Wikipedia twwiki https://tw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kratafa_Titiriw MediaWiki 1.45.0-wmf.9 first-letter Media Soronko Nkitahode Dwumadini Dwumadini nkitahode Wikipedia Wikipedia nkitahode File File nkitahode MediaWiki MediaWiki nkitahode Nhwɛsoɔ Nhwɛsoɔ nkitahode Mmoa Mmoa nkitahode Nkyekyεmu Nkyekyεmu nkitahode TimedText TimedText talk Module Module talk Event Event talk 0 16891 191419 184019 2025-07-11T21:23:28Z 202.47.47.108 /* Ref */ 191419 wikitext text/x-wiki [[File:Maemo logo color.svg]] '''Maemo''' yɛ [[software platform]] a mfitiaseɛ no [[Nokia]] na ɛyɛeɛ, seesei [[Free software movement|community]] na ɛyɛeɛ, ma [[smartphone]]s ne [[Internet tablet ]]s. <ref>{{cite web |url = http://maemo.org/mmara/mmara/nsɛm a wɔde di dwuma/aguadi agyiraehyɛde/ | adwuma = Nsɛm a wɔde di dwuma | title= Aguadi agyiraehyɛde |publisher=Maemo |access-date=29 August 2009|date=23 September 2008}}</ref> Platform no yɛ Maemo dwumadie nhyehyɛeɛ ne [[Software nkɔsoɔ kit|SDK]] nyinaa. Maemo dii dwuma titiriw wɔ Nokia nhyehyɛe a ɛne [[Apple Inc.|Apple]] ne [[Android (adwumayɛ nhyehyɛe)|Android]], Maemo dodow no ara gyina [[Free and open-source software|open-source]] koodu so na Maemo Devices na ɛyɛɛ no ​​wɔ Nokia mu wɔ adwumayɛ mu ne nnwuma pii a wɔabue ano te sɛ [[Linux kernel]], [[Debian]], ne [[GNOME]]. Maemo gyina [[Debian]] so na ɛtwetwe ne [[GUI]], [[software framework|frameworks]], ne [[library (computing)|libraries]] no mu dodow no ara fi [[GNOME]] adwuma no mu. Ɛde [[Matchbox (mfɛnsere sohwɛfo)|Matchbox]] mfɛnsere sohwɛfo ne [[GTK]]-gyina [[Hildon]] nhyehyɛe no di dwuma sɛ ne GUI ne [[application nhyehyɛe]]. [[User interface]] a ɛwɔ Maemo 4 mu no te sɛ nsaano nkitahodi pii na ɛwɔ "home" screen, a wofi mu kɔ application ne nhyehyɛe nyinaa so. Wɔakyekyɛ home screen no mu ayɛ no mmeae a wɔde application ahorow befi ase, menu bar, ne beae kɛse a wotumi sesa a ebetumi ada nsɛm te sɛ [[News aggregator|RSS reader]], [[Internet radio]] player, ne Google search box adi. Maemo 5 dwumadie no ntam nkitahodiɛ no yɛ soronko kakra; wɔaboaboa menu bar ne info area no ano akɔ display no atifi, na wobetumi de akwan tiawa ne widgets ayɛ desktop anan no sɛnea wɔpɛ. Wɔ [[Mobile World Congress]] wɔ Ɔpɛpɔn 2010 mu no, wɔde too gua sɛ Maemo adwuma no bɛka [[Moblin]] abom ayɛ [[MeeGo]] mobile software platform. Ɛno nyinaa akyi no, Maemofoɔ no kɔɔ so yɛɛ nnam, na wɔ afe 2012 awieeɛ mu no Nokia hyɛɛ aseɛ de Maemo wurayɛ maa [[Hildon Foundation]], a wɔde Germany fekuo [https://web.archive.org/web/20230709120609/https://wiki.maemo.org/MaemoCommunity_eV Maemo Community] sii ananmu e.V.<ref>{{Nsɛm a wɔafa aka | url = http://hildonfapem.org/ | title = Hildon Fapem | access-date = 13 Ɔpɛpɔn 2013}}.</ref><ref>{{Nsɛm a wɔafa aka | contribution-url = http://www.meegoexperts.com/2012/12/nokia-ma-mmoa-a-tu-maemo-org-nnwuma/ | contribution = Nokia Ɛbɛma Mmoa wɔ Maemo.Org Nnwuma a Wɔtu Kɔtena | title = Tizen Abenfoɔ | publisher = Meego ho abenfo | date = 2 Ɔpɛpɔn 2012 | access-date = 13 Ɔpɛpɔn 2013}}.</ref><ref>{{Nsɛm a wɔafa aka | url = http://maemo.org/mpɔtam/adwumakuo/tmo_forums_a_de_ma_hildon_fapem/ | title = Board: TMO nhyiam ahorow a wɔde ma Hildon Foundation | ɔdawurubɔfo = Maemo | date = 12 Ɔpɛpɔn 2012 | access-date = 13 Ɔpɛpɔn 2013}}.</ref> Efi afe 2017 no, wɔreyɛ foforo a wɔayi no adi a wɔfrɛ no [[Maemo Leste]] a egyina [[Devuan]] so.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Maemo Leste - Maemo Leste|url=https://maemo- leste.github.io/|wɛbsait=maemo-leste.github.io|da a wɔde kɔ=23 May 2020}}</ref> == Software a wɔde yɛ adwuma == Maemo de application ahorow bi a wɔasisi mu ba, nanso wobetumi de application foforo afi mmeae ahorow bi ahyɛ mu, a nea ɛka ho ne aban ne mpɔtam hɔfo ahorow [[software repository|software repositories]], ne [[deb (file format)|deb]]. fael ahorow nam [[package management system|package manager]] "Application manager" a wɔasisi mu no so, anaasɛ Advanced Packaging Tool ne [[dpkg]]. Nnwuma a wɔaboaboa ano no bi ne [[Mozilla]]-gyina [[MicroB]] brawsa, [[Adobe Flash|Macromedia Flash]] player, [[Gizmo5]], ne [[Skype]].<ref>{{Citation | contribution-url = Ɔkwan a wɔfa so yɛ aduru a ɛma obi nya apɔwmuden | ɔdawurubɔfo = Nokia | title = N810 Nsɛm a Wɔakyerɛkyerɛ Mu | contribution = Nnwuma a wɔaboaboa ano no din}}.</ref> === Nnwuma a ɛto so abiɛsa a ɛda nsow === Esiane sɛ [[free software|free]] ne [[open source software|open source]] su a ɛwɔ [[Linux]] ne Maemo mu no fã bi nti, [[porting]] applications kɔ Maemo yɛ adeyɛ a ɛyɛ tẽẽ. Esiane eyi nti, nnipa a wɔto so abiɛsa [[Application software|applications]] pii wɔ hɔ a wobetumi de adi dwuma ama platform no. Application ahorow bi yɛ mfitiase softwea a wɔkyerɛw maa Maemo titiriw, bere a application afoforo yɛ Linux program ahorow a ɛwɔ hɔ dedaw no hyɛn gyinabea tẽẽ. Software bi a ɛda nsow bi ne: ; Nsɛm ho amanneɛbɔfo a wɔbɔ:[[MPlayer]]. ; Intanɛt: [[Claws Mail]], [[Modest (e-mail client)|Modest]], [[Midori (browser)|Midori]], [[Firefox ma mobile]], [[Opera Mobile]]. ; Ɔfese dwumadie: [[Gnumeric]] (spreadsheet), [[Abiword]] (nsɛmfua ho dwumadie) . ; Nkrasɛm a Wɔde Kɔma Ntɛm ara: [[Pidgin (software)|Pidgin]]. ; VOIP: [[Gizmo5]], [[Skype]]. ; Agodie: [[Wesnoth ho ɔko]], Wormux, [[Doom (nsɛm a ɛtoatoa so)|Doom]], [[Angry Birds]]. ; Afoforo: [[FBReader]] ([[e-book]] akenkanfo), [[GPE Palmtop Atwa Yɛn Ho Ahyia|GPE]] (OpenSync a ɛne no hyia [[Ankorankoro nsɛm sohwɛfo|PIM]]), [[rdesktop]] (RDP akyirikyiri kwan ), [[Rhapsody (intanɛt so nnwom dwumadibea)|Rhapsody]] (nnwom a wɔkra, U.S. nkutoo), [[ScummVM]] (agoru a wɔde suasua), [[Free42]] ([[HP-42S]] akontaabu afiri a wɔde suasua), [ [Monsoon HAVA]] (TV hwɛfo ne nea ɔhwɛ so), [[Navit]] ([[GPS]] akwankyerɛ softwea), [[Vagalume]] ([[Last.FM]] afiri), [[VNC]]. ; Fremantle Stars:Applications a mpɔtam hɔfoɔ ayɛ na Nokia boa sɛ Fremantle Stars no bɛyɛ Maemo 5.<ref>{{cite web|url = http://wiki.maemo.org/Fremantle_Nsoromma_Nsoromma|title = Fremantle Nsoromma | adwuma = Maemo |type = wiki|publisher= Nokia |access-date= 16 September 2009}}</ref> Dwumadie a ɛda nsow bi ne [[ScummVM]] (agodie, ɛka ho ne [[Beneath a Steel Sky]])<ref>{{cite web|url= http://maemo.org/downloads/product/OS2008/scummvm/|adwuma =Nneɛma a wɔtwe | asɛmti = ScummVM|ɔdawurubɔfo = Maemo | access-date =14 July 2010}}</ref> ne [[Fennec (browser)|Fennec]] ([[wɛb brawsa]]).<ref>{{Nsɛm a wɔafa aka | url = https://wiki.mozilla.org/Fennec | asɛmti = Fennec | ɔdawurubɔfo = Mozilla | ɔkwan a wɔfa so yɛ = wiki}}.</ref> ; Debian: [[OpenOffice.org]], [[Mozilla Firefox]], [[Java (programming kasa)|Java]], [[GNOME]] ne [[LXDE]] desktop ahorow no, ne nea ɛkeka ho). Debian [[ARM architecture|ARM]] packages nso wobetumi de adi dwuma sɛ wɔde gyinapɛn-optify adwinnade no sesa a.<ref name=maemooptify>{{cite web |url=http://gitorious.org/maemo-af/%20%20tebea-optify/blobs/master/README |title=README – tebea-optify wɔ Maemo Aplikeshɔn Nhyehyɛe mu |work=Gitorious |publisher=Kwan tiawa AS |access-date=17 September 2009 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090914171834/http://gitorious.org/maemo-af/maemo-optify/blobs/master/README |archive-date=14 September 2009 }}</ref> Tumi no sɛ wode linux paket a wɔansakra no kɛse bedi dwuma a, ɛma Maemo da nsow wɔ [[mobile operating system]] afoforo a egyina Linux so, te sɛ [[Android (adwumayɛ nhyehyɛe)|Android]] ne [[webOS]].{{Citation needed|date= Ɔpɛpɔn 2009}} ==Ref== <references />11. [https://mahjongo.com/zh-TW/ Intanɛt so agodie taiwan] ''Intanɛt so agodie taiwan''. Archived from the original on 10 june 2010. Retrieved 18 October 2011.<ref>{{Citation |title=麻將國 - 線上玩麻將遊戲 |url=https://mahjongo.com/zh-TW |language=zh-TW |access-date=2025-07-11}}</ref> lu30lyld5d0d0hap0cyvs0ojcjoh7jz 0 17277 191393 191085 2025-07-11T15:16:15Z Emmanuel Anin 20149 191393 wikitext text/x-wiki ''Wɔatwerɛ nsɛm wei wɔ '''Asante Twi''' mu'' '''Reparations for slavery''' yɛ adwene a ɛne sɛ wɔde akatua ho ka no di dwuma ma wɔn a wɔayɛ wɔn nkoa anaa wɔn asefo. Adwene ahoroɔ wɔ hɔ a ɛfa akatua ho wɔ mmara nyansapɛ mu ne akatua ho wɔ nsakraeɛ atɛntrenee mu. Wɔ U.S. no, wɔde nkoasom ho akatua ama denam mmara kwan so gyinaesi wɔ asɛnnibea ne/anaasɛ ankorɛankorɛ ne ahyehyɛde ahodoɔ firi wɔn pɛ mu (a asɛnnibea gyinaesi biara nni ho) so.<ref>Medish, Mark; Lucichref, Daniel (August 30, 2019). [https://www.nbcnews.com/think/opinion/congress-must-officially-apologize-slavery-america-can-think-about-reparations-ncna1047561 "Congress must officially apologize for slavery before America can think about reparations"]. ''NBC News''. Retrieved July 12, 2020.</ref><ref name=":1">Davis, Allen (May 11, 2020). [https://guides.library.umass.edu/reparations "An Historical Timeline of Reparations Payments Made From 1783 through 2020 by the United States Government, States, Cities, Religious Institutions, Colleges and Universities, and Corporations"]. University of Massachusetts Amherst. Retrieved July 12, 2020</ref> Asɛm a edi kan a wɔatwerɛ ato hɔ a ɛfa nkoasom ho akatua ho wɔ United States ne kanee akoa Belinda Royall wɔ 1783 mu, a na ɛyɛ pɛnhyen sika, na efi saa berɛ no wɔda so ara hyɛ nyansa sɛ wɔmfa ntua wɔn ka. Ɛde besi ɛnnɛ no, wɔmfaa aban mmara biara a ɛfa akatua ho mmara biara mmae.<ref>[https://royallhouse.org/why-was-belindas-petition-approved/ "Why Was Belinda's Petition Approved?"]. ''The Royall House and Slave Quarters''. December 27, 2017. Retrieved October 29, 2020.</ref> 1865 ''Special Field Orders No. 15'' ("''Acre'' aduanan ne afurum") ne mmɔden a wonim no yiye sen biara a wɔbɔe sɛ wɔbɛboa nkoa a wɔade wɔn ho foforo ma wɔde wɔn ho ahyɛ ɔmanfo mu na wɔaboaboa ahonyade ano.<ref>Darity, William (2020). ''From Here to Equality: Reparations for Black Americans in the Twenty-First Century''. Chapel Hill: The University of North Carolina Press. ISBN <bdi>[[:en:Special:BookSources/978-1469654973|978-1469654973]]</bdi>.</ref> Nanso, Ɔmanpanin Andrew Johnson danee saa ahyɛdeɛ yi, na ɔsan de asase no maa ne kanee Konfederate wuranom. Akatua ayɛ adwene a ɛsan ba wɔ United States amammuonsɛm mu, nnansa yi ara wɔ 2020 Demokratik Parti ɔmanpanin akansi a edi kan no mu.<ref>Lockhart, PR (March 19, 2019). [https://www.vox.com/policy-and-politics/2019/3/11/18246741/reparations-democrats-2020-inequality-warren-harris-castro "The 2020 Democratic primary debate over reparations, explained"]. Vox.</ref> Ɔfrɛ a ɛne sɛ wɔmfa akatua no mu yɛɛ den wɔ afe 2020 mu, wɔ ɔsɔretia a wɔde tia polisifo atirimɔdensɛm ne ''COVID-19'' yaredɔm a abien no nyinaa kunkum Amerikafoɔ Abibifoɔ wɔ ɔkwan a ɛnsɛ so no mu.<ref>[https://www.theguardian.com/world/2020/jun/20/joe-biden-reparations-slavery-george-floyd-protests "Calls for reparations are growing louder. How is the US responding?"]. ''The Guardian''. June 20, 2020. Retrieved July 20, 2020. <q>Several states, localities and private institutions are beginning to grapple with issue, advancing legislation or convening taskforces to develop proposals for reparations.</q></ref> Mpɛn pii no, abibifoɔ mpɔtam ne atwerɛfo na wɔfrɛ sɛ wontua mmusua mu nyiyim ne nyiyim a wɔyɛ wɔ U.S. no ka ka ɔfrɛ a ɛne sɛ wontua nkoasom ho ka no ho.<ref>Cashin, Cheryll (June 21, 2019). [https://www.washingtonpost.com/outlook/reparations-for-slavery-arent-enough-official-racism-lasted-much-longer/2019/06/21/2c0ecbe8-9397-11e9-aadb-74e6b2b46f6a_story.html "Reparations for slavery aren't enough. Official racism lasted much longer"]. ''The Washington Post''.</ref><ref name=":2">[https://web.archive.org/web/20200615185752/https://www.blackavldemands.org/ "Black Asheville Demands – Reparations Section"]. June 26, 2020. Archived from the original on June 15, 2020. Retrieved July 12, 2020.</ref><ref>Coates, Ta-Nehisi (June 1, 2014). [https://www.theatlantic.com/magazine/archive/2014/06/the-case-for-reparations/361631/ "The Case for Reparations"]. ''The Atlantic''.</ref><ref>Marable, Manning. [https://rethinkingschools.org/articles/racism-and-reparations/ "Racism and Reparations: The time has come for whites to acknowledge the legacy of nearly 250 years of slavery and almost 100 years of legalized segregation"]. Retrieved September 18, 2020.</ref> Adwene a ɛne sɛ wɔbɛtua wɔn ka no da so ara yɛ akyinnyegye kɛse, esiane nsemmisa ahoroɔ a ɛfa sɛnea wɔde bɛma, sika dodoɔ a wɔde bɛma, onii a obɛtua, ne onii a obɛgye ho nti.<ref>Alfred L. Brophy, The Cultural War over Reparations for Slavery, 53 DePaul Law Review 1181–1213, 1182–1184 (Spring 2004)</ref><ref name=":3">Jones, Thai (January 31, 2020). [https://www.washingtonpost.com/outlook/2020/01/31/slavery-reparations-seem-impossible-many-places-theyre-already-happening/?arc404=true "Slavery reparations seem impossible. In many places, they're already happening"]. ''The Washington Post''. Retrieved July 12, 2020.</ref> Akwan a wɔfa so tua ka a kuro, mantam, ɔman, ne ɔman aban anaa ankorankoro ahyehyɛdeɛ ahoroɔ ahyɛ ho nyansa wɔ ''United States'' no bi ne: ankorankoro sika a wotua, sika a wɔde besiesie, sika a wɔde ma, sika a wɔde tua ho ka, ne nhyehyɛeɛ mu nhyehyɛeɛ ahoroɔ a wɔde besi ntɛnkyea ano, akatua a egyina asase so a ɛfa ahofadi ho, kyɛwpa ne ntɛnkyea no a wogye tum, sɛnkyerɛnne kwan so nneɛma (te sɛ ɔdan bi a wɔbɛbɔ din de ato obi),<ref name=":1" /> ne nkaedum ne mmɔnten a wɔde din ato nkoa wuranom ne wɔn a wɔbɔ nkoasom ho ban a woyi firi hɔ.<ref name=":2" /><ref>Kepley-Steward, Kristy; Santostasi, Stephanie (July 10, 2020). [https://wlos.com/news/local/vance-monument-robert-e-lee-confederate-monuments-downtown-asheville-removed-covered "Confederate monuments in downtown Asheville removed or covered"]. ''WLOS''. Retrieved July 12, 2020.</ref> Esiane sɛ ntɛnkyea ne nyiyimu foforɔ akɔ so firi berɛ a wɔberaa nkoasom wɔ U.S. nti,<ref>[https://time.com/5851855/systemic-racism-america/ "America's Long Overdue Awakening to Systemic Racism"]. ''Time''. June 11, 2020. Retrieved July 12, 2020.</ref><ref>Jan, Tracy (March 28, 2020). [https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/wonk/wp/2018/03/28/redlining-was-banned-50-years-ago-its-still-hurting-minorities-today/ "Redlining was banned 50 years ago. It's still hurting minorities today"]. ''The Washington Post''. Retrieved July 12, 2020.</ref><ref>Mitchell, Bruce; Franco, Juan (March 20, 2018). [https://ncrc.org/holc/ "HOLC "redlining" maps: The persistent structure of segregation and economic inequality"]. Retrieved July 12, 2020.</ref><ref>Nelson, Libby; Lind, Dara (February 24, 2015). [http://www.justicepolicy.org/news/8775 "The school to prison pipeline, explained"]. Retrieved July 12, 2020.</ref><ref>[https://www.sentencingproject.org/publications/un-report-on-racial-disparities/ "Report to the United Nations on Racial Disparities in the U.S. Criminal Justice System"]. April 19, 2020. Retrieved July 12, 2020.</ref> abibifoɔ mpɔtam bi ne ahyehyɛdeɛ ahoroɔ a ɛhwɛ ɔmanfoɔ ho kwan ahoroɔ so aka sɛ wontua saa ntɛnkyea ahoroɔ no ho ka ne afei nso sɛ wontua wɔn ka a ɛfa nkoasom ho tẽẽ.<ref name=":3" /><ref name=":2" /> Ebinom kyerɛ sɛ U.S. afiase nhyehyɛeɛ no, a efiri ase firi nhyehyɛeɛ a wɔde ma wɔn a wɔabu wɔn fɔ no so na ɛkɔ so denam nnɛyi adwumakuo a aban na ɛwɔ so a wɔfrɛ no ''Federal Prison Industries (UNICOR)'' so no yɛ nnɛyi mmara kwan so nkoasom a ɛda so ara ka abibifoɔ ne nnipa nketewa afoforoɔ titiriw na ɛnsɛ denam ɔko a wɔde ko tia nnubɔne ne nea wɔakasa atia sɛ ɛyɛ nsukwan a wɔde firi sukuu kɔ afiase no so.<ref>Love, David; Das, Vijay (September 9, 2017). [https://www.aljazeera.com/indepth/opinion/2017/09/slavery-prison-system-170901082522072.html "Slavery in the US prison system"]. ''Al Jazeera''. Retrieved July 12, 2020.</ref> == U.S. abakɔsɛm mu nsɛm a ɛfa ho == '''Wɔ atubrafoɔ mmerɛ mu''' Akyinnyegye a ɛfa akatua ho no firi afeha a ɛto so dunwɔtwe no mu tɔnn. == Wɔn a wɔsan ba wɔn man mu ne COVID-19 == Wɔ coronavirus yareɛ no nti, nnipa a wɔn honam ani yɛ tuntum no mu pii no na wɔyɛɛ sɛ wɔbɛyi wɔn adi ama wɔn ho akyere wɔn wɔ sikasɛm mu na yareɛ no bɛtumi akum wɔn<ref>{{Citation |title=CHAPTER 4. BLACK AMERICANS IN WHITE COLLARS |date=2020-08-31 |url=https://doi.org/10.1515/9781501757303-006 |work=Moving Up, Moving Out |pages=93–122 |publisher=Cornell University Press |access-date=2025-06-21}}</ref>. Sɛ nhwɛsoɔ no, 40% a wɔyɛ abibifoɔ nnwuma no ato mu koraa efi bosome no mu esiane yareɛ no nti, sɛ wɔde toto 17% a wɔyɛ abibifoɔ nnwuma wɔ berɛ korɔ no ara mu no ho<ref>{{Citation |last=Khristopher J. Brooks Reporter, MoneyWatch Khristopher J. Brooks is a reporter for CBS MoneyWatch He previously worked as a reporter for the Omaha World-Herald, Newsday, the Florida Times-Union His reporting primarily focuses on the U. S. housing market, The Business of Sports, bankruptcy Read Full Bio Khristopher J. Brooks |title=40% of black-owned businesses not expected to survive coronavirus - CBS News |date=2020-06-22 |url=https://www.cbsnews.com/news/black-owned-busineses-close-thousands-coronavirus-pandemic/ |language=en-US |access-date=2025-06-21}}</ref>. Eyi fa nokwasɛm a ɛyɛ sɛ aborɔfo mmusua anya wɔn agyapade mmɔho du sen abibifoɔ mmusua no ho<ref>{{Citation |last=Julian Kunnie |title=Justice Never Too Late: The Historical Background to Current Reparations Movements among Africans and African Americans |date=2018-03 |url=https://www.journals.uchicago.edu/doi/10.1086/696364 |work=The Journal of African American History |volume=103 |issue=1-2 |pages=44–64 |language=en |doi=10.1086/696364 |issn=1548-1867 |access-date=2025-06-21}}</ref>. Eyi ma abibifo a wɔyɛ wɔn ankasa adwuma no nya sika ne bosea, na wonni bammɔ a aborɔfo a wɔyɛ wɔn ankasa adwuma nya no bi. Bio nso, Afrika-Amerikanfo kɔ so nya COVID-19 yareɛ na wɔwuwu wɔ nnipa dodoɔ a wɔn dodoɔ borɔ wɔn dodow so mpɛn 1.5<ref name=":0">{{Citation |last=Madeleine Short Fabic, Yoonjoung Choi, David Bishai |title=Deaths among COVID Cases in the United States: Racial and Ethnic Disparities Persist |date=2020-11-16 |url=https://doi.org/10.1101/2020.11.15.20232066 |access-date=2025-06-21}}</ref>. Wɔ Ɔsanaa bosome mu wɔ afe 2020 mu no, CDC de data a ɛkyerɛ sɛ abibifo, Latinfo, ne Amerika Indiafo rehyia ayaresabea mu yareɛ mpɛn 4.5 kosi 5.5 sene abibifo a wɔnnyɛ Hispanic, ne sɛ Afrika Amerikafo rewu mpɛn 2.4 sene abibifo<ref name=":0" />. == Baabi a menyaa mmoa firiiɛ == <references /> [[Nkyekyεmu:Africa Wiki Challenge]] [[Nkyekyεmu:2025]] m214xyr26fdpt7dvs0ff46kr4se0kzu 191394 191393 2025-07-11T15:16:51Z Emmanuel Anin 20149 191394 wikitext text/x-wiki ''Wɔatwerɛ nsɛm wei wɔ '''Asante Twi''' mu'' '''Reparations for slavery''' yɛ adwene a ɛne sɛ wɔde akatua ho ka no di dwuma ma wɔn a wɔayɛ wɔn nkoa anaa wɔn asefo. Adwene ahoroɔ wɔ hɔ a ɛfa akatua ho wɔ mmara nyansapɛ mu ne akatua ho wɔ nsakraeɛ atɛntrenee mu. Wɔ U.S. no, wɔde nkoasom ho akatua ama denam mmara kwan so gyinaesi wɔ asɛnnibea ne/anaasɛ ankorɛankorɛ ne ahyehyɛde ahodoɔ firi wɔn pɛ mu (a asɛnnibea gyinaesi biara nni ho) so.<ref>Medish, Mark; Lucichref, Daniel (August 30, 2019). [https://www.nbcnews.com/think/opinion/congress-must-officially-apologize-slavery-america-can-think-about-reparations-ncna1047561 "Congress must officially apologize for slavery before America can think about reparations"]. ''NBC News''. Retrieved July 12, 2020.</ref><ref name=":1">Davis, Allen (May 11, 2020). [https://guides.library.umass.edu/reparations "An Historical Timeline of Reparations Payments Made From 1783 through 2020 by the United States Government, States, Cities, Religious Institutions, Colleges and Universities, and Corporations"]. University of Massachusetts Amherst. Retrieved July 12, 2020</ref> Asɛm a edi kan a wɔatwerɛ ato hɔ a ɛfa nkoasom ho akatua ho wɔ United States ne kanee akoa Belinda Royall wɔ 1783 mu, a na ɛyɛ pɛnhyen sika, na efi saa berɛ no wɔda so ara hyɛ nyansa sɛ wɔmfa ntua wɔn ka. Ɛde besi ɛnnɛ no, wɔmfaa aban mmara biara a ɛfa akatua ho mmara biara mmae.<ref>[https://royallhouse.org/why-was-belindas-petition-approved/ "Why Was Belinda's Petition Approved?"]. ''The Royall House and Slave Quarters''. December 27, 2017. Retrieved October 29, 2020.</ref> 1865 ''Special Field Orders No. 15'' ("''Acre'' aduanan ne afurum") ne mmɔden a wonim no yiye sen biara a wɔbɔe sɛ wɔbɛboa nkoa a wɔade wɔn ho foforo ma wɔde wɔn ho ahyɛ ɔmanfo mu na wɔaboaboa ahonyade ano.<ref>Darity, William (2020). ''From Here to Equality: Reparations for Black Americans in the Twenty-First Century''. Chapel Hill: The University of North Carolina Press. ISBN <bdi>[[:en:Special:BookSources/978-1469654973|978-1469654973]]</bdi>.</ref> Nanso, Ɔmanpanin Andrew Johnson danee saa ahyɛdeɛ yi, na ɔsan de asase no maa ne kanee Konfederate wuranom. Akatua ayɛ adwene a ɛsan ba wɔ United States amammuonsɛm mu, nnansa yi ara wɔ 2020 Demokratik Parti ɔmanpanin akansi a edi kan no mu.<ref>Lockhart, PR (March 19, 2019). [https://www.vox.com/policy-and-politics/2019/3/11/18246741/reparations-democrats-2020-inequality-warren-harris-castro "The 2020 Democratic primary debate over reparations, explained"]. Vox.</ref> Ɔfrɛ a ɛne sɛ wɔmfa akatua no mu yɛɛ den wɔ afe 2020 mu, wɔ ɔsɔretia a wɔde tia polisifo atirimɔdensɛm ne ''COVID-19'' yaredɔm a abien no nyinaa kunkum Amerikafoɔ Abibifoɔ wɔ ɔkwan a ɛnsɛ so no mu.<ref>[https://www.theguardian.com/world/2020/jun/20/joe-biden-reparations-slavery-george-floyd-protests "Calls for reparations are growing louder. How is the US responding?"]. ''The Guardian''. June 20, 2020. Retrieved July 20, 2020. <q>Several states, localities and private institutions are beginning to grapple with issue, advancing legislation or convening taskforces to develop proposals for reparations.</q></ref> Mpɛn pii no, abibifoɔ mpɔtam ne atwerɛfo na wɔfrɛ sɛ wontua mmusua mu nyiyim ne nyiyim a wɔyɛ wɔ U.S. no ka ka ɔfrɛ a ɛne sɛ wontua nkoasom ho ka no ho.<ref>Cashin, Cheryll (June 21, 2019). [https://www.washingtonpost.com/outlook/reparations-for-slavery-arent-enough-official-racism-lasted-much-longer/2019/06/21/2c0ecbe8-9397-11e9-aadb-74e6b2b46f6a_story.html "Reparations for slavery aren't enough. Official racism lasted much longer"]. ''The Washington Post''.</ref><ref name=":2">[https://web.archive.org/web/20200615185752/https://www.blackavldemands.org/ "Black Asheville Demands – Reparations Section"]. June 26, 2020. Archived from the original on June 15, 2020. Retrieved July 12, 2020.</ref><ref>Coates, Ta-Nehisi (June 1, 2014). [https://www.theatlantic.com/magazine/archive/2014/06/the-case-for-reparations/361631/ "The Case for Reparations"]. ''The Atlantic''.</ref><ref>Marable, Manning. [https://rethinkingschools.org/articles/racism-and-reparations/ "Racism and Reparations: The time has come for whites to acknowledge the legacy of nearly 250 years of slavery and almost 100 years of legalized segregation"]. Retrieved September 18, 2020.</ref> Adwene a ɛne sɛ wɔbɛtua wɔn ka no da so ara yɛ akyinnyegye kɛse, esiane nsemmisa ahoroɔ a ɛfa sɛnea wɔde bɛma, sika dodoɔ a wɔde bɛma, onii a obɛtua, ne onii a obɛgye ho nti.<ref>Alfred L. Brophy, The Cultural War over Reparations for Slavery, 53 DePaul Law Review 1181–1213, 1182–1184 (Spring 2004)</ref><ref name=":3">Jones, Thai (January 31, 2020). [https://www.washingtonpost.com/outlook/2020/01/31/slavery-reparations-seem-impossible-many-places-theyre-already-happening/?arc404=true "Slavery reparations seem impossible. In many places, they're already happening"]. ''The Washington Post''. Retrieved July 12, 2020.</ref> Akwan a wɔfa so tua ka a kuro, mantam, ɔman, ne ɔman aban anaa ankorankoro ahyehyɛdeɛ ahoroɔ ahyɛ ho nyansa wɔ ''United States'' no bi ne: ankorankoro sika a wotua, sika a wɔde besiesie, sika a wɔde ma, sika a wɔde tua ho ka, ne nhyehyɛeɛ mu nhyehyɛeɛ ahoroɔ a wɔde besi ntɛnkyea ano, akatua a egyina asase so a ɛfa ahofadi ho, kyɛwpa ne ntɛnkyea no a wogye tum, sɛnkyerɛnne kwan so nneɛma (te sɛ ɔdan bi a wɔbɛbɔ din de ato obi),<ref name=":1" /> ne nkaedum ne mmɔnten a wɔde din ato nkoa wuranom ne wɔn a wɔbɔ nkoasom ho ban a woyi firi hɔ.<ref name=":2" /><ref>Kepley-Steward, Kristy; Santostasi, Stephanie (July 10, 2020). [https://wlos.com/news/local/vance-monument-robert-e-lee-confederate-monuments-downtown-asheville-removed-covered "Confederate monuments in downtown Asheville removed or covered"]. ''WLOS''. Retrieved July 12, 2020.</ref> Esiane sɛ ntɛnkyea ne nyiyimu foforɔ akɔ so firi berɛ a wɔberaa nkoasom wɔ U.S. nti,<ref>[https://time.com/5851855/systemic-racism-america/ "America's Long Overdue Awakening to Systemic Racism"]. ''Time''. June 11, 2020. Retrieved July 12, 2020.</ref><ref>Jan, Tracy (March 28, 2020). [https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/wonk/wp/2018/03/28/redlining-was-banned-50-years-ago-its-still-hurting-minorities-today/ "Redlining was banned 50 years ago. It's still hurting minorities today"]. ''The Washington Post''. Retrieved July 12, 2020.</ref><ref>Mitchell, Bruce; Franco, Juan (March 20, 2018). [https://ncrc.org/holc/ "HOLC "redlining" maps: The persistent structure of segregation and economic inequality"]. Retrieved July 12, 2020.</ref><ref>Nelson, Libby; Lind, Dara (February 24, 2015). [http://www.justicepolicy.org/news/8775 "The school to prison pipeline, explained"]. Retrieved July 12, 2020.</ref><ref>[https://www.sentencingproject.org/publications/un-report-on-racial-disparities/ "Report to the United Nations on Racial Disparities in the U.S. Criminal Justice System"]. April 19, 2020. Retrieved July 12, 2020.</ref> abibifoɔ mpɔtam bi ne ahyehyɛdeɛ ahoroɔ a ɛhwɛ ɔmanfoɔ ho kwan ahoroɔ so aka sɛ wontua saa ntɛnkyea ahoroɔ no ho ka ne afei nso sɛ wontua wɔn ka a ɛfa nkoasom ho tẽẽ.<ref name=":3" /><ref name=":2" /> Ebinom kyerɛ sɛ U.S. afiase nhyehyɛeɛ no, a efiri ase firi nhyehyɛeɛ a wɔde ma wɔn a wɔabu wɔn fɔ no so na ɛkɔ so denam nnɛyi adwumakuo a aban na ɛwɔ so a wɔfrɛ no ''Federal Prison Industries (UNICOR)'' so no yɛ nnɛyi mmara kwan so nkoasom a ɛda so ara ka abibifoɔ ne nnipa nketewa afoforoɔ titiriw na ɛnsɛ denam ɔko a wɔde ko tia nnubɔne ne nea wɔakasa atia sɛ ɛyɛ nsukwan a wɔde firi sukuu kɔ afiase no so.<ref>Love, David; Das, Vijay (September 9, 2017). [https://www.aljazeera.com/indepth/opinion/2017/09/slavery-prison-system-170901082522072.html "Slavery in the US prison system"]. ''Al Jazeera''. Retrieved July 12, 2020.</ref> == U.S. abakɔsɛm mu nsɛm a ɛfa ho == '''Wɔ atubrafoɔ mmerɛ mu''' Akyinnyegye a ɛfa akatua ho no firi afeha a ɛto so dunwɔtwe no mu tɔnn. Ɛkame ayɛ sɛ Quakerfoɔ a na wɔyɛ wɔn a wodii kan hwehwɛɛ sɛ wotu ase wɔ United States no bi de adwene koro sii so dua sɛ nkoa a wɔade wɔn ho no wɔ hokwan sɛ wonya akatua fi wɔn kan wuranom hɔ. == Wɔn a wɔsan ba wɔn man mu ne COVID-19 == Wɔ coronavirus yareɛ no nti, nnipa a wɔn honam ani yɛ tuntum no mu pii no na wɔyɛɛ sɛ wɔbɛyi wɔn adi ama wɔn ho akyere wɔn wɔ sikasɛm mu na yareɛ no bɛtumi akum wɔn<ref>{{Citation |title=CHAPTER 4. BLACK AMERICANS IN WHITE COLLARS |date=2020-08-31 |url=https://doi.org/10.1515/9781501757303-006 |work=Moving Up, Moving Out |pages=93–122 |publisher=Cornell University Press |access-date=2025-06-21}}</ref>. Sɛ nhwɛsoɔ no, 40% a wɔyɛ abibifoɔ nnwuma no ato mu koraa efi bosome no mu esiane yareɛ no nti, sɛ wɔde toto 17% a wɔyɛ abibifoɔ nnwuma wɔ berɛ korɔ no ara mu no ho<ref>{{Citation |last=Khristopher J. Brooks Reporter, MoneyWatch Khristopher J. Brooks is a reporter for CBS MoneyWatch He previously worked as a reporter for the Omaha World-Herald, Newsday, the Florida Times-Union His reporting primarily focuses on the U. S. housing market, The Business of Sports, bankruptcy Read Full Bio Khristopher J. Brooks |title=40% of black-owned businesses not expected to survive coronavirus - CBS News |date=2020-06-22 |url=https://www.cbsnews.com/news/black-owned-busineses-close-thousands-coronavirus-pandemic/ |language=en-US |access-date=2025-06-21}}</ref>. Eyi fa nokwasɛm a ɛyɛ sɛ aborɔfo mmusua anya wɔn agyapade mmɔho du sen abibifoɔ mmusua no ho<ref>{{Citation |last=Julian Kunnie |title=Justice Never Too Late: The Historical Background to Current Reparations Movements among Africans and African Americans |date=2018-03 |url=https://www.journals.uchicago.edu/doi/10.1086/696364 |work=The Journal of African American History |volume=103 |issue=1-2 |pages=44–64 |language=en |doi=10.1086/696364 |issn=1548-1867 |access-date=2025-06-21}}</ref>. Eyi ma abibifo a wɔyɛ wɔn ankasa adwuma no nya sika ne bosea, na wonni bammɔ a aborɔfo a wɔyɛ wɔn ankasa adwuma nya no bi. Bio nso, Afrika-Amerikanfo kɔ so nya COVID-19 yareɛ na wɔwuwu wɔ nnipa dodoɔ a wɔn dodoɔ borɔ wɔn dodow so mpɛn 1.5<ref name=":0">{{Citation |last=Madeleine Short Fabic, Yoonjoung Choi, David Bishai |title=Deaths among COVID Cases in the United States: Racial and Ethnic Disparities Persist |date=2020-11-16 |url=https://doi.org/10.1101/2020.11.15.20232066 |access-date=2025-06-21}}</ref>. Wɔ Ɔsanaa bosome mu wɔ afe 2020 mu no, CDC de data a ɛkyerɛ sɛ abibifo, Latinfo, ne Amerika Indiafo rehyia ayaresabea mu yareɛ mpɛn 4.5 kosi 5.5 sene abibifo a wɔnnyɛ Hispanic, ne sɛ Afrika Amerikafo rewu mpɛn 2.4 sene abibifo<ref name=":0" />. == Baabi a menyaa mmoa firiiɛ == <references /> [[Nkyekyεmu:Africa Wiki Challenge]] [[Nkyekyεmu:2025]] eugwnjfm6t63p0swabp22eeu42z4f30 191395 191394 2025-07-11T15:17:51Z Emmanuel Anin 20149 191395 wikitext text/x-wiki ''Wɔatwerɛ nsɛm wei wɔ '''Asante Twi''' mu'' '''Reparations for slavery''' yɛ adwene a ɛne sɛ wɔde akatua ho ka no di dwuma ma wɔn a wɔayɛ wɔn nkoa anaa wɔn asefo. Adwene ahoroɔ wɔ hɔ a ɛfa akatua ho wɔ mmara nyansapɛ mu ne akatua ho wɔ nsakraeɛ atɛntrenee mu. Wɔ U.S. no, wɔde nkoasom ho akatua ama denam mmara kwan so gyinaesi wɔ asɛnnibea ne/anaasɛ ankorɛankorɛ ne ahyehyɛde ahodoɔ firi wɔn pɛ mu (a asɛnnibea gyinaesi biara nni ho) so.<ref>Medish, Mark; Lucichref, Daniel (August 30, 2019). [https://www.nbcnews.com/think/opinion/congress-must-officially-apologize-slavery-america-can-think-about-reparations-ncna1047561 "Congress must officially apologize for slavery before America can think about reparations"]. ''NBC News''. Retrieved July 12, 2020.</ref><ref name=":1">Davis, Allen (May 11, 2020). [https://guides.library.umass.edu/reparations "An Historical Timeline of Reparations Payments Made From 1783 through 2020 by the United States Government, States, Cities, Religious Institutions, Colleges and Universities, and Corporations"]. University of Massachusetts Amherst. Retrieved July 12, 2020</ref> Asɛm a edi kan a wɔatwerɛ ato hɔ a ɛfa nkoasom ho akatua ho wɔ United States ne kanee akoa Belinda Royall wɔ 1783 mu, a na ɛyɛ pɛnhyen sika, na efi saa berɛ no wɔda so ara hyɛ nyansa sɛ wɔmfa ntua wɔn ka. Ɛde besi ɛnnɛ no, wɔmfaa aban mmara biara a ɛfa akatua ho mmara biara mmae.<ref>[https://royallhouse.org/why-was-belindas-petition-approved/ "Why Was Belinda's Petition Approved?"]. ''The Royall House and Slave Quarters''. December 27, 2017. Retrieved October 29, 2020.</ref> 1865 ''Special Field Orders No. 15'' ("''Acre'' aduanan ne afurum") ne mmɔden a wonim no yiye sen biara a wɔbɔe sɛ wɔbɛboa nkoa a wɔade wɔn ho foforo ma wɔde wɔn ho ahyɛ ɔmanfo mu na wɔaboaboa ahonyade ano.<ref>Darity, William (2020). ''From Here to Equality: Reparations for Black Americans in the Twenty-First Century''. Chapel Hill: The University of North Carolina Press. ISBN <bdi>[[:en:Special:BookSources/978-1469654973|978-1469654973]]</bdi>.</ref> Nanso, Ɔmanpanin Andrew Johnson danee saa ahyɛdeɛ yi, na ɔsan de asase no maa ne kanee Konfederate wuranom. Akatua ayɛ adwene a ɛsan ba wɔ United States amammuonsɛm mu, nnansa yi ara wɔ 2020 Demokratik Parti ɔmanpanin akansi a edi kan no mu.<ref>Lockhart, PR (March 19, 2019). [https://www.vox.com/policy-and-politics/2019/3/11/18246741/reparations-democrats-2020-inequality-warren-harris-castro "The 2020 Democratic primary debate over reparations, explained"]. Vox.</ref> Ɔfrɛ a ɛne sɛ wɔmfa akatua no mu yɛɛ den wɔ afe 2020 mu, wɔ ɔsɔretia a wɔde tia polisifo atirimɔdensɛm ne ''COVID-19'' yaredɔm a abien no nyinaa kunkum Amerikafoɔ Abibifoɔ wɔ ɔkwan a ɛnsɛ so no mu.<ref>[https://www.theguardian.com/world/2020/jun/20/joe-biden-reparations-slavery-george-floyd-protests "Calls for reparations are growing louder. How is the US responding?"]. ''The Guardian''. June 20, 2020. Retrieved July 20, 2020. <q>Several states, localities and private institutions are beginning to grapple with issue, advancing legislation or convening taskforces to develop proposals for reparations.</q></ref> Mpɛn pii no, abibifoɔ mpɔtam ne atwerɛfo na wɔfrɛ sɛ wontua mmusua mu nyiyim ne nyiyim a wɔyɛ wɔ U.S. no ka ka ɔfrɛ a ɛne sɛ wontua nkoasom ho ka no ho.<ref>Cashin, Cheryll (June 21, 2019). [https://www.washingtonpost.com/outlook/reparations-for-slavery-arent-enough-official-racism-lasted-much-longer/2019/06/21/2c0ecbe8-9397-11e9-aadb-74e6b2b46f6a_story.html "Reparations for slavery aren't enough. Official racism lasted much longer"]. ''The Washington Post''.</ref><ref name=":2">[https://web.archive.org/web/20200615185752/https://www.blackavldemands.org/ "Black Asheville Demands – Reparations Section"]. June 26, 2020. Archived from the original on June 15, 2020. Retrieved July 12, 2020.</ref><ref>Coates, Ta-Nehisi (June 1, 2014). [https://www.theatlantic.com/magazine/archive/2014/06/the-case-for-reparations/361631/ "The Case for Reparations"]. ''The Atlantic''.</ref><ref>Marable, Manning. [https://rethinkingschools.org/articles/racism-and-reparations/ "Racism and Reparations: The time has come for whites to acknowledge the legacy of nearly 250 years of slavery and almost 100 years of legalized segregation"]. Retrieved September 18, 2020.</ref> Adwene a ɛne sɛ wɔbɛtua wɔn ka no da so ara yɛ akyinnyegye kɛse, esiane nsemmisa ahoroɔ a ɛfa sɛnea wɔde bɛma, sika dodoɔ a wɔde bɛma, onii a obɛtua, ne onii a obɛgye ho nti.<ref>Alfred L. Brophy, The Cultural War over Reparations for Slavery, 53 DePaul Law Review 1181–1213, 1182–1184 (Spring 2004)</ref><ref name=":3">Jones, Thai (January 31, 2020). [https://www.washingtonpost.com/outlook/2020/01/31/slavery-reparations-seem-impossible-many-places-theyre-already-happening/?arc404=true "Slavery reparations seem impossible. In many places, they're already happening"]. ''The Washington Post''. Retrieved July 12, 2020.</ref> Akwan a wɔfa so tua ka a kuro, mantam, ɔman, ne ɔman aban anaa ankorankoro ahyehyɛdeɛ ahoroɔ ahyɛ ho nyansa wɔ ''United States'' no bi ne: ankorankoro sika a wotua, sika a wɔde besiesie, sika a wɔde ma, sika a wɔde tua ho ka, ne nhyehyɛeɛ mu nhyehyɛeɛ ahoroɔ a wɔde besi ntɛnkyea ano, akatua a egyina asase so a ɛfa ahofadi ho, kyɛwpa ne ntɛnkyea no a wogye tum, sɛnkyerɛnne kwan so nneɛma (te sɛ ɔdan bi a wɔbɛbɔ din de ato obi),<ref name=":1" /> ne nkaedum ne mmɔnten a wɔde din ato nkoa wuranom ne wɔn a wɔbɔ nkoasom ho ban a woyi firi hɔ.<ref name=":2" /><ref>Kepley-Steward, Kristy; Santostasi, Stephanie (July 10, 2020). [https://wlos.com/news/local/vance-monument-robert-e-lee-confederate-monuments-downtown-asheville-removed-covered "Confederate monuments in downtown Asheville removed or covered"]. ''WLOS''. Retrieved July 12, 2020.</ref> Esiane sɛ ntɛnkyea ne nyiyimu foforɔ akɔ so firi berɛ a wɔberaa nkoasom wɔ U.S. nti,<ref>[https://time.com/5851855/systemic-racism-america/ "America's Long Overdue Awakening to Systemic Racism"]. ''Time''. June 11, 2020. Retrieved July 12, 2020.</ref><ref>Jan, Tracy (March 28, 2020). [https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/wonk/wp/2018/03/28/redlining-was-banned-50-years-ago-its-still-hurting-minorities-today/ "Redlining was banned 50 years ago. It's still hurting minorities today"]. ''The Washington Post''. Retrieved July 12, 2020.</ref><ref>Mitchell, Bruce; Franco, Juan (March 20, 2018). [https://ncrc.org/holc/ "HOLC "redlining" maps: The persistent structure of segregation and economic inequality"]. Retrieved July 12, 2020.</ref><ref>Nelson, Libby; Lind, Dara (February 24, 2015). [http://www.justicepolicy.org/news/8775 "The school to prison pipeline, explained"]. Retrieved July 12, 2020.</ref><ref>[https://www.sentencingproject.org/publications/un-report-on-racial-disparities/ "Report to the United Nations on Racial Disparities in the U.S. Criminal Justice System"]. April 19, 2020. Retrieved July 12, 2020.</ref> abibifoɔ mpɔtam bi ne ahyehyɛdeɛ ahoroɔ a ɛhwɛ ɔmanfoɔ ho kwan ahoroɔ so aka sɛ wontua saa ntɛnkyea ahoroɔ no ho ka ne afei nso sɛ wontua wɔn ka a ɛfa nkoasom ho tẽẽ.<ref name=":3" /><ref name=":2" /> Ebinom kyerɛ sɛ U.S. afiase nhyehyɛeɛ no, a efiri ase firi nhyehyɛeɛ a wɔde ma wɔn a wɔabu wɔn fɔ no so na ɛkɔ so denam nnɛyi adwumakuo a aban na ɛwɔ so a wɔfrɛ no ''Federal Prison Industries (UNICOR)'' so no yɛ nnɛyi mmara kwan so nkoasom a ɛda so ara ka abibifoɔ ne nnipa nketewa afoforoɔ titiriw na ɛnsɛ denam ɔko a wɔde ko tia nnubɔne ne nea wɔakasa atia sɛ ɛyɛ nsukwan a wɔde firi sukuu kɔ afiase no so.<ref>Love, David; Das, Vijay (September 9, 2017). [https://www.aljazeera.com/indepth/opinion/2017/09/slavery-prison-system-170901082522072.html "Slavery in the US prison system"]. ''Al Jazeera''. Retrieved July 12, 2020.</ref> == U.S. abakɔsɛm mu nsɛm a ɛfa ho == '''Wɔ atubrafoɔ mmerɛ mu''' Akyinnyegye a ɛfa akatua ho no firi afeha a ɛto so dunwɔtwe no mu tɔnn. Ɛkame ayɛ sɛ Quakerfoɔ a na wɔyɛ wɔn a wodii kan hwehwɛɛ sɛ wotu ase wɔ United States no bi de adwene koro sii so dua sɛ nkoa a wɔade wɔn ho no wɔ hokwan sɛ wonya akatua firi wɔn kane wuranom hɔ. Sɛ owura bi nuu ne ho wɔ bɔne a ɔyɛe sɛ ɔwɔ akoa a wɔde nneɛma gu mu a, ɛsɛ sɛ ɔpata no denam nsiesie a obesiesie so. == Wɔn a wɔsan ba wɔn man mu ne COVID-19 == Wɔ coronavirus yareɛ no nti, nnipa a wɔn honam ani yɛ tuntum no mu pii no na wɔyɛɛ sɛ wɔbɛyi wɔn adi ama wɔn ho akyere wɔn wɔ sikasɛm mu na yareɛ no bɛtumi akum wɔn<ref>{{Citation |title=CHAPTER 4. BLACK AMERICANS IN WHITE COLLARS |date=2020-08-31 |url=https://doi.org/10.1515/9781501757303-006 |work=Moving Up, Moving Out |pages=93–122 |publisher=Cornell University Press |access-date=2025-06-21}}</ref>. Sɛ nhwɛsoɔ no, 40% a wɔyɛ abibifoɔ nnwuma no ato mu koraa efi bosome no mu esiane yareɛ no nti, sɛ wɔde toto 17% a wɔyɛ abibifoɔ nnwuma wɔ berɛ korɔ no ara mu no ho<ref>{{Citation |last=Khristopher J. Brooks Reporter, MoneyWatch Khristopher J. Brooks is a reporter for CBS MoneyWatch He previously worked as a reporter for the Omaha World-Herald, Newsday, the Florida Times-Union His reporting primarily focuses on the U. S. housing market, The Business of Sports, bankruptcy Read Full Bio Khristopher J. Brooks |title=40% of black-owned businesses not expected to survive coronavirus - CBS News |date=2020-06-22 |url=https://www.cbsnews.com/news/black-owned-busineses-close-thousands-coronavirus-pandemic/ |language=en-US |access-date=2025-06-21}}</ref>. Eyi fa nokwasɛm a ɛyɛ sɛ aborɔfo mmusua anya wɔn agyapade mmɔho du sen abibifoɔ mmusua no ho<ref>{{Citation |last=Julian Kunnie |title=Justice Never Too Late: The Historical Background to Current Reparations Movements among Africans and African Americans |date=2018-03 |url=https://www.journals.uchicago.edu/doi/10.1086/696364 |work=The Journal of African American History |volume=103 |issue=1-2 |pages=44–64 |language=en |doi=10.1086/696364 |issn=1548-1867 |access-date=2025-06-21}}</ref>. Eyi ma abibifo a wɔyɛ wɔn ankasa adwuma no nya sika ne bosea, na wonni bammɔ a aborɔfo a wɔyɛ wɔn ankasa adwuma nya no bi. Bio nso, Afrika-Amerikanfo kɔ so nya COVID-19 yareɛ na wɔwuwu wɔ nnipa dodoɔ a wɔn dodoɔ borɔ wɔn dodow so mpɛn 1.5<ref name=":0">{{Citation |last=Madeleine Short Fabic, Yoonjoung Choi, David Bishai |title=Deaths among COVID Cases in the United States: Racial and Ethnic Disparities Persist |date=2020-11-16 |url=https://doi.org/10.1101/2020.11.15.20232066 |access-date=2025-06-21}}</ref>. Wɔ Ɔsanaa bosome mu wɔ afe 2020 mu no, CDC de data a ɛkyerɛ sɛ abibifo, Latinfo, ne Amerika Indiafo rehyia ayaresabea mu yareɛ mpɛn 4.5 kosi 5.5 sene abibifo a wɔnnyɛ Hispanic, ne sɛ Afrika Amerikafo rewu mpɛn 2.4 sene abibifo<ref name=":0" />. == Baabi a menyaa mmoa firiiɛ == <references /> [[Nkyekyεmu:Africa Wiki Challenge]] [[Nkyekyεmu:2025]] lxt50hlu8qgsbtnpvewr63q3b6egv46 191396 191395 2025-07-11T15:18:15Z Emmanuel Anin 20149 191396 wikitext text/x-wiki ''Wɔatwerɛ nsɛm wei wɔ '''Asante Twi''' mu'' '''Reparations for slavery''' yɛ adwene a ɛne sɛ wɔde akatua ho ka no di dwuma ma wɔn a wɔayɛ wɔn nkoa anaa wɔn asefo. Adwene ahoroɔ wɔ hɔ a ɛfa akatua ho wɔ mmara nyansapɛ mu ne akatua ho wɔ nsakraeɛ atɛntrenee mu. Wɔ U.S. no, wɔde nkoasom ho akatua ama denam mmara kwan so gyinaesi wɔ asɛnnibea ne/anaasɛ ankorɛankorɛ ne ahyehyɛde ahodoɔ firi wɔn pɛ mu (a asɛnnibea gyinaesi biara nni ho) so.<ref>Medish, Mark; Lucichref, Daniel (August 30, 2019). [https://www.nbcnews.com/think/opinion/congress-must-officially-apologize-slavery-america-can-think-about-reparations-ncna1047561 "Congress must officially apologize for slavery before America can think about reparations"]. ''NBC News''. Retrieved July 12, 2020.</ref><ref name=":1">Davis, Allen (May 11, 2020). [https://guides.library.umass.edu/reparations "An Historical Timeline of Reparations Payments Made From 1783 through 2020 by the United States Government, States, Cities, Religious Institutions, Colleges and Universities, and Corporations"]. University of Massachusetts Amherst. Retrieved July 12, 2020</ref> Asɛm a edi kan a wɔatwerɛ ato hɔ a ɛfa nkoasom ho akatua ho wɔ United States ne kanee akoa Belinda Royall wɔ 1783 mu, a na ɛyɛ pɛnhyen sika, na efi saa berɛ no wɔda so ara hyɛ nyansa sɛ wɔmfa ntua wɔn ka. Ɛde besi ɛnnɛ no, wɔmfaa aban mmara biara a ɛfa akatua ho mmara biara mmae.<ref>[https://royallhouse.org/why-was-belindas-petition-approved/ "Why Was Belinda's Petition Approved?"]. ''The Royall House and Slave Quarters''. December 27, 2017. Retrieved October 29, 2020.</ref> 1865 ''Special Field Orders No. 15'' ("''Acre'' aduanan ne afurum") ne mmɔden a wonim no yiye sen biara a wɔbɔe sɛ wɔbɛboa nkoa a wɔade wɔn ho foforo ma wɔde wɔn ho ahyɛ ɔmanfo mu na wɔaboaboa ahonyade ano.<ref>Darity, William (2020). ''From Here to Equality: Reparations for Black Americans in the Twenty-First Century''. Chapel Hill: The University of North Carolina Press. ISBN <bdi>[[:en:Special:BookSources/978-1469654973|978-1469654973]]</bdi>.</ref> Nanso, Ɔmanpanin Andrew Johnson danee saa ahyɛdeɛ yi, na ɔsan de asase no maa ne kanee Konfederate wuranom. Akatua ayɛ adwene a ɛsan ba wɔ United States amammuonsɛm mu, nnansa yi ara wɔ 2020 Demokratik Parti ɔmanpanin akansi a edi kan no mu.<ref>Lockhart, PR (March 19, 2019). [https://www.vox.com/policy-and-politics/2019/3/11/18246741/reparations-democrats-2020-inequality-warren-harris-castro "The 2020 Democratic primary debate over reparations, explained"]. Vox.</ref> Ɔfrɛ a ɛne sɛ wɔmfa akatua no mu yɛɛ den wɔ afe 2020 mu, wɔ ɔsɔretia a wɔde tia polisifo atirimɔdensɛm ne ''COVID-19'' yaredɔm a abien no nyinaa kunkum Amerikafoɔ Abibifoɔ wɔ ɔkwan a ɛnsɛ so no mu.<ref>[https://www.theguardian.com/world/2020/jun/20/joe-biden-reparations-slavery-george-floyd-protests "Calls for reparations are growing louder. How is the US responding?"]. ''The Guardian''. June 20, 2020. Retrieved July 20, 2020. <q>Several states, localities and private institutions are beginning to grapple with issue, advancing legislation or convening taskforces to develop proposals for reparations.</q></ref> Mpɛn pii no, abibifoɔ mpɔtam ne atwerɛfo na wɔfrɛ sɛ wontua mmusua mu nyiyim ne nyiyim a wɔyɛ wɔ U.S. no ka ka ɔfrɛ a ɛne sɛ wontua nkoasom ho ka no ho.<ref>Cashin, Cheryll (June 21, 2019). [https://www.washingtonpost.com/outlook/reparations-for-slavery-arent-enough-official-racism-lasted-much-longer/2019/06/21/2c0ecbe8-9397-11e9-aadb-74e6b2b46f6a_story.html "Reparations for slavery aren't enough. Official racism lasted much longer"]. ''The Washington Post''.</ref><ref name=":2">[https://web.archive.org/web/20200615185752/https://www.blackavldemands.org/ "Black Asheville Demands – Reparations Section"]. June 26, 2020. Archived from the original on June 15, 2020. Retrieved July 12, 2020.</ref><ref>Coates, Ta-Nehisi (June 1, 2014). [https://www.theatlantic.com/magazine/archive/2014/06/the-case-for-reparations/361631/ "The Case for Reparations"]. ''The Atlantic''.</ref><ref>Marable, Manning. [https://rethinkingschools.org/articles/racism-and-reparations/ "Racism and Reparations: The time has come for whites to acknowledge the legacy of nearly 250 years of slavery and almost 100 years of legalized segregation"]. Retrieved September 18, 2020.</ref> Adwene a ɛne sɛ wɔbɛtua wɔn ka no da so ara yɛ akyinnyegye kɛse, esiane nsemmisa ahoroɔ a ɛfa sɛnea wɔde bɛma, sika dodoɔ a wɔde bɛma, onii a obɛtua, ne onii a obɛgye ho nti.<ref>Alfred L. Brophy, The Cultural War over Reparations for Slavery, 53 DePaul Law Review 1181–1213, 1182–1184 (Spring 2004)</ref><ref name=":3">Jones, Thai (January 31, 2020). [https://www.washingtonpost.com/outlook/2020/01/31/slavery-reparations-seem-impossible-many-places-theyre-already-happening/?arc404=true "Slavery reparations seem impossible. In many places, they're already happening"]. ''The Washington Post''. Retrieved July 12, 2020.</ref> Akwan a wɔfa so tua ka a kuro, mantam, ɔman, ne ɔman aban anaa ankorankoro ahyehyɛdeɛ ahoroɔ ahyɛ ho nyansa wɔ ''United States'' no bi ne: ankorankoro sika a wotua, sika a wɔde besiesie, sika a wɔde ma, sika a wɔde tua ho ka, ne nhyehyɛeɛ mu nhyehyɛeɛ ahoroɔ a wɔde besi ntɛnkyea ano, akatua a egyina asase so a ɛfa ahofadi ho, kyɛwpa ne ntɛnkyea no a wogye tum, sɛnkyerɛnne kwan so nneɛma (te sɛ ɔdan bi a wɔbɛbɔ din de ato obi),<ref name=":1" /> ne nkaedum ne mmɔnten a wɔde din ato nkoa wuranom ne wɔn a wɔbɔ nkoasom ho ban a woyi firi hɔ.<ref name=":2" /><ref>Kepley-Steward, Kristy; Santostasi, Stephanie (July 10, 2020). [https://wlos.com/news/local/vance-monument-robert-e-lee-confederate-monuments-downtown-asheville-removed-covered "Confederate monuments in downtown Asheville removed or covered"]. ''WLOS''. Retrieved July 12, 2020.</ref> Esiane sɛ ntɛnkyea ne nyiyimu foforɔ akɔ so firi berɛ a wɔberaa nkoasom wɔ U.S. nti,<ref>[https://time.com/5851855/systemic-racism-america/ "America's Long Overdue Awakening to Systemic Racism"]. ''Time''. June 11, 2020. Retrieved July 12, 2020.</ref><ref>Jan, Tracy (March 28, 2020). [https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/wonk/wp/2018/03/28/redlining-was-banned-50-years-ago-its-still-hurting-minorities-today/ "Redlining was banned 50 years ago. It's still hurting minorities today"]. ''The Washington Post''. Retrieved July 12, 2020.</ref><ref>Mitchell, Bruce; Franco, Juan (March 20, 2018). [https://ncrc.org/holc/ "HOLC "redlining" maps: The persistent structure of segregation and economic inequality"]. Retrieved July 12, 2020.</ref><ref>Nelson, Libby; Lind, Dara (February 24, 2015). [http://www.justicepolicy.org/news/8775 "The school to prison pipeline, explained"]. Retrieved July 12, 2020.</ref><ref>[https://www.sentencingproject.org/publications/un-report-on-racial-disparities/ "Report to the United Nations on Racial Disparities in the U.S. Criminal Justice System"]. April 19, 2020. Retrieved July 12, 2020.</ref> abibifoɔ mpɔtam bi ne ahyehyɛdeɛ ahoroɔ a ɛhwɛ ɔmanfoɔ ho kwan ahoroɔ so aka sɛ wontua saa ntɛnkyea ahoroɔ no ho ka ne afei nso sɛ wontua wɔn ka a ɛfa nkoasom ho tẽẽ.<ref name=":3" /><ref name=":2" /> Ebinom kyerɛ sɛ U.S. afiase nhyehyɛeɛ no, a efiri ase firi nhyehyɛeɛ a wɔde ma wɔn a wɔabu wɔn fɔ no so na ɛkɔ so denam nnɛyi adwumakuo a aban na ɛwɔ so a wɔfrɛ no ''Federal Prison Industries (UNICOR)'' so no yɛ nnɛyi mmara kwan so nkoasom a ɛda so ara ka abibifoɔ ne nnipa nketewa afoforoɔ titiriw na ɛnsɛ denam ɔko a wɔde ko tia nnubɔne ne nea wɔakasa atia sɛ ɛyɛ nsukwan a wɔde firi sukuu kɔ afiase no so.<ref>Love, David; Das, Vijay (September 9, 2017). [https://www.aljazeera.com/indepth/opinion/2017/09/slavery-prison-system-170901082522072.html "Slavery in the US prison system"]. ''Al Jazeera''. Retrieved July 12, 2020.