Act Enforcement |date=2000 |url=https://doi.org/10.5040/9798400683800.0010 |work=Maximization, Whatever the Cost |pages=141–160 |doi=10.5040/9798400683800.0010 |access-date=2025-06-19}}&lt;/ref&gt;. Nnyinasosɛm foforo a ɛho hia hwehwɛ sɛ amansin a kasa kakraa bi na wɔka no ma wɔn a wɔtɔ wɔn bo ase no ma wɔn nsa ka nkrataa a wɔde to aba ma wɔtow aba wɔ kasa abien mu ne nneɛma foforo a wɔde yɛ abatoɔ no.

Ɔfã 5 ne nhyehyɛɛ soronko afofor pii a wɔdze dzi dwuma wɔ amansɛm mu a &quot;ahoban a wɔdze ma&quot; a wɔakyerɛw no wɔ Ɔfã 4 (b) no kã ho. Mfiase no na wɔhyehyɛɛ mmara no sɛ wɔmfa nyɛ adwuma wɔ amammui a na wodi atirimɔdensɛm wɔ abatow mu wɔ 1965 mu no, na Congress no yɛɛ mmara no foforo wɔ 1970 ne 1975 mu. Wɔ ''Shelby County v. Holder'' (2013), U.S. Asɛnnibea Kunini no bɔɔ asɛm no gui sɛ mmara no ne mmara no nhyia, na ɔkyerɛe sɛ ne bere atwam&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |title=Shelby County v. Holder |date=2025-06-09 |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Shelby_County_v._Holder&amp;oldid=1294759010 |work=Wikipedia |language=en |access-date=2025-06-19}}&lt;/ref&gt;. Asɛnnibea no antia Ɔfã a ɛto so 5, nanso sɛ wɔamfa ɔkwan a wɔfa so bɔ ho ban a, Ɔfã a ɛto so 5 no ntumi nyɛ adwuma&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |last=Alan Pike |title=Voting Rights and Southern Legislatures Post-Shelby County v. Holder |date=2013-07-10 |url=https://doi.org/10.18737/m7r31s |work=Southern Spaces |doi=10.18737/m7r31s |issn=1551-2754 |access-date=2025-06-19}}&lt;/ref&gt;. Asɛnnibea ahodoɔ a na wɔadi kan de wɔn ho ato asɛm no so no maa wɔn a na wɔretwerɛ wɔn din sɛ wɔn a wɔbɛtoɔ wɔn din no dodoɔ kɔɔ soro kɛseɛ wɔ Shelby gyinaesie no akyi&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |last=Catalina Feder, Michael G. Miller |title=Voter Purges After Shelby: Part of Special Symposium on Election Sciences |date=2020-11 |url=https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/10.1177/1532673X20916426 |work=American Politics Research |volume=48 |issue=6 |pages=687–692 |language=en |doi=10.1177/1532673X20916426 |issn=1532-673X |access-date=2025-06-19}}&lt;/ref&gt;.

== Hwɛ nso ==

=== Amanaman mmara ===

* [[:en:National_Voter_Registration_Act_of_1993|Ɔmanfoɔ abatoɔ ho twerɛtohɔ mmara]] [[:en:National_Voter_Registration_Act_of_1993|of 1993 (NVRA)]] 

* Help America Vote Act (HAVA)
* Uniformed and Overseas Citizens Absentee Voting Act (UOCAVA)
* Civil Rights Act of 1964 (Nnipa Ahofadi Ho Mmara)

=== Wɔbɔɔ mmɔden sɛ wɔbɛhyɛ mmara ===

* For the People Act (2019 ne 2021)
* John Lewis Voting Rights Act (2019 ne 2021)

=== Ɔman mmara ===

* Ɔman Nhyehyɛeɛ a Ɛma Nnipa Hokwan
* California Abatow Ho Mmara
* Virginia Mmarahyɛ Mmara
* John R. Lewis Voting Rights Act a ɛwɔ New York

=== Nea ɛboro saa ===

* Nnipa a wɔhyɛ wɔn ho so ma wɔtow aba wɔ United States
* [[:en:Women's_suffrage_in_the_United_States|Mmaa a wɔwɔ hokwan sɛ wɔpaw wɔ United States]]

== Mmeaeɛ a menyaa mmoa firiiɛ ==
[[Nkyekyεmu:Africa Wiki Challenge]]
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      <comment>Christian Owusu Ansah moved page [[African Union Protocols on Refugee Repatriation]] to [[Abibiman Nkabom Kuo Nkrataa a Ɛfa Atutenafoɔ a Wɔsan De Wɔn Ba Wɔn Man mu Ho. (African Union Protocols on Refugee Repatriation)]]</comment>
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      <comment>Created page with &quot;''Wɔatwerɛ nsɛm wei wɔ '''Asante Twi''' mu'' [[File:Flag_of_the_African_Union.svg|thumb|Flag of the African Union]] '''Afrika Amanaman Nkabom Nhyehyɛeɛ a Ɛfa Nnipa ne Nkurɔfoɔ Fahodie Ho.'''   Amanaman Nkabom Nhyehyɛe a Ɛfa Onipa ne Nnipa Ahofadi ho (African Charter on Human and Peoples' Rights) (a wɔsan frɛ no Banjul Charter no) yɛ aman nyinaa nipa kyɛfa krataa a wɔhyɛ ho nkuran na ɛbɔ nipa kyɛfa ne ahofadi ahorow ho ban wɔ Afrika man mu.  Efii ase...&quot;</comment>
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[[File:Flag_of_the_African_Union.svg|thumb|Flag of the African Union]]
'''Afrika Amanaman Nkabom Nhyehyɛeɛ a Ɛfa Nnipa ne Nkurɔfoɔ Fahodie Ho.''' 

Amanaman Nkabom Nhyehyɛe a Ɛfa Onipa ne Nnipa Ahofadi ho (African Charter on Human and Peoples' Rights) (a wɔsan frɛ no Banjul Charter no) yɛ aman nyinaa nipa kyɛfa krataa a wɔhyɛ ho nkuran na ɛbɔ nipa kyɛfa ne ahofadi ahorow ho ban wɔ Afrika man mu.

Efii ase wɔ Afrika Biakoyɛ Ahyehyɛde (a seesei wɔde Afrika Biakoyɛ asi ananmu) no akwankyerɛ ase, a wɔ 1979 mu no, wɔ Ɔman ne Aban mpanyimfo Nhyiam ase no, wɔpenee gyinaesi bi a na ɛhwehwɛ sɛ wɔhyehyɛ abenfo boayikuw bi ma wɔayɛ nnipa hokwan ahorow ho nhyehyɛe a ɛfa kontinente no nyinaa ho, te sɛ nea na ɛwɔ hɔ dedaw wɔ Europa (Amanaman no Ho Mmara) ne Amerika (Amanaman no Ho Mmara). Wɔhyehyɛɛ saa boayikuw yi, na wɔtoo ne nsusuiɛ a wɔpenee so wɔ OAU Nhyiamu a ɛtɔ so 18 a wɔyɛɛ no June 1981 wɔ Nairobi, Kenya no ase. 1] Sɛnea N'asɛm 63 kyerɛ no (sɛnea ɛbɛyɛ a &quot;ɛbɛba mu wɔ asram abiɛsa akyi bere a Ɔmampanyin nsa aka Amanaman Nkabom no mu aman dodow no ara a wɔagye ato mu anaa wɔabom&quot; no[1]), Afrika Amanaman Nkabom no hyɛɛ ase wɔ Ɔpɛnimma da a ɛtɔ so 21 wɔ afe 1986 mu, na wɔhyɛɛ da sɛ wɔhyɛ Ɔpɛnimma da a ɛtɔ so 21 no ho anuonyam sɛ &quot;Afirika Nnipa Ahofadi Da&quot;. 2]

Ɔhwɛ ne nkyerɛaseɛ a ɛwɔ Mmara no mu no yɛ adwuma a Afrika Asɛnnibea a Ɛhwɛ Nnipa ne Nkurɔfoɔ Ahofadiɛ so, a wɔhyehyɛɛ no November 2, 1987 wɔ Addis Ababa (PM Ebbaa.A), Ethiopia, na seesei ɛwɔ Banjul, Gambia. 3] Akyiri yi, wɔfaa apam bi a ɛfa Charter no ho too gua wɔ afe 1998 mu a na wɔde rebɔ Afrika Asɛnnibea a Ɛhwɛ Nnipa ne Nnipa Ahofadi Ho. Nhyehyɛe no fii ase yɛɛ adwuma Ɔpɛpɔn bosome da a ɔtɛ so 25 wɔ afe 2004.

Wɔ July 2004 mu no, AU Asɛnnibea no sii gyinae sɛ wɔde ACHP no bɛka Afrika Asɛnnibea no ho. Wɔ July 2005 mu no, AU Asɛnnibea no sii gyinae sɛ ɛsɛ sɛ ACHP no yɛ adwuma ɛmfa ho sɛ na Afrika Asɛnnibea no a wɔde sii hɔ no nhyiamu no nnya mmaa mu. Ɛno nti, wɔ Abibiman Nkabom no Atumfoɔ Bagua a ɛtɔ so Nwɔtwe a wɔhyiaa wɔ Khartoum, Sudan, wɔ January 22, 2006 no, wɔpaw atemmufoɔ a wɔdi kan wɔ Afrika Asɛnnibea a Ɛhwɛ Nnipa ne Nnipakuo Ahofadiɛ so. Wɔda so ara da abusuabɔ a ɛda Asɛnnibea a wɔasi no foforo no ne boayikuw no ntam no adi.

Ɛde besi afe 2019 no, aman 53 na wɔagye apam no ato mu. 4]

== Nea Ɛwɔ Mu ==
African Charter on Human and People's Rights no ka nsɛm a edi kan, afã 3, ti 4, ne nsɛm 63 ho. 1] Charter no hyehyɛɛ Afrika man mu nipa kyɛfa nhyehyɛe. Charter no ne amanfo nhyehyεe ahorow pii hyia, na afei nso ne nhyehyεe soronko bi wɔ gyinapεn ahorow a wogye tom no ho, ne ne nhyehyεe kwan so&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |title=Human Rights Law in Africa 1997 |date=1999-01-01 |url=https://doi.org/10.1163/9789004639638 |editor-last=Christof Heyns |publisher=Brill {{!}} Nijhoff |isbn=978-90-04-63963-8 |access-date=2025-06-19}}&lt;/ref&gt;.

Nkrataa no hyɛ bɔ sɛ wɔbɛtu Sion som ase, a ɔde toto nniso ne apartheid ho,[6] na ɛmaa South Africa gyee ne ho toom wɔ afe 1996 mu, nanso wɔhyɛɛ bɔ sɛ Charter no ne Amanaman Nkabom no gyinabew a ɛfa Sion som ho no hyia&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |title=African Charter on Human and Peoples’ Rights |url=https://doi.org/10.5040/9781472562432.ch-001 |work=Documents of the African Commission on Human and Peoples’ Rights |publisher=Hart Publishing |isbn=978-1-84113-092-7 |access-date=2025-06-19}}&lt;/ref&gt;.

== Hwɛ bio ==
Afrika Mmofra Ahofadi ne Wɔn yiyedi ho Ahyehyɛde

Afrika Asɛnnibea a Ɛhwɛ Nnipa ne Nkurɔfo Ahofadi Ho

Afrika Biakoyɛ

Nnipa hokwan ahorow ho mmara

Maputo Nhyehyɛe

Kasa mu kyɛfa a ɛwɔ mmara mu (Afrika)

Kasa mu kyɛfa

Amanaman Nkabom Bagua no Mmarahyɛ Bagua a Ɛto so 3379

== Mmeaeɛ a menyaa mmoa firiiɛ ==
[[Nkyekyεmu:Africa Wiki Challenge]]
[[Nkyekyεmu:2025]]</text>
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    <revision>
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      <contributor>
        <username>Christian Owusu Ansah</username>
        <id>16034</id>
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      <minor />
      <comment>Christian Owusu Ansah moved page [[African Charter on Human and Peoples' Rights]] to [[Afrika Amanaman Nkabom Nhyehyɛeɛ a Ɛfa Nnipa ne Nkurɔfoɔ Fahodie Ho. (African Charter on Human and Peoples' Rights)]]</comment>
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      <text bytes="3960" sha1="myvk72aa20r8un4ebp3brufjpqq398v" xml:space="preserve">''Wɔatwerɛ nsɛm wei wɔ '''Asante Twi''' mu''
[[File:Flag_of_the_African_Union.svg|thumb|Flag of the African Union]]
'''Afrika Amanaman Nkabom Nhyehyɛeɛ a Ɛfa Nnipa ne Nkurɔfoɔ Fahodie Ho.''' 

Amanaman Nkabom Nhyehyɛe a Ɛfa Onipa ne Nnipa Ahofadi ho (African Charter on Human and Peoples' Rights) (a wɔsan frɛ no Banjul Charter no) yɛ aman nyinaa nipa kyɛfa krataa a wɔhyɛ ho nkuran na ɛbɔ nipa kyɛfa ne ahofadi ahorow ho ban wɔ Afrika man mu.

Efii ase wɔ Afrika Biakoyɛ Ahyehyɛde (a seesei wɔde Afrika Biakoyɛ asi ananmu) no akwankyerɛ ase, a wɔ 1979 mu no, wɔ Ɔman ne Aban mpanyimfo Nhyiam ase no, wɔpenee gyinaesi bi a na ɛhwehwɛ sɛ wɔhyehyɛ abenfo boayikuw bi ma wɔayɛ nnipa hokwan ahorow ho nhyehyɛe a ɛfa kontinente no nyinaa ho, te sɛ nea na ɛwɔ hɔ dedaw wɔ Europa (Amanaman no Ho Mmara) ne Amerika (Amanaman no Ho Mmara). Wɔhyehyɛɛ saa boayikuw yi, na wɔtoo ne nsusuiɛ a wɔpenee so wɔ OAU Nhyiamu a ɛtɔ so 18 a wɔyɛɛ no June 1981 wɔ Nairobi, Kenya no ase. 1] Sɛnea N'asɛm 63 kyerɛ no (sɛnea ɛbɛyɛ a &quot;ɛbɛba mu wɔ asram abiɛsa akyi bere a Ɔmampanyin nsa aka Amanaman Nkabom no mu aman dodow no ara a wɔagye ato mu anaa wɔabom&quot; no[1]), Afrika Amanaman Nkabom no hyɛɛ ase wɔ Ɔpɛnimma da a ɛtɔ so 21 wɔ afe 1986 mu, na wɔhyɛɛ da sɛ wɔhyɛ Ɔpɛnimma da a ɛtɔ so 21 no ho anuonyam sɛ &quot;Afirika Nnipa Ahofadi Da&quot;. 2]

Ɔhwɛ ne nkyerɛaseɛ a ɛwɔ Mmara no mu no yɛ adwuma a Afrika Asɛnnibea a Ɛhwɛ Nnipa ne Nkurɔfoɔ Ahofadiɛ so, a wɔhyehyɛɛ no November 2, 1987 wɔ Addis Ababa (PM Ebbaa.A), Ethiopia, na seesei ɛwɔ Banjul, Gambia. 3] Akyiri yi, wɔfaa apam bi a ɛfa Charter no ho too gua wɔ afe 1998 mu a na wɔde rebɔ Afrika Asɛnnibea a Ɛhwɛ Nnipa ne Nnipa Ahofadi Ho. Nhyehyɛe no fii ase yɛɛ adwuma Ɔpɛpɔn bosome da a ɔtɛ so 25 wɔ afe 2004.

Wɔ July 2004 mu no, AU Asɛnnibea no sii gyinae sɛ wɔde ACHP no bɛka Afrika Asɛnnibea no ho. Wɔ July 2005 mu no, AU Asɛnnibea no sii gyinae sɛ ɛsɛ sɛ ACHP no yɛ adwuma ɛmfa ho sɛ na Afrika Asɛnnibea no a wɔde sii hɔ no nhyiamu no nnya mmaa mu. Ɛno nti, wɔ Abibiman Nkabom no Atumfoɔ Bagua a ɛtɔ so Nwɔtwe a wɔhyiaa wɔ Khartoum, Sudan, wɔ January 22, 2006 no, wɔpaw atemmufoɔ a wɔdi kan wɔ Afrika Asɛnnibea a Ɛhwɛ Nnipa ne Nnipakuo Ahofadiɛ so. Wɔda so ara da abusuabɔ a ɛda Asɛnnibea a wɔasi no foforo no ne boayikuw no ntam no adi.

Ɛde besi afe 2019 no, aman 53 na wɔagye apam no ato mu. 4]

== Nea Ɛwɔ Mu ==
African Charter on Human and People's Rights no ka nsɛm a edi kan, afã 3, ti 4, ne nsɛm 63 ho. 1] Charter no hyehyɛɛ Afrika man mu nipa kyɛfa nhyehyɛe. Charter no ne amanfo nhyehyεe ahorow pii hyia, na afei nso ne nhyehyεe soronko bi wɔ gyinapεn ahorow a wogye tom no ho, ne ne nhyehyεe kwan so&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |title=Human Rights Law in Africa 1997 |date=1999-01-01 |url=https://doi.org/10.1163/9789004639638 |editor-last=Christof Heyns |publisher=Brill {{!}} Nijhoff |isbn=978-90-04-63963-8 |access-date=2025-06-19}}&lt;/ref&gt;.

Nkrataa no hyɛ bɔ sɛ wɔbɛtu Sion som ase, a ɔde toto nniso ne apartheid ho,[6] na ɛmaa South Africa gyee ne ho toom wɔ afe 1996 mu, nanso wɔhyɛɛ bɔ sɛ Charter no ne Amanaman Nkabom no gyinabew a ɛfa Sion som ho no hyia&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |title=African Charter on Human and Peoples’ Rights |url=https://doi.org/10.5040/9781472562432.ch-001 |work=Documents of the African Commission on Human and Peoples’ Rights |publisher=Hart Publishing |isbn=978-1-84113-092-7 |access-date=2025-06-19}}&lt;/ref&gt;.

== Hwɛ bio ==
Afrika Mmofra Ahofadi ne Wɔn yiyedi ho Ahyehyɛde

Afrika Asɛnnibea a Ɛhwɛ Nnipa ne Nkurɔfo Ahofadi Ho

Afrika Biakoyɛ

Nnipa hokwan ahorow ho mmara

Maputo Nhyehyɛe

Kasa mu kyɛfa a ɛwɔ mmara mu (Afrika)

Kasa mu kyɛfa

Amanaman Nkabom Bagua no Mmarahyɛ Bagua a Ɛto so 3379

== Mmeaeɛ a menyaa mmoa firiiɛ ==
[[Nkyekyεmu:Africa Wiki Challenge]]
[[Nkyekyεmu:2025]]</text>
      <sha1>myvk72aa20r8un4ebp3brufjpqq398v</sha1>
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      <text bytes="4667" sha1="ixs1cq5fvpa3eljbsfrl5l4qztsm0g1" xml:space="preserve">''Wɔatwerɛ nsɛm wei wɔ '''Asante Twi''' mu''
[[File:Flag_of_the_African_Union.svg|thumb|Flag of the African Union]]
'''Afrika Amanaman Nkabom Nhyehyɛeɛ a Ɛfa Nnipa ne Nkurɔfoɔ Fahodie Ho. Amanaman Nkabom Nhyehyɛe a Ɛfa Onipa ne Nnipa Ahofadi ho (African Charter on Human and Peoples' Rights)''' (a wɔsan frɛ no Banjul Charter no) yɛ aman nyinaa nipa kyɛfa krataa a wɔhyɛ ho nkuran na ɛbɔ nipa kyɛfa ne fahodie ahodoɔ ho ban wɔ Afrika man mu.

Ɛfiri ase wɔ Afrika Baakoyɛ Ahyehyɛdeɛ (a seesei wɔde Afrika Baakoyɛ asi ananmu) no akwankyerɛ ase, a wɔ afe 1979 mu no, wɔ Ɔman ne Aban mpanyimfo Nhyiam ase no, wɔpenee gyinaesi bi a na ɛhwehwɛ sɛ wɔhyehyɛ abenfo boayikuw bi ma wɔayɛ nnipa hokwan ahorow ho nhyehyɛe a ɛfa kontinente no nyinaa ho, te sɛ nea na ɛwɔ hɔ dedaw wɔ Europa (Amanaman no Ho Mmara) ne Amerika (Amanaman no Ho Mmara). Wɔhyehyɛɛ saa boayikuw yi, na wɔtoo ne nsusuiɛ a wɔpenee so wɔ OAU Nhyiamu a ɛtɔ so 18 a wɔyɛɛ no June 1981 wɔ Nairobi, Kenya no ase&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Citation |title=Charter of the Organization of African Unity |date=2004-12-09 |url=https://doi.org/10.1017/cbo9780511494031.010 |work=Human Rights in Africa |pages=271–279 |doi=10.1017/cbo9780511494031.010 |access-date=2025-06-19}}&lt;/ref&gt;. Sɛnea N'asɛm 63 kyerɛ no (sɛnea ɛbɛyɛ a &quot;ɛbɛba mu wɔ asram abiɛsa akyi bere a Ɔmampanyin nsa aka Amanaman Nkabom no mu aman dodow no ara a wɔagye ato mu anaa wɔabom&quot; no&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;), Afrika Amanaman Nkabom no hyɛɛ ase wɔ Ɔpɛnimma da a ɛtɔ so 21 wɔ afe 1986 mu, na wɔhyɛɛ da sɛ wɔhyɛ Ɔpɛnimma da a ɛtɔ so 21 no ho anuonyam sɛ &quot;Afirika Nnipa Ahofadi Da&quot;&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |title=African Charter on Human and Peoples' Rights |date=2025-06-04 |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=African_Charter_on_Human_and_Peoples%27_Rights&amp;oldid=1293966614 |work=Wikipedia |language=en |access-date=2025-06-19}}&lt;/ref&gt;.

Ɔhwɛ ne nkyerɛaseɛ a ɛwɔ Mmara no mu no yɛ adwuma a Afrika Asɛnnibea a Ɛhwɛ Nnipa ne Nkurɔfoɔ fahodie so, a wɔhyehyɛɛ no Obubuo da ɛtɔ so 2 wɔ afe 1987 wɔ Addis Ababa (PM Ebbaa.A), Ethiopia, na seesei ɛwɔ Banjul, Gambia&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |title=EGYPT: ACHPR condemns persisting human rights abuses |url=https://doi.org/10.1163/2210-7975_hrd-0035-2014191 |access-date=2025-06-19}}&lt;/ref&gt;. Akyiri yi, wɔfaa apam bi a ɛfa Charter no ho too gua wɔ afe 1998 mu a na wɔde rebɔ Afrika Asɛnnibea a Ɛhwɛ Nnipa ne Nnipa Ahofadi Ho. Nhyehyɛeɛ no firii ase yɛɛ adwuma Ɔpɛpɔn bosome da a ɔtɛ so 25 wɔ afe 2004.

Wɔ July 2004 mu no, AU Asɛnnibea no sii gyinae sɛ wɔde ACHP no bɛka Afrika Asɛnnibea no ho. Wɔ July 2005 mu no, AU Asɛnnibea no sii gyinae sɛ ɛsɛ sɛ ACHP no yɛ adwuma ɛmfa ho sɛ na Afrika Asɛnnibea no a wɔde sii hɔ no nhyiamu no nnya mmaa mu. Ɛno nti, wɔ Abibiman Nkabom no Atumfoɔ Badwa a ɛtɔ so Nwɔtwe a wɔhyiaa wɔ Khartoum, Sudan, wɔ January 22, 2006 no, wɔpaw atemmufoɔ a wɔdi kan wɔ Afrika Asɛnnibea a Ɛhwɛ Nnipa ne Nnipakuo Ahofadiɛ so. Wɔda so ara da abusuabɔ a ɛda Asɛnnibea a wɔasi no foforo no ne boayikuw no ntam no adi.

Ɛde besi afe 2019 no, aman 53 na wɔagye apam no ato mu. 4]

== Nea Ɛwɔ Mu ==
African Charter on Human and People's Rights no ka nsɛm a edi kan, afã 3, ti 4, ne nsɛm 63 ho. 1] Charter no hyehyɛɛ Afrika man mu nipa kyɛfa nhyehyɛe. Charter no ne amanfo nhyehyεe ahorow pii hyia, na afei nso ne nhyehyεe soronko bi wɔ gyinapεn ahorow a wogye tom no ho, ne ne nhyehyεe kwan so&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |title=Human Rights Law in Africa 1997 |date=1999-01-01 |url=https://doi.org/10.1163/9789004639638 |editor-last=Christof Heyns |publisher=Brill {{!}} Nijhoff |isbn=978-90-04-63963-8 |access-date=2025-06-19}}&lt;/ref&gt;.

Nkrataa no hyɛ bɔ sɛ wɔbɛtu Sion som ase, a ɔde toto nniso ne apartheid ho,[6] na ɛmaa South Africa gyee ne ho toom wɔ afe 1996 mu, nanso wɔhyɛɛ bɔ sɛ Charter no ne Amanaman Nkabom no gyinabew a ɛfa Sion som ho no hyia&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |title=African Charter on Human and Peoples’ Rights |url=https://doi.org/10.5040/9781472562432.ch-001 |work=Documents of the African Commission on Human and Peoples’ Rights |publisher=Hart Publishing |isbn=978-1-84113-092-7 |access-date=2025-06-19}}&lt;/ref&gt;.

== Hwɛ bio ==
Afrika Mmofra Ahofadi ne Wɔn yiyedi ho Ahyehyɛde

Afrika Asɛnnibea a Ɛhwɛ Nnipa ne Nkurɔfo Ahofadi Ho

Afrika Biakoyɛ

Nnipa hokwan ahorow ho mmara

Maputo Nhyehyɛe

Kasa mu kyɛfa a ɛwɔ mmara mu (Afrika)

Kasa mu kyɛfa

Amanaman Nkabom Bagua no Mmarahyɛ Bagua a Ɛto so 3379

== Mmeaeɛ a menyaa mmoa firiiɛ ==
[[Nkyekyεmu:Africa Wiki Challenge]]
[[Nkyekyεmu:2025]]</text>
      <sha1>ixs1cq5fvpa3eljbsfrl5l4qztsm0g1</sha1>
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    <revision>
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      <text bytes="4889" sha1="e5lcli24vzjy5nnj5pcknetvszlmioj" xml:space="preserve">''Wɔatwerɛ nsɛm wei wɔ '''Asante Twi''' mu''
[[File:Flag_of_the_African_Union.svg|thumb|Flag of the African Union]]
'''Afrika Amanaman Nkabom Nhyehyɛeɛ a Ɛfa Nnipa ne Nkurɔfoɔ Fahodie Ho. Amanaman Nkabom Nhyehyɛe a Ɛfa Onipa ne Nnipa Ahofadi ho (African Charter on Human and Peoples' Rights)''' (a wɔsan frɛ no Banjul Charter no) yɛ aman nyinaa nipa kyɛfa krataa a wɔhyɛ ho nkuran na ɛbɔ nipa kyɛfa ne fahodie ahodoɔ ho ban wɔ Afrika man mu.

Ɛfiri ase wɔ Afrika Baakoyɛ Ahyehyɛdeɛ (a seesei wɔde Afrika Baakoyɛ asi ananmu) no akwankyerɛ ase, a wɔ afe 1979 mu no, wɔ Ɔman ne Aban mpanyimfo Nhyiam ase no, wɔpenee gyinaesi bi a na ɛhwehwɛ sɛ wɔhyehyɛ abenfo boayikuw bi ma wɔayɛ nnipa hokwan ahorow ho nhyehyɛe a ɛfa kontinente no nyinaa ho, te sɛ nea na ɛwɔ hɔ dedaw wɔ Europa (Amanaman no Ho Mmara) ne Amerika (Amanaman no Ho Mmara). Wɔhyehyɛɛ saa boayikuw yi, na wɔtoo ne nsusuiɛ a wɔpenee so wɔ OAU Nhyiamu a ɛtɔ so 18 a wɔyɛɛ no June 1981 wɔ Nairobi, Kenya no ase&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Citation |title=Charter of the Organization of African Unity |date=2004-12-09 |url=https://doi.org/10.1017/cbo9780511494031.010 |work=Human Rights in Africa |pages=271–279 |doi=10.1017/cbo9780511494031.010 |access-date=2025-06-19}}&lt;/ref&gt;. Sɛnea N'asɛm 63 kyerɛ no (sɛnea ɛbɛyɛ a &quot;ɛbɛba mu wɔ asram abiɛsa akyi bere a Ɔmampanyin nsa aka Amanaman Nkabom no mu aman dodow no ara a wɔagye ato mu anaa wɔabom&quot; no&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;), Afrika Amanaman Nkabom no hyɛɛ ase wɔ Ɔpɛnimma da a ɛtɔ so 21 wɔ afe 1986 mu, na wɔhyɛɛ da sɛ wɔhyɛ Ɔpɛnimma da a ɛtɔ so 21 no ho anuonyam sɛ &quot;Afirika Nnipa Ahofadi Da&quot;&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |title=African Charter on Human and Peoples' Rights |date=2025-06-04 |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=African_Charter_on_Human_and_Peoples%27_Rights&amp;oldid=1293966614 |work=Wikipedia |language=en |access-date=2025-06-19}}&lt;/ref&gt;.

Ɔhwɛ ne nkyerɛaseɛ a ɛwɔ Mmara no mu no yɛ adwuma a Afrika Asɛnnibea a Ɛhwɛ Nnipa ne Nkurɔfoɔ fahodie so, a wɔhyehyɛɛ no Obubuo da ɛtɔ so 2 wɔ afe 1987 wɔ Addis Ababa (PM Ebbaa.A), Ethiopia, na seesei ɛwɔ Banjul, Gambia&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |title=EGYPT: ACHPR condemns persisting human rights abuses |url=https://doi.org/10.1163/2210-7975_hrd-0035-2014191 |access-date=2025-06-19}}&lt;/ref&gt;. Akyiri yi, wɔfaa apam bi a ɛfa Charter no ho too gua wɔ afe 1998 mu a na wɔde rebɔ Afrika Asɛnnibea a Ɛhwɛ Nnipa ne Nnipa Ahofadi Ho. Nhyehyɛeɛ no firii ase yɛɛ adwuma Ɔpɛpɔn bosome da a ɔtɛ so 25 wɔ afe 2004.

Wɔ July 2004 mu no, AU Asɛnnibea no sii gyinae sɛ wɔde ACHP no bɛka Afrika Asɛnnibea no ho. Wɔ July 2005 mu no, AU Asɛnnibea no sii gyinae sɛ ɛsɛ sɛ ACHP no yɛ adwuma ɛmfa ho sɛ na Afrika Asɛnnibea no a wɔde sii hɔ no nhyiamu no nnya mmaa mu. Ɛno nti, wɔ Abibiman Nkabom no Atumfoɔ Badwa a ɛtɔ so Nwɔtwe a wɔhyiaa wɔ Khartoum, Sudan, wɔ January 22, 2006 no, wɔpaw atemmufoɔ a wɔdi kan wɔ Afrika Asɛnnibea a Ɛhwɛ Nnipa ne Nnipakuo Ahofadiɛ so. Wɔda so ara da abusuabɔ a ɛda Asɛnnibea a wɔasi no foforo no ne boayikuw no ntam no adi.

Ɛde bɛsi afe 2019 no, aman 53 na wɔagye apam no ato mu&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |date=2021-04-23 |url=https://doi.org/10.36719/2707-1146-2021-07-02 |work=NATURE AND SCIENCE |volume=07 |issue=02 |doi=10.36719/2707-1146-2021-07-02 |issn=2707-1146 |access-date=2025-06-19}}&lt;/ref&gt;.

== Nea Ɛwɔ Mu ==
African Charter on Human and People's Rights no ka nsɛm a edi kan, afã 3, ti 4, ne nsɛm 63 ho. 1] Charter no hyehyɛɛ Afrika man mu nipa kyɛfa nhyehyɛe. Charter no ne amanfo nhyehyεe ahorow pii hyia, na afei nso ne nhyehyεe soronko bi wɔ gyinapεn ahorow a wogye tom no ho, ne ne nhyehyεe kwan so&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |title=Human Rights Law in Africa 1997 |date=1999-01-01 |url=https://doi.org/10.1163/9789004639638 |editor-last=Christof Heyns |publisher=Brill {{!}} Nijhoff |isbn=978-90-04-63963-8 |access-date=2025-06-19}}&lt;/ref&gt;.

Nkrataa no hyɛ bɔ sɛ wɔbɛtu Sion som ase, a ɔde toto nniso ne apartheid ho,[6] na ɛmaa South Africa gyee ne ho toom wɔ afe 1996 mu, nanso wɔhyɛɛ bɔ sɛ Charter no ne Amanaman Nkabom no gyinabew a ɛfa Sion som ho no hyia&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |title=African Charter on Human and Peoples’ Rights |url=https://doi.org/10.5040/9781472562432.ch-001 |work=Documents of the African Commission on Human and Peoples’ Rights |publisher=Hart Publishing |isbn=978-1-84113-092-7 |access-date=2025-06-19}}&lt;/ref&gt;.

== Hwɛ bio ==

* Afrika Mmofra Ahofadi ne Wɔn yiyedi ho Ahyehyɛde
* Afrika Asɛnnibea a Ɛhwɛ Nnipa ne Nkurɔfo Ahofadi Ho
* Afrika Biakoyɛ
* Nnipa hokwan ahorow ho mmara
* Maputo Nhyehyɛeɛ
* Kasa mu kyɛfa a ɛwɔ mmara mu (Afrika)
* Kasa mu kyɛfa
* Amanaman Nkabom Bagua no Mmarahyɛ Bagua a Ɛto so 3379

== Mmeaeɛ a menyaa mmoa firiiɛ ==
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      <comment>Christian Owusu Ansah moved page [[African Charter on Human and Peoples' Rights]] to [[Afrika Amanaman Nkabom Nhyehyɛeɛ a Ɛfa Nnipa ne Nkurɔfoɔ Fahodie Ho. (African Charter on Human and Peoples' Rights)]]</comment>
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      <comment>Created page with &quot;''Wɔatwerɛ nsɛm wei '''Asante Twi''' mu''  Atɛntrenee a Ɛkɔ Nnansa Yi Mu Ho Akatua  Atɛntrenee a wɔde di dwuma wɔ bere a wodi nsɛm ho dwuma no mu atitiriw anan no mu biako ne nokware, atɛntrenee (atɛntrenee a wɔde di nsɛm ho dwuma), ne ahyehyɛde mu nsakrae. Wɔ aman a wodi ako akyi anaa wɔdi tumi akyi mu no, wɔhwehwɛ sɛ wobegye ɔhaw a nnipa a wɔadi wɔn ni kɛse wɔ nnipa hokwan ahorow ho no anya no atom na wɔboa wɔn ma wɔn ho atɔ wɔn. Wɔyɛ s...&quot;</comment>
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      <text bytes="6192" sha1="3t26cwpt22qc7w9zzlepxejcypwxnw4" xml:space="preserve">''Wɔatwerɛ nsɛm wei '''Asante Twi''' mu''

Atɛntrenee a Ɛkɔ Nnansa Yi Mu Ho Akatua

Atɛntrenee a wɔde di dwuma wɔ bere a wodi nsɛm ho dwuma no mu atitiriw anan no mu biako ne nokware, atɛntrenee (atɛntrenee a wɔde di nsɛm ho dwuma), ne ahyehyɛde mu nsakrae. Wɔ aman a wodi ako akyi anaa wɔdi tumi akyi mu no, wɔhwehwɛ sɛ wobegye ɔhaw a nnipa a wɔadi wɔn ni kɛse wɔ nnipa hokwan ahorow ho no anya no atom na wɔboa wɔn ma wɔn ho atɔ wɔn. Wɔyɛ sɛnkyerɛnne kwan so ne honam fam nneɛma a wɔde si wɔn ani so sɛ wɔbɛsan ama nnipa anya nidi, wɔasan agye ahyehyɛde ahorow no adi, na wɔasiw basabasayɛ a ɛbɛba daakye ano. Ɛnyɛ ka kɛkɛ na wɔde tua ka no; ɛyɛ ade titiriw a ɛma nnipa nya apɔwmuden, wodi wɔn asɛyɛde ho dwuma wɔ abakɔsɛm mu, na ɛma wonya daakye a atɛntrenee wom ma obiara nya bi.

