Vükiped vowiki https://vo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cifapad MediaWiki 1.47.0-wmf.7 first-letter Nünamakanäd Patikos Bespik Geban Gebanibespik Vükiped Bespik dö Vükiped Ragiv Ragivibespik Sitanuns Bespik dö sitanuns Samafomot Samafomotibespik Yuf Yufibespik Klad Kladibespik TimedText TimedText talk Module Module talk Event Event talk Prilul 0 765 3338208 3040838 2026-06-18T07:36:12Z Łukasz Winek 10785 klad 3338208 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Prilul}} '''Prilul''' binon [[mul]] folid [[yel]]a in [[Kaled hiela Gregorius]]. Labon [[del]]is kildeg. == Jenots == [[Klad:Prilul| ]] [[Klad:Muls| 04]] qtk9tfrm3p0ryoq5ey6vyyh9nxygkwm Linglän 0 1892 3338199 3178812 2026-06-18T00:11:16Z Lpoj50 41418 3338199 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Ragiv:Europe location ENG.png|175px|thumb|right]] '''Linglän''' binon dil [[Regän Pebalöl|Regäna Pebalöl]], in [[Yurop]]. '''Linglän'''<!--Per WP:LEAD: Do not include pronunciation guides if pronunciations are well-known in English.--> binon [[Läns Regäna Pebalöl|län]] kel binon dil [[Regän Pebalöl]]. On topon su nisul: [[Britän Gretik]], kela za 62% onu tegon, e su [[Lised nisulas Lingläna|plu tum smalik nilik nisulis]]. Linglän dalabon [[Mug Lingläna e Skotäna|mugi länik]] ko [[Skotän]] in nolüd e [[Mug Lingläna e Velsäna|mugi votik länik]] ko [[Velsän]] in vesüd, e pezeilon fa [[Mel Nolüdik]] in lofüd, [[Linglänafet]] in sulüd, [[Seligamel]] in sulüdavesüd, e [[Lireänamel]] in vesüd. [[Yurop Kontinälik]] topon in sulüdalofüd, e [[Lireän]] in vesüd. Ma [[Numükam yela 2021 Regäna Pebalöl|numükam yela 2021]], belödanum äbinon 56.490.048. [[London]] binon i [[Lised zifas in Regän Pebalöl|zif gretikün]] e [[Cifazif|cifazif]]. Topäd nu penemöl Linglän päbelödon primo fa mens nulädik dü [[Paleolit Süpik]]. On geton nemi okik de [[Anglus (tribüt)|Anglus]], [[Pöps germanik|tribüt germanik]] kel äsetilon dü tumyels 5id e 6id. Linglän ävedon tat balädik in tumyel 10id, e edalon [[Linglänikam|fluni kulividik e gitädik vemo gretiki]] su vol pluik de [[Tümüp Tuvälas]], kel äprimon dü tumyel 15id.<ref>{{Cite web |title=England&nbsp;– Culture |url=http://www.britainusa.com/sections/index_nt1.asp?i=41105&L1=41105&L2=41105&D=0 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080516162153/http://www.britainusa.com/sections/index_nt1.asp?i=41105&L1=41105&L2=41105&D=0 |archive-date=16 May 2008 |access-date=1 February 2009 |website=britainusa.com}}</ref> [[Regän Lingläna]], kel äninükon Velsäni pos 1535, äfinükon binön [[Soverenat|tat soverenik separatik]] tü 1 mayul 1707, ven [[Laws Baläda 1707|Laws Baläda]] ädugons in legud balädi politidik ko [[Regän Skotäna]], fomölo [[Regän Britäna Gretik]].<ref>{{Cite book |first=William E. |last=Burns |title=A Brief History of Great Britain |page=[{{GBurl |id=Fjf4YynnC90C |pg=PT21}} xxi]}}; {{Cite web |title=Acts of Union 1707 |url=http://www.parliament.uk/about/living-heritage/evolutionofparliament/legislativescrutiny |access-date=27 January 2011 |website=parliament.uk |archive-date=27 December 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101227033859/http://www.parliament.uk/about/living-heritage/evolutionofparliament/legislativescrutiny/ |url-status=live }}</ref> Linglän binon rigäna [[Linglänapüka]], [[Gitäg Lingläna|sistema gitädik Lingläna]] (kel ädünon as stab pro sistemis [[Common law|gitäda kösömik]] länas mödik votik), [[Futbola]], e [[Anglikanim|tiäda]] [[Kristit|Kristita]] anglikanik; [[Sistem Westminster|sistem parlamentik guvera]] onik pelasumon vemo mödiko fa nets votik.<ref>{{Cite news |date=26 October 2009 |title=Country profile: United Kingdom |publisher=BBC News |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/europe/country_profiles/1038758.stm |access-date=1 February 2009 |archive-date=9 February 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120209181956/http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/europe/country_profiles/1038758.stm |url-status=live }}</ref> [[Stümarevolut]] äprimon in Linglän tumyela 18id, votükölo sogodi onik ini net balid stülik vola.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Industrial Revolution |url=http://www.ace.mmu.ac.uk/eae/Global_Warming/Older/Industrial_Revolution.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080427080826/http://www.ace.mmu.ac.uk/eae/Global_warming/older/Industrial_Revolution.html |archive-date=27 April 2008 |access-date=1 February 2009 |website=Ace.mmu.ac.uk}}</ref> Linglän binon lom pro [[Lised niveras bäldikün dub nenduned|nivers bäldikün]] tel in vol linglänapükik: [[Niver di Oxford]], pifünöl ün 1096, e [[Niver di Cambridge]], pifünöl ün 1209. Nivers boik papladons bevü uts prestijiküns in vol.<ref>{{Cite web |last1=Willey |first1=Ed |date=4 October 2021 |title=What makes UK universities so popular? |url=https://camvision-edu.co.uk/what-makes-uk-universities-so-popular/ |access-date=17 September 2023 |website=CamVision Education |archive-date=28 May 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240528135754/https://camvision-edu.co.uk/what-makes-uk-universities-so-popular/ |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=4 October 2022 |title=World University Rankings |url=https://www.timeshighereducation.com/world-university-rankings/2023/world-ranking |access-date=17 September 2023 |website=Times Higher Education (THE) |archive-date=25 February 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230225204846/https://www.timeshighereducation.com/world-university-rankings/2023/world-ranking |url-status=live }}</ref> Taläd Lingläna loiko binädon me belils lowik e [[Rönav|rönavs]], pato in [[Zänodäns|zänod]] e [[Sulüd Lingläna|sulüd]]. Taläd belik e belägik pato patuvon in [[Nolüd Lingläna|nolüd]] e vesüd, keninükölo [[Dartmoor]], [[Lakadistrikt]], [[Peninbel]], e [[Belils Shropshire]]. [[Zifäg London]] labon belödanis plu 15-balion ün 2025, temädölo zifäg gretikün Regäna Pebalöl. Belödanum Lingläna me 56,3 balions fomon 84% belödanuma Regäna Pebalöl, kel loiko pekobikölon zü London, in [[Sulüdalofüd Lingläna|Sulüdalofüd]], e zifagredis in [[Zänodäns]], [[Vesüdanolüd Lingläna|Vesüdanolüd]], [[Lofüdanolüd Lingläna|Lofüdanolüd]], e [[Yorkshire]], kels alik ävedons as länäds stülik veütik dü tumyel 19id.<ref name="2011 census">[http://www.ons.gov.uk/ons/dcp171778_270487.pdf 2011 Census – Population and household estimates for England and Wales, March 2011] {{Webarchive|url=http://webarchive.nationalarchives.gov.uk/20160105160709/http://www.ons.gov.uk/ons/dcp171778_270487.pdf |date=5 January 2016 }}. Accessed 31 May 2013.</ref> ==Toponim{{Anchor|Etim}}==<!--linked--> {{See also|Toponim Lingläna}} Nem „Linglän“ däton de nem [[Old English|Vöna-Linglänapük]] {{lang|ang|Englaland}}, kel sinifon „län [[Angles (tribe)|Anglas]]“.<ref>{{Cite encyclopedia |title=Linglän |encyclopedia=Online Etymology Dictionary |url=http://www.etymonline.com/index.php?term=England |access-date=2010 yulul 21 |archive-date=2013 prilul 4 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130404095642/http://www.etymonline.com/index.php?term=England |url-status=live }}</ref> Els Angles äbinons bal [[Germanic peoples|tribütas germanik]] kels äbelödons eli Britän Gretik dü [[Early Middle Ages|Zänodatimäd Balid]]. Ils äkömons de topäd: [[Angeln]] in utos, kelos nu binon tatak Deutänik: [[Schleswig-Holstein]].<ref>{{harvnb|Ripley|1869|p=570}}.</ref> Geb baledik balid vöda, as „{{Lang|ang|Engla londe}}“, binon in tradutod tumyela 9id lätik ini Vöna-Linglänapük ela [[Bede]]: ''[[Ecclesiastical History of the English People|Jenotem Klik Pöp Lingläna]]''. Vöd at poso pägebon ad sinifön „län pebelödöl fa Lingläns“, ed äninädon Lingläns in utos, kelos nu binon Skotän sulüda-sevärik ab äbinon üfö dil regäna Lingläna: [[Northumbria]]. ''[[Anglo-Saxon Chronicle|Läblebäds Lingläna-Saxona]]'' äbaleton, das [[Domesday Book|Buk Domesday]] yela 1086 täükon leigodü Linglän lölik, sinifü regän Lingläna, ab yels anik poso ''Läblebäds'' äsagons, das reg: [[Malcolm III]] ägolom „se Scotlande ini [[Lothian]] in Englaland“, ed ägebon oni so in sinif vönikum.{{sfn|Molyneaux|2015|pp=6–7}} Refer balid peläüköl lü els Angles kömon in vobod tumyela 1id fa [[Tacitus]]: ''[[Germania (book)|Germania]]'', in kel vöd [[Latin|Latina]] {{Lang|la|Anglii}} pagebon.<ref name="Fordham">{{Cite web |title=Germania |url=http://www.fordham.edu/halsall/basis/tacitus-germanygord.html |access-date=2009 setul 5 |publisher=[[Tacitus]] |archive-date=2008 setul 16 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080916075339/http://www.fordham.edu/halsall/basis/tacitus-germanygord.html |url-status=dead}}</ref> Etim nema tribüta it pedefudon fa nolavans; esüadükoy, das on däton de fom penüsla: Angeln, fom köfik.<ref>{{Cite encyclopedia |title=Angle |encyclopedia=[[Oxford English Dictionary]] |url=http://dictionary.oed.com/cgi/entry/50075354?single=1&query_type=word&queryword=Angle&first=1&max_to_show=10 |access-date=2009 setul 5}}{{dead link|date=2017 tobul|bot=medic}}{{cbignore|bot=medic}}</ref> Lio e kio vöd dätöl de nem tribüta at, pla votiks äs els [[Saxons]], ävedon ad pagebon pro län lölik no sevädon, ab josümon, das atos tefon kösömi ad nemön pöpi germanik in Britän ''Angli Saxones'' u Saxons Lingläna ad distidön onis de Saxons kontinänik (Eald-Seaxe) in Saxony Bäldik in Deutän.<ref>{{harvnb|Crystal|2004|pp=26–27}}</ref> In [[Scottish Gaelic|Gael Skotänik]], tribüt: Saxon ägivon nemi oka vöde pro Linglän ({{lang|gd|Sasunn}});<ref>{{Cite book |last=Forbes |first=John |title=The Principles of Gaelic Grammar |publisher=Oliver, Boyd and Tweeddale |year=1848 |location=Edinburgh}}</ref> leigüpo, nem [[Welsh language|Velsänapükik]] pro Linglänapük binon {{lang|cy|Saesneg}}. Nem romänik pro Linglän binon [[Lloegyr|Loegria]], teföl vöde Velsänapükik pro Linglän, {{lang|cy|Lloegr}}, ed ävedükon pöpätik dub geb onik in [[Arthurian legend|legät Arturik]]. ''[[Albion]]'' i pägebon pro Linglän in kapädet poedikum,<ref>{{harvnb|Foster|1988|p=9}}.</ref> do sinif onik rigik binon nisul Britän as lölot. ==Jenotem== {{Main|Jenotem Lingläna}} {{For timeline|Timaled jenotema Lingläna}} === Föfajenotem === {{Main|Föfajenotem Britäna}} [[File:Stonehenge, Condado de Wiltshire, Inglaterra, 2014-08-12, DD 18.JPG|alt=Sol nidon da rided stonas stanöl löpik ko votiks stonas horitetiko su top.|thumb|[[Stonehenge]], monument [[Neolithic|Neolitik]]]] [[File:London - British Museum - 2453.jpg|thumb|upright=.7|[[Battersea Shield|Jel Battersea]] binon bal dils veütikün lekana [[Celtic art|Keltik]] bäldik petuvöl in Britän.]] Blesir sevädik büikün dö komot menik in topäd nu sevälik as Linglän äbinon ut ela ''[[Homo antecessor]]'', dätöl lü zao yels 780,000 bätik. Boms bümenik bäldikün petuvöl in Linglän dätons de yels 500,000&nbsp;bätik.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2007 mayul 24 |title=500,000 BC&nbsp;– Boxgrove |url=http://www.archaeology.co.uk/the-timeline-of-britain/boxgrove.htm |access-date=2010 dekul 20 |website=Current Archaeology |publisher=Current Publishing |archive-date=2010 prilul 27 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100427044005/http://www.archaeology.co.uk/the-timeline-of-britain/boxgrove.htm |url-status=live }}</ref> Mens atimik seväbons ad belödön topädi dü period [[Upper Paleolithic|Paleolitik Löpik]], do belödäms laidüpik päfünon te in yels lätik 6,000.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Palaeolithic Archaeology Teaching Resource Box |url=http://www.personal.rdg.ac.uk/~sgs04rh/SWRivers/Palaeolithic%20Archaeology%20Teaching%20Resource%20Box_Lifestyles_Basic.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210505012542/http://www.personal.rdg.ac.uk/~sgs04rh/SWRivers/Palaeolithic%20Archaeology%20Teaching%20Resource%20Box_Lifestyles_Basic.pdf |archive-date=2021 mayul 5 |access-date=2010 dekul 20 |publisher=Palaeolithic Rivers of South-West Britain Project (2006)}}; {{Cite web |title=Chalk east |url=http://www.geo-east.org.uk/special_projects/eco_culture.htm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110305032854/http://www.geo-east.org.uk/special_projects/eco_culture.htm |archive-date=2011 mäzul 5 |access-date=2010 dekul 20 |publisher=A Geo East Project}}</ref> Pos [[Last glacial period|ledut glätik lätik]] te mammuts gretik äs [[mammoth|mamuts]], [[bison|bisöns]] e [[woolly rhinoceros|rinoseots vülik]] äblibons. Zao yels 11,000&nbsp;bätik, ven [[ice sheets|florots glätik]] äprimons ad gegolön, mens dönu äbelödons topädi; vestig genetik mobon, das äkömons de dil nolüdik [[Iberian Peninsula|Penüsla Iberik]].{{Sfn|Oppenheimer|2006|p=173}} Level sela äbinon donikum ka adel, e Britän pätopädon me [[land bridge|bom länik]] lü Lireyän e [[Eurasia]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Tertiary Rivers: Tectonic and structural background |url=http://www.qpg.geog.cam.ac.uk/research/projects/tertiaryrivers/tectonics.html |access-date=2009 setul 9 |publisher=University of Cambridge |archive-date=2011 tobul 2 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111002163021/http://www.qpg.geog.cam.ac.uk/research/projects/tertiaryrivers/tectonics.html |url-status=live }}</ref> Ven sels älöikons, on äseparäkon de Lireyän yels 10,000&nbsp;bätik e de Eurasia milatum tel poso. [[Early European Farmers|Famans Neolitik]] de Penüsla Iberik [[Pre-modern human migration|ätopädons]] ini topäd zao ün 4100 b.K.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Brace |first1=Selina |last2=Diekmann |first2=Yoan |display-authors=1 |date=2019 prilul 15 |title=Ancient genomes indicate population replacement in Early Neolithic Britain |journal=[[Nature Ecology and Evolution]] |publisher=[[Nature Research]] |volume=3 |issue=5 |pages=765–771|doi=10.1038/s41559-019-0871-9 |pmid=30988490 |pmc=6520225 |bibcode=2019NatEE...3..765B }}</ref> [[Beaker culture|Kulur Beaker]] äkömon zao ün 2,500&nbsp;b.K., nintidökanös vessüls drinik e fidik pebumöl de lut, ed i vessüls pageböl as pots smelüköl ad smelön kuprinis.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Function and significance of Bell Beaker pottery according to data from residue analyses |url=http://tp.revistas.csic.es/index.php/tp/article/viewFile/5/5 |access-date=2010 dekul 21 |archive-date=2008 dekul 16 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081216001112/http://tp.revistas.csic.es/index.php/tp/article/viewFile/5/5 |url-status=live }}</ref> Ün tim at äbinos, das monument [[Neolithic|Neolitik]] veütik äs [[Stonehenge]] (dil III) e [[Avebury]] päbumons. Dubü fimükam stäna e kuprina kobo, kels äbinons in bundan in topäd, pöp kulura Beaker ämekon [[bronze|bronsi]], e poso feri de ferinis. Volüg [[smelting|smelükama]] fera ädälon bumi [[plough|plögas]] gudikum, äföfikön keremi (a.s., me [[Celtic field|fälods Keltik]]), ed i prodami vapödas benokömikum.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Reid |first=Struan |url={{GBurl |id=bn88JPk_Fr0C |q=inventions in trade}} |title=Inventions and Trade. P.8 |date=1994 |publisher=James Lorimer & Company |isbn=978-0-921921-30-1 |access-date=2010 dekul 23}}</ref> Dü [[British Iron Age|Ledut Ferik]], [[Celts|kulur Keltik]], kömöl de kulurs [[Hallstatt culture|Hallstatt]] e [[La Tène culture|La Tène]], äkömon de Zänoda-Yurop. [[British language (Celtic)|Brythonic]] äbinon pük paspiköl ün tim at. Sog äbinon tribütik; ma [[Ptolemy|Ptolemoyos]] {{Lang|la|[[Geographia]]}} ädabinons zao tribüts 20 in topäd. Äs topäds votik su miedirem, Britän lonedo ijuiton yümätis danüdik ko Romans. Julius Caesar ela [[Roman Republic|Repüblik Romänik]] ästeifülom ad [[Caesar's invasions of Britain|ninvadön telna]] ün 55&nbsp;b.K.; do mu nenplidiko, äplöpom ad jafön [[Roman client kingdoms in Britain|regi klienik]] se [[Trinovantes]]. ===Jenotem vönädik=== [[File:Housesteads Roman Fort aerial.jpg|thumb|[[Housesteads Roman Fort|Mufödan Romänik di Housesteads]], Northumberland, mied nolüdik Lingläna Romänik]] Romänans änädons ini Britän ün yel 43 pos K. dü regam Lampöra: [[Claudius|Klaudius]], poso [[Roman conquest of Britain|konkerölo jäfioti Britäna]], e topäd at päfüükon ini Lampörän Romänik as provin: [[Roman Britain|Britän]].<ref>{{Cite news |last=Burke |first=Jason |date=2 December 2000 |title=Dig uncovers Boudicca's brutal streak |work=The Observer |location=London |url=https://www.theguardian.com/uk/2000/dec/03/jasonburke.theobserver |url-status=live |access-date=5 September 2009 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20031022061846/http://observer.guardian.co.uk/uk_news/story/0%2C6903%2C406152%2C00.html |archive-date=22 October 2003}}</ref> Tribüts lomädo seväriküns, kels ästeifülons ad tadunön, äbinons [[Catuvellauni]] ledü [[Caratacus|Karatakus]]. Poso, levulet ledü [[Boudica|Budika]], Regin ela [[Iceni]], äfinon ko sasen ela Budika posä pibeidükon in [[Defeat of Boudica|Komip di Watling Street]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Cornelius Tacitus, The Annals |url=https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Tac.+Ann.+14.37&redirect=true |access-date=22 December 2010 |publisher=Alfred John Church, William Jackson Brudribh, Ed |archive-date=14 April 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230414232353/https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Tac.+Ann.+14.37&redirect=true |url-status=live }}</ref> Lautan stüda bal tefü Britän Romänik äsagom, das de yel 43 pos K. jü 84 pos K., nädans Romänik ädeidons menis 100.000 jü 250.000 se menef mö ba 2.000.000.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Goldsworthy |first=Adrian |title=[[Pax Romana: War, Peace and Conquest in the Roman World]] |date=2016 |publisher=Hachette UK |page=276}}</ref> Tim at älogon külturi Greko-Romänik dagetön plaedi ko nütedam ela [[Roman law|lon Romänik]], [[Roman architecture|bumaväta Romänik]], [[List of aqueducts in the Roman Empire|veadukas]], [[Sanitation in ancient Rome|seweras]], läbikosas farmik mödik e süka.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Bedoyere |first=Guy |title=Architecture in Roman Britain |url=http://heritage-key.com/publication/architecture-roman-britain |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090703012351/http://heritage-key.com/publication/architecture-roman-britain |archive-date=3 July 2009 |access-date=23 December 2010 |website=Heritage Key}}; {{Cite book |url={{GBurl |id=bylBAAAAIAAJ |q=roman law after roman invasion of britain |p=276}} |title=The History of Progress in Great Britain |volume=2 |first=Robert |last=Philip |access-date=23 December 2010 |date=1860}}; {{Cite book |url={{GBurl |id=1qiFEQ1tAHQC |q=roman occupation brought to britain a sewage system |pg=PT119}} |title=Medicine through time |publisher=Heinemann |first1=Bob |last1=Rees |first2=Paul |last2=Shute |first3=Nigel |last3=Kelly |access-date=24 December 2010 |isbn=978-0-435-30841-4 |year=2003}}</ref> In tumyel 3id, Lampör [[Septimius Severus]] ädeadom in [[Eboracum]] (nu [[York]]), kö [[Constantine the Great|Constantinus]] poso päproklomom as lampör tumyel latikum.{{Sfn|Rankov|1994|p=16}} Dö tim kü Krit änütedon balidnaedo dabinon bevüslud; no äbinon latikum ka tumyel 4id, ba vemo büikumo. Ma [[Bede|Bedeus]], missionans pasedons se Rom fa [[Pope Eleuterus|Eleuterius]] ma beg cifala: [[Lucius of Britain|Lucius di Britän]] ün yel 180 pos K., ad sludön difis tefü serimons Lofüdik e Vesüdik, kels ädistukons glügi. Dabinons tradods tefü Glastonbury, kels käladons nütedami dub [[Joseph of Arimathea|Yusof di Arimatea]], du votiks käladons dub Lucius di Britän.{{Sfn|Wright|2008|p=143}} Ün yel 410, dü [[decline of the Roman Empire|donikam Lampöräna Romänik]], Britänä päleadlofon daädik dub [[end of Roman rule in Britain|fin regama Romänik in Britän]] e dub moidegolam stonas milita Romänik, ad jelödön miedis in Yurop kontinänik e kekomipön in krigs sifik.<ref name="james_anglosaxons" /> Mufods monastik e missionik Krita Kelitik äflorons. Period at Krita päflunon dub kültur vönädik Kelitik in senäls, polits, praktigs e godav oksik. "Kongregads" lönik äzentons in komot monastik e cifs monastik äbinons äs cifals, as peërs, plä in sistem hierarkikum glüga Romäniko dabinöl.<ref name="Lehane">{{Cite book |last=Lehane |first=Brendan |title=Early Christian Christianity |date=1968 |publisher=John Murray}}</ref> ===Zänodatim=== {{Main|Linglän in Zänodatim}} [[File:Sutton Hoo replica (face).jpg|thumb|alt=Studded and decorated metallic mask of human face.|Kopied de hlem serimonik ela [[Sutton Hoo helmet|Sutton Hoo]] de tumyel 7id se Regän Lofüda-Lingläna]] Moidegolams milita Romänik äleadons Britäni daädiki ad näd dub kompans pagänik, melakomipans se nolüdavesüd Yuropa kontinänik, patulo Saxons, [[Angles (tribe)|Angles]], [[Jutes|Jutans]] e Frisians, kels äraubons lunüpo kustis provina Romänik. Grups at poso äprimons ad stedön in nums okmönölölo dü tumyels 5id e 6id, balido in dil lofüdik läna.<ref name="james_anglosaxons">{{Cite web |last=James |first=Edward |title=Overview: Anglo-Saxons, 410 to 800 |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/history/ancient/anglo_saxons/overview_anglo_saxons_01.shtml |access-date=3 December 2010 |publisher=BBC |archive-date=8 June 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230608130648/https://www.bbc.co.uk/history/ancient/anglo_saxons/overview_anglo_saxons_01.shtml |url-status=live }}</ref> Föfim onsik äpaduron pro degyels anik pos vikod Briktas in [[Battle of Badon|Komip di Badon]], ab poso ägegolon, älovebunon glünis fertil Britäna ed ädänon topädis disi [[Britons (historical)|Briktik]] kontrol ad sökadasärs in län krudikum in vesüd finü tumyel 6id. Vödemots timik bepenöl periodi at binons mu nemödiks, kels givons loni ad besed onik as [[Dark Age|Tim Dagik]]. Pats [[Anglo-Saxon settlement of Britain|städa Lingläno-Saxon in Britän]] sekü atos padiskons vemo; slud defüfik valödik binon, das äjenon su skal gretik in sulüd e lofüd, ab äbinon lessubstänik in nolüd e vesüd, kö püks Kelitik älaibinons paspiköls igo in topäds disi kontrol Lingläno-Saxon.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Dark |first=Ken R. |date=2003 |title=Large-scale population movements into and from Britain south of Hadrian's Wall in the fourth to sixth centuries AD |url=https://www.reading.ac.uk/web/files/GCMS/RMS-2003-03_K._R._Dark%2C_Large-scale_population_movements_into_and_from_Britan_south_of_Hadrian%27s_Wall_in_the_fourth_to_sixth_centuries_AD.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210601080017/https://www.reading.ac.uk/web/files/GCMS/RMS-2003-03_K._R._Dark%2C_Large-scale_population_movements_into_and_from_Britan_south_of_Hadrian%27s_Wall_in_the_fourth_to_sixth_centuries_AD.pdf |archive-date=1 June 2021 |access-date=20 June 2020 }}; {{Cite book |first=Toby F. |last=Martin |title=The Cruciform Brooch and Anglo-Saxon England |publisher=Boydell and Brewer Press |date=2015 |pages=174–178}}; {{Cite web |last=Coates |first=Richard |title=Celtic whispers: revisiting the problems of the relation between Brittonic and Old English |url=https://ul.qucosa.de/api/qucosa%3A31804/attachment/ATT-0/ |access-date=20 June 2020 |archive-date=8 March 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210308132851/https://ul.qucosa.de/api/qucosa:31804/attachment/ATT-0/ |url-status=live }}; {{Cite web |last=Kortlandt |first=Frederik |year=2018 |title=Relative Chronology |url=https://www.kortlandt.nl/publications/art320e.pdf |access-date=20 June 2020 |archive-date=8 March 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210308144052/https://www.kortlandt.nl/publications/art320e.pdf |url-status=live }}; {{Cite web |last=Fox |first=Bethany |title=The P-Celtic Place Names of North-East England and South-East Scotland |url=http://www.heroicage.org/issues/10/fox.html |access-date=20 June 2020 |archive-date=28 November 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171128062639/http://www.heroicage.org/issues/10/fox.html |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name="Härke, Heinrich 2011">{{Cite journal |last=Härke |first=Heinrich |date=2011 |title=Anglo-Saxon Immigration and Ethnogenesis |journal=Medieval Archaeology |volume=55 |issue=1 |pages=1–28 |doi=10.1179/174581711X13103897378311 |s2cid=162331501 |issn=0076-6097}}</ref> Krit Romäniko dabinöl, valöpo, pipläadalon in topäds pikonkeröl dub [[Anglo-Saxon paganism|pagänim Lingläno-Saxon]], ab pinüterodon dub missionans se Rom ledü [[Augustine of Canterbury|Augustinus]] de yel 597.<ref>{{Cite web |title=The Christian Tradition |url=http://www.picturesofengland.com/history/england-history-p4.html |access-date=5 September 2009 |website=PicturesofEngland.com |archive-date=21 December 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181221134644/http://www.picturesofengland.com/history/england-history-p4.html |url-status=live }}</ref> Döbats vü forms Kritik Romänik e Kelitik äfimons in vikod pro tradod Romänik in [[Council of Whitby|Konsäl di Whitby]] (664), kel sesagiküno ätefon herikapütis (kapis klerikas) e däti Paköla, ab mu mödikumo, tefü difs in nomods nämäda, godava e praktiga Romänik e Kelitik.<ref name="Lehane" /> Dü period städa, läns piregöl fa nükömans jinons pedilädikölo ini teritoräms tribülik mödik, ab ün tumyel 7id, ven klülabots substanik dö situwät dönu dagetons, ons ikobädoms ini regäns zao degbal, keninükamü [[Northumbria]], [[Mercia]], [[Wessex]], [[Kingdom of East Anglia|Lofüda-Linglän]], [[Kingdom of Essex|Essex]], [[Kingdom of Kent|Kent]] e [[Kingdom of Sussex|Sussex]]. Dü tumyels sököl, process at kobikama bolitik älaifalon.{{Sfn|Kirby|2000|p=4}} Tumyel 7id älogon komipi pro hegemon vü Northumbria e Mercia, kel ini tumyel 8id ägivon pladi pro nämädamü Mercia.{{Sfn|Lyon|1960|p=23}} In prim tumyela 9id Mercia pävotipladon as regän cifik fa Wessex. Poso in tumyel at ataks okmönöl fa [[Danes (Germanic tribe)|Danäns]] äfimons in konker nolüda e lofüda Lingläna, ädobükon regänis Northumbria, Mercia e Lofüda-Linglän. Wessex disü [[Alfred the Great|Alfred Gletik]] äblibon as regän Lingläna teik, e disü fovans omik, ästäänikon stedälo dub regäns ela [[Danelaw]]. Atos äblinon balami bolitik Lingläna, balido pefimeköl disü [[Æthelstan]] ün 927 e fümiko pefümöl pos konflits fovik fa [[Eadred]] ün 953. Vag nulik atakas Skandinävik de fin tumyela 10id äfifon me konker regäna balik at fa [[Sweyn Forkbeard]] ün 1013 e dönu fa son omik: [[Cnut the Great|Cnut]] ün 1016, ävotükölo oni ini zänod ela [[North Sea Empire|Lampörän Nolüda-Mela]] brefalifik, kel i äninädon [[Kingdom of Denmark|Danäni]] e [[Norway|Norgäni]]. Ye, dinast cölik lomädik pärestoron ko näm ela [[Edward the Confessor|Edward leKoefan]] ün 1042. [[File:King Henry V at the Battle of Agincourt.jpg|thumb|upright|alt=Reg Henry V in Komip di Agincourt, 1415.|[[King Henry V of England|Reg Henry V]] in [[Battle of Agincourt|Komip di Agincourt]], pikomipöl tü del Santela Crispin e pefimüköl me vikod Lingläna ta milit Fransänik gretikum in [[Hundred Years' War|Krig Yelas Tum]]]] Pos dead ela Edward in Yanul 1066, fovam disputik äleadon komipi klatik, bifütik, in kel vikod Rega: [[Harold Godwinson|Harold Godwinson]] ta näd Norgänik in Stamford Bridge in fin Setul äpasökön foviko fa pubeidükam e dead omik fa [[William the Conqueror|Duk: William di Normandy]] in [[Battle of Hastings|Komip di Hastings]] tü 14 Tobat, äfimüköl [[Norman Conquest|Konkeri Normänik Lingläna]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Overview: The Normans, 1066–1154 |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/history/british/normans/overview_normans_01.shtml |access-date=3 December 2010 |publisher=BBC |archive-date=4 May 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230504063954/https://www.bbc.co.uk/history/british/normans/overview_normans_01.shtml |url-status=live }}</ref> Normänans it äkömons se Skandinäv ed istedons in Normandy in fin tumyela 9id e prim tumyela 10id.<ref>{{harvnb|Crouch|2006|pp=2–4}}</ref> Konker at äleadon tuebidiko movalade pöpemi Lingläna e plaädami onik fa laristokanän nulik Fransänapükööl, kelik spik älabon fluni dibik e laidüpik sui Linglänapük.<ref>{{Cite news |date=20 February 2008 |title=Norman invasion word impact study |publisher=BBC News |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/wales/mid/7254446.stm |access-date=3 December 2010 |archive-date=23 May 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230523091455/http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/wales/mid/7254446.stm |url-status=live }}</ref> Poso, [[House of Plantagenet|Hof di Plantagenet]] se [[Duchy of Anjou|Anjou]] äeravon troni Lingläna disü [[Henry II of England|Henry II]], äläükölo Lingläni el [[Angevin Empire|Lampörän Angevin]] büyölik feodas, kels famül iäeravon in Fransän, keninükamü [[Duchy of Aquitaine|Aquitän]].<ref name="Bartlett p124">{{harvnb|Bartlett|1999|p=124}}.</ref> Äregons dü tumyels kil, regs anik sevärik äbinoms [[Richard I of England|Richard I]], [[Edward I of England|Edward I]], [[Edward III]] e [[Henry V of England|Henry V]].<ref name="Bartlett p124" /> Period at älogon votikamis in melak e lon, keninükamü dispen ela [[Magna Carta]], pübot lonik Linglänik pageböl ad miedükön nämädis liregik dub lon e jelodön privilegis libamenas. [[Monasticism|Monastim]] Katulik äfloron, provodön filosopanis, e nivers di Oxford e Cambridge päfüükons me patöf regik. [[Principality of Wales|Principat Valesäna]] ävedon feod Plantagenet dü tumyel 13id<ref>{{Cite web |title=Edward I (r. 1272–1307) |url=http://www.royal.gov.uk/OutPut/Page61.asp |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080624181028/http://www.royal.gov.uk/OutPut/Page61.asp |archive-date=24 June 2008 |access-date=21 September 2009 |website=Royal.gov.uk}}</ref> e [[Lordship of Ireland|Söväd Lireläna]] pigevon monarke Linglänik fa Papal. Dü tumyel 14id, Plantagenets e [[House of Valois|Hof di Valois]] äkäladons ad binön kädans legik Hofa di Capet e Fransäna; nämäds tel äkomipons in Krig Yelas Tum.{{Sfn|Fowler|1967|p=208}} Epidem [[Black Death|Deada Blägik]] ätupädon Lingläni; primöl ün 1348, fino ädeidon jü laf belödanas Lingläna.<ref>{{harvnb|Ziegler|2003|p=230}}; {{harvnb|Goldberg|1996|p=4}}.</ref> Vü 1453 e 1487, krig sifik sevädik as [[War of the Roses|Krig Rosas]] äkomipon vü tuts tel famüla cölik: [[House of York|Yorikäns]] e [[House of Lancaster|Lankastäns]].{{Sfn|Crofton|2007|p=111}} Fino äleadon Yorikäns perön troni lölöiko famüle nobik Valesänik: [[House of Tudor|Tudors]], tut Lankastänas ledü [[Henry VII of England|Henry Tudor]], kel änädon ko mercenärs Valesänik e Bretänik, ägetölo vikodi in [[Battle of Bosworth Field|Komip di Bosworth Field]], kö reg Yorik: [[Richard III of England|Richard III]] pödeidom.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Richard III (r. 1483–1485) |url=http://www.royal.gov.uk/output/Page50.asp |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080710093939/http://www.royal.gov.uk/output/Page50.asp |archive-date=10 July 2008 |access-date=21 September 2009 |website=Royal.gov.uk}}</ref> ===Tim modärnik balid=== {{multiple image | perrow = 2 | total_width = 310 | caption_align = left | align = right | image1 = After Hans Holbein the Younger (1497-8-1543) - Henry VIII (1491-1547) - RCIN 404438 - Royal Collection.jpg | caption1 = [[King Henry VIII|Reg Henry VIII]] (1491–1547) | image2 = Elizabeth I in Parliament Robes.jpg | caption2 = [[Queen Elizabeth I|Regin Elizabeth I]] (1533–1603) | caption3 = | caption4 = | width = 100 }} Dü [[Tudor period|timäd Tudor]], Linglän äprimon ad developön [[English Navy|nafemi laidulik]], e tüv ävedon nämikum in [[Age of Discovery|Tüva Timäd]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Royal Navy History, Tudor Period and the Birth of a Regular Navy |url=http://www.royal-navy.org/lib/index.php?title=Tudor_Period_and_the_Birth_of_a_Regular_Navy_Part_Two |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120118040146/http://www.royal-navy.org/lib/index.php?title=Tudor_Period_and_the_Birth_of_a_Regular_Navy_Part_Two |archive-date=18 January 2012 |url-status=usurped |access-date=24 December 2010}}; {{cite book |last=Smith |first=Goldwin |url={{GBurl |id=RdOTQUDgH54C |q=england under the tudors by goldwin smith}} |title=England Under the Tudors |page=176 |publisher=Forgotten Books |access-date=26 December 2010 |isbn=978-1-60620-939-4}}</ref> [[Henry VIII|Henric VIII]] ävokolom de komun ko [[Catholic Church|Katulik Glüg]], dö döfs tefü matkalüv okik, ma [[Acts of Supremacy|Sakramen Lagems]] ün 1534 kel äproklamon monarki as cigöd [[Church of England|Lingläna Glüga]]. Diferü Yuropik [[Protestantism|Prostätan]] mödik, [[English Reformation|vuls dälena]] äbinons bolitikum ka teologiks.{{Efn|As [[Roger Scruton]] plänom, "Refom no muton pafovikön ko votükams nüblinöl ini Lingläna Glüg dü 'Refom Parlament' ün 1529–36, kels äbinons bolitikum ka reliks, desinöl ad balön lesolik e relik nämäma funteins in bal solik nämäd: Lingläna Glüg no ämekon gretik votükami in dokrin jü latikumo."{{Sfn|Scruton|1982|p=470}}}} I legiko ägüükom lätäna län okik Velsäni ini Lingläna Regän me [[Laws in Wales Acts 1535–1542|1535–1542 lagems]]. Ädabinons ninik relik krigs dü regöps dautas Henrica, [[Mary I of England|Mari I]] ed [[Elizabeth I|Elizabet I]]. Edeadan ägevon lani döfi lü katulikam du ett ävokolom döfi de on dönu, fümälo lesagölo löpüfi [[Anglicanism|Lingläna Glüga]]. [[Elizabethan era|Elizabetan timäd]] binon timäd in Tudor timäd dü regöp Jireg Elizabet I ("jireg omta"). Jenavanans suvo magodons oni as [[Golden age (metaphor)|goldik timäd]] in Lingläna jenotem kel ärepresenton belödü Lingläna Renädsans ed älogon floreni gretika lekan, dramat, poed, musig e literat.<ref>From the 1944 Clark lectures by [[C. S. Lewis]]; Lewis, ''English Literature in the Sixteenth Century'' (Oxford, 1954) p. 1, {{OCLC|256072}}</ref> Linglän dü timäd at älabon zänodik, gudiko-organik, e efekik reiganefi.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Tudor Parliaments |url=https://spartacus-educational.com/TUDparliament.htm |access-date=4 April 2021 |website=Spartacus Educational |archive-date=1 December 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231201000058/https://spartacus-educational.com/TUDparliament.htm |url-status=live }}</ref> Kompetöl ko [[Spanish Empire|Spanyän]], balid Lingläna kolän in Merop päfünon ün 1585 fa tüvan [[Walter Raleigh]] in [[Virginia|Virginän]] e panämemon [[Roanoke Colony|Roanoke]]. Kolän Roanoke äfalon e sevädon as peröl kolän pos ätuvonöv vemo pedäsänüköl ven popładöl letävom äkömom.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Ordahl |first=Karen |url={{GBurl |id=W8cr4Vgt9ekC |q=roanoke colony}} |title=Roanak:the abandoned colony |year=2007 |publisher=Rowman & Littlefield publishers Inc |isbn=978-0-7425-5263-0 |access-date=24 December 2010}}</ref> Me [[East India Company|Lofüda Lindäna Kompenät]], Linglän i äkompeton ko [[Dutch Empire|Nedänik]] e [[French colonial empire|Fransänik]] in Lofüd. Dü Elizabetan period, Linglän äbinon in krig ko Spanyän. [[Spanish Armada|Armada]] äseilon de Spanyän ün 1588 as dil plana gretikum ad nüdarivön Linglän ed dönulofükön katuliki monaki. Plan pädämükon fa badik koordin, stormik vut e sekik lükimoyars fa Lingläna flitäm dis [[Charles Howard, 1st Earl of Nottingham|Lord Howard of Effingham]]. Dälead ün 1588 no äneleton Spanyäni, kel äseilon tel fovo armadas in [[2nd Spanish Armada|1596]] e [[3rd Spanish Armada|1597]]; ab, folgik nafs i äpadilädons fa severik Atlantik storms. ===Balat ko Skotän e Lingläna Sivilik Krig=== {{further|Union of the Crowns|Treaty of Union}} [[File:JamesIEngland (cropped).jpg|thumb|left|upright=.7|[[King of Scotland|Skotäna Regän]], [[King James VI of Scotland|Yakob VI]], ävedom [[King of England|Lingläna Regän]] as Yakob I ün 1603, fomöl [[Union of the Crowns|Kronas Balat]]]] Nisuläna bolitik stuktur ävotikünon ün 1603, ven [[King of Scots|Skotäna Regän]], [[James VI of Scotland|Yakob VI]], regän kel äbinon lunüpik taanan Lingläna niteds, ägerom loni Lingläna as Yakob I, dubo jaföl [[Union of the Crowns|personaliki balat]].<ref name="Britons">{{harvnb|Colley|1992|p=12}}; {{Cite web |title=Making the Act of Union |work=Act of Union 1707 |url=http://www.parliament.uk/actofunion/01_background.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080609075346/http://www.parliament.uk/actofunion/01_background.html |archive-date=9 June 2008 |access-date=5 September 2009 |publisher=UK Parliament}}</ref> Älabom iti [[King of Great Britain|Britäna Gretik Regän]], do at no älabon stabi in Lingläna lon.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Hay |first=Denys |title=The term 'Great Britain' in the Middle Ages |url=http://ads.ahds.ac.uk/catalogue/adsdata/PSAS_2002/pdf/vol_089/89_055_066.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090325061737/http://ads.ahds.ac.uk/catalogue/adsdata/PSAS_2002/pdf/vol_089/89_055_066.pdf |archive-date=25 March 2009 |access-date=19 February 2009 |website=ads.ahds.ac.uk}}</ref> Disu jüf Yakob VI ed I Päbükon Bupenäd [[King James Version|Yakob Regän Version]] of Saludik Bib ün 1611. At äbinon standart version Buba pärädöl fa Prostätan Kristadels dü yels foldeg jü nulädik votükams päprodons in tumyela 20. Se bolitik, relik e sosialik taastöf, [[English Civil War|Lingläna Sivilik Krig]] äkomipon bevü stöfans [[Long Parliament|Parlama]] e utons Regäna [[Charles I of England|Carl I]], sevälo as [[Roundhead|Kap Round]] e [[Cavalier|Kavalyan]]. At äbinon sofädik dil gretikum mögik [[Wars of the Three Kingdoms|Krigs Kil Regäna]], kevovöl [[Kingdom of Scotland|Skotäni]] e [[Kingdom of Ireland|Liräni]]. Parlamanans ävikodons, [[execution of Charles I|Carl I pädönon]] e regän päplädom fa [[Commonwealth of England|Commonwealth]]. Leader Parlamana nämäds, [[Oliver Cromwell]] äbepromom iti [[Lord Protector|Söl Jeläd]] ün 1653; period [[the Protectorate|Jeläda]] äsökon.<ref name="O Cromwell">{{Cite web |title=Oliver Cromwell (English statesman) |url=http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/143822/Oliver-Cromwell |access-date=8 August 2009 |website=[[Encyclopædia Britannica]] |archive-date=11 May 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150511074852/http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/143822/Oliver-Cromwell |url-status=live }}</ref> Pos dead Cromwell e demü omik son [[Richard Cromwell|Ricard]] as Söl Jeläd, [[Charles II of England|Carl II]] ävüdädom ad geikön as monark ün 1660, in mov al [[English Restoration|Dönulofükam]]. Ko dönuamävükam teatöpas, lekan fine, literat e bezel lekan äflorons da Dönulofükam "Lätik Monark" Carl II.<ref>Lyndsey Bakewell, "[https://web.archive.org/web/20200212175057/https://pdfs.semanticscholar.org/5c52/dfd2b876951f2d9ca982a2aa2460f52c228f.pdf Changing scenes and flying machines: re-examination of spectacle and the spectacular in Restoration theatre, 1660–1714]" (PhD. Diss. Loughborough University, 2016).</ref> Pos [[Glorious Revolution|Glorik Revolut]] ün 1688, konstitutiviko äfümükon das Regän e Parlament äsölonöv kobiko, do Parlament älabonöv veriki nämädi. At äfümünon me [[Bill of Rights 1689|Gitäda Bük]] ün 1689. Bevü status kels päsetons äbinons das lon äkanon te pamäkön fa Parlament e no äkanon pasädunön fa Regän, i das Regän no äkanon läükön mesedis otuvön bevüno gudikun Parlamenta.<ref>{{Cite book |last1=Adler |first1=Philip J. |url={{GBurl |id=mPoqfoiIp4sC |q=with the restoration it was not constitutionally established that king and parliament should rule together |p=340}} |title=World Civilization |last2=Pouwels |first2=Randall L. |date=2007 |publisher=Cengage Learning |isbn=978-0-495-50262-3 |page=340 |access-date=24 December 2010}}</ref> I de tim et, no Britänik monark änügom [[House of Commons of the United Kingdom|Kmens Dom]] ven seadon, kel pämemon alyeliko in [[State Opening of Parliament|Parlama Maifikam]] ven kems Doma nos paduins in fag monaka musatan, sümbölöl Gitädis Parlama e onik-independentön monaka de.<ref>[http://news.bbc.co.uk/democracylive/hi/guides/newsid_81000/81909.stm "Democracy Live: Black Rod"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110715075506/http://news.bbc.co.uk/democracylive/hi/guides/newsid_81000/81909.stm |date=15 July 2011 }}. BBC. Retrieved 6 August 2008; {{cite EB1911|wstitle=Black Rod|volume=4}}</ref> Ko fümam [[Royal Society|Regäna Sog]] ün 1660, nolav pämütükon vemo. [[File:Charles II of England.jpeg|thumb|upright=.7|alt=Magod sevädik man, labü long blägik her, glöpöl vitik klot e byuts.|[[English Restoration|Lingläna Dönulofükam]] ädonulofükon monaki dis Regän [[Charles II of England|Carl&nbsp;II]] e püdi pos [[English Civil War|Lingläna Sivilik Krig]].]] Ün 1666 [[Great Fire of London|Londona Fil Gretik]] äfilükon zifi London, ab ädönu pädönumekon suno poso mödik signikbums desinon fa Söl [[Christopher Wren]].<ref>{{cite news |title=London's Burning: The Great Fire |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/history/british/civil_war_revolution/great_fire_02.shtml |access-date=25 September 2009 |work=BBC News |archive-date=25 August 2009 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090825111257/http://www.bbc.co.uk/history/british/civil_war_revolution/great_fire_02.shtml |url-status=live }}</ref> Ün zänod-jü latik tumyela 17, tel bolitik grups äpubons – [[Tory|Tories]] e [[Whigs (British political party)|Whigs]]. Do Tories älofons primiko katuliki regän [[James II of England|Yakob II]], aniks onas, kobü Whigs, dü [[Glorious Revolution|1688 Revolut]] ävüdädoms Nedänik [[William III of England|Prince Vilälm di Oranje]] ad vedükön Yakobi e vedön regän. Aniks Lingläna mens, mu in nolüd, äbinons [[Jacobitism|Yakobans]] ed äblebons stöfans Yakoba e omik sons. Disu [[House of Stuart|Stuart dinast]] Linglän ämoükon in ted, fin e prospär. Regäna Nafem ädevelopon Yuropas gretik tedanaf.<ref>{{Cite web |title=The History Press {{!}} The Stuarts |url=https://www.thehistorypress.co.uk/the-stuarts |access-date=11 April 2021 |website=thehistorypress.co.uk}}</ref> Pos parlamans Lingläna e Skotäna äsludons,<ref name="Union with Scotland" /> läns tel äjoins in [[political union|bolitik balat]], ad jafön [[Kingdom of Great Britain|Britäna Gretik Regän]] ün 1707.<ref name="Britons" /> Ad labön balat, stitöfs äsäs lons e netik glügs alik äblebons tebal.{{Sfn|Gallagher|2006|p=14}} ===Latik nuläd e timäd nuik=== [[File:CanalettoSomersetHouseTerrace.jpg|thumb|left|[[River Thames|Fluv Thames]] dü [[Georgian period|Georgik period]] de Terrasa Somerset House lülogam lü St. Paul's, {{Circa|1750}}]] Sökölo fomam Regäna Britäna Gretik, sevädon de Regäna Sog e votiks [[English Enlightenment|Lingläna primams]] äkobikons ko [[Scottish Enlightenment|Skotäna Süadükam]] ad jafön nulikamis in nolav e kaenav, du gretik glof in [[Triangular trade|Trikömik ted]] pejelöl fa [[Royal Navy|Regäna Nafem]] ävabädon fümami [[British Empire|Britänik Lampöräna]]. In dom äsüükon [[Industrial Revolution|Nindustrialik Revolut]], period vönik votükama in [[socioeconomics|sosyekonomik]] e kulturs Lifäda Lingläna, däleadölo in nindustrialik feglok, mek, kaenav e gräv, e i nulik e balid-industriyan vob, tren e vat nets ad mutägugon onas vejaf e völg.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Hudson, Pat |title=The Workshop of the World |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/history/british/victorians/workshop_of_the_world_01.shtml |access-date=10 December 2010 |publisher=BBC |archive-date=15 October 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181015200153/http://www.bbc.co.uk/history/british/victorians/workshop_of_the_world_01.shtml |url-status=live }}</ref> Maifikam Nolüdavesüd Lingläna [[Bridgewater Canal]] ün 1761 älenükon [[History of the British canal system|kanad age in Britän]].<ref name="Briton20015">{{Harvnb|Office for National Statistics|2000|p=5}}; {{harvnb|McNeil|Nevell|2000|p=4}}.</ref> Ün 1825 volas balid laidülik stim-lokomotif-tiröl penädis tren – [[Stockton and Darlington Railway]] – ämaifükon lü publüg.<ref name="Briton20015" /> Dü [[Industrial Revolution|Nindustrialik Revolut]], mödik vobans ämovons de Lingläna länäd lü nulik e vejafik zifän nindustrialik topäts ad vobön in fablüs, a.s. in [[Birmingham]] e [[Manchester]],<ref>{{Harvnb|McNeil|Nevell|2000|p=9}}.; {{Cite web |last=Birmingham City Council |author-link=Birmingham City Council |title=Heritage |url=http://www.visitbirmingham.com/arts_and_culture/heritage/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120426080011/http://www.visitbirmingham.com/arts_and_culture/heritage/ |archive-date=26 April 2012 |access-date=4 October 2009 |website=visitbirmingham.com}}</ref> kel äbinon volas balid nindustrialik zif.<ref name="Industrial city">{{Cite web |title=Manchester – the first industrial city |url=http://www.sciencemuseum.org.uk/on-line/energyhall/page84.asp |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120309184810/http://www.sciencemuseum.org.uk/on-line/energyhall/page84.asp |archive-date=9 March 2012 |access-date=17 March 2012 |publisher=Entry on Sciencemuseum website}}</ref> Linglän ädakipon relativiki stabi dü [[French Revolution|Fransänik Revolut]], dis [[George III]] e [[William Pitt the Younger]]. [[Regency era|Regency George IV]] panämon pro on egän e lüseks in fine lekan e bumav.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Regency {{!}} British Architectural Dates and Styles {{!}} Property {{!}} UK {{!}} Mayfair Office |url=https://www.mayfairoffice.co.uk/members-home/British-Architectural-Styles/British-Architectural-Styles-Regency |access-date=8 April 2021 |website=mayfairoffice.co.uk |archive-date=17 April 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210417084322/https://www.mayfairoffice.co.uk/members-home/British-Architectural-Styles/British-Architectural-Styles-Regency |url-status=dead}}</ref> Dü [[Napoleonic Wars|Napoleik Krigs]], [[Napoleon]] äplänon ad [[Napoleon's planned invasion of the United Kingdom|nüdarivön de sulüd-lesüd]]; ab, at no äsüädükon e Napoleik nämäds päbevikodons fa Britänans: in mel fa [[Horatio Nelson]], e su län fa [[Arthur Wellesley, 1st Duke of Wellington|Arthur Wellesley]]. Cifik vikod in [[Battle of Trafalgar|Trafalgar Krig]] äfümon melik löpüfi kel Britän äfümükon dü kobik tumyela jölsebal.<ref>Bennet, Geoffrey (2004). ''The Battle of Trafalgar''. England: Pen & Sword Books Limited, CPI UK, South Yorkshire.</ref> Napoleik Krigs äsüükon konsepi [[Britishness|Britäna]] e balik netik [[British people|Britänan]], pekomötöl ko Lingläna, Skotäna e Velsäna.<ref name="Colley1">{{Harvnb|Colley|1992|p=1}}.</ref> [[File:The Battle of Trafalgar by William Clarkson Stanfield.jpg|alt=multi-storey square industrial buildings beyond a river|thumb|right|[[Battle of Trafalgar|Trafalgar Krig]] äbinon melik komip bevü [[Royal Navy|Regäna Nafem]] e pekobik flitäms Fransäna e Spanyäna dü [[Napoleonic Wars|Napoleik Krigs]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=28 July 2014 |title=Department of History – Napoleonic Wars |url=http://www.westpoint.edu/history/SitePages/Napoleonic%20Wars.aspx |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140728203458/http://www.westpoint.edu/history/SitePages/Napoleonic%20Wars.aspx |archive-date=28 July 2014 |access-date=8 April 2021}}</ref>]] London ävedon gretikum e mödikum metropolitän topäd in vol dü [[Victorian era|Viktorianik era]], e ted in Britänik Lampörän – e i stanäd Britänik milit e nafem – äbinon prestižik.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Haggard |first=Robert F. |url={{GBurl |id=53VUwDw_UYMC |q=prestige of the british empire in victorian times |p=13}} |title=The persistence of Victorian liberalism:The Politics of Social Reform in Britain, 1870–1900 |publisher=Greenwood Publishing |year=2001 |isbn=978-0-313-31305-9 |page=13 |access-date=26 December 2010}}</ref> Teknologiko, era at älogon mödik nulikamis kel äbinons klig pro Britänik Balat näm e prospär.<ref name="Atterbury 2011">{{Cite web |last=Atterbury |first=Paul |date=17 February 2011 |title=Victorian Technology |url=http://www.bbc.co.uk/history/british/victorians/victorian_technology_01.shtml |access-date=13 October 2020 |publisher=BBC |archive-date=6 November 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201106232436/http://www.bbc.co.uk/history/british/victorians/victorian_technology_01.shtml |url-status=live }}</ref> Bolitik muf in dom de radikals äs [[Chartism|Chartans]] e [[suffragette|sufrajetans]] ämögons lagik refom e [[universal suffrage|valöfik vögod]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=Crawford, Elizabeth |title=Women: From Abolition to the Vote |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/history/british/abolition/abolition_women_article_01.shtml#five |access-date=10 December 2010 |publisher=BBC |archive-date=23 March 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230323211733/https://www.bbc.co.uk/history/british/abolition/abolition_women_article_01.shtml#five |url-status=live }}</ref> Näm vikots in lofüd-zänod Yurop ädugons lü Volakrig Balid; balbüds Lingläna soldats ädeadons komipöl pro Britänik Balat as dil [[Allies of World War I|Fedäbels]].{{Efn|Figure of 550,000 military deaths is for England and Wales.{{Sfn|Cox|1970|p=180}}}} Degolds tel latikumo, in [[World War II|Volakrig Telid]], Britänik Balat dönu äbinon bal [[Allies of World War II|Fedäbels]]. Völfods in krigav nolav älogons mödik zifis pidädüköl fa lufitars dü [[the Blitz|Blitz]]. Sökölo krig, Britänik Lampörän äbelifon vifik [[decolonisation|dekologam]], e äbinon spidükam teknologik nulikams; otos ävedons primik med komip e [[Frank Whittle]] völfod de [[jet engine|stim kien]] ädugon lü vidik [[air travel|lut täv]].<ref>{{Cite news |last=Golley, John |date=10 August 1996 |title=Obituaries: Air Commodore Sir Frank Whittle |work=The Independent |location=London |url=https://www.independent.co.uk/news/people/obituaries-air-commodore-sir-frank-whittle-1309015.html |access-date=2 December 2010 |archive-date=13 July 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100713230112/http://www.independent.co.uk/news/people/obituaries-air-commodore-sir-frank-whittle-1309015.html |url-status=live }}</ref> Lödöp patöfs pävotükons in Linglän fa privätik otos, e fa jafam [[National Health Service (England)|Netik San Cäl]] ün 1948, providöl [[publicly funded health care|publügo päleditöl san mekol]] valikes laidüpik belödanese nesekido at pün od ned. Kobik, ats äsüütons refömi [[local government in England|lokik reiganef in Linglän]] in zänod-tumyela 20.<ref>{{Harvnb|Clark|Steed|Marshall|1973|p=1}}; {{Harvnb|Wilson|Game|2002|p=55}}.</ref> [[File:Frith A Private View.jpg|thumb|[[Victorian era|Viktorianik era]] suvo panämon as [[Golden age|Goldik Era]]. Magod meköl fa [[William Powell Frith]] ad jonön kulturs diläms. ]] De tumyela 20, äbinon signik menedot moväd lü Linglän, mu de votiks dils [[British Isles|Britänik Nisuls]], ab i de [[Commonwealth of Nations|Commonwealth]], pato [[Indian subcontinent|Lindänik donalän]].<ref>{{harvnb|Gallagher|2006|pp=10–11}}.</ref> De 1970s äbinon gretik moväd de mak mekol ed ainumik tupäk [[service industry|dün industan]].<ref name="Thatcher" /> As dil Britänik Balat, topäd äkömon in [[common market|balat mak]] vügod panämenöl [[European Economic Community|Yuropik Konömik Komot]] kel ävedon [[European Union|Yuropik Balat]]. De latik tumyela 20 [[politics of the United Kingdom|guver Britänik Balata]] emovon lü [[devolution|devolved guver]] in Skotän, Velsän e Nolüda-Lirän.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Keating |first=Michael |author-link=Michael Keating (political scientist) |date=1 January 1998 |title=Reforging the Union: Devolution and Constitutional Change in the United Kingdom |journal=Publius: The Journal of Federalism |volume=28 |issue=1 |page=217 |doi=10.1093/oxfordjournals.pubjof.a029948}}</ref> [[England and Wales|Linglän e Velsän]] laibinon as yurisdiksion in Britänik Balat.<ref name="BBC Wales">{{Cite web |year=2009 |title=The coming of the Tudors and the Act of Union |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/wales/history/sites/themes/guide/ch11_part2_coming_of_the_tudor.shtml |access-date=9 September 2009 |website=[[BBC Wales]] |publisher=BBC News |archive-date=4 May 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230504063951/https://www.bbc.co.uk/wales/history/sites/themes/guide/ch11_part2_coming_of_the_tudor.shtml |url-status=live }}</ref> Devolusion esüükon gretikum tupäki mu Lingläna-patik dasev e lotäran.<ref>{{harvnb|Kenny|English|Hayton|2008|p=3}}; {{Harvnb|Ward|2004|p=180}}.</ref> No dabinon devolven Lingläna reiganef, ab steifül ad jafön sümik sisit on dis-regän patöf pärefudon fa [[2004 North East England devolution referendum|reförendum]].<ref name="The Times 2004-11-05">{{Cite news |last1=Sherman |first1=Jill |last2=Andrew Norfolk |date=5 November 2004 |title=Prescott's dream in tatters as North East rejects assembly |work=The Times |location=London |url=http://www.timesonline.co.uk/tol/news/uk/article503255.ece |access-date=5 September 2009 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100525121618/http://www.timesonline.co.uk/tol/news/uk/article503255.ece |archive-date=25 May 2010}}</ref> ==Guveräd== ===Polits=== {{Main|Politics of England}} Linglän binon dil Regäma Pebalöl,<ref name="ONS Geography Guide">{{cite web |author=<!--Not stated--> |date=4 February 2025 |title=A Beginner's Guide to UK Geography (2023) |url=https://geoportal.statistics.gov.uk/datasets/d1f39e20edb940d58307a54d6e1045cd/about |access-date=14 May 2025 |website=Open Geography Portal |publisher=Office for National Statistics}}</ref> monarkäl konstitütivik me sisistem parlamänik.<ref>{{Cite CIA World Factbook|country=United Kingdom|access-date=13 April 2021}}</ref> No dabinon guver Lingläna sis 1707, ven Fünodots Baläda 1707,<ref>{{Cite web |title=The Act of Union between England and Scotland |url=https://www.historic-uk.com/HistoryUK/HistoryofBritain/The-Act-of-Union/ |access-date=25 December 2023 |website=Historic UK |archive-date=9 April 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240409121241/https://www.historic-uk.com/HistoryUK/HistoryofBritain/The-Act-of-Union/ |url-status=live }}</ref> kels dajonöfükons paemis Balädapekada, äbalükons Lingläni e Skotäni ad fomön Regäni Britäna Gretik.<ref name="Union with Scotland">{{Cite web |title=The first Parliament of Great Britain |url=http://www.parliament.uk/actofunion/08_02_great.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080621165514/http://www.parliament.uk/actofunion/08_02_great.html |archive-date=21 June 2008 |access-date=5 September 2009 |publisher=Parliament}}</ref> Bü baläd Linglän pireigon fa monark okik e Parlamän Lingläna. [[File:Palace of Westminster, London - Feb 2007.jpg|thumb|upright=1.2|alt=Fotot dö building ledistrikik floodlight, pememön in vat. Building labon tumis distink inclu bal al del. Tum detik labon logafäni litik.|right|El [[Palace of Westminster|Cem di Westminster]], top ela [[Parliament of the United Kingdom|Parlamän Regäma Pebalöl]] kö Linglän pereigon loveo]] Linglän pereigon loveo fa Parlamän Regäma Pebalöl, do läns votik Regäma Pebalöl labons guveris delegik.<ref name="Devolution">{{Cite web |last=Cabinet Office |author-link=Cabinet Office |date=26 March 2009 |title=Devolution in the United Kingdom |url=http://www.cabinetoffice.gov.uk/devolution.aspx |access-date=16 August 2009 |publisher=cabinetoffice.gov.uk |archive-date=25 November 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101125172918/http://www.cabinetoffice.gov.uk/devolution.aspx |url-status=live }}</ref> Edabinon bespik dö ad tahädükön atosi in Linglän. Büiko päplanos das regäds difik Lingläna ödelegons, ab sekü refud blöfa fa Nolüda-Lofüd in plebiscit 2004, atos no ejenon.<ref name="The Times 2004-11-05" /> In 2024, stitod bevüguverik teik Lingläna, sevädik as Konsäl Cifalik pro Linglän, pästiton ad kobükön ministeris de Guver Regäma Pebalöl, Cifali di London e dugälanis nutodas pekobik.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.gov.uk/government/news/deputy-prime-minister-launches-first-ever-mayoral-council |title=Deputy Prime Minister launches first-ever Mayoral Council |access-date=12 October 2024 |archive-date=18 December 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20251218165658/https://www.gov.uk/government/news/deputy-prime-minister-launches-first-ever-mayoral-council |url-status=live }}</ref> In 2026 Fünodot Delegäma e Nämükam Kömüna Lingläna 2026 ägeton laidäpi regik ed estiton sisistemi guveräda telniveilik fomedölo me Netik, Nutods Stetävik e Nutods Cifik. <ref name=":5" /><ref name=":6" /> In Cem Kömenas kel binon cem donik Parlamäna Britänik stabölo in Cem di Westminster, dabinons 543 limans parlamäna (LPs) pro distriks in Linglän, se 650 valodik.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Lists of MPs |url=http://www.parliament.uk/mps-lords-and-offices/mps/ |access-date=21 May 2009 |publisher=Parliament.uk |archive-date=4 November 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101104174226/http://www.parliament.uk/mps-lords-and-offices/mps/ |url-status=live }}</ref> Linglän perepresenton fa 347 LPs de Palet Vobik, 116 de Palet Konservätik, 65 de Demokratans Libik, fol pro Reform UK e fol pro Palet Gräna Lingläna e Valsäna.<ref>{{cite web|title=State of the parties|url=https://members.parliament.uk/parties/commons|access-date=31 July 2025|archive-date=19 November 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201119041224/https://members.parliament.uk/parties/Commons|url-status=live}}</ref> ===Lon=== {{Main|English law}} [[File:Royal Courts of Justice (6201094569).jpg|thumb|El [[Royal Courts of Justice|Cems Regik Cöda]]|left]] Sisistem lonik Lona Lingläna, pivolfüköl dü tumyels, binon stab lona kömenik<ref>{{Cite web |title=Common Law |url=http://dictionary.law.com/Default.aspx?selected=248 |access-date=5 October 2013 |website=The People's Law Dictionary |publisher=ALM Media Properties |archive-date=11 December 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231211034648/https://dictionary.law.com/Default.aspx?selected=248 |url-status=live }}</ref> sisistemas lonik pagebölas in läns Kömenünsa geilikün<ref>{{Cite web |date=19 October 2000 |title=The Common Law in the British Empire |url=http://www.h-net.msu.edu/~law/ASLH/conferences/2000conference/101900345b.htm |access-date=20 August 2011 |publisher=H-net.msu.edu |archive-date=21 September 2006 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060921085926/http://www.h-net.msu.edu/~law/ASLH/conferences/2000conference/101900345b.htm |url-status=live }}</ref> e Lamerikäna (sä Louisiana). Do anu binon dil Regäma Pebalöl, sisistem lonik Cemas Lingläna e Valsäna, ma Balädapekad, äfövülon as sisistem lonik teik de ut pageböl in Skotän. Klinäd cifik Lona Lingläna binon das pajafon fa cödals seadöls in cems, gebölo suemi kömenik okas e noli dö füföfots lonik – ''stare decisis'' – tefü jenöfots fo oks.<ref>{{harvnb|Fafinski|2007|p=60}}.</ref> Sisistem cemik paläedükon fa Cems Löpik Lingläna e Valsäna, fomedölo me Cem Pläida, Cem Geilik Cöda pro fits zifik, e Cem Kruna pro fits krimik.<ref>{{harvnb|Fafinski|2007|p=127}}.</ref> Cem Löpikün Regäma Pebalöl binon cem geilikün pro fits krimik e zifik in Linglän e Valsän. Päjafon in 2009 pos votükams konstitütivik, sumölo funcis cödälik Cema Lordas.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Constitutional reform: A Supreme Court for the United Kingdom |url=http://www.dca.gov.uk/consult/supremecourt/supreme.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=http://webarchive.nationalarchives.gov.uk/20090117132005/http://www.dca.gov.uk/consult/supremecourt/supreme.pdf |archive-date=17 January 2009 |access-date=5 September 2009 |publisher=DCA.gov.uk}}</ref> Slud Cema Löpikün dälon cemi votik alik in hiyer, kel muton sökön plägis onik.<ref>{{harvnb|Fafinski|2007|p=67}}.</ref> Sekretan tata pro cöd binon minister pekodöl lü Parlamän pro cödäls, sisistem cemik e fanäbs e prepad in Linglän.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Lord Chancellor and Secretary of State for Justice |url=https://www.gov.uk/government/ministers/secretary-of-state-for-justice |website=GOV.UK |access-date=3 April 2021 |archive-date=2 December 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201202015058/https://www.gov.uk/government/ministers/secretary-of-state-for-justice |url-status=live }}</ref> Krim ämödikumon vü 1981 e 1995 ab ädämon me 42% in period 1995–2006.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Crime over the last 25 years |url=http://www.homeoffice.gov.uk/rds/pdfs07/crime0607summ.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090324214809/http://www.homeoffice.gov.uk/rds/pdfs07/crime0607summ.pdf |archive-date=24 March 2009 |access-date=5 September 2009 |publisher=HomeOffice.gov.uk}}</ref> Pöp fanäba ämödikumon dubü period ot, givölo oni balä nasätäkalkülafomitätas geilikün in Vesüda-Yurop me 147 al 100 000.<ref name="Crime BBC">{{Cite news |date=8 February 2008 |title=New record high prison population |work=BBC News |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/uk_politics/7235438.stm |access-date=5 September 2009 |archive-date=12 January 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160112123133/http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/uk_politics/7235438.stm |url-status=live }}</ref> Düner Fanäba Regala Omik, riporöl lü Ministär Cöda, dilekon fanäbis mödik, lotölo in 2024 zao 87 300 fanäbis in Linglän e Valsän, mödiküno sis 1900.<ref>{{cite web|title=House of Commons Library: Prison Population Statistics|url=https://commonslibrary.parliament.uk/research-briefings/sn04334/|access-date=26 May 2026}}</ref> ===Niveuls Guveräda=== {{Main|Local government in England}} Anu dabinons kladis balatik kil guveräda in Linglän, ats inkludons Netik, Nutod Stetävik e Nutods Cifik.<ref name=":5" /><ref name=":6">{{Cite web |last=Powerhouse |first=Eastern |date=2024-12-18 |title=Devo White Paper: A brave step, but not radical enough |url=https://www.easternpowerhouse.uk/post/devo-white-paper-a-brave-step-but-not-radical-enough |access-date=2026-06-01 |website=Eastern Powerhouse |language=en}}</ref> {{Multiple images | image1 = Tiers of Government in England.webp | total_width = 350px | align = center }} ==== Netik ==== Linglän no labon Parlamäni Delegik okik leigik Parlamän Skotänik, Senedd Valsänik e Loman Nolüda-Lireläna e begon Parlamäna Regäma Pebalöl ad jafön lonis pro Linglän.<ref name=":5">{{Cite web |title=Devolution |url=https://consoc.org.uk/the-constitution-explained/devolution/ |access-date=2026-06-01 |website=The Constitution Society |language=en-GB}}</ref> ==== Nutod Stetävik ==== Nutod Stetävik binon klad donaregädik fomedölo me Nutods Pekobik / Nutods Pekobik Länas ed el Nutod Londona Gretik.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Marc_WH |date=2026-05-27 |title=English Devolution and Community Empowerment Act 2026: FAQs |url=https://www.wardhadaway.com/insights/updates/english-devolution-and-community-empowerment-act-2026-frequently-asked-questions/ |access-date=2026-06-01 |website=Ward Hadaway |language=en-GB}}</ref> {{Multiple image | image1 = English strategic authorities.svg | align = center | total_width = 300px }} Ma 2026 anu dabinons 18 Nutods Pekobik / Pekobik Länas in Linglän ko 16 utas labölo cifali pedälik loveo.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Local government facts and figures: England |url=https://lgiu.org/resources/local-government-facts-and-figures/local-government-facts-and-figures-england/ |access-date=2026-06-01 |website=LGIU |language=en-GB}}</ref> De 1994 jü prim 2010s Linglän pädilon pro diseins anik lü regäds; plebiscit 1998 pro Regäd Londona äjafon Lomani Londona tel yels poso. Plebiscit delegäma distöfik 2004 Nolüda-Lofüda Lingläna äsaiton lomani regädik fovik delegämi<ref name="The Times 2004-11-052" /> ko stof regädik plödü London pemoükon. Nutods Cifik fomedons me Cems Balatik, Cems Distriks e Cems Länas.<ref name=":6" /> Plödü regäd Londona, niveul geilikün Lingläna binon läns seremonik 48.<ref name="britannicagov">{{harvnb|Encyclopædia Britannica|2002|p=100}}</ref> Ats pagebons primiko as stab taledik referena. Se ats, 38 ävolons modiko sis Zänoda-Tums; ats pivotükons lü 51 in 1974 e lü num nuik onsik in 1996.<ref name="maud">{{harvnb|Redcliffe-Maud|Wood|1974}}.</ref> Alik labon Lieutanen Lordi e Järifüli Geilik; däns at pagebons ad representön monarki Britänik topiko.<ref name="britannicagov" /> Läns anik, a.s. Herefordshire, padilons te foviko lü parafs zifiks. Län regik Berkshire e läns metropolitänik labons sötis distink tefü läns seremonik votik. <ref>{{Cite web |last=abcounties.com |date=26 June 2013 |title=The problem of 'county confusion' – and how to resolve it |url=https://abcounties.com/counties/county-confusion/ |access-date=17 September 2023 |website=Association of British Counties |archive-date=3 November 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231103020800/https://abcounties.com/counties/county-confusion/ |url-status=live }}</ref> In 1974, Fünodot Guva Topik 1972 äjafon sisistemi telaniveilik in Linglän ko 39 läns no-metropolitänik (shire) e 6 läns metropolitänik. Läns shire äbinons telaniveilik (cem läna + cems distriks), du läns metropolitänik älabons dili funcis distink.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Tony |first=Travers |date=April 20, 2024 |title=Tony Travers: 1974 reform heralded a near permanent revolution |url=https://www.lgcplus.com/politics/governance-and-structure/tony-travers-1974-reform-heralded-a-near-permanent-revolution-02-04-2024/ |website=LGC}}</ref> Cems läna metropolitänik pemoükon in 1986.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Leach |first=Steve |last2=Game |first2=Chris |date=June 1991 |title=English Metropolitan Government Since Abolition: An Evaluation of the Abolition of the English Metropolitan County Councils |url=https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.1467-9299.1991.tb00788.x |journal=Public Administration |language=en |volume=69 |issue=2 |pages=141–170 |doi=10.1111/j.1467-9299.1991.tb00788.x |issn=0033-3298|url-access=subscription }}</ref> Votükams fovik in zänod 1990s (cifiko 1995–1998) plaädons stofis telaniveilik me nutods balatik in tops mödik. Votükams 1996 (da Fünodot Lieutenancies 1997) äseparons fümiko läns seremonik (pro lieutenancy e diseins seremonik) de läns guverik (pro guver topik).<ref name=":7">{{Cite web |date=2025-01-15 |title=What is local government reorganisation? |url=https://www.instituteforgovernment.org.uk/explainer/local-government-unitarisation |access-date=2026-06-03 |website=Institute for Government |language=en}}</ref> Atos äjafon disti klülikum: läns seremonik suvo sökons miedis jenavik o pevotüköl, du tops guverik reflektons stofi cema balatik u telaniveilik nuik.<ref name=":7" /> Guveriko, London labon 32 burägis Londonik e Cemi di London. 32 burägs Londonik fomon läni seremonik Londona Gretik, ko Cem di London binäd län seremonik teik. Linglän i padilon lü distriks guva topik.<ref name="localgov">{{harvnb|Singh|2009|p=53}}.</ref> Distrik kanon länälön lü läni seremonik, u binon niveul distrik in län shire, binon buräg regik u metropolitänik, labön sötüli buräga u cema, u binon nutod balatik,<ref>{{Cite web |title=Local government restructuring - Office for National Statistics |url=https://www.ons.gov.uk/methodology/geography/ukgeographies/administrativegeography/ourchanginggeography/localgovernmentrestructuring |access-date=2026-06-03 |website=www.ons.gov.uk}}</ref> London a.s. labon 33 distrikis guva topik. In niveul kömünik, Lingläno mödik padilon lü parafs zifiks me cems okiks;<ref>{{Cite book |last=Office |first=Great Britain Census |url=https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=8JAcAAAAIAAJ&pg=RA12-PA9&dq=civil+parishes+in+England&hl=en&newbks=1&newbks_redir=0&source=gb_mobile_search&ovdme=1&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwiPz5CMneuUAxXaUkEAHUZaM1sQ6AF6BAgPEAM#v=onepage&q=civil%20parishes%20in%20England&f=false |title=Census of England & Wales, 1931 |date=1933 |publisher=H.M. Stationery Office |language=en}}</ref> in London Gretik te paraf soik bal, Queen's Park, dabinon {{as of|2014|lc=y}} posä ämoükon in 1965 jü lon ämüton dajafami onsik in 2007. ==Taledav== {{Vüedölo|Taledav Lingläna}} ===Nated e flumeds=== [[File:Malvern Hills - England.jpg|left|thumb|[[Hills Malvern]] in läns Linglänik [[Worcestershire]] e [[Herefordshire]]. Bels at peädabinükons fa Bür Länäda as [[Jenotof Jönik Läna]]. ]] Ma taledav, Linglän kenomüki zao telkil sulüdik nula:Great Britain, ed islafs as [[Isle of Wight]] e [[Isles of Scilly]]. Palënükon fa tänavols: [[Anglo Scottish border|in nolüd]] fa Skotän e [[Wales-England border|in vesüd]] fa Velsän. Linglän binon nilikum ka topäd votik britänik lü kontinän di Yurop. Pateilom de [[Fransän]] ([[Hauts-de-France]]) me {{convert|21|mi|adj=on}}<ref name="Engchannel">{{Cite web |year=2009 |title=English Channel |url=http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/187921/English-Channel |access-date=15 August 2009 |website=[[Encyclopædia Britannica]] |publisher=britannica.com |archive-date=2 May 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150502222618/http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/187921/English-Channel |url-status=live }}</ref> melagap, do tals tel pebalons me [[Tunél Canel]] nilü [[Folkestone]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=History |url=http://www.eurotunnel.com/ukcP3Main/ukcCorporate/ukcAboutUs/ukm/history.htm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081116055538/http://www.eurotunnel.com/ukcP3Main/ukcCorporate/ukcAboutUs/ukm/history.htm |archive-date=16 November 2008 |access-date=5 September 2009 |publisher=EuroTunnel.com}}</ref> Linglän labon i jöpis su [[Mel Liränik]], [[Mel Nolüdik]] e Sef Mel.Latlantik. Pörs di London, [[Liverpool]], e [[Newcastle upon Tyne|Newcastle]] seadons su flumeds tidik [[River Thames|Thames]], [[River Mersey|Mersey]] e [[River Tyne|Tyne]]. Labü {{convert|220|mi}}, [[River Severn|Severn]] binon flum lunikün moföl in Linglän.<ref>{{Cite web |title=The River Severn |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/england/sevenwonders/west/severn-river/ |access-date=5 December 2010 |publisher=BBC |archive-date=11 October 2007 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071011115541/http://www.bbc.co.uk/england/sevenwonders/west/severn-river/ |url-status=live }}</ref> Moflumor ini [[Canel Bristol]] e binon sevädik demü [[Severn Bore]] (a [[tidal bore]]), kel kanon rivön {{convert|2|m|ft}} in geilot.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Severn Bore and Trent Aegir |url=http://www.environment-agency.gov.uk/homeandleisure/recreation/31439.aspx |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101122125420/http://environment-agency.gov.uk/homeandleisure/recreation/31439.aspx |archive-date=22 November 2010 |access-date=5 December 2010 |publisher=Environment Agency}}</ref> Ab flum lunikün valemo in Linglän binon Thames, kel labü {{convert|215|mi}} lunik.<ref name="Thames">{{Cite web |title=River Thames and London (England) |url=http://www.thisislondon.co.uk/standard-home/related-139-94056-articles-reviews/River+Thames-London+(England)/related.do |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110606141618/http://www.thisislondon.co.uk/standard/related-139-94056-river-thames-london-england.do |url-status=dead |archive-date=6 June 2011 |access-date=17 August 2009 |website=London Evening Standard |location=London}}</ref> Dils lakik in Linglän; gretikün binon [[Windermere]], in topäd: [[Lake District]].<ref name="metoffice_nw">{{Cite web |title=North West England & Isle of Man: climate |url=http://www.metoffice.gov.uk/climate/uk/nw/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110605003213/http://www.metoffice.gov.uk/climate/uk/nw/ |archive-date=5 June 2011 |access-date=5 December 2010 |publisher=Met Office}}</ref> Sürfat Lingläna pato binon gövik e plaenik, me belik e belabimik in nolüd e vesüd läna. Bels nolüdik kenomüki [[Pennines]], belasökod dividöl lofüdi e vesüdi, bels Lakedistrik in Cumbria, e [[Cheviot Hills]], bels läbäbüns len mied Lingläna e Skotäna. Top geilikün in Linglän, labü {{convert|978|m|ft}}, binon [[Scafell Pike]] in Lakedistrik.<ref name="metoffice_nw" /> [[Shropshire Hills]] binons nilü Velsän du [[Dartmoor]] e [[Exmoor]] binons toplads belik tel in sulüdavesüd läna. Linet tefik dividöl sots nateda suvo pamänioton me [[Tees–Exe line]].<ref>{{Cite book |url={{GBurl |id=yAgGHnENHjoC |q=tees exe line england lowland upland |p=100}} |title=World Regional Geography |date=2008 |publisher=Joseph J. Hobbs |isbn=978-0-495-38950-7 |access-date=6 December 2017}}</ref> [[File:Glenridding, Cumbria, England - June 2009.jpg|thumb|Vilag [[Glenridding]] e [[Ullswater]] in [[Cumbria]]]] Pennines, sevädiks as "bäkbom Lingläna", binons belasökod bäldikün läna, kömon de fin [[Paleozoic Era]] zao 300&nbsp;balions yelas brefabüo.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Pennines |url=http://www.summitpost.org/area/range/220026/pennines.html |access-date=8 September 2009 |publisher=Smmit Post |archive-date=19 July 2008 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080719235117/http://www.summitpost.org/area/range/220026/pennines.html |url-status=live }}</ref> Kop onik geomik kenomüki, bevü votiks, [[sandstone]] e [[limestone]], e i kol. Dabinons nateds [[karst]]ik in tops kalsitik as dils [[Yorkshire]] e [[Derbyshire]]. Nated Pennine binon [[moorland]] geilik in tops belik, päsplitöl dub vals fertilik flumas topäda. Ons kenomüki padäls netik tel, [[Yorkshire Dales]] e [[Peak District]]. In [[West Country]], Dartmoor e Exmoor de Udd Sulüdik kenomüki belabimik nilik dub granit.<ref>{{Cite web |title=National Parks&nbsp;– About us |url=http://www.nationalparks.gov.uk/aboutus |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101027162402/http://www.nationalparks.gov.uk/aboutus |archive-date=27 October 2010 |access-date=5 December 2010 |publisher=nationalparks.gov.uk}}</ref> [[English Lowlands beech forests|Länilands Linglänik]] binons in zänod e sulüd läna, kenomüköls gövis jönik, inklüdü [[Cotswold Hills]], [[Chiltern Hills]], [[North Downs|North]] e [[South Downs]]; kö omas kokömons meli, fomons klifs vietik klifik as [[cliffs of Dover]]. Atos i kenomüki plaenis tefiko neföfik as [[Salisbury Plain]], [[Somerset Levels]], [[South Coast Plain]] e [[The Fens]]. ===Klimat=== {{Vüedölo|Klimat Lingläna}} Linglän labon [[temperate climate|klimati temparik]] melik: binos mildik me temps no mödo donikums ka {{convert|0|°C|°F}} in nifüp e no mödo löpikums ka {{convert|32|°C|°F}} in hitüp.<ref name="weather">{{Cite web |title=What is the Climate like in Britain? |url=http://www.woodlands-junior.kent.sch.uk/customs/questions/weather/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100114052538/http://www.woodlands-junior.kent.sch.uk/customs/questions/weather/ |archive-date=14 January 2010 |access-date=5 September 2009 |publisher=Woodlands Kent}}</ref> Tead binon tefiko brietik e binon votikök. Muls koldikün binons yanul e febul, lätik pato su [[Geography of the United Kingdom|jöp Linglänik]], du yulul nomo binon mul vamikün. Muls me mildik jü vamik tead binons mayul, yunul, setul e tobul.<ref name="weather" /> Reins padistibon mu ritiko da yel. Flunöfis veütik su klimat Lingläna binon nil oka lü [[Mel Latlantik]], latit nolüdik onik e vamükam mela fa [[Gulf Stream]].<ref name="weather" /> Reinabinon pluik in vesüd, e dils [[Lake District]] getons plu reini ka topäd votik läna.<ref name="weather" /> Sis adläf tädik, temp högikün penunon äbinon {{convert|40.3|°C|°F}} tü 19 yulul 2022 in [[Coningsby]], [[Lincolnshire]],<ref>{{Cite web |title=Record high temperatures verified |url=https://www.metoffice.gov.uk/about-us/press-office/news/weather-and-climate/2022/record-high-temperatures-verified |access-date=22 March 2023 |website=Met Office |archive-date=7 August 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220807200218/https://www.metoffice.gov.uk/about-us/press-office/news/weather-and-climate/2022/record-high-temperatures-verified |url-status=live }}</ref> du lowikün äbinon {{convert|−26.1|°C|°F}} tü 10 yanul 1982 in [[Edgmond, Shropshire|Edgmond]], Shropshire.<ref>{{Cite web |title=English Climate |url=http://www.metoffice.com/climate/uk/location/england/#temperature |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080829161614/http://www.metoffice.com/climate/uk/location/england/ |archive-date=29 August 2008 |publisher=MetOffice.com}}</ref> ===Nated e nimädav=== {{Vüedölo|Fün Lingläna}} [[File:Eurasian Wren (Troglodytes troglodytes), Icklesham, Sussex.jpg|thumb|[[Eurasian wren]], bödabid numikün in Linglän<ref>{{Cite web |date=4 February 2020 |title=It's official – the Wren is our commonest bird |url=https://www.bto.org/press-releases/it%E2%80%99s-official-%E2%80%93-wren-our-commonest-bird |access-date=2 December 2022 |website=BTO |last1=Ornithology |first1=British Trust for |archive-date=12 January 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240112190916/https://www.bto.org/press-releases/it%E2%80%99s-official-%E2%80%93-wren-our-commonest-bird |url-status=live }}</ref>]] Fün Lingläna binon sümik ad ut topädas votik in [[British Isles]] me padam vemo mödik vertebatas e invertebatas in söräd topik mödik.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Natural History Museum |url=https://www.nhm.ac.uk/discover/british-wildlife.html |access-date=7 July 2020 |archive-date=13 July 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200713112232/https://www.nhm.ac.uk/discover/british-wildlife.html |url-status=live }}</ref> [[National nature reserves in England]] pagebädükons fa [[Natural England]] as tops cifik pro [[wildlife]] e naturafox in Linglän. Ons pefünon ad jafön sömis veütikün liföpa e fomamas geomik. NNRs peregons pro net, mödiküns fa Natural England, abi fa fedasöks no-reiganik, inklüdü limans [[The Wildlife Trusts]] partena, [[National Trust for Places of Historic Interest or Natural Beauty|National Trust]], e [[Royal Society for the Protection of Birds]]. Dabinons 221 NNRs in Linglän me {{Convert|110000|ha|km2|abbr=off}}. Suvo ons kenomükons bidis nemödik u popülis veütik netik planas e nimas.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Natural England: Designated sites |url=https://designatedsites.naturalengland.org.uk/ReportConditionSummary.aspx?SiteType=NNR |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210825034122/https://designatedsites.naturalengland.org.uk/ReportConditionSummary.aspx?SiteType=NNR |archive-date=25 August 2021 |access-date=20 July 2020}}</ref> . [[Environment Agency]] binon bod notidik no-departemik, pefünon in 1995 e pefüdünöl fa [[Department for Environment, Food and Rural Affairs]] me bligs tefü jafön e nämöfön midi in Linglän.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Environment Agency |url=https://www.gov.uk/government/organisations/environment-agency |access-date=3 April 2021 |website=GOV.UK |archive-date=2 April 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210402170230/https://www.gov.uk/government/organisations/environment-agency |url-status=live }}</ref> [[Secretary of state for environment, food and rural affairs]] binon ministeran demü jaf midi, farmot, fütav e komots länik in Linglän.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Secretary of State for Environment, Food and Rural Affairs – GOV.UK |url=https://www.gov.uk/government/ministers/secretary-of-state-for-environment-food-and-rural-affairs |access-date=3 April 2021 |website=gov.uk |archive-date=5 April 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120405111005/https://www.gov.uk/government/ministers/secretary-of-state-for-environment-food-and-rural-affairs |url-status=live }}</ref> [[File:Richmond Park - London - England - 02102005.jpg|thumb|[[Cervus]] in [[Richmond Park]]. Pak pefünon fa [[Charles I of England|Charles I]] in tumyel 17id as [[Deer park (England)|kervapak]].<ref name="Pastscape">{{PastScape|mnumber=397979|mname=Richmond Park|date=2015|access-date=3 May 2015}}</ref>]] Linglän labon [[Oceanic climate|klimati temparik melik]] in tops mödik, negevölo xi koldik u hitik, ab labon topis smalik [[Subarctic climate|subarktiki]] e topis vamikum in [[South West England|Sulüdavesüd]]. Lü [[Northern England|Nolüd Lingläna]] klimat vemon koldikum e bels e gövs geilik Lingläna binons is ed ons flunon vemo klimati ed ofeno fino topik funi. Fots [[Deciduous|deciduous]] binons komik pö Linglän valik e givons liföpofi gudik pro fun Lingläna mödik, ab ats pagantons in nolüd e tops belik Lingläna me fots [[coniferous]] (pato fots pelätöl) kels i givons pluni füne sotik. Bids anik eläfüdons okis lü topäd lelodik, pato [[red fox|renard rädik]], kel binon [[Urban wildlife|nim suludik]] beniküstädikün pos [[rat brünik]], e nims votik as [[common wood pigeon]], kels boiks benikünons in tops lelodik e suludik.<ref>{{Cite news |date=17 May 2012 |title=Mammals in Britain's cities: A spotter's guide – in pictures {{pipe}} Urban wildlife |work=The Guardian |url=https://www.theguardian.com/environment/gallery/2012/may/17/mammals-britains-cities-spotters-guide}}</ref> ===Konusürbations cifik=== {{Logolös i|Lised topas in Linglän}} [[Greater London Built-up Area]] binon mu topäd lelodik gretikün in Linglän<ref name="BUA">{{Cite web |title=2011 Census – Built-up areas |url=http://www.nomisweb.co.uk/articles/747.aspx |access-date=5 February 2014 |publisher=[[Office for National Statistics|ONS]] |archive-date=21 September 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130921045319/http://www.nomisweb.co.uk/articles/747.aspx |url-status=live }}</ref> e bal lelodas vifiküns in vol. Pasevomon as [[global city]] e labon popülis pluik ka läns valik in Regän Pebalöl pläamü Linglän it.<ref name="BUA" /> Topäds lelodiks votik me gret e flun veütik suvo binons in [[northern England]] u [[English Midlands]].<ref name="BUA" /> Dabinons [[List of cities in the United Kingdom|50 lödöp]] kels elabons padäli [[City status in the United Kingdom|städi zifa in Linglän]], du Regän Pebalök gretikün labon 66. Do zifs mödik in Linglän binons mu gretiks, as [[Birmingham]], [[Sheffield]], [[Manchester]], [[Liverpool]], [[City of Leeds|Leeds]], [[Newcastle upon Tyne|Newcastle]], [[City of Bradford|Bradford]], [[Nottingham]], gretik popüla no binon stip pro städ zifa.<ref name="cathcities">{{Cite news |last=O'Brian |first=Harriet |date=24 November 2007 |title=The Complete Guide To: Cathedral cities in the UK |work=The Independent |location=London |url=https://www.independent.co.uk/travel/uk/the-complete-guide-to-cathedral-cities-in-the-uk-760201.html |url-status=dead |access-date=8 September 2009 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090812091322/http://www.independent.co.uk/travel/uk/the-complete-guide-to-cathedral-cities-in-the-uk-760201.html |archive-date=12 August 2009}}</ref> Ritiko städ at pigivon zifiles me [[List of cathedrals in England|katedrals diocesans]], klu dabinons zifs smalikum as [[Wells, Somerset|Wells]], [[Ely, Cambridgeshire|Ely]], [[Ripon]], [[Truro]] e [[Chichester]]. {{Largest cities | name = Topäds lelodik gretiküns | kind = konusürbations | country = Linglän | stat_ref = 2011 census<ref name="BUA" /> | list_by_pop = List of urban areas in the United Kingdom | class = nav | div_name = | div_link = List of urban areas in the United Kingdom{{!}}Konusürbation | div_1 = Greater London Built-up Area{{!}}Greater London | city_1 = London | pop_1 = 9,787,426 | div_2 = Greater Manchester Built-up Area{{!}}Greater Manchester | city_2 = Manchester | pop_2 = 2,553,379 | div_3 = West Midlands Conurbation{{!