Wikipedia twwiki https://tw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kratafa_Titiriw MediaWiki 1.46.0-wmf.22 first-letter Media Soronko Nkitahode Dwumadini Dwumadini nkitahode Wikipedia Wikipedia nkitahode File File nkitahode MediaWiki MediaWiki nkitahode Nhwɛsoɔ Nhwɛsoɔ nkitahode Mmoa Mmoa nkitahode Nkyekyεmu Nkyekyεmu nkitahode TimedText TimedText talk Module Module talk Event Event talk 0 18046 199344 199207 2026-04-08T06:02:37Z EmausBot 1667 Fixing double redirect from [[Sola nhyehyɛeɛ (Solar system)]] to [[Owia Nhyehyɛeɛ]] 199344 wikitext text/x-wiki #REDIRECT [[Owia Nhyehyɛeɛ]] kozuj70nwn1hini334p3pnh6gwozvjq 0 18058 199336 199335 2026-04-07T12:56:30Z Prempy 20279 199336 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox dam | name = Akosombo Dam | name_official = | image = Akosombo Dam from the Volta Hotel.JPG | image_size = | image_caption = Akosombo Dam sɛ wohu no firi Volta Hotel | image_alt = | location_map = Ghana | location_map_size = | location_map_caption = Akosombo Dam beaɛ a ɛwɔ Ghana | coordinates = {{coord|6|17|59|N|0|3|34|E|region:GH_type:landmark|display=inline,title}} | location = Akosombo, [[Ghana]] | status = O (Adwuma so) | construction_began = 1961 | opening = 1965 | demolished = | cost = £130 ɔpepem (Pound 130 million) | owner = [[Volta River Authority]] (VRA) | dam_type = Embankment, rock-fill (bɔɔ mmorosoɔ ne aboɔ a wɔagugu) | dam_length = {{convert|660|m|abbr=on}} | dam_height = | dam_height_thalweg = | dam_height_foundation={{convert|114|m|abbr=on}} | dam_elevation_crest = | dam_width_base = {{convert|366|m|abbr=on}} | dam_volume = {{convert|7900000|m3|abbr=on}} | dam_crosses = [[Volta River|Asuo Volta]] | spillway_count = Abien a wɔde pon sohwɛ | spillway_type = | spillway_capacity = {{convert|34000|m3/s|abbr=on}} | res_name = [[Lake Volta|Asuo Volta Tade]] (Lake Volta) | res_capacity_total = {{convert|148|km3|acre.ft|abbr=on}} | res_capacity_inactive= | res_catchment = | res_surface = {{convert|8502|km2|abbr=on}} | res_elevation = | res_max_depth = | res_max_length ={{convert|400|km|abbr=on}} | plant_hydraulic_head = {{convert|68.8|m|abbr=on}} (a ɛso sen biara) | res_max_width = | res_tidal_range = | plant_operator = | plant_commission = | plant_decommission = | plant_type = | plant_turbines = 6 x {{convert|170|MW|abbr=on}} [[Francis turbine|Francis-type]] | plant_capacity = {{convert|1038|MW|abbr=on}} | plant_annual_gen = | website = {{URL|http://www.vra.com/our_mandate/akosombo_hydro_plant.php}} | extra = }} '''Akosombo Dam''', a wɔsan frɛ no '''Volta Dam''', yɛ hydroelectric dam (nwomso omhyɛ ban) a ɛwɔ [[Volta River|Asuo Volta]] so wɔ anafoɔ fam apueeɛ [[Ghana]] wɔ Akosombo abo ntoroso (gorge) mu, na ɛyɛ Volta River Authority (VRA) no fa.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Mensah-Ayettey |first=Eric |date=17 May 2021 |title=Akosombo Dam could serve Ghana for another 50 years if well maintained – Kweku Awotwi |url=https://www.myjoyonline.com/akosombo-dam-could-serve-ghana-for-another-50-years-if-well-maintained-kweku-awotwi/}}</ref> Wɔsisii dam no maa Asuo Volta Basin no fa baa nsuo ase na ɛmaa wɔbɔɔ Asuo Volta (Lake Volta). Asuo Volta Tade ne nsukorɛbea a ɛso sen biara wɔ wiase a nyansafoɔ asie (man-made lake) wɔ ne mmeaeɛ so. Ɛkata {{convert|8502|km2}} so, a ɛyɛ Ghana asase so 3.6%. Ne nsuo dodoɔ yɛ cubic kilomita 148, na ɛyɛ nsukorɛbea a ɛso mmiɛnsa wɔ wiase a nyansafoɔ asie; nea ɛso sen biara ne Lake Kariba a ɛwɔ cubic kilomita 185 nsuo<ref name=":0">{{Citation |title=Remediation of the environmental impacts of the Akosombo and Kpong dams |url=http://www.solutions-site.org/artman/publish/article_53.shtml |access-date=2026-04-06}}</ref>. Akosombo Dam dwumadie titire ne sɛ ɛbɛma omhyɛ ama aluminium adwuma.<ref name=":0" /> Wɔtoo Akosombo Dam din sɛ "sika a wɔde hyɛɛ Ghana atuho nhyehyɛeɛ mu a ɛso sen biara. Dam no yɛ ade titire ma ɛma [[Togo]] ne [[Benin]] omhyɛ dodoɔ no ara, ɛwɔm sɛ Adjarala Dam (a ɛwɔ Togo Mono River so) a wɔresisi no bɛma saa aman yi abrɛ wɔn a wɔde omhyɛ firi amannɔne so.<ref name=Europa>{{Cite book | last = Europa Publications | title = Africa South of the Sahara 2014 | publisher = [[Routledge]] | year = 2014 | page = 112 | isbn =9781857436983}}</ref> Dam no omhyɛ a edi kan a na ɛtumi yɛ {{convert|912|MW}}, nanso wɔmaa ɛkɔɔ soro kɔɔ {{convert|1020|MW}} wɔ adwuma a wɔyɛeɛ de yɛɛ no foforɔ a wɔwieeɛ wɔ 2006 mu.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.vra.com/Power/retrofit.html |title=Akosombo Hydro Power Plant Retrofit |publisher=Volta River Authority |access-date=2007-07-30 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070808064226/http://www.vra.com/Power/retrofit.html |archive-date=8 August 2007 |url-status=dead }}</ref> Nsuyiri a ɛbɔɔ Asuo Volta no maa nnipa pii fii wɔn afie, na ɛmaa asase so nneɛma no nyaa nsunsuansoɔ kɛseɛ,<ref name=":0" /> a asase woso (seismic activity) a ɛde mpoano asase hwehwɛe (coastal erosion) baeɛ ka ho; nsuo dwumadie a ɛsesaeɛ de mframa ne osu sɛeɛ ne hyeɛ a ɛkɔɔ soro baeɛ. Asase a ɛatwa tade no ho nyɛ asase a ɛwɔ tade no ase no so, na akuayɛ a wɔyɛ dodoɔ ama wɔatumi de nnuo agu asase so, a ɛnso de eutrophication (nsuo mu nnuo dodoɔ a ɛsɛe nsuo) baeɛ, a ɛmaa nwura a ɛyɛ fɔ (''Ceratophyllum'') nyii yie, a ɛma nsuo so akwantuo yɛ den, na ɛma ntontom ne aboafowa (vectors) a ɛde nsuo mu yareɛ te sɛ bilharzia, [[Onchocerciasis|asubɔnten anifira]] ne [[atiridii]] yɛ wɔn fie. Wɔsan kyekyɛɛ nnipa a wɔtuu wɔn kɔeɛ no, nanso ɛnyɛɛ yie wɔ mmeaeɛ pii; akuayɛ a na wɔyɛ dada no gyaee, na ohia kɔɔ soro. == Sɛnea wɔsisi dam no == Wɔdwene dam no ho wɔ 1915 mu, ɔbɔ fam nyansafoɔ (geologist) Albert Kitson na ɔdwene ho, nanso wɔanyɛ nhyehyɛɛ biara kɔsi afe 1940 mu.<ref name="ElectricPowerGhana">{{cite web |title=Guide to Electric Power in Ghana |url=https://1library.net/document/q042d0gz-guide-to-electric-power-in-ghana.html |website=1Library.net |access-date=2 July 2025}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Okoampa-Ahoofe |first=Kwame |date=16 July 2009 |title=The False Ghanaian History of Paa Kwesi Nduom |url=http://www.thestatesmanonline.com/pages/news_detail.php?newsid=8696&section=1 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110930095101/http://www.thestatesmanonline.com/pages/news_detail.php?newsid=8696&section=1 |archive-date=30 September 2011 |access-date=11 October 2023 |website=The Statesman}}</ref> Wɔhyɛɛ [[Volta River|Asuo Volta]] Basin nkɔso ho nhyehyɛɛ wɔ 1949 mu, nanso sika nni maa ɛno nti, Amerika adwumakuo Volta Aluminum Company (Valco) yɛɛ Ghana sika awiewie sɛ wɔbɛsi dam no. Ɔmanpanyin [[Kwame Nkrumah]] gye too mu na ɔhyɛɛ Asuo Volta hydropower adwuma no ase,<ref name="GHP">{{cite web|title=History of Akosombo dam|url=http://www.ghanaweb.com/GhanaHomePage/history/akosombo_dam.php|publisher=Ghana Home Page|access-date=8 May 2011| archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20110516134942/http://www.ghanaweb.com/GhanaHomePage/history/akosombo_dam.php| archive-date= 16 May 2011 | url-status= live}}</ref> na ɔhyɛɛ ɔstarefoɔ (architect) Kenneth Scott a ofiri Australia sɛ ɔntoɔ no dan a ɔbɛhwie n'ani ase afiri hɔ a ɛhwɛ dam no so.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Aidoo |first=Kwame |date=2018-03-09 |title=Ghana's Most Impressive Buildings |url=https://theculturetrip.com/africa/ghana/articles/ghanas-most-impressive-buildings |access-date=2024-10-28 |website=Culture Trip |language=en |archive-date=1 December 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241201192820/https://theculturetrip.com/africa/ghana/articles/ghanas-most-impressive-buildings |url-status=dead }}</ref> Dam no yɛ {{convert|660|m|abbr=on}} tenteɛ na ne tenten yɛ {{convert|114|m|abbr=on}}. Ɛyɛ aboɔ ne bɔɔ mmorosoɔ dam. Ne ase tɛtrɛtɛ yɛ {{convert|366|m|ft|abbr=on}} na ne nneɛma dodoɔ a wɔde sisii no yɛ {{convert|7900000|m3|cuyd|abbr=on}}. Nsukorɛbea a dam no bɔeɛ, Asuo Volta, nsuo a ɛtumi fa yɛ {{convert|148|km3|acre.ft|abbr=on}} na ne mmeaeɛ so yɛ {{convert|8502|km2|abbr=on}}. Tade no tenteɛ yɛ {{convert|400|km|abbr=on}}. Ne nsuo a ɛkɔ sor sen biara yɛ {{convert|84.73|m|abbr=on}} na nea ɛtwa toɔ yɛ {{convert|73.15|m|abbr=on}}.<ref name="akohydro">{{cite web |title=Akosombo Hydro Power Plant |url=http://www.vra.com/our_mandate/akosombo_hydro_plant.php |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070421080909/http://www.vra.com/our_mandate/akosombo_hydro_plant.php |archive-date=21 April 2007 |access-date=2007-03-26 |publisher=Volta River Authority}}</ref> Dam no apueeɛ fam nkyɛn no, wɔwɔ akwan abien a wɔfa so gyaa nsuo ba fam (spillways) a wɔtumi gyaa nsuo bɛyɛ {{convert|34000|m3/s|abbr=on}}. Spillway biara wɔ nnade pon (steel floodgates) nsia a ne trɛw yɛ {{convert|11.5|m|adj=on}} na ne tenten yɛ {{convert|13.7|m|adj=on}}.<ref>{{cite web |title=Akosombo Dam Brochure |url=https://docs.google.com/viewer?a=v&q=cache:ickZ1oH93YYJ:www.vra.com/Publications/akobrochure.pdf+akosombo+dam+spillway+cubic+meters&hl=en&pid=bl&srcid=ADGEESi6Tt-YHv0BX-4PMqnu2nC0uYqIClyDQ-5-vhlPSHDUkYLu8cqzSpSSdP6uXXtdVZkBtnPOM2GoZgw27GSiZZ00AjSMIc05vo-LUR_Vr2ZkfWlk-FR5am1TPlo0cZmqbM742KjQ&sig=AHIEtbS-Hu03H0CR92EIB0LFfiCpOMQGrQ |access-date=30 May 2011 |publisher=Volta River Authority}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Annex 3 |url=https://docs.google.com/viewer?a=v&q=cache:YrnEXgzACScJ:www2.alterra.wur.nl/Internet/webdocs/ilri-publicaties/publicaties/Pub45v2/pub45v2-h3.pdf+akosombo+dam+spillway+m3+second&hl=en&pid=bl&srcid=ADGEESg7nsHhRD-TQ6aq7Stoy2tdE5OnQWmWiE6gfN-T12Ps-EwstJdTqHcB250hKvAmmPDqKeyRPlbVbggFDecQxToMDyGfSLxk0qkknuspVaT6134fVziWxcOvQCwaS0mbmW1e1P6H&sig=AHIEtbQB-r5WNRxae8QFaHJQrYHb4m_l2A |access-date=30 May 2011 |publisher=Alterra |pages=46}}</ref> Dam no omhyɛ adwumayɛbea no wɔ Francis turbine nsia a ne biara tumi yɛ {{convert|170|MW}}. Turbine biara, wɔde nsuo ma no fa penstock a ne tenteɛ yɛ {{convert|112|-|116|m}} na ne kɛseɛ yɛ {{convert|7.2|m}} a hydraulic head a ɛtumi kɔ sor sen biara yɛ {{convert|68.8|m|ft|abbr=on}}.<ref name="akohydro" /> Nhyehyɛeɛ a etwa to no kyerɛɛ sɛ wɔbɛsi aluminium (aluminum) smelter (adwuma a wɔtwa aluminium) wɔ [[Tema]], na wɔasi dam wɔ Akosombo a ɛbɛma smelter no omhyɛ, na wɔato omhyɛ ntintim (power lines) wɔ anafoɔ fam Ghana. Smelter no na ɛbɛma wɔanya sika a ɛho hia sɛ wɔbɛsi bauxite adwuma wɔ ɔman no mu, na ama wɔatumi ayɛ aluminium a wɔnnɔ mfiri amannɔne. Aluminium adwuma a ɛrekɔ so wɔ Ghana gyina hydroelectric power a wɔhyɛɛ ho nhyehyɛeɛ no so.<ref name="GHP" /> Adwuma a wɔhyɛɛ ho nhyehyɛeɛ no smelter no, Amerika adwumakuo Kaiser Aluminum na ɛhwɛ so, na Valco na ɛhwɛ so. Smelter no nyaa sika a wɔde hyɛɛ mu firi Valco ahokafoɔ (shareholders) hɔ, a Export–Import Bank of the United States boa wɔn. Nanso, Valco ammɔ nsa mmaa no, ɛnkane sɛ Ghana aban yɛɛ no apam a ɛmaa wɔn a wɔntua tow wɔn adwadeɛ so, na wɔtɔ omhyɛ no sika a ɛso. Sika a wɔde bɛsi adwuma no nyinaa yɛ dɔla ɔpepem 258 (US$258 million).<ref name="GHP" /> == Dam no Sisiiɛ == [[File:Akosombo Dam is spilling water, Ghana.JPG|thumb|left|Akosombo dam a nsuo gyaa mu (spillways) aba mu]] Wɔ May 1960 mu no, Ghana aban frɛɛ sɛ wɔmma nkrataa a wɔbɛsi dam no. Wɔ 1961 mu no, Italia adwumakuo (consortium), Impregilo a na wɔawie Kariba Dam no, dii nkonim wɔ adwuma no mu. Wɔ 1961 mu no, Volta River Authority (VRA) a Ghana Mmarahyɛ Badwa hyɛɛ no ase denam Volta River Development Act a wɔgyee too mu so. VRA adwuma no yɛ adwumakuo no nyinaa a na ɛyɛ mmarima nsia a ɔmanpanyin Nkrumah yɛ wɔn panyin. VRA dwumadie titire ne sɛ ɛbɛhwɛ Asuo Volta Basin nkɔso, a dam no sisiiɛ, omhyɛ adwumayɛbea, ne omhyɛ ntintim a wɔde fa nkuro mu ka ho. VRA na ɛhwɛ nsukorɛbea a dam no bɔeɛ, apataam a ɛwɔ tade no mu, tade no so akwantuo ne nkitahodie, ne nnipa a wɔatwa tade no ho no yiedie<ref name=":0" />. Wɔsii dam no ntam wɔ 1961 ne 1965 ntam.<ref name="akohydro" /> Ghana aban na ɛyɛɛ adwuma no, na 25% sika no firi International Bank for Reconstruction and Development a ɛyɛ World Bank no fa, United States, ne United Kingdom.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Commonwealth Education |url=http://commonwealth.ednet.ns.ca/africa/Ghana/Rivers/riversetc.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20020201060457/http://commonwealth.ednet.ns.ca/africa/Ghana/Rivers/riversetc.html |archive-date=1 February 2002 |access-date=15 December 2006}}</ref> Impreglio hyɛɛ asuo no mu dɔteɛ tuntum (dredging) ne nsuo no fa a wɔpae (dewatering) no, na wowiee dam no bosome biako ansa na ɛbɛyɛ sɛ wɔbɛwie, ɛwɔm sɛ Asuo Volta nsuyiri a ɛbaa 1963 mu no kyekyɛɛ adwuma no wɔ bosome mmiɛnsa mu. Wɔ 1961 ne 1966 ntam no, Impreglio adwumayɛfoɔ a wɔsii dam no mu aduonu awotwe (28) wuiɛ. Wɔasi nkaeɛ duma wɔ Akosombo kurow mu ne St. Barbara Catholic Church wɔ wɔn anuonyam<ref name=":1" />. Akosombo Dam sisiiɛ no maa Asuo Volta Basin fa ne mfuo a ɛwɔ ne so kɔɔ nsuo ase, na wɔbɔɔ Asuo Volta a ɛkata Ghana asaase so 3.6% so<ref name=":0" />. Asuo Volta Tade no baeɛ ntam wɔ 1962 ne 1966 mu, na ɛmaa nnipa bɛyɛ 80,000 fii wɔn afie, a na wɔyɛ ɔman no mu nnipa dodoɔ no 1%.<ref name=":1">{{cite news|url=https://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/africa/2947420.stm|title=Eyewitness: Waking up to water crisis |agency=BBC |date=30 May 2003 |author=Matthew Davis}}</ref> Nkuraase 700 mu nnipa wɔtuu wɔn kɔeɛ kɔɔ nkuraase 52 a wɔsiesiee maa wɔn mfeɛ abien ansa na dam no bɛwie; VRA na ɛhwɛ atuo no so.<ref name=":0" /><ref name="Europa" /><ref name="GHP" /><ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Jackson|first1=Iain|last2=Uduku|first2=Ola|author-link2=Ola Uduku|last3=Addo|first3=Irene Appeaning|last4=Opong|first4=Rexford Assasie|date=2019-05-19|title=The Volta River Project: planning, housing and resettlement in Ghana, 1950–1965|journal=The Journal of Architecture|volume=24|issue=4|pages=512–548|doi=10.1080/13602365.2019.1643389|issn=1360-2365|doi-access=free}}</ref> Nnipa a wɔtuu wɔn kɔeɛ no mu abien (2%) na wɔyɛ asuo mu apataamfoɔ (fishers), na na dodoɔ no ara yɛ akuafoɔ a wɔyɛ nnɔbaeɛ ketewa.<ref name="Europa" /> Ghana [[Apuei Mantam (Ghana)|Eastern Region]] ne nnipa a wɔwɔ n'akyi no na adwuma no mmaeɛ no kaa wɔn kɛseɛ.<ref name="Suave">{{Citation |last=Nadine Sauvé, Agnes Dzokoto, Bernard Opare, Edmund Ekow Kaitoo, Nzambi Khonde, Myrto Mondor, Veronika Bekoe, Jacques Pépin |title=The price of development: HIV infection in a semiurban community of Ghana |date=2002-04-01 |url=https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/11917246 |work=Journal of Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndromes (1999) |volume=29 |issue=4 |pages=402–408 |doi=10.1097/00126334-200204010-00012 |issn=1525-4135 |pmid=11917246 |access-date=2026-04-07}}</ref>[[File:1 Ghana Cedi.png|thumb|left|Akosombo Dam wɔ 2007 1 Cedi specimen banknote (sika) akyi]] == Omhyɛ a ɛba == Dam no ma omhyɛ ma Ghana ne n'Afrika Atɔeɛ aman a ɛbɛn no, a Togo ne Benin ka ho.<ref name="Suave" /> Mfiase no, Akosombo Dam omhyɛ a ɛba no mu 20% (a na ɛma ɔman no yɛ 70%) a wɔde maeɛ no, na Ghana nyinaa na wɔde di dwuma, na ɛkaa 80% no, Valco na ɛnyaa. Ghana aban, denam apam so, wɔhyɛɛ no sɛ ɔntua Akosombo sisiiɛ sika no mu ɔfa (50%), nanso omhyɛ a ɛba no mu 20% pɛ na ɔman no tumi nya. Afoforɔ susuw sɛ eyi yɛ nhwɛsoɔ neocolonialism (neɔcolonism). Afei akyiri yi, Valco adwumabea no so omhyɛ a ɛba ase atwa, ama Akosombo omhyɛ no atumi asom ma Ghana ohia a ɛrekɔ soro.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.thestatesmanonline.com/pages/news_detail.php?section=11&newsid=4580|title=NPP cuts sod for Bui Dam|publisher=Statesman online|author=Kwame Okoampa-Ahoofe|date=2007-08-28|access-date=13 October 2007|archive-date=30 May 2012|archive-url=https://archive.today/20120530185104/http://www.thestatesmanonline.com/pages/news_detail.php?section=11&newsid=4580|url-status=dead}}</ref> Mfiase no, dam no omhyɛ a ɛtumi yɛ no boro deɛ na ɛho hia; nanso ohia a ɛrekɔ soro nam Ghana nkɔsoɔ so ama omhyɛ ho hia ayɛ dodoɔ sen deɛ Akosombo omhyɛ adwumayɛbea no tumi yɛ. Wɔ 1981 mu no, wɔsii dam ketewa bi wɔ Kpong, a ɛwɔ Akosombo fam ase, na wɔmaa Akosombo dam no ho yɛɛ foforɔ sɛdeɛ ɛbɛyɛ a omhyɛ a ɛba no bɛtumi abɛn ohia no.<ref name="Fobil" /> == Ntotoho == kcc5gh35strdiilo4fs9w3arbyorowb 199337 199336 2026-04-07T12:58:13Z Prempy 20279 /* Omhyɛ a ɛba */ added reference 199337 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox dam | name = Akosombo Dam | name_official = | image = Akosombo Dam from the Volta Hotel.JPG | image_size = | image_caption = Akosombo Dam sɛ wohu no firi Volta Hotel | image_alt = | location_map = Ghana | location_map_size = | location_map_caption = Akosombo Dam beaɛ a ɛwɔ Ghana | coordinates = {{coord|6|17|59|N|0|3|34|E|region:GH_type:landmark|display=inline,title}} | location = Akosombo, [[Ghana]] | status = O (Adwuma so) | construction_began = 1961 | opening = 1965 | demolished = | cost = £130 ɔpepem (Pound 130 million) | owner = [[Volta River Authority]] (VRA) | dam_type = Embankment, rock-fill (bɔɔ mmorosoɔ ne aboɔ a wɔagugu) | dam_length = {{convert|660|m|abbr=on}} | dam_height = | dam_height_thalweg = | dam_height_foundation={{convert|114|m|abbr=on}} | dam_elevation_crest = | dam_width_base = {{convert|366|m|abbr=on}} | dam_volume = {{convert|7900000|m3|abbr=on}} | dam_crosses = [[Volta River|Asuo Volta]] | spillway_count = Abien a wɔde pon sohwɛ | spillway_type = | spillway_capacity = {{convert|34000|m3/s|abbr=on}} | res_name = [[Lake Volta|Asuo Volta Tade]] (Lake Volta) | res_capacity_total = {{convert|148|km3|acre.ft|abbr=on}} | res_capacity_inactive= | res_catchment = | res_surface = {{convert|8502|km2|abbr=on}} | res_elevation = | res_max_depth = | res_max_length ={{convert|400|km|abbr=on}} | plant_hydraulic_head = {{convert|68.8|m|abbr=on}} (a ɛso sen biara) | res_max_width = | res_tidal_range = | plant_operator = | plant_commission = | plant_decommission = | plant_type = | plant_turbines = 6 x {{convert|170|MW|abbr=on}} [[Francis turbine|Francis-type]] | plant_capacity = {{convert|1038|MW|abbr=on}} | plant_annual_gen = | website = {{URL|http://www.vra.com/our_mandate/akosombo_hydro_plant.php}} | extra = }} '''Akosombo Dam''', a wɔsan frɛ no '''Volta Dam''', yɛ hydroelectric dam (nwomso omhyɛ ban) a ɛwɔ [[Volta River|Asuo Volta]] so wɔ anafoɔ fam apueeɛ [[Ghana]] wɔ Akosombo abo ntoroso (gorge) mu, na ɛyɛ Volta River Authority (VRA) no fa.