== Nteaseɛ a Yɛbɛnya Wɔ Atɛntrenee a Ɛkɔ Nnansa Mu Ho ==
Agyede yɛ nneɛma a aman anaa nnipa a wodi ho dwuma no yɛ de di nsɛm a wɔde dii dwuma wɔ bere bi a atwam no ho dwuma, na wɔboa wɔn a wɔafom wɔn no. Sɛnea UN Basic Principles and Guidelines on the Right to a Remedy and Reparation (2005) kyerɛ no, wɔn a wɔateetee no wɔ hokwan sɛ wonya reparation a ɛfata, a mfaso wɔ so, na ɛba ntɛmntɛm, a ebetumi aka:

Asetena (te sɛ, ahofadi, adwuma, agyapade)

Akatua (a wɔde ma sikasɛm mu ahokyere, yaw ne amanehunu)

Ayaresabea (ɔsafo ne adwenemhobea)

Anigyesɛm (nnipa mu gye a wɔagye atom, kyɛwpa)

Ahyɛde a ɛkyerɛ sɛ wɔrenyɛ saa bio (nhyehyɛe a wɔde di dwuma ɔkwammɔne so nsakrae)

(Amanaman Nkabom, 2005)

Saa nneɛma yi nyinaa hwehwɛ sɛ wɔde tebea a na ɛwɔ hɔ ansa na basabasayɛ no asi no si hɔ, bere a wogye tom sɛ nnipa nkwa, nidi, anaa ahofadi a wɔhwere no yɛ ade a wontumi mfa nsi ananmu.

== Mfasoɔ a Ɛwɔ So ==
Agyede no betumi ayɛ ankorankoro anaa kuw, na ebetumi ayɛ honam fam anaa sɛnkyerɛnne kwan so.

Wɔyɛ ankorɛankorɛ a wɔn ho aka anaa mmusua pɔtee bi ho nhyehyɛe ma wonya mmoa (te sɛ, sika a wɔde tua wɔn ka, wɔn a wobetumi anya ntetee anaa wɔn a wobetumi anya adan).

Wɔka nneɛma a ɔmanfo nyinaa ka ho asɛm de tu wɔn ho fo, mpɛn pii no ɛyɛ mmusua, nyamesom, anaa amantam ahorow (te sɛ, sukuu, nkaedum, anaa ɔmanfo atrae a wosisi).

Nneɛma a wɔde siesie bɔne no bi ne kyɛwpa a ɔman no de ma, akwan a wɔsan frɛ no din foforo, anaa nnapɔnna a wɔde kae wɔn a wɔabɔ wɔn asɛde no.

Nneɛma a wɔde siesie bɔne no ma wonya mfaso a edi mu de ma wɔn a wɔafom wɔn no asetra yɛ yie, mpɛn pii no, denam nsiakyibaa, ayaresa, anaa agyapadeɛ a wɔde ma wɔn no so.

Atɛntenee ne Animuonyam a Wɔde Ma

Nneɛma a ɛsɛ sɛ wɔsan siesie no si ɔman no anaa nea wayɛ bɔne no asɛde a ɛne mmara hyia no so dua. Wɔkyerɛ sɛ wɔn ani gye amane a wɔn a wɔato wɔn mmonnaa no rehu no ho na wɔboa ma wɔsakra wɔn gyinabea fi wɔn a wɔde adɔe ma wɔn no ho kɔ wɔn a wɔwɔ hokwan sɛ wodi wɔn asɛm (De Greiff, 2006). Wɔ ntransɛm atɛntrenee mu no, reparations yɛ biribi a ɛsen sika a wɔde tua ka - ɛyɛ ade a wogye tom sɛ wɔadi bɔne, na wɔn a wɔadi fɔ no wɔ hokwan sɛ wonya ahobammɔ na wɔsan de wɔn ka wɔn ho ma ɔman no siesie.

== Asɛnnibea a Ɛhwɛ Nsakraeɛ Ho Nsɛm So ==

=== South Africa ===
South Africa Nokware ne Ntam Afahyɛ Kuw (TRC) no hyɛɛ nkuran sɛ wɔn a Apartheid no kaa wɔn no, ɛsɛ sɛ wotua wɔn ka. Bere a wɔde sɛnkyerɛnne kwan so nneyɛe (te sɛ, ɔman afahyɛ, baguam kyɛwpa) dii dwuma no, wɔn a wɔkasa tia no kyerɛ sɛ sika a wɔde tuaa ka (R30,000 wɔ nipa biara mu) no antɔ fam bere a wɔde toto apartheid mmere no mu ntɛnkyea ho no (Boraine, 2000).

b. Morocco

Morocco's Equity and Reconciliation Commission (IER) de sika a wɔde bɛtua ɛka no ne mmoa a wɔde bɛboa mpɔtam hɔfo wɔ mmeae a ɔman no basabasayɛ baa wɔn so wɔ Ɔhene Hassan II nniso ase no. Na ɛyɛ Arab aman a wodii kan kaa nsɛmmɔnedi ho asɛm wɔ mmara kwan so no mu biako, ɛwom sɛ na nnipa a wɔabɔ wɔn sobo no bi kasa tia ɔkyere a wɔtwentwɛn wɔn nan ase no ne sɛnea wɔn nsɛm mu ntewee koraa no (Sriram, 2009).

c. Rwanda

Wɔ Rwanda no, wɔtoo wɔn bo ase yɛɛ nneɛma bi de tuaa ɔmanfo ka, te sɛ nnommumfa ho nkaedum ne Mutual Assistance Program (Ubudehe). Esiane sɛ na wonni sika pii nti, na wɔrentumi ntua wɔn ka no, nanso na nhyehyɛe a wɔyɛ ma ɔmanfo no boa ma wɔsan yɛ wɔn ho wɔn ho yiye.

d. Sierra Leone

Sierra Leone Nokware ne Ntam Afahyɛ Boayikuw no hyɛɛ nkuran sɛ wɔn a ɔmanko no akunkum wɔn, a wɔn mu bi yɛ wɔn a wɔatwa wɔn nsa, akunafo, ne akunafo a wɔwɔ ɔko mu no, wɔmfa sika no mma wɔn. Nanso, sika a na wɔnnya ne nhyehyɛe a na wɔnnyɛ den nti, wɔantumi anyɛ saa adwuma no nyinaa (Kelsall, 2005).

5. Nsɛnnennen a Ɛwɔ Asotwe a Wɔde Ma Ho

Akwan a wɔfa so yɛ adwuma no sua: Aman pii a wɔadi ako wɔ ɔko bi akyi no nni sika a wɔde bɛboa wɔn a atoyerɛnkyɛm ato wɔn no.

Amammuifo a wonni ɔpɛ no: Ebia aban ahorow no mpɛ sɛ wobegye ntɛnkyea a ɛrekɔ so no atom.

Wɔn a wɔrehu amane no: Mpɛn pii no, wontumi nhu wɔn a wɔfata sɛ wotua wɔn ka.

Nidi a ɛfata a wɔkari pɛ: Ɛho hia paa sɛ wɔhwɛ hu sɛ nsiesie no remfa mfaso mma kuw biako wɔ afoforo so.

Atwentwɛn ase: Atɛntrenee a wotwentwɛn ase no taa de ɔhaw foforo ba, na ɛma nneɛma a wɔde siesie no so nkɛntɛnso yɛ mmerɛw.

== 6. Asotwe ne Asomdwoeɛ a Ɛbɛtena Hɔ Daa ==
Sɛ wɔde nsiesie a wɔde ba no ka nhyehyɛeɛ foforɔ a wɔde ma atɛntenee a ɛdi mu ho a, ɛboa ma ɔman no nya nkɔsoɔ na ɛde asomdwoe ba. Sɛ nkurɔfoɔ hunu sɛ wɔgye wɔn tom na wɔtaa wɔn akyi a, ɛma nnipa nya baakoyɛ, wɔgye wɔn ho di, na ɛma wɔdi tumi wɔ ɔmanfo mu. Wɔ nsɛm bi te sɛ Colombia mu no, wɔbu reparations sɛ ɛyɛ ɔkwan a wɔfa so nya asomdwoe a ɛbɛkɔ so mfe pii wɔ ɔko akyi no fã&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |title=Research Handbook on Transitional Justice |date=2017-06-30 |url=https://doi.org/10.4337/9781781955314 |editor-last=Cheryl Lawther, Luke Moffett, Dov Jacobs |publisher=Edward Elgar Publishing |isbn=978-1-78195-531-4 |access-date=2025-06-19}}&lt;/ref&gt;.

== Mmeaeɛ a menyaa mmoa firiiɛ ==
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      <text bytes="8382" sha1="0t1d2miw3rpfdlmmzzdfv5oqu1m6zl7" xml:space="preserve">''Wɔatwerɛ nsɛm wei '''Asante Twi''' mu''

'''Atɛntenee a Ɛkɔ Nnansa Yi Mu Ho Akatua.''' Atɛntenee a wɔde di dwuma wɔ berɛ a wɔdi nsɛm ho dwuma no mu atitire anan no mu baako ne nokware, atɛntenee (atɛntenee a wɔde di nsɛm ho dwuma), ne ahyehyɛdeɛ mu nsakraeɛ. Wɔ aman a wɔdi ako akyi anaa wɔdi tumi akyi mu no, wɔhwehwɛ sɛ wɔbɛgye ɔhaw a nnipa a wɔadi wɔn ni kɛseɛ wɔ nnipa fahodie ahodoɔ ho no anya no atom na wɔboa wɔn ma wɔn ho atɔ wɔn. Wɔyɛ sɛnkyerɛnne kwan so ne honam fam nnoɔma a wɔde si wɔn ani so sɛ wɔbɛsan ama nnipa anya nidi, wɔasan agye ahyehyɛde ahodoɔ no adi, na wɔasiw basabasayɛ a ɛbɛba daakye ano. Ɛnyɛ ka kɛkɛ na wɔde tua ka no; ɛyɛ ade titiriw a ɛma nnipa nya apɔwmuden, wodi wɔn asɛyɛde ho dwuma wɔ abakɔsɛm mu, na ɛma wonya daakye a atɛntenee wom ma obiara nya bi.

== Nteaseɛ a Yɛbɛnya Wɔ Atɛntrenee a Ɛkɔ Nnansa Mu Ho ==
Agyede yɛ nneɛma a aman anaa nnipa a wodi ho dwuma no yɛ de di nsɛm a wɔde dii dwuma wɔ bere bi a atwam no ho dwuma, na wɔboa wɔn a wɔafom wɔn no. Sɛnea UN Basic Principles and Guidelines on the Right to a Remedy and Reparation (2005) kyerɛ no, wɔn a wɔateetee no wɔ hokwan sɛ wonya reparation a ɛfata, a mfaso wɔ so, na ɛba ntɛmntɛm, a ebetumi aka:

Asetena (te sɛ, ahofadi, adwuma, agyapade)

Akatua (a wɔde ma sikasɛm mu ahokyere, yaw ne amanehunu)

Ayaresabea (ɔsafo ne adwenemhobea)

Anigyesɛm (nnipa mu gye a wɔagye atom, kyɛwpa)

Ahyɛde a ɛkyerɛ sɛ wɔrenyɛ saa bio (nhyehyɛeɛ a wɔde di dwuma ɔkwammɔne so nsakrae)&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |title=Basic Principles and Guidelines on the Right to a Remedy and Reparation for Victims of Gross Violations of International Human Rights Law and Serious Violations of International Humanitarian Law |url=https://www.ohchr.org/en/instruments-mechanisms/instruments/basic-principles-and-guidelines-right-remedy-and-reparation |language=en |access-date=2025-06-19}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |title=12. Basic Principles and Guidelines on the Right to a Remedy and Reparation for Victims of Gross Violations of International Human Rights Law and Serious Violations of International Humanitarian Law |url=https://doi.org/10.1163/ej.9789004164819.i-0.170 |work=Essential Texts on Human Rights for the Police |pages=497–506 |publisher=Martinus Nijhoff Publishers |isbn=978-90-04-16481-9 |access-date=2025-06-19}}&lt;/ref&gt;

(Amanaman Nkabom, 2005)

Saa nneɛma yi nyinaa hwehwɛ sɛ wɔde tebea a na ɛwɔ hɔ ansa na basabasayɛ no asi no si hɔ, bere a wogye tom sɛ nnipa nkwa, nidi, anaa ahofadi a wɔhwere no yɛ ade a wontumi mfa nsi ananmu.

== Mfasoɔ a Ɛwɔ So ==
Agyede no betumi ayɛ ankorankoro anaa kuw, na ebetumi ayɛ honam fam anaa sɛnkyerɛnne kwan so.

Wɔyɛ ankorɛankorɛ a wɔn ho aka anaa mmusua pɔtee bi ho nhyehyɛe ma wonya mmoa (te sɛ, sika a wɔde tua wɔn ka, wɔn a wobetumi anya ntetee anaa wɔn a wobetumi anya adan).

Wɔka nneɛma a ɔmanfo nyinaa ka ho asɛm de tu wɔn ho fo, mpɛn pii no ɛyɛ mmusua, nyamesom, anaa amantam ahorow (te sɛ, sukuu, nkaedum, anaa ɔmanfo atrae a wosisi).

Nneɛma a wɔde siesie bɔne no bi ne kyɛwpa a ɔman no de ma, akwan a wɔsan frɛ no din foforɔ, anaa nnapɔnna a wɔde kae wɔn a wɔabɔ wɔn asɛde no.

Nneɛma a wɔde siesie bɔne no ma wonya mfaso a edi mu de ma wɔn a wɔafom wɔn no asetra yɛ yie, mpɛn pii no, denam nsiakyibaa, ayaresa, anaa agyapadeɛ a wɔde ma wɔn no so.

== Atɛntenee ne Animuonyam a Wɔde Ma ==
Nneɛma a ɛsɛ sɛ wɔsan siesie no si ɔman no anaa nea wayɛ bɔne no asɛde a ɛne mmara hyia no so dua. Wɔkyerɛ sɛ wɔn ani gye amane a wɔn a wɔato wɔn mmonnaa no rehunu no ho na wɔboa ma wɔsakra wɔn gyinabea fi wɔn a wɔde adɔe ma wɔn no ho kɔ wɔn a wɔwɔ hokwan sɛ wodi wɔn asɛm&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |title=The Handbook of Reparations |date=2006-03-01 |url=https://doi.org/10.1093/0199291926.001.0001 |editor-last=Pablo de Greiff |publisher=Oxford University Press |isbn=978-0-19-929192-2 |access-date=2025-06-19}}&lt;/ref&gt;. Wɔ ntransɛm atɛntenee mu no, reparations yɛ biribi a ɛsen sika a wɔde tua ka - ɛyɛ ade a wogye tom sɛ wɔadi bɔne, na wɔn a wɔadi fɔ no wɔ hokwan sɛ wonya ahobammɔ na wɔsan de wɔn ka wɔn ho ma ɔman no siesie.

== Asɛnnibea a Ɛhwɛ Nsakraeɛ Ho Nsɛm So ==

=== South Africa ===
South Africa Nokware ne Ntam Afahyɛ Kuw (TRC) no hyɛɛ nkuran sɛ wɔn a Apartheid no kaa wɔn no, ɛsɛ sɛ wotua wɔn ka. Bere a wɔde sɛnkyerɛnne kwan so nneyɛe (te sɛ, ɔman afahyɛ, baguam kyɛwpa) dii dwuma no, wɔn a wɔkasa tia no kyerɛ sɛ sika a wɔde tuaa ka (R30,000 wɔ nipa biara mu) no antɔ fam bere a wɔde toto apartheid mmere no mu ntɛnkyea ho no&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |last=Willie Henderson |title=A Country Unmasked: Inside South Africa's Truth and Reconciliation Commission, by Alex Boraine. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2000. xv + 466 pp. £20.00 hardback. ISBN 0‐19‐571805‐4. |date=2001-10-01 |url=https://doi.org/10.1093/afraf/100.401.666 |work=African Affairs |volume=100 |issue=401 |pages=666–668 |doi=10.1093/afraf/100.401.666 |issn=1468-2621 |access-date=2025-06-19}}&lt;/ref&gt;.

=== Morocco ===
Morocco's Equity and Reconciliation Commission (IER) de sika a wɔde bɛtua ɛka no ne mmoa a wɔde bɛboa mpɔtam hɔfo wɔ mmeae a ɔman no basabasayɛ baa wɔn so wɔ Ɔhene Hassan II nniso ase no. Na ɛyɛ Arab aman a wodii kan kaa nsɛmmɔnedi ho asɛm wɔ mmara kwan so no mu biako, ɛwom sɛ na nnipa a wɔabɔ wɔn sobo no bi kasa tia ɔkyere a wɔtwentwɛn wɔn nan ase no ne sɛnea wɔn nsɛm mu ntewee koraa no&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |title=Transitional Justice in the Middle East and North Africa |date=2017-05-18 |url=https://doi.org/10.1093/acprof:oso/9780190628567.001.0001 |work=Oxford Scholarship Online |editor-last=Chandra Sriram |doi=10.1093/acprof:oso/9780190628567.001.0001 |access-date=2025-06-19}}&lt;/ref&gt;.

=== Rwanda ===
Wɔ Rwanda no, wɔtoo wɔn bo ase yɛɛ nneɛma bi de tuaa ɔmanfo ka, te sɛ nnommumfa ho nkaedum ne Mutual Assistance Program (Ubudehe). Esiane sɛ na wonni sika pii nti, na wɔrentumi ntua wɔn ka no, nanso na nhyehyɛe a wɔyɛ ma ɔmanfoɔ no boa ma wɔsan yɛ wɔn ho wɔn ho yie.

=== Sierra Leone ===
Sierra Leone Nokware ne Ntam Afahyɛ Boayikuw no hyɛɛ nkuran sɛ wɔn a ɔmanko no akunkum wɔn, a wɔn mu bi yɛ wɔn a wɔatwa wɔn nsa, akunafo, ne akunafo a wɔwɔ ɔko mu no, wɔmfa sika no mma wɔn. Nanso, sika a na wɔnnya ne nhyehyɛe a na wɔnnyɛ den nti, wɔantumi anyɛ saa adwuma no nyinaa&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |last=Angelina Snodgrass Godoy |title=La Muchacha Respondona : Reflections on the Razor's Edge Between Crime and Human Rights |date=2005-05 |url=https://muse.jhu.edu/article/182769 |work=Human Rights Quarterly |volume=27 |issue=2 |pages=597–624 |language=en |doi=10.1353/hrq.2005.0018 |issn=1085-794X |access-date=2025-06-19}}&lt;/ref&gt;.

== Ɔhaw a Ɛwɔ Asotwe a Wɔde Ma Ho ==

* '''Akwan a wɔfa so yɛ adwuma no sua:''' Aman pii a wɔadi ako wɔ ɔko bi akyi no nni sika a wɔde bɛboa wɔn a atoyerɛnkyɛm ato wɔn no.
* '''Amamyɔ a wɔnni ɔpɛ no''': Ebia aban ahodoɔ no mpɛ sɛ wɔbɛgye ntɛnkyea a ɛrekɔ so no atom.
* '''Wɔn a wɔrehunu amane no''': Mpɛn pii no, wontumi nhu wɔn a wɔfata sɛ wotua wɔn ka.
* Nnidie a ɛfata a wɔkari pɛ: Ɛho hia paa sɛ wɔhwɛ hu sɛ nsiesie no remfa mfaso mma kuw biako wɔ afoforo so.
* '''Atwentwɛn ase:''' Atɛntrenee a wotwentwɛn ase no taa de ɔhaw foforo ba, na ɛma nneɛma a wɔde siesie no so nkɛntɛnsoɔ yɛ mmerɛ.

== Asotwe ne Asomdwoeɛ a Ɛbɛtena Hɔ Daa ==
Sɛ wɔde nsiesie a wɔde ba no ka nhyehyɛeɛ foforɔ a wɔde ma atɛntenee a ɛdi mu ho a, ɛboa ma ɔman no nya nkɔsoɔ na ɛde asomdwoe ba. Sɛ nkurɔfoɔ hunu sɛ wɔgye wɔn tom na wɔtaa wɔn akyi a, ɛma nnipa nya baakoyɛ, wɔgye wɔn ho di, na ɛma wɔdi tumi wɔ ɔmanfo mu. Wɔ nsɛm bi te sɛ Colombia mu no, wɔbu reparations sɛ ɛyɛ ɔkwan a wɔfa so nya asomdwoe a ɛbɛkɔ so mfe pii wɔ ɔko akyi no fã&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |title=Research Handbook on Transitional Justice |date=2017-06-30 |url=https://doi.org/10.4337/9781781955314 |editor-last=Cheryl Lawther, Luke Moffett, Dov Jacobs |publisher=Edward Elgar Publishing |isbn=978-1-78195-531-4 |access-date=2025-06-19}}&lt;/ref&gt;.

== Mmeaeɛ a menyaa mmoa firiiɛ ==
[[Nkyekyεmu:Africa Wiki Challenge]]
&lt;references /&gt;
[[Nkyekyεmu:2025]]</text>
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    <title>Haitian Independence Debt</title>
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        <id>16034</id>
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      <comment>Created page with &quot;[[File:Traité_France_Haïti_1825.jpg|thumb|The Baron de Mackau of France presenting demands to Jean-Pierre Boyer, President of Haiti, in 1825]] ''Wɔatwerɛ nsɛm wei wɔ '''Asante Twi''' mu''  Haiti faahodie no ho ka no fa afe 1825 apam a ɛbaa Haiti ne France ntam no ho a na ɛka France ho a na France hwehwɛ sɛ wotua faahodie no ho ka a ɛyɛ francs ɔpepem 150 wɔ afe biara ka ahorow anum mu a na Haiti tua no bɛyɛ ɔpepem 30 wɔ ahode a wɔhweree wɔ Haiti Nsakra...&quot;</comment>
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      <text bytes="2810" sha1="cgd06qvvvxmij7mw3xoxpg0xm05gvr8" xml:space="preserve">[[File:Traité_France_Haïti_1825.jpg|thumb|The Baron de Mackau of France presenting demands to Jean-Pierre Boyer, President of Haiti, in 1825]]
''Wɔatwerɛ nsɛm wei wɔ '''Asante Twi''' mu''

Haiti faahodie no ho ka no fa afe 1825 apam a ɛbaa Haiti ne France ntam no ho a na ɛka France ho a na France hwehwɛ sɛ wotua faahodie no ho ka a ɛyɛ francs ɔpepem 150 wɔ afe biara ka ahorow anum mu a na Haiti tua no bɛyɛ ɔpepem 30 wɔ ahode a wɔhweree wɔ Haiti Nsakrae no mu a na nkoa a wɔyɛ Haitifo ka ho no ho. Wɔhyɛɛ Haiti sɛ wɔmfa bosea a edi kan no mma no, na wɔ afe 1838 mu no, France penee so sɛ wɔbɛtew ɛka a aka no so akɔ ɔpepem 60 a wɔbɛtua wɔ mfe 30 mu, na wotuaa ka a etwa to no wɔ afe 1883 mu. Nanso, The New York Times bu akontaa sɛ esiane sɛ wotuaa ka foforo de tuaa ka yi nti, na wotua ka a etwa to no wɔ afe 1947 mu. Wɔkyerɛe sɛ wɔtua ɛka a wɔtua maa no no nyinaa bɛyɛ fransin ɔpepem 112, na sɛ wɔtoto sikasɛm mu a, ɛbɛyɛ fransin ɔpepem 560 wɔ afe 2022 mu, nanso sɛ wɔde sika no bɛhyɛ Haiti sikasɛm mu a, anka wobetumi anya no dɔla ɔpepepem 115.[1][2][3] Wɔ afe 2025 mu no, France hyehyɛɛ boayikuw bi sɛ wɔnsua ɛka a France de too Haiti no ho nsunsuanso. 7]

Saint-Domingue, a seesei wɔfrɛ no Haiti no, na ɛyɛ Europafo kurow a na mfaso wɔ so paa wɔ wiase wɔ afeha a ɛto so 19 no mu. 14][15] France nyaa n'ahonyade pii denam nkoa a wɔde dii dwuma no so, na nkoa a wɔwɔ Saint-Domingue nkutoo na na wɔn dodow yɛ Atlantic nkoa a wɔtɔn wɔn no ɔha mu aduanan wɔ 1780 mfe no mu.[ 16] Afe 1697 ne 1804 ntam no, Francefo faa nkoa 800,000 a wofi Afrika Atɔe fam kɔɔ Saint-Domingue kɔyɛɛ adwuma wɔ nnua akɛse so. Saint-Domingue nnipa dodow duu 520,000 wɔ 1790, na wɔn mu 425,000 yɛ nkoa. 18] Nkoasomfo wu dɔɔso, na na Frenchfo taa yɛ nkoa 
[[File:Map_of_Saint_Domingue_English.svg|thumb|Map of the French Colony of Saint-Domingue, in 1777. To the east, is the Captaincy General of Santo Domingo. The border dividing the island on the map is the one agreed in the Treaty of Aranjuez of 1777. At first, the entire island of Hispaniola belonged to Spain, but the French managed to seize the western part of the island thanks to the Devastations of Osorio (1605–1606).]]
adwuma ma wokum wɔn, na na wɔde wɔn pii kɔ kɔ nnommumfa no mu sen sɛ wɔbɛma wɔn nneɛma a wohia esiane sɛ na ne bo nyɛ den nti. [ 19] Saa bere no, na aguade a efi Haiti no yɛ aduasa ɔha mu nkyem wɔ France nnommumfa aguadi mu, bere a na n'asukɔ yɛ aduasa ɔha mu nkyem wɔ Atlantic aguadi mu. [ 15] Eduu 1770 mfe no mu no, na kɔfe a wodi wɔ Europa no bɛboro ɔha biara mu aduosia fi French West Indies, titiriw Saint-Domingue. [ 20]

== Mmeaeɛ a menyaa mmoa firiiɛ ==
[[Nkyekyεmu:Africa Wiki Challenge]]
[[Nkyekyεmu:2025]]</text>
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      <comment>/* Mmeaeɛ a menyaa mmoa firiiɛ */</comment>
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      <text bytes="5975" sha1="kh1f60xgzbxol0j45o2yd3gkl95hyry" xml:space="preserve">[[File:Traité_France_Haïti_1825.jpg|thumb|The Baron de Mackau of France presenting demands to Jean-Pierre Boyer, President of Haiti, in 1825]]
''Wɔatwerɛ nsɛm wei wɔ '''Asante Twi''' mu''

Haiti faahodie no ho ka no fa afe 1825 apam a ɛbaa Haiti ne France ntam no ho a na ɛka France ho a na France hwehwɛ sɛ wotua faahodie no ho ka a ɛyɛ francs ɔpepem 150 wɔ afe biara ka ahorow anum mu a na Haiti tua no bɛyɛ ɔpepem 30 wɔ ahode a wɔhweree wɔ Haiti Nsakrae no mu a na nkoa a wɔyɛ Haitifo ka ho no ho. Wɔhyɛɛ Haiti sɛ wɔmfa bosea a edi kan no mma no, na wɔ afe 1838 mu no, France penee so sɛ wɔbɛtew ɛka a aka no so akɔ ɔpepem 60 a wɔbɛtua wɔ mfe 30 mu, na wotuaa ka a etwa to no wɔ afe 1883 mu. Nanso, The New York Times bu akontaa sɛ esiane sɛ wotuaa ka foforo de tuaa ka yi nti, na wotua ka a etwa to no wɔ afe 1947 mu. Wɔkyerɛe sɛ wɔtua ɛka a wɔtua maa no no nyinaa bɛyɛ fransin ɔpepem 112, na sɛ wɔtoto sikasɛm mu a, ɛbɛyɛ fransin ɔpepem 560 wɔ afe 2022 mu, nanso sɛ wɔde sika no bɛhyɛ Haiti sikasɛm mu a, anka wobetumi anya no dɔla ɔpepepem 115&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |last=Charles Forsdick |title=Haiti and France: Settling the Debts of the Past |date=2013 |url=http://link.springer.com/10.1057/9781137312006_7 |work=Politics and Power in Haiti |pages=141–159 |editor-last=Kate Quinn, Paul Sutton |place=New York |publisher=Palgrave Macmillan US |language=en |doi=10.1057/9781137312006_7. isbn 978-1-349-45710-6. |isbn=978-1-349-45710-6 |access-date=2025-06-19}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |title=41692a, 1882-02-20, NURSE (Henry), Old Cavendish Street, and others |url=https://doi.org/10.1163/2210-7886_asc-41692a |access-date=2025-06-19}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |last=Catherine Porter |title=Philippine Shipping Assuming New Importance |date=1939-11-22 |url=https://doi.org/10.2307/3022432 |work=Far Eastern Survey |volume=8 |issue=23 |pages=273–274 |doi=10.2307/3022432 |issn=0362-8949 |access-date=2025-06-19}}&lt;/ref&gt;. Wɔ afe 2025 mu no, France hyehyɛɛ boayikuo bi sɛ wɔnsua ɛka a France de too Haiti no ho nsunsuansoɔ&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |title=Japan Times Weekly, Volume 09, Issue 04 - 1941-05-22 |url=https://doi.org/10.1163/36722_meao_japantimesweekly_009_04 |access-date=2025-06-19}}&lt;/ref&gt;.

== Abakɔsɛm ==
[[:en:Saint-Domingue|Saint-Domingue]], a seesei wɔfrɛ no Haiti no, na ɛyɛ Europafoɔ kuro a na mfasoɔ wɔ so paa wɔ wiase wɔ afeha a ɛto so 19 no mu&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |last=James Edward McClellan |title=Colonialism and science: Saint Domingue in the old regime |date=2010 |edition=2nd ed. with a new foreword |place=Chicago |publisher=University of Chicago press |isbn=978-0-226-51467-3 |access-date=2025-06-19}}&lt;/ref&gt;. [[France]] nyaa n'ahonyadeɛ pii denam nkoa a wɔde dii dwuma no so, na nkoa a wɔwɔ Saint-Domingue nkutoo na na wɔn dodow yɛ Atlantic nkoa a wɔtɔn wɔn no ɔha mu aduanan wɔ 1780 mfe no mu&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |last=Valentin V. Mdzinarishvili |title=New Models of the Physical Microcosm and Their Optimality |date=2022 |url=https://doi.org/10.4236/oalib.1108461 |work=OALib |volume=09 |issue=05 |pages=1–20 |doi=10.4236/oalib.1108461 |issn=2333-9721 |access-date=2025-06-19}}&lt;/ref&gt;. Afe 1697 ne 1804 ntam no, Francefo faa nkoa 800,000 a wofi Afrika Atɔe fam kɔɔ Saint-Domingue kɔyɛɛ adwuma wɔ nnua akɛse so. Saint-Domingue nnipa dodow duu 520,000 wɔ afe 1790, na wɔn mu 425,000 yɛ nkoa&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |last=Thomas Piketty |title=Capital and ideology |date=2020 |place=Cambridge, Massachusetts |publisher=Harvard University Press |isbn=978-0-674-98082-2 |access-date=2025-06-19 |translator-last=Arthur Goldhammer}}&lt;/ref&gt;.  Nkoasomfo wu dɔɔso, na na Frenchfoɔ taa yɛ nkoa 
[[File:Map_of_Saint_Domingue_English.svg|thumb|Map of the French Colony of Saint-Domingue, in 1777. To the east, is the Captaincy General of Santo Domingo. The border dividing the island on the map is the one agreed in the Treaty of Aranjuez of 1777. At first, the entire island of Hispaniola belonged to Spain, but the French managed to seize the western part of the island thanks to the Devastations of Osorio (1605–1606).]]
adwuma ma wokum wɔn, na na wɔde wɔn pii kɔ kɔ nnommumfa no mu sen sɛ wɔbɛma wɔn nneɛma a wohia esiane sɛ na ne bo nyɛ den nti&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |last=Cedric J. Robinson, Robin D. G. Kelley, Tiffany Willoughby-Herard, Damien M. Sojoyner |title=Black marxism: the making of the Black radical tradition |date=2020 |edition=Third edition, revised and updated |place=Chapel Hill |publisher=The University of North Carolina Press |isbn=978-1-4696-6371-5 |access-date=2025-06-19}}&lt;/ref&gt;. Saa berɛ no, na adwadeɛ a efi Haiti no yɛ aduasa ɔha mu nkyem wɔ France nnommumfa adwadie mu, bere a na n'asukɔ yɛ aduasa ɔha mu nkyem wɔ Atlantic aguadi mu&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |last=Westenley Alcenat |title=How U.S. Economic Imperialism Underdeveloped Haiti |date=2021-04-03 |url=https://doi.org/10.1080/10714839.2021.1923226 |work=NACLA Report on the Americas |volume=53 |issue=2 |pages=193–201 |doi=10.1080/10714839.2021.1923226 |issn=1071-4839 |access-date=2025-06-19}}&lt;/ref&gt;. Ɛduruu 1770 mfeɛ no mu no, na kɔfe a wodi wɔ Europa no bɛboro ɔha biara mu aduosia fi French West Indies, titiriw Saint-Domingue&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |last=Tamira Combrink |title=Slave-based coffee in the eighteenth century and the role of the Dutch in global commodity chains |date=2021-01-02 |url=https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/0144039X.2020.1860465 |work=Slavery &amp; Abolition |volume=42 |issue=1 |pages=15–42 |language=en |doi=10.1080/0144039X.2020.1860465 |issn=0144-039X |access-date=2025-06-19}}&lt;/ref&gt;.

== Hwɛ bio ==

* [[:en:Chilean_independence_debt|Chile faahodie ho ka]]
* [[:en:External_debt_of_Haiti|Haiti amannɔne ka]]
* [[:en:France–Haiti_relations|France ne Haiti ntam abusuabɔ]]
* [[:en:Foreign_relations_of_Haiti|Haiti Amanaman ntam nkitahodie]]

== Mmeaeɛ a menyaa mmoa firiiɛ ==
[[Nkyekyεmu:Africa Wiki Challenge]]
[[Nkyekyεmu:2025]]</text>
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      <text bytes="5980" sha1="i5g1z5atll4ylc0nocv3qiyu0tswx1q" xml:space="preserve">[[File:Traité_France_Haïti_1825.jpg|thumb|The Baron de Mackau of France presenting demands to Jean-Pierre Boyer, President of Haiti, in 1825]]
''Wɔatwerɛ nsɛm wei wɔ '''Asante Twi''' mu''

Haiti faahodie no ho ka no fa afe 1825 apam a ɛbaa Haiti ne France ntam no ho a na ɛka France ho a na France hwehwɛ sɛ wotua faahodie no ho ka a ɛyɛ francs ɔpepem 150 wɔ afe biara ka ahodoɔ anum mu a na Haiti tua no bɛyɛ ɔpepem 30 wɔ ahode a wɔhweree wɔ Haiti Nsakrae no mu a na nkoa a wɔyɛ Haitifo ka ho no ho. Wɔhyɛɛ Haiti sɛ wɔmfa bosea a edi kan no mma no, na wɔ afe 1838 mu no, France penee so sɛ wɔbɛtew ɛka a aka no so akɔ ɔpepem 60 a wɔbɛtua wɔ mfe 30 mu, na wotuaa ka a etwa to no wɔ afe 1883 mu. Nanso, The New York Times bu akontaa sɛ esiane sɛ wotuaa ka foforo de tuaa ka yi nti, na wotua ka a etwa to no wɔ afe 1947 mu. Wɔkyerɛe sɛ wɔtua ɛka a wɔtua maa no no nyinaa bɛyɛ fransin ɔpepem 112, na sɛ wɔtoto sikasɛm mu a, ɛbɛyɛ fransin ɔpepem 560 wɔ afe 2022 mu, nanso sɛ wɔde sika no bɛhyɛ Haiti sikasɛm mu a, anka wobetumi anya no dɔla ɔpepepem 115&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |last=Charles Forsdick |title=Haiti and France: Settling the Debts of the Past |date=2013 |url=http://link.springer.com/10.1057/9781137312006_7 |work=Politics and Power in Haiti |pages=141–159 |editor-last=Kate Quinn, Paul Sutton |place=New York |publisher=Palgrave Macmillan US |language=en |doi=10.1057/9781137312006_7. isbn 978-1-349-45710-6. |isbn=978-1-349-45710-6 |access-date=2025-06-19}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |title=41692a, 1882-02-20, NURSE (Henry), Old Cavendish Street, and others |url=https://doi.org/10.1163/2210-7886_asc-41692a |access-date=2025-06-19}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |last=Catherine Porter |title=Philippine Shipping Assuming New Importance |date=1939-11-22 |url=https://doi.org/10.2307/3022432 |work=Far Eastern Survey |volume=8 |issue=23 |pages=273–274 |doi=10.2307/3022432 |issn=0362-8949 |access-date=2025-06-19}}&lt;/ref&gt;. Wɔ afe 2025 mu no, France hyehyɛɛ boayikuo bi sɛ wɔnsua ɛka a France de too Haiti no ho nsunsuansoɔ&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |title=Japan Times Weekly, Volume 09, Issue 04 - 1941-05-22 |url=https://doi.org/10.1163/36722_meao_japantimesweekly_009_04 |access-date=2025-06-19}}&lt;/ref&gt;.