}}West Midlands | city_3 = Birmingham | pop_3 = 2,440,986 | div_4 = West Yorkshire Urban Area{{!}}West Yorkshire | city_4 = Leeds | pop_4 = 1,777,934 | div_5 = Liverpool Urban Area{{!}}Liverpool | city_5 = Liverpool | pop_5 = 864,122 | img_5 = | div_6 = South Hampshire | city_6 = Southampton | pop_6 = 855,569 | img_6 = | div_7 = Tyneside | city_7 = Newcastle upon Tyne | pop_7 = 774,891 | img_7 = | div_8 = Nottingham Urban Area{{!}}Nottingham | city_8 = Nottingham | pop_8 = 729,977 | img_8 = | div_9 = Sheffield Urban Area{{!}}Sheffield | city_9 = Sheffield | pop_9 = 685,368 | img_9 = | div_10 = Bristol Built-up Area{{!}}Bristol | city_10 = Bristol | pop_10 = 617,280 | img_10 = }} ==Konöm== {{Vüedölo|Konöm Lingläna}} [[File:London Skyline (125508655).jpeg|thumb|[[London]] binon kapital financik Lingläna e Regäna Pebalöl.]] Konöm Lingläna binon bal gretikün e vifiküns in vol, me [[GDP per capita]] of £37,852 in 2022.<ref name="ONS GDP" /> [[HM Treasury]], peleodöl fa [[chancellor of the exchequer]], binon demü völfam e dunam bolitik [[public finance]] e [[economic policy]] reiganefa.<ref>{{Cite report |url=https://www.ons.gov.uk/economy/grossvalueaddedgva/bulletins/regionalgrossvalueaddedbalanceduk/1998to2017/pdf |title=Regional economic activity by gross value added (balanced), UK: 1998 to 2017 |last=Fenton |first=Trevor |date=12 December 2018 |publisher=[[Office for National Statistics]] |archive-date=21 June 2018 |access-date=19 March 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180621015828/https://www.ons.gov.uk/economy/grossvalueaddedgva/bulletins/regionalgrossvalueaddedincomeapproach/december2016 |url-status=live }}</ref> Suvo pedasevom as [[Anglo-Saxon economy|konöm makedas mixik]], eläsumon prinsips [[free market|mäkeda libik]] mödik, ab kipon stitüdi [[social welfare|benäla sogädik]] progik.<ref>{{Cite news |title=The Welfare State&nbsp;– Never Ending Reform |work=BBC News |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/history/british/modern/field_01.shtml |access-date=17 September 2009 |archive-date=14 August 2009 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090814113910/http://www.bbc.co.uk/history/british/modern/field_01.shtml |url-status=live }}</ref> Konöm Lingläna binon dil gretikün [[economy of the United Kingdom|konöma Regäna Pebalöl]].<ref name="regionalacc">{{Cite web |last=Office for National Statistics |author-link=Office for National Statistics |title=Regional Accounts |url=http://www.statistics.gov.uk/hub/economy/national-accounts/regional-accounts/index.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090826104410/http://www.statistics.gov.uk/hub/economy/national-accounts/regional-accounts/index.html |archive-date=26 August 2009 |access-date=17 September 2009 |publisher=statistics.gov.uk}}</ref> Linglän binon dugan in sökods kemik e farmakemik e in sökods tekniks veütik, pato [[aerospace]], [[arms industry]], e [[software industry]]. London, lom ad [[London Stock Exchange]], büsän veütikün Regäna Pebalöl e gretikün in Yurop, binon zänod financik Lingläna, me 100 de 500&nbsp;dabisödäms gretiküns Yuropa siedöls us.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Financial Centre |url=http://legacy.london.gov.uk/london-life/business-and-jobs/financial-centre.jsp |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110713060624/http://legacy.london.gov.uk/london-life/business-and-jobs/financial-centre.jsp |archive-date=13 July 2011 |access-date=5 September 2009 |publisher=London.gov.uk}}</ref> De 2025, London binon zänod financik gretikün in Yurop e telid gretikün in vol.<ref>{{Cite web |title=GFCI 36 Rank - Long Finance |url=https://www.longfinance.net/programmes/financial-centre-futures/global-financial-centres-index/gfci-36-explore-the-data/gfci-36-rank/ |access-date=24 September 2025 |website=www.longfinance.net |archive-date=25 September 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240925155927/https://www.longfinance.net/programmes/financial-centre-futures/global-financial-centres-index/gfci-36-explore-the-data/gfci-36-rank/ |url-status=live }}</ref> London penemon as hop teknik vifiköl vifikün in Yurop, me Linglän labon plu 100 dabisödäms teknik vänik me vödut $1&nbsp;billion u plu.<ref>{{Cite web |date=21 July 2021 |title=London Has Officially Become the Technology Capital of Europe |url=https://brainstation.io/magazine/london-technology-capital-of-europe-100-unicorns |access-date=10 July 2023 |website=BrainStation |archive-date=7 October 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211007093133/https://brainstation.io/magazine/london-technology-capital-of-europe-100-unicorns |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Willems |first=Michiel |date=20 June 2021 |title=Unicorn nest: UK hits milestone of 100 $1bn tech companies, more than rest of Europe combined |url=https://www.cityam.com/unicorn-nest-uk-hits-milestone-of-100-1bn-tech-companies-more-than-rest-of-europe-combined/ |access-date=17 September 2023 |website=CityAM |archive-date=2 November 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231102232236/https://www.cityam.com/unicorn-nest-uk-hits-milestone-of-100-1bn-tech-companies-more-than-rest-of-europe-combined/ |url-status=live }}</ref> [[Bank of England]], pefünon in 1694 as bankan privatik reiganefe Lingläna e stitüdi [[nationalisation|no-privatik]] sis 1946, binon [[central bank|bank zänodik]] Regäna Pebalöl.<ref>{{Cite web |title=The Bank's relationship with Parliament |url=http://www.bankofengland.co.uk/about/parliament/index.htm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090708200732/https://www.bankofengland.co.uk/about/parliament/index.htm |archive-date=8 July 2009 |access-date=5 September 2009 |publisher=BankofEngland.co.uk}}</ref> Bank labon monopoli dö gebid mobas in [[England and Wales]], do no in dils votik Regäna Pebalöl. Reiganef egivon bligi lü [[Monetary Policy Committee (United Kingdom)|Komitet Bolitik Monik]] banka demü reigam bolgota monik läna e fümükam suämas räta.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Monetary Policy Committee |url=http://www.bankofengland.co.uk/monetarypolicy/overview.htm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090708141658/http://www.bankofengland.co.uk/monetarypolicy/overview.htm |archive-date=8 July 2009 |access-date=5 September 2009 |publisher=BankofEngland.co.uk}}</ref> [[File:Aston Martin DB12 Volante IMG 9323.jpg|left|alt=Motorot grüik.|thumb|[[Aston Martin]] mekons motorotis luxüdik in Linglän.]] Linglän binon vemo pö-induströl, ab sis 1970s dabinon donikam in industrs brutalik e mekik traditöfik, e stress pluikum su konöm patiko [[service industry|dünodik]].<ref name="Thatcher">{{harvnb|Reitan|2003|p=50}}.</ref> Turism evedon industri veütik, adlotölo milions dugelis lü Linglän alyeliko. Dil seagik konöma padugon fa [[pharmaceuticals]], motorots, [[crude oil|pit]] e petrol de dils Lingläna [[North Sea oil|pit Mel Nolüdik]] kobü [[Wytch Farm]], [[aircraft engine|motors flitöms]], e drineds spiretiks.<ref>{{Cite web |title=England Exports |url=http://mambiz.com/main/?cat=28 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120105132032/http://mambiz.com/main/?cat=28 |archive-date=5 January 2012 |access-date=5 September 2009 |publisher=EconomyWatch.com}}</ref> [[Creative industries|Industrs jafik]] äkalons pro 7 % GVA in 2005 e äglofons me zänod 6 % a yelüm bevü 1997 e 2005.<ref>{{Cite web |date=9 March 2007 |title=From the Margins to the Mainstream&nbsp;– Government unveils new action plan for the creative industries |url=http://www.culture.gov.uk/reference_library/media_releases/2132.aspx |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081204131529/http://www.culture.gov.uk/reference_library/media_releases/2132.aspx |archive-date=4 December 2008 |access-date=9 March 2015 |publisher=DCMS}}</ref> Farmot binon intensifik, vemo mekanik e benik ma stäms Yuropik, prodölo 60% megs fida me te 2% vobafenas.<ref>{{Cite web |title=World Guide&nbsp;– England&nbsp;– Economy Overview |url=http://www.intute.ac.uk/worldguide/html/1069_economic.html |access-date=9 September 2009 |website=World Guide |publisher=Intute |archive-date=2 August 2009 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090802024219/http://www.intute.ac.uk/worldguide/html/1069_economic.html |url-status=dead}}</ref> Teläs prodäma pegivon lü nimalab, lätikos lü plans sovädik.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Economy of the United Kingdom |url=http://www.pteducation.com/gk/UK.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091123055028/http://www.pteducation.com/gk/UK.pdf |archive-date=23 November 2009 |access-date=8 October 2009 |publisher=PTeducation}}</ref> Plans cifik kels pagrowons binons [[wheat]], [[barley]], [[oat]]s, [[potato]]es, e [[sugar beet]]s. Linglän kipon industri fütava veütik. Flotäds ons adomons fisis sörädas, de [[Sole (fish)|sole]] jü [[herring]]. Linglän i binon liegik me meseds natik inklüdü [[coal]], [[petroleum]], [[natural gas]], [[tin]], [[limestone]], [[iron ore]], [[salt]], [[clay]], [[chalk]], [[gypsum]], [[lead]], e silika.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Coal {{!}} Mines and quarries {{!}} MineralsUK |url=https://www2.bgs.ac.uk/mineralsuk/mines/coal/home.html |access-date=7 July 2016 |website=MineralsUK |archive-date=20 July 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160720145905/http://www.bgs.ac.uk/mineralsUK/mines/coal/home.html |url-status=dead}}</ref> ===Nolav e teknolog=== {{Cifik|Lised di datuvots e tüvots Linglänik|Royal Society}} Cifs Linglänik se topäd nolava e matematik binoms hiel [[Isaac Newton]], [[Charles Darwin]], [[Robert Hooke]], [[Alan Turing]], [[Stephen Hawking]], [[Edward Jenner]], [[Francis Crick]], [[Joseph Lister, 1st Baron Lister|Joseph Lister]], [[Joseph Priestley]], [[Thomas Young (scientist)|Thomas Young]], [[Christopher Wren]] e [[Richard Dawkins]]. [[File:GodfreyKneller-IsaacNewton-1689.jpg|thumb|left|upright=.7|alt=Bust of man with long white hair and dark coloured jacket|Sir [[Isaac Newton]] binon bal cifs flunilabikün in [[jenotem nolava]].]] Linglän äbinon zänod mu veütik [[Revoluta Nolavik]] de tumyel 17id.<ref>Gascoin, J. "A reappraisal of the role of the universities in the Scientific Revolution", in Lindberg, David C. and Westman, Robert S., eds (1990), ''Reappraisals of the Scientific Revolution''. Cambridge University Press. p. 248. {{ISBN|0-521-34804-8}}.</ref> As motöp [[Revoluta Dustodik]], Linglän älabon datuvanis veütik mödik dü fin tumyela 18id e prim tumyela 19id. Kaenans Linglänik sevädik binons hiel [[Isambard Kingdom Brunel]], sevädikün demü datuvot [[Railway Nolüda-Vesüdik Gretik|Railway Nolüda-Vesüdik Gretik]], lekanas leukülturas [[stemakafodi|stemakafodu]] sevädik, e lekanas jütas veütik mödik, kelos ärevolutükon lotidoti publik e kaeni nulädik.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Spratt |first=H. P. |year=1958 |title=Isambard Kingdom Brunel |journal=Nature |volume=181 |issue=4626 |pages=1754–1755 |bibcode=1958Natur.181.1754S |doi=10.1038/1811754a0 |s2cid=4255226 |doi-access=free}}</ref> [[stemakafod|stemakafod]] hiela [[Thomas Newcomen]] äyufon ad dagetükön Revoluti Dustodik.<ref>{{harvnb|Oakes|2002|p=214}}</ref> Fat Feravidas, hiel [[George Stephenson]], äbumom balidi feravidas zifik vesüdik in vol, [[Feravid Liverpool e Manchester]], kel ämaifikon ün 1830. Sekü roul omik in maket e mekat stemakafoda, e datuvot mona nulädik, [[Matthew Boulton]] (kompenan büsidik hiela [[James Watt]]) palecedom as bal enterpretans flunilabikün in jenotem.<ref>Ronald Shillingford (2010). "The History of the World's Greatest- Entrepreneurs: Biographies of Success". p.&nbsp;64–69</ref> Sanan [[Edward Jenner]] e [[vakämot pödagrikik|vakämot pödagrikik]] omik sagons ad ebekipedön "lifis pluik&nbsp;... ka utons kelis äperobs in krigs valik menas dü prim jenotema peregistöl."<ref>{{harvnb|Saunders|1982|p=13}}; {{harvnb|White|1885|p=335}}; {{harvnb|Levine|1960|p=183}}</ref> Datuvots e tüvots Linglänik keninükons [[reakivakafodi]]; balid [[spidömakafod|spidömakafod dustodik]]; [[kafod diletik|balidi kafodi]] e [[Manchester Baby|balidi kafodi nulädik]]; [[Völavedajenäd Veitik]] kobü [[HTML]]; balidi [[bludastüti|bludastüti benoplöpik]]; [[söpinakafod lektinik|söpinakafodi lektinik]];<ref name="americanheritage">{{Cite web |last=Wohleber |first=Curt |date=Spring 2006 |title=The Vacuum Cleaner |url=http://www.americanheritage.com/articles/magazine/it/2006/4/2006_4_4.shtml |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100313170420/http://www.americanheritage.com/articles/magazine/it/2006/4/2006_4_4.shtml |archive-date=13 March 2010 |access-date=8 December 2010 |website=Invention & Technology Magazine |publisher=American Heritage Publishing}}</ref> [[gläramisin|gläramisini]]; [[seemajöfi]]; [[slitömafomitöpi|slitömafomitöpi]]; [[lektinikafodi|lektinikafodi]]; [[stemakafod]]is; e teoris soäsä teor darwinik [[evoluta]] e [[teor datik]]. Newton ästeifükom tikis [[gravita valemik]], [[mekan newtonik]], e [[kalkuli]], e [[Robert Hooke]] loni omanik [[lon Hooke de negiegi|de negiegi]]. Datuvots votik keninükons feravidi plätik ferik, [[termosifoni]], [[tarmaki]], [[ligadi rubärik]], [[ mugagafädi| mugagafädi]], [[loged kata|logedi kata]] [[maket vega|maketi vega]], kevobami in [[bulikulit]]is, [[lokomotis]] stemik, [[soedömakin|soedömakini]] nulädik e tegodis e teknologis nulädik mödik in [[kaen noatik]].<ref name="invent">{{Cite web |title=English Inventors and Inventions |url=http://www.english-crafts.co.uk/history/inventors.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100415212829/http://www.english-crafts.co.uk/history/inventors.htm |archive-date=15 April 2010 |access-date=5 September 2009 |publisher=English-Crafts.co.uk}}</ref> Novätans Linglänik äkevobons mu veütiko in kalkulam de tikeds primik jü tumyel mikasirküla. [[Charles Babbage]]<ref>{{Cite web |access-date=22 September 2025 |title=Charles Babbage's difference engines and the science museum |website=Science Museum |date=18 July 2023 |url=https://www.sciencemuseum.org.uk/objects-and-stories/charles-babbages-difference-engines-and-science-museum |archive-date=30 April 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250430103324/https://www.sciencemuseum.org.uk/objects-and-stories/charles-babbages-difference-engines-and-science-museum |url-status=live }}</ref> e [[Ada Lovelace]]<ref>{{Cite web |access-date=22 September 2025 |title=Ada Lovelace and the Analytical Engine |website=Bodleian Libraries, University of Oxford |date=26 July 2018 |url=https://blogs.bodleian.ox.ac.uk/adalovelace/2018/07/26/ada-lovelace-and-the-analytical-engine |archive-date=23 August 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250823204622/https://blogs.bodleian.ox.ac.uk/adalovelace/2018/07/26/ada-lovelace-and-the-analytical-engine/ |url-status=live }}</ref> ätcedons kafodi balid püköfik, do [[George Boole]] äcreatom logiki telik stabü kals valik dijitalik, sevädik as [[logit booleik|logit booleik]].<ref>{{Cite web |access-date=22 September 2025 |title=George Boole and the AND OR NOT gates |website=BBC News |date=8 December 2014 |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/blogs-magazine-monitor-30376235 |archive-date=15 August 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250815164021/https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/blogs-magazine-monitor-30376235 |url-status=live }}</ref> [[Alan Turing]] ämiedükom stabis kalkulama e äpionierom tikänemi lektinik,<ref>{{Cite web |access-date=22 September 2025 |title=Alan Turing |website=New Scientist |url=https://www.newscientist.com/people/alan-turing |archive-date=21 September 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250921104844/https://www.newscientist.com/people/alan-turing/ |url-status=live }}</ref> do [[Tommy Flowers]] äbumom [[kafod: Colossus|Colossus]], kel äplöpon ad dalogön kalkulami lektinik.<ref>{{Cite web |access-date=22 September 2025 |title=FLOWERS, TOMMY (1905–1998) |website=English Heritage |url=https://www.english-heritage.org.uk/visit/blue-plaques/tommy-flowers |archive-date=16 July 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250716221433/https://www.english-heritage.org.uk/visit/blue-plaques/tommy-flowers/ |url-status=live }}</ref> [[Frederic C. Williams|Sir Frederic Williams]], [[Tom Kilburn]] e [[Geoff Tootill]] ästeifükoms [[Manchester Baby]],<ref>{{Cite web |access-date=22 September 2025 |title=How a 70-year-old 'Baby' changed the face of modern computing |date=21 June 2018 |website=The University of Manchester |url=https://www.manchester.ac.uk/about/news/how-a-70-year-old-baby-changed-the-face-of-modern-computing |archive-date=18 September 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250918024155/https://www.manchester.ac.uk/about/news/how-a-70-year-old-baby-changed-the-face-of-modern-computing/ |url-status=live }}</ref> do [[Maurice Wilkes|Sir Maurice Wilkes]] ästeifükom [[EDSAC]]i<ref>{{Cite web |access-date=22 September 2025 |title=MAURICE V. WILKES |website=A M Turing Award |url=https://amturing.acm.org/award_winners/wilkes_1001395.cfm |archive-date=7 January 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240107010210/https://amturing.acm.org/award_winners/wilkes_1001395.cfm |url-status=live }}</ref> kevobölo ad kafods balid püköfabikas kelos ästabükon kaenavödi kafodas nulädik. [[Geoffrey Dummer]] äkonseptükom sirküti pebalöl.<ref>{{Cite magazine |access-date=22 September 2025 |title=May 7, 1952: The Integrated Circuit ... What a Concept! | magazine=Wired |date=7 May 2010 |url=https://www.wired.com/2010/05/0507integrated-circuit-concept-published}}</ref> [[Royal Society]], föfio [[Royal Society di London pro Nolav Gudik|Royal Society di London pro Nolav Gudik]],<ref name="royalsociety.org">{{Cite web |title=The formal title as adopted in the royal charter |url=https://royalsociety.org/~/media/Royal_Society_Content/about-us/history/2012-Supplemental-Charter.pdf |website=royalsociety.org |access-date=9 April 2021 |archive-date=10 April 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160410195851/https://royalsociety.org/~/media/Royal_Society_Content/about-us/history/2012-Supplemental-Charter.pdf |url-status=live }}</ref> binon [[nolavasociet|societ nolavik]] e [[Regän Pebalöl|Regäna Pebalöl]] netik [[akadem nolavik|akadem nolavik]]. Pefünon tü 28 Novul 1660,<ref name="royalsociety.org" /> binon niverät nolavik netik bäldikün in vol.<ref>{{Cite encyclopedia |title=Royal Society |encyclopedia=Encyclopædia Britannica |url=https://www.britannica.com/topic/Royal-Society |access-date=24 February 2018 |last=Hunter |first=Michael |archive-date=22 March 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190322084417/https://www.britannica.com/topic/Royal-Society |url-status=live }}</ref> [[Royal Institution|Royal Institution Regäna Gretik]] pefünon ün 1799 fa nolavans Linglänik veütik, keninükamü [[Henry Cavendish]].<ref>{{Cite book |last=Caroe |first=Gwendy |title=The Royal Institution : an informal history |publisher=J. Murray |others=Final chapter by Alban |year=1985 |isbn=0-7195-4245-6 |location=London}}</ref> Semikans sagons das konsept balid [[sistem metik|sistema metik]] pädautuvon fa [[John Wilkins]] ün 1668.<ref>{{Cite news |date=13 July 2007 |title=Metric system was British |work=BBC News |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/player/nol/newsid_6890000/newsid_6898200/6898274.stm?bw=nb&mp=wm&news=1&ms3=10 |access-date=5 September 2009 |archive-date=2 May 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190502160240/http://news.bbc.co.uk/player/nol/newsid_6890000/newsid_6898200/6898274.stm?bw=nb&mp=wm&news=1&ms3=10 |url-status=live }}</ref> Reid nolavik e steifüdam bleibons veütik in [[niveräts Lingläna]], e mödiks onsik estabükons [[parc nolavik|parcis nolavik]] ad fasilükön produki e kevobi ko dustod.<ref>Castells, M.; Hall, P.; Hall, P.G. (2004). ''Technopoles of the World: the Making of Twenty-First-Century Industrial Complexes''. London: Routledge. pp. 98–100. {{ISBN|0-415-10015-1}}.</ref> [[Silicon Fen|Cambridge]] binon kluster vestigik mu densifikün pro nolav e teknolog in vol.<ref>{{Cite web |date=20 September 2023 |title=Cambridge remains most intensive science and technological cluster in the world |url=https://www.cam.ac.uk/research/news/cambridge-remains-most-intensive-science-and-technological-cluster-in-the-world |access-date=4 December 2023 |website=University of Cambridge |archive-date=31 March 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240331151837/https://www.cam.ac.uk/research/news/cambridge-remains-most-intensive-science-and-technological-cluster-in-the-world |url-status=live }}</ref> Ün 2022, Regän Pebalöl äprodükon 6,3 gödotis düpa volapenäds nolavik ed älabon gödoti 10,5 de sitodams nolavik, kilid muHighest in vol (pos Lamerikän e Tsyinän).<ref>{{Cite web |title=International comparison of the UK research base, 2022 |url=https://assets.publishing.service.gov.uk/government/uploads/system/uploads/attachment_data/file/1078073/international-comparison-uk-research-base-2022-accompanying-note.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230305235208/https://assets.publishing.service.gov.uk/government/uploads/system/uploads/attachment_data/file/1078073/international-comparison-uk-research-base-2022-accompanying-note.pdf |archive-date=5 March 2023 |access-date=11 March 2023}} (last checked 11 March 2023)</ref> Gaseds nolavik peprodöl in Linglän keninükons ''[[Nature (journal)|Nature]]'', ''[[BMJ|British Medical Journal]]'' e ''[[The Lancet]]''. [[Däl pro Nolav, Novät e Teknolog]], [[sekretan pro nolav, novät e teknolog]], e [[ministan tata pro nolav, vestig e novät]] labons dacedi demü nolav in Linglän.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Department for Science, Innovation and Technology |url=https://www.gov.uk/government/organisations/department-for-science-innovation-and-technology |access-date=12 February 2023 |website=GOV.UK |archive-date=14 March 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250314223505/https://www.gov.uk/government/organisations/department-for-science-innovation-and-technology |url-status=live }}</ref> ===Transpöt=== {{Cifik|Transpöt in Linglän}} [[Däl pro Transpöt]] binon koap reiganik keblinöl ad dacedön transpöti in Linglän. Däl pacälädon fa [[sekretan pro transpöt]]. Linglän labon stütüpi transpöta densik e nulädik. Dabinons [[Lised di motoravegs in Regän Pebalöl|motoravegs mödik in Linglän]], e vegs cila votik mödik, soäsä [[A1 veg (Britän Gretik)|A1 Veg Nolüda-Gretik]], kel golon da Linglän lofüdik de London jü Newcastle<ref name="roads">{{harvnb|UK Parliament|2007|p=175}}</ref> (mödik dila at binon motoraveg) e fovo jü mied Skotänik. Motoraveg lunikün in Linglän binon [[M6 motoraveg|M6]], de [[Rugby, Warwickshire|Rugby]] da [[Nolüda-Vesüd Linglän|Nolüda-Vesüd]] jü [[mied Linglän-Skotän]], fagotü {{convert|232|mi}}.<ref name="roads" /> Routs veütik votik keninükons: [[M1 motoraveg|M1]] de London jü Leeds, [[M25 motoraveg|M25]] kel züümon Londoni, [[M60 motoraveg (Britän Gretik)|M60]] kel züümon Manchesteri, [[M4 motoraveg|M4]] de London jü Vels Sulüdik, [[M62 motoraveg|M62]] de Liverpool da Manchester jü Yorkshire Lofüdik, e [[M5 motoraveg|M5]] de Birmingham jü Bristol e Sulüd-Vesüd.<ref name="roads" /> [[File:St Pancras Railway Station 2012-06-23.jpg|thumb|alt=red stone building with tall clock tower in corner|[[St Pancras railway station|London St Pancras International]] binon bal cabs veütikün Londona pro transpöt domik e sevädik, prädis dünis feravidik lotidota e feravidik spidik in Regän Pebalöl e jü Paris, [[Lille]] e [[Brussels]].]] Transpöt me büs in länän binon valemik; kompenans veütik keninükons [[Arriva UK Bus|Arriva]], [[FirstGroup]], [[Go-Ahead Group]], [[Mobico Group]], [[Rotala]] e [[Stagecoach Group]]. [[Büs spidik]] älicinon in Linglän ko [[Runcorn]] Busway ämaiföl ün 1971.<ref name="Runcorn Busway JSTOR">{{Cite journal |last=Lesley |first=Lewis |date=1983 |title=Runcorn – A Rapid Transit New Town? |journal=Built Environment |volume=9 |issue=3/4 |page=234 |jstor=23286723}}</ref><ref name="RUDI 7.3 Transport">{{Cite web |title=Runcorn New Town – 7.3 Transport |url=http://www.rudi.net/books/3346 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141018012240/http://www.rudi.net/books/3346 |archive-date=18 October 2014 |access-date=24 July 2020 |website=rudi.net}}</ref> [[büs telna-dekik]]s redik in London evedons mal Lingläna. [[Cükaveg Netik]] prädon cükavegis netiko. [[Feravid in Britän Gretik|Feravid in Linglän]] binon bäldikün in vol: feravids lotidotas älicinons in Linglän ün 1825.<ref>{{Cite web |title=27 September 1825&nbsp;– Opening of the Stockton and Darlington Railway |url=http://www.moorerail.com/history/timeline1825.asp |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131007035746/http://www.moorerail.com/history/timeline1825.asp |archive-date=7 October 2013 |access-date=5 October 2013 |publisher=The Stockton and Darlington Railway}}</ref> Mödik de {{convert|10000|mi}} veidik feravidas Britäna topon in Linglän, tegegöl länäni mu vemo. Dabinon füt transpöta feravidik lü Fransän e Belgän da feravid dibik, [[Tünal Siviäna]], kel pefünon ün 1994. [[Feravids Gretik Britänik]] binon koap publik planik statik kel odacedon [[feravid in Britän Gretik]] de 2024. [[Cöd Fera e Veigas]] binon keblinöl pro cöd ekonomik e sekurik feravidas Lingläna.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Home page {{!}} Office of Rail and Road |url=https://www.orr.gov.uk/home |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://webarchive.nationalarchives.gov.uk/ukgwa/20200828151253mp_/https://www.orr.gov.uk/home |archive-date=28 August 2020 |access-date=21 May 2021 |website=orr.gov.uk}}</ref> [[Crossrail]] äbinon proyek bumik gretikün in Yurop ko kust pelonögöl £15&nbsp;billion, ämaiföl ün 2022.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2 January 2012 |title=Crossrail's giant tunnelling machines unveiled |work=BBC News |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/av/uk-16289051 |archive-date=10 April 2016 |access-date=4 September 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160410034914/http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-16289051 |url-status=live }}</ref> [[Spidik 2]], feravid spidik nolüda-sulüda, pabumon de 2019.<ref>{{Cite news |date=11 February 2020 |title=HS2: When will the line open and how much will it cost? |publisher=BBC |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-16473296 |access-date=5 September 2020 |archive-date=30 April 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180430214825/http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-16473296 |url-status=live }}</ref> Dabinon [[transpöt spidik]] in zifs tel Linglänik: [[Tuvabün London]], e [[Metro Tyne e Wear]] in [[Newcastle upon Tyne]], [[Gateshead]] e [[Sunderland]].<ref name="pubwhite">{{harvnb|White|2002|p=63}}.</ref> Dabinons lekanas tramas veütik, soäsä [[Manchester Metrolink]], [[Sheffield Supertram]], [[West Midlands Metro]], [[Nottingham Express Transit]], e [[Tramlink]] in London Sulüdik.<ref name="pubwhite" /> Linglän i labon fütis veütik di flitöfa domik e sevädik. Flitöf gretikün binon [[Heathrow Flitöf|Heathrow]], kel binon [[flitöfs mu liätik vola dub lotidans sevädiks|flitöf telno liätikün vola ma num lotidanas sevädik]].<ref name="wsj230211">{{Cite news |date=23 February 2011 |title=Delta Expects New Slots To Foster Growth At Heathrow Airport |work=The Wall Street Journal |url=https://www.wsj.com/article/BT-CO-20110223-710213.html |url-status=dead |access-date=23 March 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110513074109/http://online.wsj.com/article/BT-CO-20110223-710213.html |archive-date=13 May 2011}}</ref> Po sien dabinon transpöt me fäts, i topik e sevädik, keninükamü de Liverpool lü Lireland e Niver Man, e Hull lü Nedän e Belgän.<ref name="waterworks">{{harvnb|Else|2007|p=781}}.</ref> Dabinons zao {{convert|4400|mi}} vatasveigas in Linglän, dilo kelos dalabon fa [[Cöd Kanatas e Fludas]],<ref name="waterworks" /> ye, transpöt vata binon mu pelimitüköl. [[Flud Thames]] binon veig vata veütik in Linglän, ko seäkam e ninükam fümüköl in [[Port of Tilbury]] in [[Thames Estuary]], bal de ports veütik kil Regäna Pebalöl.<ref name="waterworks" /> ===Näm=== {{Cifik|Näm in Regän Pebalöl}} [[File:Den Brook Wind Farm from Main Road.jpg|thumb|Viens mekanik in [[Den Brook Wind Farm|Den Brook]], Devon. Regän Pebalöl binon [[Viennäm in Regän Pebalöl|bal topas gudikün in Yurop pro viennäm]], e produks viennäma binon mufökaf tikädik onik.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web |title=BBC – Weather Centre – Climate Change – Wind Power |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/climate/adaptation/wind_power.shtml |access-date=9 June 2015 |website=bbc.co.uk |archive-date=10 May 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210510112839/http://www.bbc.co.uk/climate/adaptation/wind_power.shtml |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name="Roadmap" />|left]] Reigans sökik enunons kevöpis mödik ad mödükön seäkami [[karbonaton]]. Pato, Regän Pebalöl binon [[Viennäm in Regän Pebalöl|bal topas gudikün in Yurop pro viennäm]], e produks viennäma binon mufökaf tikädik onik.<ref name="Roadmap">{{Cite web |title=UK Renewable Energy Roadmap Crown copyright, July 2011 |url=https://www.gov.uk/government/uploads/system/uploads/attachment_data/file/48128/2167-uk-renewable-energy-roadmap.pdf |access-date=7 July 2020 |archive-date=10 October 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171010110439/https://www.gov.uk/government/uploads/system/uploads/attachment_data/file/48128/2167-uk-renewable-energy-roadmap.pdf |url-status=live }}; {{Cite web |url=http://www.renewableuk.com/en/news/renewableuk-news.cfm/electricity-needs-of-more-than-a-quarter-of-uk-homes-powered-by-wind-in-2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150509191928/http://www.renewableuk.com/en/news/renewableuk-news.cfm/electricity-needs-of-more-than-a-quarter-of-uk-homes-powered-by-wind-in-2014 |url-status=dead |title=RenewableUK News website article |archive-date=9 May 2015 }}</ref> Viennäm äkevobon 26.8% de produks lektina Regäna Pebalöl ün 2022.<ref>{{Cite news |date=6 January 2023 |title=Britain produced record amount of wind power in 2022, National Grid says |work=[[Reuters]] |url=https://www.reuters.com/business/energy/britain-produced-record-amount-wind-power-2022-national-grid-2023-01-06/ |access-date=8 May 2023}}</ref> Linglän binon lom fo [[Hornsea Wind Farm|Hornsea 2]], vienafem mu gretikün in vol, seaton in vats zao 89 km de kosta Yorkshire.<ref>{{Cite web |date=September 2022 |title=The world's biggest offshore wind farm is now fully operational |url=https://www.cnbc.com/2022/09/01/huge-offshore-wind-farm-hornsea-2-is-fully-operational-orsted-says.html |access-date=13 April 2023 |website=CNBC |archive-date=1 September 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220901052226/https://www.cnbc.com/2022/09/01/huge-offshore-wind-farm-hornsea-2-is-fully-operational-orsted-says.html |url-status=live }}</ref> [[Klimatacenamalit 2008]] äpadleton in Parlament ko mu mödik dilon vögodas da partis valik. Atos seäton metis mödükama seäkama keli Regän Pebalöl muton fölön loniko. Atos malon balidi volik lonabindiki [[klimatacenam mödükam|klimatacenam mödükama]] meti pefümüköl fa län.<ref>{{Cite web |title=What is the 2008 Climate Change Act? |url=https://www.lse.ac.uk/granthaminstitute/explainers/what-is-the-2008-climate-change-act/ |access-date=1 April 2021 |website=Grantham Research Institute on climate change and the environment |archive-date=23 March 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210323172531/https://www.lse.ac.uk/granthaminstitute/explainers/what-is-the-2008-climate-change-act/ |url-status=live }}</ref> [[Bespik nämik regäna Pebalöl]] steifon ad pledön rouli veütik in miedükam [[gäsa siliänik seäkamas]], du bekipedom nemi nämik. Votikams dabinotas resodas e vestig teknologas i votükons [[mixi nämik]] länas dub votükams kustas.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Proctor |first=Darrell |date=24 November 2020 |title=UK Undergoing 'Remarkable Shift' in Power Generation |url=https://www.powermag.com/uk-undergoing-remarkable-shift-in-power-generation/ |access-date=11 April 2021 |website=POWER Magazine |archive-date=11 April 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210411084001/https://www.powermag.com/uk-undergoing-remarkable-shift-in-power-generation/ |url-status=live }}</ref> Bespik nämik anu binon daced [[Däl pro Nämasekur e Zeron Netik]] e [[Sekretan pro Nämasekur e Zeron Netik]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Department for Energy Security & Net Zero – GOV.UK |url=https://www.gov.uk/government/organisations/department-for-energy-security-and-net-zero |access-date=3 April 2021 |website=gov.uk |archive-date=18 August 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240818233358/https://www.gov.uk/government/organisations/department-for-energy-security-and-net-zero |url-status=live }}</ref> [[Ministan tata pro Büsid, Näm e Grop Klinik]] binon keblinöl pro finot grünik, nolav klimatik e novät, e produks dona-karbonik.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Minister of State (Minister for Business, Energy and Clean Growth) – GOV.UK |url=https://www.gov.uk/government/ministers/minister-of-state--75#responsibilities |access-date=24 October 2020 |website=gov.uk |archive-date=31 May 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240531060124/https://www.gov.uk/government/ministers/minister-of-state--75#responsibilities |url-status=live }}</ref> Ün 2024, Regän Pebalöl päpladon 5 se 195 läns in [[Nämäd Prestij Klema]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=2024 Environmental Performance Index |url=https://epi.yale.edu/measure/2024/EPI |access-date=2 September 2025 |website=Environmental Performance Index |language=en |archive-date=10 July 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240710023935/https://epi.yale.edu/measure/2024/EPI |url-status=live }}</ref> Lon ebesteton das [[gäsas siliänik seäkams|gäsa siliänik seäkams Regäna Pebalöl** obinons [[zeron netik** ün 2050.<ref>{{Cite web |date=20 April 2020 |title=UK net zero target |url=https://www.instituteforgovernment.org.uk/explainers/net-zero-target |access-date=20 November 2020 |website=Institute for Government}}</ref> ==Sanam== {{Cifik|Sanam in Linglän}} [[File:Sir W.H. Beveridge, head-and-shoulders portrait, facing left.jpg|thumb|upright|right|[[William Beveridge]] raport ün 1942 ''Social Insurance and Allied Services'' ädünon as stab pro [[stat väladik]] pos [[Krig Volik II]].]] [[Dün Sanik Netik (Linglän)|Dün Sanik Netik]] (NHS), binon [[sistem sanam** pefundöl publikiko keblinöl ad givön sanami muik in länän. NHS äprimon tü 5 Yulul 1948, pleidöl dädis [[Lon Düna Sanik Netik 1946]]. Äbinon stabü tüvs [[Raport Beveridge]], pependöl fa konoman e reforman sosialik, [[William Beveridge]].<ref>{{Cite news |title=BBC History on William Beveridge |work=BBC News |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/history/historic_figures/beveridge_william.shtml |access-date=5 September 2009 |archive-date=26 August 2009 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090826044039/http://www.bbc.co.uk/history/historic_figures/beveridge_william.shtml |url-status=live }}</ref> NHS pefundon muiko dub taks valemik e pels [[Nüvidam Netik]];<ref>{{Cite news |title=NHS Expenditure in England |work=House of Commons Library |url=http://www.parliament.uk/commons/lib/research/briefings/snsg-00724.pdf |url-status=dead |access-date=5 September 2009 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100423153740/http://www.parliament.uk/commons/lib/research/briefings/snsg-00724.pdf |archive-date=23 April 2010}}</ref> atos givon dünis muik ona kludik pö geb, do dabinons kusts pro mens semik pro blufods logs, sanam tutik, rezepts e dils kälöpa personik.<ref>{{Cite news |title=NHS costs and exemptions |work=Department of Health |url=http://www.dh.gov.uk/en/Healthcare/Medicinespharmacyandindustry/Prescriptions/NHScosts/DH_087013 |access-date=5 September 2009}}{{dead link|date=June 2016|bot=medic}}{{cbignore|bot=medic}}</ref> Däl reiganik keblinöl pro NHS binon [[Däl Sana (Regän Pebalöl)|Däl Sana]], dis [[sekretan pro san**. Kosts muik däla binon pro NHS{{snd}}£98.6&nbsp;billion pänolon ün 2008–2009.<ref name="budget2008">{{Cite news |date=3 March 2008 |title=Budget 2008, Chapter C |work=HM Treasury |url=http://www.hm-treasury.gov.uk/media/7/3/bud08_chapterc.pdf |url-status=dead |access-date=5 September 2009 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081001194628/http://www.hm-treasury.gov.uk/media/7/3/bud08_chapterc.pdf |archive-date=1 October 2008}}</ref> Koaps cödik soäsä [[Konsül Sanik Valemik]] e [[Konsül Kälanas e Kälas** pefümons su stab valemik Regäna Pebalöl, soäsä koaps no-reiganik soäsä [[Konsül Royal|Konsüls Royal]]. [[Lifaspad** zänedik binon 77.5 yels pro mans e 81.7 yels pro voms, muikün de [[läns kil Regäna Pebalöl]].<ref name="LifeExpect">{{Cite news |last=Office for National Statistics |author-link=Office for National Statistics |title=Life expectancy |publisher=statistics.gov.uk |url=http://www.statistics.gov.uk/cci/nugget.asp?ID=168 |url-status=dead |access-date=20 July 2009 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090525050617/http://www.statistics.gov.uk/cci/nugget.asp?id=168 |archive-date=25 May 2009}}</ref> Sulüd Lingläna labon lifaspidi pluiküm ka nolüd, ye difs topik sümons ad smalikön nevifo: vü 1991–1993 e 2012–2014, lifaspad in Nolüd Lofüdik ämödikumon me 6.0 yels e in Nolüd Vesüdik me 5.8 yels.<ref name="LifeExpect" /> ==Menad== {{Cifik|Menad Lingläna}} ===Pöp=== {{Cifik|Linglänapöp}} {{Logol i|Linglänapöpadispir|Kornänans|Lised di zifaglöfs in Regän Pebalöl}} [[File:England counties population (crop).png|thumb|alt=Map of England with regions shaded in different shades of blue.|[[Län:metropolitan|metropolitan** e [[Län:non-metropolitan|non-metropolitan**, kölädo ad jonön pöpi]] [[File:England and Wales population cartogram districts.svg|thumb|Pöp Lingläna e Vels ma tops nitöfik. Grotot onsik jonon pöpi onas, ko mut öfik. Grupa kvasas alik in kiy map binon 20% de num länas valik.]] Ko belädans plu 56&nbsp;million, Linglän binon läns mu pöpikün Regäna Pebalöl, kevoböl 84% de valod pebalöl.<ref name="ONS mid-year pop est"/> Linglän as balät e pemätöl ta stats netasövädik äbinon läns 26id [[Lised di läns e belädams ma pöp|mu pöpikün in vol]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=United Nations Department of Economic and Social Affairs |author-link=United Nations Department of Economic and Social Affairs |title=World Population Prospects: Analytical Report for the 2004 |url=https://www.un.org/esa/population/publications/WPP2004/WPP2004_Volume3.htm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090807035831/http://www.un.org/esa/population/publications/WPP2004/WPP2004_Volume3.htm |archive-date=7 August 2009 |access-date=5 September 2009 |publisher=United Nations}}</ref> [[Linglänapöp** binons [[Britänans]].<ref name="ethnicityengl">{{Cite web |last=Office for National Statistics |author-link=Office for National Statistics |year=2011 |title=Ethnicity and National Identity in England and Wales 2011 |url=http://www.ons.gov.uk/ons/rel/census/2011-census/key-statistics-for-local-authorities-in-england-and-wales/rpt-ethnicity.html |access-date=5 October 2013 |publisher=Statistics.gov.uk |archive-date=10 January 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130110031509/http://www.ons.gov.uk/ons/rel/census/2011-census/key-statistics-for-local-authorities-in-england-and-wales/rpt-ethnicity.html |url-status=live }}</ref> Dabinon dispir Linglänik in dils föroik Lampöring Britänik; pato [[Lamerikän]], [[Kanadän]], [[Largäntän]], [[Sulüdafrik]] e [[Nula-Seleän]].{{Efn|Samöf, ün 1980 zao 50&nbsp;million [[Lamerikänans|Lamerikänans** äkoblioms [[Linglänans Lamerikänik|licin Linglänik**.<ref>{{Cite news |year=2001 |title=Shifting Identities&nbsp;– statistical data on ethnic identities in the US |publisher=Bnet |url=http://findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_m4021/is_/ai_80408799 |url-status=dead |access-date=29 July 2009 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160112123723/http://findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_m4021/is_/ai_80408799 |archive-date=12 January 2016}}</ref> In Kanadän dabinons zao 6.5&nbsp;million [[Kanadänans|Kanadänans** kel äkoblioms [[Linglänans Kanadänik|licin Linglänik**.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2 April 2008 |title=Ethnic origins, 2006 counts, for Canada, provinces and territories |url=http://www12.statcan.ca/english/census06/data/highlights/ethnic/pages/Page.cfm?Lang=E&Geo=PR&Code=01&Data=Count&Table=2&StartRec=1&Sort=3&Display=All&CSDFilter=5000 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091101151108/http://www12.statcan.ca/english/census06/data/highlights/ethnic/pages/Page.cfm?Lang=E&Geo=PR&Code=01&Data=Count&Table=2&StartRec=1&Sort=3&Display=All&CSDFilter=5000 |archive-date=1 November 2009 |access-date=29 July 2009 |publisher=Statistics Canada}}</ref> Zao 70% de [[Largäntänans|Largäntänans** ün 1999 änotükons licinis onsik as [[Keltik-Britänik**, klad kel ninükom pöpis valik de Britän Gretik e Lireland.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Centre for Population and Urban Research, Monash University |title=Australian Population: Ethnic Origins |url=http://elecpress.monash.edu.au/pnp/free/pnpv7n4/v7n4_3price.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110719124226/http://elecpress.monash.edu.au/pnp/free/pnpv7n4/v7n4_3price.pdf |archive-date=19 July 2011 |access-date=29 July 2009}}</ref> Cilänans de [[Linglänan Cilänik|licin Linglänik** binons boso balöföfik in das [[Cilän** it no äbinon dil Lampöring Britänik, ye anu dabinons mens zao 420,000 de licins Linglänik us.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Inmigración británica en Chile |url=http://www.galeon.com/typepad/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090822074242/http://www.galeon.com/typepad/ |archive-date=22 August 2009 |access-date=29 July 2009 |publisher=Galeon.com}}</ref>}} De fin tumyela 1990, Linglänapöp mödik [[Töpans Linglänik lü Spanyän|etöpädon** lü Spanyän.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Burke |first=Jason |date=9 October 2005 |title=An Englishman's home is his casa as thousands go south |work=The Guardian |location=London |url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2005/oct/09/spain.spain |access-date=5 September 2009 |archive-date=4 April 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200404184453/https://www.theguardian.com/spain/article/0,,1588156,00.html |url-status=live }}; {{cite news |last=Travis |first=Alan |author2=Sarah Knapton |date=16 November 2007 |title=Record numbers leave the country for life abroad |newspaper=The Guardian |location=London |url=https://www.theguardian.com/society/2007/nov/16/emigration |access-date=8 August 2009 }}</ref> Sekü pato prospär dustodik [[Sulüd Lofüd Lingläna**, atos egeton töpänis dustodik mödik de dils votik Regäna Pebalöl.<ref name="ethnicityengl" /> Ibinon [[Töpans Irelik lü Britän Gretik|töpäm Irelik veütik**.<ref>{{Cite news |date=16 March 2001 |title=One in four Britons claim Irish roots |work=BBC News |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/uk/1224611.stm |access-date=26 November 2010 |archive-date=19 June 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220619074238/http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/uk/1224611.stm |url-status=live }}</ref> Proport belädas Yuropik licina binon 81.7%,<ref name="ethnicityengl-2021">{{cite news |title=Population of England and Wales |url=https://www.ethnicity-facts-figures.service.gov.uk/uk-population-by-ethnicity/national-and-regional-populations/population-of-england-and-wales/latest/ |work=Gov.uk |date=22 December 2022 |archive-date=20 September 2024 |access-date=28 June 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240920155900/https://www.ethnicity-facts-figures.service.gov.uk/uk-population-by-ethnicity/national-and-regional-populations/population-of-england-and-wales/latest/ |url-status=live }}</ref> keninükamü [[Vit Britänik**, [[Britänans Deutänik|Deutänans**<ref name="migra" /> e [[Britänans Polänik|Polänans**,<ref name="ethnicityengl" /> donik de 94.1% ün 1991.<ref name="ethnicityengl" /> Mens votik de fagot luveratikumo in kolunis föroik Britänik ekömoms de 1950s: pato, zao 7% mens in Linglän labons [[Sulüdasiyänapöps in Regän Pebalöl|licini in lindiyänasulüd**, muiko [[Britänans Lindiyänik|Lindiyän**, [[Britänans Pakistänik|Pakistän** e [[Britänans Bangladesänik|Bangladesän**.<ref name="ethnicityengl-2021"/><ref name="migra">{{Cite news |date=7 September 2005 |title=British Immigration Map Revealed |work=BBC News |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/uk/4218740.stm |access-date=5 September 2009 |archive-date=8 September 2005 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20050908100302/http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/uk/4218740.stm |url-status=live }}</ref> Zao 0.7% binons [[Britänans Tsyinänik|Tsyinänans**,<ref name="ethnicityengl-2021"/><ref name="migra" /> 0.6% binons [[Britänans Larabänik|Larabänans**.<ref name="ethnicityengl-2021"/> 4.0% de pöp binons [[Britänans Blägik|blägik**, de Frikop e [[Britänans Frikop-Karibeänik|Karibeän**, pato kolunis föroik Britänik,<ref name="ethnicityengl-2021"/><ref name="migra" /> e 2.9% äsevädikons as milatik u [[Mix (Regän Pebalöl klad etnik|mix**.<ref name="ethnicityengl-2021"/> Ün 2007, 22% cils in primaschuls Lingläna äbinons de [[minoral|famils minoralik**,<ref name="Paton">{{Cite news |last=Paton |first=Graeme |date=1 October 2007 |title=One fifth of children from ethnic minorities |work=The Daily Telegraph |location=London |url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/uknews/1564365/One-fifth-of-children-from-ethnic-minorities.html |url-status=live |url-access=subscription |access-date=14 August 2014 |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20220110/https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/uknews/1564365/One-fifth-of-children-from-ethnic-minorities.html |archive-date=10 January 2022}}{{cbignore}}</ref> e ün 2011 num et äbinon 26.5%.<ref name="Shepherd">{{Cite news |last=Shepherd |first=Jessica |date=22 June 2011 |title=Almost a quarter of state school pupils are from an ethnic minority |work=The Guardian |location=London |url=https://www.theguardian.com/education/2011/jun/22/quarter-state-school-pupils-from-ethnic-minority |access-date=17 January 2014}}</ref> Zao dilo de mödum pöpa vü 1991 e 2001 äbinon sekü töpäm.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Leppard |first=David |date=10 April 2005 |title=Immigration rise increases segregation in British cities |work=The Times |location=London |url=http://www.timesonline.co.uk/tol/news/uk/article379434.ece |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080211185641/http://www.timesonline.co.uk/tol/news/uk/article379434.ece |url-status=dead |archive-date=11 February 2008 |access-date=8 August 2009}}</ref> Linglän ninükom bal minorali netik sevädonuik, [[Kornänans**, pasevädiköl fa reigan Regäna Pebalöl dis [[Konsülav framik pro Proted minoras netik** ün 2014.<ref name="ReferenceB">{{Cite news |date=23 April 2014 |title=Cornish people formally declared a national minority along with Scots, Welsh and Irish |work=The Independent |url=https://www.independent.co.uk/news/uk/politics/cornish-people-formally-declared-a-national-minority-along-with-scots-welsh-and-irish-9278725.html |url-status=dead |access-date=23 April 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140424100108/http://www.independent.co.uk/news/uk/politics/cornish-people-formally-declared-a-national-minority-along-with-scots-welsh-and-irish-9278725.html |archive-date=24 April 2014}}</ref> ===Pük=== {{Rivom|Püks Regäna Pebalöl|Linglänapük in Linglän}} {| class="wikitable floatright" |- !Pük !Pükans as paläb <small>(milats)</small><ref>[http://www.nomisweb.co.uk/census/2011/QS204EW/view/2092957699?cols=measures QS204EW – Main language] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210227162919/http://www.nomisweb.co.uk/census/2011/QS204EW/view/2092957699?cols=measures |date=27 February 2021 }}, [[Office for National Statistics** 2011 Census. Pelaböl 21 Yulul 2015.</ref> |- |[[Linglänapük in Linglän|Linglänapük]] |46,937 |- |[[Polänapük|Polänapük]] |529 |- |[[Pendjabänapük|Pendjabänapük]] |272 |- |[[Lurduwänapük|Lurduwänapük]] |266 |- |[[Bengälapük|Bengälapük]] |216 |- |[[Gujarati|Gujarati]] |212 |- |[[Larabänapük|Larabänapük]] |152 |- |[[Fransänapük|Fransänapük]] |145 |- |- |[[Portugänapük|Portugänapük]] |131 |- |[[Velsänapük|Velsänapük]] |8 |- |[[Kornänapük|Kornänapük]] |0.6 |- |Votik |2,267 |- !Pöp |51,006 |} [[Linglänapük|Linglänapük]], anu püköl valemiko in vol,<ref>{{Cite news |last=Mujica |first=Mauro E. |date=19 June 2003 |title=English: Not America's Language? |work=The Globalist |location=Washington, DC |url=http://www.theglobalist.com/DBWeb/StoryId.aspx?StoryId=3229 |access-date=1 February 2009 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080117232711/http://www.theglobalist.com/DBWeb/StoryId.aspx?StoryId=3229 |archive-date=17 January 2008}}</ref> älicinon in top nu Linglän, kö bleibon pük tiädik. Ma säkräd ün 2011, papükon gudiko u mu gudiko fa 98% de pöp<ref name="CensusEnglish">{{Cite web |title=QS205EW – Proficiency in English |url=http://www.nomisweb.co.uk/census/2011/QS205EW/view/2092957699?cols=measures |access-date=20 July 2015 |website=[[Office for National Statistics** 2011 census |quote=Out of the 51,005,610 residents of England over the age of three, 50,161,765 (98%) can speak English "well" or "very well" |archive-date=18 April 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230418234635/https://www.nomisweb.co.uk/census/2011/QS205EW/view/2092957699?cols=measures |url-status=live }}</ref> [[Lern e tid Linglänapüka as pük telid u foginik** binon düni [[konömik** veütik. No dabinon [[lon Regäna Pebalöl|lon** büdöl [[pük ofisitik** pro Linglän,<ref>{{Cite web |title=English language history |url=http://www.yaelf.com/history.shtml |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100213214406/http://www.yaelf.com/history.shtml |archive-date=13 February 2010 |access-date=5 September 2009 |publisher=Yaelf}}</ref> ab Linglänapük binon pük balik geböl pro büs ofisitik. Do gretot länas smalik relativik, dabinons [[tonäds topik Linglänapüka#Linglän|tonäds topik** distik mödik. Kornänapük ädeadon as pük komota ün tumyel 18id ye pädönulifükon,<ref>{{Cite web |last=Government Offices for the English Regions |author-link=Government Offices for the English Regions |title=Cornish language |url=http://www.gos.gov.uk/gosw/culturehome/heritage/cornish/?view=Standard |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160112123830/http://www.gos.gov.uk/gosw/culturehome/heritage/cornish/?view=Standard |archive-date=12 January 2016 |access-date=22 September 2009 |publisher=gos.gov.uk}}; {{cite web |title=The Cornish Language Development Project&nbsp;– Evaluation&nbsp;– Final Report |page=20 |url=http://www.magakernow.org.uk/idoc.ashx?docid=d9bd1b63-0135-47b1-8edf-4a5e9358da06&version=-1 |publisher=Hywel Evans, Aric Lacoste / ERS |access-date=5 October 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131007054626/http://www.magakernow.org.uk/idoc.ashx?docid=d9bd1b63-0135-47b1-8edf-4a5e9358da06&version=-1 |archive-date=7 October 2013 |url-status=dead}}</ref> e anu pprotedon dis [[Kart Yuropik pro Püks Topik u Minoralik**.<ref>{{Cite web |title=South West&nbsp;– Cornish Language |url=http://www.gos.gov.uk/gosw/culturehome/heritage/cornish/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081013095206/http://www.gos.gov.uk/gosw/culturehome/heritage/cornish/ |archive-date=13 October 2008 |access-date=17 September 2009 |publisher=Government Office South West}}</ref> Papükon fa 0.1% mens in [[Kornän]],<ref>{{Cite web |title=On being a Cornish "Celt": changing Celtic heritage and traditions |url=http://projects.exeter.ac.uk/cornishcom/documents/OnbeingaCornishcelt.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090920093455/http://projects.exeter.ac.uk/cornishcom/documents/OnbeingaCornishcelt.pdf |archive-date=20 September 2009 |access-date=1 February 2009 |publisher=[[University of Exeter**}}</ref> e patidon dilo in primaschuls e seglaschuls anik.<ref>{{cite news |title=The Cornish: They revolted in 1497, now they're at it again |url=https://www.independent.co.uk/news/uk/this-britain/the-cornish-they-revolted-in-1497-now-theyre-at-it-again-1782535.html |work=The Independent |location=London |access-date=17 September 2009 |first=Emily |last=Dugan |date=6 September 2009 |archive-date=19 August 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180819072618/https://www.independent.co.uk/news/uk/this-britain/the-cornish-they-revolted-in-1497-now-theyre-at-it-again-1782535.html |url-status=dead}}; {{Cite web |year=2009 |title=Cornish in Schools |url=http://www.magakernow.org.uk/default.aspx?page=336 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131007054858/http://www.magakernow.org.uk/default.aspx?page=336 |archive-date=7 October 2013 |access-date=5 October 2013 |website=Cornish Language Partnership}}</ref> [[Schuls statik** tidons studanis [[pük telid** u [[pük kilid** de yüls vel, muiko Fransänapük, Spanyänapük u Deutänapük.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Lipsett |first=Anthea |date=26 June 2008 |title=Number of primaries teaching foreign languages doubles |work=The Guardian |location=London |url=https://www.theguardian.com/education/2008/jun/26/schools.uk2 |access-date=23 September 2009 |archive-date=19 September 2008 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080919113801/http://www.guardian.co.uk/education/2008/jun/26/schools.uk2 |url-status=live }}</ref> Änoteton ün 2007 das zao 800,000 studanas schula äpükons püki foginik in dom,<ref name="Paton" /> muiko [[Pendjabänapük|Pendjabänapüki** e [[Lurduwänapük|Lurduwänapüki**. Ye, sekü däts säkräda 2011 pemoüköl fa [[Cöd Statavik**. däts anu jonons das Polänapük binon pük cifik paspüköl in Linglän pos Linglänapük.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Booth |first=Robert |date=30 January 2013 |title=Polish becomes England's second language |work=The Guardian |url=https://www.theguardian.com/uk/2013/jan/30/polish-becomes-englands-second-language |access-date=30 January 2013 |archive-date=9 July 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170709051221/https://www.theguardian.com/uk/2013/jan/30/polish-becomes-englands-second-language |url-status=live }}</ref> Ün 2022, [[Namapük Britänik** ävedon pük ofisitik Lingläna ven [[Lon Namapüka Britänik 2022** älonükon.<ref>{{cite news |title=British Sign Language gets official status after 19 years of campaigning |url=https://www.itv.com/news/westcountry/2022-05-06/were-finally-recognised-british-sign-language-gets-official-status |access-date=14 June 2023 |work=ITV News |date=6 May 2022 |archive-date=6 April 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240406113952/https://www.itv.com/news/westcountry/2022-05-06/were-finally-recognised-british-sign-language-gets-official-status |url-status=live }}</ref> ===Rel=== {{Viädön|Rel in Linglän}} {{Rorümo|Jenotem Kristitöfa in Linglän}} In räbunanümäd 2021, 46,3% menäda Lingläna ämäniotons onis as Kristitans, 36,7% ägepükons das älabons noni reli, 6,7% ämäniotons das äbinons Muslimans, du 4,3% menäda duton lü rels votik e 6% no ägevons gepüki.<ref>{{Cite web |date=11 December 2012 |title=Table KS209EW 2011 Census: Religion, local authorities in England and Wales |url=http://www.ons.gov.uk/file?uri=/peoplepopulationandcommunity/populationandmigration/populationestimates/datasets/2011censuskeystatisticsforlocalauthoritiesinenglandandwales/r21ewrttableks209ewladv1_tcm77-290705.xls |access-date=22 May 2017 |publisher=Office for National Statistics |archive-date=1 August 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170801112949/https://www.ons.gov.uk/file?uri=%2Fpeoplepopulationandcommunity%2Fpopulationandmigration%2Fpopulationestimates%2Fdatasets%2F2011censuskeystatisticsforlocalauthoritiesinenglandandwales%2Fr21ewrttableks209ewladv1_tcm77-290705.xls |url-status=live }}</ref> Kristit rel binon patöfikün in Linglän. Glüg pästidöl Lingläna binon Glüg Lingläna,<ref>{{Cite web |title=Church of England |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/religion/religions/christianity/cofe/cofe_1.shtml |access-date=4 December 2010 |publisher=BBC |archive-date=8 May 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240508144518/https://www.bbc.co.uk/religion/religions/christianity/cofe/cofe_1.shtml |url-status=live }}</ref> kel ämobinon koefami ko Rom in yels 1530 ven Heinrich VIII no äkanonädükön matami okik ko Katarina de Aragon. Glüg logon oki as Katulik e Protestantik.<ref>{{Cite web |title=In depth history of the Church of England |url=https://www.churchofengland.org/about-us/history/detailed-history.aspx |access-date=25 January 2017 |publisher=Church of England |quote=The religious settlement that eventually emerged in the reign of Elizabeth gave the Church of England the distinctive identity that it has retained to this day. It resulted in a Church that consciously retained a large amount of continuity with the Church of the Patristic and Medieval periods in terms of its use of the catholic creeds, its pattern of ministry, its buildings and aspects of its liturgy, but which also embodied Protestant insights in its theology and in the overall shape of its liturgical practice. The way that this is often expressed is by saying that the Church of England is both 'catholic and reformed.' |archive-date=17 September 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170917041045/https://www.churchofengland.org/about-us/history/detailed-history.aspx |url-status=live }}</ref> Dabinons tradods Glüg Löpik e Glüg Donik e anikans Anglicanans logons okis as Lingläna-Katulikans, sökölo mufi Traktarian. Monark Regäma Pebalöl binon guveran süpik Glüga Lingläna, kel labon zao 26&nbsp;milionädis piblätölis (kela buned gretik no binons glügogolans nomöfik). In 2016, vestig in Niver di St. Mary, Twickenham in London änotükon das 19,8% menäda Lingläna e Velsäna äkonomons okis as Anglicanans.<ref name=":3">{{Cite web |title=St Mary's Study Finds London Most Religious Area in England and Wales |url=https://www.stmarys.ac.uk/news/2016/st-marys-study-finds-london-most-religious-area-in-england-and-wales |access-date=2026-01-01 |website=St Mary's University, Twickenham, London |language=en}}</ref><ref name=":4">{{Cite web |title=Contemporary Catholicism in England and Wales |url=https://www.stmarys.ac.uk/research/centres/benedict-xvi/contemporary-catholicism.aspx |access-date=2026-01-01 |website=www.stmarys.ac.uk |archive-date=2 January 2026 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260102051653/https://www.stmarys.ac.uk/research/centres/benedict-xvi/contemporary-catholicism.aspx |url-status=live }}</ref> On fomon dili Kosäm Anglicik ko Lebijop di Canterbury zesüdik as kap volik sümbolik onik.<ref>{{Cite web |date=19 June 2008 |title=Global Anglicanism at a Crossroads |url=http://pewresearch.org/pubs/896/global-anglicanism-at-a-crossroads |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110813045413/http://pewresearch.org/pubs/896/global-anglicanism-at-a-crossroads |archive-date=13 August 2011 |access-date=5 September 2009 |publisher=PewResearch.org}}</ref> Kveds e glügs parokik mödik binons doms jenotemik veütik bumaviko, äsif Kved di Westminster, Kved di York, Kved di Durham, e Kved di Salisbury. [[File:Westminster Abbey, west facade, August 2014.jpg|thumb|upright|[[Kved di Westminster]] binon sam süadik [[bumav Godik Lingläna]]. [[Kronam monarka Britänik]] nomöfiko jenon in Kved.]] Denomin Kristik gretikum telid binon Glüg Katulik. Pos daskipäd onik pos Liberükam Katulik, Glüg estidükon oki glügiko su sted Linglän e Velsän kö dabinons 4,5&nbsp;milionädis limanas (mu äbinons Linglänapükans).<ref>{{Cite news |date=9 February 2008 |title=People here 'must obey the laws of the land' |work=The Daily Telegraph |location=London |url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/uknews/1578212/People-here-must-obey-the-laws-of-the-land.html |url-status=live |url-access=subscription |access-date=5 September 2009 |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20220110/https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/uknews/1578212/People-here-must-obey-the-laws-of-the-land.html |archive-date=10 January 2022}}{{cbignore}}</ref> In 2016, 8,3% menäda Lingläna e Velsäna äkonomon oki as Katulik.<ref name=":3" /><ref name=":4" /> Dabinon bal Papal se Linglän jünu, Adrian IV, du saludans Bede e Anselm papladetons as Dokans Glüga. Fom Protestantima sevädik as Metodim binon prac Kristik kilid gretikün e daglofon se Anglicanism dub John Wesley.<ref>{{Cite news |title=The Methodist Church |work=BBC News |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/religion/religions/christianity/subdivisions/methodist_1.shtml |access-date=5 September 2009 |archive-date=5 February 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240205203426/https://www.bbc.co.uk/religion/religions/christianity/subdivisions/methodist_1.shtml |url-status=live }}</ref> Atos ädageton pöpi in zifs mila in Lancashire e Yorkshire, e bevü grifans stäna in Cornwall.<ref>{{Cite web |title=An Independent Academic Study on Cornish |url=http://www.linguae-celticae.org/dateien/Independent_Study_on_Cornish_Language.pdf |access-date=26 December 2010 |page=8 |archive-date=2 November 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191102111342/http://www.linguae-celticae.org/dateien/Independent_Study_on_Cornish_Language.pdf |url-status=usurped}}</ref> Dabinons minoräds non-konformik votik, äsif Blunedans, Kvakans, Kongregationalans, Unitarians e Milit Beatik.<ref>{{cite book |last1=McLeod |first1=Hugh |title=The Cambridge History of Christianity, Volume 9, World Christianities c.1914–c.2000 |date=2006 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |location=Cambridge |isbn=9780521815000}}</ref> Saludan patron Lingläna binon Saludan George; stam sümbolik omik pakonleton in stän Lingläna.<ref name="flaghistory">{{Cite web |title=United Kingdom&nbsp;– History of the Flag |url=http://flagspot.net/flags/gb-hist.html |access-date=5 September 2009 |publisher=FlagSpot.net |archive-date=29 November 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171129135023/https://flagspot.net/flags/gb-hist.html |url-status=live }}</ref> Dabinons saludans Lingläna e pebäledik votik mödik, keninükamü Cuthbert, Edmund, Alban, Wilfrid, Aidan, Edward leKoefan, John Fisher, Thomas More, Petroc, Piran, Margaret Clitherow e Thomas Becket. Dabinons rels non-Kristik patöfik. Yudans labons jenotemi minoräda smalik su nisul sis 1070.<ref name="jews">{{Cite web |title=From Expulsion (1290) to Readmission (1656): Jews and England |url=http://www.gold.ac.uk/media/350th-anniversary.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110721183112/http://www.gold.ac.uk/media/350th-anniversary.pdf |archive-date=21 July 2011 |access-date=1 February 2009 |publisher=Goldsmiths.ac.uk}}</ref> Äpmoükon se Linglän in 1290 sökölo Büded Mamoükama, e pädälon ad geikön in 1656.<ref name="jews" /> Pato sis yels 1950, rels se kolöns Britänik büik eglopons in nums, sekü limigrantam. Islam binon komotikün atosas, nu kalädölo zao 5% menäda in Linglän.<ref name="statsio">{{Cite web |last=Office for National Statistics |author-link=Office for National Statistics |title=Religion |url=http://www.statistics.gov.uk/STATBASE/ssdataset.asp?vlnk=8301 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090707100949/http://www.statistics.gov.uk/STATBASE/ssdataset.asp?vlnk=8301 |archive-date=7 July 2009 |access-date=5 September 2009 |publisher=Statistics.gov.uk}}</ref> Hinduism, Sikhism e Buddhism binons sököl in num, läikölo jü 2,8% pebalölo,<ref name="statsio" /> peförodöl se Lindän e Siyop Sulüd Lofüdik.<ref name="statsio" /> Minoräd smalik menäda pracon rels Pagan bäledik. Neopaganism in Regäm Pebalöl binon primiko pepadülon fa Wicca e mjut Neopaganik, Druidry, e Heathenry. Ma räbunanümäd 2011, dabinons zao 53 172 mens kels identifikons okis as Pagan in Linglän,{{Efn|name=pagan|Mens kels striktiko äkonomons okis as "Pagan". Pads Pagan votik, äsif Wicca u Druidism, no pakeninükon in num at.<ref name="2011 ONS results">{{Cite web |title=2011 ONS results |url=http://ons.gov.uk/ons/rel/census/2011-census/key-statistics-for-local-authorities-in-england-and-wales/rft-table-qs210ew.xls |access-date=28 October 2017 |archive-date=26 January 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130126035407/http://www.ons.gov.uk/ons/rel/census/2011-census/key-statistics-for-local-authorities-in-england-and-wales/rft-table-qs210ew.xls |url-status=live }}</ref>}} keninükamü 11 026 Wiccans.{{Efn|Mens kels striktiko äkonomons okis as "Wiccan". Pads Pagan votik, äsif Druidism, e "Pagan" valemik no pakeninükon in num at.<ref name="2011 ONS results" />}} 24,7% menas in Linglän ädeklaron noni reli, peätlädölo ko 14,6% in 2001.<ref name="2011 ONS results" /> Norwich älabon propron gretikün somik at 42,5%, pesökon fa Brighton and Hove me 42,4%. ==Dugäl== {{Viädön|Dugäl in Linglän}} Diläd pro Dugäl binon diläd guverema patuvik pro dots tefölos mens in Linglän jü bäldot 19, keninükamü dugäl.<ref>{{harvnb|Gearon|2002|p=246}}.</ref> Juls pefödöl fa stat papadübons fa zao 93% julacilas Lingläna.<ref>{{harvnb|West|2003|p=28}}.</ref> Dugäl binon gitod sekretana tata pro dugäl.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Secretary of State for Education |url=https://www.gov.uk/government/ministers/secretary-of-state-for-education |website=gov.uk |access-date=18 March 2021 |archive-date=5 April 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120405111108/https://www.gov.uk/government/ministers/secretary-of-state-for-education |url-status=live }}</ref> Cils bevü bäldots 3 e 5 golons lü cilagadöt u yunät Fond Bäldoyelas Balsik in jul primik. Cils bevü bäldots 5 e 11 golons lü jul primik, e jul sekidik pagolon fa uts bäldotü bevü 11 e 16. Juls pefödöl fa stat pedütikons fa lonem ad tidön Kuratüm Netik; tops learning basik keninükons literat Linglänapük, pük Linglänapük, matemat, nolav, konst e desin, medälan, jenotem, taledav, dugäl relöfik, desin e tekn, kalkulav, püks bäledik e nulädik, musig, e dugäl koapik.<ref>{{Cite web |title=The national curriculum: Overview |website=GOV.UK |url=https://www.gov.uk/national-curriculum |access-date=8 July 2020 |archive-date=3 October 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121003005958/http://www.direct.gov.uk/en/Parents/Schoolslearninganddevelopment/ExamsTestsAndTheCurriculum/DG_10013041 |url-status=live }}</ref>[[File:Radcliffe Camera by Fenlio.jpg|thumb|[[Niver di Oxford]] pefünon in 1096, meköl oni niveri telid-bäledikün vola.]] Progám pro Bevünetik Steudan Tutid pakobädöl fa OECD anu pladon noli valik e fägis steudanas Britänik 15-yelik as 13id in vol in penamam, matemat, e nolav ko steudan Britänik zänedik getölo 503,7, löpikumo ka zäned OECD 493.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.oecd.org/pisa/Combined_Executive_Summaries_PISA_2018.pdf |title=PISA 2018 Results Combined Executive Summaries |website=OECD |date=2019 |access-date=7 July 2020 |archive-date=6 December 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191206115004/https://www.oecd.org/pisa/Combined_Executive_Summaries_PISA_2018.pdf |url-status=live }}</ref> Do jul sekidik Lingläna mödik binons valadik, dabinons jul gramatik saunädik kelö gol päsubjecton ad pasön test mälplu-eleven. Zao 7,2 procent julacilas Lingläna golons lü jul privatik, kels pefödons fa fonäds privatik.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2009 |title=Independent Schools in the United Kingdom |url=http://encarta.msn.com/encyclopedia_761580406/Independent_Schools_in_the_United_Kingdom.html |website=MSN Encarta |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090829163013/http://encarta.msn.com/encyclopedia_761580406/Independent_Schools_in_the_United_Kingdom.html |archive-date=29 August 2009}}</ref> Stäänäds in jul statik pamonitons fa Cäl pro Stäänäds in Dugäl, e in jul privatik fa Inspätskul Julas Nesekidik.<ref>{{harvnb|Gearon|2002|p=102}}.</ref> Pos fin dugäla pebligöl, steudans sumons testis GCSE. Steudans kanons täno välön ad laidugön lü dugäl pluik pro yels tel. Kolegs dugäla pluik (pato kolegs mälid fom) suvo fomons dili topäda jul sekidik. Tests A-level pasidons fa num gretik steudanas dugäla pluik, e suvo fomons stemi aplekama lü niver. Dugäl pluik teükon kuratümi gretik studa e palälanüpis, keninükamü T-levels, BTEC, NVQ e votiks. Kolegs kilid givons kursis akademik e vokatik.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Watson |first1=Judith |last2=Church |first2=Andrew |year=2009 |title=The Social Effects of Travel to Learn Patterns – A Case Study of 16–19 Year Olds in London |url=https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/02690940903166971 |journal=Local Economy: The Journal of the Local Economy Policy Unit |volume=24 |issue=5 |pages=389–414 |doi=10.1080/02690940903166971 |s2cid=145187656 |url-access=subscription |archive-date=14 October 2022 |access-date=23 March 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221014013046/https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/02690940903166971 |url-status=live }}</ref> ===Dugäl löpik=== Steudans dugäla löpik nomöfo golons lü niver de bäldot 18 fovo, kö studons pro gred akademik. Dabinons plu 90&nbsp;nivers in Linglän, valiks plä bal kels binons stitods publik. Diläd pro Negid, Nuläd e Fägs binon diläd guverema patuvik pro dugäl löpik in Linglän.<ref>{{Cite web |last=United Kingdom Parliament |author-link=Parliament of the United Kingdom |title=Innovation, Universities, Science and Skills Committee Contents |url=https://publications.parliament.uk/pa/cm200809/cmselect/cmdius/170/17004.htm |access-date=16 September 2009 |publisher=publications.parliament.uk |archive-date=8 August 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180808140029/https://publications.parliament.uk/pa/cm200809/cmselect/cmdius/170/17004.htm |url-status=live }}</ref> Steudans nomöfo pestidübons ad studebäg ad teükon mesedi tidöpa e stitüki liföla.{{Efn|Steudans golöl lü nivers Lingläna anu mutons pelön mesedi tidöpa lü kost dugäla onas, soäs steudans Lingläna kels välons ad golön lü niver in Skotän. Steudans Skotänik golöl lü nivers Skotänik labons mesedis onas pepladöl fa Parlamän Skotänik pevövöl.<ref name="House of Commons Library">{{cite web |url=https://commonslibrary.parliament.uk/cost-of-living-support-for-students/ |title=Financial support for higher education students |date=31 January 2024 |website=commonslibrary.parliament.uk |publisher=House of Commons Library |access-date=25 February 2024 |archive-date=8 May 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240508123544/https://commonslibrary.parliament.uk/cost-of-living-support-for-students/ |url-status=live }}</ref>}} Gred balid peprodon lü undergraduates binon gred bachelor, kel nomöfo sumon yelis kil ad pafinön. Steudans kanons täno vobön lü gred postgraduate, kel nomöfo sumon yeli bal, u doctorate, kel sumon yelis tel u plu.<ref name="FHEQ">{{Cite web |date=November 2014 |title=The Frameworks for Higher Education Qualifications of UK Degree-Awarding Bodies |url=http://www.qaa.ac.uk/en/Publications/Documents/qualifications-frameworks.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160305083730/http://www.qaa.ac.uk/en/Publications/Documents/qualifications-frameworks.pdf |archive-date=5 March 2016 |access-date=4 November 2016 |page=17}}</ref> [[Lised niveras in Linglän|Nivers Lingläna]] keninükons anis niversas pladik löpikün in vol. Jü 2024, fol nivers stedöls in Linglän, Niver di Cambridge, Niver di Oxford, Koleg Imperial London, e Koleg Niver London, papladons bevü deg löpik in 2024 ''[[QS Pladam Nivers Volik]]''. Niver di Cambridge, pefünon in 1209, e Niver di Oxford, pefünon in 1096, binons nivers tel [[Lised niveras bäledikün dudötik|bäledikün in vol spiköl-Linglänapük]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=February 2017 |title=QS World University Rankings 2023 {{pipe}} Top Universities |url=https://www.topuniversities.com/university-rankings/world-university-rankings/2023 |access-date=28 February 2023 |publisher=QS Quacquarelli Symonds Limited |archive-date=17 September 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120917171555/https://www.topuniversities.com/university-rankings/world-university-rankings/2023 |url-status=live }}</ref> Jul Konömik London pepeneton as stitod nolav soik dugikün vola pro tid e vestig.<ref name="london_156">{{Cite news |last=Hoyle |first=Ben |date=23 September 2007 |title=The Sunday Times Good University Guide 2007&nbsp;– Profile for London School of Economics |work=The Times |location=London |url=http://www.timesonline.co.uk/tol/life_and_style/education/sunday_times_university_guide/article2496158.ece |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081202225123/http://www.timesonline.co.uk/tol/life_and_style/education/sunday_times_university_guide/article2496158.ece |url-status=dead |archive-date=2 December 2008 |access-date=6 June 2008}}</ref> Jul Negid London pedasevon as bal julas negidik dugikün vola e in 2010 program MBA onik pipladon as gudikün in vol fa ''[[Financial Times]]''.<ref name="ft">{{Cite web |title=FT Global MBA Rankings |url=http://rankings.ft.com/businessschoolrankings/global-mba-rankings |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110504135153/http://rankings.ft.com/businessschoolrankings/global-mba-rankings |archive-date=4 May 2011 |access-date=25 January 2010 |website=Financial Times}}</ref> [[Gred akademik]] in Linglän nomöfo pesplitöls lü klass: klass balid, klass telid löpik, klass telid donik, kilid, e no peklassifiköl.<ref name="FHEQ" /> [[Jul Rega, Canterbury]] e [[Jul Rega, Rochester]] binons julas bäledikün in vol spiköl-Linglänapük.<ref>{{harvnb|Webster|1937|p=383}}.</ref> Juls sevädiküns Lingläna mödik, äsif Koleg Winchester, Koleg Eton, Jul St Paul, Jul Harrow e Jul Rugby binons stitods pelöl-mesedi.<ref>{{harvnb|Lowe|1971|p=317}}.</ref> ==Kuliv== {{Viädön|Kuliv Lingläna}} {{Rorümo|Rönesans Linglänapükik}} ===Bumav=== {{Viädön|Bumav Lingläna}} Monumäns stonäda stedöla bäledik mödik pefümübons dü period büjenotemik; bevü sevädiküns binons Stonehenge, Devils Arrows, Monolit Rudston e Castlerigg.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.stone-circles.org.uk/stone/index.htm |publisher=Stone-Circles.org.uk |title=The Prehistoric Sites of Great Britain |access-date=5 September 2009 |archive-date=29 September 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180929001010/http://www.stone-circles.org.uk/stone/index.htm |url-status=live }}</ref> Ko netod bumava Roma Bäledik ädabinon development basilikas, badas, amfiteatras, le-als viktorik, villas, templas Romanik, vägas Romanik, fortas Romanik, stokadas e akveduktas.<ref name="roman">{{cite web |url=http://www.castles.me.uk/ancient-roman-architecture-england-wales.htm |publisher=Castles.me.uk |title=Ancient Roman architecture in England and Wales |access-date=5 September 2009 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091212033420/http://www.castles.me.uk/ancient-roman-architecture-england-wales.htm |archive-date=12 December 2009 |url-status=dead}}</ref> Äbinons Romanans kels fümöns zifis e vilägis balid äsif London, Bath, York, Chester e St Albans. Ba sam sevädikün binon Mön Hadrianik stääniköl da Linglän nolüdik.<ref name="roman" /> Sam votik pepreservöl gudiko binon Bads Romanik in Bath, Somerset.<ref name="roman" /> [[File:Bodiam-castle-10My8-1197.jpg|thumb|left|alt=Kved plana kvanik pesürümöl fa mof fulik vata. On labon tums flanik romenik e logäd peforbidöl.|[[Kved Bodiam]] binon [[kved]] mofik tumäd 14 nilü [[Robertsbridge]] in Sussex Lofüdik.]] Bums sekuliks bumava zänodatimädik büik äbinons stitods balik primiko gebölo bimi ko thatch pro stit. Bumav eklesiastik ästäänik de sintit monastisima Hiberno-Saxon,<ref>{{harvnb|Colgrave|1985|p=326}}.</ref><ref>{{harvnb|Pevsner|1942|p=14}}.</ref> lü basilik Kristik Büik e bumav pefümüöl dub pilaster-strips, arcading vögik, shafts baluster e finots trapetik. Pos konküst Normanik in 1066 kveds distik pefümöns; sevädiküns keninükons Tum di London, Kved Warwick, Kved Durham e Kved Windsor.<ref name="buildings" /> Dü period Plantagenet, bumav Godik Lingläna äflorükon, me sams primik keninüköls kveds zänodatimädik äsif Kved Canterbury, Kved di Westminster e Kved York.<ref name="buildings">{{harvnb|Atkinson|2008|p=189}}.</ref> Stäänikölo su sted Normanik ädabinon i kveds, palats, doms gretik, nivers e glügs parokik. Bumav zänodatimädik pefinükon me stül Tudor tumäd 16; le-al fol-zänedik, nu sevädik as le-al Tudor, äbinon feätübumik soäs doms wattle e daub in dom. In sek Rönesana fom bumava ekoedöl klöna bäledik pesintitölo ko Kristit äpubon, stül Barokik Lingläna bumava Christopher Wren patiko päjleipölo.<ref>{{harvnb|Downes|2007|p=17}}.</ref> Bumav Georgianik äsökon in stül mö finik, vokölo fomi Palladianik balik; Halfemöb Royal in Bath binon bal samas gudikün atosa. Ko pub romatima dü period Victorianik, Lebul Godik pefünükon. Lä atos, zao ün tim ot Revolut Nenadik äbligon vati pro bums äsif Kved Kristalik. Sis yels 1930 fomims modernistik distik epubons kelas getam suvo binon nenvädik, do mufis taöfik traditionik laidunons ko stüt in tops flunilabik.{{Efn|Do mens äsif Norman Foster e Richard Rogers represantons mufi modernistik, Prens Charles sis yels 1980 espikon logädis nämik ta on in fav bumava traditionalik ed egeton tikis okik in praktik in developam Poundbury okik in Dorset. Bumavs äsif Raymond Erith, Francis Johnson e Quinlan Terry älaidunons ad praktön in stül klasik.<ref name=ArchCon4>{{cite news |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/uk_news/8045027.stm |work=BBC News |title=Architects to hear Prince appeal |date=12 May 2009 |access-date=20 June 2009 |archive-date=2 December 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101202111706/http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/uk_news/8045027.stm |url-status=live }}</ref>}} {{Clear}} ===Gads=== {{Viädön|Gad Lingläna}} [[File:Stourhead lake in midsummer - panoramio.jpg|thumb|right|Gad lanöpik in Stourhead. Peflunöl fa [[lekanans lanöpik]] gretik tumäd deg-mäl, gad lanöpik pepeneton as "vobod lifik lekanas" ven balna ämaifikon in yels 1750.<ref>{{Cite web |title=The history of the house at Stourhead |url=https://www.nationaltrust.org.uk/stourhead/features/the-history-of-stourhead |access-date=10 April 2021 |website=National Trust |archive-date=19 September 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200919055012/https://www.nationaltrust.org.uk/stourhead/features/the-history-of-stourhead |url-status=live }}</ref>]] Gadam lanöpik, äsif pidevelopon fa Capability Brown, ästidükon trendi bevünetik pro gad lanöpik Lingläna. Gadam, e visit gadas, palogedons as zesüds pato Linglänapükik. Gad Lingläna äbligon logedi pälöfik nata. In doms länik gretik, gad Lingläna nomöfo äkeninükon lakis, stäänikis lolas sofik romenik peseitölo ta bims, e dönuvegados templas klasik, ruins Godik, bridges, e bumav votik picturik, padesinöl ad dönuvegodön lanöpi pastoralik pälöfik.<ref name=":2">{{Cite news |title=Gardens through time |url=https://www.english-heritage.org.uk/learn/histories/gardens-through-time/ |access-date=10 April 2021 |website=English Heritage |archive-date=7 April 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240407075853/https://www.english-heritage.org.uk/learn/histories/gardens-through-time/ |url-status=live }}</ref> Fin tumäd 18, gad Lingläna päimitaton fa gad lanöpik Fransänik, e so faro as Pavlovsk, Saint Petersburg, gads kefutura Lampör Paul. Älabon i fluni gretik su parks gads publik kels äpubons zü vol in tumäd 19.<ref>Lucia Impelluso, ''Jardins, potagers et labyrinthes'', Mondatori Electra, Milan</ref> Gad lanöpik Lingläna äzänodon su dom länik Lingläna e doms manorik.<ref name=":2" /> Lardor Lingläna e Trust Netik preservons gads gretik e parks lanöpik da län.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Gardens & parks |url=https://www.nationaltrust.org.uk/gardens-and-parks |access-date=10 April 2021 |website=National Trust |archive-date=10 April 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210410224946/https://www.nationaltrust.org.uk/gardens-and-parks |url-status=live }}</ref> Jenot Chelsea Flower Show padugälon ün yel alik fa Sog Hortikulturik Regik e pasagon as show gadik gretikün in vol.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.rhs.org.uk/shows-events/rhs-chelsea-flower-show |title=RHS Chelsea Flower Show |website=rhs.org.uk |access-date=9 December 2020 |archive-date=15 April 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240415222137/https://www.rhs.org.uk/shows-events/rhs-chelsea-flower-show |url-status=live }}</ref> ===Folklor=== {{Viädön|Folklor Lingläna}} [[File:The King joins the hands of Robin Hood and Maid Marian.jpg|thumb|upright|[[Robin Hood]] e [[Maid Marian]] ko [[Richard I Lingläna]]]] Folklor Lingläna pidevelopon dü tumyels mödik. Anikans menas e konis dabinons da Linglän, ab mu dutons lü regions patik. Nims folklorik komik keninükons pixies, gigants, elves, bogeymen, trolls, goblins, e dwarves. Do konäds e kösömods folkik mödik patikons as bälediks, äsif kons fütü Offa de Angel e Wayland Smith,<ref name="keary">{{harvnb|Keary|1882|p=50}}.</ref> votiks datons de pos konküst Normanik. Konäds fütü Robin Hood e Mens Lustik omik di Sherwood, e komip onsik ko Guveran di Nottingham, binons bevü sevädiküns atosas.<ref>{{harvnb|Pollard|2004|p=272}}.</ref> Dü Zänodatimäd Löpik kons kömöls de tradods Brythonik änügolons in folklor Lingläna ed idevelopons ini mit Arthurik.<ref name="woodbbc">{{cite news |last=Wood |first=Michael |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/history/ancient/anglo_saxons/arthur_03.shtml |title=King Arthur, 'Once and Future King' |work=BBC News |access-date=16 September 2009 |archive-date=2 February 2009 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090202111301/http://www.bbc.co.uk/history/ancient/anglo_saxons/arthur_03.shtml |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name="higham1">{{harvnb|Higham|2002|p=25}}.</ref><ref>{{harvnb|Koch|2006|p=732}}.</ref> Ats äkömons de fonäds Anglo-Normanik, Velsänik e Fransänik,<ref name="higham1" /> fütü Reg Arthur, Camelot, Excalibur, Merlin e Kavans Lenaeda Romenik äsif Lancelot. Kons at suvo pabalons in {{Lang|la|[[Historia Regum Britanniae]]}} ('Jenotem Regas Britäna') hiela Geoffrey di Monmouth.{{Efn|Kons at ba äkömons ad veüt, sekü dil, as steifül fa elit regöl Normanik ad legalitön reig onik Nisulas Britänik, tuvölo jenotemi Anglo-Saxonik no pötiki pro vobäd dü period ven limans Domü Wessex pemoüköl, pato Edgar the Ætheling e neifs omik se Dom Skotänik Dunkeld, nog äbinons aktivik in nisuls.<ref name=higham1 /><ref>{{harvnb|Lacy|1986|p=649}}.</ref> I Michael Wood plänükon; "Da tumyels figud ela Arthur ävedon sümbol jenotema Britänik – mod ad plänön dini Britäna, tefi bevü Saxons e Celts, e mod ad moükön milanis e sanükön drolis pasetik."