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Mensah-Ayettey |first=Eric |date=17 May 2021 |title=Akosombo Dam could serve Ghana for another 50 years if well maintained – Kweku Awotwi |url=https://www.myjoyonline.com/akosombo-dam-could-serve-ghana-for-another-50-years-if-well-maintained-kweku-awotwi/}}</ref> Wɔsisii dam no maa Asuo Volta Basin no fa baa nsuo ase na ɛmaa wɔbɔɔ Asuo Volta (Lake Volta). Asuo Volta Tade ne nsukorɛbea a ɛso sen biara wɔ wiase a nyansafoɔ asie (man-made lake) wɔ ne mmeaeɛ so. Ɛkata {{convert|8502|km2}} so, a ɛyɛ Ghana asase so 3.6%. Ne nsuo dodoɔ yɛ cubic kilomita 148, na ɛyɛ nsukorɛbea a ɛso mmiɛnsa wɔ wiase a nyansafoɔ asie; nea ɛso sen biara ne Lake Kariba a ɛwɔ cubic kilomita 185 nsuo<ref name=":0">{{Citation |title=Remediation of the environmental impacts of the Akosombo and Kpong dams |url=http://www.solutions-site.org/artman/publish/article_53.shtml |access-date=2026-04-06}}</ref>. Akosombo Dam dwumadie titire ne sɛ ɛbɛma omhyɛ ama aluminium adwuma.<ref name=":0" /> Wɔtoo Akosombo Dam din sɛ "sika a wɔde hyɛɛ Ghana atuho nhyehyɛeɛ mu a ɛso sen biara. Dam no yɛ ade titire ma ɛma [[Togo]] ne [[Benin]] omhyɛ dodoɔ no ara, ɛwɔm sɛ Adjarala Dam (a ɛwɔ Togo Mono River so) a wɔresisi no bɛma saa aman yi abrɛ wɔn a wɔde omhyɛ firi amannɔne so.<ref name=Europa>{{Cite book | last = Europa Publications | title = Africa South of the Sahara 2014 | publisher = [[Routledge]] | year = 2014 | page = 112 | isbn =9781857436983}}</ref> Dam no omhyɛ a edi kan a na ɛtumi yɛ {{convert|912|MW}}, nanso wɔmaa ɛkɔɔ soro kɔɔ {{convert|1020|MW}} wɔ adwuma a wɔyɛeɛ de yɛɛ no foforɔ a wɔwieeɛ wɔ 2006 mu.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.vra.com/Power/retrofit.html |title=Akosombo Hydro Power Plant Retrofit |publisher=Volta River Authority |access-date=2007-07-30 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070808064226/http://www.vra.com/Power/retrofit.html |archive-date=8 August 2007 |url-status=dead }}</ref> Nsuyiri a ɛbɔɔ Asuo Volta no maa nnipa pii fii wɔn afie, na ɛmaa asase so nneɛma no nyaa nsunsuansoɔ kɛseɛ,<ref name=":0" /> a asase woso (seismic activity) a ɛde mpoano asase hwehwɛe (coastal erosion) baeɛ ka ho; nsuo dwumadie a ɛsesaeɛ de mframa ne osu sɛeɛ ne hyeɛ a ɛkɔɔ soro baeɛ. Asase a ɛatwa tade no ho nyɛ asase a ɛwɔ tade no ase no so, na akuayɛ a wɔyɛ dodoɔ ama wɔatumi de nnuo agu asase so, a ɛnso de eutrophication (nsuo mu nnuo dodoɔ a ɛsɛe nsuo) baeɛ, a ɛmaa nwura a ɛyɛ fɔ (''Ceratophyllum'') nyii yie, a ɛma nsuo so akwantuo yɛ den, na ɛma ntontom ne aboafowa (vectors) a ɛde nsuo mu yareɛ te sɛ bilharzia, [[Onchocerciasis|asubɔnten anifira]] ne [[atiridii]] yɛ wɔn fie. Wɔsan kyekyɛɛ nnipa a wɔtuu wɔn kɔeɛ no, nanso ɛnyɛɛ yie wɔ mmeaeɛ pii; akuayɛ a na wɔyɛ dada no gyaee, na ohia kɔɔ soro. == Sɛnea wɔsisi dam no == Wɔdwene dam no ho wɔ 1915 mu, ɔbɔ fam nyansafoɔ (geologist) Albert Kitson na ɔdwene ho, nanso wɔanyɛ nhyehyɛɛ biara kɔsi afe 1940 mu.<ref name="ElectricPowerGhana">{{cite web |title=Guide to Electric Power in Ghana |url=https://1library.net/document/q042d0gz-guide-to-electric-power-in-ghana.html |website=1Library.net |access-date=2 July 2025}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Okoampa-Ahoofe |first=Kwame |date=16 July 2009 |title=The False Ghanaian History of Paa Kwesi Nduom |url=http://www.thestatesmanonline.com/pages/news_detail.php?newsid=8696&section=1 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110930095101/http://www.thestatesmanonline.com/pages/news_detail.php?newsid=8696&section=1 |archive-date=30 September 2011 |access-date=11 October 2023 |website=The Statesman}}</ref> Wɔhyɛɛ [[Volta River|Asuo Volta]] Basin nkɔso ho nhyehyɛɛ wɔ 1949 mu, nanso sika nni maa ɛno nti, Amerika adwumakuo Volta Aluminum Company (Valco) yɛɛ Ghana sika awiewie sɛ wɔbɛsi dam no. Ɔmanpanyin [[Kwame Nkrumah]] gye too mu na ɔhyɛɛ Asuo Volta hydropower adwuma no ase,<ref name="GHP">{{cite web|title=History of Akosombo dam|url=http://www.ghanaweb.com/GhanaHomePage/history/akosombo_dam.php|publisher=Ghana Home Page|access-date=8 May 2011| archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20110516134942/http://www.ghanaweb.com/GhanaHomePage/history/akosombo_dam.php| archive-date= 16 May 2011 | url-status= live}}</ref> na ɔhyɛɛ ɔstarefoɔ (architect) Kenneth Scott a ofiri Australia sɛ ɔntoɔ no dan a ɔbɛhwie n'ani ase afiri hɔ a ɛhwɛ dam no so.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Aidoo |first=Kwame |date=2018-03-09 |title=Ghana's Most Impressive Buildings |url=https://theculturetrip.com/africa/ghana/articles/ghanas-most-impressive-buildings |access-date=2024-10-28 |website=Culture Trip |language=en |archive-date=1 December 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241201192820/https://theculturetrip.com/africa/ghana/articles/ghanas-most-impressive-buildings |url-status=dead }}</ref> Dam no yɛ {{convert|660|m|abbr=on}} tenteɛ na ne tenten yɛ {{convert|114|m|abbr=on}}. Ɛyɛ aboɔ ne bɔɔ mmorosoɔ dam. Ne ase tɛtrɛtɛ yɛ {{convert|366|m|ft|abbr=on}} na ne nneɛma dodoɔ a wɔde sisii no yɛ {{convert|7900000|m3|cuyd|abbr=on}}. Nsukorɛbea a dam no bɔeɛ, Asuo Volta, nsuo a ɛtumi fa yɛ {{convert|148|km3|acre.ft|abbr=on}} na ne mmeaeɛ so yɛ {{convert|8502|km2|abbr=on}}. Tade no tenteɛ yɛ {{convert|400|km|abbr=on}}. Ne nsuo a ɛkɔ sor sen biara yɛ {{convert|84.73|m|abbr=on}} na nea ɛtwa toɔ yɛ {{convert|73.15|m|abbr=on}}.<ref name="akohydro">{{cite web |title=Akosombo Hydro Power Plant |url=http://www.vra.com/our_mandate/akosombo_hydro_plant.php |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070421080909/http://www.vra.com/our_mandate/akosombo_hydro_plant.php |archive-date=21 April 2007 |access-date=2007-03-26 |publisher=Volta River Authority}}</ref> Dam no apueeɛ fam nkyɛn no, wɔwɔ akwan abien a wɔfa so gyaa nsuo ba fam (spillways) a wɔtumi gyaa nsuo bɛyɛ {{convert|34000|m3/s|abbr=on}}. Spillway biara wɔ nnade pon (steel floodgates) nsia a ne trɛw yɛ {{convert|11.5|m|adj=on}} na ne tenten yɛ {{convert|13.7|m|adj=on}}.<ref>{{cite web |title=Akosombo Dam Brochure |url=https://docs.google.com/viewer?a=v&q=cache:ickZ1oH93YYJ:www.vra.com/Publications/akobrochure.pdf+akosombo+dam+spillway+cubic+meters&hl=en&pid=bl&srcid=ADGEESi6Tt-YHv0BX-4PMqnu2nC0uYqIClyDQ-5-vhlPSHDUkYLu8cqzSpSSdP6uXXtdVZkBtnPOM2GoZgw27GSiZZ00AjSMIc05vo-LUR_Vr2ZkfWlk-FR5am1TPlo0cZmqbM742KjQ&sig=AHIEtbS-Hu03H0CR92EIB0LFfiCpOMQGrQ |access-date=30 May 2011 |publisher=Volta River Authority}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Annex 3 |url=https://docs.google.com/viewer?a=v&q=cache:YrnEXgzACScJ:www2.alterra.wur.nl/Internet/webdocs/ilri-publicaties/publicaties/Pub45v2/pub45v2-h3.pdf+akosombo+dam+spillway+m3+second&hl=en&pid=bl&srcid=ADGEESg7nsHhRD-TQ6aq7Stoy2tdE5OnQWmWiE6gfN-T12Ps-EwstJdTqHcB250hKvAmmPDqKeyRPlbVbggFDecQxToMDyGfSLxk0qkknuspVaT6134fVziWxcOvQCwaS0mbmW1e1P6H&sig=AHIEtbQB-r5WNRxae8QFaHJQrYHb4m_l2A |access-date=30 May 2011 |publisher=Alterra |pages=46}}</ref> Dam no omhyɛ adwumayɛbea no wɔ Francis turbine nsia a ne biara tumi yɛ {{convert|170|MW}}. Turbine biara, wɔde nsuo ma no fa penstock a ne tenteɛ yɛ {{convert|112|-|116|m}} na ne kɛseɛ yɛ {{convert|7.2|m}} a hydraulic head a ɛtumi kɔ sor sen biara yɛ {{convert|68.8|m|ft|abbr=on}}.<ref name="akohydro" /> Nhyehyɛeɛ a etwa to no kyerɛɛ sɛ wɔbɛsi aluminium (aluminum) smelter (adwuma a wɔtwa aluminium) wɔ [[Tema]], na wɔasi dam wɔ Akosombo a ɛbɛma smelter no omhyɛ, na wɔato omhyɛ ntintim (power lines) wɔ anafoɔ fam Ghana. Smelter no na ɛbɛma wɔanya sika a ɛho hia sɛ wɔbɛsi bauxite adwuma wɔ ɔman no mu, na ama wɔatumi ayɛ aluminium a wɔnnɔ mfiri amannɔne. Aluminium adwuma a ɛrekɔ so wɔ Ghana gyina hydroelectric power a wɔhyɛɛ ho nhyehyɛeɛ no so.<ref name="GHP" /> Adwuma a wɔhyɛɛ ho nhyehyɛeɛ no smelter no, Amerika adwumakuo Kaiser Aluminum na ɛhwɛ so, na Valco na ɛhwɛ so. Smelter no nyaa sika a wɔde hyɛɛ mu firi Valco ahokafoɔ (shareholders) hɔ, a Export–Import Bank of the United States boa wɔn. Nanso, Valco ammɔ nsa mmaa no, ɛnkane sɛ Ghana aban yɛɛ no apam a ɛmaa wɔn a wɔntua tow wɔn adwadeɛ so, na wɔtɔ omhyɛ no sika a ɛso. Sika a wɔde bɛsi adwuma no nyinaa yɛ dɔla ɔpepem 258 (US$258 million).<ref name="GHP" /> == Dam no Sisiiɛ == [[File:Akosombo Dam is spilling water, Ghana.JPG|thumb|left|Akosombo dam a nsuo gyaa mu (spillways) aba mu]] Wɔ May 1960 mu no, Ghana aban frɛɛ sɛ wɔmma nkrataa a wɔbɛsi dam no. Wɔ 1961 mu no, Italia adwumakuo (consortium), Impregilo a na wɔawie Kariba Dam no, dii nkonim wɔ adwuma no mu. Wɔ 1961 mu no, Volta River Authority (VRA) a Ghana Mmarahyɛ Badwa hyɛɛ no ase denam Volta River Development Act a wɔgyee too mu so. VRA adwuma no yɛ adwumakuo no nyinaa a na ɛyɛ mmarima nsia a ɔmanpanyin Nkrumah yɛ wɔn panyin. VRA dwumadie titire ne sɛ ɛbɛhwɛ Asuo Volta Basin nkɔso, a dam no sisiiɛ, omhyɛ adwumayɛbea, ne omhyɛ ntintim a wɔde fa nkuro mu ka ho. VRA na ɛhwɛ nsukorɛbea a dam no bɔeɛ, apataam a ɛwɔ tade no mu, tade no so akwantuo ne nkitahodie, ne nnipa a wɔatwa tade no ho no yiedie<ref name=":0" />. Wɔsii dam no ntam wɔ 1961 ne 1965 ntam.<ref name="akohydro" /> Ghana aban na ɛyɛɛ adwuma no, na 25% sika no firi International Bank for Reconstruction and Development a ɛyɛ World Bank no fa, United States, ne United Kingdom.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Commonwealth Education |url=http://commonwealth.ednet.ns.ca/africa/Ghana/Rivers/riversetc.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20020201060457/http://commonwealth.ednet.ns.ca/africa/Ghana/Rivers/riversetc.html |archive-date=1 February 2002 |access-date=15 December 2006}}</ref> Impreglio hyɛɛ asuo no mu dɔteɛ tuntum (dredging) ne nsuo no fa a wɔpae (dewatering) no, na wowiee dam no bosome biako ansa na ɛbɛyɛ sɛ wɔbɛwie, ɛwɔm sɛ Asuo Volta nsuyiri a ɛbaa 1963 mu no kyekyɛɛ adwuma no wɔ bosome mmiɛnsa mu. Wɔ 1961 ne 1966 ntam no, Impreglio adwumayɛfoɔ a wɔsii dam no mu aduonu awotwe (28) wuiɛ. Wɔasi nkaeɛ duma wɔ Akosombo kurow mu ne St. Barbara Catholic Church wɔ wɔn anuonyam<ref name=":1" />. Akosombo Dam sisiiɛ no maa Asuo Volta Basin fa ne mfuo a ɛwɔ ne so kɔɔ nsuo ase, na wɔbɔɔ Asuo Volta a ɛkata Ghana asaase so 3.6% so<ref name=":0" />. Asuo Volta Tade no baeɛ ntam wɔ 1962 ne 1966 mu, na ɛmaa nnipa bɛyɛ 80,000 fii wɔn afie, a na wɔyɛ ɔman no mu nnipa dodoɔ no 1%.<ref name=":1">{{cite news|url=https://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/africa/2947420.stm|title=Eyewitness: Waking up to water crisis |agency=BBC |date=30 May 2003 |author=Matthew Davis}}</ref> Nkuraase 700 mu nnipa wɔtuu wɔn kɔeɛ kɔɔ nkuraase 52 a wɔsiesiee maa wɔn mfeɛ abien ansa na dam no bɛwie; VRA na ɛhwɛ atuo no so.<ref name=":0" /><ref name="Europa" /><ref name="GHP" /><ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Jackson|first1=Iain|last2=Uduku|first2=Ola|author-link2=Ola Uduku|last3=Addo|first3=Irene Appeaning|last4=Opong|first4=Rexford Assasie|date=2019-05-19|title=The Volta River Project: planning, housing and resettlement in Ghana, 1950–1965|journal=The Journal of Architecture|volume=24|issue=4|pages=512–548|doi=10.1080/13602365.2019.1643389|issn=1360-2365|doi-access=free}}</ref> Nnipa a wɔtuu wɔn kɔeɛ no mu abien (2%) na wɔyɛ asuo mu apataamfoɔ (fishers), na na dodoɔ no ara yɛ akuafoɔ a wɔyɛ nnɔbaeɛ ketewa.<ref name="Europa" /> Ghana [[Apuei Mantam (Ghana)|Eastern Region]] ne nnipa a wɔwɔ n'akyi no na adwuma no mmaeɛ no kaa wɔn kɛseɛ.<ref name="Suave">{{Citation |last=Nadine Sauvé, Agnes Dzokoto, Bernard Opare, Edmund Ekow Kaitoo, Nzambi Khonde, Myrto Mondor, Veronika Bekoe, Jacques Pépin |title=The price of development: HIV infection in a semiurban community of Ghana |date=2002-04-01 |url=https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/11917246 |work=Journal of Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndromes (1999) |volume=29 |issue=4 |pages=402–408 |doi=10.1097/00126334-200204010-00012 |issn=1525-4135 |pmid=11917246 |access-date=2026-04-07}}</ref>[[File:1 Ghana Cedi.png|thumb|left|Akosombo Dam wɔ 2007 1 Cedi specimen banknote (sika) akyi]] == Omhyɛ a ɛba == Dam no ma omhyɛ ma Ghana ne n'Afrika Atɔeɛ aman a ɛbɛn no, a Togo ne Benin ka ho.<ref name="Suave" /> Mfiase no, Akosombo Dam omhyɛ a ɛba no mu 20% (a na ɛma ɔman no yɛ 70%) a wɔde maeɛ no, na Ghana nyinaa na wɔde di dwuma, na ɛkaa 80% no, Valco na ɛnyaa. Ghana aban, denam apam so, wɔhyɛɛ no sɛ ɔntua Akosombo sisiiɛ sika no mu ɔfa (50%), nanso omhyɛ a ɛba no mu 20% pɛ na ɔman no tumi nya. Afoforɔ susuw sɛ eyi yɛ nhwɛsoɔ neocolonialism (neɔcolonism). Afei akyiri yi, Valco adwumabea no so omhyɛ a ɛba ase atwa, ama Akosombo omhyɛ no atumi asom ma Ghana ohia a ɛrekɔ soro.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.thestatesmanonline.com/pages/news_detail.php?section=11&newsid=4580|title=NPP cuts sod for Bui Dam|publisher=Statesman online|author=Kwame Okoampa-Ahoofe|date=2007-08-28|access-date=13 October 2007|archive-date=30 May 2012|archive-url=https://archive.today/20120530185104/http://www.thestatesmanonline.com/pages/news_detail.php?section=11&newsid=4580|url-status=dead}}</ref> Mfiase no, dam no omhyɛ a ɛtumi yɛ no boro deɛ na ɛho hia; nanso ohia a ɛrekɔ soro nam Ghana nkɔsoɔ so ama omhyɛ ho hia ayɛ dodoɔ sen deɛ Akosombo omhyɛ adwumayɛbea no tumi yɛ. Wɔ 1981 mu no, wɔsii dam ketewa bi wɔ Kpong, a ɛwɔ Akosombo fam ase, na wɔmaa Akosombo dam no ho yɛɛ foforɔ sɛdeɛ ɛbɛyɛ a omhyɛ a ɛba no bɛtumi abɛn ohia no<ref name=":0" />. == Ntotoho == klq8csf485sbbnbngtzwdskzqqi0iqi 199338 199337 2026-04-07T13:11:48Z Prempy 20279 /* Omhyɛ a ɛba */ sentence 199338 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox dam | name = Akosombo Dam | name_official = | image = Akosombo Dam from the Volta Hotel.JPG | image_size = | image_caption = Akosombo Dam sɛ wohu no firi Volta Hotel | image_alt = | location_map = Ghana | location_map_size = | location_map_caption = Akosombo Dam beaɛ a ɛwɔ Ghana | coordinates = {{coord|6|17|59|N|0|3|34|E|region:GH_type:landmark|display=inline,title}} | location = Akosombo, [[Ghana]] | status = O (Adwuma so) | construction_began = 1961 | opening = 1965 | demolished = | cost = £130 ɔpepem (Pound 130 million) | owner = [[Volta River Authority]] (VRA) | dam_type = Embankment, rock-fill (bɔɔ mmorosoɔ ne aboɔ a wɔagugu) | dam_length = {{convert|660|m|abbr=on}} | dam_height = | dam_height_thalweg = | dam_height_foundation={{convert|114|m|abbr=on}} | dam_elevation_crest = | dam_width_base = {{convert|366|m|abbr=on}} | dam_volume = {{convert|7900000|m3|abbr=on}} | dam_crosses = [[Volta River|Asuo Volta]] | spillway_count = Abien a wɔde pon sohwɛ | spillway_type = | spillway_capacity = {{convert|34000|m3/s|abbr=on}} | res_name = [[Lake Volta|Asuo Volta Tade]] (Lake Volta) | res_capacity_total = {{convert|148|km3|acre.ft|abbr=on}} | res_capacity_inactive= | res_catchment = | res_surface = {{convert|8502|km2|abbr=on}} | res_elevation = | res_max_depth = | res_max_length ={{convert|400|km|abbr=on}} | plant_hydraulic_head = {{convert|68.8|m|abbr=on}} (a ɛso sen biara) | res_max_width = | res_tidal_range = | plant_operator = | plant_commission = | plant_decommission = | plant_type = | plant_turbines = 6 x {{convert|170|MW|abbr=on}} [[Francis turbine|Francis-type]] | plant_capacity = {{convert|1038|MW|abbr=on}} | plant_annual_gen = | website = {{URL|http://www.vra.com/our_mandate/akosombo_hydro_plant.php}} | extra = }} '''Akosombo Dam''', a wɔsan frɛ no '''Volta Dam''', yɛ hydroelectric dam (nwomso omhyɛ ban) a ɛwɔ [[Volta River|Asuo Volta]] so wɔ anafoɔ fam apueeɛ [[Ghana]] wɔ Akosombo abo ntoroso (gorge) mu, na ɛyɛ Volta River Authority (VRA) no fa.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Mensah-Ayettey |first=Eric |date=17 May 2021 |title=Akosombo Dam could serve Ghana for another 50 years if well maintained – Kweku Awotwi |url=https://www.myjoyonline.com/akosombo-dam-could-serve-ghana-for-another-50-years-if-well-maintained-kweku-awotwi/}}</ref> Wɔsisii dam no maa Asuo Volta Basin no fa baa nsuo ase na ɛmaa wɔbɔɔ Asuo Volta (Lake Volta). Asuo Volta Tade ne nsukorɛbea a ɛso sen biara wɔ wiase a nyansafoɔ asie (man-made lake) wɔ ne mmeaeɛ so. Ɛkata {{convert|8502|km2}} so, a ɛyɛ Ghana asase so 3.6%. Ne nsuo dodoɔ yɛ cubic kilomita 148, na ɛyɛ nsukorɛbea a ɛso mmiɛnsa wɔ wiase a nyansafoɔ asie; nea ɛso sen biara ne Lake Kariba a ɛwɔ cubic kilomita 185 nsuo<ref name=":0">{{Citation |title=Remediation of the environmental impacts of the Akosombo and Kpong dams |url=http://www.solutions-site.org/artman/publish/article_53.shtml |access-date=2026-04-06}}</ref>. Akosombo Dam dwumadie titire ne sɛ ɛbɛma omhyɛ ama aluminium adwuma.<ref name=":0" /> Wɔtoo Akosombo Dam din sɛ "sika a wɔde hyɛɛ Ghana atuho nhyehyɛeɛ mu a ɛso sen biara. Dam no yɛ ade titire ma ɛma [[Togo]] ne [[Benin]] omhyɛ dodoɔ no ara, ɛwɔm sɛ Adjarala Dam (a ɛwɔ Togo Mono River so) a wɔresisi no bɛma saa aman yi abrɛ wɔn a wɔde omhyɛ firi amannɔne so.<ref name=Europa>{{Cite book | last = Europa Publications | title = Africa South of the Sahara 2014 | publisher = [[Routledge]] | year = 2014 | page = 112 | isbn =9781857436983}}</ref> Dam no omhyɛ a edi kan a na ɛtumi yɛ {{convert|912|MW}}, nanso wɔmaa ɛkɔɔ soro kɔɔ {{convert|1020|MW}} wɔ adwuma a wɔyɛeɛ de yɛɛ no foforɔ a wɔwieeɛ wɔ 2006 mu.