== Abakɔsɛm ==
[[File:Map_of_Saint_Domingue_English.svg|thumb|Map of the French Colony of Saint-Domingue, in 1777. To the east, is the Captaincy General of Santo Domingo. The border dividing the island on the map is the one agreed in the Treaty of Aranjuez of 1777. At first, the entire island of Hispaniola belonged to Spain, but the French managed to seize the western part of the island thanks to the Devastations of Osorio (1605–1606).]]
[[:en:Saint-Domingue|Saint-Domingue]], a seesei wɔfrɛ no Haiti no, na ɛyɛ Europafoɔ kuro a na mfasoɔ wɔ so paa wɔ wiase wɔ afeha a ɛto so 19 no mu&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |last=James Edward McClellan |title=Colonialism and science: Saint Domingue in the old regime |date=2010 |edition=2nd ed. with a new foreword |place=Chicago |publisher=University of Chicago press |isbn=978-0-226-51467-3 |access-date=2025-06-19}}&lt;/ref&gt;. [[France]] nyaa n'ahonyadeɛ pii denam nkoa a wɔde dii dwuma no so, na nkoa a wɔwɔ Saint-Domingue nkutoo na na wɔn dodow yɛ Atlantic nkoa a wɔtɔn wɔn no ɔha mu aduanan wɔ 1780 mfe no mu&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |last=Valentin V. Mdzinarishvili |title=New Models of the Physical Microcosm and Their Optimality |date=2022 |url=https://doi.org/10.4236/oalib.1108461 |work=OALib |volume=09 |issue=05 |pages=1–20 |doi=10.4236/oalib.1108461 |issn=2333-9721 |access-date=2025-06-19}}&lt;/ref&gt;. Afe 1697 ne 1804 ntam no, Francefo faa nkoa 800,000 a wofi Afrika Atɔe fam kɔɔ Saint-Domingue kɔyɛɛ adwuma wɔ nnua akɛse so. Saint-Domingue nnipa dodoɔ duu 520,000 wɔ afe 1790, na wɔn mu 425,000 yɛ nkoa&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |last=Thomas Piketty |title=Capital and ideology |date=2020 |place=Cambridge, Massachusetts |publisher=Harvard University Press |isbn=978-0-674-98082-2 |access-date=2025-06-19 |translator-last=Arthur Goldhammer}}&lt;/ref&gt;.  Nkoasomfo wu dɔɔso, na na Frenchfoɔ taa yɛ nkoa 

adwuma ma wokum wɔn, na na wɔde wɔn pii kɔ kɔ nnommumfa no mu sen sɛ wɔbɛma wɔn nneɛma a wohia esiane sɛ na ne bo nyɛ den nti&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |last=Cedric J. Robinson, Robin D. G. Kelley, Tiffany Willoughby-Herard, Damien M. Sojoyner |title=Black marxism: the making of the Black radical tradition |date=2020 |edition=Third edition, revised and updated |place=Chapel Hill |publisher=The University of North Carolina Press |isbn=978-1-4696-6371-5 |access-date=2025-06-19}}&lt;/ref&gt;. Saa berɛ no, na adwadeɛ a efi Haiti no yɛ aduasa ɔha mu nkyem wɔ France nnommumfa adwadie mu, berɛ a na n'asukɔ yɛ aduasa ɔha mu nkyem wɔ Atlantic aguadi mu&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |last=Westenley Alcenat |title=How U.S. Economic Imperialism Underdeveloped Haiti |date=2021-04-03 |url=https://doi.org/10.1080/10714839.2021.1923226 |work=NACLA Report on the Americas |volume=53 |issue=2 |pages=193–201 |doi=10.1080/10714839.2021.1923226 |issn=1071-4839 |access-date=2025-06-19}}&lt;/ref&gt;. Ɛduruu 1770 mfeɛ no mu no, na kɔfe a wodi wɔ Europa no bɛborɔ ɔha biara mu aduosia fi French West Indies, titirie Saint-Domingue&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |last=Tamira Combrink |title=Slave-based coffee in the eighteenth century and the role of the Dutch in global commodity chains |date=2021-01-02 |url=https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/0144039X.2020.1860465 |work=Slavery &amp; Abolition |volume=42 |issue=1 |pages=15–42 |language=en |doi=10.1080/0144039X.2020.1860465 |issn=0144-039X |access-date=2025-06-19}}&lt;/ref&gt;.

== Hwɛ bio ==

* [[:en:Chilean_independence_debt|Chile faahodie ho ka]]
* [[:en:External_debt_of_Haiti|Haiti amannɔne ka]]
* [[:en:France–Haiti_relations|France ne Haiti ntam abusuabɔ]]
* [[:en:Foreign_relations_of_Haiti|Haiti Amanaman ntam nkitahodie]]

== Mmeaeɛ a menyaa mmoa firiiɛ ==
[[Nkyekyεmu:Africa Wiki Challenge]]
[[Nkyekyεmu:2025]]</text>
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      <comment>Created page with &quot;''Wɔatwerɛ nsɛm wei wɔ '''Asante Twi''' mu''  Asase a ne kɛseɛ yɛ acres aduanan ne afurum no gyina hɔ ma Special Field Orders, No. 15 (series 1865), a na ɛyɛ ɔko bere mu ahyɛde a Union ɔsahene William Tecumseh Sherman de too gua wɔ January 16, 1865 mu, wɔ Amerika Ɔmanko no mu, sɛ wɔmfa asase mma mmusua bi a wɔagye wɔn afi nnommum mu, wɔ nsase a ne kɛse nnu acres 40 (16 ha)&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |title=Order by the Commander of the Military Division of the...&quot;</comment>
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      <text bytes="5206" sha1="kuagcys8082nzg2m645nlbo42e85991" xml:space="preserve">''Wɔatwerɛ nsɛm wei wɔ '''Asante Twi''' mu''

Asase a ne kɛseɛ yɛ acres aduanan ne afurum no gyina hɔ ma Special Field Orders, No. 15 (series 1865), a na ɛyɛ ɔko bere mu ahyɛde a Union ɔsahene William Tecumseh Sherman de too gua wɔ January 16, 1865 mu, wɔ Amerika Ɔmanko no mu, sɛ wɔmfa asase mma mmusua bi a wɔagye wɔn afi nnommum mu, wɔ nsase a ne kɛse nnu acres 40 (16 ha)&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |title=Order by the Commander of the Military Division of the Mississippi, January 16, 1865 |url=https://www.freedmen.umd.edu/sfo15.htm |access-date=2025-06-19}}&lt;/ref&gt;. Akyiri yi, Sherman hyɛɛ asraafo no sɛ wɔmfa afurum no nyɛ adwuma wɔ asase ho nsakrae no mu. Asɛnka a Ɔsahene Edwin M. Stanton ne Radical Republican abolitionists Charles Sumner ne Thaddeus Stevens&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |last=Abby Wolf |title=Gates, Henry Louis “Skip,” Jr. |date=2013-03-15 |url=https://doi.org/10.1093/acref/9780195301731.013.36461 |work=African American Studies Center |publisher=Oxford University Press |isbn=978-0-19-530173-1 |access-date=2025-06-19}}&lt;/ref&gt; akyire no, Amerika Ɔmanko no maa nkoasom ho nhyehyɛeɛ no sɛee. Wɔhyɛɛ mmara sɛ wɔbɛfa asase a ne kɛse yɛ eka 400,000 (160,000 ha) wɔ South Carolina, Georgia, ne Florida Atlantic mpoano, na wɔakyekyɛ no mu ayɛ no mpasekɛse a ne kɛse nnu eka 40 (16 ha),[3] a na ɛsɛ sɛ wɔtena hɔ ma mmusua bɛyɛ 18,000 a kan na wɔyɛ nkoa ne abibifo afoforo a na wɔte hɔ saa bere no.

Nnipa a wɔagye wɔn ho no mu pii gye dii, bere a amanyɔfo pii ka kyerɛɛ wɔn sɛ wɔwɔ hokwan sɛ wonya asase a na wɔhyɛ wɔn ma wɔyɛ mu adwuma sɛ nkoa no, na na wɔpɛ sɛ wonya wɔn ankasa agyapade. Nnipa a wɔagye wɔn afi nnommum mu no dodow no ara hwɛ kwan sɛ wobegye asase a ne kɛse yɛ eka 40 no.[ 4] Nanso, Abraham Lincoln a odii n'ade sɛ ɔmampanyin, Andrew Johnson, bɔɔ mmɔden sɛ ɔbɛsesa Sherman's wartime Order No. 15 ne nnyinasosɛm a ɛtete saa a na ɛwɔ Freedmen's Bureau no mmara a ɛto so abien no mu no.

Asase a wɔkyekyɛɛ mu no bi wɔ asraafo tumi ase wɔ ɔko no mu ne bere tiaa bi a edii ɛno akyi. Nanso, bere a wɔresan asiesie ɔman no, aban no ne ɔman no mmara sii so dua sɛ ɛsɛ sɛ wɔn a wɔyɛ abibifo yɛ adwuma de tua wɔn ka, na ɛnyɛ sɛ wɔn ankasa benya asase. Ɛkame ayɛ sɛ asase a wɔde maa wɔn wɔ ɔko no mu no nyinaa san baa wɔn a na wɔwɔ hɔ ansa na ɔko no reba no nsam. 5] Abibifo akuw pii nyaa wɔn asase no so tumi, na mmusua bi nso nyaa asase foforo denam wɔn fie a wosii no so. Abibifo asase a na wɔwɔ no trɛwee kɛse wɔ Mississippi, titiriw wɔ afeha a ɛto so 19 no mu. Ná ɔmantam no wɔ asase a enni mfinimfini (asase a ɛbɛn asubɔnten bi) wɔ asubɔnten no akyi a na wɔabɔ ho adwuma ansa na ɔko no reba. Abibifo dodow no ara nyaa asase wɔ ankorankoro nhyehyɛe mu, na na wɔn agyapade no so trɛwee bɛyɛ hekta ɔpepem 6.1, anaa kilomita mpem aduonu anum wɔ afe 1910 mu, ansa na sikasɛm mu ahokyere kɛse no de ɔhaw aba a ɛmaa nnipa pii hweree wɔn agyapade.

== Ɛho asɛm ==
[[File:IJzeren_voetring_voor_gevangenen_transparent_background.png|alt=Shackles|thumb|IJzeren voetring voor gevangenen transparent background]]
African Americafoɔ hyiae nyiyim a emu yɛ den na mmara a ɛhwehwɛ nnipa mu nyiyim na ɛmma kwan sɛ wobedi nnipa mu nyiyim ho dwuma no ma wɔtraa hɔ sɛ &quot;abusuakuwo&quot; kuo soronko&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |title=Forty acres and a mule |date=2025-06-17 |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Forty_acres_and_a_mule&amp;oldid=1296065697 |work=Wikipedia |language=en |access-date=2025-06-19}}&lt;/ref&gt;. Ansa na ɔmanko no reba no, na Afrika Amerikafo a wɔwɔ ahofadi no mu dodow no ara te Atifi fam, baabi a na wɔatu nkoasom ase. Ná wɔtaa bu Amerikafo a wɔyɛ abibifo a wɔwɔ ahofadi sɛ wɔyɛ nkurɔfoɔ a wɔsɛe wɔn adwuma esiane sɛ na wɔtaa pɛ sɛ wɔyɛ adwuma ma wonya akatua a ɛtra ase sen aborɔfo nti. Afei nso, na wobu wɔn sɛ asiane a wobetumi de aba wɔn a wɔda so ara yɛ nkoa no so. Esiane eyi nti, na wɔn a wɔagye wɔn afi nkoasom mu no nni anigye wɔ United States mmeae pii&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |title=Forty acres and a mule |date=2025-06-17 |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Forty_acres_and_a_mule&amp;oldid=1296065697 |work=Wikipedia |language=en |access-date=2025-06-19}}&lt;/ref&gt;.

Wɔ Anafoɔ fam no, na mmara a ɛfa amamfrafo ho no ama aman no kwan sɛ wɔhyɛ Afrika Amerikafo a wɔade wɔn ho sɛ wɔnyɛ adwuma, na ɛtɔ mmere bi a wɔtɔn wɔn sɛ nkoa. 8] [9] Nanso, Afrika-Amerikafo a wɔagye wɔn ho atena ɔman no mu nyinaa yɛɛ nnwuma ahorow, a wɔn mu kakraa bi na na wɔwɔ wɔn ankasa mfuw a wodi yiye no&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |title=Forty acres and a mule |date=2025-06-17 |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Forty_acres_and_a_mule&amp;oldid=1296065697 |work=Wikipedia |language=en |access-date=2025-06-19}}&lt;/ref&gt;. Afoforɔ tenaa Upper Canada (seesei Southern Ontario), baabi a na Asaseasease Asase Akwantu no awiei, ne Nova Scotia&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |title=Forty acres and a mule |date=2025-06-17 |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Forty_acres_and_a_mule&amp;oldid=1296065697 |work=Wikipedia |language=en |access-date=2025-06-19}}&lt;/ref&gt;.

== Mmeaeɛ a menyaa mmoa firiiɛ ==</text>
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      <text bytes="6362" sha1="eyyzr6dspyyeipk7z7fb4tz4v9823uq" xml:space="preserve">[[File:General_William_T._Sherman_(4190887790)_(cropped).jpg|alt=A middle aged man in military dress|thumb|General William T. Sherman, who issued the orders that were the genesis of forty acres and a mule.]]
''Wɔatwerɛ nsɛm wei wɔ '''Asante Twi''' mu''

Asase a ne kɛseɛ yɛ acres aduanan ne afurum no gyina hɔ ma '''Special Field Orders''', '''No. 15 (series 1865)''', a na ɛyɛ ɔko bere mu ahyɛde a Union ɔsahene William Tecumseh Sherman de too gua wɔ January 16, 1865 mu, wɔ Amerika Ɔmanko no mu, sɛ wɔmfa asase mma mmusua bi a wɔagye wɔn afi nnommum mu, wɔ nsase a ne kɛse nnu acres 40 (16 ha)&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |title=Order by the Commander of the Military Division of the Mississippi, January 16, 1865 |url=https://www.freedmen.umd.edu/sfo15.htm |access-date=2025-06-19}}&lt;/ref&gt;. Akyiri yi, Sherman hyɛɛ asraafo no sɛ wɔmfa afurum no nyɛ adwuma wɔ asase ho nsakrae no mu. Asɛnka a Ɔsahene Edwin M. Stanton ne Radical Republican abolitionists Charles Sumner ne Thaddeus Stevens&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |last=Abby Wolf |title=Gates, Henry Louis “Skip,” Jr. |date=2013-03-15 |url=https://doi.org/10.1093/acref/9780195301731.013.36461 |work=African American Studies Center |publisher=Oxford University Press |isbn=978-0-19-530173-1 |access-date=2025-06-19}}&lt;/ref&gt; akyire no, Amerika Ɔmanko no maa nkoasom ho nhyehyɛeɛ no sɛee. Wɔhyɛɛ mmara sɛ wɔbɛfa asase a ne kɛse yɛ eka 400,000 (160,000 ha) wɔ South Carolina, Georgia, ne Florida Atlantic mpoano, na wɔakyekyɛ no mu ayɛ no mpasekɛse a ne kɛse nnu eka 40 (16 ha)&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |last=Maureen Morris |title=LibGuides: Ebooks at Cornell: Searching for ebooks |url=https://guides.library.cornell.edu/ebooksatCUL/collections |language=en |access-date=2025-06-20}}&lt;/ref&gt;, a na ɛsɛ sɛ wɔtena hɔ ma mmusua bɛyɛ 18,000 a kan na wɔyɛ nkoa ne abibifoɔ afoforɔ a na wɔte hɔ saa bere no.

Nnipa a wɔagye wɔn ho no mu pii gye dii, bere a amanyɔfo pii ka kyerɛɛ wɔn sɛ wɔwɔ hokwan sɛ wonya asase a na wɔhyɛ wɔn ma wɔyɛ mu adwuma sɛ nkoa no, na na wɔpɛ sɛ wonya wɔn ankasa agyapade. Nnipa a wɔagye wɔn afi nnommum mu no dodow no ara hwɛ kwan sɛ wobegye asase a ne kɛse yɛ eka 40 no. Nanso, Abraham Lincoln a odii n'ade sɛ ɔmampanyin, Andrew Johnson, bɔɔ mmɔden sɛ ɔbɛsesa Sherman's wartime Order No. 15 ne nnyinasosɛm a ɛtete saa a na ɛwɔ Freedmen's Bureau no mmara a ɛto so abien no mu no.

Asase a wɔkyekyɛɛ mu no bi wɔ asraafo tumi ase wɔ ɔko no mu ne bere tiaa bi a edii ɛno akyi. Nanso, bere a wɔresan asiesie ɔman no, aban no ne ɔman no mmara sii so dua sɛ ɛsɛ sɛ wɔn a wɔyɛ abibifo yɛ adwuma de tua wɔn ka, na ɛnyɛ sɛ wɔn ankasa benya asase. Ɛkame ayɛ sɛ asase a wɔde maa wɔn wɔ ɔko no mu no nyinaa san baa wɔn a na wɔwɔ hɔ ansa na ɔko no reba no nsam&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |last=fultonk |title=The Truth Behind '40 Acres and a Mule' {{!}} African American History Blog |date=2013-01-06 |url=https://www.pbs.org/wnet/african-americans-many-rivers-to-cross/history/the-truth-behind-40-acres-and-a-mule/ |language=en-US |access-date=2025-06-20}}&lt;/ref&gt;. Abibifo akuw pii nyaa wɔn asase no so tumi, na mmusua bi nso nyaa asase foforo denam wɔn fie a wosii no so. Abibifo asase a na wɔwɔ no trɛwee kɛse wɔ Mississippi, titiriw wɔ afeha a ɛto so 19 no mu. Ná ɔmantam no wɔ asase a enni mfinimfini (asase a ɛbɛn asubɔnten bi) wɔ asubɔnten no akyi a na wɔabɔ ho adwuma ansa na ɔko no reba. Abibifo dodow no ara nyaa asase wɔ ankorankoro nhyehyɛe mu, na na wɔn agyapade no so trɛwee bɛyɛ hekta ɔpepem 6.1, anaa kilomita mpem aduonu anum wɔ afe 1910 mu, ansa na sikasɛm mu ahokyere kɛseɛ no de ɔhaw aba a ɛmaa nnipa pii hweree wɔn agyapadeɛ.

== Ɛho asɛm ==
[[File:IJzeren_voetring_voor_gevangenen_transparent_background.png|alt=Shackles|thumb|IJzeren voetring voor gevangenen transparent background]]
African Americafoɔ hyiae nyiyim a emu yɛ den na mmara a ɛhwehwɛ nnipa mu nyiyim na ɛmma kwan sɛ wobedi nnipa mu nyiyim ho dwuma no ma wɔtenaa hɔ sɛ &quot;abusuakuo&quot; kuo soronko&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |title=Forty acres and a mule |date=2025-06-17 |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Forty_acres_and_a_mule&amp;oldid=1296065697 |work=Wikipedia |language=en |access-date=2025-06-19}}&lt;/ref&gt;. Ansa na ɔmanko no reba no, na Afrika Amerikafo a wɔwɔ fahodi no mu dodow no ara te Atifi fam, baabi a na wɔatu nkoasom ase. Ná wɔtaa bu Amerikafo a wɔyɛ abibifo a wɔwɔ ahofadi sɛ wɔyɛ nkurɔfoɔ a wɔsɛe wɔn adwuma esiane sɛ na wɔtaa pɛ sɛ wɔyɛ adwuma ma wonya akatua a ɛtra ase sen aborɔfo nti. Afei nso, na wobu wɔn sɛ asiane a wobetumi de aba wɔn a wɔda so ara yɛ nkoa no so. Esiane eyi nti, na wɔn a wɔagye wɔn afi nkoasom mu no nni anigye wɔ United States mmeae pii&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |title=Forty acres and a mule |date=2025-06-17 |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Forty_acres_and_a_mule&amp;oldid=1296065697 |work=Wikipedia |language=en |access-date=2025-06-19}}&lt;/ref&gt;.

Wɔ Anafoɔ fam no, na mmara a ɛfa amamfrafo ho no ama aman no kwan sɛ wɔhyɛ Afrika Amerikafo a wɔade wɔn ho sɛ wɔnyɛ adwuma, na ɛtɔ mmere bi a wɔtɔn wɔn sɛ nkoa&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |title=Forty acres and a mule |date=2025-06-17 |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Forty_acres_and_a_mule&amp;oldid=1296065697 |work=Wikipedia |language=en |access-date=2025-06-20}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |title=Forty acres and a mule |date=2025-06-17 |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Forty_acres_and_a_mule&amp;oldid=1296065697 |work=Wikipedia |language=en |access-date=2025-06-20}}&lt;/ref&gt;. Nanso, Afrika-Amerikafo a wɔagye wɔn ho atena ɔman no mu nyinaa yɛɛ nnwuma ahorow, a wɔn mu kakraa bi na na wɔwɔ wɔn ankasa mfuw a wodi yiye no&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |title=Forty acres and a mule |date=2025-06-17 |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Forty_acres_and_a_mule&amp;oldid=1296065697 |work=Wikipedia |language=en |access-date=2025-06-19}}&lt;/ref&gt;. Afoforɔ tenaa Upper Canada (seesei Southern Ontario), baabi a na Asaseasease Asase Akwantuo no awieeɛ, ne [[:en:Black_Nova_Scotians|Nova Scotia]]&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |title=Forty acres and a mule |date=2025-06-17 |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Forty_acres_and_a_mule&amp;oldid=1296065697 |work=Wikipedia |language=en |access-date=2025-06-19}}&lt;/ref&gt;.

== Mmeaeɛ a menyaa mmoa firiiɛ ==</text>
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      <text bytes="6861" sha1="n7mfjwnqoa2vfeak0qw2hbo33r7pfj3" xml:space="preserve">[[File:General_William_T._Sherman_(4190887790)_(cropped).jpg|alt=A middle aged man in military dress|thumb|General William T. Sherman, who issued the orders that were the genesis of forty acres and a mule.]]
''Wɔatwerɛ nsɛm wei wɔ '''Asante Twi''' mu''

Asase a ne kɛseɛ yɛ acres aduanan ne afurum no gyina hɔ ma '''Special Field Orders''', '''No. 15 (series 1865)''', a na ɛyɛ ɔko bere mu ahyɛde a Union ɔsahene William Tecumseh Sherman de too gua wɔ January 16, 1865 mu, wɔ Amerika Ɔmanko no mu, sɛ wɔmfa asase mma mmusua bi a wɔagye wɔn afi nnommum mu, wɔ nsase a ne kɛse nnu acres 40 (16 ha)&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |title=Order by the Commander of the Military Division of the Mississippi, January 16, 1865 |url=https://www.freedmen.umd.edu/sfo15.htm |access-date=2025-06-19}}&lt;/ref&gt;. Akyiri yi, Sherman hyɛɛ asraafo no sɛ wɔmfa afurum no nyɛ adwuma wɔ asase ho nsakrae no mu. Asɛnka a Ɔsahene Edwin M. Stanton ne Radical Republican abolitionists Charles Sumner ne Thaddeus Stevens&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |last=Abby Wolf |title=Gates, Henry Louis “Skip,” Jr. |date=2013-03-15 |url=https://doi.org/10.1093/acref/9780195301731.013.36461 |work=African American Studies Center |publisher=Oxford University Press |isbn=978-0-19-530173-1 |access-date=2025-06-19}}&lt;/ref&gt; akyire no, Amerika Ɔmanko no maa nkoasom ho nhyehyɛeɛ no sɛee. Wɔhyɛɛ mmara sɛ wɔbɛfa asase a ne kɛse yɛ eka 400,000 (160,000 ha) wɔ South Carolina, Georgia, ne Florida Atlantic mpoano, na wɔakyekyɛ no mu ayɛ no mpasekɛse a ne kɛse nnu eka 40 (16 ha)&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |last=Maureen Morris |title=LibGuides: Ebooks at Cornell: Searching for ebooks |url=https://guides.library.cornell.edu/ebooksatCUL/collections |language=en |access-date=2025-06-20}}&lt;/ref&gt;, a na ɛsɛ sɛ wɔtena hɔ ma mmusua bɛyɛ 18,000 a kan na wɔyɛ nkoa ne abibifoɔ afoforɔ a na wɔte hɔ saa bere no.

Nnipa a wɔagye wɔn ho no mu pii gye dii, bere a amanyɔfo pii ka kyerɛɛ wɔn sɛ wɔwɔ hokwan sɛ wonya asase a na wɔhyɛ wɔn ma wɔyɛ mu adwuma sɛ nkoa no, na na wɔpɛ sɛ wonya wɔn ankasa agyapade. Nnipa a wɔagye wɔn afi nnommum mu no dodow no ara hwɛ kwan sɛ wobegye asase a ne kɛse yɛ eka 40 no. Nanso, Abraham Lincoln a odii n'ade sɛ ɔmampanyin, Andrew Johnson, bɔɔ mmɔden sɛ ɔbɛsesa Sherman's wartime Order No. 15 ne nnyinasosɛm a ɛtete saa a na ɛwɔ Freedmen's Bureau no mmara a ɛto so abien no mu no.

Asase a wɔkyekyɛɛ mu no bi wɔ asraafo tumi ase wɔ ɔko no mu ne bere tiaa bi a edii ɛno akyi. Nanso, bere a wɔresan asiesie ɔman no, aban no ne ɔman no mmara sii so dua sɛ ɛsɛ sɛ wɔn a wɔyɛ abibifo yɛ adwuma de tua wɔn ka, na ɛnyɛ sɛ wɔn ankasa benya asase. Ɛkame ayɛ sɛ asase a wɔde maa wɔn wɔ ɔko no mu no nyinaa san baa wɔn a na wɔwɔ hɔ ansa na ɔko no reba no nsam&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |last=fultonk |title=The Truth Behind '40 Acres and a Mule' {{!}} African American History Blog |date=2013-01-06 |url=https://www.pbs.org/wnet/african-americans-many-rivers-to-cross/history/the-truth-behind-40-acres-and-a-mule/ |language=en-US |access-date=2025-06-20}}&lt;/ref&gt;. Abibifo akuw pii nyaa wɔn asase no so tumi, na mmusua bi nso nyaa asase foforo denam wɔn fie a wosii no so. Abibifo asase a na wɔwɔ no trɛwee kɛse wɔ Mississippi, titiriw wɔ afeha a ɛto so 19 no mu. Ná ɔmantam no wɔ asase a enni mfinimfini (asase a ɛbɛn asubɔnten bi) wɔ asubɔnten no akyi a na wɔabɔ ho adwuma ansa na ɔko no reba. Abibifo dodow no ara nyaa asase wɔ ankorankoro nhyehyɛe mu, na na wɔn agyapade no so trɛwee bɛyɛ hekta ɔpepem 6.1, anaa kilomita mpem aduonu anum wɔ afe 1910 mu, ansa na sikasɛm mu ahokyere kɛseɛ no de ɔhaw aba a ɛmaa nnipa pii hweree wɔn agyapadeɛ.

== Ɛho asɛm ==
[[File:IJzeren_voetring_voor_gevangenen_transparent_background.png|alt=Shackles|thumb|IJzeren voetring voor gevangenen transparent background]]
African Americafoɔ hyiae nyiyim a emu yɛ den na mmara a ɛhwehwɛ nnipa mu nyiyim na ɛmma kwan sɛ wobedi nnipa mu nyiyim ho dwuma no ma wɔtenaa hɔ sɛ &quot;abusuakuo&quot; kuo soronko&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |title=Forty acres and a mule |date=2025-06-17 |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Forty_acres_and_a_mule&amp;oldid=1296065697 |work=Wikipedia |language=en |access-date=2025-06-19}}&lt;/ref&gt;. Ansa na ɔmanko no reba no, na Afrika Amerikafo a wɔwɔ fahodi no mu dodoɔ no ara te Atifi fam, baabi a na wɔatu nkoasom ase. Ná wɔtaa bu Amerikafo a wɔyɛ abibifo a wɔwɔ ahofadi sɛ wɔyɛ nkurɔfoɔ a wɔsɛe wɔn adwuma esiane sɛ na wɔtaa pɛ sɛ wɔyɛ adwuma ma wonya akatua a ɛtra ase sen aborɔfo nti. Afei nso, na wobu wɔn sɛ asiane a wobetumi de aba wɔn a wɔda so ara yɛ nkoa no so. Esiane eyi nti, na wɔn a wɔagye wɔn afiri nkoasom mu no nni anigye wɔ United States mmeae pii&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |title=Forty acres and a mule |date=2025-06-17 |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Forty_acres_and_a_mule&amp;oldid=1296065697 |work=Wikipedia |language=en |access-date=2025-06-19}}&lt;/ref&gt;.

Wɔ Anafoɔ fam no, na mmara a ɛfa amamfrafo ho no ama aman no kwan sɛ wɔhyɛ Afrika Amerikafo a wɔade wɔn ho sɛ wɔnyɛ adwuma, na ɛtɔ mmere bi a wɔtɔn wɔn sɛ nkoa&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |title=Forty acres and a mule |date=2025-06-17 |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Forty_acres_and_a_mule&amp;oldid=1296065697 |work=Wikipedia |language=en |access-date=2025-06-20}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |title=Forty acres and a mule |date=2025-06-17 |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Forty_acres_and_a_mule&amp;oldid=1296065697 |work=Wikipedia |language=en |access-date=2025-06-20}}&lt;/ref&gt;. Nanso, Afrika-Amerikafo a wɔagye wɔn ho atena ɔman no mu nyinaa yɛɛ nnwuma ahorow, a wɔn mu kakraa bi na na wɔwɔ wɔn ankasa mfuw a wodi yiye no&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |title=Forty acres and a mule |date=2025-06-17 |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Forty_acres_and_a_mule&amp;oldid=1296065697 |work=Wikipedia |language=en |access-date=2025-06-19}}&lt;/ref&gt;. Afoforɔ tenaa Upper Canada (seesei Southern Ontario), baabi a na Asaseasease Asase Akwantuo no awieeɛ, ne [[:en:Black_Nova_Scotians|Nova Scotia]]&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |title=Forty acres and a mule |date=2025-06-17 |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Forty_acres_and_a_mule&amp;oldid=1296065697 |work=Wikipedia |language=en |access-date=2025-06-19}}&lt;/ref&gt;.