<ref name=woodbbc />}} Figuds folkik anik stabons su mens jenotemik semi u jenotik kelos kon ons pipasadon dü tumyels.<ref>{{harvnb|Briggs|2004|p=26}}.</ref> In 5 Novem mens zälons Pöjüt Fila ad memön neplöpi Pot Gunefik zänodöl su Guy Fawkes. Dabinons kalads nationals e folkik regionik distik, päpartiköls jü del at, äsif danüd Morris, danüd Maypole, sväp Rapper in Nolüd Lofüd, danüd Sväp Long in Yorkshire, Pleys Mummers, bottle-kicking in Leicestershire, e cheese-rolling at Cooper's Hill, Gloucestershire.<ref>{{harvnb|Withington|2008|p=224}}.</ref> Dabinon klot netik ofigovik nonik, ab aniks pestabons gudiko äsif Regs e Regins Pearly pebäledöl ko cockneys, Galed Regik, klot Morris e Beefeaters.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.woodlands-junior.kent.sch.uk/customs/questions/costume.html |publisher=Woodlands-Junior.kent.sch.uk |title=What is England's national costume? |access-date=24 June 2009 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090505015321/http://www.woodlands-junior.kent.sch.uk/CUSTOMS/questions/costume.html |archive-date=5 May 2009}}</ref> ===Kuin=== {{Viädön|Kuin Lingläna}} De period kösömik nulik, fid Lingläna jenöfiko päjonulon dubü balug metoda e konfid vönikama gretik prodas natik.<ref>{{harvnb|Else|2007|p=76}}.</ref> Dü Middle Ages e Renaissance, kuin Lingläna älabon reputi süperiki, do declin äprimon dü Revolut Nündustelik ko urbanizam ägretiköl. Kuin Lingläna ye, brefabüo elabon lifam dönuik, kel pädasevon fa krütans fida me rateds gudik anik in sameds restaurant gudikün in vol fa ''[[Restaurant (magazine)|Restaurant]]''{{'}}s.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.theworlds50best.com/module/acms_winners?group_id=1 |publisher=TheWorlds50Best.com |title=The S.Pellegrino World's 50 Best Restaurants |access-date=5 September 2009 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100113043907/http://www.theworlds50best.com/module/acms_winners?group_id=1 |archive-date=13 January 2010}}</ref>[[File:English-cusine-exports.jpg|thumb|Fids Lingläna: löpao detio{{emdash}}[[teacakes]], [[English cheese|cheeses]], [[English wine|wines]] e [[cider]]]] Samams kösömik fida Lingläna keninükons [[Sunday roast]], kel labon yoig rostadik (büäligo beef, [[lamb and mutton|lamb]], chicken u pork) peservön ko pups difik, [[Yorkshire pudding]] e [[gravy]].<ref name="tradfood" /> Fidäms lokik votik keninükons [[fish and chips]] e [[Full breakfast|full English breakfast]] (geneliko de [[bacon]], [[sausages]], tomatas grillik, bread fritik, [[black pudding]], [[baked beans]], [[edible mushroom|mushrooms]] e eggs).<ref>{{cite news |title=How to make the perfect full English breakfast |url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/foodanddrink/11029015/How-to-make-the-perfect-full-English-breakfast.html |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20220110/https://www.telegraph.co.uk/foodanddrink/11029015/How-to-make-the-perfect-full-English-breakfast.html |archive-date=10 January 2022 |url-access=subscription |url-status=live |date=25 June 2015}}{{cbignore}}</ref> [[Meat pie]]s difik pidons, soäs [[steak and kidney pie]], [[steak and ale pie]], [[cottage pie]], [[pork pie]] (büäligo pefidon koldik)<ref name="tradfood">{{cite web |url=http://www.travelsignposts.com/England/traditional-English-food-specialities.php |publisher=TravelSignPosts.com |title=Traditional English Food Specialities |access-date=5 September 2009 |archive-date=25 February 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100225131637/http://www.travelsignposts.com/England/traditional-English-food-specialities.php |url-status=live }}</ref> e [[Cornish pasty]]. Sausages kösömiko pidons, u as [[bangers and mash]] u [[toad in the hole]]. [[Lancashire hotpot]] binon stew sevädik primöl in nolüdavesüd. Cheeses pöpülerikum anik binons [[Cheddar cheese|Cheddar]], [[Red Leicester]], [[Wensleydale (cheese)|Wensleydale]], [[Double Gloucester]] e [[Stilton cheese|Blue Stilton]]. Fidäms hibridik [[Anglo-Indian]] difik, [[curries]], pejafons, soäs [[chicken tikka masala]] e [[balti (food)|balti]]. Fidäms deserik kösömik Lingläna keninükons [[apple pie]] u pies fruta votik; [[spotted dick]] – valik geneliko peservön me [[custard]]; e, brefabüo, [[sticky toffee pudding]]. Pastries svitik keninükons [[scones]] peservön me jam u krem, loavs fruta ögik, [[Eccles cake]]s e [[mince pie]]s, ed i biscuits svitik u spiced. Drinams no-alkoholik kösömik keninükons te<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.tea.co.uk/catherine-of-braganza |publisher=Tea.co.uk |title=Catherine of Braganza |access-date=5 September 2009 |archive-date=25 April 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200425214836/https://www.tea.co.uk/catherine-of-braganza |url-status=live }}</ref> e kaf; drinams alkoholik suemo pidons keninükons vin, [[cider]]s e [[English beer]]s, soäs [[bitter (beer)|bitter]], [[mild ale|mild]], [[stout]] e [[brown ale]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.icons.org.uk/theicons/collection/the-pint-of-real-ale/features/types-of-beer-finished |publisher=Icons of England |title=Types of Beer |access-date=5 September 2009 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091030154340/http://www.icons.org.uk/theicons/collection/the-pint-of-real-ale/features/types-of-beer-finished |archive-date=30 October 2009}}</ref> ===Lekan logädik=== {{Viädön|Lekan Lingläna}} {{Logolös i|Arts Council England}} {{stack begin|float=left}} [[File:John Constable The Hay Wain.jpg|thumb|left|alt=A horse-drawn wagon crossing a river towards a cottage, with trees and fields beyond|''[[The Hay Wain]]'' fa [[John Constable]], 1821, binon pänod lekanas Lingläna tipik.]] [[File:John William Waterhouse - The Lady of Shalott - Google Art Project edit.jpg|thumb|left|alt=A painting of a red haired woman, sitting in a boat, surrounded by trees|''[[The Lady of Shalott (painting)|The Lady of Shalott]]'' fa [[John William Waterhouse]], 1888, in stil [[Pre-Raphaelite]]]] {{stack end}} Samams sevädik büiküns binons dils lekanas klifas e [[cave art|karstakas]] büistöfik, mu pato in [[North Yorkshire]], Northumberland e [[Cumbria]], ab i patons sulüdikumo, samädö in [[Creswell Crags]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://archaeologydataservice.ac.uk/catalogue/adsdata/arch-836-1/dissemination/pdf/ERA_Brochure.pdf |publisher=ArchaeologyDataService.ac.uk |title=The Prehistoric Cave Art of England |access-date=5 September 2009 |archive-date=25 August 2009 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090825132713/http://archaeologydataservice.ac.uk/catalogue/adsdata/arch-836-1/dissemination/pdf/ERA_Brochure.pdf |url-status=live }}</ref> Köm [[Roman culture|kultura Romana]] in tumyel 1id, foms lekanas difik soäs statuas, bustas, vobod glasa e mosaiks äbinons kösöm. Dabinons brokots liföls numiks, soäs uts in [[Lullingstone Roman Villa|Lullingstone]] e [[Isurium Brigantum|Aldborough]].<ref>{{cite web |author=English Heritage |author-link=English Heritage |url=http://www.english-heritage.org.uk/server.php?show=nav.17022 |publisher=english-heritage.org.uk |title=Aldborough Roman Site |access-date=5 September 2009 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091022105915/http://www.english-heritage.org.uk/server.php?show=nav.17022 |archive-date=22 October 2009}}</ref> Dü Middle Ages büik, stil äfavon krosis e ivoris skulptik, pänam manuscript, jivor golda e smalastöna, jonölo löfi disainas fikrik, peblaföl soäs in [[Staffordshire Hoard]] pituvöl in 2009. Anods at äblafons stili [[Insular art|Gaelic e Anglian]], soäs [[Lindisfarne Gospels]] e [[Vespasian Psalter]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.tiscali.co.uk/reference/encyclopaedia/hutchinson/m0023715.html |publisher=Tiscali.co.uk |title=Early Middle Ages Art |access-date=5 September 2009 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090227121544/http://www.tiscali.co.uk/reference/encyclopaedia/hutchinson/m0023715.html |archive-date=27 February 2009}}</ref> Latikumo [[Gothic art]] äbinon pöpüler in Winchester e Canterbury, samams lifons soäs [[Benedictional of St. Æthelwold]] e [[Luttrell Psalter]].<ref name="engart" /> Period Tudor älogon [[Artists of the Tudor court|lekananis mu patikis]] as dil kurt onsik; pänod portreta, kel öblibon dail stabik lekanas Lingläna, päfämodükon fa Deutän [[Hans Holbein the Younger|Hans Holbein]], e nets soäs [[Nicholas Hilliard]] äbumons su atos.<ref name="engart">{{cite web |url=http://www.tiscali.co.uk/reference/encyclopaedia/hutchinson/m0028010.html |publisher=Tiscali.co.uk |title=English art |access-date=5 September 2009 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090216224856/http://www.tiscali.co.uk/reference/encyclopaedia/hutchinson/m0028010.html |archive-date=16 February 2009}}</ref> Disu Stuarts, lekanans Konautik äbinons fluniks pato Flamäns, samams de period keninükons [[Anthony van Dyck]], [[Peter Lely]], [[Godfrey Kneller]] e [[William Dobson]].<ref name="engart" /> Tumyel 18id älogon stidami [[Royal Academy]]; [[classicism]] stabü [[Renaissance art|High Renaissance]] ädomöron, me [[Thomas Gainsborough]] e [[Joshua Reynolds]] vedam tel lekanas päläsevölas mödiküns Lingläna.<ref name="engart" /> In tumyel 19id, [[John Constable]] e [[J. M. W. Turner]] äbinons lekanans länasüdüka mu patiks. [[Norwich School (art movement)|Norwich School]] äfövon traditi länasüdüka, du [[Pre-Raphaelite Brotherhood]], pefulüdöl fa lekanans soäs [[Holman Hunt]], [[Dante Gabriel Rossetti]] e [[John Everett Millais]], ägevon lifi stili [[Early Renaissance]] me stils liföfik e pökopiedöls onsik.<ref name="engart" /> Patik bevü lekanans tumyela 20id äbinon [[Henry Moore]], pädasumöl as vög skulptura Britänik, e modärnisma Britänik ma jenöfot.<ref>{{cite journal |last=Turner |first=Chris |title=The Bronze Age: Henry Moore and his successors |journal=Tate Magazine |issue=6 |url=http://www.tate.org.uk/magazine/issue6/moore.htm |access-date=9 September 2009 |archive-url=http://webarchive.nationalarchives.gov.uk/20120105222753/http://www.tate.org.uk/magazine/issue6/moore.htm |archive-date=5 January 2012 |url-status=dead}}</ref> [[Royal Society of Arts]] binon klub pebejäföl lekanes.<ref>{{Cite web |title=About the RSA – RSA |url=https://www.thersa.org/about |access-date=8 May 2021 |website=thersa.org |archive-date=5 April 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190405150331/https://www.thersa.org/about-us |url-status=live }}</ref> ===Laut, poedot e filosop=== {{Viädön|Laut Lingläna|Dram Lingläna}} {{Logolös i|Teat Regäna Pebalöl}} [[File:Geoffrey Chaucer (17th century).jpg|thumb|upright|alt=A man dressed in grey with a beard, holding a rosary, depicted next to a coat of arms.|[[Geoffrey Chaucer]] äbinon lautan, poedan e filosop Lingläna, pememöl最优 demü konäd fram no pefinüköl okik ''[[The Canterbury Tales]]''.]] Lautans büik soäs [[Bede]] e [[Alcuin]] äpenons in Latin.<ref name="warnancmod">{{harvnb|Warner|1902|p=35}}.</ref> Period [[Old English literature|lauta Lingläna büik]] egivon poedot epiki ''[[Beowulf]]'' e prozi sekularik ela ''[[Anglo-Saxon Chronicle]]'',<ref>{{harvnb|Rogers|2001|p=17}}.</ref> kobü penäds Kristik soäs ''[[Judith (poem)|Judith]]'', [[Cædmon]]'s ''[[Cædmon|Hymn]]'' e [[hagiography|hagiografies]].<ref name="warnancmod" /> Pos konkist Normana, [[Latin literature|Latin]] äfövon bevü kleds pädugälölas, ed i [[Anglo-Norman literature]]. [[Middle English literature]] äpubon me [[Geoffrey Chaucer]], lautan ela ''[[The Canterbury Tales]]'', kobü [[John Gower|Gower]], [[Pearl Poet]] e [[William Langland|Langland]]. [[William of Ockham]] e [[Roger Bacon]], kels äbinons [[Franciscans]], äbinons filosops cifiks Middle Ages. [[Julian of Norwich]], kel äpenof ''[[Revelations of Divine Love]]'', äbinof mistan Kristik patik. Ko [[English Renaissance|Lefölot Lingläna]] laut in stil [[Early Modern English]] äpubon. [[William Shakespeare]], kel vobods keninükons ''[[Hamlet]]'', ''[[Romeo and Juliet]]'', ''[[Macbeth]]'', e ''[[A Midsummer Night's Dream]]'', blibon bal lautanas pöstimölas mödiküns in laut Lingläna.<ref>{{harvnb|Rogers|2001|p=135}}.</ref> [[Christopher Marlowe]], [[Edmund Spenser]], [[Philip Sydney]], [[Thomas Kyd]], [[John Donne]], e [[Ben Jonson]] binons lautans bäimästik votik [[Elizabethan literature|perioda Elizabethan]].<ref name="elizren">{{harvnb|Rowse|1971|p=48}}.</ref> [[Francis Bacon]] e [[Thomas Hobbes]] äpenons dö [[empiricism]] e [[materialism]], keninükamü [[scientific method]] e [[social contract]].<ref name="elizren" /> [[Robert Filmer|Filmer]] äpenon dö [[Divine Right of Kings]]. [[Andrew Marvell|Marvell]] äbinon poedan sevädikün [[Commonwealth of England|Commonwealth]],<ref>{{harvnb|Norbrook|2000|p=6}}.</ref> du [[John Milton]] älauton ''[[Paradise Lost]]'' dü [[Restoration literature|Restoration]]. {{Quote box | quote =Tron regik regas at, nisul sceptorik at, tal majesta at, seat Marda at, Eden votik at, parad semik; fef at, pebumon fa nat of it. Plän blessed at, tal at, regän at, Lingläb at. | source = [[William Shakespeare]].<ref>{{cite web |title=Richard II |url=http://www.users.waitrose.com/~uk1/shakespeare/sceptred.htm |publisher=[[William Shakespeare]] |access-date=5 September 2009 |archive-date=28 June 2008 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080628141802/http://www.users.waitrose.com/~uk1/shakespeare/sceptred.htm |url-status=dead}}</ref> | width =28% | align =right }} Filosops mu patik anik [[Age of Enlightenment|Lelight]] äbinons [[John Locke]], [[Thomas Paine]], [[Samuel Johnson]] e [[Jeremy Bentham]]. Ems radikalikum poso patakaedons fa [[Edmund Burke]] kel pädasumom as fondan konservatima.<ref>{{harvnb|Heywood|2007|p=74}}.</ref> Poedan [[Alexander Pope]] me poedot satirik okik ävedom pöstimöl. Linglänelans äpledoms rouli veütik in [[romanticism]]: [[Samuel Taylor Coleridge]], [[Lord Byron]], [[John Keats]], [[Mary Shelley]], [[Percy Bysshe Shelley]], [[William Blake]] e [[William Wordsworth]] äbinons figurs cifik.<ref>{{harvnb|Watson|1985|p=360}}.</ref> As gepük kol [[Industrial Revolution|Revolut Nündustelik]], lautans länas äsukons vegi vü [[liberty|lib]] e tradit; [[William Cobbett]], [[G. K. Chesterton]] e [[Hilaire Belloc]] äbinons boidans cifik, du fondan [[guild socialism]], [[Arthur Penty]], e [[cooperative movement|favan konträma kooperatik]] [[G. D. H. Cole]] tefons boso.<ref>{{harvnb|Cole|1947|p=268}}.</ref> Empiricism äfövon da [[John Stuart Mill]] e [[Bertrand Russell]], du [[Bernard Williams]] äbinom in [[analytics]]. Lautans de zänod [[Victorian era]] keninükons [[Charles Dickens]], [[Brontë sisters|sörs Brontë]], [[Jane Austen]], [[George Eliot]], [[Rudyard Kipling]], [[Thomas Hardy]], [[H. G. Wells]] e [[Lewis Carroll]].<ref>{{harvnb|Hawkins-Dady|1996|p=970}}.</ref> De täno Lingläb efövon jafanülautanis soäs [[George Orwell]], [[D. H. Lawrence]], [[Virginia Woolf]], [[C. S. Lewis]], [[Enid Blyton]], [[Aldous Huxley]], [[Agatha Christie]], [[Terry Pratchett]], [[J. R. R. Tolkien]], e [[J. K. Rowling]].<ref>{{harvnb|Eccleshare|2002|p=5}}.</ref> ===Lekans sevodöl=== {{Fümölo|Musig follik Lingläna}} {{Logolös i|Musig Regäna Pebalöl}} {{Listen |filename=Thomas Tallis Lamentations I (The Tudor Consort).ogg |title=Lamentations I fa Thomas Tallis |filename2=Greensleeves-dorian.ogg |title2="Greensleeves" |filename3=09 The Queen's Dolour (A Farewell) Henry Purcell Transcribed Ronald Stevenson (1958) Mark Gasser Piano (Live Recording).ogg |title3=The Queen's Dolour (A Farewell) fa Henry Purcell }} [[English folk music|Musig follik kösömik Lingläna]] bäldon tumyelis e kevobon in genris anik patiko; mu en [[sea shanties]], [[jig]]s, [[hornpipe]]s e musig danüda. On labon votükams distik okik e patäms topälik. Ballads labü Robin Hood, peprintöl fa [[Wynkyn de Worde]] in tumyel 16id, binons brokots veütik, so i klot [[John Playford]]'s ''[[The Dancing Master]]'' e [[Robert Harley, 1st Earl of Oxford and Earl Mortimer|Robert Harley]]'s ''[[Roxburghe Ballads]]''.<ref>{{harvnb|Chappell|1966|p=690}}.</ref> Kanits sevädikün anik binons ''[[Greensleeves]]'', ''[[Pastime with Good Company]]'', ''[[Maggie May (folk song)|Maggie May]]'' e ''[[Spanish Ladies]]'' bevü votik. [[Nursery rhymes]] mödik binons de Rig Lingläna soäs ''[[Mary, Mary, Quite Contrary]]'', ''[[Roses Are Red]]'', ''[[Jack and Jill (nursery rhyme)|Jack and Jill]]'', ''[[London Bridge Is Falling Down]], [[The Grand Old Duke of York]], [[Hey Diddle Diddle]]'' e ''[[Humpty Dumpty]]''.<ref>{{harvnb|Lax|1989|p=7}}.</ref> Kanits Krit kösömik Lingläna keninükons "[[We Wish You a Merry Christmas]]", "[[The First Noel]]", "[[I Saw Three Ships]]" e "[[God Rest Ye Merry, Gentlemen]]". Lekanamusigans Lingläna büik in musig klasik keninükons lekanans Renaissance [[Thomas Tallis]] e [[William Byrd]], poso fa [[Henry Purcell]] de [[Baroque music|period Baroque]] e [[Thomas Arne]] kel äsevädikom dubü kanit patrotik oka "[[Rule, Britannia!]]". Deutän-pemotöl [[George Frideric Handel]] äläifom lifi musigik okik muik in London e ävedom ikon netik in Britän, jafölo vobodis musiga klasik sevädiküns anik, pato oratorios Lingläna oka, ''[[Messiah (Handel)|The Messiah]]'', ''[[Solomon (Handel)|Solomon]]'', ''[[Water Music (Handel)|Water Music]]'', e ''[[Music for the Royal Fireworks]]''.<ref>{{cite news |title=The Birth of British Music: Handel – The Conquering Hero |publisher=[[BBC]] |date=15 July 2019 |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/programmes/b00kntl1 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170514114225/http://www.bbc.co.uk/programmes/b00kntl1 |archive-date=14 May 2017}}</ref> [[File:The Beatles arrive at JFK Airport.jpg|thumb|[[The Beatles]] binons band in musig pöpüler benosekiküno ä pöstimölüno.<ref>{{cite news |url={{GBurl |id=rdU1xtIWJz0C |q=The Beatles have sold around 1&nbsp;billion records and cassettes}} |title=The Guinness Book of Records 1999 |isbn=978-0-85112-070-6 |last1=Kynaston |first1=Nic |year=1998 |publisher=Guinness}}</ref>]] Musig klasik äbeväton küpäli mödik in tumyel 18id me fomam [[Birmingham Triennial Music Festival]], kel äbinon festivan musiga klasik kösömikün jü konserts lätik in 1912. [[English Musical Renaissance]] äbinon föfot poütik in fin tumyela 19id e prim tumyela 20id, ven musigans Lingläna, suemo uts lektörols u pädugälols in [[Royal College of Music]], äsagons ad elivükön okis de fluns musiga foginik. Dabinon lifam dönuik in prof musiganas de Lingläb in tumyel 20id pefüüöl fa [[Edward Elgar]], [[Benjamin Britten]], [[Frederick Delius]], [[Gustav Holst]], [[Ralph Vaughan Williams]] e votik.<ref>{{harvnb|Stradling|1993|p=166}}.</ref> Musigans atimik de Lingläb keninükons [[Michael Nyman]], sevädikün demü ''[[The Piano]]'', e [[Andrew Lloyd Webber]], kel musigs okik elabons benosekis gretik in [[West End theatre|West End]] e volaglöpo. In [[popular music|musig pöpüler]], bands Lingläna anik e lekanans solik pesagos as musigans flunilabik ä seliküns valatima. Vobod soäs [[the Beatles]], [[Led Zeppelin]], [[Pink Floyd]], [[Elton John]], [[Queen (band)|Queen]], [[Rod Stewart]], [[David Bowie]], [[the Rolling Stones]] e [[Def Leppard]] binons bevü lekanans rekordik seliküns in vol.<ref>{{cite web |author=Recording Industry Association of America |author-link=Recording Industry Association of America |title=Top Selling Artists |url=https://www.riaa.com/goldandplatinumdata.php?table=tblTopArt |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070701163039/http://www.riaa.com/goldandplatinumdata.php?table=tblTopArt |archive-date=1 July 2007 |access-date=5 September 2009 |publisher=riaa.com}}</ref> Genris musigik mödik labons rigis in (u kolän gretik ko) Lingläb, soäs [[British invasion]], [[progressive rock]], [[hard rock]], [[mod (subculture)|Mod]], [[glam rock]], [[heavy metal music|heavy metal]], [[Britpop]], [[indie rock]], [[gothic rock]], [[Shoegaze|shoegazing]], [[acid house]], [[UK garage|garage]], [[trip hop]], [[drum and bass]] e [[dubstep]].<ref>{{harvnb|Else|2007|p=65}}.</ref> [[File:Royal Albert Hall Rear, London, England - Diliff.jpg|thumb|El [[Royal Albert Hall]]. De maifük diläda at in 1871, lekanans mu patiks vola de genrs sevodömik mödik epubons su staj onik. ]] Festivans musiga plöda gretiks in hitüp e fluküp binons pöpülik, soäs [[Glastonbury Festival|Glastonbury]], [[V Festival]], e [[Reading and Leeds Festivals]]. Lingläb äbinon fo fenig muf [[rave]] negidetik, libik de fin yelas 1980, kel ästigülon kültüra panevroik [[teknival]]s.<ref>Matthew Collin, John Godfrey (2010). "Altered State: The Story of Ecstasy Culture and Acid House" p. 258.</ref> [[Boishakhi Mela]] binon festivan yela nulik [[Bengali]] pefestööl fa komot [[British Bangladeshi]]. Binon festidan Asianik plödamükik gretikün in Yurop. Pos [[Notting Hill Carnival]], binon festidan sütik gretikün telid in Regän Pebalöl, atirover kömanis plu 80,000. [[Opera house|Operanemöp]] patikün in Lingläb binon [[Royal Opera House]] in [[Covent Garden]].<ref name="foreman">{{harvnb|Foreman|2005|p=371}}.</ref> [[The Proms]] binon jenod kültülik yelik mu patik in kalender Lingläna.<ref name="foreman" /> [[The Royal Ballet]] binon bal komitanas baleta klasik mu cifiks vola. [[Royal Academy of Music]] binon [[Music school|konservatöf]] bäldikün in Regän Pebalöl, pestidöl in 1822, getöl [[royal charter|charta regik]] oka in 1830.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Royal Academy of Music {{!}} University of London |url=https://www.london.ac.uk/federation/royal-academy-music |access-date=24 February 2024 |website=london.ac.uk |archive-date=24 February 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240224054116/https://www.london.ac.uk/federation/royal-academy-music |url-status=live }}</ref> Lingläb binon lom orchestras cifik numik soäs [[BBC Symphony Orchestra]], [[Royal Philharmonic Orchestra]], [[Philharmonia Orchestra]], e [[London Symphony Orchestra]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=- PPL |url=https://www.ppluk.com/london-symphony-orchestra-tops-ppl-chart-ranking-uk-classical-ensembles/ |access-date=1 May 2021 |website=ppluk.com |date=25 September 2018 |archive-date=20 July 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230720151323/https://www.ppluk.com/london-symphony-orchestra-tops-ppl-chart-ranking-uk-classical-ensembles/ |url-status=live }}</ref> Foms dusteifa votik kel ärigons in Lingläb keninükons [[circus]]<ref>[https://www.theguardian.com/lifeandstyle/2010/may/15/chipperfields-circus-family-dynasties Great dynasties of the world: The Chipperfields] ''[[The Guardian]]'' Pekopiedöl 18 February 2011.</ref><ref>[http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/england/london/2929565.stm "The circus comes to the Circus"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230407064632/http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/england/london/2929565.stm |date=7 April 2023 }}. BBC News. Pekopiedöl 13 December 2014</ref><ref>Hamilton, John (2000) ''Entertainment: A Pictorial History of the Past One Thousand Years'' p. 24. Pekopiedöl 3 February 2011.</ref> e [[pantomime]].<ref name="Panto">David Christopher (2002). "British Culture: An Introduction". p. 74. Routledge,</ref> ===Sinem=== {{Viädön|Sinem Regäna Pebalöl}} [[File:Peter O'Toole -- LOA trailer.jpg|left|thumb|150px|[[Peter O'Toole]] as T. E. Lawrence in [[David Lean]]'s 1962 epic ''[[Lawrence of Arabia (film)|Lawrence of Arabia]]'']] Lingläb elabon fluni veütik su jenotem sinema, jafölo dutelis, rejisörans e filmotis gretiküns valatima anik, keninükamü [[Alfred Hitchcock]], [[Charlie Chaplin]], [[David Lean]], [[Laurence Olivier]], [[Vivien Leigh]], [[John Gielgud]], [[Peter Sellers]], [[Julie Andrews]], [[Michael Caine]], [[Gary Oldman]], [[Helen Mirren]], [[Kate Winslet]] e [[Daniel Day-Lewis]]. Hitchcock e Lean binons bevü jafans filmas pöstimölüns ma krüt.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.bfi.org.uk/sightandsound/topten/poll/directors-directors.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120517155218/http://www.bfi.org.uk/sightandsound/topten/poll/directors-directors.html |archive-date=17 May 2012 |title=The Directors' Top Ten Directors |publisher=British Film Institute |url-status=dead}}</ref> Hitchcock's ''[[The Lodger: A Story of the London Fog]]'' (1926) äyufon fomön genri [[Thriller film|thriller]] in film, du el 1929 ''[[Blackmail (1929 film)|Blackmail]]`` omik suemo padasumon as filmot [[Sound film#Transition: Europe|sona]] Britänik balid.<ref>{{cite book |url={{GBurl |id=AvxgFdRJ66kC |q=blackmail first british sound film |p=79}} |first=Paul Matthew |last=St. Pierre |title=Music Hall Mimesis in British Film, 1895–1960: On the Halls on the Screen |page=79 |publisher=[[Fairleigh Dickinson University Press]] |location=New Jersey |date=1 April 2009 |isbn=978-1-61147-399-5}}</ref> Studiods filmas gretik in Lingläb keninükons [[Pinewood Studios|Pinewood]], [[Elstree Studios|Elstree]] e [[Shepperton Studios|Shepperton]]. Filmots benosekikün komäderiko anik valatima peprodons in Lingläb, keninükamü tel [[List of highest-grossing film series|franchises filmas gretiküns]] (''[[Harry Potter (film series)|Harry Potter]]'' e ''[[James Bond (film series)|James Bond]]'').<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.theguardian.com/film/2007/sep/11/jkjoannekathleenrowling |title=Harry Potter becomes highest-grossing film franchise |access-date=2 November 2010 |work=The Guardian |date=11 September 2007 |location=London |archive-date=16 September 2008 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080916153840/http://www.guardian.co.uk/film/2007/sep/11/jkjoannekathleenrowling |url-status=live }}</ref> [[Ealing Studios]] in London labon klemi ad binon studiod filmas voböl nenedetik bäldikün in vol.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.ealingstudios.com/EalingStudios/history_home.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130726040738/http://www.ealingstudios.com/EalingStudios/history_home.html |archive-date=26 July 2013 |title=History of Ealing Studios |publisher=Ealing Studios |access-date=9 March 2015}}</ref> Sevädik ad rekordön musigis filmas mödik, [[London Symphony Orchestra]] äsevodon musigi filmas balna in 1935.<ref>[http://lso.co.uk/page/3151/LSO-and-Film-Music London Symphony Orchestra and Film Music] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110930173905/http://lso.co.uk/page/3151/LSO-and-Film-Music |date=30 September 2011 }} LSO. Pekopiedöl 30 June 2011</ref> Filmots [[Hammer Film Productions|Hammer Horror]] labü [[Christopher Lee]] älogons produkiti filmotas horuriga bludik balid, jonölo bludi e nentragikis in köls.<ref>{{cite news |title=Frankenstein: Behind the monster smash |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/entertainment-arts-42411484 |agency=BBC |date=1 January 2018 |archive-date=27 July 2018 |access-date=15 July 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180727232736/https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/entertainment-arts-42411484 |url-status=live }}</ref> El [[BFI Top 100 British films]] keninükon ''[[Monty Python's Life of Brian]]'' (1979), filmot suemo pavötöl as fänek valatima fa publüg Regäna Pebalöl.<ref>[http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/entertainment/948331.stm "Life of Brian tops comedy poll"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090101023333/http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/entertainment/948331.stm |date=1 January 2009 }}. BBC News (''[[Total Film]]'' magazine poll: 29 September 2000) Pekopiedöl 27 June 2015</ref> Produkans Lingläna i binons aktiviks in [[international co-productions|koprodukits bevünetik]] e dutels, rejisörans e kru Lingläna patons kösömiko in [[Hollywood and the United Kingdom|filmots Lamerikänik]]. UK film council äpladon [[David Yates]], [[Christopher Nolan]], [[Mike Newell (director)|Mike Newell]], [[Ridley Scott]] e [[Paul Greengrass]] as rejisörans Lingläna benosekiküns läbiküno de 2001.<ref>[http://statisticalyearbook11.ry.com/?id=82856 Statistical Yearbook 2011: 7.3 UK directors] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120615221043/http://statisticalyearbook11.ry.com/?id=82856 |date=15 June 2012 }}. UK Film Council.</ref> Rejisörans Lingläna atimik votik keninükons [[Sam Mendes]], [[Guy Ritchie]] e [[Richard Curtis]]. Dutels anuik keninükons [[Tom Hardy]], [[Daniel Craig]], [[Benedict Cumberbatch]], [[Lena Headey]], [[Felicity Jones]], [[Emilia Clarke]], [[Lashana Lynch]], e [[Emma Watson]]. Pöstimöl demü vobod mufokopieda okik, [[Andy Serkis]] ämaifükom [[The Imaginarium Studios]] in London in 2011.<ref>[https://www.telegraph.co.uk/culture/film/oscars/11217293/Does-Andy-Serkiss-motion-capture-acting-deserve-an-Oscar.html "Does Andy Serkis's motion capture acting deserve an Oscar?"]. The Telegraph. Pekopiedöl 11 January 2015</ref> Komotefekef [[Framestore]] in London eprodon fefekts patik pöstimölüns anik in filmot modärnik.<ref>[https://www.standard.co.uk/goingout/film/tim-webber-the-man-who-put-sandra-bullock-in-space-8804917.html "Tim Webber: the man who put Sandra Bullock in space"]. Evening Standard. Pekopiedöl 17 January 2014</ref> Filmots Hollywood benosekik mödik pestabons su peps Lingläna, [[British literature|konäbs]] u jenods. 'English Cycle' filmotas dänamik ela Disney keninükon ''[[Alice in Wonderland (1951 film)|Alice in Wonderland]]'', ''[[The Jungle Book (1967 film)|The Jungle Book]]'' e ''[[The Many Adventures of Winnie the Pooh|Winnie the Pooh]]''.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.timeslive.co.za/sundaytimes/article600292.ece/Barry-Ronges-Classic-DVD---Alice-in-Wonderland |title=Barry Ronge's Classic DVD : Alice in Wonderland |website=[[The Times (South Africa)|The Times]] |quote=It was made under the personal supervision of Walt Disney, and he took special care when animating British fantasy. He called them his "English Cycle". |date=15 August 2010 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121009011612/http://www.timeslive.co.za/sundaytimes/article600292.ece/Barry-Ronges-Classic-DVD---Alice-in-Wonderland |archive-date=9 October 2012}}</ref> ===Topäms e stitüds=== {{Fümölo|Lised musumas in Lingläb}} [[File:London Natural History Museum Panorama.jpg|thumb|upright=1.35|left|alt=A museum building entrance.|El [[Natural History Museum, London|Natural History Museum]] in London]] [[English Heritage]] binon koap reiganik me büdöföm veütik ad guvön topämis jenöfik, brokotis e levüdis Lingläna. Atimo pestüton fa [[Department for Digital, Culture, Media and Sport|Department for Culture, Media and Sport]]. Benomegäb no-reiganik, [[National Trust]] labon rouli lötöfik, fükölo su länasüdüks e [[English country house|doms länik]]. 17 de 25 [[World Heritage Site]]s UNESCO Regäna Pebalöl dabinons in Lingläb.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://whc.unesco.org/en/statesparties/gb |title=United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland |website=UNESCO World Heritage |access-date=8 September 2009}}</ref> Sevädiküns anik atas binons: [[Hadrian's Wall]], [[Stonehenge, Avebury and Associated Sites]], [[Tower of London]], [[Jurassic Coast]], [[Saltaire]], [[Ironbridge Gorge]], [[Blenheim Palace]] e [[Lake District]].<ref>{{cite web |title=English World Heritage Sites to get strongest ever protections |url=http://www.ihbc.org.uk/news/docs/English%20World%20Heritage%20Sites%20to%20get%20strongest%20ever%20protections%20CLG%20press%20notice%2027%20May%202008.pdf |publisher=Institute of Historic Building Conservation |access-date=5 September 2009 |archive-date=2 April 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170402203252/http://www.ihbc.org.uk/news/docs/English |url-status=dead}}</ref> [[British Museum]] di London labon dönumis plu 7 balions,<ref>{{cite web |title=Museum in London |url=https://www.britishmuseum.org/the_museum/museum_in_london.aspx |publisher=BritishMuseum.org |access-date=5 September 2009}}</ref> bal klotas gretiküns e lölöfiküns in vol,<ref>{{cite magazine |title=250 Years of the British Museum |url=http://www.time.com/time/photogallery/0,29307,1871956,00.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090117100413/http://www.time.com/time/photogallery/0,29307,1871956,00.html |url-status=dead |archive-date=17 January 2009 |magazine=Time |access-date=17 September 2009 |date=15 January 2009}}</ref> magälo e dokümölo kültüri menik volik de prim onik jü atim. [[British Library]] in London binon [[national library|buköp netik]] e bal buköps [[research libraries|vestiga]] gretiküns vola, labölo dinis plu 150&nbsp;balions in püks e fomats hemenik vals neäsä, keninükamü buks zao 25&nbsp;balions.<ref>{{cite web |title=British Library |url=http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/80260/British-Library |access-date=5 September 2009 |website=[[Encyclopædia Britannica]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.bl.uk/about-us/our-story/facts-and-figures-of-the-british-library |title=Facts and figures of the British Library |website=The British Library |access-date=23 May 2020 |archive-date=31 July 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200731015517/https://www.bl.uk/about-us/our-story/facts-and-figures-of-the-british-library |url-status=dead}}</ref> [[National Gallery]] in [[Trafalgar Square]] ninükon klota pänas plu 2,300 de tumyel 13id zänod jü 1900.<ref>{{cite web |title=The National Gallery |url=http://www.artinfo.com/galleryguide/22865/9383/the-national-gallery-london/about/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090307205750/http://www.artinfo.com/galleryguide/22865/9383/the-national-gallery-london/about/ |url-status=usurped |archive-date=7 March 2009 |publisher=ArtInfo.com |access-date=5 September 2009}}</ref> Galadies [[Tate]] ninükons klotis netik lekanas modärnik Britänik e bevünetik; i ähostons [[Turner Prize]].<ref>{{cite news |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/entertainment/2382373.stm |title=The art of Turner protests |last=Youngs |first=Ian |date=31 October 2002 |work=BBC News |access-date=10 August 2009}}</ref> [[Secretary of State for Digital, Culture, Media and Sport|Sekretan tata demü kültür, nämäg e sport]] labon respodi lölöfik demü dalab kültülik e ger.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |url=https://www.gov.uk/government/ministers/secretary-of-state-for-digital-culture-media-and-sport |title=Secretary of State for Digital, Culture, Media and Sport |website=gov.uk}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Parliamentary Under Secretary of State for Arts, Heritage and Tourism |url=https://www.gov.uk/government/ministers/parliamentary-under-secretary-of-state--81 |access-date=29 January 2020 |website=gov.uk}}</ref> [[Blue plaque|Plak blövik]], planem jenöfik bäldikün in vol, binon mal laidüpik püpladöl in topöpökömik in Lingläb ad memön yümi bevü top at e person famik u jenod. In 2011 dabinons musums zao 1,600 in Lingläb.<ref>{{cite web |date=September 2011 |title=A review of research and literature on museums and libraries |url=http://www.artscouncil.org.uk/media/uploads/pdf/a_review_of_research.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120904133747/http://www.artscouncil.org.uk/media/uploads/pdf/a_review_of_research.pdf |archive-date=4 September 2012 |access-date=24 February 2013 |publisher=Arts Council}}</ref> Ninän mö musumas e galadies mödik binon libik.<ref>{{cite web |date=1 December 2011 |title=Ten years of free museums |url=https://www.gov.uk/government/news/ten-years-of-free-museums |access-date=9 July 2020}}</ref> [[London]] binon bal zifs visidöpins mödiküns vola, kösömiko tekön dili zifs visidöpins lul sevädiküns in [[Yurop]]. Padasumon as zänod volik finans, lekan e kültür.<ref>{{Cite news |date=3 December 2019 |title=These Are the World's Most Popular City Destinations in 2019 |newspaper=Bloomberg.com |url=https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2019-12-03/these-are-the-world-s-most-popular-city-destinations-in-2019 |access-date=3 December 2019}}; {{Cite web |title=Top 100 City Destinations: 2019 Edition |url=http://go.euromonitor.com/white-paper-travel-2019-100-cities.html |access-date=3 December 2019 |website=Euromonitor International}}</ref> === Gasedem === {{Viälon|Gasedem in Regän Pebalöl}} [[File:Footbridge to Media City, Salford - geograph.org.uk - 6131368.jpg|thumb|[[MediaCityUK|MediaCity]] in Manchester binon staböp gasedema gretikün in Yurop.<ref>{{Cite journal |title=Europe's largest, digital, tech and creative hub: MediaCity |url=https://www.mediacityuk.co.uk/wp-content/uploads/2023/04/MediaCity_Commercial-Brochure_Feb_V1_030223.pdf |journal=MediaCityUK}}</ref>]] [[British Broadcasting Corporation|British Broadcasting Corporation (BBC)]], pästaböl ün 1922, binon stitod danüna televidik, radiomik e vüresodik fa publüg pefödöl in Regän Pebalöl, e binon danunan bäldikün ä gretikün in vol.<ref name="MediaNewsline">{{cite web |title=BBC: World's largest broadcaster & Most trusted media brand |url=http://www.medianewsline.com/news/151/ARTICLE/4930/2009-08-13.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101005004930/http://www.medianewsline.com/news/151/ARTICLE/4930/2009-08-13.html |archive-date=5 October 2010 |access-date=23 September 2010 |publisher=Media Newsline}}</ref><ref name="AboutBBC">{{cite news |title=About the BBC&nbsp;– What is the BBC |work=BBC Online |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/info/purpose/what.shtml |access-date=9 March 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100116202334/http://www.bbc.co.uk/info/purpose/what.shtml |archive-date=16 January 2010}}</ref> Operon stanis televida e radioma mödik in Regän Pebalöl e foginän, e dünems okik in lomän pefödons fa [[Television licensing in the United Kingdom|lesedäb televida]].<ref name="autogenerated1">{{Cite journal |last=Newswire7 |date=13 August 2009 |title=BBC: World's largest broadcaster & Most trusted media brand |url=http://www.medianewsline.com/news/151/ARTICLE/4930/2009-08-13.html |url-status=dead |journal=Media Newsline |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110510090842/http://www.medianewsline.com/news/151/ARTICLE/4930/2009-08-13.html |archive-date=10 May 2011 |access-date=19 June 2011}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |date=April 2010 |title=TV Licence Fee: facts & figures |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/pressoffice/keyfacts/stories/licencefee.shtml |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110427080539/http://www.bbc.co.uk/pressoffice/keyfacts/stories/licencefee.shtml |archive-date=27 April 2011 |publisher=BBC Press Office}}</ref> [[BBC World Service]] binon [[International broadcasting|danunan vünetik]] pädälon ä pöperon fa BBC. Binon gretikün modas valik in vol.<ref>{{cite web |title=The Work of the BBC World Service |url=https://publications.parliament.uk/pa/cm200910/cmselect/cmfaff/334/334.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201021001645/https://publications.parliament.uk/pa/cm200910/cmselect/cmfaff/334/334.pdf |archive-date=21 October 2020 |access-date=16 February 2011}}</ref> Danünon nünis radioma, spiki e bespikis in püks plu 40.<ref>{{Cite web |title=News in your language |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/ws/languages |website=bbc.co.uk}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=BBC World Service |url=https://www.bbc.com/aboutthebbc/whatwedo/worldservice |website=[[BBC]] News}}</ref> London dämon sektori gasedema in Linglän: gaseds netik, televid e radiom patiko pästabons us, do [[Manchester]] i binon zänod gasedema netik veütik. Sektor püba Regäna Pebalöl, keninükamü buks, reigeds e dätabäzs, gaseds, magazins e gasedem büsidik, gaseds e kurats nünas, labon tädöfi zao £20&nbsp;bilionas e emplädon menis zao 167,000.<ref>{{cite web |title=Publishing |url=http://www.culture.gov.uk/what_we_do/creative_industries/3280.aspx |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110505104322/http://www.culture.gov.uk/what_we_do/creative_industries/3280.aspx |archive-date=5 May 2011 |publisher=Department of Culture, Media and Sport}}</ref> Gaseds netik pepübüköls in Linglän keninükölo ''[[The Times]]'', ''[[The Guardian]]'', ''[[The Daily Telegraph]]'', e ''[[Financial Times]]''.<ref name="paper2">{{cite news |date=10 October 2008 |title=ABCs: National daily newspaper circulation September 2008 |work=The Guardian |location=UK |url=https://www.theguardian.com/media/table/2008/oct/10/abcs-pressandpublishing |access-date=17 October 2008}}</ref> Magazins e gaseds pepübüköls in Linglän kels edagetons seledami valemik keninükölo ''[[Nature (journal)|Nature]]'', ''[[New Scientist]]'', ''[[The Spectator]]'', ''[[Prospect (magazine)|Prospect]]'', ''[[NME]]'' e ''[[The Economist]]''. [[Secretary of State for Digital, Culture, Media and Sport|Secretary of State for Külüt, Gasedem e Spot]] labon bligi lölöki dö gasedem e danün in Linglän.<ref name=":0"/> === Spot === {{Viälon|Spot in Linglän}} <!---Caution should be taken to ensure that the sections are not simply a listing of names or mini biographies of individuals accomplishments. Good example Canada#Sports.---> Linglän labon geroti spotik nämik, e dü tumyel 19id [[Codification (law)|kodeton]] sporis mödik kels nu pelügons in vol valik. Sporis in Linglän kömädöls keninükölo [[association football|futbol]],<ref name="football">{{cite web |date=24 October 2007 |title=Sheffield FC: 150 years of history |url=https://www.fifa.com/worldfootball/clubfootball/news/newsid=621801.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071025033006/http://www.fifa.com/worldfootball/clubfootball/news/newsid=621801.html |archive-date=25 October 2007 |access-date=5 September 2009 |publisher=[[FIFA]]}}</ref> [[cricket|krikät]], [[rugby union|rugbi fedäm]], [[rugby league|rugbi ligan]], [[tennis]], [[boxing|böxad]], badminton, [[squash (sport)|squash]],<ref>{{cite web |title=History of squash |url=http://www.worldsquash2008.com/the-championships/history-of-squash.aspx |publisher=WorldSquash2008.com |access-date=5 September 2009 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090831081620/http://www.worldsquash2008.com/the-championships/history-of-squash.aspx |archive-date=31 August 2009}}</ref> [[rounders]],<ref>{{cite web |title=History of the Game |url=http://www.nra-rounders.co.uk/dyncat.cfm?catid=17177 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060223211035/http://www.nra-rounders.co.uk/dyncat.cfm?catid=17177 |url-status=dead |archive-date=23 February 2006 |publisher=NRA-Rounders.co.uk}}</ref> [[field hockey|hokei]], [[snooker]], [[billiards|biljard]], [[darts]], table tennis, [[bowls]], [[netball]], [[thoroughbred|soarab]]hipölef, [[greyhound racing|greyhoundahipölef]] e [[fox hunting|foxfan]]. Eyufon jafami [[golf]]a, sailara e [[Formula One]]. Linglän ekönon as jivanägänik in spors veütik anik keninükamü: [[2019 Cricket World Cup final|krikät]], [[2003 Rugby World Cup final|rugbi]] e [[1966 FIFA World Cup final|futbol]]. Futbol binon [[Sport in the United Kingdom#Popularity|pöpülikün]] sporas at. [[England national football team|Netapöm futbola Lingläna]], kela topem binon [[Wembley Stadium]], äpelon [[Scotland national football team|Skotäni]] in balidnaedik pöp futbola vünetik ün 1872.<ref>{{cite news |title=The first international football match |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/scotland/sportscotland/asportingnation/article/0012/index.shtml |publisher=BBC |author=Paul Mitchell |access-date=15 January 2015 |author-link=Paul Mitchell (broadcaster)}}</ref> Pänemöl as "lom futbola" fa [[FIFA]], Linglän äzevon ä vikon [[1966 FIFA World Cup]].<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20131220190138/http://www.fifa.com/tournaments/archive/worldcup/england1966/index.html "Hurst the hero for England in the home of football"]. FIFA.com. Retrieved 15 January 2015</ref> Ko num gretikün televidilogas Britänik 32.30&nbsp;balionas, [[1966 FIFA World Cup Final|fin]] binon [[List of most-watched television broadcasts#United Kingdom|jenot televida palogedöl büikün]] in Regän Pebalöl.<ref>[https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/entertainment-arts-16671101 "Tracking 30 years of TV's most watched programmes"]. BBC. Retrieved 25 June 2015</ref> Linglän pasevon fa FIFA as motöp kluba futbola: [[Sheffield F.C.]], pästaböl ün 1857, binon klub bäldikün vola.<ref name="football" /> [[England women's national football team|Netapöm futbola vofik Lingläna]] ävikon [[UEFA Women's Euro 2022]], päzevöl fa Linglän.<ref>{{Cite web |date=31 July 2022 |title=England 2–1 Germany (aet): Kelly gives Lionesses Wembley final triumph |url=https://www.uefa.com/womenseuro/news/0277-15c1d9745f40-baafd6e58b36-1000--england-2-1-germany-aet-kelly-gives-lionesses-wembley-fin/ |access-date=20 November 2023 |website=[[UEFA]]}}</ref> Linglän i ävikon in [[UEFA Women's Euro 2025]], vägik in fin me penalty shootout ta Spanyän.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Wrack |first1=Suzanne |title=Chloe Kelly the hero again as England beat Spain in Euro 2025 final shootout |url=https://www.theguardian.com/football/2025/jul/27/chloe-kelly-winning-penalty-england-beat-spain-win-euro-2025 |access-date=27 July 2025 |work=The Guardian |date=27 July 2025}}</ref> [[File:Euro 2022 Final England v Germany (52254519898).jpg|alt=|left|thumb|[[Wembley Stadium]], lom [[Football in England|netapöma futbola Lingläna]], dü [[UEFA Women's Euro 2022 final]]. Ko fägot 90,000, binon stadi gretikün in Regän Pebalöl e [[List of European stadiums by capacity|stadi telid-gretikün in Yurop]].]] [[Cricket|Krikät]] patiko panaemom ad evolfön in prima period medievalik bevü komots farmema e ferama [[Weald]]a.<ref>{{harvnb|Underdown|2000|p=6}}.</ref> [[England cricket team|Pöm krikäta Lingläna]] binon pöm komotik Lingläna e Velsäna. Taam gretikün pleda binon [[The Ashes]] bevü Linglän e [[Australia cricket team|Laustralän]], pefevätöl de 1882. [[Lord's Cricket Ground]] in London patiko panäemon as "Mecca Krikäta".<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.independent.co.uk/sport/cricket-flaw-lords-out-of-order-1166513.html |title=Cricket: Flaw Lord's out of order |last=Fay |first=Stephen |work=The Independent |location=London |date=21 June 1998 |access-date=9 September 2009 |archive-date=18 January 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120118130512/http://www.independent.co.uk/sport/cricket-flaw-lords-out-of-order-1166513.html |url-status=dead}}</ref> Pos vik in [[2019 Cricket World Cup]], Linglän ävedon län balid kel ävikon in Valemaköpis futbola, rugbi fedäma, e krikäta.<ref>{{Cite web |title=England 1st country to win Cricket World Cup, Football World Cup and Rugby World Cup |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/sports/cricket-world-cup-2019/story/england-1st-country-to-win-cricket-world-cup-football-world-cup-and-rugby-world-cup-1569076-2019-07-15 |access-date=16 July 2023 |website=India Today |date=15 July 2019}}</ref> [[William Penny Brookes]] äbinom cädik in fomam hiela [[Olympic Games|Lümpik]] nulädik.<ref>{{cite news |title=Father of the modern Olympics |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/shropshire/content/articles/2006/01/31/william_penny_brookes_feature.shtml |agency=BBC |date=22 September 2017}}</ref> London ezevon [[Summer Olympic Games|Lümpedis Hitik]] kilna, ün [[1908 Summer Olympics|1908]], [[1948 Summer Olympics|1948]], e [[2012 Summer Olympics|2012]]. Linglän kompenon in [[Commonwealth Games]], pojenüköl al yels fol. [[Sport England]] binon koap reiganik desidik ad seagivön monis e gevön dälod stetägifik pro spotäb in Linglän. [[Rugby union]] äkömon de [[Rugby School]], Warwickshire in prim tumyela 19id.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.rugbyfootballhistory.com/originsofrugby.htm#2 |title=Origins of Rugby&nbsp;– Codification 'The innovation of running with the ball was introduced some time between 1820 and 1830.' |publisher=Rugbyfootballhistory.com |access-date=15 August 2011}}</ref> Nivod löpikün kompena kluba binon [[Guinness Premiership|Premiership Lingläna]]. [[England women's national rugby union team|Red Roses]] Lingläna ävikons [[2025 Women's Rugby World Cup]].<ref>{{cite news|work=BBC News|title=England overpower Canada to win Women's World Cup|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/rugby-union/articles/czjvgj81y2mo|date=26 September 2025|first=Alastair|last=Telfer|access-date=28 September 2025}}</ref> [[Rugby league]] pämoton in [[Huddersfield]] ün 1895. De 2008, [[England national rugby league team]] ebinon net test lölük pläamü [[Great Britain national rugby league team]], kel ävikon [[Rugby League World Cup|Valemaköpis]] kil. Flans kluba pledon in [[Super League]], fom atimik [[Rugby Football League Championship]]. Rugby League binon pöpülikün bevü zifs in läns nolüdik Lingläna: [[Lancashire]], Yorkshire e [[Cumbria]].<ref>[https://www.telegraph.co.uk/sport/rugbyleague/10397530/Rugby-League-World-Cup-2013-will-provide-the-sport-with-a-true-test-of-its-popularity.html "Rugby League World Cup 2013 will provide the sport with a true test of its popularity"]. The Telegraph. Retrieved 23 September 2015</ref> [[Golf]] ebinon cädik in Linglän, sekü [[Golf in Scotland|yüms kultik e talediks lü Skotän]] oka.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.pgatour.com/2008/tourlife/travel/04/08/trans_atlantic/index.html |title=Scotland is the home of golf |publisher=[[PGA Tour]] official website |access-date=4 December 2008 |quote=Scotland is the home of golf&nbsp;... |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080828200541/http://www.pgatour.com/2008/tourlife/travel/04/08/trans_atlantic/index.html |archive-date=28 August 2008}}</ref> Däms prolik dutoys e vofes dabinons, in däms tel cifik: [[Professional Golfers' Association (Great Britain and Ireland)|PGA]] e [[European Tour]]. Täv golfä bäldikün vola, e golfä cifik balid binon [[The Open Championship]], pelüöl in Linglän e Skotän. Täv golfä balyelik telid, [[Ryder Cup]], pänenomon sö büsidan Linglänik [[Samuel Ryder]].<ref>Fry, Peter (July 2000). Samuel Ryder: The Man Behind the Ryder Cup. Wright Press.</ref> [[Tennis]] päjafon in Birmingham finü tumyel 19id, e [[The Championships, Wimbledon|Wimbledon Championships]] binon täv tenisa bäldikün vola, e patiko palelogol as cädikün.<ref>{{cite news |date=5 July 2008 |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2008/07/05/sports/tennis/05wimbledon.html |title=Traditional Final: It's Nadal and Federer |work=The New York Times |access-date=5 September 2009 |first=Christopher |last=Clarey}}</ref> Wimbledon labon pladi cifik in kalend kultik Lingläna.<ref>{{harvnb|Kaufman|Macpherson|2005|p=958}}.</ref> [[File:Mansell in his Ferrari 641 - 1990 British GP.jpg|thumb|left|Förojönik [[Formula One]] jivanägänik vola [[Nigel Mansell]] du mofom in [[Silverstone Circuit|Silverstone]] ün 1990. Sirkut äzevon [[1950 British Grand Prix|raci balid Formula One Valemaköpa]] ün 1950.]] In [[boxing|böxad]], diso [[Marquess of Queensberry Rules]], Linglän eprodukon jivanägänanis vola mödik in valöfs vetota sevädik vünetiko fa koaps reiganik.<ref>{{cite web |title=Top 20 British Boxers |url=https://bleacherreport.com/articles/661141-the-top-20-british-boxers-of-all-time |access-date=12 April 2011 |website=[[Bleacher Report]]}}</ref> Kömölo in Linglän tumyelas 17 e 18, [[thoroughbred]] binon soarab sevädikün pro geb onik in [[horse racing|hipölef]]. [[National Hunt]] hipölef: [[Grand National]], pojenükon alna ün prim April in [[Aintree Racecourse]]. Binon hipölef palogädölün in Regän Pebalöl, e [[Red Rum]] vikamel kilna binon hipölef benikün in jenotema at.<ref>[http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport1/hi/other_sports/horse_racing/3495663.stm Red Rum: Aintree favourite] BBC. Retrieved 11 October 2011</ref> [[1950 British Grand Prix]] in [[Silverstone Circuit|Silverstone]] äbinon rac balid in [[Formula One World Championship]] nuliko pejaföl.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.silverstone.co.uk/about/history/ |publisher=Silverstone.co.uk |title=The History of British Motorsport and Motor Racing at Silverstone |access-date=31 October 2009 |work=Silverstone}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.espn.co.uk/f1/motorsport/page/3421.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130922084250/http://www.espn.co.uk/f1/motorsport/page/3421.html |url-status=dead |archive-date=22 September 2013 |work=ESPN |title=F1 Champions: Dan Wheldon killed in Las Vegas |access-date=15 December 2011}}</ref> Linglän elogon jafi karas raca tekniko fovorikün, e kompenans raca atimik mödik välons Lingläni as stab opsik.<ref>{{Cite web |last1=Asher |first1=Richard |last2=Hardy |first2=Ed |date=5 August 2022 |title=Where are F1 teams based? Mercedes, Ferrari, Red Bull and more |url=https://www.autosport.com/f1/news/where-are-f1-teams-based/10348715/ |website=Autosport}}</ref> Linglän i labon geroti liegik in [[Grand Prix motorcycle racing]], mätas balid lemotazögas, e eprodukon jivanägänanis vola anik.<ref>{{Cite web |date=24 March 2016 |title=Inside MotoGP™ · History |url=http://www.motogp.com/en/Inside+MotoGP/History |access-date=30 August 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160324103719/http://www.motogp.com/en/Inside+MotoGP/History |archive-date=24 March 2016}}</ref> [[Darts]] binon spot pöpülik vemo in Linglän; spot prolik feifik, binon [[pub game|pubapled]] tradodik.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport1/hi/other_sports/2631249.stm |title=Part relishes Taylor triumph |date=6 January 2003 |work=BBC Sport |access-date=18 January 2010}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Phil Taylor player profile |url=http://www.dartsdatabase.co.uk/PlayerDetails.aspx?playerKey=1 |work=Dartsdatabase |access-date=23 July 2010 |archive-date=18 January 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190118094449/http://www.dartsdatabase.co.uk/PlayerDetails.aspx?playerKey=1 |url-status=dead}}</ref> Spot pöpülik votik patiko pekopüdöl ko pubapleds binon [[snooker]], e Linglän eprodukon jivanägänanis vola anik. Lingläns binons sailans ladälik e dalabons [[sailing|saili]] feifik; fünölo e vikölo tävs vünetik feifik famikün vola in fomats raca difik, keninükamü [[Match racing|match race]], regatta, e [[America's Cup]]. ==Netasümbols== {{Viälon|Netasümbols Lingläna}} {{Multiple image | image1 = Tudor Rose.svg | width1 = 175 | alt1 = A red and white flower. | caption1 = [[Tudor rose]], [[national flower|florüm netik]] Lingläna | image2 = Royal Arms of England (1198-1340).svg | width2 = 150 | alt2 = A red shield tapers to its bottom end; on it are three stylised golden lions with blue claws. | caption2 = [[Royal Arms of England]] }} St George's Cross ebinon [[flag of England|flag netik]] Lingläna de tumyel 13id. Rigiko, flag pägebon fa maritim [[Republic of Genoa|Republik Genoa]]. Monark Lingläna äpelom tribüti lü [[Doge of Genoa]] de 1190 fövio dat nafs Lingläna kanons flitön flagi as med siteda ven nükons Medaneane. Krod redik äbinon sümbol pro [[Crusades|Krusadans]] mödik in tumyels 12 e 13, e ävedon pikopüdöl ko [[Saint George]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.britannia.com/history/stgeorge.html |title=St. George&nbsp;– England's Patron Saint |publisher=Britannia.com |access-date=1 February 2009 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170308175508/http://www.britannia.com/history/stgeorge.html |archive-date=8 March 2017 |url-status=dead}}</ref> De 1606 St George's Cross efomon dili jufa [[Union Flag]], flag Pan-Britänik pefümöl fa Reg [[James I of England|James I]].<ref name="flaghistory" /> Dü [[English Civil War]] e [[Interregnum (England)|Interregnum]], stänädas [[New Model Army]] e [[Great Seal of the Realm#Commonwealth|Great Seal]] [[English Commonwealth|Commonwealth]] äkeninükons flagi Saint George.<ref>{{cite book |last=Good |first=Jonathan |title=The Cult of Saint George in Medieval England |url={{GBurl |id=dP8LAQAAMAAJ}} |page=149 |year=2009 |publisher=Boydell Press |isbn=978-1-84383-469-4}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=The Great Seal of the Commonwealth of England, 1651 |website=Getty Images |date=18 January 2014 |url=https://www.gettyimages.co.uk/detail/news-photo/the-great-seal-of-the-commonwealth-of-england-1651-news-photo/463967983 |access-date=27 October 2018}}</ref> Dabinons sümbols e sümbolabäds votik mödik, ofisigik e no ofisigik, keninükamü [[Tudor rose]], [[national emblem|florüm netik]] neta, e Lions Kil palogädöl in [[Royal Arms of England]]. Tudor rose päläsumon as sümbol netik Lingläna zao ün tim [[Wars of the Roses]] as sümbol püda.<ref name="Flowers">{{cite web |url=http://www.number10.gov.uk/Page828 |title=National flowers |date=13 January 2003 |publisher=Number10.gov.uk |access-date=8 August 2009 |archive-url=http://webarchive.nationalarchives.gov.uk/20080909053639/http://www.number10.gov.uk/Page828 |archive-date=9 September 2008}}</ref> Binon sümbol [[syncreticism|sincretik]] bi äbalon lol vietik [[House of York|Yorkistas]] e lol redik [[House of Lancaster|Lancastriansas]]. I sevädikon as ''Lol Lingläna''.<ref name="Rose">{{cite web |url=http://www.rugbynetwork.net/main/s245/st74325.htm |title=England's Rose&nbsp;– The Official History |last=Smith |first=Jed |date=3 June 2005 |website=Museum of Rugby, Twickenham |publisher=RugbyNetwork.net |access-date=8 August 2009}}</ref> Bim [[oak|eka]] binon sümbol Lingläna: sümbol [[Royal Oak]] e [[Oak Apple Day]] memofugons sekapäni Rega [[Charles II of England|Charles II]] pos deidam fata okik, ven äklänom oki in ek ad vitön dasam fa parlamentans büä änänom tüvü exil. Royal Arms of England, [[coat of arms|vapen netik]] labü lions kil, äkömon de [[Richard the Lionheart]] ün 1198. Pä[[blazon]]on as ''gules, three lions passant guardant or'' e givon balis sümbols cädikün Lingläna. Linglän no labon hüm netik ofisigik, bi Regän Pebalöl lölik labon ''[[God Save the King]]''. Ye, ''[[Jerusalem (hymn)|Jerusalem]]'', ''[[Land of Hope and Glory]]'' (pegeböl pro Linglän dü [[2002 Commonwealth Games]]), e ''[[I Vow to Thee, My Country]]'' patiko palelogons as [[National anthem of England|hüms netik no ofisigik Lingläna]]. [[National Day|Del Netik]] Lingläna binon 23 April kel binon [[St George's Day in England|Del Saint George]]: Saint George binon patronan saludik Lingläna.<ref name="St. George">{{cite news |date=23 April 1998 |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/uk/82166.stm |title=The Great Saint George Revival |work=BBC News |access-date=5 September 2009}}</ref> ==Logolös i== {{Portal|border=no|Linglän}} * [[Outline of England|Jed Lingläna]] * [[Outline of the United Kingdom|Jed Regäna Pebalöl]] ==Nots== {{Notelist}} ==Refs== {{reflist}} ===Bibliograf=== <!-- Please order books alphabetically by the author's last name --> {{refbegin|30em}} * {{Cite book |last=Ackroyd |first=Peter |url=https://archive.org/details/londonbiography00ackr |title=London: the biography |publisher=Chatto & Windus |date=2000 |isbn=978-1-85619-716-8 |author-link=Peter Ackroyd}} * {{Cite book |last=Arlotto |first=Anthony |title=Introduction to historical linguistics |publisher=Houghton Mifflin |date=1971 |isbn=978-0-395-12615-8}} * {{Cite book |last=Atkinson |first=T.D. |title=English Architecture |publisher=Read Books |date=2008 |isbn=978-1-4097-2581-7}} * {{Cite book |last=Axford |first=Barrie |title=Politics: an introduction |publisher=Routledge |date=2002 |isbn=978-0-415-25181-5}} * {{Cite book |last=Ball |first=Martin |title=The Celtic Languages |publisher=Routledge |date=1993 |isbn=978-0-415-01035-1}} * {{Cite book |last=Bartlett |first=Robert |title=England Under the Norman and Angevin Kings, 1075–1225 |publisher=Oxford University Press |date=1999 |isbn=978-0-19-925101-8}} * {{Cite book |last=Bennett |first=James |title=The Anglosphere Challenge |publisher=Rowman & Littlefield |date=2004 |isbn=978-0-7425-3333-2 |author-link=James C. Bennett}} * {{Cite book |last=Brewer |first=Ebenezer |title=Wordsworth Dictionary of Phrase and Fable |publisher=Wordsworth Editions |date=2006 |isbn=978-1-84022-310-1 |author-link=Ebenezer Cobham Brewer}} * {{Cite book |last=Briggs |first=Katharine |title=A Dictionary of British Folk-tales in the English Language |publisher=Routledge |date=2004 |isbn=978-0-203-39737-4 |author-link=Katharine Mary Briggs}} * {{Cite book |last=Chappell |first=William |title=The Roxburghe Ballads |publisher=AMS Press |date=1966 |location=New York |oclc=488599560}} * {{Cite book |last1=Clark |first1=David M. |title=Greater Manchester Votes: A Guide to the New Metropolitan Authorities |last2=Steed |first2=Michael |last3=Marshall |first3=Sally |publisher=Redrose |date=1973 |isbn=978-0-9502932-0-2 |location=Stockport |author-link2=Michael Steed}} * {{Cite book |last=Clemoes |first=Peter |title=Anglo-Saxon England, Volume 12 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |date=2007 |isbn=978-0-521-03834-8}} * {{Cite book |last=Cole |first=George |title=The Life of William Cobbett |publisher=Home & Van Thal |date=1947 |isbn=978-0-8492-2139-2 |author-link=G. D. H. Cole}} * {{Cite book |last=Colgrave |first=Bertram |title=Two lives of Saint Cuthbert |publisher=Cambridge University Press |date=1985 |isbn=978-0-521-31385-8}} * {{Cite book |last=Colley |first=Linda |url=https://archive.org/details/britonsforgingna0000coll |title=Britons: Forging the Nation, 1701–1837 |publisher=Yale University Press |date=1992 |isbn=978-0-300-05737-9 |author-link=Linda Colley}} * {{Cite book |last=Cox |first=Peter |url=https://archive.org/details/demography0000coxp_p9d0 |title=Demography |publisher=Cambridge University Press |date=1970 |isbn=978-0-521-09612-6 |url-access=registration}} * {{Cite book |last=Crouch |first=David |url=https://archive.org/details/isbn_9781852855956 |title=Normans: The History of a Dynasty |publisher=Hambledon Continuum |date=2006 |isbn=978-1-85285-595-6 |url-access=registration}} * {{Cite book |last=Crofton |first=Ian |title=The Kings and Queens of England |publisher=Quercus |date=2007 |isbn=978-1-84724-065-1}} * {{Cite book |last=Crystal |first=David |url=https://archive.org/details/storiesofenglish00crys |title=The Stories of English |publisher=The Overlook Press |date=2004 |isbn=978-1-58567-601-9 |author-link=David Crystal}} * {{Cite book |last=Downes |first=Kerry |title=Christopher Wren |publisher=Oxford University Press |date=2007 |isbn=978-0-19-921524-9}} * {{Cite book |last=Eccleshare |first=Julia |title=Beatrix Potter to Harry Potter |publisher=National Portrait Gallery |date=2002 |isbn=978-1-85514-342-5}} * {{Cite book |last=Else |first=David |title=Inghilterra |publisher=EDT srl |date=2007 |isbn=978-88-6040-136-6}} * {{Cite book |last=Encyclopædia Britannica |title=The New Encyclopædia Britannica |publisher=University of Michigan |date=2002 |isbn=978-0-85229-787-2 |author-link=Encyclopædia Britannica}} * {{Cite book |last=Encyclopædia Britannica |title=Encyclopædia Britannica |publisher=BiblioBazaar |date=2009 |isbn=978-0-559-09589-4 |author-link=Encyclopædia Britannica}} * {{Cite book |last=Fafinski |first=Stefan |title=English legal system |publisher=Pearson Education |date=2007 |isbn=978-1-4058-2358-6}} * {{Cite book |last=Foreman |first=Susan |title=London: a musical gazetteer |publisher=Yale University Press |date=2005 |isbn=978-0-300-10402-8}} * {{Cite book |last=Foster |first=Damon |title=A Blake dictionary |publisher=UPNE |date=1988 |isbn=978-0-87451-436-0 |author-link=S. Foster Damon}} * {{Cite book |last=Fowler |first=Kenneth |url=https://archive.org/details/ageofplantagenet0000fowl |title=The Age of Plantagenet and Valois: The Struggle for Supremacy, 1328–1498 |publisher=Putnam |date=1967 |isbn=978-0-236-30832-3 |url-access=registration}} * {{Cite book |last=Gallagher |first=Michael |title=The United Kingdom Today |publisher=Franklin Watts |date=2006 |isbn=978-0-7496-6488-6 |location=London}} * {{Cite book |last=Gearon |first=Liam |title=Education in the United Kingdom |publisher=David Fulton |date=2002 |isbn=978-1-85346-715-8}} * {{Cite book |last=Goldberg |first=Jeremy |title=The Black Death in England |publisher=Paul Watkins |date=1996 |isbn=978-1-871615-56-2 |editor-last=Mark Ormrod & P.G. Lindley |location=Stamford |chapter=Introduction |author-link=Jeremy Goldberg}} * {{Cite book |last=Green |first=Tamara |title=The Greek & Latin roots of English |publisher=Rowman & Littlefield |date=2003 |isbn=978-0-7425-1466-9}} * {{Cite book |last=Hawkins-Dady |first=Mark |title=Reader's guide to literature in English |publisher=Taylor & Francis |date=1996 |isbn=978-1-884964-20-6}} * {{Cite book |last=Heywood |first=Andrew |title=Political Ideologies: An Introduction |publisher=Palgrave Macmillan |date=2007 |isbn=978-0-230-52179-7}} * {{Cite book |last=Higham |first=NJ |title=King Arthur: myth-making and history |publisher=Routledge |date=2002 |isbn=978-0-415-21305-9}} * {{Cite book |last1=Kaufman |first1=Will |title=Britain and the Americas: Culture, Politics, and History |last2=Macpherson |first2=Heidi |publisher=ABC-CLIO |date=2005 |isbn=978-1-85109-431-8}} * {{Cite book |last=Kirby |first=D.P. |title=The earliest English kings |publisher=Routledge |date=2000 |isbn=978-0-415-24210-3}} * {{Cite book |last=Keary |first=Charles Francis |url=https://archive.org/details/outlinesprimiti02keargoog |title=Outlines of primitive belief among the Indo-European races |publisher=C Scribner's Sons |date=1882 |isbn=978-0-7905-4982-8}} * {{Cite book |last1=Kenny |first1=Michael |title=Beyond the Constitution? Englishness in a post-devolved Britain |last2=English |first2=Richard |last3=Hayton |first3=Richard |publisher=[[Institute for Public Policy Research]] |date=2008}} * {{Cite book |last=Koch |first=John |title=Celtic Culture: A Historical Encyclopedia |publisher=ABC-CLIO |date=2006 |isbn=978-1-85109-440-0}} * {{Cite book |last=Lacy |first=Norris |url=https://archive.org/details/arthurianencyclo0000unse |title=The Arthurian Encyclopedia |publisher=Garland Pub |date=1986 |isbn=978-0-8240-8745-6 |url-access=registration}} * {{Cite book |last=Lax |first=Roger |url=https://archive.org/details/greatsongthesaur00laxr |title=The Great Song Thesaurus |publisher=Oxford University Press |date=1989 |isbn=978-0-19-505408-8}} * {{Cite book |last=Levine |first=Israel E. |url=https://archive.org/details/conquerorofsmall00levi |title=Conqueror of smallpox: Dr. Edward Jenner |publisher=Messner |date=1960 |isbn=978-0-671-63888-7 |url-access=registration}} * {{Cite book |last=Lowe |first=Roy |title=The English school |publisher=Taylor & Francis |date=1971 |isbn=978-0-7100-6882-8}} * {{Cite book |last=Lyon |first=Bryce Dale |title=A constitutional and legal history of medieval England |publisher=University of Michigan |date=1960 |isbn=978-0-393-95132-5}} * {{Cite book |last=Major |first=John |title=History in Quotations |publisher=Cassell |date=2004 |isbn=978-0-304-35387-3}} * {{Cite book |last=Marden |first=Orison |title=Home Lover's Library |publisher=Kessinger Publishing |date=2003 |isbn=978-0-7661-5324-0}} * {{Cite book |last=Massey |first=Gerald |title=A Book of the Beginnings, Vol. 1 |publisher=Cosimo |date=2007 |isbn=978-1-60206-829-2}} * {{Cite book |last1=McNeil |first1=Robina |title=A Guide to the Industrial Archaeology of Greater Manchester |last2=Nevell |first2=Michael |publisher=Association for Industrial Archaeology |date=2000 |isbn=978-0-9528930-3-5}} * {{Cite book |last=Molyneaux |first=George |title=The Formation of the English Kingdom in the Tenth Century |publisher=Oxford University Press |date=2015 |isbn=978-0-19-871791-1}} * {{Cite book |last=Norbrook |first=David |title=Writing the English Republic: Poetry, Rhetoric and Politics, 1627–1660 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |date=2000 |isbn=978-0-521-78569-3}} * {{Cite book |last=O'Hanlon |first=Ardal |title=Global Airlines |publisher=Elsevier |date=2008 |isbn=978-0-7506-6439-4}} * {{Cite book |last=Oakes |first=Elizabeth H. |url=https://archive.org/details/tozofstsscientis0000oake |title=A to Z of STS scientists |publisher=Facts on File Inc |date=2002 |isbn=978-0-8160-4606-5 |url-access=registration}} * {{Cite book |last=Office for National Statistics |title=Britain 2001: The Official Handbook of the United Kingdom |publisher=[[Stationery Office Books]] |date=2000 |isbn=978-0-11-621278-8 |location=London |author-link=Office for National Statistics}} * {{Cite book |last=Oppenheimer |first=Stephen |url=https://archive.org/details/isbn_9780786718900 |title=Origins of the British |publisher=Carroll & Graf |date=2006 |isbn=978-0-7867-1890-0 |author-link=Stephen Oppenheimer}} * {{Cite book |last=Pevsner |first=Nikolaus |title=An outline of European architecture |publisher=University of Michigan |date=1942 |isbn=978-0-14-061613-2 |author-link=Nikolaus Pevsner}} * {{Cite book |last=Pollard |first=A.J. |url=https://archive.org/details/imaginingrobinho00poll |title=Imagining Robin Hood |publisher=Routledge |date=2004 |isbn=978-0-415-22308-9}} * {{Cite book |last=Rankov |first=Boris |title=The Praetorian Guard |publisher=Osprey Publishing |date=1994 |isbn=978-1-85532-361-2}} * {{Cite book |last1=Redcliffe-Maud |first1=John |url=https://archive.org/details/englishlocalgove0000redc |title=English Local Government Reformed |last2=Wood |first2=Bruce |publisher=Oxford University Press |date=1974 |isbn=978-0-19-885091-5 |location=London |author-link=John Redcliffe-Maud, Baron Redcliffe-Maud |url-access=registration}} * {{Cite book |last=Reitan |first=Earl Aaron |title=The Thatcher Revolution |publisher=Rowman & Littlefield |date=2003 |isbn=978-0-7425-2203-9}} * {{Cite book |last=Ripley |first=George |url=https://archive.org/details/newamericancycl25danagoog |title=The New American Cyclopædia |publisher=D. Appleton |date=1869 |author-link=George Ripley (transcendentalist)}} * {{Cite book |last=Rogers |first=Pat |title=The Oxford illustrated history of English literature |publisher=Oxford University Press |date=2001 |isbn=978-0-19-285437-7}} * {{Cite book |last=Room |first=Adrian |title=Placenames of the World |publisher=McFarland |date=2006 |isbn=978-0-7864-2248-7}} * {{Cite book |last=Rowse |first=A. L. |url=https://archive.org/details/elizabethanrenai00rows |title=Elizabethan Renaissance |publisher=Scribner |date=1971 |isbn=978-0-684-12682-1 |author-link=A. L. Rowse}} * {{Cite book |last=Saunders |first=Paul |url=https://archive.org/details/edwardjennerchel0000saun |title=Edward Jenner, the Cheltenham years, 1795–1823 |publisher=University Press of New England |date=1982 |isbn=978-0-87451-215-1}} * {{Cite book |last=Scruton |first=Roger |title=A dictionary of political thought |publisher=Macmillan |date=1982 |isbn=978-0-333-33439-3 |author-link=Roger Scruton}} * {{Cite book |last=Singh |first=Udai |title=Decentralized democratic governance in new millennium |publisher=Concept Publishing Company |date=2009 |isbn=978-81-8069-540-7}} * {{Cite book |last=Stradling |first=R.A. |title=The English musical Renaissance, 1860–1940 |publisher=Taylor & Francis |date=1993 |isbn=978-0-415-03493-7}} * {{Cite book |last=UK Parliament |title=Department for Transport annual report |publisher=Stationery Office |date=2007 |isbn=978-0-10-170952-1}} * {{Cite book |last=Underdown |first=David |title=Start of Play: Cricket and Culture in Eighteenth-Century England |publisher=Allen Lane |date=2000 |isbn=978-0-7139-9330-1 |author-link=David Underdown}} * {{Cite book |last=Ward |first=Paul |title=Britishness Since 1870 |publisher=Routledge |date=2004 |isbn=978-0-203-49472-1}} * {{Cite book |last=Warner |first=Charles |title=Library of the world's best literature, ancient and modern |publisher=International society |date=1902 |isbn=978-1-60520-202-0 |author-link=Charles Dudley Warner}} * {{Cite book |last=Watson |first=John |url=https://archive.org/details/englishpoetryofr0000wats |title=English poetry of the Romantic period, 1789–1830 |publisher=Longman |date=1985 |isbn=978-0-582-49259-2 |url-access=registration}} * {{Cite book |last=Webster |first=Frederick A.M. |url=https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.180095 |title=Our great public schools: their traditions, customs and games |publisher=Ward, Lock |date=1937 |location=London |oclc=638146843}} * {{Cite book |last=West |first=Anne |title=Underachievement in schools |publisher=Routledge |date=2003 |isbn=978-0-415-24132-8}} * {{Cite book |last=White |first=W. |url={{GBurl |id=8BC0AAAAIAAJ |p=335}} |title=The Story of a Great Delusion in a Series of Matter-of-fact Chapters |publisher=E.W. Allen |date=1885 |access-date=2 September 2021}} * {{Cite book |last=White |first=Peter |title=Public transport |publisher=Taylor & Francis |date=2002 |isbn=978-0-415-25772-5}} * {{Cite book |last1=Wilson |first1=David |title=Local Government in the United Kingdom |last2=Game |first2=Chris |publisher=Palgrave MacMillan |date=2002 |isbn=978-0-333-94859-0 |edition=3rd |location=Basingstoke}} * {{Cite book |last=Withington |first=Robert |title=English Pageantry; An Historical Outline |publisher=Read Books |date=2008 |isbn=978-1-4086-8062-9}} * {{Cite book |last=World Book |title=The World Book Encyclopedia, Volume 6 |publisher=University of Michigan |date=2007 |isbn=978-0-7166-0102-9 |author-link=World Book Encyclopedia}} * {{Cite book |last=Wright |first=Kevin J |url=https://archive.org/details/christiantravelp0000wrig |title=The Christian Travel Planner |publisher=Thomas Nelson Inc |date=2008 |isbn=978-1-4016-0374-8 |url-access=registration}} * {{Cite book |last=Young |first=Robert JC |url=https://archive.org/details/ideaofenglisheth0000youn |title=The Idea of English Ethnicity |publisher=Blackwell |date=2008 |isbn=978-1-4051-0129-5 |author-link=Robert J.C. Young |url-access=registration}} * {{Cite book |last=Ziegler |first=Philip |title=The Black Death |publisher=Sutton Publishing Ltd. |date=2003 |isbn=978-0-7509-3202-8 |edition=New |location=Sutton |author-link=Philip Ziegler}} {{Refend}} ==Yüms plödik== {{Sister project links|auto=yes|collapsible=collapsed}} * [http://www.english-heritage.org.uk/ English Heritage]&nbsp;– koap netik jelodölo geroti Lingläna * [http://www.naturalengland.org.uk/ Natural England]&nbsp;– lif niverik e vol natik Lingläna * [https://www.visitengland.com/ VisitEngland]&nbsp;– bür turistik Lingläna * [https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/england BBC News – England]&nbsp;– nüns se BBC News tefü Linglän * [https://www.gov.uk/ GOV.UK]&nbsp;– webad ofisigik Regäna Britänik * {{OSM relation|58447}} {{Tops Lingläna}} {{Navboxes |title = Yegeds tefü Linglän |list = {{Tops Regäna Pebalöl}} {{Läns e söds Regäna Pebalöl}} {{Nisulems Britänik}} {{Läns Lingläna}} }} {{Kontrol nünäda}} {{Coord|53.13|-1.38|type:country_region:GB-ENG|display=title}} [[Klad:Linglän| ]] [[Klad:Läns e tums püki Lingläna as pük ofisigik laböls]] [[Klad:Britän Gretik]] [[Klad:Läns nisulik]] [[Klad:Regän Pebalöl ma läns]] [[Klad:Stäts krikätik]] Linglän labon belödanis 50,1-balions (2004). [[London]] binon cifazif Lingläna. {{Grafäns lezälik Lingläna}} [[Klad:Linglän]] [[Klad:Regän Pebalöl]] 3npl4aawm9cob9b9lh15mdfgt21y9ll 3338205 3338199 2026-06-18T07:29:45Z Łukasz Winek 10785 Sädunön revidi [[Special:Diff/3338199|3338199]] fa [[Special:Contributions/Lpoj50|Lpoj50]] ([[User talk:Lpoj50|Bespikapad]]) 3338205 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Ragiv:Europe location ENG.png|175px|thumb|right]] '''Linglän''' binon dil [[Regän Pebalöl|Regäna Pebalöl]], in [[Yurop]]. Linglän labon belödanis 50,1-balions (2004). [[London]] binon cifazif Lingläna. {{Grafäns lezälik Lingläna}} [[Klad:Linglän]] [[Klad:Regän Pebalöl]] efeqi3ggh7g1wturn4fu0u82wbdj02w Kroasän 0 2134 3338198 3191711 2026-06-17T22:10:19Z Lpoj50 41418 3338198 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Länataib| | neminnetapük = Republika Hrvatska | stän = [[Ragiv:Flag_of_Croatia.svg|border|125px]]<br />[[Stän Kroasäna]] | sköt = [[Ragiv:Coat_of_arms_of_Croatia.svg|125px]]<br />[[Sköt Kroasäna]] | netahüm = [[Lijepa naša domovino]] | topam = [[Ragiv:Europe location CRO.png|250px]] | pük = [[Kroasänapük]] | reigasit = | cifazif = [[Zagreb]] | rel = | km2 = 56 542 | dötvata = 0,2 | lödanef_täxet = 4 491 543 | täxet = 2008 | lödanef_lätikün = 4 437 460 | census = 2001 | densit = 81 | völäd = kuna | völädakot = HRK | timatopäd = +1 e +2 | zäladel = [[gustul 5]] | tld = hr | länakot = HRV | tel = 385 }} '''Kroasän''',{{efn|{{IPAc-en|audio=en-us-Croatia.ogg|k|r|oʊ|ˈ|eɪ|ʃ|ə}}, {{respell|kroh|AY|shə}}; {{langx|hr|Hrvatska}}, {{IPA|hr|xř̩ʋaːtskaː|pron}}}} ofisalo '''Repüblik Kroasäna''',{{efn|{{langx|hr|Republika Hrvatska|links=no}} {{pronunciation|Hr-Republika Hrvatska.oga|listen|help=no}}, {{IPA|hr|repǔblika xř̩ʋaːtskaː|pron}}.}} binon län in [[Central Europe|Zänod-]] e [[Southeast Europe|Sulüda-Lofüdürop]], su jol [[Adriatic Sea|Latana Adriyatik]]. Miedon eli [[Slovenia|Slovenän]]i in nolüda-vesüd, [[Hungary|Macarän]]i in nolüda-lofüd, [[Serbia|Särbän]]i in lofüd, [[Bosnia and Herzegovina|Bosnäni e Harzegoväni]] e [[Montenegro|Montenegräni]] in sulüda-lofüd, e dalon mela-miedi ko [[Italy|Litaliyän]] in vesüd. [[List of inhabited islands of Croatia|Diän Kroasäna]] ninädon nisulis e nisulis smalik plu 1.000, [[Adriatic Sea#Geography|tata vürikün]] su Lat Adriyatik. Cifazif onik, zif gretikün e zänod kultura e konöma le Kön is [[Zagreb]]. Zifs gretik ninädons elis [[Split, Croatia|Split]], [[Rijeka]], e [[Osijek]]. Län padilädon ad [[Counties of Croatia|stüks teldeg]]{{efn|Zif [[Zagreb]] padilädon as [[Administrative divisions of Croatia|stük niverik patik]] in Kroasän, jäfädöl as "zif-stük". Difon de [[Zagreb County|Stük Zagreb]] kel züon – ab no ninädon – cifazifi.}} stäänü {{convert|56594|km2|sqmi|0|abbr=off}} in [[Regions of Croatia|rigs fädik fol]]. Kroasän labon [[Demographics of Croatia|lödanis]] zao 3,9 balions {{As of|2026|lc=y}}. [[history of Croatia|Jenotem Kroasäna]] äprimon me köm [[Croats|Kroasanas]] ün tumyel 6id lü [[Illyria|Rumän Ilirän]]. Seädüköl as [[Duchy of Croatia|ducans tel]] tumyel latikum, Kroasän pägevon libi ün 878 dis Duk [[Branimir, Duke of Croatia|Branimir]] e pädavälülon ini [[Kingdom of Croatia (925–1102)|regän]] dis Reg [[Tomislav, King of Croatia|Tomislav]] ün 925. Krüt seküdafäla [[Trpimirović dynasty|düna Trpimirović]] äpladon Kroasäni ini [[personal union|fed pösodik]] ko [[Kingdom of Hungary (1000–1301)|Macarän]] ün 1102. Ün 1527, dü [[Hundred Years' Croatian–Ottoman War|kof Net Osmäna]], Kroasän ävobädon ko [[Habsburg monarchy|Monark Habsburg]]. Pädönu ini [[State of Slovenes, Croats and Serbs|Net Slovenas, Kroasanas e Särbas]] büä [[Creation of Yugoslavia|pälüülon ini]] [[Kingdom of Yugoslavia|Regäni Yugoslaväna]] ün 1918. Dü [[World War II|Volakrig telid]], dil gretikün Kroasäna päkofon fa [[Axis powers|Nets Axis]] kels äpladons [[List of World War II puppet states|tati marionet]] as [[Independent State of Croatia|Net Lübalugik Kroasäna]]. [[Croatian Partisans|Muf taspika]] ägevon plütäni, äs [[Socialist Republic of Croatia|Repüblik Sosialik Kroasäna]] in [[Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia|Repüblik Fedälik Sosialik Yugoslaväna]] ün 1943. Kroasän äseiton [[Independence of Croatia|libi de Yugoslavän]] ün 1991, ädanöbälo [[Croatian War of Independence|Krigi Liba]] jü 1995. Kroasän nulädik binon [[representative democracy|demokrat ma dil]] ko [[Prime Minister of Croatia|ministeran balid]], [[President of Croatia|presidan]], e [[Croatian Parliament|parlament balamarik]]. [[Constitution of Croatia|Konstitut]] onik fümon dilami nämas bevü [[Government of Croatia|dunöf]], [[Law of Croatia|lonamof]], e [[Supreme Court of Croatia|cödalef]]. [[Politics of Croatia|Polits Kroasäna]] lejon [[List of political parties in Croatia|sitemi paletas mödik]]. Kroasän binon dilorganas e kongefas bevünetik mödik, keninükamü [[European Union|Balatam Yuropik]], [[United Nations|Balatam Netas]], [[World Trade Organization|WTO]], e [[NATO]], bevü votiks. On [[Foreign relations of Croatia|labon fluni rigik]] as [[small power|nämad smalik]] in Yurop, pato in züom Sulüda-Lofüdürop. Sis 1999, [[Armed Forces of Croatia|Kösöm Föda Kroasänik]] eseadükon bevünetiko pö mufs püdi-demo e krigamamufs mödiks. Kroasän [[2007 United Nations Security Council election|pävälülon]] ad dünön su stül no-laibikik ela [[United Nations Security Council|Konsän Neta]] de 2008 jü 2009. As [[developed country|län petovedöl]], Kroasän labon [[Economy of Croatia|konämi pätovedöl]] pedaseetöl as [[high-income|löpik-gelüdanik]] e padominöl fänods dünas, dustäna, e fäna. [[Tourism in Croatia|Turism]] onik binon cilik, jaföla dünis konömik gretik. Kroasän eplifülon investodis in vobädöfs, pato in [[Transport in Croatia|suemots e stögs lotamodik]] su [[Pan-European corridors|koridors Yuropik]]. As [[Energy in Croatia|nämad vapa nulik]] in Yurop, labon investods kaenik in [[liquefied natural gas|gas natik melik]], [[Geothermal energy|nätäms vapa]], e lot tridik. Labon däfi stäänik, nimis vüna, e [[Geology of Croatia|nafasotalis]] sus [[Geography of Croatia|tävöp onik]]. Kroasän givon [[Welfare spending|säkädi sogädik]], [[Healthcare in Croatia|sanakäli valik]], e [[Education in Croatia|dugäli primik e sekidik]] steifülölo [[Culture of Croatia|kulti]] da [[Mass media in Croatia|fümäd]] e [[Croatian literature|pöpüpi]]. == Etymology == {{Main|Names of the Croats and Croatia}} Nem no-natik Kroasäna tefon de [[Medieval Latin|Latin Zänodüpik]] {{lang|la-x-medieval|Croātia}}, oke i de [[West Slavic languages|Slaväna Nolüda-Vesüdik]] {{lang|zlw|*Xərwate}}, dub [[Slavic liquid metathesis and pleophony|metamet vofa]] de Slavän kobädik ''*Xorvat'', de [[Proto-Slavic language|Slavän Primik]] ''[[wikt:Reconstruction:Proto-Slavic/xъrvatъ|*Xъrvátъ]]'' kel bo kömon de fom Scytho-Sarmatian tumyel 3id, petuvon su [[Tanais Tablets|Tabots Tanais]] as {{lang|grc|Χοροάθος|italic=no}} (''{{lang|grc-latn|Khoroáthos}}''. Foms votik binons {{lang|grc-latn|Khoróatos}} e ''{{lang|grc-latn|Khoroúathos}}'').<ref name="Gluhak-1993">{{cite book |first=Alemko |last=Gluhak |title=Hrvatski etimološki rječnik |trans-title=Vödabuk Etimik Kroasänik |language=hr |publisher=August Cesarec |year=1993 |isbn=953-162-000-8}}</ref> Rig nemana no sevälo, ab bo se de [[Ossetian language|Proto-Ossetian]] / [[Scythian languages#Alanian|Alanian]] *''xurvæt-'' u *''xurvāt-'', ma sinif "utan kel demon" ("deman, jelädan").<ref>{{citation |first=Ranko |last=Matasović |author-link=Ranko Matasović |title=Ime Hrvata |trans-title=Nem Kroasanas |journal=Jezik (Croatian Philological Society) |location=Zagreb |year=2019 |volume=66 |issue=3 |pages=81–97 |url=https://hrcak.srce.hr/228825?lang=en |language=hr}}</ref> Konäd penädik bäldikün vaiana netik Kroasäna ''*xъrvatъ'' binon tiäm vata, palogöbal in [[Baška tablet|tabot Baška]] in [[Style (form of address)|stül]] zvъnъmirъ kralъ xrъvatъskъ ("[[Demetrius Zvonimir of Croatia|Zvonimir]], [[List of rulers of Croatia|Reg Kroasänik]]"),<ref name="Fučić-1971">{{cite journal |url=http://hrcak.srce.hr/index.php?show=clanak&id_clanak_jezik=21348 |first=Branko |last=Fučić |author-link=Branko Fučić |title=Najstariji hrvatski glagoljski natpisi |trans-title=Penäds Glagolitik Kroasänik Bäldikün |journal=[[Slovo (Zagreb)|Slovo]] |publisher=[[Old Church Slavonic Institute]] |volume=21 |date=September 1971 |language=hr |pages=227–254 |access-date=2011-10-14}}</ref> du vaian Latin ''Croatorum'' päfümükon arkeologiko su penäd glüga pätuvöl in [[Bijaći]] nilü [[Trogir]] pätädölü fin tumyela 8id u prim 9id.