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.vra.com/Power/retrofit.html |title=Akosombo Hydro Power Plant Retrofit |publisher=Volta River Authority |access-date=2007-07-30 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070808064226/http://www.vra.com/Power/retrofit.html |archive-date=8 August 2007 |url-status=dead }}</ref> Nsuyiri a ɛbɔɔ Asuo Volta no maa nnipa pii fii wɔn afie, na ɛmaa asase so nneɛma no nyaa nsunsuansoɔ kɛseɛ,<ref name=":0" /> a asase woso (seismic activity) a ɛde mpoano asase hwehwɛe (coastal erosion) baeɛ ka ho; nsuo dwumadie a ɛsesaeɛ de mframa ne osu sɛeɛ ne hyeɛ a ɛkɔɔ soro baeɛ. Asase a ɛatwa tade no ho nyɛ asase a ɛwɔ tade no ase no so, na akuayɛ a wɔyɛ dodoɔ ama wɔatumi de nnuo agu asase so, a ɛnso de eutrophication (nsuo mu nnuo dodoɔ a ɛsɛe nsuo) baeɛ, a ɛmaa nwura a ɛyɛ fɔ (''Ceratophyllum'') nyii yie, a ɛma nsuo so akwantuo yɛ den, na ɛma ntontom ne aboafowa (vectors) a ɛde nsuo mu yareɛ te sɛ bilharzia, [[Onchocerciasis|asubɔnten anifira]] ne [[atiridii]] yɛ wɔn fie. Wɔsan kyekyɛɛ nnipa a wɔtuu wɔn kɔeɛ no, nanso ɛnyɛɛ yie wɔ mmeaeɛ pii; akuayɛ a na wɔyɛ dada no gyaee, na ohia kɔɔ soro. == Sɛnea wɔsisi dam no == Wɔdwene dam no ho wɔ 1915 mu, ɔbɔ fam nyansafoɔ (geologist) Albert Kitson na ɔdwene ho, nanso wɔanyɛ nhyehyɛɛ biara kɔsi afe 1940 mu.<ref name="ElectricPowerGhana">{{cite web |title=Guide to Electric Power in Ghana |url=https://1library.net/document/q042d0gz-guide-to-electric-power-in-ghana.html |website=1Library.net |access-date=2 July 2025}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Okoampa-Ahoofe |first=Kwame |date=16 July 2009 |title=The False Ghanaian History of Paa Kwesi Nduom |url=http://www.thestatesmanonline.com/pages/news_detail.php?newsid=8696&section=1 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110930095101/http://www.thestatesmanonline.com/pages/news_detail.php?newsid=8696&section=1 |archive-date=30 September 2011 |access-date=11 October 2023 |website=The Statesman}}</ref> Wɔhyɛɛ [[Volta River|Asuo Volta]] Basin nkɔso ho nhyehyɛɛ wɔ 1949 mu, nanso sika nni maa ɛno nti, Amerika adwumakuo Volta Aluminum Company (Valco) yɛɛ Ghana sika awiewie sɛ wɔbɛsi dam no. Ɔmanpanyin [[Kwame Nkrumah]] gye too mu na ɔhyɛɛ Asuo Volta hydropower adwuma no ase,<ref name="GHP">{{cite web|title=History of Akosombo dam|url=http://www.ghanaweb.com/GhanaHomePage/history/akosombo_dam.php|publisher=Ghana Home Page|access-date=8 May 2011| archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20110516134942/http://www.ghanaweb.com/GhanaHomePage/history/akosombo_dam.php| archive-date= 16 May 2011 | url-status= live}}</ref> na ɔhyɛɛ ɔstarefoɔ (architect) Kenneth Scott a ofiri Australia sɛ ɔntoɔ no dan a ɔbɛhwie n'ani ase afiri hɔ a ɛhwɛ dam no so.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Aidoo |first=Kwame |date=2018-03-09 |title=Ghana's Most Impressive Buildings |url=https://theculturetrip.com/africa/ghana/articles/ghanas-most-impressive-buildings |access-date=2024-10-28 |website=Culture Trip |language=en |archive-date=1 December 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241201192820/https://theculturetrip.com/africa/ghana/articles/ghanas-most-impressive-buildings |url-status=dead }}</ref> Dam no yɛ {{convert|660|m|abbr=on}} tenteɛ na ne tenten yɛ {{convert|114|m|abbr=on}}. Ɛyɛ aboɔ ne bɔɔ mmorosoɔ dam. Ne ase tɛtrɛtɛ yɛ {{convert|366|m|ft|abbr=on}} na ne nneɛma dodoɔ a wɔde sisii no yɛ {{convert|7900000|m3|cuyd|abbr=on}}. Nsukorɛbea a dam no bɔeɛ, Asuo Volta, nsuo a ɛtumi fa yɛ {{convert|148|km3|acre.ft|abbr=on}} na ne mmeaeɛ so yɛ {{convert|8502|km2|abbr=on}}. Tade no tenteɛ yɛ {{convert|400|km|abbr=on}}. Ne nsuo a ɛkɔ sor sen biara yɛ {{convert|84.73|m|abbr=on}} na nea ɛtwa toɔ yɛ {{convert|73.15|m|abbr=on}}.<ref name="akohydro">{{cite web |title=Akosombo Hydro Power Plant |url=http://www.vra.com/our_mandate/akosombo_hydro_plant.php |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070421080909/http://www.vra.com/our_mandate/akosombo_hydro_plant.php |archive-date=21 April 2007 |access-date=2007-03-26 |publisher=Volta River Authority}}</ref> Dam no apueeɛ fam nkyɛn no, wɔwɔ akwan abien a wɔfa so gyaa nsuo ba fam (spillways) a wɔtumi gyaa nsuo bɛyɛ {{convert|34000|m3/s|abbr=on}}. Spillway biara wɔ nnade pon (steel floodgates) nsia a ne trɛw yɛ {{convert|11.5|m|adj=on}} na ne tenten yɛ {{convert|13.7|m|adj=on}}.<ref>{{cite web |title=Akosombo Dam Brochure |url=https://docs.google.com/viewer?a=v&q=cache:ickZ1oH93YYJ:www.vra.com/Publications/akobrochure.pdf+akosombo+dam+spillway+cubic+meters&hl=en&pid=bl&srcid=ADGEESi6Tt-YHv0BX-4PMqnu2nC0uYqIClyDQ-5-vhlPSHDUkYLu8cqzSpSSdP6uXXtdVZkBtnPOM2GoZgw27GSiZZ00AjSMIc05vo-LUR_Vr2ZkfWlk-FR5am1TPlo0cZmqbM742KjQ&sig=AHIEtbS-Hu03H0CR92EIB0LFfiCpOMQGrQ |access-date=30 May 2011 |publisher=Volta River Authority}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Annex 3 |url=https://docs.google.com/viewer?a=v&q=cache:YrnEXgzACScJ:www2.alterra.wur.nl/Internet/webdocs/ilri-publicaties/publicaties/Pub45v2/pub45v2-h3.pdf+akosombo+dam+spillway+m3+second&hl=en&pid=bl&srcid=ADGEESg7nsHhRD-TQ6aq7Stoy2tdE5OnQWmWiE6gfN-T12Ps-EwstJdTqHcB250hKvAmmPDqKeyRPlbVbggFDecQxToMDyGfSLxk0qkknuspVaT6134fVziWxcOvQCwaS0mbmW1e1P6H&sig=AHIEtbQB-r5WNRxae8QFaHJQrYHb4m_l2A |access-date=30 May 2011 |publisher=Alterra |pages=46}}</ref> Dam no omhyɛ adwumayɛbea no wɔ Francis turbine nsia a ne biara tumi yɛ {{convert|170|MW}}. Turbine biara, wɔde nsuo ma no fa penstock a ne tenteɛ yɛ {{convert|112|-|116|m}} na ne kɛseɛ yɛ {{convert|7.2|m}} a hydraulic head a ɛtumi kɔ sor sen biara yɛ {{convert|68.8|m|ft|abbr=on}}.<ref name="akohydro" /> Nhyehyɛeɛ a etwa to no kyerɛɛ sɛ wɔbɛsi aluminium (aluminum) smelter (adwuma a wɔtwa aluminium) wɔ [[Tema]], na wɔasi dam wɔ Akosombo a ɛbɛma smelter no omhyɛ, na wɔato omhyɛ ntintim (power lines) wɔ anafoɔ fam Ghana. Smelter no na ɛbɛma wɔanya sika a ɛho hia sɛ wɔbɛsi bauxite adwuma wɔ ɔman no mu, na ama wɔatumi ayɛ aluminium a wɔnnɔ mfiri amannɔne. Aluminium adwuma a ɛrekɔ so wɔ Ghana gyina hydroelectric power a wɔhyɛɛ ho nhyehyɛeɛ no so.<ref name="GHP" /> Adwuma a wɔhyɛɛ ho nhyehyɛeɛ no smelter no, Amerika adwumakuo Kaiser Aluminum na ɛhwɛ so, na Valco na ɛhwɛ so. Smelter no nyaa sika a wɔde hyɛɛ mu firi Valco ahokafoɔ (shareholders) hɔ, a Export–Import Bank of the United States boa wɔn. Nanso, Valco ammɔ nsa mmaa no, ɛnkane sɛ Ghana aban yɛɛ no apam a ɛmaa wɔn a wɔntua tow wɔn adwadeɛ so, na wɔtɔ omhyɛ no sika a ɛso. Sika a wɔde bɛsi adwuma no nyinaa yɛ dɔla ɔpepem 258 (US$258 million).<ref name="GHP" /> == Dam no Sisiiɛ == [[File:Akosombo Dam is spilling water, Ghana.JPG|thumb|left|Akosombo dam a nsuo gyaa mu (spillways) aba mu]] Wɔ May 1960 mu no, Ghana aban frɛɛ sɛ wɔmma nkrataa a wɔbɛsi dam no. Wɔ 1961 mu no, Italia adwumakuo (consortium), Impregilo a na wɔawie Kariba Dam no, dii nkonim wɔ adwuma no mu. Wɔ 1961 mu no, Volta River Authority (VRA) a Ghana Mmarahyɛ Badwa hyɛɛ no ase denam Volta River Development Act a wɔgyee too mu so. VRA adwuma no yɛ adwumakuo no nyinaa a na ɛyɛ mmarima nsia a ɔmanpanyin Nkrumah yɛ wɔn panyin. VRA dwumadie titire ne sɛ ɛbɛhwɛ Asuo Volta Basin nkɔso, a dam no sisiiɛ, omhyɛ adwumayɛbea, ne omhyɛ ntintim a wɔde fa nkuro mu ka ho. VRA na ɛhwɛ nsukorɛbea a dam no bɔeɛ, apataam a ɛwɔ tade no mu, tade no so akwantuo ne nkitahodie, ne nnipa a wɔatwa tade no ho no yiedie<ref name=":0" />. Wɔsii dam no ntam wɔ 1961 ne 1965 ntam.<ref name="akohydro" /> Ghana aban na ɛyɛɛ adwuma no, na 25% sika no firi International Bank for Reconstruction and Development a ɛyɛ World Bank no fa, United States, ne United Kingdom.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Commonwealth Education |url=http://commonwealth.ednet.ns.ca/africa/Ghana/Rivers/riversetc.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20020201060457/http://commonwealth.ednet.ns.ca/africa/Ghana/Rivers/riversetc.html |archive-date=1 February 2002 |access-date=15 December 2006}}</ref> Impreglio hyɛɛ asuo no mu dɔteɛ tuntum (dredging) ne nsuo no fa a wɔpae (dewatering) no, na wowiee dam no bosome biako ansa na ɛbɛyɛ sɛ wɔbɛwie, ɛwɔm sɛ Asuo Volta nsuyiri a ɛbaa 1963 mu no kyekyɛɛ adwuma no wɔ bosome mmiɛnsa mu. Wɔ 1961 ne 1966 ntam no, Impreglio adwumayɛfoɔ a wɔsii dam no mu aduonu awotwe (28) wuiɛ. Wɔasi nkaeɛ duma wɔ Akosombo kurow mu ne St. Barbara Catholic Church wɔ wɔn anuonyam<ref name=":1" />. Akosombo Dam sisiiɛ no maa Asuo Volta Basin fa ne mfuo a ɛwɔ ne so kɔɔ nsuo ase, na wɔbɔɔ Asuo Volta a ɛkata Ghana asaase so 3.6% so<ref name=":0" />. Asuo Volta Tade no baeɛ ntam wɔ 1962 ne 1966 mu, na ɛmaa nnipa bɛyɛ 80,000 fii wɔn afie, a na wɔyɛ ɔman no mu nnipa dodoɔ no 1%.<ref name=":1">{{cite news|url=https://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/africa/2947420.stm|title=Eyewitness: Waking up to water crisis |agency=BBC |date=30 May 2003 |author=Matthew Davis}}</ref> Nkuraase 700 mu nnipa wɔtuu wɔn kɔeɛ kɔɔ nkuraase 52 a wɔsiesiee maa wɔn mfeɛ abien ansa na dam no bɛwie; VRA na ɛhwɛ atuo no so.<ref name=":0" /><ref name="Europa" /><ref name="GHP" /><ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Jackson|first1=Iain|last2=Uduku|first2=Ola|author-link2=Ola Uduku|last3=Addo|first3=Irene Appeaning|last4=Opong|first4=Rexford Assasie|date=2019-05-19|title=The Volta River Project: planning, housing and resettlement in Ghana, 1950–1965|journal=The Journal of Architecture|volume=24|issue=4|pages=512–548|doi=10.1080/13602365.2019.1643389|issn=1360-2365|doi-access=free}}</ref> Nnipa a wɔtuu wɔn kɔeɛ no mu abien (2%) na wɔyɛ asuo mu apataamfoɔ (fishers), na na dodoɔ no ara yɛ akuafoɔ a wɔyɛ nnɔbaeɛ ketewa.<ref name="Europa" /> Ghana [[Apuei Mantam (Ghana)|Eastern Region]] ne nnipa a wɔwɔ n'akyi no na adwuma no mmaeɛ no kaa wɔn kɛseɛ.<ref name="Suave">{{Citation |last=Nadine Sauvé, Agnes Dzokoto, Bernard Opare, Edmund Ekow Kaitoo, Nzambi Khonde, Myrto Mondor, Veronika Bekoe, Jacques Pépin |title=The price of development: HIV infection in a semiurban community of Ghana |date=2002-04-01 |url=https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/11917246 |work=Journal of Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndromes (1999) |volume=29 |issue=4 |pages=402–408 |doi=10.1097/00126334-200204010-00012 |issn=1525-4135 |pmid=11917246 |access-date=2026-04-07}}</ref>[[File:1 Ghana Cedi.png|thumb|left|Akosombo Dam wɔ 2007 1 Cedi specimen banknote (sika) akyi]] == Omhyɛ a ɛba == Dam no ma omhyɛ ma Ghana ne n'Afrika Atɔeɛ aman a ɛbɛn no, a Togo ne Benin ka ho.<ref name="Suave" /> Mfiase no, Akosombo Dam omhyɛ a ɛba no mu 20% (a na ɛma ɔman no yɛ 70%) a wɔde maeɛ no, na Ghana nyinaa na wɔde di dwuma, na ɛkaa 80% no, Valco na ɛnyaa. Ghana aban, denam apam so, wɔhyɛɛ no sɛ ɔntua Akosombo sisiiɛ sika no mu ɔfa (50%), nanso omhyɛ a ɛba no mu 20% pɛ na ɔman no tumi nya. Afoforɔ susuw sɛ eyi yɛ nhwɛsoɔ neocolonialism (neɔcolonism). Afei akyiri yi, Valco adwumabea no so omhyɛ a ɛba ase atwa, ama Akosombo omhyɛ no atumi asom ma Ghana ohia a ɛrekɔ soro.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.thestatesmanonline.com/pages/news_detail.php?section=11&newsid=4580|title=NPP cuts sod for Bui Dam|publisher=Statesman online|author=Kwame Okoampa-Ahoofe|date=2007-08-28|access-date=13 October 2007|archive-date=30 May 2012|archive-url=https://archive.today/20120530185104/http://www.thestatesmanonline.com/pages/news_detail.php?section=11&newsid=4580|url-status=dead}}</ref> Mfiase no, dam no omhyɛ a ɛtumi yɛ no boro deɛ na ɛho hia; nanso ohia a ɛrekɔ soro nam Ghana nkɔsoɔ so ama omhyɛ ho hia ayɛ dodoɔ sen deɛ Akosombo omhyɛ adwumayɛbea no tumi yɛ. Wɔ 1981 mu no, wɔsii dam ketewa bi wɔ Kpong, a ɛwɔ Akosombo fam ase, na wɔmaa Akosombo dam no ho yɛɛ foforɔ sɛdeɛ ɛbɛyɛ a omhyɛ a ɛba no bɛtumi abɛn ohia no<ref name=":0" />. Ohia a ɛrekɔ soro no boro deɛ ɛnneɛma a yɛwɔ seesei no tumi ma. Ohia, ne nsuyiri a wɔanhyehyɛ so, deɛnkyerɛnkyerɛ (rolling blackouts) ne omhyɛ gyaee (major power outages) ahaban ba.<ref name="Fobil" /><ref name="VanDeGiesen" /> Wahu sɛ tade no mu nsuo so rekɔ fam, na ɛtɔ mmerɛ a ɛkɔ fam sen deɛ ɛho hia ma generators no tumi yɛ adwuma.<ref name="VanDeGiesen" /> Wɔ afe 2007 mfiase no, na adwene a wɔdwene ho na ɛwɔ omhyɛ a ɛfiri dam no ho, efirisɛ nsuo a na ɛwɔ Asuo Volta Tade no mu so ate.<ref>{{cite web |date=28 March 2007 |title=Akosombo Dam To Be Shut Down? |url=http://www.ghanaweb.com/GhanaHomePage/NewsArchive/artikel.php?ID=121525 |publisher=Ghana web}}</ref> Wɔ afe 2007 akyiri fa no, saa adwene yi fa too mu bere a osu tɔɔ Asuo Volta beaeɛ a nsuo firi mu no so.<ref>{{cite web |date=2007-08-29 |title=Flood destroys farmlands in Bongo District |url=http://www.ghanaweb.com/GhanaHomePage/NewsArchive/artikel.php?ID=129773}}</ref> Wɔ 2010 mu no, nsuo a ɛkɔɔ sor sen biara wɔ dam no mu. Eyi ma wɔbuee nsuo gyaa mu pon (flood gates) bere a tade no nsuo kɔɔ {{Convert|84.45|m|ft|0|abbr=on}} na mmere pii mu no, nsuo firii tade no mu gyaee, a ɛmaa nsuyiri kɔɔ fam ase.<ref>{{cite web |title=VRA ends spillage from Volta Dam | date=30 November 2001 |url=http://www.ghanaweb.com/GhanaHomePage//economy/artikel.php?ID=198319 |access-date=30 May 2011 |publisher=GhanaWeb}}</ref> == Ntotoho == p9gbtswz80jbbqyov9qnwvqhn6f3o58 199339 199338 2026-04-07T13:27:08Z Prempy 20279 /* Omhyɛ a ɛba */ 199339 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox dam | name = Akosombo Dam | name_official = | image = Akosombo Dam from the Volta Hotel.JPG | image_size = | image_caption = Akosombo Dam sɛ wohu no firi Volta Hotel | image_alt = | location_map = Ghana | location_map_size = | location_map_caption = Akosombo Dam beaɛ a ɛwɔ Ghana | coordinates = {{coord|6|17|59|N|0|3|34|E|region:GH_type:landmark|display=inline,title}} | location = Akosombo, [[Ghana]] | status = O (Adwuma so) | construction_began = 1961 | opening = 1965 | demolished = | cost = £130 ɔpepem (Pound 130 million) | owner = [[Volta River Authority]] (VRA) | dam_type = Embankment, rock-fill (bɔɔ mmorosoɔ ne aboɔ a wɔagugu) | dam_length = {{convert|660|m|abbr=on}} | dam_height = | dam_height_thalweg = | dam_height_foundation={{convert|114|m|abbr=on}} | dam_elevation_crest = | dam_width_base = {{convert|366|m|abbr=on}} | dam_volume = {{convert|7900000|m3|abbr=on}} | dam_crosses = [[Volta River|Asuo Volta]] | spillway_count = Abien a wɔde pon sohwɛ | spillway_type = | spillway_capacity = {{convert|34000|m3/s|abbr=on}} | res_name = [[Lake Volta|Asuo Volta Tade]] (Lake Volta) | res_capacity_total = {{convert|148|km3|acre.ft|abbr=on}} | res_capacity_inactive= | res_catchment = | res_surface = {{convert|8502|km2|abbr=on}} | res_elevation = | res_max_depth = | res_max_length ={{convert|400|km|abbr=on}} | plant_hydraulic_head = {{convert|68.8|m|abbr=on}} (a ɛso sen biara) | res_max_width = | res_tidal_range = | plant_operator = | plant_commission = | plant_decommission = | plant_type = | plant_turbines = 6 x {{convert|170|MW|abbr=on}} [[Francis turbine|Francis-type]] | plant_capacity = {{convert|1038|MW|abbr=on}} | plant_annual_gen = | website = {{URL|http://www.vra.com/our_mandate/akosombo_hydro_plant.php}} | extra = }} '''Akosombo Dam''', a wɔsan frɛ no '''Volta Dam''', yɛ hydroelectric dam (nwomso omhyɛ ban) a ɛwɔ [[Volta River|Asuo Volta]] so wɔ anafoɔ fam apueeɛ [[Ghana]] wɔ Akosombo abo ntoroso (gorge) mu, na ɛyɛ Volta River Authority (VRA) no fa.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Mensah-Ayettey |first=Eric |date=17 May 2021 |title=Akosombo Dam could serve Ghana for another 50 years if well maintained – Kweku Awotwi |url=https://www.myjoyonline.com/akosombo-dam-could-serve-ghana-for-another-50-years-if-well-maintained-kweku-awotwi/}}</ref> Wɔsisii dam no maa Asuo Volta Basin no fa baa nsuo ase na ɛmaa wɔbɔɔ Asuo Volta (Lake Volta). Asuo Volta Tade ne nsukorɛbea a ɛso sen biara wɔ wiase a nyansafoɔ asie (man-made lake) wɔ ne mmeaeɛ so. Ɛkata {{convert|8502|km2}} so, a ɛyɛ Ghana asase so 3.6%. Ne nsuo dodoɔ yɛ cubic kilomita 148, na ɛyɛ nsukorɛbea a ɛso mmiɛnsa wɔ wiase a nyansafoɔ asie; nea ɛso sen biara ne Lake Kariba a ɛwɔ cubic kilomita 185 nsuo<ref name=":0">{{Citation |title=Remediation of the environmental impacts of the Akosombo and Kpong dams |url=http://www.solutions-site.org/artman/publish/article_53.shtml |access-date=2026-04-06}}</ref>. Akosombo Dam dwumadie titire ne sɛ ɛbɛma omhyɛ ama aluminium adwuma.<ref name=":0" /> Wɔtoo Akosombo Dam din sɛ "sika a wɔde hyɛɛ Ghana atuho nhyehyɛeɛ mu a ɛso sen biara. Dam no yɛ ade titire ma ɛma [[Togo]] ne [[Benin]] omhyɛ dodoɔ no ara, ɛwɔm sɛ Adjarala Dam (a ɛwɔ Togo Mono River so) a wɔresisi no bɛma saa aman yi abrɛ wɔn a wɔde omhyɛ firi amannɔne so.<ref name=Europa>{{Cite book | last = Europa Publications | title = Africa South of the Sahara 2014 | publisher = [[Routledge]] | year = 2014 | page = 112 | isbn =9781857436983}}</ref> Dam no omhyɛ a edi kan a na ɛtumi yɛ {{convert|912|MW}}, nanso wɔmaa ɛkɔɔ soro kɔɔ {{convert|1020|MW}} wɔ adwuma a wɔyɛeɛ de yɛɛ no foforɔ a wɔwieeɛ wɔ 2006 mu.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.vra.com/Power/retrofit.html |title=Akosombo Hydro Power Plant Retrofit |publisher=Volta River Authority |access-date=2007-07-30 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070808064226/http://www.vra.com/Power/retrofit.html |archive-date=8 August 2007 |url-status=dead }}</ref> Nsuyiri a ɛbɔɔ Asuo Volta no maa nnipa pii fii wɔn afie, na ɛmaa asase so nneɛma no nyaa nsunsuansoɔ kɛseɛ,<ref name=":0" /> a asase woso (seismic activity) a ɛde mpoano asase hwehwɛe (coastal erosion) baeɛ ka ho; nsuo dwumadie a ɛsesaeɛ de mframa ne osu sɛeɛ ne hyeɛ a ɛkɔɔ soro baeɛ. Asase a ɛatwa tade no ho nyɛ asase a ɛwɔ tade no ase no so, na akuayɛ a wɔyɛ dodoɔ ama wɔatumi de nnuo agu asase so, a ɛnso de eutrophication (nsuo mu nnuo dodoɔ a ɛsɛe nsuo) baeɛ, a ɛmaa nwura a ɛyɛ fɔ (''Ceratophyllum'') nyii yie, a ɛma nsuo so akwantuo yɛ den, na ɛma ntontom ne aboafowa (vectors) a ɛde nsuo mu yareɛ te sɛ bilharzia, [[Onchocerciasis|asubɔnten anifira]] ne [[atiridii]] yɛ wɔn fie. Wɔsan kyekyɛɛ nnipa a wɔtuu wɔn kɔeɛ no, nanso ɛnyɛɛ yie wɔ mmeaeɛ pii; akuayɛ a na wɔyɛ dada no gyaee, na ohia kɔɔ soro. == Sɛnea wɔsisi dam no == Wɔdwene dam no ho wɔ 1915 mu, ɔbɔ fam nyansafoɔ (geologist) Albert Kitson na ɔdwene ho, nanso wɔanyɛ nhyehyɛɛ biara kɔsi afe 1940 mu.