== Hwɛ bio ==

* [[:en:American_Civil_War|American Civil War]]
* [[:en:Forty_Acres_and_a_Mule_Filmworks|Forty Acres and a Mule Filmworks]]
* [[:en:Three_acres_and_a_cow|Three acres and a cow]]&lt;nowiki/&gt;a land reform slogan in Britain.
* [[:en:Black_land_loss_in_the_United_States|Black land loss in the United States]]
* [[:en:African-American_history_of_agriculture_in_the_United_States|African-American history of agriculture in the United States]]
* [[:en:Jim_Crow_economy|Jim Crow economy]]

== Mmeaeɛ a menyaa mmoa firiiɛ ==</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Herero and Namaqua Genocide</title>
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      <id>190741</id>
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        <username>Christian Owusu Ansah</username>
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      <comment>Created page with &quot;''Wɔatwerɛ nsɛm wei wɔ '''Asante Twi''' mu'' [[File:Herero_and_Nama_prisoners.jpg|thumb|Nneduafoɔ a wɔwɔ Herero ne Nama&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Citation |title=Germany agrees to pay Namibia €1.1bn over historical Herero-Nama genocide |date=2021-05-28 |url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2021/may/28/germany-agrees-to-pay-namibia-11bn-over-historical-herero-nama-genocide |work=the Guardian |language=en |access-date=2025-06-20}}&lt;/ref&gt; ]] Herero ne Nama mmusuakuw asetɔre...&quot;</comment>
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      <text bytes="5746" sha1="181ls0f2blh0bn8xt7v76dzp80db0v7" xml:space="preserve">''Wɔatwerɛ nsɛm wei wɔ '''Asante Twi''' mu''
[[File:Herero_and_Nama_prisoners.jpg|thumb|Nneduafoɔ a wɔwɔ Herero ne Nama&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Citation |title=Germany agrees to pay Namibia €1.1bn over historical Herero-Nama genocide |date=2021-05-28 |url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2021/may/28/germany-agrees-to-pay-namibia-11bn-over-historical-herero-nama-genocide |work=the Guardian |language=en |access-date=2025-06-20}}&lt;/ref&gt; ]]
Herero ne Nama mmusuakuw asetɔre anaa Namibia mmusuakuw asetɔre&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |last=Matthias Goldmann |title=The ambiguity of colonial international law: Three approaches to the Namibian Genocide |date=2024-09 |url=https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/leiden-journal-of-international-law/article/ambiguity-of-colonial-international-law-three-approaches-to-the-namibian-genocide/6089988598B9F742BB8FB1085A26AEF6 |work=Leiden Journal of International Law |volume=37 |issue=3 |pages=580–607 |language=en |doi=10.1017/S0922156523000742 |issn=0922-1565 |access-date=2025-06-20}}&lt;/ref&gt;, a kan no na wɔfrɛ no Herero ne Namaqua mmusuakuwo asetɔre no yɛ ɔsatu a ɛfa mmusuakuw a wɔsɛee wɔn ne asotwe a wɔbom yɛ ho a wɔde too Herero (Ovaherero) ne Namafo a wɔwɔ Germany South West Africa (mprempren Namibia) a German Ahemman no yɛe no so. Ɛyɛ mmusua asetɔre a edi kan a efii ase wɔ afeha a ɛto so 20 mu,[6][7][8] a esii wɔ 1904 ne 1908 ntam&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;. Wɔ January 1904 mu no, Hererofo a Samuel Maharero dii wɔn anim, ne Namafo a na Captain Hendrik Witbooi di wɔn anim no tew atua tiaa Germanfo atubrafo nniso no. Wɔ 12 Ɔbɛnem 1904 mu no, wokunkum Germanfo atubrafo bɛboro 100 wɔ Okahandja mpɔtam hɔ.[9]

Wɔ August 1904 mu no, Germanni Ɔsahene Lothar von Trotha dii Ovaherero so nkonim wɔ Waterberg Ko no mu na ɔde wɔn kɔɔ Omaheke sare so, faako a wɔn mu dodow no ara wuwui esiane nsu a ɛtɔe nti no. Wɔ October mu no, Namafo no nso tew atua tiaa Germanfo, na wohuu amane a ɛte saa ara. Hererofo 24,000 kosi 100,000 ne Nama 10,000 na wokunkum wɔn wɔ mmusuakuw asetɔre no mu.[10] Nnipakum no fã a edi kan no yɛ owu a ɛtrɛw esiane ɔkɔm ne nsu a ɛtɔe nti, esiane Herero no a German asraafo ansiw kwan sɛ wobefi Namib Anhweatam so no nti. Bere a wodii Hererofo ne NAMA mpempem pii so nkonim bere a wodii wɔn so nkonim no, wɔde wɔn guu nneduaban ahorow mu, baabi a nyarewa, ayayade, ne ɔbrɛ kunkum wɔn mu dodow no ara.[11][12]

== Ɛho asɛm ==
[[File:Lothar_von_Trotha.jpg|thumb|Lieutenant General Lothar von Trotha]]
Mfitiasefo a na wɔte nea mprempren wɔfrɛ hɔ Namibia no ne San ne Khoekhoe. Herero a ɔka Bantu kasa no, mfiase no na wɔyɛ anantwinini kuw bi a wotu kɔɔ nea mprempren wɔfrɛ hɔ Namibia wɔ afeha a ɛto so 18 mfinimfini no mu. Hererofo no gyee asase so asasetaw a ɛso yɛ fɛ a ɛyɛ fɛ a na eye ma anantwi adidi no. Wɔde kuayɛ ho nnwuma a na ɛyɛ kakraa bi no hyɛɛ Khoisan ne Bushmen a wɔde wɔn yɛɛ nkoa no nsa. Wɔ afeha a ɛto so 18 no mu bere a aka no, Herero no de nkakrankakra de Khoisan no kɔɔ nkoko a ɛso yɛ kusuu na ɛso yɛ kusuu no so wɔ anafo fam ne apuei fam.[19] Ná Hererofo no yɛ mmoahwɛfo a wɔn asetra kwan nyinaa gyina wɔn anantwi so. Herero kasa no, bere a anohyeto wɔ ne nsɛmfua a ɛwɔ mmeae dodow no ara mu no, ɛwɔ nsɛmfua bɛboro apem a wɔde kyerɛ anantwi kɔla ne wɔn agyiraehyɛde. Na Hererofo no ani gye ho sɛ wɔbɛtra ase asomdwoe mu bere tenten a wɔn anantwi no wɔ ahobammɔ na wɔyɛ wɔn ho sɛ wɔyɛ wɔn ho yiye no, nanso wɔbɛyɛɛ akofo a wɔn ho yɛ hu bere a wɔn anantwi no hunahunaa wɔn no.[20]

Sɛnea Robert Gaudi kyerɛ no, &amp;amp;quot;wɔn a wɔaba foforo no, a wɔware sen saa koraa na wɔyɛ ɔkofo a wɔn ho yɛ den sen Khoisanfo a wɔyɛ kurom hɔfo no, na wɔwɔ atirimɔdensɛm a efi obi asetra kwan a wɔde gyina fibea biako so no so: biribiara a wobu no sɛ ɛsom bo, ahonyade nyinaa ne ankorankoro anigye, wɔ hɔ a ɛfa 
[[File:Theodor_Leutwein_&amp;_Samuel_Maharero_(1895).png|thumb|Theodor Leutwein (seated left), Zacharias Zeraua (2nd from left) and Manasseh Tyiseseta (seated, fourth from left), in 1895]]
anantwi ho. Wɔ nea ɛfa wɔn nguankuw no hwɛ ne wɔn ho banbɔ ho no, na wɔde wɔn ho ayɛ wɔn nwansena no ho, na wɔn a wɔde wɔn ho hyɛɛ mu no yɛɛ wɔn ho sɛ wɔde wɔn ho too wɔn ho so, ne wɔn a wɔde wɔn ho hyɛɛ mu no. Wɔn akwan a ɛwɔ hɔ titiriw ne bearing a ɛyɛ fɛ ho no, Europafo kakraa bi a wohyiaa Herero mmusuakuw mufo wɔ mfiase no buu wɔn sɛ ɔmantam no ‘abɔde mu ahemfo.&lt;nowiki&gt;&amp;&lt;/nowiki&gt;#39;&lt;nowiki&gt;&amp;&lt;/nowiki&gt;quot;[21] Eduu bere a wɔde wɔn ho hyɛɛ Afrika no, na wɔfrɛ beae a Hererofo te hɔ no sɛ Damaraland. Nama no yɛ mmoahwɛfo ne aguadifo na na wɔte Herero no anafo fam.[22]: 22 Wɔ 1883 mu no, Adolf Lüderitz, Germanni aguadifo bi tɔɔ mpoano fã bi a ɛbɛn Lüderitz Bay (Afra Pequena) fii ɔpanyin a ɔredi ade no hɔ. Na nsɛm a ɛwɔ adetɔ no mu no yɛ nnaadaa, nanso ne nyinaa akyi no, German aban no de ahobammɔ sii hɔ.[23] Saa bere no, ɛno nkutoo ne Germanfo asasesin a wobuu no sɛ ɛfata sɛ Europafo tenae.[24]
[[File:Hendrik_Witbooi.jpg|thumb|Nama captain Hendrik Witbooi]]
Maharero a ɛbɛn ha no panyin, sɔree wɔ tumidi mu denam Herero no nyinaa a ɔkaa ne ho boom so.[23]: 61 hyiaa ntua a Khowesin, Khoekhoe abusua bi a na Hendrik Witbooi di wɔn anim mpɛn pii, de ne nsa hyɛɛ ahobammɔ apam ase wɔ 21 October 1885 ne ahemman no amrado a ɔde ne ho hyɛɛ mu no (Gire Ghore the But The But The But The Bust Hererofo no ho asɛm. Wɔpoo saa apam yi wɔ afe 1888 mu esiane sɛ na Germanfo ntumi mmoa Witbooi nti nanso wɔsan de sii hɔ wɔ afe 1890 mu.[25]

== Mmeaeɛ a menyaa mmoa firiiɛ ==
[[Nkyekyεmu:Africa Wiki Challenge]]
[[Nkyekyεmu:2025]]</text>
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      <text bytes="9500" sha1="ofquq886xkltj456hugbqg0lz2xwgf6" xml:space="preserve">''Wɔatwerɛ nsɛm wei wɔ '''Asante Twi''' mu''
[[File:Herero_and_Nama_prisoners.jpg|thumb|Nneduafoɔ a wɔwɔ Herero ne Nama&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Citation |title=Germany agrees to pay Namibia €1.1bn over historical Herero-Nama genocide |date=2021-05-28 |url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2021/may/28/germany-agrees-to-pay-namibia-11bn-over-historical-herero-nama-genocide |work=the Guardian |language=en |access-date=2025-06-20}}&lt;/ref&gt; ]]
'''Herero ne Nama mmusuakuo asetɔre anaa Namibia mmusuakuw asetɔre'''&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |last=Matthias Goldmann |title=The ambiguity of colonial international law: Three approaches to the Namibian Genocide |date=2024-09 |url=https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/leiden-journal-of-international-law/article/ambiguity-of-colonial-international-law-three-approaches-to-the-namibian-genocide/6089988598B9F742BB8FB1085A26AEF6 |work=Leiden Journal of International Law |volume=37 |issue=3 |pages=580–607 |language=en |doi=10.1017/S0922156523000742 |issn=0922-1565 |access-date=2025-06-20}}&lt;/ref&gt;, a kan no na '''wɔfrɛ no Herero ne Namaqua mmusuakuo asetɔre''' no yɛ ɔsatu a ɛfa mmusuakuw a wɔsɛee wɔn ne asotwe a wɔbom yɛ ho a wɔde too Herero (Ovaherero) ne Namafo a wɔwɔ Germany South West Africa (mprempren [[Namibia]]) a German Ahemman no yɛe no so. Ɛyɛ mmusua asetɔre a edi kan a efii ase wɔ afeha a ɛto so 20 mu&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |last=April Taylor |title=Ocean Shipping Container Availability Report, November 18, 2015 |date=2015-11-18 |url=https://doi.org/10.9752/ts057.11-18-2015 |access-date=2025-06-20}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |title=Stevens, Hon. John Paul, (20 April 1920–16 July 2019), Associate Justice, Supreme Court of the United States, 1975–2010 |date=2007-12-01 |url=https://doi.org/10.1093/ww/9780199540884.013.u36186 |work=Who Was Who |publisher=Oxford University Press |isbn=978-0-19-954089-1 |access-date=2025-06-20}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |title=Port Moresby Project - October 1966-October 1970 - Western facade from upper side of Douglas Street, 7 July 1968 |date=2021-03-08 |url=https://doi.org/10.47688/rba_archives_pn-012514 |access-date=2025-06-20}}&lt;/ref&gt;, a ɛsii wɔ 1904 ne 1908 ntam&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;. Wɔ January 1904 mu no, Hererofo a Samuel Maharero dii wɔn anim, ne Namafoɔ a na Captain Hendrik Witbooi di wɔn anim no tew atua tiaa Germanfo atubrafo nniso no. Wɔ 12 Ɔbɛnem 1904 mu no, wokunkum Germanfo atubrafo bɛboro 100 wɔ Okahandja mpɔtam hɔ&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |last=Chapurukha M. Kusimba, Sibel Barut Kusimba |title=Book Review Africa: A Biography of the Continent.
By John Reader. Hamish Hamilton, London 1997, 840 pp. ISBN 0-241-13047-6 |date=1999-06 |url=https://doi.org/10.1023/a:1021959113918 |work=African Archaeological Review |volume=16 |issue=2 |pages=137–142 |doi=10.1023/a:1021959113918 |issn=0263-0338 |access-date=2025-06-20}}&lt;/ref&gt;.[[File:Lothar_von_Trotha.jpg|thumb|Lieutenant General Lothar von Trotha]]Wɔ August 1904 mu no, Germanni Ɔsahene Lothar von Trotha dii Ovaherero so nkonim wɔ Waterberg Ko no mu na ɔde wɔn kɔɔ Omaheke sare so, faako a wɔn mu dodow no ara wuwui esiane nsu a ɛtɔe nti no. Wɔ October mu no, Namafo no nso tew atua tiaa Germanfo, na wohuu amane a ɛte saa ara. Hererofo 24,000 kosi 100,000 ne Nama 10,000 na wokunkum wɔn wɔ mmusuakuw asetɔre no mu&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |last=R. D. Blackmore |title=Chapter XLV: A Change long needed |date=2008-10-09 |url=https://doi.org/10.1093/owc/9780199537594.003.0047 |work=Lorna Doone |publisher=Oxford University Press |isbn=978-0-19-953759-4 |access-date=2025-06-20}}&lt;/ref&gt;. Nnipakum no fã a edi kan no yɛ owu a ɛtrɛw esiane ɔkɔm ne nsu a ɛtɔe nti, esiane Herero no a German asraafo ansiw kwan sɛ wobefi Namib Anhweatam so no nti. Berɛ a wɔdii Hererofoɔ ne NAMA mpempem pii so nkonim bere a wodii wɔn so nkonim no, wɔde wɔn guu nneduaban ahodoɔ mu, baabi a nyarewa, ayayade, ne ɔbrɛ kunkum wɔn mu dodow no ara&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |title=People, cattle and land: transformations of a pastoral society in Southwestern Africa |date=2000 |editor-last=Michael Bollig, Jan-Bart Gewald |series=History, cultural traditions and innovations in Southern Africa |place=Köln |publisher=Köppe |isbn=978-3-89645-352-5 |access-date=2025-06-20}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |last=Robert J. Gordon |title=Hiding in Full View: The “Forgotten” Bushman Genocides of Namibia |date=2009 |url=https://doi.org/10.1353/gsp.0.0006 |work=Genocide Studies and Prevention |volume=4 |issue=1 |pages=29–57 |doi=10.1353/gsp.0.0006 |issn=1911-9933 |access-date=2025-06-20}}&lt;/ref&gt;.

== Ɛho asɛm ==
Mfitiasefoɔ a na wɔte nea mprempren wɔfrɛ hɔ Namibia no ne San ne Khoekhoe. Herero a ɔka Bantu kasa no, mfiase no na wɔyɛ anantwinini kuw bi a wotu kɔɔ nea mprempren wɔfrɛ hɔ Namibia wɔ afeha a ɛto so 18 mfinimfini no mu. Hererofo no gyee asase so asasetaw a ɛso yɛ fɛ a ɛyɛ fɛ a na eye ma anantwi adidi no. Wɔde kuayɛ ho nnwuma a na ɛyɛ kakraa bi no hyɛɛ Khoisan ne Bushmen a wɔde wɔn yɛɛ nkoa no nsa. Wɔ afeha a ɛto so 18 no mu bere a aka no, Herero no de nkakrankakra de Khoisan no kɔɔ nkoko a ɛso yɛ kusuu na ɛso yɛ kusuu no so wɔ anafo fam ne apuei fam&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |title=Herero and Nama genocide |date=2025-06-19 |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Herero_and_Nama_genocide&amp;oldid=1296297453 |work=Wikipedia |language=en |access-date=2025-06-20}}&lt;/ref&gt;. Ná Hererofoɔ no yɛ mmoahwɛfoɔ a wɔn asetena kwan nyinaa gyina wɔn anantwi so. Herero kasa no, bere a anohyeto wɔ ne nsɛmfua a ɛwɔ mmeae dodow no ara mu no, ɛwɔ nsɛmfua bɛboro apem a wɔde kyerɛ anantwi kɔla ne wɔn agyiraehyɛde. Na Hererofo no ani gye ho sɛ wɔbɛtra ase asomdwoe mu bere tenten a wɔn anantwi no wɔ ahobammɔ na wɔyɛ wɔn ho sɛ wɔyɛ wɔn ho yiye no, nanso wɔbɛyɛɛ akofo a wɔn ho yɛ hu bere a wɔn anantwi no hunahunaa wɔn no&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |title=Century of genocide: critical essays and eyewitness accounts |date=2009 |editor-last=Samuel Totten, William Spencer Parsons |edition=3rd ed |place=New York |publisher=Routledge |isbn=978-0-415-99085-1 |access-date=2025-06-20}}&lt;/ref&gt;.[[File:Theodor_Leutwein_&amp;_Samuel_Maharero_(1895).png|thumb|Theodor Leutwein (seated left), Zacharias Zeraua (2nd from left) and Manasseh Tyiseseta (seated, fourth from left), in 1895]]Sɛnea Robert Gaudi kyerɛ no, &amp;amp;quot;wɔn a wɔaba foforo no, a wɔware sen saa koraa na wɔyɛ ɔkofo a wɔn ho yɛ den sen Khoisanfoɔ a wɔyɛ kurom hɔfo no, na wɔwɔ atirimɔdensɛm a efi obi asetena kwan a wɔde gyina fibea baako so no so: biribiara a wobu no sɛ ɛsom bo, ahonyadeɛ nyinaa ne ankorankoro anigyeɛ, wɔ hɔ a ɛfa anantwi ho. Wɔ nea ɛfa wɔn nguankuw no hwɛ ne wɔn ho banbɔ ho no, na wɔde wɔn ho ayɛ wɔn nwansena no ho, na wɔn a wɔde wɔn ho hyɛɛ mu no yɛɛ wɔn ho sɛ wɔde wɔn ho too wɔn ho so, ne wɔn a wɔde wɔn ho hyɛɛ mu no. Wɔn akwan a ɛwɔ hɔ titiriw ne bearing a ɛyɛ fɛ ho no, Europafo kakraa bi a wohyiaa Herero mmusuakuw mufo wɔ mfiase no buu wɔn sɛ ɔmantam no ‘abɔde mu ahemfo.&lt;nowiki&gt;&amp;&lt;/nowiki&gt;#39;&lt;nowiki&gt;&amp;&lt;/nowiki&gt;quot&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |title=Herero and Nama genocide |date=2025-06-19 |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Herero_and_Nama_genocide&amp;oldid=1296297453 |work=Wikipedia |language=en |access-date=2025-06-20}}&lt;/ref&gt;; Ɛduruu berɛ a wɔde wɔn ho hyɛɛ Afrika no, na wɔfrɛ beae a Hererofo te hɔ no sɛ Damaraland. Nama no yɛ mmoahwɛfo ne aguadifo na na wɔte Herero no anafo fam&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |last=David Olusoga, Casper W. Erichsen |title=The Kaiser's Holocaust: Germany's forgotten genocide and the colonial roots of Nazism |date=2010 |edition=1. publ |place=London |publisher=Faber and Faber |isbn=978-0-571-23141-6 |access-date=2025-06-20}}&lt;/ref&gt;. Wɔ 1883 mu no, Adolf Lüderitz, Germanni aguadifo bi tɔɔ mpoano fã bi a ɛbɛn Lüderitz Bay (Afra Pequena) fii ɔpanyin a ɔredi ade no hɔ. Na nsɛm a ɛwɔ adetɔ no mu no yɛ nnaadaa, nanso ne nyinaa akyi no, German aban no de ahobammɔ sii hɔ&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot;&gt;{{Citation |last=Jan-Bart Gewald |title=Herero heroes: a socio-political history of the Herero of Namibia, 1890 - 1923 |date=1999 |edition=1. publ |place=Oxford |publisher=Currey [u.a.] |isbn=978-0-8214-1256-5 |access-date=2025-06-20}}&lt;/ref&gt;. Saa bere no, ɛno nkutoo ne Germanfo asasesin a wobuu no sɛ ɛfata sɛ Europafo tenae&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |title=Women's International League for Peace and Freedom |url=https://doi.org/10.1007/springerreference_76119 |work=SpringerReference |place=Berlin/Heidelberg |publisher=Springer-Verlag |access-date=2025-06-20}}&lt;/ref&gt;. 
[[File:Hendrik_Witbooi.jpg|thumb|Nama captain Hendrik Witbooi]]
Maharero a ɛbɛn ha no panyin, sɔree wɔ tumidi mu denam Herero no nyinaa a ɔkaa ne ho boom so&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt;. hyiaa ntua a Khowesin, Khoekhoe abusua bi a na Hendrik Witbooi di wɔn anim mpɛn pii, de ne nsa hyɛɛ ahobammɔ apam ase wɔ 21 October 1885 ne ahemman no amrado a ɔde ne ho hyɛɛ mu no (Gire Ghore the But The But The But The Bust Hererofo no ho asɛm. Wɔpoo saa apam yi wɔ afe 1888 mu esiane sɛ na Germanfo ntumi mmoa Witbooi nti nanso wɔsan de sii hɔ wɔ afe 1890 mu&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |title=History of Geopolitics and Biographies of Key Personalities (20th Century) |date=2011 |url=https://doi.org/10.5040/9798400656446.ch-001 |work=Geopolitics |pages=7–28 |doi=10.5040/9798400656446.ch-001 |access-date=2025-06-20}}&lt;/ref&gt;.

== Mmeaeɛ a menyaa mmoa firiiɛ ==
[[Nkyekyεmu:Africa Wiki Challenge]]
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      <text bytes="9538" sha1="f964edg482hs5gtrdel8s2flbrjpx19" xml:space="preserve">''Wɔatwerɛ nsɛm wei wɔ '''Asante Twi''' mu''
[[File:Herero_and_Nama_prisoners.jpg|thumb|Nneduafoɔ a wɔwɔ Herero ne Nama&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Citation |title=Germany agrees to pay Namibia €1.1bn over historical Herero-Nama genocide |date=2021-05-28 |url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2021/may/28/germany-agrees-to-pay-namibia-11bn-over-historical-herero-nama-genocide |work=the Guardian |language=en |access-date=2025-06-20}}&lt;/ref&gt; ]]
'''Herero ne Nama mmusuakuo asetɔre anaa Namibia mmusuakuw asetɔre'''&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |last=Matthias Goldmann |title=The ambiguity of colonial international law: Three approaches to the Namibian Genocide |date=2024-09 |url=https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/leiden-journal-of-international-law/article/ambiguity-of-colonial-international-law-three-approaches-to-the-namibian-genocide/6089988598B9F742BB8FB1085A26AEF6 |work=Leiden Journal of International Law |volume=37 |issue=3 |pages=580–607 |language=en |doi=10.1017/S0922156523000742 |issn=0922-1565 |access-date=2025-06-20}}&lt;/ref&gt;, a kan no na '''wɔfrɛ no Herero ne Namaqua mmusuakuo asetɔre''' no yɛ ɔsatu a ɛfa mmusuakuw a wɔsɛee wɔn ne asotwe a wɔbom yɛ ho a wɔde too Herero (Ovaherero) ne Namafo a wɔwɔ Germany South West Africa (mprempren [[Namibia]]) a German Ahemman no yɛe no so. Ɛyɛ mmusua asetɔre a edi kan a efii ase wɔ afeha a ɛto so 20 mu&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |last=April Taylor |title=Ocean Shipping Container Availability Report, November 18, 2015 |date=2015-11-18 |url=https://doi.org/10.9752/ts057.11-18-2015 |access-date=2025-06-20}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |title=Stevens, Hon. John Paul, (20 April 1920–16 July 2019), Associate Justice, Supreme Court of the United States, 1975–2010 |date=2007-12-01 |url=https://doi.org/10.1093/ww/9780199540884.013.u36186 |work=Who Was Who |publisher=Oxford University Press |isbn=978-0-19-954089-1 |access-date=2025-06-20}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |title=Port Moresby Project - October 1966-October 1970 - Western facade from upper side of Douglas Street, 7 July 1968 |date=2021-03-08 |url=https://doi.org/10.47688/rba_archives_pn-012514 |access-date=2025-06-20}}&lt;/ref&gt;, a ɛsii wɔ 1904 ne 1908 ntam&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;. Wɔ January 1904 mu no, Hererofo a Samuel Maharero dii wɔn anim, ne Namafoɔ a na Captain Hendrik Witbooi di wɔn anim no tew atua tiaa Germanfo atubrafo nniso no. Wɔ 12 Ɔbɛnem 1904 mu no, wokunkum Germanfo atubrafo bɛboro 100 wɔ Okahandja mpɔtam hɔ&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |last=Chapurukha M. Kusimba, Sibel Barut Kusimba |title=Book Review Africa: A Biography of the Continent.
By John Reader. Hamish Hamilton, London 1997, 840 pp. ISBN 0-241-13047-6 |date=1999-06 |url=https://doi.org/10.1023/a:1021959113918 |work=African Archaeological Review |volume=16 |issue=2 |pages=137–142 |doi=10.1023/a:1021959113918 |issn=0263-0338 |access-date=2025-06-20}}&lt;/ref&gt;.[[File:Lothar_von_Trotha.jpg|thumb|Lieutenant General Lothar von Trotha]]Wɔ August 1904 mu no, Germanni Ɔsahene Lothar von Trotha dii Ovaherero so nkonim wɔ Waterberg Ko no mu na ɔde wɔn kɔɔ Omaheke sare so, faako a wɔn mu dodow no ara wuwui esiane nsu a ɛtɔe nti no. Wɔ October mu no, Namafo no nso tew atua tiaa Germanfo, na wohuu amane a ɛte saa ara. Hererofo 24,000 kosi 100,000 ne Nama 10,000 na wokunkum wɔn wɔ mmusuakuw asetɔre no mu&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |last=R. D. Blackmore |title=Chapter XLV: A Change long needed |date=2008-10-09 |url=https://doi.org/10.1093/owc/9780199537594.003.0047 |work=Lorna Doone |publisher=Oxford University Press |isbn=978-0-19-953759-4 |access-date=2025-06-20}}&lt;/ref&gt;. Nnipakum no fã a edi kan no yɛ owu a ɛtrɛw esiane ɔkɔm ne nsu a ɛtɔe nti, esiane Herero no a German asraafo ansiw kwan sɛ wobefi Namib Anhweatam so no nti. Berɛ a wɔdii Hererofoɔ ne NAMA mpempem pii so nkonim bere a wodii wɔn so nkonim no, wɔde wɔn guu nneduaban ahodoɔ mu, baabi a nyarewa, ayayade, ne ɔbrɛ kunkum wɔn mu dodow no ara&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |title=People, cattle and land: transformations of a pastoral society in Southwestern Africa |date=2000 |editor-last=Michael Bollig, Jan-Bart Gewald |series=History, cultural traditions and innovations in Southern Africa |place=Köln |publisher=Köppe |isbn=978-3-89645-352-5 |access-date=2025-06-20}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |last=Robert J. Gordon |title=Hiding in Full View: The “Forgotten” Bushman Genocides of Namibia |date=2009 |url=https://doi.org/10.1353/gsp.0.0006 |work=Genocide Studies and Prevention |volume=4 |issue=1 |pages=29–57 |doi=10.1353/gsp.0.0006 |issn=1911-9933 |access-date=2025-06-20}}&lt;/ref&gt;.

== Ɛho asɛm ==
Mfitiasefoɔ a na wɔte nea mprempren wɔfrɛ hɔ Namibia no ne San ne Khoekhoe. Herero a ɔka Bantu kasa no, mfiase no na wɔyɛ anantwinini kuw bi a wotu kɔɔ nea mprempren wɔfrɛ hɔ Namibia wɔ afeha a ɛto so 18 mfinimfini no mu. Hererofo no gyee asase so asasetaw a ɛso yɛ fɛ a ɛyɛ fɛ a na eye ma anantwi adidi no. Wɔde kuayɛ ho nnwuma a na ɛyɛ kakraa bi no hyɛɛ Khoisan ne Bushmen a wɔde wɔn yɛɛ nkoa no nsa. Wɔ afeha a ɛto so 18 no mu bere a aka no, Herero no de nkakrankakra de Khoisan no kɔɔ nkoko a ɛso yɛ kusuu na ɛso yɛ kusuu no so wɔ anafo fam ne apuei fam&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |title=Herero and Nama genocide |date=2025-06-19 |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Herero_and_Nama_genocide&amp;oldid=1296297453 |work=Wikipedia |language=en |access-date=2025-06-20}}&lt;/ref&gt;. Ná Hererofoɔ no yɛ mmoahwɛfoɔ a wɔn asetena kwan nyinaa gyina wɔn anantwi so. Herero kasa no, bere a anohyeto wɔ ne nsɛmfua a ɛwɔ mmeae dodow no ara mu no, ɛwɔ nsɛmfua bɛboro apem a wɔde kyerɛ anantwi kɔla ne wɔn agyiraehyɛde. Na Hererofo no ani gye ho sɛ wɔbɛtra ase asomdwoe mu bere tenten a wɔn anantwi no wɔ ahobammɔ na wɔyɛ wɔn ho sɛ wɔyɛ wɔn ho yiye no, nanso wɔbɛyɛɛ akofo a wɔn ho yɛ hu bere a wɔn anantwi no hunahunaa wɔn no&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |title=Century of genocide: critical essays and eyewitness accounts |date=2009 |editor-last=Samuel Totten, William Spencer Parsons |edition=3rd ed |place=New York |publisher=Routledge |isbn=978-0-415-99085-1 |access-date=2025-06-20}}&lt;/ref&gt;.[[File:Theodor_Leutwein_&amp;_Samuel_Maharero_(1895).png|thumb|Theodor Leutwein (seated left), Zacharias Zeraua (2nd from left) and Manasseh Tyiseseta (seated, fourth from left), in 1895]]Sɛnea Robert Gaudi kyerɛ no, &amp;amp;quot;wɔn a wɔaba foforo no, a wɔware sen saa koraa na wɔyɛ ɔkofo a wɔn ho yɛ den sen Khoisanfoɔ a wɔyɛ kurom hɔfo no, na wɔwɔ atirimɔdensɛm a efi obi asetena kwan a wɔde gyina fibea baako so no so: biribiara a wobu no sɛ ɛsom bo, ahonyadeɛ nyinaa ne ankorankoro anigyeɛ, wɔ hɔ a ɛfa anantwi ho. Wɔ nea ɛfa wɔn nguankuw no hwɛ ne wɔn ho banbɔ ho no, na wɔde wɔn ho ayɛ wɔn nwansena no ho, na wɔn a wɔde wɔn ho hyɛɛ mu no yɛɛ wɔn ho sɛ wɔde wɔn ho too wɔn ho so, ne wɔn a wɔde wɔn ho hyɛɛ mu no. Wɔn akwan a ɛwɔ hɔ titiriw ne bearing a ɛyɛ fɛ ho no, Europafo kakraa bi a wohyiaa Herero mmusuakuw mufo wɔ mfiase no buu wɔn sɛ ɔmantam no ‘abɔde mu ahemfo.&lt;nowiki&gt;&amp;&lt;/nowiki&gt;#39;&lt;nowiki&gt;&amp;&lt;/nowiki&gt;quot&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |title=Herero and Nama genocide |date=2025-06-19 |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Herero_and_Nama_genocide&amp;oldid=1296297453 |work=Wikipedia |language=en |access-date=2025-06-20}}&lt;/ref&gt;; Ɛduruu berɛ a wɔde wɔn ho hyɛɛ Afrika no, na wɔfrɛ beae a Hererofo te hɔ no sɛ Damaraland. Nama no yɛ mmoahwɛfo ne aguadifo na na wɔte Herero no anafo fam&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |last=David Olusoga, Casper W. Erichsen |title=The Kaiser's Holocaust: Germany's forgotten genocide and the colonial roots of Nazism |date=2010 |edition=1. publ |place=London |publisher=Faber and Faber |isbn=978-0-571-23141-6 |access-date=2025-06-20}}&lt;/ref&gt;. Wɔ 1883 mu no, Adolf Lüderitz, Germanni aguadifo bi tɔɔ mpoano fã bi a ɛbɛn Lüderitz Bay (Afra Pequena) firii ɔpanyin a ɔredi ade no hɔ. Na nsɛm a ɛwɔ adetɔ no mu no yɛ nnaadaa, nanso ne nyinaa akyi no, German aban no de ahobammɔ sii hɔ&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot;&gt;{{Citation |last=Jan-Bart Gewald |title=Herero heroes: a socio-political history of the Herero of Namibia, 1890 - 1923 |date=1999 |edition=1. publ |place=Oxford |publisher=Currey [u.a.] |isbn=978-0-8214-1256-5 |access-date=2025-06-20}}&lt;/ref&gt;. Saa bere no, ɛno nkutoo ne Germanfo asasesin a wobuu no sɛ ɛfata sɛ Europafo tenae&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |title=Women's International League for Peace and Freedom |url=https://doi.org/10.1007/springerreference_76119 |work=SpringerReference |place=Berlin/Heidelberg |publisher=Springer-Verlag |access-date=2025-06-20}}&lt;/ref&gt;. 
[[File:Hendrik_Witbooi.jpg|thumb|Nama captain Hendrik Witbooi]]
Maharero a ɛbɛn ha no panyin, sɔree wɔ tumidi mu denam Herero no nyinaa a ɔkaa ne ho boom so&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt;. hyiaa ntua a Khowesin, Khoekhoe abusua bi a na Hendrik Witbooi di wɔn anim mpɛn pii, de ne nsa hyɛɛ ahobammɔ apam ase wɔ  Obubuo bosome da a ɛtɔ so 21 wɔ afe 1885 mu ne ahemman no amrado a ɔde ne ho hyɛɛ mu no (Gire Ghore the But The But The But The Bust Hererofoɔ no ho asɛm. Wɔpoo saa apam yi wɔ afe 1888 mu esiane sɛ na Germanfoɔ ntumi mmoa Witbooi nti nanso wɔsan de sii hɔ wɔ afe 1890 mu&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |title=History of Geopolitics and Biographies of Key Personalities (20th Century) |date=2011 |url=https://doi.org/10.5040/9798400656446.ch-001 |work=Geopolitics |pages=7–28 |doi=10.5040/9798400656446.ch-001 |access-date=2025-06-20}}&lt;/ref&gt;.

== Mmeaeɛ a menyaa mmoa firiiɛ ==
[[Nkyekyεmu:Africa Wiki Challenge]]
[[Nkyekyεmu:2025]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Belgian Congo</title>
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      <comment>Created page with &quot;Belgium Congo (Franse kasa: Congo Belge, a wɔbɔ no [kɔ̃ɡo bɛlʒ]; Dutch: Belgisch-Congo)[a na ɛyɛ Belgium atubraman wɔ Afrika mfinimfini fi 1908 kosii 1960 mu na ɛbɛyɛɛ Republic of the Congo (Léoppoldville). Kan atubraman no gyee ne mprempren din, Democratic Republic of the Congo (DRC) toom wɔ 1964. Atubrafo nniso a ɛwɔ Congo no fii ase wɔ afeha a ɛto so 19 awiei mu hɔ. Ɔhene Leopold II a ofi Belgiumfo bɔɔ mmɔden sɛ wɔbɛma Belgium aban no agyin...&quot;</comment>
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      <text bytes="5848" sha1="6qgljzmlp3dvv148bgqd7s1j0mri9pz" xml:space="preserve">Belgium Congo (Franse kasa: Congo Belge, a wɔbɔ no [kɔ̃ɡo bɛlʒ]; Dutch: Belgisch-Congo)[a na ɛyɛ Belgium atubraman wɔ Afrika mfinimfini fi 1908 kosii 1960 mu na ɛbɛyɛɛ Republic of the Congo (Léoppoldville). Kan atubraman no gyee ne mprempren din, Democratic Republic of the Congo (DRC) toom wɔ 1964. Atubrafo nniso a ɛwɔ Congo no fii ase wɔ afeha a ɛto so 19 awiei mu hɔ. Ɔhene Leopold II a ofi Belgiumfo bɔɔ mmɔden sɛ wɔbɛma Belgium aban no agyina atubrafo ntrɛwmu akyi atwa Congo Basin a na wɔmfa nni dwuma kɛse saa bere no ho ahyia. Wɔn adwene a ɛwɔ akyi no maa Leopold ankasa sii hɔ. Ɛdenam mmoa a efi Atɔe Fam aman dodow bi hɔ so no, Leopold nyaa Congo Free State ho anuonyam wɔ amanaman ntam wɔ 1885 mu.[7] Eduu afeha no mfiase no, basabasayɛ a ɔman mpanyimfo a wɔde wɔn ho di dwuma wɔ Congofo a wɔyɛ aborɔfo ho ne nhyehyɛe a ɛyɛ hu a ɛfa sikasɛm mu a wɔde di dwuma ho no maa Belgium nyaa aban ananmusifo a emu yɛ den sɛ wobegye ɔman no so tumi, na ɛyɛɛ saa denam Belgium Congo a wɔyɛe wɔ 1908 mu no so. Belgium nniso a ɛwɔ Congo no gyina &lt;nowiki&gt;&amp;&lt;/nowiki&gt;quot;atubrafo baasakoro&lt;nowiki&gt;&amp;&lt;/nowiki&gt;quot; (Trinité Coloniale) a ɛyɛ ɔman, asɛmpatrɛwfo ne ankorankoro-adwumakuw anigyede so.[9] Belgium aguadi ho anigye a wonyae no kyerɛ sɛ kapital pii sen kɔɔ Congo na amantam ankorankoro no bɛyɛɛ wɔn a wɔyɛ soronko. Mpɛn pii no, aban no ne ankorankoro nnwuma ho anigye bɛyɛɛ nea ɛne wɔn ho wɔn ho wɔ abusuabɔ kɛse, na ɔman no boaa nnwumakuw ma wobubuu adwumayɛban mu adwumayɛfo a wɔyɛ adwumaden no na woyii akwanside afoforo a ɛhɔfo no sɔree no fii hɔ.[9] Wɔkyekyɛɛ atubraman no mu yɛɛ no ​​mpanyimfo a wɔahyehyɛ wɔn wɔ nniso mu na wɔde wɔn ho hyɛɛ mu pɛpɛɛpɛ sɛnea &lt;nowiki&gt;&amp;&lt;/nowiki&gt;quot;Abibifo nhyehyɛe&lt;nowiki&gt;&amp;&lt;/nowiki&gt;quot; (politique indigène) a wɔahyehyɛ te. Ná eyi yɛ soronko wɔ Britania ne Franse atubrafo nhyehyɛe a wɔtaa yɛ no ho, a mpɛn pii no na wɔpɛ nhyehyɛe ahorow a ɛnyɛ tẽẽ, na ɛma atetesɛm mu akannifo kɔ so di tumi wɔ atubrafo sohwɛ mu.