</ref> == U.S. abakɔsɛm mu nsɛm a ɛfa ho == '''Wɔ atubrafoɔ mmerɛ mu''' Akyinnyegye a ɛfa akatua ho no firi afeha a ɛto so dunwɔtwe no mu tɔnn. Ɛkame ayɛ sɛ Quakerfoɔ a na wɔyɛ wɔn a wodii kan hwehwɛɛ sɛ wotu ase wɔ United States no bi de adwene koro sii so dua sɛ nkoa a wɔade wɔn ho no wɔ hokwan sɛ wonya akatua firi wɔn kane wuranom hɔ. Sɛ owura bi nuu ne ho wɔ bɔne a ɔyɛe sɛ ɔwɔ akoa a wɔde nneɛma gu mu a, ɛsɛ sɛ ɔpata no denam nsiesie a obesiesie so. Quakerfoɔ faa Deuteronomium nhoma a wɔhyɛɛ wuranom fo sɛ wɔne wɔn a na anka wɔyɛ nkoa nkyɛ wɔn nneɛma no mu asɛm kae. == Wɔn a wɔsan ba wɔn man mu ne COVID-19 == Wɔ coronavirus yareɛ no nti, nnipa a wɔn honam ani yɛ tuntum no mu pii no na wɔyɛɛ sɛ wɔbɛyi wɔn adi ama wɔn ho akyere wɔn wɔ sikasɛm mu na yareɛ no bɛtumi akum wɔn<ref>{{Citation |title=CHAPTER 4. BLACK AMERICANS IN WHITE COLLARS |date=2020-08-31 |url=https://doi.org/10.1515/9781501757303-006 |work=Moving Up, Moving Out |pages=93–122 |publisher=Cornell University Press |access-date=2025-06-21}}</ref>. Sɛ nhwɛsoɔ no, 40% a wɔyɛ abibifoɔ nnwuma no ato mu koraa efi bosome no mu esiane yareɛ no nti, sɛ wɔde toto 17% a wɔyɛ abibifoɔ nnwuma wɔ berɛ korɔ no ara mu no ho<ref>{{Citation |last=Khristopher J. Brooks Reporter, MoneyWatch Khristopher J. Brooks is a reporter for CBS MoneyWatch He previously worked as a reporter for the Omaha World-Herald, Newsday, the Florida Times-Union His reporting primarily focuses on the U. S. housing market, The Business of Sports, bankruptcy Read Full Bio Khristopher J. Brooks |title=40% of black-owned businesses not expected to survive coronavirus - CBS News |date=2020-06-22 |url=https://www.cbsnews.com/news/black-owned-busineses-close-thousands-coronavirus-pandemic/ |language=en-US |access-date=2025-06-21}}</ref>. Eyi fa nokwasɛm a ɛyɛ sɛ aborɔfo mmusua anya wɔn agyapade mmɔho du sen abibifoɔ mmusua no ho<ref>{{Citation |last=Julian Kunnie |title=Justice Never Too Late: The Historical Background to Current Reparations Movements among Africans and African Americans |date=2018-03 |url=https://www.journals.uchicago.edu/doi/10.1086/696364 |work=The Journal of African American History |volume=103 |issue=1-2 |pages=44–64 |language=en |doi=10.1086/696364 |issn=1548-1867 |access-date=2025-06-21}}</ref>. Eyi ma abibifo a wɔyɛ wɔn ankasa adwuma no nya sika ne bosea, na wonni bammɔ a aborɔfo a wɔyɛ wɔn ankasa adwuma nya no bi. Bio nso, Afrika-Amerikanfo kɔ so nya COVID-19 yareɛ na wɔwuwu wɔ nnipa dodoɔ a wɔn dodoɔ borɔ wɔn dodow so mpɛn 1.5<ref name=":0">{{Citation |last=Madeleine Short Fabic, Yoonjoung Choi, David Bishai |title=Deaths among COVID Cases in the United States: Racial and Ethnic Disparities Persist |date=2020-11-16 |url=https://doi.org/10.1101/2020.11.15.20232066 |access-date=2025-06-21}}</ref>. Wɔ Ɔsanaa bosome mu wɔ afe 2020 mu no, CDC de data a ɛkyerɛ sɛ abibifo, Latinfo, ne Amerika Indiafo rehyia ayaresabea mu yareɛ mpɛn 4.5 kosi 5.5 sene abibifo a wɔnnyɛ Hispanic, ne sɛ Afrika Amerikafo rewu mpɛn 2.4 sene abibifo<ref name=":0" />. == Baabi a menyaa mmoa firiiɛ == <references /> [[Nkyekyεmu:Africa Wiki Challenge]] [[Nkyekyεmu:2025]] dt511x4pxme49au85qnr031rm2t5s0s 191397 191396 2025-07-11T15:18:40Z Emmanuel Anin 20149 191397 wikitext text/x-wiki ''Wɔatwerɛ nsɛm wei wɔ '''Asante Twi''' mu'' '''Reparations for slavery''' yɛ adwene a ɛne sɛ wɔde akatua ho ka no di dwuma ma wɔn a wɔayɛ wɔn nkoa anaa wɔn asefo. Adwene ahoroɔ wɔ hɔ a ɛfa akatua ho wɔ mmara nyansapɛ mu ne akatua ho wɔ nsakraeɛ atɛntrenee mu. Wɔ U.S. no, wɔde nkoasom ho akatua ama denam mmara kwan so gyinaesi wɔ asɛnnibea ne/anaasɛ ankorɛankorɛ ne ahyehyɛde ahodoɔ firi wɔn pɛ mu (a asɛnnibea gyinaesi biara nni ho) so.<ref>Medish, Mark; Lucichref, Daniel (August 30, 2019). [https://www.nbcnews.com/think/opinion/congress-must-officially-apologize-slavery-america-can-think-about-reparations-ncna1047561 "Congress must officially apologize for slavery before America can think about reparations"]. ''NBC News''. Retrieved July 12, 2020.</ref><ref name=":1">Davis, Allen (May 11, 2020). [https://guides.library.umass.edu/reparations "An Historical Timeline of Reparations Payments Made From 1783 through 2020 by the United States Government, States, Cities, Religious Institutions, Colleges and Universities, and Corporations"]. University of Massachusetts Amherst. Retrieved July 12, 2020</ref> Asɛm a edi kan a wɔatwerɛ ato hɔ a ɛfa nkoasom ho akatua ho wɔ United States ne kanee akoa Belinda Royall wɔ 1783 mu, a na ɛyɛ pɛnhyen sika, na efi saa berɛ no wɔda so ara hyɛ nyansa sɛ wɔmfa ntua wɔn ka. Ɛde besi ɛnnɛ no, wɔmfaa aban mmara biara a ɛfa akatua ho mmara biara mmae.<ref>[https://royallhouse.org/why-was-belindas-petition-approved/ "Why Was Belinda's Petition Approved?"]. ''The Royall House and Slave Quarters''. December 27, 2017. Retrieved October 29, 2020.</ref> 1865 ''Special Field Orders No. 15'' ("''Acre'' aduanan ne afurum") ne mmɔden a wonim no yiye sen biara a wɔbɔe sɛ wɔbɛboa nkoa a wɔade wɔn ho foforo ma wɔde wɔn ho ahyɛ ɔmanfo mu na wɔaboaboa ahonyade ano.<ref>Darity, William (2020). ''From Here to Equality: Reparations for Black Americans in the Twenty-First Century''. Chapel Hill: The University of North Carolina Press. ISBN <bdi>[[:en:Special:BookSources/978-1469654973|978-1469654973]]</bdi>.</ref> Nanso, Ɔmanpanin Andrew Johnson danee saa ahyɛdeɛ yi, na ɔsan de asase no maa ne kanee Konfederate wuranom. Akatua ayɛ adwene a ɛsan ba wɔ United States amammuonsɛm mu, nnansa yi ara wɔ 2020 Demokratik Parti ɔmanpanin akansi a edi kan no mu.<ref>Lockhart, PR (March 19, 2019). [https://www.vox.com/policy-and-politics/2019/3/11/18246741/reparations-democrats-2020-inequality-warren-harris-castro "The 2020 Democratic primary debate over reparations, explained"]. Vox.</ref> Ɔfrɛ a ɛne sɛ wɔmfa akatua no mu yɛɛ den wɔ afe 2020 mu, wɔ ɔsɔretia a wɔde tia polisifo atirimɔdensɛm ne ''COVID-19'' yaredɔm a abien no nyinaa kunkum Amerikafoɔ Abibifoɔ wɔ ɔkwan a ɛnsɛ so no mu.<ref>[https://www.theguardian.com/world/2020/jun/20/joe-biden-reparations-slavery-george-floyd-protests "Calls for reparations are growing louder. How is the US responding?"]. ''The Guardian''. June 20, 2020. Retrieved July 20, 2020. <q>Several states, localities and private institutions are beginning to grapple with issue, advancing legislation or convening taskforces to develop proposals for reparations.</q></ref> Mpɛn pii no, abibifoɔ mpɔtam ne atwerɛfo na wɔfrɛ sɛ wontua mmusua mu nyiyim ne nyiyim a wɔyɛ wɔ U.S. no ka ka ɔfrɛ a ɛne sɛ wontua nkoasom ho ka no ho.<ref>Cashin, Cheryll (June 21, 2019). [https://www.washingtonpost.com/outlook/reparations-for-slavery-arent-enough-official-racism-lasted-much-longer/2019/06/21/2c0ecbe8-9397-11e9-aadb-74e6b2b46f6a_story.html "Reparations for slavery aren't enough. Official racism lasted much longer"]. ''The Washington Post''.</ref><ref name=":2">[https://web.archive.org/web/20200615185752/https://www.blackavldemands.org/ "Black Asheville Demands – Reparations Section"]. June 26, 2020. Archived from the original on June 15, 2020. Retrieved July 12, 2020.</ref><ref>Coates, Ta-Nehisi (June 1, 2014). [https://www.theatlantic.com/magazine/archive/2014/06/the-case-for-reparations/361631/ "The Case for Reparations"]. ''The Atlantic''.</ref><ref>Marable, Manning. [https://rethinkingschools.org/articles/racism-and-reparations/ "Racism and Reparations: The time has come for whites to acknowledge the legacy of nearly 250 years of slavery and almost 100 years of legalized segregation"]. Retrieved September 18, 2020.</ref> Adwene a ɛne sɛ wɔbɛtua wɔn ka no da so ara yɛ akyinnyegye kɛse, esiane nsemmisa ahoroɔ a ɛfa sɛnea wɔde bɛma, sika dodoɔ a wɔde bɛma, onii a obɛtua, ne onii a obɛgye ho nti.<ref>Alfred L. Brophy, The Cultural War over Reparations for Slavery, 53 DePaul Law Review 1181–1213, 1182–1184 (Spring 2004)</ref><ref name=":3">Jones, Thai (January 31, 2020). [https://www.washingtonpost.com/outlook/2020/01/31/slavery-reparations-seem-impossible-many-places-theyre-already-happening/?arc404=true "Slavery reparations seem impossible. In many places, they're already happening"]. ''The Washington Post''. Retrieved July 12, 2020.</ref> Akwan a wɔfa so tua ka a kuro, mantam, ɔman, ne ɔman aban anaa ankorankoro ahyehyɛdeɛ ahoroɔ ahyɛ ho nyansa wɔ ''United States'' no bi ne: ankorankoro sika a wotua, sika a wɔde besiesie, sika a wɔde ma, sika a wɔde tua ho ka, ne nhyehyɛeɛ mu nhyehyɛeɛ ahoroɔ a wɔde besi ntɛnkyea ano, akatua a egyina asase so a ɛfa ahofadi ho, kyɛwpa ne ntɛnkyea no a wogye tum, sɛnkyerɛnne kwan so nneɛma (te sɛ ɔdan bi a wɔbɛbɔ din de ato obi),<ref name=":1" /> ne nkaedum ne mmɔnten a wɔde din ato nkoa wuranom ne wɔn a wɔbɔ nkoasom ho ban a woyi firi hɔ.<ref name=":2" /><ref>Kepley-Steward, Kristy; Santostasi, Stephanie (July 10, 2020). [https://wlos.com/news/local/vance-monument-robert-e-lee-confederate-monuments-downtown-asheville-removed-covered "Confederate monuments in downtown Asheville removed or covered"]. ''WLOS''. Retrieved July 12, 2020.</ref> Esiane sɛ ntɛnkyea ne nyiyimu foforɔ akɔ so firi berɛ a wɔberaa nkoasom wɔ U.S. nti,<ref>[https://time.com/5851855/systemic-racism-america/ "America's Long Overdue Awakening to Systemic Racism"]. ''Time''. June 11, 2020. Retrieved July 12, 2020.</ref><ref>Jan, Tracy (March 28, 2020). [https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/wonk/wp/2018/03/28/redlining-was-banned-50-years-ago-its-still-hurting-minorities-today/ "Redlining was banned 50 years ago. It's still hurting minorities today"]. ''The Washington Post''. Retrieved July 12, 2020.</ref><ref>Mitchell, Bruce; Franco, Juan (March 20, 2018). [https://ncrc.org/holc/ "HOLC "redlining" maps: The persistent structure of segregation and economic inequality"]. Retrieved July 12, 2020.</ref><ref>Nelson, Libby; Lind, Dara (February 24, 2015). [http://www.justicepolicy.org/news/8775 "The school to prison pipeline, explained"]. Retrieved July 12, 2020.</ref><ref>[https://www.sentencingproject.org/publications/un-report-on-racial-disparities/ "Report to the United Nations on Racial Disparities in the U.S. Criminal Justice System"]. April 19, 2020. Retrieved July 12, 2020.</ref> abibifoɔ mpɔtam bi ne ahyehyɛdeɛ ahoroɔ a ɛhwɛ ɔmanfoɔ ho kwan ahoroɔ so aka sɛ wontua saa ntɛnkyea ahoroɔ no ho ka ne afei nso sɛ wontua wɔn ka a ɛfa nkoasom ho tẽẽ.<ref name=":3" /><ref name=":2" /> Ebinom kyerɛ sɛ U.S. afiase nhyehyɛeɛ no, a efiri ase firi nhyehyɛeɛ a wɔde ma wɔn a wɔabu wɔn fɔ no so na ɛkɔ so denam nnɛyi adwumakuo a aban na ɛwɔ so a wɔfrɛ no ''Federal Prison Industries (UNICOR)'' so no yɛ nnɛyi mmara kwan so nkoasom a ɛda so ara ka abibifoɔ ne nnipa nketewa afoforoɔ titiriw na ɛnsɛ denam ɔko a wɔde ko tia nnubɔne ne nea wɔakasa atia sɛ ɛyɛ nsukwan a wɔde firi sukuu kɔ afiase no so.<ref>Love, David; Das, Vijay (September 9, 2017). [https://www.aljazeera.com/indepth/opinion/2017/09/slavery-prison-system-170901082522072.html "Slavery in the US prison system"]. ''Al Jazeera''. Retrieved July 12, 2020.</ref> == U.S. abakɔsɛm mu nsɛm a ɛfa ho == '''Wɔ atubrafoɔ mmerɛ mu''' Akyinnyegye a ɛfa akatua ho no firi afeha a ɛto so dunwɔtwe no mu tɔnn. Ɛkame ayɛ sɛ Quakerfoɔ a na wɔyɛ wɔn a wodii kan hwehwɛɛ sɛ wotu ase wɔ United States no bi de adwene koro sii so dua sɛ nkoa a wɔade wɔn ho no wɔ hokwan sɛ wonya akatua firi wɔn kane wuranom hɔ. Sɛ owura bi nuu ne ho wɔ bɔne a ɔyɛe sɛ ɔwɔ akoa a wɔde nneɛma gu mu a, ɛsɛ sɛ ɔpata no denam nsiesie a obesiesie so. Quakerfoɔ faa Deuteronomium nhoma a wɔhyɛɛ wuranom fo sɛ wɔne wɔn a na anka wɔyɛ nkoa nkyɛ wɔn nneɛma no mu asɛm kae. Wɔ Ɔman Anidan Ko no mu no, Warner Mifflin kamfoo kyerɛe sɛ wɔmfa sika mma wɔn a na anka wɔyɛ nkoa a wɔade wɔn ho no bio wɔ 1778 mu tɔnn, wɔ sika a wotua, asase, ne nnɔbae ho nhyehyɛe a wɔkyɛ mu. == Wɔn a wɔsan ba wɔn man mu ne COVID-19 == Wɔ coronavirus yareɛ no nti, nnipa a wɔn honam ani yɛ tuntum no mu pii no na wɔyɛɛ sɛ wɔbɛyi wɔn adi ama wɔn ho akyere wɔn wɔ sikasɛm mu na yareɛ no bɛtumi akum wɔn<ref>{{Citation |title=CHAPTER 4. BLACK AMERICANS IN WHITE COLLARS |date=2020-08-31 |url=https://doi.org/10.1515/9781501757303-006 |work=Moving Up, Moving Out |pages=93–122 |publisher=Cornell University Press |access-date=2025-06-21}}</ref>. Sɛ nhwɛsoɔ no, 40% a wɔyɛ abibifoɔ nnwuma no ato mu koraa efi bosome no mu esiane yareɛ no nti, sɛ wɔde toto 17% a wɔyɛ abibifoɔ nnwuma wɔ berɛ korɔ no ara mu no ho<ref>{{Citation |last=Khristopher J. Brooks Reporter, MoneyWatch Khristopher J. Brooks is a reporter for CBS MoneyWatch He previously worked as a reporter for the Omaha World-Herald, Newsday, the Florida Times-Union His reporting primarily focuses on the U. S. housing market, The Business of Sports, bankruptcy Read Full Bio Khristopher J. Brooks |title=40% of black-owned businesses not expected to survive coronavirus - CBS News |date=2020-06-22 |url=https://www.cbsnews.com/news/black-owned-busineses-close-thousands-coronavirus-pandemic/ |language=en-US |access-date=2025-06-21}}</ref>. Eyi fa nokwasɛm a ɛyɛ sɛ aborɔfo mmusua anya wɔn agyapade mmɔho du sen abibifoɔ mmusua no ho<ref>{{Citation |last=Julian Kunnie |title=Justice Never Too Late: The Historical Background to Current Reparations Movements among Africans and African Americans |date=2018-03 |url=https://www.journals.uchicago.edu/doi/10.1086/696364 |work=The Journal of African American History |volume=103 |issue=1-2 |pages=44–64 |language=en |doi=10.1086/696364 |issn=1548-1867 |access-date=2025-06-21}}</ref>. Eyi ma abibifo a wɔyɛ wɔn ankasa adwuma no nya sika ne bosea, na wonni bammɔ a aborɔfo a wɔyɛ wɔn ankasa adwuma nya no bi. Bio nso, Afrika-Amerikanfo kɔ so nya COVID-19 yareɛ na wɔwuwu wɔ nnipa dodoɔ a wɔn dodoɔ borɔ wɔn dodow so mpɛn 1.5<ref name=":0">{{Citation |last=Madeleine Short Fabic, Yoonjoung Choi, David Bishai |title=Deaths among COVID Cases in the United States: Racial and Ethnic Disparities Persist |date=2020-11-16 |url=https://doi.org/10.1101/2020.11.15.20232066 |access-date=2025-06-21}}</ref>. Wɔ Ɔsanaa bosome mu wɔ afe 2020 mu no, CDC de data a ɛkyerɛ sɛ abibifo, Latinfo, ne Amerika Indiafo rehyia ayaresabea mu yareɛ mpɛn 4.5 kosi 5.5 sene abibifo a wɔnnyɛ Hispanic, ne sɛ Afrika Amerikafo rewu mpɛn 2.4 sene abibifo<ref name=":0" />. == Baabi a menyaa mmoa firiiɛ == <references /> [[Nkyekyεmu:Africa Wiki Challenge]] [[Nkyekyεmu:2025]] efqtemolk3wf23tscwzwnq1fnan2c7g 191398 191397 2025-07-11T15:19:10Z Emmanuel Anin 20149 191398 wikitext text/x-wiki ''Wɔatwerɛ nsɛm wei wɔ '''Asante Twi''' mu'' '''Reparations for slavery''' yɛ adwene a ɛne sɛ wɔde akatua ho ka no di dwuma ma wɔn a wɔayɛ wɔn nkoa anaa wɔn asefo. Adwene ahoroɔ wɔ hɔ a ɛfa akatua ho wɔ mmara nyansapɛ mu ne akatua ho wɔ nsakraeɛ atɛntrenee mu. Wɔ U.S. no, wɔde nkoasom ho akatua ama denam mmara kwan so gyinaesi wɔ asɛnnibea ne/anaasɛ ankorɛankorɛ ne ahyehyɛde ahodoɔ firi wɔn pɛ mu (a asɛnnibea gyinaesi biara nni ho) so.<ref>Medish, Mark; Lucichref, Daniel (August 30, 2019). [https://www.nbcnews.com/think/opinion/congress-must-officially-apologize-slavery-america-can-think-about-reparations-ncna1047561 "Congress must officially apologize for slavery before America can think about reparations"]. ''NBC News''. Retrieved July 12, 2020.</ref><ref name=":1">Davis, Allen (May 11, 2020). [https://guides.library.umass.edu/reparations "An Historical Timeline of Reparations Payments Made From 1783 through 2020 by the United States Government, States, Cities, Religious Institutions, Colleges and Universities, and Corporations"]. University of Massachusetts Amherst. Retrieved July 12, 2020</ref> Asɛm a edi kan a wɔatwerɛ ato hɔ a ɛfa nkoasom ho akatua ho wɔ United States ne kanee akoa Belinda Royall wɔ 1783 mu, a na ɛyɛ pɛnhyen sika, na efi saa berɛ no wɔda so ara hyɛ nyansa sɛ wɔmfa ntua wɔn ka. Ɛde besi ɛnnɛ no, wɔmfaa aban mmara biara a ɛfa akatua ho mmara biara mmae.<ref>[https://royallhouse.org/why-was-belindas-petition-approved/ "Why Was Belinda's Petition Approved?"]. ''The Royall House and Slave Quarters''. December 27, 2017. Retrieved October 29, 2020.</ref> 1865 ''Special Field Orders No. 15'' ("''Acre'' aduanan ne afurum") ne mmɔden a wonim no yiye sen biara a wɔbɔe sɛ wɔbɛboa nkoa a wɔade wɔn ho foforo ma wɔde wɔn ho ahyɛ ɔmanfo mu na wɔaboaboa ahonyade ano.<ref>Darity, William (2020). ''From Here to Equality: Reparations for Black Americans in the Twenty-First Century''. Chapel Hill: The University of North Carolina Press. ISBN <bdi>[[:en:Special:BookSources/978-1469654973|978-1469654973]]</bdi>.</ref> Nanso, Ɔmanpanin Andrew Johnson danee saa ahyɛdeɛ yi, na ɔsan de asase no maa ne kanee Konfederate wuranom. Akatua ayɛ adwene a ɛsan ba wɔ United States amammuonsɛm mu, nnansa yi ara wɔ 2020 Demokratik Parti ɔmanpanin akansi a edi kan no mu.<ref>Lockhart, PR (March 19, 2019). [https://www.vox.com/policy-and-politics/2019/3/11/18246741/reparations-democrats-2020-inequality-warren-harris-castro "The 2020 Democratic primary debate over reparations, explained"]. Vox.</ref> Ɔfrɛ a ɛne sɛ wɔmfa akatua no mu yɛɛ den wɔ afe 2020 mu, wɔ ɔsɔretia a wɔde tia polisifo atirimɔdensɛm ne ''COVID-19'' yaredɔm a abien no nyinaa kunkum Amerikafoɔ Abibifoɔ wɔ ɔkwan a ɛnsɛ so no mu.<ref>[https://www.theguardian.com/world/2020/jun/20/joe-biden-reparations-slavery-george-floyd-protests "Calls for reparations are growing louder. How is the US responding?"]. ''The Guardian''. June 20, 2020. Retrieved July 20, 2020. <q>Several states, localities and private institutions are beginning to grapple with issue, advancing legislation or convening taskforces to develop proposals for reparations.</q></ref> Mpɛn pii no, abibifoɔ mpɔtam ne atwerɛfo na wɔfrɛ sɛ wontua mmusua mu nyiyim ne nyiyim a wɔyɛ wɔ U.S. no ka ka ɔfrɛ a ɛne sɛ wontua nkoasom ho ka no ho.<ref>Cashin, Cheryll (June 21, 2019). [https://www.washingtonpost.com/outlook/reparations-for-slavery-arent-enough-official-racism-lasted-much-longer/2019/06/21/2c0ecbe8-9397-11e9-aadb-74e6b2b46f6a_story.html "Reparations for slavery aren't enough. Official racism lasted much longer"]. ''The Washington Post''.</ref><ref name=":2">[https://web.archive.org/web/20200615185752/https://www.blackavldemands.org/ "Black Asheville Demands – Reparations Section"]. June 26, 2020. Archived from the original on June 15, 2020. Retrieved July 12, 2020.</ref><ref>Coates, Ta-Nehisi (June 1, 2014). [https://www.theatlantic.com/magazine/archive/2014/06/the-case-for-reparations/361631/ "The Case for Reparations"]. ''The Atlantic''.</ref><ref>Marable, Manning. [https://rethinkingschools.org/articles/racism-and-reparations/ "Racism and Reparations: The time has come for whites to acknowledge the legacy of nearly 250 years of slavery and almost 100 years of legalized segregation"]. Retrieved September 18, 2020.</ref> Adwene a ɛne sɛ wɔbɛtua wɔn ka no da so ara yɛ akyinnyegye kɛse, esiane nsemmisa ahoroɔ a ɛfa sɛnea wɔde bɛma, sika dodoɔ a wɔde bɛma, onii a obɛtua, ne onii a obɛgye ho nti.<ref>Alfred L. Brophy, The Cultural War over Reparations for Slavery, 53 DePaul Law Review 1181–1213, 1182–1184 (Spring 2004)</ref><ref name=":3">Jones, Thai (January 31, 2020). [https://www.washingtonpost.com/outlook/2020/01/31/slavery-reparations-seem-impossible-many-places-theyre-already-happening/?arc404=true "Slavery reparations seem impossible. In many places, they're already happening"]. ''The Washington Post''. Retrieved July 12, 2020.</ref> Akwan a wɔfa so tua ka a kuro, mantam, ɔman, ne ɔman aban anaa ankorankoro ahyehyɛdeɛ ahoroɔ ahyɛ ho nyansa wɔ ''United States'' no bi ne: ankorankoro sika a wotua, sika a wɔde besiesie, sika a wɔde ma, sika a wɔde tua ho ka, ne nhyehyɛeɛ mu nhyehyɛeɛ ahoroɔ a wɔde besi ntɛnkyea ano, akatua a egyina asase so a ɛfa ahofadi ho, kyɛwpa ne ntɛnkyea no a wogye tum, sɛnkyerɛnne kwan so nneɛma (te sɛ ɔdan bi a wɔbɛbɔ din de ato obi),<ref name=":1" /> ne nkaedum ne mmɔnten a wɔde din ato nkoa wuranom ne wɔn a wɔbɔ nkoasom ho ban a woyi firi hɔ.<ref name=":2" /><ref>Kepley-Steward, Kristy; Santostasi, Stephanie (July 10, 2020). [https://wlos.com/news/local/vance-monument-robert-e-lee-confederate-monuments-downtown-asheville-removed-covered "Confederate monuments in downtown Asheville removed or covered"]. ''WLOS''. Retrieved July 12, 2020.</ref> Esiane sɛ ntɛnkyea ne nyiyimu foforɔ akɔ so firi berɛ a wɔberaa nkoasom wɔ U.S. nti,<ref>[https://time.com/5851855/systemic-racism-america/ "America's Long Overdue Awakening to Systemic Racism"]. ''Time''. June 11, 2020. Retrieved July 12, 2020.</ref><ref>Jan, Tracy (March 28, 2020). [https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/wonk/wp/2018/03/28/redlining-was-banned-50-years-ago-its-still-hurting-minorities-today/ "Redlining was banned 50 years ago. It's still hurting minorities today"]. ''The Washington Post''. Retrieved July 12, 2020.</ref><ref>Mitchell, Bruce; Franco, Juan (March 20, 2018). [https://ncrc.org/holc/ "HOLC "redlining" maps: The persistent structure of segregation and economic inequality"]. Retrieved July 12, 2020.</ref><ref>Nelson, Libby; Lind, Dara (February 24, 2015). [http://www.justicepolicy.org/news/8775 "The school to prison pipeline, explained"]. Retrieved July 12, 2020.</ref><ref>[https://www.sentencingproject.org/publications/un-report-on-racial-disparities/ "Report to the United Nations on Racial Disparities in the U.S. Criminal Justice System"]. April 19, 2020. Retrieved July 12, 2020.</ref> abibifoɔ mpɔtam bi ne ahyehyɛdeɛ ahoroɔ a ɛhwɛ ɔmanfoɔ ho kwan ahoroɔ so aka sɛ wontua saa ntɛnkyea ahoroɔ no ho ka ne afei nso sɛ wontua wɔn ka a ɛfa nkoasom ho tẽẽ.<ref name=":3" /><ref name=":2" /> Ebinom kyerɛ sɛ U.S. afiase nhyehyɛeɛ no, a efiri ase firi nhyehyɛeɛ a wɔde ma wɔn a wɔabu wɔn fɔ no so na ɛkɔ so denam nnɛyi adwumakuo a aban na ɛwɔ so a wɔfrɛ no ''Federal Prison Industries (UNICOR)'' so no yɛ nnɛyi mmara kwan so nkoasom a ɛda so ara ka abibifoɔ ne nnipa nketewa afoforoɔ titiriw na ɛnsɛ denam ɔko a wɔde ko tia nnubɔne ne nea wɔakasa atia sɛ ɛyɛ nsukwan a wɔde firi sukuu kɔ afiase no so.<ref>Love, David; Das, Vijay (September 9, 2017). [https://www.aljazeera.com/indepth/opinion/2017/09/slavery-prison-system-170901082522072.html "Slavery in the US prison system"]. ''Al Jazeera''. Retrieved July 12, 2020.</ref> == U.S. abakɔsɛm mu nsɛm a ɛfa ho == '''Wɔ atubrafoɔ mmerɛ mu''' Akyinnyegye a ɛfa akatua ho no firi afeha a ɛto so dunwɔtwe no mu tɔnn. Ɛkame ayɛ sɛ Quakerfoɔ a na wɔyɛ wɔn a wodii kan hwehwɛɛ sɛ wotu ase wɔ United States no bi de adwene koro sii so dua sɛ nkoa a wɔade wɔn ho no wɔ hokwan sɛ wonya akatua firi wɔn kane wuranom hɔ. Sɛ owura bi nuu ne ho wɔ bɔne a ɔyɛe sɛ ɔwɔ akoa a wɔde nneɛma gu mu a, ɛsɛ sɛ ɔpata no denam nsiesie a obesiesie so. Quakerfoɔ faa Deuteronomium nhoma a wɔhyɛɛ wuranom fo sɛ wɔne wɔn a na anka wɔyɛ nkoa nkyɛ wɔn nneɛma no mu asɛm kae. Wɔ Ɔman Anidan Ko no mu no, Warner Mifflin kamfoo kyerɛe sɛ wɔmfa sika mma wɔn a na anka wɔyɛ nkoa a wɔade wɔn ho no bio wɔ 1778 mu tɔnn, wɔ sika a wotua, asase, ne nnɔbae ho nhyehyɛe a wɔkyɛ mu. Gary B. Nash kyerɛw sɛ, "ebia wɔbɛfrɛ no wɔ ɔkwan a ɛfata so sɛ Amerikafoɔ reparationism agya". == Wɔn a wɔsan ba wɔn man mu ne COVID-19 == Wɔ coronavirus yareɛ no nti, nnipa a wɔn honam ani yɛ tuntum no mu pii no na wɔyɛɛ sɛ wɔbɛyi wɔn adi ama wɔn ho akyere wɔn wɔ sikasɛm mu na yareɛ no bɛtumi akum wɔn<ref>{{Citation |title=CHAPTER 4. BLACK AMERICANS IN WHITE COLLARS |date=2020-08-31 |url=https://doi.org/10.1515/9781501757303-006 |work=Moving Up, Moving Out |pages=93–122 |publisher=Cornell University Press |access-date=2025-06-21}}</ref>. Sɛ nhwɛsoɔ no, 40% a wɔyɛ abibifoɔ nnwuma no ato mu koraa efi bosome no mu esiane yareɛ no nti, sɛ wɔde toto 17% a wɔyɛ abibifoɔ nnwuma wɔ berɛ korɔ no ara mu no ho<ref>{{Citation |last=Khristopher J. Brooks Reporter, MoneyWatch Khristopher J. Brooks is a reporter for CBS MoneyWatch He previously worked as a reporter for the Omaha World-Herald, Newsday, the Florida Times-Union His reporting primarily focuses on the U. S. housing market, The Business of Sports, bankruptcy Read Full Bio Khristopher J. Brooks |title=40% of black-owned businesses not expected to survive coronavirus - CBS News |date=2020-06-22 |url=https://www.cbsnews.com/news/black-owned-busineses-close-thousands-coronavirus-pandemic/ |language=en-US |access-date=2025-06-21}}</ref>. Eyi fa nokwasɛm a ɛyɛ sɛ aborɔfo mmusua anya wɔn agyapade mmɔho du sen abibifoɔ mmusua no ho<ref>{{Citation |last=Julian Kunnie |title=Justice Never Too Late: The Historical Background to Current Reparations Movements among Africans and African Americans |date=2018-03 |url=https://www.journals.uchicago.edu/doi/10.1086/696364 |work=The Journal of African American History |volume=103 |issue=1-2 |pages=44–64 |language=en |doi=10.1086/696364 |issn=1548-1867 |access-date=2025-06-21}}</ref>. Eyi ma abibifo a wɔyɛ wɔn ankasa adwuma no nya sika ne bosea, na wonni bammɔ a aborɔfo a wɔyɛ wɔn ankasa adwuma nya no bi. Bio nso, Afrika-Amerikanfo kɔ so nya COVID-19 yareɛ na wɔwuwu wɔ nnipa dodoɔ a wɔn dodoɔ borɔ wɔn dodow so mpɛn 1.5<ref name=":0">{{Citation |last=Madeleine Short Fabic, Yoonjoung Choi, David Bishai |title=Deaths among COVID Cases in the United States: Racial and Ethnic Disparities Persist |date=2020-11-16 |url=https://doi.org/10.1101/2020.11.15.20232066 |access-date=2025-06-21}}</ref>. Wɔ Ɔsanaa bosome mu wɔ afe 2020 mu no, CDC de data a ɛkyerɛ sɛ abibifo, Latinfo, ne Amerika Indiafo rehyia ayaresabea mu yareɛ mpɛn 4.5 kosi 5.5 sene abibifo a wɔnnyɛ Hispanic, ne sɛ Afrika Amerikafo rewu mpɛn 2.4 sene abibifo<ref name=":0" />. == Baabi a menyaa mmoa firiiɛ == <references /> [[Nkyekyεmu:Africa Wiki Challenge]] [[Nkyekyεmu:2025]] 96h91tnkhrpzko2p6w32gnml6ujhkzx 191399 191398 2025-07-11T15:25:10Z Emmanuel Anin 20149 191399 wikitext text/x-wiki ''Wɔatwerɛ nsɛm wei wɔ '''Asante Twi''' mu'' '''Reparations for slavery''' yɛ adwene a ɛne sɛ wɔde akatua ho ka no di dwuma ma wɔn a wɔayɛ wɔn nkoa anaa wɔn asefo. Adwene ahoroɔ wɔ hɔ a ɛfa akatua ho wɔ mmara nyansapɛ mu ne akatua ho wɔ nsakraeɛ atɛntrenee mu. Wɔ U.S. no, wɔde nkoasom ho akatua ama denam mmara kwan so gyinaesi wɔ asɛnnibea ne/anaasɛ ankorɛankorɛ ne ahyehyɛde ahodoɔ firi wɔn pɛ mu (a asɛnnibea gyinaesi biara nni ho) so.<ref>Medish, Mark; Lucichref, Daniel (August 30, 2019). [https://www.nbcnews.com/think/opinion/congress-must-officially-apologize-slavery-america-can-think-about-reparations-ncna1047561 "Congress must officially apologize for slavery before America can think about reparations"]. ''NBC News''. Retrieved July 12, 2020.</ref><ref name=":1">Davis, Allen (May 11, 2020). [https://guides.library.umass.edu/reparations "An Historical Timeline of Reparations Payments Made From 1783 through 2020 by the United States Government, States, Cities, Religious Institutions, Colleges and Universities, and Corporations"]. University of Massachusetts Amherst. Retrieved July 12, 2020</ref> Asɛm a edi kan a wɔatwerɛ ato hɔ a ɛfa nkoasom ho akatua ho wɔ United States ne kanee akoa Belinda Royall wɔ 1783 mu, a na ɛyɛ pɛnhyen sika, na efi saa berɛ no wɔda so ara hyɛ nyansa sɛ wɔmfa ntua wɔn ka. Ɛde besi ɛnnɛ no, wɔmfaa aban mmara biara a ɛfa akatua ho mmara biara mmae.<ref>[https://royallhouse.org/why-was-belindas-petition-approved/ "Why Was Belinda's Petition Approved?"]. ''The Royall House and Slave Quarters''. December 27, 2017. Retrieved October 29, 2020.</ref> 1865 ''Special Field Orders No. 15'' ("''Acre'' aduanan ne afurum") ne mmɔden a wonim no yiye sen biara a wɔbɔe sɛ wɔbɛboa nkoa a wɔade wɔn ho foforo ma wɔde wɔn ho ahyɛ ɔmanfo mu na wɔaboaboa ahonyade ano.<ref>Darity, William (2020). ''From Here to Equality: Reparations for Black Americans in the Twenty-First Century''. Chapel Hill: The University of North Carolina Press. ISBN <bdi>[[:en:Special:BookSources/978-1469654973|978-1469654973]]</bdi>.</ref> Nanso, Ɔmanpanin Andrew Johnson danee saa ahyɛdeɛ yi, na ɔsan de asase no maa ne kanee Konfederate wuranom. Akatua ayɛ adwene a ɛsan ba wɔ United States amammuonsɛm mu, nnansa yi ara wɔ 2020 Demokratik Parti ɔmanpanin akansi a edi kan no mu.<ref>Lockhart, PR (March 19, 2019). [https://www.vox.com/policy-and-politics/2019/3/11/18246741/reparations-democrats-2020-inequality-warren-harris-castro "The 2020 Democratic primary debate over reparations, explained"]. Vox.</ref> Ɔfrɛ a ɛne sɛ wɔmfa akatua no mu yɛɛ den wɔ afe 2020 mu, wɔ ɔsɔretia a wɔde tia polisifo atirimɔdensɛm ne ''COVID-19'' yaredɔm a abien no nyinaa kunkum Amerikafoɔ Abibifoɔ wɔ ɔkwan a ɛnsɛ so no mu.<ref>[https://www.theguardian.com/world/2020/jun/20/joe-biden-reparations-slavery-george-floyd-protests "Calls for reparations are growing louder. How is the US responding?"]. ''The Guardian''. June 20, 2020. Retrieved July 20, 2020. <q>Several states, localities and private institutions are beginning to grapple with issue, advancing legislation or convening taskforces to develop proposals for reparations.</q></ref> Mpɛn pii no, abibifoɔ mpɔtam ne atwerɛfo na wɔfrɛ sɛ wontua mmusua mu nyiyim ne nyiyim a wɔyɛ wɔ U.S. no ka ka ɔfrɛ a ɛne sɛ wontua nkoasom ho ka no ho.<ref>Cashin, Cheryll (June 21, 2019). [https://www.washingtonpost.com/outlook/reparations-for-slavery-arent-enough-official-racism-lasted-much-longer/2019/06/21/2c0ecbe8-9397-11e9-aadb-74e6b2b46f6a_story.html "Reparations for slavery aren't enough. Official racism lasted much longer"]. ''The Washington Post''.</ref><ref name=":2">[https://web.archive.org/web/20200615185752/https://www.blackavldemands.org/ "Black Asheville Demands – Reparations Section"]. June 26, 2020. Archived from the original on June 15, 2020. Retrieved July 12, 2020.</ref><ref>Coates, Ta-Nehisi (June 1, 2014). [https://www.theatlantic.com/magazine/archive/2014/06/the-case-for-reparations/361631/ "The Case for Reparations"]. ''The Atlantic''.</ref><ref>Marable, Manning. [https://rethinkingschools.org/articles/racism-and-reparations/ "Racism and Reparations: The time has come for whites to acknowledge the legacy of nearly 250 years of slavery and almost 100 years of legalized segregation"]. Retrieved September 18, 2020.</ref> Adwene a ɛne sɛ wɔbɛtua wɔn ka no da so ara yɛ akyinnyegye kɛse, esiane nsemmisa ahoroɔ a ɛfa sɛnea wɔde bɛma, sika dodoɔ a wɔde bɛma, onii a obɛtua, ne onii a obɛgye ho nti.<ref>Alfred L. Brophy, The Cultural War over Reparations for Slavery, 53 DePaul Law Review 1181–1213, 1182–1184 (Spring 2004)</ref><ref name=":3">Jones, Thai (January 31, 2020). [https://www.washingtonpost.com/outlook/2020/01/31/slavery-reparations-seem-impossible-many-places-theyre-already-happening/?arc404=true "Slavery reparations seem impossible. In many places, they're already happening"]. ''The Washington Post''. Retrieved July 12, 2020.</ref> Akwan a wɔfa so tua ka a kuro, mantam, ɔman, ne ɔman aban anaa ankorankoro ahyehyɛdeɛ ahoroɔ ahyɛ ho nyansa wɔ ''United States'' no bi ne: ankorankoro sika a wotua, sika a wɔde besiesie, sika a wɔde ma, sika a wɔde tua ho ka, ne nhyehyɛeɛ mu nhyehyɛeɛ ahoroɔ a wɔde besi ntɛnkyea ano, akatua a egyina asase so a ɛfa ahofadi ho, kyɛwpa ne ntɛnkyea no a wogye tum, sɛnkyerɛnne kwan so nneɛma (te sɛ ɔdan bi a wɔbɛbɔ din de ato obi),<ref name=":1" /> ne nkaedum ne mmɔnten a wɔde din ato nkoa wuranom ne wɔn a wɔbɔ nkoasom ho ban a woyi firi hɔ.<ref name=":2" /><ref>Kepley-Steward, Kristy; Santostasi, Stephanie (July 10, 2020). [https://wlos.com/news/local/vance-monument-robert-e-lee-confederate-monuments-downtown-asheville-removed-covered "Confederate monuments in downtown Asheville removed or covered"]. ''WLOS''. Retrieved July 12, 2020.</ref> Esiane sɛ ntɛnkyea ne nyiyimu foforɔ akɔ so firi berɛ a wɔberaa nkoasom wɔ U.S. nti,<ref>[https://time.com/5851855/systemic-racism-america/ "America's Long Overdue Awakening to Systemic Racism"]. ''Time''. June 11, 2020. Retrieved July 12, 2020.</ref><ref>Jan, Tracy (March 28, 2020). [https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/wonk/wp/2018/03/28/redlining-was-banned-50-years-ago-its-still-hurting-minorities-today/ "Redlining was banned 50 years ago. It's still hurting minorities today"]. ''The Washington Post''. Retrieved July 12, 2020.</ref><ref>Mitchell, Bruce; Franco, Juan (March 20, 2018). [https://ncrc.org/holc/ "HOLC "redlining" maps: The persistent structure of segregation and economic inequality"]. Retrieved July 12, 2020.</ref><ref>Nelson, Libby; Lind, Dara (February 24, 2015). [http://www.justicepolicy.org/news/8775 "The school to prison pipeline, explained"]. Retrieved July 12, 2020.</ref><ref>[https://www.sentencingproject.org/publications/un-report-on-racial-disparities/ "Report to the United Nations on Racial Disparities in the U.S. Criminal Justice System"]. April 19, 2020. Retrieved July 12, 2020.</ref> abibifoɔ mpɔtam bi ne ahyehyɛdeɛ ahoroɔ a ɛhwɛ ɔmanfoɔ ho kwan ahoroɔ so aka sɛ wontua saa ntɛnkyea ahoroɔ no ho ka ne afei nso sɛ wontua wɔn ka a ɛfa nkoasom ho tẽẽ.<ref name=":3" /><ref name=":2" /> Ebinom kyerɛ sɛ U.S. afiase nhyehyɛeɛ no, a efiri ase firi nhyehyɛeɛ a wɔde ma wɔn a wɔabu wɔn fɔ no so na ɛkɔ so denam nnɛyi adwumakuo a aban na ɛwɔ so a wɔfrɛ no ''Federal Prison Industries (UNICOR)'' so no yɛ nnɛyi mmara kwan so nkoasom a ɛda so ara ka abibifoɔ ne nnipa nketewa afoforoɔ titiriw na ɛnsɛ denam ɔko a wɔde ko tia nnubɔne ne nea wɔakasa atia sɛ ɛyɛ nsukwan a wɔde firi sukuu kɔ afiase no so.<ref>Love, David; Das, Vijay (September 9, 2017). [https://www.aljazeera.com/indepth/opinion/2017/09/slavery-prison-system-170901082522072.html "Slavery in the US prison system"]. ''Al Jazeera''. Retrieved July 12, 2020.</ref> == U.S. abakɔsɛm mu nsɛm a ɛfa ho == '''Wɔ atubrafoɔ mmerɛ mu''' Akyinnyegye a ɛfa akatua ho no firi afeha a ɛto so dunwɔtwe no mu tɔnn. Ɛkame ayɛ sɛ Quakerfoɔ a na wɔyɛ wɔn a wodii kan hwehwɛɛ sɛ wotu ase wɔ United States no bi de adwene koro sii so dua sɛ nkoa a wɔade wɔn ho no wɔ hokwan sɛ wonya akatua firi wɔn kane wuranom hɔ. Sɛ owura bi nuu ne ho wɔ bɔne a ɔyɛe sɛ ɔwɔ akoa a wɔde nneɛma gu mu a, ɛsɛ sɛ ɔpata no denam nsiesie a obesiesie so. Quakerfoɔ faa Deuteronomium nhoma a wɔhyɛɛ wuranom fo sɛ wɔne wɔn a na anka wɔyɛ nkoa nkyɛ wɔn nneɛma no mu asɛm kae.<ref>Brown University Steering Committee on Slavery and Justice (2007). ''[https://www.brown.edu/Research/Slavery_Justice/documents/SlaveryAndJustice.pdf Slavery and Justice]'' (PDF). Brown University. OCLC [https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/301709830 301709830].</ref>^:60 Wɔ Ɔman Anidan Ko no mu no, Warner Mifflin kamfoo kyerɛe sɛ wɔmfa sika mma wɔn a na anka wɔyɛ nkoa a wɔade wɔn ho no bio wɔ 1778 mu tɔnn, wɔ sika a wotua, asase, ne nnɔbae ho nhyehyɛe a wɔkyɛ mu. Gary B. Nash kyerɛw sɛ, "ebia wɔbɛfrɛ no wɔ ɔkwan a ɛfata so sɛ Amerikafoɔ reparationism agya". == Wɔn a wɔsan ba wɔn man mu ne COVID-19 == Wɔ coronavirus yareɛ no nti, nnipa a wɔn honam ani yɛ tuntum no mu pii no na wɔyɛɛ sɛ wɔbɛyi wɔn adi ama wɔn ho akyere wɔn wɔ sikasɛm mu na yareɛ no bɛtumi akum wɔn<ref>{{Citation |title=CHAPTER 4. BLACK AMERICANS IN WHITE COLLARS |date=2020-08-31 |url=https://doi.org/10.1515/9781501757303-006 |work=Moving Up, Moving Out |pages=93–122 |publisher=Cornell University Press |access-date=2025-06-21}}</ref>. Sɛ nhwɛsoɔ no, 40% a wɔyɛ abibifoɔ nnwuma no ato mu koraa efi bosome no mu esiane yareɛ no nti, sɛ wɔde toto 17% a wɔyɛ abibifoɔ nnwuma wɔ berɛ korɔ no ara mu no ho<ref>{{Citation |last=Khristopher J. Brooks Reporter, MoneyWatch Khristopher J. Brooks is a reporter for CBS MoneyWatch He previously worked as a reporter for the Omaha World-Herald, Newsday, the Florida Times-Union His reporting primarily focuses on the U. S. housing market, The Business of Sports, bankruptcy Read Full Bio Khristopher J. Brooks |title=40% of black-owned businesses not expected to survive coronavirus - CBS News |date=2020-06-22 |url=https://www.cbsnews.com/news/black-owned-busineses-close-thousands-coronavirus-pandemic/ |language=en-US |access-date=2025-06-21}}</ref>. Eyi fa nokwasɛm a ɛyɛ sɛ aborɔfo mmusua anya wɔn agyapade mmɔho du sen abibifoɔ mmusua no ho<ref>{{Citation |last=Julian Kunnie |title=Justice Never Too Late: The Historical Background to Current Reparations Movements among Africans and African Americans |date=2018-03 |url=https://www.journals.uchicago.edu/doi/10.1086/696364 |work=The Journal of African American History |volume=103 |issue=1-2 |pages=44–64 |language=en |doi=10.1086/696364 |issn=1548-1867 |access-date=2025-06-21}}</ref>. Eyi ma abibifo a wɔyɛ wɔn ankasa adwuma no nya sika ne bosea, na wonni bammɔ a aborɔfo a wɔyɛ wɔn ankasa adwuma nya no bi. Bio nso, Afrika-Amerikanfo kɔ so nya COVID-19 yareɛ na wɔwuwu wɔ nnipa dodoɔ a wɔn dodoɔ borɔ wɔn dodow so mpɛn 1.5<ref name=":0">{{Citation |last=Madeleine Short Fabic, Yoonjoung Choi, David Bishai |title=Deaths among COVID Cases in the United States: Racial and Ethnic Disparities Persist |date=2020-11-16 |url=https://doi.org/10.1101/2020.11.15.20232066 |access-date=2025-06-21}}</ref>. Wɔ Ɔsanaa bosome mu wɔ afe 2020 mu no, CDC de data a ɛkyerɛ sɛ abibifo, Latinfo, ne Amerika Indiafo rehyia ayaresabea mu yareɛ mpɛn 4.5 kosi 5.5 sene abibifo a wɔnnyɛ Hispanic, ne sɛ Afrika Amerikafo rewu mpɛn 2.4 sene abibifo<ref name=":0" />. == Baabi a menyaa mmoa firiiɛ == <references /> [[Nkyekyεmu:Africa Wiki Challenge]] [[Nkyekyεmu:2025]] kgmeodarnkvscd3w3xox6izd861hvro 191400 191399 2025-07-11T15:33:08Z Emmanuel Anin 20149 191400 wikitext text/x-wiki ''Wɔatwerɛ nsɛm wei wɔ '''Asante Twi''' mu'' '''Reparations for slavery''' yɛ adwene a ɛne sɛ wɔde akatua ho ka no di dwuma ma wɔn a wɔayɛ wɔn nkoa anaa wɔn asefo. Adwene ahoroɔ wɔ hɔ a ɛfa akatua ho wɔ mmara nyansapɛ mu ne akatua ho wɔ nsakraeɛ atɛntrenee mu. Wɔ U.S. no, wɔde nkoasom ho akatua ama denam mmara kwan so gyinaesi wɔ asɛnnibea ne/anaasɛ ankorɛankorɛ ne ahyehyɛde ahodoɔ firi wɔn pɛ mu (a asɛnnibea gyinaesi biara nni ho) so.<ref>Medish, Mark; Lucichref, Daniel (August 30, 2019). [https://www.nbcnews.com/think/opinion/congress-must-officially-apologize-slavery-america-can-think-about-reparations-ncna1047561 "Congress must officially apologize for slavery before America can think about reparations"]. ''NBC News''. Retrieved July 12, 2020.</ref><ref name=":1">Davis, Allen (May 11, 2020). [https://guides.library.umass.edu/reparations "An Historical Timeline of Reparations Payments Made From 1783 through 2020 by the United States Government, States, Cities, Religious Institutions, Colleges and Universities, and Corporations"]. University of Massachusetts Amherst. Retrieved July 12, 2020</ref> Asɛm a edi kan a wɔatwerɛ ato hɔ a ɛfa nkoasom ho akatua ho wɔ United States ne kanee akoa Belinda Royall wɔ 1783 mu, a na ɛyɛ pɛnhyen sika, na efi saa berɛ no wɔda so ara hyɛ nyansa sɛ wɔmfa ntua wɔn ka. Ɛde besi ɛnnɛ no, wɔmfaa aban mmara biara a ɛfa akatua ho mmara biara mmae.<ref>[https://royallhouse.org/why-was-belindas-petition-approved/ "Why Was Belinda's Petition Approved?"]. ''The Royall House and Slave Quarters''. December 27, 2017. Retrieved October 29, 2020.</ref> 1865 ''Special Field Orders No. 15'' ("''Acre'' aduanan ne afurum") ne mmɔden a wonim no yiye sen biara a wɔbɔe sɛ wɔbɛboa nkoa a wɔade wɔn ho foforo ma wɔde wɔn ho ahyɛ ɔmanfo mu na wɔaboaboa ahonyade ano.<ref>Darity, William (2020). ''From Here to Equality: Reparations for Black Americans in the Twenty-First Century''. Chapel Hill: The University of North Carolina Press. ISBN <bdi>[[:en:Special:BookSources/978-1469654973|978-1469654973]]</bdi>.</ref> Nanso, Ɔmanpanin Andrew Johnson danee saa ahyɛdeɛ yi, na ɔsan de asase no maa ne kanee Konfederate wuranom. Akatua ayɛ adwene a ɛsan ba wɔ United States amammuonsɛm mu, nnansa yi ara wɔ 2020 Demokratik Parti ɔmanpanin akansi a edi kan no mu.<ref>Lockhart, PR (March 19, 2019). [https://www.vox.com/policy-and-politics/2019/3/11/18246741/reparations-democrats-2020-inequality-warren-harris-castro "The 2020 Democratic primary debate over reparations, explained"]. Vox.</ref> Ɔfrɛ a ɛne sɛ wɔmfa akatua no mu yɛɛ den wɔ afe 2020 mu, wɔ ɔsɔretia a wɔde tia polisifo atirimɔdensɛm ne ''COVID-19'' yaredɔm a abien no nyinaa kunkum Amerikafoɔ Abibifoɔ wɔ ɔkwan a ɛnsɛ so no mu.<ref>[https://www.theguardian.com/world/2020/jun/20/joe-biden-reparations-slavery-george-floyd-protests "Calls for reparations are growing louder. How is the US responding?"]. ''The Guardian''. June 20, 2020. Retrieved July 20, 2020. <q>Several states, localities and private institutions are beginning to grapple with issue, advancing legislation or convening taskforces to develop proposals for reparations.</q></ref> Mpɛn pii no, abibifoɔ mpɔtam ne atwerɛfo na wɔfrɛ sɛ wontua mmusua mu nyiyim ne nyiyim a wɔyɛ wɔ U.S. no ka ka ɔfrɛ a ɛne sɛ wontua nkoasom ho ka no ho.<ref>Cashin, Cheryll (June 21, 2019). [https://www.washingtonpost.com/outlook/reparations-for-slavery-arent-enough-official-racism-lasted-much-longer/2019/06/21/2c0ecbe8-9397-11e9-aadb-74e6b2b46f6a_story.html "Reparations for slavery aren't enough. Official racism lasted much longer"]. ''The Washington Post''.</ref><ref name=":2">[https://web.archive.org/web/20200615185752/https://www.blackavldemands.org/ "Black Asheville Demands – Reparations Section"]. June 26, 2020. Archived from the original on June 15, 2020. Retrieved July 12, 2020.</ref><ref>Coates, Ta-Nehisi (June 1, 2014). [https://www.theatlantic.com/magazine/archive/2014/06/the-case-for-reparations/361631/ "The Case for Reparations"]. ''The Atlantic''.</ref><ref>Marable, Manning. [https://rethinkingschools.org/articles/racism-and-reparations/ "Racism and Reparations: The time has come for whites to acknowledge the legacy of nearly 250 years of slavery and almost 100 years of legalized segregation"]. Retrieved September 18, 2020.</ref> Adwene a ɛne sɛ wɔbɛtua wɔn ka no da so ara yɛ akyinnyegye kɛse, esiane nsemmisa ahoroɔ a ɛfa sɛnea wɔde bɛma, sika dodoɔ a wɔde bɛma, onii a obɛtua, ne onii a obɛgye ho nti.<ref>Alfred L. Brophy, The Cultural War over Reparations for Slavery, 53 DePaul Law Review 1181–1213, 1182–1184 (Spring 2004)</ref><ref name=":3">Jones, Thai (January 31, 2020). [https://www.washingtonpost.com/outlook/2020/01/31/slavery-reparations-seem-impossible-many-places-theyre-already-happening/?arc404=true "Slavery reparations seem impossible. In many places, they're already happening"]. ''The Washington Post''. Retrieved July 12, 2020.</ref> Akwan a wɔfa so tua ka a kuro, mantam, ɔman, ne ɔman aban anaa ankorankoro ahyehyɛdeɛ ahoroɔ ahyɛ ho nyansa wɔ ''United States'' no bi ne: ankorankoro sika a wotua, sika a wɔde besiesie, sika a wɔde ma, sika a wɔde tua ho ka, ne nhyehyɛeɛ mu nhyehyɛeɛ ahoroɔ a wɔde besi ntɛnkyea ano, akatua a egyina asase so a ɛfa ahofadi ho, kyɛwpa ne ntɛnkyea no a wogye tum, sɛnkyerɛnne kwan so nneɛma (te sɛ ɔdan bi a wɔbɛbɔ din de ato obi),<ref name=":1" /> ne nkaedum ne mmɔnten a wɔde din ato nkoa wuranom ne wɔn a wɔbɔ nkoasom ho ban a woyi firi hɔ.<ref name=":2" /><ref>Kepley-Steward, Kristy; Santostasi, Stephanie (July 10, 2020). [https://wlos.com/news/local/vance-monument-robert-e-lee-confederate-monuments-downtown-asheville-removed-covered "Confederate monuments in downtown Asheville removed or covered"]. ''WLOS''. Retrieved July 12, 2020.</ref> Esiane sɛ ntɛnkyea ne nyiyimu foforɔ akɔ so firi berɛ a wɔberaa nkoasom wɔ U.S. nti,<ref>[https://time.com/5851855/systemic-racism-america/ "America's Long Overdue Awakening to Systemic Racism"]. ''Time''. June 11, 2020. Retrieved July 12, 2020.</ref><ref>Jan, Tracy (March 28, 2020). [https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/wonk/wp/2018/03/28/redlining-was-banned-50-years-ago-its-still-hurting-minorities-today/ "Redlining was banned 50 years ago. It's still hurting minorities today"]. ''The Washington Post''. Retrieved July 12, 2020.</ref><ref>Mitchell, Bruce; Franco, Juan (March 20, 2018). [https://ncrc.org/holc/ "HOLC "redlining" maps: The persistent structure of segregation and economic inequality"]. Retrieved July 12, 2020.</ref><ref>Nelson, Libby; Lind, Dara (February 24, 2015). [http://www.justicepolicy.org/news/8775 "The school to prison pipeline, explained"]. Retrieved July 12, 2020.</ref><ref>[https://www.sentencingproject.org/publications/un-report-on-racial-disparities/ "Report to the United Nations on Racial Disparities in the U.S. Criminal Justice System"]. April 19, 2020. Retrieved July 12, 2020.</ref> abibifoɔ mpɔtam bi ne ahyehyɛdeɛ ahoroɔ a ɛhwɛ ɔmanfoɔ ho kwan ahoroɔ so aka sɛ wontua saa ntɛnkyea ahoroɔ no ho ka ne afei nso sɛ wontua wɔn ka a ɛfa nkoasom ho tẽẽ.<ref name=":3" /><ref name=":2" /> Ebinom kyerɛ sɛ U.S. afiase nhyehyɛeɛ no, a efiri ase firi nhyehyɛeɛ a wɔde ma wɔn a wɔabu wɔn fɔ no so na ɛkɔ so denam nnɛyi adwumakuo a aban na ɛwɔ so a wɔfrɛ no ''Federal Prison Industries (UNICOR)'' so no yɛ nnɛyi mmara kwan so nkoasom a ɛda so ara ka abibifoɔ ne nnipa nketewa afoforoɔ titiriw na ɛnsɛ denam ɔko a wɔde ko tia nnubɔne ne nea wɔakasa atia sɛ ɛyɛ nsukwan a wɔde firi sukuu kɔ afiase no so.<ref>Love, David; Das, Vijay (September 9, 2017). [https://www.aljazeera.com/indepth/opinion/2017/09/slavery-prison-system-170901082522072.html "Slavery in the US prison system"]. ''Al Jazeera''. Retrieved July 12, 2020.</ref> == U.S. abakɔsɛm mu nsɛm a ɛfa ho == '''Wɔ atubrafoɔ mmerɛ mu''' Akyinnyegye a ɛfa akatua ho no firi afeha a ɛto so dunwɔtwe no mu tɔnn. Ɛkame ayɛ sɛ Quakerfoɔ a na wɔyɛ wɔn a wodii kan hwehwɛɛ sɛ wotu ase wɔ United States no bi de adwene koro sii so dua sɛ nkoa a wɔade wɔn ho no wɔ hokwan sɛ wonya akatua firi wɔn kane wuranom hɔ. Sɛ owura bi nuu ne ho wɔ bɔne a ɔyɛe sɛ ɔwɔ akoa a wɔde nneɛma gu mu a, ɛsɛ sɛ ɔpata no denam nsiesie a obesiesie so. Quakerfoɔ faa Deuteronomium nhoma a wɔhyɛɛ wuranom fo sɛ wɔne wɔn a na anka wɔyɛ nkoa nkyɛ wɔn nneɛma no mu asɛm kae.<ref>Brown University Steering Committee on Slavery and Justice (2007). ''[https://www.brown.edu/Research/Slavery_Justice/documents/SlaveryAndJustice.pdf Slavery and Justice]'' (PDF). Brown University. OCLC [https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/301709830 301709830].</ref>^:60 Wɔ Ɔman Anidan Ko no mu no, Warner Mifflin kamfoo kyerɛe sɛ wɔmfa sika mma wɔn a na anka wɔyɛ nkoa a wɔade wɔn ho no bio wɔ 1778 mu tɔnn, wɔ sika a wotua, asase, ne nnɔbae ho nhyehyɛe a wɔkyɛ mu.<ref>Heller, Mike (March 2019). [https://digitalcommons.georgefox.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=2397&context=qrt "Review of Gary Nash's Warner Mifflin: Unflinching Quaker Abolitionist"]. ''George Fox University''. Retrieved March 5, 2021</ref><ref>Polgar, Paul J. (December 1, 2018). [[doi:10.1093/jahist/jay310|"Warner Mifflin: Unflinching Quaker Abolitionist"]]. ''Journal of American History''. '''105''' (3): 660–661. doi:[[doi:10.1093/jahist/jay310|10.1093/jahist/jay310]]. ISSN [https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0021-8723 0021-8723].</ref> Gary B. Nash kyerɛw sɛ, "ebia wɔbɛfrɛ no wɔ ɔkwan a ɛfata so sɛ Amerikafoɔ reparationism agya". == Wɔn a wɔsan ba wɔn man mu ne COVID-19 == Wɔ coronavirus yareɛ no nti, nnipa a wɔn honam ani yɛ tuntum no mu pii no na wɔyɛɛ sɛ wɔbɛyi wɔn adi ama wɔn ho akyere wɔn wɔ sikasɛm mu na yareɛ no bɛtumi akum wɔn<ref>{{Citation |title=CHAPTER 4. BLACK AMERICANS IN WHITE COLLARS |date=2020-08-31 |url=https://doi.org/10.1515/9781501757303-006 |work=Moving Up, Moving Out |pages=93–122 |publisher=Cornell University Press |access-date=2025-06-21}}</ref>. Sɛ nhwɛsoɔ no, 40% a wɔyɛ abibifoɔ nnwuma no ato mu koraa efi bosome no mu esiane yareɛ no nti, sɛ wɔde toto 17% a wɔyɛ abibifoɔ nnwuma wɔ berɛ korɔ no ara mu no ho<ref>{{Citation |last=Khristopher J. Brooks Reporter, MoneyWatch Khristopher J. Brooks is a reporter for CBS MoneyWatch He previously worked as a reporter for the Omaha World-Herald, Newsday, the Florida Times-Union His reporting primarily focuses on the U. S. housing market, The Business of Sports, bankruptcy Read Full Bio Khristopher J. Brooks |title=40% of black-owned businesses not expected to survive coronavirus - CBS News |date=2020-06-22 |url=https://www.cbsnews.com/news/black-owned-busineses-close-thousands-coronavirus-pandemic/ |language=en-US |access-date=2025-06-21}}</ref>. Eyi fa nokwasɛm a ɛyɛ sɛ aborɔfo mmusua anya wɔn agyapade mmɔho du sen abibifoɔ mmusua no ho<ref>{{Citation |last=Julian Kunnie |title=Justice Never Too Late: The Historical Background to Current Reparations Movements among Africans and African Americans |date=2018-03 |url=https://www.journals.uchicago.edu/doi/10.1086/696364 |work=The Journal of African American History |volume=103 |issue=1-2 |pages=44–64 |language=en |doi=10.1086/696364 |issn=1548-1867 |access-date=2025-06-21}}</ref>. Eyi ma abibifo a wɔyɛ wɔn ankasa adwuma no nya sika ne bosea, na wonni bammɔ a aborɔfo a wɔyɛ wɔn ankasa adwuma nya no bi. Bio nso, Afrika-Amerikanfo kɔ so nya COVID-19 yareɛ na wɔwuwu wɔ nnipa dodoɔ a wɔn dodoɔ borɔ wɔn dodow so mpɛn 1.5<ref name=":0">{{Citation |last=Madeleine Short Fabic, Yoonjoung Choi, David Bishai |title=Deaths among COVID Cases in the United States: Racial and Ethnic Disparities Persist |date=2020-11-16 |url=https://doi.org/10.1101/2020.11.15.20232066 |access-date=2025-06-21}}</ref>. Wɔ Ɔsanaa bosome mu wɔ afe 2020 mu no, CDC de data a ɛkyerɛ sɛ abibifo, Latinfo, ne Amerika Indiafo rehyia ayaresabea mu yareɛ mpɛn 4.5 kosi 5.5 sene abibifo a wɔnnyɛ Hispanic, ne sɛ Afrika Amerikafo rewu mpɛn 2.4 sene abibifo<ref name=":0" />. == Baabi a menyaa mmoa firiiɛ == <references /> [[Nkyekyεmu:Africa Wiki Challenge]] [[Nkyekyεmu:2025]] 0dinvdr384cqdkp716ux0h5lpjdnbsz 191401 191400 2025-07-11T15:34:35Z Emmanuel Anin 20149 191401 wikitext text/x-wiki ''Wɔatwerɛ nsɛm wei wɔ '''Asante Twi''' mu'' '''Reparations for slavery''' yɛ adwene a ɛne sɛ wɔde akatua ho ka no di dwuma ma wɔn a wɔayɛ wɔn nkoa anaa wɔn asefo. Adwene ahoroɔ wɔ hɔ a ɛfa akatua ho wɔ mmara nyansapɛ mu ne akatua ho wɔ nsakraeɛ atɛntrenee mu. Wɔ U.S. no, wɔde nkoasom ho akatua ama denam mmara kwan so gyinaesi wɔ asɛnnibea ne/anaasɛ ankorɛankorɛ ne ahyehyɛde ahodoɔ firi wɔn pɛ mu (a asɛnnibea gyinaesi biara nni ho) so.