<ref>{{cite journal |title=Kulturna kronika: Dvanaest hrvatskih stoljeća |url=http://www.matica.hr/vijenac/291/hrvatski-nacionalni-dan-na-expou-u-japanu-9037/ |journal=[[Vijenac]] |publisher=[[Matica hrvatska]] |location=Zagreb |issue=291 |date=28 April 2005 |access-date=2019-06-10 |language=hr}}</ref> [[Epigraphy|Penäd stonik]] bäldikün baiko ko netan löliko pedakipöl binon [[Branimir inscription|penäd Branimir]] pätuvöl nilü [[Benkovac]], kö Duk [[Branimir of Croatia|Branimir]] pestülom ''Dux Cruatorvm'', ba pätädölü bevü 879 e 892, dü reig onik.{{sfn|Mužić|2007|p=|pp=195–198}} Vöd Latin ''{{lang|la|Chroatorum}}'' pegivon kumäde Duk [[Trpimir I of Croatia|Trpimir I]], pädatülölü yela 852 in kopied yela 1568 de rig päperöl, ab no fümo va rig äbinon bäldikum ka penäd Branimir.{{sfn|Mužić|2007|p=27}}{{Sfn|Mužić|2007|p=171}} == Jenotem == {{Main|History of Croatia}} === Prähistor e tims vönik === {{Main|History of Croatia before the Croats}} {{multiple image | align = right | total_width = 250 | direction = horizontal | image1 = ZGvucdove.jpg | alt1 = Skult vafumik | image2 = Croatian Apoxyomenos Louvre n04.jpg | alt2 = Skult stonik | footer = Neddet: [[Vučedol dove|Pudan Vučedola]], skult de 2800 jü 2500 b.K.<br />Det: ''[[Croatian Apoxyomenos]]'', [[Ancient Greece|Vona-Greek]] magod, tumyel 2id u 1id b.K. | caption1 = | caption2 = }} Topäd sevädik as Kroasän nulädik pälödönon da [[prehistoric period|period prähistorik]]. [[Neanderthal]]-fösils de [[Palaeolithic|Palaeolithic]] zänodik pätuvons in nolüd Kroasäna, cälädöl su [[Krapina Neanderthal site|plad Krapina]].<ref>{{cite journal |journal=Acta medico-historica Adriatica |publisher=Hrvatsko znanstveno društvo za povijest zdravstvene kulture |issn=1334-4366 |date=December 2010 |volume=8 |issue=2 |first=Igor |last=Salopek |title=Krapina Neanderthal Museum as a Well of Medical Information |pages=197–202 |url=http://hrcak.srce.hr/index.php?show=clanak&id_clanak_jezik=95232 |access-date=2011-10-15 |pmid=21682056}}</ref> RÄSTe [[Neolithic]] e [[Chalcolithic]] kultas pätuvons in rigs valik.<ref>{{cite journal |journal=Opvscvla Archaeologica Radovi Arheološkog Zavoda |publisher=[[University of Zagreb]], Faculty of Philosophy, Archaeological Department |issn=0473-0992 |title=Study of the Neolithic and Eneolithic as reflected in articles published over the 50 years of the journal Opuscula archaeologica |pages=93–122 |volume=30 |issue=1 |date=April 2008 |first=Tihomila |last=Težak-Gregl |access-date=2011-10-15 |url=http://hrcak.srce.hr/index.php?show=clanak&id_clanak_jezik=34026}}</ref> Proportion gretikün plädas binon in daälans nolüdü Kroasän. Mu vöniks binons [[Baden culture|Baden]], [[Starčevo culture|Starčevo]], e [[Vučedol culture]]s.<ref>{{cite journal |journal=Opvscvla Archaeologica Radovi Arheološkog Zavoda |publisher=University of Zagreb, Faculty of Philosophy, Archaeological Department |issn=0473-0992 |title=The Kostolac horizon at Vučedol |pages=25–40 |volume=29 |issue=1 |date=December 2005 |first=Jacqueline |last=Balen |access-date=2011-10-15 |url=http://hrcak.srce.hr/index.php?show=clanak&id_clanak_jezik=26644}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |journal=Opvscvla Archaeologica Radovi Arheološkog Zavoda |publisher=University of Zagreb, Faculty of Philosophy, Archaeological Department |issn=0473-0992 |title=Prilog poznavanju neolitičkih obrednih predmeta u neolitiku sjeverne Hrvatske |trans-title=Lülob suemä stöfas ritalik in Neolit nolüdü Kroasän |language=hr |pages=43–48 |volume=27 |issue=1 |date=December 2003 |first=Tihomila |last=Težak-Gregl |access-date=2011-10-15 |url=http://hrcak.srce.hr/index.php?show=clanak&id_clanak_jezik=26644}}</ref> [[Iron Age|Tumyel fira]] älülüdon Iliriänik [[Hallstatt culture]]i e Keltik [[La Tène culture]]i.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Potrebica |first1=Hrvoje |last2=Dizdar |first2=Marko |title=Prilog poznavanju naseljenosti Vinkovaca i okolice u starijem željeznom dobu |trans-title=Lülob suemä Vinkovci e top züik in tumyel fira vönik |url=http://hrcak.srce.hr/index.php?show=clanak&id_clanak_jezik=1560 |journal=Prilozi Instituta Za Arheologiju U Zagrebu |publisher=Institut za arheologiju |volume=19 |issue=1 |pages=79–100 |date=July 2002 |access-date=2011-10-15 |issn=1330-0644 |language=hr}}</ref> Rig topäda nulädik Kroasäna pälödädon fa [[Illyrians|Ilirans]] e [[Liburnians|Liburnans]], du kolunis Yunänik balid pästabons su nisuls [[Hvar]]<ref>{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=4Nv6SPRKqs8C |first=John |last=Wilkes |title=The Illyrians |year=1995 |publisher=[[Wiley-Blackwell]] |location=Oxford, UK |isbn=978-0-631-19807-9 |page=114 |quote=...&nbsp;in the early history of the colony settled in 385&nbsp;BC on the island Pharos (Hvar) from the Aegean island Paros, famed for its marble. In traditional fashion they accepted the guidance of an oracle,&nbsp;... |access-date=2011-10-15}}</ref>, [[Korčula]], e [[Vis (island)|Vis]].<ref>{{cite book |first=John |last=Wilkes |title=The Illyrians |year=1995 |publisher=[[Wiley-Blackwell]] |location=Oxford, UK |isbn=978-0-631-19807-9 |page=115 |quote=The third Greek colony known in this central sector of the Dalmatian coast was Issa, on the north side of the island Vis. |access-date=2012-04-03}}</ref> Ün yel 9 p.K., tata adelo Kroasän ävedon dil [[Roman Empire|Stitäna Rumänik]]. Lampör [[Diocletian]] äbinom lomänik lü topäd. Älabom [[Diocletian's Palace|lelutadi gretik pebumöl]] in [[Split, Croatia|Split]], kel ägetom poso livädu yela 305 p.K.<ref>{{cite book |first1=Edward |last1=Gibbon |author2-link=John Bagnell Bury |author2=John Bagnell Bury |author3-link=Daniel J. Boorstin |first3=Daniel J. |last3=Boorstin |title=The Decline and Fall of the Roman Empire |publisher=[[Modern Library]] |year=1995 |location=New York |page=335 |isbn=978-0-679-60148-7 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=bdKLyie1M50C |access-date=2011-10-27 |author1-link=Edward Gibbon}}</ref> Dü tumyel 5id, [[last de jure Western Roman Emperor|lampör lätik Rumäna vesüdik]] [[Julius Nepos]] äreigom tati smalik se lelutad poso fuge lü Litaliyän ün 475.<ref>{{cite book |url=https://archive.org/details/historyoflaterro01buryuoft |author=J. B. Bury |title=History of the later Roman empire from the death of Theodosius I. to the death of Justinian |page=[https://archive.org/details/historyoflaterro01buryuoft/page/408 408] |publisher=[[Macmillan Publishers]] |year=1923 |access-date=2011-10-15 |author-link=J. B. Bury}}</ref> === Zänodüps === {{Main|Duchy of Croatia|Kingdom of Croatia (925–1102)|Kingdom of Croatia (1102–1526)|Republic of Ragusa}} [[File:Balkans925.png|thumb|left|upright=1.2|[[Kingdom of Croatia (925–1102)|Regän Kroasäna]] zao ün 925, dü reig [[King Tomislav|Reg Tomislav]]]] Period Rumänik finon me [[Avars (Carpathians)|Avar]] e [[Croat|Kroat]] invadöfs finü tumyel 6id e balna bal tumyela 7id e pävenükam zifa Rumänik valik. Läbibans Rumänik äfugons lü plads gudikum su jol, nisuls, e bels. Zif [[Dubrovnik]] pästabon fa läbibans at se [[Epidaurum]].<ref name="AAPatton">{{cite book |url=https://archive.org/details/bub_gb_E_NBAAAAYAAJ |title=Researches on the Danube and the Adriatic |author=Andrew Archibald Paton |year=1861 |pages=[https://archive.org/details/bub_gb_E_NBAAAAYAAJ/page/n227 218]–219 |publisher=Trübner |access-date=2011-10-15}}</ref> Dabinon neböf tefü [[Origin hypotheses of the Croats|etnogedän Kroasanas]]. Teor slavänik, pisevädikün, mobon fävi [[White Croats|Kroasans Vietik]] se [[White Croatia|Kroasän Vietik]] dü [[Migration Period|Period Fäva]]. Tefü teor Iränik, mufon de rig [[Sarmatian]]-[[Alans|Alanik]] Pro-Kroasanas, stabü [[Tanais Tablets]] ninädöl vödis [[Ancient Greek|Vona-Greek]] {{lang|grc|Χορούαθος}}, {{lang|grc|Χοροάθος}}, e {{lang|grc|Χορόαθος}} (Khoroúathos, Khoroáthos, e Khoróathos) e sepük onas as [[anthroponym|nemans]] tefü [[Names of the Croats and Croatia|neman netik Kroasänik]].<ref name="Nikšić-Heršak">{{cite journal |journal=Migracijske i Etničke Teme |issn=1333-2546 |publisher=Institute for Migration and Ethnic Studies |date=September 2007 |volume=23 |issue=3 |pages=251–268 |first1=Emil |last1=Heršak |first2=Boris |last2=Nikšić |language=hr |title=Hrvatska etnogeneza: pregled komponentnih etapa i interpretacija (s naglaskom na euroazijske/nomadske sadržaje) |trans-title=Etnogedän Kroasänik: Lölogäd etapas e pläps (ko süad su däfs Yuropasik/Noomädik) |url=http://hrcak.srce.hr/index.php?show=clanak&id_clanak_jezik=28729&lang=en}}</ref> Ma vödäd [[De Administrando Imperio]] pelautöl fa Lampör bizänik tumyela 10id [[Constantine VII]], [[Croats|Kroasans]] äseadons ini [[Roman province of Dalmatia|provän Rumänik Dalmatän]] in balna bal tumyela 7id posä idefidons eli [[Pannonian Avars|Avar]].<ref>{{cite journal |last=Katičić |first=Radoslav |year=1989 |title=Ivan Mužić o podrijetlu Hrvata |url=https://hrcak.srce.hr/95425 |journal=Starohrvatska Prosvjeta |language=hr |volume=III |issue=19 |pages=243–270 |issn=0351-4536}}</ref>{{sfn|Goldstein|1999|p=13}}<ref>{{cite journal |last=Birin |first=Ante |title=Pregled političke povijesti Hrvata u ranome srednjem vijeku |url=https://www.academia.edu/30936317 |journal=Nova Zraka U Europskom Svjetlu – Hrvatske Zemlje U Ranome Srednjem Vijeku (Oko 550 – Oko 1150) |date=January 2015 |language=hr |page=40 |via=Academia.edu |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210308065728/https://www.academia.edu/30936317 |archive-date=2021-03-08 |access-date=2020-04-26 |url-status=dead }}</ref> Do dabinons münäds nolavik tefü relöf e tefükam penäda at,<ref>{{cite book |last=Bilogrivić |first=Goran |date=2018 |chapter=Carolingian Weapons and the Problem of Croat Migration and Ethnogenesis |title=Migration, Integration and Connectivity on the Southeastern Frontier of the Carolingian Empire |editor=Danijel Dzino |editor2=Ante Milošević |editor3=Trpimir Vedriš |publisher=Brill |pages=86–99 |doi=10.1163/9789004380134_007 |isbn=978-90-04-38013-4 |s2cid=165889390}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |first=Danijel |last=Dzino |year=2010 |title=Becoming Slav, Becoming Croat: Identity Transformations in Post-Roman and Early Medieval Dalmatia |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=6UbOtJcF8rQC |publisher=BRILL |pages=175, 179–182 |isbn=9789004186460}}</ref> nüns vönik arsenavik efümükons das fäv e seädükam Slavänas/Kroasanas äbinon finü tumyel 6id e prim tumyela 7id.<ref name="Belos00">{{cite journal |last=Belošević |first=Janko |title=Razvoj i osnovne značajke starohrvatskih grobalja horizonta 7.-9. stoljeća na povijesnim prostorima Hrvata |url=https://morepress.unizd.hr/journals/index.php/pov/article/view/2231 |journal=Radovi |volume=39 |issue=26 |pages=71–97 |year=2000 |language=hr |doi=10.15291/radovipov.2231 |doi-access=free |issn=0352-6712}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last=Fabijanić |first=Tomislav |date=2013 |chapter=14C date from early Christian basilica gemina in Podvršje (Croatia) in the context of Slavic settlement on the eastern Adriatic coast |title=The early Slavic settlement of Central Europe in the light of new dating evidence |location=Wroclaw |publisher=Institute of Archaeology and Ethnology of the Polish Academy of Sciences |pages=251–260 |isbn=978-83-63760-10-6}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last1=Bekić |first1=Luka |date=2016 |title=Rani srednji vijek između Panonije i Jadrana: ranoslavenski keramički i ostali arheološki nalazi od 6. do 8. stoljeća |trans-title=Tumyel zänodik vönik bevü Panonän e Adriatik: tuvs kerämik slavänik vönik e tuvs arsenavik votik de tumyel 6id jü 8id |url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/348500715 |location=Pula |publisher=Arheološki muzej Istre |language=hr, en |pages=101, 119, 123, 138–140, 157–162, 173–174, 177–179 |isbn=978-953-8082-01-6}}</ref> Fino, [[dukedom (administrative division)|ducän]] pästabon, [[Duchy of Croatia|Ducän Kroasäna]], pereigöl fa [[Borna (duke)|Borna]], ma sam spikäta [[Einhard]] primü yel 818. Penäd at magon doki balid tatas Kroasänik, [[vassal states|tats bödälik]] ela [[Francia]] ün tim at.{{sfn|Mužić|2007|pp=157–160}} Tats onik in nolüd äbinon [[Principality of Lower Pannonia|Prinsän Dona-Panonän]], ün tim at pereigöl fa duk [[Ljudevit (Lower Pannonia)|Ljudevit]] kel äreigom tata bevü flümeds [[Drava]] e [[Sava]], zänädü furt onik [[Sisak]]. Lödans e topäd at da jenotem äbinons tefik e pepenädöls lü Kroasans e Kroasän.{{sfn|Budak|2018|pp=178–185}} [[Christianisation|Kristofükam Kroasanas]] äprimon ün tumyel 7id ün tim ela archon [[Porga of Croatia|Porga]], primölo bo te elit e tans nilik,{{sfn|Budak|2018|pp=144–145}} ab mu päfinükon ün tumyel 9id.<ref>{{cite journal |last=Ivandija |first=Antun |title=Pokrštenje Hrvata prema najnovijim znanstvenim rezultatima |trans-title=Kristofükam Kroasanas ma sekis nolavik nulikün |url=http://hrcak.srce.hr/index.php?show=clanak&id_clanak_jezik=64623&lang=en |journal=Bogoslovska smotra |publisher=University of Zagreb, Catholic Faculty of Theology |volume=37 |issue=3–4 |pages=440–444 |date=April 1968 |issn=0352-3101 |language=hr}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last=Živković |first=Tibor |author-link=Tibor Živković |title=On the Baptism of the Serbs and Croats in the Time of Basil I (867–886) |journal=Studia Slavica et Balcanica Petropolitana |year=2013a |issue=1 |pages=33–53 |url=http://slavica-petropolitana.spbu.ru/files/2013_1/Zivkovic.pdf}}</ref> Bödil Habsburg äfinon dü reig [[Mislav of Croatia|Mislav]],{{sfn|Mužić|2007|pp=169–170}} u fovän onik [[Trpimir I of Croatia|Trpimir I]].{{sfn|Budak|2018|pp=106}} Dün regik Kroasänik natik pästabon fa duk Trpimir I ün zänod tumyela 9id, kel idefidon nämädi Bizänik e Bulgaränik.<ref>{{cite journal |journal=Radovi |publisher=HAZU |place=Zadar |year=2001 |issue=43 |first=Milko |last=Brković |title=Diplomatička analiza papinskih pisama druge polovice IX. stoljeća destinatarima u Hrvatskoj |trans-title=Diplomanalür penädas papik tumyela 9id lü getans in Kroasän |language=hr |pages=29–44 |url=https://hrcak.srce.hr/en/clanak/18748}}</ref> Reigan natik balid Kroasänik peseväöl fa Papal äbinom duk [[Branimir of Croatia|Branimir]], kel ägetom dasevä papik de [[Pope John VIII|Papal Johannus VIII]] ün yelun 7, 879.{{sfn|Mužić|2007|p=|pp=195–198}} [[Tomislav of Croatia|Tomislav]] äbinom [[king of Croatia|reg balid Kroasäna]], pemäniotöl as som in pened [[Pope John X|Papa Johannus X]] ün 925. Tomislav ävictom fävis Macaränik e Bulgaränik.<ref name="Posavec">{{cite journal |journal=Radovi Zavoda Za Hrvatsku Povijest |volume=30 |issue=1 |issn=0353-295X |pages=281–290 |title=Povijesni zemljovidi i granice Hrvatske u Tomislavovo doba |trans-title=Mapas jenotemik e mieds Kroasäna in tim Tomislav |language=hr |first=Vladimir |last=Posavec |date=March 1998 |access-date=2011-10-16 |url=http://hrcak.srce.hr/index.php?show=clanak&id_clanak_jezik=62779}}</ref> Regän Kroasänik zänodüpik äreigon püki oka ün tumyel 11id dü reigs [[Petar Krešimir IV]] (1058–1074) e [[Dmitar Zvonimir]] (1075–1089).<ref name="Margetić">{{cite journal |journal=Radovi Zavoda Za Hrvatsku Povijest |volume=29 |issue=1 |issn=0353-295X |pages=11–20 |title=Regnum Croatiae et Dalmatiae u doba Stjepana II. |trans-title=Regnum Croatiae et Dalmatiae in tim Stjepan II |language=hr |first=Lujo |last=Margetić |date=January 1997 |access-date=2011-10-16 |url=http://hrcak.srce.hr/index.php?show=clanak&id_clanak_jezik=76963 |author-link=Lujo Margetić}}</ref> Ven [[Stephen II of Croatia|Stjepan II]] ädeadom ün 1091, äfinükom düni Trpimirović, sväg [[Ladislaus I of Hungary|Ladislaus I Macaräna]] äklemom kruni Kroasäna. Atos ädugon lü [[Battle of Gvozd Mountain|komip]] e [[personal union of Croatia and Hungary|fed pösodik ko Macarän]] ün 1102 disi [[Coloman, King of Hungary|Coloman]].<ref name="HR-HU-Heka">{{cite journal |journal=Scrinia Slavonica |issn=1332-4853 |publisher=Hrvatski institut za povijest – Podružnica za povijest Slavonije, Srijema i Baranje |title=Hrvatsko-ugarski odnosi od sredinjega vijeka do nagodbe iz 1868. s posebnim osvrtom na pitanja Slavonije |trans-title=Tef dö Macarän-Kroasän de zänodüps jü kumäd yela 1868, ko logäd patik tefü säk Slavonäna |language=hr |url=http://hrcak.srce.hr/index.php?show=clanak&id_clanak_jezik=68144 |first=Ladislav |last=Heka |date=October 2008 |volume=8 |issue=1 |pages=152–173 |access-date=2011-10-16}}</ref> === Fed ko Macarän e Lösterän === {{Main|Kingdom of Croatia (Habsburg)|Austria-Hungary}} {{further|Croatian–Ottoman wars}} [[File:Dragutin Weingärtner, Hrvatski sabor 1848. god.jpg|thumb|left|upright=1.2|Ban [[Josip Jelačić]] ma maif parlamenta [[Croatian Parliament|Kroasänik]] balida nulädik (''Sabor''), yelun 5, 1848. Flam tricolor Kroasänik kanon palogön in bak.]] Tü tumyels fol fovik, Regän Kroasäna päreigöl fa [[Sabor]] (parlament) e [[Ban of Croatia|Ban]] (visar) pefürmöl fa reg.<ref name="Povijest-saborovanja">{{cite web |url=http://www.sabor.hr/Default.aspx?sec=404 |title=Povijest saborovanja |trans-title=Jenotem parlamenta |language=hr |publisher=[[Sabor]] |access-date=2010-10-18 |archive-date=2010-12-02 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101202061135/http://www.sabor.hr/Default.aspx?sec=404}}</ref> Period at älogon löpüki nämädik [[Frankopan|Frankopan]] e [[Šubić|Šubić]] famülas, fino Bans mödik se famüls tel.{{sfn|Font|2005|p=17}} Taib vemik [[Ottoman Empire|Stitäna Osmänik]] e komip ta [[Republic of Venice|Repüblik Venezia]] ad kontrol topädas su nisuls ädulons. Venezäns äkontrolons Dalmatäni mödik ün 1428, plä [[city-state of Dubrovnik|zif-tat Dubrovnik]], kel ävedon libik. [[Hundred Years' Croatian–Ottoman War|Kofs Osmänik]] ädugons lü [[Battle of Krbava field|Komip Krbava]] ün 1493 e [[Battle of Mohács|Komip Mohács]] ün 1526, bo finöl me vikod Osmänik cifik. Reg [[Louis II of Hungary|Louis II]] ädeadom su Mohács, ed ün 1527, [[Croatian Parliament met in Cetin|Parlament Kroasänik äkobojülon in Cetin]] e ävälom eli Ferdinand I de [[House of Habsburg|Habsburg]] as reigan nulik Kroasäna, disü stüläb je-galön ta Osmäns e stimölo gitädis bolitik onik.<ref name="Povijest-saborovanja" />{{sfn|Frucht|2005|p=|pp=422–423}} Pos vikods Osmänik cifik, Kroasän pädilon ad tata sifik e miligik ün 1538. Tats miligik ävedons [[Croatian Military Frontier|Migam Miligik Kroasänik]] ed äbinons disi kontrol Habsburg. Fovs Osmänik in Kroasän ädulons jü [[Battle of Sisak|Komip Sisak]] ün 1593, vikod Osmänik balid, ven mieds ästäbions.{{sfn|Frucht|2005|p=|pp=422–423}} Dü [[Great Turkish War|Krig Türkik Gretik]] (1683–1698), [[Slavonia|Slavonän]] päsäludon, ab vesüd [[Bosnia (region)|Bosnäna]], kel i äbinon dil Kroasäna bü kof Osmänik, äblibon plöü kontrol Kroasänik.{{sfn|Frucht|2005|p=|pp=422–423}} Mied adelo bevü läns tel binon RÄST sekü atos. [[Dalmatia|Dalmatän]], dil sulüdik mieda, pämiedon leigaviko fa [[Cretan War (1645–1669)|Krig 5id]] e [[Seventh Ottoman–Venetian Wars|Krig 7id Osmänik-Venezänik]].{{sfn|Lane|1973|p=409} [[Croatian–Ottoman wars|Krigs Osmänik]] ädugons lü votükams demografik. Dü tumyel 16id, Kroasans de vesüd e nolüd [[Bosnia (region)|Bosnäna]], [[Lika]], [[Krbava]], topäd bevü flümeds [[Una (Sava)|Una]] e [[Kupa]], e pato de vesüd [[Slavonia|Slavonäna]], äfävons lü Lösterän. [[Burgenland Croats|Kroasans Burgenlanda adelo]] binons delfs leigik setanas at.<ref>{{cite web |publisher=Croatian Cultural Association in Burgenland |url=http://www.hkd.at/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=61&Itemid=102&lang=hr |language=hr |title=Povijest Gradišćanskih Hrvatov |trans-title=Jenotem Kroasanas Burgenlanda |access-date=2011-10-17 |archive-date=2012-11-14 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121114132821/http://www.hkd.at/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=61&Itemid=102&lang=hr}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last=Valentić |first=Mirko |date=30 October 1990 |title=TURSKI RATOVI i HRVATSKA DIJASPORA u XVI. STOLJEĆU |url=https://hrcak.srce.hr/74388 |journal=Senjski Zbornik: Prilozi Za Geografiju, Etnologiju, Gospodarstvo, Povijest I Kulturu |language=hr |volume=17 |issue=1 |pages=45–60 |issn=0582-673X}}</ref> Ad plösön fugelefi, Habsburgs ästigäbons Bosnänanis ad givön dünis miligik in [[Military Frontier|Migam Miligik]]. [[Croatian Parliament|Parlament Kroasänik]] ästüon [[Emperor Charles VI|Reg Charles III]]: [[Pragmatic Sanction of 1713|Pragmatik Sansion]] ed ädisinons Pragmatik Sansion onik ün 1712.<ref>{{cite web |title=Povijest saborovanja |url=http://www.sabor.hr/hr/o-saboru/povijest-saborovanja |website=Hrvatski sabor |language=hr |access-date=2020-05-30}}</ref> Fovo, lampör äpromon ad stimön gitis valik e bolitis [[Kingdom of Croatia (Habsburg)|Regäna Kroasäna]], e [[Queen Maria Theresa|Jireg Maria Theresa]] ägivon keblünnis gretik tefü Kos Kroasänik, a. s. ad nüdugön dugäli mutik. [[File:Map of the Kingdom of Croatia-Slavonia (1885).png|thumb|upright=1.3|right|[[Kingdom of Croatia-Slavonia|Regän Kroasäna-Slavonäna]] äbinon regän libik in [[Austria-Hungary|Lösterän-Macarän]] pejaföl ün 1868 pos [[Croatian–Hungarian Settlement|Kumäd Macaränik-Kroasänik]].]] Bevü 1797 e 1809, [[First French Empire|Stitän Fransänik Balid]] älonükon foviko jol vesüdik [[Adriatic|Adriatika]] e topäd zü on, äfinükölo repüblikis Venezänik e [[Republic of Ragusa|Ragusänik]], ästabölo [[Illyrian Provinces|Provinis Iliränik]].{{sfn|Frucht|2005|p=|pp=422–423}} As gespik, [[Royal Navy|Marän Regik]] äblokon Mel Adriatik, ädugölo lü [[Battle of Lissa (1811)|Komip Vis]] ün 1811.{{sfn|Adkins|Adkins|2008|p=|pp=359–362}} Provinis Iliränik päkapons fa Lösteränans ün 1813 e pälasumons fa [[Austrian Empire|Stitän Lösteränik]] pos [[Congress of Vienna|Kongef di Wien]] ün 1815. Atos ädugon lü jafama [[Kingdom of Dalmatia|Regäna Dalmatäna]] e gevama [[Croatian Littoral|Jol Kroasäna]] lü Regän Kroasäna disi bal kruna.<ref>{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ZTC3IWC_py8C |first=Harold |last=Nicolson |title=The Congress of Vienna: A Study in Allied Unity: 1812–1822 |publisher=[[Grove Press]] |isbn=978-0-8021-3744-9 |page=180 |year=2000 |access-date=2011-10-17 |author-link=Harold Nicolson}}</ref> Yels 1830 e 1840 älabons [[romantic nationalism|netäli romänik]] kel ästigälon [[Croatian National Revival|Löpälikam Netik Kroasänik]], muf bolitik e kulurik älobülofi balama [[South Slavs|Slavänas Sulüdik]] in stitän. Cil onik äbinon ad stabön püki balik as tas ta [[Hungarian language|Macaränapük]] dü ästigälon [[Croatian literature|literati e kulti Kroasänik]].<ref name="CRIS-Stančić">{{cite journal |journal=Cris: Časopis Povijesnog društva Križevci |issn=1332-2567 |url=http://hrcak.srce.hr/index.php?show=clanak&id_clanak_jezik=80164 |first=Nikša |last=Stančić |title=Hrvatski narodni preporod – ciljevi i ostvarenja |trans-title=Löpälikam Netik Kroasänik – nins e sek |pages=6–17 |volume=10 |issue=1 |date=February 2009 |access-date=2011-10-07 |language=hr}}</ref> Dü [[Hungarian Revolution of 1848|Revol Macaränik yela 1848]], Kroasän äbinon flan Lösteräna. Ban [[Josip Jelačić]] äyufon ad vikodön Macaränanis ün 1849 ed ämufükon poli [[Germanisation|Deutänükama]].<ref>{{cite journal |journal=Review of Croatian History |publisher=Croatian Institute of History |issn=1845-4380 |volume=4 |issue=1 |date=December 2008 |first=Ante |last=Čuvalo |title=Josip Jelačić – Ban of Croatia |pages=13–27 |url=http://hrcak.srce.hr/index.php?show=clanak&id_clanak_jezik=77559 |access-date=2011-10-17}}</ref> Atos binon zao timül ven [[Nikola Tesla]] pämotom in [[Smiljan, Croatia|Smiljan]]. Ün yels 1860, paka pola ävedon clear, ädugölo lü [[Austro-Hungarian Compromise of 1867|Kumäd Lösteränik-Macaränik yela 1867]]. Jafam [[personal union|feda pösodik]] bevü Stitän Lösteränik e [[Kingdom of Hungary|Regän Macaräna]] äsekidon. Kumäd äblibon stadi Kroasäna lü Macarän, kel päsefol me [[Croatian–Hungarian Settlement|Kumäd Macaränik-Kroasänik]] yela 1868 ven regäns Kroasäna e Slavonäna päbalons.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.h-net.org/~habsweb/sourcetexts/nagodba1.htm |title=Constitution of Union between Croatia-Slavonia and Hungary |publisher=H-net.org |access-date=2010-05-16}}</ref> Regän Dalmatäna äblibon disi kontrol Lösteränik de facto, du [[Rijeka]] älabon stadi [[Corpus separatum (Fiume)|''corpus separatum'']]] peprodown ün 1779.<ref name="HR-HU-Heka" /> Posä [[Austria-Hungary|Lösterän-Macarän]] [[Austro-Hungarian rule in Bosnia and Herzegovina|ilonükon Bosnäni e Harzegoväni]] ma [[1878 Treaty of Berlin|Kumäd di Berlin yela 1878]], Migam Miligik pämoükon. Diläg Kroasänik e [[Slavonian Military Frontier|Slavonänik]] Migama ägepads lü Kroasän ün 1881,{{sfn|Frucht|2005|p=|pp=422–423}} ma provisions kumäda Macaränik-Kroasänik.<ref>{{cite journal |journal=Zbornik Pravnog Fakulteta Sveučilišta u Rijeci |issn=1330-349X |publisher=[[University of Rijeka]] |url=http://hrcak.srce.hr/index.php?show=clanak&id_clanak_jezik=39787 |first=Ladislav |last=Heka |title=Hrvatsko-ugarska nagodba u zrcalu tiska |language=hr |trans-title=Kumäd Macaränik-Kroasänik in logad fümeda |volume=28 |issue=2 |date=December 2007 |access-date=2012-04-10 |pages=931–971}}</ref><ref name="Dubravica">{{cite journal |journal=Politička Misao |issn=0032-3241 |publisher=[[University of Zagreb]], Faculty of Political Sciences |title=Političko-teritorijalna podjela i opseg civilne Hrvatske u godinama sjedinjenja s vojnom Hrvatskom 1871–1886 |trans-title=Dilam bolitik-topädik e stään Kos sifik Kroasäna in yels balama ko Kos miligik Kroasänik 1871–1886 |language=hr |url=http://hrcak.srce.hr/index.php?show=clanak&id_clanak_jezik=38709&lang=en |first=Branko |last=Dubravica |pages=159–172 |volume=38 |issue=3 |date=January 2002 |access-date=2012-06-20}}</ref> Mufs nulik ad [[reform Austria-Hungary|votükön Lösterän-Macaräni]], keninükamölo [[federalisation|fedam]] ko Kroasän as fedov, pästops fa [[World War I|Volakrig balid]].<ref>{{cite book |first=Max |last=Polatschek |title=Franz Ferdinand: Europas verlorene Hoffnung |language=de |isbn=978-3-85002-284-2 |publisher=Amalthea |year=1989 |page=231 |access-date=2011-10-17 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=SZu0AAAAIAAJ}}</ref> {{clear}} === Krigs Vola e Yugoslavän === {{Main|Creation of Yugoslavia|Kingdom of Yugoslavia|Banovina of Croatia|World War II in Yugoslavia|Socialist Republic of Croatia}} [[File:Demonstracije u Zagrebu 1918.jpg|thumb|upright=1.0|left|Protestans massik in Zagreb ta balam [[State of Slovenes, Croats and Serbs|Neta Slovenas, Kroasanas e Särbas]] ko [[Kingdom of Serbia|Regän Särbäna]] ün 1918]] Tü 29 Tobul 1918, Parlament Kroasänik (''Sabor'') äseiton libi e äsludon ad koboyümön ko [[State of Slovenes, Croats, and Serbs|Net pëjaföl nulik Slovenas, Kroasanas e Särbas]],<ref name="Povijest-saborovanja" /> kel i ägolon lü fed ko [[Kingdom of Serbia|Regän Särbäna]] tü 4 Dekul 1918 ad fomön [[Kingdom of Serbs, Croats, and Slovenes|Regäni Särbas, Kroasanas e Slovenas]].<ref>{{cite book |title=World War I: encyclopedia, Volume 1 |first1=Spencer |last1=Tucker |author2=Priscilla Mary Roberts |isbn=978-1-85109-420-2 |page=1286 |year=2005 |publisher=ABC-CLIO |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=2YqjfHLyyj8C}}</ref> Parlament Kroasänik neai äfümon fedi ko Särbän e Montenegrän.<ref name="Povijest-saborovanja" /> [[1921 constitution|Konstitut yela 1921]] mänon läni as [[unitary state|tat balik] e moükam Parlamenta Kroasänik e dils fädik jenotemik efömons libi Kroasänik. Konstitut nulik ätaon fa palet netik pöstütöl mödiküno: [[Croatian Peasant Party|Palet Bepulanas Kroasänik]] (HSS) päledülon fa [[Stjepan Radić]].<ref>{{cite journal |journal=Scrinia Slavonica |publisher=Croatian Institute of History – Slavonia, Syrmium and Baranya history branch |issn=1332-4853 |url=http://hrcak.srce.hr/index.php?show=clanak&id_clanak_jezik=31497 |volume=3 |issue=1 |date=November 2003 |title=Parlamentarni izbori u Brodskom kotaru 1923. godine |language=hr |trans-title=Välans parlamentik in Distrikt Brod ün 1932 |access-date=2011-10-17 |pages=452–470}}</ref> Staj bolitik äbadikumon ven Radić ädeadeon in [[Yugoslav Parliament|Läl]] fa liman [[People's Radical Party|NRS]], bolitan netälik [[Serbs|Särbänik]] [[Puniša Račić]] ün 1928, äfimüloölo stidi [[6 January Dictatorship|Diktat yela 6 Janul]] ün 1929 fa Reg [[Alexander I of Yugoslavia|Alexander I]].<ref>{{cite journal |journal=Radovi Zavoda za povijesne znanosti HAZU u Zadru |publisher=[[Croatian Academy of Sciences and Arts]] |issn=1330-0474 |url=http://hrcak.srce.hr/index.php?show=clanak&id_clanak_jezik=74560 |pages=203–218 |issue=51 |date=November 2009 |first=Zlatko |last=Begonja |title=Ivan Pernar o hrvatsko-srpskim odnosima nakon atentata u Beogradu 1928. godine |language=hr |trans-title=Ivan Pernar tefü tefäd Kroasänik-Särbänik pos sasen ün 1928 in Beograd |access-date=2011-10-17}}</ref> Diktat päfinükon ofisalo ün 1931 ven reg äfärmükon konstituti balikum.<ref>{{cite book |title=Yugoslavia's ruin: the bloody lessons of nationalism, a patriot's warning |first=Cvijeto |last=Job |publisher=[[Rowman & Littlefield]] |isbn=978-0-7425-1784-4 |page=9 |year=2002 |access-date=2011-10-27 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=yH3Hz2AXonwC}}</ref> HSS, nu päledülon fa [[Vladko Maček]], äfövon ad lobüli fedami, ädugölo lü [[Cvetković–Maček Agreement|Kumäd Cvetković–Maček]] yela 1939 e [[Banovina of Croatia|Banovin Kroasäna]] libik. Reigan Yugoslavänik älabon kontenodi jeläda, sefüda ninik, dustodis foginik, tedanas, e lotas du dins votik pägivons lü Sabor Kroasänik e Ban pefürmöl fa kruna.{{sfn|Klemenčič|Žagar|2004|p=|pp=121–123}} [[File:Oslobođenje Zagreba 05.jpg|thumb|right|upright=1.0|Men di Zagreb äfödölo [[Zagreb in World War II|libi]] tü 12 Mayul 1945 fa [[Croatian Partisans|Patans Kroasänik]]]] Ün April 1941, [[Invasion of Yugoslavia|Yugoslavän päkofon]] fa [[Nazi Germany|Deutän Nasiänik]] e [[Fascist Italy (1922–1943)|Litaliyän Fasist]]. Pos kof, tati marionet peinstaröl fa Deutän-Litaliyän: [[Independent State of Croatia|Net Lübalugik Kroasäna]] (NDH) pästabon. Mödik de Kroasän, Bosnän e Harzegovän, e topäd [[Syrmia|Syrmia]] päbalons ini tat at. Dils Dalmatäna [[Treaties of Rome (1941)|päläsumons fa Litaliyän]], Macarän äläsumon dils Kroasänik nolüdik: [[Baranya (region)|Baranya]] e [[Međimurje (region)|Međimurje]].{{sfn|Klemenčič|Žagar|2004|p=|pp=153–156}} Reig NDH päledülon fa [[Ante Pavelić]] e [[Ustaše|Ustaše]] netälik muik, muf smalik in Kroasän bü krig.{{sfn|Tomasevich|2001|p=337}} Ko stüt miligik e bolitik Deutänik e Litaliyänik,{{sfn|Tomasevich|2001|p=272}} reig änüdugon [[Nazi racial theories|lonis rasik]] ed ämufülon [[Genocide of Serbs in the Independent State of Croatia|müfi genosida ta Särbans]], [[History of the Jews in Croatia|Yudans]], e [[Romani people in Croatia|Romanans]].{{sfn|Klemenčič|Žagar|2004|p=184}} Mödik päfanäbons in [[Concentration camps in the Independent State of Croatia|kamps konsetära]]; gretikün äbinon [[Jasenovac concentration camp|kompleks Jasenovac]].<ref name=logori>{{cite web |title=koncentracijski logori |url=https://www.enciklopedija.hr/clanak/koncentracijski-logori |access-date=2021-02-16}}</ref> [[Croatian Partisans|Kroasans ta-fasist]] pätaons fa reig i.{{sfn|Goldstein|1999|p=138}} Kamps konsetära mödik [[Italian concentration camps|Litaliyänik]] (pato kamps [[Rab concentration camp|Rab]], [[Gonars concentration camp|Gonars]] e [[Molat concentration camp|Molat]]) pästabons in tops pälösumöl fa Litaliyän, mu pato pro [[Slovenes|Slovenans]] e Kroasans.<ref name=logori /> Ün tim ot, Yugoslavänik Regik e [[Serbian nationalism|netälik Särbänik]] [[Chetniks|Chetniks]] ädunons [[Chetnik war crimes in World War II|müfi genosida]] ta Kroasans e [[Bosniaks|Slamans]],{{sfn|Klemenčič|Žagar|2004|p=184}}<ref>{{cite journal |last=Hoare |first=Marko Attila |title=Genocide in the former Yugoslavia: a critique of left revisionism's denial (full version) |journal=[[Journal of Genocide Research]] |date=1 December 2003 |volume=5 |issue=4 |pages=543–563 |doi=10.1080/1462352032000149495 |s2cid=145169670 |issn=1462-3528}}</ref> päyuföl fa Litaliyän.{{sfn|Tomasevich|2001|p=744}} Nats Deutänik ädunons midunis e ta-dunis ta men sifik as gespik duns Patanik, a. s. in zifs [[Massacre of villages under Kamešnica|Kamešnica]] e [[Memorial Centre Lipa Remembers|Lipa]] ün 1944.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Kozlica |first=Ivan |title=Krvava Cetina |trans-title=Cetina Yumik |language=hr |year=2012 |publisher=Hrvatski centar za ratne žrtve |location=Zagreb |isbn=978-953-57409-0-2 |page=155}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |title="Operacija Braunschweig", Klepsidra |last=Predoević |first=Petra |publisher=Udruga studenata povijesti "Malleus" |year=2007 |location=Rijeka |pages=105–129}}</ref> [[National Liberation Movement in Croatia|Muf taspika]] ädavedon. Tü 22 Yun 1941,<ref name="Pavličević">Dragutin Pavličević, Povijest Hrvatske, Naklada Pavičić, Zagreb, 2007. {{ISBN|978-953-6308-71-2}}, str. 441–442.</ref> [[1st Sisak Partisan Detachment|Diläd Patanik Balid Sisak]] pästabon nilü [[Sisak], balid diläd miligik pifomöl fa muf taspika in [[German-occupied Europe|Yurop pälösumöl]].<ref name="pavlicevic-2007">{{cite book |first=Dragutin |last=Pavličević |title=Povijest Hrvatske |year=2007 |publisher=Naklada Pavičić |isbn=978-953-6308-71-2 |pages=441–442}}</ref> Atos ästigälon primü muf [[Yugoslav Partisan|Patan Yugoslavänik]], palet komünik, ta-fasist pälödan fa [[Josip Broz Tito]].<ref>{{cite news |newspaper=[[Večernji list]] |language=hr |url=http://www.vecernji.hr/vijesti/josipovic-antifasizam-je-duhovni-otac-domovinskog-rata-clanak-303250 |title=Josipović: Antifašizam je duhovni otac Domovinskog rata |trans-title=Josipović: Ta-Fasism binon Fat Lanik Kriga Liba Kroasänik |date=22 June 2011 |first=Matea |last=Vipotnik |access-date=2011-10-14 |archive-date=2013-05-17 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130517085659/http://www.vecernji.hr/vijesti/josipovic-antifasizam-je-duhovni-otac-domovinskog-rata-clanak-303250}}</ref> Ma net, Kroasans äbinons keblünnik telid gretikün lü muf Patanik pos Särbans.<ref name="Hoare 2011" /> Ma men, Kroasans äkeblünnons ma mens ons in Yugoslavän.<ref>{{cite journal |last=Hoare |first=Marko Attila |year=2002 |title=Whose is the partisan movement? Serbs, Croats and the legacy of a shared resistance |journal=The Journal of Slavic Military Studies |publisher=Informa UK Limited |volume=15 |issue=4 |pages=30 |doi=10.1080/13518040208430537 |issn=1351-8046 |s2cid=145127681}}</ref> Ma Tito (Mayul 1944), Kroasans äbinons 30% netä Patanik, do äbinons 22% mena.<ref name="Hoare 2011">{{cite book |last1=Hoare |first1=Marko Attila |author-link=Marko Attila Hoare |editor1-last=Ramet |editor1-first=Sabrina P. |editor2-last=Listhaug |editor2-first=Ola |year=2011 |title=Serbia and the Serbs in World War Two |chapter=Patans e Särbans |publisher=Palgrave Macmillan |location=London, England |isbn=978-0-230-34781-6 |pages=207}}</ref> Muf ägretikumon vifiko, e ün [[Tehran Conference|Konsärb Tehran]] in Dekul 1943, Patans ägetons daseväti fa [[Allies of World War II|Kopanans]].<ref>{{cite journal |journal=Historijski Zbornik |issn=0351-2193 |publisher=Društvo za hrvatsku povjesnicu |date=December 2008 |volume=61 |issue=2 |author=Karakaš Obradov Marica |title=Saveznički zračni napadi na Split i okolicu i djelovanje Narodne zaštite u Splitu tijekom Drugog svjetskog rata |trans-title=Komips flik Kopanans su Split e top züik e dun Galan Püdi in Split dü Volakrig telid |language=hr |url=http://hrcak.srce.hr/index.php?show=clanak&id_clanak_jezik=74494 |pages=323–349 |access-date=2011-10-17}}</ref>[[File:Event in Zagreb in honour of Tito.jpg|thumb|upright=1.0|right|Kardinal [[Aloysius Stepinac]] ko dugan komünik Kroasänik [[Vladimir Bakarić]] pö zäl [[International Workers' Day|Dela Vobanas]] ün 1945.]] Ko stüt Kopanas in logor, vobäd, dugäl e flik, e ko yuf tutas [[Red Army|Leäna Redik]] in [[Belgrade Offensive|Komip Beograd]] ün 1944, Patans äkontrolons Yugoslaväni e tops miedik [[Trieste#World War II and aftermath|Litaliyäna]] e [[Carinthia (state)#From 1920 to the Present|Lösteräna]] ün Mayul 1945. Limans [[Croatian Armed Forces (Independent State of Croatia)|Kösöma NDH]] e tutas Axis votik, e men sifik, äfugons lü Lösterän. Pos säv onik, mödik pädödon in [[Yugoslav death march of Nazi collaborators|mof deada Nasiänik]].<ref>{{Cite web |last1=Bracewell |first1=C.W. |last2=Lampe |first2=John R. |title=Croatia – World War II {{!}} Britannica |url=https://www.britannica.com/place/Croatia/World-War-II |access-date=2022-11-05 |website=Encyclopædia Britannica |language=en}}</ref> Ün yels fovik, [[Germans of Croatia|Deutänans]] äläbons [[Flight and expulsion of Germans (1944–50)#Yugoslavia|pöpüdi in Yugoslavän]], e mödik päfanäbons.{{sfn|Goldstein|1999|p=158}} Disins bolitik muf Patanik pämaifons in [[State Anti-fascist Council for the National Liberation of Croatia|Konsän Ta-Fasistik pro Liber Netik Kroasäna]], kel ävedon ün 1943 as polan statüda Kroasänik e poso ävotädon ini Parlament ün 1945, e [[AVNOJ]]—palet onik su nivüd Yugoslavänik.<ref>{{cite journal |journal=Pro Tempore – Časopis Studenata Povijesti |publisher=Klub studenata povijesti ISHA |issn=1334-8302 |first=Marko |last=Maurović |title=Josip protiv Josifa |trans-title=Josip vs. Iosif |language=hr |pages=73–83 |issue=1 |date=May 2004 |url=http://hrcak.srce.hr/index.php?show=clanak&id_clanak_jezik=81342 |access-date=2011-10-17}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |publisher=Sabor |url=http://www.sabor.hr/Default.aspx?art=27859&sec=2867 |language=hr |title=Predsjednik Sabora Luka Bebić na obilježavanju 64. obljetnice pobjede nad fašizmom i 65. obljetnice trećeg zasjedanja ZAVNOH-a u Topuskom |trans-title=Spikan Parlamenta, Luka Bebić, pö zäl yela 64 vikoda ta fasism e yela 65 seädüla 3id ZAVNOH in Topusko |date=9 May 2009 |access-date=2011-10-17 |archive-date=2012-01-19 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120119084444/http://www.sabor.hr/Default.aspx?art=27859&sec=2867}}</ref> Ma stüds demogafa [[Vladimir Žerjavić]] e statitan [[Bogoljub Kočović]], mens 295,000 de tata (no keninükamö topädis [[Treaty of Peace with Italy, 1947|pegevölis Litaliyäne]] pos krig) ädeadons, kel äbinon 7.3% mena,<ref>{{cite journal |last=Žerjavić |first=Vladimir |author-link=Vladimir Žerjavić |url=https://hrcak.srce.hr/213638?lang=en |language=hr |title=Demografski i ratni gubici Hrvatske u Drugom svjetskom ratu i poraću |trans-title=Pöts demografik e krigik Kroasäna in Volakrig telid e posa |pages=551 |journal=Journal of Contemporary History |volume=27 |number=3 |year=1995 |location=Zagreb}}</ref> keninükamö 125–137,000 Särbans, 118–124,000 Kroasans, 16–17,000 Yudans, e 15,000 Romanans.{{sfn|Žerjavić|1992|p=159}}{{sfn|Kočović|1985|p=173}} Dilo, de tops pabalöl lü Kroasän pos krig, mens 32,000 ädeadons, keninükamö 16,000 Litaliyänans e 15,000 Kroasans.{{sfn|Žerjavić|1993b|pp=640–641}} Zao Kroasans 200,000 de Yugoslavän valik (keninükamö Kroasän) e foginän ädeadons in krig valik, zao 5.4% mena.{{sfn|Kočović|1985|p=126}}{{sfn|Geiger|2012|pp=117–118} [[File:Nixontito19712.jpg|thumb|upright=1.0|left|[[Josip Broz Tito]] äledüon [[Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia|Yugoslaväni]] de 1944 jü 1980; Magod: Tito ko presidan Lamerikänik [[Richard Nixon]] in [[White House|Lut Vitik]], 1971]] Pos [[World War II|Volakrig telid]], Kroasän ävedon [[single-party|palet balik]] sosialik [[Socialist Republic of Croatia|fedov]] ela [[Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia|SFR Yugoslavän]], pereigöl fa [[League of Communists of Croatia|Komünans]], ab labonmädi otonomi in fed. Ün 1967, lautanans e pükavans Kroasänik äpübons [[Declaration on the Status and Name of the Croatian Standard Language|Deklaräti tefü Stüm e Nem Püka Stümik Kroasänik]] älobüli muti trakta otonomi pro pük onas.<ref name="Šute-Deklaracija">{{cite journal |last=Šute |first=Ivica |title=Deklaracija o nazivu i položaju hrvatskog književnog jezika – Građa za povijest Deklaracije |trans-title=Deklarät tefü nem e stüm püka literatik Kroasänik – Vödem pro jenotem Deklaräta |url=http://hrcak.srce.hr/index.php?show=clanak&id_clanak_jezik=76413&lang=en |journal=Radovi Zavoda Za Hrvatsku Povijest |volume=31 |issue=1 |pages=317–318 |date=April 1999 |issn=0353-295X |language=hr}}</ref> Deklarät äkeblünon lü muf netik älobüli gitis sifikum e diled konöma Yugoslavänik, äfimüloöl in [[Croatian Spring|Floräda Kroasänik]] yela 1971, kel pästopon fa dugan Yugoslavänik.<ref name="JL-Savka">{{cite news |newspaper=[[Jutarnji list]] |language=hr |url=http://www.jutarnji.hr/heroina-hrvatskog-proljeca/305499/ |title=Heroina Hrvatskog proljeća |trans-title=Jiheroed Floräda Kroasänik |date=6 August 2009 |first=Vlado |last=Vurušić |access-date=2011-10-14 |archive-date=2012-08-06 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120806045846/http://www.jutarnji.hr/heroina-hrvatskog-proljeca/305499/}}</ref> Ebo, [[1974 Yugoslav Constitution|Konstitut yela 1974]] ägevon otonomi muik lü fedovs, ba föfülon mufi Floräda e givön stodi lonik pro lib fedovas.<ref name="Rich">{{cite journal |first=Roland |last=Rich |title=Recognition of States: The Collapse of Yugoslavia and the Soviet Union |journal=European Journal of International Law |year=1993 |issue=1 |volume=4 |pages=36–65 |url=http://www.ejil.org/article.php?article=1207&issue=67 |access-date=2011-10-18 |doi=10.1093/oxfordjournals.ejil.a035834 |url-access=subscription}}</ref> Ün tim ot, dabinon mu lefogän Kroasänik dü Krig Koldik, kel keninükon mufis ad jafön reigan in foginän.<ref name="Mišur">{{cite journal |last1=Mišur |first1=Ivo |year=2018 |title=Uloga političke emigracije iz NDH u događanjima na Bliskom istoku 1947–1964 |url=https://gracanickiglasnik.ba/wp-content/uploads/2018/12/Pages-from-gg46-6.pdf |journal=Gračanički glasnik – časopis za kulturnu historiju |volume=XXIII |issue=46 |pages=49–60}}</ref> Pos dead Tito ün 1980, staj bolitik in Yugoslavän äbadikumon. Taib netik pästigädon fa [[SANU Memorandum|Memorandum SANU]] e [[1989 coups in Vojvodina, Kosovo and Montenegro|Kofs yela 1989 in Vojvodina, Kosovo, e Montenegrän]].{{sfn|Frucht|2005|p=433}}<ref>{{cite news |agency=[[Reuters]] |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1989/01/12/world/leaders-of-a-republic-in-yugoslavia-resign.html |title=Leaders of a Republic in Yugoslavia Resign |newspaper=[[The New York Times]] |date=12 January 1989 |access-date=2010-02-07 |archive-date=2012-11-06 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121106113747/http://www.nytimes.com/1989/01/12/world/leaders-of-a-republic-in-yugoslavia-resign.html}}</ref> In Yanul 1990, Palet Komünan äbreikon ma nivüds netik, ko [[Political faction|flan]] Kroasänik älobülofi fedi ne固.<ref name="Pauković-14Congress-2009">{{cite journal |first=Davor |last=Pauković |publisher=Centar za politološka istraživanja |url=http://hrcak.srce.hr/index.php?show=clanak&id_clanak_jezik=55640 |language=hr |title=Posljednji kongress Saveza komunista Jugoslavije: uzroci, tijek i posljedice raspada |trans-title=Kongef Lätik Komünan Fedäna Yugoslaväna: kod, da e seks breika |date=1 June 2008 |journal=Časopis za Suvremenu Povijest |volume=1 |issue=1 |pages=21–33 |issn=1847-2397 |access-date=2010-12-11}}</ref> Ün yel ot, [[1990 Croatian parliamentary election|välans paletas mödik balid]] pädunons in Kroasän, du vikod ela [[Franjo Tuđman]] äbadikumon taibis netik.<ref name="Independent-Tuđman-Obituary">{{cite news |newspaper=[[The Independent]] |url=https://www.independent.co.uk/arts-entertainment/obituary-franjo-tudjman-1132142.html |title=Obituary: Franjo Tudjman |first=Branka |last=Magas |date=13 December 1999 |access-date=2011-10-17 |archive-date=2012-11-10 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121110024351/http://www.independent.co.uk/arts-entertainment/obituary-franjo-tudjman-1132142.html}}</ref> Anans [[Serbs in Croatia|Särbänas in Kroasän]] ämogons Sabori ed äseitons otonomi ela [[Republic of Serbian Krajina|Repüblik Krajina Särbänik]] no pesevädöl, läik ad getön libi de Kroasän.<ref name="NYTimes-Autonomy-AUG1990">{{cite news |newspaper=The New York Times |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1990/10/02/world/croatia-s-serbs-declare-their-autonomy.html |first=Chuck |last=Sudetic |title=Croatia's Serbs Declare Their Autonomy |date=2 October 1990 |access-date=2010-12-11 |archive-date=2012-11-12 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121112065457/http://www.nytimes.com/1990/10/02/world/croatia-s-serbs-declare-their-autonomy.html |author-link=Chuck Sudetic}}</ref><ref name="EE-CIS-book">{{cite book |title=Eastern Europe and the Commonwealth of Independent States |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=qmN95fFocsMC |pages=272–278 |isbn=978-1-85743-058-5 |year=1998 |publisher=[[Routledge]] |access-date=2010-12-16}}</ref> === Lib === {{Main|Independence of Croatia|Croatian War of Independence|History of Croatia since 1995}} [[File:Vukovar Memorial Cemetery – Eternal Flame, 20150429160745.jpg|thumb|[[National Memorial Cemetery of The Victims of Homeland War in Vukovar|Lepogad]] — zänad topa [[Remembrance Day (Croatia)|Dela Memora Netik]], födölo krigafidis valik e [[Vukovar massacre|misam in Vukovar]] ün 1991]]Ven taibs älöpikons, Kroasän [[Independence of Croatia|äseiton libi]] tü 25 Yun 1991. Föfam lölöf deklaräta ädavedon te pos [[Brioni Agreement|möt mulas kumäda] tü 8 Tobul 1991.<ref name="NYTimes-Declaration-26June1991">{{cite news |newspaper=The New York Times |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1991/06/26/world/2-yugoslav-states-vote-independence-to-press-demands.html |title=2 Yugoslav States Vote Independence To Press Demands |first=Chuck |last=Sudetic |date=26 June 1991 |access-date=2010-12-12 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121110162855/http://www.nytimes.com/1991/06/26/world/2-yugoslav-states-vote-independence-to-press-demands.html |archive-date=2012-11-10 |url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="Sabor-Independence-8Oct1991">{{cite web |work=Official web site of the Croatian Parliament |publisher=Sabor |url=http://www.sabor.hr/Default.aspx?art=20091&sec=2462 |title=Ceremonial session of the Croatian Parliament on the occasion of the Day of Independence of the Republic of Croatia |date=7 October 2004 |access-date=2012-07-29 |archive-date=2012-03-14 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120314021206/http://www.sabor.hr/Default.aspx?art=20091&sec=2462}}</ref> Ün tim at, taibs ävedons [[Croatian War of Independence|krig] ven kosöm pereigöl fa Särbäns [[Yugoslav People's Army|Kösöm Netas Yugoslaväna]] (JNA) e grups paramiligik Särbänik äkofons Kroasäni.<ref name="NYTimes-Otkos10">{{cite news |newspaper=The New York Times |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1991/11/04/world/army-rushes-to-take-a-croatian-town.html |title=Army Rushes to Take a Croatian Town |first=Chuck |last=Sudetic |date=4 November 1991 |access-date=2012-07-29 |archive-date=2012-07-29 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120729183641/http://www.nytimes.com/1991/11/04/world/army-rushes-to-take-a-croatian-town.html}}</ref> Finü 1991, krig vemik päkomipon su dilön gretik, kel äminükon kontenodi Kroasäna lü zao teldegs tata.<ref name="NYTimes-Iceland">{{cite news |newspaper=The New York Times |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1991/12/20/world/croatia-clashes-rise-mediators-pessimistic.html |title=Croatia Clashes Rise; Mediators Pessimistic |date=19 December 1991 |access-date=2012-07-29 |archive-date=2012-11-15 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121115174401/http://www.nytimes.com/1991/12/20/world/croatia-clashes-rise-mediators-pessimistic.html}}</ref><ref name="LATimes-OccupiedPct-1Aug91">{{cite news |newspaper=[[Los Angeles Times]] |url=https://www.latimes.com/archives/la-xpm-1991-08-01-mn-177-story.html |title=Serbian Forces Press Fight for Major Chunk of Croatia |first=Charles T. |last=Powers |date=1 August 1991 |access-date=2012-07-29 |archive-date=2012-05-16 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120516054837/http://articles.latimes.com/1991-08-01/news/mn-177_1_defense-force |author-link=Charles T. Powers}}</ref> Grups paramiligik Särbänik äprimons mufi de sam, taib, e seif de Kroasans in tops pälösumöl, samölis tis<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.index.hr/vijesti/clanak/utjecaj-srbijanske-agresije-na-stanovnistvo-hrvatske/175515.aspx |title=Utjecaj srbijanske agresije na stanovništvo Hrvatske |website=[[Index.hr]] |date=11 December 2003 |access-date=2015-09-12}}</ref> menas sifik Kroasänik e seifölo u feifölo so mödiko as 400,000–500,000 Kroasanas e votikas no-Särbänas de loms onsas.<ref>{{cite web |title=SUMMARY OF JUDGEMENT FOR MILAN MARTIĆ |url=http://www.un.org/icty/pressreal/2007/pr1162e-summary.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071215084458/http://www.un.org/icty/pressreal/2007/pr1162e-summary.htm |url-status=dead |archive-date=2007-12-15 |access-date=2019-08-28}}</ref><ref name="Al Jazeera 2020">{{cite web |title=Croatia marks 25 years since war with tolerance message |url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2020/8/5/croatia-marks-25-years-since-war-with-tolerance-message |publisher=Al Jazeera |date=5 August 2020}}</ref> Särbans in zifs Kroasänik, pato us nil mied, pätasidons fömödo dafomis distiga.{{sfn|Goldstein|1999|p=233}} Särbans Kroasänik in Slavonän Lofüdik e Vesüdik e dils Krajina pämütons ad fügön u päseifons fa Kösöm Kroasänik, do su völ smalikum e mu niniki. Reigan Kroasänik ädemünon dunis at pübiko e ästeifülon ad stopön onis, malöl das no äbinons dil pola Reigäna.{{sfn|Allen|1996|p=46} Tü 15 Yanul 1992, Kroasän ägeton [[diplomatic recognition|daseväti diplimatik]] fa [[European Economic Community|Kef Yuropik Konöma]], päfovöl fa Balatam Netas.<ref name="NYTimes-Germany-23Dec91">{{cite news |newspaper=The New York Times |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1991/12/24/world/slovenia-and-croatia-get-bonn-s-nod.html |title=Slovenia and Croatia Get Bonn's Nod |first=Stephen |last=Kinzer |date=24 December 1991 |access-date=2012-07-29 |archive-date=2012-06-20 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120620034701/http://www.nytimes.com/1991/12/24/world/slovenia-and-croatia-get-bonn-s-nod.html |author-link=Stephen Kinzer}}</ref><ref name="NYT-UN-membership">{{cite news |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1992/05/23/world/3-ex-yugoslav-republics-are-accepted-into-un.html |title=3 Ex-Yugoslav Republics Are Accepted into U.N. |newspaper=The New York Times |first=Paul L. |last=Montgomery |date=23 May 1992 |access-date=2012-07-29 |archive-date=2012-11-11 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121111013548/http://www.nytimes.com/1992/05/23/world/3-ex-yugoslav-republics-are-accepted-into-un.html |author-link=Paul L. Montgomery}}</ref> Krig äfinon ofisalo in Gustul 1995 me [[Operation Storm|vikod cifik]] fa Kroasän;<ref name="LATimes-Storm-Complete">{{cite news |newspaper=Los Angeles Times |url=https://www.latimes.com/archives/la-xpm-1995-08-08-mn-32662-story.html |title=Croats Declare Victory, End Blitz |first=Dean E. |last=Murphy |date=8 August 1995 |access-date=2010-12-18 |archive-date=2012-10-12 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121012140454/http://articles.latimes.com/1995-08-08/news/mn-32662_1_serb-refugees}}</ref> jenot at pämemon yeliko tü 5 Gustul as [[Victory Day (Croatia)|Del Vikoda e Danüla Lomän e Del Jelädanas Kroasänik]].<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.total-croatia-news.com/politics/37611-thanksgiving-day |title=Officials Issue Messages for Victory and Homeland Thanksgiving Day |website=total-croatia-news.com |date=4 August 2019 |language=en-gb |access-date=2019-08-04 |archive-date=2023-04-05 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230405210541/https://www.total-croatia-news.com/politics/37611-thanksgiving-day |url-status=dead}}</ref> Pos vikod Kroasänik, zao 200,000 Särbänas de [[Republic of Serbian Krajina|Repüblik Krajina Särbänik]] äfugons topi<ref name="bbc-storm" /> e tumods mens bäldikum Särbänik päsamons in sek komipa, pato as ta-duns, ko gluti, lasumamam u filükam lomas onas.<ref>{{cite book |author=Janine Natalya Clark |year=2014 |title=International Trials and Reconciliation: Assessing the Impact of the International Criminal Tribunal for the Former Yugoslavia |publisher=Routledge |location=London |isbn=978-1-317-97475-8 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=373cAwAAQBAJ |page=28}}</ref> Zao balna ägepads pos at.<ref name="Al Jazeera 2020" /> Lems 19,000 Särbänik poso päseadons fa fogels Kroasänik se Bosnän e Harzegovän.<ref>{{cite book |editor1-last=Krasniqi |editor1-first=Gëzim |editor2-last=Stjepanovic |editor2-first=Dejan |title=Uneven Citizenship: Minorities and Migrants in the Post-Yugoslav Space |date=2017 |publisher=Routledge |isbn=978-1-317-38933-0 |page=1976 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=sRA4DwAAQBAJ&pg=PA1976}}</ref> Tops pälösumöl [[Eastern Slavonia, Baranja and Western Syrmia (1995–1998)|pägepädons]] lü Kroasän pos [[Erdut Agreement|Kumäd Erdut]] in Novul 1995, päfinölo me mut [[United Nations Transitional Administration for Eastern Slavonia, Baranja and Western Sirmium|UNTAES]] in Yanul 1998.<ref name="NYTimes-UNTAES-16Jan98">{{cite news |newspaper=The New York Times |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1998/01/16/world/an-ethnic-morass-is-returned-to-croatia.html |title=An Ethnic Morass Is Returned to Croatia |first=Chris |last=Hedges |date=16 January 1998 |access-date=2010-12-18 |archive-date=2013-05-18 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130518201803/http://www.nytimes.com/1998/01/16/world/an-ethnic-morass-is-returned-to-croatia.html |author-link=Chris Hedges}}</ref> Födas krigadeadas pato zao 20,000.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/europe/3095774.stm |title=Presidents apologise over Croatian war |work=BBC News |publisher=BBC |date=10 September 2003 |access-date=2010-02-07}}</ref><ref name="setimes1">{{cite web |url=http://www.setimes.com/cocoon/setimes/xhtml/en_GB/features/setimes/features/2008/11/20/feature-01 |title=Serbia to respond to Croatian genocide charges with countersuit at ICJ |work=Southeast European Times |date=20 November 2008 |access-date=2010-02-07}}</ref><ref name="tehrantimes1">{{cite news |url=http://www.tehrantimes.com/index_View.asp?code=182811 |title=UN to hear Croatia genocide claim against Serbia |newspaper=Tehran Times |date=19 November 2008 |access-date=2010-02-07}}</ref> [[File:Croatia_EU_flags.jpg|left|thumb|253x253px|Kroasän äyümülon [[European Union|BA]] ün 2013 e [[Eurozone|Zön Euro]] degil poso ün 2023.]] Ün prim tumyela 21id, Kroasän älabon konömi glofi laibälo ven net ädemokratükon ab ästrifülon ko gofn pülik e taibs vobama.<ref>{{Cite book |last1=Puljiz |first1=Vlado |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=26RVYkUkBXAC&q=hrvatska+nakon+2000&pg=PA43 |title=Socijalna politika Hrvatske |last2=Bežovan |first2=Gojko |last3=Matković |first3=Teo |last4=Šućur |first4=dr Zoran |last5=Zrinščak |first5=Siniša |publisher=Pravni fakultet u Zagrebu |year=2008 |isbn=978-953-97320-9-5 |location=Zagreb |pages=43–52 |language=hr}}</ref> Parlament Kroasänik äbonon votükamis konstitutik in Novul 2000 e Mars 2001 ad votükön de bimarik lü balamarik, poso limiton nämädis presidänik.<ref>{{cite web |title=22 December – Christmas Constitution – the first Constitution of the independent Republic of Croatia |url=https://www.sabor.hr/en/about-parliament/history/important-dates/22-december-christmas-constitution-first-constitution |website=sabor.hr |access-date=2023-06-27}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=History and Development of Croatian Constitutional Judicature – Constitutional Court of the Republic of Croatia |url=https://www.usud.hr/en/history-and-development-croatian-constitutional-judicature#9 |website=usud.hr}}</ref> Kroasän äyümülon eli [[Partnership for Peace|Kef Püda]] in Mayul 2000 e [[World Trade Organization|Kef Tedanas]] in Novul 2000.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.enciklopedija.hr/clanak/partnerstvo-za-mir |title=Partnerstvo za mir – Hrvatska enciklopedija |website=enciklopedija.hr}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.mvep.hr/hr/vanjska-politika/multilateralni-odnosi-staro-ijvhj/svjetska-trgovinska-organizacija-(wto)/|title=MVEP • Svjetska trgovinska organizacija (WTO)|website=mvep.hr|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190304045652/http://www.mvep.hr/hr/vanjska-politika/multilateralni-odnosi-staro-ijvhj/svjetska-trgovinska-organizacija-(wto)/|archive-date=2019-03-04 |access-date=2018-06-01 |url-status=live}}</ref> Äyümülon fot miligik [[NATO]] in April 2009.<ref>{{cite web |title=Hrvatska postala članica NATO saveza |url=https://dnevnik.hr/vijesti/hrvatska/hrvatska-postala-punopravna-clanica-nato-saveza.html |website=Dnevnik.hr |language=hr |access-date=2020-05-30}}</ref> Kroasän [[2007 United Nations Security Council election|pävälülon]] ad dünön su stül no-laibikik ela [[United Nations Security Council|Konsän Neta]] de 2008 jü 2009.<ref name="MVPEI-UNSC-2008-2009">{{cite web |title=Membership of the Republic of Croatia in the UN Security Council 2008–2009 |url=http://www.mvpei.hr/mvp.asp?pcpid=2531 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120404180608/http://www.mvpei.hr/mvp.asp?pcpid=2531 |archive-date=2012-04-04 |access-date=2011-09-24 |publisher=Ministry of Foreign Affairs and European Integration (Croatia) }}</ref> Taib dub [[2008 financial crisis|Krüda Konömik yela 2008]],<ref>{{cite book |first=Ivo |last=Goldstein |author-link=Ivo Goldstein |title=Povijest Hrvatske 1945–2011 |version=3. svezak |publisher=EPH Media d.o.o.}}</ref> pols ta-reig ädugons lü protests ta-reig volikum ün 2009 e 2011.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.economist.com/eastern-approaches/2011/03/06/et-tu-zagreb |title=Et tu, Zagreb? |newspaper=The Economist |date=6 March 2011}}</ref> Ün yel lätik, parlament pibreikon in Mayul, ko presidan Kroasänik [[Ivo Josipović]] ävokälon välänis nulik ad stopön protests in Dekul.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://dnevnik.hr/vijesti/hrvatska/ovo-su-bili-najzanimljiviji-trenuci-u-saboru.html |title=Pogledajte sve snimke sa suđenja Sanaderu |publisher=Dnevnik.hr |date=28 October 2011 |access-date=2011-12-10}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://odluka2011.dnevnik.hr/clanak/vijesti/predsjednik-josipovic-raspisao-izbore.html |title=Predsjednik Josipović raspisao izbore! |publisher=Odluka2011.dnevnik.hr |date=31 October 2011 |access-date=2011-12-10 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111203150728/http://odluka2011.dnevnik.hr/clanak/vijesti/predsjednik-josipovic-raspisao-izbore.html |archive-date=2011-12-03 |url-status=dead}}</ref> Posä ifölükon [[2013 enlargement of the European Union|bifäti de 2004 jü 2013]],<ref name="EU-Negotiations-Completed">{{cite web |date=30 June 2011 |title=EU closes accession negotiations with Croatia |url=http://europa.eu/rapid/pressReleasesAction.do?reference=IP/11/824&format=HTML&aged=0&language=EN&guiLanguage=en |access-date=2011-09-24 |publisher=[[European Commission]]}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-europe-16670298 |title=Croatia voters back EU membership |work=BBC News |date=1 June 2018}}</ref> Kroasän äyümülon eli [[European Union|Balatam Yuropik]] (EU) as liman 28id in Yulul 2013.<ref name="EU-Accession-Treaty">{{cite web |date=9 December 2011 |title=Croatia signs EU accession treaty |url=http://europa.eu/news/external-relations/2011/03/20110302_en.htm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120123185048/http://europa.eu/news/external-relations/2011/03/20110302_en.htm |archive-date=2012-01-23 |access-date=2011-12-12 |publisher=European Union}}</ref> Kroasän pätaon dub [[2015 European migrant crisis|Krüda Fogelanas Yuropik yela 2015]] ven stof miedas Macaräna ko Särbän ästüdon fogelanis e fogelanis 700,000 da Kroasän.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://bib.irb.hr/datoteka/914376.HuB-SpecialEditiononRefugeeCrisis-100_January2017.pdf |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20221009/https://bib.irb.hr/datoteka/914376.HuB-SpecialEditiononRefugeeCrisis-100_January2017.pdf |archive-date=2022-10-09 |url-status=live |title=Šenada Šelo Šabić, Croatia's response to the refugee crisis, European Expression, Issue 100, 2016}}</ref> Tü 19 Tobul 2016, [[Andrej Plenković]] äprimon dünön as ministeran balid Kroasänik anu.<ref>{{cite web |title=Andrej Plenković – O meni |url=https://www.andrejplenkovic.hr/page.php?id=1 |access-date=2020-12-17 |website=andrejplenkovic.hr}}</ref> Välans presidänik nulik, pädunöl tü 12 Yanul 2025, ävälons eli [[Zoran Milanović]] as presidan.<ref>{{cite web |title= Croatia's President Milanović wins another term after defeating ruling party candidate in runoff|url=https://edition.cnn.com/2025/01/12/europe/croatia-milanovic-wins-election-runoff-intl-latam|date=2025-01-12|access-date=2026-03-02|website=[[CNN]]}}</ref> Ün 2022, Kroasän äprimon proädi ad yümön lü [[OECD]], päfümöl ad gekomön limami ün 2026.<ref>{{cite web |title=The OECD and South East Europe |url=https://www.oecd.org/south-east-europe/economies/see-croatia.htm |website=OECD.org |access-date=2023-06-27}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=OECD membership means benefits for citizens, higher living standard |url=https://mvep.gov.hr/press-22794/oecd-membership-means-benefits-for-citizens-higher-living-standard/253882 |website=Ministry of Foreign and European Affairs |access-date=2023-06-27}}</ref> Net äyümülon [[Eurozone|Zöni Euro]] e [[Schengen Area|Zöni Schengen]] ün 2023, lasumölo [[euro|euro]] as pänän ofisal.<ref>{{cite web |title=Euro and Schengen: Croatia joins the Euro and Schengen areas |url=https://ec.europa.eu/commission/presscorner/detail/en/ip_22_7907 |access-date=2023-06-27 |website=European Commission}}</ref> == Geograf == {{Main|Geography of Croatia}} [[File:Satellite image of Croatia in September 2003.jpg|upright=1.2|left|thumb|[[Geography of Croatia|Magod satelit Kroasäna]]]] Kroasän topon in [[Central Europe|Zänod-]] e Sulüda-Lofüdürop, su jol [[Adriatic Sea|Mela Adriatik]]. Macarän topon in nolüda-lofüd, [[Särbän]] in lofüd, [[Bosnän e Harzegovän]] e [[Montenegrän]] in sulüda-lofüd e [[Slovenän]] in nolüda-vesüd. Ligon mu bevü vedetis [[42nd parallel north|42°]] e [[47° N]] e lunetis [[13th meridian east|13°]] e [[20° E]].{{sfn|2018 Statistical Yearbook of the Republic of Croatia|p=44}} Dil tata in sulüd muikon [[Dubrovnik|Dubrovnik]] binon [[practical exclave|exclav praktik]] pekopladöl lü lomän dub [[territorial waters|vatän]], ab päsepatöl su lan dub jol smalik dutöl lü Bosnän e Harzegovän zü [[Neum]]. [[Pelješac Bridge|Jonav Pelješac]] kopladon exclavi ko lomän Kroasänik.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Croatia opens long-awaited bridge bypassing Bosnia |url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2022/7/26/croatia-opens-long-awaited-bridge-bypassing-bosnia |access-date=2022-07-26 |publisher=Al Jazeera |language=en}}</ref> Tata stäänon {{convert|56594|km2|sqmi|0|abbr=off}}, keninükamü {{convert|56414|km2|sqmi|0|abbr=off}} lan e {{convert|128|km2|sqmi|0|abbr=off}} vat. Binon län 127id gretikün vola.<ref name="CIA">{{Cite CIA World Factbook |country=Croatia |access-date=2025-06-04}}</ref> Tümöp viron de bels [[Dinaric Alps|Alpa Dinarik]] ko pün löpik [[Dinara]] bela de {{convert|1831|m|ft|abbr=off}} nilü mied ko Bosnän e Harzegovän in sulüd jü jol Mela Adriatik kel makedon mied vesüdik-sulüdik valik.<ref name="CIA" /> Kroasän nisulik ninädon [[a thousand islands and islets|nisulis e nisulis smalik]] plu mil, 48 kelas [[List of inhabited islands of Croatia|pälödönon laidiko]].<ref name=":7">{{cite journal |first=I. |last=Rudan |title=The Land of 1000 Islands |journal=Croat Med J |volume=47 |issue=4 |pages=523–5 |date=August 2006 |pmc=2121596}}</ref> Nisuls gretiküns binons [[Cres]] e [[Krk]], alana labü stään zao {{convert|405|km2||abbr=off}}.<ref name="CIA" /> Binon [[Adriatic Sea#Geography|tata vürikün]] su Mel Adriatik.<ref name=":7" /> [[File:Dugi otok island.jpg|thumb|right|[[Telašćica Nature Park|Netapark Telašćica]]]] [[File:20230429.Donau.zwischen km 1255 und 1333.-032.1.jpg|right|thumb|[[River cruise|Lotam turistik]] su flümed [[Danube|Danube]], Slavonän lofüdik]] Bels nolüdik [[Hrvatsko Zagorje]] e deätan vidik [[Slavonän|Slavonäna]] in lofüd kel binon dil [[Pannonian Basin|Donas Panonän]] pedugons fa flümeds gretik [[Danube|Danube]], [[Drava]], [[Kupa]], e [[Sava]]. Danube, flümed telid lunikün Yuropa, jutedon da zif [[Vukovar]] in lofüd muik e fämon dili mied ko [[Vojvodina]]. Rigs zänodik e sulüdik nilü jol Adriatik e nisuls ninädons belis smalik e lelifädik. Nafasotal pätuvöls in vönik vemon keninükons gasi natik, kolemi, bauxiti, fira grada donik, kalsini, gipsi, asfäti natik, silisi, mica, lefäli, sali, e vapa.<ref name="CIA" /> [[Karst topography|Kartop]] makedon mu dilis fol kildilas Kroasäna e pato in Alpa Dinarik.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.geografija.hr/clanci/1011/rasirenost-krsa-u-hrvatskoj |title=Raširenost krša u Hrvatskoj |trans-title=Kom Kartop in Kroasän |language=hr |work=geografija.hr |publisher=Croatian Geographic Society |date=18 December 2006 |first=Mate |last=Matas |access-date=2011-10-18 |archive-date=2012-06-09 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120609163634/http://www.geografija.hr/clanci/1011/rasirenost-krsa-u-hrvatskoj}}</ref> Kroasän labon [[List of caves in Croatia|fäsukapis leigik]], 49 kelas binon leigik ka {{convert|250|m|2|abbr=on}}, 14 leigik ka {{convert|500|m|2|abbr=on}} e kil leigik ka {{convert|1000|m|2|abbr=on}}. [[Plitvice Lakes National Park|Laks Plitvice]] binonsisitem laka 16 ko stegümagas peloföl ons su [[Dolomite (mineral)|dolomit]] e [[limestone|kalkastan]]. Laks at binons sevädiks demü köls omsik, de türkos jü grüna mint, griy u blö.<ref name="BBC-Plitvice">{{cite web |publisher=BBC |url=http://www.bbc.com/travel/feature/20110617-the-best-national-parks-of-europe |title=The best national parks of Europe |date=28 June 2011 |access-date=2011-10-11 |archive-date=2012-07-01 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120701184734/http://www.bbc.com/travel/feature/20110617-the-best-national-parks-of-europe}}</ref> === Klimat === [[File:Croatia Köppen.svg|thumb|left|[[Köppen climate classification|Klieb Köppen-Geiger]] ela Kroasän|261x261px]] Mödik de Kroasän labon klimi kontinäna vamik e veföl ma klieb [[Köppen climate classification|Köppen]].<ref name=":8">{{Cite web |title=Croatia - Country Overview {{!}} Climate Change Knowledge Portal |url=https://climateknowledgeportal.worldbank.org/country/croatia |access-date=2026-04-12 |website=climateknowledgeportal.worldbank.org |language=en}}</ref> Täm mufik mu viron bevü {{convert|-3|°C|°F|lk=on}} in Yanul e {{convert|18|°C|°F|lk=off}} in Yulul. Rigs koldikün läna binons [[Lika]] e [[Gorski Kotar]] ko klimi sniefik, lelik in tümöp löpik ka {{convert|1200|m|ft|abbr=off}}.<ref name=":8" /> Rigs vamik binons su jol Adriatik e pato in topäd onik ko [[Mediterranean climate|klim Mediteränik]], bi mel lelogon vamik.<ref name=":8" /> Demü atos, väms vamik pato pagüons in rigs kontinänt.<ref name=":8" /> Täm donikün {{convert|-35.5|°C|°F|lk=off}} pereigiströpon tü 3 Febul 1919 in [[Čakovec]],{{sfn|2018 Statistical Yearbook of the Republic of Croatia|p=40}} e täm löpikün {{convert|42.8|°C|°F|lk=off}} pereigiströpon tü 4 Gustul 1981 in [[Ploče]].<ref name="record temp">{{cite web |title=Najviša izmjerena temperatura zraka u Hrvatskoj za razdoblje od kada postoje meteorološka motrenja |url=http://klima.hr/razno.php?id=priopcenja&param=pr21072017 |website=Klima.hr |publisher=[[Croatian Meteorological and Hydrological Service]] |access-date=2017-08-01 |language=hr |date=21 July 2017 |archive-date=2017-08-02 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170802003217/http://klima.hr/razno.php?id=priopcenja&param=pr21072017 |url-status=dead}}</ref> Vef mufik yelik viron bevü {{convert|600|mm|in|abbr=off}} e {{convert|3500|mm|in|abbr=off}} ma geograf e klieb. Vef donikün pereigiströpon su nisuls diäna ([[Biševo]], [[Lastovo]], [[Svetac]], [[Vis (island)|Vis]]) e dils lofüdik Slavonäna. Ab, in jenet lätik, vef kömon mu dü [[growing season|säson grewik]]. Vefs löpikün palogons in Alpa Dinarik, in bels Gorski Kotar [[Risnjak]] e [[Snježnik]].{{sfn|2018 Statistical Yearbook of the Republic of Croatia|p=40} Vens mödik in ninän binons leistik u zänodik nolüda-lofüd u vesüd-sulüd, e su jol, vens mödik pafulon dub näikösöm. Vens vifikum pato pereigiströpons in muls koldikum su jol, zänodo as vens koldik nolüda-lofüd [[Bora (wind)|bura]] u läs mödigo as vens sulüdik vamik [[jugo]]. Dils solikum binons nisuls diäna, Hvar e Korčula, kö düps solik plu 2700 pereigiströpon per yel, pefovon da Mel Adriatik zänodik e sulüdik, e jol Adriatik nolüdik, valik ko düps solik plu 2000 per yel.{{sfn|2018 Statistical Yearbook of the Republic of Croatia|p=41} === Däfi stäänik === {{Main|Protected areas of Croatia}} {{Further|Register of Protected Natural Values of Croatia|Natural and Cultural Heritage of Croatia}} [[File:Waterfalls at Plitvica stream in Plitvice Lakes National Park, Croatia (48607294088).jpg|thumb|right|[[Plitvice Lakes National Park|Netapark Laks Plitvice]]]] [[File:RRI-0036-1962 view to Motovun.jpg|thumb|right|Topäds [[Motovun|Motovun]] in [[Istria County|Nisul Istria]]]] [[File:Galešnjak Island in Croatia (17114069092).jpg|thumb|right|[[Galešnjak|Nisul Galešnjak]] in fom ladäla]] Kroasän padilon ad [[ecoregion|kologions]] ma klim e geomorf. Län binon bal liegikün in Yurop ma däfi stäänik.<ref>{{cite news |title=Biodiversity-rich Croatia becomes 33rd full EEA member country — European Environment Agency |url=https://www.eea.europa.eu/highlights/biodiversity-rich-croatia-becomes-33rd |access-date=2021-01-23 |publisher=European Environment Agency |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=EU 2020 HR |url=https://eu2020.hr/Home/Custom?code=CroatiaEU |access-date=2021-01-23 |website=eu2020.hr |archive-date=2023-04-04 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230404233816/https://eu2020.hr/Home/Custom?code=CroatiaEU |url-status=dead}}</ref> Kroasän labon kologions fol: [[Mediterranean Biogeographic Region|Mediteränik]] su jol e in topäd züik, [[Alpine Biogeographic Region|Alpin]] in mödik Lika e Gorski Kotar, [[Pannonian Biogeographic Region|Panonän]] su Drava e Danube, e [[Continental Biogeographic Region|Kontinänt]] in tops bliböl. Mu vöniks binons [[karst|hits karst]] kel keninükon karsti pesälu, a. s. kanons [[Zrmanja|Zrmanja]] e [[Krka (Croatia)|Krka]], e tops dis. Län ninädon kologions kil: [[Dinaric Mountains mixed forests|Föta bela Dinarik]], [[Pannonian mixed forests|Föta Panonän]], e [[Illyrian deciduous forests|Föta Ilirän]].<ref name="DinersteinOlson2017">{{cite journal |last1=Dinerstein |first1=Eric |last2=Olson |first2=David |last3=Joshi |first3=Anup |last4=Vynne |first4=Carly |last5=Burgess |first5=Neil D. |last6=Wikramanayake |first6=Eric |last7=Hahn |first7=Nathan |last8=Palminteri |first8=Suzanne |last9=Hedao |first9=Prashant|last10=Noss|first10=Reed |last11=Hansen |first11=Matt |last12=Locke |first12=Harvey |last13=Ellis |first13=Erle C |last14=Jones |first14=Benjamin |last15=Barber |first15=Charles Victor |last16=Hayes |first16=Randy |last17=Kormos |first17=Cyril |last18=Martin |first18=Vance |last19=Crist |first19=Eileen|last20=Sechrest|first20=Wes |last21=Price |first21=Lori |last22=Baillie |first22=Jonathan E. M. |last23=Weeden |first23=Don |last24=Suckling |first24=Kierán |last25=Davis |first25=Crystal |last26=Sizer |first26=Nigel |last27=Moore |first27=Rebecca |last28=Thau |first28=David |last29=Birch |first29=Tanya|last30=Potapov|first30=Peter |last31=Turubanova |first31=Svetlana |last32=Tyukavina |first32=Alexandra |last33=de Souza |first33=Nadia |last34=Pintea |first34=Lilian |last35=Brito |first35=José C. |last36=Llewellyn |first36=Othman A. |last37=Miller |first37=Anthony G. |last38=Patzelt |first38=Annette |last39=Ghazanfar |first39=Shahina A.|last40=Timberlake|first40=Jonathan |last41=Klöser |first41=Heinz |last42=Shennan-Farpón |first42=Yara |last43=Kindt |first43=Roeland |last44=Lillesø |first44=Jens-Peter Barnekow |last45=van Breugel |first45=Paulo |last46=Graudal |first46=Lars |last47=Voge |first47=Maianna |last48=Al-Shammari |first48=Khalaf F. |last49=Saleem |first49=Muhammad |title=An Ecoregion-Based Approach to Protecting Half the Terrestrial Realm |journal=BioScience |volume=67 |issue=6 |year=2017 |pages=534–545 |doi=10.1093/biosci/bix014 |pmid=28608869 |pmc=5451287}}</ref> Kartop geologik labon [[List of caves in Croatia|fäsukapis e pits 7,000]], anans kelas binon hit vitära vifätik te sevädik: [[olm|olm]]. Föts binons mödiks, stäänü {{convert|2490000|ha||abbr=off}} u 44% lana Kroasänik. Hits votik keninükons vätabis, glunis, bogis, fenis, hits scrab, jol e hits melik.<ref name="MCult-Biodiversity">{{cite book |publisher=State Institute for Nature Protection, [[Ministry of Culture (Croatia)]] |url=http://www.dzzp.hr/dokumenti_upload/20120515/dzzp201205151608230.pdf |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20221009/http://www.dzzp.hr/dokumenti_upload/20120515/dzzp201205151608230.pdf |archive-date=2022-10-09 |url-status=live |title=Däfi stäänik Kroasäna |year=2006 |editor-first=Jasminka |editor-last=Radović |editor-first2=Kristijan |editor-last2=Čivić |editor-first3=Ramona |editor-last3=Topić |isbn=953-7169-20-0 |access-date=2011-10-13}}</ref> Ma [[phytogeography|planageograf]], Kroasän binon dil [[Boreal Kingdom|Reg Borealik]] e dil provins Iliränik e Zänodüropik ela [[Circumboreal Region|Kolun Borealik]] e provins Adriatika ela [[Mediterranean Region|Kolun Mediteränik]]. [[World Wide Fund for Nature|Fond Valemik pro Nät]] dilon Kroasäni bevü kologions kil: Föta Panonän, [[Dinaric Mountains mixed forests|Föta bela Dinarik]] e [[Illyrian deciduous forests|Föta Ilirän]].<ref name="DU-Sustdev">{{cite web |publisher=6th Dubrovnik Conference on Sustainable Development of Energy, Water and Environment Systems |url=http://www.dubrovnik2011.sdewes.org/venue.php |title=Venue |access-date=2011-10-13}}</ref> Kroasän labon nimis e planas 37,000 sevädik, ab num onas patäxeton bevü 50,000 e 100,000.<ref name="MCult-Biodiversity" /> Pla mil nimas binon endämak, pato in bels Velebit e Biokovo, nisuls Adriatik e flümeds karst. Lonem jelödon nimis 1,131.<ref name="MCult-Biodiversity" /> Taib mu vemik binon per e badikam hits. Taib votik binon nimas foginik, pato ''[[Caulerpa taxifolia]]'' glim. Glim foginik pamonon e pamoükon ad jelön [[benthic habitat|hit benthic]]. Strins plana pidugäla e nimas pidomäda netik binons mödik. Ons keninükons mitär lul futas, lul vafas, jipas lul, fovas tel, e bal pül. Strins netik keninükons zül kels binon in pät u in pät mu vemik.<ref name="MCult-Biodiversity" /> Kroasän labon [[protected areas of Croatia|topädis jelödik 444]], ninädölo 9% läna. Ats keninükons [[List of national parks of Croatia|netapärks jol], netapärks lul, e [[nature park|pärks nät]] deg. Netapark bäldikün in län binon [[Plitvice Lakes National Park|Netapark Laks Plitvice]], [[World Heritage Sites in Croatia|Topäd Rägädik Volik UNESCO]]. Netapark Velebit binon dil program [[Man and the Biosphere Programme|Men e Biosfer]] UNESCO. Topäds strik e patik, e netapärks e pärks nät, pereigons e paje-galons fa reigan zänodik, du topäds jelödik votik pereigons fa stüks. Ün 2005, Nät Nätikologik pästabon, as step balid in blümükam yüma EU e ko [[Natura 2000|Nät Natura 2000]].<ref name="MCult-Biodiversity" /> == Reig == {{further|Politics of Croatia|Human rights in Croatia}} {{multiple image | align = right | caption_align = center | image1 = Službena fotografija predsjednika Republike Hrvatske Zorana Milanovića.jpg | width1 = 125 | alt1 = Zoran Milanović | caption1 = [[Zoran Milanović|Zoran Milanović]]<br><small>[[President of Croatia|Presidan]]</small> | image2 = Andrej Plenković.jpg | width2 = 125 | alt2 = Andrej Plenković | caption2 = [[Andrej Plenković|Andrej Plenković]]<br><small>[[Prime Minister of Croatia|Ministeran Balid]]</small> | total_width = 330 }} Täxet Kroasäna binon tat konstitutik balik kegebon [[parliamentary system|sitema parlamentik]]. Näm in Kroasän binon: lonamof, dunof, e cödof.<ref name="VRH-PoliticalStructure">{{cite web |publisher=[[Government of Croatia]] |url=http://www.vlada.hr/en/about_croatia/information/political_structure |title=Struk Bolitik |date=6 May 2007 |access-date=2011-10-14 |archive-date=2013-09-05 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130905201133/http://www.vlada.hr/en/about_croatia/information/political_structure |url-status=dead}}</ref> [[President of Croatia|Presidan]] binon [[head of state|cif tat]], pedavälöl laidiko ad muf lul-yelik e palimiton fa konstitut ad mufs tel. Dü dinon as [[commander-in-chief|cif kosöma] labon gitädi dinik ad välön ministerani balid ko parlament e labon fluni su polis foginik.<ref name="VRH-PoliticalStructure" /> [[Croatian Government|Reigan]] palüodon fa [[Prime Minister of Croatia|ministeran balid]], kel pöstüton fa [[Deputy Prime Minister of Croatia|ministerans balid fedorik]] e [[Government of Croatia#Ministries|ministerans]] votik pefürmöl ad fänods patik.<ref name="Govt-Ministers">{{cite web |publisher=Government of Croatia |url=http://www.vlada.hr/en/naslovnica/o_vladi_rh/clanovi_vlade |title=Limans Reigäna |access-date=2011-10-14 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130604052735/http://www.vlada.hr/en/naslovnica/o_vladi_rh/clanovi_vlade |archive-date=2013-06-04}}</ref> As [[Executive (government)|dunof]], binon responsabilik ad mobön lonemis e büseti, föfamön lonis, e lüodön polis foginik e ninik. Reigan seaton in [[Banski dvori]] in Zagreb.<ref name="VRH-PoliticalStructure" /> === Lonem e cödalef === {{further|Law of Croatia}} {{Multiple image | caption_align = center | align = left | direction = vertical | image1 = Sabor-pročelje.jpg | image2 = Vlada RH.jpg | caption1 = [[Croatian Parliament|Parlament Kroasänik]] (Sabor) in Zagreb | caption2 = [[Banski dvori]] in Zagreb, seat ela [[Government of Croatia|Reigan Kroasäna]] }} [[Unicameralism|Parlament balamarik]] – sevädik as ''{{lang|hr|Sabor}}'' – labon [[legislative power|nämi lonamof]]. Num limanas parlament kanon vitön de 100 jü 160. Pädavälons ma vöpad mödik ad dünön mufs fol-yelik. Seädüls lonamof dünon de 15 Yanul jü 15 Yulul, e de 15 Setul jü 15 Dekul yeliko.<ref name="Sabor-about">{{cite web |publisher=Sabor |url=http://www.sabor.hr/Default.aspx?sec=713 |title=Tefü Parlament |access-date=2011-10-14 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160706061905/http://www.sabor.hr/Default.aspx?sec=713 |archive-date=2016-07-06 |url-status=dead}}</ref> [[List of political parties in Croatia|Palets bolitik gretik tel in Kroasän]] binons [[Croatian Democratic Union|Fedäm Demokratik Kroasänik]] (HDZ) e [[Social Democratic Party of Croatia|Palet Sosial-Demokratik Kroasäna]] (SDP).<ref name="Sabor-MPs">{{cite web |publisher=Sabor |title=Limans Parlamenta 6id |url=http://www.sabor.hr/Default.aspx?sec=776 |access-date=2011-10-14 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160706062229/http://www.sabor.hr/Default.aspx?sec=776 |archive-date=2016-07-06 |url-status=dead}}</ref> Kroasän labon [[civil law (legal system)|sitemi lonem sifik]] in kel lonem kömon mu de statuds pepenöl, ko cödals as föfamans e no jafans lonema. Blümükam onik päflunon mu Deutän e Lösterän. Lonem Kroasänik padilon ad tats tel: [[Private law|privatik]] e [[public law|publik]]. Bü [[2013 enlargement of the European Union|bifäts yüma EU]], lonem Kroasänik päblümon lölöfiko ko [[community acquis|köf zänik]].<ref name="DELHRV-overview">{{cite web |publisher=Delegation of the European Union to the Republic of Croatia |url=http://www.delhrv.ec.europa.eu/?lang=en&content=62 |title=Logäd tefas EU–Kroasän |access-date=2011-10-14 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120326105744/http://www.delhrv.ec.europa.eu/?lang=en&content=62 |archive-date=2012-03-26}}</ref> Cödals netik cifik binons [[Constitutional Court of Croatia|Cödaläf Konstitutik]], kel logon taibs ta Konstitut, e [[Supreme Court of Croatia|Cödaläf Luhik]], kel binon cödaläf luhik taibas. Möd cödas fädik, tedik, [[County Court|stükik]], midünik, e zifik, gebons jinis in tefäds ons.<ref name="VSRH-about">{{cite web |publisher=[[Croatian Supreme Court]] |url=http://www.vsrh.hr/EasyWeb.asp?pcpid=31 |language=hr |title=Ustavne odredbe |trans-title=Provisions Konstituta |date=21 May 2010 |access-date=2011-10-14}}</ref> Jins in cödalef päsludons balido fa cödal pro bal, du taibs püdunons in tribunals milik cödalas pro. Cödals laik i kegolons in jins.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://narodne-novine.nn.hr/clanci/sluzbeni/2013_03_28_473.html |title=Zakon o sudovima |website=narodne-novine.nn.hr}}</ref> [[State's Attorney Office of the Republic of Croatia|Bür Cäläda Statäna]] binon cödal padileböl fa cäläds netik labü näm ad primön cälädis midünanas.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.dorh.hr/Default.aspx?sec=627 |title=Državno odvjetništvo Republike Hrvatske |website=dorh.hr}}</ref> Bürämäs foginiks päfulons disü näm [[Ministry of the Interior (Croatia)|Ministeräna Ninik] keninükölo mu kosöma netik. Dün säküra Kroasäna binon [[Security and Intelligence Agency (Croatia)|Dün Säküra e Nümäda]] (SOA).<ref>{{cite web |title=SOA – Security-intelligence system of the Republic of Croatia |url=https://www.soa.hr/en/about-us/security-intelligence-system-of-the-republic-of-croatia/ |access-date=2021-01-23 |website=soa.hr}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last1=Graaff |first1=Bob de |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=_00UDQAAQBAJ&q=Handbook+of+European+Intelligence+Cultures |title=Handbook of European Intelligence Cultures |last2=Nyce |first2=James M. |date=2 August 2016 |publisher=Rowman & Littlefield |isbn=978-1-4422-4942-4 |location= |page=73 |language=en}}</ref> {{clear}} === Tefäd foginik === {{Main|Foreign relations of Croatia}} [[File:Official Photo NATO - OTAN Summit 2025 on June 25, 2025 (cropped).jpg|thumb|right|Presidan [[Zoran Milanović|Zoran Milanović]] ko dugans Vesüdik votik pö [[2025 The Hague NATO summit|Konsärb NATO yela 2025]]]] Kroasän ästabon tefädi diplimatik ko möd netas vola – [[List of diplomatic relations of Croatia|tats 189 valiko]] – primölo [[Croatia–Germany relations|ko Deutän]] (1991) e nuliküno [[Foreign relations of Liberia|ko Liberän]] (2024).<ref>{{cite web |title=MVEP • Date of Recognition and Establishment of Diplomatic Relations |url=http://www.mvep.hr/en/foreign-politics/bilateral-relations/date-of-recognition-and-establishment-of-diplomatic-relations/ |access-date=2021-01-23 |website=mvep.hr |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140422080331/http://www.mvep.hr/en/foreign-politics/bilateral-relations/date-of-recognition-and-establishment-of-diplomatic-relations/ |archive-date=2014-04-22 |url-status=live }}</ref> Labon fluni as [[small power|nämad smalik]] in topäd at e in noganans bevünetik Yuropik.