<ref name="ElectricPowerGhana">{{cite web |title=Guide to Electric Power in Ghana |url=https://1library.net/document/q042d0gz-guide-to-electric-power-in-ghana.html |website=1Library.net |access-date=2 July 2025}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Okoampa-Ahoofe |first=Kwame |date=16 July 2009 |title=The False Ghanaian History of Paa Kwesi Nduom |url=http://www.thestatesmanonline.com/pages/news_detail.php?newsid=8696&section=1 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110930095101/http://www.thestatesmanonline.com/pages/news_detail.php?newsid=8696&section=1 |archive-date=30 September 2011 |access-date=11 October 2023 |website=The Statesman}}</ref> Wɔhyɛɛ [[Volta River|Asuo Volta]] Basin nkɔso ho nhyehyɛɛ wɔ 1949 mu, nanso sika nni maa ɛno nti, Amerika adwumakuo Volta Aluminum Company (Valco) yɛɛ Ghana sika awiewie sɛ wɔbɛsi dam no. Ɔmanpanyin [[Kwame Nkrumah]] gye too mu na ɔhyɛɛ Asuo Volta hydropower adwuma no ase,<ref name="GHP">{{cite web|title=History of Akosombo dam|url=http://www.ghanaweb.com/GhanaHomePage/history/akosombo_dam.php|publisher=Ghana Home Page|access-date=8 May 2011| archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20110516134942/http://www.ghanaweb.com/GhanaHomePage/history/akosombo_dam.php| archive-date= 16 May 2011 | url-status= live}}</ref> na ɔhyɛɛ ɔstarefoɔ (architect) Kenneth Scott a ofiri Australia sɛ ɔntoɔ no dan a ɔbɛhwie n'ani ase afiri hɔ a ɛhwɛ dam no so.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Aidoo |first=Kwame |date=2018-03-09 |title=Ghana's Most Impressive Buildings |url=https://theculturetrip.com/africa/ghana/articles/ghanas-most-impressive-buildings |access-date=2024-10-28 |website=Culture Trip |language=en |archive-date=1 December 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241201192820/https://theculturetrip.com/africa/ghana/articles/ghanas-most-impressive-buildings |url-status=dead }}</ref> Dam no yɛ {{convert|660|m|abbr=on}} tenteɛ na ne tenten yɛ {{convert|114|m|abbr=on}}. Ɛyɛ aboɔ ne bɔɔ mmorosoɔ dam. Ne ase tɛtrɛtɛ yɛ {{convert|366|m|ft|abbr=on}} na ne nneɛma dodoɔ a wɔde sisii no yɛ {{convert|7900000|m3|cuyd|abbr=on}}. Nsukorɛbea a dam no bɔeɛ, Asuo Volta, nsuo a ɛtumi fa yɛ {{convert|148|km3|acre.ft|abbr=on}} na ne mmeaeɛ so yɛ {{convert|8502|km2|abbr=on}}. Tade no tenteɛ yɛ {{convert|400|km|abbr=on}}. Ne nsuo a ɛkɔ sor sen biara yɛ {{convert|84.73|m|abbr=on}} na nea ɛtwa toɔ yɛ {{convert|73.15|m|abbr=on}}.<ref name="akohydro">{{cite web |title=Akosombo Hydro Power Plant |url=http://www.vra.com/our_mandate/akosombo_hydro_plant.php |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070421080909/http://www.vra.com/our_mandate/akosombo_hydro_plant.php |archive-date=21 April 2007 |access-date=2007-03-26 |publisher=Volta River Authority}}</ref> Dam no apueeɛ fam nkyɛn no, wɔwɔ akwan abien a wɔfa so gyaa nsuo ba fam (spillways) a wɔtumi gyaa nsuo bɛyɛ {{convert|34000|m3/s|abbr=on}}. Spillway biara wɔ nnade pon (steel floodgates) nsia a ne trɛw yɛ {{convert|11.5|m|adj=on}} na ne tenten yɛ {{convert|13.7|m|adj=on}}.<ref>{{cite web |title=Akosombo Dam Brochure |url=https://docs.google.com/viewer?a=v&q=cache:ickZ1oH93YYJ:www.vra.com/Publications/akobrochure.pdf+akosombo+dam+spillway+cubic+meters&hl=en&pid=bl&srcid=ADGEESi6Tt-YHv0BX-4PMqnu2nC0uYqIClyDQ-5-vhlPSHDUkYLu8cqzSpSSdP6uXXtdVZkBtnPOM2GoZgw27GSiZZ00AjSMIc05vo-LUR_Vr2ZkfWlk-FR5am1TPlo0cZmqbM742KjQ&sig=AHIEtbS-Hu03H0CR92EIB0LFfiCpOMQGrQ |access-date=30 May 2011 |publisher=Volta River Authority}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Annex 3 |url=https://docs.google.com/viewer?a=v&q=cache:YrnEXgzACScJ:www2.alterra.wur.nl/Internet/webdocs/ilri-publicaties/publicaties/Pub45v2/pub45v2-h3.pdf+akosombo+dam+spillway+m3+second&hl=en&pid=bl&srcid=ADGEESg7nsHhRD-TQ6aq7Stoy2tdE5OnQWmWiE6gfN-T12Ps-EwstJdTqHcB250hKvAmmPDqKeyRPlbVbggFDecQxToMDyGfSLxk0qkknuspVaT6134fVziWxcOvQCwaS0mbmW1e1P6H&sig=AHIEtbQB-r5WNRxae8QFaHJQrYHb4m_l2A |access-date=30 May 2011 |publisher=Alterra |pages=46}}</ref> Dam no omhyɛ adwumayɛbea no wɔ Francis turbine nsia a ne biara tumi yɛ {{convert|170|MW}}. Turbine biara, wɔde nsuo ma no fa penstock a ne tenteɛ yɛ {{convert|112|-|116|m}} na ne kɛseɛ yɛ {{convert|7.2|m}} a hydraulic head a ɛtumi kɔ sor sen biara yɛ {{convert|68.8|m|ft|abbr=on}}.<ref name="akohydro" /> Nhyehyɛeɛ a etwa to no kyerɛɛ sɛ wɔbɛsi aluminium (aluminum) smelter (adwuma a wɔtwa aluminium) wɔ [[Tema]], na wɔasi dam wɔ Akosombo a ɛbɛma smelter no omhyɛ, na wɔato omhyɛ ntintim (power lines) wɔ anafoɔ fam Ghana. Smelter no na ɛbɛma wɔanya sika a ɛho hia sɛ wɔbɛsi bauxite adwuma wɔ ɔman no mu, na ama wɔatumi ayɛ aluminium a wɔnnɔ mfiri amannɔne. Aluminium adwuma a ɛrekɔ so wɔ Ghana gyina hydroelectric power a wɔhyɛɛ ho nhyehyɛeɛ no so.<ref name="GHP" /> Adwuma a wɔhyɛɛ ho nhyehyɛeɛ no smelter no, Amerika adwumakuo Kaiser Aluminum na ɛhwɛ so, na Valco na ɛhwɛ so. Smelter no nyaa sika a wɔde hyɛɛ mu firi Valco ahokafoɔ (shareholders) hɔ, a Export–Import Bank of the United States boa wɔn. Nanso, Valco ammɔ nsa mmaa no, ɛnkane sɛ Ghana aban yɛɛ no apam a ɛmaa wɔn a wɔntua tow wɔn adwadeɛ so, na wɔtɔ omhyɛ no sika a ɛso. Sika a wɔde bɛsi adwuma no nyinaa yɛ dɔla ɔpepem 258 (US$258 million).<ref name="GHP" /> == Dam no Sisiiɛ == [[File:Akosombo Dam is spilling water, Ghana.JPG|thumb|left|Akosombo dam a nsuo gyaa mu (spillways) aba mu]] Wɔ May 1960 mu no, Ghana aban frɛɛ sɛ wɔmma nkrataa a wɔbɛsi dam no. Wɔ 1961 mu no, Italia adwumakuo (consortium), Impregilo a na wɔawie Kariba Dam no, dii nkonim wɔ adwuma no mu. Wɔ 1961 mu no, Volta River Authority (VRA) a Ghana Mmarahyɛ Badwa hyɛɛ no ase denam Volta River Development Act a wɔgyee too mu so. VRA adwuma no yɛ adwumakuo no nyinaa a na ɛyɛ mmarima nsia a ɔmanpanyin Nkrumah yɛ wɔn panyin. VRA dwumadie titire ne sɛ ɛbɛhwɛ Asuo Volta Basin nkɔso, a dam no sisiiɛ, omhyɛ adwumayɛbea, ne omhyɛ ntintim a wɔde fa nkuro mu ka ho. VRA na ɛhwɛ nsukorɛbea a dam no bɔeɛ, apataam a ɛwɔ tade no mu, tade no so akwantuo ne nkitahodie, ne nnipa a wɔatwa tade no ho no yiedie<ref name=":0" />. Wɔsii dam no ntam wɔ 1961 ne 1965 ntam.<ref name="akohydro" /> Ghana aban na ɛyɛɛ adwuma no, na 25% sika no firi International Bank for Reconstruction and Development a ɛyɛ World Bank no fa, United States, ne United Kingdom.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Commonwealth Education |url=http://commonwealth.ednet.ns.ca/africa/Ghana/Rivers/riversetc.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20020201060457/http://commonwealth.ednet.ns.ca/africa/Ghana/Rivers/riversetc.html |archive-date=1 February 2002 |access-date=15 December 2006}}</ref> Impreglio hyɛɛ asuo no mu dɔteɛ tuntum (dredging) ne nsuo no fa a wɔpae (dewatering) no, na wowiee dam no bosome biako ansa na ɛbɛyɛ sɛ wɔbɛwie, ɛwɔm sɛ Asuo Volta nsuyiri a ɛbaa 1963 mu no kyekyɛɛ adwuma no wɔ bosome mmiɛnsa mu. Wɔ 1961 ne 1966 ntam no, Impreglio adwumayɛfoɔ a wɔsii dam no mu aduonu awotwe (28) wuiɛ. Wɔasi nkaeɛ duma wɔ Akosombo kurow mu ne St. Barbara Catholic Church wɔ wɔn anuonyam<ref name=":1" />. Akosombo Dam sisiiɛ no maa Asuo Volta Basin fa ne mfuo a ɛwɔ ne so kɔɔ nsuo ase, na wɔbɔɔ Asuo Volta a ɛkata Ghana asaase so 3.6% so<ref name=":0" />. Asuo Volta Tade no baeɛ ntam wɔ 1962 ne 1966 mu, na ɛmaa nnipa bɛyɛ 80,000 fii wɔn afie, a na wɔyɛ ɔman no mu nnipa dodoɔ no 1%.<ref name=":1">{{cite news|url=https://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/africa/2947420.stm|title=Eyewitness: Waking up to water crisis |agency=BBC |date=30 May 2003 |author=Matthew Davis}}</ref> Nkuraase 700 mu nnipa wɔtuu wɔn kɔeɛ kɔɔ nkuraase 52 a wɔsiesiee maa wɔn mfeɛ abien ansa na dam no bɛwie; VRA na ɛhwɛ atuo no so.<ref name=":0" /><ref name="Europa" /><ref name="GHP" /><ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Jackson|first1=Iain|last2=Uduku|first2=Ola|author-link2=Ola Uduku|last3=Addo|first3=Irene Appeaning|last4=Opong|first4=Rexford Assasie|date=2019-05-19|title=The Volta River Project: planning, housing and resettlement in Ghana, 1950–1965|journal=The Journal of Architecture|volume=24|issue=4|pages=512–548|doi=10.1080/13602365.2019.1643389|issn=1360-2365|doi-access=free}}</ref> Nnipa a wɔtuu wɔn kɔeɛ no mu abien (2%) na wɔyɛ asuo mu apataamfoɔ (fishers), na na dodoɔ no ara yɛ akuafoɔ a wɔyɛ nnɔbaeɛ ketewa.<ref name="Europa" /> Ghana [[Apuei Mantam (Ghana)|Eastern Region]] ne nnipa a wɔwɔ n'akyi no na adwuma no mmaeɛ no kaa wɔn kɛseɛ.<ref name="Suave">{{Citation |last=Nadine Sauvé, Agnes Dzokoto, Bernard Opare, Edmund Ekow Kaitoo, Nzambi Khonde, Myrto Mondor, Veronika Bekoe, Jacques Pépin |title=The price of development: HIV infection in a semiurban community of Ghana |date=2002-04-01 |url=https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/11917246 |work=Journal of Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndromes (1999) |volume=29 |issue=4 |pages=402–408 |doi=10.1097/00126334-200204010-00012 |issn=1525-4135 |pmid=11917246 |access-date=2026-04-07}}</ref>[[File:1 Ghana Cedi.png|thumb|left|Akosombo Dam wɔ 2007 1 Cedi specimen banknote (sika) akyi]] == Omhyɛ a ɛba == Dam no ma omhyɛ ma Ghana ne n'Afrika Atɔeɛ aman a ɛbɛn no, a Togo ne Benin ka ho.<ref name="Suave" /> Mfiase no, Akosombo Dam omhyɛ a ɛba no mu 20% (a na ɛma ɔman no yɛ 70%) a wɔde maeɛ no, na Ghana nyinaa na wɔde di dwuma, na ɛkaa 80% no, Valco na ɛnyaa. Ghana aban, denam apam so, wɔhyɛɛ no sɛ ɔntua Akosombo sisiiɛ sika no mu ɔfa (50%), nanso omhyɛ a ɛba no mu 20% pɛ na ɔman no tumi nya. Afoforɔ susuw sɛ eyi yɛ nhwɛsoɔ neocolonialism (neɔcolonism). Afei akyiri yi, Valco adwumabea no so omhyɛ a ɛba ase atwa, ama Akosombo omhyɛ no atumi asom ma Ghana ohia a ɛrekɔ soro.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.thestatesmanonline.com/pages/news_detail.php?section=11&newsid=4580|title=NPP cuts sod for Bui Dam|publisher=Statesman online|author=Kwame Okoampa-Ahoofe|date=2007-08-28|access-date=13 October 2007|archive-date=30 May 2012|archive-url=https://archive.today/20120530185104/http://www.thestatesmanonline.com/pages/news_detail.php?section=11&newsid=4580|url-status=dead}}</ref> Mfiase no, dam no omhyɛ a ɛtumi yɛ no boro deɛ na ɛho hia; nanso ohia a ɛrekɔ soro nam Ghana nkɔsoɔ so ama omhyɛ ho hia ayɛ dodoɔ sen deɛ Akosombo omhyɛ adwumayɛbea no tumi yɛ. Wɔ 1981 mu no, wɔsii dam ketewa bi wɔ Kpong, a ɛwɔ Akosombo fam ase, na wɔmaa Akosombo dam no ho yɛɛ foforɔ sɛdeɛ ɛbɛyɛ a omhyɛ a ɛba no bɛtumi abɛn ohia no<ref name=":0" />. Ohia a ɛrekɔ soro no boro deɛ ɛnneɛma a yɛwɔ seesei no tumi ma. Ohia, ne nsuyiri a wɔanhyehyɛ so, deɛnkyerɛnkyerɛ (rolling blackouts) ne omhyɛ gyaee (major power outages) ahaban ba<ref name=":0" />. Wahu sɛ tade no mu nsuo so rekɔ fam, na ɛtɔ mmerɛ a ɛkɔ fam sen deɛ ɛho hia ma generators no tumi yɛ adwuma<ref name=":2" />. Wɔ afe 2007 mfiase no, na adwene a wɔdwene ho na ɛwɔ omhyɛ a ɛfiri dam no ho, efirisɛ nsuo a na ɛwɔ Asuo Volta Tade no mu so ate.<ref>{{cite web |date=28 March 2007 |title=Akosombo Dam To Be Shut Down? |url=http://www.ghanaweb.com/GhanaHomePage/NewsArchive/artikel.php?ID=121525 |publisher=Ghana web}}</ref> Wɔ afe 2007 akyiri fa no, saa adwene yi fa too mu bere a osu tɔɔ Asuo Volta beaeɛ a nsuo firi mu no so.<ref>{{cite web |date=2007-08-29 |title=Flood destroys farmlands in Bongo District |url=http://www.ghanaweb.com/GhanaHomePage/NewsArchive/artikel.php?ID=129773}}</ref> Wɔ 2010 mu no, nsuo a ɛkɔɔ sor sen biara wɔ dam no mu. Eyi ma wɔbuee nsuo gyaa mu pon (flood gates) bere a tade no nsuo kɔɔ {{Convert|84.45|m|ft|0|abbr=on}} na mmere pii mu no, nsuo firii tade no mu gyaee, a ɛmaa nsuyiri kɔɔ fam ase.<ref name=":2">{{cite web |title=VRA ends spillage from Volta Dam | date=30 November 2001 |url=http://www.ghanaweb.com/GhanaHomePage//economy/artikel.php?ID=198319 |access-date=30 May 2011 |publisher=GhanaWeb}}</ref> == Ntotoho == sk1326xyj5zr7rwwol5dkevohaq9hxv 199340 199339 2026-04-07T13:30:23Z Prempy 20279 added sentence 199340 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox dam | name = Akosombo Dam | name_official = | image = Akosombo Dam from the Volta Hotel.JPG | image_size = | image_caption = Akosombo Dam sɛ wohu no firi Volta Hotel | image_alt = | location_map = Ghana | location_map_size = | location_map_caption = Akosombo Dam beaɛ a ɛwɔ Ghana | coordinates = {{coord|6|17|59|N|0|3|34|E|region:GH_type:landmark|display=inline,title}} | location = Akosombo, [[Ghana]] | status = O (Adwuma so) | construction_began = 1961 | opening = 1965 | demolished = | cost = £130 ɔpepem (Pound 130 million) | owner = [[Volta River Authority]] (VRA) | dam_type = Embankment, rock-fill (bɔɔ mmorosoɔ ne aboɔ a wɔagugu) | dam_length = {{convert|660|m|abbr=on}} | dam_height = | dam_height_thalweg = | dam_height_foundation={{convert|114|m|abbr=on}} | dam_elevation_crest = | dam_width_base = {{convert|366|m|abbr=on}} | dam_volume = {{convert|7900000|m3|abbr=on}} | dam_crosses = [[Volta River|Asuo Volta]] | spillway_count = Abien a wɔde pon sohwɛ | spillway_type = | spillway_capacity = {{convert|34000|m3/s|abbr=on}} | res_name = [[Lake Volta|Asuo Volta Tade]] (Lake Volta) | res_capacity_total = {{convert|148|km3|acre.ft|abbr=on}} | res_capacity_inactive= | res_catchment = | res_surface = {{convert|8502|km2|abbr=on}} | res_elevation = | res_max_depth = | res_max_length ={{convert|400|km|abbr=on}} | plant_hydraulic_head = {{convert|68.8|m|abbr=on}} (a ɛso sen biara) | res_max_width = | res_tidal_range = | plant_operator = | plant_commission = | plant_decommission = | plant_type = | plant_turbines = 6 x {{convert|170|MW|abbr=on}} [[Francis turbine|Francis-type]] | plant_capacity = {{convert|1038|MW|abbr=on}} | plant_annual_gen = | website = {{URL|http://www.vra.com/our_mandate/akosombo_hydro_plant.php}} | extra = }} '''Akosombo Dam''', a wɔsan frɛ no '''Volta Dam''', yɛ hydroelectric dam (nwomso omhyɛ ban) a ɛwɔ [[Volta River|Asuo Volta]] so wɔ anafoɔ fam apueeɛ [[Ghana]] wɔ Akosombo abo ntoroso (gorge) mu, na ɛyɛ Volta River Authority (VRA) no fa.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Mensah-Ayettey |first=Eric |date=17 May 2021 |title=Akosombo Dam could serve Ghana for another 50 years if well maintained – Kweku Awotwi |url=https://www.myjoyonline.com/akosombo-dam-could-serve-ghana-for-another-50-years-if-well-maintained-kweku-awotwi/}}</ref> Wɔsisii dam no maa Asuo Volta Basin no fa baa nsuo ase na ɛmaa wɔbɔɔ Asuo Volta (Lake Volta). Asuo Volta Tade ne nsukorɛbea a ɛso sen biara wɔ wiase a nyansafoɔ asie (man-made lake) wɔ ne mmeaeɛ so. Ɛkata {{convert|8502|km2}} so, a ɛyɛ Ghana asase so 3.6%. Ne nsuo dodoɔ yɛ cubic kilomita 148, na ɛyɛ nsukorɛbea a ɛso mmiɛnsa wɔ wiase a nyansafoɔ asie; nea ɛso sen biara ne Lake Kariba a ɛwɔ cubic kilomita 185 nsuo<ref name=":0">{{Citation |title=Remediation of the environmental impacts of the Akosombo and Kpong dams |url=http://www.solutions-site.org/artman/publish/article_53.shtml |access-date=2026-04-06}}</ref>. Akosombo Dam dwumadie titire ne sɛ ɛbɛma omhyɛ ama aluminium adwuma.<ref name=":0" /> Wɔtoo Akosombo Dam din sɛ "sika a wɔde hyɛɛ Ghana atuho nhyehyɛeɛ mu a ɛso sen biara. Dam no yɛ ade titire ma ɛma [[Togo]] ne [[Benin]] omhyɛ dodoɔ no ara, ɛwɔm sɛ Adjarala Dam (a ɛwɔ Togo Mono River so) a wɔresisi no bɛma saa aman yi abrɛ wɔn a wɔde omhyɛ firi amannɔne so.<ref name=Europa>{{Cite book | last = Europa Publications | title = Africa South of the Sahara 2014 | publisher = [[Routledge]] | year = 2014 | page = 112 | isbn =9781857436983}}</ref> Dam no omhyɛ a edi kan a na ɛtumi yɛ {{convert|912|MW}}, nanso wɔmaa ɛkɔɔ soro kɔɔ {{convert|1020|MW}} wɔ adwuma a wɔyɛeɛ de yɛɛ no foforɔ a wɔwieeɛ wɔ 2006 mu.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.vra.com/Power/retrofit.html |title=Akosombo Hydro Power Plant Retrofit |publisher=Volta River Authority |access-date=2007-07-30 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070808064226/http://www.vra.com/Power/retrofit.html |archive-date=8 August 2007 |url-status=dead }}</ref> Nsuyiri a ɛbɔɔ Asuo Volta no maa nnipa pii fii wɔn afie, na ɛmaa asase so nneɛma no nyaa nsunsuansoɔ kɛseɛ,<ref name=":0" /> a asase woso (seismic activity) a ɛde mpoano asase hwehwɛe (coastal erosion) baeɛ ka ho; nsuo dwumadie a ɛsesaeɛ de mframa ne osu sɛeɛ ne hyeɛ a ɛkɔɔ soro baeɛ. Asase a ɛatwa tade no ho nyɛ asase a ɛwɔ tade no ase no so, na akuayɛ a wɔyɛ dodoɔ ama wɔatumi de nnuo agu asase so, a ɛnso de eutrophication (nsuo mu nnuo dodoɔ a ɛsɛe nsuo) baeɛ, a ɛmaa nwura a ɛyɛ fɔ (''Ceratophyllum'') nyii yie, a ɛma nsuo so akwantuo yɛ den, na ɛma ntontom ne aboafowa (vectors) a ɛde nsuo mu yareɛ te sɛ bilharzia, [[Onchocerciasis|asubɔnten anifira]] ne [[atiridii]] yɛ wɔn fie. Wɔsan kyekyɛɛ nnipa a wɔtuu wɔn kɔeɛ no, nanso ɛnyɛɛ yie wɔ mmeaeɛ pii; akuayɛ a na wɔyɛ dada no gyaee, na ohia kɔɔ soro. == Sɛnea wɔsisi dam no == Wɔdwene dam no ho wɔ 1915 mu, ɔbɔ fam nyansafoɔ (geologist) Albert Kitson na ɔdwene ho, nanso wɔanyɛ nhyehyɛɛ biara kɔsi afe 1940 mu.<ref name="ElectricPowerGhana">{{cite web |title=Guide to Electric Power in Ghana |url=https://1library.net/document/q042d0gz-guide-to-electric-power-in-ghana.html |website=1Library.net |access-date=2 July 2025}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Okoampa-Ahoofe |first=Kwame |date=16 July 2009 |title=The False Ghanaian History of Paa Kwesi Nduom |url=http://www.thestatesmanonline.com/pages/news_detail.php?newsid=8696&section=1 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110930095101/http://www.thestatesmanonline.com/pages/news_detail.php?newsid=8696&section=1 |archive-date=30 September 2011 |access-date=11 October 2023 |website=The Statesman}}</ref> Wɔhyɛɛ [[Volta River|Asuo Volta]] Basin nkɔso ho nhyehyɛɛ wɔ 1949 mu, nanso sika nni maa ɛno nti, Amerika adwumakuo Volta Aluminum Company (Valco) yɛɛ Ghana sika awiewie sɛ wɔbɛsi dam no. Ɔmanpanyin [[Kwame Nkrumah]] gye too mu na ɔhyɛɛ Asuo Volta hydropower adwuma no ase,<ref name="GHP">{{cite web|title=History of Akosombo dam|url=http://www.ghanaweb.com/GhanaHomePage/history/akosombo_dam.php|publisher=Ghana Home Page|access-date=8 May 2011| archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20110516134942/http://www.ghanaweb.com/GhanaHomePage/history/akosombo_dam.php| archive-date= 16 May 2011 | url-status= live}}</ref> na ɔhyɛɛ ɔstarefoɔ (architect) Kenneth Scott a ofiri Australia sɛ ɔntoɔ no dan a ɔbɛhwie n'ani ase afiri hɔ a ɛhwɛ dam no so.