Ɛde besi afeha a ɛto so 19 no fã a edi akyiri no, na Europafo kakraa bi na wɔde wɔn ho ahyɛ Congo Basin mu. Kwae a osu tɔ na owia bɔ kɛse wom, atɛkyɛ ne ɔyare mmoawa a ɛka ho ne nyarewa afoforo a ɛwɔ mmeae a osu tɔ na owia bɔ kɛse, te sɛ nna mu yare no maa ɛbɛyɛɛ tebea a ɛyɛ den sɛ Europafo bɛyɛ nhwehwɛmu ne wɔn a wɔde wɔn di dwuma. Wɔ 1876 mu no, Ɔhene Leopold II a ofi Belgium yɛɛ Amanaman Ntam Afrika Fekuw no ho nhyehyɛe a na Afrikafo a wɔhwehwɛ nneɛma mu a wɔyɛ atitiriw no yɛ biako ne Europa aban ahorow pii mmoa ma wɔhyɛ Afrika nhwehwɛmu ne atubrafo ho nkuran. Bere a Henry Morton Stanley hwehwɛɛ ɔmantam no mu wɔ akwantu bi a ɛbaa awiei wɔ 1878 mu akyi no, Leopold kɔhwehwɛɛ ɔkwantufo no nkyɛn na ɔfaa no sɛ ɔmmoa n’anigyede wɔ ɔmantam no mu.[12] Na Leopold II ani abere sɛ obenya atubraman ama Belgium ansa na ɔreforo akɔ ahengua no so mpo wɔ 1865. Belgium ɔmanfo aban no ankyerɛ anigye kɛse biara wɔ ne hene no adaeso a ɛne sɛ wɔbɛkyekye ahemman no ho. Leopold a ɔpɛ anuonyam na ne tirim yɛ den no sii gyinae sɛ obedi asɛm no akyi wɔ n’ankasa akontaabu mu. Europa akansi a ɛkɔɔ so wɔ Afrika Mfinimfini fam no maa nkurɔfo nyaa ntawntawdi, titiriw wɔ Congo Basin a Europa tumi biara nkaa ho no ho. Wɔ November 1884 mu no, Otto von Bismarck boaboaa aman 14 nhyiam bi ase (Berlin Nhyiam) sɛ wɔrekɔhwehwɛ asomdwoe ho gyinaesi a wɔde bɛma Congo tebea no. Ɛwom sɛ Berlin Nhyiam no ampene Europa tumi horow a ɛwɔ Afrika Mfinimfini fam no asasesin mu nsɛm so wɔ ɔkwan a ɛfata so de, nanso ɛpenee mmara ahorow bi so de hwɛ hui sɛ wɔbɛkyekyɛ ɔmantam no mu a ntawntawdi biara nni mu. Mmara a wogye tom (Inter alia) Congo Basin sɛ beae a wɔtɔn nneɛma a wɔde wɔn ho to so. Nanso Leopold II puei wɔ nkonimdi mu fii Berlin Nhyiam no mu[13] na ne kyɛfa biako a ɔyɛ &amp;amp;quot;Philanthropic&amp;amp;quot; ahyehyɛde no nyaa asasesin mu kyɛfa kɛse (2,344,000 km2 (905,000 sq mi)) a ɛsɛ sɛ wɔyɛ ho nhyehyɛe sɛ Congo Free State.

Wɔ October 18, 1908 mu no, Belgium Mmarahyɛ Bagua no too aba de gyinaa Congo no ano sɛ Belgium atubraman. Sohyialistfo ne wɔn a wɔyɛ katee no mu dodow no ara sɔre tiaa saa a wɔde wɔn ho hyɛɛ mu yi denneennen na wonyaa abatow mu mfaso horow a wonya fii wɔn ɔsatu a wɔde ko tia atubrafo no mu, nanso ebinom gye dii sɛ ɛsɛ sɛ ɔman no de Congo no ka ho na wɔde nnipa mmoa di dwuma ma Congofo a wɔte hɔ no. Awiei koraa no, Katolekfo MPfo baanu ne Liberal MPfo no fã bɛkaa sohyialistfo no ho ma wɔpow atubrafo mmara no (abatoɔ a ɛto so aduanan awotwe a wɔsɔre tiae) ne ɛkame ayɛ sɛ Katolekfo no nyinaa ne Liberal MP no fã a aka no penee mmara no so (aba a ɛto so aduɔkron a wɔtow maa wɔn a wɔannye wɔn ho ne ason a wɔannye wɔn antom). Saa kwan yi so no, wɔ November 15, 1908 mu no, Belgium Congo bɛyɛɛ Belgium Ahemman no atubraman. Eyi yɛ bere a Ɔhene Leopold II gyaee anidaso biara a ɛne sɛ wobeyi Congo mantam kɛse bi afi aban no tumi ase denam mmɔden a wɔbɔe sɛ wɔbɛkɔ so akura Congo ɔman a ɛde ne ho no fã kɛse mu sɛ Ahemman no agyapade a ɛyɛ soronko no so.

=== Aban no ===
[[File:Brussels,_straatzicht_Place_Royale_met_église_Saint-Jacques-sur-Coudenberg_oeg2043-01020_en_standbeeld_van_Godefroid_de_Bouillon_foto3_2015-06-07_13.53.jpg|thumb|On the left hand side, the former Ministry of the Colonies, adjacent to the Constitutional Court, Brussels]]
Aban no, wɔkaa Belgium Congo nniso ho asɛm wɔ 1908 Atubrafo Mmara no mu.[21] Aban mpanyimfo tumi gyinaa Belgium atubrafo nsɛm so, a atubrafo bagua bi (Conseil Atubrafo) boaa no. Ná wɔn baanu nyinaa te Brussels. Belgium Mmarahyɛ Bagua no dii tumi wɔ Belgium Congo no so.</text>
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      <text bytes="7029" sha1="6tt0weueb614czkw2az2n7qxq5gva8i" xml:space="preserve">''Wɔatwerɛ nsɛm wei wɔ '''Asante Twi''' mu''
[[File:Flag_of_the_Congo_Free_State.svg|alt=Flag of Belgian Congo|thumb|Flag of Belgian Congo]]
'''Belgium Congo''' [[:en:French_language|(Franse kasa]]: Congo Belge, a wɔbɔ no [[:en:Help:IPA/French|[kɔ̃ɡo bɛlʒ]]]; [[:en:Dutch_language|Dutch]]: Belgisch-Congo)&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |last=Julien Bobineau |title=Belgisch-Kongo und Unabhängigkeit |date=2024 |url=https://doi.org/10.57088/978-3-7329-9568-4_9 |work=Handbuch Demokratische Republik Kongo |pages=173–187 |place=Berlin |publisher=Frank &amp; Timme GmbH |isbn=978-3-7329-9568-4 |access-date=2025-06-20}}&lt;/ref&gt; 

na ɛyɛ Belgium atubraman wɔ Afrika mfinimfini fi 1908 kosii 1960 mu na ɛbɛyɛɛ Republic of the Congo (Léoppoldville). Kan atubraman no gyee ne mprempren din, Democratic Republic of the Congo (DRC) toom wɔ 1964. Atubrafo nniso a ɛwɔ Congo no fii ase wɔ afeha a ɛto so 19 awiei mu hɔ. Ɔhene Leopold II a ofi Belgiumfo bɔɔ mmɔden sɛ wɔbɛma Belgium aban no agyina atubrafo ntrɛwmu akyi atwa Congo Basin a na wɔmfa nni dwuma kɛse saa bere no ho ahyia. Wɔn adwene a ɛwɔ akyi no maa Leopold ankasa sii hɔ. Ɛdenam mmoa a efi Atɔe Fam aman dodow bi hɔ so no, Leopold nyaa Congo Free State ho anuonyam wɔ amanaman ntam wɔ 1885 mu.[7] Eduu afeha no mfiase no, basabasayɛ 
[[File:Greater_Coat_of_Arms_of_the_Belgian_Congo.svg|alt=Coat of arms of Belgian Congo|thumb|Coat of arms of Belgian Congo]]
a ɔman mpanyimfo a wɔde wɔn ho di dwuma wɔ Congofo a wɔyɛ aborɔfo ho ne nhyehyɛe a ɛyɛ hu a ɛfa sikasɛm mu a wɔde di dwuma ho no maa Belgium nyaa aban ananmusifo a emu yɛ den sɛ wobegye ɔman no so tumi, na ɛyɛɛ saa denam Belgium Congo a wɔyɛe wɔ 1908 mu no so. Belgium nniso a ɛwɔ Congo no gyina &lt;nowiki&gt;&amp;&lt;/nowiki&gt;quot;atubrafo baasakoro&lt;nowiki&gt;&amp;&lt;/nowiki&gt;quot; (Trinité Coloniale) a ɛyɛ ɔman, asɛmpatrɛwfo ne ankorankoro-adwumakuw anigyede so.[9] Belgium aguadi ho anigye a wonyae no kyerɛ sɛ kapital pii sen kɔɔ Congo na amantam ankorankoro no bɛyɛɛ wɔn a wɔyɛ soronko. Mpɛn pii no, aban no ne ankorankoro nnwuma ho anigye bɛyɛɛ nea ɛne wɔn ho wɔn ho wɔ abusuabɔ kɛse, na ɔman no boaa nnwumakuw ma wobubuu adwumayɛban mu adwumayɛfo a wɔyɛ adwumaden no na woyii akwanside afoforo a ɛhɔfo no sɔree no fii hɔ.[9] Wɔkyekyɛɛ atubraman no mu yɛɛ no ​​mpanyimfo a wɔahyehyɛ wɔn wɔ nniso mu na wɔde wɔn ho hyɛɛ mu pɛpɛɛpɛ sɛnea &lt;nowiki&gt;&amp;&lt;/nowiki&gt;quot;Abibifo 
[[File:Belgian_Congo_locator_map.png|alt=The Belgian Congo (dark green) shown alongside Ruanda-Urundi (light green), 1935|thumb|The Belgian Congo (dark green) shown alongside Ruanda-Urundi (light green), 1935]]
nhyehyɛe&lt;nowiki&gt;&amp;&lt;/nowiki&gt;quot; (politique indigène) a wɔahyehyɛ te. Ná eyi yɛ soronko wɔ Britania ne Franse atubrafo nhyehyɛe a wɔtaa yɛ no ho, a mpɛn pii no na wɔpɛ nhyehyɛe ahorow a ɛnyɛ tẽẽ, na ɛma atetesɛm mu akannifo kɔ so di tumi wɔ atubrafo sohwɛ mu.

Ɛde besi afeha a ɛto so 19 no fã a edi akyiri no, na Europafo kakraa bi na wɔde wɔn ho ahyɛ Congo Basin mu. Kwae a osu tɔ na owia bɔ kɛse wom, atɛkyɛ ne ɔyare mmoawa a ɛka ho ne nyarewa afoforo a ɛwɔ mmeae a osu tɔ na owia bɔ kɛse, te sɛ nna mu yare no maa ɛbɛyɛɛ tebea a ɛyɛ den sɛ Europafo bɛyɛ nhwehwɛmu ne wɔn a wɔde wɔn di dwuma. Wɔ 1876 mu no, Ɔhene Leopold II a ofi Belgium yɛɛ 
[[File:Coat_of_arms_of_the_Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo_(black_spear).svg|alt=Coat of arms of the Democratic Republic of the Congo|thumb|Coat of arms of the Democratic Republic of the Congo]]
Amanaman Ntam Afrika Fekuw no ho nhyehyɛe a na Afrikafo a wɔhwehwɛ nneɛma mu a wɔyɛ atitiriw no yɛ biako ne Europa aban ahorow pii mmoa ma wɔhyɛ Afrika nhwehwɛmu ne atubrafo ho nkuran. Bere a Henry Morton Stanley hwehwɛɛ ɔmantam no mu wɔ akwantu bi a ɛbaa awiei wɔ 1878 mu akyi no, Leopold kɔhwehwɛɛ ɔkwantufo no nkyɛn na ɔfaa no sɛ ɔmmoa n’anigyede wɔ ɔmantam no mu.[12] Na Leopold II ani abere sɛ obenya atubraman ama Belgium ansa na ɔreforo akɔ ahengua no so mpo wɔ 1865. Belgium ɔmanfo aban no ankyerɛ anigye kɛse biara wɔ ne hene no adaeso a ɛne sɛ wɔbɛkyekye ahemman no ho. Leopold a ɔpɛ anuonyam na ne tirim yɛ den no sii gyinae sɛ obedi asɛm no akyi wɔ n’ankasa akontaabu mu. Europa akansi a ɛkɔɔ so wɔ Afrika Mfinimfini fam no maa nkurɔfo nyaa ntawntawdi, titiriw wɔ Congo Basin a Europa tumi biara nkaa ho no ho. Wɔ November 1884 mu no, Otto von Bismarck boaboaa aman 14 nhyiam bi ase (Berlin Nhyiam) sɛ wɔrekɔhwehwɛ asomdwoe ho gyinaesi a wɔde bɛma Congo tebea no. Ɛwom sɛ Berlin Nhyiam no ampene Europa tumi horow a ɛwɔ Afrika Mfinimfini fam no asasesin mu nsɛm so wɔ ɔkwan a ɛfata so de, nanso ɛpenee mmara ahorow bi so de hwɛ hui sɛ wɔbɛkyekyɛ ɔmantam no mu a ntawntawdi biara nni mu. Mmara a wogye tom (Inter alia) Congo Basin sɛ beae a wɔtɔn nneɛma a wɔde wɔn ho to so. Nanso Leopold II puei wɔ nkonimdi mu fii Berlin Nhyiam no mu[13] na ne kyɛfa biako a ɔyɛ &amp;amp;quot;Philanthropic&amp;amp;quot; ahyehyɛde no nyaa asasesin mu kyɛfa kɛse (2,344,000 km2 (905,000 sq mi)) a ɛsɛ sɛ wɔyɛ ho nhyehyɛe sɛ Congo Free State.

Wɔ Obubuo bosome da aɛtɔ so 18 wɔ afe 1908 mu no, Belgium Mmarahyɛ Badwa no too aba de gyinaa Congo no ano sɛ Belgium atubraman. Sohyialistfoɔ ne wɔn a wɔyɛ katee no mu dodow no ara sɔre tiaa saa a wɔde wɔn ho hyɛɛ mu yi denneennen na wonyaa abatow mu mfasoɔ horow a wonya fii wɔn ɔsatu a wɔde ko tia atubrafo no mu, nanso ebinom gye dii sɛ ɛsɛ sɛ ɔman no de Congo no ka ho na wɔde nnipa mmoa di dwuma ma Congofo a wɔte hɔ no. Awiei koraa no, Katolekfo MPfo baanu ne Liberal MPfo no fã bɛkaa sohyialistfo no ho ma wɔpow atubrafo mmara no (abatoɔ a ɛto so aduanan awotwe a wɔsɔre tiae) ne ɛkame ayɛ sɛ Katolekfo no nyinaa ne Liberal MP no fã a aka no penee mmara no so (aba a ɛto so aduɔkron a wɔtow maa wɔn a wɔannye wɔn ho ne ason a wɔannye wɔn antom). Saa kwan yi so no, wɔ November 15, 1908 mu no, Belgium Congo bɛyɛɛ Belgium Ahemman no atubraman. Eyi yɛ bere a Ɔhene Leopold II gyaee anidaso biara a ɛne sɛ wobeyi Congo mantam kɛse bi afi aban no tumi ase denam mmɔden a wɔbɔe sɛ wɔbɛkɔ so akura Congo ɔman a ɛde ne ho no fã kɛse mu sɛ Ahemman no agyapade a ɛyɛ soronko no so.

=== Aban no ===
[[File:Brussels,_straatzicht_Place_Royale_met_église_Saint-Jacques-sur-Coudenberg_oeg2043-01020_en_standbeeld_van_Godefroid_de_Bouillon_foto3_2015-06-07_13.53.jpg|thumb|On the left hand side, the former Ministry of the Colonies, adjacent to the Constitutional Court, Brussels]]
Aban no, wɔkaa Belgium Congo nniso ho asɛm wɔ 1908 Atubrafo Mmara no mu.[21] Aban mpanyimfo tumi gyinaa Belgium atubrafo nsɛm so, a atubrafo bagua bi (Conseil Atubrafo) boaa no. Ná wɔn baanu nyinaa te Brussels. Belgium Mmarahyɛ Bagua no dii tumi wɔ Belgium Congo no so.

== Mmeaeɛ amenyaa mmoa firiiɛ ==
[[Nkyekyεmu:Africa Wiki Challenge]]
[[Nkyekyεmu:2025]]</text>
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      <id>190746</id>
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        <username>Christian Owusu Ansah</username>
        <id>16034</id>
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      <text bytes="8391" sha1="qj0yqvhri0xyppxrfeiv9d65iltw48s" xml:space="preserve">''Wɔatwerɛ nsɛm wei wɔ '''Asante Twi''' mu''
[[File:Flag_of_the_Congo_Free_State.svg|alt=Flag of Belgian Congo|thumb|Flag of Belgian Congo]]
'''Belgium Congo''' [[:en:French_language|(Franse kasa]]: Congo Belge, a wɔbɔ no [[:en:Help:IPA/French|[kɔ̃ɡo bɛlʒ]]]; [[:en:Dutch_language|Dutch]]: Belgisch-Congo)&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |last=Julien Bobineau |title=Belgisch-Kongo und Unabhängigkeit |date=2024 |url=https://doi.org/10.57088/978-3-7329-9568-4_9 |work=Handbuch Demokratische Republik Kongo |pages=173–187 |place=Berlin |publisher=Frank &amp; Timme GmbH |isbn=978-3-7329-9568-4 |access-date=2025-06-20}}&lt;/ref&gt;, 

na ɛyɛ Belgium atubraman wɔ Afrika mfinimfini fi 1908 kosii 1960 mu na ɛbɛyɛɛ Republic of the Congo (Léoppoldville). Kan atubraman no gyee ne mprempren din, Democratic Republic of the Congo (DRC) toom wɔ 1964. Atubrafo nniso a ɛwɔ Congo no fii ase wɔ afeha a ɛto so 19 awiei mu hɔ. Ɔhene Leopold II a ofi Belgiumfo bɔɔ mmɔden sɛ wɔbɛma Belgium aban no agyina atubrafo ntrɛwmu akyi atwa Congo Basin a na wɔmfa nni dwuma kɛse saa bere no ho ahyia. Wɔn adwene a ɛwɔ akyi no maa Leopold ankasa sii hɔ. Ɛdenam mmoa a efi Atɔe Fam aman dodow bi hɔ so no, Leopold nyaa Congo Free State ho anuonyam wɔ amanaman ntam wɔ 1885 mu&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |last=William D. Rubinstein |title=Genocide |date=2014 |place=Hoboken |publisher=Taylor and Francis |isbn=978-0-582-50601-5 |access-date=2025-06-20}}&lt;/ref&gt;. Eduruu afeha no mfitiaseɛ no, basabasayɛ 
[[File:Greater_Coat_of_Arms_of_the_Belgian_Congo.svg|alt=Coat of arms of Belgian Congo|thumb|Coat of arms of Belgian Congo]]
a ɔman mpanyimfoɔ a wɔde wɔn ho di dwuma wɔ Congofo a wɔyɛ aborɔfo ho ne nhyehyɛeɛ a ɛyɛ hu a ɛfa sikasɛm mu a wɔde di dwuma ho no maa Belgium nyaa aban ananmusifo a emu yɛ den sɛ wobegye ɔman no so tumi, na ɛyɛɛ saa denam Belgium Congo a wɔyɛe wɔ 1908 mu no so. Belgium nniso a ɛwɔ Congo no gyina &lt;nowiki&gt;&amp;&lt;/nowiki&gt;quot;atubrafo baasakoro&lt;nowiki&gt;&amp;&lt;/nowiki&gt;quot; (Trinité Coloniale) a ɛyɛ ɔman, asɛmpatrɛfoɔ ne ankorɛankorɛ-adwumakuo anigyede so&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Citation |last=J. D. Fage, Roland Anthony Oliver, G. N. Sanderson |title=The Cambridge History of Africa |date=1975 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=8DSa_viBgsgC |publisher=Cambridge University Press |language=en |isbn=978-0-521-22803-9 |access-date=2025-06-20}}&lt;/ref&gt;. Belgium adwadie ho anigyeɛ a wonyae no kyerɛ sɛ kapital pii sen kɔɔ Congo na amantam ankorɛankorɛ no bɛyɛɛ wɔn a wɔyɛ soronko. Mpɛn pii no, aban no ne ankorankoro nnwuma ho anigye bɛyɛɛ nea ɛne wɔn ho wɔn ho wɔ abusuabɔ kɛse, na ɔman no boaa nnwumakuw ma wobubuu adwumayɛban mu adwumayɛfo a wɔyɛ adwumaden no na woyii akwanside afoforɔ a ɛhɔfo no sɔree no firii hɔ&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;. Wɔkyekyɛɛ atubraman no mu yɛɛ no ​​mpanyimfo a wɔahyehyɛ wɔn wɔ nnisoɔ mu na wɔde wɔn ho hyɛɛ mu pɛpɛɛpɛ sɛnea &lt;nowiki&gt;&amp;&lt;/nowiki&gt;quot;Abibifo 
[[File:Belgian_Congo_locator_map.png|alt=The Belgian Congo (dark green) shown alongside Ruanda-Urundi (light green), 1935|thumb|The Belgian Congo (dark green) shown alongside Ruanda-Urundi (light green), 1935]]
nhyehyɛe&lt;nowiki&gt;&amp;&lt;/nowiki&gt;quot; (politique indigène) a wɔahyehyɛ te. Ná eyi yɛ soronko wɔ Britania ne Franse atubrafo nhyehyɛe a wɔtaa yɛ no ho, a mpɛn pii no na wɔpɛ nhyehyɛe ahorow a ɛnyɛ tẽẽ, na ɛma atetesɛm mu akannifo kɔ so di tumi wɔ atubrafo sohwɛ mu.

== Congo Free State ==
Ɛde besi afeha a ɛto so 19 no fã a edi akyiri no, na Europafo kakraa bi na wɔde wɔn ho ahyɛ Congo Basin mu. Kwae a osu tɔ na owia bɔ kɛse wom, atɛkyɛ ne ɔyare mmoawa a ɛka ho ne nyarewa afoforo a ɛwɔ mmeae a osu tɔ na owia bɔ kɛse, te sɛ nna mu yare no maa ɛbɛyɛɛ tebea a ɛyɛ den sɛ Europafo bɛyɛ nhwehwɛmu ne wɔn a wɔde wɔn di dwuma. Wɔ 1876 mu no, Ɔhene Leopold II a ofi Belgium yɛɛ 
[[File:Coat_of_arms_of_the_Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo_(black_spear).svg|alt=Coat of arms of the Democratic Republic of the Congo|thumb|Coat of arms of the Democratic Republic of the Congo]]
Amanaman Ntam Afrika Fekuw no ho nhyehyɛe a na Afrikafo a wɔhwehwɛ nneɛma mu a wɔyɛ atitiriw no yɛ biako ne Europa aban ahodoɔ pii mmoa ma wɔhyɛ Afrika nhwehwɛmu ne atubrafo ho nkuran. Bere a Henry Morton Stanley hwehwɛɛ ɔmantam no mu wɔ akwantu bi a ɛbaa awiei wɔ 1878 mu akyi no, Leopold kɔhwehwɛɛ ɔkwantufo no nkyɛn na ɔfaa no sɛ ɔmmoa n’anigyede wɔ ɔmantam no mu&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |last=E. Freund, M. Krämer, D. Rokossa |title=Steuerang und Simulation autonomer, kooperativer Systeme |date=1999 |url=https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-60043-2_24 |work=Informatik aktuell |pages=198–207 |place=Berlin, Heidelberg |publisher=Springer Berlin Heidelberg |isbn=978-3-540-65192-5 |access-date=2025-06-20}}&lt;/ref&gt;. Na Leopold II ani abere sɛ obenya atubraman ama Belgium ansa na ɔreforo akɔ ahendwa no so mpo wɔ 1865. Belgium ɔmanfoɔ aban no ankyerɛ anigye kɛse biara wɔ ne hene no adaeso a ɛne sɛ wɔbɛkyekye ahemman no ho. Leopold a ɔpɛ anuonyam na ne tirim yɛ den no sii gyinae sɛ obedi asɛm no akyi wɔ n’ankasa akontaabu mu. Europa akansi a ɛkɔɔ so wɔ Afrika Mfinimfini fam no maa nkurɔfoɔ nyaa ntawntawdi, titiriw wɔ Congo Basin a Europa tumi biara nkaa ho no ho. Wɔ Obubuo bosome wɔ afe 1884 mu no, Otto von Bismarck boaboaa aman 14 nhyiam bi ase (Berlin Nhyiam) sɛ wɔrekɔhwehwɛ asomdwoe ho gyinaesi a wɔde bɛma Congo tebea no. Ɛwom sɛ Berlin Nhyiam no ampene Europa tumi horow a ɛwɔ Afrika Mfinimfini fam no asasesin mu nsɛm so wɔ ɔkwan a ɛfata so de, nanso ɛpenee mmara ahorow bi so de hwɛ hui sɛ wɔbɛkyekyɛ ɔmantam no mu a ntawntawdi biara nni mu. Mmara a wogye tom (Inter alia) Congo Basin sɛ beae a wɔtɔn nneɛma a wɔde wɔn ho to so. Nanso Leopold II puei wɔ nkonimdi mu fii Berlin Nhyiam no mu[ na ne kyɛfa baako a ɔyɛ &amp;amp;quot;Philanthropic&amp;amp;quot; ahyehyɛde no nyaa asasesin mu kyɛfa kɛseɛ (2,344,000 km2 (905,000 sq mi)) a ɛsɛ sɛ wɔyɛ ho nhyehyɛe sɛ [[:en:Congo_Free_State|Congo Free State]].

Wɔ Obubuo bosome da aɛtɔ so 18 wɔ afe 1908 mu no, Belgium Mmarahyɛ Badwa no too aba de gyinaa Congo no ano sɛ Belgium atubraman. Sohyialistfoɔ ne wɔn a wɔyɛ katee no mu dodow no ara sɔre tiaa saa a wɔde wɔn ho hyɛɛ mu yi denneennen na wonyaa abatow mu mfasoɔ horow a wonya fii wɔn ɔsatu a wɔde ko tia atubrafo no mu, nanso ebinom gye dii sɛ ɛsɛ sɛ ɔman no de Congo no ka ho na wɔde nnipa mmoa di dwuma ma Congofo a wɔte hɔ no. Awiei koraa no, Katolekfo MPfo baanu ne Liberal MPfo no fã bɛkaa sohyialistfo no ho ma wɔpow atubrafo mmara no (abatoɔ a ɛto so aduanan awotwe a wɔsɔre tiae) ne ɛkame ayɛ sɛ Katolekfo no nyinaa ne Liberal MP no fã a aka no penee mmara no so (aba a ɛto so aduɔkron a wɔtow maa wɔn a wɔannye wɔn ho ne ason a wɔannye wɔn antom). Saa kwan yi so no, wɔ Obubuo bosome da a ɛtɔ so 15 wɔ afe 1908 mu no, Belgium Congo bɛyɛɛ Belgium Ahemman no atubraman. Eyi yɛ bere a Ɔhene Leopold II gyaee anidasoɔ biara a ɛne sɛ wobeyi Congo mantam kɛse bi afiri aban no tumi ase denam mmɔden a wɔbɔe sɛ wɔbɛkɔ so akura Congo ɔman a ɛde ne ho no fã kɛse mu sɛ Ahemman no agyapadeɛ a ɛyɛ soronko no so.

=== Aban no ===
[[File:Brussels,_straatzicht_Place_Royale_met_église_Saint-Jacques-sur-Coudenberg_oeg2043-01020_en_standbeeld_van_Godefroid_de_Bouillon_foto3_2015-06-07_13.53.jpg|thumb|On the left hand side, the former Ministry of the Colonies, adjacent to the Constitutional Court, Brussels]]
Aban no, wɔkaa Belgium Congo nniso ho asɛm wɔ afe 1908 Atubrafoɔ Mmara no mu&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |last=Catherine Ann Cline |title=Belgique et Congo: L'éLaboration de La Charte Coloniale. by &lt;i&gt;Jean Stengers&lt;/i&gt;. [Collection “Notre passé.”] (Brussels: Renaissance du Livre. 1963. Pp. 251.) |date=1964-07-01 |url=https://doi.org/10.1086/ahr/69.4.1052 |work=The American Historical Review |volume=69 |issue=4 |pages=1052–1052 |doi=10.1086/ahr/69.4.1052 |issn=1937-5239 |access-date=2025-06-20}}&lt;/ref&gt;. Aban mpanimfoɔ tumi gyinaa Belgium atubrafoɔ nsɛm so, a atubrafo bagua bi (Conseil Atubrafoɔ) boaa no. Ná wɔn baanu nyinaa te Brussels. Belgium Mmarahyɛ Badwa no dii tumi wɔ Belgium Congo no so.

== Mmeaeɛ amenyaa mmoa firiiɛ ==
[[Nkyekyεmu:Africa Wiki Challenge]]
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  <page>
    <title>Benin Bronzes</title>
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      <id>190749</id>
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      <contributor>
        <username>Christian Owusu Ansah</username>
        <id>16034</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Created page with &quot;''Wɔatwerɛ nsɛm wei wɔ '''Asante Twi''' mu''  Benin kɔbere no yɛ kuw a ɛyɛ mpem pii[a] dade abopon ne ahoni a ɛsiesiee Benin Ahemman  [[File:Benin_brass_plaque_03_(cropped).jpg|thumb|A Benin Bronze plaque on display in the British Museum]] Ahemfie, wɔ baabi a mprempren wɔfrɛ hɔ Edo Mantam, Nigeria. Benin kɔbere akuwakuw a mprempren ɛwɔ Igun Street a wɔsan frɛ no Igun-Eronmwon Quarters no na wɔyɛɛ dade abopon no. Sɛ wɔka ne nyinaa bom a, nneɛma no...&quot;</comment>
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      <text bytes="2905" sha1="s9l7adwi2qys5yepyo3vldsq53dfqoy" xml:space="preserve">''Wɔatwerɛ nsɛm wei wɔ '''Asante Twi''' mu''

Benin kɔbere no yɛ kuw a ɛyɛ mpem pii[a] dade abopon ne ahoni a ɛsiesiee Benin Ahemman 
[[File:Benin_brass_plaque_03_(cropped).jpg|thumb|A Benin Bronze plaque on display in the British Museum]]
Ahemfie, wɔ baabi a mprempren wɔfrɛ hɔ Edo Mantam, Nigeria. Benin kɔbere akuwakuw a mprempren ɛwɔ Igun Street a wɔsan frɛ no Igun-Eronmwon Quarters no na wɔyɛɛ dade abopon no. Sɛ wɔka ne nyinaa bom a, nneɛma no yɛ Benin adwinni ho nhwɛso a eye sen biara na efi afeha a ɛto so dunan no mu na edofo mfoniniyɛfo na wɔbɔɔ no.[3][4][5][6][7] Nkyeremu a wofre no edo kasa mu no,[8] kyere nsem a ewo ahennie no abakɔsɛm mu.[9] Sɛ yɛde nsensanee no to nkyɛn a, ahoni afoforo a ɛwɔ kɔbere anaa kɔbere mu no bi ne mfonini ti, agude, ne nneɛma nketenkete. Afeha a ɛto so 16 benin kɔbere a ɛkyerɛ Portugalni sraani bi, a manilla ahorow wɔ akyi (Leipzig Tete Nneɛma Akorae a Ɛhwɛ Nnipa a wɔte saa so) no bi yɛ afeha a ɛto so dunan no mu ahoni a ɛyɛ nwonwa no bi, nanso nea wogyee no fã kɛse no ara fi afeha a ɛto so dunum ne dunsia no mu. Wogye di sɛ &lt;nowiki&gt;&amp;&lt;/nowiki&gt;quot;sika mfe&lt;nowiki&gt;&amp;&lt;/nowiki&gt;quot; abien a ɛwɔ Benin dade adwumayɛ mu no sii wɔ Esigie (fl. 1550) ne Eresoyen (1735–1750) nniso mu, bere a wɔn adwumayɛ nyaa ne su a ɛkorɔn sen biara no.[10] Britania asraafo na wɔfaa abopon ne nneɛma afoforo dodow no ara wɔ Benin Akwantu a ɛkɔɔ so wɔ 1897 mu no mu bere a na wɔreboaboa Britania Ahemman no tumi so wɔ Nigeria kesee fam no.[11] Saa akwantuo yi na Britaniafoɔ nsɛm gyinaa so sɛ ɛyɛ awerediɛ a wɔde tuaa Britania asomafoɔ kuo bi a wɔankura akodeɛ ne wɔn Afrikafoɔ
[[File:Ancestral_shrine_Royal_Palace,_Benin_City,_1891_(cropped).jpg|thumb|Ancestral shrine in Royal Palace, Benin City, 1891: the earliest-known photograph of the Oba's compound. Note 'bronze' heads at both ends of the shrine.]]
a wɔsoa wɔn no dodoɔ bi wɔ Ɔbɛnem 1897. Nnɛyi nwomanimfoɔ binom, te sɛ Dan Hicks, kyerɛ sɛ akwantuo no yɛ akwantuo no fã a ɛtrɛ a ɛtoatoa soɔ a ɛtoatoa soɔ a wɔde bɛtow ahyɛ wɔn so, a wɔde wɔn ho ahyɛ mu sɛ wɔbɛtua wɔn ho ban, na wɔde wɔn ho ahyɛ mu, na wɔde sika a wɔde bɛtua wɔn ho ban. Wɔ akwantu no akyi no, wɔde asinasin ahanu kɔɔ Britania Tete Nneɛma Akorae a ɛwɔ London no, bere a wɔde nea aka no kɔɔ Europa tete nneɛma akorae afoforo mu.[13] Britania Tete Nneɛma Akorae[11] na ɛwɔ dodoɔ kɛseɛ bi a ɛwɔ nneɛma foforɔ a ɛda nsow wɔ Germany ne United Statesk&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |last=Ralph G. Feltham |title=The Diplomatic Mission |date=2004-01-01 |url=https://doi.org/10.1163/9789047414339_006 |work=Diplomatic Handbook |pages=13–23 |publisher=Brill {{!}} Nijhoff |isbn=978-90-474-1433-9 |access-date=2025-06-20}}&lt;/ref&gt;.