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Abt |first=Clark |date=22 November 1993 |title=Why Small Powers Also Deserve Respect |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1993/11/22/opinion/l-why-small-powers-also-deserve-respect-913593.html |access-date=31 March 2026 |work=The New York Times |language=en-US |issn=0362-4331}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Knezović |first=Sandro |last2=Lopes |first2=Marco Esteves |date=2018 |title=Croatia as a Small State in Contemporary International Relations |url=https://irmo.hr/wp-content/uploads/2019/05/Croatia-as-a-small-state-in-contemporary-international-relations.pdf |access-date=31 March 2026 |website=Hanns Seidel Foundation |isbn=978-953-95835-2-9}}</ref> Sis yels 1990, Kroasän labon miedis no pefümöl da Sulüda-Lofüdürop: [[Croatia–Serbia border dispute|ko Särbän]], Bosnän e Harzegovän, Montenegrän, e Slovenän.<ref name="Border issues">{{cite news |publisher=total-croatia-news.com |url=https://www.total-croatia-news.com/politics/16084-overview-of-croatia-s-border-disputes-with-bij-montenegro-serbia-slovenia-liberland |title=Logäd miedas Kroasäna ko BiH, Montenegrän, Särbän, Slovenän, Liberland |date=22 January 2017 |access-date=2019-01-01}}</ref> Binon liman ela [[United Nations|Balatam Netas]] (UN),<ref>{{Cite web |title=Member States of the United Nations |url=https://www.un.org/en/about-us/member-states |access-date=2026-04-12 |website=United Nations |language=en}}</ref> [[European Union|Balatam Yuropik]],<ref name="BBC-Croatia-EU" /> [[NATO]],<ref name="NYTimes-Bush-Zagreb">{{cite news |newspaper=The New York Times |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2008/04/05/world/europe/05cnd-prexy.html |title=Bush Champions Expansive Mission for NATO |date=5 April 2008 |author=Steven Lee Myers |access-date=2011-09-24}}</ref> [[Council of Europe|Konsän Yuropa]],<ref>{{Cite web |title=CoR - Croatia EU |url=https://portal.cor.europa.eu/divisionpowers/Pages/Croatia-EU.aspx |access-date=2026-04-12 |website=portal.cor.europa.eu}}</ref> [[Union for the Mediterranean|Kef midäna], e [[Schengen Area|Zön Schengen]] e i [[Eurozone|Zön Euro]].<ref name="BBC-Croatia-EU">{{cite news |work=BBC News |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-europe-64144309 |title=Croatia begins new euro and Schengen zone era |date=1 January 2023 |access-date=2023-01-01}}</ref><ref name="BBC-Croatia-NATO">{{cite news |work=BBC News |url=https://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/7977332.stm |title=Nato welcomes Albania and Croatia |date=1 April 2009 |access-date=2011-09-24}}</ref> Disins polis foginik Kroasänik nulädik keninükons gudükumami tefäd ko läns züik, vifükami kefefi bevünetik e födami konöma Kroasänik.<ref name="MVPEI-Goals">{{cite web |publisher=Ministry of Foreign Affairs and European Integration (Croatia) |url=http://un.mfa.hr/?mh=151&mv=840 |title=Nins Polis Foginik |access-date=2011-09-24 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120127073846/http://un.mfa.hr/?mh=151&mv=840 |archive-date=2012-01-27 |url-status=dead}}</ref> On stüon ambassadis 57, konsulis 30 e bligs diplimatik laidöps 8. Noganans bevünetik möd labons büs in Kroasän, a. s. [[European Bank for Reconstruction and Development|Bank vifükama e vitöfa Yuropik]] (EBRD), [[International Organization for Migration|Kef Fogelanas], [[Organization for Security and Co-operation in Europe|Kef Säküra e Kefef in Yurop]] (OSCE), [[World Bank|Bank Valemik]], [[World Health Organization|Kef Sänik Valemik]] (WHO), [[International Criminal Tribunal for the former Yugoslavia|Tribun Midünik bevünetik pro Yugoslavän fovik]] (ICTY), [[United Nations Development Programme|Bür Vifükama Netas]] (UNDP), [[United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees|Koman Netas pro Fogels]] (UNHCR), e [[UNICEF|UNICEF]].<ref>{{cite web |title=MVEP • Diplomatski protokol |url=http://www.mvep.hr/hr/ministarstvo/diplomatski-protokol/ |access-date=2021-01-23 |website=mvep.hr |language=hr |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160201232454/http://www.mvep.hr/hr/ministarstvo/diplomatski-protokol/ |archive-date=2016-02-01 |url-status=live }}</ref> === Fogän Kroasänik === {{Main|Croatian diaspora}} Fogän binon de komots netik [[Croats|Kroasanas]] e [[Croatian nationality law|citänans Kroasänik]] läböl plöü Kroasän. [[Croatian Americans|Fogän gretikün binon in Lamerikän]], ko mens gretik da züom Sulüda-Lofüdürop.<ref>{{Cite web |title=U inozemstvu živi preko 3.2 milijuna Hrvata. Objavljen popis, u ovim državama ih je najviše|trans-title=Kroasans 3,2 balions plu lifons in foginän. Lised pübon, tats at binons labüs onas mödiküns|url=https://www.poslovni.hr/hrvatska/u-inozemstvu-zivi-preko-3-2-milijuna-hrvata-objavljen-popis-u-ovim-drzavama-ih-je-najvise-4434426|access-date=2024-04-14|language=hr|website=poslovni.hr}}</ref> Län dalon kosädi mu ko komots Kroasänik in foginän dub stüt fädik e finanziik kulturas, dünas spotas, e mufs konömik.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://hrvatiizvanrh.gov.hr/hrvati-izvan-rh/hrvatska-manjina-u-inozemstvu/1616 |website=hrvatiizvanrh.gov.hr |title=Net pülik Kroasänik in foginän}}</ref> Kroasän kosidon polis foginik ad nämükön e blüön gitis netäla Kroasänik in foginän.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://hrvatiizvanrh.gov.hr/hrvati-izvan-rh/hrvatska-manjina-u-inozemstvu/hrvatska-manjina-u-republici-srbiji/748 |title=Net pülik Kroasänik in Repüblik Särbäna |website=hrvatiizvanrh.gov.hr |publisher=Središnji državni ured za Hrvate izvan Republike Hrvatske (Central State Office for Croats Outside the Republic of Croatia)}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.info.hazu.hr/wp-content/uploads/2021/02/Glasnik-Broj-2.pdf |quote=The Presidency of the Croatian Academy of Sciences and Arts, in a session held on 12 September 2014, made the following statement explaining that the Bunjevci Croats form an integral part of the Croatian national corpus. The Presidency of the Croatian Academy of Sciences and Arts, one of the fundamental institutions of the Croatian nation and of all the citizens of the Republic of Croatia, among the roles of which belongs the preservation of national identity, made the following statement in a session held on 12 September 2014: The Bunjevci, a Croatian ethnic group, are made up of three branches: the Dalmatian-Herzegovinian branch; the Primorje-Lika branch; and the Danube Region branch. Not encroaching on the right of any individual to express their national affiliation based on their origin, history, traditional culture, customs and language – the western new-Štokavian and Ikavian – the Bunjevci Croats form an integral part of the Croatian national corpus. |title=Statement by the Presidency of the Croatian Academy of Sciences and Arts regarding the Bunjevci Croats |year=2014 |page=53 |website=info.hazu.hr |publisher=Glasnik HAZU |volume=2}}</ref> === Milig === {{Main|Armed Forces of Croatia}} {{Further|Defence industry of Croatia}}{{Multiple image | caption_align = center | align = right | direction = vertical | image1 = M116 howitzer of the Croatian Army.jpg | image2 = Najveći vojni mimohod u povijesti Hrvatske završio preletom devet Rafalea XXV.jpg | caption1 = [[Croatian Army|Kösöm Kroasänik]] | caption2 = [[Croatian Navy|Marän Kroasänik]] | caption3 = [[Croatian Air Force|Flik Kroasänik]] | image3 = Dassault Rafale arrives for the first time in Croatia to enter service.jpg }} Kösöm Föda Kroasäna (OSRH) keninükon fänods miligik kil: [[Croatian Army|Kösöm], [[Croatian Navy|Marän]] e [[Croatian Air Force|Flik]]. On palüodon fa Presidan Kroasäna as cif miligik du polis jela pälogon fa Reigan Kroasäna.<ref name="CAFstructure">{{cite web |url=http://www.osrh.hr/prikaz_en.asp?idi=100&kati=2 |title=Chain of Command in the CAF |publisher=Croatian Ministry of Defence |access-date=2012-07-02}}</ref> Milig stüon polis foginik Kroasäna e mufs säküra bevünetik. Binon flig miligik balik ela [[Military Security and Intelligence Agency (Croatia)|Dün Säküra e Nümäda Miligik]] (VSOA). Kösöm patödon da [[continental Croatia|Kroasän kontinäntik] e cifazif Zagreb, ko Marán mu in [[Split, Croatia|Split]]. Ma [[Global Peace Index|Kef Püda Valemik]] yela 2025, Kroasän binon län 18id püdikün vola.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.visionofhumanity.org/maps/#/|title=2025 Global Peace Index|accessdate=10 April 2026}}</ref> Sis [[Croatian War of Independence|Krig Liba Kroasänik]] (1991–1995), Kösöm espelon ruti cifik in jelo tata lölöfik. Stid miligik balid in foginän äbinon ün 2003: [[War in Afghanistan (2001–2021)|Krig in Fagündän]] e [[Iraq War|Krig Lirakäna]] – poso äyümölo fot miligik [[NATO|NATO]] ün 2009.<ref name=":9">{{Cite web|url=https://www.sabor.hr/sites/default/files/uploads/sabor/2023-11-03/095806/GOD_IZVJ_OBRANA_2022.pdf|title=Stid foginänik pro yel 2022.}}</ref> Kroasän labon tefädi mu nilik ko [[Croatia–NATO relations|NATO]] e [[Croatia–United States relations#Military cooperation|Lamerikän]] tefü säkür e nümäd foginik.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Drazen|date=2025-01-17|title=Anušić at handover of the Bradley vehicle: Owing to excellent cooperation with the USA, the Croatian Armed Forces are a modern, capable and strong armed force|url=https://www.morh.hr/en/anusic-at-handover-of-the-bradley-vehicle-owing-to-excellent-cooperation-with-the-usa-the-croatian-armed-forces-are-a-modern-capable-and-strong-armed-force/|access-date=2025-06-16|website=MORH|language=en-US}}</ref> Milig pisedükon lü bligs [[United Nations|Netas]] (UN), NATO e Lamerikänik mödiko in vol.<ref>{{cite web |date=3 September 2020 |title=Godišnje izvješće o obrani za 2019. |url=https://vlada.gov.hr/UserDocsImages/2016/Sjednice/2020/Rujan/7%20sjednicaVRH/7%20-%2010%20novo.docx |access-date= |website= |publisher=[[Government of Croatia|Vlada Republike Hrvatske]] |page=95 |language=hr}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=GODIŠNJE IZVJEŠĆE O OBRANI za 2019. – podnositeljica: Vlada Republike Hrvatske |url=http://sabor.hr/hr/godisnje-izvjesce-o-obrani-za-2019-podnositeljica-vlada-republike-hrvatske |access-date=2021-01-23 |website=Hrvatski sabor |date=3 September 2020 |language=hr |archive-date=2023-02-18 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230218171225/https://sabor.hr/hr/godisnje-izvjesce-o-obrani-za-2019-podnositeljica-vlada-republike-hrvatske |url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Hrvatska u najviše misija UN-a |url=https://www.nacional.hr/hrvatska-u-najvise-misija-un-a/ |access-date=2021-01-23 |website=NACIONAL.HR |date=28 June 2019 |language=hr}}</ref> Pos yüm lü [[European Union|Balatam Yuropik]] (EU) ün 2013, ävedon dil [[Defence forces of the European Union|Kösöma EU]]. Kösöm elogon miligükami e nulükami muik sis prim yelas 2020 kodü taib kaenik rigik.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Thomas|first=Mark |title=Tanks, Drones and Big Guns: Croatia's €2 Billion Military Makeover|url=https://www.thedubrovniktimes.com/news/croatia/item/18879-tanks-drones-and-big-guns-croatia-s-2-billion-military-makeover|access-date=2026-04-04|website=The Dubrovnik Times|language=en-gb}}</ref> Balüm muik in Yurop e Lamerikän elüon lü paks jela nulädik e [[defense industrial base|städ jela].<ref>{{Cite web |last=Brey|first=Thomas|date=April 11, 2025|title=Western Balkans peace threatened by new military alliances?|url=https://www.dw.com/en/western-balkans-peace-threatened-by-new-military-alliances/a-72179306|access-date=June 16, 2025|website=dw.com|language=en}}</ref> Milig Kroasänik binon bevü miligs mu [[List of countries by level of military equipment|kaeno pätovedöl in Sulüda-Lofüdürop]].<ref name=":2">{{Cite web |last=Thomas|first=Mark|date=January 21, 2025|title=Croatia's Military Modernization: Navigating Regional Challenges and Global Realities|url=https://www.thedubrovniktimes.com/news/croatia/item/17427-croatia-s-military-modernization-navigating-regional-challenges-and-global-realities|access-date=June 16, 2025|website=The Dubrovnik Times|language=en-gb}}</ref><ref name=":3">{{Cite web |last=Tesija|first=Vuk|date=2024-12-02|title=Croatia's Defence Sector Spending Spree Raises Questions About Military Strategy|url=https://balkaninsight.com/2024/12/02/croatias-defence-sector-spending-spree-raises-questions-about-military-strategy/|access-date=2025-06-16|website=Balkan Insight|language=en-US}}</ref> Kroasän labon [[Conscription|miligitämi] sis 2025, päprimöl büikumo de 1991 jü 2008.<ref name="vojnirokkraci">{{cite news |url=http://www.monitor.hr/clanci/vojni-rok-u-hrvatskoj-kraci-nego-drugdje-u-europi-i-nato-u/11191/ |title=Vojni rok u Hrvatskoj kraći, nego drugdje u Europi i NATO-u |first=Milan |last=Jelovac |date=23 January 2001 |newspaper=Vjesnik |language=hr |access-date=2011-09-09 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120127065234/http://www.monitor.hr/clanci/vojni-rok-u-hrvatskoj-kraci-nego-drugdje-u-europi-i-nato-u/11191/ |archive-date=2012-01-27 |url-status=dead}}</ref><ref name="CIA" /> === Diläd fädik === {{Main|Counties of Croatia}} {{Further|NUTS of Croatia}} {{Croatian counties}} Kroasän pädilon balidno ad stüks in [[Middle Ages|Zänodüps]].<ref name="Medieval-Counties">{{cite journal |journal=Historijski Zbornik |publisher=[[Školska knjiga]] |volume=5 |issue=1–2 |year=1952 |url=http://www.historiografija.hr/hz/1952/HZ_5_11_MANDIC.pdf |first=Oleg |last=Mandić |language=hr |title=O nekim pitanjima društvenog uređenja Hrvatske u srednjem vijeku |trans-title=Tefü säks anik stüda sogädik Kroasäna in zänodüps |pages=131–138 |access-date=2011-09-09 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190808023945/http://www.historiografija.hr/hz/1952/HZ_5_11_MANDIC.pdf |archive-date=2019-08-08 |url-status=dead}}</ref> Diläds ävotons da tim ad maliön peris tata lü kof Osmänik e liber posekik tata ot, votükams pola stüda Dalmatäna, Dubrovnik, e [[Istria|Istria]]. Diläd vönik läna ad stüks pämöükon ün yels 1920 ven Regän Särbas, Kroasanas e Slovenas e fovik Regän Yugoslaväna änüdugons [[oblast|oblädis] e [[Subdivisions of the Kingdom of Yugoslavia|banovinas]].{{sfn|Frucht|2005|p=429} Kroasän pereigöl fa Komünans, as dil Yugoslaväna pos Volakrig telid, ämoükon dilädis büik ed änüdugon zifis, dilädölo Kroasäni ad zifis zao tummel. Stüks pägepädons ün 1992 in lonem, pivotüköl mu tefü topädä lü diläds bü yels 1920. Ün 1918, dil Transleithanän pädilon ad stüks jöl ko seats in [[Bjelovar]], [[Gospić]], [[Ogulin]], [[Osijek]], [[Požega, Croatia|Požega]], [[Varaždin]], Vukovar, e Zagreb.{{sfn|Biondich|2000|p=11}}<ref name="CountiesAct1992">{{cite news |newspaper=[[Narodne novine]] |date=30 December 1992 |access-date=2011-09-09 |language=hr |title=Zakon o područjima županija, gradova i općina u Republici Hrvatskoj |trans-title=Lonem tata stükas, zifas e zifilas in Repüblik Kroasäna |url=http://narodne-novine.nn.hr/clanci/sluzbeni/1992_12_90_2333.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130828162010/http://narodne-novine.nn.hr/clanci/sluzbeni/1992_12_90_2333.html |archive-date=2013-08-28}}</ref> Sis 1992, Kroasän padilon ad [[Counties of Croatia|stüks 20]] e [[Zagreb|cifazif Zagreb]], lätik älabon nämi e stadi lonik dub stük e zif. Mied stükas ävotons in jens anik, lätiko pävotükon ün 2006. Stüks padilons ad [[List of cities in Croatia|zifs 127]] e [[Municipalities of Croatia|zifilas 429]].<ref name="CountiesAct2006">{{cite news |newspaper=Narodne novine |date=28 July 2006 |access-date=2011-09-09 |language=hr |title=Zakon o područjima županija, gradova i općina u Republici Hrvatskoj |trans-title=Lonem tata stükas, zifas e zifilas in Repüblik Kroasäna |url=http://narodne-novine.nn.hr/clanci/sluzbeni/2006_07_86_2045.html}}</ref> [[Nomenclature of Territorial Units for Statistics|Kef Statitas Tatas]] (NUTS) [[division of Croatia|diläd] padon in nivüds mödik. Nivüd NUTS 1 logon läni valik in bal; rigs NUTS 2 kil dono. Ats binon: Nolüda-Vesüd Kroasän, Zänod e Lofüd (Panonän) Kroasän, e Adriatik Kroasän. Lätik ninädon stükis su jol Adriatik. Nolüda-Vesüd Kroasän keninükon Koprivnica-Križevci, Krapina-Zagorje, Međimurje, Varaždin, zif Zagreb, e stükis Zagreb e Zänod e Lofüd (Panonän) Kroasän keninükon tops bliböl: Bjelovar-Bilogora, Brod-Posavina, Karlovac, Osijek-Baranja, Požega-Slavonia, Sisak-Moslavina, Virovitica-Podravina, e stükis Vukovar-Syrmia. Stük patik e zif Zagreb i malon dilädis NUTS 3 in Kroasän. Diläds LAU NUTS binon telik. LAU 1 leigon stükis e zif Zagreb eföfü lü NUTS 3, du LAU 2 leigon zifis e zifilis.<ref>{{cite web |publisher=[[Council of Europe]] |language=hr |url=http://www.coe.int/t/dg4/cultureheritage/heritage/cemat/confminist1-15/15eCEMAT_National_Report_Croatia_2010_HR.pdf |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20221009/http://www.coe.int/t/dg4/cultureheritage/heritage/cemat/confminist1-15/15eCEMAT_National_Report_Croatia_2010_HR.pdf |archive-date=2022-10-09 |url-status=live |title=Nacionalno izviješće Hrvatska |trans-title=Kosäd Netik Kroasän |date=January 2010 |access-date=2012-02-25}}</ref> == Konöm == {{Main|Economy of Croatia}} [[File:Trg bana Jelacica Zagreb 30102012 2 roberta f.jpg|thumb|284x284px|Cifazif [[Zagreb|Zagreb]] binon zänod konömik e finanziik neta. ]] Kroasän labon [[Developed country|konämi pätovedöl muik]].<ref name=":0">{{cite web |url=https://www.un.org/development/desa/dpad/wp-content/uploads/sites/45/WESP2019_BOOK-web.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190224232544/https://www.un.org/development/desa/dpad/wp-content/uploads/sites/45/WESP2019_BOOK-web.pdf|archive-date=2019-02-24|url-status=live|title=World Economic Situation and Prospects report 2019|publisher=UN|access-date=21 January 2019}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=3 May 2024|title=Croatia and the OECD|url=https://www.oecd.org/en/countries/croatia.html|access-date=2 July 2025|website=OECD|language=en|quote=Since its independence in 1991 and its transformation into a market economy, Croatia has led the way for regional peers with a reform agenda that paved the way for its EU accession in 2013. Croatia also plays a central role in the OECD’s South East Europe Regional Programme, engaging in project collaboration and sharing policies and good practices in the regional policy dialogue and peer learning activities. Croatia co-organises the OECD Dubrovnik Talks as part of its annual Dubrovnik Forum, playing a leading role advancing social, economic and environmental reforms in South East Europe.}}</ref><ref name="World Bank Country Classification">{{cite web |url=https://datahelpdesk.worldbank.org/knowledgebase/articles/906519#High_income |title=Country and Lending Groups |publisher=World Bank |access-date=2020-01-10 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180111190936/https://datahelpdesk.worldbank.org/knowledgebase/articles/906519#High_income |archive-date=2018-01-11 |url-status=dead}}</ref> Binon bal [[List of countries by GDP (nominal)#Table|konämigretikün in Sulüda-Lofüdürop]] ma [[gross domestic product|KVP]].<ref name="GDP IMF">{{cite web |date=10 October 2023|title=World Economic Outlook Database, October 2023|url=https://www.imf.org/en/Publications/WEO/weo-database/2023/October/weo-report?c=512,914,612,171,614,311,213,911,314,193,122,912,313,419,513,316,913,124,339,638,514,218,963,616,223,516,918,748,618,624,522,622,156,626,628,228,924,233,632,636,634,238,662,960,423,935,128,611,321,243,248,469,253,642,643,939,734,644,819,172,132,646,648,915,134,652,174,328,258,656,654,336,263,268,532,944,176,534,536,429,433,178,436,136,343,158,439,916,664,826,542,967,443,917,544,941,446,666,668,672,946,137,546,674,676,548,556,678,181,867,682,684,273,868,921,948,943,686,688,518,728,836,558,138,196,278,692,694,962,142,449,564,565,283,853,288,293,566,964,182,359,453,968,922,714,862,135,716,456,722,942,718,724,576,936,961,813,726,199,733,184,524,361,362,364,732,366,144,146,463,528,923,738,578,537,742,866,369,744,186,925,869,746,926,466,112,111,298,927,846,299,582,487,474,754,698,&s=NGDPD,&sy=2021&ey=2028&ssm=0&scsm=1&scc=0&ssd=1&ssc=0&sic=0&sort=country&ds=.&br=1|access-date=10 October 2023|website=IMF.org|publisher=[[International Monetary Fund]]}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |date=16 April 2024|title=WEO Database, April 2024. Report for Selected Countries and Subjects: World, European Union|url=https://www.imf.org/en/Publications/WEO/weo-database/2024/April/weo-report?c=960,&s=NGDPD,PPPGDP,NGDPDPC,PPPPC,&sy=2022&ey=2029&ssm=0&scsm=1&scc=0&ssd=1&ssc=0&sic=0&sort=country&ds=.&br=1|access-date=16 April 2024|website=IMF.org|publisher=[[International Monetary Fund]]}}</ref><ref name="IMF">{{Cite web |title=Report for Selected Countries and Subjects |url=https://www.imf.org/en/Publications/WEO/weo-database/2024/April/weo-report |access-date=2024-06-02 |website=IMF |language=en}}</ref> Labon i [[List of countries by GDP (nominal) per capita|KVP pö men]] mu suemik.<ref>{{Cite web |date=April 15, 2023|title=Economic Complexity Index: Croatia|url=https://atlas.hks.harvard.edu/countries/191/None|access-date=June 28, 2025|website=The Atlas of Economic Complexity by Harvard University|language=en|quote=Croatia⁩ is ⁨a high-income⁩ country, ranking as the ⁨⁨42nd⁩ richest economy⁩ per capita out of 145 studied. Its ⁨3.84 million⁩ inhabitants have a GDP per capita of ⁨$21,520⁩⁨ (⁨$46,005⁩ PPP; ⁨2023⁩)⁩. GDP per capita growth has averaged ⁨4.8%⁩ over the past five years, ⁨above⁩ regional averages.}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=Romei|first=Valentina|date=November 1, 2024|title=How demographics can distort economic narratives|url=https://www.ft.com/content/0bde0990-4959-4412-9266-82c37baeea14|archive-date=|access-date=June 30, 2025|work=Financial Times|quote=But keeping it simple, there’s little difference in performance between the performance in terms of GDP and GDP per capita for the US (or Croatia, which tops the table on both measures).}}</ref> Binon [[open economy|konöm maifik] ko polis foginik lobik, mu feto tefäda bevünetik in Yurop. In Kroasän, blümükam konömik [[List of Croatian counties by GDP|vitons bevü stüks on]], ko glof gretikün in [[Central Croatia|Kroasän Zänodik]] e zänod finansik on, Zagreb. Labon [[List of Croatian counties by Human Development Index|nivügi mu suemik] blümükama menik,<ref>{{Cite web |title=Sub-national HDI - Area Database - Global Data Lab|url=https://hdi.globaldatalab.org/areadata/shdi/|access-date=19 July 2021|website=hdi.globaldatalab.org|language=en}}</ref> nivügi donik [[Gini coefficient|taiba gela]], e [[quality of life|kvaloti lifa]] suemik.<ref>{{Cite web |date=4 December 2023|title=Croatia - Market Overview|url=https://www.trade.gov/country-commercial-guides/croatia-market-overview|access-date=20 December 2023|website=[[International Trade Administration]]|language=en}}</ref> Market vobas Kroasäna äbinon ne efölükamik laidiko, ko stid investöpa no pätovedöl e sitema [[Taxation in Croatia|taxa foretik e gela]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=1 January 2020|title=Doing Business 2020: Croatia Country Profile|url=https://www.doingbusiness.org/content/dam/doingBusiness/country/c/croatia/HRV.pdf|access-date=20 December 2023|website=World Bank Group}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Croatian Economy: Be Dynamic, Not Only in Tourism|url=https://www.imf.org/en/News/Articles/2017/09/18/na091917-croatian-economy-be-dynamic-not-only-in-tourism|access-date=2023-12-20|website=IMF|language=en}}</ref> [[File:Rimac C Two 2018 Geneva Motor Show.jpg|left|thumb|[[Rimac Automobili|Rimac Automobili]], bal [[Automotive industry in Croatia|jafäda utomagik]] gretik in Kroasän.]] Jenotem konömik Kroasäna tefon mu ko mufs [[nation-building|jafa netäla]. Konöm onik bü-industriäl ägebon [[Geography of Croatia|geografi läna] e nafasotalis ad lüodön glofi fänik. Tumyel 1800 älogon glofi lemapa, lely, e viföpa dustänik mödik. Dü tumyel 1900, Kroasän ägolon lü [[planned economy|konöm planning] (ko [[socialism|sosial]]) ün 1941 e [[Planned economy#Command economy|konöm stigäda] (ko [[communism|komün]]) dü Volakrig telid.<ref name="DOS" /> Äblifon vifükami zifükama ün yels 1950 ed ävotikön [[Decentralization|diliko]] ün 1965, difükölo konömi onik bü [[independence of Croatia|lib Kroasäna]] ün 1990.<ref name="DOS" /> [[Croatian War of Independence|Krug Liba Kroasänik]] (1991–95) äminükon [[Croatian War of Independence#Impact and aftermath|21–25% KVP kriga]], posblibülo konöm pätovedöl.<ref name="DOS">{{cite web |url=http://m.state.gov/md3166.htm |title=Background Note: Croatia |publisher=[[United States Department of State]] |access-date=2008-12-04 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100527221958/http://m.state.gov/md3166.htm |archive-date=2010-05-27}}</ref> Konöm Kroasänik nulädik palelogöl as [[high-income|löpik-gelüdanik]], padominöl fäno dünas e dustäna kels binon 70% KVP.<ref name=":27">{{Cite web |last=Crnjak|first=Marija|date=26 June 2025|title=Konačno razbijen mit da turizam čini 20 posto BDP-a Hrvatske, stigle brojke DZS-a, evo točnog izračuna!|url=https://novac.jutarnji.hr/novac/aktualno/konacno-razbijen-mit-da-turizam-cini-20-posto-bdp-a-hrvatske-stigle-brojke-dzs-a-evo-tocnog-izracuna-15567080|access-date=1 July 2025|website=novac.jutarnji.hr|language=hr-hr}}</ref><ref name=":28">{{Cite web |title=Croatia's Tourism May Be Hurt by Price Hikes, ECB's Vujcic Says |url=https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2025-01-05/croatian-central-banker-says-rising-prices-are-turning-tourists-off |date=1 January 2025 |access-date=2 July 2025 |last=Kuzmanovic|first=Jasmina|website=Bloomberg News}}</ref> Kroasän binon [[Energy in Croatia|nämad vapa nulik]] in Yurop, ko investods kaenik in gas natik melik ([[Liquefied natural gas|LNG]]), nätäms [[Geothermal energy|vapa]], e lot tridik.<ref>{{Cite news |date=18 June 2021|title=Croatian island eyes green energy self-sufficiency in this decade|language=en|work=Reuters|agency=Reuters|url=https://www.reuters.com/business/sustainable-business/croatian-island-eyes-green-energy-self-sufficiency-this-decade-2021-06-18/|access-date=26 November 2021}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Croatia - Renewable Energy|url=https://www.trade.gov/country-commercial-guides/croatia-renewable-energy|access-date=26 November 2021|website=trade.gov|language=en}}</ref> Stüon dünis konömik rigik da nät lotas su [[Adriatic Sea|Mel Adriatik]] e da [[Pan-European corridors|koridors Yuropik]]. Kroasän labon kumädis teda libik ko möd netas vola e binon dil [[World Trade Organization|Kef Tedanas]] (2000) e [[European Economic Area|EEA]] (2013).<ref name=":17">{{Cite web |title=Overview|url=https://www.worldbank.org/en/country/croatia/overview|access-date=2022-10-17|website=World Bank|language=en}}</ref><ref name=":21">{{Cite web |title=Nova EU direktiva: Minimalac bi mogao porasti na 4000 kuna, sindikati traže 5000|url=https://www.tportal.hr/biznis/clanak/nova-eu-direktiva-minimalac-bi-mogao-porasti-na-4000-kuna-sindikati-traze-5000-foto-20220916|access-date=2022-10-17|website=tportal.hr}}</ref> [[international trade|Patäd teda] gretikün Kroasäna äbinon BA votik, paledülo fa Deutän, Litaliyän, e Slovenän.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://web.dzs.hr/Hrv_Eng/publication/2019/04-02-02_01_2019.htm |title=ROBNA RAZMJENA REPUBLIKE HRVATSKE S INOZEMSTVOM u 2018.KONAČNI PODACI/FOREIGN TRADE IN GOODS OF THE REPUBLIC OF CROATIA, 2018 FINAL DATA |publisher=[[Croatian Bureau of Statistics]] |language=hr}}</ref> Net labon [[Defence industry of Croatia|städ jela nulik], ko jafädans gretik keninükamö [[HS Produkt|HS Produkt]] e [[Đuro Đaković (company)|Đuro Đaković]], bevü votiks.<ref name="vojna ind">{{cite news |last=Franičević |first=Mile |date=6 March 2011 |title=Hrvatski izvoz oružja i opreme lani narastao na 650 milijuna kuna |language=hr |newspaper=Vjesnik |url=http://www.vjesnik.hr/Article.aspx?ID=12C86DFB-1818-459C-B8E6-687AFABF57A2 |url-status=dead |access-date=2011-09-09 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120404120455/http://www.vjesnik.hr/Article.aspx?ID=12C86DFB-1818-459C-B8E6-687AFABF57A2 |archive-date=2012-04-04}}</ref><ref name=":4">{{Cite web |last=Tesija|first=Vuk|date=2024-01-02|title=Croatia's Defence Exports are Growing in a Dangerous World|url=https://balkaninsight.com/2024/01/02/croatias-defence-exports-are-growing-in-a-dangerous-world/bi/|access-date=2026-04-11|website=Balkan Insight|language=en-US}}</ref> === Turism === {{Main|Tourism in Croatia|Croatian National Tourist Board}} [[File: Bokar Fortress and the Old Town of Dubrovnik, Croatia (48613181692).jpg |thumb|right|upright=1.0|[[Dubrovnik|Dubrovnik]] binon topäd visidikün e pöpedikün Kroasäna.]]Turism binon dustän gretik e fänod konömik.<ref>{{cite news |newspaper=Vjesnik |url=http://www.vjesnik.hr/Article.aspx?ID=D37B6CB1-C728-44FE-94C7-8C80B4EA582F |archive-date=2022-10-05 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221005203957/http://www.vjesnik.hr/Article.aspx?ID=D37B6CB1-C728-44FE-94C7-8C80B4EA582F |language=hr |title=Iako čini gotovo petinu BDP-a, i dalje niskoprofitabilna grana domaće privrede |trans-title=Do gobon zao luldili KVP, ebo binon fänod dona-profitik konöma lomänik |first1=Tomislav |last1=Pili |first2=Davor |last2=Verković |date=1 October 2011 |access-date=2011-10-20}}</ref> Ilo, ämalon dili gretik prodüta konömik (KVP), rivölo vo 10% jü 15% KVP totik.<ref name=":27"/><ref>{{Cite web |last=Kuzmanovic|first=Jasmina|date=1 January 2025|title=Croatia's Tourism May Be Hurt by Price Hikes, ECB's Vujcic Says|url=https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2025-01-05/croatian-central-banker-says-rising-prices-are-turning-tourists-off|access-date=2 July 2025|website=Bloomberg News}}</ref> Kroasän balümon mu ko [[European Union|BA]] (EU), keblünofo duno turisme bevünetik in [[Southeast Europe|Sulüda-Lofüdürop]]. Turism pacenon su jol [[Adriatic Croatia|Adriatik Kroasäna]] e binon säsonik mu, pöpiölo in Yulul e Gustul.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/statistics-explained/index.php/Tourism_statistics_for_Croatia|title=Tourism statistics for Croatia|work=ec.europa.eu|publisher=[[European Commission]]|date=2014|access-date=10 September 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160827211833/http://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/statistics-explained/index.php/Tourism_statistics_for_Croatia|archive-date=2016-08-27|url-status=dead}}</ref> Zifs visidiküns binon [[Dubrovnik|Dubrovnik]], [[Rovinj|Rovinj]], [[Zagreb|Zagreb]], [[Split, Croatia|Split]], [[Poreč|Poreč]], [[Umag|Umag]], e [[Zadar|Zadar]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=1 March 2023|title=Croatia registers 20.6m tourist arrivals and 108m overnight stays in 2023|url=https://mint.gov.hr/news-11455/croatia-registers-20-6m-tourist-arrivals-and-108m-overnight-stays-in-2023/23697|access-date=3 July 2025|website=mint.hr}}</ref> [[File: Aerial view of Zlatni rat (Golden Horn) Beach in Bol, Croatia (48608813081).jpg|thumb|right|Nisel [[Zlatni Rat|Zlatni Rat]] su Nisul [[Brač|Brač]]]] Jenotem turima in Kroasän geüdon lü tim onik as dil [[Austria-Hungary|Lösterän-Macaräna]] ven ristokratans liegik äkömons la mel.<ref name="baskar">{{cite web |last1=BASKAR|first1=BOJAN|title=Southbound, to the Austrian Riviera: The Habsburg Patronage of Tourism in the Eastern Adriatic|url=http://www.drustvo-antropologov.si/AN/PDF/2010_1/Anthropological_Notebooks_XVI_1_Baskar.pdf|website=Društvo antropologov Slovenije|publisher=University of Ljubljana|access-date=18 September 2021}}</ref> Turism ägretikumon da yels 1960 jü 1980 bü [[independence of Croatia|lib Kroasäna]] ün 1990 kel äminükon turimi jü fin yelas 1990.<ref name="springer">{{cite book |last1=Kapusta|first1=Armina|last2=Wiluś|first2=Robert|title=The Geography of Tourism of Central and Eastern European Countries|chapter=Geography of Tourism in Croatia|date=2017|pages=109–147|publisher=Springer International Publishing|doi=10.1007/978-3-319-42205-3_4|isbn=978-3-319-42203-9}}</ref> Yels 2000 älogon geüpüki muik turima Kroasänik ven ädunon jafi netäla ko süad patik su gét turima. Finü yels 2000, Kroasän ävedon bal topas visidikün turima in [[Mediterranean Sea|Mediterän]].{{sfn|2018 Statistical Yearbook of the Republic of Croatia|p=425}} Turists 20,2 balions ävisidons Kroasäni ün 2024.<ref name="htz.hr2021">{{cite web |title=TOURIST ARRIVALS AND NIGHTS IN 2024|url=https://podaci.dzs.hr/2024/en/76896|access-date=1 June 2025|website=Croatian Bureau of Statistics|publisher=|language=}}</ref> Jols in län pegevons as netapärks jöl e pärks nät deg.<ref>{{cite web |title=Parkovi Hrvatske|url=http://www.parkovihrvatske.hr/parkovi|website=Parkovihrvatske.hr|access-date=18 September 2021}}</ref> Dabinon [[List of World Heritage Sites in Croatia|tüms]] [[World Heritage Site|Topäda Rägädik Volik] e jols [[Blue Flag beach|Flama Blö]] 116 da län.<ref name="croatia_unesco">{{cite web |title=Properties inscribed on the World Heritage List (10)|url=https://whc.unesco.org/en/statesparties/hr|website=UNESCO|access-date=18 September 2021}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.blueflag.org/Menu/Awarded+sites/2011/Northern+Hemisphere/Croatia |title=Croatia |access-date=2011-10-21 |publisher=[[Foundation for Environmental Education]] |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111202124844/http://www.blueflag.org/Menu/Awarded+sites/2011/Northern+Hemisphere/Croatia |archive-date=2011-12-02}}</ref> Faktors visida turimas binon mu [[Culture of Croatia|kulur]], [[Croatian cuisine|kuid]], [[History of Croatia|jenotem]], mod, [[Architecture of Croatia|bumav], lekan, tops relik e suemots, nät, lot melik, e jeoda. Turism pastüon diliko fa stid filmas e televidas Kroasänik dub filmam su top. Nivät e [[overtourism|löturism]] elüon lü lonems gevama e mäts turimas sis 2024.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Thomas|first=Mark |date=May 18, 2025|title=Croatia Currently More Expensive Than Spain and Greece, Despite Being Equally Attractive Mediterranean Destinations|url=https://www.thedubrovniktimes.com/news/croatia/item/17965-croatia-currently-more-expensive-than-spain-and-greece-despite-being-equally-attractive-mediterranean-destinations|access-date=July 2, 2025|website=www.thedubrovniktimes.com|language=en-gb}}</ref> [[Eurostat]] ätaxeton das zao 55% lotas turima EU binon bevü Kroasän (117,000) e züom [[Tourism in Italy|Litaliyän]] (230,000).<ref>{{Cite web |date=1 January 2023|title=Tourism statistics for the European Union|url=https://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/statistics-explained/index.php?title=Tourism_statistics|access-date=3 July 2025|website=Eurostat|language=en|issn=2443-8219|quote=More than one third (35.3%) of all the bed places in the EU were concentrated in just 2 of the EU countries, namely Italy (5.2 million) and France (5.1 million), while more than a half (54.5%) of all the establishments in the EU were concentrated in Italy (230 000), and Croatia (117 000).}}</ref> Ün 2025, Kroasän äbinon tat 9id visidikün in EU e 3id visidikün in [[Southern Europe|Sulüd Yurop]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=Jelavić|first=Grego|date=10 March 2025|title=Iz Eurostata komentiraju da je 2024. bila rekordna odnosno "najbolja turistička godina za EU" po noćenjima u turističkim smještajnim objektima.|url=https://www.poslovni.hr/hrvatska/u-najboljoj-turistickoj-godini-eu-hrvatska-na-9-mjestu-4475261|access-date=3 July 2025|website=Poslovni Dnevnik|language=hr}}</ref> === Vobädöf === {{See also|Transport in Croatia|List of tallest buildings in Croatia}} ==== Lotas ==== [[File:P067539-946135 Pelješac bridge.jpg|thumb|left|[[Pelješac Bridge|Jonav Pelješac]] kopladon nisuli [[Pelješac|Pelješac]] e da on dil sulüdik mu, keninükamö [[Dubrovnik|Dubrovnik]], ko [[Croatia proper|lomän Kroasänik]].]] [[Motorways in Croatia|Nät lotas]] pibumon mu in fin yelas 1990 e yelas 2000. Ma Dekul 2020, Kroasän ifölükon {{convert|1313.8|km|abbr=off}} lotas, kopladölo Zagrebi lü rigs votik e sököl [[International E-road network|suemots Yuropik]] e [[Pan-European corridors|koridors Yuropik]] fol.<ref name="Helsinki-1997">{{cite journal |publisher=[[University of Rijeka]], Faculty of Maritime Studies |url=http://hrcak.srce.hr/file/6570 |title=The integration of the Republic of Croatia into the Pan-European transport corridor network |author=Tanja Poletan Jugović |journal=Pomorstvo |volume=20 |issue=1 |pages=49–65 |date=11 April 2006 |access-date=2010-10-14}}</ref><ref name="NN-Motorways2009">{{cite news |newspaper=Narodne Novine |language=hr |url=http://narodne-novine.nn.hr/clanci/sluzbeni/2009_01_13_296.html |title=Odluka o izmjenama i dopunama odluke o razvrstavanju javnih cesta u autoceste |trans-title=Slud votükama e läükamas sluda dila lotas publik as lotas |date=30 January 2009 |access-date=2010-10-18}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Mreža autocesta – HUKA |url=http://www.huka.hr/mreza-autocesta |access-date=2020-12-16 |website=huka.hr}}</ref> Lotas jöniküns binon [[A1 (Croatia)|A1]], kopladölo Zagrebi lü Split e [[A3 (Croatia)|A3]], golöl lofüdän lü vesüd da nolüd Kroasän e Slavonän.<ref name="HC-promet">{{cite web |publisher=[[Hrvatske ceste]] |url=http://www.hrvatske-ceste.hr/WEB%20-%20Legislativa/brojenje-prometa/CroDig2009.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110221195254/http://www.hrvatske-ceste.hr/WEB%20-%20Legislativa/brojenje-prometa/CroDig2009.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-date=2011-02-21 |title=Traffic counting on the roadways of Croatia in 2009 – digest |access-date=2010-05-01}}</ref> Nät stäänik [[state roads in Croatia|lotas stüka] dunon as lotas [[Feeder line (network)|feeder]] du kopladon zifis gretik. Kvalit e säkür lotas Kroasänik pätobon e pefümon fa programs EuroTAP e EuroTest.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.eurotestmobility.com/news.php?item=25&PHPSESSID=a7d9b4decd981bb3cdc3494656b0104d |title=EuroTest |publisher=Eurotestmobility.com |access-date=2009-01-03 |url-status=usurped |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110430010646/http://www.eurotestmobility.com/news.php?item=25&PHPSESSID=a7d9b4decd981bb3cdc3494656b0104d |archive-date=2011-04-30}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.javno.com/en/croatia/clanak.php?id=38990 |title=Brinje Tunnel Best European Tunnel |publisher=Javno.com |access-date=2009-01-03 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090115220041/http://www.javno.com/en/croatia/clanak.php?id=38990 |archive-date=2009-01-15}}</ref> Bumam [[Pelješac Bridge|Jona Pelješac]] 2.4 km lunik äkopladon dilis tel stüka Dubrovnik-Neretva ed ädisedon rutivi lü nisul [[Pelješac|Pelješac]] e nisuls [[Korčula|Korčula]] e [[Lastovo|Lastovo]] plu 32 km. Bumam jona äprimon in Yulul 2018 posä lotor Kroasänik [[Hrvatske ceste|Hrvatske ceste]] (HC) ädisinon kumi 2,08 [[Croatian kuna|kuna]] balionas pro vobs ko fedät Tjinänik paledülo fa [[China Road and Bridge Corporation|China Road and Bridge Corporation]] (CRBC). Proäd päkefinanon fa Balatam Yuropik ko €357 balion. Bumam päfinükon in Yulul 2022.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Croatia opens long-awaited bridge bypassing Bosnia |url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2022/7/26/croatia-opens-long-awaited-bridge-bypassing-bosnia |access-date=2022-11-05 |publisher=Al Jazeera |language=en}}</ref> ==== Railävs ==== {{Main|Rail transport in Croatia}} {{Further|List of railways in Croatia}} {{Multiple image | caption_align = center | align = right | direction = vertical | image1 = Bratislava Vienna night train in Split (53235729046).jpg | image2 = J32 847 Bf Zagreb gl. k., 6 112 110.jpg | caption1 = [[ÖBB|Tren ÖBB]], su [[Kaštela|Kaštela]], mogöl se Split | caption2 = [[HŽ series 6112|HŽ 6112]] pifomön fa kompan Kroasänik [[Končar Group|Končar]] }} Kroasän labon [[List of railways in Croatia|railävi stäänik]] stäänü {{convert|2604|km|abbr=off}}, keninükamö {{convert|984|km|abbr=off}} railävas lektinas e {{convert|254|km|abbr=off}} railävas telik.{{sfn|2018 Statistical Yearbook of the Republic of Croatia|p=350}} Railävs mu vöniks in Kroasän binon in koridors pan-Yuropik Vb e X kopladölo [[Rijeka|Rijeka]] lü [[Budapest|Budapest]] e Ljubljana lü Belgrade, bo da [[Zagreb|Zagreb]].<ref name="Helsinki-1997" /> Ün 2024, [[European Investment Bank|Bank Investodik Yuropik]] ägevon €400 balion ad stütön lifükami railävasistem, süadölo su vaf e nulükams. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Croatia: EIB commits €400 million in green funding to modernise railways |url=https://www.eib.org/en/press/all/2024-044-eib-commits-eur400-million-in-green-funding-to-modernise-croatia-s-railways |access-date=2025-04-05 |website=European Investment Bank |language=en}}</ref><ref name="www.koncar.hr">{{Cite web |title=Modernizing mobility: A new era in rail travel {{!}} Končar |url=https://www.koncar.hr/en/news/modernizing-mobility-new-era-rail-travel |access-date=2025-04-05 |website=www.koncar.hr}}</ref> In Yulul 2024, kumäd cifik pädison pro get [[electro-diesel multiple unit|fomis lektinik-diesel]] (EDMUs) ad gudükumön kosädi bevü [[Split, Croatia|Split]] e Zagreb. Völadöl €57,3 balion e pefinölo dub lenit EIB, proäd at binon dil muf muik ad nulükumön vobädöfi railäva Kroasäna.<ref name="www.koncar.hr" /> ==== Flik ==== {{Main|List of airports in Croatia}} {{Further|List of the busiest airports in Croatia}} [[List of airports in Croatia|Flugapads in Kroasän]] topon e dünons eli [[Dubrovnik Airport|Dubrovnik]], [[Osijek Airport|Osijek]], [[Pula Airport|Pula]], [[Rijeka Airport|Rijeka]], [[Split Airport|Split]], [[Zadar Airport|Zadar]], e [[Zagreb International Airport|Zagreb]].<ref name="MMPI-Airports">{{cite web |publisher=[[Ministry of the Sea, Transport and Infrastructure (Croatia)]] |url=http://www.mppi.hr/default.aspx?id=675 |title=Fligaton |access-date=2011-10-10 |archive-date=2016-07-03 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160703104330/http://www.mppi.hr/default.aspx?id=675 |url-status=dead}}</ref> Gretikün e jönikün binon [[Zagreb Airport|Flugap Franjo Tuđman]] in Zagreb, pefovöl fa [[Split Airport|Flugap S. Hieronymus]] in Split, [[Dubrovnik Airport|Flugap Ruđer Bošković]] in Dubrovnik e [[Zadar Airport|Flugap Zadar]] in Zadar, ko mens yeliko plu balion.<ref>{{Cite thesis |last=Meštrović |first=Damjan |year=2018 |title=Utjecaj izgradnje novog terminala na poslovanje Zračne luke Franjo Tuđman |url=https://www.bib.irb.hr/972752 |language=hr}}</ref> [[List of the busiest airports in Croatia|Flugapads Kroasäna ma mens]] ereigiströnon mens 10 balion ün 2018, 11 balion ün 2019 e 2023, 13 balion ün 2024. Flugapads in Kroasän ägetons plu 14 balion menas ün 2025.<ref>{{cite web |title=PROMET U ZRAČNIM LUKAMA U PROSINCU 2025. |url=https://podaci.dzs.hr/2025/hr/97491 |website=dzs.hr |access-date=12 February 2026}}</ref> In Yulul 2024, flugän ägeton balid [[Airbus A220|Airbus A220]]-3, malöl primü vitik lü fomam nulädik e nefölik.<ref name="www.airbus.com 2024">{{Cite web |date=29 July 2024 |title=Croatia Airlines takes delivery of its first A220 in new livery {{!}} Airbus |url=https://www.airbus.com/en/newsroom/press-releases/2024-07-croatia-airlines-takes-delivery-of-its-first-a220-in-new-livery |access-date=2025-04-05 |website=www.airbus.com |language=en}}</ref><ref name="aircraft.airbus.com 2024">{{Cite web |date=30 July 2024 |title=Croatia Airlines takes delivery of its first A220 in new livery {{!}} Airbus |url=https://aircraft.airbus.com/en/newsroom/news/2024-07-croatia-airlines-takes-delivery-of-its-first-a220-in-new-livery |access-date=2025-04-05 |website=aircraft.airbus.com |language=en}}</ref> Disin at keninükon geti 13 A220-3 e 2 [[Airbus A220|A220-1]], lüälü ad gudükumön neföfi ko vobed kofu 25% donik e taibs. <ref name="www.airbus.com 2024" /><ref name="aircraft.airbus.com 2024" /> Ma 2024, [[Croatia Airlines|Kroasän Airlines]] ästäänükon nätä bevünetik onik me nüdugam flugas de [[Zagreb|Zagreb]] lü [[Tirana|Tirana]], Berlin, e [[Stockholm|Stockholm]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=Peters |first=Luke |date=7 March 2024 |title=Croatia Airlines reveals 2024 expansion plans and new routes |url=https://www.aerotime.aero/articles/croatia-airlines-summer-2024-routes |access-date=2025-04-05 |website=aerotime.aero |language=en-US}}</ref> I, flugän äprimon dünis kopladölo [[Hamburg|Hamburg]] lü Zagreb primü 1 Yulul 2024.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Sommerflugplan : Neue Ziele ab Hamburg liegen vor allem im Osten – WELT |url=https://www.welt.de/regionales/hamburg/article255803710/Sommerflugplan-Neue-Ziele-ab-Hamburg-liegen-vor-allem-im-Osten.html |access-date=2025-04-05 |website=DIE WELT |language=de}}</ref> ==== Pödigs ==== Pödig kargi jönikün binon [[Port of Rijeka|Pödig Rijeka]]. Pödigs mens jöniküns binon [[Port of Split|Split]] e Zadar.<ref name="WB-Rijeka">{{cite web |publisher=World Bank |language=hr |title=Riječka luka –jadranski "prolaz" prema Europi |trans-title=Pödig Rijeka – "paset" Adriatik lü Yurop |date=3 March 2006 |access-date=2011-10-13 |url=http://go.worldbank.org/V9N60RX7L0 |archive-url=http://webarchive.loc.gov/all/20120805200119/http://go.worldbank.org/V9N60RX7L0 |url-status=dead |archive-date=2012-08-05}}</ref><ref name="MMPI-RL-plan">{{cite web |publisher=Ministry of the Sea, Transport and Infrastructure (Croatia) |url=http://www.mppi.hr/default.aspx?id=480 |title=Luke |trans-title=Pödigs |language=hr |access-date=2011-08-24 |archive-date=2012-12-16 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121216063733/http://www.mppi.hr/default.aspx?id=480 |url-status=dead}}</ref> Pödigs smalik möd dünons feris kopladölo nisulis e zifs su jol mödik ko lines ferik lü zifs in Litaliyän.<ref name="AOLPP-Rijeka">{{cite web |publisher=Agencija za obalni linijski pomorski promet |url=http://www.agencija-zolpp.hr/Brodskelinije/tabid/1267/Default.aspx |language=hr |title=Plovidbeni red za 2011. godinu |trans-title=Polüt yela 2011 |access-date=2011-08-27 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110715203314/http://www.agencija-zolpp.hr/Brodskelinije/tabid/1267/Default.aspx |archive-date=2011-07-15}}</ref> [[inland port|Pödig flümeda]] gretikün binon [[port of Vukovar|pödig Vukovar]], su [[Danube|Danube]] in [[Vukovar|Vukovar]], malöl sefädi netik lü koridors pan-Yuropik VII.<ref name="Helsinki-1997" /><ref name="MMPI-River-Navigation">{{cite web |publisher=Ministry of the Sea, Transport and Infrastructure (Croatia) |url=http://www.mppi.hr/default.aspx?id=890 |title=Plovni putovi |trans-title=Suemods flotabik |language=hr |access-date=2011-09-10 |archive-date=2012-12-16 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121216060844/http://www.mppi.hr/default.aspx?id=890 |url-status=dead}}</ref> ==== Nämd ==== {{See also|Energy in Croatia}} [[File:Gračac (HR), Poštak -- 2022 -- 0004.jpg|thumb|right|Fönapoät Vapa Poštak nilü [[Gračac|Gračac]], [[Zadar County|Stük Zadar]]]] {{convert|610|km|abbr=off}} pipis gasi natik dünon Kroasäni, kopladölo pödig gasi [[Rijeka|Rijeka]] ko finöps in Rijeka e [[Sisak|Sisak]], e trasfapads. Sistem labon kapasiti tonas 20 balion yelo.<ref name="JANAF-system">{{cite web |publisher=[[Jadranski naftovod]] |url=http://www.janaf.hr/index.php?option=sustav&lang=en |title=Sistem JANAF |access-date=2011-10-08}}</ref> Sistem vapa natik keninünon {{convert|2113|km|abbr=off}} pipis e rigs, e stögs plu 300, kopladölo rigs, stof gasi Okoli, getans 27 e sistem 37. <ref name="Plinacro-system">{{cite web |publisher=[[Plinacro]] |url=http://www.plinacro.hr/default.aspx?id=264 |title=Transportni sustav |trans-title=Sistem transporta |language=hr |access-date=2011-10-08}}</ref> Kroasän i spelon ruti cifik in säkür kaenik rigik. [[liquefied natural gas|Terminal gas natik melik]] flotik nilü nisul [[Krk|Krk]] [[LNG Hrvatska|LNG Hrvatska]] äprimon vobi tü 1 Yanul 2021, pladölo Kroasäni as dugan kaenik rigik e keblünofo difükame mosedi Yuropa.<ref name=":5">{{Cite web |title=Water statistics|url=https://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/statistics-explained/index.php?title=Water_statistics|access-date=2026-04-05|website=ec.europa.eu|language=en|quote=Among the EU countries, Croatia recorded the highest renewable freshwater resources (with a long-term average of 30 700 m³ per inhabitant), followed by Finland (19 700 m³), Estonia (18 700 m³) Latvia (17 900 m³) and Sweden (17 500 m³).}}</ref><ref name=":6">{{Cite web |last=Thomas|first=Mark|title=Gas Supply in Croatia Remains Stable Despite Disruption in Russian Gas Transit - The Dubrovnik Times|url=https://www.thedubrovniktimes.com/news/croatia/item/17353-gas-supply-in-croatia-remains-stable-despite-disruption-in-russian-gas-transit|access-date=2026-04-05|website=www.thedubrovniktimes.com|language=en-gb}}</ref> Ün 2010, prodot kaenik Kroasäna ätegon 85% gasa natik netik e 19% gasa.<ref name="2010 Statistical Yearbook of the Republic of Croatia">Croatian Bureau of Statistics (2010). ''2010 Statistical Yearbook of the Republic of Croatia''. Zagreb: Croatian Bureau of Statistics. pp. 298–302.</ref> Ün 2016, prodot näma balid Kroasäna äkeninükon gas natik (24,8%), vapa (28,3%), gas (13,6%), bünafot (27,6%), e paüps vapa e vitäma (5,7%). Ün 2017, prodot lektina lölöfik ärivon 11,543 GWh, du ägeton 12,157 GWh u zao 40% neod onik.<ref name="2018 Statistical Yearbook of the Republic of Croatia">Croatian Bureau of Statistics (2018). ''2018 Statistical Yearbook of the Republic of Croatia''. Zagreb: Croatian Bureau of Statistics. p. 304.</ref> Kroasän labon 50% ela [[Krško Nuclear Power Plant|Nüklearkrüdi Krško]] ko züom [[Slovenän|Slovenän]].<ref name="EUB-NEK" /> Krüt at providon dili gretik getas Kroasäna e givon 15% lektina netas.<ref name="EUB-NEK">{{cite web |publisher=EU Business |url=http://www.eubusiness.com/news-eu/japan-disaster.9bc |title=Croatia, Slovenia's nuclear plant safe: Croatian president |date=28 March 2011 |access-date=2011-10-08}}</ref> Ma Eurostat ün 2026, Kroasän labon vata mu mödiküna per men in EU (30,000&nbsp;m<sup>3</sup>).<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.croatiaweek.com/croatia-water-resources-eurostat-ranking/ |title=Croatia ranks No.1 in EU for water resources per capita |work=Croatia Week |date=25 March 2024}}</ref> == Demogaf == {{Main|Demographics of Croatia|Croats}} {{See also|List of cities and towns in Croatia}} {{bar box | width = | float = right | title = Netät (2021) | titlebar = #ddd | bars = {{bar percent|[[Croats|Kroasans]] | blue|91.6}} {{bar percent|[[Serbs|Särbans]] | cyan|3.2}} {{bar percent|[[Ethnic groups in Croatia|Votiks]] | gray|5.2}} | caption = Räyüm Kroasänik 2021<ref name="Census 2021" />}} [[File:Croatia ethnicities 2021.svg|thumb|upright=1.4|Netät Kroasäna ün 2021.]]Ma täxet lödanas 3,87 balions ün 2024, Kroasän [[List of countries by population|binon 128id ma lödans]] in vol.<ref>{{cite web |url = https://podaci.dzs.hr/2025/en/97254 |title = POPULATION ESTIMATE OF THE REPUBLIC OF CROATIA, 2024 |website = podaci.dzs.hr |date = 29 August 2025 |access-date = 5 September 2025}}</ref> Tümöp onik ün 2018 äbinon 72,9 mens per km², keläm König Kroasäni bal länas läs denseik Yurop.<ref name="who0">{{cite web |url=https://web.dzs.hr/Hrv_Eng/CroInFig/croinfig_2018.pdf |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20221009/https://www.dzs.hr/Hrv_Eng/CroInFig/croinfig_2018.pdf |archive-date=2022-10-09 |url-status=live |title=Croatia in Figures |access-date=2019-09-09 |publisher=[[Croatian Bureau of Statistics]] |year=2018}}</ref> Lif löpa in Kroasän pämötölon ün 2024 77,7 yels.<ref name="cia">{{Cite CIA World Factbook |country=Croatia |date=22 September 2021}}</ref>} [[Tiäm mütik|Tiäm mütik]] valodik de 1,46 cilas per mot, binon bal [[Volalänas e tops taiböl ma tiäm mütik|doniküns vola]], mu diso tiäma plädama de 2,1; blibon mu diso löpikün de 6,18 cilas tiäm ün 1885.<ref name="cia" /><ref>{{citation |url=https://ourworldindata.org/grapher/children-born-per-woman?year=1800&country=AUT |title=Tiäm Mütik Valodik da volü du tumyels tel lätik |first=Max |last=Roser |year=2014 |work=[[Voned at Volapük|Vol in Nüns]], [[Gapminder Foundation]] |access-date=2019-05-06 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180807185806/https://ourworldindata.org/grapher/children-born-per-woman?year=1800&country=AUT |archive-date=2018-08-07 |url-status=dead}}</ref> [[Tiäm deadama|Tiäm deadama]] Kroasäna pluon laidiko tiämi [[motam|motama]] onik sis 1998.{{sfn|2018 Statistical Yearbook of the Republic of Croatia|p=113}} Kroasän poso labon bal menas bäldikün vola, ko bäldöf zänedik 45,1 yelas.<ref name="CIA" /> Lödans äglopons laidiko de 2,1 balions ün 1857 jü 1991, ven äluilon 4,7 balions, plä räyüms ün 1921 e 1948, a.s. pos krigs valemik.{{sfn|2018 Statistical Yearbook of the Republic of Croatia|p=107}} Tiäm glofa natik binon negativ<ref name="CIA" /> ko [[votükam demografik|votükam demografik]] pefinüköl ün yels 1970.<ref>{{cite journal |first1=Snježana |last1=Mrđen |first2=Mladen |last2=Friganović |date=June 1998 |title=Staj demografik in Kroasän |journal=Geoadria |publisher=Hrvatsko geografsko društvo – Zadar |issn=1331-2294 |volume=3 |issue=1 |pages=29–56 |doi=10.15291/geoadria.45 |pmid=12294962 |doi-access=free}}</ref> Ün yels brefik, reigan Kroasänik pätädon ad läükumön kvisoti dälis pro vobans foginänik, rivölo löpikün valädik de 68.100 ün 2019.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.vecernji.hr/vijesti/vlada-povecala-kvotu-za-zaposljavanje-stranih-radnika-1326987 |title=Vlada uslišila molbe: Povećane kvote dozvola za strane radnike |website=vecernji.hr}}</ref> Ma polis fogelama onik, Kroasän steifülon ad stigädon fogelanis ad gepükön.<ref>{{cite journal |journal=Politička Misao: Croatian Political Science Review |issn=0032-3241 |volume=35 |issue=5 |year=2008 |url=http://hrcak.srce.hr/index.php?show=clanak&id_clanak_jezik=51084 |title=Pol Polisa Fogelama in Kroasän |first=Nick |last=Vidak |pages=57–75 |publisher=University of Zagreb, Faculty of Political Science |access-date=2010-10-15}}</ref> De 2008 jü 2018, lödans Kroasäna ädonons me 10%.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.euronews.com/2022/01/14/croatia-s-population-has-dropped-10-in-a-decade-reveals-census |title=Lödans Kroasäna edonons 10% in deg, räyüm sevädon |work=[[Euronews]] |date=14 January 2022 |access-date=2022-01-23}}</ref> Votükams jenotemik demografik tefons mu ko mufs [[nation-building|jafa netäla]] Kroasäna e [[Krig Liba|Krig Liba]] tefik ün yels 1990. Krig ämoükon numis gretik menas e fogäman äsicon. Ün 1991, in tops mu pekäliädöls, Kroasans plu 400.000 pämoübons se loms onsas fa nämäds [[Särbans in Kroasän|Särbäna]] u äfugons taibi.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.un.org/icty/pressreal/2007/pr1162e-summary.htm |title=Lekosäd cödalefa pro Milan Martić |date=12 June 2007 |publisher=United Nations |access-date=2008-06-21 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071215084458/http://www.un.org/icty/pressreal/2007/pr1162e-summary.htm |archive-date=2007-12-15 |url-status=dead}}</ref> Dü dels lätik kriga, zao Särbans 150.000–200.000 äfugons bü köm nämädas Kroasänik dü [[Operation Storm|Komipam Stöma]].<ref name="bbc-storm">{{cite news |ref={{harvid|BBC News|5 August 2005}}|url=https://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/europe/4747379.stm|work=[[BBC News]] | title=Evicted Serbs remember Storm|date=5 August 2005|first=Matt|last=Prodger|author-link=Matt Prodger|archive-date=2012-10-23|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121023091143/http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/europe/4747379.stm|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |ref={{harvid|UNSC|23 August 1995}}|url=https://www.un.org/ga/search/view_doc.asp?symbol=S/1995/730|date=23 August 1995|publisher=[[United Nations Security Council]] | title=Kosäd Sekretan-Gribo pegivöl ma Slud Konsäna Netas PeBalöl 1009 (1995)|page=3}}</ref> Pos krig, num menas pemoülas ädonon lü zao 250.000.<ref name=":10" /> Reigan Kroasänik äkälom menis pemoüls dubü sistem säkäda sogädik e Bür Menas e Fogelanas Pemoülas.<ref name=":10">{{cite web |title=Domovinski rat – Hrvatska enciklopedija |url=https://www.enciklopedija.hr/clanak/domovinski-rat |access-date=2018-12-24}}</ref> Mödik de tops pegrupöls dü krig piseadons fa fogels Kroasänik se Bosnän e Harzegovän, mu de nolüda-vesüd Bosnäna, du anans menas pemoülas ägepübons lü loms onsas.<ref name="Index-Cro-Refugees">{{cite web |publisher=Index.hr |url=http://www.index.hr/vijesti/clanak/savez-udruga-hrvataiz-bih-izabrao-novo-celnistvo/145769.aspx |language=hr |title=Savez udruga Hrvata iz BiH izabrao novo čelništvo |trans-title=Kef sogädas Kroasanas de Bosnän e Harzegovän välön dugani nulik |date=28 June 2003 |access-date=2011-10-12}}</ref><ref name="PresidentRH-refugees">{{cite web |publisher=Office of the [[President of Croatia]] |url=http://www.predsjednik.hr/29062010 |language=hr |title=29 06 2010 – Benkovac |date=29 June 2010 |access-date=2011-10-12 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101127220818/http://predsjednik.hr/29062010 |archive-date=2010-11-27}}</ref> {{multiple image | align = center | total_width = 500 | image1 = Religious belief in Croatia, 2011.svg | caption1 = Kredans relik ma räyüm ün 2011 | image2 = CroatianDialectsByMunicipality.png | caption2 = Map tiämas [[Shtokavian|Štokavik]], [[Chakavian|Čakavik]] e [[Kajkavian|Kajkavik]] in Kroasän ma zifil | image3 = Croatia, population density.svg | caption3 = Dens lödanas Kroasäna ün 2011 ma stük in mens per km<sup>2</sup> }} Ma kosäd Bür Statitas Kroasäna ün 2024, 12,5% jü 14,6% menas Kroasäna äbinons fogelans.<ref>{{Cite web |title=STAN-2025-2-1 Migration of Population of the Republic of Croatia, 2024 |url=https://podaci.dzs.hr/2025/en/97256 |access-date=2026-04-12 |website=Državni zavod za statistiku |language=hr}}</ref> Ma räyüm ün 2021, möd lödanas binon Kroasans (91,6%), pefovon fa Särbans (3,2%), [[Bosniaks of Croatia|Bosnänans]] (0,62%), [[Romani people in Croatia|Romanans]] (0,46%), [[Albanians of Croatia|Lalbanans]] (0,36%), [[Italians of Croatia|Litaliyänans]] (0,36%), [[Hungarians of Croatia|Macaränans]] (0,27%), [[Czechs of Croatia|Tsyenans]] (0,20%), [[Slovenes of Croatia|Slovenans]] (0,20%), [[Slovaks of Croatia|Slovakans]] (0,10%), [[Macedonians of Croatia|Makedonans]] (0,09%), [[Germans of Croatia|Deutänans]] (0,09%), [[Montenegrins of Croatia|Montenegränans]] (0,08%), e votiks (1,56%).<ref name="Census 2021" /> Zao Kroasans 4 balions [[Croatian diaspora|lifons in foginän]].<ref>{{cite web |url=https://dnevnik.hr/vijesti/hrvatska/hrvatska-fenomen-vise-hrvata-zivi-u-inozemstvu-nego-u-domovini---465670.html |title=U Hrvatskoj je loše i preporučam svakom mladom čovjeku da ode u Njemačku |website=Dnevnik.hr}}</ref> {{Largest cities of Croatia}} === Rel === {{Main|Religion in Croatia|Catholic Church in Croatia}} {{Further|List of cathedrals in Croatia|List of synagogues in Croatia}} [[File:HR-Sibenik-Kathedrale-01.jpg|thumb|[[Šibenik Cathedral|Katedal Šibenik]], sis 2000 su [[UNESCO|Lised Fägäda Valemik]]]]Kroasän labon no rel ofisal.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web |title=Croatia |url=https://www.state.gov/reports/2023-report-on-international-religious-freedom/croatia/ |access-date=2026-04-12 |website=United States Department of State |language=en-US |quote=The constitution provides for equality of rights regardless of religion as well as for freedom of conscience and religious expression. According to the constitution, religious communities shall be equal under the law and separate from the state; they are free to conduct religious services publicly as well as open and manage schools and charitable organizations under the protection and with the assistance of the state.}}</ref> [[Freedom of religion|Lib rel]] binon git konstitutik kel jelödon [[religious denomination|komotis valik relik]] as leigik bifü lon e logon onis as [[Separation of church and state|pebalatäli de tat]].<ref name=":1" /> Ma räyüm ün 2021, 87,39% Kroasanas dasevädükons okis as Kritans; de ats, Kritans Romänik binon grup gretikün, käledölo 78,97% menas, pos atos sökon [[Eastern Orthodoxy|Lukrüt Lofüdik]] (3,32%), [[Protestantism|Protestan]] (0,26%), e Kritans votik (4,83%).<ref name="Census2011-religion" /> Rel gretikün pos Krit binon [[Islam|Slam]] (1,32%).<ref name="Census2011-religion" /> 4,71% menas bepenon oki as no-relik.<ref name="Census2011-religion">{{Croatian Census 2011|R}}</ref> In [[Eurostat|Eurostat]] Eurobarometer Poll ün 2010, 69% menas gespikons das "kredons das God dabinon".<ref>{{cite web |title=Special Eurobarometer 341, "Biotechnology" |url=https://ec.europa.eu/commfrontoffice/publicopinion/archives/ebs/ebs_341_en.pdf |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20221009/https://ec.europa.eu/commfrontoffice/publicopinion/archives/ebs/ebs_341_en.pdf |archive-date=2022-10-09 |url-status=live |page=209}}</ref> In poll Gallup ün 2009, 70% gepükon siyülü säk "Li-rel binon dil veütik lifa delik ola?"<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.gallup.com/poll/128210/Gallup-Global-Reports.aspx |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131014034457/http://www.gallup.com/poll/128210/Gallup-Global-Reports.aspx |archive-date=2013-10-14 |title=Gallup Global Reports |publisher=[[Gallup (company)|Gallup]] |access-date=2013-10-07}}</ref> Zao 24% menas kompenon in dünis relik laidiko.<ref name="Pew Survey 2017 – Final Topline">{{cite web |url=http://assets.pewresearch.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/11/2017/05/09154356/Central-and-Eastern-Europe-Topline_FINAL-FOR-PUBLICATION.pdf |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20221009/http://assets.pewresearch.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/11/2017/05/09154356/Central-and-Eastern-Europe-Topline_FINAL-FOR-PUBLICATION.pdf |archive-date=2022-10-09 |url-status=live |title=Final Topline |access-date=2017-06-19 |publisher=Pew}}</ref> === Püks === {{Main|Croatian language|Languages of Croatia|Minority languages of Croatia|Bunjevac dialect}} {{See also|Shtokavian dialect|Chakavian dialect|Kajkavian dialect}} Kroasänapük binon pük ofisal Repüblika Kroasäna e binon [[Official languages of the European Union|pük ofisal Balatama Yuropik]] sis yüm Kroasäna ün 2013.<ref name="Ustav-RH">{{cite news |date=9 July 2010 |title=Ustav Republike Hrvatske |trans-title=Konstitut Repüblika Kroasäna |url=http://narodne-novine.nn.hr/clanci/sluzbeni/2010_07_85_2422.html |access-date=2011-10-11 |newspaper=Narodne Novine |language=hr}}</ref><ref name="VL-Hrvatski-EU">{{cite news |last1=Veljković |first1=Sandra |author2=Stojan de Prato |date=5 November 2011 |title=Hrvatski postaje 24. službeni jezik Europske unije |trans-title=Kroasänapük vedon Pük 24id Ofisal Balatama Yuropik |url=http://www.vecernji.hr/vijesti/hrvatski-postaje-24-sluzbeni-jezik-europske-unije-clanak-211879 |access-date=2011-10-11 |newspaper=Večernji list |language=hr}}</ref> Kroasänapük äplädon [[Latin|Latini]] as pük ofisal reigäna Kroasänik ün tumyel 19id.<ref name="Iadertina-Hr">{{cite journal |last=Tafra |first=Branka |date=February 2007 |title=Značenje narodnoga preporoda za hrvatski jezik |trans-title=Sinif Löpälikama Netik pro Kroasänapük |url=http://hrcak.srce.hr/index.php?show=clanak&id_clanak_jezik=26666 |journal=Croatica et Slavica Iadertina |language=hr |volume=2 |pages=43–55 |issn=1845-6839 |access-date=2011-10-10}}</ref> Pos [[Vienna Literary Agreement|Kumäd Literrik di Wien]] ün 1850, pük e el alfab Latinik onik äpasotons ad jafön stümi "Kroasänik u Särbänik" u "[[Serbo-Croatian|Särbäno-Kroasänik]]" balik, kel diso nems mödik ävedon pük ofisal ela [[Yugoslavia|Yugoslavän]].<ref>{{cite book |last=Greenberg |first=Robert D. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=_lNjHgr3QioC |title=Language and Identity in the Balkans: Serbo-Croatian and its Disintegration |publisher=Oxford University Press |year=2004 |isbn=978-0-19-151455-5 |edition=1st |location=New York, NY}}</ref> In [[Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia|SFR Yugoslavän]], de 1972 jü 1989, pük pädesignon ma konstitut as "pük literatik Kroasänik" e "pük Kroasänik u Särbänik". Atos äbinon sek taiba e [[Language secessionism|seceda]] de "Särbäno-Kroasänik" in fom [[Declaration on the Status and Name of the Croatian Literary Language|Deklaräta tefü Stüm e Nem Püka Literatik Kroasänik]] as dil [[Croatian Spring|Floräda Kroasänik]].<ref>{{cite journal |last=Kapović |first=Mate |year=2009 |title=Položaj hrvatskoga jezika u svijetu danas |trans-title=Top Kroasänapüka in Vol Adelo |url=http://www.matica.hr/kolo/kolo2009_1.nsf/AllWebDocs/Polozaj_hrvatskoga_jezika_u_svijetu_danas |journal=[[Kolo (magazine)|Kolo]] |language=hr |publisher=[[Matica hrvatska]] |issue=1–2 |issn=1331-0992 |access-date=2011-10-26}}</ref> Sis get liba ün prim yelas 1990, Repüblik Kroasäna designon püki ma konstitut as "Kroasänapük" e nefönon oni dubü [[linguistic prescription|preskrip pükavik]]. Leälidsed lunik pro vifükam vödas lönik e kludo liegükam püka, ta lasum vödas foginik in fom [[loanwords|levödas]], päbepenon fa pükavans as [[Croatian linguistic purism|Pürism pükavik Kroasänik]].<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Turk |first=Marija |year=1996 |title=Jezični purizam |url=https://hrcak.srce.hr/132668 |journal=Fluminensia: Časopis za filološka istraživanja |language=hr |volume=8 |issue=1–2 |pages=63–79 |issn=0353-4642}}</ref> [[Image:Croatian dialects in Cro and BiH 1.PNG|thumb|Map topäda tiämas in Kroasän e tops in Bosnän e Harzegovän ko möd Kroasänik. Čakavik in blö.]] [[Minority languages of Croatia|Püks netas pülik binons in geb ofisal]] in stüks reiga topik kö plu dil kil mopa binon netas pülik u kö lonem topik dälon. Püks at binon [[Czech language|Tsyenan]], [[Hungarian language|Macarän]], [[Italian language in Croatia|Litaliyän]], [[Serbian language in Croatia|Särbän]], e [[Slovak language|Slovak]].<ref>{{cite web |publisher=Sabor |url=http://www.sabor.hr/Default.aspx?art=23872 |title=Izviješće o provođenju ustavnog zakona o pravima nacionalnih manjina i utrošku sredstava osiguranih u državnom proračunu Republike Hrvatske za 2007. godinu za potrebe nacionalnih manjina |language=hr |trans-title=Kosäd Pleda Lonema Konstitutik Gitas Netas Pülik e Mäl Geläda Pägevöl in Büset Statik Repüblika Kroasäna pro Netas Pülik ün 2007 |date=28 November 2008 |access-date=2011-10-27 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130509061001/http://www.sabor.hr/Default.aspx?art=23872 |archive-date=2013-05-09 |url-status=dead}}</ref><ref name="Franceschini546" /> Püks netas pülik sököls i pasevädükons: [[Albanian language|Lalban]], [[Bosnian language|Bosnän]], [[Bulgarian language|Bulgariyän]], Deutän, [[Hebrew language|Hebrey]], [[Macedonian language|Makedon]], [[Montenegrin language|Montenegrän]], [[Polish language|Polän]], [[Romanian language|Rumän]], [[Istro-Romanian language|Istro-Rumän]], [[Romani language|Roman]], Rusän, [[Rusyn language|Rusän]], [[Slovene language|Sloven]], [[Turkish language|Türk]], e [[Ukrainian language|Lukrayän]].<ref name="Franceschini546">{{cite book |last=Franceschini |first=Rita |chapter=Italy and the Italian-Speaking Regions |editor-last=Fäcke |editor-first=Christiane |title=Manual of Language Acquisition |year=2014 |publisher=Walter de Gruyter GmbH |isbn=978-3-11-039414-6 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=zM_mBQAAQBAJ&q=Manual+of+Language+Acquisition&pg=PA1 |page=546}}</ref> Ma Räyüm ün 2021, 95,25% citänans äsevädükons Kroasänapüki as pük motik onas, 1,16% äsevädükons Särbänapüki as pük motik onas, du pük votik no rivon 0,26%.<ref name="Census-2011-languages">{{Croatian Census 2011|T}}</ref> Kroasänapük binon liman ela [[South Slavic languages|Slavänapüks Sulüdik]] e panon me el alfab Latinik. Dabinon tiäms gretik kil paspiköl su topäd Kroasäna, ko Kroasänapük stümik stabü tiäm [[Shtokavian|Štokavik]]. Tiäms [[Chakavian|Čakavik]] e [[Kajkavian|Kajkavik]] padistidons de Štokavik dubü [[lexicon|vödabuk]], [[phonology|fonetik]] e [[syntax|sintax]] onas.<ref name="Brozović-HRV">{{cite web |publisher=[[Institute of Croatian Language and Linguistics]] |language=hr |title=Organska podloga hrvatskog jezika |trans-title=Stab Ninik Kroasänapüka |url=http://www.ihjj.hr/oHrJeziku-povijest-1.html |access-date=2011-10-11 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110807082335/http://www.ihjj.hr/oHrJeziku-povijest-1.html |archive-date=2011-08-07}}</ref> Stüt ün 2011 äsevädükon das 78% Kroasanas claim sevädi püka foginik balid.<ref name="Index-lang">{{cite web |publisher=Index.hr |url=http://www.index.hr/vijesti/clanak/istrazivanje-tri-posto-visokoobrazovanih-ne-zna-niti-jedan-strani-jezik-hrvati-uglavnom-znaju-engleski/545687.aspx |language=hr |title=Istraživanje: Tri posto visokoobrazovanih ne zna niti jedan strani jezik, Hrvati uglavnom znaju engleski |trans-title=Stüt: Kil pösena dugäla löpik no kanon spikön püki foginik balik, Kroasans mu spikons Linglänapüki |date=5 April 2011 |access-date=2011-10-11}}</ref> Ma stüt EC ün 2005, 49% Kroasanas spikon Linglänapüki as pük telid, 34% spikon Deutänapüki, 14% spikon Litaliyänapüki, 10% spikon Fransänapüki, 4% spikon Rusänapüki e 2% spikon Spanyänapüki. Tefädo zifs gretik anik stüons [[Minority languages of Croatia|pükis netas pülik]]. Möd Slovenanas (59%) labon sevädi anik tefü Kroasänapük.<ref name="EBS-243">{{cite web |url=http://ec.europa.eu/public_opinion/archives/ebs/ebs_243_en.pdf |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20221009/http://ec.europa.eu/public_opinion/archives/ebs/ebs_243_en.pdf |archive-date=2022-10-09 |url-status=live |date=February 2006 |title=Europeans and their languages – European commission special barometer FEB2006 |publisher=[[European Commission]] |access-date=2010-01-15}}</ref> Län binon dil kongefas bevünetik anik pükastabik, pato [[Languages of the European Union|Kef Pükas Balatama Yuropik]].<ref>{{cite web |url=https://europa.eu/european-union/about-eu/countries/member-countries/croatia_en |title=Croatia |date=5 July 2016 |website=European Union |publisher=European Commission |language=en |access-date=2018-03-02}}</ref> === Dugäl === {{Main|Education in Croatia}} {{multiple image | align = left | direction = vertical | image1 = National and University Library in Zagreb.jpg | caption1 = [[National and University Library in Zagreb|Bukapüd Netik e Niverik]] | image2 = University of Zagreb.jpg | caption2 = [[University of Zagreb|Niver di Zagreb]] binon niver Kroasänik gretikün e niver bäldikün in Sulüda-Lofüdürop. }} Ma 2024, tiäm nolana lot in Kroasän äbinon 99,45%.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-10-24 |title=Literacy Rate, Adult Total for Croatia |url=https://fred.stlouisfed.org/series/SEADTLITRZSHRV |access-date=2026-04-12 |website=fred.stlouisfed.org |language=en}}</ref> Dugäl primik in Kroasän äprimon ün bäldot mäl u vel e ninädon gradis jöl. Ün 2007 lonem päbonon ad läükumön dugäli libik, no-mutik jü bäldot yelas 18.<ref name=":11">{{Cite web |title=Organisation of the Education System and of its Structure |url=https://eurydice.eacea.ec.europa.eu/eurypedia/croatia/organisation-education-system-and-its-structure |access-date=2026-04-12 |website=eurydice.eacea.ec.europa.eu}}</ref> Dugäl mutik ninädon gradis jöl julüla primik.<ref name=":11" /> Dugäl sekidik pagivon fa [[Gymnasium (school)|gymnads]] e juls voba. Ma yül scol yela 2022–23, ädabinons juls primik 2.073 e juls sekidik löpik 738 in Kroasän.<ref>{{Cite web |title=OBR-2024-2-2 Upper Secondary Schools, End of 2022/2023 School Year and Beginning of 2023/2024 School Year |url=https://podaci.dzs.hr/2024/en/76964 |access-date=2025-04-05 |website=Državni zavod za statistiku |language=hr}}</ref> Dugäls primik e sekidik i dagetons in püks netas pülik pasevädüköl in Kroasän, kö kils padünon in püks Tsyen, Macarän, Litaliyän, Särbän, Deutän e Slovak.{{sfn|2018 Statistical Yearbook of the Republic of Croatia|pp=488–489} Dabinon jul [[music school|musika]] e [[art schools|lena]] nivüda primik e sekidik 133, i 83 primik e 44 sekidik pro cils e yunans bätik{{sfn|2018 Statistical Yearbook of the Republic of Croatia|p=484-485}} e 11 primik e 52 sekidik pro mens bäldik.{{sfn|2018 Statistical Yearbook of the Republic of Croatia|p=485} [[leaving exams|Dös spikam lämik]] ({{langx|hr|državna matura}}) päprimons pro dugälans sekidik in yül scol yela 2009–2010. On ninädon södods kil mutik (pük Kroasänik, matematik, e pük foginik) e södods vilik, e binon stef pro dugäl niverik.<ref name="MZOS-Matura">{{cite web |publisher=[[Ministry of Science, Education and Sports (Croatia)]] |language=hr |url=http://public.mzos.hr/Default.aspx?sec=2246 |title=Državna matura |access-date=2011-10-12 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160326060402/http://public.mzos.hr/Default.aspx?sec=2246 |archive-date=2016-03-26}}</ref> Kroasän labon nivers publik jöl e nivers privik tel.<ref name="iro">{{cite web |url=http://www.iro.hr/hr/informiranje-i-savjetovanje-o-visokom-obrazovanju/studiranje-u-hrvatskoj/pregled-institucija/ |title=Institut za razvoj obrazovanja – Pregled institucija |publisher=Iro.hr |access-date=2017-03-06 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170306211642/http://www.iro.hr/hr/informiranje-i-savjetovanje-o-visokom-obrazovanju/studiranje-u-hrvatskoj/pregled-institucija/ |archive-date=2017-03-06 |url-status=dead}}</ref> [[University of Zadar|Niver di Zadar]], niver balid in Kroasän, pästabon ün 1396 e äblibon jäfädik jü 1807, ven noganans dugäla löpik votik äsumons i jü stabam nivera di Zadar nulik ün 2002.<ref name="Zadar-Uni">{{cite web |publisher=University of Zadar |url=http://www.unizd.hr/Onama/tabid/55/Default.aspx |language=hr |title=O nama |trans-title=Tefü obs |access-date=2011-10-15}}</ref> [[University of Zagreb|Niver di Zagreb]], pestaböl ün 1669, binon niver laidiko jäfädik bäldikün in Sulüda-Lofüdürop.<ref name="Zagreb-Uni">{{cite web |publisher=University of Zagreb |url=http://www.unizg.hr/homepage/about-university/history/ |title=University of Zagreb 1699–2005 |access-date=2011-10-15}}</ref> Dabinon i [[institute of technology|politekäns]] 15, de kels tel binon privik, e noganans dugäla löpik 30, de kels 27 binon privik.<ref name="iro" /> Valöpo, dabinon noganans dugäla löpik 131 in Kroasän, pävisitölo fa dugälans plu 160 balions.{{sfn|2018 Statistical Yearbook of the Republic of Croatia|p=490} Ün 2022, [research and development|Sut e Vifükam (R&D)] Kroasäna äbinon zao 1,43% KVP. Bevü noganans nolavik jäfädöl in Kroasän, gretikün binon [[Ruđer Bošković Institute|Stitod Ruđer Bošković]] in Zagreb.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Croatia Innovation index |url=https://co-investin.eu/project-items/croatia-innovation-index/ |access-date=2025-04-05 |website=CO-INVESTIN |language=en-GB}}</ref> [[Croatian Academy of Sciences and Arts|Kadäm Nolavas e Lenas Kroasänik]] in Zagreb binon [[learned society|sogäd nolik]] kel födon püki, kulti, lenis e nolavi de stabam onik ün 1866.<ref name="HAZU-founding">{{cite web |publisher=[[Croatian Academy of Sciences and Arts]] |url=http://info.hazu.hr/foundation_of_academy |title=The Founding of the Academy |access-date=2011-10-12 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100606084626/http://info.hazu.hr/foundation_of_academy |archive-date=2010-06-06}}</ref> Kroasän päpladon 40id in [[Global Innovation Index|Kef Nulükama Valemik]] ün 2025.<ref>{{Cite web |title=GII Innovation Ecosystems & Data Explorer 2025 |url=https://www.wipo.int/gii-ranking/en/croatia |access-date=2025-10-16 |website=WIPO}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last1=Dutta |first1=Soumitra |url=https://www.wipo.int/web-publications/global-innovation-index-2025/en/index.html |title=Global Innovation Index 2025: Innovation at a Crossroads |last2=Lanvin |first2=Bruno |publisher=[[World Intellectual Property Organization]] |year=2025 |isbn=978-92-805-3797-0 |page=19 |language=en |doi=10.34667/tind.58864 |access-date=2025-10-17}}</ref> [[European Investment Bank|Bank Investodik Yuropik]] ägivon vobädöfi dijitalik e stögis lü zao juls primik e sekidik 150 in Kroasän. Juls teldeg at ägeton yufi patik in fom stöga, programema, e dünas ad yufön onis ad balön dünis tidik e fädik.<ref>{{cite web |title=Infrastructure for an era of crisis |url=https://www.eib.org/en/stories/coronavirus-infrastructure-investment |access-date=2021-06-07 |website=European Investment Bank |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=E-Schools in Croatia |url=https://jaspers.eib.org/stories/e-schools-in-croatia |website=JASPERS}}</ref> Ün 2024, EIB ästänon leniti €207 balionas lü [[Zagreb|Zif Zagreb]] pro vifükams vobädöfa, keninükamö investodis in nämdi pälödik, proädis neföda nämda, loti sogädik e nebüli, julis, e cilyulüpis.<ref name="European Investment Bank">{{Cite web |url=https://www.eib.org/en/press/all/2024-042-croatia-eib-signs-eur49-million-loan-to-support-green-and-digital-transition-and-urban-development-in-split |title=Croatia: EIB signs €49 million loan to support green and digital transition and urban development in Split |website=European Investment Bank}}</ref><ref name="European Investment Bank 2">{{Cite web |title=Croatian capital Zagreb to get vital infrastructure upgrades with €207 million EIB loan |url=https://www.eib.org/en/press/all/2024-235-croatian-capital-zagreb-to-get-vital-infrastructure-upgrades-with-eur207-million-eib-loan |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250206170339/https://www.eib.org/en/press/all/2024-235-croatian-capital-zagreb-to-get-vital-infrastructure-upgrades-with-eur207-million-eib-loan |archive-date=2025-02-06 |access-date=2025-04-05 |website=European Investment Bank |url-status=live}}</ref> Kaladiko, EIB ädisinon leniti €49 balionas ko [[Split, Croatia|Zif Split]] ad kefinön proäd investoda multisäk ona 2023–2027, kel keninükon lelogi bumas publik, vifükami neföda nämda, e gudükumami stögas kaenik pro nün e kosäd publik.<ref name="European Investment Bank" /><ref name="European Investment Bank 2" /> === Sanakäl === {{Main|Healthcare in Croatia}} [[File:KBC Rebro aerial.jpg|thumb|upright=1.0|[[University Hospital Centre Zagreb|Zänodaspitäl Niverik Zagreb]] binon spitäl gretikün in Kroasän e spitäl tidik ela [[University of Zagreb|Niver di Zagreb]].]] Kroasän labon sistemi [[universal health care|sanakäla valik]], kela rigs kanon palogön jü Kumäd Parlamenta Macaränik-Kroasänik ün 1891, providöli fomü leblig säkäda vobanas lemapügas e cälädanas valik.<ref name="RSP-1891">{{cite journal |journal=Revija za socijalnu politiku |issn=1330-2965 |first=Siniša |last=Zrinščak |language=hr |title=Socijalna politika u kontekstu korjenite društvene transformacije postkomunističkih zemalja |trans-title=Pol Sogädik in Vögäd Votükama Sogädik Lölöfik Länas Postkomunänik |pages=135–159 |date=February 2003 |volume=10 |issue=2 |doi=10.3935/rsp.v10i2.124 |doi-access=free}}</ref> Men pategon fa plan sanasäkäd primik pagivöl fa statud e säkäd vilik. Ün 2017, mäls sanakäla yeliks ärivons kunas 22,2 balion (zao €3,0 balion).{{sfn|2018 Statistical Yearbook of the Republic of Croatia|p=546}} Mäls sanakäla makedon te 0,6% säkäda privatik e publik.<ref name="Vjesnik-Zdravstvo">{{cite news |newspaper=Vjesnik |language=hr |url=http://www.vjesnik.hr/Article.aspx?ID=B02A10F4-BFE5-4EC0-B0E5-BFCAFE8F2062 |archive-date=2011-12-17 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111217063855/http://www.vjesnik.hr/Article.aspx?ID=B02A10F4-BFE5-4EC0-B0E5-BFCAFE8F2062 |title=Ulaskom u EU Hrvatska će imati najveću potrošnju za zdravstvo |trans-title=Pos yüma EU Kroasän ogeton mäl sanik gretikün |first=Marijana |last=Matković |date=27 September 2011 |access-date=2011-10-12 |url-status=dead}}</ref> Ün 2022, Kroasän ävöladon zao 7,2% KVP onik sui sanakäl.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Healthcare expenditure statistics – overview |url=https://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/statistics-explained/index.php?oldid=656177 |access-date=2025-06-06 |publisher=European Commission}}</ref> Ün 2025, Kroasän päpladon 53id in vol in lifalöf ko 75,8 yels pro mans e 81,9 yels pro voms, e labon tiäm deadama cila donik de 3,3 per 1.000 [[Live birth (human)|mots lifik]].<ref>{{cite web |title=Croatia Demographics 2025 |url=https://www.worldometers.info/demographics/croatia-demographics/#life-exp |access-date=2025-06-08 |website=worldometers.info |language=en}}</ref> Dabinon noganans sanakäla tummels in Kroasän, keninükamö lemaluspitäls 75, e sanabs 13 ko beds 23.049. Lemaluspitäls e sanabs kälons plu pasientis 700 balion per yel e dünons sanans 6.642, keninükamö speämans 4.773.{{sfn|2018 Statistical Yearbook of the Republic of Croatia|p=525}} Dabinon vobans sanik 69.841 valöpo.{{sfn|2018 Statistical Yearbook of the Republic of Croatia|p=524}} Dabinon dils spidakäl 119 in zänods sanik, gespikölo plu vödis balion.{{sfn|2018 Statistical Yearbook of the Republic of Croatia|p=532}} Kod cifik deadama ün 2022 äbinon [[cardiovascular disease|malad kardiovaskulik]] de 34,3% pro mans e 43,8% pro voms, pefovon fa malad [[Hypertension|hipertensiv]].<ref>{{Cite journal |title=Effective Strategies and a Ten-Point Plan for Cardio-Kidney-Metabolic Health in Croatia—An Expert Opinion |url=https://www.researchgate.net/figure/Ten-most-common-causes-of-death-in-Croatia-according-to-the-2022-report_tbl2_384158464 |website=researchgate.net |year=2022}}</ref> Ün 2022 pätaxeton das 37% Kroasanas binon smokans.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Ritchie |first1=Hannah |author1-link=Hannah Ritchie |last2=Roser |first2=Max |author2-link=Max Roser |date=23 May 2013 |title=Smoking |url=https://ourworldindata.org/smoking |journal=Our World in Data}}</ref> Ma nüns ün 2022, 35,65% mena bäldik Kroasänik binon mugik.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Ritchie |first1=Hannah |last2=Roser |first2=Max |date=January 2024 |title=Obesity |url=https://ourworldindata.org/obesity |journal=Our World in Data}}</ref> == Kulur == {{Main|Culture of Croatia}} {{Further|World Heritage Sites in Croatia|Register of Cultural Goods of Croatia|List of museums in Croatia}} [[File:Trogir promenáda Bána Berislaviće.jpg|thumb|left|Zänod jenotemik [[Trogir|Trogira]] pepülon in lised [[UNESCO|Fägäd Valemik]] sis 1997.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://whc.unesco.org/en/list/810/ |title=Historic City of Trogir |publisher=UNESCO World Heritage Centre |access-date=2015-08-01}}</ref>]] [[File:Pola, anfiteatro, 01.jpg|thumb|left|[[Pula Arena|Pula Arena]], leseat Romänik patopöl in [[Pula]], pebumon bevü 27 b.K. e yel 68 p.K.]] Demü top geografik onik, Kroasän malon leigod sfäras kultik difik fol. On ebinon krüt flunas de kul vesüdik e lofüd sis slit bevü [[Western Roman Empire|Stitän Rumänik Vesüdik]] e [[Byzantine Empire|Stitän Bizänik]], e i de Zänodürop e [[Mediterranean culture|kul Mediteränik]].<ref name="HTZ-History-Culture">{{cite web |publisher=Croatian National Tourist Board |url=http://croatia.hr/en-GB/Discover-Croatia/Culture-and-History |title=Culture and History |access-date=2011-10-07 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111016185426/http://croatia.hr/en-GB/Discover-Croatia/Culture-and-History |archive-date=2011-10-16}}</ref> [[Illyrian movement|Muf Iliränik]] äbinon period veütikün jenotema kulik netik, bi tumyel 19id äbinon veütik pro liber Kroasanas e älogon vifükamis nulik in fänods lena e kulta valik, jafölo [[List of people from Croatia|menis jenotemik]] mödik.<ref name="CRIS-Stančić" /> [[Ministry of Culture (Croatia)|Ministeräam Kultura]] petafon ad jelön [[Natural and Cultural Heritage of Croatia|fägädi kultik e natik]] neta e logön vifükami onik. Kalads fovik stüöls vifükami kulta padunons su nivüd reiga topik.