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Aidoo |first=Kwame |date=2018-03-09 |title=Ghana's Most Impressive Buildings |url=https://theculturetrip.com/africa/ghana/articles/ghanas-most-impressive-buildings |access-date=2024-10-28 |website=Culture Trip |language=en |archive-date=1 December 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241201192820/https://theculturetrip.com/africa/ghana/articles/ghanas-most-impressive-buildings |url-status=dead }}</ref> Dam no yɛ {{convert|660|m|abbr=on}} tenteɛ na ne tenten yɛ {{convert|114|m|abbr=on}}. Ɛyɛ aboɔ ne bɔɔ mmorosoɔ dam. Ne ase tɛtrɛtɛ yɛ {{convert|366|m|ft|abbr=on}} na ne nneɛma dodoɔ a wɔde sisii no yɛ {{convert|7900000|m3|cuyd|abbr=on}}. Nsukorɛbea a dam no bɔeɛ, Asuo Volta, nsuo a ɛtumi fa yɛ {{convert|148|km3|acre.ft|abbr=on}} na ne mmeaeɛ so yɛ {{convert|8502|km2|abbr=on}}. Tade no tenteɛ yɛ {{convert|400|km|abbr=on}}. Ne nsuo a ɛkɔ sor sen biara yɛ {{convert|84.73|m|abbr=on}} na nea ɛtwa toɔ yɛ {{convert|73.15|m|abbr=on}}.<ref name="akohydro">{{cite web |title=Akosombo Hydro Power Plant |url=http://www.vra.com/our_mandate/akosombo_hydro_plant.php |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070421080909/http://www.vra.com/our_mandate/akosombo_hydro_plant.php |archive-date=21 April 2007 |access-date=2007-03-26 |publisher=Volta River Authority}}</ref> Dam no apueeɛ fam nkyɛn no, wɔwɔ akwan abien a wɔfa so gyaa nsuo ba fam (spillways) a wɔtumi gyaa nsuo bɛyɛ {{convert|34000|m3/s|abbr=on}}. Spillway biara wɔ nnade pon (steel floodgates) nsia a ne trɛw yɛ {{convert|11.5|m|adj=on}} na ne tenten yɛ {{convert|13.7|m|adj=on}}.<ref>{{cite web |title=Akosombo Dam Brochure |url=https://docs.google.com/viewer?a=v&q=cache:ickZ1oH93YYJ:www.vra.com/Publications/akobrochure.pdf+akosombo+dam+spillway+cubic+meters&hl=en&pid=bl&srcid=ADGEESi6Tt-YHv0BX-4PMqnu2nC0uYqIClyDQ-5-vhlPSHDUkYLu8cqzSpSSdP6uXXtdVZkBtnPOM2GoZgw27GSiZZ00AjSMIc05vo-LUR_Vr2ZkfWlk-FR5am1TPlo0cZmqbM742KjQ&sig=AHIEtbS-Hu03H0CR92EIB0LFfiCpOMQGrQ |access-date=30 May 2011 |publisher=Volta River Authority}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Annex 3 |url=https://docs.google.com/viewer?a=v&q=cache:YrnEXgzACScJ:www2.alterra.wur.nl/Internet/webdocs/ilri-publicaties/publicaties/Pub45v2/pub45v2-h3.pdf+akosombo+dam+spillway+m3+second&hl=en&pid=bl&srcid=ADGEESg7nsHhRD-TQ6aq7Stoy2tdE5OnQWmWiE6gfN-T12Ps-EwstJdTqHcB250hKvAmmPDqKeyRPlbVbggFDecQxToMDyGfSLxk0qkknuspVaT6134fVziWxcOvQCwaS0mbmW1e1P6H&sig=AHIEtbQB-r5WNRxae8QFaHJQrYHb4m_l2A |access-date=30 May 2011 |publisher=Alterra |pages=46}}</ref> Dam no omhyɛ adwumayɛbea no wɔ Francis turbine nsia a ne biara tumi yɛ {{convert|170|MW}}. Turbine biara, wɔde nsuo ma no fa penstock a ne tenteɛ yɛ {{convert|112|-|116|m}} na ne kɛseɛ yɛ {{convert|7.2|m}} a hydraulic head a ɛtumi kɔ sor sen biara yɛ {{convert|68.8|m|ft|abbr=on}}.<ref name="akohydro" /> Nhyehyɛeɛ a etwa to no kyerɛɛ sɛ wɔbɛsi aluminium (aluminum) smelter (adwuma a wɔtwa aluminium) wɔ [[Tema]], na wɔasi dam wɔ Akosombo a ɛbɛma smelter no omhyɛ, na wɔato omhyɛ ntintim (power lines) wɔ anafoɔ fam Ghana. Smelter no na ɛbɛma wɔanya sika a ɛho hia sɛ wɔbɛsi bauxite adwuma wɔ ɔman no mu, na ama wɔatumi ayɛ aluminium a wɔnnɔ mfiri amannɔne. Aluminium adwuma a ɛrekɔ so wɔ Ghana gyina hydroelectric power a wɔhyɛɛ ho nhyehyɛeɛ no so.<ref name="GHP" /> Adwuma a wɔhyɛɛ ho nhyehyɛeɛ no smelter no, Amerika adwumakuo Kaiser Aluminum na ɛhwɛ so, na Valco na ɛhwɛ so. Smelter no nyaa sika a wɔde hyɛɛ mu firi Valco ahokafoɔ (shareholders) hɔ, a Export–Import Bank of the United States boa wɔn. Nanso, Valco ammɔ nsa mmaa no, ɛnkane sɛ Ghana aban yɛɛ no apam a ɛmaa wɔn a wɔntua tow wɔn adwadeɛ so, na wɔtɔ omhyɛ no sika a ɛso. Sika a wɔde bɛsi adwuma no nyinaa yɛ dɔla ɔpepem 258 (US$258 million).<ref name="GHP" /> == Dam no Sisiiɛ == [[File:Akosombo Dam is spilling water, Ghana.JPG|thumb|left|Akosombo dam a nsuo gyaa mu (spillways) aba mu]] Wɔ May 1960 mu no, Ghana aban frɛɛ sɛ wɔmma nkrataa a wɔbɛsi dam no. Wɔ 1961 mu no, Italia adwumakuo (consortium), Impregilo a na wɔawie Kariba Dam no, dii nkonim wɔ adwuma no mu. Wɔ 1961 mu no, Volta River Authority (VRA) a Ghana Mmarahyɛ Badwa hyɛɛ no ase denam Volta River Development Act a wɔgyee too mu so. VRA adwuma no yɛ adwumakuo no nyinaa a na ɛyɛ mmarima nsia a ɔmanpanyin Nkrumah yɛ wɔn panyin. VRA dwumadie titire ne sɛ ɛbɛhwɛ Asuo Volta Basin nkɔso, a dam no sisiiɛ, omhyɛ adwumayɛbea, ne omhyɛ ntintim a wɔde fa nkuro mu ka ho. VRA na ɛhwɛ nsukorɛbea a dam no bɔeɛ, apataam a ɛwɔ tade no mu, tade no so akwantuo ne nkitahodie, ne nnipa a wɔatwa tade no ho no yiedie<ref name=":0" />. Wɔsii dam no ntam wɔ 1961 ne 1965 ntam.<ref name="akohydro" /> Ghana aban na ɛyɛɛ adwuma no, na 25% sika no firi International Bank for Reconstruction and Development a ɛyɛ World Bank no fa, United States, ne United Kingdom.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Commonwealth Education |url=http://commonwealth.ednet.ns.ca/africa/Ghana/Rivers/riversetc.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20020201060457/http://commonwealth.ednet.ns.ca/africa/Ghana/Rivers/riversetc.html |archive-date=1 February 2002 |access-date=15 December 2006}}</ref> Impreglio hyɛɛ asuo no mu dɔteɛ tuntum (dredging) ne nsuo no fa a wɔpae (dewatering) no, na wowiee dam no bosome biako ansa na ɛbɛyɛ sɛ wɔbɛwie, ɛwɔm sɛ Asuo Volta nsuyiri a ɛbaa 1963 mu no kyekyɛɛ adwuma no wɔ bosome mmiɛnsa mu. Wɔ 1961 ne 1966 ntam no, Impreglio adwumayɛfoɔ a wɔsii dam no mu aduonu awotwe (28) wuiɛ. Wɔasi nkaeɛ duma wɔ Akosombo kurow mu ne St. Barbara Catholic Church wɔ wɔn anuonyam<ref name=":1" />. Akosombo Dam sisiiɛ no maa Asuo Volta Basin fa ne mfuo a ɛwɔ ne so kɔɔ nsuo ase, na wɔbɔɔ Asuo Volta a ɛkata Ghana asaase so 3.6% so<ref name=":0" />. Asuo Volta Tade no baeɛ ntam wɔ 1962 ne 1966 mu, na ɛmaa nnipa bɛyɛ 80,000 fii wɔn afie, a na wɔyɛ ɔman no mu nnipa dodoɔ no 1%.<ref name=":1">{{cite news|url=https://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/africa/2947420.stm|title=Eyewitness: Waking up to water crisis |agency=BBC |date=30 May 2003 |author=Matthew Davis}}</ref> Nkuraase 700 mu nnipa wɔtuu wɔn kɔeɛ kɔɔ nkuraase 52 a wɔsiesiee maa wɔn mfeɛ abien ansa na dam no bɛwie; VRA na ɛhwɛ atuo no so.<ref name=":0" /><ref name="Europa" /><ref name="GHP" /><ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Jackson|first1=Iain|last2=Uduku|first2=Ola|author-link2=Ola Uduku|last3=Addo|first3=Irene Appeaning|last4=Opong|first4=Rexford Assasie|date=2019-05-19|title=The Volta River Project: planning, housing and resettlement in Ghana, 1950–1965|journal=The Journal of Architecture|volume=24|issue=4|pages=512–548|doi=10.1080/13602365.2019.1643389|issn=1360-2365|doi-access=free}}</ref> Nnipa a wɔtuu wɔn kɔeɛ no mu abien (2%) na wɔyɛ asuo mu apataamfoɔ (fishers), na na dodoɔ no ara yɛ akuafoɔ a wɔyɛ nnɔbaeɛ ketewa.<ref name="Europa" /> Ghana [[Apuei Mantam (Ghana)|Eastern Region]] ne nnipa a wɔwɔ n'akyi no na adwuma no mmaeɛ no kaa wɔn kɛseɛ.<ref name="Suave">{{Citation |last=Nadine Sauvé, Agnes Dzokoto, Bernard Opare, Edmund Ekow Kaitoo, Nzambi Khonde, Myrto Mondor, Veronika Bekoe, Jacques Pépin |title=The price of development: HIV infection in a semiurban community of Ghana |date=2002-04-01 |url=https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/11917246 |work=Journal of Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndromes (1999) |volume=29 |issue=4 |pages=402–408 |doi=10.1097/00126334-200204010-00012 |issn=1525-4135 |pmid=11917246 |access-date=2026-04-07}}</ref>[[File:1 Ghana Cedi.png|thumb|left|Akosombo Dam wɔ 2007 1 Cedi specimen banknote (sika) akyi]] == Omhyɛ a ɛba == Dam no ma omhyɛ ma Ghana ne n'Afrika Atɔeɛ aman a ɛbɛn no, a Togo ne Benin ka ho.<ref name="Suave" /> Mfiase no, Akosombo Dam omhyɛ a ɛba no mu 20% (a na ɛma ɔman no yɛ 70%) a wɔde maeɛ no, na Ghana nyinaa na wɔde di dwuma, na ɛkaa 80% no, Valco na ɛnyaa. Ghana aban, denam apam so, wɔhyɛɛ no sɛ ɔntua Akosombo sisiiɛ sika no mu ɔfa (50%), nanso omhyɛ a ɛba no mu 20% pɛ na ɔman no tumi nya. Afoforɔ susuw sɛ eyi yɛ nhwɛsoɔ neocolonialism (neɔcolonism). Afei akyiri yi, Valco adwumabea no so omhyɛ a ɛba ase atwa, ama Akosombo omhyɛ no atumi asom ma Ghana ohia a ɛrekɔ soro.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.thestatesmanonline.com/pages/news_detail.php?section=11&newsid=4580|title=NPP cuts sod for Bui Dam|publisher=Statesman online|author=Kwame Okoampa-Ahoofe|date=2007-08-28|access-date=13 October 2007|archive-date=30 May 2012|archive-url=https://archive.today/20120530185104/http://www.thestatesmanonline.com/pages/news_detail.php?section=11&newsid=4580|url-status=dead}}</ref> Mfiase no, dam no omhyɛ a ɛtumi yɛ no boro deɛ na ɛho hia; nanso ohia a ɛrekɔ soro nam Ghana nkɔsoɔ so ama omhyɛ ho hia ayɛ dodoɔ sen deɛ Akosombo omhyɛ adwumayɛbea no tumi yɛ. Wɔ 1981 mu no, wɔsii dam ketewa bi wɔ Kpong, a ɛwɔ Akosombo fam ase, na wɔmaa Akosombo dam no ho yɛɛ foforɔ sɛdeɛ ɛbɛyɛ a omhyɛ a ɛba no bɛtumi abɛn ohia no<ref name=":0" />. Ohia a ɛrekɔ soro no boro deɛ ɛnneɛma a yɛwɔ seesei no tumi ma. Ohia, ne nsuyiri a wɔanhyehyɛ so, deɛnkyerɛnkyerɛ (rolling blackouts) ne omhyɛ gyaee (major power outages) ahaban ba<ref name=":0" />. Wahu sɛ tade no mu nsuo so rekɔ fam, na ɛtɔ mmerɛ a ɛkɔ fam sen deɛ ɛho hia ma generators no tumi yɛ adwuma<ref name=":2" />. Wɔ afe 2007 mfiase no, na adwene a wɔdwene ho na ɛwɔ omhyɛ a ɛfiri dam no ho, efirisɛ nsuo a na ɛwɔ Asuo Volta Tade no mu so ate.<ref>{{cite web |date=28 March 2007 |title=Akosombo Dam To Be Shut Down? |url=http://www.ghanaweb.com/GhanaHomePage/NewsArchive/artikel.php?ID=121525 |publisher=Ghana web}}</ref> Wɔ afe 2007 akyiri fa no, saa adwene yi fa too mu bere a osu tɔɔ Asuo Volta beaeɛ a nsuo firi mu no so.<ref>{{cite web |date=2007-08-29 |title=Flood destroys farmlands in Bongo District |url=http://www.ghanaweb.com/GhanaHomePage/NewsArchive/artikel.php?ID=129773}}</ref> Wɔ 2010 mu no, nsuo a ɛkɔɔ sor sen biara wɔ dam no mu. Eyi ma wɔbuee nsuo gyaa mu pon (flood gates) bere a tade no nsuo kɔɔ {{Convert|84.45|m|ft|0|abbr=on}} na mmere pii mu no, nsuo firii tade no mu gyaee, a ɛmaa nsuyiri kɔɔ fam ase.<ref name=":2">{{cite web |title=VRA ends spillage from Volta Dam | date=30 November 2001 |url=http://www.ghanaweb.com/GhanaHomePage//economy/artikel.php?ID=198319 |access-date=30 May 2011 |publisher=GhanaWeb}}</ref> == Mmaeɛ (Impacts) == [[File:Akosombo Dam hydroelectric plant.jpg|thumb|left|Hydroelectric power plant a ɛwɔ Asuo Volta Tade no so]] Akosombo Dam no boaa nnwuma ne sikasɛm adwumapɛn pii, te sɛ tade no so akwantuo, apataam a ɛdɔɔso, akuayɛ foforɔ a ɛwɔ tade no mpoano, ne nsrahwɛ.<ref name=Gyau-Boakye /> === Abɔdeɛ mu nneɛma tebea === [[File:volta lake.jpg|thumb|right|[[Lake Volta|Asuo Volta Tade]] wɔ ɔsoro]] Dam no wui akyi no, akuayɛ a ɛwɔ tade no ne n'asukɔ mmienu no ho atu mpɔn koraa.<ref name=Gyau-Boakye /> Asase a ɛatwa Asuo Volta Tade no ho nyɛ asase a ɛwɔ tade no ase a na wɔfuw no so no so. Akuayɛ a wɔyɛ dodoɔ no ama asase a ɛnni mu na ɛwɔ hɔ no nso asa. Asase a ɛwɔ tade no fam ase no nso nyɛ asase a na ɛwɔ hɔ no, na osu a ɛbaa fam no na ɛde nnuo ba fam no amma bio, efirisɛ dam no sii asuo a ɛte fam no kwan.<ref name=VanDeGiesen /> Akuayɛ a ɛyɛ adwumaden no nso ama nnuo a ɛfiri fam gu asuo mu no dɔɔso. Eyinom, ne ntowa a ɛfiri ntakuo (cattle) ne fɛm (sewage) a ɛgu asuo mu no abom ama nsuo mu nnuo dɔɔso (eutrophication).<ref name=Gyau-Boakye /> Nnuo a ɛdɔɔso no, ne nsuo a ɛntena faako no abom ama nwura a ɛyɛ fɔ (''[[Ceratophyllum]]'') agu asuo mu. Saa nwura yi asi akwantuo a wɔde fa nsuo so no kwan den.<ref name=Fobil /> == Ntotoho == aaotdbjcplh1ypyoeg15cfry1cq7nfg 199341 199340 2026-04-07T13:35:00Z Prempy 20279 /* Abɔdeɛ mu nneɛma tebea */ sentence 199341 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox dam | name = Akosombo Dam | name_official = | image = Akosombo Dam from the Volta Hotel.JPG | image_size = | image_caption = Akosombo Dam sɛ wohu no firi Volta Hotel | image_alt = | location_map = Ghana | location_map_size = | location_map_caption = Akosombo Dam beaɛ a ɛwɔ Ghana | coordinates = {{coord|6|17|59|N|0|3|34|E|region:GH_type:landmark|display=inline,title}} | location = Akosombo, [[Ghana]] | status = O (Adwuma so) | construction_began = 1961 | opening = 1965 | demolished = | cost = £130 ɔpepem (Pound 130 million) | owner = [[Volta River Authority]] (VRA) | dam_type = Embankment, rock-fill (bɔɔ mmorosoɔ ne aboɔ a wɔagugu) | dam_length = {{convert|660|m|abbr=on}} | dam_height = | dam_height_thalweg = | dam_height_foundation={{convert|114|m|abbr=on}} | dam_elevation_crest = | dam_width_base = {{convert|366|m|abbr=on}} | dam_volume = {{convert|7900000|m3|abbr=on}} | dam_crosses = [[Volta River|Asuo Volta]] | spillway_count = Abien a wɔde pon sohwɛ | spillway_type = | spillway_capacity = {{convert|34000|m3/s|abbr=on}} | res_name = [[Lake Volta|Asuo Volta Tade]] (Lake Volta) | res_capacity_total = {{convert|148|km3|acre.ft|abbr=on}} | res_capacity_inactive= | res_catchment = | res_surface = {{convert|8502|km2|abbr=on}} | res_elevation = | res_max_depth = | res_max_length ={{convert|400|km|abbr=on}} | plant_hydraulic_head = {{convert|68.8|m|abbr=on}} (a ɛso sen biara) | res_max_width = | res_tidal_range = | plant_operator = | plant_commission = | plant_decommission = | plant_type = | plant_turbines = 6 x {{convert|170|MW|abbr=on}} [[Francis turbine|Francis-type]] | plant_capacity = {{convert|1038|MW|abbr=on}} | plant_annual_gen = | website = {{URL|http://www.vra.com/our_mandate/akosombo_hydro_plant.php}} | extra = }} '''Akosombo Dam''', a wɔsan frɛ no '''Volta Dam''', yɛ hydroelectric dam (nwomso omhyɛ ban) a ɛwɔ [[Volta River|Asuo Volta]] so wɔ anafoɔ fam apueeɛ [[Ghana]] wɔ Akosombo abo ntoroso (gorge) mu, na ɛyɛ Volta River Authority (VRA) no fa.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Mensah-Ayettey |first=Eric |date=17 May 2021 |title=Akosombo Dam could serve Ghana for another 50 years if well maintained – Kweku Awotwi |url=https://www.myjoyonline.com/akosombo-dam-could-serve-ghana-for-another-50-years-if-well-maintained-kweku-awotwi/}}</ref> Wɔsisii dam no maa Asuo Volta Basin no fa baa nsuo ase na ɛmaa wɔbɔɔ Asuo Volta (Lake Volta). Asuo Volta Tade ne nsukorɛbea a ɛso sen biara wɔ wiase a nyansafoɔ asie (man-made lake) wɔ ne mmeaeɛ so. Ɛkata {{convert|8502|km2}} so, a ɛyɛ Ghana asase so 3.6%. Ne nsuo dodoɔ yɛ cubic kilomita 148, na ɛyɛ nsukorɛbea a ɛso mmiɛnsa wɔ wiase a nyansafoɔ asie; nea ɛso sen biara ne Lake Kariba a ɛwɔ cubic kilomita 185 nsuo<ref name=":0">{{Citation |title=Remediation of the environmental impacts of the Akosombo and Kpong dams |url=http://www.solutions-site.org/artman/publish/article_53.shtml |access-date=2026-04-06}}</ref>. Akosombo Dam dwumadie titire ne sɛ ɛbɛma omhyɛ ama aluminium adwuma.<ref name=":0" /> Wɔtoo Akosombo Dam din sɛ "sika a wɔde hyɛɛ Ghana atuho nhyehyɛeɛ mu a ɛso sen biara. Dam no yɛ ade titire ma ɛma [[Togo]] ne [[Benin]] omhyɛ dodoɔ no ara, ɛwɔm sɛ Adjarala Dam (a ɛwɔ Togo Mono River so) a wɔresisi no bɛma saa aman yi abrɛ wɔn a wɔde omhyɛ firi amannɔne so.<ref name=Europa>{{Cite book | last = Europa Publications | title = Africa South of the Sahara 2014 | publisher = [[Routledge]] | year = 2014 | page = 112 | isbn =9781857436983}}</ref> Dam no omhyɛ a edi kan a na ɛtumi yɛ {{convert|912|MW}}, nanso wɔmaa ɛkɔɔ soro kɔɔ {{convert|1020|MW}} wɔ adwuma a wɔyɛeɛ de yɛɛ no foforɔ a wɔwieeɛ wɔ 2006 mu.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.vra.com/Power/retrofit.html |title=Akosombo Hydro Power Plant Retrofit |publisher=Volta River Authority |access-date=2007-07-30 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070808064226/http://www.vra.com/Power/retrofit.html |archive-date=8 August 2007 |url-status=dead }}</ref> Nsuyiri a ɛbɔɔ Asuo Volta no maa nnipa pii fii wɔn afie, na ɛmaa asase so nneɛma no nyaa nsunsuansoɔ kɛseɛ,<ref name=":0" /> a asase woso (seismic activity) a ɛde mpoano asase hwehwɛe (coastal erosion) baeɛ ka ho; nsuo dwumadie a ɛsesaeɛ de mframa ne osu sɛeɛ ne hyeɛ a ɛkɔɔ soro baeɛ. Asase a ɛatwa tade no ho nyɛ asase a ɛwɔ tade no ase no so, na akuayɛ a wɔyɛ dodoɔ ama wɔatumi de nnuo agu asase so, a ɛnso de eutrophication (nsuo mu nnuo dodoɔ a ɛsɛe nsuo) baeɛ, a ɛmaa nwura a ɛyɛ fɔ (''Ceratophyllum'') nyii yie, a ɛma nsuo so akwantuo yɛ den, na ɛma ntontom ne aboafowa (vectors) a ɛde nsuo mu yareɛ te sɛ bilharzia, [[Onchocerciasis|asubɔnten anifira]] ne [[atiridii]] yɛ wɔn fie. Wɔsan kyekyɛɛ nnipa a wɔtuu wɔn kɔeɛ no, nanso ɛnyɛɛ yie wɔ mmeaeɛ pii; akuayɛ a na wɔyɛ dada no gyaee, na ohia kɔɔ soro. == Sɛnea wɔsisi dam no == Wɔdwene dam no ho wɔ 1915 mu, ɔbɔ fam nyansafoɔ (geologist) Albert Kitson na ɔdwene ho, nanso wɔanyɛ nhyehyɛɛ biara kɔsi afe 1940 mu.<ref name="ElectricPowerGhana">{{cite web |title=Guide to Electric Power in Ghana |url=https://1library.net/document/q042d0gz-guide-to-electric-power-in-ghana.html |website=1Library.net |access-date=2 July 2025}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Okoampa-Ahoofe |first=Kwame |date=16 July 2009 |title=The False Ghanaian History of Paa Kwesi Nduom |url=http://www.thestatesmanonline.com/pages/news_detail.php?newsid=8696&section=1 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110930095101/http://www.thestatesmanonline.com/pages/news_detail.php?newsid=8696&section=1 |archive-date=30 September 2011 |access-date=11 October 2023 |website=The Statesman}}</ref> Wɔhyɛɛ [[Volta River|Asuo Volta]] Basin nkɔso ho nhyehyɛɛ wɔ 1949 mu, nanso sika nni maa ɛno nti, Amerika adwumakuo Volta Aluminum Company (Valco) yɛɛ Ghana sika awiewie sɛ wɔbɛsi dam no. Ɔmanpanyin [[Kwame Nkrumah]] gye too mu na ɔhyɛɛ Asuo Volta hydropower adwuma no ase,<ref name="GHP">{{cite web|title=History of Akosombo dam|url=http://www.ghanaweb.com/GhanaHomePage/history/akosombo_dam.php|publisher=Ghana Home Page|access-date=8 May 2011| archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20110516134942/http://www.ghanaweb.com/GhanaHomePage/history/akosombo_dam.php| archive-date= 16 May 2011 | url-status= live}}</ref> na ɔhyɛɛ ɔstarefoɔ (architect) Kenneth Scott a ofiri Australia sɛ ɔntoɔ no dan a ɔbɛhwie n'ani ase afiri hɔ a ɛhwɛ dam no so.