<ref>Medish, Mark; Lucichref, Daniel (August 30, 2019). [https://www.nbcnews.com/think/opinion/congress-must-officially-apologize-slavery-america-can-think-about-reparations-ncna1047561 "Congress must officially apologize for slavery before America can think about reparations"]. ''NBC News''. Retrieved July 12, 2020.</ref><ref name=":1">Davis, Allen (May 11, 2020). [https://guides.library.umass.edu/reparations "An Historical Timeline of Reparations Payments Made From 1783 through 2020 by the United States Government, States, Cities, Religious Institutions, Colleges and Universities, and Corporations"]. University of Massachusetts Amherst. Retrieved July 12, 2020</ref> Asɛm a edi kan a wɔatwerɛ ato hɔ a ɛfa nkoasom ho akatua ho wɔ United States ne kanee akoa Belinda Royall wɔ 1783 mu, a na ɛyɛ pɛnhyen sika, na efi saa berɛ no wɔda so ara hyɛ nyansa sɛ wɔmfa ntua wɔn ka. Ɛde besi ɛnnɛ no, wɔmfaa aban mmara biara a ɛfa akatua ho mmara biara mmae.<ref>[https://royallhouse.org/why-was-belindas-petition-approved/ "Why Was Belinda's Petition Approved?"]. ''The Royall House and Slave Quarters''. December 27, 2017. Retrieved October 29, 2020.</ref> 1865 ''Special Field Orders No. 15'' ("''Acre'' aduanan ne afurum") ne mmɔden a wonim no yiye sen biara a wɔbɔe sɛ wɔbɛboa nkoa a wɔade wɔn ho foforo ma wɔde wɔn ho ahyɛ ɔmanfo mu na wɔaboaboa ahonyade ano.<ref>Darity, William (2020). ''From Here to Equality: Reparations for Black Americans in the Twenty-First Century''. Chapel Hill: The University of North Carolina Press. ISBN <bdi>[[:en:Special:BookSources/978-1469654973|978-1469654973]]</bdi>.</ref> Nanso, Ɔmanpanin Andrew Johnson danee saa ahyɛdeɛ yi, na ɔsan de asase no maa ne kanee Konfederate wuranom. Akatua ayɛ adwene a ɛsan ba wɔ United States amammuonsɛm mu, nnansa yi ara wɔ 2020 Demokratik Parti ɔmanpanin akansi a edi kan no mu.<ref>Lockhart, PR (March 19, 2019). [https://www.vox.com/policy-and-politics/2019/3/11/18246741/reparations-democrats-2020-inequality-warren-harris-castro "The 2020 Democratic primary debate over reparations, explained"]. Vox.</ref> Ɔfrɛ a ɛne sɛ wɔmfa akatua no mu yɛɛ den wɔ afe 2020 mu, wɔ ɔsɔretia a wɔde tia polisifo atirimɔdensɛm ne ''COVID-19'' yaredɔm a abien no nyinaa kunkum Amerikafoɔ Abibifoɔ wɔ ɔkwan a ɛnsɛ so no mu.<ref>[https://www.theguardian.com/world/2020/jun/20/joe-biden-reparations-slavery-george-floyd-protests "Calls for reparations are growing louder. How is the US responding?"]. ''The Guardian''. June 20, 2020. Retrieved July 20, 2020. <q>Several states, localities and private institutions are beginning to grapple with issue, advancing legislation or convening taskforces to develop proposals for reparations.</q></ref> Mpɛn pii no, abibifoɔ mpɔtam ne atwerɛfo na wɔfrɛ sɛ wontua mmusua mu nyiyim ne nyiyim a wɔyɛ wɔ U.S. no ka ka ɔfrɛ a ɛne sɛ wontua nkoasom ho ka no ho.<ref>Cashin, Cheryll (June 21, 2019). [https://www.washingtonpost.com/outlook/reparations-for-slavery-arent-enough-official-racism-lasted-much-longer/2019/06/21/2c0ecbe8-9397-11e9-aadb-74e6b2b46f6a_story.html "Reparations for slavery aren't enough. Official racism lasted much longer"]. ''The Washington Post''.</ref><ref name=":2">[https://web.archive.org/web/20200615185752/https://www.blackavldemands.org/ "Black Asheville Demands – Reparations Section"]. June 26, 2020. Archived from the original on June 15, 2020. Retrieved July 12, 2020.</ref><ref>Coates, Ta-Nehisi (June 1, 2014). [https://www.theatlantic.com/magazine/archive/2014/06/the-case-for-reparations/361631/ "The Case for Reparations"]. ''The Atlantic''.</ref><ref>Marable, Manning. [https://rethinkingschools.org/articles/racism-and-reparations/ "Racism and Reparations: The time has come for whites to acknowledge the legacy of nearly 250 years of slavery and almost 100 years of legalized segregation"]. Retrieved September 18, 2020.</ref> Adwene a ɛne sɛ wɔbɛtua wɔn ka no da so ara yɛ akyinnyegye kɛse, esiane nsemmisa ahoroɔ a ɛfa sɛnea wɔde bɛma, sika dodoɔ a wɔde bɛma, onii a obɛtua, ne onii a obɛgye ho nti.<ref>Alfred L. Brophy, The Cultural War over Reparations for Slavery, 53 DePaul Law Review 1181–1213, 1182–1184 (Spring 2004)</ref><ref name=":3">Jones, Thai (January 31, 2020). [https://www.washingtonpost.com/outlook/2020/01/31/slavery-reparations-seem-impossible-many-places-theyre-already-happening/?arc404=true "Slavery reparations seem impossible. In many places, they're already happening"]. ''The Washington Post''. Retrieved July 12, 2020.</ref> Akwan a wɔfa so tua ka a kuro, mantam, ɔman, ne ɔman aban anaa ankorankoro ahyehyɛdeɛ ahoroɔ ahyɛ ho nyansa wɔ ''United States'' no bi ne: ankorankoro sika a wotua, sika a wɔde besiesie, sika a wɔde ma, sika a wɔde tua ho ka, ne nhyehyɛeɛ mu nhyehyɛeɛ ahoroɔ a wɔde besi ntɛnkyea ano, akatua a egyina asase so a ɛfa ahofadi ho, kyɛwpa ne ntɛnkyea no a wogye tum, sɛnkyerɛnne kwan so nneɛma (te sɛ ɔdan bi a wɔbɛbɔ din de ato obi),<ref name=":1" /> ne nkaedum ne mmɔnten a wɔde din ato nkoa wuranom ne wɔn a wɔbɔ nkoasom ho ban a woyi firi hɔ.<ref name=":2" /><ref>Kepley-Steward, Kristy; Santostasi, Stephanie (July 10, 2020). [https://wlos.com/news/local/vance-monument-robert-e-lee-confederate-monuments-downtown-asheville-removed-covered "Confederate monuments in downtown Asheville removed or covered"]. ''WLOS''. Retrieved July 12, 2020.</ref> Esiane sɛ ntɛnkyea ne nyiyimu foforɔ akɔ so firi berɛ a wɔberaa nkoasom wɔ U.S. nti,<ref>[https://time.com/5851855/systemic-racism-america/ "America's Long Overdue Awakening to Systemic Racism"]. ''Time''. June 11, 2020. Retrieved July 12, 2020.</ref><ref>Jan, Tracy (March 28, 2020). [https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/wonk/wp/2018/03/28/redlining-was-banned-50-years-ago-its-still-hurting-minorities-today/ "Redlining was banned 50 years ago. It's still hurting minorities today"]. ''The Washington Post''. Retrieved July 12, 2020.</ref><ref>Mitchell, Bruce; Franco, Juan (March 20, 2018). [https://ncrc.org/holc/ "HOLC "redlining" maps: The persistent structure of segregation and economic inequality"]. Retrieved July 12, 2020.</ref><ref>Nelson, Libby; Lind, Dara (February 24, 2015). [http://www.justicepolicy.org/news/8775 "The school to prison pipeline, explained"]. Retrieved July 12, 2020.</ref><ref>[https://www.sentencingproject.org/publications/un-report-on-racial-disparities/ "Report to the United Nations on Racial Disparities in the U.S. Criminal Justice System"]. April 19, 2020. Retrieved July 12, 2020.</ref> abibifoɔ mpɔtam bi ne ahyehyɛdeɛ ahoroɔ a ɛhwɛ ɔmanfoɔ ho kwan ahoroɔ so aka sɛ wontua saa ntɛnkyea ahoroɔ no ho ka ne afei nso sɛ wontua wɔn ka a ɛfa nkoasom ho tẽẽ.<ref name=":3" /><ref name=":2" /> Ebinom kyerɛ sɛ U.S. afiase nhyehyɛeɛ no, a efiri ase firi nhyehyɛeɛ a wɔde ma wɔn a wɔabu wɔn fɔ no so na ɛkɔ so denam nnɛyi adwumakuo a aban na ɛwɔ so a wɔfrɛ no ''Federal Prison Industries (UNICOR)'' so no yɛ nnɛyi mmara kwan so nkoasom a ɛda so ara ka abibifoɔ ne nnipa nketewa afoforoɔ titiriw na ɛnsɛ denam ɔko a wɔde ko tia nnubɔne ne nea wɔakasa atia sɛ ɛyɛ nsukwan a wɔde firi sukuu kɔ afiase no so.<ref>Love, David; Das, Vijay (September 9, 2017). [https://www.aljazeera.com/indepth/opinion/2017/09/slavery-prison-system-170901082522072.html "Slavery in the US prison system"]. ''Al Jazeera''. Retrieved July 12, 2020.</ref> == U.S. abakɔsɛm mu nsɛm a ɛfa ho == '''Wɔ atubrafoɔ mmerɛ mu''' Akyinnyegye a ɛfa akatua ho no firi afeha a ɛto so dunwɔtwe no mu tɔnn. Ɛkame ayɛ sɛ Quakerfoɔ a na wɔyɛ wɔn a wodii kan hwehwɛɛ sɛ wotu ase wɔ United States no bi de adwene koro sii so dua sɛ nkoa a wɔade wɔn ho no wɔ hokwan sɛ wonya akatua firi wɔn kane wuranom hɔ. Sɛ owura bi nuu ne ho wɔ bɔne a ɔyɛe sɛ ɔwɔ akoa a wɔde nneɛma gu mu a, ɛsɛ sɛ ɔpata no denam nsiesie a obesiesie so. Quakerfoɔ faa Deuteronomium nhoma a wɔhyɛɛ wuranom fo sɛ wɔne wɔn a na anka wɔyɛ nkoa nkyɛ wɔn nneɛma no mu asɛm kae.<ref>Brown University Steering Committee on Slavery and Justice (2007). ''[https://www.brown.edu/Research/Slavery_Justice/documents/SlaveryAndJustice.pdf Slavery and Justice]'' (PDF). Brown University. OCLC [https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/301709830 301709830].</ref>^:60 Wɔ Ɔman Anidan Ko no mu no, Warner Mifflin kamfoo kyerɛe sɛ wɔmfa sika mma wɔn a na anka wɔyɛ nkoa a wɔade wɔn ho no bio wɔ 1778 mu tɔnn, wɔ sika a wotua, asase, ne nnɔbae ho nhyehyɛe a wɔkyɛ mu.<ref>Heller, Mike (March 2019). [https://digitalcommons.georgefox.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=2397&context=qrt "Review of Gary Nash's Warner Mifflin: Unflinching Quaker Abolitionist"]. ''George Fox University''. Retrieved March 5, 2021</ref><ref>Polgar, Paul J. (December 1, 2018). [[doi:10.1093/jahist/jay310|"Warner Mifflin: Unflinching Quaker Abolitionist"]]. ''Journal of American History''. '''105''' (3): 660–661. doi:[[doi:10.1093/jahist/jay310|10.1093/jahist/jay310]]. ISSN [https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0021-8723 0021-8723].</ref><ref>[https://hsp.org/calendar/fearless-and-forgotten-warner-mifflin-quaker-abolitionist-new-nation "The Fearless and Forgotten Warner Mifflin: Quaker Abolitionist of the New Nation"]. ''Historical Society of Pennsylvania''. Retrieved March 5, 2021.</ref> Gary B. Nash kyerɛw sɛ, "ebia wɔbɛfrɛ no wɔ ɔkwan a ɛfata so sɛ Amerikafoɔ reparationism agya". == Wɔn a wɔsan ba wɔn man mu ne COVID-19 == Wɔ coronavirus yareɛ no nti, nnipa a wɔn honam ani yɛ tuntum no mu pii no na wɔyɛɛ sɛ wɔbɛyi wɔn adi ama wɔn ho akyere wɔn wɔ sikasɛm mu na yareɛ no bɛtumi akum wɔn<ref>{{Citation |title=CHAPTER 4. BLACK AMERICANS IN WHITE COLLARS |date=2020-08-31 |url=https://doi.org/10.1515/9781501757303-006 |work=Moving Up, Moving Out |pages=93–122 |publisher=Cornell University Press |access-date=2025-06-21}}</ref>. Sɛ nhwɛsoɔ no, 40% a wɔyɛ abibifoɔ nnwuma no ato mu koraa efi bosome no mu esiane yareɛ no nti, sɛ wɔde toto 17% a wɔyɛ abibifoɔ nnwuma wɔ berɛ korɔ no ara mu no ho<ref>{{Citation |last=Khristopher J. Brooks Reporter, MoneyWatch Khristopher J. Brooks is a reporter for CBS MoneyWatch He previously worked as a reporter for the Omaha World-Herald, Newsday, the Florida Times-Union His reporting primarily focuses on the U. S. housing market, The Business of Sports, bankruptcy Read Full Bio Khristopher J. Brooks |title=40% of black-owned businesses not expected to survive coronavirus - CBS News |date=2020-06-22 |url=https://www.cbsnews.com/news/black-owned-busineses-close-thousands-coronavirus-pandemic/ |language=en-US |access-date=2025-06-21}}</ref>. Eyi fa nokwasɛm a ɛyɛ sɛ aborɔfo mmusua anya wɔn agyapade mmɔho du sen abibifoɔ mmusua no ho<ref>{{Citation |last=Julian Kunnie |title=Justice Never Too Late: The Historical Background to Current Reparations Movements among Africans and African Americans |date=2018-03 |url=https://www.journals.uchicago.edu/doi/10.1086/696364 |work=The Journal of African American History |volume=103 |issue=1-2 |pages=44–64 |language=en |doi=10.1086/696364 |issn=1548-1867 |access-date=2025-06-21}}</ref>. Eyi ma abibifo a wɔyɛ wɔn ankasa adwuma no nya sika ne bosea, na wonni bammɔ a aborɔfo a wɔyɛ wɔn ankasa adwuma nya no bi. Bio nso, Afrika-Amerikanfo kɔ so nya COVID-19 yareɛ na wɔwuwu wɔ nnipa dodoɔ a wɔn dodoɔ borɔ wɔn dodow so mpɛn 1.5<ref name=":0">{{Citation |last=Madeleine Short Fabic, Yoonjoung Choi, David Bishai |title=Deaths among COVID Cases in the United States: Racial and Ethnic Disparities Persist |date=2020-11-16 |url=https://doi.org/10.1101/2020.11.15.20232066 |access-date=2025-06-21}}</ref>. Wɔ Ɔsanaa bosome mu wɔ afe 2020 mu no, CDC de data a ɛkyerɛ sɛ abibifo, Latinfo, ne Amerika Indiafo rehyia ayaresabea mu yareɛ mpɛn 4.5 kosi 5.5 sene abibifo a wɔnnyɛ Hispanic, ne sɛ Afrika Amerikafo rewu mpɛn 2.4 sene abibifo<ref name=":0" />. == Baabi a menyaa mmoa firiiɛ == <references /> [[Nkyekyεmu:Africa Wiki Challenge]] [[Nkyekyεmu:2025]] m9rotmwwcd1mknokoewj8guyivy1ouk 191402 191401 2025-07-11T15:38:17Z Emmanuel Anin 20149 191402 wikitext text/x-wiki ''Wɔatwerɛ nsɛm wei wɔ '''Asante Twi''' mu'' '''Reparations for slavery''' yɛ adwene a ɛne sɛ wɔde akatua ho ka no di dwuma ma wɔn a wɔayɛ wɔn nkoa anaa wɔn asefo. Adwene ahoroɔ wɔ hɔ a ɛfa akatua ho wɔ mmara nyansapɛ mu ne akatua ho wɔ nsakraeɛ atɛntrenee mu. Wɔ U.S. no, wɔde nkoasom ho akatua ama denam mmara kwan so gyinaesi wɔ asɛnnibea ne/anaasɛ ankorɛankorɛ ne ahyehyɛde ahodoɔ firi wɔn pɛ mu (a asɛnnibea gyinaesi biara nni ho) so.<ref>Medish, Mark; Lucichref, Daniel (August 30, 2019). [https://www.nbcnews.com/think/opinion/congress-must-officially-apologize-slavery-america-can-think-about-reparations-ncna1047561 "Congress must officially apologize for slavery before America can think about reparations"]. ''NBC News''. Retrieved July 12, 2020.</ref><ref name=":1">Davis, Allen (May 11, 2020). [https://guides.library.umass.edu/reparations "An Historical Timeline of Reparations Payments Made From 1783 through 2020 by the United States Government, States, Cities, Religious Institutions, Colleges and Universities, and Corporations"]. University of Massachusetts Amherst. Retrieved July 12, 2020</ref> Asɛm a edi kan a wɔatwerɛ ato hɔ a ɛfa nkoasom ho akatua ho wɔ United States ne kanee akoa Belinda Royall wɔ 1783 mu, a na ɛyɛ pɛnhyen sika, na efi saa berɛ no wɔda so ara hyɛ nyansa sɛ wɔmfa ntua wɔn ka. Ɛde besi ɛnnɛ no, wɔmfaa aban mmara biara a ɛfa akatua ho mmara biara mmae.<ref>[https://royallhouse.org/why-was-belindas-petition-approved/ "Why Was Belinda's Petition Approved?"]. ''The Royall House and Slave Quarters''. December 27, 2017. Retrieved October 29, 2020.</ref> 1865 ''Special Field Orders No. 15'' ("''Acre'' aduanan ne afurum") ne mmɔden a wonim no yiye sen biara a wɔbɔe sɛ wɔbɛboa nkoa a wɔade wɔn ho foforo ma wɔde wɔn ho ahyɛ ɔmanfo mu na wɔaboaboa ahonyade ano.<ref>Darity, William (2020). ''From Here to Equality: Reparations for Black Americans in the Twenty-First Century''. Chapel Hill: The University of North Carolina Press. ISBN <bdi>[[:en:Special:BookSources/978-1469654973|978-1469654973]]</bdi>.</ref> Nanso, Ɔmanpanin Andrew Johnson danee saa ahyɛdeɛ yi, na ɔsan de asase no maa ne kanee Konfederate wuranom. Akatua ayɛ adwene a ɛsan ba wɔ United States amammuonsɛm mu, nnansa yi ara wɔ 2020 Demokratik Parti ɔmanpanin akansi a edi kan no mu.<ref>Lockhart, PR (March 19, 2019). [https://www.vox.com/policy-and-politics/2019/3/11/18246741/reparations-democrats-2020-inequality-warren-harris-castro "The 2020 Democratic primary debate over reparations, explained"]. Vox.</ref> Ɔfrɛ a ɛne sɛ wɔmfa akatua no mu yɛɛ den wɔ afe 2020 mu, wɔ ɔsɔretia a wɔde tia polisifo atirimɔdensɛm ne ''COVID-19'' yaredɔm a abien no nyinaa kunkum Amerikafoɔ Abibifoɔ wɔ ɔkwan a ɛnsɛ so no mu.<ref>[https://www.theguardian.com/world/2020/jun/20/joe-biden-reparations-slavery-george-floyd-protests "Calls for reparations are growing louder. How is the US responding?"]. ''The Guardian''. June 20, 2020. Retrieved July 20, 2020. <q>Several states, localities and private institutions are beginning to grapple with issue, advancing legislation or convening taskforces to develop proposals for reparations.</q></ref> Mpɛn pii no, abibifoɔ mpɔtam ne atwerɛfo na wɔfrɛ sɛ wontua mmusua mu nyiyim ne nyiyim a wɔyɛ wɔ U.S. no ka ka ɔfrɛ a ɛne sɛ wontua nkoasom ho ka no ho.<ref>Cashin, Cheryll (June 21, 2019). [https://www.washingtonpost.com/outlook/reparations-for-slavery-arent-enough-official-racism-lasted-much-longer/2019/06/21/2c0ecbe8-9397-11e9-aadb-74e6b2b46f6a_story.html "Reparations for slavery aren't enough. Official racism lasted much longer"]. ''The Washington Post''.</ref><ref name=":2">[https://web.archive.org/web/20200615185752/https://www.blackavldemands.org/ "Black Asheville Demands – Reparations Section"]. June 26, 2020. Archived from the original on June 15, 2020. Retrieved July 12, 2020.</ref><ref>Coates, Ta-Nehisi (June 1, 2014). [https://www.theatlantic.com/magazine/archive/2014/06/the-case-for-reparations/361631/ "The Case for Reparations"]. ''The Atlantic''.</ref><ref>Marable, Manning. [https://rethinkingschools.org/articles/racism-and-reparations/ "Racism and Reparations: The time has come for whites to acknowledge the legacy of nearly 250 years of slavery and almost 100 years of legalized segregation"]. Retrieved September 18, 2020.</ref> Adwene a ɛne sɛ wɔbɛtua wɔn ka no da so ara yɛ akyinnyegye kɛse, esiane nsemmisa ahoroɔ a ɛfa sɛnea wɔde bɛma, sika dodoɔ a wɔde bɛma, onii a obɛtua, ne onii a obɛgye ho nti.<ref>Alfred L. Brophy, The Cultural War over Reparations for Slavery, 53 DePaul Law Review 1181–1213, 1182–1184 (Spring 2004)</ref><ref name=":3">Jones, Thai (January 31, 2020). [https://www.washingtonpost.com/outlook/2020/01/31/slavery-reparations-seem-impossible-many-places-theyre-already-happening/?arc404=true "Slavery reparations seem impossible. In many places, they're already happening"]. ''The Washington Post''. Retrieved July 12, 2020.</ref> Akwan a wɔfa so tua ka a kuro, mantam, ɔman, ne ɔman aban anaa ankorankoro ahyehyɛdeɛ ahoroɔ ahyɛ ho nyansa wɔ ''United States'' no bi ne: ankorankoro sika a wotua, sika a wɔde besiesie, sika a wɔde ma, sika a wɔde tua ho ka, ne nhyehyɛeɛ mu nhyehyɛeɛ ahoroɔ a wɔde besi ntɛnkyea ano, akatua a egyina asase so a ɛfa ahofadi ho, kyɛwpa ne ntɛnkyea no a wogye tum, sɛnkyerɛnne kwan so nneɛma (te sɛ ɔdan bi a wɔbɛbɔ din de ato obi),<ref name=":1" /> ne nkaedum ne mmɔnten a wɔde din ato nkoa wuranom ne wɔn a wɔbɔ nkoasom ho ban a woyi firi hɔ.<ref name=":2" /><ref>Kepley-Steward, Kristy; Santostasi, Stephanie (July 10, 2020). [https://wlos.com/news/local/vance-monument-robert-e-lee-confederate-monuments-downtown-asheville-removed-covered "Confederate monuments in downtown Asheville removed or covered"]. ''WLOS''. Retrieved July 12, 2020.</ref> Esiane sɛ ntɛnkyea ne nyiyimu foforɔ akɔ so firi berɛ a wɔberaa nkoasom wɔ U.S. nti,<ref>[https://time.com/5851855/systemic-racism-america/ "America's Long Overdue Awakening to Systemic Racism"]. ''Time''. June 11, 2020. Retrieved July 12, 2020.</ref><ref>Jan, Tracy (March 28, 2020). [https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/wonk/wp/2018/03/28/redlining-was-banned-50-years-ago-its-still-hurting-minorities-today/ "Redlining was banned 50 years ago. It's still hurting minorities today"]. ''The Washington Post''. Retrieved July 12, 2020.</ref><ref>Mitchell, Bruce; Franco, Juan (March 20, 2018). [https://ncrc.org/holc/ "HOLC "redlining" maps: The persistent structure of segregation and economic inequality"]. Retrieved July 12, 2020.</ref><ref>Nelson, Libby; Lind, Dara (February 24, 2015). [http://www.justicepolicy.org/news/8775 "The school to prison pipeline, explained"]. Retrieved July 12, 2020.</ref><ref>[https://www.sentencingproject.org/publications/un-report-on-racial-disparities/ "Report to the United Nations on Racial Disparities in the U.S. Criminal Justice System"]. April 19, 2020. Retrieved July 12, 2020.</ref> abibifoɔ mpɔtam bi ne ahyehyɛdeɛ ahoroɔ a ɛhwɛ ɔmanfoɔ ho kwan ahoroɔ so aka sɛ wontua saa ntɛnkyea ahoroɔ no ho ka ne afei nso sɛ wontua wɔn ka a ɛfa nkoasom ho tẽẽ.<ref name=":3" /><ref name=":2" /> Ebinom kyerɛ sɛ U.S. afiase nhyehyɛeɛ no, a efiri ase firi nhyehyɛeɛ a wɔde ma wɔn a wɔabu wɔn fɔ no so na ɛkɔ so denam nnɛyi adwumakuo a aban na ɛwɔ so a wɔfrɛ no ''Federal Prison Industries (UNICOR)'' so no yɛ nnɛyi mmara kwan so nkoasom a ɛda so ara ka abibifoɔ ne nnipa nketewa afoforoɔ titiriw na ɛnsɛ denam ɔko a wɔde ko tia nnubɔne ne nea wɔakasa atia sɛ ɛyɛ nsukwan a wɔde firi sukuu kɔ afiase no so.<ref>Love, David; Das, Vijay (September 9, 2017). [https://www.aljazeera.com/indepth/opinion/2017/09/slavery-prison-system-170901082522072.html "Slavery in the US prison system"]. ''Al Jazeera''. Retrieved July 12, 2020.</ref> == U.S. abakɔsɛm mu nsɛm a ɛfa ho == '''Wɔ atubrafoɔ mmerɛ mu''' Akyinnyegye a ɛfa akatua ho no firi afeha a ɛto so dunwɔtwe no mu tɔnn. Ɛkame ayɛ sɛ Quakerfoɔ a na wɔyɛ wɔn a wodii kan hwehwɛɛ sɛ wotu ase wɔ United States no bi de adwene koro sii so dua sɛ nkoa a wɔade wɔn ho no wɔ hokwan sɛ wonya akatua firi wɔn kane wuranom hɔ. Sɛ owura bi nuu ne ho wɔ bɔne a ɔyɛe sɛ ɔwɔ akoa a wɔde nneɛma gu mu a, ɛsɛ sɛ ɔpata no denam nsiesie a obesiesie so. Quakerfoɔ faa Deuteronomium nhoma a wɔhyɛɛ wuranom fo sɛ wɔne wɔn a na anka wɔyɛ nkoa nkyɛ wɔn nneɛma no mu asɛm kae.<ref>Brown University Steering Committee on Slavery and Justice (2007). ''[https://www.brown.edu/Research/Slavery_Justice/documents/SlaveryAndJustice.pdf Slavery and Justice]'' (PDF). Brown University. OCLC [https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/301709830 301709830].</ref>^:60 Wɔ Ɔman Anidan Ko no mu no, Warner Mifflin kamfoo kyerɛe sɛ wɔmfa sika mma wɔn a na anka wɔyɛ nkoa a wɔade wɔn ho no bio wɔ 1778 mu tɔnn, wɔ sika a wotua, asase, ne nnɔbae ho nhyehyɛe a wɔkyɛ mu.<ref>Heller, Mike (March 2019). [https://digitalcommons.georgefox.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=2397&context=qrt "Review of Gary Nash's Warner Mifflin: Unflinching Quaker Abolitionist"]. ''George Fox University''. Retrieved March 5, 2021</ref><ref>Polgar, Paul J. (December 1, 2018). [[doi:10.1093/jahist/jay310|"Warner Mifflin: Unflinching Quaker Abolitionist"]]. ''Journal of American History''. '''105''' (3): 660–661. doi:[[doi:10.1093/jahist/jay310|10.1093/jahist/jay310]]. ISSN [https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0021-8723 0021-8723].</ref><ref>[https://hsp.org/calendar/fearless-and-forgotten-warner-mifflin-quaker-abolitionist-new-nation "The Fearless and Forgotten Warner Mifflin: Quaker Abolitionist of the New Nation"]. ''Historical Society of Pennsylvania''. Retrieved March 5, 2021.</ref> Gary B. Nash kyerɛw sɛ, "ebia wɔbɛfrɛ no wɔ ɔkwan a ɛfata so sɛ Amerikafoɔ reparationism agya".<ref>Nash, Gary B. (2017). ''[https://books.google.com/books?id=YIIuDwAAQBAJ Warner Mifflin: Unflinching Quaker Abolitionist]''. University of Pennsylvania Press. p. 93. ISBN <bdi>978-0812294361</bdi>.</ref> == Wɔn a wɔsan ba wɔn man mu ne COVID-19 == Wɔ coronavirus yareɛ no nti, nnipa a wɔn honam ani yɛ tuntum no mu pii no na wɔyɛɛ sɛ wɔbɛyi wɔn adi ama wɔn ho akyere wɔn wɔ sikasɛm mu na yareɛ no bɛtumi akum wɔn<ref>{{Citation |title=CHAPTER 4. BLACK AMERICANS IN WHITE COLLARS |date=2020-08-31 |url=https://doi.org/10.1515/9781501757303-006 |work=Moving Up, Moving Out |pages=93–122 |publisher=Cornell University Press |access-date=2025-06-21}}</ref>. Sɛ nhwɛsoɔ no, 40% a wɔyɛ abibifoɔ nnwuma no ato mu koraa efi bosome no mu esiane yareɛ no nti, sɛ wɔde toto 17% a wɔyɛ abibifoɔ nnwuma wɔ berɛ korɔ no ara mu no ho<ref>{{Citation |last=Khristopher J. Brooks Reporter, MoneyWatch Khristopher J. Brooks is a reporter for CBS MoneyWatch He previously worked as a reporter for the Omaha World-Herald, Newsday, the Florida Times-Union His reporting primarily focuses on the U. S. housing market, The Business of Sports, bankruptcy Read Full Bio Khristopher J. Brooks |title=40% of black-owned businesses not expected to survive coronavirus - CBS News |date=2020-06-22 |url=https://www.cbsnews.com/news/black-owned-busineses-close-thousands-coronavirus-pandemic/ |language=en-US |access-date=2025-06-21}}</ref>. Eyi fa nokwasɛm a ɛyɛ sɛ aborɔfo mmusua anya wɔn agyapade mmɔho du sen abibifoɔ mmusua no ho<ref>{{Citation |last=Julian Kunnie |title=Justice Never Too Late: The Historical Background to Current Reparations Movements among Africans and African Americans |date=2018-03 |url=https://www.journals.uchicago.edu/doi/10.1086/696364 |work=The Journal of African American History |volume=103 |issue=1-2 |pages=44–64 |language=en |doi=10.1086/696364 |issn=1548-1867 |access-date=2025-06-21}}</ref>. Eyi ma abibifo a wɔyɛ wɔn ankasa adwuma no nya sika ne bosea, na wonni bammɔ a aborɔfo a wɔyɛ wɔn ankasa adwuma nya no bi. Bio nso, Afrika-Amerikanfo kɔ so nya COVID-19 yareɛ na wɔwuwu wɔ nnipa dodoɔ a wɔn dodoɔ borɔ wɔn dodow so mpɛn 1.5<ref name=":0">{{Citation |last=Madeleine Short Fabic, Yoonjoung Choi, David Bishai |title=Deaths among COVID Cases in the United States: Racial and Ethnic Disparities Persist |date=2020-11-16 |url=https://doi.org/10.1101/2020.11.15.20232066 |access-date=2025-06-21}}</ref>. Wɔ Ɔsanaa bosome mu wɔ afe 2020 mu no, CDC de data a ɛkyerɛ sɛ abibifo, Latinfo, ne Amerika Indiafo rehyia ayaresabea mu yareɛ mpɛn 4.5 kosi 5.5 sene abibifo a wɔnnyɛ Hispanic, ne sɛ Afrika Amerikafo rewu mpɛn 2.4 sene abibifo<ref name=":0" />. == Baabi a menyaa mmoa firiiɛ == <references /> [[Nkyekyεmu:Africa Wiki Challenge]] [[Nkyekyεmu:2025]] 5bdwvmnxt0uxuwoz1zh20zu7shlzc1u 191403 191402 2025-07-11T15:40:26Z Emmanuel Anin 20149 191403 wikitext text/x-wiki ''Wɔatwerɛ nsɛm wei wɔ '''Asante Twi''' mu'' '''Reparations for slavery''' yɛ adwene a ɛne sɛ wɔde akatua ho ka no di dwuma ma wɔn a wɔayɛ wɔn nkoa anaa wɔn asefo. Adwene ahoroɔ wɔ hɔ a ɛfa akatua ho wɔ mmara nyansapɛ mu ne akatua ho wɔ nsakraeɛ atɛntrenee mu. Wɔ U.S. no, wɔde nkoasom ho akatua ama denam mmara kwan so gyinaesi wɔ asɛnnibea ne/anaasɛ ankorɛankorɛ ne ahyehyɛde ahodoɔ firi wɔn pɛ mu (a asɛnnibea gyinaesi biara nni ho) so.<ref>Medish, Mark; Lucichref, Daniel (August 30, 2019). [https://www.nbcnews.com/think/opinion/congress-must-officially-apologize-slavery-america-can-think-about-reparations-ncna1047561 "Congress must officially apologize for slavery before America can think about reparations"]. ''NBC News''. Retrieved July 12, 2020.</ref><ref name=":1">Davis, Allen (May 11, 2020). [https://guides.library.umass.edu/reparations "An Historical Timeline of Reparations Payments Made From 1783 through 2020 by the United States Government, States, Cities, Religious Institutions, Colleges and Universities, and Corporations"]. University of Massachusetts Amherst. Retrieved July 12, 2020</ref> Asɛm a edi kan a wɔatwerɛ ato hɔ a ɛfa nkoasom ho akatua ho wɔ United States ne kanee akoa Belinda Royall wɔ 1783 mu, a na ɛyɛ pɛnhyen sika, na efi saa berɛ no wɔda so ara hyɛ nyansa sɛ wɔmfa ntua wɔn ka. Ɛde besi ɛnnɛ no, wɔmfaa aban mmara biara a ɛfa akatua ho mmara biara mmae.<ref>[https://royallhouse.org/why-was-belindas-petition-approved/ "Why Was Belinda's Petition Approved?"]. ''The Royall House and Slave Quarters''. December 27, 2017. Retrieved October 29, 2020.</ref> 1865 ''Special Field Orders No. 15'' ("''Acre'' aduanan ne afurum") ne mmɔden a wonim no yiye sen biara a wɔbɔe sɛ wɔbɛboa nkoa a wɔade wɔn ho foforo ma wɔde wɔn ho ahyɛ ɔmanfo mu na wɔaboaboa ahonyade ano.<ref>Darity, William (2020). ''From Here to Equality: Reparations for Black Americans in the Twenty-First Century''. Chapel Hill: The University of North Carolina Press. ISBN <bdi>[[:en:Special:BookSources/978-1469654973|978-1469654973]]</bdi>.</ref> Nanso, Ɔmanpanin Andrew Johnson danee saa ahyɛdeɛ yi, na ɔsan de asase no maa ne kanee Konfederate wuranom. Akatua ayɛ adwene a ɛsan ba wɔ United States amammuonsɛm mu, nnansa yi ara wɔ 2020 Demokratik Parti ɔmanpanin akansi a edi kan no mu.<ref>Lockhart, PR (March 19, 2019). [https://www.vox.com/policy-and-politics/2019/3/11/18246741/reparations-democrats-2020-inequality-warren-harris-castro "The 2020 Democratic primary debate over reparations, explained"]. Vox.</ref> Ɔfrɛ a ɛne sɛ wɔmfa akatua no mu yɛɛ den wɔ afe 2020 mu, wɔ ɔsɔretia a wɔde tia polisifo atirimɔdensɛm ne ''COVID-19'' yaredɔm a abien no nyinaa kunkum Amerikafoɔ Abibifoɔ wɔ ɔkwan a ɛnsɛ so no mu.<ref>[https://www.theguardian.com/world/2020/jun/20/joe-biden-reparations-slavery-george-floyd-protests "Calls for reparations are growing louder. How is the US responding?"]. ''The Guardian''. June 20, 2020. Retrieved July 20, 2020. <q>Several states, localities and private institutions are beginning to grapple with issue, advancing legislation or convening taskforces to develop proposals for reparations.</q></ref> Mpɛn pii no, abibifoɔ mpɔtam ne atwerɛfo na wɔfrɛ sɛ wontua mmusua mu nyiyim ne nyiyim a wɔyɛ wɔ U.S. no ka ka ɔfrɛ a ɛne sɛ wontua nkoasom ho ka no ho.<ref>Cashin, Cheryll (June 21, 2019). [https://www.washingtonpost.com/outlook/reparations-for-slavery-arent-enough-official-racism-lasted-much-longer/2019/06/21/2c0ecbe8-9397-11e9-aadb-74e6b2b46f6a_story.html "Reparations for slavery aren't enough. Official racism lasted much longer"]. ''The Washington Post''.</ref><ref name=":2">[https://web.archive.org/web/20200615185752/https://www.blackavldemands.org/ "Black Asheville Demands – Reparations Section"]. June 26, 2020. Archived from the original on June 15, 2020. Retrieved July 12, 2020.</ref><ref>Coates, Ta-Nehisi (June 1, 2014). [https://www.theatlantic.com/magazine/archive/2014/06/the-case-for-reparations/361631/ "The Case for Reparations"]. ''The Atlantic''.</ref><ref>Marable, Manning. [https://rethinkingschools.org/articles/racism-and-reparations/ "Racism and Reparations: The time has come for whites to acknowledge the legacy of nearly 250 years of slavery and almost 100 years of legalized segregation"]. Retrieved September 18, 2020.</ref> Adwene a ɛne sɛ wɔbɛtua wɔn ka no da so ara yɛ akyinnyegye kɛse, esiane nsemmisa ahoroɔ a ɛfa sɛnea wɔde bɛma, sika dodoɔ a wɔde bɛma, onii a obɛtua, ne onii a obɛgye ho nti.<ref>Alfred L. Brophy, The Cultural War over Reparations for Slavery, 53 DePaul Law Review 1181–1213, 1182–1184 (Spring 2004)</ref><ref name=":3">Jones, Thai (January 31, 2020). [https://www.washingtonpost.com/outlook/2020/01/31/slavery-reparations-seem-impossible-many-places-theyre-already-happening/?arc404=true "Slavery reparations seem impossible. In many places, they're already happening"]. ''The Washington Post''. Retrieved July 12, 2020.</ref> Akwan a wɔfa so tua ka a kuro, mantam, ɔman, ne ɔman aban anaa ankorankoro ahyehyɛdeɛ ahoroɔ ahyɛ ho nyansa wɔ ''United States'' no bi ne: ankorankoro sika a wotua, sika a wɔde besiesie, sika a wɔde ma, sika a wɔde tua ho ka, ne nhyehyɛeɛ mu nhyehyɛeɛ ahoroɔ a wɔde besi ntɛnkyea ano, akatua a egyina asase so a ɛfa ahofadi ho, kyɛwpa ne ntɛnkyea no a wogye tum, sɛnkyerɛnne kwan so nneɛma (te sɛ ɔdan bi a wɔbɛbɔ din de ato obi),<ref name=":1" /> ne nkaedum ne mmɔnten a wɔde din ato nkoa wuranom ne wɔn a wɔbɔ nkoasom ho ban a woyi firi hɔ.<ref name=":2" /><ref>Kepley-Steward, Kristy; Santostasi, Stephanie (July 10, 2020). [https://wlos.com/news/local/vance-monument-robert-e-lee-confederate-monuments-downtown-asheville-removed-covered "Confederate monuments in downtown Asheville removed or covered"]. ''WLOS''. Retrieved July 12, 2020.</ref> Esiane sɛ ntɛnkyea ne nyiyimu foforɔ akɔ so firi berɛ a wɔberaa nkoasom wɔ U.S. nti,<ref>[https://time.com/5851855/systemic-racism-america/ "America's Long Overdue Awakening to Systemic Racism"]. ''Time''. June 11, 2020. Retrieved July 12, 2020.</ref><ref>Jan, Tracy (March 28, 2020). [https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/wonk/wp/2018/03/28/redlining-was-banned-50-years-ago-its-still-hurting-minorities-today/ "Redlining was banned 50 years ago. It's still hurting minorities today"]. ''The Washington Post''. Retrieved July 12, 2020.</ref><ref>Mitchell, Bruce; Franco, Juan (March 20, 2018). [https://ncrc.org/holc/ "HOLC "redlining" maps: The persistent structure of segregation and economic inequality"]. Retrieved July 12, 2020.</ref><ref>Nelson, Libby; Lind, Dara (February 24, 2015). [http://www.justicepolicy.org/news/8775 "The school to prison pipeline, explained"]. Retrieved July 12, 2020.</ref><ref>[https://www.sentencingproject.org/publications/un-report-on-racial-disparities/ "Report to the United Nations on Racial Disparities in the U.S. Criminal Justice System"]. April 19, 2020. Retrieved July 12, 2020.</ref> abibifoɔ mpɔtam bi ne ahyehyɛdeɛ ahoroɔ a ɛhwɛ ɔmanfoɔ ho kwan ahoroɔ so aka sɛ wontua saa ntɛnkyea ahoroɔ no ho ka ne afei nso sɛ wontua wɔn ka a ɛfa nkoasom ho tẽẽ.<ref name=":3" /><ref name=":2" /> Ebinom kyerɛ sɛ U.S. afiase nhyehyɛeɛ no, a efiri ase firi nhyehyɛeɛ a wɔde ma wɔn a wɔabu wɔn fɔ no so na ɛkɔ so denam nnɛyi adwumakuo a aban na ɛwɔ so a wɔfrɛ no ''Federal Prison Industries (UNICOR)'' so no yɛ nnɛyi mmara kwan so nkoasom a ɛda so ara ka abibifoɔ ne nnipa nketewa afoforoɔ titiriw na ɛnsɛ denam ɔko a wɔde ko tia nnubɔne ne nea wɔakasa atia sɛ ɛyɛ nsukwan a wɔde firi sukuu kɔ afiase no so.<ref>Love, David; Das, Vijay (September 9, 2017). [https://www.aljazeera.com/indepth/opinion/2017/09/slavery-prison-system-170901082522072.html "Slavery in the US prison system"]. ''Al Jazeera''. Retrieved July 12, 2020.</ref> == U.S. abakɔsɛm mu nsɛm a ɛfa ho == '''Wɔ atubrafoɔ mmerɛ mu''' Akyinnyegye a ɛfa akatua ho no firi afeha a ɛto so dunwɔtwe no mu tɔnn. Ɛkame ayɛ sɛ Quakerfoɔ a na wɔyɛ wɔn a wodii kan hwehwɛɛ sɛ wotu ase wɔ United States no bi de adwene koro sii so dua sɛ nkoa a wɔade wɔn ho no wɔ hokwan sɛ wonya akatua firi wɔn kane wuranom hɔ. Sɛ owura bi nuu ne ho wɔ bɔne a ɔyɛe sɛ ɔwɔ akoa a wɔde nneɛma gu mu a, ɛsɛ sɛ ɔpata no denam nsiesie a obesiesie so. Quakerfoɔ faa Deuteronomium nhoma a wɔhyɛɛ wuranom fo sɛ wɔne wɔn a na anka wɔyɛ nkoa nkyɛ wɔn nneɛma no mu asɛm kae.<ref>Brown University Steering Committee on Slavery and Justice (2007). ''[https://www.brown.edu/Research/Slavery_Justice/documents/SlaveryAndJustice.pdf Slavery and Justice]'' (PDF). Brown University. OCLC [https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/301709830 301709830].</ref>^:60 Wɔ Ɔman Anidan Ko no mu no, Warner Mifflin kamfoo kyerɛe sɛ wɔmfa sika mma wɔn a na anka wɔyɛ nkoa a wɔade wɔn ho no bio wɔ 1778 mu tɔnn, wɔ sika a wotua, asase, ne nnɔbae ho nhyehyɛe a wɔkyɛ mu.<ref>Heller, Mike (March 2019). [https://digitalcommons.georgefox.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=2397&context=qrt "Review of Gary Nash's Warner Mifflin: Unflinching Quaker Abolitionist"]. ''George Fox University''. Retrieved March 5, 2021</ref><ref>Polgar, Paul J. (December 1, 2018). [[doi:10.1093/jahist/jay310|"Warner Mifflin: Unflinching Quaker Abolitionist"]]. ''Journal of American History''. '''105''' (3): 660–661. doi:[[doi:10.1093/jahist/jay310|10.1093/jahist/jay310]]. ISSN [https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0021-8723 0021-8723].</ref><ref>[https://hsp.org/calendar/fearless-and-forgotten-warner-mifflin-quaker-abolitionist-new-nation "The Fearless and Forgotten Warner Mifflin: Quaker Abolitionist of the New Nation"]. ''Historical Society of Pennsylvania''. Retrieved March 5, 2021.</ref> Gary B. Nash kyerɛw sɛ, "ebia wɔbɛfrɛ no wɔ ɔkwan a ɛfata so sɛ Amerikafoɔ reparationism agya".<ref>Nash, Gary B. (2017). ''[https://books.google.com/books?id=YIIuDwAAQBAJ Warner Mifflin: Unflinching Quaker Abolitionist]''. University of Pennsylvania Press. p. 93. ISBN <bdi>978-0812294361</bdi>.</ref><ref>Heller, Mike (March 1, 2019). [https://digitalcommons.georgefox.edu/qrt/vol132/iss1/10 "Review of Gary Nash's Warner Mifflin: Unflinching Quaker Abolitionist (Philadelphia University of Pennsylvania Press, 2017)"]. ''Quaker Religious Thought''. '''132''' (1). ISSN [https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0033-5088 0033-5088].</ref> == Wɔn a wɔsan ba wɔn man mu ne COVID-19 == Wɔ coronavirus yareɛ no nti, nnipa a wɔn honam ani yɛ tuntum no mu pii no na wɔyɛɛ sɛ wɔbɛyi wɔn adi ama wɔn ho akyere wɔn wɔ sikasɛm mu na yareɛ no bɛtumi akum wɔn<ref>{{Citation |title=CHAPTER 4. BLACK AMERICANS IN WHITE COLLARS |date=2020-08-31 |url=https://doi.org/10.1515/9781501757303-006 |work=Moving Up, Moving Out |pages=93–122 |publisher=Cornell University Press |access-date=2025-06-21}}</ref>. Sɛ nhwɛsoɔ no, 40% a wɔyɛ abibifoɔ nnwuma no ato mu koraa efi bosome no mu esiane yareɛ no nti, sɛ wɔde toto 17% a wɔyɛ abibifoɔ nnwuma wɔ berɛ korɔ no ara mu no ho<ref>{{Citation |last=Khristopher J. Brooks Reporter, MoneyWatch Khristopher J. Brooks is a reporter for CBS MoneyWatch He previously worked as a reporter for the Omaha World-Herald, Newsday, the Florida Times-Union His reporting primarily focuses on the U. S. housing market, The Business of Sports, bankruptcy Read Full Bio Khristopher J. Brooks |title=40% of black-owned businesses not expected to survive coronavirus - CBS News |date=2020-06-22 |url=https://www.cbsnews.com/news/black-owned-busineses-close-thousands-coronavirus-pandemic/ |language=en-US |access-date=2025-06-21}}</ref>. Eyi fa nokwasɛm a ɛyɛ sɛ aborɔfo mmusua anya wɔn agyapade mmɔho du sen abibifoɔ mmusua no ho<ref>{{Citation |last=Julian Kunnie |title=Justice Never Too Late: The Historical Background to Current Reparations Movements among Africans and African Americans |date=2018-03 |url=https://www.journals.uchicago.edu/doi/10.1086/696364 |work=The Journal of African American History |volume=103 |issue=1-2 |pages=44–64 |language=en |doi=10.1086/696364 |issn=1548-1867 |access-date=2025-06-21}}</ref>. Eyi ma abibifo a wɔyɛ wɔn ankasa adwuma no nya sika ne bosea, na wonni bammɔ a aborɔfo a wɔyɛ wɔn ankasa adwuma nya no bi. Bio nso, Afrika-Amerikanfo kɔ so nya COVID-19 yareɛ na wɔwuwu wɔ nnipa dodoɔ a wɔn dodoɔ borɔ wɔn dodow so mpɛn 1.5<ref name=":0">{{Citation |last=Madeleine Short Fabic, Yoonjoung Choi, David Bishai |title=Deaths among COVID Cases in the United States: Racial and Ethnic Disparities Persist |date=2020-11-16 |url=https://doi.org/10.1101/2020.11.15.20232066 |access-date=2025-06-21}}</ref>. Wɔ Ɔsanaa bosome mu wɔ afe 2020 mu no, CDC de data a ɛkyerɛ sɛ abibifo, Latinfo, ne Amerika Indiafo rehyia ayaresabea mu yareɛ mpɛn 4.5 kosi 5.5 sene abibifo a wɔnnyɛ Hispanic, ne sɛ Afrika Amerikafo rewu mpɛn 2.4 sene abibifo<ref name=":0" />. == Baabi a menyaa mmoa firiiɛ == <references /> [[Nkyekyεmu:Africa Wiki Challenge]] [[Nkyekyεmu:2025]] 7rb215hc0d6ed2w46jh4ugyr4om56jr 191405 191403 2025-07-11T15:59:31Z Emmanuel Anin 20149 191405 wikitext text/x-wiki ''Wɔatwerɛ nsɛm wei wɔ '''Asante Twi''' mu'' '''Reparations for slavery''' yɛ adwene a ɛne sɛ wɔde akatua ho ka no di dwuma ma wɔn a wɔayɛ wɔn nkoa anaa wɔn asefo. Adwene ahoroɔ wɔ hɔ a ɛfa akatua ho wɔ mmara nyansapɛ mu ne akatua ho wɔ nsakraeɛ atɛntrenee mu. Wɔ U.S. no, wɔde nkoasom ho akatua ama denam mmara kwan so gyinaesi wɔ asɛnnibea ne/anaasɛ ankorɛankorɛ ne ahyehyɛde ahodoɔ firi wɔn pɛ mu (a asɛnnibea gyinaesi biara nni ho) so.<ref>Medish, Mark; Lucichref, Daniel (August 30, 2019). [https://www.nbcnews.com/think/opinion/congress-must-officially-apologize-slavery-america-can-think-about-reparations-ncna1047561 "Congress must officially apologize for slavery before America can think about reparations"]. ''NBC News''. Retrieved July 12, 2020.</ref><ref name=":1">Davis, Allen (May 11, 2020). [https://guides.library.umass.edu/reparations "An Historical Timeline of Reparations Payments Made From 1783 through 2020 by the United States Government, States, Cities, Religious Institutions, Colleges and Universities, and Corporations"]. University of Massachusetts Amherst. Retrieved July 12, 2020</ref> Asɛm a edi kan a wɔatwerɛ ato hɔ a ɛfa nkoasom ho akatua ho wɔ United States ne kanee akoa Belinda Royall wɔ 1783 mu, a na ɛyɛ pɛnhyen sika, na efi saa berɛ no wɔda so ara hyɛ nyansa sɛ wɔmfa ntua wɔn ka. Ɛde besi ɛnnɛ no, wɔmfaa aban mmara biara a ɛfa akatua ho mmara biara mmae.<ref>[https://royallhouse.org/why-was-belindas-petition-approved/ "Why Was Belinda's Petition Approved?"]. ''The Royall House and Slave Quarters''. December 27, 2017. Retrieved October 29, 2020.</ref> 1865 ''Special Field Orders No. 15'' ("''Acre'' aduanan ne afurum") ne mmɔden a wonim no yiye sen biara a wɔbɔe sɛ wɔbɛboa nkoa a wɔade wɔn ho foforo ma wɔde wɔn ho ahyɛ ɔmanfo mu na wɔaboaboa ahonyade ano.<ref>Darity, William (2020). ''From Here to Equality: Reparations for Black Americans in the Twenty-First Century''. Chapel Hill: The University of North Carolina Press. ISBN <bdi>[[:en:Special:BookSources/978-1469654973|978-1469654973]]</bdi>.</ref> Nanso, Ɔmanpanin Andrew Johnson danee saa ahyɛdeɛ yi, na ɔsan de asase no maa ne kanee Konfederate wuranom. Akatua ayɛ adwene a ɛsan ba wɔ United States amammuonsɛm mu, nnansa yi ara wɔ 2020 Demokratik Parti ɔmanpanin akansi a edi kan no mu.<ref>Lockhart, PR (March 19, 2019). [https://www.vox.com/policy-and-politics/2019/3/11/18246741/reparations-democrats-2020-inequality-warren-harris-castro "The 2020 Democratic primary debate over reparations, explained"]. Vox.</ref> Ɔfrɛ a ɛne sɛ wɔmfa akatua no mu yɛɛ den wɔ afe 2020 mu, wɔ ɔsɔretia a wɔde tia polisifo atirimɔdensɛm ne ''COVID-19'' yaredɔm a abien no nyinaa kunkum Amerikafoɔ Abibifoɔ wɔ ɔkwan a ɛnsɛ so no mu.<ref>[https://www.theguardian.com/world/2020/jun/20/joe-biden-reparations-slavery-george-floyd-protests "Calls for reparations are growing louder. How is the US responding?"]. ''The Guardian''. June 20, 2020. Retrieved July 20, 2020. <q>Several states, localities and private institutions are beginning to grapple with issue, advancing legislation or convening taskforces to develop proposals for reparations.</q></ref> Mpɛn pii no, abibifoɔ mpɔtam ne atwerɛfo na wɔfrɛ sɛ wontua mmusua mu nyiyim ne nyiyim a wɔyɛ wɔ U.S. no ka ka ɔfrɛ a ɛne sɛ wontua nkoasom ho ka no ho.<ref>Cashin, Cheryll (June 21, 2019). [https://www.washingtonpost.com/outlook/reparations-for-slavery-arent-enough-official-racism-lasted-much-longer/2019/06/21/2c0ecbe8-9397-11e9-aadb-74e6b2b46f6a_story.html "Reparations for slavery aren't enough. Official racism lasted much longer"]. ''The Washington Post''.</ref><ref name=":2">[https://web.archive.org/web/20200615185752/https://www.blackavldemands.org/ "Black Asheville Demands – Reparations Section"]. June 26, 2020. Archived from the original on June 15, 2020. Retrieved July 12, 2020.</ref><ref>Coates, Ta-Nehisi (June 1, 2014). [https://www.theatlantic.com/magazine/archive/2014/06/the-case-for-reparations/361631/ "The Case for Reparations"]. ''The Atlantic''.</ref><ref>Marable, Manning. [https://rethinkingschools.org/articles/racism-and-reparations/ "Racism and Reparations: The time has come for whites to acknowledge the legacy of nearly 250 years of slavery and almost 100 years of legalized segregation"]. Retrieved September 18, 2020.</ref> Adwene a ɛne sɛ wɔbɛtua wɔn ka no da so ara yɛ akyinnyegye kɛse, esiane nsemmisa ahoroɔ a ɛfa sɛnea wɔde bɛma, sika dodoɔ a wɔde bɛma, onii a obɛtua, ne onii a obɛgye ho nti.<ref>Alfred L. Brophy, The Cultural War over Reparations for Slavery, 53 DePaul Law Review 1181–1213, 1182–1184 (Spring 2004)</ref><ref name=":3">Jones, Thai (January 31, 2020). [https://www.washingtonpost.com/outlook/2020/01/31/slavery-reparations-seem-impossible-many-places-theyre-already-happening/?arc404=true "Slavery reparations seem impossible. In many places, they're already happening"]. ''The Washington Post''. Retrieved July 12, 2020.</ref> Akwan a wɔfa so tua ka a kuro, mantam, ɔman, ne ɔman aban anaa ankorankoro ahyehyɛdeɛ ahoroɔ ahyɛ ho nyansa wɔ ''United States'' no bi ne: ankorankoro sika a wotua, sika a wɔde besiesie, sika a wɔde ma, sika a wɔde tua ho ka, ne nhyehyɛeɛ mu nhyehyɛeɛ ahoroɔ a wɔde besi ntɛnkyea ano, akatua a egyina asase so a ɛfa ahofadi ho, kyɛwpa ne ntɛnkyea no a wogye tum, sɛnkyerɛnne kwan so nneɛma (te sɛ ɔdan bi a wɔbɛbɔ din de ato obi),<ref name=":1" /> ne nkaedum ne mmɔnten a wɔde din ato nkoa wuranom ne wɔn a wɔbɔ nkoasom ho ban a woyi firi hɔ.<ref name=":2" /><ref>Kepley-Steward, Kristy; Santostasi, Stephanie (July 10, 2020). [https://wlos.com/news/local/vance-monument-robert-e-lee-confederate-monuments-downtown-asheville-removed-covered "Confederate monuments in downtown Asheville removed or covered"]. ''WLOS''. Retrieved July 12, 2020.</ref> Esiane sɛ ntɛnkyea ne nyiyimu foforɔ akɔ so firi berɛ a wɔberaa nkoasom wɔ U.S. nti,<ref>[https://time.com/5851855/systemic-racism-america/ "America's Long Overdue Awakening to Systemic Racism"]. ''Time''. June 11, 2020. Retrieved July 12, 2020.</ref><ref>Jan, Tracy (March 28, 2020). [https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/wonk/wp/2018/03/28/redlining-was-banned-50-years-ago-its-still-hurting-minorities-today/ "Redlining was banned 50 years ago. It's still hurting minorities today"]. ''The Washington Post''. Retrieved July 12, 2020.</ref><ref>Mitchell, Bruce; Franco, Juan (March 20, 2018). [https://ncrc.org/holc/ "HOLC "redlining" maps: The persistent structure of segregation and economic inequality"]. Retrieved July 12, 2020.</ref><ref>Nelson, Libby; Lind, Dara (February 24, 2015). [http://www.justicepolicy.org/news/8775 "The school to prison pipeline, explained"]. Retrieved July 12, 2020.</ref><ref>[https://www.sentencingproject.org/publications/un-report-on-racial-disparities/ "Report to the United Nations on Racial Disparities in the U.S. Criminal Justice System"]. April 19, 2020. Retrieved July 12, 2020.</ref> abibifoɔ mpɔtam bi ne ahyehyɛdeɛ ahoroɔ a ɛhwɛ ɔmanfoɔ ho kwan ahoroɔ so aka sɛ wontua saa ntɛnkyea ahoroɔ no ho ka ne afei nso sɛ wontua wɔn ka a ɛfa nkoasom ho tẽẽ.<ref name=":3" /><ref name=":2" /> Ebinom kyerɛ sɛ U.S. afiase nhyehyɛeɛ no, a efiri ase firi nhyehyɛeɛ a wɔde ma wɔn a wɔabu wɔn fɔ no so na ɛkɔ so denam nnɛyi adwumakuo a aban na ɛwɔ so a wɔfrɛ no ''Federal Prison Industries (UNICOR)'' so no yɛ nnɛyi mmara kwan so nkoasom a ɛda so ara ka abibifoɔ ne nnipa nketewa afoforoɔ titiriw na ɛnsɛ denam ɔko a wɔde ko tia nnubɔne ne nea wɔakasa atia sɛ ɛyɛ nsukwan a wɔde firi sukuu kɔ afiase no so.<ref>Love, David; Das, Vijay (September 9, 2017). [https://www.aljazeera.com/indepth/opinion/2017/09/slavery-prison-system-170901082522072.html "Slavery in the US prison system"]. ''Al Jazeera''. Retrieved July 12, 2020.</ref> == U.S. abakɔsɛm mu nsɛm a ɛfa ho == '''Wɔ atubrafoɔ mmerɛ mu''' Akyinnyegye a ɛfa akatua ho no firi afeha a ɛto so dunwɔtwe no mu tɔnn. Ɛkame ayɛ sɛ Quakerfoɔ a na wɔyɛ wɔn a wodii kan hwehwɛɛ sɛ wotu ase wɔ United States no bi de adwene koro sii so dua sɛ nkoa a wɔade wɔn ho no wɔ hokwan sɛ wonya akatua firi wɔn kane wuranom hɔ. Sɛ owura bi nuu ne ho wɔ bɔne a ɔyɛe sɛ ɔwɔ akoa a wɔde nneɛma gu mu a, ɛsɛ sɛ ɔpata no denam nsiesie a obesiesie so. Quakerfoɔ faa Deuteronomium nhoma a wɔhyɛɛ wuranom fo sɛ wɔne wɔn a na anka wɔyɛ nkoa nkyɛ wɔn nneɛma no mu asɛm kae.<ref>Brown University Steering Committee on Slavery and Justice (2007). ''[https://www.brown.edu/Research/Slavery_Justice/documents/SlaveryAndJustice.pdf Slavery and Justice]'' (PDF). Brown University. OCLC [https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/301709830 301709830].</ref>^:60 Wɔ Ɔman Anidan Ko no mu no, Warner Mifflin kamfoo kyerɛe sɛ wɔmfa sika mma wɔn a na anka wɔyɛ nkoa a wɔade wɔn ho no bio wɔ 1778 mu tɔnn, wɔ sika a wotua, asase, ne nnɔbae ho nhyehyɛe a wɔkyɛ mu.<ref>Heller, Mike (March 2019). [https://digitalcommons.georgefox.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=2397&context=qrt "Review of Gary Nash's Warner Mifflin: Unflinching Quaker Abolitionist"]. ''George Fox University''. Retrieved March 5, 2021</ref><ref>Polgar, Paul J. (December 1, 2018). [[doi:10.1093/jahist/jay310|"Warner Mifflin: Unflinching Quaker Abolitionist"]]. ''Journal of American History''. '''105''' (3): 660–661. doi:[[doi:10.1093/jahist/jay310|10.1093/jahist/jay310]]. ISSN [https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0021-8723 0021-8723].</ref><ref>[https://hsp.org/calendar/fearless-and-forgotten-warner-mifflin-quaker-abolitionist-new-nation "The Fearless and Forgotten Warner Mifflin: Quaker Abolitionist of the New Nation"]. ''Historical Society of Pennsylvania''. Retrieved March 5, 2021.</ref> Gary B. Nash kyerɛw sɛ, "ebia wɔbɛfrɛ no wɔ ɔkwan a ɛfata so sɛ Amerikafoɔ reparationism agya".<ref>Nash, Gary B. (2017). ''[https://books.google.com/books?id=YIIuDwAAQBAJ Warner Mifflin: Unflinching Quaker Abolitionist]''. University of Pennsylvania Press. p. 93. ISBN <bdi>978-0812294361</bdi>.</ref><ref>Heller, Mike (March 1, 2019). [https://digitalcommons.georgefox.edu/qrt/vol132/iss1/10 "Review of Gary Nash's Warner Mifflin: Unflinching Quaker Abolitionist (Philadelphia University of Pennsylvania Press, 2017)"]. ''Quaker Religious Thought''. '''132''' (1). ISSN [https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0033-5088 0033-5088].</ref> '''Ansa na Ɔmanko no baeɛ no''' Ansa na wɔretu nkoasom ase wɔ ɔman no mu wɔ afe 1865 mu no, wɔn a wɔpɛ sɛ wotu nkoasom ase no de nyansahyɛ ahoroɔ mae wɔ nea wobetumi anaasɛ ɛsɛ sɛ wɔyɛ de tua adwumayɛfoɔ a wɔde wɔn ayɛ nkoa no ka wɔ wɔn ahofadie akyi. Wɔ afe 1859 mfiase no, wɔ nwoma bi a wɔde hyiraa "Old Hero" John Brown so mu no, James Redpath kae sɛ ɔyɛ "reparationist", na ɔkyerɛ sɛ wɔ n'adwene mu no, ɛsɛ sɛ wɔde Apam no nsase ma nkoa dadaa no. Ɔsan nso fa anwensɛm bi a atwam, a William North kyerɛwee, a ɛkyerɛ "akwan a wɔfa so tua ka". Akyiri yi wɔ saa afe no mu, berɛ a wokum Brown akyi no, Redpath bɔɔ amanneɛ wɔ Brown asetra ho nsɛm a edi kan mu sɛ "na ɔnyɛ obi a ɔpɛ ahofadie ara kwa, na mmom obi a ɔpɛ sɛ wotua nneɛma ka. Na ogye di, ɛnyɛ sɛ ɛsɛ sɛ woyi nkoasom ho nsɛmmɔnedi no firi hɔ nko, na mmom ɛsɛ sɛ wotua mfomsoɔ a wɔayɛ akoa no ka. Nea ogye di no, ɔyɛɛ. Wɔ saa berɛ yi mu [Missouri raid, 1859], berɛ a ɔka kyerɛɛ nkoa no sɛ wɔde wɔn ho akyi no, obisaa wɔn sɛnea wɔn som no bo yɛ den, na—bere a wɔabua no—ɔkɔɔ so gyee agyapadeɛ koduruu sika dodoɔ a ɛsɛ sɛ abibifoɔ no wɔ saa kwan yi so no." Ná Ananmusifoɔ George W. Julian ne Thaddeus Stevens a wɔn baanu nyinaa yɛ Radical Republican kuo no mufoɔ no abɔ afrɛ deda sɛ wonnye nsase a wɔde mfuo yɛ no mfuo daa na wɔsan kyekyɛ bio.