<ref name="MKult-Djelokrug">{{cite web |publisher=[[Ministry of Culture (Croatia)]] |url=http://www.min-kulture.hr/default.aspx?id=348 |language=hr |title=Djelokrug |trans-title=Vögäd Nema |access-date=2011-10-07}}</ref> [[World Heritage Sites by country|Lised Fägäda Valemik]] [[UNESCO|UNESCO]]:a ninädon [[ten sites in Croatia|topis deg in Kroasän]] e lised Fägäda Kultik Nenik Kroasäna.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://ich.unesco.org/en/state/croatia-HR?info=elements-on-the-lists |title=Croatia – intangible heritage – Culture Sector |access-date=2024-04-26}}</ref> Län binon liegik ko [[intangible culture|kulur nenik]] e labon de 15 [[UNESCO's World's intangible culture masterpieces|mastadis vola kulura nenik UNESCO]], pladölo folid in vol.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://ich.unesco.org/en/lists?text=&multinational=3&display1=countryIDs#tabs |title=Browse the Lists of Intangible Cultural Heritage and the Register of good safeguarding practices – intangible heritage |publisher=UNESCO}}</ref> Keblün kulurik valemik de Kroasän binon jastrig, kömon de [[Cravat (early)|cravat]] pälenöl büikumo fa mercenars Kroasänik tumyela 17id in Fransän.<ref name="NYT-tie">{{cite news |newspaper=The New York Times |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1995/07/30/magazine/style-dressed-to-kill.html |title=STYLE; Dressed to Kill |first=Eric P. |last=Nash |date=30 July 1995 |access-date=2011-10-12}}</ref><ref name="Huzjan">{{cite journal |journal=Povijesni prilozi |url=http://hrcak.srce.hr/index.php?show=clanak&id_clanak_jezik=43829 |issn=0351-9767 |publisher=Croatian Institute of History |date=July 2008 |volume=34 |issue=34 |pages=103–120 |first=Vladimir |last=Huzjan |title=Pokušaj otkrivanja nastanka i razvoja kravate kao riječi i odjevnoga predmeta |language=hr |trans-title=Rig e vifükam jastriga as vöd e as klot |access-date=2011-10-17}}</ref> Ün 2019, Kroasän älabon teäts pro 95, teäts pro cils 30, e teäts läyanas 51 pävisitölo fa logädans plu 2,27 balions per yel. Teäts pro dünons lekananis 1.195. Dabinon orkestras, korigs, e kors pro 42, atirovis yeliko 297 balionis. Dabinon bioskops 75 ko jönamas 166 e visitäms 5,026 balion.{{sfn|2018 Statistical Yearbook of the Republic of Croatia|pp=512–513} Kroasän labon museds 222, pävisitölo fa mens plu 2,71 balions ün 2023.<ref>{{Cite web |date=26 April 2024 |title=Croatian Museum Statistics overview, 2023 |url=https://mdc.hr/files/Statistike_engl%202003-2016/Museum-Statistics_2023_MDC.pdf |access-date=26 April 2024}}</ref> Kaladiko, dabinon bukapüds 1.768, ninädöl volümis 26,8 balions, e kaüds statik 19.{{sfn|2018 Statistical Yearbook of the Republic of Croatia|pp=516–521} Market bükama bukas padominon fa bükans cifik anik e jenot zänodik stida—[[Interliber|Jenäd Interliber]] päjenükon yeliko su [[Zagreb Fair|Meläd Zagreb]].<ref name="JL-Interliber">{{cite news |newspaper=Jutarnji list |url=http://www.jutarnji.hr/interliber--nobelovci-za-20--bestseleri-za-50--remek-djela-za-100-kuna/902783/ |title=Interliber: Nobelovci se prodaju za 20, bestseleri za 50, remek-djela za 100 kuna |trans-title=Interliber: Nasiänans päselons pro 20, büükans pro 50, mastadis pro 100 kuna |language=hr |first=Adriana |last=Piteša |date=10 November 2010 |access-date=2011-10-13 |archive-date=2012-01-24 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120124020747/http://www.jutarnji.hr/interliber--nobelovci-za-20--bestseleri-za-50--remek-djela-za-100-kuna/902783/ |url-status=dead}}</ref> === Lens, literat, e musig === {{Main|Croatian art|Architecture of Croatia|Croatian literature|Croatian music}} {{multiple image | total_width = 255 | align = right | image1 = Croatia-01239 - The Peristil (9551533404).jpg | alt1 = | caption1 = Topäd jenotemik [[Split, Croatia|Split]] ko [[Diocletian's Palace|Lutad Diocletian]] tumyela 4id pälonon in lised [[UNESCO|Fägäd Valemik]] ün 1979. | image2 = EuphrasiusBasilika.jpg | alt2 = | caption2 = [[Euphrasian Basilica|Basad Euphrasius]] in [[Poreč]], sam bumava [[Byzantine architecture|Bizänik]] vönik, su lised [[UNESCO|Fägäd Valemik]] sis 1997 }} Bumav in Kroasän lejonon flunas läns miedöla. Flun Lösteränik e Macaränik logon in spads publik e bums in nolüd e rigs zänodik, bumav pätuvöl su jols Dalmatäna e Istria lejonon fluni Venezänik.<ref>{{cite book |title=A short history of Yugoslavia from early times to 1966 |publisher=[[Cambridge University Press|CUP Archive]] |isbn=978-0-521-09531-0 |first1=Stephen |last1=Clissold |author2=Henry Clifford Darby |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=_G43AAAAIAAJ |year=1968 |pages=51–52 |access-date=2011-11-30}}</ref> Squäre penemöl pö heroeds kultura, pärks, e zifs te-golöls, binons söds zifas Kroasänik, pato us kö pol [[Baroque architecture|Barokik]] gretik äjenon, a. s. in Osijek ([[Tvrđa|Tvrđa]]), Varaždin, e Karlovac.<ref name="Telegraph-Baroque">{{cite web |url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/travel/destinations/europe/croatia/10124483/Varazdin-Croatias-little-Vienna.html |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20220110/https://www.telegraph.co.uk/travel/destinations/europe/croatia/10124483/Varazdin-Croatias-little-Vienna.html |archive-date=2022-01-10 |url-access=subscription |url-status=live |title=Varaždin: Croatia's 'little Vienna' |date=17 June 2013 |last=MacGregor |first=Sandra |newspaper=[[Telegraph Media Group]] |access-date=2013-09-04}}{{cbignore}}</ref><ref name="JL-Karlovac-Baroque">{{cite news |newspaper=Jutarnji list |url=http://www.jutarnji.hr/najljepsi-gradovi-sjeverne-hrvatske---karlovac--ozalj--ogulin/877654/ |title=Najljepši gradovi Sjeverne Hrvatske – Karlovac, Ozalj, Ogulin |trans-title=Zifs Jönikün Kroasäna Nolüdik – Karlovac, Ozalj, Ogulin |language=hr |date=14 August 2010 |access-date=2011-10-10}}</ref> Flun fovik ela [[Art Nouveau|Jen Nulik]] pälejonon in bumav atimik.<ref name="IPU-Art-Nouveau">{{cite journal |journal=Radovi Instituta Za Povijest Umjetnosti |issn=0350-3437 |publisher=Institute of Art History (Croatia) |language=hr |url=http://www.hart.hr/uploads/documents/354.pdf |author=Darja Radović Mahečić |title=Sekvenca secesije – arhitekt Lav Kalda |trans-title=Sekvensa ela Art Nouveau – Bumav Lav Kalda |year=2006 |volume=30 |pages=241–264 |access-date=2011-10-10 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110721100230/http://www.hart.hr/uploads/documents/354.pdf |archive-date=2011-07-21}}</ref> Bumav onik binon Mediteränik ko flun Venezänik e Renaissans in zifas zänods jolik, pemagölo in vobods ela [[Giorgio da Sebenico]] e Nicolas di Florence a.s. el [[Šibenik Cathedral|Katedal S. Jakob]] in Šibenik. Sams bäldikün pedakipöl bumava Kroasänik binon glügs tumyela 9id, ko gretikün e maliküns bevü ons [[Church of St. Donatus|Glüg S. Donatus]] in [[Zadar]].<ref name="MVPEI-Art">{{cite web |publisher=Ministry of Foreign Affairs and European Integration (Croatia) |url=http://www.mfa.hr/MVP.asp?pcpid=1467 |title=Croatian Art History – Overview of Prehistory |access-date=2011-10-10 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111007184122/http://www.mfa.hr/MVP.asp?pcpid=1467 |archive-date=2011-10-07}}</ref><ref name="TZZadar-Donat">{{cite web |publisher=Zadar Tourist Board |url=http://www.tzzadar.hr/en/city-guide/historical-monuments/23-05-2007/church-of-saint-donat |title=Church of Saint Donat |access-date=2011-10-10 |archive-date=2014-03-24 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140324042000/http://www.tzzadar.hr/en/city-guide/historical-monuments/23-05-2007/church-of-saint-donat |url-status=dead}}</ref> [[File:Marco Marulo 1903 Ljetopis društva hrvatskih književnika za 1900-1903.jpg|upright|left|thumb|[[Marko Marulić|Marko Marulić]] (18 August 1450 – 5 January 1524), poedan Kroasänik, lavogan, cödal, e menan Renaissans kel äjafon vödi "sikav". On binon [[national poet|poedan netik]] Kroasäna.]] Plä bumav kel ninädon lenis bäldikün, dabinon jenotem lekananas in Kroasän jü Zänodüps. Ün period at, portal stonik [[Trogir Cathedral|Katedala Trogir]] päpülon fa [[Radovan (master)|Radovan]], malölo mu veütik monümi [[Romanesque art|Romänik]] skulta de [[Croatia in the union with Hungary|Kroasän Zänodüpik]]. [[Renaissance in Croatia|Renaissance]] älabon fluni gretikün sui jol Latana Adriyatik bi top votik äbinon in Krig Tumyelik Kroasänik-Osmänik. Ko goik Stitäna Osmänik, len äfloron dü [[Baroque|Barok]] e [[Rococo|Rococo]]. Tumyels 19 e 20 äblinons daseväni lekananas Kroasänik mödik, päyufölo fa patrons lena anik a. s. kultan [[Josip Juraj Strossmayer]].<ref name="Essehist-Strossmayer">{{cite journal |journal=Essehist |publisher=[[University of Osijek]] – Faculty of Philosophy |issn=1847-6236 |date=September 2011 |volume=2 |url=http://hrcak.srce.hr/index.php?show=clanak&id_clanak_jezik=95675 |title=Josip Juraj Strossmayer – Rođeni Osječanin |trans-title=Josip Juraj Strossmayer – Lomän Osijek |language=hr |pages=70–73 |first=Pavao |last=Nujić |access-date=2011-10-10}}</ref> Lekanans Kroasänik perioda getön sevädän äbinons [[Vlaho Bukovac]], [[Ivan Meštrović]], e [[Ivan Generalić]].<ref name="MVPEI-Art" /><ref name="Hintz 2004">{{cite book |last=Hintz |first=Martin |title=Croatia: Enchantment of the World |publisher=[[Scholastic Corporation|Scholastic]] |year=2004 |isbn=0-516-24253-9 |pages=105–107}}</ref> Tabot Baška, ston penon me el alfab [[glagolitic alphabet|glagolitik]] pätuvöl su nisul Krk e pätädöl ün {{Circa|1100}}, palelogon as prosäd bäldikün pedakipöl in Kroasänapük.<ref name="KRK-Baška">{{cite web |publisher=Island of Krk Tourist Board |url=http://www.krk.hr/en/offer/attractions/the_baska_tablet |title=The Baška tablet |access-date=2011-10-13 |archive-date=2019-05-02 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190502052935/http://www.krk.hr/en/offer/attractions/the_baska_tablet |url-status=dead}}</ref> Prim vifükama gretikum literata Kroasänik pamalon fa Renaissance e [[Marko Marulić]]. Plä Marulić, dramatavan Renaissance [[Marin Držić]], poedan Barok [[Ivan Gundulić]], poedan [[Croatian national revival|Löpälikam Netik Kroasänik]] [[Ivan Mažuranić]], noatädan, dramatavan, e poedan [[August Šenoa]], lautan cila [[Ivana Brlić-Mažuranić]], lautan e gasedan [[Marija Jurić Zagorka]], poedan e lautan [[Antun Gustav Matoš]], poedan [[Antun Branko Šimić]], lautan [[expressionist|spokädik]] e [[Realism (arts)|jenöfik]] [[Miroslav Krleža]], poedan [[Tin Ujević]] e noatädan, e lautan koneds [[Ivo Andrić]] suvo pamäniotons as mens gretikün literata Kroasänik.<ref name="LZMK">{{cite web |publisher=[[Miroslav Krleža Institute of Lexicography]] |url=http://www.lzmk.hr/hr/vijesti-zavoda/iz-medija/524-hrvatska-knjizevnost-u-270000-redaka-vjesnik |date=11 February 2011 |language=hr |title=Hrvatska književnost u 270.000 redaka |trans-title=Literat Kroasänik in lines 270.000 |access-date=2011-10-13 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111217062534/http://www.lzmk.hr/hr/vijesti-zavoda/iz-medija/524-hrvatska-knjizevnost-u-270000-redaka-vjesnik |archive-date=2011-12-17}}</ref><ref name="NYT-Readerguide">{{cite news |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1993/04/18/books/a-reader-s-guide-to-the-balkans.html |title=A Reader's Guide to the Balkans |first=Robert D. |last=Kaplan |date=18 April 1993 |newspaper=The New York Times}}</ref> Musig Kroasänik viron de operas klädik jü rok nulädik. [[Vatroslav Lisinski]] äjafon opera balid läna, ''Love and Malice'', ün 1846. [[Ivan Zajc]] äkomponon plu tübal musigas, keninükamö masis e oratorios. Pianan [[Ivo Pogorelić]] espikon da vol.<ref name="Hintz 2004" /> === Nünamedots === {{Main|Media of Croatia|List of radio stations in Croatia}} In Kroasän, Lad garanton libi peneda e libi spika.<ref name="worldpress">{{cite encyclopedia |last=Benfield |first=Richard W. |editor=Quick, Amanda C. |encyclopedia=World Press Encyclopedia |title=Croatia |url=http://www.pressreference.com/Co-Fa/Croatia.html |access-date=2011-09-13 |edition=2 |publisher=[[Gale (publisher)|Gale]] |volume=1 |location=Detroit |isbn=0-7876-5583-X |year=2003}}</ref> Kroasän ägeton pladi 64id in dabükot Liseda Liba Peneda 2019, pekoboyümöl fa Reporterans nen Mieds, kel änoton, das gasedavobans, kelis vestigons korupedi, krimis pegoböl u krimis kriga, bekomons flätofs, e das Reigan ästeifülon ad flunön pö politikis redaka päbligik [[Croatian Radiotelevision|HRT]].<ref name="index">{{cite web |url=https://rsf.org/en/ranking/2019 |title=Press Freedom Index 2019 |publisher=Reporters Without Borders |access-date=2019-09-10}}</ref> In dabükot okik Liba in Vol 2019, [[Freedom House]] äklassifon libis peneda e spika in Kroasän as libiks nen flun e mänipul politik, notöl, das gasedavobans nog flapons tänedis e tatakens nenlaidüpik.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://freedomhouse.org/report/freedom-world/2019/croatia |title=Croatia |date=28 January 2019 |website=freedomhouse.org |access-date=2019-09-10 |archive-date=2019-07-19 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190719030207/https://freedomhouse.org/report/freedom-world/2019/croatia |url-status=dead}}</ref> Nunsaganef päbligik [[HINA]] leadon kableni (wire service) in Kroasänapük e Linglänapük dö bolit, konöm, sogäd e kuliv.<ref name="HINA-about">{{cite web |publisher=[[HINA]] |url=http://websrv2.hina.hr/hina/web/view.action?view=hina |title=About Hina |access-date=2011-10-13 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111011031419/http://websrv2.hina.hr/hina/web/view.action?view=hina |archive-date=2011-10-11}}</ref> [[File:Zgrada HRT Zagreb.jpg|thumb|left|[[Croatian Radio|Radio Zagreb]], nu dilon kompenäna [[public broadcasting|nünäma lekanik]] netik [[Croatian language|Krovätik]], [[Croatian Radiotelevision]], äbinon stään radämik lekanik balid in Sulüda-Lofüda-Yurop.<ref>{{cite journal |journal=Politička Misao |publisher=University of Zagreb, Faculty of Political Sciences |issn=0032-3241 |volume=38 |issue=5 |date=July 2002 |title=Marina Mučalo: Radio in Croatia, book review |first=Darko |last=Tomorad |pages=150–152}}</ref>]] {{as of|2021|January}}, dabinons televidakanäds teldegkil lomänik peleadälöl (free-to-air) [[DVB-T]], kelas el [[Croatian Radiotelevision]] (HRT) duton lü fol, el [[RTL (Croatian TV channel)|RTL Televizija]] lü kil, e el [[Nova TV (Croatia)|Nova TV]] lü tel, e kompenans [[Croatian Olympic Committee]], Kapital Net d.o.o., e Author d.o.o. dutlons lü ret teldegkil.<ref>{{cite web |title=Popis programa DTV {{!}} OIV digitalni signali i mreže|url=https://oiv.hr/hr/usluge-i-platforme/oiv-dtv-dvb-t2-digitalna-zemaljska-televizija/popis-programa-dtv/|access-date=2021-01-23|website=oiv.hr|language=hr}}</ref> Plao dabinons kanäds televidik DVB-T teldegbal topik u länik.<ref name="OIV-DVBT">{{cite web |publisher=[[Odašiljači i veze]] |url=https://www.oiv.hr/broadcasting/tables/dtv_channel_hr.aspx |title=Popis programa digitalne televizije |trans-title=List of Digital Television Programmes |language=hr |access-date=2018-12-23 |archive-date=2018-11-06 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181106185209/https://www.oiv.hr/broadcasting/tables/dtv_channel_hr.aspx |url-status=dead}}</ref> El HRT i bosükon televidakanadi satülik.<ref name="HRT-Sat">{{cite web |publisher=[[Croatian Radiotelevision]] |url=http://www.hrt.hr/index.php?id=186&tx_ttnews%5Bcat%5D=126&tx_ttnews%5Btt_news%5D=1787&tx_ttnews%5BbackPid%5D=185&cHash=ac69c865cd |title=HRT broadcasting via satellite |date=20 May 2008 |access-date=2011-10-13 |archive-date=2013-08-28 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130828125903/http://www.hrt.hr/index.php?id=186&tx_ttnews%5Bcat%5D=126&tx_ttnews%5Btt_news%5D=1787&tx_ttnews%5BbackPid%5D=185&cHash=ac69c865cd |url-status=dead}}</ref> Ün 2020, in Krovät dabinons radämastations degfolsebal e televidastations teldegvel.{{sfn|2018 Statistical Yearbook of the Republic of Croatia|p=510}}<ref>{{cite web |last=v.k. |date=11 October 2020 |title=Radio stanice u Zagrebu i Zagrebačkoj županiji |url=https://www.zgportal.com/zgservis/radio-stanice-u-zagrebu-i-zagrebackoj-zupaniji/ |access-date=2021-01-23 |website=ZGportal Zagreb |language=hr}}</ref> Kabatelevid e nüns [[IPTV]] vedons mu komäbiks. Kabatelevid ya dünon mens 450&nbsp;thousand, zao 10% lödanefa lomäfa.<ref name="Lider-IPTV">{{cite web |publisher=Lider |url=http://www.liderpress.hr/Default.aspx?sid=11836 |title=Prva Internet televizija u Hrvatskoj |trans-title=The First Internet Television in Croatia |language=hr |first=Sandra |last=Babić |date=15 January 2007 |access-date=2011-10-13 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120111153124/http://www.liderpress.hr/Default.aspx?sid=11836 |archive-date=2012-01-11}}</ref><ref name="JL-cableTV">{{cite news |newspaper=Jutarnji list |url=http://www.jutarnji.hr/kabelska-televizija--vec-je-450--tisuca-hrvata-preslo-na-kabelsku-i-gleda-200-tv-programa/901119/ |language=hr |title=Već je 450 tisuća Hrvata prešlo na kabelsku i gleda 200 TV programa |trans-title=450 thousand Croats already switched to cable, watching 200 TV channels |first=Merita |last=Arslani |date=6 November 2010 |access-date=2011-10-13 |archive-date=2012-01-24 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120124011955/http://www.jutarnji.hr/kabelska-televizija--vec-je-450--tisuca-hrvata-preslo-na-kabelsku-i-gleda-200-tv-programa/901119/ |url-status=dead}}</ref> Ün 2010, gaseds telmälvelsebal e magädagaseds telmilseztumvelsemäl pämädisons in Krovät.{{sfn|2018 Statistical Yearbook of the Republic of Croatia|p=510}} Nünamedamapöped pädomon fa el [[Hanza Media]] (labü dalab Krovätik) e el [[Styria Media Group]] (labü dalab Lösteränik), kels pämons gasedis delik veütiküns oksik: {{lang|hr|[[Jutarnji list]]}}, {{lang|hr|[[Večernji list]]}} e {{lang|hr|[[24sata (Croatia)|24sata]]}}. Gaseds votik flunöls binons ''[[Novi list]]'' e ''[[Slobodna Dalmacija]]''.<ref name="EPH-Print">{{cite web |publisher=[[Europapress Holding]] |url=http://www.eph.hr/eng/products_and_services/index.html |title=Print Products |access-date=2011-10-13 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111008011534/http://www.eph.hr/eng/products_and_services/index.html |archive-date=2011-10-08}}</ref><ref name="Styria-dailies">{{cite web |publisher=[[Styria Media Group]] |url=http://www.styria.com/en/konzernunternehmen/kategorie.php?&cat=1 |title=Daily papers |access-date=2011-10-13 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110921110603/http://www.styria.com/en/konzernunternehmen/kategorie.php?&cat=1 |archive-date=2011-09-21}}</ref> Ün 2020, ''24sata'' äbinon gased delik mu padäbüköl, pos on ''Večernji list'' e ''Jutarnji list''.<ref>{{cite journal |url=http://hrcak.srce.hr/135683 |title=Tisak u krizi: analiza trendova u Hrvatskoj od 2008. do 2013. |journal=Medijske Studije |volume=5 |issue=10 |date=December 2014 |last=Vozab |first=Dina |language=hr |access-date=2015-12-26 |page=141}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=AZTN: Prodaja dnevnih i tjednih novina nastavlja padati |url=https://www.tportal.hr/vijesti/clanak/aztn-prodaja-dnevnih-i-tjednih-novina-nastavlja-padati-20200617 |access-date=2021-01-23 |website=tportal.hr}}</ref> [[Croatia in the Eurovision Song Contest|Krovät]] feleton in [[Eurovision Song Contest|Eurovision]] as dil [[Yugoslavia in the Eurovision Song Contest|Yugoslaväna]] sis 1961. Sek balid e teik Yugoslaväna in feleam at päföfon dub musiganef popik Krovätik [[Riva (band)|Riva]] ün 1989. Sis prim on in [[Eurovision Song Contest 1993|feleam 1993]], Krovät ägaenon pladis folid tel in felems [[Eurovision Song Contest 1996|1996]] e [[Eurovision Song Contest 1999|1999]], e pladi telid bal in [[Eurovision Song Contest 2024|feleam 2024]], kel binon sek mu gudikün pöpa jü atim as net nesitetik.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://eurovision.tv/country/croatia |title=Croatia |publisher=Eurovision Song Contest |access-date=2024-05-19}}</ref> === Filmijenädain === {{Main|Cinema of Croatia|Television in Croatia|}} Filmijenädain Krovätik binon smalik e pestüton mu vemo fa reiganef, sevabo dub stüts pezeböl fa Kulturaminister (Ministry of Culture), kels padugäbons ofen fa HRT.<ref name="JL-Film">{{cite news |newspaper=Jutarnji list |url=http://www.jutarnji.hr/ministarstvo-financira-rekordan-broj-filmova/154303/ |title=Ministarstvo financira rekordan broj filmova |trans-title=Ministry [of Culture] funding a record number of films |language=hr |date=12 September 2006 |first=Adriana |last=Piteša |access-date=2011-10-13 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120126125752/http://www.jutarnji.hr/ministarstvo-financira-rekordan-broj-filmova/154303/ |archive-date=2012-01-26}}</ref><ref name="HRT-coproducing">{{cite web |publisher=Croatian Radiotelevision |url=http://www.hrt.hr/index.php?id=94&tx_ttnews%5Btt_news%5D=108897&tx_ttnews%5BbackPid%5D=23&cHash=348879aae9 |language=hr |title=Potpora hrvatskim filmovima i koprodukcijama |trans-title=Supporting Croatian Films and Co-Productions |date=18 March 2011 |access-date=2011-10-13 |archive-date=2013-08-28 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130828143142/http://www.hrt.hr/index.php?id=94&tx_ttnews%5Btt_news%5D=108897&tx_ttnews%5BbackPid%5D=23&cHash=348879aae9 |url-status=dead}}</ref> Filmabims Krovätik prodons filmis bidik (feature films) lul jü deg a yel.<ref>{{cite book |title=International Film Guide 2012 |first=Ian Hayden |last=Smith |year=2012 |isbn=978-1-908215-01-7 |page=94 |publisher=International Film Guide}}</ref> [[Pula Film Festival]], jenäl legidas biomagadas lomälik kel pajenükon ailyeliko in [[Pula]], binon jenäl biomagada mu nogolik labü prodams lomälik e bevünetik.<ref name="Vjesnik-PulaFilm">{{cite news |newspaper=Vjesnik |url=http://www.vjesnik.hr/Article.aspx?ID=4D920144-9B74-462C-82CF-ED90611927CA |archive-date=2011-12-17 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111217063907/http://www.vjesnik.hr/Article.aspx?ID=4D920144-9B74-462C-82CF-ED90611927CA |title=Trierova trijumfalna apokalipsa |trans-title=Trier's Triumphant Apocalypse |first=Vedran |last=Jerbić |date=12 July 2011 |access-date=2011-10-13 |language=hr}}</ref> [[Animafest Zagreb]], päfünöl ün 1972, binon biomagadafestival nogolik ailyelik pegevöl biomagadamapele muimik. Sek gretikün balid fa biomagadamans Krovätik päföfon fa el [[Dušan Vukotić]] ven ägaenom ün 1961 [[Academy Award for Best Animated Short Film|premyi Kadäma pro Biomagadafilm smalikün]] pro ''[[Surogat|Ersatz]]'' ({{langx|hr|Surogat}}).<ref name="Vjesnik-surogat">{{cite news |newspaper=Vjesnik |url=http://www.vjesnik.hr/Article.aspx?ID=7C537DEE-B4AE-4879-9F79-7C68D6294510 |archive-date=2011-12-17 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111217063842/http://www.vjesnik.hr/Article.aspx?ID=7C537DEE-B4AE-4879-9F79-7C68D6294510 |title="Surogat" napunio pola stoljeća |trans-title="Ersatz" celebrates half a century |language=hr |first=Božidar |last=Trkulja |date=29 May 2011 |access-date=2011-10-13}}</ref> Biomagadaprodan Krovätik [[Branko Lustig]] ägaenom [[Academy Award for Best Picture|premyis Kadäma pro Film gudikün]] pro ''[[Schindler's List]]'' e ''[[Gladiator (2000 film)|Gladiator]]''.<ref name="Film Producer Branko Lustig Becomes Honorary Citizen of Zagreb">{{cite web |publisher=Total Croatia News |url=https://www.total-croatia-news.com/lifestyle/36240-branko-lustig |title=Film Producer Branko Lustig Becomes Honorary Citizen of Zagreb |date=23 April 2019 |access-date=2019-09-10 |archive-date=2023-04-05 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230405110503/https://www.total-croatia-news.com/lifestyle/36240-branko-lustig |url-status=dead}}</ref> Plao atos, biomagadaman Krovätik [[Nebojša Slijepčević]] pämäniomikon pro [[97th Academy Awards]] in kläd pro [[Academy Award for Best Live Action Short Film|Biomagadafilm lifik smalikün]] pro biomagadam omik ün 2024: ''[[The Man Who Could Not Remain Silent]]'' ([[Croatian language|Krovänapüko]]: {{lang|hr|Čovjek koji nije mogao šutjeti}}), atos binon maniöm balid Krovätik in kläd at, e balid sis [[Croatian independence|nesitet on]].<ref>{{cite web |last1=Stošić |first1=Dino |title=Gdje pogledati film 'Čovjek koji nije mogao šutjeti', koji je sad i službeno nominiran za Oscara? |url=https://www.24sata.hr/show/gdje-pogledati-film-covjek-koji-nije-mogao-sutjeti-u-uzem-je-izboru-za-nominaciju-za-oscara-1022690?24sata_ref=frontpage-home |website=24sata.hr |date=23 January 2025 |access-date=2025-01-23}}</ref> Bü e sis [[Independence of Croatia|nesitet on]], Krovät evedon top mu pätöfik pro biomagadam bevü prodams bevünetik, e biomagadems e televidasökods [[Blockbuster (entertainment)|blockbuster]] mödik pedugädons in Krovät, keninükamü: ''[[Game of Thrones]]'', ''[[Star Wars: The Last Jedi]]'', ''[[Robin Hood (2018 film)|Robin Hood]]'' in Dubrovnik, ''[[Speak No Evil (2024 film)|Speak No Evil]]'', ''[[Season of the Witch (2011 film)|Season of the Witch]]'' e ''[[Titus (film)|Titius]]'' in Istria, ''[[Infinity Pool (film)|Infinity Pool]]'' in Šibenik, ''[[Canary Black]]'', ''[[Hitman's Wife's Bodyguard]]'', ''[[Sophie's Choice (film)|Sophie's Choice]]'', ''[[Armour of God (film)|Armour of God]]'' e ''[[Fiddler on the Roof (film)|Fiddler on the roof]]'' in Zagreb, ''[[Mamma Mia! Here We Go Again]]'' su nisul: Vis, ''[[Succession (TV series)|Succession]]'' su nisul: Korčula, ''[[Hercules (2014 film)|Hercules]]'', ''[[The Weekend Away]]'', ''[[Bliss (2021 film)|Bliss]]'' in Split, ''[[The Peacemaker (1997 film)|The Peacemaker]]'', ''[[Lee (2023 film)|Lee]]'' e votiks mödik.<ref>{{cite web |title=Filming Locations in Croatia |url=https://www.imdb.com/search/title/?locations=croatia |publisher=IMDb |access-date=2024-10-12}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Movies and TV Shows filmed in Croatia |url=https://saltymiles.com/en/10-cool-films-and-series-shot-in-croatia |website=SaltyMiles |access-date=2024-10-12}}</ref> Krovät evedon top biomagadam bevünetik sekü lifavölad on, lanedot kel kanon länükön sikötis visülik valik, e cost biomagadas mosumikum.<ref>{{cite web |title=Why Croatia is a Filming and Production Paradise |url=https://lbbonline.com/news/why-croatia-is-a-filming-and-production-paradise#:~:text=Croatia%20has%20it%20all.,film%20possibilities%20within%20one%20region. |website=Lbbonline |access-date=2024-10-12}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Filming in Croatia |url=https://filmingincroatia.hr/ |website=Hrvatski audiovizualni centar |access-date=2024-10-12}}</ref> Ün yels degbal lätik ebinons proyegs 122 pro films bevünetik in Krovät, e €263&nbsp;million pälälons as dil Biomagadam in Krovät, kel ämödikon ün yels lätik sekü kusäds (demand) mu vemoik pro top on.<ref>{{cite web |title=How Croatia has become a hub for filmmakers |url=https://www.croatiaweek.com/how-croatia-has-become-a-hub-for-filmmakers/ |website=Croatia Week |date=2 October 2023 |access-date=2024-10-12}}</ref> === Kököp (Cuisine) === {{Main|Croatian cuisine|Croatian wine|Beer in Croatia}} {{see also|List of Croatian dishes}} [[File:Kuhane strukle 0210 1.jpg|thumb|[[Zagorski štrukli]]]] Kököp rigädik Krovätik difon de länäd bal lü länäd votik. Dalmatia e Istria labons flunis küida [[Italian cuisine|Litaliyänik]] e küidas [[Mediterranean cuisine|Mediveänik]] votik, kels plödükon fid melik (seafood) difik, plans pibukölis e pastas, e söts äs voig oliv e knofav (garlic). Stüls küida [[Austrian cuisine|Lösteränik]], [[Hungarian cuisine|Macaränik]], [[Turkish cuisine|Türkänik]] e [[Balkan cuisine|Balkänik]] flunons küdi kontinäntik. Su top at, mits, fits süta, e fid planik binons veütiküno.<ref name="HTZ-cuisine">{{cite web |publisher=Croatian National Tourist Board |url=http://croatia.hr/en-GB/Discover-Croatia/Gastronomy-and-enology |access-date=2011-10-13 |title=Gastronomy and enology}}</ref> Dabinons länäds tel distink vinaprodöpa in Krovät. Kontinäntik in nolüd-lofüd loma, pato Slavonia, prodon vinis gudikün, pato vietikis. Ve nolüdaküta, vins Istrian e Krk leigons ad uts in nilädöfan Litaliyän, du in sulüd mu fagik in Dalmatia, vins redik stüla Mediveänik binons kösömot.<ref name="HTZ-cuisine" /> Ünyelaprod vinas muonon 72&nbsp;million litis {{as of|2017|lc=on}}.{{sfn|2018 Statistical Yearbook of the Republic of Croatia|p=265}} Krovät äbinon tio te län vinidränik (wine-consuming) jü fin tumyela 18id, ven prodam e dränam bira (beer) gretikum äprimons.<ref name="skenderovic">{{cite news |url=http://www.matica.hr/HRRevija/revija032.nsf/AllWebDocs/skenderovic |title=Kako je pivo došlo u Hrvatsku |last=Skenderović |first=Robert |year=2002 |work=[[Hrvatska revija]] |language=hr |access-date=2011-09-10}}</ref> Dabinons restorans 11 in Krovät labü [[Michelin star|stela di Michelin]] e restorans 89 labü mäks semik di Michelin.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://guide.michelin.com/hr/en/selection/croatia/restaurants |title=Michelin guide: Croatia |access-date=2023-06-15}}</ref> === Pledots (Sports) === {{Main|Sport in Croatia|Croatia at the Olympics}} [[File:Croatia WC2018 final.jpg|upright=1.2|thumb|right|[[Croatia national football team|Netapledotef futbola Krovätik]] in [[World Cup 2018|Volvalek 2018]] in Rusän]] Krovät labon traditi lunik pleadas (sports) ädatiköli de tims Romänik, päföföl dub [[Tournament (medieval)|pleadagleips]] (knights' tournaments) pöpedik ün zänäd-tims.<ref name="b918">{{cite web |title=Croatia.eu – land and people |website=Croatia.eu – land and people |url=https://croatia.eu/index.php/en/home-en/society-and-way-of-life/sport |access-date=2025-03-02}}</ref> Pledots pezeilököls nulädik äprimons finü tumyel 19id me fünam pledaklubas äs el Hrvatski Sokol ün 1874.<ref name="b918" /> Fino primü tumyel 20id, organäms pleadas mödik epubons, keninükamü el [[Croatian Sports Association]] päfünöl ün 1909.<ref name=Ekon>Sanela Škorić, Zlatko Hodak • [https://hrcak.srce.hr/file/111666&ved=2ahUKEwjaysq7jOqLAxUZkIkEHRTHIl4QFnoECC8QAQ&usg=AOvVaw2QS0nJVGCz7Ih_cPGS3D1m The system of sports financing and management]. Zb. rad. Ekon. fak. Rij. • 2011 • vol. 29 • sv. 2 • 443–464</ref> Volfam pledas Krovätik eföfiyon ai ko muv Olympik, kela el [[Franjo Bučar]] äpledom röl veütik ad föfodön pledis pro [[Independence of Croatia|nesitet Kroväta]].<ref name=Ekon /> Pled binon dil plana julik, e cils mödik dälons in dunis plüodikosädik (extracurricular).<ref name="x676">{{cite journal |last1=Pedišić |first1=Željko |last2=Strika |first2=Melanija |last3=Matolić |first3=Tena |title=Physical Activity of Children and Adolescents in Croatia: A Global Matrix 4.0 Systematic Review of Its Prevalence and Associated Personal, Social, Environmental, and Policy Factors |journal=Journal of Physical Activity and Health |publisher=Human Kinetics |volume=20 |issue=6 |date=1 June 2023 |issn=1543-3080 |doi=10.1123/jpah.2022-0500 |doi-access=free |pages=487–499 |pmid=37076241 |url=https://journals.humankinetics.com/downloadpdf/journals/jpah/20/6/article-p487.pdf |access-date=2025-03-02}}</ref> Ad stütön volfami pledas, Krovät ezebon Netaprogrami Pledik ün 2019.<ref name="j068">{{cite web |title=News |website=Croatian Parliament |date=1 January 1970 |url=https://www.sabor.hr/en/press/news?page=17#:~:text=12%20July%202019.%20Parliament%20adopts%202019-2026%20national,the%202019-2026%20National%20Sports%20Programme%2C%20as%20the |access-date=2025-03-02}}</ref> Stüts monetik pro pleads kömon de büset statik, lestüts, e meseds limanik.<ref name="v584">{{cite journal |last1=Škorić |first1=Sanela |last2=Hodak |first2=Zlatko |title=The System of Sports Financing and Management in the Republic of Croatia |journal=Zbornik Radova Ekonomskog Fakulteta u Rijeci / Proceedings of Rijeka School of Economics |publisher=University of Rijeka, Faculty of Economics |volume=29 |issue=2 |date=16 December 2011 |issn=1846-7520 |url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/256062354 |access-date=2025-03-02}}</ref> El [[Croatian Olympic Committee]], päfünöl ün 1991, geilon mödoti mu gretik (löpü 80) kobädikas pledas netik.<ref name="f065">{{cite web |title=National Sports Federations |website=Croatian Olympic Committee |url=https://stara.hoo.hr/en/croatian-olympic-committee/national-sports-federations |access-date=2025-03-02 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240525121010/https://stara.hoo.hr/en/croatian-olympic-committee/national-sports-federations |archive-date=2024-05-25 |url-status=dead }}</ref> Pledots mu pöpediküns in Krovät binons futbol, bäsetaglöp, namaglöp e vatapolo.<ref name="b918" /> Ün 2024, dabinons limans 4.500 de [[chess association|säcädaklub]].<ref>[https://hrvatski-sahovski-savez.hr/hr-rejting/nrl_204/Statistika_reg.pdf Hrvatski šahovski savez: registracija igrača i klubova na dan 5.1.2024.]</ref> Ko kobädik pleadas zao 12.500, [[Football in Croatia|futbol binon pled mu pöpedik]], löädölo klubs za 1.500 e pledans 110.000, äföfölo veütis gretik, keninükamü brons in [[1998 World Cup|Volvalek 1998]], largentin in [[2018 World Cup|Volvalek 2018]] e brons votik in [[2022 World Cup|Volvalek 2022]].<ref name="b918" /> [[Croatia at the Olympics|Krovätans edälons in Olymps]] sis 1992 e eruons [[Croatia at the Olympics#Medals|medalis Olympik 59, keninükamü goldis 20]].<ref name="y175">{{cite web |title=Croatians at the Olympic Games |website=Expat in Croatia |date=22 July 2024 |url=https://www.expatincroatia.com/croatians-olympic-games/ |access-date=2025-03-02}}</ref> El [[Croatia Davis Cup team|netapledotef tänisa]] eruon [[Davis Cup|Davis Cup]] tel e medali goldik in [[Tennis at the 2020 Summer Olympics|Olymps hitüpik 2020]] in dubels manik.<ref name="c001">{{cite web |title=Tennis in Croatia |website=tennis-academies.com |date=18 April 2021 |url=https://www.tennis-academies.com/europe/croatia |access-date=2025-03-02}}</ref> El [[Croatia men's national handball team|netapledotef namaglöpa]] e [[Croatia men's national water polo team|netapledotef vatapolo]] i eplöpons, alp eruölo büködis e medalis mödik.<ref name="x798">{{cite web |title=Croatia the only nation with medals in football, handball & waterpolo world cups |website=Croatia Week |date=3 February 2025 |url=https://www.croatiaweek.com/croatia-the-only-nation-with-medals-in-football-handball-waterpolo-world-cups/ |access-date=2025-03-02}}</ref> [[Croatian Rowing Federation|Skutam (Rowing)]] i elogon plöpi, ägaenölo medalis Olympik e Volvabüködikis mödik.<ref name="d368">{{cite web |title=Sportska Hrvatska |website=Sportska Hrvatska |date=25 November 2019 |url=https://cro-sports.com/en/sports-country/croatian-sport-achievements/ |access-date=2025-03-02}}</ref> In dünav (gymnastics), pledans i emäkons okis, ägaenölo medalis in Büköds Yuropik e Volvabüköds.<ref name="h046">{{cite web |title=History |website=DOBRO World Cup |date=20 February 2019 |url=https://osijekgym.com/en/history/ |language=la |access-date=2025-03-02}}</ref> Krovät elotädülon feleams pleadas veütik anik, keninükamü [[2009 World Men's Handball Championship|Volvabüköd Namaglöpa Manik 2009]], [[2007 World Table Tennis Championships|Volvabüköd Tänis Tabik 2007]], [[2010|2010]] [[European Individual Chess Championship|Yuropabüköd Säcäda Pädelik 2010]], [[2000 World Rowing Championships|Volvabüköd Skutama 2000]], [[1987 Summer Universiade|Hitüpik Universiade 1987]], [[1979 Mediterranean Games|Pleds Mediveänik 1979]], e [[European Championship|Büköds Yuropik]] anik, keninükamü [[2000 European Men's Handball Championship|2000]], [[2018 European Men's Handball Championship|2018]] e [[2025 World Men's Handball Championship]], [[2024 Men's European Water Polo Championship]]. == Logols i == {{Portal|Croatia|Countries|Europe|European Union }} * [[Outline of Croatia|Plänod Kroväta]] {{Clear}} == Küpets (Notes) == {{Notelist|group=efn}} == Siting (Citations) == {{Reflist|30em}} == Nünsäms (References) == {{Refbegin|30em}} {{refbegin}} * {{cite book |first1=Roy |last1=Adkins |first2=Lesley |last2=Adkins |year=2008 |title=The War for All the Oceans |publisher=[[Penguin Books]] |isbn=978-0-14-311392-8 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=3u9jdSlnGiMC |access-date=2011-10-18 }} * {{cite book |first1=Damir |last1=Agičić |first2=Dragutin |last2=Feletar |first3=Anita |last3=Filipčić |first4=Tomislav |last4=Jelić |first5=Zoran |last5=Stiperski |title=Povijest i zemljopis Hrvatske: priručnik za hrvatske manjinske škole |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=9SArPwAACAAJ |year=2000 |publisher=Nakladna kuća "Dr. Feletar" |isbn=978-953-6235-40-7 |language=hr |trans-title=History and Geography of Croatia: Minority School Manual |access-date=2011-10-18 }} * {{cite book |first=Beverly |last=Allen |title=Rape Warfare: The Hidden Genocide in Bosnia-Herzegovina and Croatia |year=1996 |publisher=University of Minnesota Press |isbn=978-0-8166-2818-6 |url-access=registration |url=https://archive.org/details/rapewarfarehidde00alle }} * {{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=KfqbujXqQBkC |first=Ivo |last=Banac |author-link=Ivo Banac |title=The national question in Yugoslavia: origins, history, politics |publisher=[[Cornell University Press]] |isbn=978-0-8014-9493-2 |year=1984 |access-date=2011-10-18 }} * {{cite book |first=Mark |last=Biondich |title=Stjepan Radić, the Croat Peasant Party, and the politics of mass mobilization, 1904–1928 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=dZBgIIZ18WMC |year=2000 |publisher=[[University of Toronto Press]] |isbn=978-0-8020-8294-7 |access-date=2011-10-18 }} * {{cite book |first=Neven |last=Budak |author-link=Neven Budak |year=2018 |title=Hrvatska povijest od 550. do 1100. |trans-title=Croatian history from 550 until 1100 |url=http://www.leykam-international.hr/publikacija.php?id=167 |publisher=Leykam international |isbn=978-953-340-061-7 |archive-date=2022-10-03 |access-date=2022-12-11 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221003170102/https://www.leykam-international.hr/publikacija.php?id=167 |url-status=dead }} * {{cite book |first=Peterjon |last=Cresswell |title=Time Out Croatia |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=kwOYuX-Oy18C |access-date=2010-03-10 |edition=First |date=10 July 2006 |publisher=Time Out Group Ltd & Ebury Publishing, [[Random House]] |location=London, Berkeley & Toronto |isbn=978-1-904978-70-1 }} * {{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=7TiFZQHwAjQC |first=Sharon |last=Fisher |title=Political change in post-Communist Slovakia and Croatia: from nationalist to Europeanist |year=2006 |publisher=[[Palgrave Macmillan]] |isbn=978-1-4039-7286-6 |access-date=2011-10-18 }} * {{cite journal |journal=Povijesni prilozi |url=http://hrcak.srce.hr/index.php?show=clanak&id_clanak_jezik=13778 |issn=0351-9767 |publisher=Croatian Institute of History |date=July 2005 |volume=28 |issue=28 |pages=7–22 |first=Márta |last=Font |title=Ugarsko Kraljevstvo i Hrvatska u srednjem vijeku |language=hr |trans-title=Hungarian Kingdom and Croatia in the Middle Ages |access-date=2011-10-17 }} * {{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=MWTrLQAACAAJ |first1=Joerg |last1=Forbrig |first2=Pavol |last2=Demeš |title=Reclaiming democracy: civil society and electoral change in central and eastern Europe |year=2007 |isbn=978-80-969639-0-4 |publisher=[[The German Marshall Fund of the United States]] |access-date=2011-10-18 }} * {{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=lVBB1a0rC70C |first=Richard C. |last=Frucht |title=Eastern Europe: An Introduction to the People, Lands, and Culture |year=2005 |publisher=ABC-CLIO |isbn=978-1-57607-800-6 |access-date=2011-10-18 }} * {{cite journal |last=Geiger |first=Vladimir |title=Human losses of Croats in World War II and the immediate post-war period caused by the Chetniks (Yugoslav Army in the Fatherland) and the Partizans (People's Liberation Army and the partizan detachment of Yugoslavia/Yugoslav Army) and the Yugoslav Communist authoritities. Numerical indicators |journal=Review of Croatian History |volume=VIII |issue=1 |year=2012 |pages=77–121 |url=https://hrcak.srce.hr/103223?lang=en }} * {{cite book |last=Goldstein |first=Ivo |author-link=Ivo Goldstein |title=Croatia: A History |publisher=[[C. Hurst & Co.]] |year=1999 |isbn=978-1-85065-525-1}} * {{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=z7sVAQAAIAAJ |editor-first=Mirjana |editor-last=Kasapović |language=hr |title=Hrvatska Politika 1990–2000 |trans-title=Croatian Politics 1990–2000 |publisher=[[University of Zagreb]], Faculty of Political Science |year=2001 |isbn=978-953-6457-08-3 |access-date=2011-10-18 }} * {{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ORSMBFwjAKcC |first1=Matjaž |last1=Klemenčič |first2=Mitja |last2=Žagar |title=The former Yugoslavia's diverse peoples: a reference sourcebook |publisher=[[ABC-CLIO]] |year=2004 |isbn=978-1-57607-294-3 |access-date=2011-10-17 }} * {{cite book |last=Kočović |first=Bogoljub |author-link=Bogoljub Kočović |title=Žrtve Drugog svetskog rata u Jugoslaviji |trans-title=World War II Victims in Yugoslavia |date=1985 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=sPxmAAAAMAAJ |publisher=Naše delo |language=sr }} * {{cite book |first=Frederic Chapin |last=Lane |author-link=Frederic C. Lane |title=Venice, a Maritime Republic |publisher=JHU Press |year=1973 |isbn=978-0-8018-1460-0 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=PQpU2JGJCMwC |access-date=2011-10-18 }} * {{cite book |first=Manus I. |last=Midlarsky |title=The Killing Trap: Genocide in the Twentieth Century |url=https://archive.org/details/killingtrapgenoc0000midl |url-access=registration |access-date=2013-03-25 |edition=First |date=20 October 2005 |publisher=[[Cambridge University Press]] |location=[[Cambridge]] |isbn=978-1-139-44539-9 }} * {{cite book |first=Branka |last=Magaš |title=Croatia Through History: The Making of a European State |publisher=Saqi Books |year=2007 |isbn=978-0-86356-775-9 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=OY5pAAAAMAAJ |access-date=2011-10-18 }} * {{cite book |first=Ivan |last=Mužić |title=Hrvatska povijest devetoga stoljeća |trans-title=Croatian Ninth Century History |language=hr |url=http://www.muzic-ivan.info/hrvatska_povijest.pdf |isbn=978-953-263-034-3 |year=2007 |publisher=Naklada Bošković |access-date=2011-10-14 |archive-date=2019-08-08 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190808024028/http://www.muzic-ivan.info/hrvatska_povijest.pdf |url-status=dead }} * {{cite book |last=Tomasevich |first=Jozo |year=2001 |title=War and Revolution in Yugoslavia, 1941–1945: Occupation and Collaboration |publisher=Stanford University Press |location=Stanford Univ |isbn=978-0-8047-3615-2 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=fqUSGevFe5MC }} * {{cite journal |last=Žerjavić |first=Vladimir |author-link=Vladimir Žerjavić |url=https://hrcak.srce.hr/index.php?show=clanak&id_clanak_jezik=52846 |language=hr |title=Doseljavanja i iseljavanja s područja Istre, Rijeke i Zadra u razdoblju 1910–1971. |trans-title=Immigration and emigration from the Istria, Rijeka and Zadar areas in the period from 1910 to 1971 |pages=631–653 |journal=Journal for General Social Issues |volume=2 |number=4-5(6–7) |year=1993 |location=[[Zagreb]], Croatia |ref={{harvid|Žerjavić|1993b}} }} * {{cite book |last=Žerjavić |first=Vladimir |author-link=Vladimir Žerjavić |year=1992 |title=Opsesije i megalomanije oko Jasenovca i Bleiburga |trans-title=Obsession and Megalomania over Jasenovac and Bleiburg |publisher=Globus |isbn=86-343-0661-5 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=OCotAAAAMAAJ |language=hr }} * {{cite web|ref={{harvid|DIP|1990 (a)}}|year=1990|publisher=Croatian State Electoral Committee|location=Zagreb, Croatia|language=hr|url=http://www.izbori.hr/arhiva/pdf/1990/1990_2_1_Sabor_Statistika_Stat_podaci.pdf|title=Statistički pokazatelji o provedenim izborima za zastupnike u Sabor Socijalističke Republike Hrvatske – Prilog|trans-title=Statistical Indicators on Performed Elections of Representatives in the Parliament of the Socialist Republic of Croatia – Annex|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150514021334/http://www.izbori.hr/arhiva/pdf/1990/1990_2_1_Sabor_Statistika_Stat_podaci.pdf|archive-date=2015-05-14}} * {{cite book |issn=1333-3305 |publisher=[[Croatian Bureau of Statistics]] |url=http://web.dzs.hr/Hrv_Eng/ljetopis/2010/SLJH2010.pdf |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20221009/http://www.dzs.hr/Hrv_Eng/ljetopis/2010/SLJH2010.pdf |archive-date=2022-10-09 |url-status=live |title=2010 – Statistical Yearbook of the Republic of Croatia |date=December 2010 |access-date=2011-10-07 |ref={{SfnRef|2010 Statistical Yearbook of the Republic of Croatia}} }} * {{Croatia Yearbook 2018|ref={{SfnRef|2018 Statistical Yearbook of the Republic of Croatia}}}} {{Refend}} {{sfn whitelist|CITEREF2018_Statistical_Yearbook_of_the_Republic_of_Croatia}} {{refend}} == Yuüms plödik (External links) == {{Sister project links|voy=Croatia}} * {{Wikiatlas|Croatia}} * {{OSM relation|214885|bullet=no}} * [http://www.ifs.du.edu/ifs/frm_CountryProfile.aspx?Country=HR Progs Veütik Pro Krovät] se [[International Futures]] {{Croatia topics|state=collapsed}} {{Navboxes | list = {{Countries of Europe}} {{Countries and territories of the Mediterranean Sea}} {{Balkan countries}} {{Member states of the European Union}} {{Council of Europe}} {{OSCE}} {{La Francophonie|state=collapsed}} }} {{Authority control}} {{coord|45|10|N|15|30|E|display=title}} [[Category:Croatia| ]] [[Category:Countries in the Balkans]] [[Category:Countries and territories where Croatian is an official language]] [[Category:Countries in Europe]] [[Category:Member states of NATO]] [[Category:Member states of the European Union]] [[Category:Member states of the Three Seas Initiative]] [[Category:Member states of the Union for the Mediterranean]] [[Category:Member states of the United Nations]] [[Category:Republics]] [[Category:States and territories established in 1991]] '''Kroasän''' binon län in [[Yurop]]. Kroasän labon belödanis 4 437 460 (2001). Sürfat Kroasäna binon 56 542 km². Cifazif Kroasäna binon [[Zagreb]]. {{Läns in Yurop}} [[Klad:Läns]] [[Klad:Läns in Yurop]] [[Klad:Kroasän]] 4pmfc954zdietx15cb8dusoe4iodlrh 3338204 3338198 2026-06-18T07:29:09Z Łukasz Winek 10785 Sädunön revidi [[Special:Diff/3338198|3338198]] fa [[Special:Contributions/Lpoj50|Lpoj50]] ([[User talk:Lpoj50|Bespikapad]]) 3338204 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Länataib| | neminnetapük = Republika Hrvatska | stän = [[Ragiv:Flag_of_Croatia.svg|border|125px]]<br />[[Stän Kroasäna]] | sköt = [[Ragiv:Coat_of_arms_of_Croatia.svg|125px]]<br />[[Sköt Kroasäna]] | netahüm = [[Lijepa naša domovino]] | topam = [[Ragiv:Europe location CRO.png|250px]] | pük = [[Kroasänapük]] | reigasit = | cifazif = [[Zagreb]] | rel = | km2 = 56 542 | dötvata = 0,2 | lödanef_täxet = 4 491 543 | täxet = 2008 | lödanef_lätikün = 4 437 460 | census = 2001 | densit = 81 | völäd = kuna | völädakot = HRK | timatopäd = +1 e +2 | zäladel = [[gustul 5]] | tld = hr | länakot = HRV | tel = 385 }} '''Kroasän''' binon län in [[Yurop]]. Kroasän labon belödanis 4 437 460 (2001). Sürfat Kroasäna binon 56 542 km². Cifazif Kroasäna binon [[Zagreb]]. {{Läns in Yurop}} [[Klad:Läns]] [[Klad:Läns in Yurop]] [[Klad:Kroasän]] d7h9nkwkai6d9rg8ewbbr9yrupcbxw1 Panamän 0 2157 3338200 3294085 2026-06-18T03:10:57Z Lpoj50 41418 3338200 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Ragiv:Flag_of_Panama.svg|150px|right]] [[Ragiv:LocationPanama.png|150px|right]] '''Panamän''' binon län in [[Zänoda-Merop]]. Bol en Volapük, ko kods fomätömik Vükipeda pekopiedöl e pepadöl: '''Panamän''',{{Efn|({{IPAc-en|audio=En-us-Panama-2.ogg|ˈ|p|æ|n|ə|m|ɑː}} {{Respell|PAN|ə-mah}}, {{IPAc-en||p|æ|n|ə|ˈ|m|ɑː}} {{Respell|pan-ə|MAH}}; {{langx|es|link=no|Panamá}} {{IPA|es|panaˈma|IPA|ES-pe - Panamá.ogg}})}} calöfiko '''Panamäna Republikän''',{{Efn|({{langx|es|República de Panamá}})}} binon län topöl in finot sulüdik [[Zänoda-Merop]]a in [[Nolüda-Merop]], miedöl ko [[Sulüda-Merop]]. Pemiedon fa [[Kostarikän]] in vesüd, [[Kolumbän]] in sulüdulofüd, Karibäna Mel in nolüd, e Pasifik in sulüd. Cifazif e zif gretikün onik binon [[Citad di Panamän]], kela [[zifagleepot]] binon lom pro za laf menas {{million|{{UN Population|Panama}}}} in län at.{{UN_Population|ref}} Bü köma kolonanas [[Lämpör Spanyänik|Spanyänik]] in tumyel 16id, Panamän päbelödon fa mens [[Pöp lomik Panamäna|lomik]] difik. Äsepükon oki [[Dun Segikik Panamäna|de Spanyän]] ün 1821 ed äkömon ini Republikän [[Grän Kolumbän]], balatam [[Viceregän Nueba Gränada|Nueba Gränada]], [[Lekvadorän]] e [[Venezolän]]. Posä Grän Kolumbän ämüton ün 1831, Panamän e Nueba Gränada fino ävedons Republikän Kolumbäna. Ko stüt [[Lamerikäns|Lamerikäna]], Panamän [[Segik Panamäna de Kolumbän|äseparükon oki de Kolumbän]] ün 1903, kel ädälon pujadi [[Panamäna Kanad]] pefulön fa [[Staf Hümas Lamerikäna]] ün 1904 jü 1914. Pakteds [[Torrijos–Carter]] ün 1977 äbligons lovegivön kanadi de Lamerikäns lü Panamän tü Dekul 31, 1999.<ref name="cia">{{cite web |url=https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/panama/ |title=Panama |work=CIA – [[The World Factbook]] |access-date=December 23, 2010 |archive-date=January 23, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210123023447/https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/panama/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> [[Zön Kanada di Panamän|Topäd züik]] ägepölon balido, ün 1979.<ref name="19770907_usdos_panamacanaltreaty">{{cite book|title=United States Treaties and Other International Agreements|chapter=Panama Canal Treaty|volume=33|page=55|publisher=United States Department of State|chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=n559BTeMBIsC&pg=PA39|author=Department of State, United States of America|date=1987|quote=Upon entry into force of this Treaty, the United States Government agencies known as the Panama Canal Company and the Canal Zone Government shall cease to operate within the territory of the Republic of Panama that formerly constituted the Canal Zone.|orig-date=Signed at Washington on September 7, 1977. Entered into force October 1, 1979.|id=33 UST 39; TIAS 10030|access-date=September 13, 2020|archive-date=January 24, 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240124105627/https://books.google.com/books?id=n559BTeMBIsC&pg=PA39#v=onepage&q&f=false|url-status=live}}</ref> Clem de mesed kanada bleibon reprezentön dil veütik [[VVP|VVP]] Panamäna, pato pos [[Proyed veütik Panamäna Kanad|proyed veütik Panamäna Kanad]] (finüköl ün 2016) kel ädublinon fägi onik.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-12-24 |title=25 Years since the Transfer of the Panama Canal {{!}} AS/COA |url=https://www.as-coa.org/articles/25-years-transfer-panama-canal |access-date=2026-01-17 |website=www.as-coa.org |language=en}}</ref> Ted, bank e turiped binons sektors veütik. Panamän palogon as labü [[Konömav cema legretik banka völkerik|konömav cema legretik]].<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.imf.org/external/pubs/ft/weo/2019/01/weodata/weoselco.aspx?g=2200&sg=All+countries+%2f+Emerging+market+and+developing+economies |title=World Economic Outlook Database, April 2019 |publisher=[[International Monetary Fund]] |website=IMF.org |access-date=September 29, 2019 |archive-date=December 22, 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191222001529/https://www.imf.org/external/pubs/ft/weo/2019/01/weodata/weoselco.aspx?g=2200&sg=All+countries+%2f+Emerging+market+and+developing+economies |url-status=live }}</ref> Ün 2019, [[Lised länas ma Nümad Oka Men|Panamän äpladon as 57id in vol]] tefü [[Nümad Oka Men]].<ref name="HDI">{{cite book|title=Human Development Report 2020 The Next Frontier: Human Development and the Anthropocene|date=December 15, 2020|publisher=United Nations Development Programme|isbn=978-92-1-126442-5|pages=343–346|url=http://hdr.undp.org/sites/default/files/hdr2020.pdf|access-date=December 16, 2020|archive-date=December 15, 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201215063955/http://hdr.undp.org/sites/default/files/hdr2020.pdf|url-status=live}}</ref> Ün 2018, Panamän päpladon as konömav velid feilükölün in Latïna-Merop, ma Nümad Feilükam Välavik [[Volacäl Tedik]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://wef.ch/2OX9YUm|title=Competitiveness Rankings|website=The Global Competitiveness Report 2018|language=en-US|access-date=March 18, 2019}}</ref> Panamän äpladon as 82id in [[Nümad Nulüdik Välavik]] ün 2025.<ref>{{Cite web |title=GII Innovation Ecosystems & Data Explorer 2025 |url=https://www.wipo.int/gii-ranking/en/panama |access-date=2025-10-16 |website=WIPO}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last1=Dutta |first1=Soumitra |url=https://www.wipo.int/web-publications/global-innovation-index-2025/en/index.html |title=Global Innovation Index 2025: Innovation at a Crossroads |last2=Lanvin |first2=Bruno |publisher=[[World Intellectual Property Organization]] |year=2025 |isbn=978-92-805-3797-0 |page=19 |language=en |doi=10.34667/tind.58864 |access-date=2025-10-17}}</ref> Tegölo zao 40 procedis topäda okik, [[julät]]s Panamäna binons lom pro planets e nimons tropik mödik – aniks onas [[Endem|patuvons nekipo]] su Tal.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/americas/country_profiles/1229332.stm |work=BBC News |title=Country profile: Panama |date=June 30, 2010 |access-date=July 25, 2010 |archive-date=July 2, 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140702022612/http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/americas/country_profiles/1229332.stm |url-status=live }}</ref> Panamän binon liman fünöl [[Netas Peabalöl]] e stitods bevünetik votik äs [[Stitod Mera Netas]], [[Stitod Latïna-Meropa|Stitod Balama Latïna-Meropa]], [[Grup 77]], [[Stitod Sauna Völkerik]], e [[Muf Nezeädöl]]. ==Etim== {{Section rewrite|date=April 2026}} Rigäd patik nema "Panamän" bleibon nepälöfik, ko teors mödik pemoböl.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.etymonline.com/word/Panama |title=Panama |language=en |access-date=May 7, 2025 }}</ref> * ''[[Sterculia apetala]]'' ([[Sterculia apetala|Bim Panamäna]]): Teor bal mobon das nem kömon de bim ''Sterculia apetala'', suviko sevädik as bim Panamäna, kel binon lomik in ziläd at e labon veüti netik. Bim at päcälon as bim netik Panamäna fa Slüd Kabina Nüm 371 tü Novul 26, 1969.<ref name=":3" /><ref>{{Cite web |date=2007-09-15 |title=Árbol Nacional de Panamá: Sterculia apetala |url=https://biota.wordpress.com/2007/09/15/arbol-nacional-de-panama-sterculia-apetala/ |access-date=2025-05-08 |website=Biota Panama |language=es}}</ref> * [[Guna Yala|Pük Guna]] "bannaba": Hipotès votik binon das "Panamän" binon [[Spanyänükam]] vöda Guna "bannaba," kel sinifon "fagik" u "fagikumo."<ref name="PAN">{{cite web|url=http://www.pa/secciones/informacion/significado.html |title=Origen del Nombre Panamá |publisher=República de Panamá |access-date=July 25, 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070214054429/http://www.pa/secciones/informacion/significado.html |archive-date=February 14, 2007}}</ref><ref name=":3">{{Cite web |last=Campbell |first=Mike |title=Meaning, origin and history of the place name Panama |url=https://places.behindthename.com/name/panama/ |access-date=2025-05-08 |website=Behind the Name |language=en}}</ref> Sagäd pedasevädiköl malon das "Panamá" äbinon nem vilaga fimüpa pelogöl fa [[Spanyäns|kolonans Spanyänik]], segunü sinif "mödot fimas." <!-- "place of many fish" in Cueva" (needs verification) (supported by scholarly sources) -->Do top patik vilaga at no sevädon, sagäd at suvo peyanükon ko konots sevestigana Spanyänik Antonio Tello de Guzmán, kel ün 1515 äbepenom kömi oki in vilag lomik fimüpa nennemik su [[Kost Pasifik]]. Poso, ün 1517, lieutan Spanyänik [[Gaspar de Espinosa]] äfunom büti tedik su top at, ed ün 1519, [[Pedro Arias Dávila]] äfünom [[Citad di Panamän]] us, plaädükön topologyädi büik [[Santa María la Antigua del Darién]].<ref name=":4" /><ref>{{Cite web |title=Narrative of the Proceedings of Pedrarias Davila/Narrative of Pascual de Andagoya - Wikisource, the free online library |url=https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Narrative_of_the_Proceedings_of_Pedrarias_Davila/Narrative_of_Pascual_de_Andagoya |access-date=2025-05-08 |website=en.wikisource.org |language=en}}</ref> ==Jenotem== {{Main|Jenotem Panamäna}} ===Period bü Kolumbus<!-- Atos NO binon el typo. Bü Kolumbus, no bü Kolumbän -->=== [[File:Panama Embera0605.jpg|thumb|Cil [[Embera-Wounaan|Embera]] pepedata pro dan]] [[Bim di Panamän]] äfomon zao yels balion 3 büikünu ven köta tal vü Nolüda-Merop e Sulüda-Merop fino äfikon, e planets e nimons äbevegons oni in bo flans. Dabin bima at äflukon sebedi menas, farmama e kaena da Merop de pub hunas e kletanas balid jü tumöd vilagas e zifas.<ref name="Mayo, J 2004">Mayo, J. (2004). ''La Industria prehispánica de conchas marinas en Gran Coclé'', Panamá. Diss. U Complutense de Madrid, pp. 9–10.</ref><ref>Piperno, D. R. (1984). ''The Application of Phytolith Analysis to the Reconstruction of Plant Subsistence and Environments in Prehistoric Panama''. Dissertation, Temple University. Philadelphia, vol. 8 pp. 21–43.</ref> Stöfs büikün petuvöls pö [[Pöp lomik Panamäna|mens lomik]] in Panamän ninädons [[Hun Lindiyänik büik|hun]] [[püg pointik]]. Poso zänod Panamän äbinon lom pro balids [[potäm]]ama in Merop, a.s. kultür in [[Monagrillo (top rujenotik)|Monagrillo]], kel dateikon lü 2500–1700 b.K. Ats ävedons pöps veütikün sevädiks dub sepülems milagik onas (dateiköl lü zao 500–900 p.K.) su [[Top rujenotik Monagrillo|Monagrillo]], e [[potäm polikromik]] stüg [[Gran Coclé]] onas. Skulpturs monolitik gretik su top [[Barriles]] (Chiriqui) binons i glens veütik kultüras bimik atik.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Exhibition |url=https://researchcomputing.si.edu/exhibitions/stri.php?node=Archaeology_si_2774306 |access-date=2025-05-08 |website=researchcomputing.si.edu}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Treasures of Sitio Conte and Personal Adornment of the Coclé {{!}} Fashion History Timeline |url=https://fashionhistory.fitnyc.edu/sitio-conte-cocle/ |access-date=2025-05-08 |website=fashionhistory.fitnyc.edu}}</ref> Bü Yuropans äkömons, Panamän pabelödon fa pöps spiköl [[Püks Chibchan|Chibchan]] e [[Chocoan]]. Grup gretikün äbinons [[Pöp Cueva|Cueva]], kels äspikons püki Chocoan.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Quesada Pacheco |first=Miguel Ángel |title=La lengua cueva (Panamá, siglo XVI) |date=2024 |publisher=LINCOM |isbn=978-3-96939-174-7 |series=LINCOM Studies in native american linguistics |location=München}}</ref> Gretot pöpa lomik bima timü kolonükam Yuropik no sevädon. Kalküls rivons mens balion tel, ab stüds nulikum pladons numi at nilü 200.000. Tuvs rujenotik e temunods fa vestigans Yuropik büik äbepenons grupis lomik bimik difik blöfüls difi kulürik e sugäröl das mens ävegförons{{clarify|date=August 2016|reason=Atos binon-li vöd rujenodik?}} dub vegs tedik zilädik nomik. [[Lautrusänans]] älabons siti teda lü Panamän bi dabinon blöf das [[kokos]] ärivons kosti Pasifik Panamäna de [[Filipuäns]] in tim [[Bü Kolumbus|bü Kolumbus]].<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Baudouin |first1=Luc |last2=Gunn |first2=Bee |last3=Olsen |first3=Kenneth |date=January 2014 |title=The presence of coconut in southern Panama in pre-Columbian times: clearing up the confusion |journal=Annals of Botany |volume=113 |issue=1 |pages=1–5 |doi=10.1093/aob/mct244 |pmid=24227445 |pmc=3864718 | issn=0305-7364 }}</ref> Ven Panamän päkolonon, pöps lomik äfugons ini julät e nisuls nilik. Vestigans kredon das [[maläd]] äbinon kod primik däd pöpa onas. No älabons [[Taöf malädik|imi]] pro maläds äs [[smalpox]], kel idabinon dü yels in pöps [[Lautrusiyän|Lautrusiyänik]].<ref>Hays, J. N. (2005). ''[https://archive.org/details/epidemicspandemi0000hays/page/82 Epidemics and pandemics: their impacts on human history]'', ABC-CLIO, pp. 82–83, {{ISBN|1-85109-658-2}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last = Austin Alchon |first = Suzanne |title = A pest in the land: new world epidemics in a global perspective |url = https://books.google.com/books?id=YiHHnV08ebkC&pg=PA67 |publisher = University of New Mexico Press |date= 2003 |pages = 67–74 |isbn = 0-8263-2871-7}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Why Blame Smallpox? The Death of the Inca Huayna Capac and the Demographic Destruction of Ancient Peru (Tawantinsuyu) |url=https://users.pop.umn.edu/~rmccaa/aha2004/whypox.htm? |access-date=2025-05-08 |website=users.pop.umn.edu}}</ref> ===Känük jü 1799=== [[File:Balboa südsee.jpg|thumb|upright|[[Vasco Núñez de Balboa]], figäd pesevädiköl e pöpülik jenotema Panamänik]] [[File:New Caledonia in Darien.jpg|thumb|"Nueva Kaledonän", kolän Skotik [[Darien plan]] in Bukt Kaledonän, vesüd [[Bukt Darién]]]] [[Rodrigo de Bastidas]] äseilom vesüdiko de [[Venezolän]] ün 1501 ad sukön golfi, ed ävedom Yuropan balid ad vestigön bimi Panamäna. Yel bal poso, [[Kolumbus]] ävisitom bimi, ed äfünom topologyädi brefik in provän [[Provän Darién|Darien]].<ref>Bushnell, David, Woodward, Ralph Lee. "Central America". Encyclopedia Britannica, 7 May. 2025, https://www.britannica.com/place/Central-America. Accessed 8 May 2025</ref> Täväf togedik [[Vasco Núñez de Balboa]] de Latlantean lü Pasifik ün 1513 äblöfon das bim äbinon vü mels, e Panamän vifiko ävedon vecöd e maket lämpöra Spanyäna in [[Vol Nulik]].<ref>Keen, Benjamin. "Vasco Núñez de Balboa". Encyclopedia Britannica, 8 Jan. 2025, https://www.britannica.com/biography/Vasco-Nunez-de-Balboa. Accessed 8 May 2025</ref> Reg [[Ferdinand II de Aragon|Ferdinand II]] äcälom [[Pedro Arias Dávila]] as Guveran Regik. Äkömom ün Yunul 1514 ko nafs 19 e mans 1.500. Ün 1519, Dávila äfünom [[Citad di Panamän]].<ref name=":4">{{cite web|title=Pedro Arias Dávila|url=https://www.britannica.com/biography/Pedro-Arias-Davila|website=Encyclopedia Britannica|access-date=April 4, 2021|archive-date=April 15, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210415203557/https://www.britannica.com/biography/Pedro-Arias-Davila|url-status=live}}</ref> Golf e largent äblinons fa naf de Sulüda-Merop, pedefuföl love bim, e pelödöl sui nafs pro Spanyän. Veg at ävedon sevädik as Camino Real, u Veg Regik, do suviko päsevädikolon as Camino de Cruces (Veg Krosis) sekü num sepülemas su veg at.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Heller |first=Carolyn |date=2025-03-31 |title=Hiking the Camino Real de Panamá, a Historic Sea-to-Sea Trade Route |url=https://www.cntraveler.com/story/hiking-the-camino-real-de-panama |access-date=2025-05-08 |website=Condé Nast Traveler |language=en-US}}</ref> Ün 1520 [[Republik Genua|Genuyans]] äkontrolons pör Panamäna. Genuyans ägetons konsessoni de Spanyäns ad fevödon pöri Panamäna mu pro tadun slafas, jü däd zifa primik ün 1671.<ref name="Genoa">{{Cite web |title=I Genovesi d'Oltremare i primi coloni moderni |url=http://www.giustiniani.info/oltremare.html |access-date=2020-08-05 |website=www.giustiniani.info |archive-date=2020-02-23 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200223140429/http://www.giustiniani.info/oltremare.html |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=15. Casa de los Genoveses - Patronato Panamá Viejo |url=http://www.patronatopanamaviejo.org/ppv2014/es/el-sitio-arqueologico/los-monumentos/mapa-de-monumentos/15-casa-de-los-genoveses |access-date=2020-08-05 |website=www.patronatopanamaviejo.org |archive-date=2017-09-11 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170911025455/http://www.patronatopanamaviejo.org/ppv2014/es/el-sitio-arqueologico/los-monumentos/mapa-de-monumentos/15-casa-de-los-genoveses }}</ref> Ün tim ot ün 1635 Sör [[Sebastián Hurtado de Corcuera]], guveran Panamäna ün at tim, idäbürömon Genuyanis, Peruvanis e Panamänanis, as soldats ad krigön ta Muslimans in Filipuäns e ad fünön zifi [[Zif di Zamboanga|di Zamboanga]].<ref>[http://www.zamboanga.com/html/history_1634_moro_attacks.htm "SECOND BOOK OF THE SECOND PART OF THE CONQUESTS OF THE FILIPINAS ISLANDS, AND CHRONICLE OF THE RELIGIOUS OF OUR FATHER, ST. AUGUSTINE"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210508103044/https://www.zamboanga.com/html/history_1634_moro_attacks.htm |date=May 8, 2021 }} (Zamboanga City History) "He (Governor Don Sebastían Hurtado de Corcuera) brought a great reënforcements of soldiers, many of them from Perú, as he made his voyage to Acapulco from that kingdom."</ref> Panamän äbinon dis [[Lämpör Spanyänik|reig Spanyänik]] pro yels za 300 (1538–1821), ed ävedon dil [[Viceregän Peruv]], ko dalabots Spanyänik valik in Sulüda-Merop. De prim, fünod Panamänik päbason su sen "destinäta taledavik", e furtuns Panamänik äflukons ko veüt taledavik bima. Plak kolonänik äfönon netälimi Panamänik e sogodi komplägik rasima e stifik mu, fon konflitas ninik kel ätaöfon ta näv okätüköl netälimi.<ref>{{Cite book|title=La inmigración prohibida en Panamá y sus prejuicios raciales|last=Arango Durling |trans-title=Prohibited immigration in Panamá and its racial prejudices |first=Virginia |publisher=Publipan |date=1999 |lccn=2001388757 |location=Panamá |language=es }}</ref> Nüdods Spanyänik älabons kontrolodi mu pülik dö topäd gretik Panamäna. Dils gretik äfägons ad taöfon känüki e misaduni jü latik in kolonätim. Sekü atos, mens lomik ziläda at suvo pävokädon "indios de guerra" (Lindiyans kriga). Ab Panamän äbinon veütik pro Spanyän stetategiko bi äbinon veg vifikün ad sedön largenti petuvöl in Peruvän lü Yurop. Kargods largenta päleadons su kost vesüd Panamäna e poso pedefufons love län lü [[Portobelo, Colón|Portobello]] u [[Nombre de Dios, Colón|Nombre de Dios]] su flan Karibänik bima pro sed legik. Pläu veg Yuropik, dabinon i veg Merop-Siyopik, kel ädünon tädanes e ventüranes blinön largenti de [[Peruvän]] love län da Panamän ad rivön Acapulco in Mäxikän büo ad sailön lü Manila in Filipuäns me nafs famik [[Galeons Manila]].<ref>[https://www.academia.edu/44625493/Connecting_China_with_the_Pacific_World Connecting China with the Pacific World By Angela Schottenhammer] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210527045556/https://www.academia.edu/44625493/Connecting_China_with_the_Pacific_World |date=May 27, 2021 }}(2019) (Page 144–145)</ref> Ün 1579, monopol regik kela Acapulco älabon tefü ted ko Manila, pärelaxon e Panamän päcälon as pör votik kel äfägon ad tedön mu ko Siyop.<ref name="Fisher1997">{{cite book|author=John Robert Fisher|title=The Economic Aspects of Spanish Imperialism in America, 1492-1810|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=MRI-LiWuJh4C&pg=PA65|date=1997|publisher=Liverpool University Press|isbn=978-0-85323-552-1|pages=65–66}}</ref> Sekü kontrol Spanyänik nekonletik, veg Panamänik äbinon riskädik pro taöf de pirats (mu Nedänik e Linglänik), e de Frikopans "vol nulik" pävokädoll [[cimarron people (Panama)|cimarrons]] kel istefükons okis de slaf ed älifons in komots u ''palenques'' zü Camino Real in näinöd Panamäna, e su nisuls anik nilik kost Pasifik Panamäna. Kumät famik at äbinon asänäd smalik dis [[Bayano]], kel äpubon ün 1552 jü 1558. Stüam famik [[Francis Drake]] su Panamän ün 1572–73 e bevegam [[John Oxenham]] lü Pasifik äpöpons fa cimarrons Panamänik, e nüdods Spanyänik äfägons te ad blinön onis dis kontrol dub mekäm aliansa ko ons kel äguaronon libi onsik in päd stüt militik ün 1582.<ref>{{cite journal|last=Pike |first= Ruth |title=Black Rebels: Cimarrons in Sixteenth Century Panama|journal=The Americas|volume= 64|issue=2 |date=2007|pages= 243–66|doi=10.1353/tam.2007.0161|s2cid=143773521}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Panama History |url=https://www.soulofamerica.com/international/panama/panama-history/ |access-date=2025-05-08 |website=Soul Of America |language=en-US}}</ref> Dils sököl äyufons defükön seni nesekidika e regiäda u netäla ninik in Panamän büo ka kolonäds votik: benöf pelöböl dü tumyels tel balid (1540–1740) du äyufon ad glofön kolonäli; pladamot nämäma cödäta regiäda mu (Real Audiencia) as dil döta onik; e rül veütik kel äpledon dü balug Lämpöra Spanyänik – lämpör volik nulik balid.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Antique Map - Anonymus - Ansichten von der Landenge von Panama |url=https://www.asommer.de/en/karte/ansichten-von-der-landenge-von-panama/ |access-date=2025-05-08 |website=Antique Maps Adina Sommer |language=en-US}}</ref> Panamän äbinon top [[Darien plan|plan Darien]] nelitik, kel äfünükon [[Regän Skotän|koläni Skotänik]] in ziläd ün 1698.<ref>{{Cite web |title=The Darien Scheme |url=https://www.historic-uk.com/HistoryUK/HistoryofScotland/The-Darien-Scheme/ |access-date=2025-05-08 |website=Historic UK |language=en-GB}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Darien Scheme: Scotland's ill-fated colony in Panama |url=https://trulyedinburgh.com/scotland-history/darien-scheme/ |access-date=2025-05-08 |website=Truly Edinburgh |language=en-GB}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Founding of the Darien Colony {{!}} History Today |url=https://www.historytoday.com/archive/founding-darien-colony |access-date=2025-05-08 |website=www.historytoday.com}}</ref> Atos äfalon sekü kods mödik, e deb sököl äkevükon ad [[Balsüm Balama 1707|balama Lingläna e Skotäna ün 1707]].<ref>"[http://www.historic-uk.com/HistoryUK/Scotland-History/DarienScheme.htm The Darien Scheme – The Fall of Scotland] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120205194052/http://www.historic-uk.com/HistoryUK/Scotland-History/DarienScheme.htm |date=February 5, 2012 }}", Historic UK</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=Carroll |first=Rory |date=2007-09-10 |title=The sorry story of how Scotland lost its 17th century empire |url=https://www.theguardian.com/uk/2007/sep/11/britishidentity.past |access-date=2025-05-08 |work=The Guardian |language=en-GB |issn=0261-3077}}</ref> Ün 1671, [[privat]] [[Henry Morgan]], pelisäkülöl fa guver Linglänik, [[Täväf Henry Morgan in Panamän|äsäädädom e äfilükom]] zifi [[Panamäna Citad|Panamän]] – zif telid veütikün in Vol Nulik Spanyänik ün tim et. Ün 1717 [[viceregän Nueba Gränada]] (sulüd Nolüda-Merop) päjafon ad gespikön Yuropanes votik ästeifülölis ad sumön topädi Spanyänik in ziläd Karibänik. Bim Panamäna äpladon dis döt onik. Ab, fagot cifazifa Nueba Gränada, [[Santa Fe de Bogotá]] (cifazif nulädik [[Kolumbän]]a) äbinon nelet gretikum ka krom Spanyänik ispidon bi nämäda Nueba Gränada ätaönon ta bäldot, fagot nilikum, e yüms büik ko [[viceregän Peruv]] e igo dub itfäg Panamäna. Relat fikulik at vü Panamän e Bogotä bleibon dabinön dü tumyels.<ref>{{Cite web |title=The Legendary Captain Morgan Raids Panama |url=https://www.thoughtco.com/captain-morgan-and-sack-of-panama-2136368 |access-date=2025-05-08 |website=ThoughtCo |language=en}}</ref><ref>The Editors of Encyclopaedia Britannica. "Viceroyalty of New Granada". Encyclopedia Britannica, 1 May. 2023, https://www.britannica.com/place/Viceroyalty-of-New-Granada. Accessed 8 May 2025.</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=New Granada, Viceroyalty of {{!}} Encyclopedia.com |url=https://www.encyclopedia.com/humanities/encyclopedias-almanacs-transcripts-and-maps/new-granada-viceroyalty |access-date=2025-05-08 |website=www.encyclopedia.com}}</ref> Ün 1744, Cijip Francisco Javier de Luna Victoria DeCastro äfünom Kolegi San Ignacio de Loyola e tü Yunul 3, 1749, äfünom La Real y Pontificia Universidad de San Javier.<ref name=":5">{{Cite web |title=La universidad en la colonia |url=https://www.metrolibre.com/opinion/la-universidad-en-la-colonia-LBML221192 |access-date=2025-05-08 |website=www.metrolibre.com |language=es-PA}}</ref><ref name=":6">{{Cite web |title=Jesuits in Panama |url=https://www.manresa-sj.org/stamps/2_Panama.htm |access-date=2025-05-08 |website=www.manresa-sj.org}}</ref><ref name=":7">{{Cite web |title=Bishop Francisco Javier de Luna Victoria y Castro [Catholic-Hierarchy] |url=https://www.catholic-hierarchy.org/bishop/bdeluna.html |access-date=2025-05-08 |website=www.catholic-hierarchy.org}}</ref> Ün tim at, do, veüt e fluk Panamäna ivikons nosiko bi näm Spanyäna ädädikon in Yurop e prog püba nafama vifiko ädälon nafis ad zianön [[Köp Hor]] ad rivön Pasifiki. Do veg Panamäna äbinon brefik äbinon i vobodikik e suxänik sekü lod e diflod e täväf vütidik pesäbiedöl ad rivön de kost bal lü votik.<ref name=":5" /><ref name=":6" /><ref name=":7" /> ===1800s=== {{More citations needed section|date=May 2025}}[[File:Arco chato.jpg|thumb|[Gled Santo Domingo]]] Ven [[Krigs plödiwelik Spanyänik-Meropik]] ävokolons da Latïna-Merop, Citad di Panamän äpreparon pro plödiwel; ab, plans onsik pifümükons fa Grito de La Villa de Los Santos (Vok de Vilag Salutanas), pibüüköl tü Novul 10, 1821, fa belödans [[Nisul Azuero|Azuero]] nen stüt Citad di Panamän ad notükon separi onsik de Lämpör Spanyänik. In bo [[Veraguas]] e cifazif dun at päkoseton ko distäd, do su nivods difik. Pro Veraguas, äbinon dun cädugika mu, du pro cifazif, pälogon as nenefikik e nenomik, e plu ämütädon onis ad fümükön plans oksik. Denatimo, Grito äbinon mal, de flan belödanas Azuero, ta völad taöfa plödiwelik in cifazif. Uts in ziläd cifazifa älogons dön mufi Azueranik ko distäd, bi separans in Citad di Panamän äkredons das taans in Azuero äkrigons no te pro plödiwel de Spanyän, ab i pro git okas ad reigön okis plödü Citad di Panamän ven Spanyäns idegolons. Atos pälogon as mov riskädik de flan Azuero, kel älifon in dled Colonel [[Jenotem Panamäna#José de Fábrega|José Pedro Antonio de Fábrega y de las Cuevas]] (1774–1841). Colonel äbinon fiedan fümik ed älabom lofögis militik valik bima in nams okik. Ädledons vifi taöfi e gimükami vifik ta separans. Utosi kelos iprädisumons, do, äbinon fluk taäbas in cifazif. De Tobil 1821, ven Guveran General büik, [[Juan de la Cruz Mourgeón|Juan de la Cruz Murgeón]], äleadom bimi su kampan in [[Quito]] äleadom coloneli in cibäd, separans äblebons feaprofan Fábreghi ad flan separana. Klu, tü Novul 10, Fábrega nu äbinom stütan mufa plödiwelik. Vifiko pos notük separik Los Santos, Fábrega äkobovokom stitodi alik in cifazif ko nügs plödiwelik e calöfiko änotükom stüti zifa pro plödiwel. Taöfs militik no äjenons sekü mitoro ladälik soldatas fiedik. ===Plödiwel jü 1968=== [[File:Panama canal cartoon 1903.jpg|thumb|Kartün bolitik 1903. Guver Lamerikäna, vobädöl ko separans in Panamän, äsüükom [[Notük plödiwelik Panamäna|notüki plödiwelik Panamäna]] de [[Kolumbän]], poso äsedon nafis kriga e marinis lü Panamän ad neletön kumäta Kolumbänik.<ref name="countrystudies"/>]] {{See also|Segik Panamäna de Kolumbän|Pakted Hay–Bunau-Varilla|Jenotem Panamäna (1964–1977)}} [[File:Roosevelt and the Canal.JPG|thumb|Presidan Lamerikäna [[Theodore Roosevelt]] seidöl su grävaflik in Panamäna Kanad, 1906]] In yels 80 sököl plödiweli onik de Spanyän, Panamän äbinon [[dil Gran Kolumbän]], posä ivilükon kömi ini län finü 1821. Poso ävedon dil [[Republikän Nueba Gränada]] ün 1831 ed äpädälon ini [[Proväns Republikäna Nueba Gränada|proväns]] anik. Ün 1855, [[Stat Panamäna]] nesekidik päjafon ini Republikän se proväns Nueba Gränada: Panamän, Azuero, Chiriquí e Veraguas. Äblebon as stat in [[Konsälef Gränadik]] (1858–1863) e [[Statäms Lamerikäna Kolumbänik]] (1863–1886). [[Konstitüt Kolumbänik 1886|Konstitüt 1886]] Republikäna nulädik [[Kolumbän]] äjafon [[Müdead Panamän nulik|Müdead Panamän]] nulik. Mens bima ästeifülon fövoti 80 ad segikön de Kolumbän. Änilikons ad plöpo ün 1831, poso dönu dü [[Krig Tumyela Delas]] 1899–1902, päsuemöl bevü Lindiyans Panamänik as krig pro gits länas dis cifäd Victoriano Lorenzo.<ref>{{cite book|last1=Müller-Schwarze|first1=Nina K.|title=The Blood of Victoriano Lorenzo: An Ethnography of the Cholos of Northern Coclé Province.|date=2015|publisher=McFarland Press|location=Jefferson, North Carolina}}</ref> Desid Lamerikäna ad flukön zilädi, pato pujadi e kontroli Panamäna Kanad, äkodon [[separüki Panamäna de Kolumbän]] ün 1903 e plödiweli bolitik onik. Ven [[Senat Kolumbän]] ärefülon [[Pakted Hay–Herrán]] tü Yanul 22, 1903, Lamerikäns äsludons ad stütön e födön mufi separik Panamänik.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.banrepcultural.org/node/86421 |title=Separación de Panamá: la historia desconocida |publisher=banrepcultural.org |access-date=April 9, 2016 |archive-date=January 16, 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180116174922/http://www.banrepcultural.org/node/86421 }}</ref><ref name="countrystudies">{{cite web|date = 2009|url = http://countrystudies.us/panama/8.htm|title = The 1903 Treaty and Qualified Independence|publisher = [[US Library of Congress]]|access-date = May 1, 2009|archive-date = October 11, 2011|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20111011225556/http://countrystudies.us/panama/8.htm|url-status = live}}</ref> In Novbul 1903, Panamän, pevizilon kläniko fa Lamerikäns, änotükon plödiweli okik<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.banrepcultural.org/blaavirtual/revistas/credencial/junio2004/panama%20ultimo.htm |title=Panamá: el último año |publisher=banrepcultural.org |access-date=April 9, 2016 |archive-date=October 9, 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171009021454/http://www.banrepcultural.org/blaavirtual/revistas/credencial/junio2004/panama%20ultimo.htm }}</ref> ed äfinükon [[Pakted Hay–Bunau-Varilla]] ko Lamerikäns nen kom Panamänana bal. [[Philippe Bunau-Varilla]], kaenan e bürödel Fransänik ärepresäntom Panamäni do presidan Panamäna e legiv äkömons in New York ad negädön paktedi. Bunau-Varilla äbinon delenän in büsid Fransänik (el ''Compagnie Nouvelle du Canal de Panama''), kel igeton gitis büida Fransänik orijinal kel ibankränoton ün 1889.{{sfn|McCullough|1977|pp=276-282}} Pakted päpenon vifiko e pädispenon neit büü legiv Panamänik äkömon in Washington. Pakted ägivon gitis Lamerikänes "äs vif on äbinon plin" in [[Zön Kanada di Panamän|zön]] zao {{convert|10|mi|km|order=flip|abbr=on}} vidik e {{convert|50|mi|km|order=flip|abbr=on}} lunik. In zön at, Lamerikäns öfünons kanadi, poso ödämons, öförtifikons ed ödefümons oni "in laidül". [[File:Panama Canal under construction, 1907.jpg|thumb|Vob pujeda su [[Gaillard Cut]] Panamäna Kanad, 1907]] Ün 1914, Lamerikäns äfünons kanadi {{convert|83|km||adj=mid|abbr=off|-long|sp=us}} dabinöl. Sekü veüt stetategik kanada dü [[Volakrig Balid]], Lamerikäns äförtifikons kömi lü on mu.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Security and Defense of the Panama Canal, 1903-2000 |url=https://ufdc.ufl.edu/AA00047733/00001 |access-date=2025-01-30 |website=ufdc.ufl.edu |archive-date=January 30, 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250130202844/https://ufdc.ufl.edu/AA00047733/00001 |url-status=live }}</ref> De 1903 jü 1968, Panamän äbinon [[demokän konstitütik]] padominon fa [[oligarced]] tedik. Dü 1950s, milit Panamänik äprimon ad taöfön hegemoni bolitik oligarceda. Prima 1960s älogon i primo stifi laidüpik in Panamän pro danädükam [[Pakted Hay–Bunau-Varilla]], keninükamü tüvads kela ädavedons ün prim 1964, kel äkemons ad gluti mu e deadamis deutis, e moükami lebata Lamerikäna.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://adst.org/2016/07/panama-riots-1964-beginning-end-canal/|title=The Panama Riots of 1964: The Beginning of the End for the Canal|date=July 19, 2016|access-date=November 12, 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181113025549/https://adst.org/2016/07/panama-riots-1964-beginning-end-canal/|archive-date=November 13, 2018}}</ref> ===Militadiktatür=== {{main|Militadiktatür in Panamän}} [[File:Omar Torrijos with Panamanian farmers.jpg|thumb|[[Omar Torrijos]] (detü) ko farmers in länäl Panamäna. Reiganef Torrijos äsevädom sekü policies oka tefü [[land redistribution|laredistibudam lana]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://rebelion.org/un-estudio-indispensable-para-comprender-la-crisis-del-agro-panameno|title=Un estudio indispensable para comprender la crisis del agro panameño|date=27 April 2023|author=Olmedo Beluche|lang=es|website=rebelion.org}}</ref>]] Zü numidogäbs pro plepöb Robles–Johnson, Panamän äjenükon valodis ün 1968. Cändäbs äkeninükons sanieli [[Arnulfo Arias]] Madrid pro Unión Nacional (Balatäm Netik).<ref name="Pizzurno Gelós 1989">Pizzurno Gelós, Patricia and Celestino Andrés Araúz (1996) ''Estudios sobre el Panamá Republicano (1903–1989)''. Colombia: Manfer S.A.</ref> Arias Madrid pädeklaron as vik valodas kels pämalons dub viold e kusäds dö cüt ta cändäbs votik dono Alianza del Pueblo. Ün Octob 1, 1968, Arias Madrid äsumom cali as presidan Panamäna, äpromölo ad dugön reiganefi "balatäma netik" kel öfinükon miädami reigöli ed öseitom vegi pro Panamän nulik. Vig e laful latikumo, ün Octob 11, 1968, Kiped Netik (Guardia Nacional) ämoükon Arias ed äprimükon spirodoni kel öfimükon me nüfälam Lamerikäna ün 1989. Arias, kel ipromom ad respägön hierarki Kepeda Netik, äbreikom plepöbi ed äprimükom pöpipladömi gretik Kepeda. Ad dalabädön nitis Kepeda ed oka, Liyetän-Könel [[Omar Torrijos]] Herrera e Mayör Boris Martínez äbüdons taödümi militik votik ta reiganef.<ref name="Pizzurno Gelós 1989"/> Milit ägidükon oki dub deklarinükön das Arias Madrid ästeifülom ad pladön diktaturi, ed äpromon gesumami lula konstitutöfik. Ün tim at, Kiped äprimon seri mesüris popälik kels ögetons stüti taödüme. Mesürs at äkeninükons leti prias su zib, sanamed e gods votik jü Yanul 31, 1969, äsi letis lures e laligükami stänöma famülas stebölis in ziläks zümöl topäde jenotik Panama Viejo<ref name="Pizzurno Gelós 1989"/><ref>Pizzurno Gelós, Patricia and Celestino Andrés Araúz (1996) ''Estudios sobre el Panamá Republicano (1903–1989)''. Colombia: Manfer S.A., p. 529.</ref> Paralelo atos, milit äprimon politivi reprimik ta taädans, kels pävokädon as komunans. Milit äcälon Junati Reiganefa Provimik kel öbüdon valodis nulik. Ye, Kiped Netik öjonon oki as nevilöfik ad lüvön nämädi e suno äprimon vokädon oki ''El Gobierno Revolucionario'' (Reiganef Levolutik). Dono kontrol [[Omar Torrijos]], milit ävotükon stukturi bolitik e konömik lända, äprimölo tegi vürik dünas säkeräta sogädik e ästäänölo dugädi pubülik. Konstitut ävotükon ün 1972. Ad refomön konstituti, milit äjafon organami nulik, Läbi Cälemas Corregimiento, kel äpladon Läbi Netik. Läb nulik, i sevääd as Poder Popular (Nämöd Pöpa), päkomponon fa limans 505 pevälöl dub milit nen komip partas bolitik, kelis milit imoükon. Konstitut nulik äproklädon [[Omar Torrijos]] as Dugal Töpik Levoluta Panamänik, ed ägegivon ome nämädi nenmiedik dü yels mäl, do, ad dakipön fadädi konstitutöfa, [[Demetrio B. Lakas]] päcälon presidan dü period ot.<ref name="Pizzurno Gelós 1989"/> Ün 1981, Torrijos ädeadom in fäl blima.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/1981/08/02/obituaries/panama-leader-killed-in-crash-in-bad-weather.html|title=PANAMA LEADER KILLED IN CRASH IN BAD WEATHER|last=International|first=United Press|work=The New York Times|date=August 2, 1981|access-date=June 1, 2018|language=en|archive-date=August 17, 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180817120658/https://www.nytimes.com/1981/08/02/obituaries/panama-leader-killed-in-crash-in-bad-weather.html|url-status=live}}</ref> Deadam Torrijos ävotükon toni fufäna bolitik Panamäna. Do votükams konstitutik ün 1983 kels äproibons roli bolitik pro milit, [[Panama Defense Forces|Kipanäm Panamänik]] (PDF), asä päsevons täno, äföfikons ad dugön lifi bolitik Panamänik. Ün tim at, Jeneral [[Manuel Noriega|Manuel Antonio Noriega]] äbinom fümiko in kontrol ela PDF e reiganefa sifidik.