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Aidoo |first=Kwame |date=2018-03-09 |title=Ghana's Most Impressive Buildings |url=https://theculturetrip.com/africa/ghana/articles/ghanas-most-impressive-buildings |access-date=2024-10-28 |website=Culture Trip |language=en |archive-date=1 December 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241201192820/https://theculturetrip.com/africa/ghana/articles/ghanas-most-impressive-buildings |url-status=dead }}</ref> Dam no yɛ {{convert|660|m|abbr=on}} tenteɛ na ne tenten yɛ {{convert|114|m|abbr=on}}. Ɛyɛ aboɔ ne bɔɔ mmorosoɔ dam. Ne ase tɛtrɛtɛ yɛ {{convert|366|m|ft|abbr=on}} na ne nneɛma dodoɔ a wɔde sisii no yɛ {{convert|7900000|m3|cuyd|abbr=on}}. Nsukorɛbea a dam no bɔeɛ, Asuo Volta, nsuo a ɛtumi fa yɛ {{convert|148|km3|acre.ft|abbr=on}} na ne mmeaeɛ so yɛ {{convert|8502|km2|abbr=on}}. Tade no tenteɛ yɛ {{convert|400|km|abbr=on}}. Ne nsuo a ɛkɔ sor sen biara yɛ {{convert|84.73|m|abbr=on}} na nea ɛtwa toɔ yɛ {{convert|73.15|m|abbr=on}}.<ref name="akohydro">{{cite web |title=Akosombo Hydro Power Plant |url=http://www.vra.com/our_mandate/akosombo_hydro_plant.php |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070421080909/http://www.vra.com/our_mandate/akosombo_hydro_plant.php |archive-date=21 April 2007 |access-date=2007-03-26 |publisher=Volta River Authority}}</ref> Dam no apueeɛ fam nkyɛn no, wɔwɔ akwan abien a wɔfa so gyaa nsuo ba fam (spillways) a wɔtumi gyaa nsuo bɛyɛ {{convert|34000|m3/s|abbr=on}}. Spillway biara wɔ nnade pon (steel floodgates) nsia a ne trɛw yɛ {{convert|11.5|m|adj=on}} na ne tenten yɛ {{convert|13.7|m|adj=on}}.<ref>{{cite web |title=Akosombo Dam Brochure |url=https://docs.google.com/viewer?a=v&q=cache:ickZ1oH93YYJ:www.vra.com/Publications/akobrochure.pdf+akosombo+dam+spillway+cubic+meters&hl=en&pid=bl&srcid=ADGEESi6Tt-YHv0BX-4PMqnu2nC0uYqIClyDQ-5-vhlPSHDUkYLu8cqzSpSSdP6uXXtdVZkBtnPOM2GoZgw27GSiZZ00AjSMIc05vo-LUR_Vr2ZkfWlk-FR5am1TPlo0cZmqbM742KjQ&sig=AHIEtbS-Hu03H0CR92EIB0LFfiCpOMQGrQ |access-date=30 May 2011 |publisher=Volta River Authority}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Annex 3 |url=https://docs.google.com/viewer?a=v&q=cache:YrnEXgzACScJ:www2.alterra.wur.nl/Internet/webdocs/ilri-publicaties/publicaties/Pub45v2/pub45v2-h3.pdf+akosombo+dam+spillway+m3+second&hl=en&pid=bl&srcid=ADGEESg7nsHhRD-TQ6aq7Stoy2tdE5OnQWmWiE6gfN-T12Ps-EwstJdTqHcB250hKvAmmPDqKeyRPlbVbggFDecQxToMDyGfSLxk0qkknuspVaT6134fVziWxcOvQCwaS0mbmW1e1P6H&sig=AHIEtbQB-r5WNRxae8QFaHJQrYHb4m_l2A |access-date=30 May 2011 |publisher=Alterra |pages=46}}</ref> Dam no omhyɛ adwumayɛbea no wɔ Francis turbine nsia a ne biara tumi yɛ {{convert|170|MW}}. Turbine biara, wɔde nsuo ma no fa penstock a ne tenteɛ yɛ {{convert|112|-|116|m}} na ne kɛseɛ yɛ {{convert|7.2|m}} a hydraulic head a ɛtumi kɔ sor sen biara yɛ {{convert|68.8|m|ft|abbr=on}}.<ref name="akohydro" /> Nhyehyɛeɛ a etwa to no kyerɛɛ sɛ wɔbɛsi aluminium (aluminum) smelter (adwuma a wɔtwa aluminium) wɔ [[Tema]], na wɔasi dam wɔ Akosombo a ɛbɛma smelter no omhyɛ, na wɔato omhyɛ ntintim (power lines) wɔ anafoɔ fam Ghana. Smelter no na ɛbɛma wɔanya sika a ɛho hia sɛ wɔbɛsi bauxite adwuma wɔ ɔman no mu, na ama wɔatumi ayɛ aluminium a wɔnnɔ mfiri amannɔne. Aluminium adwuma a ɛrekɔ so wɔ Ghana gyina hydroelectric power a wɔhyɛɛ ho nhyehyɛeɛ no so.<ref name="GHP" /> Adwuma a wɔhyɛɛ ho nhyehyɛeɛ no smelter no, Amerika adwumakuo Kaiser Aluminum na ɛhwɛ so, na Valco na ɛhwɛ so. Smelter no nyaa sika a wɔde hyɛɛ mu firi Valco ahokafoɔ (shareholders) hɔ, a Export–Import Bank of the United States boa wɔn. Nanso, Valco ammɔ nsa mmaa no, ɛnkane sɛ Ghana aban yɛɛ no apam a ɛmaa wɔn a wɔntua tow wɔn adwadeɛ so, na wɔtɔ omhyɛ no sika a ɛso. Sika a wɔde bɛsi adwuma no nyinaa yɛ dɔla ɔpepem 258 (US$258 million).<ref name="GHP" /> == Dam no Sisiiɛ == [[File:Akosombo Dam is spilling water, Ghana.JPG|thumb|left|Akosombo dam a nsuo gyaa mu (spillways) aba mu]] Wɔ May 1960 mu no, Ghana aban frɛɛ sɛ wɔmma nkrataa a wɔbɛsi dam no. Wɔ 1961 mu no, Italia adwumakuo (consortium), Impregilo a na wɔawie Kariba Dam no, dii nkonim wɔ adwuma no mu. Wɔ 1961 mu no, Volta River Authority (VRA) a Ghana Mmarahyɛ Badwa hyɛɛ no ase denam Volta River Development Act a wɔgyee too mu so. VRA adwuma no yɛ adwumakuo no nyinaa a na ɛyɛ mmarima nsia a ɔmanpanyin Nkrumah yɛ wɔn panyin. VRA dwumadie titire ne sɛ ɛbɛhwɛ Asuo Volta Basin nkɔso, a dam no sisiiɛ, omhyɛ adwumayɛbea, ne omhyɛ ntintim a wɔde fa nkuro mu ka ho. VRA na ɛhwɛ nsukorɛbea a dam no bɔeɛ, apataam a ɛwɔ tade no mu, tade no so akwantuo ne nkitahodie, ne nnipa a wɔatwa tade no ho no yiedie<ref name=":0" />. Wɔsii dam no ntam wɔ 1961 ne 1965 ntam.<ref name="akohydro" /> Ghana aban na ɛyɛɛ adwuma no, na 25% sika no firi International Bank for Reconstruction and Development a ɛyɛ World Bank no fa, United States, ne United Kingdom.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Commonwealth Education |url=http://commonwealth.ednet.ns.ca/africa/Ghana/Rivers/riversetc.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20020201060457/http://commonwealth.ednet.ns.ca/africa/Ghana/Rivers/riversetc.html |archive-date=1 February 2002 |access-date=15 December 2006}}</ref> Impreglio hyɛɛ asuo no mu dɔteɛ tuntum (dredging) ne nsuo no fa a wɔpae (dewatering) no, na wowiee dam no bosome biako ansa na ɛbɛyɛ sɛ wɔbɛwie, ɛwɔm sɛ Asuo Volta nsuyiri a ɛbaa 1963 mu no kyekyɛɛ adwuma no wɔ bosome mmiɛnsa mu. Wɔ 1961 ne 1966 ntam no, Impreglio adwumayɛfoɔ a wɔsii dam no mu aduonu awotwe (28) wuiɛ. Wɔasi nkaeɛ duma wɔ Akosombo kurow mu ne St. Barbara Catholic Church wɔ wɔn anuonyam<ref name=":1" />. Akosombo Dam sisiiɛ no maa Asuo Volta Basin fa ne mfuo a ɛwɔ ne so kɔɔ nsuo ase, na wɔbɔɔ Asuo Volta a ɛkata Ghana asaase so 3.6% so<ref name=":0" />. Asuo Volta Tade no baeɛ ntam wɔ 1962 ne 1966 mu, na ɛmaa nnipa bɛyɛ 80,000 fii wɔn afie, a na wɔyɛ ɔman no mu nnipa dodoɔ no 1%.<ref name=":1">{{cite news|url=https://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/africa/2947420.stm|title=Eyewitness: Waking up to water crisis |agency=BBC |date=30 May 2003 |author=Matthew Davis}}</ref> Nkuraase 700 mu nnipa wɔtuu wɔn kɔeɛ kɔɔ nkuraase 52 a wɔsiesiee maa wɔn mfeɛ abien ansa na dam no bɛwie; VRA na ɛhwɛ atuo no so.<ref name=":0" /><ref name="Europa" /><ref name="GHP" /><ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Jackson|first1=Iain|last2=Uduku|first2=Ola|author-link2=Ola Uduku|last3=Addo|first3=Irene Appeaning|last4=Opong|first4=Rexford Assasie|date=2019-05-19|title=The Volta River Project: planning, housing and resettlement in Ghana, 1950–1965|journal=The Journal of Architecture|volume=24|issue=4|pages=512–548|doi=10.1080/13602365.2019.1643389|issn=1360-2365|doi-access=free}}</ref> Nnipa a wɔtuu wɔn kɔeɛ no mu abien (2%) na wɔyɛ asuo mu apataamfoɔ (fishers), na na dodoɔ no ara yɛ akuafoɔ a wɔyɛ nnɔbaeɛ ketewa.<ref name="Europa" /> Ghana [[Apuei Mantam (Ghana)|Eastern Region]] ne nnipa a wɔwɔ n'akyi no na adwuma no mmaeɛ no kaa wɔn kɛseɛ.<ref name="Suave">{{Citation |last=Nadine Sauvé, Agnes Dzokoto, Bernard Opare, Edmund Ekow Kaitoo, Nzambi Khonde, Myrto Mondor, Veronika Bekoe, Jacques Pépin |title=The price of development: HIV infection in a semiurban community of Ghana |date=2002-04-01 |url=https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/11917246 |work=Journal of Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndromes (1999) |volume=29 |issue=4 |pages=402–408 |doi=10.1097/00126334-200204010-00012 |issn=1525-4135 |pmid=11917246 |access-date=2026-04-07}}</ref>[[File:1 Ghana Cedi.png|thumb|left|Akosombo Dam wɔ 2007 1 Cedi specimen banknote (sika) akyi]] == Omhyɛ a ɛba == Dam no ma omhyɛ ma Ghana ne n'Afrika Atɔeɛ aman a ɛbɛn no, a Togo ne Benin ka ho.<ref name="Suave" /> Mfiase no, Akosombo Dam omhyɛ a ɛba no mu 20% (a na ɛma ɔman no yɛ 70%) a wɔde maeɛ no, na Ghana nyinaa na wɔde di dwuma, na ɛkaa 80% no, Valco na ɛnyaa. Ghana aban, denam apam so, wɔhyɛɛ no sɛ ɔntua Akosombo sisiiɛ sika no mu ɔfa (50%), nanso omhyɛ a ɛba no mu 20% pɛ na ɔman no tumi nya. Afoforɔ susuw sɛ eyi yɛ nhwɛsoɔ neocolonialism (neɔcolonism). Afei akyiri yi, Valco adwumabea no so omhyɛ a ɛba ase atwa, ama Akosombo omhyɛ no atumi asom ma Ghana ohia a ɛrekɔ soro.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.thestatesmanonline.com/pages/news_detail.php?section=11&newsid=4580|title=NPP cuts sod for Bui Dam|publisher=Statesman online|author=Kwame Okoampa-Ahoofe|date=2007-08-28|access-date=13 October 2007|archive-date=30 May 2012|archive-url=https://archive.today/20120530185104/http://www.thestatesmanonline.com/pages/news_detail.php?section=11&newsid=4580|url-status=dead}}</ref> Mfiase no, dam no omhyɛ a ɛtumi yɛ no boro deɛ na ɛho hia; nanso ohia a ɛrekɔ soro nam Ghana nkɔsoɔ so ama omhyɛ ho hia ayɛ dodoɔ sen deɛ Akosombo omhyɛ adwumayɛbea no tumi yɛ. Wɔ 1981 mu no, wɔsii dam ketewa bi wɔ Kpong, a ɛwɔ Akosombo fam ase, na wɔmaa Akosombo dam no ho yɛɛ foforɔ sɛdeɛ ɛbɛyɛ a omhyɛ a ɛba no bɛtumi abɛn ohia no<ref name=":0" />. Ohia a ɛrekɔ soro no boro deɛ ɛnneɛma a yɛwɔ seesei no tumi ma. Ohia, ne nsuyiri a wɔanhyehyɛ so, deɛnkyerɛnkyerɛ (rolling blackouts) ne omhyɛ gyaee (major power outages) ahaban ba<ref name=":0" />. Wahu sɛ tade no mu nsuo so rekɔ fam, na ɛtɔ mmerɛ a ɛkɔ fam sen deɛ ɛho hia ma generators no tumi yɛ adwuma<ref name=":2" />. Wɔ afe 2007 mfiase no, na adwene a wɔdwene ho na ɛwɔ omhyɛ a ɛfiri dam no ho, efirisɛ nsuo a na ɛwɔ Asuo Volta Tade no mu so ate.<ref>{{cite web |date=28 March 2007 |title=Akosombo Dam To Be Shut Down? |url=http://www.ghanaweb.com/GhanaHomePage/NewsArchive/artikel.php?ID=121525 |publisher=Ghana web}}</ref> Wɔ afe 2007 akyiri fa no, saa adwene yi fa too mu bere a osu tɔɔ Asuo Volta beaeɛ a nsuo firi mu no so.<ref>{{cite web |date=2007-08-29 |title=Flood destroys farmlands in Bongo District |url=http://www.ghanaweb.com/GhanaHomePage/NewsArchive/artikel.php?ID=129773}}</ref> Wɔ 2010 mu no, nsuo a ɛkɔɔ sor sen biara wɔ dam no mu. Eyi ma wɔbuee nsuo gyaa mu pon (flood gates) bere a tade no nsuo kɔɔ {{Convert|84.45|m|ft|0|abbr=on}} na mmere pii mu no, nsuo firii tade no mu gyaee, a ɛmaa nsuyiri kɔɔ fam ase.<ref name=":2">{{cite web |title=VRA ends spillage from Volta Dam | date=30 November 2001 |url=http://www.ghanaweb.com/GhanaHomePage//economy/artikel.php?ID=198319 |access-date=30 May 2011 |publisher=GhanaWeb}}</ref> == Mmaeɛ (Impacts) == [[File:Akosombo Dam hydroelectric plant.jpg|thumb|left|Hydroelectric power plant a ɛwɔ Asuo Volta Tade no so]] Akosombo Dam no boaa nnwuma ne sikasɛm adwumapɛn pii, te sɛ tade no so akwantuo, apataam a ɛdɔɔso, akuayɛ foforɔ a ɛwɔ tade no mpoano, ne nsrahwɛ.<ref name=Gyau-Boakye /> === Abɔdeɛ mu nneɛma tebea === [[File:volta lake.jpg|thumb|right|Asuo Volta wɔ ɔsoro]] Dam no wui akyi no, akuayɛ a ɛwɔ tade no ne n'asukɔ mmienu no ho atu mpɔn koraa<ref name="GHP" />. Asase a ɛatwa Asuo Volta Tade no ho nyɛ asase a ɛwɔ tade no ase a na wɔfuw no so no so. Akuayɛ a wɔyɛ dodoɔ no ama asase a ɛnni mu na ɛwɔ hɔ no nso asa. Asase a ɛwɔ tade no fam ase no nso nyɛ asase a na ɛwɔ hɔ no, na osu a ɛbaa fam no na ɛde nnuo ba fam no amma bio, efirisɛ dam no sii asuo a ɛte fam no kwan. Akuayɛ a ɛyɛ adwumaden no nso ama nnuo a ɛfiri fam gu asuo mu no dɔɔso. Eyinom, ne ntowa a ɛfiri ntakuo (cattle) ne fɛm (sewage) a ɛgu asuo mu no abom ama nsuo mu nnuo dɔɔso (eutrophication)<ref name="GHP" />. Nnuo a ɛdɔɔso no, ne nsuo a ɛntena faako no abom ama nwura a ɛyɛ fɔ (''Ceratophyllum'') agu asuo mu. Saa nwura yi asi akwantuo a wɔde fa nsuo so no kwan den<ref name=":0" />. == Ntotoho == e00vgkd8xj6jlf03bjdccozpwa09ba8 199342 199341 2026-04-07T13:35:44Z Prempy 20279 199342 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox dam | name = Akosombo Dam | name_official = | image = Akosombo Dam from the Volta Hotel.JPG | image_size = | image_caption = Akosombo Dam sɛ wohu no firi Volta Hotel | image_alt = | location_map = Ghana | location_map_size = | location_map_caption = Akosombo Dam beaɛ a ɛwɔ Ghana | coordinates = {{coord|6|17|59|N|0|3|34|E|region:GH_type:landmark|display=inline,title}} | location = Akosombo, [[Ghana]] | status = O (Adwuma so) | construction_began = 1961 | opening = 1965 | demolished = | cost = £130 ɔpepem (Pound 130 million) | owner = [[Volta River Authority]] (VRA) | dam_type = Embankment, rock-fill (bɔɔ mmorosoɔ ne aboɔ a wɔagugu) | dam_length = {{convert|660|m|abbr=on}} | dam_height = | dam_height_thalweg = | dam_height_foundation={{convert|114|m|abbr=on}} | dam_elevation_crest = | dam_width_base = {{convert|366|m|abbr=on}} | dam_volume = {{convert|7900000|m3|abbr=on}} | dam_crosses = [[Volta River|Asuo Volta]] | spillway_count = Abien a wɔde pon sohwɛ | spillway_type = | spillway_capacity = {{convert|34000|m3/s|abbr=on}} | res_name = [[Lake Volta|Asuo Volta Tade]] (Lake Volta) | res_capacity_total = {{convert|148|km3|acre.ft|abbr=on}} | res_capacity_inactive= | res_catchment = | res_surface = {{convert|8502|km2|abbr=on}} | res_elevation = | res_max_depth = | res_max_length ={{convert|400|km|abbr=on}} | plant_hydraulic_head = {{convert|68.8|m|abbr=on}} (a ɛso sen biara) | res_max_width = | res_tidal_range = | plant_operator = | plant_commission = | plant_decommission = | plant_type = | plant_turbines = 6 x {{convert|170|MW|abbr=on}} [[Francis turbine|Francis-type]] | plant_capacity = {{convert|1038|MW|abbr=on}} | plant_annual_gen = | website = {{URL|http://www.vra.com/our_mandate/akosombo_hydro_plant.php}} | extra = }} '''Akosombo Dam''', a wɔsan frɛ no '''Volta Dam''', yɛ hydroelectric dam (nwomso omhyɛ ban) a ɛwɔ [[Volta River|Asuo Volta]] so wɔ anafoɔ fam apueeɛ [[Ghana]] wɔ Akosombo abo ntoroso (gorge) mu, na ɛyɛ Volta River Authority (VRA) no fa.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Mensah-Ayettey |first=Eric |date=17 May 2021 |title=Akosombo Dam could serve Ghana for another 50 years if well maintained – Kweku Awotwi |url=https://www.myjoyonline.com/akosombo-dam-could-serve-ghana-for-another-50-years-if-well-maintained-kweku-awotwi/}}</ref> Wɔsisii dam no maa Asuo Volta Basin no fa baa nsuo ase na ɛmaa wɔbɔɔ Asuo Volta (Lake Volta). Asuo Volta Tade ne nsukorɛbea a ɛso sen biara wɔ wiase a nyansafoɔ asie (man-made lake) wɔ ne mmeaeɛ so. Ɛkata {{convert|8502|km2}} so, a ɛyɛ Ghana asase so 3.6%. Ne nsuo dodoɔ yɛ cubic kilomita 148, na ɛyɛ nsukorɛbea a ɛso mmiɛnsa wɔ wiase a nyansafoɔ asie; nea ɛso sen biara ne Lake Kariba a ɛwɔ cubic kilomita 185 nsuo<ref name=":0">{{Citation |title=Remediation of the environmental impacts of the Akosombo and Kpong dams |url=http://www.solutions-site.org/artman/publish/article_53.shtml |access-date=2026-04-06}}</ref>. Akosombo Dam dwumadie titire ne sɛ ɛbɛma omhyɛ ama aluminium adwuma.<ref name=":0" /> Wɔtoo Akosombo Dam din sɛ "sika a wɔde hyɛɛ Ghana atuho nhyehyɛeɛ mu a ɛso sen biara. Dam no yɛ ade titire ma ɛma [[Togo]] ne [[Benin]] omhyɛ dodoɔ no ara, ɛwɔm sɛ Adjarala Dam (a ɛwɔ Togo Mono River so) a wɔresisi no bɛma saa aman yi abrɛ wɔn a wɔde omhyɛ firi amannɔne so.<ref name=Europa>{{Cite book | last = Europa Publications | title = Africa South of the Sahara 2014 | publisher = [[Routledge]] | year = 2014 | page = 112 | isbn =9781857436983}}</ref> Dam no omhyɛ a edi kan a na ɛtumi yɛ {{convert|912|MW}}, nanso wɔmaa ɛkɔɔ soro kɔɔ {{convert|1020|MW}} wɔ adwuma a wɔyɛeɛ de yɛɛ no foforɔ a wɔwieeɛ wɔ 2006 mu.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.vra.com/Power/retrofit.html |title=Akosombo Hydro Power Plant Retrofit |publisher=Volta River Authority |access-date=2007-07-30 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070808064226/http://www.vra.com/Power/retrofit.html |archive-date=8 August 2007 |url-status=dead }}</ref> Nsuyiri a ɛbɔɔ Asuo Volta no maa nnipa pii fii wɔn afie, na ɛmaa asase so nneɛma no nyaa nsunsuansoɔ kɛseɛ,<ref name=":0" /> a asase woso (seismic activity) a ɛde mpoano asase hwehwɛe (coastal erosion) baeɛ ka ho; nsuo dwumadie a ɛsesaeɛ de mframa ne osu sɛeɛ ne hyeɛ a ɛkɔɔ soro baeɛ. Asase a ɛatwa tade no ho nyɛ asase a ɛwɔ tade no ase no so, na akuayɛ a wɔyɛ dodoɔ ama wɔatumi de nnuo agu asase so, a ɛnso de eutrophication (nsuo mu nnuo dodoɔ a ɛsɛe nsuo) baeɛ, a ɛmaa nwura a ɛyɛ fɔ (''Ceratophyllum'') nyii yie, a ɛma nsuo so akwantuo yɛ den, na ɛma ntontom ne aboafowa (vectors) a ɛde nsuo mu yareɛ te sɛ bilharzia, [[Onchocerciasis|asubɔnten anifira]] ne [[atiridii]] yɛ wɔn fie. Wɔsan kyekyɛɛ nnipa a wɔtuu wɔn kɔeɛ no, nanso ɛnyɛɛ yie wɔ mmeaeɛ pii; akuayɛ a na wɔyɛ dada no gyaee, na ohia kɔɔ soro. == Sɛnea wɔsisi dam no == Wɔdwene dam no ho wɔ 1915 mu, ɔbɔ fam nyansafoɔ (geologist) Albert Kitson na ɔdwene ho, nanso wɔanyɛ nhyehyɛɛ biara kɔsi afe 1940 mu.