== Mmeaeɛ a menyaa mmoa firiiɛ ==
[[Nkyekyεmu:Africa Wiki Challenge]]
[[Nkyekyεmu:2025]]</text>
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    <revision>
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        <username>Christian Owusu Ansah</username>
        <id>16034</id>
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      <text bytes="8222" sha1="rjfu2xbzar4c097vj9geakhpdv7d32m" xml:space="preserve">[[File:Benin_brass_plaque_03_(cropped).jpg|thumb|A Benin Bronze plaque on display in the British Museum]]''Wɔatwerɛ nsɛm wei wɔ '''Asante Twi''' mu''

Benin kɔbere no yɛ kuw a ɛyɛ mpem pii[a] dade abopon ne ahoni a ɛsiesiee Benin Ahemman 

Ahemfie, wɔ baabi a mprempren wɔfrɛ hɔ Edo Mantam, Nigeria. Benin kɔbere akuwakuw a mprempren ɛwɔ Igun Street a wɔsan frɛ no Igun-Eronmwon Quarters no na wɔyɛɛ dade abopon no. Sɛ wɔka ne nyinaa bom a, nneɛma no yɛ Benin adwinni ho nhwɛso a eye sen biara na efi afeha a ɛto so dunan no mu na edofo mfoniniyɛfo na wɔbɔɔ no.[3][4][5][6][7] Nkyeremu a wofre no edo kasa mu no,[8] kyere nsem a ewo ahennie no abakɔsɛm mu.[9] Sɛ yɛde nsensanee no to nkyɛn a, ahoni afoforo a ɛwɔ kɔbere anaa kɔbere mu no bi ne mfonini ti, agude, ne nneɛma nketenkete. Afeha a ɛto so 16 benin kɔbere a ɛkyerɛ Portugalni sraani bi, a manilla ahorow wɔ akyi (Leipzig Tete Nneɛma Akorae a Ɛhwɛ Nnipa a wɔte saa so) no bi yɛ afeha a ɛto so dunan no mu ahoni a ɛyɛ nwonwa no bi, nanso nea wogyee no fã kɛse no ara fi afeha a ɛto so dunum ne dunsia no mu. Wogye di sɛ &lt;nowiki&gt;&amp;&lt;/nowiki&gt;quot;sika mfe&lt;nowiki&gt;&amp;&lt;/nowiki&gt;quot; abien a ɛwɔ Benin dade adwumayɛ mu no sii wɔ Esigie (fl. 1550) ne Eresoyen (1735–1750) nniso mu, bere a wɔn adwumayɛ nyaa ne su a ɛkorɔn sen biara no.[10] Britania asraafo na wɔfaa abopon ne nneɛma afoforo dodow no ara wɔ Benin Akwantu a ɛkɔɔ so wɔ 1897 mu no mu bere a na wɔreboaboa Britania Ahemman no tumi so wɔ Nigeria kesee fam no.[11] Saa akwantuo yi na Britaniafoɔ nsɛm gyinaa so sɛ ɛyɛ awerediɛ a wɔde tuaa Britania asomafoɔ kuo bi a wɔankura akodeɛ ne wɔn Afrikafoɔ
[[File:Ancestral_shrine_Royal_Palace,_Benin_City,_1891_(cropped).jpg|thumb|Ancestral shrine in Royal Palace, Benin City, 1891: the earliest-known photograph of the Oba's compound. Note 'bronze' heads at both ends of the shrine.]]
a wɔsoa wɔn no dodoɔ bi wɔ Ɔbɛnem 1897. Nnɛyi nwomanimfoɔ binom, te sɛ Dan Hicks, kyerɛ sɛ akwantuo no yɛ akwantuo no fã a ɛtrɛ a ɛtoatoa soɔ a ɛtoatoa soɔ a wɔde bɛtow ahyɛ wɔn so, a wɔde wɔn ho ahyɛ mu sɛ wɔbɛtua wɔn ho ban, na wɔde wɔn ho ahyɛ mu, na wɔde sika a wɔde bɛtua wɔn ho ban. Wɔ akwantu no akyi no, wɔde asinasin ahanu kɔɔ Britania Tete Nneɛma Akorae a ɛwɔ London no, bere a wɔde nea aka no kɔɔ Europa tete nneɛma akorae afoforo mu.[13] Britania Tete Nneɛma Akorae[11] na ɛwɔ dodoɔ kɛseɛ bi a ɛwɔ nneɛma foforɔ a ɛda nsow wɔ Germany ne United Statesk&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |last=Ralph G. Feltham |title=The Diplomatic Mission |date=2004-01-01 |url=https://doi.org/10.1163/9789047414339_006 |work=Diplomatic Handbook |pages=13–23 |publisher=Brill {{!}} Nijhoff |isbn=978-90-474-1433-9 |access-date=2025-06-20}}&lt;/ref&gt;.

== Abakɔsɛm ==
Benin Ahemman a na ɛwɔ nnɛyi Nigeria kesee fam mmeae a ɛda afeha a ɛto so dunan ne dunkron ntam no, yɛ nneɛma ahorow te sɛ dade, kɔbere, nnua, asonse ne terra cotta a wɔayɛ no pii. Oba ahemfie a ɛwɔ Benin City, beae a wɔyɛ ahemfo nananom afɔremuka no, nso ne beae a wɔde ahemfie amanne asetra a ɛyɛ fɛ a Benin a ofi Benin, n’akofo, ahemfo ne wɔn a wɔwɔ abodin, asɔfo, ahemfie akuw no mufo ne wɔn a wɔpaw wɔn no guilds, amannɔnefo ne nnipa a wɔyɛ adwuma wɔ hɔ, ne nnipa pii a wɔakora wɔn so, ne nnipa pii a wɔabom ayɛ adwuma no. Ahemfie no, adan ne adiwo a wɔaboaboa ano kɛse a ɛtrɛw no, ne beae a wɔyɛ kɔbere abopon a ɛyɛ ahinanan ɔhaha pii a mfonini ahorow a mfonini ahorow a wɔde boa wɔn ho mfonini wom no kyerɛ nnipa ne nsɛm a esisii a ɛmaa asɛnnibea no yɛɛ anigye no.[28] Ná kɔbere ne asonse nneɛma wɔ dwumadi ahorow wɔ Benin Ahemman no amanne ne ahemfie asetra mu. Wɔde dii dwuma titiriw de siesiee ahemfie a na kɔbere adwuma pii wom no.[29] Wɔde nnade a wɔde abɔ ahemfie no adum so sɛn adum no so.[28] Sɛ́ ahemfie adwinni no, na wɔn botae titiriw ne sɛ wɔbɛhyɛ Oba, ɔsoro hene, ne n’ahemman tumi ho abakɔsɛm anuonyam anaasɛ wɔbɛhyɛ Benin (Ɔhemmaa Ɛna) no Iyoba anuonyam.[30] Adwini a ɛwɔ Benin ahenni mu no faa akwan horow pii so, a na kɔbere ne kɔbere mfrafrae ne ahene ne ɔhemmaa a wɔyɛ ahene no ti yɛ wɔn a wonim wɔn yiye. Bronze receptacles, dɔn, agude, agude, ne amanne kwan so nneɛma nso wɔ afɛfɛde su ne mfitiase su, na ɛkyerɛ sɛnea wɔn a wɔyɛ no ahokokwaw, ɛwom sɛ wɔtaa de sɛnkyerɛnne kwan so nnwuma a ɛwɔ kɔbere ne asonse a wɔayɛ no mu no kata so de.[30] Wɔ Afrika mmeae a osu tɔ na owia bɔ kɛse no, wɔyɛɛ ɔkwan a wɔfa so tow nsu a ayera no ntɛm, sɛnea nhoma ahorow a efi Benin kyerɛ no. Sɛ ɔhene bi wu a, nea obesi n’ananmu no bɛhyɛ sɛ wɔnyɛ kɔbere ti a nea odii n’anim no yɛe. Saa ohoni yi mu bɛyɛ 170 na ɛwɔ hɔ, na ɛno ne nea akyɛ sen biara a efi afeha a ɛto so dumien no mu.[31] Oba, anaa ɔhene no, de nneɛma a ɛyɛ den kɛse sɛ wobenya te sɛ sika kɔkɔɔ, asono a wɔde wɔn ho hyɛ mu, ne kɔbere no dii dwuma. Saa ahene yi na ɛmaa wotumi yɛɛ Benin kɔbere a ɛyɛ fɛ no; Enti, ahemfie ahorow no boaa ma wɔyɛɛ Sahara anafo fam adwinni kɛse.[32] Wɔ 1939 mu no, wohuu ti a ɛte sɛ Benin Ahemman no de no ara pɛ wɔ Ife, Yoruba kurow kronkron no mu, a efi afeha a ɛto so dunan ne dunum mu no. Saa ade a wohui yi foaa atetesɛm bi a na ɛwɔ hɔ kan a ɛkyerɛ sɛ ɛyɛ mfoniniyɛfo a wofi IFE na wɔkyerɛkyerɛɛ Benin kɔbere dade adwumayɛ ho akwan horow no so.[5] Nneɛma a wɔde yɛɛ mfiridwuma ho nimdeɛ a ɛwɔ Benin no ho tete no kɔɔ anim bere a wɔde saa ahoni yi kyerɛw saa bere no koraa no.[6]

== Nnwuma ahodoɔ ==
Benin kɔbere no yɛ abɔde mu de sen Afrikafo adwinni dodow no ara a na ɛwɔ hɔ saa bere no. Wɔayɛ kɔbere mfrafrae no sɛnea ɛbɛyɛ a ɛbɛtwe adwene asi nsonsonoe a ɛda hann ne dade ntam no so.[95] Ti ahorow no mu pii su ahorow no yɛ nea ɛboro so fi abɔde mu nsusuwii mu, a aso akɛse, hwene, ne ano, a wɔde ahwɛyiye kɛse na ɛyɛ no.[96] Adeɛ a ɛda nsow paa wɔ adwuma no mu ne dadeɛ adwumayɛ ho nimdeɛ a ɛkorɔn wɔ lost-wax casting. Saa adwumfoɔ yi asefoɔ da so ara bu igue-igha, sɛ onipa a ɔde adwini a ɛfa casting ho baa Benin ahennie mu.[95] Ade foforo a ɛho hia wɔ nnwuma no mu ne nea ɛyɛ soronko: na wɔde agyapade sie ma asetra mu akuw bi nkutoo, na ɛda ɔmanfo nhyehyɛe a ɛyɛ katee a ɛwɔ Benin ahenni mu no adi. Nanso, mpɛn pii no, na ɔhene no nkutoo na obetumi anya nneɛma a wɔde kɔbere ne asonse ayɛ, nanso, obetumi ama ankorankoro a wɔwɔ dibea akɛse no kwan ma wɔde nneɛma a ɛtete saa adi dwuma, te sɛ akatawia a wɔde sɛn so ne nnuadewa a wɔde kɔbere ne asonse ayɛ. Ná Coral nso yɛ adehye ade. Na akorade kɔn mu nkaa yɛ anuonyam ho sɛnkyerɛnne na OBA de di dwuma titiriw.[30][97]

== Ɔgyeɛ ==
Wɔde afeha a ɛto so dunsia mu kɔbere biako, a ɛyɛ OBA a wɔne Europafo yɛe ho mfonini no kyerɛe 
[[File:Benin_Bronzes_at_the_British_Museum_2.jpg|thumb|16th-century brass plaque, depicting an Oba, two kneeling attendants, and two Portuguese figures]]
wɔ wiase abakɔsɛm bi mu wɔ nneɛma 100 mu, radio so dwumadi ahorow a efii ase wɔ afe 2010 mu sɛ [[:en:BBC|BBC]] ne Britania Tete Nneɛma Akorae no ntam biakoyɛ; Wotintim no nso sɛ nhoma&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |title=BBC debunks a viral image from Ireland’s The Sun |url=https://doi.org/10.3998/mpub.12136619.cmp.1 |access-date=2025-06-20}}&lt;/ref&gt;.

== Hwɛ bio ==

* Adwini a ɛwɔ Benin Ahemman no mu 
* Tete Nneɛma Akorae a ɛwɔ Afrika Atɔe Fam Mfonini 
* Benin Nkɔmmɔbɔ Kuo a 
* Wɔfow Adwinie&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |last=Heather Kerrigan |title=States and the Federal Government Implement COVID-19 Vaccine
						Mandates and Bans : July 26, July 28, July 30, August
							3, August 24, September 9, October 11, and November 4, 2021 |date=2022 |url=https://doi.org/10.4135/9781071853429.n40 |work=Historic Documents of 2021 |pages=522–545 |place=2455 Teller Road, Thousand Oaks California 91320 |publisher=CQ Press |isbn=978-1-0718-5338-2 |access-date=2025-06-20}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* [[:en:Okukor|Okutor]], Kɔbere a kan no na ɛwɔ Jesus College, Cambridge

== Mmeaeɛ a menyaa mmoa firiiɛ ==
[[Nkyekyεmu:Africa Wiki Challenge]]
[[Nkyekyεmu:2025]]</text>
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      <text bytes="13637" sha1="6z6axw9g4bs2vvgiorgh5aangul2fjq" xml:space="preserve">[[File:Benin_brass_plaque_03_(cropped).jpg|thumb|A Benin Bronze plaque on display in the British Museum]]''Wɔatwerɛ nsɛm wei wɔ '''Asante Twi''' mu''

Benin kɔbere no yɛ kuw a ɛyɛ mpem pii&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |last=Dan Curley |title=The Hero in a Thousand Pieces: Antiheroes in Recent Epic Cinema |date=2018-01-07 |url=https://doi.org/10.3366/edinburgh/9781474424516.003.0012 |work=Epic Heroes on Screen |pages=173–190 |publisher=Edinburgh University Press |isbn=978-1-4744-2451-6 |access-date=2025-06-20}}&lt;/ref&gt; dadeɛ abopon ne ahoni a ɛsiesiee Benin Ahemman 

Ahemfie, wɔ baabi a mprempren wɔfrɛ hɔ Edo Mantam, [[Nigeria]]. Benin kɔbere akuoakuo a mprempren ɛwɔ Igun Street a wɔsan frɛ no Igun-Eronmwon Quarters no na wɔyɛɛ dade abopon no. Sɛ wɔka ne nyinaa bom a, nneɛma no yɛ Benin adwinni ho nhwɛso a eye sen biara na efi afeha a ɛto so dunan no mu na edofo mfoniniyɛfo na wɔbɔɔ no&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |title=God renewing the Covenant with Abraham |date=1910 |url=https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-015-2685-2_10 |work=Original Drawings |pages=17–17 |place=Dordrecht |publisher=Springer Netherlands |isbn=978-94-015-1565-8 |access-date=2025-06-20}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |last=Sasha Furlani |title=The Luis Medina Archive at The Art Institute of Chicago |date=2021-06-08 |url=https://doi.org/10.32920/ryerson.14657874 |access-date=2025-06-20}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Citation |title=Benin Bronzes |date=2025-06-20 |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Benin_Bronzes&amp;oldid=1296464849 |work=Wikipedia |language=en |access-date=2025-06-20}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot;&gt;{{Citation |last=Francisco Huera-Huarte |title=Mètodes experimentals en enginyeria mecànica |date=2022 |url=https://doi.org/10.17345/9788484249993 |publisher=Publicacions URV |isbn=978-84-8424-999-3 |access-date=2025-06-20}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |title=Llewellyn, Timothy David, (born 30 May 1947), Chairman: The Burlington Magazine Publications Ltd and supporting foundations, 2008–16 (Director, 2006; Burlington Magazine Foundation, since 2006); British School at Rome, since 2013 (Member, Council, since 2000) |date=2007-12-01 |url=https://doi.org/10.1093/ww/9780199540884.013.24731 |work=Who's Who |publisher=Oxford University Press |access-date=2025-06-20}}&lt;/ref&gt;. Nkyerɛmu a wofre no edo kasa mu no&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |title=Digital files stored and retrieved using DNA |date=2013-03 |url=https://doi.org/10.1088/2058-7058/26/03/10 |work=Physics World |volume=26 |issue=03 |pages=5–5 |doi=10.1088/2058-7058/26/03/10 |issn=0953-8585 |access-date=2025-06-20}}&lt;/ref&gt;, kyerɛ nsem a ewo ahennie no abakɔsɛm mu&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |last=Muriel Verbeeck |title=Dan Hicks, The Brutish Museums. The Benin Bronzes, Colonial Violence and Cultural Restitution |date=2020 |url=https://doi.org/10.4000/ceroart.8297 |work=CeROArt |volume=12 |doi=10.4000/ceroart.8297 |issn=1784-5092 |access-date=2025-06-20}}&lt;/ref&gt;.[9] Sɛ yɛde nsensanee no to nkyɛn a, ahoni afoforo a ɛwɔ kɔbere anaa kɔbere mu no bi ne mfonini ti, agude, ne nneɛma nketenkete. Afeha a ɛto so 16 benin kɔbere a ɛkyerɛ Portugalni sraani bi, a manilla ahorow wɔ akyi (Leipzig Tete Nneɛma Akorae a Ɛhwɛ Nnipa a wɔte saa so) no bi yɛ afeha a ɛto so dunan no mu ahoni a ɛyɛ nwonwa no bi, nanso nea wogyee no fã kɛse no ara firi afeha a ɛto so dunum ne dunsia no mu. Wogye di sɛ &lt;nowiki&gt;&amp;&lt;/nowiki&gt;quot;sika mfe&lt;nowiki&gt;&amp;&lt;/nowiki&gt;quot; abien a ɛwɔ Benin dade adwumayɛ mu no sii wɔ Esigie (fl. 1550) ne Eresoyen (1735–1750) nniso mu, bere a wɔn adwumayɛ nyaa ne su a ɛkorɔn sen biara no&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |title=Benin Bronzes |date=2025-06-20 |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Benin_Bronzes&amp;oldid=1296464849 |work=Wikipedia |language=en |access-date=2025-06-20}}&lt;/ref&gt;. Britania asraafo na wɔfaa abopon ne nneɛma afoforɔ dodow no ara wɔ Benin Akwantu a ɛkɔɔ so wɔ 1897 mu no mu bere a na wɔreboaboa Britania Ahemman no tumi so wɔ Nigeria kesee fam no&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot;&gt;{{Citation |last=Frank Willett |title=Man and Metal in Ancient Nigeria: A Loan Exhibition from the British Museum |date=1991-10 |url=https://doi.org/10.2307/3337049 |work=African Arts |volume=24 |issue=4 |pages=89 |doi=10.2307/3337049 |issn=0001-9933 |access-date=2025-06-20}}&lt;/ref&gt;. Saa akwantuo yi na Britaniafoɔ nsɛm gyinaa so sɛ ɛyɛ awerediɛ a wɔde tuaa Britania asomafoɔ kuo bi a wɔankura akodeɛ ne wɔn Afrikafoɔ
[[File:Ancestral_shrine_Royal_Palace,_Benin_City,_1891_(cropped).jpg|thumb|Ancestral shrine in Royal Palace, Benin City, 1891: the earliest-known photograph of the Oba's compound. Note 'bronze' heads at both ends of the shrine.]]
a wɔsoa wɔn no dodoɔ bi wɔ Ɔbɛnem 1897. Nnɛyi nwomanimfoɔ binom, te sɛ Dan Hicks, kyerɛ sɛ akwantuo no yɛ akwantuo no fã a ɛtrɛ a ɛtoatoa soɔ a ɛtoatoa soɔ a wɔde bɛtow ahyɛ wɔn so, a wɔde wɔn ho ahyɛ mu sɛ wɔbɛtua wɔn ho ban, na wɔde wɔn ho ahyɛ mu, na wɔde sika a wɔde bɛtua wɔn ho ban. Wɔ akwantu no akyi no, wɔde asinasin ahanu kɔɔ Britania Tete Nneɛma Akorae a ɛwɔ London no, bere a wɔde nea aka no kɔɔ Europa tete nneɛma akorae afoforo mu&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |title=Benin Bronzes |date=2025-06-20 |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Benin_Bronzes&amp;oldid=1296464849 |work=Wikipedia |language=en |access-date=2025-06-20}}&lt;/ref&gt;. Britania Tete Nneɛma Akorae&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot; /&gt; na ɛwɔ dodoɔ kɛseɛ bi a ɛwɔ nneɛma foforɔ a ɛda nsow wɔ Germany ne United Statesk&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |last=Ralph G. Feltham |title=The Diplomatic Mission |date=2004-01-01 |url=https://doi.org/10.1163/9789047414339_006 |work=Diplomatic Handbook |pages=13–23 |publisher=Brill {{!}} Nijhoff |isbn=978-90-474-1433-9 |access-date=2025-06-20}}&lt;/ref&gt;.

== Ansa na 1897 reba no ==
Wɔkyerɛe sɛ bere a edi 1897 anim, wɔ Benin Ahemman no bere so no, na ɛyɛ ahofadi ne tumi a ɛfa ho, a wɔsan frɛ no Edo Ahemman no. Nea ɛka ho ansa na 1897 reba a Benin Ahemman no kyerɛ, a OBA ahorow no di so no nso, na nea ɛka ho ne sɛ wobedi aguadi ne asasesin so na wɔama kɔbere ne asonse adwinni a wɔyɛ no ayɛ kɛse. Ahenni no nso hyiaa nsɛnnennen a efi Britaniafo hɔ efisɛ na wɔrebɔ mmɔden sɛ wobenya Benin ahode. Abakɔsɛm

== Abakɔsɛm ==

=== Asetrena mu nsɛm ne ne yɛ ===
Nnwinnade a ɛyɛ nwonwa no pii fi afeha a ɛto so dumiɛnsa no mu, na nnwumakuw no fã kɛse no ara fi afeha a ɛto so dunum ne dunsia no mu. Wɔgye di sɛ &quot;Golden Ages&quot; mmienu a ɛbaa Benin dadeɛ ho adwuma mu no sii wɔ Esigie (fl. 1550) ne Eresoyen (1735 ⁇ 1750) nnisoɔ mu, bere a wɔn adwuma no nyaa ne su a ɛkorɔn paa no&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |last=Philip A. Igbafe |title=Slavery and Emancipation in Benin, 1897–1945 |date=1975-07 |url=https://www.cambridge.org/core/product/identifier/S002185370001433X/type/journal_article |work=The Journal of African History |volume=16 |issue=3 |pages=409–429 |language=en |doi=10.1017/S002185370001433X |issn=0021-8537 |access-date=2025-06-20}}&lt;/ref&gt;.

Benin Ahemman a na ɛwɔ nnɛyi Nigeria kesee fam mmeae a ɛda afeha a ɛto so dunan ne dunkron ntam no, yɛ nneɛma ahorow te sɛ dade, kɔbere, nnua, asonse ne terra cotta a wɔayɛ no pii. Oba ahemfie a ɛwɔ Benin City, beae a wɔyɛ ahemfo nananom afɔremuka no, nso ne beae a wɔde ahemfie amanne asetra a ɛyɛ fɛ a Benin a ofi Benin, n’akofo, ahemfo ne wɔn a wɔwɔ abodin, asɔfo, ahemfie akuw no mufo ne wɔn a wɔpaw wɔn no guilds, amannɔnefo ne nnipa a wɔyɛ adwuma wɔ hɔ, ne nnipa pii a wɔakora wɔn so, ne nnipa pii a wɔabom ayɛ adwuma no. Ahemfie no, adan ne adiwo a wɔaboaboa ano kɛse a ɛtrɛw no, ne beae a wɔyɛ kɔbere abopon a ɛyɛ ahinanan ɔhaha pii a mfonini ahorow a mfonini ahorow a wɔde boa wɔn ho mfonini wom no kyerɛ nnipa ne nsɛm a esisii a ɛmaa asɛnnibea no yɛɛ anigye no&lt;ref name=&quot;:3&quot;&gt;{{Citation |last=Kate Ezra |title=Royal art of Benin: the Perls collection in the Metropolitan Museum of Art |date=1992 |others=Metropolitan Museum of Art |place=New York |publisher=Metropolitan Museum of Art [u.a.] |isbn=978-0-8109-6414-3 |access-date=2025-06-20}}&lt;/ref&gt;.

Ná kɔbere ne asonse nneɛma wɔ dwumadi ahorow wɔ Benin Ahemman no amanne ne ahemfie asetra mu. Wɔde dii dwuma titiriw de siesiee ahemfie a na kɔbere adwuma pii wom no.[29] Wɔde nnade a wɔde abɔ ahemfie no adum so sɛn adum no so&lt;ref name=&quot;:3&quot; /&gt;. Sɛ́ ahemfie adwinni no, na wɔn botae titiriw ne sɛ wɔbɛhyɛ Oba, ɔsoro hene, ne n’ahemman tumi ho abakɔsɛm anuonyam anaasɛ wɔbɛhyɛ Benin (Ɔhemmaa Ɛna) no Iyoba anuonyam&lt;ref name=&quot;:4&quot;&gt;{{Citation |last=Barbara Plankensteiner |title=Benin—Kings and Rituals: Court Arts from Nigeria |date=2007-12 |url=https://direct.mit.edu/afar/article/40/4/74-87/54397 |work=African Arts |volume=40 |issue=4 |pages=74–87 |language=en |doi=10.1162/afar.2007.40.4.74 |issn=0001-9933 |access-date=2025-06-20}}&lt;/ref&gt;. Adwini a ɛwɔ Benin ahenni mu no faa akwan horow pii so, a na kɔbere ne kɔbere mfrafrae ne ahene ne ɔhemmaa a wɔyɛ ahene no ti yɛ wɔn a wonim wɔn yiye. Bronze receptacles, dɔn, agude, agude, ne amanne kwan so nneɛma nso wɔ afɛfɛde su ne mfitiase su, na ɛkyerɛ sɛnea wɔn a wɔyɛ no ahokokwaw, ɛwom sɛ wɔtaa de sɛnkyerɛnne kwan so nnwuma a ɛwɔ kɔbere ne asonse a wɔayɛ no mu no kata so de&lt;ref name=&quot;:4&quot; /&gt;.

Wɔ Afrika mmeae a osu tɔ na owia bɔ kɛse no, wɔyɛɛ ɔkwan a wɔfa so tow nsu a ayera no ntɛm, sɛnea nhoma ahorow a efi Benin kyerɛ no. Sɛ ɔhene bi wu a, nea obesi n’ananmu no bɛhyɛ sɛ wɔnyɛ kɔbere ti a nea odii n’anim no yɛe. Saa ohoni yi mu bɛyɛ 170 na ɛwɔ hɔ, na ɛno ne nea akyɛ sen biara a efi afeha a ɛto so dumien no mu&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |last=Stephen Flanagan, Paul Buteux, Margaret Gowing, Peter Nailor |title=Book reviews |date=1984-11 |url=https://doi.org/10.1080/00396338408442211 |work=Survival |volume=26 |issue=6 |pages=283–287 |doi=10.1080/00396338408442211 |issn=0039-6338 |access-date=2025-06-20}}&lt;/ref&gt;. Oba, anaa ɔhene no, de nneɛma a ɛyɛ den kɛse sɛ wobenya te sɛ sika kɔkɔɔ, asono a wɔde wɔn ho hyɛ mu, ne kɔbere no dii dwuma. Saa ahene yi na ɛmaa wotumi yɛɛ Benin kɔbere a ɛyɛ fɛ no; Enti, ahemfie ahorow no boaa ma wɔyɛɛ Sahara anafo fam adwinni kɛse&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |title=Leuzinger, Johannes |date=2011-10-31 |url=https://doi.org/10.1093/benz/9780199773787.article.b00108744 |series=Benezit Dictionary of Artists |publisher=Oxford University Press |access-date=2025-06-20}}&lt;/ref&gt;. Wɔ 1939 mu no, wohunuu ti a ɛte sɛ Benin Ahemman no de no ara pɛ wɔ Ife, [[:en:Yoruba_people|Yoruba]] kuro kronkron no mu, a efi afeha a ɛto so dunan ne dunum mu no. Saa ade a wohui yi foaa atetesɛm bi a na ɛwɔ hɔ kan a ɛkyerɛ sɛ ɛyɛ mfoniniyɛfo a wofi IFE na wɔkyerɛkyerɛɛ Benin kɔbere dade adwumayɛ ho akwan horow no so&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;. Nneɛma a wɔde yɛɛ mfiridwuma ho nimdeɛ a ɛwɔ Benin no ho tete no kɔɔ anim bere a wɔde saa ahoni yi kyerɛw saa bere no koraa no&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt;.

== Nnwuma ahodoɔ ==
Benin kɔbere no yɛ abɔde mu de sen Afrikafo adwinni dodow no ara a na ɛwɔ hɔ saa bere no. Wɔayɛ 
[[File:Palais_oba.jpg|thumb|A Benin Bronze depicting the Benin's Oba palace - British Museum]]
kɔbere mfrafrae no sɛnea ɛbɛyɛ a ɛbɛtwe adwene asi nsonsonoe a ɛda hann ne dade ntam no so.[95] Ti ahorow no mu pii su ahorow no yɛ nea ɛboro so fi abɔde mu nsusuwii mu, a aso akɛse, hwene, ne ano, a wɔde ahwɛyiye kɛse na ɛyɛ no.[96] Adeɛ a ɛda nsow paa wɔ adwuma no mu ne dadeɛ adwumayɛ ho nimdeɛ a ɛkorɔn wɔ lost-wax casting. Saa adwumfoɔ yi asefoɔ da so ara bu igue-igha, sɛ onipa a ɔde adwini a ɛfa casting ho baa Benin ahennie mu.[95] Ade foforo a ɛho hia wɔ nnwuma no mu ne nea ɛyɛ soronko: na wɔde agyapade sie ma asetra mu akuw bi nkutoo, na ɛda ɔmanfo nhyehyɛe a ɛyɛ katee a ɛwɔ Benin ahenni mu no adi. Nanso, mpɛn pii no, na ɔhene no nkutoo na obetumi anya nneɛma a wɔde kɔbere ne asonse ayɛ, nanso, obetumi ama ankorankoro a wɔwɔ dibea akɛse no kwan ma wɔde nneɛma a ɛtete saa adi dwuma, te sɛ akatawia a wɔde sɛn so ne nnuadewa a wɔde kɔbere ne asonse ayɛ. Ná Coral nso yɛ adehye ade. Na akorade kɔn mu nkaa yɛ anuonyam ho sɛnkyerɛnne na OBA de di dwuma titiriw.[30][97]

== Ɔgyeɛ ==
Wɔde afeha a ɛto so dunsia mu kɔbere biako, a ɛyɛ OBA a wɔne Europafo yɛe ho mfonini no kyerɛe 
[[File:Benin_Bronzes_at_the_British_Museum_2.jpg|thumb|16th-century brass plaque, depicting an Oba, two kneeling attendants, and two Portuguese figures]]
wɔ wiase abakɔsɛm bi mu wɔ nneɛma 100 mu, radio so dwumadi ahorow a efii ase wɔ afe 2010 mu sɛ [[:en:BBC|BBC]] ne Britania Tete Nneɛma Akorae no ntam biakoyɛ; Wotintim no nso sɛ nhoma&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |title=BBC debunks a viral image from Ireland’s The Sun |url=https://doi.org/10.3998/mpub.12136619.cmp.1 |access-date=2025-06-20}}&lt;/ref&gt;.

== Hwɛ bio ==

* Adwini a ɛwɔ Benin Ahemman no mu 
* Tete Nneɛma Akorae a ɛwɔ Afrika Atɔe Fam Mfonini 
* Benin Nkɔmmɔbɔ Kuo a 
* Wɔfow Adwinie&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |last=Heather Kerrigan |title=States and the Federal Government Implement COVID-19 Vaccine
						Mandates and Bans : July 26, July 28, July 30, August
							3, August 24, September 9, October 11, and November 4, 2021 |date=2022 |url=https://doi.org/10.4135/9781071853429.n40 |work=Historic Documents of 2021 |pages=522–545 |place=2455 Teller Road, Thousand Oaks California 91320 |publisher=CQ Press |isbn=978-1-0718-5338-2 |access-date=2025-06-20}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* [[:en:Okukor|Okutor]], Kɔbere a kan no na ɛwɔ Jesus College, Cambridge

== Mmeaeɛ a menyaa mmoa firiiɛ ==
[[Nkyekyεmu:Africa Wiki Challenge]]
[[Nkyekyεmu:2025]]</text>
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      <text bytes="14484" sha1="tu7mezbnjv0rks5x8ky468n2y9zrtne" xml:space="preserve">[[File:Benin_brass_plaque_03_(cropped).jpg|thumb|A Benin Bronze plaque on display in the British Museum]]''Wɔatwerɛ nsɛm wei wɔ '''Asante Twi''' mu''

Benin kɔbere no yɛ kuw a ɛyɛ mpem pii&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |last=Dan Curley |title=The Hero in a Thousand Pieces: Antiheroes in Recent Epic Cinema |date=2018-01-07 |url=https://doi.org/10.3366/edinburgh/9781474424516.003.0012 |work=Epic Heroes on Screen |pages=173–190 |publisher=Edinburgh University Press |isbn=978-1-4744-2451-6 |access-date=2025-06-20}}&lt;/ref&gt; dadeɛ abopon ne ahoni a ɛsiesiee Benin Ahemman 

Ahemfie, wɔ baabi a mprempren wɔfrɛ hɔ Edo Mantam, [[Nigeria]]. Benin kɔbere akuoakuo a mprempren ɛwɔ Igun Street a wɔsan frɛ no Igun-Eronmwon Quarters no na wɔyɛɛ dade abopon no. Sɛ wɔka ne nyinaa bom a, nneɛma no yɛ Benin adwinni ho nhwɛso a eye sen biara na efi afeha a ɛto so dunan no mu na edofo mfoniniyɛfo na wɔbɔɔ no&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |title=God renewing the Covenant with Abraham |date=1910 |url=https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-015-2685-2_10 |work=Original Drawings |pages=17–17 |place=Dordrecht |publisher=Springer Netherlands |isbn=978-94-015-1565-8 |access-date=2025-06-20}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |last=Sasha Furlani |title=The Luis Medina Archive at The Art Institute of Chicago |date=2021-06-08 |url=https://doi.org/10.32920/ryerson.14657874 |access-date=2025-06-20}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Citation |title=Benin Bronzes |date=2025-06-20 |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Benin_Bronzes&amp;oldid=1296464849 |work=Wikipedia |language=en |access-date=2025-06-20}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot;&gt;{{Citation |last=Francisco Huera-Huarte |title=Mètodes experimentals en enginyeria mecànica |date=2022 |url=https://doi.org/10.17345/9788484249993 |publisher=Publicacions URV |isbn=978-84-8424-999-3 |access-date=2025-06-20}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |title=Llewellyn, Timothy David, (born 30 May 1947), Chairman: The Burlington Magazine Publications Ltd and supporting foundations, 2008–16 (Director, 2006; Burlington Magazine Foundation, since 2006); British School at Rome, since 2013 (Member, Council, since 2000) |date=2007-12-01 |url=https://doi.org/10.1093/ww/9780199540884.013.24731 |work=Who's Who |publisher=Oxford University Press |access-date=2025-06-20}}&lt;/ref&gt;. Nkyerɛmu a wofre no edo kasa mu no&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |title=Digital files stored and retrieved using DNA |date=2013-03 |url=https://doi.org/10.1088/2058-7058/26/03/10 |work=Physics World |volume=26 |issue=03 |pages=5–5 |doi=10.1088/2058-7058/26/03/10 |issn=0953-8585 |access-date=2025-06-20}}&lt;/ref&gt;, kyerɛ nsem a ewo ahennie no abakɔsɛm mu&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |last=Muriel Verbeeck |title=Dan Hicks, The Brutish Museums. The Benin Bronzes, Colonial Violence and Cultural Restitution |date=2020 |url=https://doi.org/10.4000/ceroart.8297 |work=CeROArt |volume=12 |doi=10.4000/ceroart.8297 |issn=1784-5092 |access-date=2025-06-20}}&lt;/ref&gt;.[9] Sɛ yɛde nsensanee no to nkyɛn a, ahoni afoforo a ɛwɔ kɔbere anaa kɔbere mu no bi ne mfonini ti, agude, ne nneɛma nketenkete. Afeha a ɛto so 16 benin kɔbere a ɛkyerɛ Portugalni sraani bi, a manilla ahorow wɔ akyi (Leipzig Tete Nneɛma Akorae a Ɛhwɛ Nnipa a wɔte saa so) no bi yɛ afeha a ɛto so dunan no mu ahoni a ɛyɛ nwonwa no bi, nanso nea wogyee no fã kɛse no ara firi afeha a ɛto so dunum ne dunsia no mu. Wogye di sɛ &lt;nowiki&gt;&amp;&lt;/nowiki&gt;quot;sika mfe&lt;nowiki&gt;&amp;&lt;/nowiki&gt;quot; abien a ɛwɔ Benin dade adwumayɛ mu no sii wɔ Esigie (fl. 1550) ne Eresoyen (1735–1750) nniso mu, bere a wɔn adwumayɛ nyaa ne su a ɛkorɔn sen biara no&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |title=Benin Bronzes |date=2025-06-20 |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Benin_Bronzes&amp;oldid=1296464849 |work=Wikipedia |language=en |access-date=2025-06-20}}&lt;/ref&gt;. Britania asraafo na wɔfaa abopon ne nneɛma afoforɔ dodow no ara wɔ Benin Akwantu a ɛkɔɔ so wɔ 1897 mu no mu bere a na wɔreboaboa Britania Ahemman no tumi so wɔ Nigeria kesee fam no&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot;&gt;{{Citation |last=Frank Willett |title=Man and Metal in Ancient Nigeria: A Loan Exhibition from the British Museum |date=1991-10 |url=https://doi.org/10.2307/3337049 |work=African Arts |volume=24 |issue=4 |pages=89 |doi=10.2307/3337049 |issn=0001-9933 |access-date=2025-06-20}}&lt;/ref&gt;. Saa akwantuo yi na Britaniafoɔ nsɛm gyinaa so sɛ ɛyɛ awerediɛ a wɔde tuaa Britania asomafoɔ kuo bi a wɔankura akodeɛ ne wɔn Afrikafoɔ
[[File:Ancestral_shrine_Royal_Palace,_Benin_City,_1891_(cropped).jpg|thumb|Ancestral shrine in Royal Palace, Benin City, 1891: the earliest-known photograph of the Oba's compound. Note 'bronze' heads at both ends of the shrine.]]
a wɔsoa wɔn no dodoɔ bi wɔ Ɔbɛnem 1897. Nnɛyi nwomanimfoɔ binom, te sɛ Dan Hicks, kyerɛ sɛ akwantuo no yɛ akwantuo no fã a ɛtrɛ a ɛtoatoa soɔ a ɛtoatoa soɔ a wɔde bɛtow ahyɛ wɔn so, a wɔde wɔn ho ahyɛ mu sɛ wɔbɛtua wɔn ho ban, na wɔde wɔn ho ahyɛ mu, na wɔde sika a wɔde bɛtua wɔn ho ban. Wɔ akwantu no akyi no, wɔde asinasin ahanu kɔɔ Britania Tete Nneɛma Akorae a ɛwɔ London no, bere a wɔde nea aka no kɔɔ Europa tete nneɛma akorae afoforo mu&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |title=Benin Bronzes |date=2025-06-20 |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Benin_Bronzes&amp;oldid=1296464849 |work=Wikipedia |language=en |access-date=2025-06-20}}&lt;/ref&gt;. Britania Tete Nneɛma Akorae&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot; /&gt; na ɛwɔ dodoɔ kɛseɛ bi a ɛwɔ nneɛma foforɔ a ɛda nsow wɔ Germany ne United Statesk&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |last=Ralph G. Feltham |title=The Diplomatic Mission |date=2004-01-01 |url=https://doi.org/10.1163/9789047414339_006 |work=Diplomatic Handbook |pages=13–23 |publisher=Brill {{!}} Nijhoff |isbn=978-90-474-1433-9 |access-date=2025-06-20}}&lt;/ref&gt;.