{{when|date=May 2016}} [[File:Jimmy Carter and General Omar Torrijos signing the Panama Canal Treaty.jpg|thumb|Presidan Lamerikäna [[Jimmy Carter]] äsenükom namis ko Jeneral [[Omar Torrijos]] pos dispenön [[Torrijos–Carter Treaties|Plepöbis Kanata Panamäna]] (Setul 7, 1977).]] In valods ün 1984, cändäbs äkeninükons [[Nicolás Ardito Barletta Vallarino]] (pestütöl dub milit in balatäm penemöl UNADE), dugan büik Arnulfo Arias Madrid (pro taädabalatäm ADO) e Jeneral büik [[Rubén Darío Paredes]], kel imütom ad tüvübul büimik dub Manuel Noriega, köröl pro Partido Nacionalista Popular (PAP; "Part Netim Popik"). Barletta pädeklaron as vik valodas kels ipäcödons as cütiks. Barletta ägerbom ländi in distruk konömik e deutöfik vemo ad [[International Monetary Fund|Fond Monetik Valemik]] e [[World Bank|Bank Välädik]]. Zü kris konömik e stüfods Barletta ad lumnön kreditanis lända, protäds süta äsüikons, ed i reprim milita. In tim ot, regimen Noriega ifödon konömi krimik vemo klänik kel äoperon as fonäd paralelik meseda pro milit e fedäbans onsik, poprovölo losedis de drogs e [[money laundering|lav monas]]. Lü fin diktatura milita, vaf nulik mugrans Tsyinänik äkömon su istmus in spel ad mükön lü Lamerikäna. Smug Tsyinänanas ävedon büsid gretik, ko loseds jü dollars 200-balion pro regimen Noriega (logolös Mon 167).<ref>Mon Pinzón, Ramón Arturo (1979). ''Historia de la Migración China Durante la Construcción del Ferrocarril de Panamá''. Masters Thesis. México: El Colegio de México.</ref> Militadiktatür äsasenon u ätortüdon plu Panamänans tum bal ed ämüton taädanis plu tum bal lü xil. (logolös Zárate 15).<ref>Zárate, Abdiel (November 9, 2003). "Muertos y desaparecidos durante la época militar." Extra-centennial issue of ''La Prensa''.</ref> Regimen Noriega pästüton dub Lamerikäna ed äprimon ad pledön roli döfik in Zänodamerikäna. Do [[Contadora group|grup Contadora]], inisiativ pelounöl fa ministerans foginik nasätas Latinamerikik difik keninükamü Panamäna, ädunon stüfadis diplomik ad dagetön püdi in region, Noriega äproviom [[Contras|Kontras]] Nicaraguänik e gerilas votik in region ko vaps e munitions nemö CIA.<ref name="Pizzurno Gelós 1989"/> Ün Yunul 6, 1987, Könel biperädöl Roberto Díaz Herrera, mufädik das Noriega ibreikom "Plani Torrijos" palonöl fufäma kel övedükom omi dugani milita pos Noriega, äsludom ad denunön regimeni. Äsevädom pünotis dö cüt valodik,<ref>{{Cite news |last=Preston |first=Julia |date=July 6, 1987 |title=PANAMANIAN PRESIDENT CALLS FOR PROBE |language=en-US |newspaper=Washington Post |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/archive/politics/1987/07/06/panamanian-president-calls-for-probe/34559ca5-6139-4669-8ff5-dcd056b9b7ca/ |access-date=March 22, 2022 |issn=0190-8286}}</ref> äkusädom Noriega dö plan deadama Torrijos ed ädeklärom das Torrijos igetom dollars 12-balion de Shah di Lirän demü gevön asili dugane Liränik pixilöl. I äkusädom Noriega dö sasen dub decapitama dugana taäda täno, sanieli [[Hugo Spadafora]].<ref name="Pizzurno Gelós 1989"/><ref>{{Cite news |date=December 21, 1989 |title=Fighting in Panama; Panama's Troubled Past |language=en-US |work=The New York Times |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1989/12/21/world/fighting-in-panama-panamas-troubled-past.html |access-date=March 22, 2022 |issn=0362-4331 |archive-date=March 22, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220322030333/https://www.nytimes.com/1989/12/21/world/fighting-in-panama-panamas-troubled-past.html |url-status=live }}</ref> Ün neit Yunula 9, 1987, Cruzada Civilista ("Kruzad Sifidik") pajäfon{{where|date=May 2016}} ed äprimon ad organizön dunis lobedöfa sifidik. Kruzad ävokon pro stitik valemik. As gespik, milit äsuspünon gitis konstitutik ed ädekläron stadi krisa in län. Ün Yulul 10, Kruzad Sifidik ävokon pro demöf gretik kel pareprimon violdo dub "Dobermans", unit spesial rezena milita. Del et, latikumo penäemöl El Viernes Negro ("Friday Blägik"), älükon pöpis mödik pevunöl e pedeadöl.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Becker |first=Meghan |date=March 28, 2010 |title=Panamanians campaign to overthrow dictator (The Civic Crusade), 1987-1989 |url=https://nvdatabase.swarthmore.edu/content/panamanians-campaign-overthrow-dictator-civic-crusade-1987-1989 |access-date=April 30, 2022 |website=Swarthmore.edu |publisher=Swarthmore |archive-date=May 13, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210513215929/https://nvdatabase.swarthmore.edu/content/panamanians-campaign-overthrow-dictator-civic-crusade-1987-1989 |url-status=live }}</ref> Presidan Lamerikäna [[Ronald Reagan]] äprimon seri sanksyonas ta regimen militik. Lamerikäna äfledon stüfi konömik e militik lü Panamän in zänod 1987 as gespik lü kris bolitik domik in Panamän e taäd lä leböp Lamerikäna. Sanksyans äfälos ad moükön Noriega, ab ädamükons konömi Panamäna vemo. Prodöm tögik domik (GDP) Panamäna ädonükon za procenti 25 vü 1987 e 1989.<ref name="Acosta, Coleen 2008">Acosta, Coleen (October 24, 2008). [https://web.stanford.edu/class/e297a/Panama%20Imperialism%20and%20Struggle.htm "Iraq: a Lesson from Panama Imperialism and Struggle for Sovereignty"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211003220042/https://web.stanford.edu/class/e297a/Panama%20Imperialism%20and%20Struggle.htm |date=October 3, 2021 }}. ''Journals of the Stanford Course on Prejudice and Poverty''.</ref> Ün Febul 5, 1988, Jeneral Manuel Antonio Noriega päkusädom dö buäkam drogas dub jürs federal in Tampa e Miami. [[Human Rights Watch]] äpenon in raport okik ün 1989: "Washington äflekon logis blägik lü miädams in Panamän dü yels mödik jü kud dö buäkam drogas ästigädon kusädis generala [Noriega] dub jürs gretik tel in Florida in Febul 1988".<ref name="Panama">[https://www.hrw.org/reports/1989/WR89/Panama.htm "Panama"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170113164637/https://www.hrw.org/reports/1989/WR89/Panama.htm |date=January 13, 2017 }}. ''Human Rights Watch World Report 1989''. hrw.org</ref> Ün Prilul 1988, Presidan Lamerikäna Ronald Reagan ävokädom [[International Emergency Economic Powers Act|Läbi Nämas Konömik Kritik Valemik]], äfledölo gerbireigis reiganefa Panamänik in dabinäds Lamerikänik valik. Ün Mayul 1989 Panamänans ävögodons vemo pro cändäbs ta-Noriega. Regimen Noriega spido änulädon valodi ed äprimon ad zirkön reprimi nulik. [[File:Panama clashes 1989.JPEG|thumb|Sek komipa sütik dü [[United States invasion of Panama|nüfälam Lamerikäna in Panamän]], 1989]] ====Nüfälam Lamerikäna (1989)==== {{Further|United States invasion of Panama}} Lamerikäna änüfalom Panamäni ün Dekul 20, 1989, penemöl [[Operation Just Cause|Komen Kosa Gidik]]. Lamerikäna äsagon komen äbinon "zesüdik ad jelodön lifis sifanas Lamerikänik in Panamän, defenön demokradi e gitis menik, komipön buäkami drogas, e fümükön neutrali Kanata Panamäna asä peflagon dub [[Torrijos–Carter Treaties|Plepöbs Torrijos–Carter]]".<ref>''New York Times''. A Transcript of President Bush's Address on the Decision to Use Force, December 21, 1989. Web. January 2, 2008.</ref> Lamerikäna äraporton militans 23 pedeadöl e 324 pevunöl, ko num militanas Panamänik pedeadöl pestimöl as 450. Stims pro sifans pedeadöl in konflit rangeons de 200 jü 4.000. Netäms Pebalons äpladons numi deadas sifanas Panamänik as 500, [[Americas Watch]] ästimom 300, Lamerikäna ägivon figuri sifanas 202 pedeadöl ed attorney general büik Lamerikäna [[Ramsey Clark]] ästimom deadis 4.000.<ref>{{Cite news |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1990/04/01/world/panama-and-us-strive-to-settle-on-death-toll.html |title=Panama and U.S. Strive To Settle on Death Toll |last=Rohter |first=Larry |work=The New York Times |date=April 1990 |access-date=April 15, 2018 |archive-date=August 15, 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180815143126/https://www.nytimes.com/1990/04/01/world/panama-and-us-strive-to-settle-on-death-toll.html |url-status=live }}</ref> Atos ärepresenton kompeni militik gretikün Lamerikäna pos Krig Vietnam.<ref>Cajar Páez, Aristides. "La invasion." Extra-centennial issue of La Prensa, Nov.9 (2003): 22. Print.</ref> Num sifanas Lamerikänik (e dependans onsik), kel ibons pro [[Panama Canal Authority|Komitet Kanata Panamäna]] e milit Lamerikäna, ed ädeadons fa Nämüds Defik Panamänik, no epüblikon fuliko. Ün Dekul 29, [[United Nations General Assembly|Läb Valemik Netämas Pebalons]] äzepon sludi vokädi nüfäli in Panamän as "viol flagrantik lula valemik e vesona, suveräna e takti taledik statas".<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.un.org/documents/ga/res/44/a44r240.htm|title=A/RES/44/240. Effects of the military intervention by the United States of America in Panama on the situation in Central America|website=UN.org|access-date=June 29, 2017|archive-date=October 24, 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171024215048/http://www.un.org/documents/ga/res/44/a44r240.htm|url-status=live}}</ref> Slud somik äveton in [[United Nations Security Council|Konsäl Sekürik]] dub Lamerikäna, Regän Pebalöl, e Fransän.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/1989/12/24/world/fighting-panama-united-nations-security-council-condemnation-invasion-vetoed.html|title=Fighting in Panama: United Nations; Security Council Condemnation of Invasion Vetoed|first1=Paul|last1=Lewis|first2=Special to The New York|last2=Times|newspaper=The New York Times|date=December 24, 1989|access-date=February 11, 2017|archive-date=December 8, 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161208053954/http://www.nytimes.com/1989/12/24/world/fighting-panama-united-nations-security-council-condemnation-invasion-vetoed.html|url-status=live}}</ref> Noriega päfanom e peflitom lü Miami ad pabligädön. Konflit äfimon ün Yanul 31, 1990. Pöp sütik, mödikons läböfons diso nivod paupöfa, päflunon vemo dub nüfäl ün 1989. Soäsä pepünoton ün 1995 dub Miss Stüt Teknik UN lü Panamän, komip ämuükon menis 20.000. Distrik muikün päflunöl äbinon topäd [[El Chorrillo]] zifa Panama, kö blöks läbs anik pädistukons lölöfiko.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.roatan.com/About-Locations/Panama.pdf|title=Panama |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304103819/http://www.roatan.com/About-Locations/Panama.pdf|archive-date=March 4, 2016}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://topdocumentaryfilms.com/the-panama-deception/|title=The Panama Deception|via=topdocumentaryfilms.com|access-date=May 5, 2019|archive-date=May 5, 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190505070320/https://topdocumentaryfilms.com/the-panama-deception/|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>Blum, William. Killing Hope: U.S. Military and C.I.A. Interventions Since World War II -Common Courage Press, 2008.</ref> Däm konömik pekodöl dub komip pestimom as vü 1,5 e 2 billionis dollars.<ref name="Acosta, Coleen 2008"/> [[Panamanians|Panamänans]] mödik ästütons nüfäli.<ref name="Panama"/><ref>Pastor, Robert A. (2001) ''Exiting the Whirlpool: U.S. Foreign Policy Toward Latin America and the Caribbean'', p. 96, {{ISBN|0813338115}}.</ref> ===Era pos-nüfäla=== Cödöb Valodik Panamäna ämufon spido ad dönuvedükon reiganefi sifidik konstitutik, ädönuinstämon sekis valoda mayula 1989 ün Dekul 27, 1989, ed äfümon viki Presidana [[Guillermo Endara]] e Viseidanas [[Guillermo Ford]] e [[Ricardo Arias Calderón]]. Dü period mulyelik okik, reiganef ofen mufädik äkomipon ad tuvön spelis gretik pöpa. Polisafors nulik onik äbinon gudikum gretik tefü fovikan onik ab no äfägon fuliko ad neletön krimi. [[Ernesto Pérez Balladares]] äyulom as presidan ün Setul 1, 1994, pos kampan valodik pemikronöl valemiko.<ref name=":2">{{Cite web |title=Panama (02/07) |url=https://2009-2017.state.gov/outofdate/bgn/panama/80437.htm |access-date=2023-11-15 |website=U.S. Department of State |archive-date=November 15, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231115023048/https://2009-2017.state.gov/outofdate/bgn/panama/80437.htm |url-status=live }}</ref> Ün Setul 1, 1999, [[Mireya Moscoso]], jiidal presidana büik [[Arnulfo Arias Madrid]], äsumof cali posä idugof cändäbi PRD [[Martín Torrijos]], son ela [[Omar Torrijos]], in valod libik e gidik.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.latinamericanstudies.org/panama/moscoso.htm|title=Moscoso wins victory in Panama's presidential vote|website=LatinAmericanStudies.org|access-date=March 26, 2021|archive-date=October 4, 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221004215757/http://www.latinamericanstudies.org/panama/moscoso.htm|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name=":0">{{Cite news|url=https://2009-2017.state.gov/outofdate/bgn/panama/95380.htm|title=Panama (11/07)|publisher=US Department of State|access-date=April 2, 2017|archive-date=April 3, 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170403111632/https://2009-2017.state.gov/outofdate/bgn/panama/95380.htm|url-status=live}}</ref> Dü guver ofik, Moscoso ästeifülöf ad stäänükön programis sogädik, pato pro föfam, jelod e benäb valemik cila e yunane. Guver Moscoso äkalädon benosekiko letävi Kanata Panamäna ed äbinon efekitik in guver Kanata.<ref name=":0" /> [[File:Boris Johnson with Juan Carlos Varela in London - 2018 (27232646267).jpg|thumb=Ministeran Foginik Britänik [[Boris Johnson]] ävotäkom klotis futbola ko Presidan Panamäna, [[Juan Carlos Varela]] in London, Mayul 14, 2018.]] Martin Torrijos ela PRD ävikom presidanämi e maiori legislatik in Läb Netik ün 2004.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2004/5/3/martin-torrijos-wins-panama-election|title=Martin Torrijos wins Panama election|website=AlJazeera.com|access-date=March 26, 2021|archive-date=April 15, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210415203743/https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2004/5/3/martin-torrijos-wins-panama-election|url-status=live}}</ref> Torrijos äkörön kampani okik su plaförm de, bevü proms votik, "toleran nulik" pro miädam, problem endemik guveres Moscoso e Perez Balladares.<ref name=":2" /> Pos sumön cali, Torrijos äpödom numi lulas kel ävedükon reiganefi tuvädikum. Äföromon Konsäli Netik Ta-Miädam kela limans ärepresentons nivodis högikün reiganefa e sogäda sifidik, organis laböfik, e dugäb relöfik. Pluao, ministerans Kabineta okik niliküns äbinons teknokrats no-bolitik seväädiks pro stüt oksik pro aims ta-miädama reiganefa Torrijos. Do stans pubük guvera Torrijos tefü miädam, kases gretik-profiles mödik,<ref name=":2" /> pato komipädölos tefü elit bolitik u büsidik, no pädunons. Magnat süperamaketa konsärtik [[Ricardo Martinelli]] pävälön ad suksön Martin Torrijos ko vik talaüratöl in mayul [[2009 Panamanian general election|Valod Valemik Panamänik]] 2009. Kredäts büsidik Martinelli ätuükons vögodanis kudölis dub glof müköl dü [[Great Recession|Krät Gretik]].<ref>{{cite news |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/americas/country_profiles/1229332.stm |title=Panama Country Profile |work=[[BBC News]] |date=June 30, 2010 |access-date=July 25, 2010 |archive-date=July 2, 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140702022612/http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/americas/country_profiles/1229332.stm |url-status=live }}</ref> Stanöl pro Allans kilmoparta taädik pro Votükam, Martinelli ägetom procenti 60 vögodas, ta procent 37 pro cändäb partida dugöl leftoverik [[Democratic Revolutionary Party|Demokratik Levolutik]] (PRD).<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://dialogo-americas.com/articles/martinelli-wins-panama-presidential-vote/ |title=Martinelli Wins Panama Presidential Vote |publisher=Diálogo Americas |date=May 4, 2009 |access-date=March 26, 2021 |archive-date=April 15, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210415203750/https://dialogo-americas.com/articles/martinelli-wins-panama-presidential-vote/ |url-status=live }}</ref> Ün Mayul 4, 2014, Viseidan [[Juan Carlos Varela]], cändäb [[Panameñista Party|Partido Panamenista]] (Part Panamänik) ävikom [[2014 Panamanian general election|valodi presidenlik]] ün 2014 ko plu procent 39 vögodas, ta part kompenan bolitik büik omik Ricardo Martinelli, Cambio Democrático, e cändäb onsik [[José Domingo Arias]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.dw.com/en/former-deputy-varela-wins-panama-presidential-election/a-17612154|title=Former deputy Varela wins Panama presidential election &#124; DW &#124; 05.05.2014|website=DW.COM|access-date=March 26, 2021|archive-date=April 15, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210415213658/https://www.dw.com/en/former-deputy-varela-wins-panama-presidential-election/a-17612154|url-status=live}}</ref> Äyulom ün Yulul 1, 2014.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.caribjournal.com/2014/07/02/juan-carlos-varela-sworn-in-as-new-president-of-panama/|title=Juan Carlos Varela Sworn in As New President of Panama|date=July 2, 2014|website=Caribbean Journal|access-date=March 26, 2021|archive-date=April 15, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210415225743/https://www.caribjournal.com/2014/07/02/juan-carlos-varela-sworn-in-as-new-president-of-panama/|url-status=live}}</ref> Ün Yulul 1, 2019 [[Laurentino Cortizo]] äsumon presidanäni.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.presidencia.gob.pa/Noticias/Presidente-Laurentino-Cortizo-Cohen-posesiona-a-miembros-de-su-Gabinete|title=Presidente Laurentino Cortizo Cohen posesiona a miembros de su Gabinete (Official site)|access-date=July 3, 2019|archive-date=July 3, 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190703155652/https://www.presidencia.gob.pa/Noticias/Presidente-Laurentino-Cortizo-Cohen-posesiona-a-miembros-de-su-Gabinete|url-status=live}}</ref> Cortizo äbinon cändäb [[Democratic Revolutionary Party|Parta Levoluta Demokratik]] (PRD) in mayul 2019 [[2019 Panamanian general election|valodi presidenlik]].<ref>{{Cite news |url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-panama-politics-idUSKCN1TW3ZN |title=Panama's new president takes office, pledges end to corruption |first=Elida |last=Moreno |newspaper=Reuters |date=July 1, 2019 |via=Reuters.com |access-date=March 26, 2021 |archive-date=April 15, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210415220835/https://www.reuters.com/article/us-panama-politics-idUSKCN1TW3ZN |url-status=live }}</ref> Dü presidanäm Cortizo, däjinäds mödik äjenons in län, keninükamü [[COVID-19 pandemic in Panama|pandem COVID-19]] e [[Economic impact of the COVID-19 pandemic|flun konömik onik]], e [[2022 Panamanian protests|protäds]] ün 2022 e [[2023 Panamanian protests|2023]].<ref>{{Cite web |author=Al Jazeera Staff |title=What is behind the largest protests in Panama in years? |url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2022/7/20/what-is-behind-largest-protests-in-panama-in-years-explainer |access-date=2023-12-10 |website=Al Jazeera |language=en |archive-date=December 10, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231210183443/https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2022/7/20/what-is-behind-largest-protests-in-panama-in-years-explainer |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=Salcedo |first=Andrea |date=2023-11-09 |title=Why ordinarily quiet Panama has erupted in deadly protests |language=en-US |newspaper=Washington Post |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/2023/11/07/panama-city-protests-copper-mine-deaths/ |access-date=2023-12-10 |issn=0190-8286 |archive-date=November 7, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231107231108/https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/2023/11/07/panama-city-protests-copper-mine-deaths/ |url-status=live }}</ref> Ün Yulul 1, 2024, [[José Raúl Mulino]] äyulon as presidan nulik Panamäna.<ref>{{cite news |title=José Raúl Mulino is sworn in as Panama's new president |url=https://www.independent.co.uk/news/ap-panama-panama-city-alejandro-mayorkas-colombia-b2572152.html |work=The Independent |date=1 July 2024 |language=en |archive-date=July 2, 2024 |access-date=July 22, 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240702015619/https://www.independent.co.uk/news/ap-panama-panama-city-alejandro-mayorkas-colombia-b2572152.html |url-status=live }}</ref> Mulino, fedäb nilik presidana büik Ricardo Martinelli, ävikom [[2024 Panamanian general election|valodi presidenlik]] in Mayul 2024.<ref>{{cite news |title=Stand-in Jose Raul Mulino wins Panama presidential race |url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2024/5/6/mulino-wins-panama-presidential-race |work=Al Jazeera |language=en |archive-date=May 6, 2024 |access-date=July 22, 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240506121656/https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2024/5/6/mulino-wins-panama-presidential-race |url-status=live }}</ref> ==Taledav== {{Main|Taledav Panamäna}} {{See also|Geolog Panamäna}} [[File:Pm-map.png|upright=1.5|thumb|Map Panamäna]] [[File:La palma, Darién.jpg|thumb|La Palma, Darién]] Panamän seaton in Zänodamerikäna, miedölo meli Karibänik e seasi Pasifik, vü Kolumbän e Kostarikän.<ref name="v327">{{cite web | title=Panama | website=Geography | date=2014-03-21 | url=https://kids.nationalgeographic.com/geography/countries/article/panama | access-date=2025-12-17}}</ref> Lioaton muiko vü latits [[7th parallel north|7°]] e [[10th parallel north|10°N]], e lonits [[77th meridian west|77°]] e [[83rd meridian west|83°W]] (topäd smalik seaton vesüdü 83°).<ref name="u654">{{cite web | title=Figure 1: Map of Central America showing the location of Panama.... | website=ResearchGate | url=https://www.researchgate.net/figure/Map-of-Central-America-showing-the-location-of-Panama-Website-1_fig1_301779403 | access-date=2025-12-17}}</ref> Top onik su [[Istmus Panamäna]] binon stratigik. Ün 1999, Panamän äkontrolon Kanati Panamäna kel konekon Meli Latlantik e Meli Karibänik lü nolüd Mela Pasifik.<ref name="u123">{{cite web | title=Office of the Historian | website=Milestones in the History of U.S. Foreign Relations | date=1903-11-18 | url=https://history.state.gov/milestones/1977-1980/panama-canal | access-date=2025-12-17}}</ref> Topäd lölöfik Panamäna binon {{cvt|74,177.3|km2}}.<ref name=area>{{cite web |url=https://www.contraloria.gob.pa/inec/archivos/P6221DATOS%20GENERALES%20%20%20%202013.pdf |title=Datos generales e históricos de la República de Panamá |language=es |publisher=[[National Institute of Statistics and Census of Panama|INEC]] |access-date=December 22, 2015 |archive-date=July 10, 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150710174146/https://www.contraloria.gob.pa/inec/archivos/P6221DATOS%20GENERALES%20%20%20%202013.pdf |url-status=live }}</ref> Feature dünantik taledava Panamäna binon bük zänodik belas e lemasas kel formon dividi kontinäntik.<ref name="f361">{{cite web | title=The Geography of Panama: A Comprehensive Analysis | website=LAC Geo | date=2025-07-26 | url=https://lacgeo.com/geography-panama | access-date=2025-12-17}}</ref><ref name="y231">{{cite web | title=Panama Canal | website=Wartsila.com | date=2016-02-25 | url=https://www.wartsila.com/encyclopedia/term/panama-canal | access-date=2025-12-17}}</ref> Divid no formon dili belaleanas gretik Nolüdamerikäna, e te nilü mied Kolumbänik dabinons lemas teföfiks lü sistem [[Andes|Andik]] Sulüdamerikäna.<ref name="f361"/> Bük kel formon dividoti binon leod vemo erojädik lo polan se sul melas, in kels püks päformons dub nüdranäds vulkanik.<ref name="f361"/> Leanana belas divida painemon [[Cordillera de Talamanca]] nilü mied Kostarikänik. Fliko lofudo vedon Serranía de Tabasará, e dil onik nilikum sadäma donik istmusa, kö Kanat Panamäna seaton (Sierra de Veraguas).<ref name="y231"/> As löl, leanan vü Kostarikän e kanat patäxeton fa taledavans anik as [[Cordillera Central, Costa Rica|Cordillera Central]].<ref name="f361"/> Töp högikün in län binon [[Volcán Barú]], kel lüodon lü {{convert|3,474|meter|abbr=off}} ko bel e topäd zümöl pajelodon ko stad päneta.<ref name="f741">{{cite web | title=Volcan Baru National Park | website=Baru Volcano National Park Panama | date=2021-02-15 | url=https://www.tourismpanama.com/outdoors-and-nature/nature-parks/national-parks/baru-volcano-national-park/ | access-date=2025-12-17}}</ref> Djungel nefärmikum fovikon [[Darién Gap|Glägi Darién]] vü Panamän e Kolumbän kö [[guerrilla|gerilas]] Kolumbänik e buäkans drogas operons e suvno sumons fanäbis. Atos, äsi nefüd e mufs [[forest protection|jeloda futa]], jafon te taföfi in [[Pan-American Highway|Lutaväg Panamerikänik]], kel voto formon vegi lölöfik se Alaska jü [[Patagonia|Patagonän]]. [[File:chagres.jpg|thumb|[[Chagres River|Flumed Chagres]]]] ===Vegs vatas=== {{main|Kanat Panamäna}} Flumeds za 500 lenodons taledi grobik Panamäna. Muiko no nafik, mödiks primons as streads lemasik spidik, zigzagon in vals, e formons deltas kustas. Ye, [[Río Chagres]] (''Flumed Chagres''), seatöl in Panamän zänodik, binon bal flumas vidik anik e fonäd nämäda hidroelektik. Dil zänodik fluma padämon dub [[Gatun Dam]] ed iformon [[Gatun Lake|Lak Gatun]], lak mekavik kel jafon dili Kanata Panamäna. Lak pajafon dub jim damas Gatun love Río Chagres vü 1907 e 1913. Pos pöjafon, Lak Gatun äbinon lak mekavik gretikün in vol, e dam äbinon dam tala gretikün. Flumed sturon nolüdavesüdo ini Karibän. Laks Kampia e Madden (i pefulöl de Río Chagres) givons hidrolekti pro topäd Zona Kanata büik. Río Chepo, fonäd votik nämäda hidroelektik, binon bal flumas plu 300 blöbölas ini Pasifik. Flums at lüodik Pasifik binons lunikum e mufikum ka uts su flan Karibänik. Basäns onsik i binons stäänikum. Bal luniküna binon [[Río Tuira]], kel flumon ini [[Golfo de San Miguel]] e binon te flumed netas kel binon nafik dub nafs gretikum. ===Pörs=== Kust Karibänik pamalon dub pörs natik anik. Ye, Cristóbal, su finot Karibänik kanata, älabon stitümis pöra veütik teikis ün 1980s latik. Nisuls mödik Archipiélago de Bocas del Toro, nilü Jols Kostarikäna, givons roadstead natik stäänik e jelodons pöri banana [[Almirante, Bocas del Toro|Almirante]]. Nisuls [[San Blas Islands]] plu 350 nilü Kolumbän, pasedons love plu {{convert|160|km|abbr=off|sp=us}} along kust jelodöl Karibänik. [[File:Colon Panama.jpg|thumb|[[Colón, Panama|Pör Colón]], 2000]] Pörs finotik seatöls su finots alik Kanata Panamäna, a.s. [[Port of Cristóbal|Pör Cristóbal]], Colón, e [[Port of Balboa|Pör Balboa]], päreigädons as telid e kilid sekölo in Latinamerikäna tefü num units konteanas ([[Twenty-foot equivalent unit|TEU]]) palabölas.<ref>{{cite web |author=CEPAL – Naciones Unidas |url=http://www.eclac.cl/cgi-bin/getprod.asp?xml=/Transporte/noticias/noticias/8/38828/P38828.xml&base=/tpl/top-bottom.xsl |title=Ranking 2009 de Actividad portuaria de contenedores en América Latina y el Caribe |publisher=Eclac.cl |date=March 22, 2010 |access-date=December 23, 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110511140155/http://www.eclac.cl/cgi-bin/getprod.asp?xml=%2FTransporte%2Fnoticias%2Fnoticias%2F8%2F38828%2FP38828.xml&base=%2Ftpl%2Ftop-bottom.xsl |archive-date=May 11, 2011 }}</ref> Pör Balboa tegon hektaris 182 e keninükon berts fol pro konteans e berts tel mufapüpik. Lölöpo, berts binons lunikum ka {{convert|2,400|meter|abbr=off}} ko dib sulü okik {{convert|15|meter|abbr=off}}. Pör Balboa labon granes 18 super post-[[Panamax]] e Panamax e [[gantry crane|granes gantry]] 44. Pör Balboa i keninükon {{convert|2,100|m2|lk=out|abbr=off|sp=us}} spadi magadema.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.worldportsource.com/ports/PAN_Port_of_Balboa_1602.php |title=Port of Balboa |publisher=World Port Source |access-date=December 23, 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170712093447/http://www.worldportsource.com/ports/PAN_Port_of_Balboa_1602.php |archive-date=July 12, 2017 }}</ref> Pörs Cristobal (keninükamü terminals konteanas Pörs Panamäna Cristobal, Manzanillo International Terminal, e Colon Container Terminal) älabons TEU 2,210,720 ün 2009, telid teik lü [[Port of Santos|Pör Santos]], Brasilän, in Latinamerikäna. Pörs vat dibik gudik fägiks ad stöpön [[VLCC]]s gretik (Vats Gretik Polanas Lölöfat) seatons su [[Charco Azul]], [[Chiriquí Province|Chiriquí]] (Pasifik), e [[Chiriquí Grande]], [[Bocas del Toro Province|Bocas del Toro]] (Latlantik) nilü mied vesüdik Panamäna ko Kostarikän. [[Trans-Panama pipeline|Piped Trans-Panamänik]], muföl {{convert|131|km|abbr=off|sp=us}} love istmus, eoperon vü Charco Azul e Chiriquí Grande sis 1979.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.petroterminal.com/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=32%3Ahistory&catid=7%3Acorporate-profile&Itemid=98&lang=en |title=Our History |publisher=Petroterminal.com |date=February 9, 1997 |access-date=December 23, 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141028134321/http://www.petroterminal.com/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=32:history&catid=7:corporate-profile&Itemid=98&lang=en |archive-date=October 28, 2014 }}</ref> ===Klimat=== {{Main|Klimat Panamäna}} [[File:Koppen-Geiger Map PAN present.svg|thumb|Map Panamäna kludäta klimata Köppen]] [[File:VistaBoquete.jpg|thumb|Klimat koldikum binon komik in lemas Panamänik.]] Panamän labon klimati tropik. Temparüts binon leigiko high—soäsä humid relatif—e vünodüpül pülik dabinon. Dilitis deliks binons donik; su del tipik sevana suso in cifazif, minim göda föfiköla kanon binon {{convert|24|°C|1}} e maksimum poszedela {{convert|30|°C|1}}. Temparüt seldomo pluon {{convert|32|°C|1}} dü tim lunikum ka brefik. Temparüts su flan Pasifik istmusa binons boso donikum ka su flan Karibänik, e vets tendons ad lüon pos dagik in dils mödik lända. Temparüts binons kludiko koldikum in dils högikum leananas belas, e reidums ejenons in [[Cordillera de Talamanca]] in vesüd Panamäna. Läns klimatik patäxetons lesso su stab temparüta kas su rebäf, kel valon läno de lesso ka {{convert|1300|mm|in|1|sp=us}} jü plu ka {{convert|3000|mm|in|1|sp=us}} peryel. Rebaf valik tio falon dü sevana rebik, kel binon suvo de Prilul jü Dekul, ab valon in lunot de muls vel jü zül. In valem, rebäf binon muo vetikum su flan Karibänik kas su flan Pasifik divida kontinäntik, sekü dil pro mugiks siklonik tropik nilölo; Panamän seaton plödo Main Development Region. Zäned peryelik in Panama City binon boso plu ka laf uta in Colón. Panamän binon bal länas kil in vol ad binon karbonanegativ, sinifölo das lu sumon karbonin dioksid plu kas lelükon ini lefal. Votiks binons [[Bhutan|Butän]] e [[Suriname|Surinän]].<ref>{{Cite news |last=Goering |first=Laurie |date=November 3, 2021 |title=Forget net-zero: meet the small-nation, carbon-negative club |language=en |work=Reuters |url=https://www.reuters.com/business/cop/forget-net-zero-meet-small-nation-carbon-negative-club-2021-11-03/ |access-date=March 8, 2022 |archive-date=February 15, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220215012548/https://www.reuters.com/business/cop/forget-net-zero-meet-small-nation-carbon-negative-club-2021-11-03/ |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=PANAMA IS ONE OF THE THREE "CARBON NEGATIVE" COUNTRIES |url=https://grupoconsultorefe.com/recursos/latam-weekly/221/panama-is-one-of-the-three-carbon-negative-countries |access-date=March 8, 2022 |website=grupoconsultorefe.com |language=es |archive-date=March 8, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220308225635/https://grupoconsultorefe.com/recursos/latam-weekly/221/panama-is-one-of-the-three-carbon-negative-countries |url-status=live }}</ref> Votükam klimata labon fluni negativik su Panamäna, mükölo nivodi vata Kanata Panamäna, sinifölo das nafs lesso dagetons da on e flunölo konömi onik.<ref name=":9">{{Cite web |last=Krag |first=Jonas Schmidt Hansen, ea@era dk, Karen Sophie |date=2023-12-13 |title=Nyetableret alliance i Panama |url=https://www.verdensskove.org/nyetableret-alliance-i-panama/ |access-date=2025-08-22 |website=Verdens Skove |language=da-DK}}</ref> ===Diverse lifavik=== [[File:Atham 2024 flower 12.jpg|thumb|Flol Lanala Salik (''[[Peristeria elata]]'') pädekläron ofisiälik as flol netik Panamäna ün Novul 21, 1980.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2 December 1980 |title=Por la cual se declara flor nacional, la flor del Espiritu Santo |url=https://docs.panama.justia.com/federales/leyes/46-de-1980-dec-2-1980.pdf |website=Justia Panama |publisher=Gaceta Oficial de Panamá}}</ref>]]Löpot tropik Panamäna stüton fuloti planas. Futs dünätons, pabrekölo in tops dub grälans, briäps, e krops. Do tio 40% Panamäna nog binon futik, defutam binon täf dünöl lü futäds rebapebik. Bal kodas defutama binon sekü mien,<ref name=":9" /> e jim Lutavega Panamerikänik.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-03-06 |title=Eastern Panamanian Montane Forests |url=https://www.oneearth.org/ecoregions/eastern-panamanian-montane-forests/ |access-date=2025-08-22 |website=One Earth |language=en}}</ref> Teg bima pereducon plu ka procent 50 sis 1940s. Farmam södavik, vemo pedugöl de djungäds nolüdavesüdik lü grälans sulüdavesüdik, komipädon muiko de pöds, binäts, e pöts tubik. Soaps mangrovik jenons along dils kustas boik, ko plantäts banana okupölos deltas nilü Kostarikän. In tops mödik, futädränol mudakanopik jolükon soapi su flan bal lända e stänon lü rävs donik slenas su flan votik. Panamän älabon sek zänedik 2019 [[Forest Landscape Integrity Index]] of 6.37/10, räking oni as 78id valemiko se läns 172.<ref name="FLII-Supplementary">{{cite journal|last1=Grantham|first1=H. S.|last2=Duncan|first2=A.|last3=Evans|first3=T. D.|last4=Jones|first4=K. R.|last5=Beyer|first5=H. L.|last6=Schuster|first6=R.|last7=Walston|first7=J.|last8=Ray|first8=J. C.|last9=Robinson|first9=J. G.|last10=Callow|first10=M.|last11=Clements|first11=T.|last12=Costa|first12=H. M.|last13=DeGemmis|first13=A.|last14=Elsen|first14=P. R.|last15=Ervin|first15=J.|last16=Franco|first16=P.|last17=Goldman|first17=E.|last18=Goetz|first18=S.|last19=Hansen|first19=A.|last20=Hofsvang|first20=E.|last21=Jantz|first21=P.|last22=Jupiter|first22=S.|last23=Kang|first23=A.|last24=Langhammer|first24=P.|last25=Laurance|first25=W. F.|last26=Lieberman|first26=S.|last27=Linkie|first27=M.|last28=Malhi|first28=Y.|last29=Maxwell|first29=S.|last30=Mendez|first30=M.|last31=Mittermeier|first31=R.|last32=Murray|first32=N. J.|last33=Possingham|first33=H.|last34=Radachowsky|first34=J.|last35=Saatchi|first35=S.|last36=Samper|first36=C.|last37=Silverman|first37=J.|last38=Shapiro|first38=A.|last39=Strassburg|first39=B.|last40=Stevens|first40=T.|last41=Stokes|first41=E.|last42=Taylor|first42=R.|last43=Tear|first43=T.|last44=Tizard|first44=R.|last45=Venter|first45=O.|last46=Visconti|first46=P.|last47=Wang|first47=S.|last48=Watson|first48=J. E. M.|display-authors=1|title=Anthropogenic modification of forests means only 40% of remaining forests have high ecosystem integrity - Supplementary Material|journal=Nature Communications|volume=11|issue=1|date=2020|page=5978|issn=2041-1723|doi=10.1038/s41467-020-19493-3|pmid=33293507|pmc=7723057|bibcode=2020NatCo..11.5978G |doi-access=free}}</ref> Läls-tels futas Panamäna seatons in topäds pöpädik,<ref>{{Cite web |title=Panama |url=https://www.healthinharmony.org/panama |access-date=2025-08-21 |website=Health In Harmony |language=en-US}}</ref> e 25% täläda Panamäna pajelodon.<ref name=":8">{{Cite web |title=Panama National Parks {{!}} Global Alliance of National Parks |url=https://national-parks.org/panama |access-date=2025-08-21 |website=national-parks.org |language=en}}</ref> Panamän labon [[:Category:National parks of Panama|pänis netik]] 16.<ref name=":8" /> [[Soberanía National Park|Pän Netik Soberanía]] labon diverse gretikün [[bird|bödas]] pro birdwatching, ko böds plu 525 läbölos in topäd. I labon sotis [[mammal|nimas sügafik]] soäs [[Lesser capybara|capybaras]] e [[coyote]]s, [[reptile|réptiles]] like [[green iguana|iguana grünik]], e [[amphibian|nimis bifafik]] soäs [[cane toad|toad kana]]. [[Darién National Park|Pän Netik Darien]], seväädik pro Gläg Darien, binon pän netik gretikün in Zänodamerikäna, e i binon topäb gerotas vola UNESCO. I dabinon [[Metropolitan Natural Park|Pän Netik Metropolitan]] plödo Panama City, e nisul gretikün Panamäna binon [[Coiba|Pän Nisula Coiba]].<ref>{{Cite web |last1=Ahuja |first1=Dimple |last2=Biswas |first2=Utpala |date=2021-12-07 |title=5 National Parks In Panama Wildlife Enthusiasts Must Visit |url=https://traveltriangle.com/blog/national-parks-in-panama/ |access-date=2025-08-21 |language=en-IN}}</ref> Dabinon Zäl Kodu Harlequin peryel in Panamäna ad löükön noli, bi species at patänüfon dub distük lota e miädikam.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Panama Wildlife Conservation |url=https://panamawildlife.org/amphibians/ |access-date=2025-08-21 |website=Panama Wildlife Conservation |language=en-US}}</ref> ==Reiganef e bolit== {{Main|Bolit Panamäna}} {{See also|Valods in Panamäna}} {{Multiple image | direction = horizontal | align = right | caption_align = center | total_width = 260 | image1 = President José Raúl Mulino.jpg | caption1 = [[José Raúl Mulino]]<br />[[President of Panama|Presidan]] | image2 = Coat of arms of Panama.svg | caption2 = ''Vagik''<br />[[Vice President of Panama|Viseidan]] }} [[File:Asamblea Nacional de Diputados.jpg|thumb|[[National Assembly of Panama|Läb Netik Panamäna]]]] Bolits Panamäna jenons in famöm repüblikana demokratik representik presidenlik, dubü [[President of Panama|Presidan Panamäna]] binon kape stata e kape reiganefa, e sitäda partamödik. [[Executive power|Nämäd executik]] padunon dub reiganef. [[Legislative power|Nämäd legislatik]] pestidon ini reiganef e [[National Assembly of Panama|Läb Netik]]. [[Judiciary|Cödöf]] binon nesekidik de executif e legislatif. Valods netik binons valemiks pro sifans valik yels 18 e bäldikum. Valods netik pro bruls executik e legislatik jenons üna balid dü yels lul. Limans brula judätik (justans) pacälons dub kape stata. [[National Assembly of Panama|Läb Netik]] Panamäna pavälon dub representäbod praporionik in distriks valodik fümik, klu parts smalikum mödik parepresentons. Valods presidenik reqüron pluodi; se presidans luls lätik te ex-presidan Ricardo Martinelli emekom ad pavälen ko plu procent 50 vögodas pöpik.<ref>[http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/americas/8031425.stm Tycoon elected Panama's president] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170620004924/http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/americas/8031425.stm |date=June 20, 2017 }} Retrieved July 25, 2010</ref> Panamän äbinon demokrat valodik ün 2024 asä paklassükon dub indeks [[V-Dem Democracy Indices#Regimes of the World|Regimes of the World]].<ref name="j496">{{cite web | title=Democracy Report 2025, 25 Years of Autocratization – Democracy Trumped? | url=https://v-dem.net/documents/54/v-dem_dr_2025_lowres_v1.pdf | access-date=14 March 2025}}</ref> ===Kultür bolitik=== De fin diktata militerik ela Manuel Noriega ün 1989, Panäm efinükon lulis lovegivis püdafulik nämäda lü partis bolitik taälik. Stad bolitik padominon fa tels partis gretik e difiks partis smalik, kelas mödiks padugons fa dugans individualik plu ka fa ideologs. Presidan büik Martín Torrijos binon son generala Omar Torrijos.<ref name="m06">{{cite web | title=Panama Swears In President Martin Torrijos | website=Voice of America | date=2009-10-28 | url=https://www.voanews.com/a/a-13-a-2004-09-01-27-1-66899492/262229.html | access-date=2025-12-16}}</ref> Äsökülom eli Mireya Moscoso, jiviudan presidana büik Arnulfo Arias.<ref name="r434">{{cite web | last=Winfrey | first=Michael | title=Panama election: First woman president vows to help the poor | website=The Guardian | date=1999-05-04 | url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/1999/may/04/5 | access-date=2025-12-16}}</ref> Välams netik nulikün Panäma äjenons ün mayul 5, 2024.<ref name="d911">{{cite web | title=Elections: Panamanian Presidency 2024 General | website=IFES Election Guide | date=2024-05-05 | url=https://www.electionguide.org/elections/id/4196/ | access-date=2025-12-16}}</ref> ===Diläds administrativ=== {{Image label begin|image=División Política de Panamá.svg|width=500|float=center}} {{Image label small|x=0.11|y=0.05|scale=500|text=[[Provín Bocas del Toro|Bocas<br />del Toro]]}} {{Image label small|x=0.43|y=0.19|scale=500|text=[[Provín Coclé|Coclé]]}} {{Image label small|x=0.54|y=0.07|scale=500|text=[[Provín Colón|Colón]]}} {{Image label small|x=0.07|y=0.19|scale=500|text=[[Provín Chiriquí|Chiriquí]]}} {{Image label small|x=0.81|y=0.23|scale=500|text=[[Provín Darién|Darién]]}} {{Image label small|x=0.38|y=0.31|scale=500|text=[[Provín Herrera|Herrera]]}} {{Image label small|x=0.42|y=0.36|scale=500|text=[[Provín Los Santos|Los Santos]]}} {{Image label small|x=0.50|y=0.14|scale=500|text=[[Provín Panäm Vesüdik|Panäm<br />Vesüdik]]}} {{Image label small|x=0.62|y=0.09|scale=500|text=[[Provín Panäm|Panäm]]}} {{Image label small|x=0.28|y=0.28|scale=500|text=[[Provín Veraguas|Veraguas]]}} {{Image label small|x=0.78|y=0.05|scale=500|text=[[Guna Yala]]}} {{Image label small|x=0.89|y=0.21|scale=500|text=[[Komark Emberá|Emberá]]}} {{Image label small|x=0.81|y=0.32|scale=500|text=[[Komark Emberá|Emberá]]}} {{Image label small|x=0.03|y=0.06|scale=500|text=[[Komark Naso Tjër Di|Naso<br />Tjër Di]]}} {{Image label small|x=0.18|y=0.18|scale=500|text=[[Komark Ngäbe-Buglé|Ngäbe-Buglé]]}} {{Image label small|x=0.74|y=0.10|scale=500|text=[[Madungandí]]}} {{Image label small|x=0.82|y=0.13|scale=500|text=[[Guna de Wargandí|Wargandí]]}} {{Image label end}} {{Main|Provins e komarks Panäma}} Panäm padilon ad deg provins me guvernels topik oksik. Alik padilon ad distriks e ''corregimientos'' (vilags). Plä atos, dä mäl ''Comarcas'' (litariko: "Länacems") pabelödons fa grupis indigenik difik. '''Provins''' {{columns-list|colwidth=30em| * [[Provín Bocas del Toro|Bocas del Toro]] * [[Provín Chiriquí|Chiriquí]] * [[Provín Coclé|Coclé]] * [[Provín Colón|Colón]] * [[Provín Darién|Darién]] * [[Provín Herrera|Herrera]] * [[Provín Los Santos|Los Santos]] * [[Provín Panäm|Panäm]] * [[Provín Panäm Vesüdik|Panäm Vesüdik]] * [[Provín Veraguas|Veraguas]] }} '''Komarks''' {{columns-list|colwidth=30em| * [[Komark Emberá|Emberá]] * [[Guna Yala]] * [[Komark Naso Tjër Di|Naso Tjër Di]] * [[Komark Ngäbe-Buglé|Ngäbe-Buglé]] * [[Madungandí]] * [[Guna de Wargandí|Wargandí]] }} ===Relats foginik=== {{Main|Relats foginik Panäma}} Tats Pebalöl kevobons ko guver panämik in föd volfa konömik, bolitik, sekürik e sogädik da stitöfs amerikänik e volik. Yüms kulturalik vü läns tel binons nämiks,<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.state.gov/u-s-relations-with-panama/|title=U.S. Relations With Panama|website=state.gov|publisher=[[United States Department of State]]|date=November 3, 2022|access-date=December 19, 2022|archive-date=May 14, 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190514091840/https://www.state.gov/r/pa/ei/bgn/2030.htm|url-status=live}}</ref> e mödikans Panämik golons lü Tats Pebalöl ad dugälam löpik e plägen progedik.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Panama (11/07) |url=https://2009-2017.state.gov/outofdate/bgn/panama/95380.htm |access-date=2024-01-11 |website=U.S. Department of State |archive-date=April 3, 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170403111632/https://2009-2017.state.gov/outofdate/bgn/panama/95380.htm |url-status=live }}</ref> Panäm binon län 96id püdafulikün in vol, ma 2024 Index Püda Global.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.economicsandpeace.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/06/GPI-2024-web.pdf|title=2024 Global Peace Index|access-date=August 18, 2024|archive-date=August 19, 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240819091540/https://www.economicsandpeace.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/06/GPI-2024-web.pdf|url-status=live}}</ref> ===Milit=== {{Main|Pöfüds Publügik Panamänik}} El [[Pöfüds Jelädik Panamäna]] (e föna Galan Netik) äbinons pöfüds militik Panamäna jüs pämoädons fa Pöfüds Silovanik Lamerikänik pos nüfalom Lamerikänik in Panamän ün 1989.<ref name="t845">{{cite book | title=Transformation Concepts for National Security in the 21st Century | publisher=DIANE Publishing | date=2002 | isbn=978-1-4289-1111-6 | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=qQkeWFsQhgAC&dq=Panama+Defense+Forces+1989&pg=PA391 | access-date=2025-12-16 | pages=389–395}}</ref> Ün 1990 el [[Pöfüds Publügik Panamäna]] pästidükon ed atimo binons pöfüds sekurik netik Panamäna.<ref name="j675">{{cite book | last=Mann | first=Carlos Guevara | title=Panamanian Militarism | publisher=Ohio University Press | publication-place=Athens, Ohio | date=1996 | isbn=978-0-89680-189-9}}</ref> Panamän binon län telid in Lamerikän Sulüdik (votik binon [[Kostarikän]]) ad moädön laitemiko militi stanik okik e gebön pöfüdi sekurik publügik.<ref name="j675"/> Seko, Panamän no labon militi ab dalabon polenis silovanik e pöfüdis sekurik, pöfüdi miedik (SENAFRONT) e pöfüdis smalik litamaritik (SENAN).<ref name="p010">{{cite web | title=Panama | website=United States Department of State | date=2025-01-03 | url=https://www.state.gov/reports/2022-country-reports-on-human-rights-practices/panama/ | access-date=2025-12-16}}</ref><ref name="x296">{{cite web | last=Ellis | first=Evan | title=Official Responses to Panama's Security Challenges | website=Global Americans | date=2023-04-12 | url=https://globalamericans.org/official-responses-to-panamas-security-challenges/ | access-date=2025-12-16}}</ref> Dutons ad fodöf lonemik e kanons dunön nodis militik pämiedüköl. Pöfüds Panamänik vobons ko tfedäbels ad bitön securi in topäd, keninükö el [[Lamerikän]].<ref name="d858">{{cite web | last=Vergun | first=David | title=U.S. Special Ops Conduct Combined Training With Panama, Formalize Commitment | website=U.S. Department of War | url=https://www.war.gov/News/News-Stories/Article/Article/4146907/us-special-ops-conduct-combined-training-with-panama-formalize-commitment/ | access-date=2025-12-16}}</ref> Ün 2017, Panamän älenöpon pödi UN [[dö Proib Nükleanafelas]].<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://treaties.un.org/Pages/ViewDetails.aspx?src=TREATY&mtdsg_no=XXVI-9&chapter=26&clang=_en |title=Chapter XXVI: Disarmament&nbsp;– No. 9 Treaty on the Prohibition of Nuclear Weapons |publisher=United Nations Treaty Collection |date=July 7, 2017 |access-date=August 15, 2019 |archive-date=August 6, 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190806220546/https://treaties.un.org/Pages/ViewDetails.aspx?src=TREATY&mtdsg_no=XXVI-9&chapter=26&clang=_en |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Panama adheres to the Treaty on the Prohibition of Nuclear Weapons |url=https://www.panamatoday.com/panama/panama-adheres-treaty-prohibition-nuclear-weapons-5273 |work=Panama Today |date=September 20, 2017 |access-date=August 15, 2019 |archive-date=August 15, 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190815123543/https://www.panamatoday.com/panama/panama-adheres-treaty-prohibition-nuclear-weapons-5273 }}</ref> Pöfüds Publügik Panamäna padalübons fa Ministar Secura Publügik.<ref name="x296"/> Ün 2023, pöfüds publügik äkeninüköns polenis 20.000, calöbis 3.600 in pöfüd maritikalitänik SEBAB e personis za 4.500 in pöfüd miedik SENAFRONT (pedilöl ad brigads 6, keninükö brigad beds patik).<ref name="x296"/> Pöfüds litamaritik SENAN päbestübons me higranamöps, planeds blotama e nafs smalik, keninükö nafs palanölik smalik (ab no nafs maritik gretik).<ref name=IISS1>{{cite book| url=https://www.iiss.org/en/events/2024/02/the-military-balance-2024-launch/| title=The Military Balance 2024| author1=International Institute for Strategic Studies| author-link1=International Institute for Strategic Studies| date=13 February 2024| publisher=[[Routledge]]| location=[[London]]| pages= 444–445| isbn=978-1-032-78004-7}}</ref> Ün 2024, pöfüd äbinon panunölo labü nafs smalik za 19 e planeds 24.<ref name=IISS1/> ==Konöm== {{Main|Konöm Panamäna}} [[File:GDP per capita development Panama.svg|thumb|Vögod Netik Prodik a person Panamäna sis 1950]] [[File:Exclusa Miraflores Canal de Panama Panorama.jpg|thumb|Naf [[Panamax]] in tranzit da lok Miraflores, [[Kanät Panamäna]] ]] {{As of|2025|lc=n}} Panamän älabon [[VPD|Vögodi Netik Prodik]] (GDP) balionas 90,41 USD.<ref name="m917">{{cite web | title=Panama Country Profile | website=IMF | url=https://www.imf.org/external/datamapper/profile/PAN | language=ar | access-date=2025-12-17}}</ref> Atos ätemunon 19.800 USD a person.<ref name="m917"/> Ün 2025, Panamän i älabon [[suemäti nenvobik]] 8%, leigodü 2,7 percent ün 2012.<ref name="cia"/><ref name="m917"/> In yels lätikum, konöm Panamäna esufon gloki, me glop in [[VPD|Vögod Netik Prodik]] verätik zao 10,4 percent ün 2006–2008. Konöm Panamäna äbinon bevü vifiko gloöls e gudiko pämecöböls in Lamerikän Sulüdik.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Mann |first=Richard |date=2024-09-10 |title=Panama Leads Latin America in Productivity Growth and Prosperity |url=https://www.riotimesonline.com/panama-leads-latin-america-in-productivity-growth-and-prosperity/ |access-date=2025-06-19 |website=The Rio Times |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-06-15 |title=Panama Archives |url=https://www.focus-economics.com/countries/panama/ |access-date=2025-06-19 |website=FocusEconomics |language=en-US}}</ref> El [[Latin Business Chronicle]] äspetömon das Panamän öbinon konöm vifiko gloölün in Lamerikän Sulüdik dü period yelas lul de 2010 lü 2014.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.latinbusinesschronicle.com/app/article.aspx?id=3702 |title=Latin Business Chronicle |publisher=Latin Business Chronicle |date=October 7, 2009 |access-date=June 26, 2010 |url-status=usurped |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100717100429/http://www.latinbusinesschronicle.com/app/article.aspx?id=3702 |archive-date=July 17, 2010 }}</ref> Ün 2025, Panamän äpladon as konöm vifiko gloöl telid in Lamerikän Sulüdik.<ref name="e274">{{cite web | last=Montero | first=Eduardo Achurra | title=Panama among the countries with the highest economic growth in Latin America in 2025, according to Cepal | website=IR Global | date=2025-09-24 | url=https://irglobal.com/article/panama-among-the-countries-with-the-highest-economic-growth-in-latin-america-in-2025-according-to-cepal/ | access-date=2025-12-17}}</ref> Su el [[Maxül Volük Fünik]], Panamän äpladon 59id ün 2025.<ref name="n451">{{cite journal | author=United Nations | title=Country Insights | journal=Human Development Reports | date=2025-05-06 | url=https://hdr.undp.org/data-center/country-insights#/ranks | access-date=2025-12-17 | page=}}</ref> Do Panamän pädasevon as [[konöm liegik volakonömik|län liegik]], blibon län taädas visatik peföfüköl dub difs dugälik dramatik. Vü 2015 e 2017, lieg lä USD$5,5 a del ädonükon de 15,4 lü zao 14,1 percent.<ref>{{cite news|url= https://www.worldbank.org/en/country/panama/overview|work= worldbank.org|title= Panama Overview|access-date= March 11, 2019|archive-date= December 30, 2021|archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20211230201740/https://www.worldbank.org/en/country/panama/overview|url-status= live}}</ref> {{As of|2025|lc=n}} Panamän labon [[deb rejänik|debi]] netik lölöfik 59,6% de VPD.<ref name="m917"/> Ün 2024, Panamän äsebloton melakotis valudü balionas 37,37 USD, leigodü balionas 35,71 USD ün 2022.<ref name="x113">{{cite web | title=The World Factbook | website=CIA | date=2025-12-10 | url=https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/panama/factsheets/#people-and-society | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20251111213904/https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/panama/factsheets/#people-and-society | url-status=dead | archive-date=November 11, 2025 | access-date=2025-12-17}}</ref> ===Soxäs Konömik=== Konöm Panamäna, sekü topäd kaladik onik, binon pato stabölo su soxäd dünik pöfüdik, pato ted, turän e tedam. Lovegiv Kanäta e stitodas militik fa Lamerikän eföfükon proyektis lebumik gretik e kanät labon fluni veütik su konöm lölöfik Panamäna.<ref name="c654">{{cite journal | last1=Ojeda | first1=M. Laura | last2=Ramos | first2=M. Priscila | last3=Romero | first3=Carlos A. | last4=Mercatante | first4=Juan I. | last5=Hallak | first5=Juan Carlos | title=Unveiling the Panama Canal's economic influence: An input-output measuring | journal=Research in Transportation Business & Management | publisher=Elsevier BV | volume=63 | year=2025 | issn=2210-5395 | doi=10.1016/j.rtbm.2025.101508 | article-number=101508}}</ref><ref name="j962">{{cite web | title=The Economic Contribution of the Panama Canal and its Sensitivity to Internal and External Shocks | website=IDB Invest | date=2024-12-19 | url=https://idbinvest.org/en/publications/economic-contribution-panama-canal-and-its-sensitivity-internal-and-external-shocks | access-date=2025-12-17}}</ref> Ün 2025, äpanunos das kanät äkalükon 7,7% de VPD Panamäna e düo 20% de takeds rejänik äbinon de divids kanäta.<ref name="c654"/> Industs resodas natik Panamäna keninükons mufi [[kuprina]], fogis [[magogana]], färmi [[krabüla]] e [[nämi hidrik]].<ref name="x113"/> ===Panamän as takedajop=== {{main|Financial centre|Panama as a tax haven}} [[File:Countries implicated in the Panama Papers.svg|thumb|Läns with [[List of people named in the Panama Papers|bolitans, pubik offans u nilädanans peyümöl in Panama Papiere]] on prilul 15, 2016]] De primul 20id yel, Panamän, medü mesedat de kanal, äbumon gretikün Regik Finädazäni (IFC)<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=JHLvCAAAQBAJ&pg=PA9|title=International Banking and Financial Centers|last1=Park|first1=Yoon S.|last2=Essayyad|first2=Musa|date=December 6, 2012|publisher=Springer Science & Business Media|isbn=978-94-009-2504-5|language=en|access-date=September 7, 2017|archive-date=February 5, 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240205142031/https://books.google.com/books?id=JHLvCAAAQBAJ&pg=PA9#v=onepage&q&f=false|url-status=live}}</ref> in Zänodamelikän, kobüköl tillögots binons plu kilna deg dünet e GDP Panamäna. [[Banking|Bankavob]] bejäfon plu 24,000 menis teiko. Finädamedit äkontributon 9.3 baldes GDP.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web|url=https://www.presidencia.gob.pa/tmp/file/1503/INDEPENDENT%20EXPERT%20COMMITTEE.pdf|title=Committee of Independent Experts|publisher=Presidency of the Republic of Panama|date=November 18, 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170818023452/https://www.presidencia.gob.pa/tmp/file/1503/INDEPENDENT%20EXPERT%20COMMITTEE.pdf|archive-date=August 18, 2017}}</ref> Stab peloveon as kliek dugäl finäda Panamäna, kel äbenefidon de benik ekonomik e büsidalän. Bankastitots penunons golidi solidik e vinstis fümik. Rejim bankavik zabik ya binon kobiköl medü [[Basel III|Basel Pödas Binodiks]] for Efäktik Bankazabi.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.imf.org/external/NP/ofca/OFCA.aspx#P|title=Offshore Financial Centers (OFCs): IMF Staff Assessments (OFCA)|website=www.imf.org|language=en-US|access-date=June 4, 2017|archive-date=October 25, 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131025215945/http://www.imf.org/external/NP/ofca/OFCA.aspx#P|url-status=live}}</ref> As regik finädazän, Panamän seveigon bevünetik bankajäfis, ledino lü Lamerikän, e pledon veitiki in länäda ekonom. Veno Panamän nog kanon leigodükön oki ko sted, kelini Hong Kong u Singapur dalabons as finädazäns in Siyop. Panamän nog labon in volfamü nemi as [[tax haven|takedajop]], ab älofon ad gretükön klirädi, patiko pos päliböl 2016 de [[Panama Papers]]. Steps gretik pegedons ad gretükön kobikami ko rekomendavs ta‑monitük. Panamän äpädilon de [[Financial Action Task Force|FATF]] gräy list in febul 2016. Balatam Luropik i ämoükon Panamäni de takedajop bläg list in 2018.<ref>{{Cite web|title=EU Removes Panama, Seven Others, From Tax Haven Blacklist - ICIJ|date=January 23, 2018|url=https://www.icij.org/investigations/paradise-papers/eu-removes-panama-seven-others-tax-haven-black-list/|access-date=July 8, 2021|language=en-US|archive-date=January 23, 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180123201849/https://www.icij.org/investigations/paradise-papers/eu-removes-panama-seven-others-tax-haven-black-list/|url-status=live}}</ref> Ab steifs nog mutons pagedön, e [[IMF]] mödnaedo sinädon flägi ad fümükön finädaklirädi e fiskalastrukturi.<ref name=":1" /> ===Vetäb=== {{main|Transport in Panama}} [[File:CM Hubdelasamericas.jpg|thumb|[[Tocumen International Airport|Tocumen Bevünetik Lebonan]], gretikün lebanon in Zänodamelikän]] Panamän labon [[Tocumen International Airport|Tocumen Bevünetik Lebonani]], gretiküni lebanoni in Zänodamelikän e zänodi pro [[Copa Airlines]], stäniflitämi Panamäna. Plu, dabinons plu 50 smalik [[airfields|lebafleds]] in län. (Logolös [[list of airports in Panama|listi lebanona in Panamän]]). Vegs, trafik e vetäbsistem Panamäna binons soäsiko sefürik, do vob noktüp binon fikulik, e in flums, peneflapon fa topik reigans. Atos sovo jenon in [[shanty towns|nofomik zifamafs]].<ref name="travel">{{citation-attribution|{{Cite web | url=https://travel.state.gov/travel/cis_pa_tw/cis/cis_994.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131204211128/http://travel.state.gov/travel/cis_pa_tw/cis/cis_994.html |archive-date=December 4, 2013 |date=December 4, 2013 | website= [[U.S. Department of State]] | title = Panama - County Specific Information}}}}</ref> Trafik in Panamän vobon däti, e Panamänik lon dulon, das lavabans e pasajers kenidolons säti balts.<ref name=travel/> Levegs binons ledino beno pedevelepöl pro Lamerikänik län. [[Pan-American Highway|Panamerikik Leveg]] travon de nolüd lü sulüd da län, primon ati miedü Kostarikän, ab finon brefü Kolumbän in top, kel otümon [[Darién Gap|Darién Luk]]. Panamän Zif topon beno peloveöl fa za 150 bussit pelik [[Metrobus (Panama)|MiBus]] sistemi, tü [[rapid transit|vifik vetäb]] lins tel de [[Panama Metro|Panamän Metrod]]. Bü reigik stirad bussitas, Panamän äbinon peloveöl fa privatik bussits, kelis änemons "diablo rojos" (Linglänapük: red devils), kelis äbinons ledino peläks [[school bus|tidavab]] de Lamerikän, pepenöl medü kleils beno fa stiradans. "Diablo rojos", kels nog dabinons, anu padilonön ledino in ledalänad. In mayul 2022, ad gretükün stoki lufaflita läg‑karbin, reig Panamäna e nämagiväts änotikons plani ad bevüködön gretik e stiapik biorefineri lufaflita in län.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Kelly |first=Stephanie |date=May 18, 2022 |title=Exclusive: Panama to develop largest advanced biorefinery to make lower-carbon aviation fuel |url=https://www.reuters.com/business/sustainable-business/exclusive-panama-develop-largest-advanced-biorefinery-make-lower-carbon-aviation-2022-05-18/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220518132415/https://www.reuters.com/business/sustainable-business/exclusive-panama-develop-largest-advanced-biorefinery-make-lower-carbon-aviation-2022-05-18/ |archive-date=May 18, 2022 |access-date=May 19, 2022 |work=Reuters |language=en}}</ref> ===Tävan=== {{main|Tourism in Panama}} [[File:Insel Zapatilla Panama.jpg|thumb|Zapatilla Nisul, Panamän]] In 2025, pepübon, das plu tel milions tävans vegons lü Panamän al yel.<ref name="y613">{{cite web | title=Local Communities & Tourism in Panama | website=The Business Year - Interviews & news from around the world | date=2025-07-29 | url=https://thebusinessyear.com/article/local-communities-tourism-panama-2025/?srsltid=AfmBOorx9bvy1GNHe5LF6EtPgJfhOhORiQyfP2HiiBLcEskqEZFd2dhv | access-date=2025-12-17}}</ref> In gustul 2025 te, ädabinons 194,422 vegans in Panamän.<ref name="s880">{{cite web | title=Panama Visitor Arrivals Growth [Up-to-date Chart & Data], 2006 | website=CEIC Data | date=2018-06-01 | url=https://www.ceicdata.com/en/indicator/panama/visitor-arrivals-growth | access-date=2025-12-17}}</ref> Atos keninükon mäldetuimis veganas de [[cruise ship|kruazaships]], samabio, in 2023 za 320,000 vegans ävegons lü Panamän de kruazaships.<ref name="y613"/> In 2025, luls lulikün pladanis olibik tävana äbinons [[United States|Lamerikän]], [[Colombia|Kolumbän]], [[Venezuela|Venesolän]], [[Ecuador|Ekuadorän]], [[Brazil|Brasilän]] e [[Spain|Spanyän]].<ref name="r679">{{cite web | title=2025 Panama Tourism Insights: Exploring the Crossroads of the Americas | website=2025 Panama Tourism Insights: Exploring the Crossroads of the Americas | date=2025-03-19 | url=https://gowithguide.com/blog/2025-panama-tourism-insights-exploring-the-crossroads-of-the-americas-5834?srsltid=AfmBOoopuSLS6w-smbJVzS3nUIuorUou8buz-vmEtmGFtCD5WlGAYsns | access-date=2025-12-17}}</ref> Tävan in Panamän epofulon.<ref name="p638">{{cite web | title=Tourism Doing Business Investing in Panama | website=UN Tourism | url=https://www.untourism.int/investment/tourism-doing-business-investing-in-panama | access-date=2025-12-17}}</ref> In 2023, Panamän älüton 2.518 milions vegans, kelis äblinons 5.432 miljads USD lü Panamäna ekonom (20% golid dü 2019).<ref name="p638"/> In 2012, 4.585 miljads USD äzünikons in Panamäna ekonom as sek tävana.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Panama Tourism Statistics 1995-2025 |url=https://www.macrotrends.net/global-metrics/countries/PAN/panama/tourism-statistics |access-date=2025-01-01 |website=www.macrotrends.net}}</ref> Atos äkidön 11.34 baldes [[gross national product|GNP]] läna,<ref>{{Cite web |title=Development and importance of tourism for Panama |url=https://www.worlddata.info/america/panama/tourism.php |access-date=2025-01-01 |website=Worlddata.info |language=en}}</ref> Nüm veganas, kelis ävegons that yel, äbinon 2.2 milions.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Agarwal |first1=Tanya |last2=Suresh |first2=Sandeep |last3=Saha |first3=Sourish |last4=S. |first4=Varun |last5=Narayan |first5=Varun|date=March 9, 2014|title=The Republic of Panama: An Economic Analysis |language=en|journal=[[Elsevier]] |at=section 1.A.ii ("Tourism")|ssrn=2406629 }}</ref> Ekonomik stiguls pro migans, pensionans e votiks äblinons, das Panamän pasevon as relätiko gudik top ad retirön.<ref>{{cite web|last=Peddicord|first=Kathleen|editor-last=Brandon|editor-first=Emily|url=https://money.usnews.com/money/retirement/baby-boomers/slideshows/best-places-to-retire-in-panama|title=The 10 Best Places to Retire in Panama|work=[[U.S. News & World Report]]|date=July 28, 2022|access-date=December 19, 2022|archive-date=December 19, 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221219215348/https://money.usnews.com/money/retirement/baby-boomers/slideshows/best-places-to-retire-in-panama|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|last=Ascarelli|first=Silvia|url=https://www.marketwatch.com/story/i-never-expected-to-retire-to-panama-but-we-are-living-very-comfortably-on-1-200-a-month-11633001564|title=I never expected to retire to Panama — but we are living 'very comfortably' on $1,200 a month|publisher=[[MarketWatch]]|date=June 4, 2022|orig-date=September 30, 2021|access-date=December 19, 2022|archive-date=December 19, 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221219215348/https://www.marketwatch.com/story/i-never-expected-to-retire-to-panama-but-we-are-living-very-comfortably-on-1-200-a-month-11633001564|url-status=live}}</ref> Lonedas betav in Panamän ägretükons nümi tävanalega in paset luls yels bi stiguls at.<ref>[http://www.redfrogbeach.com/panama.html Redfrogbeach.com] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091013113646/http://www.redfrogbeach.com/panama.html |date=October 13, 2009 }}, [http://www.islapalenque.com/location/panama Isla Palenque] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111030091917/http://www.islapalenque.com/location/panama |date=October 30, 2011 }}, examples</ref> [[File:Fortifications on the Caribbean Side of Panama Portobelo-San Lorenzo-108169.jpg|thumb|[[Fortifications on the Caribbean Side of Panama: Portobelo-San Lorenzo|Fortifikats in Karibik Jols Panamäna: Portobelo-San Lorenzo]] pädeklaron as [[World Heritage Site|Volastad]] fa [[UNESCO]] in 1980.]] Panamän äbligon Loni No. 80 in 2012 ad stigülön foginik bejedis in tävan. Lon 80 äpläpon bäldikum Loni 8 de 1994. Lon 80 givon 100% libi de [[income tax|mefataked]] e lonedataked pro 15 yels, libi di taries pro bumamaterials e blögs pro luls yels, e libi de [[capital gain|kapitävin]] taked pro luls yels.<ref>Juan José Espino Sagel. [https://web.archive.org/web/20160304043803/http://www.pardinilaw.com/publications/news.php?newsid=271&p=3&catid=6 Panama enacts new Tourism Law: Law 80 of 2012]. pardinilaw.com</ref> ===Värbat=== Panamänik värbat binon calöfiko [[Panamanian balboa|balboa]], [[fixed exchange rate|pefümät]] ad propor 1:1 ko [[United States dollar|Lamerikänik dolar]] de Panamänik lib in 1903. In plak, Panamän binon [[Dollarization|dolarim]]: Lamerikänik dolars binons [[legal tender|lagik payöm]] e pelabons pro valik papiärivärbat, e do Panamän labon monis okik, Lamerikänik koinis pelabons vido. Sekü yum ko Lamerikänik dolars, Panamän älabon baiädiko [[inflation|niflat]] smalik. Ma [[Economic Commission for Latin America and the Caribbean|Ekonomik Komis pro Lamerikän e Karib]], niflat Panamäna in 2006 äbinon 2.0 baldes, mätöl fa veitik [[Consumer Price Index|Konsuman Prís Index]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.cepal.org/publicaciones/xml/2/27542/Anexo_estadistico.pdf |title=CEPAL.org |access-date=June 26, 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130824191044/http://www.cepal.org/publicaciones/xml/2/27542/Anexo_estadistico.pdf |archive-date=August 24, 2013 }}</ref> Balboa äpläpon [[Colombian peso|Kolumbänik peso]] in 1904 pos Panamänik lib. Balboa banknotes päpenons in 1941 fa Presid Arnulfo Arias. Pos dels anik pävokons back, kelos ägivons ome nemi "Dolars Velidela". Nots päfolons fa nulik reig, veno dä dolars balboa kanons pätuvön in kobikams. Äs atos äbinons te banknotes, kels epenon fa Panamän, e Lamerikänik nots äzirkons bü e pos at.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Naylor |first=R. T. |title=Patriots and profiteers: economic warfare, embargo busting, and state-sponsored crime |date=2008 |publisher=McGill-Queen's University Press |isbn=978-0-7735-7489-2 |location=Montreal [Que.] |oclc=752267663 }}</ref> On prilul 28, 2022, Panamänik lonivobans äzepons bili, kel äzepon e äreigulön usi de bitcoin e votik kriptovaluts. Bill keninükon usi de kriptovalut, tedön onis, tokenön stönas gretik, e pübön digisäkis, bevü votik tems. Päzep okna i dalofün ad golön kriptovalutis okik ad pelön taks.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Hilaire and Moreno |date=April 28, 2022 |title=Panama passes bill to permit use of crypto assets |url=https://www.reuters.com/world/americas/panama-lawmakers-pass-bill-regulate-use-crypto-assets-2022-04-28/ |access-date=April 30, 2022 |website=Reuters.com |archive-date=April 30, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220430032551/https://www.reuters.com/world/americas/panama-lawmakers-pass-bill-regulate-use-crypto-assets-2022-04-28/ |url-status=live }}</ref> On yulul 14, 2023, Kour Mastad änoton, das bill binon nefägik.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Corte declaró inexequible proyecto de ley que regula uso de criptomonedas|trans-title=Court declared unenforceable bill regulating use of cryptocurrencies|url=https://www.laestrella.com.pa/economia/230714/corte-declaro-inexequible-proyecto-ley-regula-criptomonedas|website=La Estrella de Panamá|language=es|last=Guerrel|first=Ismael Gordón|date=July 14, 2023|access-date=July 28, 2023|archive-date=July 27, 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230727170439/https://www.laestrella.com.pa/economia/230714/corte-declaro-inexequible-proyecto-ley-regula-criptomonedas|url-status=live}}</ref> ===Bevünetik ted=== Gretik sted Panamäna teda binon sek de [[Colón Free Trade Zone|Colón Libateda Zon]], gretikün libateda zon in [[Western Hemisphere|Vesüdik Tail]].<ref name="z459">{{cite web | title=Panama Special Economic Zones | website=International Trade Administration | date=July 8, 2021 | url=https://www.trade.gov/market-intelligence/panama-special-economic-zones#:~:text=The%20Colon%20Free%20Zone%20(CFZ,Latin%20American%20and%20Caribbean%20markets. | access-date=May 21, 2024 | archive-date=May 21, 2024 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240521143451/https://www.trade.gov/market-intelligence/panama-special-economic-zones#:~:text=The%20Colon%20Free%20Zone%20(CFZ,Latin%20American%20and%20Caribbean%20markets. | url-status=live }}</ref> In 2024, Colón Libateda Zon äregiston totalik moti gudik 24.7 miljads USD.<ref name="q860">{{cite web | title=Overview | website=Panama Logistics Web Portal | date=2025-04-15 | url=https://logistics.gatech.pa/en/trade/overview/ | access-date=2025-12-18}}</ref> Panamänik ekonom i pagevon fa ted e seveig [[coffee|kafa]] e votik feilens including [[banana|bananas]], [[palm oil|palm oil]], [[cane sugar|jabina sugar]] e shrimp.<ref name="q860"/> In 2023, Panamän äseveigon za 3,000 metrik tons kafa, ledino lü Lamerikän.<ref name="e786">{{cite web | title=Panama Coffee Industry | website=International Trade Administration | date=2023-10-02 | url=https://www.trade.gov/market-intelligence/panama-coffee-industry | access-date=2025-12-18}}</ref> Primik seveig Panamäna veno binon [[copper ore|kuprin ston]].<ref name="n817">{{cite web | title=Country Trade Profile: Panama | website=The Chartered Institute of Export & International Trade | date=2024-05-08 | url=https://www.export.org.uk/insights/features/country-trade-profile-panama/ | access-date=2025-12-18}}</ref> In 2022, ted kuprin stona se Panamän äpevaluon 3 miljads USD.<ref name="n817"/> Teladik Bejedön Pakt (BIT) between reig Lamerikäna e Panamäna päsinon tobul 27, 1982. Pakt calon Lamerikänik bejedi e yufon Panamäni in steifül ad develepön eki oka medü ledino gudikum stiguls pro Lamerikänik bejed, e samao fümükön develepami privata sektora. BIT äbinon primik pakt at, kel päsignon fa Lamerikän in Vesüdik Tail.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://tcc.export.gov/Trade_Agreements/Bilateral_Investment_Treaties/index.asp |title=List of BITs currently in effect |publisher=Tcc.export.gov |access-date=June 26, 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100709145249/http://tcc.export.gov/Trade_Agreements/Bilateral_Investment_Treaties/index.asp |archive-date=July 9, 2010 }}</ref> [[Panama–United States Trade Promotion Agreement|Panamän–Lamerikän Ted Stigül Pakt]] (TPA) päsinon in 2007, pezepon fa Panamän yulul 11, 2007, e fa Lamerikänik Presid Obama tobul 21, 2011, e pakt ezepon tobul 31, 2012.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://trade.gov/mas/ian/tradeagreements/fta/tg_ian_002427.asp |title=The United States-Panama Trade Promotion Agreement (TPA) |website=Trade.gov |access-date=October 31, 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121113033819/http://trade.gov/mas/ian/tradeagreements/fta/tg_ian_002427.asp |archive-date=November 13, 2012 }}</ref> In 2019, Panamän i äsinon [[Panama–United States Trade Promotion Agreement|Panamän–Lamerikän Ted Stigül Pakt]], kel elimon taries pro Lamerikänik jäfis.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://ustr.gov/trade-agreements/free-trade-agreements/panama-tpa|title=U.S.- Panama Trade Promotion Agreement|website=ustr.gov|language=en|access-date=March 19, 2019|archive-date=July 15, 2009|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090715171019/https://ustr.gov/trade-agreements/free-trade-agreements/panama-tpa|url-status=live}}</ref> ==Demograf== {{Main|Demographics of Panama}} [[File:Panama single age population pyramid 2020.png|thumb|left|Pöpapüramid, 2020]] [[File:Panama-demography.png|thumb|upright=1.4|Pöp Panamäna, 1961–2003]] In 2025, Panamän älabon pöpäti pekalkulöl 4,600,000.<ref name="n807">{{cite web | title=World Population Dashboard -Panama | website=United Nations Population Fund | date=2025-03-28 | url=https://www.unfpa.org/data/world-population/PA | access-date=2025-12-18}}</ref> Atos binon golid de {{UN_Population|Panama}} in {{UN_Population|Year}}.{{UN_Population|ref}} Propor pöpa, kel binon yunikum 15 yels, in 2010 äbinon 29 baldes. 64.5 baldes pöpa äbinon vü 15 e 65, e 6.6 baldes pöpa älabon 65 yels u plu.<ref name="WPP 2012">{{cite web |url=http://esa.un.org/unpd/wpp/index.htm |title=Population Division of the Department of Economic and Social Affairs of the United Nations Secretariat, World Population Prospects: The 2012 Revision |publisher=Esa.un.org |access-date=April 9, 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110506065230/http://esa.un.org/unpd/wpp/index.htm |archive-date=May 6, 2011 }}</ref> Plu hälf pöpa lifon in Panamän Zif–[[Colón, Panama|Colón]] metropolitän koridor, kel stäänon zifis mödik. Panamänik zifapöp sagon plu 75 baldes, kelos fomon, das pöp Panamäna binon zifükölün in Zänodamelikän.<ref name="Estado de Información Forestal en Panamá">{{cite web |url=http://www.fao.org/docrep/006/ad395s/AD395s06.htm |title=Corredor Transístmico Panamá -Colón |access-date=August 5, 2010 |archive-date=May 2, 2006 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060502061904/http://www.fao.org/docrep/006/ad395s/AD395s06.htm |url-status=live }}</ref> {{Clear}} ===Gretikün zifs=== {{Main|List of cities in Panama}} Atos binons 10 gretikün zifs e vilagis Panamäna. Mödiküm gretik zifs Panamäna binons dil de [[Panama City Metropolitan Area|Panamän Zif Metropolitän Zon]]. Is atos Volapüko lölöfik, pedälon me kopiedam e pefümükam, kelimöl diali e fomatis valik di Wikipedia: {{Largest cities | country = Panama | stat_ref = [http://www.citypopulation.de/Panama.html#Stadt_gross City Population] | list_by_pop = | div_name = Provän | div_link = |city_1 = Panamá (zif) |div_1 = Provän Panamá{{!}}Panamá |pop_1 = 430,299 |city_2 = Distrit San Miguelito{{!}}San Miguelito |div_2 = Provän Panamá{{!}}Panamá |pop_2 = 315,019 |city_3 = Las Cumbres |div_3 = Provän Panamá{{!}}Panamá |pop_3 = 127,440 |city_4 = La Chorrera, Panama{{!}}La Chorrera |div_4 = Provän Panamá Oeste{{!}}Panamá Oeste |pop_4 = 118,521 |city_5 = Tocumen |div_5 = Provän Panamá{{!}}Panamá |pop_5 = 113,174 |city_6 = Pacora |div_6 = Provän Panamá{{!}}Panamá |pop_6 = 103,960 |city_7 = Arraiján |div_7 = Provän Panamá Oeste{{!}}Panamá Oeste |pop_7 = 96,676 |city_8 = David, Chiriquí{{!}}David |div_8 = Provän Chiriquí{{!}}Chiriquí |pop_8 = 81,957 |city_9 = Vista Alegre, Panama{{!}}Vista Alegre |div_9 = Provän Panamá Oeste{{!}}Panamá Oeste |pop_9 = 55,114 |city_10 = Santiago de Veraguas |div_10 = Provän Veraguas{{!}}Veraguas |pop_10 = 51,236 }} [[File:Panama 08 2013 Ave Balboa 7044.JPG|thumb|[[Panamá (zif)|Panamá]], cifazif Panamäna]] ===Grups etnik=== Ün 2010, menäd äbinon 65 procent [[Mestizo]] (peilölöfülüköl Vietik, Lioänik), 12,3 procent Lioänik, 9,2 procent Blägik u di Afropükik, 6,8 procent Mulat, e 6,7 procent Vietik.<ref name="cia" /><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/panama/|title=The World Factbook — Central Intelligence Agency|website=CIA.gov|date=December 2, 2021|access-date=January 24, 2021|archive-date=January 23, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210123023447/https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/panama/|url-status=dead}}</ref> Ye, ma säted 2023, mens 698,114 nu lecepons as lioäniks, leigodü 17,2% menäda lölöfik Panamäna.<ref name="j692">{{cite web | title=Panama Perfil de Salud de los pueblos originarios | url=https://minsa.gob.pa/sites/default/files/direcciones/panama_perfil_de_salud_de_los_pueblos_originarios_2024.pdf |publisher=MINSA | access-date=2025-12-18}}</ref> Menäd Lamerindänik läükon vel grups etnik: el [[Ngäbe]], [[Pöp Guna|Guna]], [[Pöp Emberá|Emberá]], [[Pöp Bokota|Buglé]], [[Wounaan]], [[Pöp Naso|Naso Tjërdi]] (Teribe), e [[Pöp Bribri|Bri Bri]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.iwgia.org/regions/latin-america/panama/887-update-2011-panama |title=Update 2011 – Panama |publisher=Iwgia.org |access-date=June 15, 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130307063455/http://www.iwgia.org/regions/latin-america/panama/887-update-2011-panama |archive-date=March 7, 2013 }}</ref> Läböfiks Panamänik mödikums lödons in topäd zifagretik Panamá–[[Colón, Panama|Colón]], in Provän Darién, [[La Palma, Darién|La Palma]], e [[Provän Bocas del Toro]]. Topäds in Panamá ko flun gretik Afropanamänik binons Rio Abajo e Casco Viejo.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-01-03 |title=Top 3 Afro-Panamanian Places Black Expats in Panama City, Panama Should Visit. |url=https://allthingsbiola.com/2023/01/03/top-3-afro-panamanian-places-black-expats-in-panama-city-panama-should-visit/ |access-date=2024-09-08 |website=AllThingsBiola |language=en |archive-date=September 8, 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240908231240/https://allthingsbiola.com/2023/01/03/top-3-afro-panamanian-places-black-exppts-in-panama-city-panama-should-visit/ |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Braga |first=Brunno |date=2023-10-06 |title=Panama: How To Experience Afro Culture in the Country |url=https://travelnoire.com/panama-afro-culture |access-date=2024-09-08 |website=Travel Noire |language=en |archive-date=September 8, 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240908231240/https://travelnoire.com/panama-afro-culture |url-status=live }}</ref> Panamänans Blägik binons döffufs slafanas Afropänik pemoenöl lü Lameropän in [[slafateat Atlantik]]. Vafed telid menas blägik pemoenöl lü Panamän kömon de Karihopän dü bum Kanäta Panamäna. Panamän labon i menädi cödik Tsinänik e Lindänik pemöböl ad vobön su kanät dü büm onik. Mödiküms [[Panamänans Tsinänik]] lödons in Panamá.<ref name="h748">{{cite web | title=Chinese Panamanians in Panama | website=Minority Rights Group | date=2024-04-12 | url=https://minorityrights.org/communities/chinese-panamanians/ | access-date=2025-12-18}}</ref> Panamänans Tsinänik fomons 4% menäda Panamäna.<ref name="Mon">{{citation|title=The Chinese of Panama also have a story to tell...|last=Mon|first=Ramon|date=Spring 2013|url=https://revista.drclas.harvard.edu/the-chinese-of-panama-also-have-a-story-to-tell/|journal=ReVista Harvard Review of Latin America|access-date=March 5, 2025|archive-date=March 5, 2025|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250305052102/https://revista.drclas.harvard.edu/the-chinese-of-panama-also-have-a-story-to-tell/|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="Jackson">{{citation|title=Panama's Chinese community celebrates a birthday, meets new challenges|last=Jackson|first=Eric|volume=10|issue=9|date=May 2004|access-date=2007-11-07|url=http://www.thepanamanews.com/pn/v_10/issue_09/community_01.html|journal=The Panama News|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070916050839/http://www.thepanamanews.com/pn/v_10/issue_09/community_01.html|archive-date=2007-09-16}}</ref> Europänans e [[Menäd Panamäna#Panamänans Vietik|Panamänans Vietik]] binons pöfanef in Panamän, fomöls 6,7% menäda. Panamän labon i komoti smalik Larabänik labü [[moskefs]] e pracölan Islam, as i komoti yudik e sünagogs mödik. ===Püks=== {{Further|Spanyapük Panamänik}} Spanyapük binon pük calofik e daregik. Spanyapük paspiköl in Panamän sevädon as Spanyapük Panamänik. Zao 93 procent menäda spikons Spanyapüki as pük balid onik. Medü votiks, sifans labü vobs nivoda melayik u büäkomiteds spikons Nelijapüki e Spanyapüki. Zao 14 procent Panamänanas spikons Nelijapüki;<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.worldatlas.com/articles/what-languages-are-spoken-in-panama.html |title=What Languages Are Spoken in Panama? |date=August 24, 2017 |publisher=World Atlas |access-date=January 1, 2020 |archive-date=June 4, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230604131839/https://www.worldatlas.com/articles/what-languages-are-spoken-in-panama.html |url-status=live }}</ref> num at paleadlofon ad läikön bi Panamän nu flagon lesonis Nelijapüka in juls publik onik.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.pearsonlearned.com/improving-english-for-panamas-first-bilingual-generation/ |title=Improving English for Panama's First Bilingual Generation |publisher=Pearson |access-date=January 1, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200101163727/https://www.pearsonlearned.com/improving-english-for-panamas-first-bilingual-generation/ |archive-date=January 1, 2020 }}</ref> Püks lioänik, soäs [[Pük Guaymí|Ngäbere]], paspikons da län, plu in tums lioänik onik. Lä 400,000 Panamänans dakipons pükis lioänik e südads onik.<ref name="Ethnologue Report for Panama">{{cite web|url=http://www.ethnologue.com/country/PA|title=Panama|access-date=August 5, 2010|archive-date=March 9, 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230309065853/https://www.ethnologue.com/country/PA/|url-status=live}}</ref> Zao 4 procent spikons Fransänapüki e 1 procent spikon Larabänapüki.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/fields/2098.html|title=The World Factbook — Central Intelligence Agency|website=www.cia.gov|language=en|access-date=October 11, 2017|archive-date=March 7, 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140307124031/https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/fields/2098.html}}</ref> Igo pük creole Fransänik paspiköl in Panamän ädabinon, [[Creole San Miguel|Creole Fransänik San Miguel]], kel nu edeadikon.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Language in Panama |url=https://www.frommers.com/destinations/panama/in-depth/language/ |access-date=2025-09-14 |website=Frommers |language=en}}</ref> ===Rel=== {{Main|Rel in Panamän}} [[File:Panama Catedral Metropolitana.jpg|thumb|150px|left|Katedral Kölönöfik [[Katedral Metropolitana di Panamá]]]] {{Pie chart|thumb=right|caption=Rel in Panamän (2015)<ref name=2015survey/> |label1=[[Katulans]]|value1=63.2|color1=DarkOrchid|label2=[[Protestans]]|value2=25|color2=DodgerBlue|label3=[[Adventans]]|value3=1.3|color3=SkyBlue|label4=[[Temunans de Yehovah]]|value4=1.4|color4=Aquamarine|label5=[[Mormons]]|value5=0.6|color5=DarkTurquoise|label6=[[Budism]]|value6=0.4|color6=Yellow|label7=[[Yudism]]|value7=0.1|color7=Blue|label8=Nek relöfik|value8=7.6|color8=Honeydew|label9=Rels votik|value9=0.4|color9=Gold}} [[Kristusrel]] binon rel cifik in Panamän. Bevoborüt calofik fa guver päfinükon ün 2015, das 63,2% menäda, u mens 2,549,150, lecepons okis as [[Katul-Romanik]], e 25% as [[Protestan evangelik]], u 1,009,740.<ref name="2015survey">{{Cite journal|date=December 2016|title=Segunda Encuesta Nacional de Hogares, Panama 2015|url=http://ministeriopublico.gob.pa/wp-content/multimedia/2017/09/Encuesta-de-Hogares-2015-16-viii-17-publicaci%C3%B3n-digital.pdf|journal=Ministerio Público de la República de Panamá|access-date=February 17, 2019|archive-date=February 18, 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190218081846/http://ministeriopublico.gob.pa/wp-content/multimedia/2017/09/Encuesta-de-Hogares-2015-16-viii-17-publicaci%C3%B3n-digital.pdf}}</ref> Komot [[Rel di Baháʼí]] in Panamän paleadlokon ad 2% menäda netik, u zao 60,000<ref name="WCoC">{{cite web|title = Panama|work = World Council of Churches: WCC Member Churches|publisher = World Council of Churches|date = January 1, 2006|url = http://www.oikoumene.org/en/member-churches|access-date = July 1, 2008|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20170708044321/http://www.oikoumene.org/en/member-churches|archive-date = July 8, 2017}}</ref> läükölo zao 10% menäda [[Guaymí]].