<ref>McKivigan, John R. (2008). ''[[iarchive:forgottenfirebra00mcki/page/n5/mode/2up|Forgotten firebrand : James Redpath and the making of nineteenth-century America]]''. Ithaca, New York: Cornell University Press. ISBN <bdi>978-0801446733</bdi>.</ref>^:104 == Wɔn a wɔsan ba wɔn man mu ne COVID-19 == Wɔ coronavirus yareɛ no nti, nnipa a wɔn honam ani yɛ tuntum no mu pii no na wɔyɛɛ sɛ wɔbɛyi wɔn adi ama wɔn ho akyere wɔn wɔ sikasɛm mu na yareɛ no bɛtumi akum wɔn<ref>{{Citation |title=CHAPTER 4. BLACK AMERICANS IN WHITE COLLARS |date=2020-08-31 |url=https://doi.org/10.1515/9781501757303-006 |work=Moving Up, Moving Out |pages=93–122 |publisher=Cornell University Press |access-date=2025-06-21}}</ref>. Sɛ nhwɛsoɔ no, 40% a wɔyɛ abibifoɔ nnwuma no ato mu koraa efi bosome no mu esiane yareɛ no nti, sɛ wɔde toto 17% a wɔyɛ abibifoɔ nnwuma wɔ berɛ korɔ no ara mu no ho<ref>{{Citation |last=Khristopher J. Brooks Reporter, MoneyWatch Khristopher J. Brooks is a reporter for CBS MoneyWatch He previously worked as a reporter for the Omaha World-Herald, Newsday, the Florida Times-Union His reporting primarily focuses on the U. S. housing market, The Business of Sports, bankruptcy Read Full Bio Khristopher J. Brooks |title=40% of black-owned businesses not expected to survive coronavirus - CBS News |date=2020-06-22 |url=https://www.cbsnews.com/news/black-owned-busineses-close-thousands-coronavirus-pandemic/ |language=en-US |access-date=2025-06-21}}</ref>. Eyi fa nokwasɛm a ɛyɛ sɛ aborɔfo mmusua anya wɔn agyapade mmɔho du sen abibifoɔ mmusua no ho<ref>{{Citation |last=Julian Kunnie |title=Justice Never Too Late: The Historical Background to Current Reparations Movements among Africans and African Americans |date=2018-03 |url=https://www.journals.uchicago.edu/doi/10.1086/696364 |work=The Journal of African American History |volume=103 |issue=1-2 |pages=44–64 |language=en |doi=10.1086/696364 |issn=1548-1867 |access-date=2025-06-21}}</ref>. Eyi ma abibifo a wɔyɛ wɔn ankasa adwuma no nya sika ne bosea, na wonni bammɔ a aborɔfo a wɔyɛ wɔn ankasa adwuma nya no bi. Bio nso, Afrika-Amerikanfo kɔ so nya COVID-19 yareɛ na wɔwuwu wɔ nnipa dodoɔ a wɔn dodoɔ borɔ wɔn dodow so mpɛn 1.5<ref name=":0">{{Citation |last=Madeleine Short Fabic, Yoonjoung Choi, David Bishai |title=Deaths among COVID Cases in the United States: Racial and Ethnic Disparities Persist |date=2020-11-16 |url=https://doi.org/10.1101/2020.11.15.20232066 |access-date=2025-06-21}}</ref>. Wɔ Ɔsanaa bosome mu wɔ afe 2020 mu no, CDC de data a ɛkyerɛ sɛ abibifo, Latinfo, ne Amerika Indiafo rehyia ayaresabea mu yareɛ mpɛn 4.5 kosi 5.5 sene abibifo a wɔnnyɛ Hispanic, ne sɛ Afrika Amerikafo rewu mpɛn 2.4 sene abibifo<ref name=":0" />. == Baabi a menyaa mmoa firiiɛ == <references /> [[Nkyekyεmu:Africa Wiki Challenge]] [[Nkyekyεmu:2025]] hhtljonhc9uv1zyeekxk28pxruaefq0 191406 191405 2025-07-11T16:03:35Z Emmanuel Anin 20149 191406 wikitext text/x-wiki ''Wɔatwerɛ nsɛm wei wɔ '''Asante Twi''' mu'' '''Reparations for slavery''' yɛ adwene a ɛne sɛ wɔde akatua ho ka no di dwuma ma wɔn a wɔayɛ wɔn nkoa anaa wɔn asefo. Adwene ahoroɔ wɔ hɔ a ɛfa akatua ho wɔ mmara nyansapɛ mu ne akatua ho wɔ nsakraeɛ atɛntrenee mu. Wɔ U.S. no, wɔde nkoasom ho akatua ama denam mmara kwan so gyinaesi wɔ asɛnnibea ne/anaasɛ ankorɛankorɛ ne ahyehyɛde ahodoɔ firi wɔn pɛ mu (a asɛnnibea gyinaesi biara nni ho) so.<ref>Medish, Mark; Lucichref, Daniel (August 30, 2019). [https://www.nbcnews.com/think/opinion/congress-must-officially-apologize-slavery-america-can-think-about-reparations-ncna1047561 "Congress must officially apologize for slavery before America can think about reparations"]. ''NBC News''. Retrieved July 12, 2020.</ref><ref name=":1">Davis, Allen (May 11, 2020). [https://guides.library.umass.edu/reparations "An Historical Timeline of Reparations Payments Made From 1783 through 2020 by the United States Government, States, Cities, Religious Institutions, Colleges and Universities, and Corporations"]. University of Massachusetts Amherst. Retrieved July 12, 2020</ref> Asɛm a edi kan a wɔatwerɛ ato hɔ a ɛfa nkoasom ho akatua ho wɔ United States ne kanee akoa Belinda Royall wɔ 1783 mu, a na ɛyɛ pɛnhyen sika, na efi saa berɛ no wɔda so ara hyɛ nyansa sɛ wɔmfa ntua wɔn ka. Ɛde besi ɛnnɛ no, wɔmfaa aban mmara biara a ɛfa akatua ho mmara biara mmae.<ref>[https://royallhouse.org/why-was-belindas-petition-approved/ "Why Was Belinda's Petition Approved?"]. ''The Royall House and Slave Quarters''. December 27, 2017. Retrieved October 29, 2020.</ref> 1865 ''Special Field Orders No. 15'' ("''Acre'' aduanan ne afurum") ne mmɔden a wonim no yiye sen biara a wɔbɔe sɛ wɔbɛboa nkoa a wɔade wɔn ho foforo ma wɔde wɔn ho ahyɛ ɔmanfo mu na wɔaboaboa ahonyade ano.<ref>Darity, William (2020). ''From Here to Equality: Reparations for Black Americans in the Twenty-First Century''. Chapel Hill: The University of North Carolina Press. ISBN <bdi>[[:en:Special:BookSources/978-1469654973|978-1469654973]]</bdi>.</ref> Nanso, Ɔmanpanin Andrew Johnson danee saa ahyɛdeɛ yi, na ɔsan de asase no maa ne kanee Konfederate wuranom. Akatua ayɛ adwene a ɛsan ba wɔ United States amammuonsɛm mu, nnansa yi ara wɔ 2020 Demokratik Parti ɔmanpanin akansi a edi kan no mu.<ref>Lockhart, PR (March 19, 2019). [https://www.vox.com/policy-and-politics/2019/3/11/18246741/reparations-democrats-2020-inequality-warren-harris-castro "The 2020 Democratic primary debate over reparations, explained"]. Vox.</ref> Ɔfrɛ a ɛne sɛ wɔmfa akatua no mu yɛɛ den wɔ afe 2020 mu, wɔ ɔsɔretia a wɔde tia polisifo atirimɔdensɛm ne ''COVID-19'' yaredɔm a abien no nyinaa kunkum Amerikafoɔ Abibifoɔ wɔ ɔkwan a ɛnsɛ so no mu.<ref>[https://www.theguardian.com/world/2020/jun/20/joe-biden-reparations-slavery-george-floyd-protests "Calls for reparations are growing louder. How is the US responding?"]. ''The Guardian''. June 20, 2020. Retrieved July 20, 2020. <q>Several states, localities and private institutions are beginning to grapple with issue, advancing legislation or convening taskforces to develop proposals for reparations.</q></ref> Mpɛn pii no, abibifoɔ mpɔtam ne atwerɛfo na wɔfrɛ sɛ wontua mmusua mu nyiyim ne nyiyim a wɔyɛ wɔ U.S. no ka ka ɔfrɛ a ɛne sɛ wontua nkoasom ho ka no ho.<ref>Cashin, Cheryll (June 21, 2019). [https://www.washingtonpost.com/outlook/reparations-for-slavery-arent-enough-official-racism-lasted-much-longer/2019/06/21/2c0ecbe8-9397-11e9-aadb-74e6b2b46f6a_story.html "Reparations for slavery aren't enough. Official racism lasted much longer"]. ''The Washington Post''.</ref><ref name=":2">[https://web.archive.org/web/20200615185752/https://www.blackavldemands.org/ "Black Asheville Demands – Reparations Section"]. June 26, 2020. Archived from the original on June 15, 2020. Retrieved July 12, 2020.</ref><ref>Coates, Ta-Nehisi (June 1, 2014). [https://www.theatlantic.com/magazine/archive/2014/06/the-case-for-reparations/361631/ "The Case for Reparations"]. ''The Atlantic''.</ref><ref>Marable, Manning. [https://rethinkingschools.org/articles/racism-and-reparations/ "Racism and Reparations: The time has come for whites to acknowledge the legacy of nearly 250 years of slavery and almost 100 years of legalized segregation"]. Retrieved September 18, 2020.</ref> Adwene a ɛne sɛ wɔbɛtua wɔn ka no da so ara yɛ akyinnyegye kɛse, esiane nsemmisa ahoroɔ a ɛfa sɛnea wɔde bɛma, sika dodoɔ a wɔde bɛma, onii a obɛtua, ne onii a obɛgye ho nti.<ref>Alfred L. Brophy, The Cultural War over Reparations for Slavery, 53 DePaul Law Review 1181–1213, 1182–1184 (Spring 2004)</ref><ref name=":3">Jones, Thai (January 31, 2020). [https://www.washingtonpost.com/outlook/2020/01/31/slavery-reparations-seem-impossible-many-places-theyre-already-happening/?arc404=true "Slavery reparations seem impossible. In many places, they're already happening"]. ''The Washington Post''. Retrieved July 12, 2020.</ref> Akwan a wɔfa so tua ka a kuro, mantam, ɔman, ne ɔman aban anaa ankorankoro ahyehyɛdeɛ ahoroɔ ahyɛ ho nyansa wɔ ''United States'' no bi ne: ankorankoro sika a wotua, sika a wɔde besiesie, sika a wɔde ma, sika a wɔde tua ho ka, ne nhyehyɛeɛ mu nhyehyɛeɛ ahoroɔ a wɔde besi ntɛnkyea ano, akatua a egyina asase so a ɛfa ahofadi ho, kyɛwpa ne ntɛnkyea no a wogye tum, sɛnkyerɛnne kwan so nneɛma (te sɛ ɔdan bi a wɔbɛbɔ din de ato obi),<ref name=":1" /> ne nkaedum ne mmɔnten a wɔde din ato nkoa wuranom ne wɔn a wɔbɔ nkoasom ho ban a woyi firi hɔ.<ref name=":2" /><ref>Kepley-Steward, Kristy; Santostasi, Stephanie (July 10, 2020). [https://wlos.com/news/local/vance-monument-robert-e-lee-confederate-monuments-downtown-asheville-removed-covered "Confederate monuments in downtown Asheville removed or covered"]. ''WLOS''. Retrieved July 12, 2020.</ref> Esiane sɛ ntɛnkyea ne nyiyimu foforɔ akɔ so firi berɛ a wɔberaa nkoasom wɔ U.S. nti,<ref>[https://time.com/5851855/systemic-racism-america/ "America's Long Overdue Awakening to Systemic Racism"]. ''Time''. June 11, 2020. Retrieved July 12, 2020.</ref><ref>Jan, Tracy (March 28, 2020). [https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/wonk/wp/2018/03/28/redlining-was-banned-50-years-ago-its-still-hurting-minorities-today/ "Redlining was banned 50 years ago. It's still hurting minorities today"]. ''The Washington Post''. Retrieved July 12, 2020.</ref><ref>Mitchell, Bruce; Franco, Juan (March 20, 2018). [https://ncrc.org/holc/ "HOLC "redlining" maps: The persistent structure of segregation and economic inequality"]. Retrieved July 12, 2020.</ref><ref>Nelson, Libby; Lind, Dara (February 24, 2015). [http://www.justicepolicy.org/news/8775 "The school to prison pipeline, explained"]. Retrieved July 12, 2020.</ref><ref>[https://www.sentencingproject.org/publications/un-report-on-racial-disparities/ "Report to the United Nations on Racial Disparities in the U.S. Criminal Justice System"]. April 19, 2020. Retrieved July 12, 2020.</ref> abibifoɔ mpɔtam bi ne ahyehyɛdeɛ ahoroɔ a ɛhwɛ ɔmanfoɔ ho kwan ahoroɔ so aka sɛ wontua saa ntɛnkyea ahoroɔ no ho ka ne afei nso sɛ wontua wɔn ka a ɛfa nkoasom ho tẽẽ.<ref name=":3" /><ref name=":2" /> Ebinom kyerɛ sɛ U.S. afiase nhyehyɛeɛ no, a efiri ase firi nhyehyɛeɛ a wɔde ma wɔn a wɔabu wɔn fɔ no so na ɛkɔ so denam nnɛyi adwumakuo a aban na ɛwɔ so a wɔfrɛ no ''Federal Prison Industries (UNICOR)'' so no yɛ nnɛyi mmara kwan so nkoasom a ɛda so ara ka abibifoɔ ne nnipa nketewa afoforoɔ titiriw na ɛnsɛ denam ɔko a wɔde ko tia nnubɔne ne nea wɔakasa atia sɛ ɛyɛ nsukwan a wɔde firi sukuu kɔ afiase no so.<ref>Love, David; Das, Vijay (September 9, 2017). [https://www.aljazeera.com/indepth/opinion/2017/09/slavery-prison-system-170901082522072.html "Slavery in the US prison system"]. ''Al Jazeera''. Retrieved July 12, 2020.</ref> == U.S. abakɔsɛm mu nsɛm a ɛfa ho == '''Wɔ atubrafoɔ mmerɛ mu''' Akyinnyegye a ɛfa akatua ho no firi afeha a ɛto so dunwɔtwe no mu tɔnn. Ɛkame ayɛ sɛ Quakerfoɔ a na wɔyɛ wɔn a wodii kan hwehwɛɛ sɛ wotu ase wɔ United States no bi de adwene koro sii so dua sɛ nkoa a wɔade wɔn ho no wɔ hokwan sɛ wonya akatua firi wɔn kane wuranom hɔ. Sɛ owura bi nuu ne ho wɔ bɔne a ɔyɛe sɛ ɔwɔ akoa a wɔde nneɛma gu mu a, ɛsɛ sɛ ɔpata no denam nsiesie a obesiesie so. Quakerfoɔ faa Deuteronomium nhoma a wɔhyɛɛ wuranom fo sɛ wɔne wɔn a na anka wɔyɛ nkoa nkyɛ wɔn nneɛma no mu asɛm kae.<ref>Brown University Steering Committee on Slavery and Justice (2007). ''[https://www.brown.edu/Research/Slavery_Justice/documents/SlaveryAndJustice.pdf Slavery and Justice]'' (PDF). Brown University. OCLC [https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/301709830 301709830].</ref>^:60 Wɔ Ɔman Anidan Ko no mu no, Warner Mifflin kamfoo kyerɛe sɛ wɔmfa sika mma wɔn a na anka wɔyɛ nkoa a wɔade wɔn ho no bio wɔ 1778 mu tɔnn, wɔ sika a wotua, asase, ne nnɔbae ho nhyehyɛe a wɔkyɛ mu.<ref>Heller, Mike (March 2019). [https://digitalcommons.georgefox.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=2397&context=qrt "Review of Gary Nash's Warner Mifflin: Unflinching Quaker Abolitionist"]. ''George Fox University''. Retrieved March 5, 2021</ref><ref>Polgar, Paul J. (December 1, 2018). [[doi:10.1093/jahist/jay310|"Warner Mifflin: Unflinching Quaker Abolitionist"]]. ''Journal of American History''. '''105''' (3): 660–661. doi:[[doi:10.1093/jahist/jay310|10.1093/jahist/jay310]]. ISSN [https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0021-8723 0021-8723].</ref><ref>[https://hsp.org/calendar/fearless-and-forgotten-warner-mifflin-quaker-abolitionist-new-nation "The Fearless and Forgotten Warner Mifflin: Quaker Abolitionist of the New Nation"]. ''Historical Society of Pennsylvania''. Retrieved March 5, 2021.</ref> Gary B. Nash kyerɛw sɛ, "ebia wɔbɛfrɛ no wɔ ɔkwan a ɛfata so sɛ Amerikafoɔ reparationism agya".<ref>Nash, Gary B. (2017). ''[https://books.google.com/books?id=YIIuDwAAQBAJ Warner Mifflin: Unflinching Quaker Abolitionist]''. University of Pennsylvania Press. p. 93. ISBN <bdi>978-0812294361</bdi>.</ref><ref>Heller, Mike (March 1, 2019). [https://digitalcommons.georgefox.edu/qrt/vol132/iss1/10 "Review of Gary Nash's Warner Mifflin: Unflinching Quaker Abolitionist (Philadelphia University of Pennsylvania Press, 2017)"]. ''Quaker Religious Thought''. '''132''' (1). ISSN [https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0033-5088 0033-5088].</ref> '''Ansa na Ɔmanko no baeɛ no''' Ansa na wɔretu nkoasom ase wɔ ɔman no mu wɔ afe 1865 mu no, wɔn a wɔpɛ sɛ wotu nkoasom ase no de nyansahyɛ ahoroɔ mae wɔ nea wobetumi anaasɛ ɛsɛ sɛ wɔyɛ de tua adwumayɛfoɔ a wɔde wɔn ayɛ nkoa no ka wɔ wɔn ahofadie akyi. Wɔ afe 1859 mfiase no, wɔ nwoma bi a wɔde hyiraa "Old Hero" John Brown so mu no, James Redpath kae sɛ ɔyɛ "reparationist", na ɔkyerɛ sɛ wɔ n'adwene mu no, ɛsɛ sɛ wɔde Apam no nsase ma nkoa dadaa no.<ref>Redpath, James (1859). ''[[iarchive:rovingeditorort00redpgoog/page/n10/mode/2up|The roving editor, or, Talks with Slaves in the Southern States]]''. New York: A. B. Burdick.</ref>^:vi Ɔsan nso fa anwensɛm bi a atwam, a William North kyerɛwee, a ɛkyerɛ "akwan a wɔfa so tua ka". Akyiri yi wɔ saa afe no mu, berɛ a wokum Brown akyi no, Redpath bɔɔ amanneɛ wɔ Brown asetra ho nsɛm a edi kan mu sɛ "na ɔnyɛ obi a ɔpɛ ahofadie ara kwa, na mmom obi a ɔpɛ sɛ wotua nneɛma ka. Na ogye di, ɛnyɛ sɛ ɛsɛ sɛ woyi nkoasom ho nsɛmmɔnedi no firi hɔ nko, na mmom ɛsɛ sɛ wotua mfomsoɔ a wɔayɛ akoa no ka. Nea ogye di no, ɔyɛɛ. Wɔ saa berɛ yi mu [Missouri raid, 1859], berɛ a ɔka kyerɛɛ nkoa no sɛ wɔde wɔn ho akyi no, obisaa wɔn sɛnea wɔn som no bo yɛ den, na—bere a wɔabua no—ɔkɔɔ so gyee agyapadeɛ koduruu sika dodoɔ a ɛsɛ sɛ abibifoɔ no wɔ saa kwan yi so no." Ná Ananmusifoɔ George W. Julian ne Thaddeus Stevens a wɔn baanu nyinaa yɛ Radical Republican kuo no mufoɔ no abɔ afrɛ deda sɛ wonnye nsase a wɔde mfuo yɛ no mfuo daa na wɔsan kyekyɛ bio.<ref>McKivigan, John R. (2008). ''[[iarchive:forgottenfirebra00mcki/page/n5/mode/2up|Forgotten firebrand : James Redpath and the making of nineteenth-century America]]''. Ithaca, New York: Cornell University Press. ISBN <bdi>978-0801446733</bdi>.</ref>^:104 == Wɔn a wɔsan ba wɔn man mu ne COVID-19 == Wɔ coronavirus yareɛ no nti, nnipa a wɔn honam ani yɛ tuntum no mu pii no na wɔyɛɛ sɛ wɔbɛyi wɔn adi ama wɔn ho akyere wɔn wɔ sikasɛm mu na yareɛ no bɛtumi akum wɔn<ref>{{Citation |title=CHAPTER 4. BLACK AMERICANS IN WHITE COLLARS |date=2020-08-31 |url=https://doi.org/10.1515/9781501757303-006 |work=Moving Up, Moving Out |pages=93–122 |publisher=Cornell University Press |access-date=2025-06-21}}</ref>. Sɛ nhwɛsoɔ no, 40% a wɔyɛ abibifoɔ nnwuma no ato mu koraa efi bosome no mu esiane yareɛ no nti, sɛ wɔde toto 17% a wɔyɛ abibifoɔ nnwuma wɔ berɛ korɔ no ara mu no ho<ref>{{Citation |last=Khristopher J. Brooks Reporter, MoneyWatch Khristopher J. Brooks is a reporter for CBS MoneyWatch He previously worked as a reporter for the Omaha World-Herald, Newsday, the Florida Times-Union His reporting primarily focuses on the U. S. housing market, The Business of Sports, bankruptcy Read Full Bio Khristopher J. Brooks |title=40% of black-owned businesses not expected to survive coronavirus - CBS News |date=2020-06-22 |url=https://www.cbsnews.com/news/black-owned-busineses-close-thousands-coronavirus-pandemic/ |language=en-US |access-date=2025-06-21}}</ref>. Eyi fa nokwasɛm a ɛyɛ sɛ aborɔfo mmusua anya wɔn agyapade mmɔho du sen abibifoɔ mmusua no ho<ref>{{Citation |last=Julian Kunnie |title=Justice Never Too Late: The Historical Background to Current Reparations Movements among Africans and African Americans |date=2018-03 |url=https://www.journals.uchicago.edu/doi/10.1086/696364 |work=The Journal of African American History |volume=103 |issue=1-2 |pages=44–64 |language=en |doi=10.1086/696364 |issn=1548-1867 |access-date=2025-06-21}}</ref>. Eyi ma abibifo a wɔyɛ wɔn ankasa adwuma no nya sika ne bosea, na wonni bammɔ a aborɔfo a wɔyɛ wɔn ankasa adwuma nya no bi. Bio nso, Afrika-Amerikanfo kɔ so nya COVID-19 yareɛ na wɔwuwu wɔ nnipa dodoɔ a wɔn dodoɔ borɔ wɔn dodow so mpɛn 1.5<ref name=":0">{{Citation |last=Madeleine Short Fabic, Yoonjoung Choi, David Bishai |title=Deaths among COVID Cases in the United States: Racial and Ethnic Disparities Persist |date=2020-11-16 |url=https://doi.org/10.1101/2020.11.15.20232066 |access-date=2025-06-21}}</ref>. Wɔ Ɔsanaa bosome mu wɔ afe 2020 mu no, CDC de data a ɛkyerɛ sɛ abibifo, Latinfo, ne Amerika Indiafo rehyia ayaresabea mu yareɛ mpɛn 4.5 kosi 5.5 sene abibifo a wɔnnyɛ Hispanic, ne sɛ Afrika Amerikafo rewu mpɛn 2.4 sene abibifo<ref name=":0" />. == Baabi a menyaa mmoa firiiɛ == <references /> [[Nkyekyεmu:Africa Wiki Challenge]] [[Nkyekyεmu:2025]] baqfc8sv2pnup67po36u00fiwo5448h 191407 191406 2025-07-11T16:04:48Z Emmanuel Anin 20149 191407 wikitext text/x-wiki ''Wɔatwerɛ nsɛm wei wɔ '''Asante Twi''' mu'' '''Reparations for slavery''' yɛ adwene a ɛne sɛ wɔde akatua ho ka no di dwuma ma wɔn a wɔayɛ wɔn nkoa anaa wɔn asefo. Adwene ahoroɔ wɔ hɔ a ɛfa akatua ho wɔ mmara nyansapɛ mu ne akatua ho wɔ nsakraeɛ atɛntrenee mu. Wɔ U.S. no, wɔde nkoasom ho akatua ama denam mmara kwan so gyinaesi wɔ asɛnnibea ne/anaasɛ ankorɛankorɛ ne ahyehyɛde ahodoɔ firi wɔn pɛ mu (a asɛnnibea gyinaesi biara nni ho) so.<ref>Medish, Mark; Lucichref, Daniel (August 30, 2019). [https://www.nbcnews.com/think/opinion/congress-must-officially-apologize-slavery-america-can-think-about-reparations-ncna1047561 "Congress must officially apologize for slavery before America can think about reparations"]. ''NBC News''. Retrieved July 12, 2020.</ref><ref name=":1">Davis, Allen (May 11, 2020). [https://guides.library.umass.edu/reparations "An Historical Timeline of Reparations Payments Made From 1783 through 2020 by the United States Government, States, Cities, Religious Institutions, Colleges and Universities, and Corporations"]. University of Massachusetts Amherst. Retrieved July 12, 2020</ref> Asɛm a edi kan a wɔatwerɛ ato hɔ a ɛfa nkoasom ho akatua ho wɔ United States ne kanee akoa Belinda Royall wɔ 1783 mu, a na ɛyɛ pɛnhyen sika, na efi saa berɛ no wɔda so ara hyɛ nyansa sɛ wɔmfa ntua wɔn ka. Ɛde besi ɛnnɛ no, wɔmfaa aban mmara biara a ɛfa akatua ho mmara biara mmae.<ref>[https://royallhouse.org/why-was-belindas-petition-approved/ "Why Was Belinda's Petition Approved?"]. ''The Royall House and Slave Quarters''. December 27, 2017. Retrieved October 29, 2020.</ref> 1865 ''Special Field Orders No. 15'' ("''Acre'' aduanan ne afurum") ne mmɔden a wonim no yiye sen biara a wɔbɔe sɛ wɔbɛboa nkoa a wɔade wɔn ho foforo ma wɔde wɔn ho ahyɛ ɔmanfo mu na wɔaboaboa ahonyade ano.<ref>Darity, William (2020). ''From Here to Equality: Reparations for Black Americans in the Twenty-First Century''. Chapel Hill: The University of North Carolina Press. ISBN <bdi>[[:en:Special:BookSources/978-1469654973|978-1469654973]]</bdi>.</ref> Nanso, Ɔmanpanin Andrew Johnson danee saa ahyɛdeɛ yi, na ɔsan de asase no maa ne kanee Konfederate wuranom. Akatua ayɛ adwene a ɛsan ba wɔ United States amammuonsɛm mu, nnansa yi ara wɔ 2020 Demokratik Parti ɔmanpanin akansi a edi kan no mu.<ref>Lockhart, PR (March 19, 2019). [https://www.vox.com/policy-and-politics/2019/3/11/18246741/reparations-democrats-2020-inequality-warren-harris-castro "The 2020 Democratic primary debate over reparations, explained"]. Vox.</ref> Ɔfrɛ a ɛne sɛ wɔmfa akatua no mu yɛɛ den wɔ afe 2020 mu, wɔ ɔsɔretia a wɔde tia polisifo atirimɔdensɛm ne ''COVID-19'' yaredɔm a abien no nyinaa kunkum Amerikafoɔ Abibifoɔ wɔ ɔkwan a ɛnsɛ so no mu.<ref>[https://www.theguardian.com/world/2020/jun/20/joe-biden-reparations-slavery-george-floyd-protests "Calls for reparations are growing louder. How is the US responding?"]. ''The Guardian''. June 20, 2020. Retrieved July 20, 2020. <q>Several states, localities and private institutions are beginning to grapple with issue, advancing legislation or convening taskforces to develop proposals for reparations.</q></ref> Mpɛn pii no, abibifoɔ mpɔtam ne atwerɛfo na wɔfrɛ sɛ wontua mmusua mu nyiyim ne nyiyim a wɔyɛ wɔ U.S. no ka ka ɔfrɛ a ɛne sɛ wontua nkoasom ho ka no ho.<ref>Cashin, Cheryll (June 21, 2019). [https://www.washingtonpost.com/outlook/reparations-for-slavery-arent-enough-official-racism-lasted-much-longer/2019/06/21/2c0ecbe8-9397-11e9-aadb-74e6b2b46f6a_story.html "Reparations for slavery aren't enough. Official racism lasted much longer"]. ''The Washington Post''.</ref><ref name=":2">[https://web.archive.org/web/20200615185752/https://www.blackavldemands.org/ "Black Asheville Demands – Reparations Section"]. June 26, 2020. Archived from the original on June 15, 2020. Retrieved July 12, 2020.</ref><ref>Coates, Ta-Nehisi (June 1, 2014). [https://www.theatlantic.com/magazine/archive/2014/06/the-case-for-reparations/361631/ "The Case for Reparations"]. ''The Atlantic''.</ref><ref>Marable, Manning. [https://rethinkingschools.org/articles/racism-and-reparations/ "Racism and Reparations: The time has come for whites to acknowledge the legacy of nearly 250 years of slavery and almost 100 years of legalized segregation"]. Retrieved September 18, 2020.</ref> Adwene a ɛne sɛ wɔbɛtua wɔn ka no da so ara yɛ akyinnyegye kɛse, esiane nsemmisa ahoroɔ a ɛfa sɛnea wɔde bɛma, sika dodoɔ a wɔde bɛma, onii a obɛtua, ne onii a obɛgye ho nti.<ref>Alfred L. Brophy, The Cultural War over Reparations for Slavery, 53 DePaul Law Review 1181–1213, 1182–1184 (Spring 2004)</ref><ref name=":3">Jones, Thai (January 31, 2020). [https://www.washingtonpost.com/outlook/2020/01/31/slavery-reparations-seem-impossible-many-places-theyre-already-happening/?arc404=true "Slavery reparations seem impossible. In many places, they're already happening"]. ''The Washington Post''. Retrieved July 12, 2020.</ref> Akwan a wɔfa so tua ka a kuro, mantam, ɔman, ne ɔman aban anaa ankorankoro ahyehyɛdeɛ ahoroɔ ahyɛ ho nyansa wɔ ''United States'' no bi ne: ankorankoro sika a wotua, sika a wɔde besiesie, sika a wɔde ma, sika a wɔde tua ho ka, ne nhyehyɛeɛ mu nhyehyɛeɛ ahoroɔ a wɔde besi ntɛnkyea ano, akatua a egyina asase so a ɛfa ahofadi ho, kyɛwpa ne ntɛnkyea no a wogye tum, sɛnkyerɛnne kwan so nneɛma (te sɛ ɔdan bi a wɔbɛbɔ din de ato obi),<ref name=":1" /> ne nkaedum ne mmɔnten a wɔde din ato nkoa wuranom ne wɔn a wɔbɔ nkoasom ho ban a woyi firi hɔ.<ref name=":2" /><ref>Kepley-Steward, Kristy; Santostasi, Stephanie (July 10, 2020). [https://wlos.com/news/local/vance-monument-robert-e-lee-confederate-monuments-downtown-asheville-removed-covered "Confederate monuments in downtown Asheville removed or covered"]. ''WLOS''. Retrieved July 12, 2020.</ref> Esiane sɛ ntɛnkyea ne nyiyimu foforɔ akɔ so firi berɛ a wɔberaa nkoasom wɔ U.S. nti,<ref>[https://time.com/5851855/systemic-racism-america/ "America's Long Overdue Awakening to Systemic Racism"]. ''Time''. June 11, 2020. Retrieved July 12, 2020.</ref><ref>Jan, Tracy (March 28, 2020). [https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/wonk/wp/2018/03/28/redlining-was-banned-50-years-ago-its-still-hurting-minorities-today/ "Redlining was banned 50 years ago. It's still hurting minorities today"]. ''The Washington Post''. Retrieved July 12, 2020.</ref><ref>Mitchell, Bruce; Franco, Juan (March 20, 2018). [https://ncrc.org/holc/ "HOLC "redlining" maps: The persistent structure of segregation and economic inequality"]. Retrieved July 12, 2020.</ref><ref>Nelson, Libby; Lind, Dara (February 24, 2015). [http://www.justicepolicy.org/news/8775 "The school to prison pipeline, explained"]. Retrieved July 12, 2020.</ref><ref>[https://www.sentencingproject.org/publications/un-report-on-racial-disparities/ "Report to the United Nations on Racial Disparities in the U.S. Criminal Justice System"]. April 19, 2020. Retrieved July 12, 2020.</ref> abibifoɔ mpɔtam bi ne ahyehyɛdeɛ ahoroɔ a ɛhwɛ ɔmanfoɔ ho kwan ahoroɔ so aka sɛ wontua saa ntɛnkyea ahoroɔ no ho ka ne afei nso sɛ wontua wɔn ka a ɛfa nkoasom ho tẽẽ.<ref name=":3" /><ref name=":2" /> Ebinom kyerɛ sɛ U.S. afiase nhyehyɛeɛ no, a efiri ase firi nhyehyɛeɛ a wɔde ma wɔn a wɔabu wɔn fɔ no so na ɛkɔ so denam nnɛyi adwumakuo a aban na ɛwɔ so a wɔfrɛ no ''Federal Prison Industries (UNICOR)'' so no yɛ nnɛyi mmara kwan so nkoasom a ɛda so ara ka abibifoɔ ne nnipa nketewa afoforoɔ titiriw na ɛnsɛ denam ɔko a wɔde ko tia nnubɔne ne nea wɔakasa atia sɛ ɛyɛ nsukwan a wɔde firi sukuu kɔ afiase no so.<ref>Love, David; Das, Vijay (September 9, 2017). [https://www.aljazeera.com/indepth/opinion/2017/09/slavery-prison-system-170901082522072.html "Slavery in the US prison system"]. ''Al Jazeera''. Retrieved July 12, 2020.</ref> == U.S. abakɔsɛm mu nsɛm a ɛfa ho == '''Wɔ atubrafoɔ mmerɛ mu''' Akyinnyegye a ɛfa akatua ho no firi afeha a ɛto so dunwɔtwe no mu tɔnn. Ɛkame ayɛ sɛ Quakerfoɔ a na wɔyɛ wɔn a wodii kan hwehwɛɛ sɛ wotu ase wɔ United States no bi de adwene koro sii so dua sɛ nkoa a wɔade wɔn ho no wɔ hokwan sɛ wonya akatua firi wɔn kane wuranom hɔ. Sɛ owura bi nuu ne ho wɔ bɔne a ɔyɛe sɛ ɔwɔ akoa a wɔde nneɛma gu mu a, ɛsɛ sɛ ɔpata no denam nsiesie a obesiesie so. Quakerfoɔ faa Deuteronomium nhoma a wɔhyɛɛ wuranom fo sɛ wɔne wɔn a na anka wɔyɛ nkoa nkyɛ wɔn nneɛma no mu asɛm kae.<ref>Brown University Steering Committee on Slavery and Justice (2007). ''[https://www.brown.edu/Research/Slavery_Justice/documents/SlaveryAndJustice.pdf Slavery and Justice]'' (PDF). Brown University. OCLC [https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/301709830 301709830].</ref>^:60 Wɔ Ɔman Anidan Ko no mu no, Warner Mifflin kamfoo kyerɛe sɛ wɔmfa sika mma wɔn a na anka wɔyɛ nkoa a wɔade wɔn ho no bio wɔ 1778 mu tɔnn, wɔ sika a wotua, asase, ne nnɔbae ho nhyehyɛe a wɔkyɛ mu.<ref>Heller, Mike (March 2019). [https://digitalcommons.georgefox.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=2397&context=qrt "Review of Gary Nash's Warner Mifflin: Unflinching Quaker Abolitionist"]. ''George Fox University''. Retrieved March 5, 2021</ref><ref>Polgar, Paul J. (December 1, 2018). [[doi:10.1093/jahist/jay310|"Warner Mifflin: Unflinching Quaker Abolitionist"]]. ''Journal of American History''. '''105''' (3): 660–661. doi:[[doi:10.1093/jahist/jay310|10.1093/jahist/jay310]]. ISSN [https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0021-8723 0021-8723].</ref><ref>[https://hsp.org/calendar/fearless-and-forgotten-warner-mifflin-quaker-abolitionist-new-nation "The Fearless and Forgotten Warner Mifflin: Quaker Abolitionist of the New Nation"]. ''Historical Society of Pennsylvania''. Retrieved March 5, 2021.</ref> Gary B. Nash kyerɛw sɛ, "ebia wɔbɛfrɛ no wɔ ɔkwan a ɛfata so sɛ Amerikafoɔ reparationism agya".<ref>Nash, Gary B. (2017). ''[https://books.google.com/books?id=YIIuDwAAQBAJ Warner Mifflin: Unflinching Quaker Abolitionist]''. University of Pennsylvania Press. p. 93. ISBN <bdi>978-0812294361</bdi>.</ref><ref>Heller, Mike (March 1, 2019). [https://digitalcommons.georgefox.edu/qrt/vol132/iss1/10 "Review of Gary Nash's Warner Mifflin: Unflinching Quaker Abolitionist (Philadelphia University of Pennsylvania Press, 2017)"]. ''Quaker Religious Thought''. '''132''' (1). ISSN [https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0033-5088 0033-5088].</ref> '''Ansa na Ɔmanko no baeɛ no''' Ansa na wɔretu nkoasom ase wɔ ɔman no mu wɔ afe 1865 mu no, wɔn a wɔpɛ sɛ wotu nkoasom ase no de nyansahyɛ ahoroɔ mae wɔ nea wobetumi anaasɛ ɛsɛ sɛ wɔyɛ de tua adwumayɛfoɔ a wɔde wɔn ayɛ nkoa no ka wɔ wɔn ahofadie akyi. Wɔ afe 1859 mfiase no, wɔ nwoma bi a wɔde hyiraa "Old Hero" John Brown so mu no, James Redpath kae sɛ ɔyɛ "reparationist", na ɔkyerɛ sɛ wɔ n'adwene mu no, ɛsɛ sɛ wɔde Apam no nsase ma nkoa dadaa no.<ref name=":4">Redpath, James (1859). ''[[iarchive:rovingeditorort00redpgoog/page/n10/mode/2up|The roving editor, or, Talks with Slaves in the Southern States]]''. New York: A. B. Burdick.</ref>^:vi Ɔsan nso fa anwensɛm bi a atwam, a William North kyerɛwee, a ɛkyerɛ "akwan a wɔfa so tua ka".<ref name=":4" />^:188 Akyiri yi wɔ saa afe no mu, berɛ a wokum Brown akyi no, Redpath bɔɔ amanneɛ wɔ Brown asetra ho nsɛm a edi kan mu sɛ "na ɔnyɛ obi a ɔpɛ ahofadie ara kwa, na mmom obi a ɔpɛ sɛ wotua nneɛma ka. Na ogye di, ɛnyɛ sɛ ɛsɛ sɛ woyi nkoasom ho nsɛmmɔnedi no firi hɔ nko, na mmom ɛsɛ sɛ wotua mfomsoɔ a wɔayɛ akoa no ka. Nea ogye di no, ɔyɛɛ. Wɔ saa berɛ yi mu [Missouri raid, 1859], berɛ a ɔka kyerɛɛ nkoa no sɛ wɔde wɔn ho akyi no, obisaa wɔn sɛnea wɔn som no bo yɛ den, na—bere a wɔabua no—ɔkɔɔ so gyee agyapadeɛ koduruu sika dodoɔ a ɛsɛ sɛ abibifoɔ no wɔ saa kwan yi so no." Ná Ananmusifoɔ George W. Julian ne Thaddeus Stevens a wɔn baanu nyinaa yɛ Radical Republican kuo no mufoɔ no abɔ afrɛ deda sɛ wonnye nsase a wɔde mfuo yɛ no mfuo daa na wɔsan kyekyɛ bio.<ref>McKivigan, John R. (2008). ''[[iarchive:forgottenfirebra00mcki/page/n5/mode/2up|Forgotten firebrand : James Redpath and the making of nineteenth-century America]]''. Ithaca, New York: Cornell University Press. ISBN <bdi>978-0801446733</bdi>.</ref>^:104 == Wɔn a wɔsan ba wɔn man mu ne COVID-19 == Wɔ coronavirus yareɛ no nti, nnipa a wɔn honam ani yɛ tuntum no mu pii no na wɔyɛɛ sɛ wɔbɛyi wɔn adi ama wɔn ho akyere wɔn wɔ sikasɛm mu na yareɛ no bɛtumi akum wɔn<ref>{{Citation |title=CHAPTER 4. BLACK AMERICANS IN WHITE COLLARS |date=2020-08-31 |url=https://doi.org/10.1515/9781501757303-006 |work=Moving Up, Moving Out |pages=93–122 |publisher=Cornell University Press |access-date=2025-06-21}}</ref>. Sɛ nhwɛsoɔ no, 40% a wɔyɛ abibifoɔ nnwuma no ato mu koraa efi bosome no mu esiane yareɛ no nti, sɛ wɔde toto 17% a wɔyɛ abibifoɔ nnwuma wɔ berɛ korɔ no ara mu no ho<ref>{{Citation |last=Khristopher J. Brooks Reporter, MoneyWatch Khristopher J. Brooks is a reporter for CBS MoneyWatch He previously worked as a reporter for the Omaha World-Herald, Newsday, the Florida Times-Union His reporting primarily focuses on the U. S. housing market, The Business of Sports, bankruptcy Read Full Bio Khristopher J. Brooks |title=40% of black-owned businesses not expected to survive coronavirus - CBS News |date=2020-06-22 |url=https://www.cbsnews.com/news/black-owned-busineses-close-thousands-coronavirus-pandemic/ |language=en-US |access-date=2025-06-21}}</ref>. Eyi fa nokwasɛm a ɛyɛ sɛ aborɔfo mmusua anya wɔn agyapade mmɔho du sen abibifoɔ mmusua no ho<ref>{{Citation |last=Julian Kunnie |title=Justice Never Too Late: The Historical Background to Current Reparations Movements among Africans and African Americans |date=2018-03 |url=https://www.journals.uchicago.edu/doi/10.1086/696364 |work=The Journal of African American History |volume=103 |issue=1-2 |pages=44–64 |language=en |doi=10.1086/696364 |issn=1548-1867 |access-date=2025-06-21}}</ref>. Eyi ma abibifo a wɔyɛ wɔn ankasa adwuma no nya sika ne bosea, na wonni bammɔ a aborɔfo a wɔyɛ wɔn ankasa adwuma nya no bi. Bio nso, Afrika-Amerikanfo kɔ so nya COVID-19 yareɛ na wɔwuwu wɔ nnipa dodoɔ a wɔn dodoɔ borɔ wɔn dodow so mpɛn 1.5<ref name=":0">{{Citation |last=Madeleine Short Fabic, Yoonjoung Choi, David Bishai |title=Deaths among COVID Cases in the United States: Racial and Ethnic Disparities Persist |date=2020-11-16 |url=https://doi.org/10.1101/2020.11.15.20232066 |access-date=2025-06-21}}</ref>. Wɔ Ɔsanaa bosome mu wɔ afe 2020 mu no, CDC de data a ɛkyerɛ sɛ abibifo, Latinfo, ne Amerika Indiafo rehyia ayaresabea mu yareɛ mpɛn 4.5 kosi 5.5 sene abibifo a wɔnnyɛ Hispanic, ne sɛ Afrika Amerikafo rewu mpɛn 2.4 sene abibifo<ref name=":0" />. == Baabi a menyaa mmoa firiiɛ == <references /> [[Nkyekyεmu:Africa Wiki Challenge]] [[Nkyekyεmu:2025]] 7q17ntnqjc2tcf9gi0u4r7upmzeo6ty 191408 191407 2025-07-11T16:07:09Z Emmanuel Anin 20149 191408 wikitext text/x-wiki ''Wɔatwerɛ nsɛm wei wɔ '''Asante Twi''' mu'' '''Reparations for slavery''' yɛ adwene a ɛne sɛ wɔde akatua ho ka no di dwuma ma wɔn a wɔayɛ wɔn nkoa anaa wɔn asefo. Adwene ahoroɔ wɔ hɔ a ɛfa akatua ho wɔ mmara nyansapɛ mu ne akatua ho wɔ nsakraeɛ atɛntrenee mu. Wɔ U.S. no, wɔde nkoasom ho akatua ama denam mmara kwan so gyinaesi wɔ asɛnnibea ne/anaasɛ ankorɛankorɛ ne ahyehyɛde ahodoɔ firi wɔn pɛ mu (a asɛnnibea gyinaesi biara nni ho) so.<ref>Medish, Mark; Lucichref, Daniel (August 30, 2019). [https://www.nbcnews.com/think/opinion/congress-must-officially-apologize-slavery-america-can-think-about-reparations-ncna1047561 "Congress must officially apologize for slavery before America can think about reparations"]. ''NBC News''. Retrieved July 12, 2020.</ref><ref name=":1">Davis, Allen (May 11, 2020). [https://guides.library.umass.edu/reparations "An Historical Timeline of Reparations Payments Made From 1783 through 2020 by the United States Government, States, Cities, Religious Institutions, Colleges and Universities, and Corporations"]. University of Massachusetts Amherst. Retrieved July 12, 2020</ref> Asɛm a edi kan a wɔatwerɛ ato hɔ a ɛfa nkoasom ho akatua ho wɔ United States ne kanee akoa Belinda Royall wɔ 1783 mu, a na ɛyɛ pɛnhyen sika, na efi saa berɛ no wɔda so ara hyɛ nyansa sɛ wɔmfa ntua wɔn ka. Ɛde besi ɛnnɛ no, wɔmfaa aban mmara biara a ɛfa akatua ho mmara biara mmae.<ref>[https://royallhouse.org/why-was-belindas-petition-approved/ "Why Was Belinda's Petition Approved?"]. ''The Royall House and Slave Quarters''. December 27, 2017. Retrieved October 29, 2020.</ref> 1865 ''Special Field Orders No. 15'' ("''Acre'' aduanan ne afurum") ne mmɔden a wonim no yiye sen biara a wɔbɔe sɛ wɔbɛboa nkoa a wɔade wɔn ho foforo ma wɔde wɔn ho ahyɛ ɔmanfo mu na wɔaboaboa ahonyade ano.<ref>Darity, William (2020). ''From Here to Equality: Reparations for Black Americans in the Twenty-First Century''. Chapel Hill: The University of North Carolina Press. ISBN <bdi>[[:en:Special:BookSources/978-1469654973|978-1469654973]]</bdi>.</ref> Nanso, Ɔmanpanin Andrew Johnson danee saa ahyɛdeɛ yi, na ɔsan de asase no maa ne kanee Konfederate wuranom. Akatua ayɛ adwene a ɛsan ba wɔ United States amammuonsɛm mu, nnansa yi ara wɔ 2020 Demokratik Parti ɔmanpanin akansi a edi kan no mu.<ref>Lockhart, PR (March 19, 2019). [https://www.vox.com/policy-and-politics/2019/3/11/18246741/reparations-democrats-2020-inequality-warren-harris-castro "The 2020 Democratic primary debate over reparations, explained"]. Vox.</ref> Ɔfrɛ a ɛne sɛ wɔmfa akatua no mu yɛɛ den wɔ afe 2020 mu, wɔ ɔsɔretia a wɔde tia polisifo atirimɔdensɛm ne ''COVID-19'' yaredɔm a abien no nyinaa kunkum Amerikafoɔ Abibifoɔ wɔ ɔkwan a ɛnsɛ so no mu.<ref>[https://www.theguardian.com/world/2020/jun/20/joe-biden-reparations-slavery-george-floyd-protests "Calls for reparations are growing louder. How is the US responding?"]. ''The Guardian''. June 20, 2020. Retrieved July 20, 2020. <q>Several states, localities and private institutions are beginning to grapple with issue, advancing legislation or convening taskforces to develop proposals for reparations.</q></ref> Mpɛn pii no, abibifoɔ mpɔtam ne atwerɛfo na wɔfrɛ sɛ wontua mmusua mu nyiyim ne nyiyim a wɔyɛ wɔ U.S. no ka ka ɔfrɛ a ɛne sɛ wontua nkoasom ho ka no ho.<ref>Cashin, Cheryll (June 21, 2019). [https://www.washingtonpost.com/outlook/reparations-for-slavery-arent-enough-official-racism-lasted-much-longer/2019/06/21/2c0ecbe8-9397-11e9-aadb-74e6b2b46f6a_story.html "Reparations for slavery aren't enough. Official racism lasted much longer"]. ''The Washington Post''.</ref><ref name=":2">[https://web.archive.org/web/20200615185752/https://www.blackavldemands.org/ "Black Asheville Demands – Reparations Section"]. June 26, 2020. Archived from the original on June 15, 2020. Retrieved July 12, 2020.</ref><ref>Coates, Ta-Nehisi (June 1, 2014). [https://www.theatlantic.com/magazine/archive/2014/06/the-case-for-reparations/361631/ "The Case for Reparations"]. ''The Atlantic''.</ref><ref>Marable, Manning. [https://rethinkingschools.org/articles/racism-and-reparations/ "Racism and Reparations: The time has come for whites to acknowledge the legacy of nearly 250 years of slavery and almost 100 years of legalized segregation"]. Retrieved September 18, 2020.</ref> Adwene a ɛne sɛ wɔbɛtua wɔn ka no da so ara yɛ akyinnyegye kɛse, esiane nsemmisa ahoroɔ a ɛfa sɛnea wɔde bɛma, sika dodoɔ a wɔde bɛma, onii a obɛtua, ne onii a obɛgye ho nti.<ref>Alfred L. Brophy, The Cultural War over Reparations for Slavery, 53 DePaul Law Review 1181–1213, 1182–1184 (Spring 2004)</ref><ref name=":3">Jones, Thai (January 31, 2020). [https://www.washingtonpost.com/outlook/2020/01/31/slavery-reparations-seem-impossible-many-places-theyre-already-happening/?arc404=true "Slavery reparations seem impossible. In many places, they're already happening"]. ''The Washington Post''. Retrieved July 12, 2020.</ref> Akwan a wɔfa so tua ka a kuro, mantam, ɔman, ne ɔman aban anaa ankorankoro ahyehyɛdeɛ ahoroɔ ahyɛ ho nyansa wɔ ''United States'' no bi ne: ankorankoro sika a wotua, sika a wɔde besiesie, sika a wɔde ma, sika a wɔde tua ho ka, ne nhyehyɛeɛ mu nhyehyɛeɛ ahoroɔ a wɔde besi ntɛnkyea ano, akatua a egyina asase so a ɛfa ahofadi ho, kyɛwpa ne ntɛnkyea no a wogye tum, sɛnkyerɛnne kwan so nneɛma (te sɛ ɔdan bi a wɔbɛbɔ din de ato obi),<ref name=":1" /> ne nkaedum ne mmɔnten a wɔde din ato nkoa wuranom ne wɔn a wɔbɔ nkoasom ho ban a woyi firi hɔ.<ref name=":2" /><ref>Kepley-Steward, Kristy; Santostasi, Stephanie (July 10, 2020). [https://wlos.com/news/local/vance-monument-robert-e-lee-confederate-monuments-downtown-asheville-removed-covered "Confederate monuments in downtown Asheville removed or covered"]. ''WLOS''. Retrieved July 12, 2020.</ref> Esiane sɛ ntɛnkyea ne nyiyimu foforɔ akɔ so firi berɛ a wɔberaa nkoasom wɔ U.S. nti,<ref>[https://time.com/5851855/systemic-racism-america/ "America's Long Overdue Awakening to Systemic Racism"]. ''Time''. June 11, 2020. Retrieved July 12, 2020.</ref><ref>Jan, Tracy (March 28, 2020). [https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/wonk/wp/2018/03/28/redlining-was-banned-50-years-ago-its-still-hurting-minorities-today/ "Redlining was banned 50 years ago. It's still hurting minorities today"]. ''The Washington Post''. Retrieved July 12, 2020.</ref><ref>Mitchell, Bruce; Franco, Juan (March 20, 2018). [https://ncrc.org/holc/ "HOLC "redlining" maps: The persistent structure of segregation and economic inequality"]. Retrieved July 12, 2020.</ref><ref>Nelson, Libby; Lind, Dara (February 24, 2015). [http://www.justicepolicy.org/news/8775 "The school to prison pipeline, explained"]. Retrieved July 12, 2020.</ref><ref>[https://www.sentencingproject.org/publications/un-report-on-racial-disparities/ "Report to the United Nations on Racial Disparities in the U.S. Criminal Justice System"]. April 19, 2020. Retrieved July 12, 2020.</ref> abibifoɔ mpɔtam bi ne ahyehyɛdeɛ ahoroɔ a ɛhwɛ ɔmanfoɔ ho kwan ahoroɔ so aka sɛ wontua saa ntɛnkyea ahoroɔ no ho ka ne afei nso sɛ wontua wɔn ka a ɛfa nkoasom ho tẽẽ.<ref name=":3" /><ref name=":2" /> Ebinom kyerɛ sɛ U.S. afiase nhyehyɛeɛ no, a efiri ase firi nhyehyɛeɛ a wɔde ma wɔn a wɔabu wɔn fɔ no so na ɛkɔ so denam nnɛyi adwumakuo a aban na ɛwɔ so a wɔfrɛ no ''Federal Prison Industries (UNICOR)'' so no yɛ nnɛyi mmara kwan so nkoasom a ɛda so ara ka abibifoɔ ne nnipa nketewa afoforoɔ titiriw na ɛnsɛ denam ɔko a wɔde ko tia nnubɔne ne nea wɔakasa atia sɛ ɛyɛ nsukwan a wɔde firi sukuu kɔ afiase no so.<ref>Love, David; Das, Vijay (September 9, 2017). [https://www.aljazeera.com/indepth/opinion/2017/09/slavery-prison-system-170901082522072.html "Slavery in the US prison system"]. ''Al Jazeera''. Retrieved July 12, 2020.</ref> == U.S. abakɔsɛm mu nsɛm a ɛfa ho == '''Wɔ atubrafoɔ mmerɛ mu''' Akyinnyegye a ɛfa akatua ho no firi afeha a ɛto so dunwɔtwe no mu tɔnn. Ɛkame ayɛ sɛ Quakerfoɔ a na wɔyɛ wɔn a wodii kan hwehwɛɛ sɛ wotu ase wɔ United States no bi de adwene koro sii so dua sɛ nkoa a wɔade wɔn ho no wɔ hokwan sɛ wonya akatua firi wɔn kane wuranom hɔ. Sɛ owura bi nuu ne ho wɔ bɔne a ɔyɛe sɛ ɔwɔ akoa a wɔde nneɛma gu mu a, ɛsɛ sɛ ɔpata no denam nsiesie a obesiesie so. Quakerfoɔ faa Deuteronomium nhoma a wɔhyɛɛ wuranom fo sɛ wɔne wɔn a na anka wɔyɛ nkoa nkyɛ wɔn nneɛma no mu asɛm kae.<ref>Brown University Steering Committee on Slavery and Justice (2007). ''[https://www.brown.edu/Research/Slavery_Justice/documents/SlaveryAndJustice.pdf Slavery and Justice]'' (PDF). Brown University. OCLC [https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/301709830 301709830].</ref>^:60 Wɔ Ɔman Anidan Ko no mu no, Warner Mifflin kamfoo kyerɛe sɛ wɔmfa sika mma wɔn a na anka wɔyɛ nkoa a wɔade wɔn ho no bio wɔ 1778 mu tɔnn, wɔ sika a wotua, asase, ne nnɔbae ho nhyehyɛe a wɔkyɛ mu.<ref>Heller, Mike (March 2019). [https://digitalcommons.georgefox.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=2397&context=qrt "Review of Gary Nash's Warner Mifflin: Unflinching Quaker Abolitionist"]. ''George Fox University''. Retrieved March 5, 2021</ref><ref>Polgar, Paul J. (December 1, 2018). [[doi:10.1093/jahist/jay310|"Warner Mifflin: Unflinching Quaker Abolitionist"]]. ''Journal of American History''. '''105''' (3): 660–661. doi:[[doi:10.1093/jahist/jay310|10.1093/jahist/jay310]]. ISSN [https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0021-8723 0021-8723].</ref><ref>[https://hsp.org/calendar/fearless-and-forgotten-warner-mifflin-quaker-abolitionist-new-nation "The Fearless and Forgotten Warner Mifflin: Quaker Abolitionist of the New Nation"]. ''Historical Society of Pennsylvania''. Retrieved March 5, 2021.</ref> Gary B. Nash kyerɛw sɛ, "ebia wɔbɛfrɛ no wɔ ɔkwan a ɛfata so sɛ Amerikafoɔ reparationism agya".<ref>Nash, Gary B. (2017). ''[https://books.google.com/books?id=YIIuDwAAQBAJ Warner Mifflin: Unflinching Quaker Abolitionist]''. University of Pennsylvania Press. p. 93. ISBN <bdi>978-0812294361</bdi>.</ref><ref>Heller, Mike (March 1, 2019). [https://digitalcommons.georgefox.edu/qrt/vol132/iss1/10 "Review of Gary Nash's Warner Mifflin: Unflinching Quaker Abolitionist (Philadelphia University of Pennsylvania Press, 2017)"]. ''Quaker Religious Thought''. '''132''' (1). ISSN [https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0033-5088 0033-5088].</ref> '''Ansa na Ɔmanko no baeɛ no''' Ansa na wɔretu nkoasom ase wɔ ɔman no mu wɔ afe 1865 mu no, wɔn a wɔpɛ sɛ wotu nkoasom ase no de nyansahyɛ ahoroɔ mae wɔ nea wobetumi anaasɛ ɛsɛ sɛ wɔyɛ de tua adwumayɛfoɔ a wɔde wɔn ayɛ nkoa no ka wɔ wɔn ahofadie akyi. Wɔ afe 1859 mfiase no, wɔ nwoma bi a wɔde hyiraa "Old Hero" John Brown so mu no, James Redpath kae sɛ ɔyɛ "reparationist", na ɔkyerɛ sɛ wɔ n'adwene mu no, ɛsɛ sɛ wɔde Apam no nsase ma nkoa dadaa no.<ref name=":4">Redpath, James (1859). ''[[iarchive:rovingeditorort00redpgoog/page/n10/mode/2up|The roving editor, or, Talks with Slaves in the Southern States]]''. New York: A. B. Burdick.</ref>^:vi Ɔsan nso fa anwensɛm bi a atwam, a William North kyerɛwee, a ɛkyerɛ "akwan a wɔfa so tua ka".<ref name=":4" />^:188 Akyiri yi wɔ saa afe no mu, berɛ a wokum Brown akyi no, Redpath bɔɔ amanneɛ wɔ Brown asetra ho nsɛm a edi kan mu sɛ "na ɔnyɛ obi a ɔpɛ ahofadie ara kwa, na mmom obi a ɔpɛ sɛ wotua nneɛma ka. Na ogye di, ɛnyɛ sɛ ɛsɛ sɛ woyi nkoasom ho nsɛmmɔnedi no firi hɔ nko, na mmom ɛsɛ sɛ wotua mfomsoɔ a wɔayɛ akoa no ka. Nea ogye di no, ɔyɛɛ. Wɔ saa berɛ yi mu [Missouri raid, 1859], berɛ a ɔka kyerɛɛ nkoa no sɛ wɔde wɔn ho akyi no, obisaa wɔn sɛnea wɔn som no bo yɛ den, na—bere a wɔabua no—ɔkɔɔ so gyee agyapadeɛ koduruu sika dodoɔ a ɛsɛ sɛ abibifoɔ no wɔ saa kwan yi so no."<ref>Redpath, James (1860). ''T[[iarchive:publiclifecaptj02redpgoog/page/n8/mode/2up|he public life of Capt. John Brown]]''. Boston: Thayer and Eldridge.</ref>^:220 Ná Ananmusifoɔ George W. Julian ne Thaddeus Stevens a wɔn baanu nyinaa yɛ Radical Republican kuo no mufoɔ no abɔ afrɛ deda sɛ wonnye nsase a wɔde mfuo yɛ no mfuo daa na wɔsan kyekyɛ bio.<ref>McKivigan, John R. (2008). ''[[iarchive:forgottenfirebra00mcki/page/n5/mode/2up|Forgotten firebrand : James Redpath and the making of nineteenth-century America]]''. Ithaca, New York: Cornell University Press. ISBN <bdi>978-0801446733</bdi>.</ref>^:104 == Wɔn a wɔsan ba wɔn man mu ne COVID-19 == Wɔ coronavirus yareɛ no nti, nnipa a wɔn honam ani yɛ tuntum no mu pii no na wɔyɛɛ sɛ wɔbɛyi wɔn adi ama wɔn ho akyere wɔn wɔ sikasɛm mu na yareɛ no bɛtumi akum wɔn<ref>{{Citation |title=CHAPTER 4. BLACK AMERICANS IN WHITE COLLARS |date=2020-08-31 |url=https://doi.org/10.1515/9781501757303-006 |work=Moving Up, Moving Out |pages=93–122 |publisher=Cornell University Press |access-date=2025-06-21}}</ref>. Sɛ nhwɛsoɔ no, 40% a wɔyɛ abibifoɔ nnwuma no ato mu koraa efi bosome no mu esiane yareɛ no nti, sɛ wɔde toto 17% a wɔyɛ abibifoɔ nnwuma wɔ berɛ korɔ no ara mu no ho<ref>{{Citation |last=Khristopher J. Brooks Reporter, MoneyWatch Khristopher J. Brooks is a reporter for CBS MoneyWatch He previously worked as a reporter for the Omaha World-Herald, Newsday, the Florida Times-Union His reporting primarily focuses on the U. S. housing market, The Business of Sports, bankruptcy Read Full Bio Khristopher J. Brooks |title=40% of black-owned businesses not expected to survive coronavirus - CBS News |date=2020-06-22 |url=https://www.cbsnews.com/news/black-owned-busineses-close-thousands-coronavirus-pandemic/ |language=en-US |access-date=2025-06-21}}</ref>. Eyi fa nokwasɛm a ɛyɛ sɛ aborɔfo mmusua anya wɔn agyapade mmɔho du sen abibifoɔ mmusua no ho<ref>{{Citation |last=Julian Kunnie |title=Justice Never Too Late: The Historical Background to Current Reparations Movements among Africans and African Americans |date=2018-03 |url=https://www.journals.uchicago.edu/doi/10.1086/696364 |work=The Journal of African American History |volume=103 |issue=1-2 |pages=44–64 |language=en |doi=10.1086/696364 |issn=1548-1867 |access-date=2025-06-21}}</ref>. Eyi ma abibifo a wɔyɛ wɔn ankasa adwuma no nya sika ne bosea, na wonni bammɔ a aborɔfo a wɔyɛ wɔn ankasa adwuma nya no bi. Bio nso, Afrika-Amerikanfo kɔ so nya COVID-19 yareɛ na wɔwuwu wɔ nnipa dodoɔ a wɔn dodoɔ borɔ wɔn dodow so mpɛn 1.5<ref name=":0">{{Citation |last=Madeleine Short Fabic, Yoonjoung Choi, David Bishai |title=Deaths among COVID Cases in the United States: Racial and Ethnic Disparities Persist |date=2020-11-16 |url=https://doi.org/10.1101/2020.11.15.20232066 |access-date=2025-06-21}}</ref>. Wɔ Ɔsanaa bosome mu wɔ afe 2020 mu no, CDC de data a ɛkyerɛ sɛ abibifo, Latinfo, ne Amerika Indiafo rehyia ayaresabea mu yareɛ mpɛn 4.5 kosi 5.5 sene abibifo a wɔnnyɛ Hispanic, ne sɛ Afrika Amerikafo rewu mpɛn 2.4 sene abibifo<ref name=":0" />. == Baabi a menyaa mmoa firiiɛ == <references /> [[Nkyekyεmu:Africa Wiki Challenge]] [[Nkyekyεmu:2025]] gpp3ch13u85cpf6eive8xwi7p9km3be 191409 191408 2025-07-11T16:35:51Z Emmanuel Anin 20149 191409 wikitext text/x-wiki ''Wɔatwerɛ nsɛm wei wɔ '''Asante Twi''' mu'' '''Reparations for slavery''' yɛ adwene a ɛne sɛ wɔde akatua ho ka no di dwuma ma wɔn a wɔayɛ wɔn nkoa anaa wɔn asefo. Adwene ahoroɔ wɔ hɔ a ɛfa akatua ho wɔ mmara nyansapɛ mu ne akatua ho wɔ nsakraeɛ atɛntrenee mu. Wɔ U.S. no, wɔde nkoasom ho akatua ama denam mmara kwan so gyinaesi wɔ asɛnnibea ne/anaasɛ ankorɛankorɛ ne ahyehyɛdeɛ ahodoɔ firi wɔn pɛ mu (a asɛnnibea gyinaesi biara nni ho) so.<ref>Medish, Mark; Lucichref, Daniel (August 30, 2019). [https://www.nbcnews.com/think/opinion/congress-must-officially-apologize-slavery-america-can-think-about-reparations-ncna1047561 "Congress must officially apologize for slavery before America can think about reparations"]. ''NBC News''. Retrieved July 12, 2020.