<ref name="ElectricPowerGhana">{{cite web |title=Guide to Electric Power in Ghana |url=https://1library.net/document/q042d0gz-guide-to-electric-power-in-ghana.html |website=1Library.net |access-date=2 July 2025}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Okoampa-Ahoofe |first=Kwame |date=16 July 2009 |title=The False Ghanaian History of Paa Kwesi Nduom |url=http://www.thestatesmanonline.com/pages/news_detail.php?newsid=8696&section=1 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110930095101/http://www.thestatesmanonline.com/pages/news_detail.php?newsid=8696&section=1 |archive-date=30 September 2011 |access-date=11 October 2023 |website=The Statesman}}</ref> Wɔhyɛɛ [[Volta River|Asuo Volta]] Basin nkɔso ho nhyehyɛɛ wɔ 1949 mu, nanso sika nni maa ɛno nti, Amerika adwumakuo Volta Aluminum Company (Valco) yɛɛ Ghana sika awiewie sɛ wɔbɛsi dam no. Ɔmanpanyin [[Kwame Nkrumah]] gye too mu na ɔhyɛɛ Asuo Volta hydropower adwuma no ase,<ref name="GHP">{{cite web|title=History of Akosombo dam|url=http://www.ghanaweb.com/GhanaHomePage/history/akosombo_dam.php|publisher=Ghana Home Page|access-date=8 May 2011| archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20110516134942/http://www.ghanaweb.com/GhanaHomePage/history/akosombo_dam.php| archive-date= 16 May 2011 | url-status= live}}</ref> na ɔhyɛɛ ɔstarefoɔ (architect) Kenneth Scott a ofiri Australia sɛ ɔntoɔ no dan a ɔbɛhwie n'ani ase afiri hɔ a ɛhwɛ dam no so.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Aidoo |first=Kwame |date=2018-03-09 |title=Ghana's Most Impressive Buildings |url=https://theculturetrip.com/africa/ghana/articles/ghanas-most-impressive-buildings |access-date=2024-10-28 |website=Culture Trip |language=en |archive-date=1 December 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241201192820/https://theculturetrip.com/africa/ghana/articles/ghanas-most-impressive-buildings |url-status=dead }}</ref> Dam no yɛ {{convert|660|m|abbr=on}} tenteɛ na ne tenten yɛ {{convert|114|m|abbr=on}}. Ɛyɛ aboɔ ne bɔɔ mmorosoɔ dam. Ne ase tɛtrɛtɛ yɛ {{convert|366|m|ft|abbr=on}} na ne nneɛma dodoɔ a wɔde sisii no yɛ {{convert|7900000|m3|cuyd|abbr=on}}. Nsukorɛbea a dam no bɔeɛ, Asuo Volta, nsuo a ɛtumi fa yɛ {{convert|148|km3|acre.ft|abbr=on}} na ne mmeaeɛ so yɛ {{convert|8502|km2|abbr=on}}. Tade no tenteɛ yɛ {{convert|400|km|abbr=on}}. Ne nsuo a ɛkɔ sor sen biara yɛ {{convert|84.73|m|abbr=on}} na nea ɛtwa toɔ yɛ {{convert|73.15|m|abbr=on}}.<ref name="akohydro">{{cite web |title=Akosombo Hydro Power Plant |url=http://www.vra.com/our_mandate/akosombo_hydro_plant.php |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070421080909/http://www.vra.com/our_mandate/akosombo_hydro_plant.php |archive-date=21 April 2007 |access-date=2007-03-26 |publisher=Volta River Authority}}</ref> Dam no apueeɛ fam nkyɛn no, wɔwɔ akwan abien a wɔfa so gyaa nsuo ba fam (spillways) a wɔtumi gyaa nsuo bɛyɛ {{convert|34000|m3/s|abbr=on}}. Spillway biara wɔ nnade pon (steel floodgates) nsia a ne trɛw yɛ {{convert|11.5|m|adj=on}} na ne tenten yɛ {{convert|13.7|m|adj=on}}.<ref>{{cite web |title=Akosombo Dam Brochure |url=https://docs.google.com/viewer?a=v&q=cache:ickZ1oH93YYJ:www.vra.com/Publications/akobrochure.pdf+akosombo+dam+spillway+cubic+meters&hl=en&pid=bl&srcid=ADGEESi6Tt-YHv0BX-4PMqnu2nC0uYqIClyDQ-5-vhlPSHDUkYLu8cqzSpSSdP6uXXtdVZkBtnPOM2GoZgw27GSiZZ00AjSMIc05vo-LUR_Vr2ZkfWlk-FR5am1TPlo0cZmqbM742KjQ&sig=AHIEtbS-Hu03H0CR92EIB0LFfiCpOMQGrQ |access-date=30 May 2011 |publisher=Volta River Authority}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Annex 3 |url=https://docs.google.com/viewer?a=v&q=cache:YrnEXgzACScJ:www2.alterra.wur.nl/Internet/webdocs/ilri-publicaties/publicaties/Pub45v2/pub45v2-h3.pdf+akosombo+dam+spillway+m3+second&hl=en&pid=bl&srcid=ADGEESg7nsHhRD-TQ6aq7Stoy2tdE5OnQWmWiE6gfN-T12Ps-EwstJdTqHcB250hKvAmmPDqKeyRPlbVbggFDecQxToMDyGfSLxk0qkknuspVaT6134fVziWxcOvQCwaS0mbmW1e1P6H&sig=AHIEtbQB-r5WNRxae8QFaHJQrYHb4m_l2A |access-date=30 May 2011 |publisher=Alterra |pages=46}}</ref> Dam no omhyɛ adwumayɛbea no wɔ Francis turbine nsia a ne biara tumi yɛ {{convert|170|MW}}. Turbine biara, wɔde nsuo ma no fa penstock a ne tenteɛ yɛ {{convert|112|-|116|m}} na ne kɛseɛ yɛ {{convert|7.2|m}} a hydraulic head a ɛtumi kɔ sor sen biara yɛ {{convert|68.8|m|ft|abbr=on}}.<ref name="akohydro" /> Nhyehyɛeɛ a etwa to no kyerɛɛ sɛ wɔbɛsi aluminium (aluminum) smelter (adwuma a wɔtwa aluminium) wɔ [[Tema]], na wɔasi dam wɔ Akosombo a ɛbɛma smelter no omhyɛ, na wɔato omhyɛ ntintim (power lines) wɔ anafoɔ fam Ghana. Smelter no na ɛbɛma wɔanya sika a ɛho hia sɛ wɔbɛsi bauxite adwuma wɔ ɔman no mu, na ama wɔatumi ayɛ aluminium a wɔnnɔ mfiri amannɔne. Aluminium adwuma a ɛrekɔ so wɔ Ghana gyina hydroelectric power a wɔhyɛɛ ho nhyehyɛeɛ no so.<ref name="GHP" /> Adwuma a wɔhyɛɛ ho nhyehyɛeɛ no smelter no, Amerika adwumakuo Kaiser Aluminum na ɛhwɛ so, na Valco na ɛhwɛ so. Smelter no nyaa sika a wɔde hyɛɛ mu firi Valco ahokafoɔ (shareholders) hɔ, a Export–Import Bank of the United States boa wɔn. Nanso, Valco ammɔ nsa mmaa no, ɛnkane sɛ Ghana aban yɛɛ no apam a ɛmaa wɔn a wɔntua tow wɔn adwadeɛ so, na wɔtɔ omhyɛ no sika a ɛso. Sika a wɔde bɛsi adwuma no nyinaa yɛ dɔla ɔpepem 258 (US$258 million).<ref name="GHP" /> == Dam no Sisiiɛ == [[File:Akosombo Dam is spilling water, Ghana.JPG|thumb|left|Akosombo dam a nsuo gyaa mu (spillways) aba mu]] Wɔ May 1960 mu no, Ghana aban frɛɛ sɛ wɔmma nkrataa a wɔbɛsi dam no. Wɔ 1961 mu no, Italia adwumakuo (consortium), Impregilo a na wɔawie Kariba Dam no, dii nkonim wɔ adwuma no mu. Wɔ 1961 mu no, Volta River Authority (VRA) a Ghana Mmarahyɛ Badwa hyɛɛ no ase denam Volta River Development Act a wɔgyee too mu so. VRA adwuma no yɛ adwumakuo no nyinaa a na ɛyɛ mmarima nsia a ɔmanpanyin Nkrumah yɛ wɔn panyin. VRA dwumadie titire ne sɛ ɛbɛhwɛ Asuo Volta Basin nkɔso, a dam no sisiiɛ, omhyɛ adwumayɛbea, ne omhyɛ ntintim a wɔde fa nkuro mu ka ho. VRA na ɛhwɛ nsukorɛbea a dam no bɔeɛ, apataam a ɛwɔ tade no mu, tade no so akwantuo ne nkitahodie, ne nnipa a wɔatwa tade no ho no yiedie<ref name=":0" />. Wɔsii dam no ntam wɔ 1961 ne 1965 ntam.<ref name="akohydro" /> Ghana aban na ɛyɛɛ adwuma no, na 25% sika no firi International Bank for Reconstruction and Development a ɛyɛ World Bank no fa, United States, ne United Kingdom.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Commonwealth Education |url=http://commonwealth.ednet.ns.ca/africa/Ghana/Rivers/riversetc.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20020201060457/http://commonwealth.ednet.ns.ca/africa/Ghana/Rivers/riversetc.html |archive-date=1 February 2002 |access-date=15 December 2006}}</ref> Impreglio hyɛɛ asuo no mu dɔteɛ tuntum (dredging) ne nsuo no fa a wɔpae (dewatering) no, na wowiee dam no bosome biako ansa na ɛbɛyɛ sɛ wɔbɛwie, ɛwɔm sɛ Asuo Volta nsuyiri a ɛbaa 1963 mu no kyekyɛɛ adwuma no wɔ bosome mmiɛnsa mu. Wɔ 1961 ne 1966 ntam no, Impreglio adwumayɛfoɔ a wɔsii dam no mu aduonu awotwe (28) wuiɛ. Wɔasi nkaeɛ duma wɔ Akosombo kurow mu ne St. Barbara Catholic Church wɔ wɔn anuonyam<ref name=":1" />. Akosombo Dam sisiiɛ no maa Asuo Volta Basin fa ne mfuo a ɛwɔ ne so kɔɔ nsuo ase, na wɔbɔɔ Asuo Volta a ɛkata Ghana asaase so 3.6% so<ref name=":0" />. Asuo Volta Tade no baeɛ ntam wɔ 1962 ne 1966 mu, na ɛmaa nnipa bɛyɛ 80,000 fii wɔn afie, a na wɔyɛ ɔman no mu nnipa dodoɔ no 1%.<ref name=":1">{{cite news|url=https://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/africa/2947420.stm|title=Eyewitness: Waking up to water crisis |agency=BBC |date=30 May 2003 |author=Matthew Davis}}</ref> Nkuraase 700 mu nnipa wɔtuu wɔn kɔeɛ kɔɔ nkuraase 52 a wɔsiesiee maa wɔn mfeɛ abien ansa na dam no bɛwie; VRA na ɛhwɛ atuo no so.<ref name=":0" /><ref name="Europa" /><ref name="GHP" /><ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Jackson|first1=Iain|last2=Uduku|first2=Ola|author-link2=Ola Uduku|last3=Addo|first3=Irene Appeaning|last4=Opong|first4=Rexford Assasie|date=2019-05-19|title=The Volta River Project: planning, housing and resettlement in Ghana, 1950–1965|journal=The Journal of Architecture|volume=24|issue=4|pages=512–548|doi=10.1080/13602365.2019.1643389|issn=1360-2365|doi-access=free}}</ref> Nnipa a wɔtuu wɔn kɔeɛ no mu abien (2%) na wɔyɛ asuo mu apataamfoɔ (fishers), na na dodoɔ no ara yɛ akuafoɔ a wɔyɛ nnɔbaeɛ ketewa.<ref name="Europa" /> Ghana [[Apuei Mantam (Ghana)|Eastern Region]] ne nnipa a wɔwɔ n'akyi no na adwuma no mmaeɛ no kaa wɔn kɛseɛ.<ref name="Suave">{{Citation |last=Nadine Sauvé, Agnes Dzokoto, Bernard Opare, Edmund Ekow Kaitoo, Nzambi Khonde, Myrto Mondor, Veronika Bekoe, Jacques Pépin |title=The price of development: HIV infection in a semiurban community of Ghana |date=2002-04-01 |url=https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/11917246 |work=Journal of Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndromes (1999) |volume=29 |issue=4 |pages=402–408 |doi=10.1097/00126334-200204010-00012 |issn=1525-4135 |pmid=11917246 |access-date=2026-04-07}}</ref>[[File:1 Ghana Cedi.png|thumb|left|Akosombo Dam wɔ 2007 1 Cedi specimen banknote (sika) akyi]] == Omhyɛ a ɛba == Dam no ma omhyɛ ma Ghana ne n'Afrika Atɔeɛ aman a ɛbɛn no, a Togo ne Benin ka ho.<ref name="Suave" /> Mfiase no, Akosombo Dam omhyɛ a ɛba no mu 20% (a na ɛma ɔman no yɛ 70%) a wɔde maeɛ no, na Ghana nyinaa na wɔde di dwuma, na ɛkaa 80% no, Valco na ɛnyaa. Ghana aban, denam apam so, wɔhyɛɛ no sɛ ɔntua Akosombo sisiiɛ sika no mu ɔfa (50%), nanso omhyɛ a ɛba no mu 20% pɛ na ɔman no tumi nya. Afoforɔ susuw sɛ eyi yɛ nhwɛsoɔ neocolonialism (neɔcolonism). Afei akyiri yi, Valco adwumabea no so omhyɛ a ɛba ase atwa, ama Akosombo omhyɛ no atumi asom ma Ghana ohia a ɛrekɔ soro.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.thestatesmanonline.com/pages/news_detail.php?section=11&newsid=4580|title=NPP cuts sod for Bui Dam|publisher=Statesman online|author=Kwame Okoampa-Ahoofe|date=2007-08-28|access-date=13 October 2007|archive-date=30 May 2012|archive-url=https://archive.today/20120530185104/http://www.thestatesmanonline.com/pages/news_detail.php?section=11&newsid=4580|url-status=dead}}</ref> Mfiase no, dam no omhyɛ a ɛtumi yɛ no boro deɛ na ɛho hia; nanso ohia a ɛrekɔ soro nam Ghana nkɔsoɔ so ama omhyɛ ho hia ayɛ dodoɔ sen deɛ Akosombo omhyɛ adwumayɛbea no tumi yɛ. Wɔ 1981 mu no, wɔsii dam ketewa bi wɔ Kpong, a ɛwɔ Akosombo fam ase, na wɔmaa Akosombo dam no ho yɛɛ foforɔ sɛdeɛ ɛbɛyɛ a omhyɛ a ɛba no bɛtumi abɛn ohia no<ref name=":0" />. Ohia a ɛrekɔ soro no boro deɛ ɛnneɛma a yɛwɔ seesei no tumi ma. Ohia, ne nsuyiri a wɔanhyehyɛ so, deɛnkyerɛnkyerɛ (rolling blackouts) ne omhyɛ gyaee (major power outages) ahaban ba<ref name=":0" />. Wahu sɛ tade no mu nsuo so rekɔ fam, na ɛtɔ mmerɛ a ɛkɔ fam sen deɛ ɛho hia ma generators no tumi yɛ adwuma<ref name=":2" />. Wɔ afe 2007 mfiase no, na adwene a wɔdwene ho na ɛwɔ omhyɛ a ɛfiri dam no ho, efirisɛ nsuo a na ɛwɔ Asuo Volta Tade no mu so ate.<ref>{{cite web |date=28 March 2007 |title=Akosombo Dam To Be Shut Down? |url=http://www.ghanaweb.com/GhanaHomePage/NewsArchive/artikel.php?ID=121525 |publisher=Ghana web}}</ref> Wɔ afe 2007 akyiri fa no, saa adwene yi fa too mu bere a osu tɔɔ Asuo Volta beaeɛ a nsuo firi mu no so.<ref>{{cite web |date=2007-08-29 |title=Flood destroys farmlands in Bongo District |url=http://www.ghanaweb.com/GhanaHomePage/NewsArchive/artikel.php?ID=129773}}</ref> Wɔ 2010 mu no, nsuo a ɛkɔɔ sor sen biara wɔ dam no mu. Eyi ma wɔbuee nsuo gyaa mu pon (flood gates) bere a tade no nsuo kɔɔ {{Convert|84.45|m|ft|0|abbr=on}} na mmere pii mu no, nsuo firii tade no mu gyaee, a ɛmaa nsuyiri kɔɔ fam ase.<ref name=":2">{{cite web |title=VRA ends spillage from Volta Dam | date=30 November 2001 |url=http://www.ghanaweb.com/GhanaHomePage//economy/artikel.php?ID=198319 |access-date=30 May 2011 |publisher=GhanaWeb}}</ref> == Mmaeɛ (Impacts) == [[File:Akosombo Dam hydroelectric plant.jpg|thumb|left|Hydroelectric power plant a ɛwɔ Asuo Volta Tade no so]] Akosombo Dam no boaa nnwuma ne sikasɛm adwumapɛn pii, te sɛ tade no so akwantuo, apataam a ɛdɔɔso, akuayɛ foforɔ a ɛwɔ tade no mpoano, ne nsrahwɛ.<ref name=Gyau-Boakye /> === Abɔdeɛ mu nneɛma tebea === [[File:volta lake.jpg|thumb|right|Asuo Volta wɔ ɔsoro]] Dam no wui akyi no, akuayɛ a ɛwɔ tade no ne n'asukɔ mmienu no ho atu mpɔn koraa<ref name="GHP" />. Asase a ɛatwa Asuo Volta Tade no ho nyɛ asase a ɛwɔ tade no ase a na wɔfuw no so no so. Akuayɛ a wɔyɛ dodoɔ no ama asase a ɛnni mu na ɛwɔ hɔ no nso asa. Asase a ɛwɔ tade no fam ase no nso nyɛ asase a na ɛwɔ hɔ no, na osu a ɛbaa fam no na ɛde nnuo ba fam no amma bio, efirisɛ dam no sii asuo a ɛte fam no kwan. Akuayɛ a ɛyɛ adwumaden no nso ama nnuo a ɛfiri fam gu asuo mu no dɔɔso. Eyinom, ne ntowa a ɛfiri ntakuo (cattle) ne fɛm (sewage) a ɛgu asuo mu no abom ama nsuo mu nnuo dɔɔso (eutrophication)<ref name="GHP" />. Nnuo a ɛdɔɔso no, ne nsuo a ɛntena faako no abom ama nwura a ɛyɛ fɔ (''Ceratophyllum'') agu asuo mu. Saa nwura yi asi akwantuo a wɔde fa nsuo so no kwan den<ref name=":0" />. === Nnipa yiedie (Human welfare) === ''[[Ceratophyllum]]'' a ɛwɔ tade no ne n'asukɔ mmienu no ama yareɛ a ɛbɛn nnipa no mpo ayɛ hu. Nwura no ma ntontom, ntaemoa, ne nsuo mu nwura (snails) a wɔde yareɛ te sɛ [[Schistosomiasis|bilharzia]], [[Onchocerciasis|asubɔnten anifira]] ne [[malaria|atridɔ]] no nya wɔn tenabea.<ref name=Gyau-Boakye /><ref>{{cite book |author=Drisdelle R |title=Parasites. Tales of Humanity's Most Unwelcome Guests. |publisher=Univ of California press, 2010 |page=11f |isbn=978-0-520-25938-6|year=2010 }}</ref> Wɔsi dam no akyi no, saa yareɛ yi ahyɛ dɔɔso. Nea ɛkyerɛ yie ne sɛ nkuraase a wɔtuu nnipa no kɔeɛ no mu, yareɛ ahyɛ dɔɔso fi bere a wɔbɔɔ Asuo Volta Tade no, na sɛ kuraa bi bɛn tade no a, ɛnna wɔn a wɔbɛnya yareɛ no dɔɔso.<ref name=Zakhary /> Mmɔfra ne apataamfoɔ na saa yareɛ yi kaa wɔn kɛseɛ.<ref name=Zakhary /> Nea ɛka ho bio, nsuo mu nneɛma a ɛsɛe ama nsuo mu nnuma te sɛ shrimp ne clam a wɔwɔ nsuo mu no asa.<ref name=Fobil /> Saa nnuma yi maa nnipa a wɔtete hɔ no nyaa nam a wɔdi. Wɔn a wonni saa nam no no, wɔn nyarewa no amma wɔn yie. Bio, akuraa ne adwuma sikasɛm no nso atrɛw ɔpepe, efirisɛ nsuo mu apataam adwuma no a wɔhwɛ no yie no nsunsuanso bɔne abɛn wɔn.<ref name=Gyau-Boakye /> Ohia ne atuo tebea a ɛnyɛ papa a wɔde maa nnipa no maa nnipa pii tu fii wɔn kurow mu kɔeɛ.<ref name="Gyau-Boakye" /><ref name="VanDeGiesen" /> Saa atuo yi maa [[HIV]] kɔɔ Asuo Volta Basin mu mpɔtam no nyinaa.<ref name="Suave" /> Manya Krobo ne Yilo Krobo akyi no, a ɛwɔ Asuo Volta Basin anafoɔ fam atɔeɛ no, na HIV wɔ hɔ pii.<ref name="Suave" /> Nnipa a wɔbɛsii dam no no dɔɔso a wɔyɛ mmarima a wɔfiri baabi foforɔ bae no maa agyapadeɛ adwuma (commercial sex work) gyee wɔn so. Saa bere mu no, mmaa a wɔbɛbɔ mma no mu 10% firii Manya Krobo ne Yilo Krobo akyi kɔeɛ.<ref name="Suave" /> Wɔ 1986 mu no, "Ghana [[AIDS]] yareɛfoɔ mu 90% yɛ mmaa, na wɔn mu 96% te amannɔne na wɔresan aba Ghana". == Ntotoho == cqpdae370it5h9al1apon3xibrzde1d 199343 199342 2026-04-07T13:46:25Z Prempy 20279 /* Nnipa yiedie (Human welfare) */ added sentence 199343 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox dam | name = Akosombo Dam | name_official = | image = Akosombo Dam from the Volta Hotel.JPG | image_size = | image_caption = Akosombo Dam sɛ wohu no firi Volta Hotel | image_alt = | location_map = Ghana | location_map_size = | location_map_caption = Akosombo Dam beaɛ a ɛwɔ Ghana | coordinates = {{coord|6|17|59|N|0|3|34|E|region:GH_type:landmark|display=inline,title}} | location = Akosombo, [[Ghana]] | status = O (Adwuma so) | construction_began = 1961 | opening = 1965 | demolished = | cost = £130 ɔpepem (Pound 130 million) | owner = [[Volta River Authority]] (VRA) | dam_type = Embankment, rock-fill (bɔɔ mmorosoɔ ne aboɔ a wɔagugu) | dam_length = {{convert|660|m|abbr=on}} | dam_height = | dam_height_thalweg = | dam_height_foundation={{convert|114|m|abbr=on}} | dam_elevation_crest = | dam_width_base = {{convert|366|m|abbr=on}} | dam_volume = {{convert|7900000|m3|abbr=on}} | dam_crosses = [[Volta River|Asuo Volta]] | spillway_count = Abien a wɔde pon sohwɛ | spillway_type = | spillway_capacity = {{convert|34000|m3/s|abbr=on}} | res_name = [[Lake Volta|Asuo Volta Tade]] (Lake Volta) | res_capacity_total = {{convert|148|km3|acre.ft|abbr=on}} | res_capacity_inactive= | res_catchment = | res_surface = {{convert|8502|km2|abbr=on}} | res_elevation = | res_max_depth = | res_max_length ={{convert|400|km|abbr=on}} | plant_hydraulic_head = {{convert|68.8|m|abbr=on}} (a ɛso sen biara) | res_max_width = | res_tidal_range = | plant_operator = | plant_commission = | plant_decommission = | plant_type = | plant_turbines = 6 x {{convert|170|MW|abbr=on}} [[Francis turbine|Francis-type]] | plant_capacity = {{convert|1038|MW|abbr=on}} | plant_annual_gen = | website = {{URL|http://www.vra.com/our_mandate/akosombo_hydro_plant.php}} | extra = }} '''Akosombo Dam''', a wɔsan frɛ no '''Volta Dam''', yɛ hydroelectric dam (nwomso omhyɛ ban) a ɛwɔ [[Volta River|Asuo Volta]] so wɔ anafoɔ fam apueeɛ [[Ghana]] wɔ Akosombo abo ntoroso (gorge) mu, na ɛyɛ Volta River Authority (VRA) no fa.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Mensah-Ayettey |first=Eric |date=17 May 2021 |title=Akosombo Dam could serve Ghana for another 50 years if well maintained – Kweku Awotwi |url=https://www.myjoyonline.com/akosombo-dam-could-serve-ghana-for-another-50-years-if-well-maintained-kweku-awotwi/}}</ref> Wɔsisii dam no maa Asuo Volta Basin no fa baa nsuo ase na ɛmaa wɔbɔɔ Asuo Volta (Lake Volta). Asuo Volta Tade ne nsukorɛbea a ɛso sen biara wɔ wiase a nyansafoɔ asie (man-made lake) wɔ ne mmeaeɛ so. Ɛkata {{convert|8502|km2}} so, a ɛyɛ Ghana asase so 3.6%. Ne nsuo dodoɔ yɛ cubic kilomita 148, na ɛyɛ nsukorɛbea a ɛso mmiɛnsa wɔ wiase a nyansafoɔ asie; nea ɛso sen biara ne Lake Kariba a ɛwɔ cubic kilomita 185 nsuo<ref name=":0">{{Citation |title=Remediation of the environmental impacts of the Akosombo and Kpong dams |url=http://www.solutions-site.org/artman/publish/article_53.shtml |access-date=2026-04-06}}</ref>. Akosombo Dam dwumadie titire ne sɛ ɛbɛma omhyɛ ama aluminium adwuma.<ref name=":0" /> Wɔtoo Akosombo Dam din sɛ "sika a wɔde hyɛɛ Ghana atuho nhyehyɛeɛ mu a ɛso sen biara. Dam no yɛ ade titire ma ɛma [[Togo]] ne [[Benin]] omhyɛ dodoɔ no ara, ɛwɔm sɛ Adjarala Dam (a ɛwɔ Togo Mono River so) a wɔresisi no bɛma saa aman yi abrɛ wɔn a wɔde omhyɛ firi amannɔne so.