== Ansa na 1897 reba no ==
Wɔkyerɛe sɛ bere a edi 1897 anim, wɔ Benin Ahemman no bere so no, na ɛyɛ ahofadi ne tumi a ɛfa ho, a wɔsan frɛ no Edo Ahemman no. Nea ɛka ho ansa na 1897 reba a Benin Ahemman no kyerɛ, a OBA ahorow no di so no nso, na nea ɛka ho ne sɛ wobedi aguadi ne asasesin so na wɔama kɔbere ne asonse adwinni a wɔyɛ no ayɛ kɛse. Ahenni no nso hyiaa nsɛnnennen a efi Britaniafo hɔ efisɛ na wɔrebɔ mmɔden sɛ wobenya Benin ahode. Abakɔsɛm

== Abakɔsɛm ==

=== Asetrena mu nsɛm ne ne yɛ ===
Nnwinnade a ɛyɛ nwonwa no pii fi afeha a ɛto so dumiɛnsa no mu, na nnwumakuw no fã kɛse no ara fi afeha a ɛto so dunum ne dunsia no mu. Wɔgye di sɛ &quot;Golden Ages&quot; mmienu a ɛbaa Benin dadeɛ ho adwuma mu no sii wɔ Esigie (fl. 1550) ne Eresoyen (1735 ⁇ 1750) nnisoɔ mu, bere a wɔn adwuma no nyaa ne su a ɛkorɔn paa no&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |last=Philip A. Igbafe |title=Slavery and Emancipation in Benin, 1897–1945 |date=1975-07 |url=https://www.cambridge.org/core/product/identifier/S002185370001433X/type/journal_article |work=The Journal of African History |volume=16 |issue=3 |pages=409–429 |language=en |doi=10.1017/S002185370001433X |issn=0021-8537 |access-date=2025-06-20}}&lt;/ref&gt;.[[File:Palais_oba.jpg|thumb|A Benin Bronze depicting the Benin's Oba palace - British Museum]]Benin Ahemman a na ɛwɔ nnɛyi Nigeria kesee fam mmeae a ɛda afeha a ɛto so dunan ne dunkron ntam no, yɛ nneɛma ahorow te sɛ dade, kɔbere, nnua, asonse ne terra cotta a wɔayɛ no pii. Oba ahemfie a ɛwɔ Benin City, beae a wɔyɛ ahemfo nananom afɔremuka no, nso ne beae a wɔde ahemfie amanne asetra a ɛyɛ fɛ a Benin a ofi Benin, n’akofo, ahemfo ne wɔn a wɔwɔ abodin, asɔfo, ahemfie akuw no mufo ne wɔn a wɔpaw wɔn no guilds, amannɔnefo ne nnipa a wɔyɛ adwuma wɔ hɔ, ne nnipa pii a wɔakora wɔn so, ne nnipa pii a wɔabom ayɛ adwuma no. Ahemfie no, adan ne adiwo a wɔaboaboa ano kɛse a ɛtrɛw no, ne beae a wɔyɛ kɔbere abopon a ɛyɛ ahinanan ɔhaha pii a mfonini ahorow a mfonini ahorow a wɔde boa wɔn ho mfonini wom no kyerɛ nnipa ne nsɛm a esisii a ɛmaa asɛnnibea no yɛɛ anigye no&lt;ref name=&quot;:3&quot;&gt;{{Citation |last=Kate Ezra |title=Royal art of Benin: the Perls collection in the Metropolitan Museum of Art |date=1992 |others=Metropolitan Museum of Art |place=New York |publisher=Metropolitan Museum of Art [u.a.] |isbn=978-0-8109-6414-3 |access-date=2025-06-20}}&lt;/ref&gt;.

Ná kɔbere ne asonse nneɛma wɔ dwumadi ahorow wɔ Benin Ahemman no amanne ne ahemfie asetra mu. Wɔde dii dwuma titiriw de siesiee ahemfie a na kɔbere adwuma pii wom no.[29] Wɔde nnade a wɔde abɔ ahemfie no adum so sɛn adum no so&lt;ref name=&quot;:3&quot; /&gt;. Sɛ́ ahemfie adwinni no, na wɔn botae titiriw ne sɛ wɔbɛhyɛ Oba, ɔsoro hene, ne n’ahemman tumi ho abakɔsɛm anuonyam anaasɛ wɔbɛhyɛ Benin (Ɔhemmaa Ɛna) no Iyoba anuonyam&lt;ref name=&quot;:4&quot;&gt;{{Citation |last=Barbara Plankensteiner |title=Benin—Kings and Rituals: Court Arts from Nigeria |date=2007-12 |url=https://direct.mit.edu/afar/article/40/4/74-87/54397 |work=African Arts |volume=40 |issue=4 |pages=74–87 |language=en |doi=10.1162/afar.2007.40.4.74 |issn=0001-9933 |access-date=2025-06-20}}&lt;/ref&gt;. Adwini a ɛwɔ Benin ahenni mu no faa akwan horow pii so, a na kɔbere ne kɔbere mfrafrae ne ahene ne ɔhemmaa a wɔyɛ ahene no ti yɛ wɔn a wonim wɔn yiye. Bronze receptacles, dɔn, agude, agude, ne amanne kwan so nneɛma nso wɔ afɛfɛde su ne mfitiase su, na ɛkyerɛ sɛnea wɔn a wɔyɛ no ahokokwaw, ɛwom sɛ wɔtaa de sɛnkyerɛnne kwan so nnwuma a ɛwɔ kɔbere ne asonse a wɔayɛ no mu no kata so de&lt;ref name=&quot;:4&quot; /&gt;.

Wɔ Afrika mmeae a osu tɔ na owia bɔ kɛse no, wɔyɛɛ ɔkwan a wɔfa so tow nsu a ayera no ntɛm, sɛnea nhoma ahorow a efi Benin kyerɛ no. Sɛ ɔhene bi wu a, nea obesi n’ananmu no bɛhyɛ sɛ wɔnyɛ kɔbere ti a nea odii n’anim no yɛe. Saa ohoni yi mu bɛyɛ 170 na ɛwɔ hɔ, na ɛno ne nea akyɛ sen biara a efi afeha a ɛto so dumien no mu&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |last=Stephen Flanagan, Paul Buteux, Margaret Gowing, Peter Nailor |title=Book reviews |date=1984-11 |url=https://doi.org/10.1080/00396338408442211 |work=Survival |volume=26 |issue=6 |pages=283–287 |doi=10.1080/00396338408442211 |issn=0039-6338 |access-date=2025-06-20}}&lt;/ref&gt;. Oba, anaa ɔhene no, de nneɛma a ɛyɛ den kɛse sɛ wobenya te sɛ sika kɔkɔɔ, asono a wɔde wɔn ho hyɛ mu, ne kɔbere no dii dwuma. Saa ahene yi na ɛmaa wotumi yɛɛ Benin kɔbere a ɛyɛ fɛ no; Enti, ahemfie ahorow no boaa ma wɔyɛɛ Sahara anafo fam adwinni kɛse&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |title=Leuzinger, Johannes |date=2011-10-31 |url=https://doi.org/10.1093/benz/9780199773787.article.b00108744 |series=Benezit Dictionary of Artists |publisher=Oxford University Press |access-date=2025-06-20}}&lt;/ref&gt;. Wɔ 1939 mu no, wohunuu ti a ɛte sɛ Benin Ahemman no de no ara pɛ wɔ Ife, [[:en:Yoruba_people|Yoruba]] kuro kronkron no mu, a efi afeha a ɛto so dunan ne dunum mu no. Saa ade a wohui yi foaa atetesɛm bi a na ɛwɔ hɔ kan a ɛkyerɛ sɛ ɛyɛ mfoniniyɛfo a wofi IFE na wɔkyerɛkyerɛɛ Benin kɔbere dade adwumayɛ ho akwan horow no so&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;. Nneɛma a wɔde yɛɛ mfiridwuma ho nimdeɛ a ɛwɔ Benin no ho tete no kɔɔ anim bere a wɔde saa ahoni yi kyerɛw saa bere no koraa no&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt;.

== Nnwuma ahodoɔ ==
Benin kɔbere no yɛ abɔde mu de sen Afrikafo adwinni dodow no ara a na ɛwɔ hɔ saa bere no. Wɔayɛ 
kɔbere mfrafrae no sɛnea ɛbɛyɛ a ɛbɛtwe adwene asi nsonsonoe a ɛda hann ne dade ntam no so&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |title=Head Office Building - January 1963-January 1965 - Front steps and sculpture outside new Head Office building - 16 January 1965 |date=2022-09-23 |url=https://doi.org/10.47688/rba_archives_pn-011576 |access-date=2025-06-20}}&lt;/ref&gt;. Ti ahodoɔ no mu pii su ahorow no yɛ nea ɛboro so fi abɔde mu nsusuwii mu, a aso akɛse, hwene, ne ano, a wɔde ahwɛyiye kɛse na ɛyɛ no&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |title=Leuzinger, Johannes |date=2011-10-31 |url=https://doi.org/10.1093/benz/9780199773787.article.b00108744 |series=Benezit Dictionary of Artists |publisher=Oxford University Press |access-date=2025-06-20}}&lt;/ref&gt;. Adeɛ a ɛda nsow paa wɔ adwuma no mu ne dadeɛ adwumayɛ ho nimdeɛ a ɛkorɔn wɔ lost-wax casting. Saa adwumfoɔ yi asefoɔ da so ara bu igue-igha, sɛ onipa a ɔde adwini a ɛfa casting ho baa Benin ahennie mu&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |title=Head Office Building - January 1963-January 1965 - Front steps and sculpture outside new Head Office building - 16 January 1965 |date=2022-09-23 |url=https://doi.org/10.47688/rba_archives_pn-011576 |access-date=2025-06-20}}&lt;/ref&gt;.[[File:Benin_Bronzes_at_the_British_Museum_2.jpg|thumb|16th-century brass plaque, depicting an Oba, two kneeling attendants, and two Portuguese figures]]
Ade foforɔ a ɛho hia wɔ nnwuma no mu ne nea ɛyɛ soronko: na wɔde agyapade sie ma asetra mu akuw bi nkutoo, na ɛda ɔmanfo nhyehyɛe a ɛyɛ katee a ɛwɔ Benin ahennie mu no adi. Nanso, mpɛn pii no, na ɔhene no nkutoo na obetumi anya nneɛma a wɔde kɔbere ne asonse ayɛ, nanso, ɔbɛtumi ama ankorɛankorɛ a wɔwɔ dibea akɛse no kwan ma wɔde nneɛma a ɛtete saa adi dwuma, te sɛ akatawia a wɔde sɛn so ne nnuadewa a wɔde kɔbere ne asonse ayɛ. Ná Coral nso yɛ adehye ade. Na akorade kɔn mu nkaa yɛ anuonyam ho sɛnkyerɛnne na OBA de di dwuma titire&lt;ref name=&quot;:3&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |url=https://doi.org/10.17658/issn.2058-5462/issue-19/cover/p3 |access-date=2025-06-20}}&lt;/ref&gt;.

== Ɔgyeɛ ==
Wɔde afeha a ɛto so dunsia mu kɔbere baako, a ɛyɛ OBA a wɔne Europafoɔ yɛe ho mfonini no kyerɛe 

wɔ wiase abakɔsɛm bi mu wɔ nneɛma 100 mu, radio so dwumadi ahorow a efii ase wɔ afe 2010 mu sɛ [[:en:BBC|BBC]] ne Britania Tete Nneɛma Akorae no ntam biakoyɛ; Wotintim no nso sɛ nhoma&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |title=BBC debunks a viral image from Ireland’s The Sun |url=https://doi.org/10.3998/mpub.12136619.cmp.1 |access-date=2025-06-20}}&lt;/ref&gt;.

== Hwɛ bio ==

* Adwini a ɛwɔ Benin Ahemman no mu 
* Tete Nneɛma Akorae a ɛwɔ Afrika Atɔe Fam Mfonini 
* Benin Nkɔmmɔbɔ Kuo a 
* Wɔfow Adwinie&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |last=Heather Kerrigan |title=States and the Federal Government Implement COVID-19 Vaccine
						Mandates and Bans : July 26, July 28, July 30, August
							3, August 24, September 9, October 11, and November 4, 2021 |date=2022 |url=https://doi.org/10.4135/9781071853429.n40 |work=Historic Documents of 2021 |pages=522–545 |place=2455 Teller Road, Thousand Oaks California 91320 |publisher=CQ Press |isbn=978-1-0718-5338-2 |access-date=2025-06-20}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* [[:en:Okukor|Okutor]], Kɔbere a kan no na ɛwɔ Jesus College, Cambridge

== Mmeaeɛ a menyaa mmoa firiiɛ ==
[[Nkyekyεmu:Africa Wiki Challenge]]
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      <comment>Created page with &quot;''Wɔatwerɛ nsɛm wei wɔ '''Asante Twi''' mu''  Elgin Marbles (/ˈɛlɡɪn/ ELG-in) [1][2] yɛ tete Greekfo ahoni a ɛfi Parthenon ne Athens Acropolis mu, a wɔyii no fii Ottoman Greece wɔ afeha a ɛtɔ so 19 mfiase mu na wɔde no kɔtoo Britain wɔ Thomas Bruce, 7th Earl of Elgin, agyinatufoɔ so, na seesei wɔde sie wɔ British Museum wɔ London. Wɔyɛɛ ahoni no mu dodow no ara wɔ afeha a ɛto so 5 A.Y.B. mu wɔ ɔbenfo ne ɔdansifo Phidias akwankyerɛ ase.  Part...&quot;</comment>
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      <text bytes="7534" sha1="ikb0cle9hejk0aw23iiwumh4nm1dn1b" xml:space="preserve">''Wɔatwerɛ nsɛm wei wɔ '''Asante Twi''' mu''

Elgin Marbles (/ˈɛlɡɪn/ ELG-in) [1][2] yɛ tete Greekfo ahoni a ɛfi Parthenon ne Athens Acropolis mu, a wɔyii no fii Ottoman Greece wɔ afeha a ɛtɔ so 19 mfiase mu na wɔde no kɔtoo Britain wɔ Thomas Bruce, 7th Earl of Elgin, agyinatufoɔ so, na seesei wɔde sie wɔ British Museum wɔ London. Wɔyɛɛ ahoni no mu dodow no ara wɔ afeha a ɛto so 5 A.Y.B. mu wɔ ɔbenfo ne ɔdansifo Phidias akwankyerɛ ase.

Parthenon ahoni anaa Parthenon ahoni (Greek: Γλυπτά του Παρθενώνα) gyina hɔ ma ahoni a efi Parthenon a wɔakora so wɔ nneɛma ahorow mu, titiriw British Museum ne Acropolis Museum wɔ Athens. 3]

Efi afe 1801 kosi afe 1812 no, Elgin adwumayɛfo yii Parthenon ahoni a aka no bɛyɛ fã, ne ahoni a efi Erechtheion, Athena Nike Asɔredan no ne Propylaia no, de wɔn kɔɔ Britain sɛ wɔrebɛhyehyɛ tete nneɛma akorae bi. Elgin kae sɛ ɔyii ahoni no fii hɔ bere a Ottoman aban mpanyimfo a na wɔwɔ tumi wɔ Athens saa bere no maa no kwan no. 4] Elgin nneyɛɛ no ho mmara a edi mu no agye akyinnye.[ 5]

Wɔn a wɔwɔ British Tete Nneɛma Akorae hɔ no yɛ amanaman ntam akyinnyegye a akyɛ. Wɔ Britain no, ebinom boaa Elgin ma ɔtɔɔ nhoma no bi,[6] nanso ebinom te sɛ Lord Byron de Elgin nneyɛe no totoo basabasayɛ anaa adwowtwa ho. 7] British mmarahyɛ badwa no nhwehwɛmu wɔ 1816 mu no kae sɛ Elgin nyaa nhwiren no wɔ mmara kwan so.[ 8] Elgin tɔn wɔn maa Britain aban wɔ saa afe no mu, na ɛno akyi no, British Museum no de wɔn hyɛɛ ne nsa. Wɔ 1983 mu no, Greece aban no srɛɛ Britain aban no sɛ wɔnsan mfa wɔn mma Greece na wɔde asɛm no kɔto UNESCO din mu. Britain aban ne Britain Nneɛma Akoraebea no poo UNESCO nsrahwɛ no. Wɔ afe 2021 mu no, UNESCO too nsa frɛɛ Britain aban sɛ ɔnsiesie asɛm no wɔ aban ahodoɔ ntam. 9]

Greece aban ne wɔn a wɔtaa ma wɔsan de mmorɔnoma no kɔ Greece no kyerɛ sɛ wɔfaa kwan a ɛmfata so na wɔn nsa kaa no, sɛ wɔwɔ Greece amammerɛ mu mfaso soronko bi, na sɛ wɔda wɔn amammerɛ mu mfaso adi wɔ baguam a, wɔn ani bɛgye ho paa sɛ wɔde wɔn bɛto Parthenon tete nneɛma a aka no ho wɔ Acropolis Museum. Britian aban ne Britian Tete Nneɛma Akoraebea no aka sɛ wɔde wɔn nsa kaa saa nneɛma yi wɔ mmara kwan so, na sɛ wɔsan de wɔn ba a, ɛbɛtumi asɛe wiase amammerɛ mu tete nneɛma akorae akɛse no nneɛma, na British Tete Nneɛma Akoraebea no nneɛma a wɔakora no ma wotumi hu tete nneɛma no yiye wɔ tete amammerɛ afoforo mu, na ɛno ma Acropolis Tete Nneɛma Akoraebea no adwene ba mu. Asɛnka a ɛda Britain ne Greece mpanyimfo ntam no rekɔ so. 10][11]

== Din ==
Elgin Marbles no gyina hɔ ma Elgin Earl a ɔtɔ so 7 a, wɔ afe 1801 ne 1812 ntam no, ɔhwɛ ma wɔyii no fii Parthenon, Erechtheion, Athena Nike Asɔredan no ne Propylaia no, na wɔde wɔn kɔɔ England. 12] Ɛnam mmarahyɛ baguam mmara, British Museum Act 1816 no so no, wɔde nnwumakuw no kɔmaa British Museum no wɔ tebea a ɛsɛ sɛ wɔkora wɔn nyinaa bom na wɔfrɛ wɔn &quot;Elgin Marbles no&quot;. 13] &quot;Parthenon Marbles&quot; anaa &quot;Parthenon Sculptures&quot; gyina hɔ ma ahoni ne adansi nneɛma a wɔayi afi Parthenon no ho. 3] Seesei wɔhwɛ saa nneɛma yi so wɔ tete nneɛma akorae ason wɔ wiase nyinaa, titiriw Acropolis Museum ne British Museum. [ 14] Britian Tete Nneɛma Akorae ne Greece aban nyinaa de asɛmfua &quot;Parthenon Sculptures&quot; di dwuma wɔ saa ntease yi mu. 12]

Mario Trabucco della Torretta kyerɛ sɛ bere a &quot;Elgin Marbles&quot; yɛ nnwumakuw no din a mmara taa hyɛ ho ma no, wɔn a wɔhwehwɛ sɛ wɔsan ma no no pɛ &quot;Parthenon Sculptures&quot;. 15]

== Akwankyerԑ ==
Wosii Parthenon no wɔ Acropolis a ɛwɔ Athens no so fi afe 447 A.Y.B. sɛ ɔbosom Athena asɔredan. Ɛbɛyɛ sɛ Phidias na ɔyɛɛ ahoni no. Wɔ afeha a edi hɔ no mu no, wɔsesaa ɔdan no yɛɛ asɔredan ne asɔredan, na wɔsɛee n'ahoni no pii, nanso ɔdan no kɔɔ so yɛɛ adwuma yiye. Wɔ Ottoman ne Venetian ako a ɛto so asia (1684-1699) mu no, Turks no hyɛɛ Acropolis no den na wɔde Parthenon no dii dwuma sɛ atuo adaka. Wɔ September 26, 1687 mu no, Venetian akode bi hwiee atuo no guu hɔ, na nea efii mu bae no hwiee Parthenon no mfinimfini, na ɛkaa cella no afasu no sɛee. 17[18] Ɔfasu anan no mu mmiɛnsa bubui, anaa ɛbɛn saa, na ahoni no mu nkyem mmiɛnsa mu baako hwehwee ase.[ 19] Nnipa bɛyɛ 300 na wokunkum wɔn wɔ ahum no mu, a na ɛyɛ ahweaseɛ a wɔde ahweaseɛ ahweaseɛ agu beae kɛse bi so. Wɔ afeha a edi hɔ no ne fã mu no, wɔtotoo ɔdan no fã a aka no mu de hwehwɛɛ dan no mu nneɛma, na wɔyii nneɛma a ɛsom bo pii nso fii hɔ. 21][22]

== Ne nya ==
Wɔ November 1798, wɔpaw Earl of Elgin sɛ &quot;Ambassador Extraordinary and Minister Plenipotentiary of His Britannic Majesty to the Sublime Porte of Selim III, Sultan of Turkey&quot; (Greece yɛ Ottoman Ahemman no fã saa bere no). Ansa na ɔrefi hɔ akɔyɛ adwuma no, na wakɔka akyerɛ Britania aban mpanyimfo no sɛ wɔpɛ sɛ wɔfa mfoniniyɛfo ma wɔyɛ Parthenon no afã horow a wɔabɔ ho mfonini. Sɛnea Elgin kyerɛ no, &quot;Ahenni no mmuae ... no yɛ nea ɛmfata koraa&quot;. 6]

Elgin sii gyinae sɛ ɔno ankasa bɛyɛ adwuma no, na ɔfaa anwensɛmfo toaa ne mfonini no so wɔ Neapolitan ahemfie mfoniniyɛfo, Giovanni Lusieri, akwankyerɛ ase. Ɛwom sɛ na n'atirimpɔw ankasa ne sɛ ɔbɛkyerɛw ahoni no ho nsɛm de, nanso wɔ 1801 mu no Elgin fii ase yii nneɛma fii Parthenon no ne emu adan a atwa ho ahyia no mu wɔ Lusieri akwankyerɛ ase. Sɛnea Turkeyni bi kae no, na wɔhyew ahoni a wɔde aboɔ ayɛ a wɔatwa ato fam no sɛ wɔde rebɛsi dan, na sɛ wɔde mfoni a na wɔadi kan ayɛ no toto ho a, wɔhu sɛ na nkaeɛ no resɛe ntɛmntɛm. 6] Wɔsan nso yii nkae bi fii Erechtheion, Propylaia, ne Athena Nike Asɔredan no mu, ne nyinaa wɔ Acropolis no mu. 12]

Wɔde wɔn firi Greece baa Malta, a na ɛyɛ Britania aban a na ɛhwɛ wɔn so no, na wɔtenaa hɔ mfe pii kɔsii sɛ wɔde wɔn kɔɔ Britain. 23] Wɔwiee asase no a wɔtutuiɛ ne ne tu no wɔ afe 1812 mu, na Elgin ankasa tuaa £74,240[6][24] (a ɛne £5,670,000 yɛ pɛ wɔ afe 2023 mu). Elgin bɔɔ ne tirim sɛ ɔbɛfa nhwiren no so ama Britain adwinni ayɛ yiye, na n'atirimpɔ ankasa ne sɛ aban no bɛtɔ wɔn. 26]

== Nkyerɛmu ==
[[File:Parthenon_section_annotated.svg|thumb|Annotated sectional view of the Parthenon with parts in the British Museum shaded]]
Abɔdenden a Elgin nyaa no bi ne nnipa bɛyɛ 21 a wofi ahoni a ɛwɔ apuei fam ne atɔe fam no so, paneɛ 92 a ɛwɔ mfitiase no mu 15 a ɛkyerɛ ɔko a ɛkɔɔ so wɔ Lapiths ne centaurs ntam no, ne 

Parthenon a ne tenten yɛ mita 75 a na ɛhyehyɛ ntenten a ɛwɔ asɔredan no mu no ho. Saa kwan yi so no, ɛyɛ nea ɛboro Parthenon ahoni no fã a aka no so. 33]

Elgin nsa kaa nneɛma bi nso fii adan afoforo a ɛwɔ Atene Acropolis no so  ⁇  caryatid a efi Erechtheion; ntayaa anan a efi ɔfasu a ɛwɔ Athena Nike Asɔredan no mu; ne Parthenon, Propylaia, Erechtheion, ne Athena Nike Asɔredan no mu nkae bi  ⁇  ne Atreus Asɔredan wɔ Mycenae. 33]

British Museum no nso kura Acropolis no mu nsɛsoɔ bi a wɔtɔ fii nneɛma ahorow bi a ɛnfa Elgin ho, te sɛ Léon-Jean-Joseph Dubois,[34] William Cavendish, 6th Duke of Devonshire,[35] ne Society of Dilettanti.[ 36]

== Hwɛ ==
pedimental sculpture palermo fragment Greece–United Kingdom Relations Las Intantadas, Portico a wɔfaa no fii Thessaloniki Saint Demetra, ohoni a wɔfaa fii eleusis mu .

== Mmeaeɛ a menyaa mmoa firiiɛ ==
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      <text bytes="15855" sha1="5cwij74wsys44offa6ega128qyxbjhw" xml:space="preserve">''Wɔatwerɛ nsɛm wei wɔ '''Asante Twi''' mu''

'''Elgin Marbles''' [[:en:Help:IPA/English|(/ˈɛlɡɪn/]] [[:en:Help:Pronunciation_respelling_key|ELG-in)]]&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |last=John Christopher Wells |title=Longman pronunciation dictionary |date=2008 |edition=3rd edition |place=Harlow (GB) |publisher=Pearson education |isbn=978-1-4058-8118-0 |access-date=2025-06-20}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |last=Daniel Jones, Peter Roach, Jane Setter, John Henry Esling |title=Cambridge English pronouncing dictionary |date=2011 |edition=18th ed |place=Cambridge (GB) New York |publisher=Cambridge university press |isbn=978-0-521-15255-6 |access-date=2025-06-20}}&lt;/ref&gt; yɛ Tete Greekfoɔ Ahoni a ɛfi [[:en:Parthenon|Parthenon]] ne [[:en:Acropolis_of_Athens|Athens Acropolis]] mu, a wɔyii no firii Ottoman Greece wɔ afeha a ɛtɔ so 19 mfitiaseɛ mu na wɔde no kɔtoo Britain wɔ [[:en:Thomas_Bruce,_7th_Earl_of_Elgin|Thomas Bruce, 7th Earl of Elgin,]] agyinatufoɔ so, na seesei wɔde sie wɔ British [[:en:British_Museum|Museum wɔ London.]] Wɔyɛɛ ahoni no mu dodow no ara wɔ afeha a ɛto so 5 A.Y.B. mu wɔ ɔbenfo ne ɔdansifo [[:en:Phidias|Phidias]] akwankyerɛ ase.

Parthenon ahoni anaa ''Parthenon ahoni'' ([[:en:Greek_language|Greek]]: Γλυπτά του Παρθενώνα) gyina hɔ ma ahoni a efi Parthenon a wɔakora so wɔ nneɛma ahodoɔ mu, titire British Museum ne [[:en:Elgin_Marbles|Acropolis Museum]] wɔ Athens&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Citation |last=G.H. JENKINS |title=CENTRIFUGAL SEPARATION |date=2013 |url=https://doi.org/10.1016/b978-1-4832-3195-2.50028-2 |work=Introduction to Cane Sugar Technology |pages=325–347 |publisher=Elsevier |isbn=978-1-4832-3195-2 |access-date=2025-06-20}}&lt;/ref&gt;.

Efi afe 1801 kosi afe 1812 no, Elgin adwumayɛfoɔ yii Parthenon ahoni a aka no bɛyɛ fã, ne ahoni a efi [[:en:Erechtheion|Erechtheion]], [[:en:Temple_of_Athena_Nike|Athena Nike Asɔredan]] no ne [[:en:Propylaia_(Acropolis_of_Athens)|Propylaia]] no, de wɔn kɔɔ Britain sɛ wɔrebɛhyehyɛ tete nneɛma akorae bi. Elgin kae sɛ ɔyii ahoni no fii hɔ bere a Ottoman aban mpanyimfo a na wɔwɔ tumi wɔ Athens saa bere no maa no kwan no&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |title=PROCEDURE: THE HOUSE OF COMMONS AND THE SELECT COMMITTEE |date=1959-12 |url=https://doi.org/10.1093/oxfordjournals.pa.a053457 |work=Parliamentary Affairs |doi=10.1093/oxfordjournals.pa.a053457 |issn=1460-2482 |access-date=2025-06-20}}&lt;/ref&gt;. Elgin nneyɛɛ no ho mmara a edi mu no agye akyinnye&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |last=Alexander Herman |title=The Parthenon marbles dispute: heritage, law, politics |date=2023 |series=The Art law library |place=Oxford |publisher=Hart |isbn=978-1-5099-6717-9 |access-date=2025-06-20}}&lt;/ref&gt;.

Wɔn a wɔwɔ British Tete Nneɛma Akorae hɔ no yɛ amanaman ntam akyinnyegye a akyɛ. Wɔ Britain no, ebinom boaa Elgin ma ɔtɔɔ nhoma no bi&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot;&gt;{{Citation |title=Volume 25, Number 1, May 1989, Volume 25, Number 2, June 1989 |date=1989-08 |url=https://doi.org/10.1016/0198-8859(89)90091-8 |work=Human Immunology |volume=25 |issue=4 |pages=iii–vi |doi=10.1016/0198-8859(89)90091-8 |issn=0198-8859 |access-date=2025-06-20}}&lt;/ref&gt;, nanso ebinom te sɛ Lord Byron de Elgin nneyɛe no totoo basabasayɛ anaa adwowtwa ho&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |last=Mary Beard |title=The Parthenon: temple, cathedral, mosque, ruin, icon ... |date=2002 |series=Wonders of the world |place=London |publisher=Profile Books |isbn=978-1-86197-292-7 |access-date=2025-06-20}}&lt;/ref&gt;. British mmarahyɛ badwa no nhwehwɛmu wɔ 1816 mu no kae sɛ Elgin nyaa nhwiren no wɔ mmara kwan so&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |title=LVIII. &lt;i&gt;Report of the Select Committee of the house of commons, appointed to inquire, whether it be expedient that the collection mentioned in the Earl of&lt;/i&gt; E&lt;scp&gt;lgin&lt;/scp&gt;'s &lt;i&gt;petition, presented to the house on the&lt;/i&gt; 15&lt;i&gt;th day of February last, should be purchased on behalf of the public; and if so, what price it may be reasonable to allow for the same&lt;/i&gt; |date=1816-04 |url=https://doi.org/10.1080/14786441608628461 |work=The Philosophical Magazine |volume=47 |issue=216 |pages=267–285 |doi=10.1080/14786441608628461 |issn=1941-5796 |access-date=2025-06-20}}&lt;/ref&gt;. Elgin tɔn wɔn maa Britain aban wɔ saa afe no mu, na ɛno akyi no, British Museum no de wɔn hyɛɛ ne nsa. Wɔ 1983 mu no, Greece aban no srɛɛ Britain aban no sɛ wɔnsan mfa wɔn mma Greece na wɔde asɛm no kɔto [[:en:UNESCO|UNESCO]] din mu. Britain aban ne Britain Nneɛma Akoraebea no poo UNESCO nsrahwɛ no. Wɔ afe 2021 mu no, UNESCO too nsa frɛɛ Britain aban sɛ ɔnsiesie asɛm no wɔ aban ahodoɔ ntam&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |last=Folarin Shyllon |title=The 16th Session of the UNESCO Intergovernmental Committee for Promoting the Return of Cultural Property to Its Countries of Origin or Its Restitution in Case of Illicit Appropriation, 21–23 September 2010 |date=2011-11 |url=https://doi.org/10.1017/s0940739111000385 |work=International Journal of Cultural Property |volume=18 |issue=4 |pages=429–435 |doi=10.1017/s0940739111000385 |issn=0940-7391 |access-date=2025-06-20}}&lt;/ref&gt;.

Greek aban ne wɔn a wɔtaa ma wɔsan de mmorɔnoma no kɔ Greece no kyerɛ sɛ wɔfaa kwan a ɛmfata so na wɔn nsa kaa no, sɛ wɔwɔ Greece amammerɛ mu mfaso soronko bi, na sɛ wɔda wɔn amammerɛ mu mfaso adi wɔ baguam a, wɔn ani bɛgye ho paa sɛ wɔde wɔn bɛto Parthenon tete nneɛma a aka no ho wɔ Acropolis Museum. Britian aban ne Britian Tete Nneɛma Akoraebea no aka sɛ wɔde wɔn nsa kaa saa nneɛma yi wɔ mmara kwan so, na sɛ wɔsan de wɔn ba a, ɛbɛtumi asɛe wiase amammerɛ mu tete nneɛma akorae akɛse no nneɛma, na British Tete Nneɛma Akoraebea no nneɛma a wɔakora no ma wotumi hu tete nneɛma no yiye wɔ tete amammerɛ afoforo mu, na ɛno ma Acropolis Tete Nneɛma Akoraebea no adwene ba mu. Asɛnka a ɛda Britain ne Greece mpanyimfo ntam no rekɔ so&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |last=Catharine Titi |title=Annex: The Parthenon Sculptures—The Trustees’ Statement (British Museum) |date=2023 |url=https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-26357-6_12 |work=The Parthenon Marbles and International Law |pages=309–311 |place=Cham |publisher=Springer International Publishing |isbn=978-3-031-26356-9 |access-date=2025-06-20}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |last=Catharine Titi |title=The British Museum and the Marbles |date=2023 |url=https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-26357-6_6 |work=The Parthenon Marbles and International Law |pages=139–186 |place=Cham |publisher=Springer International Publishing |isbn=978-3-031-26356-9 |access-date=2025-06-20}}&lt;/ref&gt;.