</ref><ref name=":1">Davis, Allen (May 11, 2020). [https://guides.library.umass.edu/reparations "An Historical Timeline of Reparations Payments Made From 1783 through 2020 by the United States Government, States, Cities, Religious Institutions, Colleges and Universities, and Corporations"]. University of Massachusetts Amherst. Retrieved July 12, 2020</ref> Asɛm a edi kan a wɔatwerɛ ato hɔ a ɛfa nkoasom ho akatua ho wɔ United States ne kanee akoa Belinda Royall wɔ afe 1783 mu, a na ɛyɛ pɛnhyen sika, na efi saa berɛ no wɔda so ara hyɛ nyansa sɛ wɔmfa ntua wɔn ka. Ɛde besi ɛnnɛ no, wɔmfaa aban mmara biara a ɛfa akatua ho mmara biara mmae.<ref>[https://royallhouse.org/why-was-belindas-petition-approved/ "Why Was Belinda's Petition Approved?"]. ''The Royall House and Slave Quarters''. December 27, 2017. Retrieved October 29, 2020.</ref> 1865 ''Special Field Orders No. 15'' ("''Acre'' aduanan ne afurum") ne mmɔden a wonim no yiye sen biara a wɔbɔe sɛ wɔbɛboa nkoa a wɔade wɔn ho foforɔ ma wɔde wɔn ho ahyɛ ɔmanfo mu na wɔaboaboa ahonyade ano.<ref>Darity, William (2020). ''From Here to Equality: Reparations for Black Americans in the Twenty-First Century''. Chapel Hill: The University of North Carolina Press. ISBN <bdi>[[:en:Special:BookSources/978-1469654973|978-1469654973]]</bdi>.</ref> Nanso, Ɔmanpanin Andrew Johnson danee saa ahyɛdeɛ yi, na ɔsan de asase no maa ne kanee Konfederate wuranom. Akatua ayɛ adwene a ɛsan ba wɔ United States amammuonsɛm mu, nnansa yi ara wɔ afe 2020 Demokratik Parti ɔmanpanin akansi a edi kan no mu.<ref>Lockhart, PR (March 19, 2019). [https://www.vox.com/policy-and-politics/2019/3/11/18246741/reparations-democrats-2020-inequality-warren-harris-castro "The 2020 Democratic primary debate over reparations, explained"]. Vox.</ref> Ɔfrɛ a ɛne sɛ wɔmfa akatua no mu yɛɛ den wɔ afe 2020 mu, wɔ ɔsɔretia a wɔde tia polisifoɔ atirimɔdensɛm ne ''COVID-19'' yaredɔm a abien no nyinaa kunkum Amerikafoɔ Abibifoɔ wɔ ɔkwan a ɛnsɛ so no mu.<ref>[https://www.theguardian.com/world/2020/jun/20/joe-biden-reparations-slavery-george-floyd-protests "Calls for reparations are growing louder. How is the US responding?"]. ''The Guardian''. June 20, 2020. Retrieved July 20, 2020. <q>Several states, localities and private institutions are beginning to grapple with issue, advancing legislation or convening taskforces to develop proposals for reparations.</q></ref> Mpɛn pii no, abibifoɔ mpɔtam ne atwerɛfo na wɔfrɛ sɛ wontua mmusua mu nyiyim ne nyiyim a wɔyɛ wɔ U.S. no ka ka ɔfrɛ a ɛne sɛ wontua nkoasom ho ka no ho.<ref>Cashin, Cheryll (June 21, 2019). [https://www.washingtonpost.com/outlook/reparations-for-slavery-arent-enough-official-racism-lasted-much-longer/2019/06/21/2c0ecbe8-9397-11e9-aadb-74e6b2b46f6a_story.html "Reparations for slavery aren't enough. Official racism lasted much longer"]. ''The Washington Post''.</ref><ref name=":2">[https://web.archive.org/web/20200615185752/https://www.blackavldemands.org/ "Black Asheville Demands – Reparations Section"]. June 26, 2020. Archived from the original on June 15, 2020. Retrieved July 12, 2020.</ref><ref>Coates, Ta-Nehisi (June 1, 2014). [https://www.theatlantic.com/magazine/archive/2014/06/the-case-for-reparations/361631/ "The Case for Reparations"]. ''The Atlantic''.</ref><ref>Marable, Manning. [https://rethinkingschools.org/articles/racism-and-reparations/ "Racism and Reparations: The time has come for whites to acknowledge the legacy of nearly 250 years of slavery and almost 100 years of legalized segregation"]. Retrieved September 18, 2020.</ref> Adwene a ɛne sɛ wɔbɛtua wɔn ka no da so ara yɛ akyinnyegye kɛse, esiane nsemmisa ahodoɔ a ɛfa sɛnea wɔde bɛma, sika dodoɔ a wɔde bɛma, onii a obɛtua, ne onii a obɛgye ho nti.<ref>Alfred L. Brophy, The Cultural War over Reparations for Slavery, 53 DePaul Law Review 1181–1213, 1182–1184 (Spring 2004)</ref><ref name=":3">Jones, Thai (January 31, 2020). [https://www.washingtonpost.com/outlook/2020/01/31/slavery-reparations-seem-impossible-many-places-theyre-already-happening/?arc404=true "Slavery reparations seem impossible. In many places, they're already happening"]. ''The Washington Post''. Retrieved July 12, 2020.</ref> Akwan a wɔfa so tua ka a kuro, mantam, ɔman, ne ɔman aban anaa ankorankoro ahyehyɛdeɛ ahodoɔ ahyɛ ho nyansa wɔ ''United States'' no bi ne: ankorankoro sika a wotua, sika a wɔde besiesie, sika a wɔde ma, sika a wɔde tua ho ka, ne nhyehyɛeɛ mu nhyehyɛeɛ ahoroɔ a wɔde besi ntɛnkyea ano, akatua a egyina asase so a ɛfa ahofadi ho, kyɛwpa ne ntɛnkyea no a wogye tum, sɛnkyerɛnne kwan so nneɛma (te sɛ ɔdan bi a wɔbɛbɔ din de ato obi),<ref name=":1" /> ne nkaedum ne mmɔnten a wɔde din ato nkoa wuranom ne wɔn a wɔbɔ nkoasom ho ban a woyi firi hɔ.<ref name=":2" /><ref>Kepley-Steward, Kristy; Santostasi, Stephanie (July 10, 2020). [https://wlos.com/news/local/vance-monument-robert-e-lee-confederate-monuments-downtown-asheville-removed-covered "Confederate monuments in downtown Asheville removed or covered"]. ''WLOS''. Retrieved July 12, 2020.</ref> Esiane sɛ ntɛnkyea ne nyiyimu foforɔ akɔ so firi berɛ a wɔberaa nkoasom wɔ U.S. nti,<ref>[https://time.com/5851855/systemic-racism-america/ "America's Long Overdue Awakening to Systemic Racism"]. ''Time''. June 11, 2020. Retrieved July 12, 2020.</ref><ref>Jan, Tracy (March 28, 2020). [https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/wonk/wp/2018/03/28/redlining-was-banned-50-years-ago-its-still-hurting-minorities-today/ "Redlining was banned 50 years ago. It's still hurting minorities today"]. ''The Washington Post''. Retrieved July 12, 2020.</ref><ref>Mitchell, Bruce; Franco, Juan (March 20, 2018). [https://ncrc.org/holc/ "HOLC "redlining" maps: The persistent structure of segregation and economic inequality"]. Retrieved July 12, 2020.</ref><ref>Nelson, Libby; Lind, Dara (February 24, 2015). [http://www.justicepolicy.org/news/8775 "The school to prison pipeline, explained"]. Retrieved July 12, 2020.</ref><ref>[https://www.sentencingproject.org/publications/un-report-on-racial-disparities/ "Report to the United Nations on Racial Disparities in the U.S. Criminal Justice System"]. April 19, 2020. Retrieved July 12, 2020.</ref> abibifoɔ mpɔtam bi ne ahyehyɛdeɛ ahoroɔ a ɛhwɛ ɔmanfoɔ ho kwan ahoroɔ so aka sɛ wontua saa ntɛnkyea ahoroɔ no ho ka ne afei nso sɛ wontua wɔn ka a ɛfa nkoasom ho tẽẽ.<ref name=":3" /><ref name=":2" /> Ebinom kyerɛ sɛ U.S. afiase nhyehyɛeɛ no, a efiri ase firi nhyehyɛeɛ a wɔde ma wɔn a wɔabu wɔn fɔ no so na ɛkɔ so denam nnɛyi adwumakuo a aban na ɛwɔ so a wɔfrɛ no ''Federal Prison Industries (UNICOR)'' so no yɛ nnɛyi mmara kwan so nkoasom a ɛda so ara ka abibifoɔ ne nnipa nketewa afoforoɔ titiriw na ɛnsɛ denam ɔko a wɔde ko tia nnubɔne ne nea wɔakasa atia sɛ ɛyɛ nsukwan a wɔde firi sukuu kɔ afiase no so.<ref>Love, David; Das, Vijay (September 9, 2017). [https://www.aljazeera.com/indepth/opinion/2017/09/slavery-prison-system-170901082522072.html "Slavery in the US prison system"]. ''Al Jazeera''. Retrieved July 12, 2020.</ref> == U.S. abakɔsɛm mu nsɛm a ɛfa ho == '''Wɔ atubrafoɔ mmerɛ mu''' Akyinnyegye a ɛfa akatua ho no firi afeha a ɛto so dunwɔtwe no mu tɔnn. Ɛkame ayɛ sɛ Quakerfoɔ a na wɔyɛ wɔn a wodii kan hwehwɛɛ sɛ wotu ase wɔ United States no bi de adwene koro sii so dua sɛ nkoa a wɔade wɔn ho no wɔ hokwan sɛ wonya akatua firi wɔn kane wuranom hɔ. Sɛ owura bi nuu ne ho wɔ bɔne a ɔyɛe sɛ ɔwɔ akoa a wɔde nneɛma gu mu a, ɛsɛ sɛ ɔpata no denam nsiesie a obesiesie so. Quakerfoɔ faa Deuteronomium nhoma a wɔhyɛɛ wuranom fo sɛ wɔne wɔn a na anka wɔyɛ nkoa nkyɛ wɔn nneɛma no mu asɛm kae.<ref>Brown University Steering Committee on Slavery and Justice (2007). ''[https://www.brown.edu/Research/Slavery_Justice/documents/SlaveryAndJustice.pdf Slavery and Justice]'' (PDF). Brown University. OCLC [https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/301709830 301709830].</ref>^:60 Wɔ Ɔman Anidan Ko no mu no, Warner Mifflin kamfoo kyerɛe sɛ wɔmfa sika mma wɔn a na anka wɔyɛ nkoa a wɔade wɔn ho no bio wɔ 1778 mu tɔnn, wɔ sika a wotua, asase, ne nnɔbae ho nhyehyɛe a wɔkyɛ mu.<ref>Heller, Mike (March 2019). [https://digitalcommons.georgefox.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=2397&context=qrt "Review of Gary Nash's Warner Mifflin: Unflinching Quaker Abolitionist"]. ''George Fox University''. Retrieved March 5, 2021</ref><ref>Polgar, Paul J. (December 1, 2018). [[doi:10.1093/jahist/jay310|"Warner Mifflin: Unflinching Quaker Abolitionist"]]. ''Journal of American History''. '''105''' (3): 660–661. doi:[[doi:10.1093/jahist/jay310|10.1093/jahist/jay310]]. ISSN [https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0021-8723 0021-8723].</ref><ref>[https://hsp.org/calendar/fearless-and-forgotten-warner-mifflin-quaker-abolitionist-new-nation "The Fearless and Forgotten Warner Mifflin: Quaker Abolitionist of the New Nation"]. ''Historical Society of Pennsylvania''. Retrieved March 5, 2021.</ref> Gary B. Nash kyerɛw sɛ, "ebia wɔbɛfrɛ no wɔ ɔkwan a ɛfata so sɛ Amerikafoɔ reparationism agya".<ref>Nash, Gary B. (2017). ''[https://books.google.com/books?id=YIIuDwAAQBAJ Warner Mifflin: Unflinching Quaker Abolitionist]''. University of Pennsylvania Press. p. 93. ISBN <bdi>978-0812294361</bdi>.</ref><ref>Heller, Mike (March 1, 2019). [https://digitalcommons.georgefox.edu/qrt/vol132/iss1/10 "Review of Gary Nash's Warner Mifflin: Unflinching Quaker Abolitionist (Philadelphia University of Pennsylvania Press, 2017)"]. ''Quaker Religious Thought''. '''132''' (1). ISSN [https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0033-5088 0033-5088].</ref> '''Ansa na Ɔmanko no baeɛ no''' Ansa na wɔretu nkoasom ase wɔ ɔman no mu wɔ afe 1865 mu no, wɔn a wɔpɛ sɛ wotu nkoasom ase no de nyansahyɛ ahoroɔ mae wɔ nea wobetumi anaasɛ ɛsɛ sɛ wɔyɛ de tua adwumayɛfoɔ a wɔde wɔn ayɛ nkoa no ka wɔ wɔn ahofadie akyi. Wɔ afe 1859 mfiase no, wɔ nwoma bi a wɔde hyiraa "Old Hero" John Brown so mu no, James Redpath kae sɛ ɔyɛ "reparationist", na ɔkyerɛ sɛ wɔ n'adwene mu no, ɛsɛ sɛ wɔde Apam no nsase ma nkoa dadaa no.<ref name=":4">Redpath, James (1859). ''[[iarchive:rovingeditorort00redpgoog/page/n10/mode/2up|The roving editor, or, Talks with Slaves in the Southern States]]''. New York: A. B. Burdick.</ref>^:vi Ɔsan nso fa anwensɛm bi a atwam, a William North kyerɛwee, a ɛkyerɛ "akwan a wɔfa so tua ka".<ref name=":4" />^:188 Akyiri yi wɔ saa afe no mu, berɛ a wokum Brown akyi no, Redpath bɔɔ amanneɛ wɔ Brown asetra ho nsɛm a edi kan mu sɛ "na ɔnyɛ obi a ɔpɛ ahofadie ara kwa, na mmom obi a ɔpɛ sɛ wotua nneɛma ka. Na ogye di, ɛnyɛ sɛ ɛsɛ sɛ woyi nkoasom ho nsɛmmɔnedi no firi hɔ nko, na mmom ɛsɛ sɛ wotua mfomsoɔ a wɔayɛ akoa no ka. Nea ogye di no, ɔyɛɛ. Wɔ saa berɛ yi mu [Missouri raid, 1859], berɛ a ɔka kyerɛɛ nkoa no sɛ wɔde wɔn ho akyi no, obisaa wɔn sɛnea wɔn som no bo yɛ den, na—bere a wɔabua no—ɔkɔɔ so gyee agyapadeɛ koduruu sika dodoɔ a ɛsɛ sɛ abibifoɔ no wɔ saa kwan yi so no."<ref>Redpath, James (1860). ''T[[iarchive:publiclifecaptj02redpgoog/page/n8/mode/2up|he public life of Capt. John Brown]]''. Boston: Thayer and Eldridge.</ref>^:220 Ná Ananmusifoɔ George W. Julian ne Thaddeus Stevens a wɔn baanu nyinaa yɛ Radical Republican kuo no mufoɔ no abɔ afrɛ deda sɛ wonnye nsase a wɔde mfuo yɛ no mfuo daa na wɔsan kyekyɛ bio.<ref>McKivigan, John R. (2008). ''[[iarchive:forgottenfirebra00mcki/page/n5/mode/2up|Forgotten firebrand : James Redpath and the making of nineteenth-century America]]''. Ithaca, New York: Cornell University Press. ISBN <bdi>978-0801446733</bdi>.</ref>^:104 '''Rekɔnstrakhyin berɛ no''' Akyinnyegyeɛ a ɛfa akatua ho no gyina nkɔmmɔbɔ a ɛkɔ so wɔ ɔkwan a ɛfata so a ɛfa akatua ahoroɔ pii ho, ne asase ho akatua ankasa a Amerikafoɔ a wɔyɛ abibifoɔ nyae a akyiri yi wogye firii hɔ no so. Wɔ afe 1865 mu, berɛ a wodii Amerika Aman Nkabom no so nkonim wɔ Amerika Ɔmanko no mu akyi no, Ɔsahene William Tecumseh Sherman de ''Special Field Orders'', No. 15 mae sɛ "wɔmma awerɛhyemu sɛ adeyɛ no bɛyɛ pɛ wɔ beaɛ a wɔyɛ adwuma no" na wɔadi ɔhaw ahodoɔ a nkoa pii a wɔade wɔn ho no de bae no ho dwuma, berɛ tiaa mu afifideɛ a ɛma abusua biara a wɔade wɔn ho no asase a wobetumi ayɛ adwuma wɔ po so nsupoɔ so ne nea atwa ho ahyia no ''acre'' aduanan Charleston, ''South Carolina'' esiane abibifoɔ a wɔde wɔn ayɛ nkoa nkutoo a wɔde bedi dwuma nti. Na asraafoɔ no nso wɔ mfurumu dodoɔ bi a ɛho nhia a wɔde ma nkoa a wɔade wɔn ho. Wɔde nkoa a wɔade wɔn ho bɛyɛ 40,000 kɔtraa asase a ne kɛse yɛ hɛkta 400,000 (kilomita 1,600) so wɔ Georgia ne ''South Carolina''. Nanso berɛ a wokum Lincoln akyi no, Ɔmampanyin Andrew Johnson danee nhyehyɛeɛ no. Wɔsan de asase no maa wɔn a na wɔwɔ hɔ kan no, na wɔhyɛɛ abibifoɔ ma wofirii hɔ. Wɔ afe 1867 mu no, Thaddeus Stevens boaa mmara bi a wɔde bɛsan akyekyɛ asase ama Amerikafoɔ a wɔyɛ abibifoɔ, nanso ankɔ so. Rekɔnstrakhyin no baa awieɛ no wɔ afe 1877 mu a wɔanni asɛm a ɛfa akatua ho no ho dwuma. Ɛno akyi no, mpaapaemu ne nhyɛsoɔ kuo bi a wɔhyɛɛ da sɔree wɔ Kesee Fam aman mu. Wɔhyehyɛɛ Jim Crow mmara wɔ Kesee Fam Apuei aman bi mu de hyɛɛ pɛyɛ a enni hɔ deda a nkoasom de aba no mu den. Afei nso, aborɔfo ahyehyɛdeɛ ahoroɔ a wɔyɛ katee te sɛ Ku Klux Klan de wɔn ho hyɛɛ amumɔyɛsɛm ɔsatu kɛse bi mu wɔ Kesee Fam Apuei nyinaa sɛnea ɛbɛyɛ a wɔbɛma Amerikafoɔ a wɔyɛ abibifoɔ akɔ so atra wɔn asetra mu beaɛ a wɔahyɛ no. Mfe du du pii no, wobuu wei a wosusuo sɛ pɛyɛ a enni hɔ ne ntɛnkyea ho atɛn wɔ asɛnnibea gyinaesi ahodoɔ mu na wogye ho akyinnye wɔ bagyam kasa ahodoɔ mu. Wɔ asɛm bi a ɛyɛ nwanwa mu no, kanee akoa bi a wɔfrɛ no Henrietta Wood de asɛm no kɔdan asɛnnibea yiye sɛ wɔmma no akatua bere a wɔkyeree no fii Ohio mantam a ahofadi wom mu na wɔtɔn no kɔɔ nkoasom mu wɔ Mississippi no. Amerika Ɔmanko no akyi no, wɔmaa no ahofadi na ɔsan kɔɔ Cincinnati, faako a odii nkonim wɔ n’asɛm no mu wɔ aban asennibea wɔ afe 1878 mu, na onyaa $2,500 (~$81,457 wɔ afe 2024 mu) wɔ nneɛma a wɔsɛee no mu. Ɛwom sɛ na atemmuo no yɛ ɔman no atesɛm krataa deɛ, nanso ankanyan su biara sɛ wɔbɛfa nsɛm foforɔ a ɛte saa ara. == Wɔn a wɔsan ba wɔn man mu ne COVID-19 == Wɔ coronavirus yareɛ no nti, nnipa a wɔn honam ani yɛ tuntum no mu pii no na wɔyɛɛ sɛ wɔbɛyi wɔn adi ama wɔn ho akyere wɔn wɔ sikasɛm mu na yareɛ no bɛtumi akum wɔn<ref>{{Citation |title=CHAPTER 4. BLACK AMERICANS IN WHITE COLLARS |date=2020-08-31 |url=https://doi.org/10.1515/9781501757303-006 |work=Moving Up, Moving Out |pages=93–122 |publisher=Cornell University Press |access-date=2025-06-21}}</ref>. Sɛ nhwɛsoɔ no, 40% a wɔyɛ abibifoɔ nnwuma no ato mu koraa efi bosome no mu esiane yareɛ no nti, sɛ wɔde toto 17% a wɔyɛ abibifoɔ nnwuma wɔ berɛ korɔ no ara mu no ho<ref>{{Citation |last=Khristopher J. Brooks Reporter, MoneyWatch Khristopher J. Brooks is a reporter for CBS MoneyWatch He previously worked as a reporter for the Omaha World-Herald, Newsday, the Florida Times-Union His reporting primarily focuses on the U. S. housing market, The Business of Sports, bankruptcy Read Full Bio Khristopher J. Brooks |title=40% of black-owned businesses not expected to survive coronavirus - CBS News |date=2020-06-22 |url=https://www.cbsnews.com/news/black-owned-busineses-close-thousands-coronavirus-pandemic/ |language=en-US |access-date=2025-06-21}}</ref>. Eyi fa nokwasɛm a ɛyɛ sɛ aborɔfo mmusua anya wɔn agyapade mmɔho du sen abibifoɔ mmusua no ho<ref>{{Citation |last=Julian Kunnie |title=Justice Never Too Late: The Historical Background to Current Reparations Movements among Africans and African Americans |date=2018-03 |url=https://www.journals.uchicago.edu/doi/10.1086/696364 |work=The Journal of African American History |volume=103 |issue=1-2 |pages=44–64 |language=en |doi=10.1086/696364 |issn=1548-1867 |access-date=2025-06-21}}</ref>. Eyi ma abibifo a wɔyɛ wɔn ankasa adwuma no nya sika ne bosea, na wonni bammɔ a aborɔfo a wɔyɛ wɔn ankasa adwuma nya no bi. Bio nso, Afrika-Amerikanfo kɔ so nya COVID-19 yareɛ na wɔwuwu wɔ nnipa dodoɔ a wɔn dodoɔ borɔ wɔn dodow so mpɛn 1.5<ref name=":0">{{Citation |last=Madeleine Short Fabic, Yoonjoung Choi, David Bishai |title=Deaths among COVID Cases in the United States: Racial and Ethnic Disparities Persist |date=2020-11-16 |url=https://doi.org/10.1101/2020.11.15.20232066 |access-date=2025-06-21}}</ref>. Wɔ Ɔsanaa bosome mu wɔ afe 2020 mu no, CDC de data a ɛkyerɛ sɛ abibifo, Latinfo, ne Amerika Indiafo rehyia ayaresabea mu yareɛ mpɛn 4.5 kosi 5.5 sene abibifo a wɔnnyɛ Hispanic, ne sɛ Afrika Amerikafo rewu mpɛn 2.4 sene abibifo<ref name=":0" />. == Baabi a menyaa mmoa firiiɛ == <references /> [[Nkyekyεmu:Africa Wiki Challenge]] [[Nkyekyεmu:2025]] bolirf1d24hgk8a9muk2bv8rgosp1b5 191410 191409 2025-07-11T16:37:22Z Emmanuel Anin 20149 191410 wikitext text/x-wiki ''Wɔatwerɛ nsɛm wei wɔ '''Asante Twi''' mu'' '''Reparations for slavery''' yɛ adwene a ɛne sɛ wɔde akatua ho ka no di dwuma ma wɔn a wɔayɛ wɔn nkoa anaa wɔn asefo. Adwene ahoroɔ wɔ hɔ a ɛfa akatua ho wɔ mmara nyansapɛ mu ne akatua ho wɔ nsakraeɛ atɛntrenee mu. Wɔ U.S. no, wɔde nkoasom ho akatua ama denam mmara kwan so gyinaesi wɔ asɛnnibea ne/anaasɛ ankorɛankorɛ ne ahyehyɛdeɛ ahodoɔ firi wɔn pɛ mu (a asɛnnibea gyinaesi biara nni ho) so.<ref>Medish, Mark; Lucichref, Daniel (August 30, 2019). [https://www.nbcnews.com/think/opinion/congress-must-officially-apologize-slavery-america-can-think-about-reparations-ncna1047561 "Congress must officially apologize for slavery before America can think about reparations"]. ''NBC News''. Retrieved July 12, 2020.</ref><ref name=":1">Davis, Allen (May 11, 2020). [https://guides.library.umass.edu/reparations "An Historical Timeline of Reparations Payments Made From 1783 through 2020 by the United States Government, States, Cities, Religious Institutions, Colleges and Universities, and Corporations"]. University of Massachusetts Amherst. Retrieved July 12, 2020</ref> Asɛm a edi kan a wɔatwerɛ ato hɔ a ɛfa nkoasom ho akatua ho wɔ United States ne kanee akoa Belinda Royall wɔ afe 1783 mu, a na ɛyɛ pɛnhyen sika, na efi saa berɛ no wɔda so ara hyɛ nyansa sɛ wɔmfa ntua wɔn ka. Ɛde besi ɛnnɛ no, wɔmfaa aban mmara biara a ɛfa akatua ho mmara biara mmae.<ref>[https://royallhouse.org/why-was-belindas-petition-approved/ "Why Was Belinda's Petition Approved?"]. ''The Royall House and Slave Quarters''. December 27, 2017. Retrieved October 29, 2020.</ref> 1865 ''Special Field Orders No. 15'' ("''Acre'' aduanan ne afurum") ne mmɔden a wonim no yiye sen biara a wɔbɔe sɛ wɔbɛboa nkoa a wɔade wɔn ho foforɔ ma wɔde wɔn ho ahyɛ ɔmanfo mu na wɔaboaboa ahonyade ano.<ref>Darity, William (2020). ''From Here to Equality: Reparations for Black Americans in the Twenty-First Century''. Chapel Hill: The University of North Carolina Press. ISBN <bdi>[[:en:Special:BookSources/978-1469654973|978-1469654973]]</bdi>.</ref> Nanso, Ɔmanpanin Andrew Johnson danee saa ahyɛdeɛ yi, na ɔsan de asase no maa ne kanee Konfederate wuranom. Akatua ayɛ adwene a ɛsan ba wɔ United States amammuonsɛm mu, nnansa yi ara wɔ afe 2020 Demokratik Parti ɔmanpanin akansi a edi kan no mu.<ref>Lockhart, PR (March 19, 2019). [https://www.vox.com/policy-and-politics/2019/3/11/18246741/reparations-democrats-2020-inequality-warren-harris-castro "The 2020 Democratic primary debate over reparations, explained"]. Vox.</ref> Ɔfrɛ a ɛne sɛ wɔmfa akatua no mu yɛɛ den wɔ afe 2020 mu, wɔ ɔsɔretia a wɔde tia polisifoɔ atirimɔdensɛm ne ''COVID-19'' yaredɔm a abien no nyinaa kunkum Amerikafoɔ Abibifoɔ wɔ ɔkwan a ɛnsɛ so no mu.<ref>[https://www.theguardian.com/world/2020/jun/20/joe-biden-reparations-slavery-george-floyd-protests "Calls for reparations are growing louder. How is the US responding?"]. ''The Guardian''. June 20, 2020. Retrieved July 20, 2020. <q>Several states, localities and private institutions are beginning to grapple with issue, advancing legislation or convening taskforces to develop proposals for reparations.</q></ref> Mpɛn pii no, abibifoɔ mpɔtam ne atwerɛfo na wɔfrɛ sɛ wontua mmusua mu nyiyim ne nyiyim a wɔyɛ wɔ U.S. no ka ka ɔfrɛ a ɛne sɛ wontua nkoasom ho ka no ho.<ref>Cashin, Cheryll (June 21, 2019). [https://www.washingtonpost.com/outlook/reparations-for-slavery-arent-enough-official-racism-lasted-much-longer/2019/06/21/2c0ecbe8-9397-11e9-aadb-74e6b2b46f6a_story.html "Reparations for slavery aren't enough. Official racism lasted much longer"]. ''The Washington Post''.</ref><ref name=":2">[https://web.archive.org/web/20200615185752/https://www.blackavldemands.org/ "Black Asheville Demands – Reparations Section"]. June 26, 2020. Archived from the original on June 15, 2020. Retrieved July 12, 2020.</ref><ref>Coates, Ta-Nehisi (June 1, 2014). [https://www.theatlantic.com/magazine/archive/2014/06/the-case-for-reparations/361631/ "The Case for Reparations"]. ''The Atlantic''.</ref><ref>Marable, Manning. [https://rethinkingschools.org/articles/racism-and-reparations/ "Racism and Reparations: The time has come for whites to acknowledge the legacy of nearly 250 years of slavery and almost 100 years of legalized segregation"]. Retrieved September 18, 2020.</ref> Adwene a ɛne sɛ wɔbɛtua wɔn ka no da so ara yɛ akyinnyegye kɛse, esiane nsemmisa ahodoɔ a ɛfa sɛnea wɔde bɛma, sika dodoɔ a wɔde bɛma, onii a obɛtua, ne onii a obɛgye ho nti.<ref>Alfred L. Brophy, The Cultural War over Reparations for Slavery, 53 DePaul Law Review 1181–1213, 1182–1184 (Spring 2004)</ref><ref name=":3">Jones, Thai (January 31, 2020). [https://www.washingtonpost.com/outlook/2020/01/31/slavery-reparations-seem-impossible-many-places-theyre-already-happening/?arc404=true "Slavery reparations seem impossible. In many places, they're already happening"]. ''The Washington Post''. Retrieved July 12, 2020.</ref> Akwan a wɔfa so tua ka a kuro, mantam, ɔman, ne ɔman aban anaa ankorankoro ahyehyɛdeɛ ahodoɔ ahyɛ ho nyansa wɔ ''United States'' no bi ne: ankorankoro sika a wotua, sika a wɔde besiesie, sika a wɔde ma, sika a wɔde tua ho ka, ne nhyehyɛeɛ mu nhyehyɛeɛ ahoroɔ a wɔde besi ntɛnkyea ano, akatua a egyina asase so a ɛfa ahofadi ho, kyɛwpa ne ntɛnkyea no a wogye tum, sɛnkyerɛnne kwan so nneɛma (te sɛ ɔdan bi a wɔbɛbɔ din de ato obi),<ref name=":1" /> ne nkaedum ne mmɔnten a wɔde din ato nkoa wuranom ne wɔn a wɔbɔ nkoasom ho ban a woyi firi hɔ.<ref name=":2" /><ref>Kepley-Steward, Kristy; Santostasi, Stephanie (July 10, 2020). [https://wlos.com/news/local/vance-monument-robert-e-lee-confederate-monuments-downtown-asheville-removed-covered "Confederate monuments in downtown Asheville removed or covered"]. ''WLOS''. Retrieved July 12, 2020.</ref> Esiane sɛ ntɛnkyea ne nyiyimu foforɔ akɔ so firi berɛ a wɔberaa nkoasom wɔ U.S. nti,<ref>[https://time.com/5851855/systemic-racism-america/ "America's Long Overdue Awakening to Systemic Racism"]. ''Time''. June 11, 2020. Retrieved July 12, 2020.</ref><ref>Jan, Tracy (March 28, 2020). [https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/wonk/wp/2018/03/28/redlining-was-banned-50-years-ago-its-still-hurting-minorities-today/ "Redlining was banned 50 years ago. It's still hurting minorities today"]. ''The Washington Post''. Retrieved July 12, 2020.</ref><ref>Mitchell, Bruce; Franco, Juan (March 20, 2018). [https://ncrc.org/holc/ "HOLC "redlining" maps: The persistent structure of segregation and economic inequality"]. Retrieved July 12, 2020.</ref><ref>Nelson, Libby; Lind, Dara (February 24, 2015). [http://www.justicepolicy.org/news/8775 "The school to prison pipeline, explained"]. Retrieved July 12, 2020.</ref><ref>[https://www.sentencingproject.org/publications/un-report-on-racial-disparities/ "Report to the United Nations on Racial Disparities in the U.S. Criminal Justice System"]. April 19, 2020. Retrieved July 12, 2020.</ref> abibifoɔ mpɔtam bi ne ahyehyɛdeɛ ahoroɔ a ɛhwɛ ɔmanfoɔ ho kwan ahoroɔ so aka sɛ wontua saa ntɛnkyea ahoroɔ no ho ka ne afei nso sɛ wontua wɔn ka a ɛfa nkoasom ho tẽẽ.<ref name=":3" /><ref name=":2" /> Ebinom kyerɛ sɛ U.S. afiase nhyehyɛeɛ no, a efiri ase firi nhyehyɛeɛ a wɔde ma wɔn a wɔabu wɔn fɔ no so na ɛkɔ so denam nnɛyi adwumakuo a aban na ɛwɔ so a wɔfrɛ no ''Federal Prison Industries (UNICOR)'' so no yɛ nnɛyi mmara kwan so nkoasom a ɛda so ara ka abibifoɔ ne nnipa nketewa afoforoɔ titiriw na ɛnsɛ denam ɔko a wɔde ko tia nnubɔne ne nea wɔakasa atia sɛ ɛyɛ nsukwan a wɔde firi sukuu kɔ afiase no so.<ref>Love, David; Das, Vijay (September 9, 2017). [https://www.aljazeera.com/indepth/opinion/2017/09/slavery-prison-system-170901082522072.html "Slavery in the US prison system"]. ''Al Jazeera''. Retrieved July 12, 2020.</ref> == U.S. abakɔsɛm mu nsɛm a ɛfa ho == '''Wɔ atubrafoɔ mmerɛ mu''' Akyinnyegye a ɛfa akatua ho no firi afeha a ɛto so dunwɔtwe no mu tɔnn. Ɛkame ayɛ sɛ Quakerfoɔ a na wɔyɛ wɔn a wodii kan hwehwɛɛ sɛ wotu ase wɔ United States no bi de adwene koro sii so dua sɛ nkoa a wɔade wɔn ho no wɔ hokwan sɛ wonya akatua firi wɔn kane wuranom hɔ. Sɛ owura bi nuu ne ho wɔ bɔne a ɔyɛe sɛ ɔwɔ akoa a wɔde nneɛma gu mu a, ɛsɛ sɛ ɔpata no denam nsiesie a obesiesie so. Quakerfoɔ faa Deuteronomium nhoma a wɔhyɛɛ wuranom fo sɛ wɔne wɔn a na anka wɔyɛ nkoa nkyɛ wɔn nneɛma no mu asɛm kae.<ref>Brown University Steering Committee on Slavery and Justice (2007). ''[https://www.brown.edu/Research/Slavery_Justice/documents/SlaveryAndJustice.pdf Slavery and Justice]'' (PDF). Brown University. OCLC [https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/301709830 301709830].</ref>^:60 Wɔ Ɔman Anidan Ko no mu no, Warner Mifflin kamfoo kyerɛe sɛ wɔmfa sika mma wɔn a na anka wɔyɛ nkoa a wɔade wɔn ho no bio wɔ 1778 mu tɔnn, wɔ sika a wotua, asase, ne nnɔbae ho nhyehyɛe a wɔkyɛ mu.<ref>Heller, Mike (March 2019). [https://digitalcommons.georgefox.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=2397&context=qrt "Review of Gary Nash's Warner Mifflin: Unflinching Quaker Abolitionist"]. ''George Fox University''. Retrieved March 5, 2021</ref><ref>Polgar, Paul J. (December 1, 2018). [[doi:10.1093/jahist/jay310|"Warner Mifflin: Unflinching Quaker Abolitionist"]]. ''Journal of American History''. '''105''' (3): 660–661. doi:[[doi:10.1093/jahist/jay310|10.1093/jahist/jay310]]. ISSN [https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0021-8723 0021-8723].</ref><ref>[https://hsp.org/calendar/fearless-and-forgotten-warner-mifflin-quaker-abolitionist-new-nation "The Fearless and Forgotten Warner Mifflin: Quaker Abolitionist of the New Nation"]. ''Historical Society of Pennsylvania''. Retrieved March 5, 2021.</ref> Gary B. Nash kyerɛw sɛ, "ebia wɔbɛfrɛ no wɔ ɔkwan a ɛfata so sɛ Amerikafoɔ reparationism agya".<ref>Nash, Gary B. (2017). ''[https://books.google.com/books?id=YIIuDwAAQBAJ Warner Mifflin: Unflinching Quaker Abolitionist]''. University of Pennsylvania Press. p. 93. ISBN <bdi>978-0812294361</bdi>.</ref><ref>Heller, Mike (March 1, 2019). [https://digitalcommons.georgefox.edu/qrt/vol132/iss1/10 "Review of Gary Nash's Warner Mifflin: Unflinching Quaker Abolitionist (Philadelphia University of Pennsylvania Press, 2017)"]. ''Quaker Religious Thought''. '''132''' (1). ISSN [https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0033-5088 0033-5088].</ref> '''Ansa na Ɔmanko no baeɛ no''' Ansa na wɔretu nkoasom ase wɔ ɔman no mu wɔ afe 1865 mu no, wɔn a wɔpɛ sɛ wotu nkoasom ase no de nyansahyɛ ahoroɔ mae wɔ nea wobetumi anaasɛ ɛsɛ sɛ wɔyɛ de tua adwumayɛfoɔ a wɔde wɔn ayɛ nkoa no ka wɔ wɔn ahofadie akyi. Wɔ afe 1859 mfiase no, wɔ nwoma bi a wɔde hyiraa "Old Hero" John Brown so mu no, James Redpath kae sɛ ɔyɛ "reparationist", na ɔkyerɛ sɛ wɔ n'adwene mu no, ɛsɛ sɛ wɔde Apam no nsase ma nkoa dadaa no.<ref name=":4">Redpath, James (1859). ''[[iarchive:rovingeditorort00redpgoog/page/n10/mode/2up|The roving editor, or, Talks with Slaves in the Southern States]]''. New York: A. B. Burdick.</ref>^:vi Ɔsan nso fa anwensɛm bi a atwam, a William North kyerɛwee, a ɛkyerɛ "akwan a wɔfa so tua ka".<ref name=":4" />^:188 Akyiri yi wɔ saa afe no mu, berɛ a wokum Brown akyi no, Redpath bɔɔ amanneɛ wɔ Brown asetra ho nsɛm a edi kan mu sɛ "na ɔnyɛ obi a ɔpɛ ahofadie ara kwa, na mmom obi a ɔpɛ sɛ wotua nneɛma ka. Na ogye di, ɛnyɛ sɛ ɛsɛ sɛ woyi nkoasom ho nsɛmmɔnedi no firi hɔ nko, na mmom ɛsɛ sɛ wotua mfomsoɔ a wɔayɛ akoa no ka. Nea ogye di no, ɔyɛɛ. Wɔ saa berɛ yi mu [Missouri raid, 1859], berɛ a ɔka kyerɛɛ nkoa no sɛ wɔde wɔn ho akyi no, obisaa wɔn sɛnea wɔn som no bo yɛ den, na—bere a wɔabua no—ɔkɔɔ so gyee agyapadeɛ koduruu sika dodoɔ a ɛsɛ sɛ abibifoɔ no wɔ saa kwan yi so no."<ref>Redpath, James (1860). ''T[[iarchive:publiclifecaptj02redpgoog/page/n8/mode/2up|he public life of Capt. John Brown]]''. Boston: Thayer and Eldridge.</ref>^:220 Ná Ananmusifoɔ George W. Julian ne Thaddeus Stevens a wɔn baanu nyinaa yɛ Radical Republican kuo no mufoɔ no abɔ afrɛ deda sɛ wonnye nsase a wɔde mfuo yɛ no mfuo daa na wɔsan kyekyɛ bio.<ref>McKivigan, John R. (2008). ''[[iarchive:forgottenfirebra00mcki/page/n5/mode/2up|Forgotten firebrand : James Redpath and the making of nineteenth-century America]]''. Ithaca, New York: Cornell University Press. ISBN <bdi>978-0801446733</bdi>.</ref>^:104 '''Rekɔnstrakhyin berɛ no''' Akyinnyegyeɛ a ɛfa akatua ho no gyina nkɔmmɔbɔ a ɛkɔ so wɔ ɔkwan a ɛfata so a ɛfa akatua ahoroɔ pii ho, ne asase ho akatua ankasa a Amerikafoɔ a wɔyɛ abibifoɔ nyae a akyiri yi wogye firii hɔ no so. Wɔ afe 1865 mu, berɛ a wodii Amerika Aman Nkabom no so nkonim wɔ Amerika Ɔmanko no mu akyi no, Ɔsahene William Tecumseh Sherman de ''Special Field Orders'', No. 15 mae sɛ "wɔmma awerɛhyemu sɛ adeyɛ no bɛyɛ pɛ wɔ beaɛ a wɔyɛ adwuma no"<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20120118190642/http://www.dtic.mil/cgi-bin/GetTRDoc?AD=ADA252324&Location=U2&doc=GetTRDoc.pdf "Harmony of Action" – Sherman as an Army Group Commander]</ref> na wɔadi ɔhaw ahodoɔ a nkoa pii a wɔade wɔn ho no de bae no ho dwuma, berɛ tiaa mu afifideɛ a ɛma abusua biara a wɔade wɔn ho no asase a wobetumi ayɛ adwuma wɔ po so nsupoɔ so ne nea atwa ho ahyia no ''acre'' aduanan Charleston, ''South Carolina'' esiane abibifoɔ a wɔde wɔn ayɛ nkoa nkutoo a wɔde bedi dwuma nti. Na asraafoɔ no nso wɔ mfurumu dodoɔ bi a ɛho nhia a wɔde ma nkoa a wɔade wɔn ho. Wɔde nkoa a wɔade wɔn ho bɛyɛ 40,000 kɔtraa asase a ne kɛse yɛ hɛkta 400,000 (kilomita 1,600) so wɔ Georgia ne ''South Carolina''. Nanso berɛ a wokum Lincoln akyi no, Ɔmampanyin Andrew Johnson danee nhyehyɛeɛ no. Wɔsan de asase no maa wɔn a na wɔwɔ hɔ kan no, na wɔhyɛɛ abibifoɔ ma wofirii hɔ. Wɔ afe 1867 mu no, Thaddeus Stevens boaa mmara bi a wɔde bɛsan akyekyɛ asase ama Amerikafoɔ a wɔyɛ abibifoɔ, nanso ankɔ so. Rekɔnstrakhyin no baa awieɛ no wɔ afe 1877 mu a wɔanni asɛm a ɛfa akatua ho no ho dwuma. Ɛno akyi no, mpaapaemu ne nhyɛsoɔ kuo bi a wɔhyɛɛ da sɔree wɔ Kesee Fam aman mu. Wɔhyehyɛɛ Jim Crow mmara wɔ Kesee Fam Apuei aman bi mu de hyɛɛ pɛyɛ a enni hɔ deda a nkoasom de aba no mu den. Afei nso, aborɔfo ahyehyɛdeɛ ahoroɔ a wɔyɛ katee te sɛ Ku Klux Klan de wɔn ho hyɛɛ amumɔyɛsɛm ɔsatu kɛse bi mu wɔ Kesee Fam Apuei nyinaa sɛnea ɛbɛyɛ a wɔbɛma Amerikafoɔ a wɔyɛ abibifoɔ akɔ so atra wɔn asetra mu beaɛ a wɔahyɛ no. Mfe du du pii no, wobuu wei a wosusuo sɛ pɛyɛ a enni hɔ ne ntɛnkyea ho atɛn wɔ asɛnnibea gyinaesi ahodoɔ mu na wogye ho akyinnye wɔ bagyam kasa ahodoɔ mu. Wɔ asɛm bi a ɛyɛ nwanwa mu no, kanee akoa bi a wɔfrɛ no Henrietta Wood de asɛm no kɔdan asɛnnibea yiye sɛ wɔmma no akatua bere a wɔkyeree no fii Ohio mantam a ahofadi wom mu na wɔtɔn no kɔɔ nkoasom mu wɔ Mississippi no. Amerika Ɔmanko no akyi no, wɔmaa no ahofadi na ɔsan kɔɔ Cincinnati, faako a odii nkonim wɔ n’asɛm no mu wɔ aban asennibea wɔ afe 1878 mu, na onyaa $2,500 (~$81,457 wɔ afe 2024 mu) wɔ nneɛma a wɔsɛee no mu. Ɛwom sɛ na atemmuo no yɛ ɔman no atesɛm krataa deɛ, nanso ankanyan su biara sɛ wɔbɛfa nsɛm foforɔ a ɛte saa ara. == Wɔn a wɔsan ba wɔn man mu ne COVID-19 == Wɔ coronavirus yareɛ no nti, nnipa a wɔn honam ani yɛ tuntum no mu pii no na wɔyɛɛ sɛ wɔbɛyi wɔn adi ama wɔn ho akyere wɔn wɔ sikasɛm mu na yareɛ no bɛtumi akum wɔn<ref>{{Citation |title=CHAPTER 4. BLACK AMERICANS IN WHITE COLLARS |date=2020-08-31 |url=https://doi.org/10.1515/9781501757303-006 |work=Moving Up, Moving Out |pages=93–122 |publisher=Cornell University Press |access-date=2025-06-21}}</ref>. Sɛ nhwɛsoɔ no, 40% a wɔyɛ abibifoɔ nnwuma no ato mu koraa efi bosome no mu esiane yareɛ no nti, sɛ wɔde toto 17% a wɔyɛ abibifoɔ nnwuma wɔ berɛ korɔ no ara mu no ho<ref>{{Citation |last=Khristopher J. Brooks Reporter, MoneyWatch Khristopher J. Brooks is a reporter for CBS MoneyWatch He previously worked as a reporter for the Omaha World-Herald, Newsday, the Florida Times-Union His reporting primarily focuses on the U. S. housing market, The Business of Sports, bankruptcy Read Full Bio Khristopher J. Brooks |title=40% of black-owned businesses not expected to survive coronavirus - CBS News |date=2020-06-22 |url=https://www.cbsnews.com/news/black-owned-busineses-close-thousands-coronavirus-pandemic/ |language=en-US |access-date=2025-06-21}}</ref>. Eyi fa nokwasɛm a ɛyɛ sɛ aborɔfo mmusua anya wɔn agyapade mmɔho du sen abibifoɔ mmusua no ho<ref>{{Citation |last=Julian Kunnie |title=Justice Never Too Late: The Historical Background to Current Reparations Movements among Africans and African Americans |date=2018-03 |url=https://www.journals.uchicago.edu/doi/10.1086/696364 |work=The Journal of African American History |volume=103 |issue=1-2 |pages=44–64 |language=en |doi=10.1086/696364 |issn=1548-1867 |access-date=2025-06-21}}</ref>. Eyi ma abibifo a wɔyɛ wɔn ankasa adwuma no nya sika ne bosea, na wonni bammɔ a aborɔfo a wɔyɛ wɔn ankasa adwuma nya no bi. Bio nso, Afrika-Amerikanfo kɔ so nya COVID-19 yareɛ na wɔwuwu wɔ nnipa dodoɔ a wɔn dodoɔ borɔ wɔn dodow so mpɛn 1.5<ref name=":0">{{Citation |last=Madeleine Short Fabic, Yoonjoung Choi, David Bishai |title=Deaths among COVID Cases in the United States: Racial and Ethnic Disparities Persist |date=2020-11-16 |url=https://doi.org/10.1101/2020.11.15.20232066 |access-date=2025-06-21}}</ref>. Wɔ Ɔsanaa bosome mu wɔ afe 2020 mu no, CDC de data a ɛkyerɛ sɛ abibifo, Latinfo, ne Amerika Indiafo rehyia ayaresabea mu yareɛ mpɛn 4.5 kosi 5.5 sene abibifo a wɔnnyɛ Hispanic, ne sɛ Afrika Amerikafo rewu mpɛn 2.4 sene abibifo<ref name=":0" />. == Baabi a menyaa mmoa firiiɛ == <references /> [[Nkyekyεmu:Africa Wiki Challenge]] [[Nkyekyεmu:2025]] laujiytu16fb73aben4ogf4fbhfg8cc 191411 191410 2025-07-11T16:38:40Z Emmanuel Anin 20149 191411 wikitext text/x-wiki ''Wɔatwerɛ nsɛm wei wɔ '''Asante Twi''' mu'' '''Reparations for slavery''' yɛ adwene a ɛne sɛ wɔde akatua ho ka no di dwuma ma wɔn a wɔayɛ wɔn nkoa anaa wɔn asefo. Adwene ahoroɔ wɔ hɔ a ɛfa akatua ho wɔ mmara nyansapɛ mu ne akatua ho wɔ nsakraeɛ atɛntrenee mu. Wɔ U.S. no, wɔde nkoasom ho akatua ama denam mmara kwan so gyinaesi wɔ asɛnnibea ne/anaasɛ ankorɛankorɛ ne ahyehyɛdeɛ ahodoɔ firi wɔn pɛ mu (a asɛnnibea gyinaesi biara nni ho) so.<ref>Medish, Mark; Lucichref, Daniel (August 30, 2019). [https://www.nbcnews.com/think/opinion/congress-must-officially-apologize-slavery-america-can-think-about-reparations-ncna1047561 "Congress must officially apologize for slavery before America can think about reparations"]. ''NBC News''. Retrieved July 12, 2020.</ref><ref name=":1">Davis, Allen (May 11, 2020). [https://guides.library.umass.edu/reparations "An Historical Timeline of Reparations Payments Made From 1783 through 2020 by the United States Government, States, Cities, Religious Institutions, Colleges and Universities, and Corporations"]. University of Massachusetts Amherst. Retrieved July 12, 2020</ref> Asɛm a edi kan a wɔatwerɛ ato hɔ a ɛfa nkoasom ho akatua ho wɔ United States ne kanee akoa Belinda Royall wɔ afe 1783 mu, a na ɛyɛ pɛnhyen sika, na efi saa berɛ no wɔda so ara hyɛ nyansa sɛ wɔmfa ntua wɔn ka. Ɛde besi ɛnnɛ no, wɔmfaa aban mmara biara a ɛfa akatua ho mmara biara mmae.<ref>[https://royallhouse.org/why-was-belindas-petition-approved/ "Why Was Belinda's Petition Approved?"]. ''The Royall House and Slave Quarters''. December 27, 2017. Retrieved October 29, 2020.</ref> 1865 ''Special Field Orders No. 15'' ("''Acre'' aduanan ne afurum") ne mmɔden a wonim no yiye sen biara a wɔbɔe sɛ wɔbɛboa nkoa a wɔade wɔn ho foforɔ ma wɔde wɔn ho ahyɛ ɔmanfo mu na wɔaboaboa ahonyade ano.<ref>Darity, William (2020). ''From Here to Equality: Reparations for Black Americans in the Twenty-First Century''. Chapel Hill: The University of North Carolina Press. ISBN <bdi>[[:en:Special:BookSources/978-1469654973|978-1469654973]]</bdi>.</ref> Nanso, Ɔmanpanin Andrew Johnson danee saa ahyɛdeɛ yi, na ɔsan de asase no maa ne kanee Konfederate wuranom. Akatua ayɛ adwene a ɛsan ba wɔ United States amammuonsɛm mu, nnansa yi ara wɔ afe 2020 Demokratik Parti ɔmanpanin akansi a edi kan no mu.<ref>Lockhart, PR (March 19, 2019). [https://www.vox.com/policy-and-politics/2019/3/11/18246741/reparations-democrats-2020-inequality-warren-harris-castro "The 2020 Democratic primary debate over reparations, explained"]. Vox.</ref> Ɔfrɛ a ɛne sɛ wɔmfa akatua no mu yɛɛ den wɔ afe 2020 mu, wɔ ɔsɔretia a wɔde tia polisifoɔ atirimɔdensɛm ne ''COVID-19'' yaredɔm a abien no nyinaa kunkum Amerikafoɔ Abibifoɔ wɔ ɔkwan a ɛnsɛ so no mu.<ref>[https://www.theguardian.com/world/2020/jun/20/joe-biden-reparations-slavery-george-floyd-protests "Calls for reparations are growing louder. How is the US responding?"]. ''The Guardian''. June 20, 2020. Retrieved July 20, 2020. <q>Several states, localities and private institutions are beginning to grapple with issue, advancing legislation or convening taskforces to develop proposals for reparations.</q></ref> Mpɛn pii no, abibifoɔ mpɔtam ne atwerɛfo na wɔfrɛ sɛ wontua mmusua mu nyiyim ne nyiyim a wɔyɛ wɔ U.S. no ka ka ɔfrɛ a ɛne sɛ wontua nkoasom ho ka no ho.<ref>Cashin, Cheryll (June 21, 2019). [https://www.washingtonpost.com/outlook/reparations-for-slavery-arent-enough-official-racism-lasted-much-longer/2019/06/21/2c0ecbe8-9397-11e9-aadb-74e6b2b46f6a_story.html "Reparations for slavery aren't enough. Official racism lasted much longer"]. ''The Washington Post''.</ref><ref name=":2">[https://web.archive.org/web/20200615185752/https://www.blackavldemands.org/ "Black Asheville Demands – Reparations Section"]. June 26, 2020. Archived from the original on June 15, 2020. Retrieved July 12, 2020.</ref><ref>Coates, Ta-Nehisi (June 1, 2014). [https://www.theatlantic.com/magazine/archive/2014/06/the-case-for-reparations/361631/ "The Case for Reparations"]. ''The Atlantic''.</ref><ref>Marable, Manning. [https://rethinkingschools.org/articles/racism-and-reparations/ "Racism and Reparations: The time has come for whites to acknowledge the legacy of nearly 250 years of slavery and almost 100 years of legalized segregation"]. Retrieved September 18, 2020.</ref> Adwene a ɛne sɛ wɔbɛtua wɔn ka no da so ara yɛ akyinnyegye kɛse, esiane nsemmisa ahodoɔ a ɛfa sɛnea wɔde bɛma, sika dodoɔ a wɔde bɛma, onii a obɛtua, ne onii a obɛgye ho nti.<ref>Alfred L. Brophy, The Cultural War over Reparations for Slavery, 53 DePaul Law Review 1181–1213, 1182–1184 (Spring 2004)</ref><ref name=":3">Jones, Thai (January 31, 2020). [https://www.washingtonpost.com/outlook/2020/01/31/slavery-reparations-seem-impossible-many-places-theyre-already-happening/?arc404=true "Slavery reparations seem impossible. In many places, they're already happening"]. ''The Washington Post''. Retrieved July 12, 2020.</ref> Akwan a wɔfa so tua ka a kuro, mantam, ɔman, ne ɔman aban anaa ankorankoro ahyehyɛdeɛ ahodoɔ ahyɛ ho nyansa wɔ ''United States'' no bi ne: ankorankoro sika a wotua, sika a wɔde besiesie, sika a wɔde ma, sika a wɔde tua ho ka, ne nhyehyɛeɛ mu nhyehyɛeɛ ahoroɔ a wɔde besi ntɛnkyea ano, akatua a egyina asase so a ɛfa ahofadi ho, kyɛwpa ne ntɛnkyea no a wogye tum, sɛnkyerɛnne kwan so nneɛma (te sɛ ɔdan bi a wɔbɛbɔ din de ato obi),<ref name=":1" /> ne nkaedum ne mmɔnten a wɔde din ato nkoa wuranom ne wɔn a wɔbɔ nkoasom ho ban a woyi firi hɔ.<ref name=":2" /><ref>Kepley-Steward, Kristy; Santostasi, Stephanie (July 10, 2020). [https://wlos.com/news/local/vance-monument-robert-e-lee-confederate-monuments-downtown-asheville-removed-covered "Confederate monuments in downtown Asheville removed or covered"]. ''WLOS''. Retrieved July 12, 2020.</ref> Esiane sɛ ntɛnkyea ne nyiyimu foforɔ akɔ so firi berɛ a wɔberaa nkoasom wɔ U.S. nti,<ref>[https://time.com/5851855/systemic-racism-america/ "America's Long Overdue Awakening to Systemic Racism"]. ''Time''. June 11, 2020. Retrieved July 12, 2020.</ref><ref>Jan, Tracy (March 28, 2020). [https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/wonk/wp/2018/03/28/redlining-was-banned-50-years-ago-its-still-hurting-minorities-today/ "Redlining was banned 50 years ago. It's still hurting minorities today"]. ''The Washington Post''. Retrieved July 12, 2020.</ref><ref>Mitchell, Bruce; Franco, Juan (March 20, 2018). [https://ncrc.org/holc/ "HOLC "redlining" maps: The persistent structure of segregation and economic inequality"]. Retrieved July 12, 2020.</ref><ref>Nelson, Libby; Lind, Dara (February 24, 2015). [http://www.justicepolicy.org/news/8775 "The school to prison pipeline, explained"]. Retrieved July 12, 2020.</ref><ref>[https://www.sentencingproject.org/publications/un-report-on-racial-disparities/ "Report to the United Nations on Racial Disparities in the U.S. Criminal Justice System"]. April 19, 2020. Retrieved July 12, 2020.</ref> abibifoɔ mpɔtam bi ne ahyehyɛdeɛ ahoroɔ a ɛhwɛ ɔmanfoɔ ho kwan ahoroɔ so aka sɛ wontua saa ntɛnkyea ahoroɔ no ho ka ne afei nso sɛ wontua wɔn ka a ɛfa nkoasom ho tẽẽ.<ref name=":3" /><ref name=":2" /> Ebinom kyerɛ sɛ U.S. afiase nhyehyɛeɛ no, a efiri ase firi nhyehyɛeɛ a wɔde ma wɔn a wɔabu wɔn fɔ no so na ɛkɔ so denam nnɛyi adwumakuo a aban na ɛwɔ so a wɔfrɛ no ''Federal Prison Industries (UNICOR)'' so no yɛ nnɛyi mmara kwan so nkoasom a ɛda so ara ka abibifoɔ ne nnipa nketewa afoforoɔ titiriw na ɛnsɛ denam ɔko a wɔde ko tia nnubɔne ne nea wɔakasa atia sɛ ɛyɛ nsukwan a wɔde firi sukuu kɔ afiase no so.<ref>Love, David; Das, Vijay (September 9, 2017). [https://www.aljazeera.com/indepth/opinion/2017/09/slavery-prison-system-170901082522072.html "Slavery in the US prison system"]. ''Al Jazeera''. Retrieved July 12, 2020.</ref> == U.S. abakɔsɛm mu nsɛm a ɛfa ho == '''Wɔ atubrafoɔ mmerɛ mu''' Akyinnyegye a ɛfa akatua ho no firi afeha a ɛto so dunwɔtwe no mu tɔnn. Ɛkame ayɛ sɛ Quakerfoɔ a na wɔyɛ wɔn a wodii kan hwehwɛɛ sɛ wotu ase wɔ United States no bi de adwene koro sii so dua sɛ nkoa a wɔade wɔn ho no wɔ hokwan sɛ wonya akatua firi wɔn kane wuranom hɔ. Sɛ owura bi nuu ne ho wɔ bɔne a ɔyɛe sɛ ɔwɔ akoa a wɔde nneɛma gu mu a, ɛsɛ sɛ ɔpata no denam nsiesie a obesiesie so. Quakerfoɔ faa Deuteronomium nhoma a wɔhyɛɛ wuranom fo sɛ wɔne wɔn a na anka wɔyɛ nkoa nkyɛ wɔn nneɛma no mu asɛm kae.<ref>Brown University Steering Committee on Slavery and Justice (2007). ''[https://www.brown.edu/Research/Slavery_Justice/documents/SlaveryAndJustice.pdf Slavery and Justice]'' (PDF). Brown University. OCLC [https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/301709830 301709830].</ref>^:60 Wɔ Ɔman Anidan Ko no mu no, Warner Mifflin kamfoo kyerɛe sɛ wɔmfa sika mma wɔn a na anka wɔyɛ nkoa a wɔade wɔn ho no bio wɔ 1778 mu tɔnn, wɔ sika a wotua, asase, ne nnɔbae ho nhyehyɛe a wɔkyɛ mu.<ref>Heller, Mike (March 2019). [https://digitalcommons.georgefox.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=2397&context=qrt "Review of Gary Nash's Warner Mifflin: Unflinching Quaker Abolitionist"]. ''George Fox University''. Retrieved March 5, 2021</ref><ref>Polgar, Paul J. (December 1, 2018). [[doi:10.1093/jahist/jay310|"Warner Mifflin: Unflinching Quaker Abolitionist"]]. ''Journal of American History''. '''105''' (3): 660–661. doi:[[doi:10.1093/jahist/jay310|10.1093/jahist/jay310]]. ISSN [https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0021-8723 0021-8723].</ref><ref>[https://hsp.org/calendar/fearless-and-forgotten-warner-mifflin-quaker-abolitionist-new-nation "The Fearless and Forgotten Warner Mifflin: Quaker Abolitionist of the New Nation"]. ''Historical Society of Pennsylvania''. Retrieved March 5, 2021.</ref> Gary B. Nash kyerɛw sɛ, "ebia wɔbɛfrɛ no wɔ ɔkwan a ɛfata so sɛ Amerikafoɔ reparationism agya".<ref>Nash, Gary B. (2017). ''[https://books.google.com/books?id=YIIuDwAAQBAJ Warner Mifflin: Unflinching Quaker Abolitionist]''. University of Pennsylvania Press. p. 93. ISBN <bdi>978-0812294361</bdi>.</ref><ref>Heller, Mike (March 1, 2019). [https://digitalcommons.georgefox.edu/qrt/vol132/iss1/10 "Review of Gary Nash's Warner Mifflin: Unflinching Quaker Abolitionist (Philadelphia University of Pennsylvania Press, 2017)"]. ''Quaker Religious Thought''. '''132''' (1). ISSN [https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0033-5088 0033-5088].</ref> '''Ansa na Ɔmanko no baeɛ no''' Ansa na wɔretu nkoasom ase wɔ ɔman no mu wɔ afe 1865 mu no, wɔn a wɔpɛ sɛ wotu nkoasom ase no de nyansahyɛ ahoroɔ mae wɔ nea wobetumi anaasɛ ɛsɛ sɛ wɔyɛ de tua adwumayɛfoɔ a wɔde wɔn ayɛ nkoa no ka wɔ wɔn ahofadie akyi. Wɔ afe 1859 mfiase no, wɔ nwoma bi a wɔde hyiraa "Old Hero" John Brown so mu no, James Redpath kae sɛ ɔyɛ "reparationist", na ɔkyerɛ sɛ wɔ n'adwene mu no, ɛsɛ sɛ wɔde Apam no nsase ma nkoa dadaa no.<ref name=":4">Redpath, James (1859). ''[[iarchive:rovingeditorort00redpgoog/page/n10/mode/2up|The roving editor, or, Talks with Slaves in the Southern States]]''. New York: A. B. Burdick.</ref>^:vi Ɔsan nso fa anwensɛm bi a atwam, a William North kyerɛwee, a ɛkyerɛ "akwan a wɔfa so tua ka".<ref name=":4" />^:188 Akyiri yi wɔ saa afe no mu, berɛ a wokum Brown akyi no, Redpath bɔɔ amanneɛ wɔ Brown asetra ho nsɛm a edi kan mu sɛ "na ɔnyɛ obi a ɔpɛ ahofadie ara kwa, na mmom obi a ɔpɛ sɛ wotua nneɛma ka. Na ogye di, ɛnyɛ sɛ ɛsɛ sɛ woyi nkoasom ho nsɛmmɔnedi no firi hɔ nko, na mmom ɛsɛ sɛ wotua mfomsoɔ a wɔayɛ akoa no ka. Nea ogye di no, ɔyɛɛ. Wɔ saa berɛ yi mu [Missouri raid, 1859], berɛ a ɔka kyerɛɛ nkoa no sɛ wɔde wɔn ho akyi no, obisaa wɔn sɛnea wɔn som no bo yɛ den, na—bere a wɔabua no—ɔkɔɔ so gyee agyapadeɛ koduruu sika dodoɔ a ɛsɛ sɛ abibifoɔ no wɔ saa kwan yi so no."<ref>Redpath, James (1860). ''T[[iarchive:publiclifecaptj02redpgoog/page/n8/mode/2up|he public life of Capt. John Brown]]''. Boston: Thayer and Eldridge.</ref>^:220 Ná Ananmusifoɔ George W. Julian ne Thaddeus Stevens a wɔn baanu nyinaa yɛ Radical Republican kuo no mufoɔ no abɔ afrɛ deda sɛ wonnye nsase a wɔde mfuo yɛ no mfuo daa na wɔsan kyekyɛ bio.<ref>McKivigan, John R. (2008). ''[[iarchive:forgottenfirebra00mcki/page/n5/mode/2up|Forgotten firebrand : James Redpath and the making of nineteenth-century America]]''. Ithaca, New York: Cornell University Press. ISBN <bdi>978-0801446733</bdi>.</ref>^:104 '''Rekɔnstrakhyin berɛ no''' Akyinnyegyeɛ a ɛfa akatua ho no gyina nkɔmmɔbɔ a ɛkɔ so wɔ ɔkwan a ɛfata so a ɛfa akatua ahoroɔ pii ho, ne asase ho akatua ankasa a Amerikafoɔ a wɔyɛ abibifoɔ nyae a akyiri yi wogye firii hɔ no so. Wɔ afe 1865 mu, berɛ a wodii Amerika Aman Nkabom no so nkonim wɔ Amerika Ɔmanko no mu akyi no, Ɔsahene William Tecumseh Sherman de ''Special Field Orders'', No. 15 mae sɛ "wɔmma awerɛhyemu sɛ adeyɛ no bɛyɛ pɛ wɔ beaɛ a wɔyɛ adwuma no"<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20120118190642/http://www.dtic.mil/cgi-bin/GetTRDoc?AD=ADA252324&Location=U2&doc=GetTRDoc.pdf "Harmony of Action" – Sherman as an Army Group Commander]</ref> na wɔadi ɔhaw ahodoɔ a nkoa pii a wɔade wɔn ho no de bae no ho dwuma, berɛ tiaa mu afifideɛ a ɛma abusua biara a wɔade wɔn ho no asase a wobetumi ayɛ adwuma wɔ po so nsupoɔ so ne nea atwa ho ahyia no ''acre'' aduanan Charleston, ''South Carolina'' esiane abibifoɔ a wɔde wɔn ayɛ nkoa nkutoo a wɔde bedi dwuma nti. Na asraafoɔ no nso wɔ mfurumu dodoɔ bi a ɛho nhia a wɔde ma nkoa a wɔade wɔn ho. Wɔde nkoa a wɔade wɔn ho bɛyɛ 40,000 kɔtraa asase a ne kɛse yɛ hɛkta 400,000 (kilomita 1,600) so wɔ Georgia ne ''South Carolina''. Nanso berɛ a wokum Lincoln akyi no, Ɔmampanyin Andrew Johnson danee nhyehyɛeɛ no. Wɔsan de asase no maa wɔn a na wɔwɔ hɔ kan no, na wɔhyɛɛ abibifoɔ ma wofirii hɔ. Wɔ afe 1867 mu no, Thaddeus Stevens boaa mmara bi a wɔde bɛsan akyekyɛ asase ama Amerikafoɔ a wɔyɛ abibifoɔ, nanso ankɔ so. Rekɔnstrakhyin no baa awieɛ no wɔ afe 1877 mu a wɔanni asɛm a ɛfa akatua ho no ho dwuma. Ɛno akyi no, mpaapaemu ne nhyɛsoɔ kuo bi a wɔhyɛɛ da sɔree wɔ Kesee Fam aman mu. Wɔhyehyɛɛ Jim Crow mmara wɔ Kesee Fam Apuei aman bi mu de hyɛɛ pɛyɛ a enni hɔ deda a nkoasom de aba no mu den. Afei nso, aborɔfo ahyehyɛdeɛ ahoroɔ a wɔyɛ katee te sɛ Ku Klux Klan de wɔn ho hyɛɛ amumɔyɛsɛm ɔsatu kɛse bi mu wɔ Kesee Fam Apuei nyinaa sɛnea ɛbɛyɛ a wɔbɛma Amerikafoɔ a wɔyɛ abibifoɔ akɔ so atra wɔn asetra mu beaɛ a wɔahyɛ no. Mfe du du pii no, wobuu wei a wosusuo sɛ pɛyɛ a enni hɔ ne ntɛnkyea ho atɛn wɔ asɛnnibea gyinaesi ahodoɔ mu na wogye ho akyinnye wɔ bagyam kasa ahodoɔ mu. Wɔ asɛm bi a ɛyɛ nwanwa mu no, kanee akoa bi a wɔfrɛ no Henrietta Wood de asɛm no kɔdan asɛnnibea yiye sɛ wɔmma no akatua bere a wɔkyeree no fii Ohio mantam a ahofadi wom mu na wɔtɔn no kɔɔ nkoasom mu wɔ Mississippi no. Amerika Ɔmanko no akyi no, wɔmaa no ahofadi na ɔsan kɔɔ Cincinnati, faako a odii nkonim wɔ n’asɛm no mu wɔ aban asennibea wɔ afe 1878 mu, na onyaa $2,500 (~$81,457 wɔ afe 2024 mu) wɔ nneɛma a wɔsɛee no mu. Ɛwom sɛ na atemmuo no yɛ ɔman no atesɛm krataa deɛ, nanso ankanyan su biara sɛ wɔbɛfa nsɛm foforɔ a ɛte saa ara.