<ref name=Europa>{{Cite book | last = Europa Publications | title = Africa South of the Sahara 2014 | publisher = [[Routledge]] | year = 2014 | page = 112 | isbn =9781857436983}}</ref> Dam no omhyɛ a edi kan a na ɛtumi yɛ {{convert|912|MW}}, nanso wɔmaa ɛkɔɔ soro kɔɔ {{convert|1020|MW}} wɔ adwuma a wɔyɛeɛ de yɛɛ no foforɔ a wɔwieeɛ wɔ 2006 mu.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.vra.com/Power/retrofit.html |title=Akosombo Hydro Power Plant Retrofit |publisher=Volta River Authority |access-date=2007-07-30 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070808064226/http://www.vra.com/Power/retrofit.html |archive-date=8 August 2007 |url-status=dead }}</ref> Nsuyiri a ɛbɔɔ Asuo Volta no maa nnipa pii fii wɔn afie, na ɛmaa asase so nneɛma no nyaa nsunsuansoɔ kɛseɛ,<ref name=":0" /> a asase woso (seismic activity) a ɛde mpoano asase hwehwɛe (coastal erosion) baeɛ ka ho; nsuo dwumadie a ɛsesaeɛ de mframa ne osu sɛeɛ ne hyeɛ a ɛkɔɔ soro baeɛ. Asase a ɛatwa tade no ho nyɛ asase a ɛwɔ tade no ase no so, na akuayɛ a wɔyɛ dodoɔ ama wɔatumi de nnuo agu asase so, a ɛnso de eutrophication (nsuo mu nnuo dodoɔ a ɛsɛe nsuo) baeɛ, a ɛmaa nwura a ɛyɛ fɔ (''Ceratophyllum'') nyii yie, a ɛma nsuo so akwantuo yɛ den, na ɛma ntontom ne aboafowa (vectors) a ɛde nsuo mu yareɛ te sɛ bilharzia, [[Onchocerciasis|asubɔnten anifira]] ne [[atiridii]] yɛ wɔn fie. Wɔsan kyekyɛɛ nnipa a wɔtuu wɔn kɔeɛ no, nanso ɛnyɛɛ yie wɔ mmeaeɛ pii; akuayɛ a na wɔyɛ dada no gyaee, na ohia kɔɔ soro. == Sɛnea wɔsisi dam no == Wɔdwene dam no ho wɔ 1915 mu, ɔbɔ fam nyansafoɔ (geologist) Albert Kitson na ɔdwene ho, nanso wɔanyɛ nhyehyɛɛ biara kɔsi afe 1940 mu.<ref name="ElectricPowerGhana">{{cite web |title=Guide to Electric Power in Ghana |url=https://1library.net/document/q042d0gz-guide-to-electric-power-in-ghana.html |website=1Library.net |access-date=2 July 2025}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Okoampa-Ahoofe |first=Kwame |date=16 July 2009 |title=The False Ghanaian History of Paa Kwesi Nduom |url=http://www.thestatesmanonline.com/pages/news_detail.php?newsid=8696&section=1 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110930095101/http://www.thestatesmanonline.com/pages/news_detail.php?newsid=8696&section=1 |archive-date=30 September 2011 |access-date=11 October 2023 |website=The Statesman}}</ref> Wɔhyɛɛ [[Volta River|Asuo Volta]] Basin nkɔso ho nhyehyɛɛ wɔ 1949 mu, nanso sika nni maa ɛno nti, Amerika adwumakuo Volta Aluminum Company (Valco) yɛɛ Ghana sika awiewie sɛ wɔbɛsi dam no. Ɔmanpanyin [[Kwame Nkrumah]] gye too mu na ɔhyɛɛ Asuo Volta hydropower adwuma no ase,<ref name="GHP">{{cite web|title=History of Akosombo dam|url=http://www.ghanaweb.com/GhanaHomePage/history/akosombo_dam.php|publisher=Ghana Home Page|access-date=8 May 2011| archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20110516134942/http://www.ghanaweb.com/GhanaHomePage/history/akosombo_dam.php| archive-date= 16 May 2011 | url-status= live}}</ref> na ɔhyɛɛ ɔstarefoɔ (architect) Kenneth Scott a ofiri Australia sɛ ɔntoɔ no dan a ɔbɛhwie n'ani ase afiri hɔ a ɛhwɛ dam no so.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Aidoo |first=Kwame |date=2018-03-09 |title=Ghana's Most Impressive Buildings |url=https://theculturetrip.com/africa/ghana/articles/ghanas-most-impressive-buildings |access-date=2024-10-28 |website=Culture Trip |language=en |archive-date=1 December 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241201192820/https://theculturetrip.com/africa/ghana/articles/ghanas-most-impressive-buildings |url-status=dead }}</ref> Dam no yɛ {{convert|660|m|abbr=on}} tenteɛ na ne tenten yɛ {{convert|114|m|abbr=on}}. Ɛyɛ aboɔ ne bɔɔ mmorosoɔ dam. Ne ase tɛtrɛtɛ yɛ {{convert|366|m|ft|abbr=on}} na ne nneɛma dodoɔ a wɔde sisii no yɛ {{convert|7900000|m3|cuyd|abbr=on}}. Nsukorɛbea a dam no bɔeɛ, Asuo Volta, nsuo a ɛtumi fa yɛ {{convert|148|km3|acre.ft|abbr=on}} na ne mmeaeɛ so yɛ {{convert|8502|km2|abbr=on}}. Tade no tenteɛ yɛ {{convert|400|km|abbr=on}}. Ne nsuo a ɛkɔ sor sen biara yɛ {{convert|84.73|m|abbr=on}} na nea ɛtwa toɔ yɛ {{convert|73.15|m|abbr=on}}.<ref name="akohydro">{{cite web |title=Akosombo Hydro Power Plant |url=http://www.vra.com/our_mandate/akosombo_hydro_plant.php |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070421080909/http://www.vra.com/our_mandate/akosombo_hydro_plant.php |archive-date=21 April 2007 |access-date=2007-03-26 |publisher=Volta River Authority}}</ref> Dam no apueeɛ fam nkyɛn no, wɔwɔ akwan abien a wɔfa so gyaa nsuo ba fam (spillways) a wɔtumi gyaa nsuo bɛyɛ {{convert|34000|m3/s|abbr=on}}. Spillway biara wɔ nnade pon (steel floodgates) nsia a ne trɛw yɛ {{convert|11.5|m|adj=on}} na ne tenten yɛ {{convert|13.7|m|adj=on}}.<ref>{{cite web |title=Akosombo Dam Brochure |url=https://docs.google.com/viewer?a=v&q=cache:ickZ1oH93YYJ:www.vra.com/Publications/akobrochure.pdf+akosombo+dam+spillway+cubic+meters&hl=en&pid=bl&srcid=ADGEESi6Tt-YHv0BX-4PMqnu2nC0uYqIClyDQ-5-vhlPSHDUkYLu8cqzSpSSdP6uXXtdVZkBtnPOM2GoZgw27GSiZZ00AjSMIc05vo-LUR_Vr2ZkfWlk-FR5am1TPlo0cZmqbM742KjQ&sig=AHIEtbS-Hu03H0CR92EIB0LFfiCpOMQGrQ |access-date=30 May 2011 |publisher=Volta River Authority}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Annex 3 |url=https://docs.google.com/viewer?a=v&q=cache:YrnEXgzACScJ:www2.alterra.wur.nl/Internet/webdocs/ilri-publicaties/publicaties/Pub45v2/pub45v2-h3.pdf+akosombo+dam+spillway+m3+second&hl=en&pid=bl&srcid=ADGEESg7nsHhRD-TQ6aq7Stoy2tdE5OnQWmWiE6gfN-T12Ps-EwstJdTqHcB250hKvAmmPDqKeyRPlbVbggFDecQxToMDyGfSLxk0qkknuspVaT6134fVziWxcOvQCwaS0mbmW1e1P6H&sig=AHIEtbQB-r5WNRxae8QFaHJQrYHb4m_l2A |access-date=30 May 2011 |publisher=Alterra |pages=46}}</ref> Dam no omhyɛ adwumayɛbea no wɔ Francis turbine nsia a ne biara tumi yɛ {{convert|170|MW}}. Turbine biara, wɔde nsuo ma no fa penstock a ne tenteɛ yɛ {{convert|112|-|116|m}} na ne kɛseɛ yɛ {{convert|7.2|m}} a hydraulic head a ɛtumi kɔ sor sen biara yɛ {{convert|68.8|m|ft|abbr=on}}.<ref name="akohydro" /> Nhyehyɛeɛ a etwa to no kyerɛɛ sɛ wɔbɛsi aluminium (aluminum) smelter (adwuma a wɔtwa aluminium) wɔ [[Tema]], na wɔasi dam wɔ Akosombo a ɛbɛma smelter no omhyɛ, na wɔato omhyɛ ntintim (power lines) wɔ anafoɔ fam Ghana. Smelter no na ɛbɛma wɔanya sika a ɛho hia sɛ wɔbɛsi bauxite adwuma wɔ ɔman no mu, na ama wɔatumi ayɛ aluminium a wɔnnɔ mfiri amannɔne. Aluminium adwuma a ɛrekɔ so wɔ Ghana gyina hydroelectric power a wɔhyɛɛ ho nhyehyɛeɛ no so.<ref name="GHP" /> Adwuma a wɔhyɛɛ ho nhyehyɛeɛ no smelter no, Amerika adwumakuo Kaiser Aluminum na ɛhwɛ so, na Valco na ɛhwɛ so. Smelter no nyaa sika a wɔde hyɛɛ mu firi Valco ahokafoɔ (shareholders) hɔ, a Export–Import Bank of the United States boa wɔn. Nanso, Valco ammɔ nsa mmaa no, ɛnkane sɛ Ghana aban yɛɛ no apam a ɛmaa wɔn a wɔntua tow wɔn adwadeɛ so, na wɔtɔ omhyɛ no sika a ɛso. Sika a wɔde bɛsi adwuma no nyinaa yɛ dɔla ɔpepem 258 (US$258 million).<ref name="GHP" /> == Dam no Sisiiɛ == [[File:Akosombo Dam is spilling water, Ghana.JPG|thumb|left|Akosombo dam a nsuo gyaa mu (spillways) aba mu]] Wɔ May 1960 mu no, Ghana aban frɛɛ sɛ wɔmma nkrataa a wɔbɛsi dam no. Wɔ 1961 mu no, Italia adwumakuo (consortium), Impregilo a na wɔawie Kariba Dam no, dii nkonim wɔ adwuma no mu. Wɔ 1961 mu no, Volta River Authority (VRA) a Ghana Mmarahyɛ Badwa hyɛɛ no ase denam Volta River Development Act a wɔgyee too mu so. VRA adwuma no yɛ adwumakuo no nyinaa a na ɛyɛ mmarima nsia a ɔmanpanyin Nkrumah yɛ wɔn panyin. VRA dwumadie titire ne sɛ ɛbɛhwɛ Asuo Volta Basin nkɔso, a dam no sisiiɛ, omhyɛ adwumayɛbea, ne omhyɛ ntintim a wɔde fa nkuro mu ka ho. VRA na ɛhwɛ nsukorɛbea a dam no bɔeɛ, apataam a ɛwɔ tade no mu, tade no so akwantuo ne nkitahodie, ne nnipa a wɔatwa tade no ho no yiedie<ref name=":0" />. Wɔsii dam no ntam wɔ 1961 ne 1965 ntam.<ref name="akohydro" /> Ghana aban na ɛyɛɛ adwuma no, na 25% sika no firi International Bank for Reconstruction and Development a ɛyɛ World Bank no fa, United States, ne United Kingdom.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Commonwealth Education |url=http://commonwealth.ednet.ns.ca/africa/Ghana/Rivers/riversetc.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20020201060457/http://commonwealth.ednet.ns.ca/africa/Ghana/Rivers/riversetc.html |archive-date=1 February 2002 |access-date=15 December 2006}}</ref> Impreglio hyɛɛ asuo no mu dɔteɛ tuntum (dredging) ne nsuo no fa a wɔpae (dewatering) no, na wowiee dam no bosome biako ansa na ɛbɛyɛ sɛ wɔbɛwie, ɛwɔm sɛ Asuo Volta nsuyiri a ɛbaa 1963 mu no kyekyɛɛ adwuma no wɔ bosome mmiɛnsa mu. Wɔ 1961 ne 1966 ntam no, Impreglio adwumayɛfoɔ a wɔsii dam no mu aduonu awotwe (28) wuiɛ. Wɔasi nkaeɛ duma wɔ Akosombo kurow mu ne St. Barbara Catholic Church wɔ wɔn anuonyam<ref name=":1" />. Akosombo Dam sisiiɛ no maa Asuo Volta Basin fa ne mfuo a ɛwɔ ne so kɔɔ nsuo ase, na wɔbɔɔ Asuo Volta a ɛkata Ghana asaase so 3.6% so<ref name=":0" />. Asuo Volta Tade no baeɛ ntam wɔ 1962 ne 1966 mu, na ɛmaa nnipa bɛyɛ 80,000 fii wɔn afie, a na wɔyɛ ɔman no mu nnipa dodoɔ no 1%.<ref name=":1">{{cite news|url=https://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/africa/2947420.stm|title=Eyewitness: Waking up to water crisis |agency=BBC |date=30 May 2003 |author=Matthew Davis}}</ref> Nkuraase 700 mu nnipa wɔtuu wɔn kɔeɛ kɔɔ nkuraase 52 a wɔsiesiee maa wɔn mfeɛ abien ansa na dam no bɛwie; VRA na ɛhwɛ atuo no so.<ref name=":0" /><ref name="Europa" /><ref name="GHP" /><ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Jackson|first1=Iain|last2=Uduku|first2=Ola|author-link2=Ola Uduku|last3=Addo|first3=Irene Appeaning|last4=Opong|first4=Rexford Assasie|date=2019-05-19|title=The Volta River Project: planning, housing and resettlement in Ghana, 1950–1965|journal=The Journal of Architecture|volume=24|issue=4|pages=512–548|doi=10.1080/13602365.2019.1643389|issn=1360-2365|doi-access=free}}</ref> Nnipa a wɔtuu wɔn kɔeɛ no mu abien (2%) na wɔyɛ asuo mu apataamfoɔ (fishers), na na dodoɔ no ara yɛ akuafoɔ a wɔyɛ nnɔbaeɛ ketewa.<ref name="Europa" /> Ghana [[Apuei Mantam (Ghana)|Eastern Region]] ne nnipa a wɔwɔ n'akyi no na adwuma no mmaeɛ no kaa wɔn kɛseɛ.<ref name="Suave">{{Citation |last=Nadine Sauvé, Agnes Dzokoto, Bernard Opare, Edmund Ekow Kaitoo, Nzambi Khonde, Myrto Mondor, Veronika Bekoe, Jacques Pépin |title=The price of development: HIV infection in a semiurban community of Ghana |date=2002-04-01 |url=https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/11917246 |work=Journal of Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndromes (1999) |volume=29 |issue=4 |pages=402–408 |doi=10.1097/00126334-200204010-00012 |issn=1525-4135 |pmid=11917246 |access-date=2026-04-07}}</ref>[[File:1 Ghana Cedi.png|thumb|left|Akosombo Dam wɔ 2007 1 Cedi specimen banknote (sika) akyi]] == Omhyɛ a ɛba == Dam no ma omhyɛ ma Ghana ne n'Afrika Atɔeɛ aman a ɛbɛn no, a Togo ne Benin ka ho.<ref name="Suave" /> Mfiase no, Akosombo Dam omhyɛ a ɛba no mu 20% (a na ɛma ɔman no yɛ 70%) a wɔde maeɛ no, na Ghana nyinaa na wɔde di dwuma, na ɛkaa 80% no, Valco na ɛnyaa. Ghana aban, denam apam so, wɔhyɛɛ no sɛ ɔntua Akosombo sisiiɛ sika no mu ɔfa (50%), nanso omhyɛ a ɛba no mu 20% pɛ na ɔman no tumi nya. Afoforɔ susuw sɛ eyi yɛ nhwɛsoɔ neocolonialism (neɔcolonism). Afei akyiri yi, Valco adwumabea no so omhyɛ a ɛba ase atwa, ama Akosombo omhyɛ no atumi asom ma Ghana ohia a ɛrekɔ soro.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.thestatesmanonline.com/pages/news_detail.php?section=11&newsid=4580|title=NPP cuts sod for Bui Dam|publisher=Statesman online|author=Kwame Okoampa-Ahoofe|date=2007-08-28|access-date=13 October 2007|archive-date=30 May 2012|archive-url=https://archive.today/20120530185104/http://www.thestatesmanonline.com/pages/news_detail.php?section=11&newsid=4580|url-status=dead}}</ref> Mfiase no, dam no omhyɛ a ɛtumi yɛ no boro deɛ na ɛho hia; nanso ohia a ɛrekɔ soro nam Ghana nkɔsoɔ so ama omhyɛ ho hia ayɛ dodoɔ sen deɛ Akosombo omhyɛ adwumayɛbea no tumi yɛ. Wɔ 1981 mu no, wɔsii dam ketewa bi wɔ Kpong, a ɛwɔ Akosombo fam ase, na wɔmaa Akosombo dam no ho yɛɛ foforɔ sɛdeɛ ɛbɛyɛ a omhyɛ a ɛba no bɛtumi abɛn ohia no<ref name=":0" />. Ohia a ɛrekɔ soro no boro deɛ ɛnneɛma a yɛwɔ seesei no tumi ma. Ohia, ne nsuyiri a wɔanhyehyɛ so, deɛnkyerɛnkyerɛ (rolling blackouts) ne omhyɛ gyaee (major power outages) ahaban ba<ref name=":0" />. Wahu sɛ tade no mu nsuo so rekɔ fam, na ɛtɔ mmerɛ a ɛkɔ fam sen deɛ ɛho hia ma generators no tumi yɛ adwuma<ref name=":2" />. Wɔ afe 2007 mfiase no, na adwene a wɔdwene ho na ɛwɔ omhyɛ a ɛfiri dam no ho, efirisɛ nsuo a na ɛwɔ Asuo Volta Tade no mu so ate.<ref>{{cite web |date=28 March 2007 |title=Akosombo Dam To Be Shut Down? |url=http://www.ghanaweb.com/GhanaHomePage/NewsArchive/artikel.php?ID=121525 |publisher=Ghana web}}</ref> Wɔ afe 2007 akyiri fa no, saa adwene yi fa too mu bere a osu tɔɔ Asuo Volta beaeɛ a nsuo firi mu no so.<ref>{{cite web |date=2007-08-29 |title=Flood destroys farmlands in Bongo District |url=http://www.ghanaweb.com/GhanaHomePage/NewsArchive/artikel.php?ID=129773}}</ref> Wɔ 2010 mu no, nsuo a ɛkɔɔ sor sen biara wɔ dam no mu. Eyi ma wɔbuee nsuo gyaa mu pon (flood gates) bere a tade no nsuo kɔɔ {{Convert|84.45|m|ft|0|abbr=on}} na mmere pii mu no, nsuo firii tade no mu gyaee, a ɛmaa nsuyiri kɔɔ fam ase.<ref name=":2">{{cite web |title=VRA ends spillage from Volta Dam | date=30 November 2001 |url=http://www.ghanaweb.com/GhanaHomePage//economy/artikel.php?ID=198319 |access-date=30 May 2011 |publisher=GhanaWeb}}</ref> == Mmaeɛ (Impacts) == [[File:Akosombo Dam hydroelectric plant.jpg|thumb|left|Hydroelectric power plant a ɛwɔ Asuo Volta Tade no so]] Akosombo Dam no boaa nnwuma ne sikasɛm adwumapɛn pii, te sɛ tade no so akwantuo, apataam a ɛdɔɔso, akuayɛ foforɔ a ɛwɔ tade no mpoano, ne nsrahwɛ<ref name="GHP" />. === Abɔdeɛ mu nneɛma tebea === [[File:volta lake.jpg|thumb|right|Asuo Volta wɔ ɔsoro]] Dam no wui akyi no, akuayɛ a ɛwɔ tade no ne n'asukɔ mmienu no ho atu mpɔn koraa<ref name="GHP" />. Asase a ɛatwa Asuo Volta Tade no ho nyɛ asase a ɛwɔ tade no ase a na wɔfuw no so no so. Akuayɛ a wɔyɛ dodoɔ no ama asase a ɛnni mu na ɛwɔ hɔ no nso asa. Asase a ɛwɔ tade no fam ase no nso nyɛ asase a na ɛwɔ hɔ no, na osu a ɛbaa fam no na ɛde nnuo ba fam no amma bio, efirisɛ dam no sii asuo a ɛte fam no kwan. Akuayɛ a ɛyɛ adwumaden no nso ama nnuo a ɛfiri fam gu asuo mu no dɔɔso. Eyinom, ne ntowa a ɛfiri ntakuo (cattle) ne fɛm (sewage) a ɛgu asuo mu no abom ama nsuo mu nnuo dɔɔso (eutrophication)<ref name="GHP" />. Nnuo a ɛdɔɔso no, ne nsuo a ɛntena faako no abom ama nwura a ɛyɛ fɔ (''Ceratophyllum'') agu asuo mu. Saa nwura yi asi akwantuo a wɔde fa nsuo so no kwan den<ref name=":0" />. === Nnipa yiedie (Human welfare) === ''Ceratophyllum'' a ɛwɔ tade no ne n'asukɔ mmienu no ama yareɛ a ɛbɛn nnipa no mpo ayɛ hu. Nwura no ma ntontom, ntaemoa, ne nsuo mu nwura (snails) a wɔde yareɛ te sɛ bilharzia, [[Onchocerciasis|asubɔnten anifira]] ne atridɔ no nya wɔn tenabea.<ref name="GHP" /><ref>{{cite book |author=Drisdelle R |title=Parasites. Tales of Humanity's Most Unwelcome Guests. |publisher=Univ of California press, 2010 |page=11f |isbn=978-0-520-25938-6|year=2010 }}</ref> Wɔsi dam no akyi no, saa yareɛ yi ahyɛ dɔɔso. Nea ɛkyerɛ yie ne sɛ nkuraase a wɔtuu nnipa no kɔeɛ no mu, yareɛ ahyɛ dɔɔso fi bere a wɔbɔɔ Asuo Volta Tade no, na sɛ kuraa bi bɛn tade no a, ɛnna wɔn a wɔbɛnya yareɛ no dɔɔso<ref name="Europa" />. Mmɔfra ne apataamfoɔ na saa yareɛ yi kaa wɔn kɛseɛ<ref name="Europa" />. Nea ɛka ho bio, nsuo mu nneɛma a ɛsɛe ama nsuo mu nnuma te sɛ shrimp ne clam a wɔwɔ nsuo mu no asa<ref name=":0" />. Saa nnuma yi maa nnipa a wɔtete hɔ no nyaa nam a wɔdi. Wɔn a wonni saa nam no no, wɔn nyarewa no amma wɔn yie. Bio, akuraa ne adwuma sikasɛm no nso atrɛw ɔpepe, efirisɛ nsuo mu apataam adwuma no a wɔhwɛ no yie no nsunsuanso bɔne abɛn wɔn<ref name="GHP" />. Ohia ne atuo tebea a ɛnyɛ papa a wɔde maa nnipa no maa nnipa pii tu fii wɔn kurow mu kɔeɛ<ref name="GHP" />. Saa atuo yi maa [[HIV]] kɔɔ Asuo Volta Basin mu mpɔtam no nyinaa.<ref name="Suave" /> Manya Krobo ne Yilo Krobo akyi no, a ɛwɔ Asuo Volta Basin anafoɔ fam atɔeɛ no, na HIV wɔ hɔ pii.<ref name="Suave" /> Nnipa a wɔbɛsii dam no no dɔɔso a wɔyɛ mmarima a wɔfiri baabi foforɔ bae no maa agyapadeɛ adwuma (commercial sex work) gyee wɔn so. Saa bere mu no, mmaa a wɔbɛbɔ mma no mu 10% firii Manya Krobo ne Yilo Krobo akyi kɔeɛ.<ref name="Suave" /> Wɔ 1986 mu no, "Ghana AIDS yareɛfoɔ mu 90% yɛ mmaa, na wɔn mu 96% te amannɔne na wɔresan aba Ghana"<ref name="Suave" />. == Ntotoho == gg2fojav4nzxt3ubuneotx8nevfinss 0 18059 199345 2026-04-08T07:44:07Z Inmotional 8616 Ntɛmɛn kura masin ka bamanankan jɛcogo 199345 wikitext text/x-wiki Patrice Émery Lumumba (faransikan: Patrice Émery Lumumba, 2 Zuwien 1925, Onalua kungo, Katakokombɛ, [[Belzijiki Kongo]] – 17 Zanwiyɛ 1961, Elizabɛtivil, Katanga Jamanatigiya) – Kongolaisɛ politikali ni jamana naara kɛla ye min tun bɛ fariɲɛsi nafa ɲini (left-nationaliste) kan, Démocratique République du Congo (Kongo Demokrasi Jamana) ɲɛmɔgɔya kɛmɛ min bɛ wele «premiyɛri minisiri» , o tun ye a kɛ a ɲɛ fɔlɔ ni Kongo ka jamanatigiya sɔrɔ Jun 1960 kalo kɔnɔ. A ye Démocratique République du Congo nasiɲɛmɔgɔ ye, a ye donkili dala kɛla ye, a ye Afrika jamana dɛmɛnw ka jamanatigiya ɲɛnabɔ taabolo jatemaso ye. A ye «Mouvement National Congolais» (MNC, Kongo Jamana Ɲɛmɔgɔya Kulu) bɛn (1958) a ye a kulu ɲɛmɔgɔ fana. A bɔra a ka premiyɛri minisiri ɲɛmɔgɔya la Kongo kɔntilili waati (Septanburu 1960), a minɛra, nka a bɔra libɛri la nɔɔma, a minɛra kɔfɛ 1 Desanburu. A dira Katanga jamana ma, a faga 17 Zanwiyɛ 1961.<ref>{{Citation |last=Saïd Bouamama |title=Figures de la révolution africaine |date=2017-02-09 |url=https://doi.org/10.3917/dec.bouam.2017.01 |publisher=La Découverte |isbn=978-2-7071-9407-7 |access-date=2026-04-08}}</ref><ref>{{Citation |title=Wikiwix Archives |url=https://archive.wikiwix.com/cache/?url=https://www.dw.com/fr/lumumba-le-destin-bris%25C3%25A9-du-congo/a-42769829 |access-date=2026-04-08}}</ref> c1nrov7x6bmjom0iyzrmggwow5jzts7