== Din ==
Elgin Marbles no gyina hɔ ma Elgin Earl a ɔtɔ so 7 a, wɔ afe 1801 ne 1812 ntam no, ɔhwɛ ma wɔyii no fii Parthenon, Erechtheion, Athena Nike Asɔredan no ne Propylaia no, na wɔde wɔn kɔɔ England&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot;&gt;{{Citation |last=Catharine Titi |title=Annex: The Parthenon Sculptures—The Trustees’ Statement (British Museum) |date=2023 |url=https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-26357-6_12 |work=The Parthenon Marbles and International Law |pages=309–311 |place=Cham |publisher=Springer International Publishing |isbn=978-3-031-26356-9 |access-date=2025-06-20}}&lt;/ref&gt;. Ɛnam mmarahyɛ badwam mmara, British Museum Act 1816 no so no, wɔde nnwumakuo no kɔmaa British Museum no wɔ tebea a ɛsɛ sɛ wɔkora wɔn nyinaa bom na wɔfrɛ wɔn &quot;Elgin Marbles no&quot;&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |last=C. C. Hassett, D. W. Jenkins |title=Production of Radioactive Mosquitoes |date=1949-07-29 |url=https://doi.org/10.1126/science.110.2848.109 |work=Science |volume=110 |issue=2848 |pages=109–110 |doi=10.1126/science.110.2848.109 |issn=0036-8075 |access-date=2025-06-20}}&lt;/ref&gt;. &quot;Parthenon Marbles&quot; anaa &quot;Parthenon Sculptures&quot; gyina hɔ ma ahoni ne adansi nneɛma a wɔayi afi Parthenon no ho&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;. Seesei wɔhwɛ saa nneɛma yi so wɔ tete nneɛma akorae ason wɔ wiase nyinaa, titiriw Acropolis Museum ne British Museum&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |title=Vatican Museums (CT) |url=https://doi.org/10.1163/1574-9347_bnp_e15308810 |access-date=2025-06-20}}&lt;/ref&gt;. Britian Tete Nneɛma Akorae ne Greece aban nyinaa de asɛmfua &quot;Parthenon Sculptures&quot; di dwuma wɔ saa ntease yi mu&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot; /&gt;.

Mario Trabucco della Torretta kyerɛ sɛ bere a &quot;Elgin Marbles&quot; yɛ nnwumakuw no din a mmara taa hyɛ ho ma no, wɔn a wɔhwehwɛ sɛ wɔsan ma no no pɛ &quot;Parthenon Sculptures&quot;&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |last=Mario Trabucco della Torretta |title=New water from old spouts: |date=2018-02-28 |url=https://doi.org/10.2307/j.ctvndv54v.17 |work=Great Waterworks in Roman Greece |pages=235–245 |publisher=Archaeopress Publishing Ltd |access-date=2025-06-20}}&lt;/ref&gt;.

== Akwankyerԑ ==
Wosii Parthenon no wɔ [[:en:Acropolis_of_Athens|Acropolis a ɛwɔ Athens]] no so fi afe 447 A.Y.B. sɛ ɔbosom Athena asɔredan. Ɛbɛyɛ sɛ Phidias na ɔyɛɛ ahoni no. Wɔ afeha a edi hɔ no mu no, wɔsesaa ɔdan no yɛɛ asɔredan ne asɔredan, na wɔsɛee n'ahoni no pii, nanso ɔdan no kɔɔ so yɛɛ adwuma yie&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |last=Alexander Herman |title=The Parthenon marbles dispute: heritage, law, politics |date=2023 |series=The Art law library |place=Oxford |publisher=Hart |isbn=978-1-5099-6717-9 |access-date=2025-06-20}}&lt;/ref&gt;. Wɔ [[:en:Morean_War|Ottoman ne Venetian ako a ɛto so asia (1684-1699)]] mu no, Turks no hyɛɛ Acropolis no den na wɔde Parthenon no dii dwuma sɛ atuo adaka. Wɔ Ɛbɔ bosome da a ɛtɔ so 26 wɔ afe 1687 mu no, Venetian akodeɛ bi hwiee atuo no guu hɔ, na nea efii mu bae no hwiee Parthenon no mfinimfini, na ɛkaa cella no afasu no sɛee&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |last=Theodor E. Mommsen |title=The Venetians in Athens and the Destruction of the Parthenon in 1687 |date=1941-10-01 |url=https://www.journals.uchicago.edu/doi/10.2307/499533 |work=American Journal of Archaeology |volume=45 |issue=4 |pages=544–556 |language=en |doi=10.2307/499533 |issn=0002-9114 |access-date=2025-06-20}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |last=Lois Fichner-Rathus |title=Understanding art |date=2013 |edition=10th Ed |place=Australia |publisher=Cengage Wadsworth |isbn=978-1-111-83695-5 |access-date=2025-06-20}}&lt;/ref&gt;. Ɔfasuo anan no mu mmiɛnsa bubui, anaa ɛbɛn saa, na ahoni no mu nkyem mmiɛnsa mu baako hwehwee ase&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |title=Athens |date=2017-12-31 |url=https://doi.org/10.12987/9780300138153-009 |work=The Archaeology of Athens |pages=247–270 |publisher=Yale University Press |access-date=2025-06-20}}&lt;/ref&gt;. Nnipa bɛyɛ 300 na wokunkum wɔn wɔ ahum no mu, a na ɛyɛ ahweaseɛ a wɔde ahweaseɛ ahweaseɛ agu beae kɛse bi so&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |last=John Law |title=Venetian empire |date=2003 |url=https://doi.org/10.1093/gao/9781884446054.article.t088564 |work=Oxford Art Online |publisher=Oxford University Press |access-date=2025-06-20}}&lt;/ref&gt;. Wɔ afeha a edi hɔ no ne fã mu no, wɔtotoo ɔdan no fã a aka no mu de hwehwɛɛ dan no mu nneɛma, na wɔyii nneɛma a ɛsom bo pii nso fii hɔ&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |title=The classical tradition |date=2010 |url=https://www.worldcat.org/title/318876873 |editor-last=Anthony Grafton, Glenn W. Most, Salvatore Settis |series=Harvard University Press reference library |place=Cambridge, Mass |publisher=Belknap Press of Harvard University Press |isbn=978-0-674-03572-0 |oclc=318876873 |access-date=2025-06-20}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |last=Alexander Herman |title=The Parthenon marbles dispute: heritage, law, politics |date=2023 |series=The art law library |place=Oxford ; London ; New York ; New Delhi ; Sydney |publisher=Hart Publishing |isbn=978-1-5099-6719-3 |access-date=2025-06-20}}&lt;/ref&gt;.

== Ne nya ==
Wɔ November 1798, wɔpaw Earl of Elgin sɛ &quot;Ambassador Extraordinary and Minister Plenipotentiary 
[[File:East_pediment_O_Parthenon_BM_n2.jpg|thumb|Parthenon Selene Horse]]
of His Britannic Majesty to the Sublime Porte of Selim III, Sultan of Turkey&quot; (Greece yɛ Ottoman Ahemman no fã saa bere no). Ansa na ɔrefi hɔ akɔyɛ adwuma no, na wakɔka akyerɛ Britania aban mpanyimfo no sɛ wɔpɛ sɛ wɔfa mfoniniyɛfo ma wɔyɛ Parthenon no afã horow a wɔabɔ ho mfonini. Sɛnea Elgin kyerɛ no, &quot;Ahenni no mmuae ... no yɛ nea ɛmfata koraa&quot;&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt;.

Elgin sii gyinae sɛ ɔno ankasa bɛyɛ adwuma no, na ɔfaa anwensɛmfo toaa ne mfonini no so wɔ Neapolitan ahemfie mfoniniyɛfo, Giovanni Lusieri, akwankyerɛ ase. Ɛwom sɛ na n'atirimpɔw ankasa ne sɛ ɔbɛkyerɛ ahoni no ho nsɛm de, nanso wɔ 1801 mu no Elgin fii ase yii nneɛma fii Parthenon no ne emu adan a atwa ho ahyia no mu wɔ Lusieri akwankyerɛ ase. Sɛnea Turkeyni bi kae no, na wɔhyew ahoni a wɔde aboɔ ayɛ a wɔatwa ato fam no sɛ wɔde rebɛsi dan, na sɛ wɔde mfoni a na wɔadi kan ayɛ no toto ho a, wɔhu sɛ na nkaeɛ no resɛe ntɛmntɛm&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt;. Wɔsan nso yii nkae bi fii Erechtheion, Propylaia, ne Athena Nike Asɔredan no mu, ne nyinaa wɔ Acropolis no mu&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot; /&gt;.
[[File:The_Parthenon_sculptures,_British_Museum_(14063376069)_(2)_(cropped).jpg|thumb|Metope from the Elgin Marbles depicting a Centaur and a Lapith fighting]]
Wɔde wɔn firi Greece baa Malta, a na ɛyɛ Britania aban a na ɛhwɛ wɔn so no, na wɔtenaa hɔ mfe pii kɔsii sɛ wɔde wɔn kɔɔ Britain&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |last=Paul K Davis |title=Atlanta/March To The Sea22 July-22 December 1864 |date=2001-06-14 |url=https://doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780195143669.003.0075 |work=100 Decisive Battles |pages=328–331 |publisher=Oxford University PressNew York, NY |isbn=978-0-19-514366-9 |access-date=2025-06-20}}&lt;/ref&gt;. Wɔwiee asase no a wɔtutuiɛ ne ne tu no wɔ afe 1812 mu, na Elgin ankasa tuaa £74,240&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |title=Dodge, John Vilas, (25 Sept. 1909–23 April 1991), Senior Editorial Consultant, Encyclopædia Britannica, since 1972; Chairman, Board of Editors, Encyclopædia Britannica Publishers, since 1977 |date=2007-12-01 |url=https://doi.org/10.1093/ww/9780199540884.013.u172122 |work=Who Was Who |publisher=Oxford University Press |access-date=2025-06-20}}&lt;/ref&gt; (a ɛne £5,670,000 yɛ pɛ wɔ afe 2023 mu). Elgin bɔɔ ne tirim sɛ ɔbɛfa nhwiren no so ama Britain&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |last=David Jenkins |date=2016 |url=https://doi.org/10.5728/indonesia.102.0129 |work=Indonesia |issue=102 |pages=129 |doi=10.5728/indonesia.102.0129 |issn=0019-7289 |access-date=2025-06-20}}&lt;/ref&gt; adwinni ayɛ yiye, na n'atirimpɔ ankasa ne sɛ aban no bɛtɔ wɔn&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |title=If We Lose the Earth, We Lose Our Souls by Bruno Latour (review) |date=2024-06 |url=https://doi.org/10.1353/ecu.2024.a935559 |work=Journal of Ecumenical Studies |volume=59 |issue=3 |pages=446–447 |doi=10.1353/ecu.2024.a935559 |issn=2162-3937 |access-date=2025-06-20}}&lt;/ref&gt;.

== Nkyerɛmu ==
[[File:Parthenon_section_annotated.svg|thumb|Annotated sectional view of the Parthenon with parts in the British Museum shaded]]
Abɔdenden a Elgin nyaa no bi ne nnipa bɛyɛ 21 a wofi ahoni a ɛwɔ apuei fam ne atɔe fam no so, paneɛ 92 a ɛwɔ mfitiase no mu 15 a ɛkyerɛ ɔko a ɛkɔɔ so wɔ Lapiths ne centaurs ntam no, ne 

Parthenon a ne tenten yɛ mita 75 a na ɛhyehyɛ ntenten a ɛwɔ asɔredan no mu no ho. Saa kwan yi so no, ɛyɛ nea ɛboro Parthenon ahoni no fã a aka no so. 33]

Elgin nsa kaa nneɛma bi nso fii adan afoforo a ɛwɔ Atene Acropolis no so  ⁇  caryatid a efi Erechtheion; ntayaa anan a efi ɔfasu a ɛwɔ Athena Nike Asɔredan no mu; ne Parthenon, Propylaia, Erechtheion, ne Athena Nike Asɔredan no mu nkae bi  ⁇  ne Atreus Asɔredan wɔ Mycenae. 33]

British Museum no nso kura Acropolis no mu nsɛsoɔ bi a wɔtɔ fii nneɛma ahorow bi a ɛnfa Elgin ho, te sɛ Léon-Jean-Joseph Dubois,[34] William Cavendish, 6th Duke of Devonshire,[35] ne Society of Dilettanti.[ 36]

== Hwɛ ==
pedimental sculpture palermo fragment Greece–United Kingdom Relations Las Intantadas, Portico a wɔfaa no fii Thessaloniki Saint Demetra, ohoni a wɔfaa fii eleusis mu .

== Mmeaeɛ a menyaa mmoa firiiɛ ==
[[Nkyekyεmu:Africa Wiki Challenge]]
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      <text bytes="17699" sha1="3q5q5whwssaxibq52aev57pxzkj70h5" xml:space="preserve">''Wɔatwerɛ nsɛm wei wɔ '''Asante Twi''' mu''

'''Elgin Marbles''' [[:en:Help:IPA/English|(/ˈɛlɡɪn/]] [[:en:Help:Pronunciation_respelling_key|ELG-in)]]&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |last=John Christopher Wells |title=Longman pronunciation dictionary |date=2008 |edition=3rd edition |place=Harlow (GB) |publisher=Pearson education |isbn=978-1-4058-8118-0 |access-date=2025-06-20}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |last=Daniel Jones, Peter Roach, Jane Setter, John Henry Esling |title=Cambridge English pronouncing dictionary |date=2011 |edition=18th ed |place=Cambridge (GB) New York |publisher=Cambridge university press |isbn=978-0-521-15255-6 |access-date=2025-06-20}}&lt;/ref&gt; yɛ Tete Greekfoɔ Ahoni a ɛfi [[:en:Parthenon|Parthenon]] ne [[:en:Acropolis_of_Athens|Athens Acropolis]] mu, a wɔyii no firii Ottoman Greece wɔ afeha a ɛtɔ so 19 mfitiaseɛ mu na wɔde no kɔtoo Britain wɔ [[:en:Thomas_Bruce,_7th_Earl_of_Elgin|Thomas Bruce, 7th Earl of Elgin,]] agyinatufoɔ so, na seesei wɔde sie wɔ British [[:en:British_Museum|Museum wɔ London.]] Wɔyɛɛ ahoni no mu dodow no ara wɔ afeha a ɛto so 5 A.Y.B. mu wɔ ɔbenfo ne ɔdansifo [[:en:Phidias|Phidias]] akwankyerɛ ase.

Parthenon ahoni anaa ''Parthenon ahoni'' ([[:en:Greek_language|Greek]]: Γλυπτά του Παρθενώνα) gyina hɔ ma ahoni a efi Parthenon a wɔakora so wɔ nneɛma ahodoɔ mu, titire British Museum ne [[:en:Elgin_Marbles|Acropolis Museum]] wɔ Athens&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Citation |last=G.H. JENKINS |title=CENTRIFUGAL SEPARATION |date=2013 |url=https://doi.org/10.1016/b978-1-4832-3195-2.50028-2 |work=Introduction to Cane Sugar Technology |pages=325–347 |publisher=Elsevier |isbn=978-1-4832-3195-2 |access-date=2025-06-20}}&lt;/ref&gt;.

Efi afe 1801 kosi afe 1812 no, Elgin adwumayɛfoɔ yii Parthenon ahoni a aka no bɛyɛ fã, ne ahoni a efi [[:en:Erechtheion|Erechtheion]], [[:en:Temple_of_Athena_Nike|Athena Nike Asɔredan]] no ne [[:en:Propylaia_(Acropolis_of_Athens)|Propylaia]] no, de wɔn kɔɔ Britain sɛ wɔrebɛhyehyɛ tete nneɛma akorae bi. Elgin kae sɛ ɔyii ahoni no fii hɔ bere a Ottoman aban mpanyimfo a na wɔwɔ tumi wɔ Athens saa bere no maa no kwan no&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |title=PROCEDURE: THE HOUSE OF COMMONS AND THE SELECT COMMITTEE |date=1959-12 |url=https://doi.org/10.1093/oxfordjournals.pa.a053457 |work=Parliamentary Affairs |doi=10.1093/oxfordjournals.pa.a053457 |issn=1460-2482 |access-date=2025-06-20}}&lt;/ref&gt;. Elgin nneyɛɛ no ho mmara a edi mu no agye akyinnye&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |last=Alexander Herman |title=The Parthenon marbles dispute: heritage, law, politics |date=2023 |series=The Art law library |place=Oxford |publisher=Hart |isbn=978-1-5099-6717-9 |access-date=2025-06-20}}&lt;/ref&gt;.

Wɔn a wɔwɔ British Tete Nneɛma Akorae hɔ no yɛ amanaman ntam akyinnyegye a akyɛ. Wɔ Britain no, ebinom boaa Elgin ma ɔtɔɔ nhoma no bi&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot;&gt;{{Citation |title=Volume 25, Number 1, May 1989, Volume 25, Number 2, June 1989 |date=1989-08 |url=https://doi.org/10.1016/0198-8859(89)90091-8 |work=Human Immunology |volume=25 |issue=4 |pages=iii–vi |doi=10.1016/0198-8859(89)90091-8 |issn=0198-8859 |access-date=2025-06-20}}&lt;/ref&gt;, nanso ebinom te sɛ Lord Byron de Elgin nneyɛe no totoo basabasayɛ anaa adwowtwa ho&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |last=Mary Beard |title=The Parthenon: temple, cathedral, mosque, ruin, icon ... |date=2002 |series=Wonders of the world |place=London |publisher=Profile Books |isbn=978-1-86197-292-7 |access-date=2025-06-20}}&lt;/ref&gt;. British mmarahyɛ badwa no nhwehwɛmu wɔ 1816 mu no kae sɛ Elgin nyaa nhwiren no wɔ mmara kwan so&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |title=LVIII. &lt;i&gt;Report of the Select Committee of the house of commons, appointed to inquire, whether it be expedient that the collection mentioned in the Earl of&lt;/i&gt; E&lt;scp&gt;lgin&lt;/scp&gt;'s &lt;i&gt;petition, presented to the house on the&lt;/i&gt; 15&lt;i&gt;th day of February last, should be purchased on behalf of the public; and if so, what price it may be reasonable to allow for the same&lt;/i&gt; |date=1816-04 |url=https://doi.org/10.1080/14786441608628461 |work=The Philosophical Magazine |volume=47 |issue=216 |pages=267–285 |doi=10.1080/14786441608628461 |issn=1941-5796 |access-date=2025-06-20}}&lt;/ref&gt;. Elgin tɔn wɔn maa Britain aban wɔ saa afe no mu, na ɛno akyi no, British Museum no de wɔn hyɛɛ ne nsa. Wɔ 1983 mu no, Greece aban no srɛɛ Britain aban no sɛ wɔnsan mfa wɔn mma Greece na wɔde asɛm no kɔto [[:en:UNESCO|UNESCO]] din mu. Britain aban ne Britain Nneɛma Akoraebea no poo UNESCO nsrahwɛ no. Wɔ afe 2021 mu no, UNESCO too nsa frɛɛ Britain aban sɛ ɔnsiesie asɛm no wɔ aban ahodoɔ ntam&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |last=Folarin Shyllon |title=The 16th Session of the UNESCO Intergovernmental Committee for Promoting the Return of Cultural Property to Its Countries of Origin or Its Restitution in Case of Illicit Appropriation, 21–23 September 2010 |date=2011-11 |url=https://doi.org/10.1017/s0940739111000385 |work=International Journal of Cultural Property |volume=18 |issue=4 |pages=429–435 |doi=10.1017/s0940739111000385 |issn=0940-7391 |access-date=2025-06-20}}&lt;/ref&gt;.

Greek aban ne wɔn a wɔtaa ma wɔsan de mmorɔnoma no kɔ Greece no kyerɛ sɛ wɔfaa kwan a ɛmfata so na wɔn nsa kaa no, sɛ wɔwɔ Greece amammerɛ mu mfaso soronko bi, na sɛ wɔda wɔn amammerɛ mu mfaso adi wɔ baguam a, wɔn ani bɛgye ho paa sɛ wɔde wɔn bɛto Parthenon tete nneɛma a aka no ho wɔ Acropolis Museum. Britian aban ne Britian Tete Nneɛma Akoraebea no aka sɛ wɔde wɔn nsa kaa saa nneɛma yi wɔ mmara kwan so, na sɛ wɔsan de wɔn ba a, ɛbɛtumi asɛe wiase amammerɛ mu tete nneɛma akorae akɛse no nneɛma, na British Tete Nneɛma Akoraebea no nneɛma a wɔakora no ma wotumi hu tete nneɛma no yiye wɔ tete amammerɛ afoforo mu, na ɛno ma Acropolis Tete Nneɛma Akoraebea no adwene ba mu. Asɛnka a ɛda Britain ne Greece mpanyimfo ntam no rekɔ so&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |last=Catharine Titi |title=Annex: The Parthenon Sculptures—The Trustees’ Statement (British Museum) |date=2023 |url=https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-26357-6_12 |work=The Parthenon Marbles and International Law |pages=309–311 |place=Cham |publisher=Springer International Publishing |isbn=978-3-031-26356-9 |access-date=2025-06-20}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |last=Catharine Titi |title=The British Museum and the Marbles |date=2023 |url=https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-26357-6_6 |work=The Parthenon Marbles and International Law |pages=139–186 |place=Cham |publisher=Springer International Publishing |isbn=978-3-031-26356-9 |access-date=2025-06-20}}&lt;/ref&gt;.

== Din ==
Elgin Marbles no gyina hɔ ma Elgin Earl a ɔtɔ so 7 a, wɔ afe 1801 ne 1812 ntam no, ɔhwɛ ma wɔyii no fii Parthenon, Erechtheion, Athena Nike Asɔredan no ne Propylaia no, na wɔde wɔn kɔɔ England&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot;&gt;{{Citation |last=Catharine Titi |title=Annex: The Parthenon Sculptures—The Trustees’ Statement (British Museum) |date=2023 |url=https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-26357-6_12 |work=The Parthenon Marbles and International Law |pages=309–311 |place=Cham |publisher=Springer International Publishing |isbn=978-3-031-26356-9 |access-date=2025-06-20}}&lt;/ref&gt;. Ɛnam mmarahyɛ badwam mmara, British Museum Act 1816 no so no, wɔde nnwumakuo no kɔmaa British Museum no wɔ tebea a ɛsɛ sɛ wɔkora wɔn nyinaa bom na wɔfrɛ wɔn &quot;Elgin Marbles no&quot;&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |last=C. C. Hassett, D. W. Jenkins |title=Production of Radioactive Mosquitoes |date=1949-07-29 |url=https://doi.org/10.1126/science.110.2848.109 |work=Science |volume=110 |issue=2848 |pages=109–110 |doi=10.1126/science.110.2848.109 |issn=0036-8075 |access-date=2025-06-20}}&lt;/ref&gt;. &quot;Parthenon Marbles&quot; anaa &quot;Parthenon Sculptures&quot; gyina hɔ ma ahoni ne adansi nneɛma a wɔayi afi Parthenon no ho&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;. Seesei wɔhwɛ saa nneɛma yi so wɔ tete nneɛma akorae ason wɔ wiase nyinaa, titiriw Acropolis Museum ne British Museum&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |title=Vatican Museums (CT) |url=https://doi.org/10.1163/1574-9347_bnp_e15308810 |access-date=2025-06-20}}&lt;/ref&gt;. Britian Tete Nneɛma Akorae ne Greece aban nyinaa de asɛmfua &quot;Parthenon Sculptures&quot; di dwuma wɔ saa ntease yi mu&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot; /&gt;.

Mario Trabucco della Torretta kyerɛ sɛ bere a &quot;Elgin Marbles&quot; yɛ nnwumakuw no din a mmara taa hyɛ ho ma no, wɔn a wɔhwehwɛ sɛ wɔsan ma no no pɛ &quot;Parthenon Sculptures&quot;&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |last=Mario Trabucco della Torretta |title=New water from old spouts: |date=2018-02-28 |url=https://doi.org/10.2307/j.ctvndv54v.17 |work=Great Waterworks in Roman Greece |pages=235–245 |publisher=Archaeopress Publishing Ltd |access-date=2025-06-20}}&lt;/ref&gt;.

== Akwankyerԑ ==
Wosii Parthenon no wɔ [[:en:Acropolis_of_Athens|Acropolis a ɛwɔ Athens]] no so fi afe 447 A.Y.B. sɛ ɔbosom Athena asɔredan. Ɛbɛyɛ sɛ Phidias na ɔyɛɛ ahoni no. Wɔ afeha a edi hɔ no mu no, wɔsesaa ɔdan no yɛɛ asɔredan ne asɔredan, na wɔsɛee n'ahoni no pii, nanso ɔdan no kɔɔ so yɛɛ adwuma yie&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |last=Alexander Herman |title=The Parthenon marbles dispute: heritage, law, politics |date=2023 |series=The Art law library |place=Oxford |publisher=Hart |isbn=978-1-5099-6717-9 |access-date=2025-06-20}}&lt;/ref&gt;. Wɔ [[:en:Morean_War|Ottoman ne Venetian ako a ɛto so asia (1684-1699)]] mu no, Turks no hyɛɛ Acropolis no den na wɔde Parthenon no dii dwuma sɛ atuo adaka. Wɔ Ɛbɔ bosome da a ɛtɔ so 26 wɔ afe 1687 mu no, Venetian akodeɛ bi hwiee atuo no guu hɔ, na nea efii mu bae no hwiee Parthenon no mfinimfini, na ɛkaa cella no afasu no sɛee&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |last=Theodor E. Mommsen |title=The Venetians in Athens and the Destruction of the Parthenon in 1687 |date=1941-10-01 |url=https://www.journals.uchicago.edu/doi/10.2307/499533 |work=American Journal of Archaeology |volume=45 |issue=4 |pages=544–556 |language=en |doi=10.2307/499533 |issn=0002-9114 |access-date=2025-06-20}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |last=Lois Fichner-Rathus |title=Understanding art |date=2013 |edition=10th Ed |place=Australia |publisher=Cengage Wadsworth |isbn=978-1-111-83695-5 |access-date=2025-06-20}}&lt;/ref&gt;. Ɔfasuo anan no mu mmiɛnsa bubui, anaa ɛbɛn saa, na ahoni no mu nkyem mmiɛnsa mu baako hwehwee ase&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |title=Athens |date=2017-12-31 |url=https://doi.org/10.12987/9780300138153-009 |work=The Archaeology of Athens |pages=247–270 |publisher=Yale University Press |access-date=2025-06-20}}&lt;/ref&gt;. Nnipa bɛyɛ 300 na wokunkum wɔn wɔ ahum no mu, a na ɛyɛ ahweaseɛ a wɔde ahweaseɛ ahweaseɛ agu beae kɛse bi so&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |last=John Law |title=Venetian empire |date=2003 |url=https://doi.org/10.1093/gao/9781884446054.article.t088564 |work=Oxford Art Online |publisher=Oxford University Press |access-date=2025-06-20}}&lt;/ref&gt;. Wɔ afeha a edi hɔ no ne fã mu no, wɔtotoo ɔdan no fã a aka no mu de hwehwɛɛ dan no mu nneɛma, na wɔyii nneɛma a ɛsom bo pii nso fii hɔ&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |title=The classical tradition |date=2010 |url=https://www.worldcat.org/title/318876873 |editor-last=Anthony Grafton, Glenn W. Most, Salvatore Settis |series=Harvard University Press reference library |place=Cambridge, Mass |publisher=Belknap Press of Harvard University Press |isbn=978-0-674-03572-0 |oclc=318876873 |access-date=2025-06-20}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |last=Alexander Herman |title=The Parthenon marbles dispute: heritage, law, politics |date=2023 |series=The art law library |place=Oxford ; London ; New York ; New Delhi ; Sydney |publisher=Hart Publishing |isbn=978-1-5099-6719-3 |access-date=2025-06-20}}&lt;/ref&gt;.

== Ne nya ==
Wɔ November 1798, wɔpaw Earl of Elgin sɛ &quot;Ambassador Extraordinary and Minister Plenipotentiary 
[[File:East_pediment_O_Parthenon_BM_n2.jpg|thumb|Parthenon Selene Horse]]
of His Britannic Majesty to the Sublime Porte of Selim III, Sultan of Turkey&quot; (Greece yɛ Ottoman Ahemman no fã saa bere no). Ansa na ɔrefi hɔ akɔyɛ adwuma no, na wakɔka akyerɛ Britania aban mpanyimfo no sɛ wɔpɛ sɛ wɔfa mfoniniyɛfo ma wɔyɛ Parthenon no afã horow a wɔabɔ ho mfonini. Sɛnea Elgin kyerɛ no, &quot;Ahenni no mmuae ... no yɛ nea ɛmfata koraa&quot;&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt;.

Elgin sii gyinae sɛ ɔno ankasa bɛyɛ adwuma no, na ɔfaa anwensɛmfo toaa ne mfonini no so wɔ Neapolitan ahemfie mfoniniyɛfo, Giovanni Lusieri, akwankyerɛ ase. Ɛwom sɛ na n'atirimpɔw ankasa ne sɛ ɔbɛkyerɛ ahoni no ho nsɛm de, nanso wɔ 1801 mu no Elgin fii ase yii nneɛma fii Parthenon no ne emu adan a atwa ho ahyia no mu wɔ Lusieri akwankyerɛ ase. Sɛnea Turkeyni bi kae no, na wɔhyew ahoni a wɔde aboɔ ayɛ a wɔatwa ato fam no sɛ wɔde rebɛsi dan, na sɛ wɔde mfoni a na wɔadi kan ayɛ no toto ho a, wɔhu sɛ na nkaeɛ no resɛe ntɛmntɛm&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt;. Wɔsan nso yii nkae bi fii Erechtheion, Propylaia, ne Athena Nike Asɔredan no mu, ne nyinaa wɔ Acropolis no mu&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot; /&gt;.
[[File:The_Parthenon_sculptures,_British_Museum_(14063376069)_(2)_(cropped).jpg|thumb|Metope from the Elgin Marbles depicting a Centaur and a Lapith fighting]]
Wɔde wɔn firi Greece baa Malta, a na ɛyɛ Britania aban a na ɛhwɛ wɔn so no, na wɔtenaa hɔ mfe pii kɔsii sɛ wɔde wɔn kɔɔ Britain&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |last=Paul K Davis |title=Atlanta/March To The Sea22 July-22 December 1864 |date=2001-06-14 |url=https://doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780195143669.003.0075 |work=100 Decisive Battles |pages=328–331 |publisher=Oxford University PressNew York, NY |isbn=978-0-19-514366-9 |access-date=2025-06-20}}&lt;/ref&gt;. Wɔwiee asase no a wɔtutuiɛ ne ne tu no wɔ afe 1812 mu, na Elgin ankasa tuaa £74,240&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |title=Dodge, John Vilas, (25 Sept. 1909–23 April 1991), Senior Editorial Consultant, Encyclopædia Britannica, since 1972; Chairman, Board of Editors, Encyclopædia Britannica Publishers, since 1977 |date=2007-12-01 |url=https://doi.org/10.1093/ww/9780199540884.013.u172122 |work=Who Was Who |publisher=Oxford University Press |access-date=2025-06-20}}&lt;/ref&gt; (a ɛne £5,670,000 yɛ pɛ wɔ afe 2023 mu). Elgin bɔɔ ne tirim sɛ ɔbɛfa nhwiren no so ama Britain&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |last=David Jenkins |date=2016 |url=https://doi.org/10.5728/indonesia.102.0129 |work=Indonesia |issue=102 |pages=129 |doi=10.5728/indonesia.102.0129 |issn=0019-7289 |access-date=2025-06-20}}&lt;/ref&gt; adwinni ayɛ yiye, na n'atirimpɔ ankasa ne sɛ aban no bɛtɔ wɔn&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |title=If We Lose the Earth, We Lose Our Souls by Bruno Latour (review) |date=2024-06 |url=https://doi.org/10.1353/ecu.2024.a935559 |work=Journal of Ecumenical Studies |volume=59 |issue=3 |pages=446–447 |doi=10.1353/ecu.2024.a935559 |issn=2162-3937 |access-date=2025-06-20}}&lt;/ref&gt;.

== Nkyerɛmu ==
[[File:Parthenon_section_annotated.svg|thumb|Annotated sectional view of the Parthenon with parts in the British Museum shaded]]
Abɔdenden a Elgin nyaa no bi ne nnipa bɛyɛ 21 a wɔfiri ahoni a ɛwɔ apuei fam ne atɔe fam no so, paneɛ 92 a ɛwɔ mfitiase no mu 15 a ɛkyerɛ ɔko a ɛkɔɔ so wɔ Lapiths ne centaurs ntam no, ne 

Parthenon a ne tenten yɛ mita 75 a na ɛhyehyɛ ntenten a ɛwɔ asɔredan no mu no ho. Saa kwan yi so no, ɛyɛ nea ɛboro Parthenon ahoni no fã a aka no so&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |last=Catharine Titi |title=Annex: The Parthenon Sculptures—The Trustees’ Statement (British Museum) |date=2023 |url=https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-26357-6_12 |work=The Parthenon Marbles and International Law |pages=309–311 |place=Cham |publisher=Springer International Publishing |isbn=978-3-031-26356-9 |access-date=2025-06-20}}&lt;/ref&gt;.

Elgin nsa kaa nneɛma bi nso fii adan afoforɔ a ɛwɔ Atene Acropolis no so - caryatid a efi Erechtheion; ntayaa anan a efi ɔfasu a ɛwɔ Athena Nike Asɔredan no mu; ne Parthenon, Propylaia, Erechtheion, ne Athena Nike Asɔredan no mu nkae bi - ne [[:en:Treasury_of_Atreus|Atreus Asɔredan]] wɔ [[:en:Mycenae|Mycenae]]&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |last=Catharine Titi |title=Annex: The Parthenon Sculptures—The Trustees’ Statement (British Museum) |date=2023 |url=https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-26357-6_12 |work=The Parthenon Marbles and International Law |pages=309–311 |place=Cham |publisher=Springer International Publishing |isbn=978-3-031-26356-9 |access-date=2025-06-20}}&lt;/ref&gt;.

British Museum no nso kura Acropolis no mu nsɛsoɔ bi a wɔtɔ fii nneɛma ahodoɔ bi a ɛmfa Elgin ho, te sɛ [[:en:Léon-Jean-Joseph_Dubois|Léon-Jean-Joseph Dubois]],&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |last=F. J. Bell |title=Catalogue of the British echinoderms in the British Museum (Natural History) |date=1892 |url=https://doi.org/10.5962/bhl.title.11515 |place=London |publisher=Printed by Order of the Trustees |access-date=2025-06-20}}&lt;/ref&gt; [[:en:William_Cavendish,_6th_Duke_of_Devonshire|William Cavendish, 6th Duke of Devonshire]]&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |last=F. J. Bell |title=Catalogue of the British echinoderms in the British Museum (Natural History) |date=1892 |url=https://doi.org/10.5962/bhl.title.11515 |place=London |publisher=Printed by Order of the Trustees |access-date=2025-06-20}}&lt;/ref&gt;, ne [[:en:Society_of_Dilettanti|Society of Dilettanti]]&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |last=F. J. Bell |title=Catalogue of the British echinoderms in the British Museum (Natural History) |date=1892 |url=https://doi.org/10.5962/bhl.title.11515 |place=London |publisher=Printed by Order of the Trustees |access-date=2025-06-20}}&lt;/ref&gt;.

== Hwɛ bio ==

* [[:en:Pedimental_sculpture|Pedimental sculpture]] 
* [[:en:Palermo_Fragment|Palermo fragment]] 
* [[:en:Greece–United_Kingdom_relations|Greece–United Kingdom Relations]] 
* [[:en:Las_Incantadas|Las Intantadas]], Portico a wɔfaa no fii [[:en:Thessaloniki|Thessaloniki]] 
* [[:en:Caryatids_of_Eleusis|Saint Demetra]], ohoni a wɔfaa fii [[:en:Elefsina|eleusis]] mu .

== Mmeaeɛ a menyaa mmoa firiiɛ ==
[[Nkyekyεmu:Africa Wiki Challenge]]
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