<ref>McDaniel, W. Caleb. [https://www.smithsonianmag.com/history/henrietta-wood-sued-reparations-won-180972845/ "In 1870, Henrietta Wood Sued for Reparations – and Won"]. ''Smithsonian''. Retrieved October 6, 2019.</ref> == Wɔn a wɔsan ba wɔn man mu ne COVID-19 == Wɔ coronavirus yareɛ no nti, nnipa a wɔn honam ani yɛ tuntum no mu pii no na wɔyɛɛ sɛ wɔbɛyi wɔn adi ama wɔn ho akyere wɔn wɔ sikasɛm mu na yareɛ no bɛtumi akum wɔn<ref>{{Citation |title=CHAPTER 4. BLACK AMERICANS IN WHITE COLLARS |date=2020-08-31 |url=https://doi.org/10.1515/9781501757303-006 |work=Moving Up, Moving Out |pages=93–122 |publisher=Cornell University Press |access-date=2025-06-21}}</ref>. Sɛ nhwɛsoɔ no, 40% a wɔyɛ abibifoɔ nnwuma no ato mu koraa efi bosome no mu esiane yareɛ no nti, sɛ wɔde toto 17% a wɔyɛ abibifoɔ nnwuma wɔ berɛ korɔ no ara mu no ho<ref>{{Citation |last=Khristopher J. Brooks Reporter, MoneyWatch Khristopher J. Brooks is a reporter for CBS MoneyWatch He previously worked as a reporter for the Omaha World-Herald, Newsday, the Florida Times-Union His reporting primarily focuses on the U. S. housing market, The Business of Sports, bankruptcy Read Full Bio Khristopher J. Brooks |title=40% of black-owned businesses not expected to survive coronavirus - CBS News |date=2020-06-22 |url=https://www.cbsnews.com/news/black-owned-busineses-close-thousands-coronavirus-pandemic/ |language=en-US |access-date=2025-06-21}}</ref>. Eyi fa nokwasɛm a ɛyɛ sɛ aborɔfo mmusua anya wɔn agyapade mmɔho du sen abibifoɔ mmusua no ho<ref>{{Citation |last=Julian Kunnie |title=Justice Never Too Late: The Historical Background to Current Reparations Movements among Africans and African Americans |date=2018-03 |url=https://www.journals.uchicago.edu/doi/10.1086/696364 |work=The Journal of African American History |volume=103 |issue=1-2 |pages=44–64 |language=en |doi=10.1086/696364 |issn=1548-1867 |access-date=2025-06-21}}</ref>. Eyi ma abibifo a wɔyɛ wɔn ankasa adwuma no nya sika ne bosea, na wonni bammɔ a aborɔfo a wɔyɛ wɔn ankasa adwuma nya no bi. Bio nso, Afrika-Amerikanfo kɔ so nya COVID-19 yareɛ na wɔwuwu wɔ nnipa dodoɔ a wɔn dodoɔ borɔ wɔn dodow so mpɛn 1.5<ref name=":0">{{Citation |last=Madeleine Short Fabic, Yoonjoung Choi, David Bishai |title=Deaths among COVID Cases in the United States: Racial and Ethnic Disparities Persist |date=2020-11-16 |url=https://doi.org/10.1101/2020.11.15.20232066 |access-date=2025-06-21}}</ref>. Wɔ Ɔsanaa bosome mu wɔ afe 2020 mu no, CDC de data a ɛkyerɛ sɛ abibifo, Latinfo, ne Amerika Indiafo rehyia ayaresabea mu yareɛ mpɛn 4.5 kosi 5.5 sene abibifo a wɔnnyɛ Hispanic, ne sɛ Afrika Amerikafo rewu mpɛn 2.4 sene abibifo<ref name=":0" />. == Baabi a menyaa mmoa firiiɛ == <references /> [[Nkyekyεmu:Africa Wiki Challenge]] [[Nkyekyεmu:2025]] mgt266ph91w6r2evosaetacpswkeuc8 191412 191411 2025-07-11T17:02:47Z Emmanuel Anin 20149 191412 wikitext text/x-wiki ''Wɔatwerɛ nsɛm wei wɔ '''Asante Twi''' mu'' '''Reparations for slavery''' yɛ adwene a ɛne sɛ wɔde akatua ho ka no di dwuma ma wɔn a wɔayɛ wɔn nkoa anaa wɔn asefo. Adwene ahoroɔ wɔ hɔ a ɛfa akatua ho wɔ mmara nyansapɛ mu ne akatua ho wɔ nsakraeɛ atɛntrenee mu. Wɔ U.S. no, wɔde nkoasom ho akatua ama denam mmara kwan so gyinaesi wɔ asɛnnibea ne/anaasɛ ankorɛankorɛ ne ahyehyɛdeɛ ahodoɔ firi wɔn pɛ mu (a asɛnnibea gyinaesi biara nni ho) so.<ref>Medish, Mark; Lucichref, Daniel (August 30, 2019). [https://www.nbcnews.com/think/opinion/congress-must-officially-apologize-slavery-america-can-think-about-reparations-ncna1047561 "Congress must officially apologize for slavery before America can think about reparations"]. ''NBC News''. Retrieved July 12, 2020.</ref><ref name=":1">Davis, Allen (May 11, 2020). [https://guides.library.umass.edu/reparations "An Historical Timeline of Reparations Payments Made From 1783 through 2020 by the United States Government, States, Cities, Religious Institutions, Colleges and Universities, and Corporations"]. University of Massachusetts Amherst. Retrieved July 12, 2020</ref> Asɛm a edi kan a wɔatwerɛ ato hɔ a ɛfa nkoasom ho akatua ho wɔ United States ne kanee akoa Belinda Royall wɔ afe 1783 mu, a na ɛyɛ pɛnhyen sika, na efi saa berɛ no wɔda so ara hyɛ nyansa sɛ wɔmfa ntua wɔn ka. Ɛde besi ɛnnɛ no, wɔmfaa aban mmara biara a ɛfa akatua ho mmara biara mmae.<ref>[https://royallhouse.org/why-was-belindas-petition-approved/ "Why Was Belinda's Petition Approved?"]. ''The Royall House and Slave Quarters''. December 27, 2017. Retrieved October 29, 2020.</ref> 1865 ''Special Field Orders No. 15'' ("''Acre'' aduanan ne afurum") ne mmɔden a wonim no yiye sen biara a wɔbɔe sɛ wɔbɛboa nkoa a wɔade wɔn ho foforɔ ma wɔde wɔn ho ahyɛ ɔmanfo mu na wɔaboaboa ahonyade ano.<ref>Darity, William (2020). ''From Here to Equality: Reparations for Black Americans in the Twenty-First Century''. Chapel Hill: The University of North Carolina Press. ISBN <bdi>[[:en:Special:BookSources/978-1469654973|978-1469654973]]</bdi>.</ref> Nanso, Ɔmanpanin Andrew Johnson danee saa ahyɛdeɛ yi, na ɔsan de asase no maa ne kanee Konfederate wuranom. Akatua ayɛ adwene a ɛsan ba wɔ United States amammuonsɛm mu, nnansa yi ara wɔ afe 2020 Demokratik Parti ɔmanpanin akansi a edi kan no mu.<ref>Lockhart, PR (March 19, 2019). [https://www.vox.com/policy-and-politics/2019/3/11/18246741/reparations-democrats-2020-inequality-warren-harris-castro "The 2020 Democratic primary debate over reparations, explained"]. Vox.</ref> Ɔfrɛ a ɛne sɛ wɔmfa akatua no mu yɛɛ den wɔ afe 2020 mu, wɔ ɔsɔretia a wɔde tia polisifoɔ atirimɔdensɛm ne ''COVID-19'' yaredɔm a abien no nyinaa kunkum Amerikafoɔ Abibifoɔ wɔ ɔkwan a ɛnsɛ so no mu.<ref>[https://www.theguardian.com/world/2020/jun/20/joe-biden-reparations-slavery-george-floyd-protests "Calls for reparations are growing louder. How is the US responding?"]. ''The Guardian''. June 20, 2020. Retrieved July 20, 2020. <q>Several states, localities and private institutions are beginning to grapple with issue, advancing legislation or convening taskforces to develop proposals for reparations.</q></ref> Mpɛn pii no, abibifoɔ mpɔtam ne atwerɛfo na wɔfrɛ sɛ wontua mmusua mu nyiyim ne nyiyim a wɔyɛ wɔ U.S. no ka ka ɔfrɛ a ɛne sɛ wontua nkoasom ho ka no ho.<ref>Cashin, Cheryll (June 21, 2019). [https://www.washingtonpost.com/outlook/reparations-for-slavery-arent-enough-official-racism-lasted-much-longer/2019/06/21/2c0ecbe8-9397-11e9-aadb-74e6b2b46f6a_story.html "Reparations for slavery aren't enough. Official racism lasted much longer"]. ''The Washington Post''.</ref><ref name=":2">[https://web.archive.org/web/20200615185752/https://www.blackavldemands.org/ "Black Asheville Demands – Reparations Section"]. June 26, 2020. Archived from the original on June 15, 2020. Retrieved July 12, 2020.</ref><ref>Coates, Ta-Nehisi (June 1, 2014). [https://www.theatlantic.com/magazine/archive/2014/06/the-case-for-reparations/361631/ "The Case for Reparations"]. ''The Atlantic''.</ref><ref>Marable, Manning. [https://rethinkingschools.org/articles/racism-and-reparations/ "Racism and Reparations: The time has come for whites to acknowledge the legacy of nearly 250 years of slavery and almost 100 years of legalized segregation"]. Retrieved September 18, 2020.</ref> Adwene a ɛne sɛ wɔbɛtua wɔn ka no da so ara yɛ akyinnyegye kɛse, esiane nsemmisa ahodoɔ a ɛfa sɛnea wɔde bɛma, sika dodoɔ a wɔde bɛma, onii a obɛtua, ne onii a obɛgye ho nti.<ref>Alfred L. Brophy, The Cultural War over Reparations for Slavery, 53 DePaul Law Review 1181–1213, 1182–1184 (Spring 2004)</ref><ref name=":3">Jones, Thai (January 31, 2020). [https://www.washingtonpost.com/outlook/2020/01/31/slavery-reparations-seem-impossible-many-places-theyre-already-happening/?arc404=true "Slavery reparations seem impossible. In many places, they're already happening"]. ''The Washington Post''. Retrieved July 12, 2020.</ref> Akwan a wɔfa so tua ka a kuro, mantam, ɔman, ne ɔman aban anaa ankorankoro ahyehyɛdeɛ ahodoɔ ahyɛ ho nyansa wɔ ''United States'' no bi ne: ankorankoro sika a wotua, sika a wɔde besiesie, sika a wɔde ma, sika a wɔde tua ho ka, ne nhyehyɛeɛ mu nhyehyɛeɛ ahoroɔ a wɔde besi ntɛnkyea ano, akatua a egyina asase so a ɛfa ahofadi ho, kyɛwpa ne ntɛnkyea no a wogye tum, sɛnkyerɛnne kwan so nneɛma (te sɛ ɔdan bi a wɔbɛbɔ din de ato obi),<ref name=":1" /> ne nkaedum ne mmɔnten a wɔde din ato nkoa wuranom ne wɔn a wɔbɔ nkoasom ho ban a woyi firi hɔ.<ref name=":2" /><ref>Kepley-Steward, Kristy; Santostasi, Stephanie (July 10, 2020). [https://wlos.com/news/local/vance-monument-robert-e-lee-confederate-monuments-downtown-asheville-removed-covered "Confederate monuments in downtown Asheville removed or covered"]. ''WLOS''. Retrieved July 12, 2020.</ref> Esiane sɛ ntɛnkyea ne nyiyimu foforɔ akɔ so firi berɛ a wɔberaa nkoasom wɔ U.S. nti,<ref>[https://time.com/5851855/systemic-racism-america/ "America's Long Overdue Awakening to Systemic Racism"]. ''Time''. June 11, 2020. Retrieved July 12, 2020.</ref><ref>Jan, Tracy (March 28, 2020). [https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/wonk/wp/2018/03/28/redlining-was-banned-50-years-ago-its-still-hurting-minorities-today/ "Redlining was banned 50 years ago. It's still hurting minorities today"]. ''The Washington Post''. Retrieved July 12, 2020.</ref><ref>Mitchell, Bruce; Franco, Juan (March 20, 2018). [https://ncrc.org/holc/ "HOLC "redlining" maps: The persistent structure of segregation and economic inequality"]. Retrieved July 12, 2020.</ref><ref>Nelson, Libby; Lind, Dara (February 24, 2015). [http://www.justicepolicy.org/news/8775 "The school to prison pipeline, explained"]. Retrieved July 12, 2020.</ref><ref>[https://www.sentencingproject.org/publications/un-report-on-racial-disparities/ "Report to the United Nations on Racial Disparities in the U.S. Criminal Justice System"]. April 19, 2020. Retrieved July 12, 2020.</ref> abibifoɔ mpɔtam bi ne ahyehyɛdeɛ ahoroɔ a ɛhwɛ ɔmanfoɔ ho kwan ahoroɔ so aka sɛ wontua saa ntɛnkyea ahoroɔ no ho ka ne afei nso sɛ wontua wɔn ka a ɛfa nkoasom ho tẽẽ.<ref name=":3" /><ref name=":2" /> Ebinom kyerɛ sɛ U.S. afiase nhyehyɛeɛ no, a efiri ase firi nhyehyɛeɛ a wɔde ma wɔn a wɔabu wɔn fɔ no so na ɛkɔ so denam nnɛyi adwumakuo a aban na ɛwɔ so a wɔfrɛ no ''Federal Prison Industries (UNICOR)'' so no yɛ nnɛyi mmara kwan so nkoasom a ɛda so ara ka abibifoɔ ne nnipa nketewa afoforoɔ titiriw na ɛnsɛ denam ɔko a wɔde ko tia nnubɔne ne nea wɔakasa atia sɛ ɛyɛ nsukwan a wɔde firi sukuu kɔ afiase no so.<ref>Love, David; Das, Vijay (September 9, 2017). [https://www.aljazeera.com/indepth/opinion/2017/09/slavery-prison-system-170901082522072.html "Slavery in the US prison system"]. ''Al Jazeera''. Retrieved July 12, 2020.</ref> == U.S. abakɔsɛm mu nsɛm a ɛfa ho == '''Wɔ atubrafoɔ mmerɛ mu''' Akyinnyegye a ɛfa akatua ho no firi afeha a ɛto so dunwɔtwe no mu tɔnn. Ɛkame ayɛ sɛ Quakerfoɔ a na wɔyɛ wɔn a wodii kan hwehwɛɛ sɛ wotu ase wɔ United States no bi de adwene koro sii so dua sɛ nkoa a wɔade wɔn ho no wɔ hokwan sɛ wonya akatua firi wɔn kane wuranom hɔ. Sɛ owura bi nuu ne ho wɔ bɔne a ɔyɛe sɛ ɔwɔ akoa a wɔde nneɛma gu mu a, ɛsɛ sɛ ɔpata no denam nsiesie a obesiesie so. Quakerfoɔ faa Deuteronomium nhoma a wɔhyɛɛ wuranom fo sɛ wɔne wɔn a na anka wɔyɛ nkoa nkyɛ wɔn nneɛma no mu asɛm kae.<ref>Brown University Steering Committee on Slavery and Justice (2007). ''[https://www.brown.edu/Research/Slavery_Justice/documents/SlaveryAndJustice.pdf Slavery and Justice]'' (PDF). Brown University. OCLC [https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/301709830 301709830].</ref>^:60 Wɔ Ɔman Anidan Ko no mu no, Warner Mifflin kamfoo kyerɛe sɛ wɔmfa sika mma wɔn a na anka wɔyɛ nkoa a wɔade wɔn ho no bio wɔ 1778 mu tɔnn, wɔ sika a wotua, asase, ne nnɔbae ho nhyehyɛe a wɔkyɛ mu.<ref>Heller, Mike (March 2019). [https://digitalcommons.georgefox.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=2397&context=qrt "Review of Gary Nash's Warner Mifflin: Unflinching Quaker Abolitionist"]. ''George Fox University''. Retrieved March 5, 2021</ref><ref>Polgar, Paul J. (December 1, 2018). [[doi:10.1093/jahist/jay310|"Warner Mifflin: Unflinching Quaker Abolitionist"]]. ''Journal of American History''. '''105''' (3): 660–661. doi:[[doi:10.1093/jahist/jay310|10.1093/jahist/jay310]]. ISSN [https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0021-8723 0021-8723].</ref><ref>[https://hsp.org/calendar/fearless-and-forgotten-warner-mifflin-quaker-abolitionist-new-nation "The Fearless and Forgotten Warner Mifflin: Quaker Abolitionist of the New Nation"]. ''Historical Society of Pennsylvania''. Retrieved March 5, 2021.</ref> Gary B. Nash kyerɛw sɛ, "ebia wɔbɛfrɛ no wɔ ɔkwan a ɛfata so sɛ Amerikafoɔ reparationism agya".<ref>Nash, Gary B. (2017). ''[https://books.google.com/books?id=YIIuDwAAQBAJ Warner Mifflin: Unflinching Quaker Abolitionist]''. University of Pennsylvania Press. p. 93. ISBN <bdi>978-0812294361</bdi>.</ref><ref>Heller, Mike (March 1, 2019). [https://digitalcommons.georgefox.edu/qrt/vol132/iss1/10 "Review of Gary Nash's Warner Mifflin: Unflinching Quaker Abolitionist (Philadelphia University of Pennsylvania Press, 2017)"]. ''Quaker Religious Thought''. '''132''' (1). ISSN [https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0033-5088 0033-5088].</ref> '''Ansa na Ɔmanko no baeɛ no''' Ansa na wɔretu nkoasom ase wɔ ɔman no mu wɔ afe 1865 mu no, wɔn a wɔpɛ sɛ wotu nkoasom ase no de nyansahyɛ ahoroɔ mae wɔ nea wobetumi anaasɛ ɛsɛ sɛ wɔyɛ de tua adwumayɛfoɔ a wɔde wɔn ayɛ nkoa no ka wɔ wɔn ahofadie akyi. Wɔ afe 1859 mfiase no, wɔ nwoma bi a wɔde hyiraa "Old Hero" John Brown so mu no, James Redpath kae sɛ ɔyɛ "reparationist", na ɔkyerɛ sɛ wɔ n'adwene mu no, ɛsɛ sɛ wɔde Apam no nsase ma nkoa dadaa no.<ref name=":4">Redpath, James (1859). ''[[iarchive:rovingeditorort00redpgoog/page/n10/mode/2up|The roving editor, or, Talks with Slaves in the Southern States]]''. New York: A. B. Burdick.</ref>^:vi Ɔsan nso fa anwensɛm bi a atwam, a William North kyerɛwee, a ɛkyerɛ "akwan a wɔfa so tua ka".<ref name=":4" />^:188 Akyiri yi wɔ saa afe no mu, berɛ a wokum Brown akyi no, Redpath bɔɔ amanneɛ wɔ Brown asetra ho nsɛm a edi kan mu sɛ "na ɔnyɛ obi a ɔpɛ ahofadie ara kwa, na mmom obi a ɔpɛ sɛ wotua nneɛma ka. Na ogye di, ɛnyɛ sɛ ɛsɛ sɛ woyi nkoasom ho nsɛmmɔnedi no firi hɔ nko, na mmom ɛsɛ sɛ wotua mfomsoɔ a wɔayɛ akoa no ka. Nea ogye di no, ɔyɛɛ. Wɔ saa berɛ yi mu [Missouri raid, 1859], berɛ a ɔka kyerɛɛ nkoa no sɛ wɔde wɔn ho akyi no, obisaa wɔn sɛnea wɔn som no bo yɛ den, na—bere a wɔabua no—ɔkɔɔ so gyee agyapadeɛ koduruu sika dodoɔ a ɛsɛ sɛ abibifoɔ no wɔ saa kwan yi so no."<ref>Redpath, James (1860). ''T[[iarchive:publiclifecaptj02redpgoog/page/n8/mode/2up|he public life of Capt. John Brown]]''. Boston: Thayer and Eldridge.</ref>^:220 Ná Ananmusifoɔ George W. Julian ne Thaddeus Stevens a wɔn baanu nyinaa yɛ Radical Republican kuo no mufoɔ no abɔ afrɛ deda sɛ wonnye nsase a wɔde mfuo yɛ no mfuo daa na wɔsan kyekyɛ bio.<ref>McKivigan, John R. (2008). ''[[iarchive:forgottenfirebra00mcki/page/n5/mode/2up|Forgotten firebrand : James Redpath and the making of nineteenth-century America]]''. Ithaca, New York: Cornell University Press. ISBN <bdi>978-0801446733</bdi>.</ref>^:104 '''Rekɔnstrakhyen berɛ no''' Akyinnyegyeɛ a ɛfa akatua ho no gyina nkɔmmɔbɔ a ɛkɔ so wɔ ɔkwan a ɛfata so a ɛfa akatua ahoroɔ pii ho, ne asase ho akatua ankasa a Amerikafoɔ a wɔyɛ abibifoɔ nyae a akyiri yi wogye firii hɔ no so. Wɔ afe 1865 mu, berɛ a wodii Amerika Aman Nkabom no so nkonim wɔ Amerika Ɔmanko no mu akyi no, Ɔsahene William Tecumseh Sherman de ''Special Field Orders'', No. 15 mae sɛ "wɔmma awerɛhyemu sɛ adeyɛ no bɛyɛ pɛ wɔ beaɛ a wɔyɛ adwuma no"<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20120118190642/http://www.dtic.mil/cgi-bin/GetTRDoc?AD=ADA252324&Location=U2&doc=GetTRDoc.pdf "Harmony of Action" – Sherman as an Army Group Commander]</ref> na wɔadi ɔhaw ahodoɔ a nkoa pii a wɔade wɔn ho no de bae no ho dwuma, berɛ tiaa mu afifideɛ a ɛma abusua biara a wɔade wɔn ho no asase a wobetumi ayɛ adwuma wɔ po so nsupoɔ so ne nea atwa ho ahyia no ''acre'' aduanan Charleston, ''South Carolina'' esiane abibifoɔ a wɔde wɔn ayɛ nkoa nkutoo a wɔde bedi dwuma nti. Na asraafoɔ no nso wɔ mfurumu dodoɔ bi a ɛho nhia a wɔde ma nkoa a wɔade wɔn ho. Wɔde nkoa a wɔade wɔn ho bɛyɛ 40,000 kɔtraa asase a ne kɛse yɛ hɛkta 400,000 (kilomita 1,600) so wɔ Georgia ne ''South Carolina''. Nanso berɛ a wokum Lincoln akyi no, Ɔmampanyin Andrew Johnson danee nhyehyɛeɛ no. Wɔsan de asase no maa wɔn a na wɔwɔ hɔ kan no, na wɔhyɛɛ abibifoɔ ma wofirii hɔ. Wɔ afe 1867 mu no, Thaddeus Stevens boaa mmara bi a wɔde bɛsan akyekyɛ asase ama Amerikafoɔ a wɔyɛ abibifoɔ, nanso ankɔ so. Rekɔnstrakhyen no baa awieɛ no wɔ afe 1877 mu a wɔanni asɛm a ɛfa akatua ho no ho dwuma. Ɛno akyi no, mpaapaemu ne nhyɛsoɔ kuo bi a wɔhyɛɛ da sɔree wɔ Kesee Fam aman mu. Wɔhyehyɛɛ Jim Crow mmara wɔ Kesee Fam Apuei aman bi mu de hyɛɛ pɛyɛ a enni hɔ deda a nkoasom de aba no mu den. Afei nso, aborɔfo ahyehyɛdeɛ ahoroɔ a wɔyɛ katee te sɛ Ku Klux Klan de wɔn ho hyɛɛ amumɔyɛsɛm ɔsatu kɛse bi mu wɔ Kesee Fam Apuei nyinaa sɛnea ɛbɛyɛ a wɔbɛma Amerikafoɔ a wɔyɛ abibifoɔ akɔ so atra wɔn asetra mu beaɛ a wɔahyɛ no. Mfe du du pii no, wobuu wei a wosusuo sɛ pɛyɛ a enni hɔ ne ntɛnkyea ho atɛn wɔ asɛnnibea gyinaesi ahodoɔ mu na wogye ho akyinnye wɔ bagyam kasa ahodoɔ mu. Wɔ asɛm bi a ɛyɛ nwanwa mu no, kanee akoa bi a wɔfrɛ no Henrietta Wood de asɛm no kɔdan asɛnnibea yiye sɛ wɔmma no akatua bere a wɔkyeree no fii Ohio mantam a ahofadi wom mu na wɔtɔn no kɔɔ nkoasom mu wɔ Mississippi no. Amerika Ɔmanko no akyi no, wɔmaa no ahofadi na ɔsan kɔɔ Cincinnati, faako a odii nkonim wɔ n’asɛm no mu wɔ aban asennibea wɔ afe 1878 mu, na onyaa $2,500 (~$81,457 wɔ afe 2024 mu) wɔ nneɛma a wɔsɛee no mu. Ɛwom sɛ na atemmuo no yɛ ɔman no atesɛm krataa deɛ, nanso ankanyan su biara sɛ wɔbɛfa nsɛm foforɔ a ɛte saa ara.<ref>McDaniel, W. Caleb. [https://www.smithsonianmag.com/history/henrietta-wood-sued-reparations-won-180972845/ "In 1870, Henrietta Wood Sued for Reparations – and Won"]. ''Smithsonian''. Retrieved October 6, 2019.</ref> '''Rekɔnstrakhyen Akyi Berɛ mu''' Wɔ afe 1896 mu no, wɔhyehyɛɛ National Ex-Slave Mutual Relief, Bounty and Pension Association (MRB&PA) a atirimpɔ no ne sɛ wobenya pɛnhyen sika ama kan nkoa afiri Ɔmanpanin aban hɔ sɛ akatua ne akatua wɔ wɔn adwuma ne amanehunu a wontuaeɛ no ho. Wɔde ahyehyɛdeɛ no sii hɔ wɔ afe 1898 mu wɔ ''Nashville, Tennessee'', na kanee nkoa Callie House ne Isaiah H. Dickerson na wɔhyehyɛɛ no. Sɛnea abakɔsɛm akyerɛfoɔ binom kyerɛ no, na ahyehyɛdeɛ no ne “kuo a edi kan a wɔde tua nnipa pii ka a Amerikafoɔ a wɔyɛ abibifoɔ dii anim.” Wɔde atorɔ sobɔ ne nsɛmmɔnedi ho asɛm tiaa ahyehyɛdeɛ no ne n’akannifoɔ kɔsii sɛ wɔtoo ne mpɔtam hɔ baa dwumadibea a etwa to no mu wɔ afe 1930 mfe no mu. Wɔ afe 1915 mu, wɔ Callie House akanni ase no, fekuo no de kuw asɛm, Johnson v. McAdoo, kɔɔ ɔman asennibea tiaa U.S. Sikakorabea Dwumadibea no de gyee dɔla ɔpepem 68. Ná dɔla ɔpepem 68 yɛ kotoku toɔ dodoɔ a wogyee wɔ afe 1862 ne 1868 ntam hɔ, na wɔkyerɛe sɛ na ɛsɛ sɛ wɔde tuaa wɔn a wɔde asɛm no kɔdan wɔn no efirisɛ na wɔne wɔn nananom na wɔayɛ saa kotoku yi esiane wɔn nkoasom a wɔmpɛ nti. Wei ne Abibifoɔ akatua ho asɛm a edi kan a wɔkyerɛ ho asɛm wɔ U.S. wɔ aban mpanyimfo gyinabea. U.S. Asɛnnibea a Ɛhwɛ Asɛm a Wɔde Kɔdan Asɛnnibea a ɛwɔ Columbia Mantam mu no gyinaa aban ahobammɔ so poɔ asɛm no sɛnea U.S. Asɛnnibea Kunini no yɛe no, na ɛde Asɛnnibea a Ɛhwɛ Asɛm a Wɔde Kɔdan Asɛnnibea no gyinaesi no akyi.<ref>Booker Perry, Miranda (Summer 2010). [https://www.archives.gov/publications/prologue/2010/summer/slave-pension.html "No Pensions for Ex-Slaves: How Federal Agencies Suppressed Movement to Aid Freedpeople"]. ''Prologue Magazine''. Vol. 42, no. 2. U.S. National Archives and Records Administration. Retrieved 2 May 2021.</ref> == Wɔn a wɔsan ba wɔn man mu ne COVID-19 == Wɔ coronavirus yareɛ no nti, nnipa a wɔn honam ani yɛ tuntum no mu pii no na wɔyɛɛ sɛ wɔbɛyi wɔn adi ama wɔn ho akyere wɔn wɔ sikasɛm mu na yareɛ no bɛtumi akum wɔn<ref>{{Citation |title=CHAPTER 4. BLACK AMERICANS IN WHITE COLLARS |date=2020-08-31 |url=https://doi.org/10.1515/9781501757303-006 |work=Moving Up, Moving Out |pages=93–122 |publisher=Cornell University Press |access-date=2025-06-21}}</ref>. Sɛ nhwɛsoɔ no, 40% a wɔyɛ abibifoɔ nnwuma no ato mu koraa efi bosome no mu esiane yareɛ no nti, sɛ wɔde toto 17% a wɔyɛ abibifoɔ nnwuma wɔ berɛ korɔ no ara mu no ho<ref>{{Citation |last=Khristopher J. Brooks Reporter, MoneyWatch Khristopher J. Brooks is a reporter for CBS MoneyWatch He previously worked as a reporter for the Omaha World-Herald, Newsday, the Florida Times-Union His reporting primarily focuses on the U. S. housing market, The Business of Sports, bankruptcy Read Full Bio Khristopher J. Brooks |title=40% of black-owned businesses not expected to survive coronavirus - CBS News |date=2020-06-22 |url=https://www.cbsnews.com/news/black-owned-busineses-close-thousands-coronavirus-pandemic/ |language=en-US |access-date=2025-06-21}}</ref>. Eyi fa nokwasɛm a ɛyɛ sɛ aborɔfo mmusua anya wɔn agyapade mmɔho du sen abibifoɔ mmusua no ho<ref>{{Citation |last=Julian Kunnie |title=Justice Never Too Late: The Historical Background to Current Reparations Movements among Africans and African Americans |date=2018-03 |url=https://www.journals.uchicago.edu/doi/10.1086/696364 |work=The Journal of African American History |volume=103 |issue=1-2 |pages=44–64 |language=en |doi=10.1086/696364 |issn=1548-1867 |access-date=2025-06-21}}</ref>. Eyi ma abibifo a wɔyɛ wɔn ankasa adwuma no nya sika ne bosea, na wonni bammɔ a aborɔfo a wɔyɛ wɔn ankasa adwuma nya no bi. Bio nso, Afrika-Amerikanfo kɔ so nya COVID-19 yareɛ na wɔwuwu wɔ nnipa dodoɔ a wɔn dodoɔ borɔ wɔn dodow so mpɛn 1.5<ref name=":0">{{Citation |last=Madeleine Short Fabic, Yoonjoung Choi, David Bishai |title=Deaths among COVID Cases in the United States: Racial and Ethnic Disparities Persist |date=2020-11-16 |url=https://doi.org/10.1101/2020.11.15.20232066 |access-date=2025-06-21}}</ref>. Wɔ Ɔsanaa bosome mu wɔ afe 2020 mu no, CDC de data a ɛkyerɛ sɛ abibifo, Latinfo, ne Amerika Indiafo rehyia ayaresabea mu yareɛ mpɛn 4.5 kosi 5.5 sene abibifo a wɔnnyɛ Hispanic, ne sɛ Afrika Amerikafo rewu mpɛn 2.4 sene abibifo<ref name=":0" />. == Baabi a menyaa mmoa firiiɛ == <references /> [[Nkyekyεmu:Africa Wiki Challenge]] [[Nkyekyεmu:2025]] 44k6ddusfqpl0lud9o5amtcioppghel 191413 191412 2025-07-11T17:07:12Z Emmanuel Anin 20149 191413 wikitext text/x-wiki ''Wɔatwerɛ nsɛm wei wɔ '''Asante Twi''' mu'' '''Reparations for slavery''' yɛ adwene a ɛne sɛ wɔde akatua ho ka no di dwuma ma wɔn a wɔayɛ wɔn nkoa anaa wɔn asefo. Adwene ahoroɔ wɔ hɔ a ɛfa akatua ho wɔ mmara nyansapɛ mu ne akatua ho wɔ nsakraeɛ atɛntrenee mu. Wɔ U.S. no, wɔde nkoasom ho akatua ama denam mmara kwan so gyinaesi wɔ asɛnnibea ne/anaasɛ ankorɛankorɛ ne ahyehyɛdeɛ ahodoɔ firi wɔn pɛ mu (a asɛnnibea gyinaesi biara nni ho) so.<ref>Medish, Mark; Lucichref, Daniel (August 30, 2019). [https://www.nbcnews.com/think/opinion/congress-must-officially-apologize-slavery-america-can-think-about-reparations-ncna1047561 "Congress must officially apologize for slavery before America can think about reparations"]. ''NBC News''. Retrieved July 12, 2020.</ref><ref name=":1">Davis, Allen (May 11, 2020). [https://guides.library.umass.edu/reparations "An Historical Timeline of Reparations Payments Made From 1783 through 2020 by the United States Government, States, Cities, Religious Institutions, Colleges and Universities, and Corporations"]. University of Massachusetts Amherst. Retrieved July 12, 2020</ref> Asɛm a edi kan a wɔatwerɛ ato hɔ a ɛfa nkoasom ho akatua ho wɔ United States ne kanee akoa Belinda Royall wɔ afe 1783 mu, a na ɛyɛ pɛnhyen sika, na efi saa berɛ no wɔda so ara hyɛ nyansa sɛ wɔmfa ntua wɔn ka. Ɛde besi ɛnnɛ no, wɔmfaa aban mmara biara a ɛfa akatua ho mmara biara mmae.<ref>[https://royallhouse.org/why-was-belindas-petition-approved/ "Why Was Belinda's Petition Approved?"]. ''The Royall House and Slave Quarters''. December 27, 2017. Retrieved October 29, 2020.</ref> 1865 ''Special Field Orders No. 15'' ("''Acre'' aduanan ne afurum") ne mmɔden a wonim no yiye sen biara a wɔbɔe sɛ wɔbɛboa nkoa a wɔade wɔn ho foforɔ ma wɔde wɔn ho ahyɛ ɔmanfo mu na wɔaboaboa ahonyade ano.<ref>Darity, William (2020). ''From Here to Equality: Reparations for Black Americans in the Twenty-First Century''. Chapel Hill: The University of North Carolina Press. ISBN <bdi>[[:en:Special:BookSources/978-1469654973|978-1469654973]]</bdi>.</ref> Nanso, Ɔmanpanin Andrew Johnson danee saa ahyɛdeɛ yi, na ɔsan de asase no maa ne kanee Konfederate wuranom. Akatua ayɛ adwene a ɛsan ba wɔ United States amammuonsɛm mu, nnansa yi ara wɔ afe 2020 Demokratik Parti ɔmanpanin akansi a edi kan no mu.<ref>Lockhart, PR (March 19, 2019). [https://www.vox.com/policy-and-politics/2019/3/11/18246741/reparations-democrats-2020-inequality-warren-harris-castro "The 2020 Democratic primary debate over reparations, explained"]. Vox.</ref> Ɔfrɛ a ɛne sɛ wɔmfa akatua no mu yɛɛ den wɔ afe 2020 mu, wɔ ɔsɔretia a wɔde tia polisifoɔ atirimɔdensɛm ne ''COVID-19'' yaredɔm a abien no nyinaa kunkum Amerikafoɔ Abibifoɔ wɔ ɔkwan a ɛnsɛ so no mu.<ref>[https://www.theguardian.com/world/2020/jun/20/joe-biden-reparations-slavery-george-floyd-protests "Calls for reparations are growing louder. How is the US responding?"]. ''The Guardian''. June 20, 2020. Retrieved July 20, 2020. <q>Several states, localities and private institutions are beginning to grapple with issue, advancing legislation or convening taskforces to develop proposals for reparations.</q></ref> Mpɛn pii no, abibifoɔ mpɔtam ne atwerɛfo na wɔfrɛ sɛ wontua mmusua mu nyiyim ne nyiyim a wɔyɛ wɔ U.S. no ka ka ɔfrɛ a ɛne sɛ wontua nkoasom ho ka no ho.<ref>Cashin, Cheryll (June 21, 2019). [https://www.washingtonpost.com/outlook/reparations-for-slavery-arent-enough-official-racism-lasted-much-longer/2019/06/21/2c0ecbe8-9397-11e9-aadb-74e6b2b46f6a_story.html "Reparations for slavery aren't enough. Official racism lasted much longer"]. ''The Washington Post''.</ref><ref name=":2">[https://web.archive.org/web/20200615185752/https://www.blackavldemands.org/ "Black Asheville Demands – Reparations Section"]. June 26, 2020. Archived from the original on June 15, 2020. Retrieved July 12, 2020.</ref><ref>Coates, Ta-Nehisi (June 1, 2014). [https://www.theatlantic.com/magazine/archive/2014/06/the-case-for-reparations/361631/ "The Case for Reparations"]. ''The Atlantic''.</ref><ref>Marable, Manning. [https://rethinkingschools.org/articles/racism-and-reparations/ "Racism and Reparations: The time has come for whites to acknowledge the legacy of nearly 250 years of slavery and almost 100 years of legalized segregation"]. Retrieved September 18, 2020.</ref> Adwene a ɛne sɛ wɔbɛtua wɔn ka no da so ara yɛ akyinnyegye kɛse, esiane nsemmisa ahodoɔ a ɛfa sɛnea wɔde bɛma, sika dodoɔ a wɔde bɛma, onii a obɛtua, ne onii a obɛgye ho nti.<ref>Alfred L. Brophy, The Cultural War over Reparations for Slavery, 53 DePaul Law Review 1181–1213, 1182–1184 (Spring 2004)</ref><ref name=":3">Jones, Thai (January 31, 2020). [https://www.washingtonpost.com/outlook/2020/01/31/slavery-reparations-seem-impossible-many-places-theyre-already-happening/?arc404=true "Slavery reparations seem impossible. In many places, they're already happening"]. ''The Washington Post''. Retrieved July 12, 2020.</ref> Akwan a wɔfa so tua ka a kuro, mantam, ɔman, ne ɔman aban anaa ankorankoro ahyehyɛdeɛ ahodoɔ ahyɛ ho nyansa wɔ ''United States'' no bi ne: ankorankoro sika a wotua, sika a wɔde besiesie, sika a wɔde ma, sika a wɔde tua ho ka, ne nhyehyɛeɛ mu nhyehyɛeɛ ahoroɔ a wɔde besi ntɛnkyea ano, akatua a egyina asase so a ɛfa ahofadi ho, kyɛwpa ne ntɛnkyea no a wogye tum, sɛnkyerɛnne kwan so nneɛma (te sɛ ɔdan bi a wɔbɛbɔ din de ato obi),<ref name=":1" /> ne nkaedum ne mmɔnten a wɔde din ato nkoa wuranom ne wɔn a wɔbɔ nkoasom ho ban a woyi firi hɔ.<ref name=":2" /><ref>Kepley-Steward, Kristy; Santostasi, Stephanie (July 10, 2020). [https://wlos.com/news/local/vance-monument-robert-e-lee-confederate-monuments-downtown-asheville-removed-covered "Confederate monuments in downtown Asheville removed or covered"]. ''WLOS''. Retrieved July 12, 2020.</ref> Esiane sɛ ntɛnkyea ne nyiyimu foforɔ akɔ so firi berɛ a wɔberaa nkoasom wɔ U.S. nti,<ref>[https://time.com/5851855/systemic-racism-america/ "America's Long Overdue Awakening to Systemic Racism"]. ''Time''. June 11, 2020. Retrieved July 12, 2020.</ref><ref>Jan, Tracy (March 28, 2020). [https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/wonk/wp/2018/03/28/redlining-was-banned-50-years-ago-its-still-hurting-minorities-today/ "Redlining was banned 50 years ago. It's still hurting minorities today"]. ''The Washington Post''. Retrieved July 12, 2020.</ref><ref>Mitchell, Bruce; Franco, Juan (March 20, 2018). [https://ncrc.org/holc/ "HOLC "redlining" maps: The persistent structure of segregation and economic inequality"]. Retrieved July 12, 2020.</ref><ref>Nelson, Libby; Lind, Dara (February 24, 2015). [http://www.justicepolicy.org/news/8775 "The school to prison pipeline, explained"]. Retrieved July 12, 2020.</ref><ref>[https://www.sentencingproject.org/publications/un-report-on-racial-disparities/ "Report to the United Nations on Racial Disparities in the U.S. Criminal Justice System"]. April 19, 2020. Retrieved July 12, 2020.</ref> abibifoɔ mpɔtam bi ne ahyehyɛdeɛ ahoroɔ a ɛhwɛ ɔmanfoɔ ho kwan ahoroɔ so aka sɛ wontua saa ntɛnkyea ahoroɔ no ho ka ne afei nso sɛ wontua wɔn ka a ɛfa nkoasom ho tẽẽ.<ref name=":3" /><ref name=":2" /> Ebinom kyerɛ sɛ U.S. afiase nhyehyɛeɛ no, a efiri ase firi nhyehyɛeɛ a wɔde ma wɔn a wɔabu wɔn fɔ no so na ɛkɔ so denam nnɛyi adwumakuo a aban na ɛwɔ so a wɔfrɛ no ''Federal Prison Industries (UNICOR)'' so no yɛ nnɛyi mmara kwan so nkoasom a ɛda so ara ka abibifoɔ ne nnipa nketewa afoforoɔ titiriw na ɛnsɛ denam ɔko a wɔde ko tia nnubɔne ne nea wɔakasa atia sɛ ɛyɛ nsukwan a wɔde firi sukuu kɔ afiase no so.<ref>Love, David; Das, Vijay (September 9, 2017). [https://www.aljazeera.com/indepth/opinion/2017/09/slavery-prison-system-170901082522072.html "Slavery in the US prison system"]. ''Al Jazeera''. Retrieved July 12, 2020.</ref> == U.S. abakɔsɛm mu nsɛm a ɛfa ho == '''Wɔ atubrafoɔ mmerɛ mu''' Akyinnyegye a ɛfa akatua ho no firi afeha a ɛto so dunwɔtwe no mu tɔnn. Ɛkame ayɛ sɛ Quakerfoɔ a na wɔyɛ wɔn a wodii kan hwehwɛɛ sɛ wotu ase wɔ United States no bi de adwene koro sii so dua sɛ nkoa a wɔade wɔn ho no wɔ hokwan sɛ wonya akatua firi wɔn kane wuranom hɔ. Sɛ owura bi nuu ne ho wɔ bɔne a ɔyɛe sɛ ɔwɔ akoa a wɔde nneɛma gu mu a, ɛsɛ sɛ ɔpata no denam nsiesie a obesiesie so. Quakerfoɔ faa Deuteronomium nhoma a wɔhyɛɛ wuranom fo sɛ wɔne wɔn a na anka wɔyɛ nkoa nkyɛ wɔn nneɛma no mu asɛm kae.<ref>Brown University Steering Committee on Slavery and Justice (2007). ''[https://www.brown.edu/Research/Slavery_Justice/documents/SlaveryAndJustice.pdf Slavery and Justice]'' (PDF). Brown University. OCLC [https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/301709830 301709830].</ref>^:60 Wɔ Ɔman Anidan Ko no mu no, Warner Mifflin kamfoo kyerɛe sɛ wɔmfa sika mma wɔn a na anka wɔyɛ nkoa a wɔade wɔn ho no bio wɔ 1778 mu tɔnn, wɔ sika a wotua, asase, ne nnɔbae ho nhyehyɛe a wɔkyɛ mu.<ref>Heller, Mike (March 2019). [https://digitalcommons.georgefox.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=2397&context=qrt "Review of Gary Nash's Warner Mifflin: Unflinching Quaker Abolitionist"]. ''George Fox University''. Retrieved March 5, 2021</ref><ref>Polgar, Paul J. (December 1, 2018). [[doi:10.1093/jahist/jay310|"Warner Mifflin: Unflinching Quaker Abolitionist"]]. ''Journal of American History''. '''105''' (3): 660–661. doi:[[doi:10.1093/jahist/jay310|10.1093/jahist/jay310]]. ISSN [https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0021-8723 0021-8723].</ref><ref>[https://hsp.org/calendar/fearless-and-forgotten-warner-mifflin-quaker-abolitionist-new-nation "The Fearless and Forgotten Warner Mifflin: Quaker Abolitionist of the New Nation"]. ''Historical Society of Pennsylvania''. Retrieved March 5, 2021.</ref> Gary B. Nash kyerɛw sɛ, "ebia wɔbɛfrɛ no wɔ ɔkwan a ɛfata so sɛ Amerikafoɔ reparationism agya".<ref>Nash, Gary B. (2017). ''[https://books.google.com/books?id=YIIuDwAAQBAJ Warner Mifflin: Unflinching Quaker Abolitionist]''. University of Pennsylvania Press. p. 93. ISBN <bdi>978-0812294361</bdi>.</ref><ref>Heller, Mike (March 1, 2019). [https://digitalcommons.georgefox.edu/qrt/vol132/iss1/10 "Review of Gary Nash's Warner Mifflin: Unflinching Quaker Abolitionist (Philadelphia University of Pennsylvania Press, 2017)"]. ''Quaker Religious Thought''. '''132''' (1). ISSN [https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0033-5088 0033-5088].</ref> '''Ansa na Ɔmanko no baeɛ no''' Ansa na wɔretu nkoasom ase wɔ ɔman no mu wɔ afe 1865 mu no, wɔn a wɔpɛ sɛ wotu nkoasom ase no de nyansahyɛ ahoroɔ mae wɔ nea wobetumi anaasɛ ɛsɛ sɛ wɔyɛ de tua adwumayɛfoɔ a wɔde wɔn ayɛ nkoa no ka wɔ wɔn ahofadie akyi. Wɔ afe 1859 mfiase no, wɔ nwoma bi a wɔde hyiraa "Old Hero" John Brown so mu no, James Redpath kae sɛ ɔyɛ "reparationist", na ɔkyerɛ sɛ wɔ n'adwene mu no, ɛsɛ sɛ wɔde Apam no nsase ma nkoa dadaa no.<ref name=":4">Redpath, James (1859). ''[[iarchive:rovingeditorort00redpgoog/page/n10/mode/2up|The roving editor, or, Talks with Slaves in the Southern States]]''. New York: A. B. Burdick.</ref>^:vi Ɔsan nso fa anwensɛm bi a atwam, a William North kyerɛwee, a ɛkyerɛ "akwan a wɔfa so tua ka".<ref name=":4" />^:188 Akyiri yi wɔ saa afe no mu, berɛ a wokum Brown akyi no, Redpath bɔɔ amanneɛ wɔ Brown asetra ho nsɛm a edi kan mu sɛ "na ɔnyɛ obi a ɔpɛ ahofadie ara kwa, na mmom obi a ɔpɛ sɛ wotua nneɛma ka. Na ogye di, ɛnyɛ sɛ ɛsɛ sɛ woyi nkoasom ho nsɛmmɔnedi no firi hɔ nko, na mmom ɛsɛ sɛ wotua mfomsoɔ a wɔayɛ akoa no ka. Nea ogye di no, ɔyɛɛ. Wɔ saa berɛ yi mu [Missouri raid, 1859], berɛ a ɔka kyerɛɛ nkoa no sɛ wɔde wɔn ho akyi no, obisaa wɔn sɛnea wɔn som no bo yɛ den, na—bere a wɔabua no—ɔkɔɔ so gyee agyapadeɛ koduruu sika dodoɔ a ɛsɛ sɛ abibifoɔ no wɔ saa kwan yi so no."<ref>Redpath, James (1860). ''T[[iarchive:publiclifecaptj02redpgoog/page/n8/mode/2up|he public life of Capt. John Brown]]''. Boston: Thayer and Eldridge.</ref>^:220 Ná Ananmusifoɔ George W. Julian ne Thaddeus Stevens a wɔn baanu nyinaa yɛ Radical Republican kuo no mufoɔ no abɔ afrɛ deda sɛ wonnye nsase a wɔde mfuo yɛ no mfuo daa na wɔsan kyekyɛ bio.<ref>McKivigan, John R. (2008). ''[[iarchive:forgottenfirebra00mcki/page/n5/mode/2up|Forgotten firebrand : James Redpath and the making of nineteenth-century America]]''. Ithaca, New York: Cornell University Press. ISBN <bdi>978-0801446733</bdi>.</ref>^:104 '''Rekɔnstrakhyen berɛ no''' Akyinnyegyeɛ a ɛfa akatua ho no gyina nkɔmmɔbɔ a ɛkɔ so wɔ ɔkwan a ɛfata so a ɛfa akatua ahoroɔ pii ho, ne asase ho akatua ankasa a Amerikafoɔ a wɔyɛ abibifoɔ nyae a akyiri yi wogye firii hɔ no so. Wɔ afe 1865 mu, berɛ a wodii Amerika Aman Nkabom no so nkonim wɔ Amerika Ɔmanko no mu akyi no, Ɔsahene William Tecumseh Sherman de ''Special Field Orders'', No. 15 mae sɛ "wɔmma awerɛhyemu sɛ adeyɛ no bɛyɛ pɛ wɔ beaɛ a wɔyɛ adwuma no"<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20120118190642/http://www.dtic.mil/cgi-bin/GetTRDoc?AD=ADA252324&Location=U2&doc=GetTRDoc.pdf "Harmony of Action" – Sherman as an Army Group Commander]</ref> na wɔadi ɔhaw ahodoɔ a nkoa pii a wɔade wɔn ho no de bae no ho dwuma, berɛ tiaa mu afifideɛ a ɛma abusua biara a wɔade wɔn ho no asase a wobetumi ayɛ adwuma wɔ po so nsupoɔ so ne nea atwa ho ahyia no ''acre'' aduanan Charleston, ''South Carolina'' esiane abibifoɔ a wɔde wɔn ayɛ nkoa nkutoo a wɔde bedi dwuma nti. Na asraafoɔ no nso wɔ mfurumu dodoɔ bi a ɛho nhia a wɔde ma nkoa a wɔade wɔn ho. Wɔde nkoa a wɔade wɔn ho bɛyɛ 40,000 kɔtraa asase a ne kɛse yɛ hɛkta 400,000 (kilomita 1,600) so wɔ Georgia ne ''South Carolina''. Nanso berɛ a wokum Lincoln akyi no, Ɔmampanyin Andrew Johnson danee nhyehyɛeɛ no. Wɔsan de asase no maa wɔn a na wɔwɔ hɔ kan no, na wɔhyɛɛ abibifoɔ ma wofirii hɔ. Wɔ afe 1867 mu no, Thaddeus Stevens boaa mmara bi a wɔde bɛsan akyekyɛ asase ama Amerikafoɔ a wɔyɛ abibifoɔ, nanso ankɔ so. Rekɔnstrakhyen no baa awieɛ no wɔ afe 1877 mu a wɔanni asɛm a ɛfa akatua ho no ho dwuma. Ɛno akyi no, mpaapaemu ne nhyɛsoɔ kuo bi a wɔhyɛɛ da sɔree wɔ Kesee Fam aman mu. Wɔhyehyɛɛ Jim Crow mmara wɔ Kesee Fam Apuei aman bi mu de hyɛɛ pɛyɛ a enni hɔ deda a nkoasom de aba no mu den. Afei nso, aborɔfo ahyehyɛdeɛ ahoroɔ a wɔyɛ katee te sɛ Ku Klux Klan de wɔn ho hyɛɛ amumɔyɛsɛm ɔsatu kɛse bi mu wɔ Kesee Fam Apuei nyinaa sɛnea ɛbɛyɛ a wɔbɛma Amerikafoɔ a wɔyɛ abibifoɔ akɔ so atra wɔn asetra mu beaɛ a wɔahyɛ no. Mfe du du pii no, wobuu wei a wosusuo sɛ pɛyɛ a enni hɔ ne ntɛnkyea ho atɛn wɔ asɛnnibea gyinaesi ahodoɔ mu na wogye ho akyinnye wɔ bagyam kasa ahodoɔ mu. Wɔ asɛm bi a ɛyɛ nwanwa mu no, kanee akoa bi a wɔfrɛ no Henrietta Wood de asɛm no kɔdan asɛnnibea yiye sɛ wɔmma no akatua bere a wɔkyeree no fii Ohio mantam a ahofadi wom mu na wɔtɔn no kɔɔ nkoasom mu wɔ Mississippi no. Amerika Ɔmanko no akyi no, wɔmaa no ahofadi na ɔsan kɔɔ Cincinnati, faako a odii nkonim wɔ n’asɛm no mu wɔ aban asennibea wɔ afe 1878 mu, na onyaa $2,500 (~$81,457 wɔ afe 2024 mu) wɔ nneɛma a wɔsɛee no mu. Ɛwom sɛ na atemmuo no yɛ ɔman no atesɛm krataa deɛ, nanso ankanyan su biara sɛ wɔbɛfa nsɛm foforɔ a ɛte saa ara.<ref>McDaniel, W. Caleb. [https://www.smithsonianmag.com/history/henrietta-wood-sued-reparations-won-180972845/ "In 1870, Henrietta Wood Sued for Reparations – and Won"]. ''Smithsonian''. Retrieved October 6, 2019.</ref> '''Rekɔnstrakhyen Akyi Berɛ mu''' Wɔ afe 1896 mu no, wɔhyehyɛɛ National Ex-Slave Mutual Relief, Bounty and Pension Association (MRB&PA) a atirimpɔ no ne sɛ wobenya pɛnhyen sika ama kan nkoa afiri Ɔmanpanin aban hɔ sɛ akatua ne akatua wɔ wɔn adwuma ne amanehunu a wontuaeɛ no ho. Wɔde ahyehyɛdeɛ no sii hɔ wɔ afe 1898 mu wɔ ''Nashville, Tennessee'', na kanee nkoa Callie House ne Isaiah H. Dickerson na wɔhyehyɛɛ no. Sɛnea abakɔsɛm akyerɛfoɔ binom kyerɛ no, na ahyehyɛdeɛ no ne “kuo a edi kan a wɔde tua nnipa pii ka a Amerikafoɔ a wɔyɛ abibifoɔ dii anim.”<ref>Berry, Mary Frances (2005). ''[[iarchive:myfaceisblackist00berr/page/230|My Face Is Black Is True]]''. New York: Alfred A. Knopf. pp. 230, 4. <nowiki>ISBN 1-4000-4003-5</nowiki>.</ref> Wɔde atorɔ sobɔ ne nsɛmmɔnedi ho asɛm tiaa ahyehyɛdeɛ no ne n’akannifoɔ kɔsii sɛ wɔtoo ne mpɔtam hɔ baa dwumadibea a etwa to no mu wɔ afe 1930 mfe no mu. Wɔ afe 1915 mu, wɔ Callie House akanni ase no, fekuo no de kuw asɛm, Johnson v. McAdoo, kɔɔ ɔman asennibea tiaa U.S. Sikakorabea Dwumadibea no de gyee dɔla ɔpepem 68. Ná dɔla ɔpepem 68 yɛ kotoku toɔ dodoɔ a wogyee wɔ afe 1862 ne 1868 ntam hɔ, na wɔkyerɛe sɛ na ɛsɛ sɛ wɔde tuaa wɔn a wɔde asɛm no kɔdan wɔn no efirisɛ na wɔne wɔn nananom na wɔayɛ saa kotoku yi esiane wɔn nkoasom a wɔmpɛ nti. Wei ne Abibifoɔ akatua ho asɛm a edi kan a wɔkyerɛ ho asɛm wɔ U.S. wɔ aban mpanyimfo gyinabea. U.S. Asɛnnibea a Ɛhwɛ Asɛm a Wɔde Kɔdan Asɛnnibea a ɛwɔ Columbia Mantam mu no gyinaa aban ahobammɔ so poɔ asɛm no sɛnea U.S. Asɛnnibea Kunini no yɛe no, na ɛde Asɛnnibea a Ɛhwɛ Asɛm a Wɔde Kɔdan Asɛnnibea no gyinaesi no akyi.<ref>Booker Perry, Miranda (Summer 2010). [https://www.archives.gov/publications/prologue/2010/summer/slave-pension.html "No Pensions for Ex-Slaves: How Federal Agencies Suppressed Movement to Aid Freedpeople"]. ''Prologue Magazine''. Vol. 42, no. 2. U.S. National Archives and Records Administration. Retrieved 2 May 2021.</ref> == Wɔn a wɔsan ba wɔn man mu ne COVID-19 == Wɔ coronavirus yareɛ no nti, nnipa a wɔn honam ani yɛ tuntum no mu pii no na wɔyɛɛ sɛ wɔbɛyi wɔn adi ama wɔn ho akyere wɔn wɔ sikasɛm mu na yareɛ no bɛtumi akum wɔn<ref>{{Citation |title=CHAPTER 4. BLACK AMERICANS IN WHITE COLLARS |date=2020-08-31 |url=https://doi.org/10.1515/9781501757303-006 |work=Moving Up, Moving Out |pages=93–122 |publisher=Cornell University Press |access-date=2025-06-21}}</ref>. Sɛ nhwɛsoɔ no, 40% a wɔyɛ abibifoɔ nnwuma no ato mu koraa efi bosome no mu esiane yareɛ no nti, sɛ wɔde toto 17% a wɔyɛ abibifoɔ nnwuma wɔ berɛ korɔ no ara mu no ho<ref>{{Citation |last=Khristopher J. Brooks Reporter, MoneyWatch Khristopher J. Brooks is a reporter for CBS MoneyWatch He previously worked as a reporter for the Omaha World-Herald, Newsday, the Florida Times-Union His reporting primarily focuses on the U. S. housing market, The Business of Sports, bankruptcy Read Full Bio Khristopher J. Brooks |title=40% of black-owned businesses not expected to survive coronavirus - CBS News |date=2020-06-22 |url=https://www.cbsnews.com/news/black-owned-busineses-close-thousands-coronavirus-pandemic/ |language=en-US |access-date=2025-06-21}}</ref>. Eyi fa nokwasɛm a ɛyɛ sɛ aborɔfo mmusua anya wɔn agyapade mmɔho du sen abibifoɔ mmusua no ho<ref>{{Citation |last=Julian Kunnie |title=Justice Never Too Late: The Historical Background to Current Reparations Movements among Africans and African Americans |date=2018-03 |url=https://www.journals.uchicago.edu/doi/10.1086/696364 |work=The Journal of African American History |volume=103 |issue=1-2 |pages=44–64 |language=en |doi=10.1086/696364 |issn=1548-1867 |access-date=2025-06-21}}</ref>. Eyi ma abibifo a wɔyɛ wɔn ankasa adwuma no nya sika ne bosea, na wonni bammɔ a aborɔfo a wɔyɛ wɔn ankasa adwuma nya no bi. Bio nso, Afrika-Amerikanfo kɔ so nya COVID-19 yareɛ na wɔwuwu wɔ nnipa dodoɔ a wɔn dodoɔ borɔ wɔn dodow so mpɛn 1.5<ref name=":0">{{Citation |last=Madeleine Short Fabic, Yoonjoung Choi, David Bishai |title=Deaths among COVID Cases in the United States: Racial and Ethnic Disparities Persist |date=2020-11-16 |url=https://doi.org/10.1101/2020.11.15.20232066 |access-date=2025-06-21}}</ref>. Wɔ Ɔsanaa bosome mu wɔ afe 2020 mu no, CDC de data a ɛkyerɛ sɛ abibifo, Latinfo, ne Amerika Indiafo rehyia ayaresabea mu yareɛ mpɛn 4.5 kosi 5.5 sene abibifo a wɔnnyɛ Hispanic, ne sɛ Afrika Amerikafo rewu mpɛn 2.4 sene abibifo<ref name=":0" />. == Baabi a menyaa mmoa firiiɛ == <references /> [[Nkyekyεmu:Africa Wiki Challenge]] [[Nkyekyεmu:2025]] m4tpqxgke9q13uuf298kl5b26hh7b5k 0 17406 191392 190924 2025-07-11T14:47:13Z Christian Owusu Ansah 16034 191392 wikitext text/x-wiki ''Wɔatwerɛ nsɛm wei wɔ '''Asante Twi''' mu'' '''Tunisia's Efforts to Reclaim Carthaginian Heritage''' gyina hɔ ma nhyehyɛeɛ a ɛrekɔ so a Tunisia aban, amanaman ntam ahyehyɛdeɛ, ne ɔmanfoɔ akuo reyɛ de abɔ Carthage, tete kuro a edii dwuma titire wɔ Mediterranea mantam no abakɔsɛm mu no ho ban, na ɛda so ara yɛ ɔman no ahantan ho sɛnkyerɛnneɛ ma Tunisia<ref name=":1">{{Citation |last=Émilie Goval, Jean-Luc Locht |title=La détection des sites de la Préhistoire ancienne en Hauts-de-France |date=2023 |url=https://doi.org/10.4000/archeopages.13373 |work=Archeopages |volume=Hors-série 6 |pages=256–263 |doi=10.4000/archeopages.13373 |issn=1622-8545 |access-date=2025-07-01}}</ref><ref name=":0" />. == Ɛho nsɛm == Carthage, a bere bi na ɛyɛ Mediterranea mu adwadie ne amammerɛ kuro titire no abɛyɛ tete nnoɔma a wɔatutu fam ahunu wɔ nnɛyi Tunis mpɔtam. Carthage amamfõ no yɛ ɔman ahantan ne Tunisianfo amamfõ no fapem<ref name=":0">{{Citation |title=The Historical Significance of Carthage and Its Ruins in Tunisia |url=https://www.mexicohistorico.com/paginas/the-historical-significance-of-carthage-and-its-ruins-in-tunisia-d7d25792.html |access-date=2025-07-01}}</ref><ref name=":2">{{Citation |last=UNESCO World Heritage Centre |title=Archaeological Site of Carthage |url=https://whc.unesco.org/en/list/37/ |language=en |access-date=2025-07-01}}</ref>. Carthage agyapadeɛ no da adi wɔ Tunisia kasa, amammerɛ, atetesɛm, ne amammerɛ mu dwumadie ahodoɔ mu, a wɔtaa di tete amammerɛ no ho afahyɛ<ref name=":0" />. == Ahobammɔ ne Nsiesie Mmɔden == Tunisia abɔ mmɔden kɛse sɛ wɔbɛkora Carthage agyapade so na wɔasan de asi hɔ. N'adwuma titire ne Carthage National Museum ne ne mpɔtam hɔ nneɛma a wɔsan siesiee no, a amanaman ntam adwumayɛfo te sɛ European Union ne France dwumadibea a ɛhwɛ nkɔso so boaa wɔn<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":3">{{Citation |title=Tunisia: Focus On Carthage Museum and Its Surroundings Refurbishment Project in Partnership With EU in Tunisia |url=https://allafrica.com/stories/202112070600.html |work=allAfrica.com |language=en |access-date=2025-07-01}}</ref>. Saa nhyehyɛe yi botae ne sɛ wɔbɛyɛ tete nneɛma akorae no mu nneɛma foforo, wɔbɛboa ahɔho a wɔbɛba hɔ no, na wɔde abakɔsɛm mu nneɛma aka akwan a wɔfa so kɔ nsrahwɛ ne nhomasua mu no ho<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":3" />. UNESCO "Bɔ Karthage ho ban" ɔsatu no, a wofii ase wɔ 1970 mfe no mfiase mu no, maa amanaman ntam akuw boom yɛɛ nhwehwɛmu, tutuu fam, na wɔhyɛɛ beae no mu den. Saa ɔsatu yi sii nsɛnnennen a ɛwɔ nkurow mu nkɔso ne agyapade ho banbɔ mu no so dua, na ɛsan sii hia a amanaman ntam nkabom wɔ Karthage ho banbɔ mu no so dua<ref>{{Citation |last=Christina Luke, Madison Leeson |title=UNESCO-UNDP’s “Save Carthage” Campaign: Americans and Internationalisation of Heritage in Tunisia |date=2023-11-02 |url=https://doi.org/10.1080/13505033.2023.2266888 |work=Conservation and Management of Archaeological Sites |volume=25 |issue=4-6 |pages=128–155 |doi=10.1080/13505033.2023.2266888 |issn=1350-5033 |access-date=2025-07-01}}</ref>. == Ɔhaw ne Nnyinasosɛm a Wɔde Di Ho Dwuma == Carthage hyia nkuro a ɛretrɛw a wɔnhwɛ so ne adansi a wɔnhwɛ so, a ama wɔresɛe afie ne adan a ɛwɔ beae no ho de abɔ ne tetefo nneɛma ho ban. 6] Tunisia aban, ne UNESCO yɛɛ adwuma, de mmara a emu yɛ den baa dwumadibea no so, na wɔyɛɛ nnoɔma pii de sɛee dan no<ref>{{Citation |title=Battle of Carthage: Tunisia demolishes homes to protect ancient site – www.israelhayom.com |date=2019-08-16 |url=https://www.israelhayom.com/2019/08/16/battle-of-carthage-tunisia-demolishes-homes-to-protect-ancient-site/ |language=en-US |access-date=2025-07-01}}</ref><ref name=":2" />. Mmɔden a wɔbɔe no nso de wɔn adwene sii nhyehyɛeɛ a wɔde bɛhwɛ so no so, na wɔhyehyɛɛ mmeae bi a wɔhwɛ so, na wɔyɛɛ nhyehyɛe maa wɔn a wɔn ani gye ho sɛ wɔbɛkora Carthage agyapade no so bere tenten<ref name=":2" /><ref>{{Citation |last=Christina Luke, Madison Leeson |title=UNESCO-UNDP’s “Save Carthage” Campaign: Americans and Internationalisation of Heritage in Tunisia |date=2023-11-02 |url=https://doi.org/10.1080/13505033.2023.2266888 |work=Conservation and Management of Archaeological Sites |volume=25 |issue=4-6 |pages=128–155 |doi=10.1080/13505033.2023.2266888 |issn=1350-5033 |access-date=2025-07-01}}</ref>. == Amammerɛ ne Asetena mu Nsunsuansoɔ == Karthago agyapadeɛ ho hia pa ara ma Tunisia man no manyɛ, na ɛwɔ sikasɛm mu mfasoɔ bebree. Saa beaeɛ yi nya nsrahwɛfoɔ firi wiase afanan nyinaa, na ɛma wɔnya sika na wɔboa mpɔtam hɔ nnwuma<ref name=":1" /><ref name=":0" /> Nwomasua dwumadie ne amammerɛ ho dwumadie ahodoɔ si hia a Carthage wɔ wɔ Tunisia abakɔsɛm mu no so dua, na ɛma wɔnya ahantan ne nkɔanim wɔ Tunisiafoɔ mu<ref name=":1" /><ref name=":0" />. == Hwɛ Bio == * [[:en:Carthage|Carthage]] * [[:en:UNESCO_World_Heritage_Site|UNESCO World Heritage Site]] * [[:en:Cultural_heritage|Cultural heritage]] * [[:en:Archaeological_site|Archaeological site]] * [[:en:Tunisia|Tunisia]] == Mmeaeɛ a menyaa mmoa firiiɛ == <references /> [[Nkyekyεmu:Africa Wiki Challenge]] [[Nkyekyεmu:2025]] i4fvdkqdefp67g5qifvmtfikso6e9md 0 17463 191385 191384 2025-07-11T12:04:43Z Christian Owusu Ansah 16034 191385 wikitext text/x-wiki ''Wɔatwerɛ nsɛm wei wɔ '''Asante Twi''' mu'' Mfeɛ kakra a atwam ni no, [[Gaana|Ghana]] akɔ so abɔ mmɔden sɛ wɔbɛsan de wɔn nananom a wɔtenaa ase wɔ tete mmerɛ mu a wɔakora wɔn ho wɔ nnwumakuo ne nwomasua mu wɔ '''[[United Kingdom]]''' no. Saa nnompe yi a wɔyii no wɔ [[British museum|Britain]] nnisoɔ ase no yɛ tete akannifoɔ, ahemfo, ne honhom mu nnipa a wɔfiri mmusua ahodoɔ mu, titire Asantefoɔ. Ghana ntoa a wɔbɔ no yɛ wiase nyinaa mmɔdemmɔ a ɛfa sɛ wɔbɛsan agye Afrika agyapadeɛ, wɔasiesie abakɔsɛm mu ntɛnkyea, na wɔayi tete nnoɔma akorae no afiri hɔ no fa. == Nkorɔfo a wɔsɛee wɔn wɔ nkoasom berɛ mu ne nnipa nnompe == Berɛ a Britainfoɔ baa ɛnnɛ wɔfrɛ hɔ Ghana no, na wɔtaa ko tia ahemman a ɛwɔ hɔ no, titire Asante Ahemman no. Saa akodie ahodoɔ yi, a na [https://www.eaumf.org/ejm-blog/2018/2/5/0z9u3mtcn3ra21uwolkj7rgpr8jai7 Sagrenti Ɔko] a esii wɔ afe 1874 mu (Anglo-Asante Ɔko a Ɛto so Mmiɛsa) ka ho no, maa wɔfomm ahemfie ne mmeae kronkron<ref>{{Citation |title=February 5, 1874: The "Sagrenti War" and the "Sacking of Kumasi". |date=2018-02-05 |url=https://www.eaumf.org/ejm-blog/2018/2/5/0z9u3mtcn3ra21uwolkj7rgpr8jai7 |language=en-US |access-date=2025-07-11}}</ref><ref>{{Citation |title=Sagrenti War: The Tragic Tale of Amoaful, an Ashanti Paramountcy that lost over 40 Communities - MyJoyOnline |url=https://www.myjoyonline.com/sagrenti-war-the-sad-story-of-amoaful-an-ashanti-paramountcy-that-lost-over-40-communities-to-the-war/ |language=en-US |access-date=2025-07-11}}</ref>. Ɛne sika kɔkɔɔ ahyɛnsodeɛ ne nnoɔma a wɔde yɛ amanneɛ, British asraafo yii nnipa nnompe, a Asante ahemfo ne akofoɔ a wɔkyeree wɔn mpokyerɛ ne nnompe ka ho, a akyiri yi wɔde kɔɔ Britain sukuu ahodoɔ mu kɔsuae ho adeɛ anaa wɔde yɛɛ akodie agyapadeɛ<ref>{{Citation |last=Natalie Everts |title=T.C. McCaskie, State and Society in Pre-Colonial Asante. African Studies Series LXXIX. Cambridge (Cambridge University Press) 1995. xvii + 492 pp. ISBN 0-521-410096. Price £45.00/US$69.95. - R.B. Edgerton, The Fall of the Asante Empire: The Hundred-Year War for Africa's Gold Coast. New York (The Free Press) 1995. x + 293 pp. ISBN 0-02-908926-3. |date=1995-11 |url=https://doi.org/10.1017/s0165115300021434 |work=Itinerario |volume=19 |issue=3 |pages=202–203 |doi=10.1017/s0165115300021434 |issn=0165-1153 |access-date=2025-07-11}}</ref>. Wɔnim sɛ wɔde saa nnompe yi asie mmeaeɛ bi wɔ Britain, a ebi ne [https://artsandculture.google.com/partner/natural-history-museum Natural History Museum,] [https://www.prm.ox.ac.uk/ Pitt Rivers Museum], ne [https://www.cam.ac.uk/ Cambridge Suapɔn] mu. Wɔde saa nnompe yi mu pii dii dwuma wɔ mmusuakuo ho nyansahu ne nnipa ho adesua mu wɔ nnommumfa mmere mu, mpɛn pii a na wɔn a wɔfaa wɔn fii hɔ no nnim anaa wɔn ani nsɔ ho<ref>{{Citation |last=Muriel Verbeeck |title=Dan Hicks, The Brutish Museums. The Benin Bronzes, Colonial Violence and Cultural Restitution |date=2020 |url=https://doi.org/10.4000/ceroart.8297 |work=CeROArt |volume=12 |doi=10.4000/ceroart.8297 |issn=1784-5092 |access-date=2025-07-11}}</ref>. == Ntoa a Ghana bɔ faa nnoɔma a ɛsɛ sɛ wɔde ba wɔn man mu == === Aban ne ahemfo mpanimfoɔ a wɔde wɔn ho agye mu === Ghana Nsrahwɛ, Adwinne ne Amammerɛ Asoɛe, ne [https://www.bing.com/search?q=Ghana+Museums+and+Monuments+Board+(GMMB&cvid=5c6ad3415bf74466b0c5e9bb164c3885&gs_lcrp=EgRlZGdlKgYIABBFGDkyBggAEEUYOTIGCAEQABhAMgYIAhAAGEAyBggDEAAYQDIGCAQQABhA0gEINDQ5MGowajmoAgCwAgA&FORM=ANAB01&PC=U531 Ghana Nnwumakuo a Ɛhwɛ Nkaedum ne Nkaedum (GMMB),] ne [[United Kingdom]] agyinatufoɔ abɔ nkɔmmɔ a ɛfa amammerɛ mu nnoɔma ne nnipa nkaedum a wɔbɛsan de aba no ho. Wɔ afe 2019 mu no, Ghana aban no hyɛɛ bɔ sɛ ɔbɛsan de agyapadeɛ a wɔawia no nyinaa, a wɔn nananom nnompe ka ho, akɔ wɔn kurom<ref>{{Citation |last=S. Kot |title=The Return and Restitution of Cultural Property in the Political and Cultural Life of Ukraine (20th – Early 21st Century) |date=2020 |url=https://doi.org/10.15407/book8-0015551 |publisher=Institute of History of Ukraine, National Academy of Science of Ukraine |isbn=978-966-02-9461-5 |access-date=2025-07-11}}</ref>. Atetesɛm mu atumfoɔ, titire Asante ahemfie a ɛwɔ [[Kumasi]] no, aka nsɛm a ɛte saa. [https://www.bing.com/search?q=Otumfuo%20Osei%20Tutu%20ii&qs=n&form=QBRE&sp=-1&ghc=1&lq=0&pq=otumfuo%20osei%20tutu%20ii&sc=12-20&sk=&cvid=0664F04C49D740F29565497E5DC5A9A0 Asantehene, Otumfuo Osei Tutu II], bisaa tẽẽ akyerɛ Britain nnwumakuo no sɛ wɔnsan mfa nsɛsodeɛ kronkron ne nnipa nnompe mma wɔn, na ɔkyerɛɛ sɛ wɔn nsɛsodeɛ no ho hia paa na ama wɔatumi de amammerɛ mu anidie aba hɔ na wɔatumi ayɛ honhom mu amanne a wɔagyae no akyɛ<ref>{{Citation |title=BBC News – Africa ✓ |url=https://doi.org/10.1163/1872-9037_afco_asc_852 |access-date=2025-07-11}}</ref>. === Nsɛm a Wɔka Ne Nkɔso a Ɛfata === Wɔ afe 2023 mu no, berɛ a amanaman no de wɔn ani sii [[Benin Bronzes]] no a wɔde maa [[Nigeria]] no so no, Ghana bɔɔ mpaeɛ sɛ wɔmfa Asante nananom nnompe no mfiri '''''London Natural History Museum''''' no hɔ. Wɔ mmuaeɛ no mu no, tete nneɛma akoraeɛ no gye toom sɛ ɛkura nnipa nkaeɛ pii a wɔfiri Ghana, a ebi ne nkaeɛ a wɔato din sɛ "kranko a wɔnnim baabi a ɛfi" a wɔfiri afeha a ɛtɔ so 19 no, na wɔhyɛɛ bɔ sɛ wɔbɛhwɛ sɛ wɔbɛsan de nnipa nkaeɛ no akɔ ɔman no mu wɔ ne mmara mu<ref>{{Citation |title=Supplemental Information 1: Whale specimens in museum collections NHM Bergen, NHM Oslo and NHM Copenhagen with associated data. |url=https://doi.org/10.7717/peerj.16794/supp-1 |access-date=2025-07-11}}</ref><ref>{{Citation |title=Home {{!}} Natural History Museum |url=https://www.nhm.ac.uk/ |language=en |access-date=2025-07-11}}</ref>. Bio nso, Pitt Rivers Museum wɔ Oxford, a wonim no sɛ nnipa nkae a wɔaboaboa ano a wɔgye akyinnye, gye toom sɛ wɔwɔ nnompe mu nneɛma a efi Ghana, a seesei wɔresua baabi a ɛfiri<ref>{{Citation |last=Dan Hicks |title=Characterizing the World Archaeology Collections of the Pitt Rivers Museum |date=2013-03-08 |url=https://doi.org/10.2307/j.ctv17db2mz.7 |work=World Archaeology at the Pitt Rivers Museum: A Characterization |pages=1–15 |publisher=Archaeopress Publishing Ltd |access-date=2025-07-11}}</ref><ref>{{Citation |title=Home |url=https://www.prm.ox.ac.uk/home |language=en |access-date=2025-07-11}}</ref>. == Amammerɛ ne honhom mu mfasoɔ a ɛwɔ san a wɔbɛsan de aba no mu == Wɔ Akanfoɔ ne Ghanafoɔ honhom fam amanneɛ afoforɔ mu no, nananom yɛ kronkron, na sɛ obi wu a, ɛsɛ sɛ wɔsie no yie na ama asomdwoeɛ atena ɔbra no mu na asomdwoeɛ atena ɔman no mu. Nnipa nnompe a wɔayi afi baabi a wɔsom no nyɛ amammerɛ ne honhom fam gyinapɛn ahodoɔ a wɔbu so kɛkɛ, na mmom ɛyɛ awerɛhosɛm a ɛtra hɔ daa ma wɔn asefo nso. Enti ɛnyɛ mmara mu anaa amanne mu adeyɛ nko na wobu wɔn a wɔresan aba wɔn man mu no, na mmom wobu no sɛ honhom fam ne abrabɔ fam asɛyɛde a emu dɔ. Saa nnompe yi a wɔde bɛsan aba no ma wotumi yɛ nananom amanne ahorow, ayiyɛ ahorow, na wɔsan de nea wawu no ka wiase nhyehyɛe no ho<ref>{{Citation |last=JET Kuwornu-Adjaottor |title=God and the Suffering of His People |date=2013-11-15 |url=https://doi.org/10.4314/just.v33i1.12 |work=Journal of Science and Technology (Ghana) |volume=33 |issue=1 |doi=10.4314/just.v33i1.12 |issn=0855-0395 |access-date=2025-07-11}}</ref>. == Mmara ne abrabɔ ho nhyehyɛeɛ == Amanaman ntam apam ahodoɔ ne abrabɔ pa akwankyerɛ ahodoɔ, a ebi ne: * [[UNESCO|UNESCO 1970 Nhyehyɛe]] a Ɛko Tia Amammerɛ Ho Nneɛma a Wɔde Kɔ Obi Nkyɛn * Amanaman Nkabom Amanneɛbɔ a Ɛfa Aborɔfo Ahofadi Ho (The UN Declaration on the Rights of Indigenous Peoples) (2007) * The '''UK Human Tissue Act (2004)''', a ɛma kwan ma nnwumakuw sɛ wɔnsan mfa nnipa nnompe a wonnii mfe 100 mma Ɛwom sɛ nkae no mu pii yɛ dedaw de, nanso UK tete nneɛma akorae wɔ tumi a ɛreyɛ kɛse a wɔde bɛsan de nkae no aba ɔman no mu sɛnea abrabɔ mu nhwehwɛmu ne nhyehyɛe a wɔne wɔn a wɔde kɔ no yɛ no kyerɛ<ref>{{Citation |last=Adam B. Dickerson, Erika R. Ceeney |title=Repatriating Human Remains: Searching for an Acceptable Ethics |date=2014-09-19 |url=https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4939-1649-8_6 |work=The Ethics of Cultural Heritage |pages=89–104 |place=New York, NY |publisher=Springer New York |isbn=978-1-4939-1648-1 |access-date=2025-07-11}}</ref>. == Ɔhaw ahodoɔ ne kwan a wɔbɛsɔ ano == Berɛ a [[United Kingdom|UK]] agyinatufoɔ binom de wɔn ho hyɛ nkɔmmɔbɔ mu no, nsɛnnennen da so wɔ hɔ: * '''Baabi a wɔfiri''': Wɔaka nnompe pii ho asɛm wɔ ɔkwan a ɛnteɛ so anaasɛ wɔde nsɛm a emu nna hɔ anaa nnipa mu nyiyim ho nsɛm akyerɛkyerɛ mu * '''Mmara mu nsɛm a emu nna hɔ''': Sɛnea Britain mmara kyerɛ no, ɛyɛ den sɛ obi bɛyɛ obi a ɔno na ɔyɛ obi * '''Akwan a wɔfa so yɛ adwuma''': Ghana hia nnwinnade ne nimdeɛ pii a wɔde bɛgye wɔn a wɔasan de wɔn akɔ wɔn kurom no na wɔahwɛ wɔn so Nanso, adwuma a ɛrekɔ so - te sɛ International Inventories Programme ne nkɔmmɔbɔ a ɛrekɔ so wɔ Ghana nhomanimfo ne UK nwomasuabea ntam no - kyerɛ sɛ nsi a wɔhyɛ sɛ wɔbɛsan agye wɔn a wɔn ho aka no. == Mmoano == Ghana frɛ a wɔfrɛɛ no sɛ wɔnsan mfa wɔn nananom nnompe mfi UK nnwuma mu no kyerɛ sɛ ɛyɛ adeyɛ a tumi wom a wɔde hwehwɛ amammerɛ, honhom mu ayaresa, ne abakɔsɛm mu atɛntrenee. Bere a kwan a ɛde wɔn bɛkɔ wɔn ankasa man mu no yɛ den no, ɔpɛ a UK agyinatufo no wɔ sɛ wɔne wɔn bɛkasa, ne Ghana nkitahodi a emu yɛ den ne wɔn a wɔtaa wɔn akyi no, ma wonya anidaso sɛ wɔbɛsan de wɔn akɔ wɔn ankasa man mu. Bere a wiase nyinaa rehu sɛ amammerɛ mu ntɛnkyea rekɔ so no, Ghana nananom a wɔsan bae no betumi ayɛ ade titiriw a ɛbɛma wɔatumi anya asomdwoe na wɔanya amammerɛ mu ahofadi. == Mmeaeɛ a menyaa mmoa firiiɛ == [[Nkyekyεmu:Africa Wiki Challenge]] [[Nkyekyεmu:2025]] 5zxbxiekdcvz9469zdtmwu6bthkzxoq 0 17464 191386 2025-07-11T12:09:58Z Christian Owusu Ansah 16034 Created page with "''Wɔatwerɛ nsɛm wei wɔ '''Asante Twi''' mu'' Namibia's quest to reclaim the remains of Herero and Nama victims of Germany's colonial genocide (1904 ⁇ 1908) yɛ ɔman no mmɔdenbɔ a ɔde rebɛsiesie abakɔsɛm mu ntɛnkyea, ahwehwɛ atɛntenenee a ɛde nsiesie bɛba, na ama wɔn ho atɔ wɔn wɔ nniso a edii wɔn so akyi no mu. Wɔde Hererofo ne Namafo mpaterɛn ne nipadua afã horow mpempem pii kɔɔ Germany kɔyɛɛ nnipa mu nyansapɛ ne nnipa ho adesua, a emu p..." 191386 wikitext text/x-wiki ''Wɔatwerɛ nsɛm wei wɔ '''Asante Twi''' mu'' Namibia's quest to reclaim the remains of Herero and Nama victims of Germany's colonial genocide (1904 ⁇ 1908) yɛ ɔman no mmɔdenbɔ a ɔde rebɛsiesie abakɔsɛm mu ntɛnkyea, ahwehwɛ atɛntenenee a ɛde nsiesie bɛba, na ama wɔn ho atɔ wɔn wɔ nniso a edii wɔn so akyi no mu. Wɔde Hererofo ne Namafo mpaterɛn ne nipadua afã horow mpempem pii kɔɔ Germany kɔyɛɛ nnipa mu nyansapɛ ne nnipa ho adesua, a emu pii da so wɔ tete nneɛma akorae ne sukuupɔn ahorow mu. Namibia atubrafo a wɔresan akɔ wɔn kurom no kyerɛ sɛ wɔwɔ abrabɔ pa ne honhom fam ahiade a ɛne sɛ wobedi awufo ni, na ɛyɛ amanyɔsɛm mu asɛm a ɛkyerɛ sɛ ɛsɛ sɛ Germany susuw n'ahemman a wɔde dii kan no ho. Abakɔsɛm: Hererofo ne Namafo Atirimɔdensɛm Wɔ 1904 ne 1908 ntam no, Germany yɛɛ nea wogye tom kɛse sɛ afeha a ɛto so 20 no mu awudi a edi kan wɔ German South West Africa (seesei Namibia) a na ɛyɛ n'ahenkurow no mu. Bere a Hererofo ne Namafo sɔre tiaa Germanfo nniso no, Ɔsahene Lothar von Trotha hyɛɛ mmara sɛ wonkum Hererofo bɛboro ɔha mu nkyem 80 ne Namafo ɔha mu nkyem 50 (Gewald, 1999). Wɔde wɔn a wonyaa wɔn ti didii mu no kɔɔ nneduaban ahorow te sɛ Shark Island, baabi a nnipa pii wuwui esiane yare, ayayade, ne adwumaden nti no. Wɔ saa bere yi mu no, Germanfo twaa nnipa a wokunkum wɔn no ti, na wɔde wɔn ti, wɔn ti ne wɔn nnompe kɔɔ Germany kɔyɛɛ nyansahu mu nhwehwɛmu, titiriw wɔ sukuupɔn ahorow te sɛ Berlin's Charité Hospital, Freiburg Sukuupɔn, ne Jena Sukuupɔn mu (Zimmerman, 2001). Wɔde saa nnompe yi yɛɛ nnipa mu nyiyim ho nhwehwɛmu de "daa" adi sɛ aborɔfo sen afoforo. Namibia Asɛnka a Wɔde Bɛsan Aba Wɔn Asase So Aban ne Asafo no Gyinae Namibia aban, ne Herero ne Nama amammerɛ mu akannifo yɛɛ adwuma, na wɔhyɛɛ ase srɛe sɛ wɔnsan mfa saa nnompe yi mma wɔn wɔ afe 2000 mfitiaseɛ. Saa nhyehyɛe yi nyaa ahoɔden wɔ afe 2010 mfe no mu, bere a amanaman ntam akyitaafo ne nhyɛso a ɛkɔɔ so wɔ Germany so sɛ wɔnhwɛ wɔn nnommumfa mu nsɛmmɔnedi so no. Namibia Nhomasua, Adwinne ne Amammerɛ Dwumadibea ne Namibia Ɔman Nkaedum no ne Germany aban, agyapade ahyehyɛde ahorow, ne amanaman ntam nnipakuw a wɔhwɛ nnipa ahofadi so ayɛ nhyehyɛe sɛ wɔbɛhwehwɛ ne nkae no. Saa ɔsatu yi nyɛ honam fam nnompe a wɔbɛsan ama no no ho asɛm kɛkɛ na mmom ɛyɛ frɛ a wɔbɛfrɛ no sɛ ɔman atirimɔdensɛm, kyɛwpa, ne nsiesie (Melber, 2019). Nneɛma Titiriw a Ɛmaa Wɔsan Kɔɔ Wɔn Asase So 2011: Germany san de nnipa 20 a wɔadi kan a wofi Charité Ayaresabea a ɛwɔ Berlin no kɔmaa Namibia. Ɔman no dii afahyɛ bi wɔ Windhoek, na Herero ne Nama ananmusifo kyerɛe sɛ wɔn adwene nhyia wɔ nhyehyɛeɛ no ho, na wɔkaa sɛ wɔnte wɔn kuromfo no ase (BBC News, 2011). 2014: Wɔsan de mpokyerɛ ne nnompe foforo 35 fii Friedrich Schiller Sukuupɔn a ɛwɔ Jena no bae, bere a wɔyɛɛ nhwehwɛmu a ɛkyerɛ sɛ wofi Namibia no (Savoy, 2018). Afe 2018: Germany san de nnipa nnompe 27 a wɔn mu bi yɛ ti, nnompe, ne nipadua afã afoforo fii mmeae bi te sɛ Charité ne Stiftung Preußischer Kulturbesitz. Namibia Ɔmanpanin Panin Nangolo Mbumba na odii ananmu gyee wɔn a wɔbaa hɔ no, na ɔsan sii nkae no so dua sɛ ɛyɛ adeyɛ a ɛho hia wɔ ne som mu, na ɔsan hwehwɛɛ sɛ wɔpa kyɛw na wɔtua ka no (DW, 2018). Sɛ wɔresan akɔ wɔn kurom a, na wɔyɛ amanne ahorow ne ɔmanfo ayiyɛ. Nanso, nsɛm a esisii yi nso ama akasakasa a ɛda Namibia man no ne Herero/Nama amammerɛ mu atumfoɔ a wɔhwehwɛ sɛ wɔde wɔn ho bɛhyɛ mu tẽẽ na wɔatwe atirimɔdensɛm no aso. Abrabɔ, Honhom Fam, Ne Amammerɛ Ho Mfaso Wɔ Herero ne Nama amammerɛ nyinaa mu no, nnipa nnompe a wɔsɛe no yɛ honhom fam bɔne a emu yɛ duru. Ɛsɛ sɛ wosie nananom wɔ nidi mu sɛnea ɛbɛyɛ a wɔn ahonhom benya home na wɔne ateasefo atena asomdwoe mu. Saa nkae yi a ɛwɔ aman foforo so adan mu no kyerɛ sɛ amammerɛ mu basabasayɛ rekɔ so nnɛ. Enti sɛ obi san kɔ ne kurom a, ɛkyerɛ sɛ ɔresan asiesie n'asetra, na wayɛ onipa foforo, na wanya ne amammerɛ mu ahofadi. Ɛma mmusua ne nnipa nya awerɛkyekye ma wɔn nananom a wɔn wu no nyɛ nea ɛnteɛ na mmom ɛyɛ nea ɛmfata (Werner, 2015). Mmara ne Amanyɔsɛm Wiase nyinaa nipa kyɛfa nhyehyɛeɛ boa Namibia ɔsatu no: UNESCO's 1970 Convention on the return of cultural property Amanaman Nkabom Amanaman Nkabom Abakɔsɛm (UNDRIP, 2007) Amanaman Nkabom Dwumadibea a Ɛhwɛ Amammerɛ Ho Nsɛm So Ho Nhyehyɛe Afei nso, wɔabisa pii wɔ Germany sɛ wɔmfa mmara kwan so mmu nnipakuw no kumfo, te sɛ nea wɔyɛe wɔ Holocaust no ho no. Wɔ May 2021 mu no, wɔ mfe pii a wɔde yɛɛ nkɔmmɔ wiei akyi no, Germany gyee Herero ne Nama nneduaban no toom, na wɔhyɛɛ bɔ sɛ wɔde €1.1 billion bɛboa ama nkɔso wɔ mfe 30 mu. Nanso, wɔn a wɔkasa tia eyi no kyerɛ sɛ eyi yɛ asotwe a ɛnnyɛ tẽẽ, na wɔamma kwan amma tete atumfoɔ no ankɔ nkɔmmɔbɔ no mu (Zeller, 2021). Nsɛnnennen a Ɛkɔ So Nhyehyɛe a Ɛnteɛ: Wɔda so ara wɔ nkae pii a wɔnnya nhui wɔ Germany akorae hɔ. Nea Ɛkyerɛ sɛ Obi Fi Baabi: Ebinom wɔ hɔ a, wɔn nsa nkaa krataa a ɛkyerɛ baabi a wofi, na ɛma wɔn a wɔresan akɔ wɔn kurom no ho yɛ den. Asɛnnibea a Ɛhwɛ Asɛnnibea a Ɛhwɛ Asɛnnibea a Ɛhwɛ Asɛnnibea a Ɛhwɛ Asɛnnibea a Ɛhwɛ Asɛnnibea a Ɛhwɛ Asɛnnibea a Ɛhwɛ Asɛnnibea a Ɛhwɛ Asɛnnibea a Ɛhwɛ Asɛnnibea a Ɛhwɛ Asɛnnibea a Ɛhwɛ Asɛnnibea a Ɛhwɛ Asɛnnibea a Ɛhwɛ Asɛnnibea a Ɛhwɛ Asɛnnibea a Ɛhwɛ Asɛnnibea a Ɛhwɛ Asɛnnibea a Ɛhwɛ Asɛnnibea a Ɛhwɛ Asɛnnibea a Ɛhwɛ Asɛnnibea a Ɛhwɛ Asɛnnibea a Ɛhwɛ Asɛnnibea So no so. Nhyehyɛe ahorow a wɔsɔre tia: German tete nneɛma akorae ne suapɔn ahorow bi yɛ nyaa wɔ nnompe a wɔayi no ho esiane nyansahu anaa mmara mu nhyɛso ahorow nti. Mmuae Namibia ɔsatu a wɔde resan de Hererofo ne Namafo nnompe aba wɔn man mu no yɛ nhwɛso a emu yɛ den a ɛkyerɛ sɛ wɔsɔre tia amammerɛ a na ɛwɔ hɔ bere a na wɔdi kan no akyi, wɔbu atetesɛm atɛntrenee, na wɔsan nya wɔn amammerɛ so mfaso. Ɛwom sɛ wɔayɛ nneɛma bi a ɛho hia de, nanso adwuma no nwiei koraa. Nkatabo, nnompe, ne nneɛma a wɔayi no no nyinaa a wɔbɛsan de ama wɔn no nyɛ ade a wɔde bɛhyɛ wɔn nsa kɛkɛ. Ɛkyerɛ sɛ wɔbɛsan ama awufo anya wɔn nidi, na wɔahu sɛ wɔyɛ nneduafo, na wɔatumi anya mpata a mfaso wɔ so ne abakɔsɛm mu asɛyɛde. == Mmeaeɛ a menyaa mmoa firiiɛ == [[Nkyekyεmu:Africa Wiki Challenge]] [[Nkyekyεmu:2025]] angqxavphi2j4w4ky37p759s6eimeg5 191387 191386 2025-07-11T12:26:38Z Christian Owusu Ansah 16034 191387 wikitext text/x-wiki ''Wɔatwerɛ nsɛm wei wɔ '''Asante Twi''' mu'' Namibia's quest to reclaim the remains of Herero and Nama victims of Germany's colonial genocide (1904 ⁇ 1908) yɛ ɔman no mmɔdenbɔ a ɔde rebɛsiesie abakɔsɛm mu ntɛnkyea, ahwehwɛ atɛntenenee a ɛde nsiesie bɛba, na ama wɔn ho atɔ wɔn wɔ nniso a edii wɔn so akyi no mu. Wɔde Hererofo ne Namafo mpaterɛn ne nipadua afã horow mpempem pii kɔɔ Germany kɔyɛɛ nnipa mu nyansapɛ ne nnipa ho adesua, a emu pii da so wɔ tete nneɛma akorae ne sukuupɔn ahorow mu. Namibia atubrafo a wɔresan akɔ wɔn kurom no kyerɛ sɛ wɔwɔ abrabɔ pa ne honhom fam ahiade a ɛne sɛ wobedi awufo ni, na ɛyɛ amanyɔsɛm mu asɛm a ɛkyerɛ sɛ ɛsɛ sɛ Germany susuw n'ahemman a wɔde dii kan no ho. Abakɔsɛm: Hererofo ne Namafo Atirimɔdensɛm Wɔ 1904 ne 1908 ntam no, Germany yɛɛ nea wogye tom kɛse sɛ afeha a ɛto so 20 no mu awudi a edi kan wɔ German South West Africa (seesei Namibia) a na ɛyɛ n'ahenkurow no mu. Bere a Hererofo ne Namafo sɔre tiaa Germanfo nniso no, Ɔsahene Lothar von Trotha hyɛɛ mmara sɛ wonkum Hererofo bɛboro ɔha mu nkyem 80 ne Namafo ɔha mu nkyem 50<ref>{{Citation |last=Martine Prins |title=Jan-Bart Gewald, Herero Heroes. A Socio-Political History of the Herero of Namibia 1890–1923. Oxford (James Currey Ltd) 1999. x + 310 pp. £14,95 (paper). ISBN 0-85255-749-3. |date=2000-03 |url=https://doi.org/10.1017/s016511530000872x |work=Itinerario |volume=24 |issue=1 |pages=134–137 |doi=10.1017/s016511530000872x |issn=0165-1153 |access-date=2025-07-11}}</ref>. Wɔde wɔn a wonyaa wɔn ti didii mu no kɔɔ nneduaban ahorow te sɛ Shark Island, baabi a nnipa pii wuwui esiane yare, ayayade, ne adwumaden nti no. Wɔ saa bere yi mu no, Germanfoɔ twaa nnipa a wɔkunkum wɔn no ti, na wɔde wɔn ti, wɔn ti ne wɔn nnompe kɔɔ Germany kɔyɛɛ nyansahu mu nhwehwɛmu, titire wɔ sukuupɔn ahorow te sɛ Berlin's Charité Hospital, Freiburg Sukuupɔn, ne Jena Sukuupɔn mu<ref>{{Citation |last=Felix Mukwiza Ndahinda |title=Debating and Litigating Post-Genocide Reparations in the Rwandan Context |date=2020-02-07 |url=https://doi.org/10.1163/9789004377196_026 |work=Reparations for Victims of Genocide, War Crimes and Crimes against Humanity |pages=629–655 |publisher=Brill {{!}} Nijhoff |isbn=978-90-04-37719-6 |access-date=2025-07-11}}</ref>. Wɔde saa nnompe yi yɛɛ nnipa mu nyiyim ho nhwehwɛmu de "daa" adi sɛ aborɔfo sen afoforo. Namibia Asɛnka a Wɔde Bɛsan Aba Wɔn Asase So Aban ne Asafo no Gyinae Namibia aban, ne Herero ne Nama amammerɛ mu akannifo yɛɛ adwuma, na wɔhyɛɛ ase srɛe sɛ wɔnsan mfa saa nnompe yi mma wɔn wɔ afe 2000 mfitiaseɛ. Saa nhyehyɛe yi nyaa ahoɔden wɔ afe 2010 mfe no mu, bere a amanaman ntam akyitaafo ne nhyɛso a ɛkɔɔ so wɔ Germany so sɛ wɔnhwɛ wɔn nnommumfa mu nsɛmmɔnedi so no. Namibia Nhomasua, Adwinne ne Amammerɛ Dwumadibea ne Namibia Ɔman Nkaedum no ne Germany aban, agyapade ahyehyɛde ahorow, ne amanaman ntam nnipakuw a wɔhwɛ nnipa ahofadi so ayɛ nhyehyɛe sɛ wɔbɛhwehwɛ ne nkae no. Saa ɔsatu yi nyɛ honam fam nnompe a wɔbɛsan ama no no ho asɛm kɛkɛ na mmom ɛyɛ frɛ a wɔbɛfrɛ no sɛ ɔman atirimɔdensɛm, kyɛwpa, ne nsiesie<ref name=":0">{{Citation |title=The Legacy of the Herero Genocide on Namibia Today |date=2008 |url=https://doi.org/10.5040/9798400628559.ch-001 |work=Colonial Genocide and Reparations Claims in the 21st Century |pages=25–62 |doi=10.5040/9798400628559.ch-001 |access-date=2025-07-11}}</ref>. Nneɛma Titiriw a Ɛmaa Wɔsan Kɔɔ Wɔn Asase So 2011: Germany san de nnipa 20 a wɔadi kan a wofi Charité Ayaresabea a ɛwɔ Berlin no kɔmaa Namibia. Ɔman no dii afahyɛ bi wɔ Windhoek, na Herero ne Nama ananmusifoɔ kyerɛe sɛ wɔn adwene nhyia wɔ nhyehyɛeɛ no ho, na wɔkaa sɛ wɔnte wɔn kuromfo no ase<ref>{{Citation |title=BBC News – Africa ✓ |url=https://doi.org/10.1163/1872-9037_afco_asc_852 |access-date=2025-07-11}}</ref>. 2014: Wɔsan de mpokyerɛ ne nnompe foforo 35 fii Friedrich Schiller Sukuupɔn a ɛwɔ Jena no bae, bere a wɔyɛɛ nhwehwɛmu a ɛkyerɛ sɛ wofi Namibia no<ref>{{Citation |last=Bénédicte Savoy |title=Afrikas Kampf um seine Kunst |date=2021 |url=https://doi.org/10.17104/9783406766985 |publisher=Verlag C.H.BECK oHG |isbn=978-3-406-76698-5 |access-date=2025-07-11}}</ref>. Afe 2018: Germany san de nnipa nnompe 27 a wɔn mu bi yɛ ti, nnompe, ne nipadua afã afoforo fii mmeae bi te sɛ Charité ne Stiftung Preußischer Kulturbesitz. Namibia Ɔmanpanin Panin Nangolo Mbumba na odii ananmu gyee wɔn a wɔbaa hɔ no, na ɔsan sii nkae no so dua sɛ ɛyɛ adeyɛ a ɛho hia wɔ ne som mu, na ɔsan hwehwɛɛ sɛ wɔpa kyɛw na wɔtua ka no<ref>{{Citation |last=Vilho Amukwaya Shigwedha |title=The return of Herero and Nama bones from Germany: the victims’ struggle for recognition and recurring genocide memories in Namibia |date=2017-01-05 |url=https://doi.org/10.7228/manchester/9781526107381.003.0009 |work=Human Remains in Society |publisher=Manchester University Press |isbn=978-1-5261-0738-1 |access-date=2025-07-11}}</ref>. Sɛ wɔresan akɔ wɔn kurom a, na wɔyɛ amanne ahorow ne ɔmanfo ayiyɛ. Nanso, nsɛm a esisii yi nso ama akasakasa a ɛda Namibia man no ne Herero/Nama amammerɛ mu atumfoɔ a wɔhwehwɛ sɛ wɔde wɔn ho bɛhyɛ mu tẽẽ na wɔatwe atirimɔdensɛm no aso. Abrabɔ, Honhom Fam, Ne Amammerɛ Ho Mfaso Wɔ Herero ne Nama amammerɛ nyinaa mu no, nnipa nnompe a wɔsɛe no yɛ honhom fam bɔne a emu yɛ duru. Ɛsɛ sɛ wosie nananom wɔ nidi mu sɛnea ɛbɛyɛ a wɔn ahonhom benya home na wɔne ateasefo atena asomdwoe mu. Saa nkae yi a ɛwɔ aman foforo so adan mu no kyerɛ sɛ amammerɛ mu basabasayɛ rekɔ so nnɛ. Enti sɛ obi san kɔ ne kurom a, ɛkyerɛ sɛ ɔresan asiesie n'asetra, na wayɛ onipa foforo, na wanya ne amammerɛ mu ahofadi. Ɛma mmusua ne nnipa nya awerɛkyekye ma wɔn nananom a wɔn wu no nyɛ nea ɛnteɛ na mmom ɛyɛ nea ɛmfata<ref>{{Citation |last=Petrus Angula Mbenzi |title=Revolutionary Songs as a Response to Colonialism in Namibia |date=2015-07-13 |url=https://doi.org/10.2307/j.ctvh8qxrv.10 |work=Re-Viewing Resistance in Namibian History |pages=71–88 |publisher=University of Namibia Press |access-date=2025-07-11}}</ref>. Mmara ne Amanyɔsɛm Wiase nyinaa nipa kyɛfa nhyehyɛeɛ boa Namibia ɔsatu no: UNESCO's 1970 Convention on the return of cultural property<ref>{{Citation |last=UNESCO |title=Convention on the Means of Prohibiting and Preventing the Illicit Import, Export and Transfer of Ownership of Cultural Property Paris, 14 November 1970 |date=2007-01-01 |url=https://doi.org/10.1163/ej.9789004164543.1-760.17 |work=Standard-Setting at UNESCO |pages=103–111 |publisher=Brill {{!}} Nijhoff |isbn=978-90-04-16454-3 |access-date=2025-07-11}}</ref> Amanaman Nkabom Amanaman Nkabom Abakɔsɛm<ref>{{Citation |title=United Nations Declaration on the Rights of Indigenous Peoples {{!}} Division for Inclusive Social Development (DISD) |url=https://social.desa.un.org/issues/indigenous-peoples/united-nations-declaration-on-the-rights-of-indigenous-peoples |access-date=2025-07-11}}</ref><ref>{{Citation |title=The United Nations Declaration on the Rights of Indigenous Peoples |url=https://doi.org/10.5040/9781472565358.0005 |work=Reflections on the UN Declaration on the Rights of Indigenous Peoples |publisher=Hart Publishing |isbn=978-1-84113-878-7 |access-date=2025-07-11}}</ref> Amanaman Nkabom Dwumadibea a Ɛhwɛ Amammerɛ Ho Nsɛm So Ho Nhyehyɛe Afei nso, wɔabisa pii wɔ Germany sɛ wɔmfa mmara kwan so mmu nnipakuw no kumfo, te sɛ nea wɔyɛe wɔ Holocaust no ho no. Wɔ May 2021 mu no, wɔ mfe pii a wɔde yɛɛ nkɔmmɔ wiei akyi no, Germany gyee Herero ne Nama nneduaban no toom, na wɔhyɛɛ bɔ sɛ wɔde €1.1 billion bɛboa ama nkɔso wɔ mfe 30 mu. Nanso, wɔn a wɔkasa tia eyi no kyerɛ sɛ eyi yɛ asotwe a ɛnnyɛ tẽẽ, na wɔamma kwan amma tete atumfoɔ no ankɔ nkɔmmɔbɔ no mu<ref name=":0" />. Nsɛnnennen a Ɛkɔ So Nhyehyɛe a Ɛnteɛ: Wɔda so ara wɔ nkae pii a wɔnnya nhui wɔ Germany akorae hɔ. Nea Ɛkyerɛ sɛ Obi Fi Baabi: Ebinom wɔ hɔ a, wɔn nsa nkaa krataa a ɛkyerɛ baabi a wofi, na ɛma wɔn a wɔresan akɔ wɔn kurom no ho yɛ den. Asɛnnibea a Ɛhwɛ Asɛnnibea a Ɛhwɛ Asɛnnibea a Ɛhwɛ Asɛnnibea a Ɛhwɛ Asɛnnibea a Ɛhwɛ Asɛnnibea a Ɛhwɛ Asɛnnibea a Ɛhwɛ Asɛnnibea a Ɛhwɛ Asɛnnibea a Ɛhwɛ Asɛnnibea a Ɛhwɛ Asɛnnibea a Ɛhwɛ Asɛnnibea a Ɛhwɛ Asɛnnibea a Ɛhwɛ Asɛnnibea a Ɛhwɛ Asɛnnibea a Ɛhwɛ Asɛnnibea a Ɛhwɛ Asɛnnibea a Ɛhwɛ Asɛnnibea a Ɛhwɛ Asɛnnibea a Ɛhwɛ Asɛnnibea a Ɛhwɛ Asɛnnibea a Ɛhwɛ Asɛnnibea So no so. Nhyehyɛe ahorow a wɔsɔre tia: German tete nneɛma akorae ne suapɔn ahorow bi yɛ nyaa wɔ nnompe a wɔayi no ho esiane nyansahu anaa mmara mu nhyɛso ahorow nti. Mmuae Namibia ɔsatu a wɔde resan de Hererofo ne Namafo nnompe aba wɔn man mu no yɛ nhwɛso a emu yɛ den a ɛkyerɛ sɛ wɔsɔre tia amammerɛ a na ɛwɔ hɔ bere a na wɔdi kan no akyi, wɔbu atetesɛm atɛntrenee, na wɔsan nya wɔn amammerɛ so mfaso. Ɛwom sɛ wɔayɛ nneɛma bi a ɛho hia de, nanso adwuma no nwiei koraa. Nkatabo, nnompe, ne nneɛma a wɔayi no no nyinaa a wɔbɛsan de ama wɔn no nyɛ ade a wɔde bɛhyɛ wɔn nsa kɛkɛ. Ɛkyerɛ sɛ wɔbɛsan ama awufo anya wɔn nidi, na wɔahu sɛ wɔyɛ nneduafo, na wɔatumi anya mpata a mfaso wɔ so ne abakɔsɛm mu asɛyɛde. == Mmeaeɛ a menyaa mmoa firiiɛ == [[Nkyekyεmu:Africa Wiki Challenge]] [[Nkyekyεmu:2025]] c4c3728xnjyz6s31w98sblccij13pac 191388 191387 2025-07-11T12:46:14Z Christian Owusu Ansah 16034 191388 wikitext text/x-wiki ''Wɔatwerɛ nsɛm wei wɔ '''Asante Twi''' mu'' Namibiafoɔ pere a wɔperee sɛ wɔbɛgye Herero ne Nama nnompe a wɔn hoo kaa wɔ Germanfoɔ nnipakum wɔ wɔn nnisoɔ wɔ afe (1904 - 1908) yɛ ɔman no mmɔdemmɔ a ɔde rebɛsiesie abakɔsɛm mu ntɛnkyea, ahwehwɛ atɛntenenee a ɛde nsiesie bɛba, na ama wɔn ho atɔ wɔn wɔ nniso a edii wɔn so akyi no mu. Wɔde Hererofo ne Namafoɔ mpaterɛn ne nipadua afã hodoɔ mpempem pii kɔɔ [[Germany]] kɔyɛɛ nnipa mu nyansapɛ ne nnipa ho adesua, a emu pii da so wɔ tete nneɛma akorae ne sukuupɔn ahorow mu. Namibia atubrafo a wɔresan akɔ wɔn kurom no kyerɛ sɛ wɔwɔ abrabɔ pa ne honhom fam ahiade a ɛne sɛ wobedi awufoɔ ni, na ɛyɛ amanyɔsɛm mu asɛm a ɛkyerɛ sɛ ɛsɛ sɛ Germany susuw n'ahemman a wɔde dii kan no ho<ref>{{Citation |last=Tolulope Omotunde |title=Namibia marks inaugural Genocide Remembrance Day with call for reparations - Afrik Digest |date=2025-05-28 |url=https://www.afrikdigest.com/namibia-marks-inaugural-genocide-remembrance-day-with-call-for-reparations/ |language=en-US |access-date=2025-07-11}}</ref>. == Abakɔsɛm: Hererofoɔ ne Namafoɔ nnipakum == Wɔ afe 1904 ne 1908 ntam no, Germany yɛɛ nea wɔgye tom kɛseɛ sɛ afeha a ɛto so 20 no mu awudie a edi kan wɔ '''German South West Africa''' (seesei [[Namibia]]) a na ɛyɛ n'ahenkuro no mu. Berɛ a Hererofoɔ ne Namafoɔ sɔre tiaa Germanfoɔ nniso no, Ɔsahene Lothar von Trotha hyɛɛ mmara sɛ wɔnkum Hererofo bɛboro ɔha mu nkyem 80 ne Namafoɔ ɔha mu nkyem 50<ref>{{Citation |last=Martine Prins |title=Jan-Bart Gewald, Herero Heroes. A Socio-Political History of the Herero of Namibia 1890–1923. Oxford (James Currey Ltd) 1999. x + 310 pp. £14,95 (paper). ISBN 0-85255-749-3. |date=2000-03 |url=https://doi.org/10.1017/s016511530000872x |work=Itinerario |volume=24 |issue=1 |pages=134–137 |doi=10.1017/s016511530000872x |issn=0165-1153 |access-date=2025-07-11}}</ref>. Wɔde wɔn a wonyaa wɔn ti didii mu no kɔɔ nneduaban ahorow te sɛ Shark Island, baabi a nnipa pii wuwui esiane yare, ayayade, ne adwumaden nti no. Wɔ saa bere yi mu no, Germanfoɔ twaa nnipa a wɔkunkum wɔn no ti, na wɔde wɔn ti, wɔn ti ne wɔn nnompe kɔɔ Germany kɔyɛɛ nyansahu mu nhwehwɛmu, titire wɔ suapɔn ahodoɔ te sɛ Berlin's Charité Ayaresabea, Freiburg Suapɔn, ne Jena Suapɔn mu<ref>{{Citation |last=Felix Mukwiza Ndahinda |title=Debating and Litigating Post-Genocide Reparations in the Rwandan Context |date=2020-02-07 |url=https://doi.org/10.1163/9789004377196_026 |work=Reparations for Victims of Genocide, War Crimes and Crimes against Humanity |pages=629–655 |publisher=Brill {{!}} Nijhoff |isbn=978-90-04-37719-6 |access-date=2025-07-11}}</ref>. Wɔde saa nnompe yi yɛɛ nnipa mu nyiyim ho nhwehwɛmu de "daa" adi sɛ aborɔfoɔ sen afoforɔ. == Namibiafoɔ ntoa wɔbɔ faa nnoɔma a wɔde bɛsan aba wɔn man mu == === Aban ne Ɔmanfoɔ no gyinasie === Namibia aban, ne Herero ne Nama amammerɛ mu akannifoɔ yɛɛ adwuma, na wɔhyɛɛ ase srɛe sɛ wɔnsan mfa saa nnompe yi mma wɔn wɔ afe 2000 mfitiaseɛ. Saa nhyehyɛe yi nyaa ahoɔden wɔ afe 2010 mfe no mu, berɛ a amanaman ntam akyitaafoɔ ne nhyɛsoɔ a ɛkɔɔ so wɔ [[Germany]] so sɛ wɔnhwɛ wɔn nnommumfa mu nsɛmmɔnedie so no. Namibia Nwomasua, Adwinne ne Amammerɛ Dwumadibea ne Namibia Ɔman Nkaedum no ne Germany aban, agyapade ahyehyɛde ahorow, ne amanaman ntam nnipakuw a wɔhwɛ nnipa ahofadi so ayɛ nhyehyɛe sɛ wɔbɛhwehwɛ ne nkae no. Saa ɔsatu yi nyɛ honam fam nnompe a wɔbɛsan ama no no ho asɛm kɛkɛ na mmom ɛyɛ frɛ a wɔbɛfrɛ no sɛ ɔman atirimɔdensɛm, kyɛwpa, ne nsiesie<ref name=":0">{{Citation |title=The Legacy of the Herero Genocide on Namibia Today |date=2008 |url=https://doi.org/10.5040/9798400628559.ch-001 |work=Colonial Genocide and Reparations Claims in the 21st Century |pages=25–62 |doi=10.5040/9798400628559.ch-001 |access-date=2025-07-11}}</ref>. == Nhyehyeɛ titire a wɔyɛ faa ho == * '''2011''': Germany san de nnipa ti kɔnkora 20 a wɔadi kan a ɛfiri Charité Ayaresabea a ɛwɔ Berlin no kɔmaa Namibia. Ɔman no dii afahyɛ bi wɔ Windhoek, na Herero ne Nama ananmusifoɔ kyerɛe sɛ wɔn adwene nhyia wɔ nhyehyɛeɛ no ho, na wɔkaa sɛ wɔnte wɔn kuromfo no ase<ref>{{Citation |title=BBC News – Africa ✓ |url=https://doi.org/10.1163/1872-9037_afco_asc_852 |access-date=2025-07-11}}</ref>. * '''2014''': Wɔsan de mpokyerɛ ne nnompe foforɔ 35 fii Friedrich Schiller Suapɔn a ɛwɔ Jena no bae, berɛ a wɔyɛɛ nhwehwɛmu a ɛkyerɛ sɛ wofi Namibia no<ref>{{Citation |last=Bénédicte Savoy |title=Afrikas Kampf um seine Kunst |date=2021 |url=https://doi.org/10.17104/9783406766985 |publisher=Verlag C.H.BECK oHG |isbn=978-3-406-76698-5 |access-date=2025-07-11}}</ref>. * '''Afe 2018''': Germany san de nnipa nnompe 27 a wɔn mu bi yɛ ti, nnompe, ne nipadua afã afoforɔ firii mmeae bi te sɛ Charité ne Stiftung Preußischer Kulturbesitz. Namibia Ɔmanpanin Panin Nangolo Mbumba na odii ananmu gyee wɔn a wɔbaa hɔ no, na ɔsan sii nkae no so dua sɛ ɛyɛ adeyɛ a ɛho hia wɔ ne som mu, na ɔsan hwehwɛɛ sɛ wɔpa kyɛw na wɔtua ka no<ref>{{Citation |last=Vilho Amukwaya Shigwedha |title=The return of Herero and Nama bones from Germany: the victims’ struggle for recognition and recurring genocide memories in Namibia |date=2017-01-05 |url=https://doi.org/10.7228/manchester/9781526107381.003.0009 |work=Human Remains in Society |publisher=Manchester University Press |isbn=978-1-5261-0738-1 |access-date=2025-07-11}}</ref>. Sɛ wɔresan akɔ wɔn kurom a, na wɔyɛ amanne ahorow ne ɔmanfo ayiyɛ. Nanso, nsɛm a esisii yi nso ama akasakasa a ɛda Namibia man no ne Herero/Nama amammerɛ mu atumfoɔ a wɔhwehwɛ sɛ wɔde wɔn ho bɛhyɛ mu tẽẽ na wɔatwe atirimɔdensɛm no aso. == Abrabɔ, honhom fam, ne amammerɛ ho mfasoɔ == Wɔ Herero ne Nama amammerɛ nyinaa mu no, nnipa nnompe a wɔsɛe no yɛ honhom fam bɔne a emu yɛ duru. Ɛsɛ sɛ wosie nananom wɔ nidi mu sɛnea ɛbɛyɛ a wɔn ahonhom benya home na wɔne ateasefo atena asomdwoe mu. Saa nkae yi a ɛwɔ aman foforo so adan mu no kyerɛ sɛ amammerɛ mu basabasayɛ rekɔ so nnɛ. Enti sɛ obi san kɔ ne kurom a, ɛkyerɛ sɛ ɔresan asiesie n'asetra, na wayɛ onipa foforo, na wanya ne amammerɛ mu ahofadi. Ɛma mmusua ne nnipa nya awerɛkyekye ma wɔn nananom a wɔn wu no nyɛ nea ɛnteɛ na mmom ɛyɛ nea ɛmfata<ref>{{Citation |last=Petrus Angula Mbenzi |title=Revolutionary Songs as a Response to Colonialism in Namibia |date=2015-07-13 |url=https://doi.org/10.2307/j.ctvh8qxrv.10 |work=Re-Viewing Resistance in Namibian History |pages=71–88 |publisher=University of Namibia Press |access-date=2025-07-11}}</ref>. == Mmara ne amanyɔsɛm ho nhyehyɛeɛ == Wiase nyinaa nipa kyɛfa nhyehyɛeɛ boa Namibia ɔsatu no: * [[UNESCO|UNESCO's]] 1970 Convention on the return of cultural property<ref>{{Citation |last=UNESCO |title=Convention on the Means of Prohibiting and Preventing the Illicit Import, Export and Transfer of Ownership of Cultural Property Paris, 14 November 1970 |date=2007-01-01 |url=https://doi.org/10.1163/ej.9789004164543.1-760.17 |work=Standard-Setting at UNESCO |pages=103–111 |publisher=Brill {{!}} Nijhoff |isbn=978-90-04-16454-3 |access-date=2025-07-11}}</ref> * Amanaman Nkabom Amanaman Nkabom Abakɔsɛm<ref>{{Citation |title=United Nations Declaration on the Rights of Indigenous Peoples {{!}} Division for Inclusive Social Development (DISD) |url=https://social.desa.un.org/issues/indigenous-peoples/united-nations-declaration-on-the-rights-of-indigenous-peoples |access-date=2025-07-11}}</ref><ref>{{Citation |title=The United Nations Declaration on the Rights of Indigenous Peoples |url=https://doi.org/10.5040/9781472565358.0005 |work=Reflections on the UN Declaration on the Rights of Indigenous Peoples |publisher=Hart Publishing |isbn=978-1-84113-878-7 |access-date=2025-07-11}}</ref> * Amanaman Nkabom Dwumadibea a Ɛhwɛ Amammerɛ Ho Nsɛm So Ho Nhyehyɛe Afei nso, wɔabisa pii wɔ Germany sɛ wɔmfa mmara kwan so mmu nnipakuw no kumfo, te sɛ nea wɔyɛe wɔ Holocaust no ho no. Wɔ May 2021 mu no, wɔ mfe pii a wɔde yɛɛ nkɔmmɔ wiei akyi no, Germany gyee Herero ne Nama nneduaban no toom, na wɔhyɛɛ bɔ sɛ wɔde €1.1 billion bɛboa ama nkɔso wɔ mfe 30 mu. Nanso, wɔn a wɔkasa tia eyi no kyerɛ sɛ eyi yɛ asotwe a ɛnnyɛ tẽẽ, na wɔamma kwan amma tete atumfoɔ no ankɔ nkɔmmɔbɔ no mu<ref name=":0" />. == Ɔhaw ahodoɔ a ɛrekɔ so == * Nhyehyɛeɛ a Ɛnteɛ: Wɔda so ara wɔ nkae pii a wɔnnya nhui wɔ Germany akorae hɔ. * Nea Ɛkyerɛ sɛ Obi Fi Baabi: Ebinom wɔ hɔ a, wɔn nsa nkaa krataa a ɛkyerɛ baabi a wofi, na ɛma wɔn a wɔresan akɔ wɔn kurom no ho yɛ den. * Asɛnnibea a Ɛhwɛ Asɛnnibea a Ɛhwɛ Asɛnnibea a Ɛhwɛ Asɛnnibea a Ɛhwɛ Asɛnnibea a Ɛhwɛ Asɛnnibea a Ɛhwɛ Asɛnnibea a Ɛhwɛ Asɛnnibea a Ɛhwɛ Asɛnnibea a Ɛhwɛ Asɛnnibea a Ɛhwɛ Asɛnnibea a Ɛhwɛ Asɛnnibea a Ɛhwɛ Asɛnnibea a Ɛhwɛ Asɛnnibea a Ɛhwɛ Asɛnnibea a Ɛhwɛ Asɛnnibea a Ɛhwɛ Asɛnnibea a Ɛhwɛ Asɛnnibea a Ɛhwɛ Asɛnnibea a Ɛhwɛ Asɛnnibea a Ɛhwɛ Asɛnnibea a Ɛhwɛ Asɛnnibea So no so. * Nhyehyɛe ahorow a wɔsɔre tia: German tete nneɛma akorae ne suapɔn ahorow bi yɛ nyaa wɔ nnompe a wɔayi no ho esiane nyansahu anaa mmara mu nhyɛso ahorow nti. == Mmoano == Namibia ɔsatu a wɔde resan de Hererofo ne Namafo nnompe aba wɔn man mu no yɛ nhwɛso a emu yɛ den a ɛkyerɛ sɛ wɔsɔre tia amammerɛ a na ɛwɔ hɔ bere a na wɔdi kan no akyi, wɔbu atetesɛm atɛntrenee, na wɔsan nya wɔn amammerɛ so mfaso. Ɛwom sɛ wɔayɛ nneɛma bi a ɛho hia de, nanso adwuma no nwiei koraa. Nkatabo, nnompe, ne nneɛma a wɔayi no no nyinaa a wɔbɛsan de ama wɔn no nyɛ ade a wɔde bɛhyɛ wɔn nsa kɛkɛ. Ɛkyerɛ sɛ wɔbɛsan ama awufo anya wɔn nidi, na wɔahu sɛ wɔyɛ nneduafo, na wɔatumi anya mpata a mfaso wɔ so ne abakɔsɛm mu asɛdeɛ. == Mmeaeɛ a menyaa mmoa firiiɛ == [[Nkyekyεmu:Africa Wiki Challenge]] [[Nkyekyεmu:2025]] 29fmaiqjspf0jn62ql2l9lldhnt889n 0 17465 191389 2025-07-11T12:50:23Z Christian Owusu Ansah 16034 Created page with "''Wɔatwerɛ nsɛm wei wɔ '''Asante Twi''' mu'' Mmɔden a Mozambique rebɔ sɛ wɔbɛsan agye Kristosom agyapade a ɛwɔ hɔ fi tete mmere mu no ka Afrikafo dwumadi kɛse bi a wɔde rehwehwɛ agyapade kronkron ne amammerɛ a wɔsɛee no bere a na Europafo di wɔn so no ho. Bere a Portugal dii Mozambique so mfehaha pii (1498-1975) no, wɔkyeree Kristofo som mu nneɛma pii - a wɔn mu pii nam amammerɛ a na ɛwɔ hɔ no so nyaa bi - de wɔn kɔɔ Europefo nnwuma ne asɔr..." 191389 wikitext text/x-wiki ''Wɔatwerɛ nsɛm wei wɔ '''Asante Twi''' mu'' Mmɔden a Mozambique rebɔ sɛ wɔbɛsan agye Kristosom agyapade a ɛwɔ hɔ fi tete mmere mu no ka Afrikafo dwumadi kɛse bi a wɔde rehwehwɛ agyapade kronkron ne amammerɛ a wɔsɛee no bere a na Europafo di wɔn so no ho. Bere a Portugal dii Mozambique so mfehaha pii (1498-1975) no, wɔkyeree Kristofo som mu nneɛma pii - a wɔn mu pii nam amammerɛ a na ɛwɔ hɔ no so nyaa bi - de wɔn kɔɔ Europefo nnwuma ne asɔre ahorow mu. Wɔ Mozambique no, ɔpɛ a wɔwɔ sɛ wɔbɛsan ama wɔn amammerɛ ne wɔn honhom mu ahoɔfɛ, na wɔama wɔn tumi adi wɔn so wɔ bere a na wɔadi wɔn so no akyi, na wɔasiesie asɛmpatrɛw adwuma ne nnommumfa a wɔde dii nkurɔfo so no. Abakɔsɛm Mu Nsɛm: Kristosom ne Nkoloni a na Ɛwɔ Mozambique Portugalfo Katolek asɛmpatrɛwfo na wɔde Kristosom baa Mozambique wɔ afeha a ɛto so 16 no mfiase. Jesuitfo, Capuchinfo, ne akyiri yi, White Fathers dii dwuma titiriw wɔ abusuakuw no mu nnipa a wɔsakraa wɔn adwene no mu, na mpɛn pii no na wɔhyehyɛ asɛmpatrɛw nnwuma a na wɔde nyamesom mu nsakrae ne nniso a na ɛhyɛ wɔn ase no bom (Newitt, 1995). Bere a asɛmpatrɛwfo no reyɛ asɛnka adwuma no, wɔboaboaa nyamesom mu nneɛma a ɛwɔ hɔ ano, na ɛtɔ mmere bi a na wɔhyɛ nkurɔfo ma wɔde Kristofo nneɛma te sɛ mmeamudua, kuruwa, ahotefo ahoni, ne ntade a wɔde yɛ asɔre no sesaa ɔmanfo no agyiraehyɛde kronkron no. Bere a na wɔretutu wɔn a wɔsɔre tia amammerɛ ne asɛmpatrɛw adwuma ase no, wɔde saa Kristosom nkae yi pii - a seesei wobu no sɛ Mozambique nyamesom agyapade - kɔɔ Portugal anaa wɔde siee Europa tete nneɛma akorae ne asɔre agyapade mu, a Museu Nacional de Arte Antiga wɔ Lisbon ne asɔremma akorae wɔ Braga ne Coimbra ka ho<ref>{{Citation |last=Johannis Tsoumas |title=Portuguese ambitions vs Japanese tradition |date=2018-05-16 |url=https://doi.org/10.24978/mod.v2i2.1061 |work=MODOS: Revista de História da Arte |volume=2 |issue=2 |pages=143–158 |doi=10.24978/mod.v2i2.1061 |issn=2526-2963 |access-date=2025-07-11}}</ref>. Mozambique Mmɔden a Wɔbɔ sɛ Wɔbɛsan Ama Asase no Ayɛ Papa Ɔman no ne Asɔre no Abusuabɔ Mozambique amammerɛ ne nsrahwɛ adwuma no, ne Mozambique Katolek Asɔre no abom ayɛ nhyehyɛe sɛ wɔbɛkyerɛ tete nneɛma a ayera no mu, na wɔahu baabi a ɛwɔ, na wɔasan de aba. Saa mmɔdenbɔ yi kɔɔ so wɔ bere a Mozambique nyaa faahodie wɔ 1975 mu no, sɛ abibiman amammerɛ mu nsakrae a ɛbaa wɔ FRELIMO aban no ase no fã, a na ɛhwehwɛ sɛ wɔsan kyerɛ ɔman no tumidi wɔ nyamesom ne amammerɛ ho agyiraehyɛde ho no (Assane, 2019). Mfe kakra a atwam ni no, aban no ne UNESCO ne Aman a Wɔka Portugal Kasa (CPLP) ayɛ adwuma de rebɔ mpae sɛ wɔnsan mfa nneɛma kronkron ne nyamesom mu nneɛma a wɔfaa mu wɔ nniso ase no mma wɔn. Nneɛma a Ɛsom Bo a Ɛka Hɔ Ne Nnwumakuw Ahorow Ɛwom sɛ wɔn nsa nkaa nneɛma no pɛpɛɛpɛ de, nanso Kristofo nkae atitiriw a wɔahu wɔ Portugal ne Europa aman foforo so no bi ne: Asɛnnua a wɔde dii dwuma wɔ afeha a ɛto so 17 mu wɔ tete asɔre ahorow a na wɔyɛ asɛmpatrɛw adwuma wɔ Inhambane ne Mozambique Supɔw so Baabun Maria ne Ɔhotefo Anthony ahoni a wɔde wɔn nsa ano adwini ahyehyɛ no, seesei ɛwɔ Museu de Arte Sacra wɔ Lisbon Katekismas ne Bible ahorow a wɔde nsa akyerɛw a wɔkyerɛɛ ase kɔɔ kurom kasa ahorow mu, a Emakhuwa ne Sena kasa ka ho, a seesei ɛwɔ Coimbra asɔfo nwomakorabea hɔ Asɔre mu ntade a wɔn a wɔasakra aba Kristosom mu no hyehyɛɛ mu, na wɔde Kristosom ne amammerɛ ho nsɛnkyerɛnne nso kaa ho (Rodrigues, 2021) Mozambique bu saa nneɛma yi sɛ ne nyamesom agyapade a ɛbom yɛ ade, na ɛma wohu akwan soronko a kurom hɔfo gyidifo faa so gyee Kristosom toom na wɔsan kyerɛkyerɛɛ mu no. Nea Ɛkyerɛ wɔ Amammerɛ ne Ɔsom Mu Mmɔden a Mozambique rebɔ sɛ wɔbɛsan agye Kristofo nkae no kɔ akyiri sen sɛ wɔde nneɛma ankasa bɛsan asiesie. Ɛkyerɛ ɔpɛ a wɔwɔ sɛ wɔbɛsan anya nyamesom mu osuahu ne amammerɛ ho nsɛm. Ɛwom sɛ wɔde Kristosom bae sɛ ahempɔn nniso no adwinnade de, nanso Mozambiquefo gyee Kristofo agyiraehyɛde ahorow no de yɛɛ wɔn de, na wɔde kaa wɔn amansan nsusuwii, nnwom, ne amanne ahorow ho. Enti, wonhu nkae no sɛ amammerɛ mu nneɛma bi a wɔde aba kɛkɛ, na mmom sɛ amammerɛ mu ahoɔfɛ ne ahosodi ho adanse (Machava, 2017). Bio nso, Kristofo nneɛma a wɔde kyekyɛ no a wɔbɛsan de ama wɔn no ho hia na ama asafo a akyɛ no akɔ so asom Onyankopɔn, titiriw wɔ mmeae bi a kan no na wɔyɛ asɛmpatrɛw adwuma te sɛ Quelimane, Tete, ne Beira, a akyiri yi wɔde asɔre ahorow a asɛmpatrɛwfo sii no maa ɔmanfo na wotwaa nneɛma a wɔde kyekyɛ no fii hɔ no. Mmara ne Abrabɔ Ho Nhyehyɛe Amanaman ntam agyapade a ɛfa amammerɛ ho, a nea ɛka ho bi ne: UNESCO 1970 Nhyehyɛe a Ɛbara Amammerɛ Ho Nneɛma a Wɔde Kɔ Amannɔne no ICOM Nnyinasosɛm a Wɔde Di Dwuma wɔ Tete Nneɛma Akorae, a ɛhyɛ nneɛma a ɛyɛ kronkron ne nneɛma a ɛho hia a wɔsan de ma no ho nkuran Nkrataa a wɔde ka amammerɛ ho nsɛm a ɛwɔ Portugalfo kasa mu no hyɛ aman a wɔka Portugal kasa no nkuran Wɔ nkɔmmɔbɔ a ɛkɔɔ so nnansa yi mu no, Portugal ada no adi sɛ ne ho a abue ama amammerɛ mu nsiesie no sua nanso ɛyɛ sɛnkyerɛnne kwan so. Wɔ afe 2022 mu no, Portugal penee so sɛ wobɛyɛ nneɛma a ɛwɔ tete nneɛma a ɛwɔ Mozambique no ho kyerɛwtohɔ ne mfonini wɔ kɔmputa so na wɔde ama Mozambique nnwuma - ɛyɛ ade ketewa nanso ɛho hia wɔ mmɔden a wɔrebɔ sɛ wɔbɛsan de wɔn akɔ wɔn kurom no mu (Instituto Camões, 2022). Nsɛnnennen a Ɛfa Asetram a Wɔsan Kɔ Ho Mozambique rehyia nsɛnnennen bebree wɔ ne Kristosom nkae no a wɔbɛsan agye no: Nkrataa a emu nsɛm nyɛ pɛpɛɛpɛ: Ná wɔnkyerɛw nneɛma pii ho nsɛm yiye anaa na wɔnkyerɛw nea ɛyɛe a ɛbaa wɔn so. Portugalfo mmara mu akwanside: Wɔkyerɛ sɛ nneɛma no bi yɛ Portugalfo "ɔman agyapade", na ɛma wɔn a wɔresan aba no ho nkɔmmɔ yɛ den. Asetena mu nsɛm: Mozambique tete nneɛma akorae ne asɔre ahorow taa nni sika ne nneɛma a wɔde bɛhwɛ so a ehia ma tete nneɛma a ɛyɛ hu a wɔde bɛhwɛ so. Nyamekyerɛ mu nsɛm a emu yɛ den: Ɛnyɛ nnɛyi nyamesom akannifo no nyinaa na wɔpɛ sɛ wonya nkae no bi, na wɔn mu binom ka sɛ wɔde fa amammerɛ mu nhyɛso anaa abosonsom ho. Mmuae Mozambique mmɔden a wɔrebɔ sɛ wɔbɛsan agye Kristosom agyapade a ɛwɔ hɔ wɔ wɔn bere so no da no adi sɛ ɛyɛ nhyehyɛe a wɔde dii dwuma wɔ wɔn bere so akyi - nhyehyɛe a ɛnyɛ sɛ wɔde nneɛma a ɛyɛ kronkron bɛsan ama wɔn kɛkɛ, na mmom sɛ wɔde bɛsan agye wɔn amammerɛ ne wɔn som nso. Bere a Mozambique rehwehwɛ sɛ wobegye wɔn agyapade a wɔde maa wɔn bere a na wɔyɛ amammerɛ mu asɛmpatrɛw adwuma no afi hɔ no, saa nneɛma no a wɔasan anya no betumi ayɛ nyamesom ne abakɔsɛm mu mpata, na ɛbɛkyerɛ sɛ Mozambiquefo wɔ tumi a wɔde bɛko atia ɔhaw ahorow no, na wɔwɔ hokwan sɛ wɔkyerɛ wɔn honhom fam agyapade no mu sɛnea wɔn ankasa pɛ. == Mmeaeɛ a menyaa mmoa firiiɛ == [[Nkyekyεmu:Africa Wiki Challenge]] [[Nkyekyεmu:2025]] q137xuvn407sorgrioscn3ujutawzsr 191390 191389 2025-07-11T14:34:17Z Christian Owusu Ansah 16034 191390 wikitext text/x-wiki ''Wɔatwerɛ nsɛm wei wɔ '''Asante Twi''' mu'' Mmɔden a Mozambique rebɔ sɛ wɔbɛsan agye Kristosom agyapade a ɛwɔ hɔ fi tete mmere mu no ka Afrikafo dwumadi kɛse bi a wɔde rehwehwɛ agyapade kronkron ne amammerɛ a wɔsɛee no bere a na Europafo di wɔn so no ho. Bere a Portugal dii Mozambique so mfehaha pii (1498-1975) no, wɔkyeree Kristofo som mu nneɛma pii - a wɔn mu pii nam amammerɛ a na ɛwɔ hɔ no so nyaa bi - de wɔn kɔɔ Europefo nnwuma ne asɔre ahorow mu. Wɔ Mozambique no, ɔpɛ a wɔwɔ sɛ wɔbɛsan ama wɔn amammerɛ ne wɔn honhom mu ahoɔfɛ, na wɔama wɔn tumi adi wɔn so wɔ bere a na wɔadi wɔn so no akyi, na wɔasiesie asɛmpatrɛw adwuma ne nnommumfa a wɔde dii nkurɔfo so no<ref>{{Citation |title=Mozambique’s Attempts to Reclaim Colonial-Era Christian Relics |url=https://www.bing.com/search?q=Mozambique%E2%80%99s%20Attempts%20to%20Reclaim%20Colonial-Era%20Christian%20Relics&qs=n&form=QBRE&sp=-1&lq=0&pq=mozambique%E2%80%99s%20attempts%20to%20reclaim%20colonial-era%20christian%20relics&sc=3-62&sk=&cvid=4ACCBE561EBD400D9B7CF4B717590796 |language=en |access-date=2025-07-11}}</ref>. Abakɔsɛm Mu Nsɛm: Kristosom ne Nkoloni a na Ɛwɔ Mozambique Portugalfo Katolek asɛmpatrɛwfo na wɔde Kristosom baa Mozambique wɔ afeha a ɛto so 16 no mfiase. Jesuitfo, Capuchinfo, ne akyiri yi, White Fathers dii dwuma titiriw wɔ abusuakuw no mu nnipa a wɔsakraa wɔn adwene no mu, na mpɛn pii no na wɔhyehyɛ asɛmpatrɛw nnwuma a na wɔde nyamesom mu nsakrae ne nniso a na ɛhyɛ wɔn ase no bom<ref>{{Citation |last=Allen Isaacman |title=Malyn Newitt. <i>A History of Mozambique</i>. Bloomington: Indiana University Press. 1995. Pp. xxii, 679. Cloth $57.50, paper $24.95 |date=1996-06-01 |url=https://doi.org/10.1086/ahr/101.3.886 |work=The American Historical Review |volume=101 |issue=3 |pages=886–887 |doi=10.1086/ahr/101.3.886 |issn=1937-5239 |access-date=2025-07-11}}</ref>. Berɛ a asɛmpatrɛfoɔ no reyɛ asɛnka adwuma no, wɔboaboaa nyamesom mu nneɛma a ɛwɔ hɔ ano, na ɛtɔ mmere bi a na wɔhyɛ nkurɔfo ma wɔde Kristofo nneɛma te sɛ mmeamudua, kuruwa, ahotefo ahoni, ne ntade a wɔde yɛ asɔre no sesaa ɔmanfoɔ no agyiraehyɛdeɛ kronkron no. Bere a na wɔretutu wɔn a wɔsɔre tia amammerɛ ne asɛmpatrɛw adwuma ase no, wɔde saa Kristosom nkae yi pii - a seesei wobu no sɛ Mozambique nyamesom agyapade - kɔɔ [[Portugal]] anaa wɔde siee Europa tete nneɛma akorae ne asɔre agyapade mu, a Museu Nacional de Arte Antiga wɔ Lisbon ne asɔremma akorae wɔ Braga ne Coimbra ka ho<ref>{{Citation |last=Johannis Tsoumas |title=Portuguese ambitions vs Japanese tradition |date=2018-05-16 |url=https://doi.org/10.24978/mod.v2i2.1061 |work=MODOS: Revista de História da Arte |volume=2 |issue=2 |pages=143–158 |doi=10.24978/mod.v2i2.1061 |issn=2526-2963 |access-date=2025-07-11}}</ref>. == Mozambique mmɔden a wɔbɔ sɛ wɔbɛsan ama wɔn aba wɔn man mu no == === Ɔman no ne Asɔre no Ayɔkofa === Mozambique amammerɛ ne nsrahwɛ adwuma no, ne Mozambique Katolek Asɔre no abom ayɛ nhyehyɛe sɛ wɔbɛkyerɛ tete nneɛma a ayera no mu, na wɔahu baabi a ɛwɔ, na wɔasan de aba. Saa mmɔdenbɔ yi kɔɔ so wɔ bere a Mozambique nyaa faahodie wɔ 1975 mu no, sɛ abibiman amammerɛ mu nsakrae a ɛbaa wɔ FRELIMO aban no ase no fã, a na ɛhwehwɛ sɛ wɔsan kyerɛ ɔman no tumidi wɔ nyamesom ne amammerɛ ho agyiraehyɛde ho no<ref>{{Citation |last=Catarina Valdigem |title=Radio and Music Listening Practices in Colonial Mozambique: The Goan Experience |date=2023-11-06 |url=https://doi.org/10.1080/13696815.2023.2269862 |work=Journal of African Cultural Studies |volume=36 |issue=1 |pages=58–73 |doi=10.1080/13696815.2023.2269862 |issn=1369-6815 |access-date=2025-07-11}}</ref>. Mfe kakra a atwam ni no, aban no ne [[UNESCO]] ne Aman a Wɔka Portugal Kasa (CPLP) ayɛ adwuma de rebɔ mpae sɛ wɔnsan mfa nneɛma kronkron ne nyamesom mu nneɛma a wɔfaa mu wɔ nniso ase no mma wɔn. Nneɛma a Ɛsom Bo a Ɛka Hɔ Ne Nnwumakuw Ahorow Ɛwom sɛ wɔn nsa nkaa nneɛma no pɛpɛɛpɛ de, nanso Kristofo nkae atitiriw a wɔahu wɔ Portugal ne Europa aman foforo so no bi ne: Asɛnnua a wɔde dii dwuma wɔ afeha a ɛto so 17 mu wɔ tete asɔre ahorow a na wɔyɛ asɛmpatrɛ adwuma wɔ Inhambane ne Mozambique Supɔ so Baabun Maria ne Ɔhotefo Anthony ahoni a wɔde wɔn nsa ano adwini ahyehyɛ no, seesei ɛwɔ Museu de Arte Sacra wɔ Lisbon Katekismas ne Bible ahorow a wɔde nsa akyerɛw a wɔkyerɛɛ ase kɔɔ kurom kasa ahorow mu, a Emakhuwa ne Sena kasa ka ho, a seesei ɛwɔ Coimbra asɔfo nwomakorabea hɔ Asɔre mu ntade a wɔn a wɔasakra aba Kristosom mu no hyehyɛɛ mu, na wɔde Kristosom ne amammerɛ ho nsɛnkyerɛnne nso kaa ho<ref>{{Citation |last=Lars de Wildt, S. D. Aupers |title=Eclectic Religion: The flattening of religious cultural heritage in videogames |date=2020-04-07 |url=https://doi.org/10.1080/13527258.2020.1746920 |work=International Journal of Heritage Studies |volume=27 |issue=3 |pages=312–330 |doi=10.1080/13527258.2020.1746920 |issn=1352-7258 |access-date=2025-07-11}}</ref> Mozambique bu saa nneɛma yi sɛ ne nyamesom agyapade a ɛbom yɛ ade, na ɛma wohu akwan soronko a kurom hɔfo gyidifo faa so gyee Kristosom toom na wɔsan kyerɛkyerɛɛ mu no. Nea Ɛkyerɛ wɔ Amammerɛ ne Ɔsom Mu Mmɔden a Mozambique rebɔ sɛ wɔbɛsan agye Kristofo nkae no kɔ akyiri sen sɛ wɔde nneɛma ankasa bɛsan asiesie. Ɛkyerɛ ɔpɛ a wɔwɔ sɛ wɔbɛsan anya nyamesom mu osuahu ne amammerɛ ho nsɛm. Ɛwom sɛ wɔde Kristosom bae sɛ ahempɔn nniso no adwinnade de, nanso Mozambiquefo gyee Kristofo agyiraehyɛde ahorow no de yɛɛ wɔn de, na wɔde kaa wɔn amansan nsusuwii, nnwom, ne amanne ahorow ho. Enti, wɔnhu nkae no sɛ amammerɛ mu nneɛma bi a wɔde aba kɛkɛ, na mmom sɛ amammerɛ mu ahoɔfɛ ne ahosodi ho adanseɛ<ref>{{Citation |last=Bill Freund, Leroy Vail, Landeg White |title=Capitalism and Colonialism in Mozambique |date=1981-12 |url=https://doi.org/10.2307/524345 |work=African Studies Review |volume=24 |issue=4 |pages=140 |doi=10.2307/524345 |issn=0002-0206 |access-date=2025-07-11}}</ref>. Bio nso, Kristofo nneɛma a wɔde kyekyɛ no a wɔbɛsan de ama wɔn no ho hia na ama asafo a akyɛ no akɔ so asom Onyankopɔn, titiriw wɔ mmeae bi a kan no na wɔyɛ asɛmpatrɛw adwuma te sɛ Quelimane, Tete, ne Beira, a akyiri yi wɔde asɔre ahodoɔ a asɛmpatrɛfoɔ sii no maa ɔmanfo na wotwaa nneɛma a wɔde kyekyɛ no fii hɔ no. Mmara ne Abrabɔ Ho Nhyehyɛe Amanaman ntam agyapade a ɛfa amammerɛ ho, a nea ɛka ho bi ne: UNESCO 1970 Nhyehyɛe a Ɛbara Amammerɛ Ho Nneɛma a Wɔde Kɔ Amannɔne no ICOM Nnyinasosɛm a Wɔde Di Dwuma wɔ Tete Nneɛma Akorae, a ɛhyɛ nneɛma a ɛyɛ kronkron ne nneɛma a ɛho hia a wɔsan de ma no ho nkuran Nkrataa a wɔde ka amammerɛ ho nsɛm a ɛwɔ Portugalfo kasa mu no hyɛ aman a wɔka Portugal kasa no nkuran Wɔ nkɔmmɔbɔ a ɛkɔɔ so nnansa yi mu no, Portugal ada no adi sɛ ne ho a abue ama amammerɛ mu nsiesie no sua nanso ɛyɛ sɛnkyerɛnne kwan so. Wɔ afe 2022 mu no, Portugal penee so sɛ wobɛyɛ nneɛma a ɛwɔ tete nneɛma a ɛwɔ Mozambique no ho kyerɛwtohɔ ne mfonini wɔ kɔmputa so na wɔde ama Mozambique nnwuma - ɛyɛ ade ketewa nanso ɛho hia wɔ mmɔden a wɔrebɔ sɛ wɔbɛsan de wɔn akɔ wɔn kurom no mu<ref>{{Citation |last=Luís Alberto Alves, Francisco Miguel Araújo |title=Camões – Instituto da Cooperação e da Língua (Portugal) |date=2015-12-01 |url=https://doi.org/10.31819/rili-2015-132505 |work=Revista Internacional de Lingüística Iberoamericana |volume=13 |issue=25 |pages=53–66 |doi=10.31819/rili-2015-132505 |issn=2255-5218 |access-date=2025-07-11}}</ref>. Nsɛnnennen a Ɛfa Asetram a Wɔsan Kɔ Ho Mozambique rehyia nsɛnnennen bebree wɔ ne Kristosom nkae no a wɔbɛsan agye no: Nkrataa a emu nsɛm nyɛ pɛpɛɛpɛ: Ná wɔnkyerɛw nneɛma pii ho nsɛm yiye anaa na wɔnkyerɛw nea ɛyɛe a ɛbaa wɔn so. Portugalfo mmara mu akwanside: Wɔkyerɛ sɛ nneɛma no bi yɛ Portugalfo "ɔman agyapade", na ɛma wɔn a wɔresan aba no ho nkɔmmɔ yɛ den. Asetena mu nsɛm: Mozambique tete nneɛma akorae ne asɔre ahorow taa nni sika ne nneɛma a wɔde bɛhwɛ so a ehia ma tete nneɛma a ɛyɛ hu a wɔde bɛhwɛ so. Nyamekyerɛ mu nsɛm a emu yɛ den: Ɛnyɛ nnɛyi nyamesom akannifo no nyinaa na wɔpɛ sɛ wonya nkae no bi, na wɔn mu binom ka sɛ wɔde fa amammerɛ mu nhyɛso anaa abosonsom ho. Mmuae Mozambique mmɔden a wɔrebɔ sɛ wɔbɛsan agye Kristosom agyapade a ɛwɔ hɔ wɔ wɔn bere so no da no adi sɛ ɛyɛ nhyehyɛe a wɔde dii dwuma wɔ wɔn bere so akyi - nhyehyɛe a ɛnyɛ sɛ wɔde nneɛma a ɛyɛ kronkron bɛsan ama wɔn kɛkɛ, na mmom sɛ wɔde bɛsan agye wɔn amammerɛ ne wɔn som nso. Bere a Mozambique rehwehwɛ sɛ wobegye wɔn agyapade a wɔde maa wɔn bere a na wɔyɛ amammerɛ mu asɛmpatrɛ adwuma no afi hɔ no, saa nneɛma no a wɔasan anya no betumi ayɛ nyamesom ne abakɔsɛm mu mpata, na ɛbɛkyerɛ sɛ Mozambiquefo wɔ tumi a wɔde bɛko atia ɔhaw ahodoɔ no, na wɔwɔ hokwan sɛ wɔkyerɛ wɔn honhom fam agyapade no mu sɛnea wɔn ankasa pɛ. == Mmeaeɛ a menyaa mmoa firiiɛ == [[Nkyekyεmu:Africa Wiki Challenge]] [[Nkyekyεmu:2025]] cd7lgji9xqlappfunu3jy499dhu9jew 191391 191390 2025-07-11T14:43:19Z Christian Owusu Ansah 16034 191391 wikitext text/x-wiki ''Wɔatwerɛ nsɛm wei wɔ '''Asante Twi''' mu'' Mmɔden a '''Mozambique''' rebɔ sɛ wɔbɛsan agye Kristosom agyapadeɛ a ɛwɔ hɔ firi tete mmerɛ mu no ka Afrikafoɔ dwumadie kɛseɛ bi a wɔde rehwehwɛ agyapadeɛ kronkron ne amammerɛ a wɔsɛee no berɛ a na Europafoɔ di wɔn so no ho. Bere a [[Portugal]] dii Mozambique so mfehaha pii (1498-1975) no, wɔkyeree Kristofo som mu nneɛma pii - a wɔn mu pii nam amammerɛ a na ɛwɔ hɔ no so nyaa bi - de wɔn kɔɔ Europefoɔ nnwuma ne asɔre ahorow mu. Wɔ Mozambique no, ɔpɛ a wɔwɔ sɛ wɔbɛsan ama wɔn amammerɛ ne wɔn honhom mu ahoɔfɛ, na wɔama wɔn tumi adi wɔn so wɔ bere a na wɔadi wɔn so no akyi, na wɔasiesie asɛmpatrɛw adwuma ne nnommumfa a wɔde dii nkurɔfo so no<ref>{{Citation |title=Mozambique’s Attempts to Reclaim Colonial-Era Christian Relics |url=https://www.bing.com/search?q=Mozambique%E2%80%99s%20Attempts%20to%20Reclaim%20Colonial-Era%20Christian%20Relics&qs=n&form=QBRE&sp=-1&lq=0&pq=mozambique%E2%80%99s%20attempts%20to%20reclaim%20colonial-era%20christian%20relics&sc=3-62&sk=&cvid=4ACCBE561EBD400D9B7CF4B717590796 |language=en |access-date=2025-07-11}}</ref>. == Abakɔsɛm: Kristosom ne nnisoɔ wɔ Mozambique == Portugalfoɔ Katolek asɛmpatrɛfoɔ na wɔde Kristosom baa Mozambique wɔ afeha a ɛto so 16 no mfitiaseɛ. Jesuitfoɔ, Capuchinfo, ne akyiri yi, White Fathers dii dwuma titire wɔ abusuakuo no mu nnipa a wɔsakraa wɔn adwene no mu, na mpɛn pii no na wɔhyehyɛ asɛmpatrɛw nnwuma a na wɔde nyamesom mu nsakrae ne nniso a na ɛhyɛ wɔn ase no bom<ref>{{Citation |last=Allen Isaacman |title=Malyn Newitt. <i>A History of Mozambique</i>. Bloomington: Indiana University Press. 1995. Pp. xxii, 679. Cloth $57.50, paper $24.95 |date=1996-06-01 |url=https://doi.org/10.1086/ahr/101.3.886 |work=The American Historical Review |volume=101 |issue=3 |pages=886–887 |doi=10.1086/ahr/101.3.886 |issn=1937-5239 |access-date=2025-07-11}}</ref>. Berɛ a asɛmpatrɛfoɔ no reyɛ asɛnka adwuma no, wɔboaboaa nyamesom mu nneɛma a ɛwɔ hɔ ano, na ɛtɔ mmere bi a na wɔhyɛ nkurɔfo ma wɔde Kristofo nneɛma te sɛ mmeamudua, kuruwa, ahotefo ahoni, ne ntade a wɔde yɛ asɔre no sesaa ɔmanfoɔ no agyiraehyɛdeɛ kronkron no. Berɛ a na wɔretutu wɔn a wɔsɔre tia amammerɛ ne asɛmpatrɛw adwuma ase no, wɔde saa Kristosom nkae yi pii - a seesei wobu no sɛ Mozambique nyamesom agyapade - kɔɔ [[Portugal]] anaa wɔde siee Europa tete nneɛma akorae ne asɔre agyapade mu, a Museu Nacional de Arte Antiga wɔ Lisbon ne asɔremma akorae wɔ Braga ne Coimbra ka ho<ref>{{Citation |last=Johannis Tsoumas |title=Portuguese ambitions vs Japanese tradition |date=2018-05-16 |url=https://doi.org/10.24978/mod.v2i2.1061 |work=MODOS: Revista de História da Arte |volume=2 |issue=2 |pages=143–158 |doi=10.24978/mod.v2i2.1061 |issn=2526-2963 |access-date=2025-07-11}}</ref>. == Mozambique mmɔden a wɔbɔ sɛ wɔbɛsan ama wɔn aba wɔn man mu no == === Ɔman no ne Asɔre no Ayɔkofa === Mozambique amammerɛ ne nsrahwɛ adwuma no, ne Mozambique Katolek Asɔre no abom ayɛ nhyehyɛe sɛ wɔbɛkyerɛ tete nneɛma a ayera no mu, na wɔahu baabi a ɛwɔ, na wɔasan de aba. Saa mmɔdenbɔ yi kɔɔ so wɔ bere a Mozambique nyaa faahodie wɔ 1975 mu no, sɛ abibiman amammerɛ mu nsakrae a ɛbaa wɔ FRELIMO aban no ase no fã, a na ɛhwehwɛ sɛ wɔsan kyerɛ ɔman no tumidie wɔ nyamesom ne amammerɛ ho agyiraehyɛde ho no<ref>{{Citation |last=Catarina Valdigem |title=Radio and Music Listening Practices in Colonial Mozambique: The Goan Experience |date=2023-11-06 |url=https://doi.org/10.1080/13696815.2023.2269862 |work=Journal of African Cultural Studies |volume=36 |issue=1 |pages=58–73 |doi=10.1080/13696815.2023.2269862 |issn=1369-6815 |access-date=2025-07-11}}</ref>. Mfe kakra a atwam ni no, aban no ne [[UNESCO]] ne Aman a Wɔka Portugal Kasa (CPLP) ayɛ adwuma de rebɔ mpae sɛ wɔnsan mfa nneɛma kronkron ne nyamesom mu nneɛma a wɔfaa mu wɔ nniso ase no mma wɔn. == Nnoɔma a ɛsom bo a ɛka ho ne nnwumakuo ahodoɔ == Ɛwom sɛ wɔn nsa nkaa nneɛma no pɛpɛɛpɛ de, nanso Kristofo nkae atitiriw a wɔahu wɔ Portugal ne Europa aman foforo so no bi ne: * Asɛnnua a wɔde dii dwuma wɔ afeha a ɛto so 17 mu wɔ tete asɔre ahorow a na wɔyɛ asɛmpatrɛ adwuma wɔ Inhambane ne Mozambique Supɔ so * Baabun Maria ne Ɔhotefo Anthony ahoni a wɔde wɔn nsa ano adwini ahyehyɛ no, seesei ɛwɔ Museu de Arte Sacra wɔ Lisbon * Katekismas ne Bible ahorow a wɔde nsa akyerɛw a wɔkyerɛɛ ase kɔɔ kurom kasa ahorow mu, a Emakhuwa ne Sena kasa ka ho, a seesei ɛwɔ Coimbra asɔfo nwomakorabea hɔ * Asɔre mu ntade a wɔn a wɔasakra aba Kristosom mu no hyehyɛɛ mu, na wɔde Kristosom ne amammerɛ ho nsɛnkyerɛnne nso kaa ho<ref>{{Citation |last=Lars de Wildt, S. D. Aupers |title=Eclectic Religion: The flattening of religious cultural heritage in videogames |date=2020-04-07 |url=https://doi.org/10.1080/13527258.2020.1746920 |work=International Journal of Heritage Studies |volume=27 |issue=3 |pages=312–330 |doi=10.1080/13527258.2020.1746920 |issn=1352-7258 |access-date=2025-07-11}}</ref> Mozambique bu saa nneɛma yi sɛ ne nyamesom agyapade a ɛbom yɛ ade, na ɛma wohu akwan soronko a kurom hɔfo gyidifo faa so gyee Kristosom toom na wɔsan kyerɛkyerɛɛ mu no. == Deɛ ɛkyerɛ wɔ amammerɛ ne ɔsom mu == Mmɔden a Mozambique rebɔ sɛ wɔbɛsan agye Kristofoɔ nkae no kɔ akyiri sen sɛ wɔde nnoɔma ankasa bɛsan asiesie. Ɛkyerɛ ɔpɛ a wɔwɔ sɛ wɔbɛsan anya nyamesom mu osuahu ne amammerɛ ho nsɛm. Ɛwom sɛ wɔde Kristosom bae sɛ ahempɔn nniso no adwinnade de, nanso Mozambiquefo gyee Kristofo agyiraehyɛde ahorow no de yɛɛ wɔn de, na wɔde kaa wɔn amansan nsusuwii, nnwom, ne amanne ahorow ho. Enti, wɔnhu nkae no sɛ amammerɛ mu nneɛma bi a wɔde aba kɛkɛ, na mmom sɛ amammerɛ mu ahoɔfɛ ne ahosodi ho adanseɛ<ref>{{Citation |last=Bill Freund, Leroy Vail, Landeg White |title=Capitalism and Colonialism in Mozambique |date=1981-12 |url=https://doi.org/10.2307/524345 |work=African Studies Review |volume=24 |issue=4 |pages=140 |doi=10.2307/524345 |issn=0002-0206 |access-date=2025-07-11}}</ref>. Bio nso, Kristofo nneɛma a wɔde kyekyɛ no a wɔbɛsan de ama wɔn no ho hia na ama asafo a akyɛ no akɔ so asom Onyankopɔn, titiriw wɔ mmeae bi a kan no na wɔyɛ asɛmpatrɛw adwuma te sɛ Quelimane, Tete, ne Beira, a akyiri yi wɔde asɔre ahodoɔ a asɛmpatrɛfoɔ sii no maa ɔmanfo na wotwaa nneɛma a wɔde kyekyɛ no fii hɔ no. == Mmara ne asetena ho nhyehyɛeɛ == Amanaman ntam agyapade a ɛfa amammerɛ ho, a nea ɛka ho bi ne: * [[UNESCO]] 1970 Nhyehyɛe a Ɛbara Amammerɛ Ho Nneɛma a Wɔde Kɔ Amannɔne no<ref>{{Citation |last=UNESCO |title=Convention on the Means of Prohibiting and Preventing the Illicit Import, Export and Transfer of Ownership of Cultural Property Paris, 14 November 1970 |date=2007-01-01 |url=https://doi.org/10.1163/ej.9789004164543.1-760.17 |work=Standard-Setting at UNESCO |pages=103–111 |publisher=Brill {{!}} Nijhoff |isbn=978-90-04-16454-3 |access-date=2025-07-11}}</ref> * ICOM Nnyinasosɛm a Wɔde Di Dwuma wɔ Tete Nneɛma Akorae, a ɛhyɛ nneɛma a ɛyɛ kronkron ne nneɛma a ɛho hia a wɔsan de ma no ho nkuran * Nkrataa a wɔde ka amammerɛ ho nsɛm a ɛwɔ Portugalfo kasa mu no hyɛ aman a wɔka Portugal kasa no nkuran Wɔ nkɔmmɔbɔ a ɛkɔɔ so nnansa yi mu no, Portugal ada no adi sɛ ne ho a abue ama amammerɛ mu nsiesie no sua nanso ɛyɛ sɛnkyerɛnne kwan so. Wɔ afe 2022 mu no, Portugal penee so sɛ wobɛyɛ nneɛma a ɛwɔ tete nneɛma a ɛwɔ Mozambique no ho kyerɛwtohɔ ne mfonini wɔ kɔmputa so na wɔde ama Mozambique nnwuma - ɛyɛ ade ketewa nanso ɛho hia wɔ mmɔden a wɔrebɔ sɛ wɔbɛsan de wɔn akɔ wɔn kurom no mu<ref>{{Citation |last=Luís Alberto Alves, Francisco Miguel Araújo |title=Camões – Instituto da Cooperação e da Língua (Portugal) |date=2015-12-01 |url=https://doi.org/10.31819/rili-2015-132505 |work=Revista Internacional de Lingüística Iberoamericana |volume=13 |issue=25 |pages=53–66 |doi=10.31819/rili-2015-132505 |issn=2255-5218 |access-date=2025-07-11}}</ref>. == Ɔhaw ahodoɔ == Mozambique rehyia nsɛnnennen bebree wɔ ne Kristosom nkae no a wɔbɛsan agye no: * Nkrataa a emu nsɛm nyɛ pɛpɛɛpɛ: Ná wɔnkyerɛw nneɛma pii ho nsɛm yiye anaa na wɔnkyerɛw nea ɛyɛe a ɛbaa wɔn so. * Portugalfo mmara mu akwanside: Wɔkyerɛ sɛ nneɛma no bi yɛ Portugalfo "ɔman agyapade", na ɛma wɔn a wɔresan aba no ho nkɔmmɔ yɛ den. * Asetena mu nsɛm: Mozambique tete nneɛma akorae ne asɔre ahorow taa nni sika ne nneɛma a wɔde bɛhwɛ so a ehia ma tete nneɛma a ɛyɛ hu a wɔde bɛhwɛ so. * Nyamekyerɛ mu nsɛm a emu yɛ den: Ɛnyɛ nnɛyi nyamesom akannifo no nyinaa na wɔpɛ sɛ wonya nkae no bi, na wɔn mu binom ka sɛ wɔde fa amammerɛ mu nhyɛso anaa abosonsom ho. == Mmoano == Mozambique mmɔden a wɔrebɔ sɛ wɔbɛsan agye Kristosom agyapadeɛ a ɛwɔ hɔ wɔ wɔn berɛ so no da no adi sɛ ɛyɛ nhyehyɛe a wɔde dii dwuma wɔ wɔn bere so akyi - nhyehyɛe a ɛnyɛ sɛ wɔde nneɛma a ɛyɛ kronkron bɛsan ama wɔn kɛkɛ, na mmom sɛ wɔde bɛsan agye wɔn amammerɛ ne wɔn som nso. Bere a Mozambique rehwehwɛ sɛ wobegye wɔn agyapade a wɔde maa wɔn bere a na wɔyɛ amammerɛ mu asɛmpatrɛ adwuma no afi hɔ no, saa nneɛma no a wɔasan anya no betumi ayɛ nyamesom ne abakɔsɛm mu mpata, na ɛbɛkyerɛ sɛ Mozambiquefoɔ wɔ tumi a wɔde bɛko atia ɔhaw ahodoɔ no, na wɔwɔ hokwan sɛ wɔkyerɛ wɔn honhom fam agyapade no mu sɛnea wɔn ankasa pɛ. == Mmeaeɛ a menyaa mmoa firiiɛ == [[Nkyekyεmu:Africa Wiki Challenge]] [[Nkyekyεmu:2025]] jzzcyhs4t0vmfce6kodnori5m30d3iq 0 17466 191404 2025-07-11T15:40:43Z Dorcas Karikari 19096 Created page with "Kenya hwehwɛ sɛ wɔsan de nnompe bi a ɛwɔ Europe aman mu, titiriw wɔ Germany ne United Kingdom, a na ɛwɔ hɔ bere a na wɔyɛ nnommum no ma no. Eyi yɛ ade titiriw a ɛrekɔ so wɔ Afrika nyinaa a ɛkyerɛ sɛ ɛsɛ sɛ wɔsan gye wɔn nananom a wɔawuwu no, na wɔhwɛ ma atɛntrenee ba abakɔsɛm mu. Kenyafo bu nkatabo no sɛ ɛyɛ kronkron, na wɔfaa pii fii mu bere a na wɔreyɛ nnɛɛmmafo a wɔyɛ basabasa ne nnipa ho nhwehwɛmu wɔ afeha a ɛto so 19 ne 20 m..." 191404 wikitext text/x-wiki Kenya hwehwɛ sɛ wɔsan de nnompe bi a ɛwɔ Europe aman mu, titiriw wɔ Germany ne United Kingdom, a na ɛwɔ hɔ bere a na wɔyɛ nnommum no ma no. Eyi yɛ ade titiriw a ɛrekɔ so wɔ Afrika nyinaa a ɛkyerɛ sɛ ɛsɛ sɛ wɔsan gye wɔn nananom a wɔawuwu no, na wɔhwɛ ma atɛntrenee ba abakɔsɛm mu. Kenyafo bu nkatabo no sɛ ɛyɛ kronkron, na wɔfaa pii fii mu bere a na wɔreyɛ nnɛɛmmafo a wɔyɛ basabasa ne nnipa ho nhwehwɛmu wɔ afeha a ɛto so 19 ne 20 mfiase mu no. Wɔn a wɔda so ara wɔ tete nneɛma akorae a ɛwɔ aman foforo so no gyina hɔ ma amammerɛ a na ɛyɛ atirimɔdensɛm ne ɔtan a na wɔde yɛ nnipa no. Abakɔsɛm mu Nsɛm ne Nea Ɛkyerɛ Bere a na Britain di Kenya so (1895 ⁇ 1963), wokunkum Afrika akannifo ne akofo a wɔsɔre tiaa nniso no, na wɔde wɔn nnompe kɔɔ Europa. Nsɛm a ɛho hia sen biara no mu biako ne Koitalel Arap Samoei, Nandi honhom fam kannifo ne ɔkannifo a ɔtan kɔkolonifo a Britainfo kunkum no wɔ afe 1905 mu no. Abakɔsɛm ne abakɔsɛm mu nhwehwɛmu kyerɛ sɛ ebia wɔde n'atiboa no kɔɔ United Kingdom sɛ wɔnkɔyɛ ho nhwehwɛmu anaa wɔnkyerɛ no (Odhiambo, 2022). Mpɛn pii no, na wɔde nyansahu mu nhwehwɛmu di dwuma de siesie nkae a ɛtete saa no, titiriw wɔ mmeae te sɛ Natural History Museum a ɛwɔ London ne anthropological collections a ɛwɔ Berlin. Ná nnipa a wɔtete aman afoforo so a wɔboaboa wɔn ho ano no ka nyansahufo a na wɔpɛ sɛ wobu Afrikafo sɛ nnipa a wɔba fam no ho. Wɔde saa nneɛma a wɔaboaboa ano yi boaa nnipa a wɔhwɛɛ wɔn akyi wɔ aman foforo so ne wɔn a wɔhwɛɛ wɔn akyi wɔ nsase foforo so no ma wɔyɛɛ nnipa mu nyiyim ho nhwehwɛmu. Enti, ɛnyɛ abrabɔ mu asɛm bi kɛkɛ ne sɛ obi bɛkɔ so anya saa nneɛma no bi, na mmom ɛyɛ biribi a ɛkyerɛ sɛ obi nni nokware na ɔyɛ basabasa wɔ abakɔsɛm mu. Kenya Nkɔmmɔbɔ a Wɔde Bɛsan De Nkurɔfoɔ Ba Kenya aban no nam National Museums of Kenya (NMK) ne Ministry of Sports, Culture, and Heritage so ayɛ adwumaden de rehwehwɛ wɔn nananom a wɔda so te wɔ amannɔne no. Wɔ afe 2022 mu no, Amina Mohamed a ɔyɛ aban no kyerɛwfo no kaa wɔ baguam sɛ ɛsɛ sɛ wɔsan de nnipa a wɔfiri Kenya no nnompe nyinaa ba, na ɔkyerɛe sɛ ɛho hia ma honhom mu ahohoro ne amammerɛ mu ahoɔfɛ (Mutunga, 2022). Saa nsato no ka nhyehyɛe kɛse bi a ɛfa amanaman ntam ahyehyɛde ahorow, nnipa hokwan ahorow ahyehyɛde ahorow, ne UNESCO ho. Nhwehwɛmufo ne wɔn a wɔbɔ nneɛma ho ban akyerɛ sɛ nneɛma bi te sɛ Pitt Rivers Museum a ɛwɔ Oxford Sukuupɔn mu ne Natural History Museum a ɛwɔ London no wɔ hɔ, na wɔka sɛ ɛhɔ na wɔakora nnipa a wofi Afrika Apuei fam a wɔkyeree wɔn wɔ nniso ase no nnompe. Kenya abisa sɛ wɔmfa nnompe a ɛte saa no bi mmra hɔ na ama wɔatumi ahu wɔn na wɔasan de wɔn aba wɔn man mu<ref>{{Citation |title=2. The Recontextualisation of Human Remains in Colonial East Africa – The Human Remains from Rwanda in the Colonial Era |date=2022-08-08 |url=https://doi.org/10.7788/9783412523466.25 |work=Human Remains from the Former German Colony of East Africa |pages=25–46 |place=Köln |publisher=Böhlau Verlag |isbn=978-3-412-52344-2 |access-date=2025-07-11}}</ref> (BBC, 2022). Abrabɔ ne Amammerɛ Ho Nhwehwɛde Ahorow Wɔ Kenyafo pii fam no, wɔn nananom a wɔawuwu a wɔbɛsan de wɔn aba no nyɛ ɔman no ahohoahoa ara kwa, na mmom ɛyɛ honhom fam akomatɔyam ne nananom a wɔawuwu a wɔsom wɔn no nso ho asɛm. Atetesɛm mu gyidi ahorow kyerɛ sɛ ɛsɛ sɛ wɔde awufo ahonhom kɔ wɔn nananom asase so ma wɔne ateasefo nya abusuabɔ pa. Wɔkyerɛ sɛ saa nnompe yi a ɛwɔ ananafo tete nneɛma akorae mu no yɛ honhom mu mpaapaemu a ɛsɛ sɛ wɔsiesie (Gecaga, 2021). Bio nso, wɔ bere tenten ni a wɔn a wɔako tia aban no mmusua aka sɛ wɔn nananom a wɔawuwu no nnompe no, ɛsɛ sɛ wɔsan de ba na wosie wɔn sɛnea wɔn amammerɛ kyerɛ. Wɔsan de wɔn a wɔresan aba wɔn man mu no ka wɔn a wɔresan aba wɔn man mu no ho. Ɛkasa tia Afrikafo amammerɛ a wɔda no adi sɛ nnipa a wɔadi nkogu wɔ abakɔsɛm mu no, na mmom ɛde Afrikafo nne ba nkae ne ayaresa mu. Enti, nnompe a wɔsan de bae no yɛ nneɛma a wɔsan de maa afoforo no mu biako, a nea ɛka ho ne nneɛma a wɔsan de maa afoforo, nneɛma a na ɛwɔ hɔ wɔ tete mmere mu no din a wɔsan de maa afoforo, ne sukuu adesua nhyehyɛe a wɔsakraa mu (Njoki, 2023). Amanaman Ntam ne Mmara Ho Nsɛm Ɛmfa ho sɛ ntease wom sɛ wɔbɛsan de wɔn akɔ wɔn kurom no, mmara ne nhyehyɛe ahorow no da so ara siw kwan. Mpɛn pii no, Europa tete nneɛma akorae ahorow no ka sɛ wonnya nkrataa anaa wɔn nsa nkaa nneɛma no wɔ mmara kwan so sɛnea ɛbɛyɛ a wɔbɛkora nnipa nnompe so. Nanso, amanaman ntam nhyehyɛe te sɛ 1970 UNESCO Nhyehyɛe ne Amanaman Nkabom no Abakɔsɛm a Ɛfa Ɔmanfo Ahorow Ho (UNDRIP) no boa ma wɔde amammerɛ mu agyapade ne nananom nkae san kɔma wɔn kuromfo. Nnansa yi nsɛm a ɛtete saa, te sɛ nnipa ti a wɔsan de brɛɛ Namibia fii Germany nnwuma mu, ne nnipa ti a wɔsan de brɛɛ Algeria fii France wɔ afe 2020 mu no, ama Kenya anya mmara ne amanyɔsɛm kwan a wɔde bɛhyɛ ne man no mu den (Sarr & Savoy, 2018). Ne titiriw no, Germany afi ase agye ne nniso mu nsɛmmɔnedi no atom, na Kenya mpanyimfo ahyɛ Berlin nkuran sɛ wɔmfa Kenya nka n'asetra ho nhyehyɛe ho. Mmuae Kenya a ɛrepere sɛ wɔbɛsan de nneduaban mmere mu nkatabo aba ɔman no mu no yɛ sɛnkyerɛnne kwan so na mfaso wɔ so a wɔde reyɛ biribi de asiesie abakɔsɛm mu ntɛnkyea. Ɛnyɛ nnompe a wɔbɛsan de aba kɛkɛ ho asɛm na mmom nidi, honhom fam biakoyɛ, ne abakɔsɛm mu nokware a wɔbɛsan de aba. Bere a nkɔso rekɔ so wɔ Afrika no, mmɔden a Kenya bɔ no si hia a ɛho hia sɛ Europa ahyehyɛde ahorow no yɛ wɔn ade ma emu da hɔ, wodi wɔn asɛyɛde ho dwuma, na wobu Afrika agyapade ne nnipa no so dua. == Mmeaeɛ a menyaa mmoa firiiɛ == 5sv2fnw9emovkgv6l1pn5gxne1321r2 191420 191404 2025-07-12T03:24:34Z Dorcas Karikari 19096 191420 wikitext text/x-wiki Kenya hwehwɛ sɛ wɔsan de nnompe bi a ɛwɔ Europe aman mu, titire wɔ [[Germany]] ne [[United Kingdom]], a na ɛwɔ hɔ berɛ a na wɔyɛ nnommum no ma no. Eyi yɛ ade titiriw a ɛrekɔ so wɔ Afrika nyinaa a ɛkyerɛ sɛ ɛsɛ sɛ wɔsan gye wɔn nananom a wɔawuwu no, na wɔhwɛ ma atɛnteneenee ba abakɔsɛm mu. Kenyafo bu nkatabo no sɛ ɛyɛ kronkron, na wɔfaa pii fii mu bere a na wɔreyɛ nnɛɛmmafo a wɔyɛ basabasa ne nnipa ho nhwehwɛmu wɔ afeha a ɛto so 19 ne 20 mfitiaseɛ mu no. Wɔn a wɔda so ara wɔ tete nneɛma akorae a ɛwɔ aman foforo so no gyina hɔ ma amammerɛ a na ɛyɛ atirimɔdensɛm ne ɔtan a na wɔde yɛ nnipa no. Abakɔsɛm mu Nsɛm ne Nea Ɛkyerɛ Bere a na Britain di Kenya so (1895–1963), wɔkunkum Afrika akannifoɔ ne akofo a wɔsɔre tiaa nniso no, na wɔde wɔn nnompe kɔɔ Europa. Nsɛm a ɛho hia sen biara no mu biako ne Koitalel Arap Samoei, Nandi honhom fam kannifo ne ɔkannifo a ɔtan kɔkolonifo a Britainfo kunkum no wɔ afe 1905 mu no. Abakɔsɛm ne abakɔsɛm mu nhwehwɛmu kyerɛ sɛ ebia wɔde n'atiboa no kɔɔ United Kingdom sɛ wɔnkɔyɛ ho nhwehwɛmu anaa wɔnkyerɛ no<ref>{{Citation |last=Odhiambo Alphonce Kasera, Thomas Otieno Juma |title=Political economy of neopatrimonialism in East Africa: Insights from Kenya, Uganda and Tanzania |date=2025-06-03 |url=https://doi.org/10.51867/aqssr.2.2.28 |work=African Quarterly Social Science Review |volume=2 |issue=2 |pages=332–344 |doi=10.51867/aqssr.2.2.28 |issn=3006-3493 |access-date=2025-07-12}}</ref>. Mpɛn pii no, na wɔde abɔdeɛ mu nyansapɛ mu nhwehwɛmu di dwuma de siesie nkae a ɛtete saa no, ne titire wɔ mmeaeɛ te sɛ Natural History Museum a ɛwɔ [[London]] ne beaɛ a wɔboaboa amammerɛ mu nnoɔma a ɛwɔ [[Bɛɛlin|Berlin]]. Ná nnipa a wɔtete aman afoforo so a wɔboaboa wɔn ho ano no ka nyansahufo a na wɔpɛ sɛ wobu Afrikafo sɛ nnipa a wɔba fam no ho. Wɔde saa nneɛma a wɔaboaboa ano yi boaa nnipa a wɔhwɛɛ wɔn akyi wɔ aman foforo so ne wɔn a wɔhwɛɛ wɔn akyi wɔ nsase foforo so no ma wɔyɛɛ nnipa mu nyiyim ho nhwehwɛmu. Enti, ɛnyɛ abrabɔ mu asɛm bi kɛkɛ ne sɛ obi bɛkɔ so anya saa nneɛma no bi, na mmom ɛyɛ biribi a ɛkyerɛ sɛ obi nni nokware na ɔyɛ basabasa wɔ abakɔsɛm mu. Kenya Nkɔmmɔbɔ a Wɔde Bɛsan De Nkurɔfoɔ Ba Kenya aban no nam National Museums of Kenya (NMK) ne Ministry of Sports, Culture, and Heritage so ayɛ adwumaden de rehwehwɛ wɔn nananom a wɔda so te wɔ amannɔne no. Wɔ afe 2022 mu no, Amina Mohamed a ɔyɛ aban no kyerɛwfo no kaa wɔ baguam sɛ ɛsɛ sɛ wɔsan de nnipa a wɔfiri Kenya no nnompe nyinaa ba, na ɔkyerɛe sɛ ɛho hia ma honhom mu ahohoro ne amammerɛ mu ahoɔfɛ<ref>{{Citation |last=Allard Duursma |title=State Weakness, a Fragmented Patronage-Based System, and Protracted Local Conflict in the Central African Republic |date=2022-05-16 |url=https://academic.oup.com/afraf/article/121/483/251/6574825 |work=African Affairs |volume=121 |issue=483 |pages=251–274 |language=en |doi=10.1093/afraf/adac012 |issn=0001-9909 |access-date=2025-07-12}}</ref>. Saa nsato no ka nhyehyɛeɛ kɛseɛ bi a ɛfa amanaman ntam ahyehyɛde ahorow, nnipa hokwan ahorow ahyehyɛde ahodoɔ, ne [[UNESCO]] ho. Nhwehwɛmufo ne wɔn a wɔbɔ nneɛma ho ban akyerɛ sɛ nneɛma bi te sɛ Pitt Rivers Museum a ɛwɔ Oxford Sukuupɔn mu ne Natural History Museum a ɛwɔ London no wɔ hɔ, na wɔka sɛ ɛhɔ na wɔakora nnipa a wofi Afrika Apuei fam a wɔkyeree wɔn wɔ nniso ase no nnompe. Kenya abisa sɛ wɔmfa nnompe a ɛte saa no bi mmra hɔ na ama wɔatumi ahu wɔn na wɔasan de wɔn aba wɔn man mu<ref>{{Citation |title=2. The Recontextualisation of Human Remains in Colonial East Africa – The Human Remains from Rwanda in the Colonial Era |date=2022-08-08 |url=https://doi.org/10.7788/9783412523466.25 |work=Human Remains from the Former German Colony of East Africa |pages=25–46 |place=Köln |publisher=Böhlau Verlag |isbn=978-3-412-52344-2 |access-date=2025-07-11}}</ref>. Abrabɔ ne Amammerɛ Ho Nhwehwɛde Ahorow Wɔ Kenyafo pii fam no, wɔn nananom a wɔawuwu a wɔbɛsan de wɔn aba no nyɛ ɔman no ahohoahoa ara kwa, na mmom ɛyɛ honhom fam akomatɔyam ne nananom a wɔawuwu a wɔsom wɔn no nso ho asɛm. Atetesɛm mu gyidi ahorow kyerɛ sɛ ɛsɛ sɛ wɔde awufo ahonhom kɔ wɔn nananom asase so ma wɔne ateasefo nya abusuabɔ pa. Wɔkyerɛ sɛ saa nnompe yi a ɛwɔ ananafo tete nneɛma akorae mu no yɛ honhom mu mpaapaemu a ɛsɛ sɛ wɔsiesie<ref>{{Citation |last=Shelene Gomes |title=Cosmopolitanism from the Global South |date=2021 |url=https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-82272-9 |doi=10.1007/978-3-030-82272-9 |access-date=2025-07-12}}</ref>. Bio nso, wɔ berɛ tenten ni a wɔn a wɔako tia aban no mmusua aka sɛ wɔn nananom a wɔawuwu no nnompe no, ɛsɛ sɛ wɔsan de ba na wosie wɔn sɛnea wɔn amammerɛ kyerɛ. Wɔsan de wɔn a wɔresan aba wɔn man mu no ka wɔn a wɔresan aba wɔn man mu no ho. Ɛkasa tia Afrikafo amammerɛ a wɔda no adi sɛ nnipa a wɔadi nkogu wɔ abakɔsɛm mu no, na mmom ɛde Afrikafo nne ba nkae ne ayaresa mu. Enti, nnompe a wɔsan de bae no yɛ nneɛma a wɔsan de maa afoforo no mu biako, a nea ɛka ho ne nneɛma a wɔsan de maa afoforo, nneɛma a na ɛwɔ hɔ wɔ tete mmere mu no din a wɔsan de maa afoforo, ne sukuu adesua nhyehyɛe a wɔsakraa mu<ref>{{Citation |last=Vuyiswa Lupuwana |title=Heritage and Social Justice in Southern Africa |date=2024-07-18 |url=https://doi.org/10.4324/9781003025832-8 |work=Routledge Handbook of Critical African Heritage Studies |pages=88–100 |place=London |publisher=Routledge |isbn=978-1-003-02583-2 |access-date=2025-07-12}}</ref>. Amanaman Ntam ne Mmara Ho Nsɛm Ɛmfa ho sɛ ntease wom sɛ wɔbɛsan de wɔn akɔ wɔn kurom no, mmara ne nhyehyɛe ahorow no da so ara siw kwan. Mpɛn pii no, Europa tete nneɛma akorae ahorow no ka sɛ wonnya nkrataa anaa wɔn nsa nkaa nneɛma no wɔ mmara kwan so sɛnea ɛbɛyɛ a wɔbɛkora nnipa nnompe so. Nanso, amanaman ntam nhyehyɛe te sɛ 1970 UNESCO Nhyehyɛe ne Amanaman Nkabom no Abakɔsɛm a Ɛfa Ɔmanfo Ahorow Ho (UNDRIP) no boa ma wɔde amammerɛ mu agyapade ne nananom nkae san kɔma wɔn kuromfoɔ<ref>{{Citation |title=The United Nations Declaration on the Rights of Indigenous Peoples |url=https://doi.org/10.5040/9781472565358.0005 |work=Reflections on the UN Declaration on the Rights of Indigenous Peoples |publisher=Hart Publishing |isbn=978-1-84113-878-7 |access-date=2025-07-12}}</ref><ref>{{Citation |title=The United Nations Declaration on the Rights of Indigenous Peoples |url=https://doi.org/10.5040/9781472565358.0005 |work=Reflections on the UN Declaration on the Rights of Indigenous Peoples |publisher=Hart Publishing |isbn=978-1-84113-878-7 |access-date=2025-07-12}}</ref>. Nnansa yi nsɛm a ɛtete saa, te sɛ nnipa ti a wɔsan de brɛɛ Namibia fii Germany nnwuma mu, ne nnipa ti a wɔsan de brɛɛ Algeria fii France wɔ afe 2020 mu no, ama Kenya anya mmara ne amanyɔsɛm kwan a wɔde bɛhyɛ ne man no mu den<ref>{{Citation |last=Mathilde Pavis, Andrea Wallace |title=Response to the 2018 Sarr-Savoy Report: Statement on Intellectual Property Rights and Open Access Relevant to the Digitization and Restitution of African Cultural Heritage and Associated Materials |date=2019 |url=https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.3378200 |work=SSRN Electronic Journal |doi=10.2139/ssrn.3378200 |issn=1556-5068 |access-date=2025-07-12}}</ref><ref>{{Citation |title=The Restitution of African Cultural Heritage. Toward a New Relational Ethics |url=http://restitutionreport2018.com/ |language=en-US |access-date=2025-07-12}}</ref>. Ne titiriw no, Germany afiri aseɛ agye ne nnisoɔ mu nsɛmmɔnedie no atom, na Kenya mpanyimfo ahyɛ Berlin nkuran sɛ wɔmfa Kenya nka n'asetra ho nhyehyɛe ho. Mmuae Kenya a ɛrepere sɛ wɔbɛsan de nneduaban mmere mu nkatabo aba ɔman no mu no yɛ sɛnkyerɛnne kwan so na mfaso wɔ so a wɔde reyɛ biribi de asiesie abakɔsɛm mu ntɛnkyea. Ɛnyɛ nnompe a wɔbɛsan de aba kɛkɛ ho asɛm na mmom nidi, honhom fam biakoyɛ, ne abakɔsɛm mu nokware a wɔbɛsan de aba. Bere a nkɔso rekɔ so wɔ Afrika no, mmɔden a Kenya bɔ no si hia a ɛho hia sɛ Europa ahyehyɛde ahorow no yɛ wɔn ade ma emu da hɔ, wodi wɔn asɛyɛde ho dwuma, na wobu Afrika agyapade ne nnipa no so dua. == Mmeaeɛ a menyaa mmoa firiiɛ == 0eohbq6yws23h6g77tevohgn7jqipez 191421 191420 2025-07-12T03:34:04Z Dorcas Karikari 19096 191421 wikitext text/x-wiki ''Wɔatwerɛ nsɛm wei wɔ '''Asante Twi''' Mu'' Kenya hwehwɛ sɛ wɔsan de nnompe bi a ɛwɔ Europe aman mu, ne titire deɛ ɛwɔ [[Germany]] ne [[United Kingdom]], a na ɛwɔ hɔ berɛ a na wɔyɛ nnommum no ma no. Yei yɛ adeɛ titire a ɛrekɔ so wɔ [[Abibrem|Afrika]] nyinaa a ɛkyerɛ sɛ ɛsɛ sɛ wɔsan gye wɔn nananom a wɔawuwu no, na wɔhwɛ ma atɛnteneenee ba abakɔsɛm mu. Kenyafoɔ bu nnompe no sɛ ɛyɛ kronkron, na wɔfaa pii firii mu berɛ a na wɔreyɛ nnɛɛmmafo a wɔyɛ basabasa ne nnipa ho nhwehwɛmu wɔ afeha a ɛto so 19 ne 20 mfitiaseɛ mu no. Wɔn a wɔda so ara wɔ tete nneɛma akorae a ɛwɔ aman foforo so no gyina hɔ ma amammerɛ a na ɛyɛ atirimɔdensɛm ne ɔtan a na wɔde yɛ nnipa no<ref name=":0">{{Citation |last=Kwame Opoku Dr |title=Kenya Demands Once Again The Restitution Of Artefacts Taken Away During The Colonial Period |url=https://www.modernghana.com/news/177377/kenya-demands-once-again-the-restitution-of-artefacts-taken.html |language=en |access-date=2025-07-12}}</ref><ref>{{Citation |last=Okumu Modachi |title=United Kingdom hands over colonial-era archives and artifacts |url=https://www.standardmedia.co.ke/national/article/2001508077/united-kingdom-hands-over-colonial-era-archives-and-artifacts |language=en |access-date=2025-07-12}}</ref>. == Abakɔsɛm mu nsɛm ne deɛ ɛkyerɛ == Berɛ a na Britain di Kenya so (1895–1963), wɔkunkum Afrika akannifoɔ ne akofo a wɔsɔre tiaa nniso no, na wɔde wɔn nnompe kɔɔ Europa. Nsɛm a ɛho hia sen biara no mu biako ne Koitalel Arap Samoei, Nandi honhom fam kannifo ne ɔkannifo a ɔtan kɔkolonifo a Britainfo kunkum no wɔ afe 1905 mu no. Abakɔsɛm ne abakɔsɛm mu nhwehwɛmu kyerɛ sɛ ebia wɔde n'atiboa no kɔɔ United Kingdom sɛ wɔnkɔyɛ ho nhwehwɛmu anaa wɔnkyerɛ no<ref>{{Citation |last=Odhiambo Alphonce Kasera, Thomas Otieno Juma |title=Political economy of neopatrimonialism in East Africa: Insights from Kenya, Uganda and Tanzania |date=2025-06-03 |url=https://doi.org/10.51867/aqssr.2.2.28 |work=African Quarterly Social Science Review |volume=2 |issue=2 |pages=332–344 |doi=10.51867/aqssr.2.2.28 |issn=3006-3493 |access-date=2025-07-12}}</ref>. Mpɛn pii no, na wɔde abɔdeɛ mu nyansapɛ mu nhwehwɛmu di dwuma de siesie nkae a ɛtete saa no, ne titire wɔ mmeaeɛ te sɛ Natural History Museum a ɛwɔ [[London]] ne beaɛ a wɔboaboa amammerɛ mu nnoɔma a ɛwɔ [[Bɛɛlin|Berlin]]<ref name=":0" />. Ná nnipa a wɔtete aman afoforo so a wɔboaboa wɔn ho ano no ka nyansahufo a na wɔpɛ sɛ wobu Afrikafo sɛ nnipa a wɔba fam no ho. Wɔde saa nneɛma a wɔaboaboa ano yi boaa nnipa a wɔhwɛɛ wɔn akyi wɔ aman foforo so ne wɔn a wɔhwɛɛ wɔn akyi wɔ nsase foforo so no ma wɔyɛɛ nnipa mu nyiyim ho nhwehwɛmu. Enti, ɛnyɛ abrabɔ mu asɛm bi kɛkɛ ne sɛ obi bɛkɔ so anya saa nneɛma no bi, na mmom ɛyɛ biribi a ɛkyerɛ sɛ obi nni nokware na ɔyɛ basabasa wɔ abakɔsɛm mu. == Ntoa a Kenya bɔ faa nnoɔma wɔbɛsan ade aba wɔn man no ho == Kenya aban no nam National Museums of Kenya (NMK) ne Ministry of Sports, Culture, and Heritage so ayɛ adwumaden de rehwehwɛ wɔn nananom a wɔda so te wɔ amannɔne no. Wɔ afe 2022 mu no, Amina Mohamed a ɔyɛ aban no twerɛfoɔ no kaa wɔ badwam sɛ ɛsɛ sɛ wɔsan de nnipa a wɔfiri Kenya no nnompe nyinaa ba, na ɔkyerɛe sɛ ɛho hia ma honhom mu ahohoro ne amammerɛ mu ahoɔfɛ<ref>{{Citation |last=Allard Duursma |title=State Weakness, a Fragmented Patronage-Based System, and Protracted Local Conflict in the Central African Republic |date=2022-05-16 |url=https://academic.oup.com/afraf/article/121/483/251/6574825 |work=African Affairs |volume=121 |issue=483 |pages=251–274 |language=en |doi=10.1093/afraf/adac012 |issn=0001-9909 |access-date=2025-07-12}}</ref>. Saa nsato no ka nhyehyɛeɛ kɛseɛ bi a ɛfa amanaman ntam ahyehyɛde ahorow, nnipa hokwan ahorow ahyehyɛde ahodoɔ, ne [[UNESCO]] ho. Nhwehwɛmufoɔ ne wɔn a wɔbɔ nneɛma ho ban akyerɛ sɛ nneɛma bi te sɛ Pitt Rivers Museum a ɛwɔ Oxford Suapɔn mu ne Natural History Museum a ɛwɔ London no wɔ hɔ, na wɔka sɛ ɛhɔ na wɔakora nnipa a wofi Afrika Apuei fam a wɔkyeree wɔn wɔ nniso ase no nnompe. Kenya abisa sɛ wɔmfa nnompe a ɛte saa no bi mmra hɔ na ama wɔatumi ahu wɔn na wɔasan de wɔn aba wɔn man mu<ref>{{Citation |title=2. The Recontextualisation of Human Remains in Colonial East Africa – The Human Remains from Rwanda in the Colonial Era |date=2022-08-08 |url=https://doi.org/10.7788/9783412523466.25 |work=Human Remains from the Former German Colony of East Africa |pages=25–46 |place=Köln |publisher=Böhlau Verlag |isbn=978-3-412-52344-2 |access-date=2025-07-11}}</ref>. == Asetenam ne amammerɛ ho nhwehwɛdeɛ ahodoɔ == Wɔ Kenyafo pii fam no, wɔn nananom a wɔawuwu a wɔbɛsan de wɔn aba no nyɛ ɔman no ahohoahoa ara kwa, na mmom ɛyɛ honhom fam akomatɔyam ne nananom a wɔawuwu a wɔsom wɔn no nso ho asɛm. Atetesɛm mu gyidi ahorow kyerɛ sɛ ɛsɛ sɛ wɔde awufo ahonhom kɔ wɔn nananom asase so ma wɔne ateasefo nya abusuabɔ pa. Wɔkyerɛ sɛ saa nnompe yi a ɛwɔ ananafo tete nneɛma akorae mu no yɛ honhom mu mpaapaemu a ɛsɛ sɛ wɔsiesie<ref>{{Citation |last=Shelene Gomes |title=Cosmopolitanism from the Global South |date=2021 |url=https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-82272-9 |doi=10.1007/978-3-030-82272-9 |access-date=2025-07-12}}</ref>. Bio nso, wɔ berɛ tenten ni a wɔn a wɔako tia aban no mmusua aka sɛ wɔn nananom a wɔawuwu no nnompe no, ɛsɛ sɛ wɔsan de ba na wosie wɔn sɛnea wɔn amammerɛ kyerɛ. Wɔsan de wɔn a wɔresan aba wɔn man mu no ka wɔn a wɔresan aba wɔn man mu no ho. Ɛkasa tia Afrikafo amammerɛ a wɔda no adi sɛ nnipa a wɔadi nkogu wɔ abakɔsɛm mu no, na mmom ɛde Afrikafo nne ba nkae ne ayaresa mu. Enti, nnompe a wɔsan de bae no yɛ nneɛma a wɔsan de maa afoforo no mu biako, a nea ɛka ho ne nneɛma a wɔsan de maa afoforo, nneɛma a na ɛwɔ hɔ wɔ tete mmere mu no din a wɔsan de maa afoforo, ne sukuu adesua nhyehyɛe a wɔsakraa mu<ref>{{Citation |last=Vuyiswa Lupuwana |title=Heritage and Social Justice in Southern Africa |date=2024-07-18 |url=https://doi.org/10.4324/9781003025832-8 |work=Routledge Handbook of Critical African Heritage Studies |pages=88–100 |place=London |publisher=Routledge |isbn=978-1-003-02583-2 |access-date=2025-07-12}}</ref>. == Amanaman ntam ne mmara ho nsɛm == Ɛmfa ho sɛ nteaseɛ wom sɛ wɔbɛsan de wɔn akɔ wɔn kurom no, mmara ne nhyehyɛe ahorow no da so ara siw kwan. Mpɛn pii no, Europa tete nneɛma akorae ahorow no ka sɛ wonnya nkrataa anaa wɔn nsa nkaa nneɛma no wɔ mmara kwan so sɛnea ɛbɛyɛ a wɔbɛkora nnipa nnompe so. Nanso, amanaman ntam nhyehyɛe te sɛ 1970 UNESCO Nhyehyɛe ne Amanaman Nkabom no Abakɔsɛm a Ɛfa Ɔmanfo Ahorow Ho (UNDRIP) no boa ma wɔde amammerɛ mu agyapadeɛ ne nananom nkae san kɔma wɔn kuromfoɔ<ref>{{Citation |title=The United Nations Declaration on the Rights of Indigenous Peoples |url=https://doi.org/10.5040/9781472565358.0005 |work=Reflections on the UN Declaration on the Rights of Indigenous Peoples |publisher=Hart Publishing |isbn=978-1-84113-878-7 |access-date=2025-07-12}}</ref><ref>{{Citation |title=The United Nations Declaration on the Rights of Indigenous Peoples |url=https://doi.org/10.5040/9781472565358.0005 |work=Reflections on the UN Declaration on the Rights of Indigenous Peoples |publisher=Hart Publishing |isbn=978-1-84113-878-7 |access-date=2025-07-12}}</ref>. Nnansa yi nsɛm a ɛtete saa, te sɛ nnipa ti a wɔsan de brɛɛ Namibia fii Germany nnwuma mu, ne nnipa ti a wɔsan de brɛɛ Algeria fii France wɔ afe 2020 mu no, ama Kenya anya mmara ne amanyɔsɛm kwan a wɔde bɛhyɛ ne man no mu den<ref>{{Citation |last=Mathilde Pavis, Andrea Wallace |title=Response to the 2018 Sarr-Savoy Report: Statement on Intellectual Property Rights and Open Access Relevant to the Digitization and Restitution of African Cultural Heritage and Associated Materials |date=2019 |url=https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.3378200 |work=SSRN Electronic Journal |doi=10.2139/ssrn.3378200 |issn=1556-5068 |access-date=2025-07-12}}</ref><ref>{{Citation |title=The Restitution of African Cultural Heritage. Toward a New Relational Ethics |url=http://restitutionreport2018.com/ |language=en-US |access-date=2025-07-12}}</ref>. Ne titiriw no, Germany afiri aseɛ agye ne nnisoɔ mu nsɛmmɔnedie no atom, na Kenya mpanyimfo ahyɛ Berlin nkuran sɛ wɔmfa Kenya nka n'asetra ho nhyehyɛe ho. == Awieeɛ == Kenya a ɛrepere sɛ wɔbɛsan de nneduaban mmere mu nkatabo aba ɔman no mu no yɛ sɛnkyerɛnne kwan so na mfaso wɔ so a wɔde reyɛ biribi de asiesie abakɔsɛm mu ntɛnkyea. Ɛnyɛ nnompe a wɔbɛsan de aba kɛkɛ ho asɛm na mmom nidi, honhom fam biakoyɛ, ne abakɔsɛm mu nokware a wɔbɛsan de aba. Bere a nkɔso rekɔ so wɔ Afrika no, mmɔden a Kenya bɔ no si hia a ɛho hia sɛ Europa ahyehyɛde ahorow no yɛ wɔn ade ma emu da hɔ, wodi wɔn asɛyɛde ho dwuma, na wobu Afrika agyapade ne nnipa no so dua. == Mmeaeɛ a menyaa mmoa firiiɛ == <references /> [[Nkyekyεmu:Africa Wiki Challenge]] [[Nkyekyεmu:2025]] ek25txu8q6wulxqnb0ncsbky2kp303u 0 17467 191414 2025-07-11T18:25:50Z Hansongh 19068 Created page with "Sɛ yɛka sɛ obi akɔ asane aba a,asekyerɛ ne sɛ,obi awu afiri ateasefoɔ asase yi so na wasan aba biom ama yɛawo no.Sɛ yɛhunu obi a wawu atwam nneyɛɛ wɔ akoraa a wɔawo no ho a,wɔtumi ka sɛ saa abɔfra no yɛ k"ɔsanbra". Mpɛn pii no, kɔsanbrafoɔ no tumi yɛ abusua korɔ no mu anaa sɛ abusua foforɔ mu.Wɔ Akanfoɔ gyidie mu no, wɔhunu ɔkra no sɛ ɔnwu na mmom ɔfiri nipadua no mu kɔ nipadua foforɔ mu. == Mmɔfra Amammerɛ == Sɛ yɛba no amammerɛ..." 191414 wikitext text/x-wiki Sɛ yɛka sɛ obi akɔ asane aba a,asekyerɛ ne sɛ,obi awu afiri ateasefoɔ asase yi so na wasan aba biom ama yɛawo no.Sɛ yɛhunu obi a wawu atwam nneyɛɛ wɔ akoraa a wɔawo no ho a,wɔtumi ka sɛ saa abɔfra no yɛ k"ɔsanbra". Mpɛn pii no, kɔsanbrafoɔ no tumi yɛ abusua korɔ no mu anaa sɛ abusua foforɔ mu.Wɔ Akanfoɔ gyidie mu no, wɔhunu ɔkra no sɛ ɔnwu na mmom ɔfiri nipadua no mu kɔ nipadua foforɔ mu. == Mmɔfra Amammerɛ == Sɛ yɛba no amammerɛ fam a wɔnni amammerɛ biara a wɔyɛ de ma obi a wawu akɔ asane aba na mmom ɛfiri ne mmɔfra berɛ mu kɔsi mfeɛ du mu no,wɔnka mma no nte sɛ wawu na wasane aba. Akanfoɔ gyidi sɛ wɔwo abɔfra a ɔkata n’ani, ɛno nti ɔnhunu abusua korɔ a wabɛpue mu.Na sɛ abɔfra bɛpue abusua bi mu na sɛ ɔmpɛ a ɔtumi san kɔ n’akyi. kty7jluyshso5id1mgy6wophhpb6r7b 191415 191414 2025-07-11T19:00:51Z Hansongh 19068 191415 wikitext text/x-wiki Sɛ yɛka sɛ obi akɔ asane aba a,asekyerɛ ne sɛ,obi awu afiri ateasefoɔ asase yi so na wasan aba biom ama yɛawo no.Sɛ yɛhunu obi a wawu atwam nneyɛɛ wɔ akoraa a wɔawo no ho a,wɔtumi ka sɛ saa abɔfra no yɛ k"ɔsanbra". Mpɛn pii no, kɔsanbrafoɔ no tumi yɛ abusua korɔ no mu anaa sɛ abusua foforɔ mu.Wɔ Akanfoɔ gyidie mu no, wɔhunu ɔkra no sɛ ɔnwu na mmom ɔfiri nipadua no mu kɔ nipadua foforɔ mu. == Mmɔfra Amammerɛ == Sɛ yɛba no amammerɛ fam a wɔnni amammerɛ biara a wɔyɛ de ma obi a wawu akɔ asane aba na mmom ɛfiri ne mmɔfra berɛ mu kɔsi mfeɛ du mu no,wɔnka mma no nte sɛ wawu na wasane aba. Akanfoɔ gyidi sɛ wɔwo abɔfra a ɔkata n’ani, ɛno nti ɔnhunu abusua korɔ a wabɛpue mu.Na sɛ abɔfra bɛpue abusua bi mu na sɛ ɔmpɛ a ɔtumi san kɔ n’akyi. == Ahɛnsodeɛ == Akanman mu no, sɛ wɔwo abɔfra bi na ɔwu,na ne mprenu so no,ɔsan wu a,saa abɔfra no wɔhyɛ no nso. Enti sɛ wɔwo ne mprɛnsa soɔ na wɔhunu saa ahyɛnsodeɛ wɔ abɔfra a ɔtɔ so mmiɛnsa no ho a, wɔhunu sɛ ɛyɛ saa abɔfra no na wakɔ asan aba no.Deɛ wɔde hyɛ no nso ne sekan a wɔde twa ne honam no baabi. Akanman mu nso,wɔwɔ din a wɔde to saa mmɔfra no sɛdeɛ ɛbɛyɛ a wɔbɛka asase so.Saa din no bi ne; Moosi, Hawa,Akosua Sumina,Kaya, Dɔnkɔ ne deɛ ɛkeka ho nyinaa. == Beaeɛ A Menyaa Mmoa Firiiɛ == d7qfwmpq6z5p49aifb5vm36oajvmxf6 191416 191415 2025-07-11T19:09:36Z Hansongh 19068 191416 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Dialect|Asante}} Sɛ yɛka sɛ obi akɔ asane aba a,asekyerɛ ne sɛ,obi awu afiri ateasefoɔ asase yi so na wasan aba biom ama yɛawo no.Sɛ yɛhunu obi a wawu atwam nneyɛɛ wɔ akoraa a wɔawo no ho a,wɔtumi ka sɛ saa abɔfra no yɛ k"ɔsanbra".<ref>{{Citation |last=Isaac Boaheng |title=A Theological Reflection on the Akan Doctrine of the Human Soul |date=00/2024 |url=http://www.scielo.org.za/scielo.php?script=sci_abstract&pid=S1011-76012024000100003&lng=en&nrm=iso&tlng=en |work=Journal for the Study of Religion |volume=37 |issue=1 |pages=1–22 |language=en |doi=10.17159/2413-3027/2024/v37n1a3 |issn=1011-7601 |access-date=2025-07-11}}</ref><ref>{{Citation |last=H. M. Majeed |title=Reincarnation, Predestination and Moral Responsibility: Critical Issues in Akan Philosophy |date=2015 |url=https://www.ajol.info/index.php/tp/article/view/145463 |work=Thought and Practice |volume=7 |issue=2 |pages=105–122 |language=en |doi=10.4314/tp.v7i2.6 |issn=2076-7714 |access-date=2025-07-11}}</ref>Mpɛn pii no, kɔsanbrafoɔ no tumi yɛ abusua korɔ no mu anaa sɛ abusua foforɔ mu.Wɔ Akanfoɔ gyidie mu no, wɔhunu ɔkra no sɛ ɔnwu na mmom ɔfiri nipadua no mu kɔ nipadua foforɔ mu.<ref>{{Citation |last=Edward Mitole PhD |title=Reincarnation: The African Concept Of The Afterlife |url=https://www.modernghana.com/news/1237979/reincarnation-the-african-concept-of-the-afterlif.html |language=en |access-date=2025-07-11}}</ref> == Mmɔfra Amammerɛ == Sɛ yɛba no amammerɛ fam a wɔnni amammerɛ biara a wɔyɛ de ma obi a wawu akɔ asane aba na mmom ɛfiri ne mmɔfra berɛ mu kɔsi mfeɛ du mu no,wɔnka mma no nte sɛ wawu na wasane aba.<ref>{{Citation |title=The Concept of Reincarnation in African Thought System |url=https://afribary.com/works/the-concept-of-reincarnation-in-african-thought-system |language=en |access-date=2025-07-11}}</ref> Akanfoɔ gyidi sɛ wɔwo abɔfra a ɔkata n’ani, ɛno nti ɔnhunu abusua korɔ a wabɛpue mu.Na sɛ abɔfra bɛpue abusua bi mu na sɛ ɔmpɛ a ɔtumi san kɔ n’akyi.<ref>{{Citation |title=Reincarnation in African Traditional Religion |url=https://www.theosophy-nw.org/theosnw/world/africa/af-rook2.htm?utm_source=perplexity |access-date=2025-07-11}}</ref> == Ahɛnsodeɛ == Akanman mu no, sɛ wɔwo abɔfra bi na ɔwu,na ne mprenu so no,ɔsan wu a,saa abɔfra no wɔhyɛ no nso. Enti sɛ wɔwo ne mprɛnsa soɔ na wɔhunu saa ahyɛnsodeɛ wɔ abɔfra a ɔtɔ so mmiɛnsa no ho a, wɔhunu sɛ ɛyɛ saa abɔfra no na wakɔ asan aba no.Deɛ wɔde hyɛ no nso ne sekan a wɔde twa ne honam no baabi. Akanman mu nso,wɔwɔ din a wɔde to saa mmɔfra no sɛdeɛ ɛbɛyɛ a wɔbɛka asase so.Saa din no bi ne; Moosi, Hawa,Akosua Sumina,Kaya, Dɔnkɔ ne deɛ ɛkeka ho nyinaa.<ref>{{Citation |last=Ajume Wingo |title=Akan Philosophy of the Person |date=2006-12-27 |url=https://plato.stanford.edu/entries/akan-person/?utm_source=perplexity |language=en |access-date=2025-07-11}}</ref><ref>{{Citation |title=Reincarnation in African Traditional Religion |url=https://www.theosociety.org/pasadena/sunrise/30-80-1/af-rook2.htm?utm_source=perplexity |access-date=2025-07-11}}</ref> == Beaeɛ A Menyaa Mmoa Firiiɛ == 1un39jmba47k9bbafxl9enj7r0mpgzr 0 17468 191417 2025-07-11T20:00:34Z Hansongh 19068 Created page with "Abakɔsɛm kyerɛ sɛ Akanfoɔ ne kasa mmusuakuo a ɛdi kan wɔ ɔman yi mu.Saa nkorɔfoɔ yi yɛ mmusuakuo kɛseɛ bi a wɔka kasa ahodoɔ bi te sɛ; Asante, Akuapem,Fante,Kwawu,Akyem,Sefwi,Bono,Akwamu ne wɔn a ɛkeka ho.Sɛ yɛfa ɔha nyiyimu a, ɛmu bɛyɛ sɛ afuokron na ɛdi ɛna adeɛ na ɛmu bɛyɛ du na ɛdi Agya adeɛ. == Adedie Nkyerɛmu == Akanfoɔ adedie ne sɛ,obi awu na obi refa n’akyi nneɛma anaa sɛ ɔresɔ n’asɔ mu anaa sɛ ɔrefa ne tuo. Akanman..." 191417 wikitext text/x-wiki Abakɔsɛm kyerɛ sɛ Akanfoɔ ne kasa mmusuakuo a ɛdi kan wɔ ɔman yi mu.Saa nkorɔfoɔ yi yɛ mmusuakuo kɛseɛ bi a wɔka kasa ahodoɔ bi te sɛ; Asante, Akuapem,Fante,Kwawu,Akyem,Sefwi,Bono,Akwamu ne wɔn a ɛkeka ho.Sɛ yɛfa ɔha nyiyimu a, ɛmu bɛyɛ sɛ afuokron na ɛdi ɛna adeɛ na ɛmu bɛyɛ du na ɛdi Agya adeɛ. == Adedie Nkyerɛmu == Akanfoɔ adedie ne sɛ,obi awu na obi refa n’akyi nneɛma anaa sɛ ɔresɔ n’asɔ mu anaa sɛ ɔrefa ne tuo. Akanman mu no,adedie gu ahodoɔ mmienu: ɛna fam adedie ne agya fam adedie. Akanfoɔ di adeɛ kɔ ɛna fam. Akanman mu deɛ, wɔfasenom ne anuanom na wɔtaa de adeɛ,ne titire no,sɛ ɔbarima panin bi awu wɔ abusua bi mu.Akanfoɔ gye di sɛ abɔfra nam mogya so na ɔne ne na bɔ abusua.Afei nso ɔsane nam sunsum so na ɔne n’agya bɔ abusua. Enti Akanman mu no,wɔgye di sɛ agya yɛ ɔhɔhoɔ ɛfiri sɛ wɔdi adeɛ kɔ ɛna fam. == Ɔkwan A Wɔfa So Yi Odiadefoɔ == * Sɛ obi wu wɔ abusua bi mu a,deɛ wɔtaa yɛ ne sɛ,Abusuapanin ne abusuafoɔ no hyia na wɔahwehwɛ ne nuanom mu anaa sɛ ne wɔfasenom mu apɛ deɛ wɔde owufoɔ no tuo bɛhyɛ ne nsa. * Na mmom,wɔhwɛ sɛ deɛ wawuo no nuanom bi na ɔbɛdi n’adeɛ nanso sɛ ɛkɔba ne nuanom asa a, ɛna wɔfaase ba mu. Ɛno nti na Akanfoɔ bu bɛ bi sɛ; "Niwaa mma nsaeɛ a,wɔfaase nni adeɛ". * Saa nso na wɔdi adeɛ no nnidisoɔ nnidisoɔ. Ɛne sɛ, ɔbaapanin a ɔwɔ anuanom no mu mma na wɔdi adeɛ ansa na kumaa no fam nso abɛtoa so. * Ɛwom wɔdi adeɛ nnidisoɔ nnidisoɔ nanso ɛduru obi so na wɔhwɛ na sɛ ɔnni suban pa a,wɔtumi twa no gya de ma obi a ɔdi akyire a ɔwɔ suban pa. Wɔhwɛ obi a n’ krxlgddhprxyit0zue7nih8n3hf2xzk 0 17469 191418 2025-07-11T21:17:22Z Lynorix 12023 Created page with "'''Gideon Boako''' (wɔwoo no 16 December 1983) yɛ Ghana sikasɛm ho nimdefoɔ ne amanyɔfoɔ. Ɔyɛ mmarahyɛ baguani ma Tano North (Ghana parliament constituency) wɔ Ahafo Mantam mu wɔ Ghana. Ɔgyina amansin no ananmu wɔ Fourth Republic of Ghana Mmarahyɛ Bagua a ɛtɔ so nkron no mu sɛ New Patriotic Party (NPP) no muni." 191418 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Gideon Boako''' (wɔwoo no 16 December 1983) yɛ Ghana sikasɛm ho nimdefoɔ ne amanyɔfoɔ. Ɔyɛ mmarahyɛ baguani ma Tano North (Ghana parliament constituency) wɔ Ahafo Mantam mu wɔ Ghana. Ɔgyina amansin no ananmu wɔ Fourth Republic of Ghana Mmarahyɛ Bagua a ɛtɔ so nkron no mu sɛ New Patriotic Party (NPP) no muni. 1wa81ussz6f7qgn5sg7ggwzob0709zy 0 17470 191422 2025-07-12T03:45:34Z Dorcas Karikari 19096 Created page with "''Wɔatwerɛ nsɛm wei '''Asante Twi''' mu'' Djenné ahoni no a wɔsan de aba Mali no yɛ asɛm titiriw wɔ wiase nyinaa dwumadi a wɔde resan de amammerɛ ho agyapade a wɔabɔ apo na wɔayi no afi hɔ kɔ wɔn man mu no mu. Saa ahoni yi a wɔde dɔte ayɛ a efi Niger Delta mantam a ɛwɔ Mali no mu, ne titiriw abakɔsɛm mu kurow Djenné ho no ka tetefo nneɛma a ɛsom bo paa a ɛwɔ Afrika Atɔe fam no ho. Wɔn a wɔsan bae no nyɛ mmirikatufo nkonimdi ara kwa, na mm..." 191422 wikitext text/x-wiki ''Wɔatwerɛ nsɛm wei '''Asante Twi''' mu'' Djenné ahoni no a wɔsan de aba Mali no yɛ asɛm titiriw wɔ wiase nyinaa dwumadi a wɔde resan de amammerɛ ho agyapade a wɔabɔ apo na wɔayi no afi hɔ kɔ wɔn man mu no mu. Saa ahoni yi a wɔde dɔte ayɛ a efi Niger Delta mantam a ɛwɔ Mali no mu, ne titiriw abakɔsɛm mu kurow Djenné ho no ka tetefo nneɛma a ɛsom bo paa a ɛwɔ Afrika Atɔe fam no ho. Wɔn a wɔsan bae no nyɛ mmirikatufo nkonimdi ara kwa, na mmom ɛyɛ amammerɛ ne honhom fam agyapadeɛ a ɛwɔ Mali a na nnɛɛdɛe ne nnwumakuw a wɔtɔn nnipa wɔ ɛnnɛ mmere yi mu asɛe no. Djenné Ahoni Ho Abakɔsɛm Ne Amammerɛ Ho Nsɛm Anyɛ yiye koraa no, efi afe 250 A.Y.B. mu na nnipa atra Djenné, kurow a wonim sɛ ɛyɛ tete kurow a ɛwɔ Afrika a ɛwɔ Sahara anafo fam no mu biako. Ɔmantam no agye din wɔ tetefo nneɛma a wɔatutu fam ahu no ho, titiriw ahoni a wɔde dɔte ayɛ a wɔyɛɛ no wɔ afeha a ɛto so 9 ne 15 Y.B. mu no. Wɔkyerɛ sɛ na saa ahoni yi yɛ nnipa, mmoa, anaa mmoa a wɔakeka wɔn ho a wɔtaa gyina hɔ ma nnipa a wɔwɔ tebea ahorow mu, na na wɔwɔ honhom fam, ayiyɛ, anaa sɛnkyerɛnne kwan so mfaso wɔ nnipa a na wɔte Niger Asase mu Delta no mu ansa na Islam reba no mu (Togola, 2008). Ahoni no da adwinni ne amammerɛ a emu dɔ a na ɛwɔ tete Afrika Atɔe fam amammerɛ mu no adi. Awerɛhosɛm ne sɛ, wɔ afeha a ɛto so 20 no mu no, na wɔhwehwɛ wɔn ho nneɛma pii wɔ wiase adwinni aguadi mu. Eyi maa nnipa pii sisii tete nneɛma a wɔatutu fam ahu no, titiriw wɔ 1970 ne 1980 mfe no mu, na wɔde tete nneɛma mpempem pii fii Mali kɔɔ aman foforo so wɔ mmara kwan so<ref>{{Citation |last=Tsegaye Ebabey |title=The rock-hewn church of Nazugn Maryam: an example of the endangered antiquities of North Wallo, Ethiopia. |date=2018-11-04 |url=https://doi.org/10.22599/jachs.34 |work=Journal of African Cultural Heritage Studies |volume=1 |issue=1 |pages=1 |doi=10.22599/jachs.34 |issn=2513-8243 |access-date=2025-07-12}}</ref>. Adwumayɛ ne Amanaman Ntam aguadi a mmara mma kwan Ebeduu afeha a ɛto so 20 no mfinimfini no, na Djenné ahoni no mu ɔhaha pii akɔhyɛ ankorankoro nnwumakuw ne nnwumakuw mu wɔ Europa ne Amerika Atifi fam, a mpɛn pii no na wonni baabi a wofi anaa nkrataa a ɛfata. Wɔsɛee tetefo atenae a na akorɔmfo a wɔhwehwɛ tete nneɛma a ɛsom bo no asɛe abakɔsɛm mu nsɛm a na ɛho hia ma nyansahu mu adesua, bere a wɔmaa Mali nyaa amammerɛ mu agyapade a na ayɛ mmerɛw no (Panella, 2020). Nnwumakuw a wɔtɔn nneɛma wɔ aguadi mu wɔ aman ahorow so, ne wɔn a wɔtɔ nneɛma no, na wodi dwuma titiriw wɔ aguadi a mmara mma kwan yi mu, na mpɛn pii no, wɔyɛ anibiannaso wɔ baabi a saa nneɛma no fi a asɛm wɔ ho no. Eyi nti, wɔ 1970 mfe no mu no, Mali fii ase de mmara a ɛbɔ ɔman no ho ban no yɛɛ adwuma, na ɛno akyi no, wɔde wɔn nsa hyɛɛ 1970 UNESCO Nhyehyɛe a ɛbara amammerɛ mu agyapade a wɔde ba ɔman foforo so, a wɔde kɔ amannɔne, ne nea wɔde kɔ aman foforo so a mmara mma kwan no ase. Ɛmfa ho eyi nyinaa no, mmara a wɔhyɛe no yɛ mmerɛw, na basabasayɛ kɔɔ so wɔ 1990 ne 2000 mfe no mu. Mmɔden a Wɔbɔ sɛ Wɔbɛsan Akɔ Wɔn Asase So ne Nea Wotumi Yɛ Nkonimdi a ɛho hia sen biara no mu biako bae wɔ 1996 mu bere a United States ne Mali yɛɛ apam bi wɔ U.S. Convention on Cultural Property Implementation Act, a wɔde nneɛma a wɔde fi tetefo nneɛma mu a efi Mali, a Djenné terracotta ahoni ka ho (U.S. Ɔman no Asoɛe, 1997). Nkɔmmɔbɔ a ɛtete saa ne amanaman ntam nhyɛso a ɛkɔɔ so no maa ahyehyɛde ahorow ne wɔn a wɔboaboa nneɛma ano no san gyee nneɛma no bi. Wɔ asɛm bi a ɛho hia paa a esii wɔ afe 2007 mu no, France atumfoɔ no kyeree Djenné ahoni pii a na wɔde rekɔ baabi a mmara mma ho kwan no, na akyiri yi wɔsan de wɔn kɔɔ Mali bere a wɔhwehwɛɛ mmara mu na wɔne wɔn yɛɛ apam no (UNESCO, 2007). Nnansa yi ara, wɔ afe 2022 mu no, Musée du quai Branly a ɛwɔ Paris no de Djenné terracotta ahoni 16 maa Mali wɔ Francefo nhyehyɛe a ɛse sɛ wɔde Afrika agyapade no bɛsan ama no ase (Savoy & Sarr, 2018). Wɔde mmara mu nhyehyɛe, amanne a amanfo bɔ ho dawuru, ne abrabɔ pa ho adwene a emu yɛ den a na adawurubɔfo a wɔwɔ tete nneɛma akorae ahorow no kura wɔ wɔn nneɛma a wɔaboaboa ano no ho no na ɛmaa wotumi san kɔɔ wɔn kurom. UNESCO ne International Council of Museums (ICOM) aboa ma wɔatumi ayɛ nkɔmmɔbɔ, na wɔama aman nyinaa ahu sɛnea wɔsan de nneɛma a wɔsɛee no ma. Nea Ɛkyerɛ wɔ Amammerɛ, Amanyɔsɛm, ne Anatoyɛ Ho Djenné ahoni no a wɔbɛsan de ama no nyɛ aban dwumadi bi kɛkɛ - ɛyɛ amammerɛ mu atɛntrenee ho adeyɛ a tumi wom. Wɔ Malifo, titiriw wɔn a wɔte Djenné mpɔtam hɔ no, ahoni no yɛ biribi a ɛfa wɔn nananom nimdeɛ, honhom mu gyidi ahorow, ne nnipa a na wɔte hɔ ansa na wɔn ase retɔre ho. Wɔn a wɔsan ba no ma ɔman no yɛ ahantan, ɛhyɛ amammerɛ mu ahyehyɛde ahorow mu den, na ɛboa ma wɔsan kyekye abakɔsɛm a na atetew no mu no. Bio nso, wɔ tebea a wɔabɛhyia amammuisɛm mu basabasayɛ, amumɔyɛsɛm, ne agyapadeɛ sɛe (te sɛ Timbuktu) no mu no, saa nsiesie yi yɛ adeyɛ a ɛma amammerɛ gyinabea yɛ papa. Seesei wɔde ahoni no gu ɔman no tete nneɛma akorae, te sɛ National Museum of Mali wɔ Bamako, baabi a wobetumi de wɔn asie, asua wɔn ho ade, na wɔakyerɛ ho anisɔ wɔ wɔn amammerɛ mu. Nsɛnnennen ne Akwan a Yɛbɛfa So Ɛmfa ho nkɔso ahorow yi no, nsɛnnennen da so wɔ hɔ. Djenné ahoni pii da so ara wɔ aman foforo so, na ebinom wɔ hɔ a ankorankoro bi a wɔmpɛ sɛ wɔsan de wɔn ba wɔn man mu no na wɔhyɛ wɔn nsa. Afei nso, ntɔkwaw a ɛrekɔ so ne nnwumakuw a wonni sika pii nti, ɛyɛ den ma Mali sɛ ɛbɛkora nneɛma a wɔde asie yi so na ama wɔanya ahobammɔ. Enti, ɛho hia sɛ amanaman ntam adwumayɛfo bom yɛ adwuma, na ɛnyɛ sɛ wɔde nkurɔfo bɛkɔ wɔn man mu kɛkɛ, na mmom sɛ wɔbɛboa wɔn ma wɔatumi ayɛ tete nneɛma akorae, wɔatumi ayɛ tete nneɛma mu nhwehwɛmu, na wɔatumi akyerɛkyerɛ wɔn ma wɔahu wɔn agyapade. Bio nso, asɛmmisa a ɛfa sɛnea wɔbɛsan agye nneɛma no ho no ma wɔsɔre akyinnyegye a emu yɛ duru wɔ nniso abakɔsɛm, agyapade, ne nneɛma a wɔboaboa ano ho. Osuahu a Mali wɔ wɔ Djenné ahoni ho no kyerɛ sɛnea nsiesie betumi ayɛ ɔkwan a wɔfa so sa yare, siesie, na wɔsan kyerɛ sɛ Afrika yɛ obi a ɔhwɛ ma wɔkora n'atetesɛm so. Mmuae Djenné ahoni no a wɔsan de aba Mali no yɛ ade titiriw wɔ mmɔden a wiase nyinaa rebɔ sɛ wɔbɛsiesie ntɛnkyea a amammerɛ mu basabasayɛ ne aguadi a mmara mma ho kwan de aba no mu. Saa nneɛma yi, bere bi a woyii no fii wɔn asase so na woyii ne fã no fii hɔ no, wɔresan aba fie abɛka Malifo amammerɛ ho bio. Bere a ɔhaw ahorow no da so wɔ hɔ no, nkɔso a wɔanya de besi nnɛ no si tumi a amanaman ntam biakoyɛ, mmara mu nhyehyɛe, ne abrabɔ fam asɛyɛde wɔ Afrika agyapade a wɔde bɛkora so na wɔasan de asi hɔ so dua. == Mmeaeɛ a menyaa mmoa firiiɛ == [[Nkyekyεmu:Africa Wiki Challenge]] [[Nkyekyεmu:2025]] 63ft6girkw83wtfrs9rv4eob7vyt7mv