<ref name="guay">{{Cite journal |last = International Community |first = Baháʼí |author-link = Baháʼí International Community |title = In Panama, some Guaymis blaze a new path |journal = One Country |volume = 1994 |issue = October–December |date = October–December 1994 |url = http://info.bahai.org/article-1-8-1-18.html |access-date = April 7, 2011 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20140802031749/http://info.bahai.org/article-1-8-1-18.html |archive-date = August 2, 2014 }}</ref> [[Temunans de Yehovah]] äbinons komot gretik südik, fomöls 1,4% menäda, poso el [[Glüg Adventa Telid|Glüg Adventa]] e [[Glüg Yesus Kristus Sälütanas Lätik]] me 0,6%. Grups smalikum läükons [[Budans]], [[Yudans]], [[Episkopalans]], [[Islam in Panamän|Slamans]] e komots [[Hindu]].<ref name="report">[https://2001-2009.state.gov/g/drl/rls/irf/2007/90262.htm International Religious Freedom Report 2007: Panama] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230408234244/https://2001-2009.state.gov/g/drl/rls/irf/2007/90262.htm |date=April 8, 2023 }}. [[Bureau of Democracy, Human Rights and Labor]] Tats Pebalöl (September 14, 2007). ''Artikel at ninlädon vödodi se fon at, kel binon in [[domen publik]].''</ref> Rels lioänik läükons Ibeorgun (bevü [[Pöp Guna|Guna]]) e Mamatata (bevü [[Ngäbe]]).<ref name="report" /> Dabinons i num smalik [[Rastafarians|Rastafarans]].<ref name="report" /> ===Dugäl=== {{Main|Dugäl in Panamän}} Dü tumyel 16id, dugäl in Panamän päprovidon fa [[Yesuitans]]. [[Dugäl pubik]] äprimon in Panamän suno pos svist se Colombia ün 1903. Tens balids äleadons dub logod palatimik duga dugäla, a.s. in kosilots peklatülöl in koböf balid Dugäla Panamänik ün 1913: "Gerot kulik pegivöl cile muton padrefön dub stad sogädik, kel i om u sötom labön. Sekü atos dugäl muton difön ma klasad sogädik, lü kel studan muton tefön." Fokus elitik at ävotikon vifiko dis flun Lamerikäna.<ref name="cs">{{Country study|country=Panama|abbr=pa|editor=Sandra W. Meditz and Dennis M. Hanratty|date=December 1987|section=Education|last=Kluck |first= Patricia}}</ref> Ün 2010, päkalkülos das 94,1 procent menäda älabon noli penön (94,7 procent manas e 93,5 procent vomas).<ref name="cia.gov">{{cite web|url=https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/panama/|title=The World Factbook|access-date=October 25, 2014|archive-date=January 23, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210123023447/https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/panama/|url-status=dead}}</ref> Dugäl in Panamän binon [[dugäl ferükik|ferükik]] pro cils valik bäldotü 6 jü 15. Dü dekads lätik, nunädan in juls al nivods, ab pato in nivods löpik, eläikon siigädiko. Panamän kompenon in [[Bevoborüt Program Tövü Studans Niverik|PISA]], ab sekü debs e results no satik, ägeseton kompeni okik jü 2018.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://impresa.prensa.com/panorama/Panama-pruebas-Pisa_0_4006849352.html |title=Panamá sin pruebas Pisa hasta 2018 |date=August 18, 2014 |website=Impresa.prensa.com |access-date=April 9, 2016 |archive-date=July 9, 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180709011304/https://impresa.prensa.com/panorama/Panama-pruebas-Pisa_0_4006849352.html |url-status=live }}</ref> ==Kultur== {{Main|Kultur Panamäna}} {{See also|Musig Panamäna|Gasedam in Panamän}} [[File:Ruben Blades by Gage Skidmore.jpg|thumb|upright|[[Rubén Blades]] binon kanitan malägik musiga Salsa.]] Kultur Panamäna kömon de [[musig Luropeänik|musig Luropeänik]], [[lekan Luropeänik|lekan]] e südads pemoenöl fa Spanyäns lü Panamän. Näms hegemonik efomons fomi [[peilölöfülüköl]] kemöfüli [[Kultur Afripänik|Afripänik]] e [[Lioänans Panamäna|Lioäna Panamänik]] ko [[Kultur Luropeänik|kultur Luropeänik]]. Samo, el ''[[tamborito]]'' binon danüd Spanyänik ko rütims Afripänik, temats e movs danüda.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://panama-culture.com/ |title=The online almanac of Panama culture with travel links |publisher=Panama Culture |access-date=December 23, 2010 |archive-date=March 14, 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180314074449/http://panama-culture.com/ |url-status=live }}</ref> Danüd binon tipik kulturas difik in Panamän. Konot pöpik kanon pärivön in zälads mödik, dub danüds e südads pefovöl de jäfot jü jäfot.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.vacationtopanama.com/travel-guide/cultural-melting-pot/|title=Panama Culture and Traditions, a True Melting Pot of Mesoamerica|website=Panama Vacations|language=en-US|access-date=February 22, 2020|archive-date=June 9, 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230609185905/https://www.vacationtopanama.com/travel-guide/cultural-melting-pot/|url-status=live}}</ref> Zifs topik lotädons musigi lifik soäs ''[[reggae en español]]'', ''[[reggaeton]]'', ''haitiano ([[compas]])'', [[daz]], [[blus]], ''[[musig salsa|salsa]]'', [[reggae]], e [[musig rock]].<ref name="r228">{{cite web | title=Panama's Music Scene: From Salsa to Reggae | website=Pallas | date=2024-12-06 | url=https://pallaslife.com/knowledge/panamas-music-scene-from-salsa-to-reggae/ | access-date=2025-12-18}}</ref><ref name="j606">{{cite web | title=Panamanian Music 101 | website=Few for Change | date=2012-12-05 | url=https://www.fewforchange.org/blog/2012/12/panamanian-music-101 | access-date=2025-12-18}}</ref> ===Zälads e festids=== {{Main|Zälads publik in Panamän}} Parad Kritida, sevädik as ''El desfile de Navidad'', pazälon in cifazif: Panamá. Zäläd at pazälon tü Dekul 25. Vabs in parada pedekons me köls Panamänik, e voms lenlübons klotis penemölis ''[[pollera]]'' e mans klotons okis in montuno traditodik. Plao, musigafiol in parada, labü drumels, plepadons komü menäds. In zif, bim gretik Kritida palitünon me lits Kritida, e valans zümikons bimi e kanons kanitis Kritida.<ref>{{cite web|publisher=Bureau of Western Hemisphere Affairs|date=June 23, 2010|url=https://2009-2017.state.gov/r/pa/ei/bgn/2030.htm|title=Panama|access-date=May 21, 2019|archive-date=June 4, 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190604191011/https://2009-2017.state.gov/r/pa/ei/bgn/2030.htm|url-status=live}}</ref> ===Literat=== {{Main|Literat Panamänik}} Literat balid tefü Panamän kanon padätükön ün 1535.<ref name="e452">{{cite web | title=Early Modern Spain: Historia general y natural de las Indias, 1535 | website=Early Modern Spain | date=2005-07-25 | url=https://ems.kcl.ac.uk/content/etext/e026.html | language=es | access-date=2025-12-17}}</ref> Muf literatik nulädik äpubon de zänod tumyela 19id.<ref name="q022">{{cite web | title=The Hunt for Panamanian Literature | url=https://www.hiram.edu/wp-content/uploads/2016/11/singleton.pdf |publisher=HIRAM| access-date=2025-12-17}}</ref> Novels Panamänik eflunons vemo dub Kanät Panamäna e flun onik su glof, konömav e sogäd Panamäna.<ref name="n709">{{cite web | title=The Panamanian Novel | website=ReVista | date=2013-04-06 | url=https://revista.drclas.harvard.edu/the-panamanian-novel/ | access-date=2025-12-17}}</ref> ===Nämädavobod=== [[File:KunaWomanSellingMolas.jpg|thumb|Vom Guna selöl Molasis in Panamá]] Plöfu Panamá, zälads topik jenons da yam me musigans e danüdans topik. Kultur peilölöfülüköl Panamäna paplänon in prodots traditodik, a.s. [[vobods vüka]], masks serimik e [[potäd]], as i in bumot, kuin e zälads Panamäna. In tim büik, baskets pävovons ad geb praktik, ab nu vilags mödik kudons hao te dö mon de baskets prodons pro turists. Sam kultura no pedistübköl, balik in Panamän binon ut [[Guna Yala|Guna]] kels sevädons dub ''[[mola (fom lekäna)|molas]]''. ''Mola'' binon vöd Guna pro blouz, ab vöd ''mola'' esumon sinifi panelas pebroidöl komplitik pemeköls fa voms Guna, kels fomons föfi e böfi blouza voma Guna. Ons binons lays klotas mödik, diföl in köls, kels pejonsöv ad falön in ons, pemeköls dub process [[appliqué]] peguäloköl. ===Klotem=== [[File:Tuna panama.jpg|thumb|Kvip danüdan Cumbia Panamänik]] Klotem traditodik manas Panamänik, penemöl ''montuno'', läükon hemis vitik klotas vitik, brems brefik e hats solik pivovöl (pintados)<ref name="m319">{{cite book | last=Hassig | first=Susan M. | title=Panama | publisher=Marshall Cavendish | date=2007 | isbn=978-0-7614-2028-6 | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=go0bwH-W8BkC&dq=Panama+clothing+montuno&pg=PA57 | access-date=2025-12-18 | page=}}</ref> Klotem traditodik vomas binon el ''pollera'', klot lunik fulik pemeköl habitüädiko de [[klot vitik]] u [[lin]] finik.<ref name="m319"/> Binon vitik, e binos sümo zao yäds 13 stofa. Äprimon in Spanyän ün tumyel 16id, e primo ün 1800s äbinon tipik in Panamän, pilenüköl fa voms hidünan, pato nutrütans (''De Zarate'' 5). Poso, päsumon fa voms klaseda löpik. Voms Guna habitüädiko lenlübons blouzis patöna [[Mola (fom lekäna)|mola]].<ref name="m319"/> El ''pollera'' rigik läükon blouzi pefrulöl pilenüköl de jals e jip me knops goldik. Jip i pefrulon, sodas ven palöpoon, logoton as göf pöfa pavuga u flanäd [[mantilla]]. Disains su jip e blouz sümo binons flors u böds. Tel [[pompom]]s gretiks pemaparon (''mota'') su föf e böf, fol fitils jokons de föf e böf de jäf, solat goldik lul (''caberstrillos'') jokon de köf lü jäf, krod goldik u medalion su fitil blägik pilenükön as [[choker]], e pösed silkik pilenükon su jäf. Lögolegs (''zaricillos'') sümo binons goldik u korälik. Sulüds sümo köfons köli ''pollera''. Her sümo pilädükon in bun, pifimüköl dub kroms goldik gretik kil labü pörls (''tembleques'') pilenüköl as kron. ''Pollera'' gudik kanon kostön jü $10,000, e kanon sumön yami ad finön. Atimo, dabinons polls difik ''polleras''; el ''pollera de gala'' läükon blouzi jipa frulöl brefo, jipis fulik tel e [[jipadon]]. Cips lenlübons ''[[tembleques]]''<ref>''[https://web.archive.org/web/20170518133519/http://panamafolktembleques.com/ tembleques]''</ref> in hers onik. Kons goldik e cüäds paleläükons klotte. El ''pollera montuna'' binon klot delik, me blouz, jip köla balik, solat goldik bal, e lögoleks peflunöl e flor natik in her. Pla blouz de jals pilenükon me blouz vitik pefitmüköl labü pleits jala e hem peflunöl.<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20110726000349/http://discoverytheater.org/education/guides/2010/Celebremos%20Panama!%20Resource%20Guide.pdf Celebremos Panama!]. Discovery Theater and Smithsonian Latino Center</ref> Klotem traditodik in Panamän sümo pilenükon in paradis, kobü danüd traditodik. ===Kuin=== {{Main|Kuin Panamänik}} Do gerot kulturik Panamäna peflunon fa etniks mödik, kuin traditodik läna läükon zibädis se kulturs mödik, de vol lölik: mixum tekna, fidotas e zibädis Spanyänik, Lioänik Panamänik, e Afripänik, reflekölu menädi difik onik. Bi Panamän binon pont lenübdik vitü kontinäns tel, on labon molaskis, floris e yulis trobik mödik in kuk lioänik. Maket fidotas fifümik sevädik as "Mercado de Mariscos" tevon difeti nolavik e [[Ceviche]], fidot difetik. Shöps smalik su süt kels panemons kiosco e [[Empanada]], kel binon pastöm tipik Lameropänik, läükölo zibädis difik, u ko mit u mitid, sümo pefritülöl. Sot votik pastöma binon el [[pastelito]] kel sümo pagebon sämodiko ko vöd [[empanada]]s.<ref name="t631">{{cite book | last=Ford | first=Bryan | title=Pan y Dulce: The Latin American Baking Book (Pastries, Desserts, Rustic Breads, Savory Baking, and More) | publisher=Little, Brown | date=2024-11-12 | isbn=978-0-316-29384-6 | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=H8b3EAAAQBAJ&dq=pastelito+compared+with+empanada&pg=PT536 | access-date=2025-12-18}}</ref> Pastelitos sümo pefulons me mit e pifidons dü büdäms zälada.<ref name="r119">{{cite book | last=Ebinger | first=Virginia Nylander | title=Aguinaldos: Christmas Customs, Music, and Foods of the Spanish-speaking Countries of the Americas | publisher=Sunstone Press | date=2012-09-15 | isbn=978-1-61139-135-0 | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=6Yh_h0d_wzUC&dq=Panama++pastelito,&pg=PA275 | access-date=2025-12-18 | page=23}}</ref> Fidots tipik Panamänik binons sofükik, no ko svids kapik kela komüdan Lameropänik e Karihänik. Zibäds komik binons [[maiz]], [[rid]], [[flif veta]], [[Banän (kuk)|banäns]], ''yuca'' ([[kassav]], mit, pül, svan e difet. ===Spot=== [[File:Roberto-Duran-1994 (cropped).png|thumb|Jenöfan glüga folik vola Roberto Durán]] In bevoborüt 2024, 48% Panamänanas esagons das baseball äbinon spot okälik onsik, 30% esagons [[futbol]] (soccer), 4% glüg, cämag e tenis.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Caballero |first=Boris Alexander Cruz |date=2024-12-01 |title=Participa de la encuesta para determinar el deporte que más gusta en Panamá |url=https://www.tvn-2.com/tvmax/mas-deportes/encuesta-deporte-boxeo-beisbol-tenis-futbol-flag-football-panama-noticias-de-panama-hoy_11_2167451.html |access-date=2025-04-30 |website=Tvn Panamá |language=es}}</ref> Baseball binon spot pöpakün in Panamän. [[Lig Baseball Profesik Panamänik]] binon lig nifülik profesik läna. Äprimon balna ün 1946, ab älabon sevädis mödik dü dekads. [[Team netik baseball Panamäna|Team netik baseball]] egevon solatemi bal e bronsatemis tel in [[Valev Baseball Volik]]. Lä [[List giocanas Major League Baseball de Panamän|140 giocanas Panamänik]] espikons baseball profesik in Lamerikäna Tats Pebalöl, mödikumo ka län votik Lameropäna Zänodik.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.thebaseballcube.com/cities/PN.shtml |title=Baseball in Panama |publisher=The Baseball Cube |access-date=December 23, 2010 |archive-date=July 20, 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100720044412/http://www.thebaseballcube.com/cities/PN.shtml }}</ref> Futbol binon spot telid pöpakün in Panamän. Nivod löpik futbol Panamänik, [[Liga Panameña de Fútbol]], pifünon ün 1988. [[Team netik futbola manas|team netik manas]] epubon in [[Valev FIFA]] balna ün [[Valev FIFA 2018|2018]], in grup G, ta [[Team netik futbola Belgäna|Belgäna]], [[Team netik futbola Lingläna|Lingläna]] e [[Team netik futbola Tünisäna|Tünisäna]]. Ye, team äperon gamis kil, no fägölo ad fovön grupi. Glügagleds päpledalons in [[Liga de Fútbol Femenino (Panamá)|Liga de Fútbol Femenino]]. [[Team netik futbola vomas Panamäna|team netik vomas]] äpubon in [[Valev FIFA Vomas|Valev]] ün [[Valev FIFA Vomas 2023|2023]] as team lätik ad kwalifikön. Ons ägolons lü Grup F ko [[Team netik futbola vomas Brasiläna|Brasiläna]], [[Team netik futbola vomas Cameikän|Cameikän]], e [[Team netik futbola vomas Fransäna|Fransäna]], kö äfimikons lätik me perots kil ab ägolons glügis kil ta Fransän. [[Marta Cox]] ägolon glügi balid eva Panamäna in Valev. Monkabül binon i pöpatik in Panamän. Dabinons teams topik as i squad kompetöl melayiko. Spots pöpatik votik läükons [[flulabül]], [[taekwondo]], [[golf]], e [[tenis]]. Veg benofälik lonädik penemöl [[TransPanama Trail]]<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20160728065540/http://www.transpanama.org/ TransPanama Trail]</ref> pabumon de Kolombän lü Kostarikän. [[Team netik flulabüla vomas Panamäna|Team netik flulabüla vomas Panamäna]] kompeton in zänod Lameropäna AFECAVOL (Asociación de Federaciones CentroAmericanas de Voleibol).<ref>{{cite news |title=Belize drops game to Nicaragua, drops to 1-4 at Central American Senior Women's Volleyball Championship |url=https://www.breakingbelizenews.com/2021/10/23/belize-drops-game-to-nicaragua-drops-to-1-4-at-central-american-senior-womens-volleyball-championship/ |access-date=December 28, 2021 |work=[[Breaking Belize News]] |date=October 23, 2021 |archive-date=April 4, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230404035656/https://www.breakingbelizenews.com/2021/10/23/belize-drops-game-to-nicaragua-drops-to-1-4-at-central-american-senior-womens-volleyball-championship/ |url-status=live }}</ref> Spots no traditodik votik in län elabons veütati gretik soäs [[triatlon]] kel esumon küdi spotanas mödik netik e län elotädon tävs melayik. [[Futbol flag]] i eglofon pöpi in mans e voms e ko kompen melayik in vol distipa at binon bevü teams gudikün vola, sport pänümükon fa Lamerikäns lödöl in Zon Kanäta pro veteranans e pöfanans kels igo älabons festivali penemöl Turkey Ball. Spots pöpatik votik binons [[futbol Lamerikänik]], [[rugbi]], [[hokei felik]], [[softabül]], e spots südänik votik, läükölo [[skateboarding]], [[BMX]], e [[surf]], bi jols mödik Panamäna soäs Santa Catalina e Venao elotädons sörümis äs ISA World Surfing Games. Glügans profesik de Panamän pänüsumons ini [[Famotaglüg Glüga Volik]] läükölo balan Lameropänan balid ad binön jenöfan vola glüga, [[Panama Al Brown]], as i [[Ismael Laguna]], [[Roberto Duran]], [[Eusebio Pedroza]] e [[Hilario Zapata]]. ==Log i== {{Portal|Panama|Läns|Karihän|Lameropän Zänodik|Lameropän Latik|Nolüda-Merop }} * [[Jüföd Panamäna]] {{Clear}} == Nüns == {{Notelist}} ==Refs== {{Reflist}} ==Dabäc reidön== {{refbegin}} * Buckley, Kevin, ''Panama'', Touchstone, 1992. {{ISBN|0-671-77876-5}} * Diaz Espino, Ovidio, ''How Wall Street Created a Nation'', Four Walls Eight Windows, 2001. {{ISBN|1-56858-196-3}} * Gropp, Arthur E. ''Libraries and Archives of Panama: with Information on Private Libraries, Bookbinding, Bookselling, and Printing.'' New Orleans: Middle American Research Institute, Tulane University of Louisiana, 1941. * Harding, Robert C., ''The History of Panama'', Greenwood Publishing, 2006. * Harding, Robert C., ''Military Foundations of Panamanian Politics'', Transaction Publishers, 2001. {{ISBN|0-393-02696-5}} * Joster, R.M. and Sanchez, Guillermo, ''In the Time of the Tyrants, Panama: 1968–1990'', W.W. Norton & Company, 1990. * {{cite book |last=McCullough |first=David |author-link=David McCullough |title=The Path Between the Seas: The Creation of the Panama Canal, 1870–1914 |publisher=Simon & Schuster |location=New York |year=1977 |isbn=0-671-24409-4 |url=https://archive.org/details/pathbetweenseas00mccu}} * Porras, Ana Elena, ''Cultura de la Interoceanidad: Narrativas de Identidad Nacional de Panama (1990–2002)'', Editorial Carlos Manuel Gasteazoro, 2005. {{ISBN|9962-53-131-4}} * Serrano, Damaris, ''La Nación Panamena en sus Espacios: Cultura Popular, Resistencia y Globalización'', Editorial Mariano Arosemena, 2005. {{ISBN|9962-659-01-9}} * Villarreal, Melquiades, ''Esperanza o Realidad: Fronteras de la Identidad Panamena'', Editorial Mariano Arosemena, 2004. {{ISBN|9962-601-80-0}} * Weeks, John and Gunson, Phil, ''Panama. Made in the USA'', 1992. {{ISBN|978-0-906156-55-1}} {{refend}} == Yüms plödik == {{Sister project links|voy=Panama|collapsible=collapsed}} * {{Official website|https://www.presidencia.gob.pa/}}, Presidan Panamäna {{in lang|es}} * [https://www.presidencia.gob.pa/pagina/ministros Cämet Panamäna] {{in lang|es}} * [https://mire.gob.pa/ Misitäb Yümas Plödik] {{in lang|es}} * [https://www.asamblea.gob.pa/ Cämaläb Panamäna] {{in lang|es}} * [http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/americas/country_profiles/1229332.stm Panama] de [[BBC News]] * {{Wikiatlas|Panama}} {{Anchor|Topics}} {{Panama topics}} {{Central America topic}} {{North America topic}} {{Authority control}} {{Coord|9|N|80|W|display=title}} [[Category:Panamän| ]]<!--please leave the empty space as standard--> [[Category:Läns in Lameropän Zänodik]] [[Category:Läns in Nolüda-Merop]] [[Category:Limastats Netas Pebalöl]] [[Category:Republüns]] [[Category:Läns e topäds kö Spanyapük binon pük calofik]] [[Category:Stads e topäds päfünöl ün 1903]] [[Category:Läns in Sulüda-Merop]] Panamän labon belödanis 2 984 000 (2003). Sürfat Panamäna binon 75 517 km². Cifazif Panamäna binon [[Ciudad de Panamá]]. == Yüms plödik == * [http://www.coolpanama.com/ CoolPanama] Panama Portal {{Läns in Merop}} [[Klad:Läns]] [[Klad:Läns in Nolüda-Merop]] [[Klad:Panamän| ]] 6dknotgevglkl07tsgzxttnc3ys7a1c 3338206 3338200 2026-06-18T07:30:09Z Łukasz Winek 10785 Sädunön revidi [[Special:Diff/3338200|3338200]] fa [[Special:Contributions/Lpoj50|Lpoj50]] ([[User talk:Lpoj50|Bespikapad]]) 3338206 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Ragiv:Flag_of_Panama.svg|150px|right]] [[Ragiv:LocationPanama.png|150px|right]] '''Panamän''' binon län in [[Zänoda-Merop]]. Panamän labon belödanis 2 984 000 (2003). Sürfat Panamäna binon 75 517 km². Cifazif Panamäna binon [[Ciudad de Panamá]]. == Yüms plödik == * [http://www.coolpanama.com/ CoolPanama] Panama Portal {{Läns in Merop}} [[Klad:Läns]] [[Klad:Läns in Nolüda-Merop]] [[Klad:Panamän| ]] 9sb9o9k9agt6qoy5g9dmur57j3x711g Itter 0 8814 3338189 3060430 2026-06-17T20:58:58Z Łukasz Winek 10785 lang-vo 3338189 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Telplänov}} Dabinons: * [[Ittre|Itter]]: nem Nedänapükik zifa: [[Ittre]], in provin: [[Brabant wallon]], in [[Belgän]]. * [[Itter (Lösterän)|Ittre]]: zif in fedalän: [[Löpa⸗Lösterän]], in [[Lösterän]]. 7xmem0hp7p9v0vyuw7o6owwjwk2mivj Watertown (Massachusetts) 0 9843 3338153 3296144 2026-06-17T20:44:09Z Łukasz Winek 10785 3338153 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Zifataib|län = [[Lamerikän]]|tat = [[Massachusetts]]}} '''Watertown''' binon zif in komot: Middlesex, in tat: [[Massachusetts]], in [[Lamerikän]]. == Nüns taledavik == Watertown topon videtü 42°22’ 17’’ N e lunetü 71°10’ 55’’ V (42,371296; &#8209;71,181961). Ma el ''U.S. Census Bureau'' (Pöpinumamabür Lamerikänik), Watertown labon sürfati valodik mö 10,8 [[km²]], kela 10,6 km² binon län e kela 0,1 km² (1,2%) binon vat. == Lödanef == Timü pöpinumam yela: 2000, mens 32 986, lomanefs 14 629 e famüls 7 329 älödons in Watertown. Lödanadensit äbinon mö mens 3 098,8 a km². Ädabinons valodo lödöps 15 008 (1 409,9 a km²). Lödanef äbinädon me: vietans (91,42%), blägans (1,73%), lindiyans (0,16%), siyopans (3,87%) e Pasifeana-nisulans (0,02%); mens bidädas votik äbinons mö 0,85% e mens bidäda plu bala äbinons mö 1,95%. Latinans bidädas valasotik äfomons 1,95% lödanefa. De lomanefs ädabinöl 14 629, 17,8% äkeninükons cilis bäldotü yels 18 u läs 18 in lödöp älödölis, 37,9% äbinons matans äkobolödöl, 8,7% pädugons fa vom nen himatan e 49,9% no äbinons famüls. 34,1% lomanefas äbinädons me pösods äsoelöl; 12,4% äbinädons me pösod äsoelöl bal bäldotü yels 65 u plu 65. Ädabinons zänedo pösods 2,17 a lomanef e pösods 2,86 a famül. Demü bäldot, 14,1% lödanas ela Watertown älabons bäldoti lifayelas läs 18, 9,4% bäldoti lifayelas 18 jü 24, 39,8% bäldoti lifayelas 25 jü 44, 20% bäldoti lifayelas 45 jü 64 e 16,7% bäldoti lifayelas 65 u plu 65. Bäldot patedik äbinon mö lifayels 37. Demü gen, ädabinoms mans 86,1 a voms 100. Pato ädabinoms mans 83,8 a voms 100 bäldotü lifayels 18 u plu 18. Lemesed patedik lomanefa in Watertown äbinon mö US$59 764 e lemesed patedik famüla äbinon mö US$67 441. Mans älaboms lemesedi patedik mö US$46 642, leigodü US$39 840 vomas. Lemesed „per capita“ (a pösod) äbinon mö US$33 262. Zao 4,5% famülas e 6,3% lödanefa lölik älifons dis pöfasoliad, keninükamü 8,6% utanas bäldotü lifayels 18 u läs 18 e 7,5% utanas bäldotü lifayels 65 u plu 65. {{Koord|42|22|17|N|71|10|55|V|plad=tiäd}} [[Klad:Zifs in Massachusetts]] [[Klad:Zifs]] [[Klad:Zifs in Lamerikän]] 65hghms9qlzk7qs4bafhzxunqigcg83 Weymouth (Massachusetts) 0 9846 3338172 3296163 2026-06-17T20:47:24Z Łukasz Winek 10785 3338172 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Zifataib|län = [[Lamerikän]]|tat = [[Massachusetts]]}} '''Weymouth''' binon zif in komot: Norfolk, in tat: [[Massachusetts]], in [[Lamerikän]]. == Nüns taledavik == Weymouth topon videtü 42°12’ 23’’ N e lunetü 70°56’ 45’’ V (42,206458; &#8209;70,945919). Ma el ''U.S. Census Bureau'' (Pöpinumamabür Lamerikänik), Weymouth labon sürfati valodik mö 56 [[km²]], kela 44,1 km² binon län e kela 11,9 km² (21,29%) binon vat. == Lödanef == Timü pöpinumam yela: 2000, mens 53 988, lomanefs 22 028 e famüls 13 921 älödons in Weymouth. Lödanadensit äbinon mö mens 1 225,4 a km². Ädabinons valodo lödöps 22 573 (512,4 a km²). Lödanef äbinädon me: vietans (94,9%), blägans (1,4%), lindiyans (0,2%), siyopans (1,6%) e Pasifeana-nisulans (0,1%); mens bidädas votik äbinons mö 0,6% e mens bidäda plu bala äbinons mö 1,3%. Latinans bidädas valasotik äfomons 1,3% lödanefa. De lomanefs ädabinöl 22 028, 27,3% äkeninükons cilis bäldotü yels 18 u läs 18 in lödöp älödölis, 48,6% äbinons matans äkobolödöl, 11,1% pädugons fa vom nen himatan e 36,8% no äbinons famüls. 30,6% lomanefas äbinädons me pösods äsoelöl; 11,1% äbinädons me pösod äsoelöl bal bäldotü yels 65 u plu 65. Ädabinons zänedo pösods 2,42 a lomanef e pösods 3,08 a famül. Demü bäldot, 22% lödanas ela Weymouth älabons bäldoti lifayelas läs 18, 6,6% bäldoti lifayelas 18 jü 24, 32,7% bäldoti lifayelas 25 jü 44, 23,4% bäldoti lifayelas 45 jü 64 e 15,4% bäldoti lifayelas 65 u plu 65. Bäldot patedik äbinon mö lifayels 38. Demü gen, ädabinoms mans 90,4 a voms 100. Pato ädabinoms mans 86,3 a voms 100 bäldotü lifayels 18 u plu 18. Lemesed patedik lomanefa in Weymouth äbinon mö US$51 665 e lemesed patedik famüla äbinon mö US$64 083. Mans älaboms lemesedi patedik mö US$42 497, leigodü US$35 963 vomas. Lemesed „per capita“ (a pösod) äbinon mö US$24 976. Zao 4,1% famülas e 5,8% lödanefa lölik älifons dis pöfasoliad, keninükamü 7,3% utanas bäldotü lifayels 18 u läs 18 e 7,4% utanas bäldotü lifayels 65 u plu 65. {{Koord|42|12|23|N|70|56|45|V|plad=tiäd}} [[Klad:Zifs in Massachusetts]] [[Klad:Zifs]] [[Klad:Zifs in Lamerikän]] f17wwz3avo6ncy57c753il708xmfyyl Woburn 0 9847 3338183 3296174 2026-06-17T20:49:20Z Łukasz Winek 10785 3338183 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Zifataib|län = [[Lamerikän]]|tat = [[Massachusetts]]}} [[Ragiv:First Congregational Church, Woburn MA.jpg|175px|thumb|right]] '''Woburn''' binon zif in komot: United, in tat: [[Massachusetts]], in [[Lamerikän]]. == Nüns taledavik == Woburn topon videtü 42°29’ 4’’ N e lunetü 71°9’ 7’’ V (42,484545; ‑71,152060). Ma el ''U.S. Census Bureau'' (Pöpinumamabür Lamerikänik), Woburn labon sürfati valodik mö 33,4 [[km²]], kela 32,8 km² binon län e kela 0,6 km² (1,71%) binon vat. == Lödanef == Timü pöpinumam yela: 2000, mens 39 684, lomanefs 14 997 e famüls 9 658 älödons in Woburn. Lödanadensit äbinon mö mens 1 135,4 a km². Ädabinons valodo lödöps 15 391 (469 a km²). Lödanef äbinädon me: vietans (90,57%), blägans (1,87%), lindiyans (0,1%), siyopans (4,85%) e Pasifeana-nisulans (0,05%); mens bidädas votik äbinons mö 1,44% e mens bidäda plu bala äbinons mö 1,13%. Latinans bidädas valasotik äfomons 1,13% lödanefa. De lomanefs ädabinöl 14 997, 26,8% äkeninükons cilis bäldotü yels 18 u läs 18 in lödöp älödölis, 49,5% äbinons matans äkobolödöl, 10,9% pädugons fa vom nen himatan e 35,6% no äbinons famüls. 28,7% lomanefas äbinädons me pösods äsoelöl; 10,1% äbinädons me pösod äsoelöl bal bäldotü yels 65 u plu 65. Ädabinons zänedo pösods 2,47 a lomanef e pösods 3,09 a famül. Demü bäldot, 21,1% lödanas ela Woburn älabons bäldoti lifayelas läs 18, 6,9% bäldoti lifayelas 18 jü 24, 34,9% bäldoti lifayelas 25 jü 44, 21,8% bäldoti lifayelas 45 jü 64 e 15,4% bäldoti lifayelas 65 u plu 65. Bäldot patedik äbinon mö lifayels 38. Demü gen, ädabinoms mans 95,6 a voms 100. Pato ädabinoms mans 93,1 a voms 100 bäldotü lifayels 18 u plu 18. Lemesed patedik lomanefa in Woburn äbinon mö US$54 897 e lemesed patedik famüla äbinon mö US$66 364. Mans älaboms lemesedi patedik mö US$45 210, leigodü US$33 239 vomas. Lemesed „per capita“ (a pösod) äbinon mö US$26 207. Zao 4,5% famülas e 6,1% lödanefa lölik älifons dis pöfasoliad, keninükamü 7,9% utanas bäldotü lifayels 18 u läs 18 e 5,4% utanas bäldotü lifayels 65 u plu 65. {{Koord|42|29|4|N|71|9|7|V|plad=tiäd}} {{commonscat|Woburn, Massachusetts}} [[Klad:Zifs in Massachusetts]] [[Klad:Zifs]] [[Klad:Zifs in Lamerikän]] fbva9c377f6dz3mo28y8piml9s262aa Worcester (Massachusetts) 0 9848 3338184 3296175 2026-06-17T20:49:30Z Łukasz Winek 10785 3338184 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Zifataib|län = [[Lamerikän]]|tat = [[Massachusetts]]}} '''Worcester''' binon zif in komot: Worcester, in tat: [[Massachusetts]], in [[Lamerikän]]. == Nüns taledavik == Worcester topon videtü 42°16’ 8’’ N e lunetü 71°48’ 14’’ V (42,268843; ‑71,803774). Ma el ''U.S. Census Bureau'' (Pöpinumamabür Lamerikänik), Worcester labon sürfati valodik mö 99,9 [[km²]], kela 97,3 km² binon län e kela 2,6 km² (2,59%) binon vat. == Lödanef == Timü pöpinumam yela: 2000, mens 172 648, lomanefs 67 028 e famüls 39 211 älödons in Worcester. Lödanadensit äbinon mö mens 1 774,8 a km². Ädabinons valodo lödöps 70 723 (727 a km²). Lödanef äbinädon me: vietans (77,11%), blägans (6,89%), lindiyans (0,45%), siyopans (4,87%) e Pasifeana-nisulans (0,06%); mens bidädas votik äbinons mö 7,24% e mens bidäda plu bala äbinons mö 3,39%. Latinans bidädas valasotik äfomons 3,39% lödanefa. De lomanefs ädabinöl 67 028, 29% äkeninükons cilis bäldotü yels 18 u läs 18 in lödöp älödölis, 38,3% äbinons matans äkobolödöl, 15,6% pädugons fa vom nen himatan e 41,5% no äbinons famüls. 33% lomanefas äbinädons me pösods äsoelöl; 12,2% äbinädons me pösod äsoelöl bal bäldotü yels 65 u plu 65. Ädabinons zänedo pösods 2,41 a lomanef e pösods 3,11 a famül. Demü bäldot, 23,6% lödanas ela Worcester älabons bäldoti lifayelas läs 18, 13,3% bäldoti lifayelas 18 jü 24, 30,3% bäldoti lifayelas 25 jü 44, 18,6% bäldoti lifayelas 45 jü 64 e 14,1% bäldoti lifayelas 65 u plu 65. Bäldot patedik äbinon mö lifayels 33. Demü gen, ädabinoms mans 92,4 a voms 100. Pato ädabinoms mans 88,7 a voms 100 bäldotü lifayels 18 u plu 18. Lemesed patedik lomanefa in Worcester äbinon mö US88. Mans älaboms lemesedi patedik mö US$36 190, leigodü US$28 522 vomas. Lemesed „per capita“ (a pösod) äbinon mö US$18 614. Zao 14,1% famülas e 17,9% lödanefa lölik älifons dis pöfasoliad, keninükamü 24,6% utanas bäldotü lifayels 18 u läs 18 e 11,6% utanas bäldotü lifayels 65 u plu 65. {{Koord|42|16|8|N|71|48|14|V|plad=tiäd}} [[Klad:Zifs in Massachusetts]] [[Klad:Zifs]] [[Klad:Zifs in Lamerikän]] r5hqqskxgjvfym5qa51ggwnsvvjyeaj Reidsville 0 14621 3338195 3166404 2026-06-17T21:02:27Z Łukasz Winek 10785 3338195 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Telplänov}} Dabinons: * [[Reidsville (North Carolina)|Reidsville]]: zif in tat: [[North Carolina]], in [[Lamerikän]]. * [[Reidsville (Georgän)|Reidsville]]: zif in tat: [[Georgän]], in [[Lamerikän]]. dyfs87rlwnz78wzhdrk4pr9nl5geupb Sardis 0 15642 3338191 3166425 2026-06-17T21:01:03Z Łukasz Winek 10785 3338191 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Telplänov}} Dabinons: * [[Sardis (Mississippi)|Sardis]]: zif in tat: [[Mississippi]], in [[Lamerikän]]. * [[Sardis (Ohio)|Sardis]]: zif in tat: [[Ohio]], in [[Lamerikän]]. * [[Sardis (Tennessee)|Sardis]]: zif in tat: [[Tennessee]], in [[Lamerikän]]. * [[Sardis (Kentucky)|Sardis]]: zif in tat: [[Kentucky]], in [[Lamerikän]]. * [[Sardis (Georgän)|Sardis]]: zif in tat: [[Georgän]], in [[Lamerikän]]. poiopp0b4qp2s09kgnup0cjwrcbuk7y Westfield (Massachusetts) 0 17020 3338166 3296157 2026-06-17T20:46:23Z Łukasz Winek 10785 3338166 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Zifataib|län = [[Lamerikän]]|tat = [[Massachusetts]]}} [[Magod:Stanley Park of Westfield - Westfield, MA - IMG 6548.JPG|200px|thumb|right]] '''Westfield''' binon zif in komot: Hampden, in tat: [[Massachusetts]], in [[Lamerikän]]. == Nüns taledavik == Westfield topon videtü 42°7’ 46’’ N e lunetü 72°44’ 46’’ V (42,129492; &#8209;72,745986). Ma el ''U.S. Census Bureau'' (Pöpinumamabür Lamerikänik), Westfield labon sürfati valodik mö 122,6 [[km²]], kela 120,6 km² binon län e kela 1,9 km² (1,56%) binon vat. == Lödanef == Timü pöpinumam yela: 2000, mens 40 072, lomanefs 14 797 e famüls 10 017 älödons in Westfield. Lödanadensit äbinon mö mens 332,2 a km². Ädabinons valodo lödöps 15 441 (128 a km²). Lödanef äbinädon me: vietans (94,53%), blägans (0,91%), lindiyans (0,22%), siyopans (0,82%) e Pasifeana-nisulans (0,05%); mens bidädas votik äbinons mö 2,12% e mens bidäda plu bala äbinons mö 1,34%. Latinans bidädas valasotik äfomons 1,34% lödanefa. De lomanefs ädabinöl 14 797, 31,5% äkeninükons cilis bäldotü yels 18 u läs 18 in lödöp älödölis, 53% äbinons matans äkobolödöl, 10,6% pädugons fa vom nen himatan e 32,3% no äbinons famüls. 25,9% lomanefas äbinädons me pösods äsoelöl; 10,9% äbinädons me pösod äsoelöl bal bäldotü yels 65 u plu 65. Ädabinons zänedo pösods 2,54 a lomanef e pösods 3,07 a famül. Demü bäldot, 23,8% lödanas ela Westfield älabons bäldoti lifayelas läs 18, 12,6% bäldoti lifayelas 18 jü 24, 28% bäldoti lifayelas 25 jü 44, 21,9% bäldoti lifayelas 45 jü 64 e 13,7% bäldoti lifayelas 65 u plu 65. Bäldot patedik äbinon mö lifayels 36. Demü gen, ädabinoms mans 93,7 a voms 100. Pato ädabinoms mans 90,8 a voms 100 bäldotü lifayels 18 u plu 18. Lemesed patedik lomanefa in Westfield äbinon mö US$45 240 e lemesed patedik famüla äbinon mö US$55 327. Mans älaboms lemesedi patedik mö US$38 316, leigodü US$27 459 vomas. Lemesed „per capita“ (a pösod) äbinon mö US$20 600. Zao 6,9% famülas e 11,3% lödanefa lölik älifons dis pöfasoliad, keninükamü 16,2% utanas bäldotü lifayels 18 u läs 18 e 9,5% utanas bäldotü lifayels 65 u plu 65. {{Koord|42|7|46|N|72|44|46|V|plad=tiäd}} {{commonscat|Westfield, Massachusetts}} [[Klad:Zifs in Massachusetts]] [[Klad:Zifs]] [[Klad:Zifs in Lamerikän]] 70ufm48ydm1qe199jlu8m9ts24rhefz Waltham (Massachusetts) 0 18829 3338147 3296138 2026-06-17T20:43:03Z Łukasz Winek 10785 3338147 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Zifataib|län = [[Lamerikän]]|tat = [[Massachusetts]]}} [[Magod:St. Mary's Roman Catholic Church, Waltham MA.jpg|thumb|right|175px]] '''Waltham''' binon zif in komot: Middlesex, in tat: [[Massachusetts]], in [[Lamerikän]]. == Nüns taledavik == Waltham topon videtü 42°22’ 50’’ N e lunetü 71°14’ 6’’ V (42,380596; &#8209;71,235005). Ma el ''U.S. Census Bureau'' (Pöpinumamabür Lamerikänik), Waltham labon sürfati valodik mö 35,2 [[km²]], kela 32,9 km² binon län e kela 2,4 km² (6,69%) binon vat. == Lödanef == Timü pöpinumam yela: 2000, mens 59 226, lomanefs 23 207 e famüls 12 462 älödons in Waltham. Lödanadensit äbinon mö mens 1 800,6 a km². Ädabinons valodo lödöps 23 880 (726 a km²). Lödanef äbinädon me: vietans (82,98%), blägans (4,41%), lindiyans (0,16%), siyopans (7,29%) e Pasifeana-nisulans (0,06%); mens bidädas votik äbinons mö 3,2% e mens bidäda plu bala äbinons mö 1,89%. Latinans bidädas valasotik äfomons 1,89% lödanefa. De lomanefs ädabinöl 23 207, 0% äkeninükons cilis bäldotü yels 18 u läs 18 in lödöp älödölis, 41,3% äbinons matans äkobolödöl, 8,9% pädugons fa vom nen himatan e 46,3% no äbinons famüls. 34,2% lomanefas äbinädons me pösods äsoelöl; 10% äbinädons me pösod äsoelöl bal bäldotü yels 65 u plu 65. Ädabinons zänedo pösods 2,29 a lomanef e pösods 3,01 a famül. Demü bäldot, 15,5% lödanas ela Waltham älabons bäldoti lifayelas läs 18, 16,8% bäldoti lifayelas 18 jü 24, 34,4% bäldoti lifayelas 25 jü 44, 20,2% bäldoti lifayelas 45 jü 64 e 13,1% bäldoti lifayelas 65 u plu 65. Bäldot patedik äbinon mö lifayels 34. Demü gen, ädabinoms mans 97,2 a voms 100. Pato ädabinoms mans 95,6 a voms 100 bäldotü lifayels 18 u plu 18. Lemesed patedik lomanefa in Waltham äbinon mö US$54 010 e lemesed patedik famüla äbinon mö US$64 595. Mans älaboms lemesedi patedik mö US$42 324, leigodü US$33 931 vomas. Lemesed „per capita“ (a pösod) äbinon mö US$26 364. Zao 3,6% famülas e 7% lödanefa lölik älifons dis pöfasoliad, keninükamü nek bäldotü lifayels 18 u läs 18 e 8,4% utanas bäldotü lifayels 65 u plu 65. {{Koord|42|22|50|N|71|14|6|V|plad=tiäd}} {{commonscat|Waltham, Massachusetts}} [[Klad:Zifs in Massachusetts]] [[Klad:Zifs]] [[Klad:Zifs in Lamerikän]] d4lp3cwzduymcc3ptl2h1fcsztdligr Duluth 0 19054 3338192 3166465 2026-06-17T21:01:34Z Łukasz Winek 10785 3338192 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Telplänov}} Dabinons: * [[Duluth (Minnesota)|Duluth]]: zif in tat: [[Minnesota]], in [[Lamerikän]]. * [[Duluth (Georgän)|Duluth]]: zif in tat: [[Georgän]], in [[Lamerikän]]. o0ym0o6w8xy1mu59pxporcoj2not0u9 Acworth 0 20260 3338196 3166476 2026-06-17T21:02:42Z Łukasz Winek 10785 3338196 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Telplänov}} Dabinons: * [[Acworth (Georgän)|Acworth]]: zif in tat: [[Georgän]], in [[Lamerikän]]. * [[Acworth (New Hampshire)|Acworth]]: zif in tat: [[New Hampshire]], in [[Lamerikän]]. ju1ivhbxa60rscau2onwm7n2451n829 Griffin 0 20430 3338194 3166500 2026-06-17T21:02:09Z Łukasz Winek 10785 3338194 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Telplänov}} Dabinons: * [[Griffin (Georgän)|Griffin]]: zif in tat: [[Georgän]], in [[Lamerikän]]. * [[Griffin (Indiana)|Griffin]]: zif in tat: [[Indiana]], in [[Lamerikän]]. sjtg6qgt20pjug6r7qhkdkry08pn548 Morven 0 20531 3338193 3166517 2026-06-17T21:01:44Z Łukasz Winek 10785 3338193 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Telplänov}} Dabinons: * [[Morven (Georgän)|Morven]]: zif in tat: [[Georgän]], in [[Lamerikän]]. * [[Morven (North Carolina)|Morven]]: zif in tat: [[North Carolina]], in [[Lamerikän]]. g85172wel192wqa4u7f1pm5f850i4ru Wakefield (Massachusetts) 0 25025 3338146 3296137 2026-06-17T20:42:52Z Łukasz Winek 10785 3338146 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Zifataib|län = [[Lamerikän]]|tat = [[Massachusetts]]}} [[Magod:Flanley's Block, Wakefield MA.jpg|175px|thumb|right]] '''Wakefield''' binon zif in komot: Middlesex, in tat: [[Massachusetts]], in [[Lamerikän]]. == Nüns taledavik == Wakefield topon videtü 42°30’ 4’’ N e lunetü 71°4’ 16’’ V (42,501345; &#8209;71,071324). Ma el ''U.S. Census Bureau'' (Pöpinumamabür Lamerikänik), Wakefield labon sürfati valodik mö 20,5 [[km²]], kela 19,3 km² binon län e kela 1,1 km² (5,56%) binon vat. == Lödanef == Timü pöpinumam yela: 2000, mens 24 804, lomanefs 9 747 e famüls 6 608 älödons in Wakefield. Lödanadensit äbinon mö mens 1 282 a km². Ädabinons valodo lödöps 9 937 (513,6 a km²). Lödanef äbinädon me: vietans (96,94%), blägans (0,45%), lindiyans (0,08%), siyopans (1,43%) e Pasifeana-nisulans (0,01%); mens bidädas votik äbinons mö 0,2% e mens bidäda plu bala äbinons mö 0,9%. Latinans bidädas valasotik äfomons 0,9% lödanefa. De lomanefs ädabinöl 9 747, 30,2% äkeninükons cilis bäldotü yels 18 u läs 18 in lödöp älödölis, 55,1% äbinons matans äkobolödöl, 9,7% pädugons fa vom nen himatan e 32,2% no äbinons famüls. 26,4% lomanefas äbinädons me pösods äsoelöl; 10,6% äbinädons me pösod äsoelöl bal bäldotü yels 65 u plu 65. Ädabinons zänedo pösods 2,52 a lomanef e pösods 3,09 a famül. Demü bäldot, 22,6% lödanas ela Wakefield älabons bäldoti lifayelas läs 18, 5,8% bäldoti lifayelas 18 jü 24, 32,7% bäldoti lifayelas 25 jü 44, 23,8% bäldoti lifayelas 45 jü 64 e 15,1% bäldoti lifayelas 65 u plu 65. Bäldot patedik äbinon mö lifayels 39. Demü gen, ädabinoms mans 90,2 a voms 100. Pato ädabinoms mans 87,8 a voms 100 bäldotü lifayels 18 u plu 18. Lemesed patedik lomanefa in Wakefield äbinon mö US$66 117 e lemesed patedik famüla äbinon mö US$77 834. Mans älaboms lemesedi patedik mö US$51 591, leigodü US$39 327 vomas. Lemesed „per capita“ (a pösod) äbinon mö US$30 369. Zao 1,7% famülas e 3,1% lödanefa lölik älifons dis pöfasoliad, keninükamü 1,7% utanas bäldotü lifayels 18 u läs 18 e 4,6% utanas bäldotü lifayels 65 u plu 65. {{Koord|42|30|4|N|71|4|16|V|plad=tiäd}} [[Klad:Zifs in Massachusetts]] [[Klad:Zifs]] [[Klad:Zifs in Lamerikän]] rjx3qf6azlgi076p1lqucgc4dr49vi5 Ware (Massachusetts) 0 25028 3338148 3296139 2026-06-17T20:43:14Z Łukasz Winek 10785 3338148 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Zifataib|län = [[Lamerikän]]|tat = [[Massachusetts]]}} [[Magod:Overlooking Quabbin Reservoir from Quabbin Hill Rd, Ware MA.jpg|175px|thumb|right]] '''Ware''' binon zif in komot: Hampshire, in tat: [[Massachusetts]], in [[Lamerikän]]. == Nüns taledavik == Ware topon videtü 42°15’ 35’’ N e lunetü 72°14’ 25’’ V. Ma el ''U.S. Census Bureau'' (Pöpinumamabür Lamerikänik), Ware labon sürfati valodik mö 103,5 [[km²]], kela 89,1 km² binon län e kela 14,4 km² (13,93%) binon vat. == Lödanef == Timü pöpinumam yela: 2000, mens 9 707, lomanefs 4 027 e famüls 2 597 älödons in Ware. Lödanadensit äbinon mö mens 108,9 a km². Ädabinons valodo lödöps 4 336 (48,7 a km²). Lödanef äbinädon me: vietans (96,49%), blägans (0,55%), lindiyans (0,23%), siyopans (0,6%) e Pasifeana-nisulans (0,06%); mens bidädas votik äbinons mö 0,76% e mens bidäda plu bala äbinons mö 1,32%. Latinans bidädas valasotik äfomons 1,32% lödanefa. De lomanefs ädabinöl 4 027, 29,8% äkeninükons cilis bäldotü yels 18 u läs 18 in lödöp älödölis, 46,8% äbinons matans äkobolödöl, 12,3% pädugons fa vom nen himatan e 35,5% no äbinons famüls. 29,1% lomanefas äbinädons me pösods äsoelöl; 12,5% äbinädons me pösod äsoelöl bal bäldotü yels 65 u plu 65. Ädabinons zänedo pösods 2,41 a lomanef e pösods 2,96 a famül. Demü bäldot, 24,7% lödanas ela Ware älabons bäldoti lifayelas läs 18, 8,1% bäldoti lifayelas 18 jü 24, 29,3% bäldoti lifayelas 25 jü 44, 22,8% bäldoti lifayelas 45 jü 64 e 15,1% bäldoti lifayelas 65 u plu 65. Bäldot patedik äbinon mö lifayels 38. Demü gen, ädabinoms mans 94,9 a voms 100. Pato ädabinoms mans 91,6 a voms 100 bäldotü lifayels 18 u plu 18. Lemesed patedik lomanefa in Ware äbinon mö US$36 875 e lemesed patedik famüla äbinon mö US$45 505. Mans älaboms lemesedi patedik mö US$37 462, leigodü US$25 733 vomas. Lemesed „per capita“ (a pösod) äbinon mö US$18 908. Zao 8,4% famülas e 11,2% lödanefa lölik älifons dis pöfasoliad, keninükamü 16,8% utanas bäldotü lifayels 18 u läs 18 e 6,9% utanas bäldotü lifayels 65 u plu 65. {{Koord|42|15|35|N|72|14|25|V|plad=tiäd}} [[Klad:Zifs in Massachusetts]] [[Klad:Zifs]] [[Klad:Zifs in Lamerikän]] e3ucvylktsgrukgzj7s0pgir9n0meb7 Wareham 0 25029 3338149 3296140 2026-06-17T20:43:24Z Łukasz Winek 10785 3338149 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Zifataib|län = [[Lamerikän]]|tat = [[Massachusetts]]}} [[Magod:Old Company Store, Wareham MA.jpg|175px|thumb|right]] '''Wareham''' binon zif in komot: Plymouth, in tat: [[Massachusetts]], in [[Lamerikän]]. == Nüns taledavik == Wareham topon videtü 41°45’ 45’’ N e lunetü 70°43’ 20’’ V. Ma el ''U.S. Census Bureau'' (Pöpinumamabür Lamerikänik), Wareham labon sürfati valodik mö 119,9 [[km²]], kela 92,7 km² binon län e kela 27,1 km² (22,64%) binon vat. == Lödanef == Timü pöpinumam yela: 2000, mens 20 335, lomanefs 8 200 e famüls 5 338 älödons in Wareham. Lödanadensit äbinon mö mens 219,3 a km². Ädabinons valodo lödöps 10 670 (115,1 a km²). Lödanef äbinädon me: vietans (87,42%), blägans (2,92%), lindiyans (0,54%), siyopans (0,44%) e Pasifeana-nisulans (0,05%); mens bidädas votik äbinons mö 5,2% e mens bidäda plu bala äbinons mö 3,43%. Latinans bidädas valasotik äfomons 1,44% lödanefa. De lomanefs ädabinöl 8 200, 29,5% äkeninükons cilis bäldotü yels 18 u läs 18 in lödöp älödölis, 46,4% äbinons matans äkobolödöl, 14,2% pädugons fa vom nen himatan e 34,9% no äbinons famüls. 29,2% lomanefas äbinädons me pösods äsoelöl; 12,6% äbinädons me pösod äsoelöl bal bäldotü yels 65 u plu 65. Ädabinons zänedo pösods 2,44 a lomanef e pösods 3,02 a famül. Demü bäldot, 24,5% lödanas ela Wareham älabons bäldoti lifayelas läs 18, 6,3% bäldoti lifayelas 18 jü 24, 28,5% bäldoti lifayelas 25 jü 44, 24,5% bäldoti lifayelas 45 jü 64 e 16,2% bäldoti lifayelas 65 u plu 65. Bäldot patedik äbinon mö lifayels 39. Demü gen, ädabinoms mans 91,5 a voms 100. Pato ädabinoms mans 86,9 a voms 100 bäldotü lifayels 18 u plu 18. Lemesed patedik lomanefa in Wareham äbinon mö US$40 422 e lemesed patedik famüla äbinon mö US$45 750. Mans älaboms lemesedi patedik mö US$37 601, leigodü US$28 306 vomas. Lemesed „per capita“ (a pösod) äbinon mö US$21 312. Zao 8,1% famülas e 10,7% lödanefa lölik älifons dis pöfasoliad, keninükamü 16,6% utanas bäldotü lifayels 18 u läs 18 e 13,5% utanas bäldotü lifayels 65 u plu 65. {{Koord|41|45|45|N|70|43|20|V|plad=tiäd}} [[Klad:Zifs in Massachusetts]] [[Klad:Zifs]] [[Klad:Zifs in Lamerikän]] 6lgvls9ehcwlcu2jii7ee9w5qux0es0 Warren (Massachusetts) 0 25030 3338150 3296141 2026-06-17T20:43:37Z Łukasz Winek 10785 3338150 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Zifataib|län = [[Lamerikän]]|tat = [[Massachusetts]]}} [[Magod:Wrights Complex Lower Dam, West Warren MA.jpg|thumb|right|175px]] '''Warren''' binon zif in komot: Worcester, in tat: [[Massachusetts]], in [[Lamerikän]]. == Nüns taledavik == Warren topon videtü 42°12’ 45’’ N e lunetü 72°11’ 30’’ V. Ma el ''U.S. Census Bureau'' (Pöpinumamabür Lamerikänik), Warren labon sürfati valodik mö 71,5 [[km²]], kela 71,3 km² binon län e kela 0,2 km² (0,33%) binon vat. == Lödanef == Timü pöpinumam yela: 2000, mens 4 776, lomanefs 1 889 e famüls 1 286 älödons in Warren. Lödanadensit äbinon mö mens 67 a km². Ädabinons valodo lödöps 2 014 (28,2 a km²). Lödanef äbinädon me: vietans (97,42%), blägans (0,42%), lindiyans (0,29%) e siyopans (0,27%); mens bidädas votik äbinons mö 0,21% e mens bidäda plu bala äbinons mö 1,38%. Latinans bidädas valasotik äfomons 1,38% lödanefa. De lomanefs ädabinöl 1 889, 33,2% äkeninükons cilis bäldotü yels 18 u läs 18 in lödöp älödölis, 51% äbinons matans äkobolödöl, 12,1% pädugons fa vom nen himatan e 31,9% no äbinons famüls. 26% lomanefas äbinädons me pösods äsoelöl; 10,1% äbinädons me pösod äsoelöl bal bäldotü yels 65 u plu 65. Ädabinons zänedo pösods 2,52 a lomanef e pösods 3,02 a famül. Demü bäldot, 26,8% lödanas ela Warren älabons bäldoti lifayelas läs 18, 7% bäldoti lifayelas 18 jü 24, 31% bäldoti lifayelas 25 jü 44, 22% bäldoti lifayelas 45 jü 64 e 13,2% bäldoti lifayelas 65 u plu 65. Bäldot patedik äbinon mö lifayels 37. Demü gen, ädabinoms mans 96,2 a voms 100. Pato ädabinoms mans 94,4 a voms 100 bäldotü lifayels 18 u plu 18. Lemesed patedik lomanefa in Warren äbinon mö US$34 583 e lemesed patedik famüla äbinon mö US$39 598. Mans älaboms lemesedi patedik mö US$32 773, leigodü US$26 667 vomas. Lemesed „per capita“ (a pösod) äbinon mö US$17 192. Zao 5% famülas e 6,1% lödanefa lölik älifons dis pöfasoliad, keninükamü 6,3% utanas bäldotü lifayels 18 u läs 18 e nek bäldotü lifayels 65 u plu 65. {{Koord|42|12|45|N|72|11|30|V|plad=tiäd}} {{commonscat|Warren, Massachusetts}} [[Klad:Zifs in Massachusetts]] [[Klad:Zifs]] [[Klad:Zifs in Lamerikän]] k769xfts4wtf53hnjfha45w1ywnzjsv Warwick (Massachusetts) 0 25031 3338151 3296142 2026-06-17T20:43:47Z Łukasz Winek 10785 3338151 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Zifataib|län = [[Lamerikän]]|tat = [[Massachusetts]]}} [[Magod:Unitarian Meeting House and Town Clock, Warwick MA.jpg|175px|thumb|right]] '''Warwick''' binon zif in komot: Franklin, in tat: [[Massachusetts]], in [[Lamerikän]]. == Nüns taledavik == Warwick topon videtü 42°40’ 55’’ N e lunetü 72°20’ 22’’ V. Ma el ''U.S. Census Bureau'' (Pöpinumamabür Lamerikänik), Warwick labon sürfati valodik mö 97,4 [[km²]], kela 96,5 km² binon län e kela 0,9 km² (0,9%) binon vat. == Lödanef == Timü pöpinumam yela: 2000, mens 750, lomanefs 293 e famüls 210 älödons in Warwick. Lödanadensit äbinon mö mens 7,8 a km². Ädabinons valodo lödöps 343 (3,6 a km²). Lödanef äbinädon me: vietans (96,93%), lindiyans (0,27%) e siyopans (0,27%); mens bidädas votik äbinons mö 1,07% e mens bidäda plu bala äbinons mö 1,47%. Latinans bidädas valasotik äfomons 1,47% lödanefa. De lomanefs ädabinöl 293, 32,1% äkeninükons cilis bäldotü yels 18 u läs 18 in lödöp älödölis, 59,4% äbinons matans äkobolödöl, 8,9% pädugons fa vom nen himatan e 28% no äbinons famüls. 20,5% lomanefas äbinädons me pösods äsoelöl; 5,8% äbinädons me pösod äsoelöl bal bäldotü yels 65 u plu 65. Ädabinons zänedo pösods 2,56 a lomanef e pösods 2,99 a famül. Demü bäldot, 24,7% lödanas ela Warwick älabons bäldoti lifayelas läs 18, 6,8% bäldoti lifayelas 18 jü 24, 29,1% bäldoti lifayelas 25 jü 44, 28,4% bäldoti lifayelas 45 jü 64 e 11,1% bäldoti lifayelas 65 u plu 65. Bäldot patedik äbinon mö lifayels 41. Demü gen, ädabinoms mans 102,7 a voms 100. Pato ädabinoms mans 99,6 a voms 100 bäldotü lifayels 18 u plu 18. Lemesed patedik lomanefa in Warwick äbinon mö US$42 083 e lemesed patedik famüla äbinon mö US$45 795. Mans älaboms lemesedi patedik mö US$35 125, leigodü US$26 875 vomas. Lemesed „per capita“ (a pösod) äbinon mö US$19 989. Zao 5,9% famülas e 8% lödanefa lölik älifons dis pöfasoliad, keninükamü 7,6% utanas bäldotü lifayels 18 u läs 18 e 1% utanas bäldotü lifayels 65 u plu 65. {{Koord|42|40|55|N|72|20|22|V|plad=tiäd}} [[Klad:Zifs in Massachusetts]] [[Klad:Zifs]] [[Klad:Zifs in Lamerikän]] qjv6epv6hx4ryqzueiaysr7lh2rg4eu Washington (Massachusetts) 0 25032 3338152 3296143 2026-06-17T20:43:56Z Łukasz Winek 10785 3338152 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Zifataib|län = [[Lamerikän]]|tat = [[Massachusetts]]}} '''Washington''' binon zif in komot: Berkshire, in tat: [[Massachusetts]], in [[Lamerikän]]. == Nüns taledavik == Washington topon videtü 42°21’ 57’’ N e lunetü 73°07’ 00’’ V. Ma el ''U.S. Census Bureau'' (Pöpinumamabür Lamerikänik), Washington labon sürfati valodik mö 100,2 [[km²]], kela 97,8 km² binon län e kela 2,4 km² (2,38%) binon vat. == Lödanef == Timü pöpinumam yela: 2000, mens 544, lomanefs 203 e famüls 163 älödons in Washington. Lödanadensit äbinon mö mens 5,6 a km². Ädabinons valodo lödöps 236 (2,4 a km²). Lödanef äbinädon me: vietans (99,45%) e blägans (0,37%); no ädabinons mens bidädas votik. Mens bidäda plu bala äbinons mö 0,18%. Latinans bidädas valasotik äfomons 0,18% lödanefa. De lomanefs ädabinöl 203, 36,5% äkeninükons cilis bäldotü yels 18 u läs 18 in lödöp älödölis, 67% äbinons matans äkobolödöl, 8,4% pädugons fa vom nen himatan e 19,7% no äbinons famüls. 14,8% lomanefas äbinädons me pösods äsoelöl; 6,4% äbinädons me pösod äsoelöl bal bäldotü yels 65 u plu 65. Ädabinons zänedo pösods 2,68 a lomanef e pösods 2,96 a famül. Demü bäldot, 26,5% lödanas ela Washington älabons bäldoti lifayelas läs 18, 5,7% bäldoti lifayelas 18 jü 24, 25,2% bäldoti lifayelas 25 jü 44, 32,7% bäldoti lifayelas 45 jü 64 e 9,9% bäldoti lifayelas 65 u plu 65. Bäldot patedik äbinon mö lifayels 41. Demü gen, ädabinoms mans 106,1 a voms 100. Pato ädabinoms mans 104,1 a voms 100 bäldotü lifayels 18 u plu 18. Lemesed patedik lomanefa in Washington äbinon mö US$54 583 e lemesed patedik famüla äbinon mö US$55 357. Mans älaboms lemesedi patedik mö US$40 417, leigodü US$27 143 vomas. Lemesed „per capita“ (a pösod) äbinon mö US$23 610. Zao 4,8% famülas e 6,9% lödanefa lölik älifons dis pöfasoliad, keninükamü 12,5% utanas bäldotü lifayels 18 u läs 18 e 7,1% utanas bäldotü lifayels 65 u plu 65. {{Koord|42|21|57|N|73|07|00|V|plad=tiäd}} [[Klad:Zifs in Massachusetts]] [[Klad:Zifs]] [[Klad:Zifs in Lamerikän]] 0tolv7dumhk59w0pq92bioctgb041db Wayland (Massachusetts) 0 25033 3338154 3296145 2026-06-17T20:44:19Z Łukasz Winek 10785 3338154 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Zifataib|län = [[Lamerikän]]|tat = [[Massachusetts]]}} [[Magod:Sudbury River, Wayland MA.jpg|175px|thumb|right]] '''Wayland''' binon zif in komot: Middlesex, in tat: [[Massachusetts]], in [[Lamerikän]]. == Nüns taledavik == Wayland topon videtü 42°21’ 45’’ N e lunetü 71°21’ 43’’ V. Ma el ''U.S. Census Bureau'' (Pöpinumamabür Lamerikänik), Wayland labon sürfati valodik mö 41,2 [[km²]], kela 39,4 km² binon län e kela 1,7 km² (4,21%) binon vat. == Lödanef == Timü pöpinumam yela: 2000, mens 13 100, lomanefs 4 625 e famüls 3 723 älödons in Wayland. Lödanadensit äbinon mö mens 332,1 a km². Ädabinons valodo lödöps 4 735 (120 a km²). Lödanef äbinädon me: vietans (92,21%), blägans (0,75%), lindiyans (0,1%), siyopans (5,34%) e Pasifeana-nisulans (0,03%); mens bidädas votik äbinons mö 0,27% e mens bidäda plu bala äbinons mö 1,31%. Latinans bidädas valasotik äfomons 1,31% lödanefa. De lomanefs ädabinöl 4 625, 41,4% äkeninükons cilis bäldotü yels 18 u läs 18 in lödöp älödölis, 71,5% äbinons matans äkobolödöl, 7,1% pädugons fa vom nen himatan e 19,5% no äbinons famüls. 16,1% lomanefas äbinädons me pösods äsoelöl; 7,6% äbinädons me pösod äsoelöl bal bäldotü yels 65 u plu 65. Ädabinons zänedo pösods 2,8 a lomanef e pösods 3,15 a famül. Demü bäldot, 28,7% lödanas ela Wayland älabons bäldoti lifayelas läs 18, 3,4% bäldoti lifayelas 18 jü 24, 24,7% bäldoti lifayelas 25 jü 44, 29% bäldoti lifayelas 45 jü 64 e 14,3% bäldoti lifayelas 65 u plu 65. Bäldot patedik äbinon mö lifayels 41. Demü gen, ädabinoms mans 93 a voms 100. Pato ädabinoms mans 87,6 a voms 100 bäldotü lifayels 18 u plu 18. Lemesed patedik lomanefa in Wayland äbinon mö US$101 036 e lemesed patedik famüla äbinon mö US$113 671. Mans älaboms lemesedi patedik mö US$86 344, leigodü US$50 875 vomas. Lemesed „per capita“ (a pösod) äbinon mö US$52 717. Zao 2,1% famülas e 2,5% lödanefa lölik älifons dis pöfasoliad, keninükamü 1,9% utanas bäldotü lifayels 18 u läs 18 e 2,7% utanas bäldotü lifayels 65 u plu 65. {{Koord|42|21|45|N|71|21|43|V|plad=tiäd}} [[Klad:Zifs in Massachusetts]] [[Klad:Zifs]] [[Klad:Zifs in Lamerikän]] gbwv37ixqssgvo9zx5tv4n49euq1u17 Webster (Massachusetts) 0 25034 3338155 3296146 2026-06-17T20:44:31Z Łukasz Winek 10785 3338155 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Zifataib|län = [[Lamerikän]]|tat = [[Massachusetts]]}} '''Webster''' binon zif in komot: Worcester, in tat: [[Massachusetts]], in [[Lamerikän]]. == Nüns taledavik == Webster topon videtü 42°03’ 00’’ N e lunetü 71°52’ 50’’ V. Ma el ''U.S. Census Bureau'' (Pöpinumamabür Lamerikänik), Webster labon sürfati valodik mö 37,7 [[km²]], kela 32,3 km² binon län e kela 5,3 km² (14,1%) binon vat. == Lödanef == Timü pöpinumam yela: 2000, mens 16 415, lomanefs 6 905 e famüls 4 274 älödons in Webster. Lödanadensit äbinon mö mens 507,4 a km². Ädabinons valodo lödöps 7 554 (233,5 a km²). Lödanef äbinädon me: vietans (94,82%), blägans (1,11%), lindiyans (0,34%) e siyopans (0,95%); mens bidädas votik äbinons mö 1,49% e mens bidäda plu bala äbinons mö 1,29%. Latinans bidädas valasotik äfomons 1,29% lödanefa. De lomanefs ädabinöl 6 905, 28,2% äkeninükons cilis bäldotü yels 18 u läs 18 in lödöp älödölis, 45,4% äbinons matans äkobolödöl, 11,8% pädugons fa vom nen himatan e 38,1% no äbinons famüls. 31,7% lomanefas äbinädons me pösods äsoelöl; 13,5% äbinädons me pösod äsoelöl bal bäldotü yels 65 u plu 65. Ädabinons zänedo pösods 2,34 a lomanef e pösods 2,94 a famül. Demü bäldot, 23,2% lödanas ela Webster älabons bäldoti lifayelas läs 18, 7,4% bäldoti lifayelas 18 jü 24, 30,6% bäldoti lifayelas 25 jü 44, 22,2% bäldoti lifayelas 45 jü 64 e 16,7% bäldoti lifayelas 65 u plu 65. Bäldot patedik äbinon mö lifayels 38. Demü gen, ädabinoms mans 92,8 a voms 100. Pato ädabinoms mans 88,9 a voms 100 bäldotü lifayels 18 u plu 18. Lemesed patedik lomanefa in Webster äbinon mö US$38 169 e lemesed patedik famüla äbinon mö US$48 898. Mans älaboms lemesedi patedik mö US$37 863, leigodü US$26 912 vomas. Lemesed „per capita“ (a pösod) äbinon mö US$20 410. Zao 8,1% famülas e 11% lödanefa lölik älifons dis pöfasoliad, keninükamü 12,7% utanas bäldotü lifayels 18 u läs 18 e 14,5% utanas bäldotü lifayels 65 u plu 65. {{Koord|42|03|00|N|71|52|50|V|plad=tiäd}} [[Klad:Zifs in Massachusetts]] [[Klad:Zifs]] [[Klad:Zifs in Lamerikän]] mkcvx1f4g7h6h4c0g273umzyrnhkgek Wellesley 0 25035 3338156 3296147 2026-06-17T20:44:42Z Łukasz Winek 10785 3338156 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Zifataib|län = [[Lamerikän]]|tat = [[Massachusetts]]}} [[Magod:Isaac Newton apple tree, Babson College - IMG 0430.JPG|175px|thumb|right]] '''Wellesley''' binon zif in komot: Norfolk, in tat: [[Massachusetts]], in [[Lamerikän]]. == Nüns taledavik == Wellesley topon videtü 42°17’ 47’’ N e lunetü 71°17’ 35’’ V. Ma el ''U.S. Census Bureau'' (Pöpinumamabür Lamerikänik), Wellesley labon sürfati valodik mö 27,2 [[km²]], kela 26,4 km² binon län e kela 0,8 km² (2,96%) binon vat. == Lödanef == Timü pöpinumam yela: 2000, mens 26 613, lomanefs 8 594 e famüls 6 540 älödons in Wellesley. Lödanadensit äbinon mö mens 1 009,4 a km². Ädabinons valodo lödöps 8 861 (336,1 a km²). Lödanef äbinädon me: vietans (89,98%), blägans (1,6%), lindiyans (0,08%), siyopans (6,35%) e Pasifeana-nisulans (0,01%); mens bidädas votik äbinons mö 0,53% e mens bidäda plu bala äbinons mö 1,44%. Latinans bidädas valasotik äfomons 1,44% lödanefa. De lomanefs ädabinöl 8 594, 39,9% äkeninükons cilis bäldotü yels 18 u läs 18 in lödöp älödölis, 67,2% äbinons matans äkobolödöl, 7,1% pädugons fa vom nen himatan e 23,9% no äbinons famüls. 20,7% lomanefas äbinädons me pösods äsoelöl; 10,5% äbinädons me pösod äsoelöl bal bäldotü yels 65 u plu 65. Ädabinons zänedo pösods 2,7 a lomanef e pösods 3,14 a famül. Demü bäldot, 25,1% lödanas ela Wellesley älabons bäldoti lifayelas läs 18, 13,9% bäldoti lifayelas 18 jü 24, 22,9% bäldoti lifayelas 25 jü 44, 24,2% bäldoti lifayelas 45 jü 64 e 13,9% bäldoti lifayelas 65 u plu 65. Bäldot patedik äbinon mö lifayels 38. Demü gen, ädabinoms mans 77,9 a voms 100. Pato ädabinoms mans 71,1 a voms 100 bäldotü lifayels 18 u plu 18. Lemesed patedik lomanefa in Wellesley äbinon mö US$113 686 e lemesed patedik famüla äbinon mö US$134 769. Mans älaboms lemesedi patedik mö US$100 000, leigodü US$53 007 vomas. Lemesed „per capita“ (a pösod) äbinon mö US$52 866. Zao 2,4% famülas e 3,8% lödanefa lölik älifons dis pöfasoliad, keninükamü 4% utanas bäldotü lifayels 18 u läs 18 e 2,1% utanas bäldotü lifayels 65 u plu 65. {{Koord|42|17|47|N|71|17|35|V|plad=tiäd}} {{commonscat|Wellesley, Massachusetts}} [[Klad:Zifs in Massachusetts]] [[Klad:Zifs]] [[Klad:Zifs in Lamerikän]] 4qmgosqyavj9p76rm5ku067axigcoxw Wendell (Massachusetts) 0 25037 3338158 3296149 2026-06-17T20:45:06Z Łukasz Winek 10785 3338158 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Zifataib|län = [[Lamerikän]]|tat = [[Massachusetts]]}} [[Magod:Meetinghouse, Wendell MA.jpg|175px|thumb|right]] '''Wendell''' binon zif in komot: Franklin, in tat: [[Massachusetts]], in [[Lamerikän]]. == Nüns taledavik == Wendell topon videtü 42°32’ 53’’ N e lunetü 72°23’ 50’’ V. Ma el ''U.S. Census Bureau'' (Pöpinumamabür Lamerikänik), Wendell labon sürfati valodik mö 83,4 [[km²]], kela 82,9 km² binon län e kela 0,6 km² (0,68%) binon vat. == Lödanef == Timü pöpinumam yela: 2000, mens 986, lomanefs 378 e famüls 224 älödons in Wendell. Lödanadensit äbinon mö mens 11,9 a km². Ädabinons valodo lödöps 439 (5,3 a km²). Lödanef äbinädon me: vietans (92,49%), blägans (3,45%) e siyopans (0,41%); mens bidädas votik äbinons mö 1,32% e mens bidäda plu bala äbinons mö 2,33%. Latinans bidädas valasotik äfomons 2,33% lödanefa. De lomanefs ädabinöl 378, 27% äkeninükons cilis bäldotü yels 18 u läs 18 in lödöp älödölis, 43,7% äbinons matans äkobolödöl, 10,6% pädugons fa vom nen himatan e 40,5% no äbinons famüls. 28,6% lomanefas äbinädons me pösods äsoelöl; 3,7% äbinädons me pösod äsoelöl bal bäldotü yels 65 u plu 65. Ädabinons zänedo pösods 2,35 a lomanef e pösods 2,88 a famül. Demü bäldot, 25,7% lödanas ela Wendell älabons bäldoti lifayelas läs 18, 7,3% bäldoti lifayelas 18 jü 24, 30,6% bäldoti lifayelas 25 jü 44, 31,8% bäldoti lifayelas 45 jü 64 e 4,6% bäldoti lifayelas 65 u plu 65. Bäldot patedik äbinon mö lifayels 38. Demü gen, ädabinoms mans 106,7 a voms 100. Pato ädabinoms mans 102,5 a voms 100 bäldotü lifayels 18 u plu 18. Lemesed patedik lomanefa in Wendell äbinon mö US$43 846 e lemesed patedik famüla äbinon mö US$60 147. Mans älaboms lemesedi patedik mö US$32 639, leigodü US$27 375 vomas. Lemesed „per capita“ (a pösod) äbinon mö US$19 701. Zao 5,8% famülas e 10,2% lödanefa lölik älifons dis pöfasoliad, keninükamü 8,2% utanas bäldotü lifayels 18 u läs 18 e 17,6% utanas bäldotü lifayels 65 u plu 65. {{Koord|42|32|53|N|72|23|50|V|plad=tiäd}} [[Klad:Zifs in Massachusetts]] [[Klad:Zifs]] [[Klad:Zifs in Lamerikän]] d70y9iyl3jj46d0zmwu3e15qzuho809 West Bridgewater 0 25040 3338159 3296150 2026-06-17T20:45:15Z Łukasz Winek 10785 3338159 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Zifataib|län = [[Lamerikän]]|tat = [[Massachusetts]]}} [[Magod:First Church, West Bridgewater MA.jpg|175px|thumb|right|175px]] '''West Bridgewater''' binon zif in komot: Plymouth, in tat: [[Massachusetts]], in [[Lamerikän]]. == Nüns taledavik == West Bridgewater topon videtü 42°01’ 08’’ N e lunetü 71°00’ 30’’ V. Ma el ''U.S. Census Bureau'' (Pöpinumamabür Lamerikänik), West Bridgewater labon sürfati valodik mö 41 [[km²]], kela 40,8 km² binon län e kela 0,2 km² (0,57%) binon vat. == Lödanef == Timü pöpinumam yela: 2000, mens 6 634, lomanefs 2 444 e famüls 1 796 älödons in West Bridgewater. Lödanadensit äbinon mö mens 162,7 a km². Ädabinons valodo lödöps 2 510 (61,6 a km²). Lödanef äbinädon me: vietans (96,4%), blägans (0,95%), lindiyans (0,26%) e siyopans (0,68%); mens bidädas votik äbinons mö 0,45% e mens bidäda plu bala äbinons mö 1,27%. Latinans bidädas valasotik äfomons 1,27% lödanefa. De lomanefs ädabinöl 2 444, 31,1% äkeninükons cilis bäldotü yels 18 u läs 18 in lödöp älödölis, 59,9% äbinons matans äkobolödöl, 9,8% pädugons fa vom nen himatan e 26,5% no äbinons famüls. 21,7% lomanefas äbinädons me pösods äsoelöl; 11,1% äbinädons me pösod äsoelöl bal bäldotü yels 65 u plu 65. Ädabinons zänedo pösods 2,66 a lomanef e pösods 3,11 a famül. Demü bäldot, 22,7% lödanas ela West Bridgewater älabons bäldoti lifayelas läs 18, 6,7% bäldoti lifayelas 18 jü 24, 28% bäldoti lifayelas 25 jü 44, 24,7% bäldoti lifayelas 45 jü 64 e 17,8% bäldoti lifayelas 65 u plu 65. Bäldot patedik äbinon mö lifayels 40. Demü gen, ädabinoms mans 95,7 a voms 100. Pato ädabinoms mans 90,9 a voms 100 bäldotü lifayels 18 u plu 18. Lemesed patedik lomanefa in West Bridgewater äbinon mö US$55 958 e lemesed patedik famüla äbinon mö US$64 815. Mans älaboms lemesedi patedik mö US$41 863, leigodü US$31 835 vomas. Lemesed „per capita“ (a pösod) äbinon mö US$23 701. Zao 2% famülas e 3,6% lödanefa lölik älifons dis pöfasoliad, keninükamü 0,5% utanas bäldotü lifayels 18 u läs 18 e 6,3% utanas bäldotü lifayels 65 u plu 65. {{Koord|42|01|08|N|71|00|30|V|plad=tiäd}} {{commonscat|West Bridgewater, Massachusetts}} [[Klad:Zifs in Massachusetts]] [[Klad:Zifs]] [[Klad:Zifs in Lamerikän]] pd6jdm0ufdcyjfpjv7udb2kv7xddjb5 West Brookfield 0 25041 3338160 3296151 2026-06-17T20:45:24Z Łukasz Winek 10785 3338160 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Zifataib|län = [[Lamerikän]]|tat = [[Massachusetts]]}} [[Magod:Town Hall, West Brookfield MA.jpg|175px|thumb|right]] '''West Brookfield''' binon zif in komot: Worcester, in tat: [[Massachusetts]], in [[Lamerikän]]. == Nüns taledavik == West Brookfield topon videtü 42°14’ 07’’ N e lunetü 72°08’ 30’’ V. Ma el ''U.S. Census Bureau'' (Pöpinumamabür Lamerikänik), West Brookfield labon sürfati valodik mö 54,7 [[km²]], kela 53 km² binon län e kela 1,7 km² (3,03%) binon vat. == Lödanef == Timü pöpinumam yela: 2000, mens 3 804, lomanefs 1 362 e famüls 965 älödons in West Brookfield. Lödanadensit äbinon mö mens 71,8 a km². Ädabinons valodo lödöps 1 534 (28,9 a km²). Lödanef äbinädon me: vietans (98,16%), blägans (0,32%), lindiyans (0,24%), siyopans (0,24%) e Pasifeana-nisulans (0,05%); mens bidädas votik äbinons mö 0,16% e mens bidäda plu bala äbinons mö 0,84%. Latinans bidädas valasotik äfomons 0,84% lödanefa. De lomanefs ädabinöl 1 362, 33,6% äkeninükons cilis bäldotü yels 18 u läs 18 in lödöp älödölis, 59,4% äbinons matans äkobolödöl, 8,7% pädugons fa vom nen himatan e 29,1% no äbinons famüls. 23,6% lomanefas äbinädons me pösods äsoelöl; 10,4% äbinädons me pösod äsoelöl bal bäldotü yels 65 u plu 65. Ädabinons zänedo pösods 2,53 a lomanef e pösods 3,01 a famül. Demü bäldot, 22,9% lödanas ela West Brookfield älabons bäldoti lifayelas läs 18, 5,3% bäldoti lifayelas 18 jü 24, 25,7% bäldoti lifayelas 25 jü 44, 25,1% bäldoti lifayelas 45 jü 64 e 20,9% bäldoti lifayelas 65 u plu 65. Bäldot patedik äbinon mö lifayels 43. Demü gen, ädabinoms mans 81,7 a voms 100. Pato ädabinoms mans 78,3 a voms 100 bäldotü lifayels 18 u plu 18. Lemesed patedik lomanefa in West Brookfield äbinon mö US$49 722 e lemesed patedik famüla äbinon mö US$58 750. Mans älaboms lemesedi patedik mö US$41 211, leigodü US$29 783 vomas. Lemesed „per capita“ (a pösod) äbinon mö US$21 501. Zao 4% famülas e 6,8% lödanefa lölik älifons dis pöfasoliad, keninükamü 9,9% utanas bäldotü lifayels 18 u läs 18 e 4,6% utanas bäldotü lifayels 65 u plu 65. {{Koord|42|14|07|N|72|08|30|V|plad=tiäd}} [[Klad:Zifs in Massachusetts]] [[Klad:Zifs]] [[Klad:Zifs in Lamerikän]] eih7f89x9rxazx7qexuo6pbzhgrspno West Newbury 0 25042 3338161 3296152 2026-06-17T20:45:34Z Łukasz Winek 10785 3338161 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Zifataib|län = [[Lamerikän]]|tat = [[Massachusetts]]}} [[Magod:View from Bridge Street, West Newbury MA.jpg|thumb|right|175px]] '''West Newbury''' binon zif in komot: Essex, in tat: [[Massachusetts]], in [[Lamerikän]]. == Nüns taledavik == West Newbury topon videtü 42°48’ 05’’ N e lunetü 70°59’ 25’’ V. Ma el ''U.S. Census Bureau'' (Pöpinumamabür Lamerikänik), West Newbury labon sürfati valodik mö 37,8 [[km²]], kela 35 km² binon län e kela 2,8 km² (7,4%) binon vat. == Lödanef == Timü pöpinumam yela: 2000, mens 4 149, lomanefs 1 392 e famüls 1 183 älödons in West Newbury. Lödanadensit äbinon mö mens 118,5 a km². Ädabinons valodo lödöps 1 423 (40,6 a km²). Lödanef äbinädon me: vietans (98,48%), blägans (0,19%), lindiyans (0,02%), siyopans (0,53%) e Pasifeana-nisulans (0%); mens bidädas votik äbinons mö 0,36% e mens bidäda plu bala äbinons mö 0,41%. Latinans bidädas valasotik äfomons 0,65% lödanefa. De lomanefs ädabinöl 1 392, 46,6% äkeninükons cilis bäldotü yels 18 u läs 18 in lödöp älödölis, 76,8% äbinons matans äkobolödöl, 6,2% pädugons fa vom nen himatan e 15% no äbinons famüls. 11,9% lomanefas äbinädons me pösods äsoelöl; 5,2% äbinädons me pösod äsoelöl bal bäldotü yels 65 u plu 65. Ädabinons zänedo pösods 2,98 a lomanef e pösods 3,25 a famül. Demü bäldot, 30% lödanas ela West Newbury älabons bäldoti lifayelas läs 18, 4,3% bäldoti lifayelas 18 jü 24, 27% bäldoti lifayelas 25 jü 44, 29,9% bäldoti lifayelas 45 jü 64 e 8,8% bäldoti lifayelas 65 u plu 65. Bäldot patedik äbinon mö lifayels 40. Demü gen, ädabinoms mans 99,5 a voms 100. Pato ädabinoms mans 93,9 a voms 100 bäldotü lifayels 18 u plu 18. Lemesed patedik lomanefa in West Newbury äbinon mö US$92 828 e lemesed patedik famüla äbinon mö US$99 050. Mans älaboms lemesedi patedik mö US$80 670, leigodü US$40 189 vomas. Lemesed „per capita“ (a pösod) äbinon mö US$35 323. Zao 2,8% famülas e 3,8% lödanefa lölik älifons dis pöfasoliad, keninükamü 3,8% utanas bäldotü lifayels 18 u läs 18 e 9,8% utanas bäldotü lifayels 65 u plu 65. {{Koord|42|48|05|N|70|59|25|V|plad=tiäd}} {{commonscat|West Newbury, Massachusetts}} [[Klad:Zifs in Massachusetts]] [[Klad:Zifs]] [[Klad:Zifs in Lamerikän]] m0ensu3ujqjwankdi8xwo0r9q4h8qau West Stockbridge 0 25043 3338163 3296154 2026-06-17T20:45:53Z Łukasz Winek 10785 3338163 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Zifataib|län = [[Lamerikän]]|tat = [[Massachusetts]]}} [[Magod:Main Street, West Stockbridge MA.jpg|175px|thumb|right]] '''West Stockbridge''' binon zif in komot: Berkshire, in tat: [[Massachusetts]], in [[Lamerikän]]. == Nüns taledavik == West Stockbridge topon videtü 42°20’ 45’’ N e lunetü 73°22’ 00’’ V. Ma el ''U.S. Census Bureau'' (Pöpinumamabür Lamerikänik), West Stockbridge labon sürfati valodik mö 48,3 [[km²]], kela 47,9 km² binon län e kela 0,4 km² (0,86%) binon vat. == Lödanef == Timü pöpinumam yela: 2000, mens 1 416, lomanefs 601 e famüls 406 älödons in West Stockbridge. Lödanadensit äbinon mö mens 29,6 a km². Ädabinons valodo lödöps 769 (16,1 a km²). Lödanef äbinädon me: vietans (98,09%), blägans (0,28%), lindiyans (0,07%) e siyopans (0,92%); mens bidädas votik äbinons mö 0,07% e mens bidäda plu bala äbinons mö 0,56%. Latinans bidädas valasotik äfomons 0,56% lödanefa. De lomanefs ädabinöl 601, 28,1% äkeninükons cilis bäldotü yels 18 u läs 18 in lödöp älödölis, 56,9% äbinons matans äkobolödöl, 8,5% pädugons fa vom nen himatan e 32,4% no äbinons famüls. 27% lomanefas äbinädons me pösods äsoelöl; 13,1% äbinädons me pösod äsoelöl bal bäldotü yels 65 u plu 65. Ädabinons zänedo pösods 2,35 a lomanef e pösods 2,86 a famül. Demü bäldot, 21,8% lödanas ela West Stockbridge älabons bäldoti lifayelas läs 18, 4,9% bäldoti lifayelas 18 jü 24, 24,8% bäldoti lifayelas 25 jü 44, 31,6% bäldoti lifayelas 45 jü 64 e 16,9% bäldoti lifayelas 65 u plu 65. Bäldot patedik äbinon mö lifayels 44. Demü gen, ädabinoms mans 96,1 a voms 100. Pato ädabinoms mans 92,2 a voms 100 bäldotü lifayels 18 u plu 18. Lemesed patedik lomanefa in West Stockbridge äbinon mö US$51 000 e lemesed patedik famüla äbinon mö US$64 464. Mans älaboms lemesedi patedik mö US$40 865, leigodü US$32 273 vomas. Lemesed „per capita“ (a pösod) äbinon mö US$31 425. Zao 1,8% famülas e 4,3% lödanefa lölik älifons dis pöfasoliad, keninükamü 1,3% utanas bäldotü lifayels 18 u läs 18 e 3,8% utanas bäldotü lifayels 65 u plu 65. {{Koord|42|20|45|N|73|22|00|V|plad=tiäd}} [[Klad:Zifs in Massachusetts]] [[Klad:Zifs]] [[Klad:Zifs in Lamerikän]] pra02zcgfashl29q5uzcdwpzdoky0sh West Tisbury 0 25044 3338164 3296155 2026-06-17T20:46:04Z Łukasz Winek 10785 3338164 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Zifataib|län = [[Lamerikän]]|tat = [[Massachusetts]]}} '''West Tisbury''' binon zif in komot: Dukes, in tat: [[Massachusetts]], in [[Lamerikän]]. == Nüns taledavik == West Tisbury topon videtü 41°22’ 52’’ N e lunetü 70°40’ 30’’ V. Ma el ''U.S. Census Bureau'' (Pöpinumamabür Lamerikänik), West Tisbury labon sürfati valodik mö 108,1 [[km²]], kela 64,8 km² binon län e kela 43,3 km² (40,08%) binon vat. == Lödanef == Timü pöpinumam yela: 2000, mens 2 467, lomanefs 1 034 e famüls 668 älödons in West Tisbury. Lödanadensit äbinon mö mens 38,1 a km². Ädabinons valodo lödöps 1 849 (28,5 a km²). Lödanef äbinädon me: vietans (96,23%), blägans (0,69%), lindiyans (0,2%), siyopans (0,36%) e Pasifeana-nisulans (0,28%); mens bidädas votik äbinons mö 0,49% e mens bidäda plu bala äbinons mö 1,74%. Latinans bidädas valasotik äfomons 1,74% lödanefa. De lomanefs ädabinöl 1 034, 35,1% äkeninükons cilis bäldotü yels 18 u läs 18 in lödöp älödölis, 49,4% äbinons matans äkobolödöl, 11,3% pädugons fa vom nen himatan e 35,3% no äbinons famüls. 26,9% lomanefas äbinädons me pösods äsoelöl; 7,1% äbinädons me pösod äsoelöl bal bäldotü yels 65 u plu 65. Ädabinons zänedo pösods 2,38 a lomanef e pösods 2,89 a famül. Demü bäldot, 25,7% lödanas ela West Tisbury älabons bäldoti lifayelas läs 18, 4,4% bäldoti lifayelas 18 jü 24, 27,4% bäldoti lifayelas 25 jü 44, 32,4% bäldoti lifayelas 45 jü 64 e 10,1% bäldoti lifayelas 65 u plu 65. Bäldot patedik äbinon mö lifayels 41. Demü gen, ädabinoms mans 97,7 a voms 100. Pato ädabinoms mans 93,3 a voms 100 bäldotü lifayels 18 u plu 18. Lemesed patedik lomanefa in West Tisbury äbinon mö US$54 077 e lemesed patedik famüla äbinon mö US$59 514. Mans älaboms lemesedi patedik mö US$42 813, leigodü US$29 907 vomas. Lemesed „per capita“ (a pösod) äbinon mö US$31 021. Zao 1,6% famülas e 2,4% lödanefa lölik älifons dis pöfasoliad, keninükamü 1,9% utanas bäldotü lifayels 18 u läs 18 e 1,2% utanas bäldotü lifayels 65 u plu 65. {{Koord|41|22|52|N|70|40|30|V|plad=tiäd}} [[Klad:Zifs in Massachusetts]] [[Klad:Zifs]] [[Klad:Zifs in Lamerikän]] j87v2rraqw7xgobm928rfijseposuwo Westborough 0 25045 3338165 3296156 2026-06-17T20:46:13Z Łukasz Winek 10785 3338165 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Zifataib|län = [[Lamerikän]]|tat = [[Massachusetts]]}} [[Magod:Unitarian Universalist Congregational Society of Westborough MA.jpg|175px|thumb|right]] '''Westborough''' binon zif in komot: Worcester, in tat: [[Massachusetts]], in [[Lamerikän]]. == Nüns taledavik == Westborough topon videtü 42°16’ 10’’ N e lunetü 71°37’ 0’’ V (42,269444; &#8209;71,616667). Ma el ''U.S. Census Bureau'' (Pöpinumamabür Lamerikänik), Westborough labon sürfati valodik mö 21,6 [[km²]] (vat: 0%). == Lödanef == Timü pöpinumam yela: 2000, mens 17 997, lomanefs 6 534 e famüls 4 521 älödons in Westborough. Lödanadensit äbinon mö mens 338,6 a km². Ädabinons valodo lödöps 6 773 (127,4 a km²). Lödanef äbinädon me: vietans (88,18%), blägans (1,44%), lindiyans (0,13%), siyopans (8,09%) e Pasifeana-nisulans (0,02%); mens bidädas votik äbinons mö 0,79% e mens bidäda plu bala äbinons mö 1,35%. Latinans bidädas valasotik äfomons 3,26% lödanefa. De lomanefs ädabinöl 6 534, 38,8% äkeninükons cilis bäldotü yels 18 u läs 18 in lödöp älödölis, 60,6% äbinons matans äkobolödöl, 6,4% pädugons fa vom nen himatan e 30,8% no äbinons famüls. 25,1% lomanefas äbinädons me pösods äsoelöl; 9,8% äbinädons me pösod äsoelöl bal bäldotü yels 65 u plu 65. Ädabinons zänedo pösods 2,62 a lomanef e pösods 3,21 a famül. Demü bäldot, 28,4% lödanas ela Westborough älabons bäldoti lifayelas läs 18, 5,2% bäldoti lifayelas 18 jü 24, 32,5% bäldoti lifayelas 25 jü 44, 22,4% bäldoti lifayelas 45 jü 64 e 11,6% bäldoti lifayelas 65 u plu 65. Bäldot patedik äbinon mö lifayels 37. Demü gen, ädabinoms mans 98,8 a voms 100. Pato ädabinoms mans 94 a voms 100 bäldotü lifayels 18 u plu 18. Lemesed patedik lomanefa in Westborough äbinon mö US$73 418 e lemesed patedik famüla äbinon mö US$94 610. Mans älaboms lemesedi patedik mö US$66 157, leigodü US$40 030 vomas. Lemesed „per capita“ (a pösod) äbinon mö US$35 063. Zao 3% famülas e 4,7% lödanefa lölik älifons dis pöfasoliad, keninükamü 3,3% utanas bäldotü lifayels 18 u läs 18 e 5,3% utanas bäldotü lifayels 65 u plu 65. {{Koord|42|16|10|N|71|37|0|V|plad=tiäd}} {{commonscat|Westborough, Massachusetts}} [[Klad:Zifs in Massachusetts]] [[Klad:Zifs]] [[Klad:Zifs in Lamerikän]] 8p7vcm76npv8h0prgvdqagcjmf1nour Westford (Massachusetts) 0 25046 3338167 3296158 2026-06-17T20:46:34Z Łukasz Winek 10785 3338167 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Zifataib|län = [[Lamerikän]]|tat = [[Massachusetts]]}} '''Westford''' binon zif in komot: Middlesex, in tat: [[Massachusetts]], in [[Lamerikän]]. == Nüns taledavik == Westford topon videtü 42°34’ 45’’ N e lunetü 71°26’ 18’’ V. Ma el ''U.S. Census Bureau'' (Pöpinumamabür Lamerikänik), Westford labon sürfati valodik mö 81,1 [[km²]], kela 79,3 km² binon län e kela 1,9 km² (2,3%) binon vat. == Lödanef == Timü pöpinumam yela: 2000, mens 20 754, lomanefs 6 808 e famüls 5 807 älödons in Westford. Lödanadensit äbinon mö mens 261,8 a km². Ädabinons valodo lödöps 6 941 (87,6 a km²). Lödanef äbinädon me: vietans (93,69%), blägans (0,3%), lindiyans (0,06%), siyopans (4,79%) e Pasifeana-nisulans (0,01%); mens bidädas votik äbinons mö 0,3% e mens bidäda plu bala äbinons mö 0,85%. Latinans bidädas valasotik äfomons 0,85% lödanefa. De lomanefs ädabinöl 6 808, 48,8% äkeninükons cilis bäldotü yels 18 u läs 18 in lödöp älödölis, 76,2% äbinons matans äkobolödöl, 6,6% pädugons fa vom nen himatan e 14,7% no äbinons famüls. 11,7% lomanefas äbinädons me pösods äsoelöl; 4,3% äbinädons me pösod äsoelöl bal bäldotü yels 65 u plu 65. Ädabinons zänedo pösods 3,03 a lomanef e pösods 3,31 a famül. Demü bäldot, 31,8% lödanas ela Westford älabons bäldoti lifayelas läs 18, 4,2% bäldoti lifayelas 18 jü 24, 32,8% bäldoti lifayelas 25 jü 44, 23,9% bäldoti lifayelas 45 jü 64 e 7,2% bäldoti lifayelas 65 u plu 65. Bäldot patedik äbinon mö lifayels 37. Demü gen, ädabinoms mans 99 a voms 100. Pato ädabinoms mans 95,4 a voms 100 bäldotü lifayels 18 u plu 18. Lemesed patedik lomanefa in Westford äbinon mö US$98 272 e lemesed patedik famüla äbinon mö US$104 029. Mans älaboms lemesedi patedik mö US$77 417, leigodü US$45 095 vomas. Lemesed „per capita“ (a pösod) äbinon mö US$37 979. Zao 1,3% famülas e 1,7% lödanefa lölik älifons dis pöfasoliad, keninükamü 2,2% utanas bäldotü lifayels 18 u läs 18 e 1% utanas bäldotü lifayels 65 u plu 65. {{Koord|42|34|45|N|71|26|18|V|plad=tiäd}} [[Klad:Zifs in Massachusetts]] [[Klad:Zifs]] [[Klad:Zifs in Lamerikän]] iok47l4b3t71tnndzt1f8kfscwiczx9 Westminster (Massachusetts) 0 25048 3338168 3296159 2026-06-17T20:46:44Z Łukasz Winek 10785 3338168 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Zifataib|län = [[Lamerikän]]|tat = [[Massachusetts]]}} [[Magod:WestminsterMA WoodWarnerPlace.jpg|175px|thumb|right]] '''Westminster''' binon zif in komot: Worcester, in tat: [[Massachusetts]], in [[Lamerikän]]. == Nüns taledavik == Westminster topon videtü 42°32’ 45’’ N e lunetü 71°54’ 40’’ V. Ma el ''U.S. Census Bureau'' (Pöpinumamabür Lamerikänik), Westminster labon sürfati valodik mö 96,7 [[km²]], kela 92 km² binon län e kela 4,7 km² (4,9%) binon vat. == Lödanef == Timü pöpinumam yela: 2000, mens 6 907, lomanefs 2 529 e famüls 1 954 älödons in Westminster. Lödanadensit äbinon mö mens 75,1 a km². Ädabinons valodo lödöps 2 694 (29,3 a km²). Lödanef äbinädon me: vietans (97,5%), blägans (0,46%), lindiyans (0,14%) e siyopans (1,14%); mens bidädas votik äbinons mö 0,14% e mens bidäda plu bala äbinons mö 0,61%. Latinans bidädas valasotik äfomons 0,61% lödanefa. De lomanefs ädabinöl 2 529, 36,9% äkeninükons cilis bäldotü yels 18 u läs 18 in lödöp älödölis, 65,8% äbinons matans äkobolödöl, 8,1% pädugons fa vom nen himatan e 22,7% no äbinons famüls. 17,7% lomanefas äbinädons me pösods äsoelöl; 6,6% äbinädons me pösod äsoelöl bal bäldotü yels 65 u plu 65. Ädabinons zänedo pösods 2,73 a lomanef e pösods 3,09 a famül. Demü bäldot, 26,8% lödanas ela Westminster älabons bäldoti lifayelas läs 18, 6,1% bäldoti lifayelas 18 jü 24, 28,9% bäldoti lifayelas 25 jü 44, 27,3% bäldoti lifayelas 45 jü 64 e 10,9% bäldoti lifayelas 65 u plu 65. Bäldot patedik äbinon mö lifayels 39. Demü gen, ädabinoms mans 99,5 a voms 100. Pato ädabinoms mans 95,4 a voms 100 bäldotü lifayels 18 u plu 18. Lemesed patedik lomanefa in Westminster äbinon mö US$57 755 e lemesed patedik famüla äbinon mö US$61 835. Mans älaboms lemesedi patedik mö US$45 369, leigodü US$31 818 vomas. Lemesed „per capita“ (a pösod) äbinon mö US$24 913. Zao 3% famülas e 3,1% lödanefa lölik älifons dis pöfasoliad, keninükamü 1,5% utanas bäldotü lifayels 18 u läs 18 e 5,1% utanas bäldotü lifayels 65 u plu 65. {{Koord|42|32|45|N|71|54|40|V|plad=tiäd}} [[Klad:Zifs in Massachusetts]] [[Klad:Zifs]] [[Klad:Zifs in Lamerikän]] jg2p80q66zqweih4sugvkrxuhr5hypb Weston (Massachusetts) 0 25049 3338169 3296160 2026-06-17T20:46:53Z Łukasz Winek 10785 3338169 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Zifataib|län = [[Lamerikän]]|tat = [[Massachusetts]]}} [[Magod:First Parish Church, Weston MA.jpg|175px|thumb|right]] '''Weston''' binon zif in komot: Middlesex, in tat: [[Massachusetts]], in [[Lamerikän]]. == Nüns taledavik == Weston topon videtü 42°22’ 00’’ N e lunetü 71°18’ 13’’ V. Ma el ''U.S. Census Bureau'' (Pöpinumamabür Lamerikänik), Weston labon sürfati valodik mö 44,9 [[km²]], kela 44,1 km² binon län e kela 0,8 km² (1,85%) binon vat. == Lödanef == Timü pöpinumam yela: 2000, mens 11 469, lomanefs 3 718 e famüls 2 992 älödons in Weston. Lödanadensit äbinon mö mens 260,2 a km². Ädabinons valodo lödöps 3 825 (86,8 a km²). Lödanef äbinädon me: vietans (90,26%), blägans (1,18%), lindiyans (0,05%), siyopans (6,82%) e Pasifeana-nisulans (0,05%); mens bidädas votik äbinons mö 0,43% e mens bidäda plu bala äbinons mö 1,21%. Latinans bidädas valasotik äfomons 1,21% lödanefa. De lomanefs ädabinöl 3 718, 42,3% äkeninükons cilis bäldotü yels 18 u läs 18 in lödöp älödölis, 73,1% äbinons matans äkobolödöl, 5,6% pädugons fa vom nen himatan e 19,5% no äbinons famüls. 17,2% lomanefas äbinädons me pösods äsoelöl; 10,5% äbinädons me pösod äsoelöl bal bäldotü yels 65 u plu 65. Ädabinons zänedo pösods 2,85 a lomanef e pösods 3,21 a famül. Demü bäldot, 28% lödanas ela Weston älabons bäldoti lifayelas läs 18, 7,3% bäldoti lifayelas 18 jü 24, 20,4% bäldoti lifayelas 25 jü 44, 27,8% bäldoti lifayelas 45 jü 64 e 16,5% bäldoti lifayelas 65 u plu 65. Bäldot patedik äbinon mö lifayels 42. Demü gen, ädabinoms mans 86,6 a voms 100. Pato ädabinoms mans 79,6 a voms 100 bäldotü lifayels 18 u plu 18. Lemesed patedik lomanefa in Weston äbinon mö US$153 918 e lemesed patedik famüla äbinon mö US$181 041. Mans älaboms lemesedi patedik mö US$100 000, leigodü US$58 534 vomas. Lemesed „per capita“ (a pösod) äbinon mö US$79 640. Zao 2,1% famülas e 2,9% lödanefa lölik älifons dis pöfasoliad, keninükamü 1,8% utanas bäldotü lifayels 18 u läs 18 e 3,9% utanas bäldotü lifayels 65 u plu 65. {{Koord|42|22|00|N|71|18|13|V|plad=tiäd}} {{commonscat|Weston, Massachusetts}} [[Klad:Zifs in Massachusetts]] [[Klad:Zifs]] [[Klad:Zifs in Lamerikän]] krtujwkkrzy4csdb9glf6qpa8jwu6z6 Westport (Massachusetts) 0 25050 3338170 3296161 2026-06-17T20:47:04Z Łukasz Winek 10785 3338170 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Zifataib|län = [[Lamerikän]]|tat = [[Massachusetts]]}} [[Magod:Westport Point seen from the MA Route 88 Bridge, Westport Point MA.jpg|175px|thumb|right]] '''Westport''' binon zif in komot: Bristol, in tat: [[Massachusetts]], in [[Lamerikän]]. == Nüns taledavik == Westport topon videtü 41°38’ 20’’ N e lunetü 71°03’ 00’’ V. Ma el ''U.S. Census Bureau'' (Pöpinumamabür Lamerikänik), Westport labon sürfati valodik mö 166,8 [[km²]], kela 129,6 km² binon län e kela 37,1 km² (22,27%) binon vat. == Lödanef == Timü pöpinumam yela: 2000, mens 14 183, lomanefs 5 386 e famüls 4 082 älödons in Westport. Lödanadensit äbinon mö mens 109,4 a km². Ädabinons valodo lödöps 6 143 (47,4 a km²). Lödanef äbinädon me: vietans (98,01%), blägans (0,17%), lindiyans (0,14%), siyopans (0,49%) e Pasifeana-nisulans (0,02%); mens bidädas votik äbinons mö 0,37% e mens bidäda plu bala äbinons mö 0,79%. Latinans bidädas valasotik äfomons 0,79% lödanefa. De lomanefs ädabinöl 5 386, 29% äkeninükons cilis bäldotü yels 18 u läs 18 in lödöp älödölis, 62,9% äbinons matans äkobolödöl, 9% pädugons fa vom nen himatan e 24,2% no äbinons famüls. 19,7% lomanefas äbinädons me pösods äsoelöl; 8,9% äbinädons me pösod äsoelöl bal bäldotü yels 65 u plu 65. Ädabinons zänedo pösods 2,62 a lomanef e pösods 3,01 a famül. Demü bäldot, 21,6% lödanas ela Westport älabons bäldoti lifayelas läs 18, 6,7% bäldoti lifayelas 18 jü 24, 28% bäldoti lifayelas 25 jü 44, 29% bäldoti lifayelas 45 jü 64 e 14,6% bäldoti lifayelas 65 u plu 65. Bäldot patedik äbinon mö lifayels 41. Demü gen, ädabinoms mans 96 a voms 100. Pato ädabinoms mans 95,2 a voms 100 bäldotü lifayels 18 u plu 18. Lemesed patedik lomanefa in Westport äbinon mö US$55 436 e lemesed patedik famüla äbinon mö US$64 568. Mans älaboms lemesedi patedik mö US$41 890, leigodü US$30 921 vomas. Lemesed „per capita“ (a pösod) äbinon mö US$25 281. Zao 3,7% famülas e 4,9% lödanefa lölik älifons dis pöfasoliad, keninükamü 5,5% utanas bäldotü lifayels 18 u läs 18 e 7,9% utanas bäldotü lifayels 65 u plu 65. {{Koord|41|38|20|N|71|03|00|V|plad=tiäd}} [[Klad:Zifs in Massachusetts]] [[Klad:Zifs]] [[Klad:Zifs in Lamerikän]] 68jkat97eyr1jqulm9bfwkj0yemp864 Westwood (Massachusetts) 0 25051 3338171 3296162 2026-06-17T20:47:15Z Łukasz Winek 10785 3338171 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Zifataib|län = [[Lamerikän]]|tat = [[Massachusetts]]}} [[Magod:Westwood_Town_Hall,_June_2010,_Westwood_MA.jpg|175px|thumb|right|Town Hall]] '''Westwood''' binon zif in komot: Norfolk, in tat: [[Massachusetts]], in [[Lamerikän]]. == Nüns taledavik == Westwood topon videtü 42°12’ 50’’ N e lunetü 71°13’ 30’’ V. Ma el ''U.S. Census Bureau'' (Pöpinumamabür Lamerikänik), Westwood labon sürfati valodik mö 28,8 [[km²]], kela 28,4 km² binon län e kela 0,4 km² (1,35%) binon vat. == Lödanef == Timü pöpinumam yela: 2000, mens 14 117, lomanefs 5 122 e famüls 3 867 älödons in Westwood. Lödanadensit äbinon mö mens 496,9 a km². Ädabinons valodo lödöps 5 251 (184,8 a km²). Lödanef äbinädon me: vietans (95,98%), blägans (0,5%), lindiyans (0,04%) e siyopans (2,48%); mens bidädas votik äbinons mö 0,21% e mens bidäda plu bala äbinons mö 0,79%. Latinans bidädas valasotik äfomons 0,79% lödanefa. De lomanefs ädabinöl 5 122, 36,5% äkeninükons cilis bäldotü yels 18 u läs 18 in lödöp älödölis, 67,1% äbinons matans äkobolödöl, 6,5% pädugons fa vom nen himatan e 24,5% no äbinons famüls. 22,5% lomanefas äbinädons me pösods äsoelöl; 16,4% äbinädons me pösod äsoelöl bal bäldotü yels 65 u plu 65. Ädabinons zänedo pösods 2,73 a lomanef e pösods 3,24 a famül. Demü bäldot, 27,8% lödanas ela Westwood älabons bäldoti lifayelas läs 18, 3,4% bäldoti lifayelas 18 jü 24, 25,4% bäldoti lifayelas 25 jü 44, 24,2% bäldoti lifayelas 45 jü 64 e 19,1% bäldoti lifayelas 65 u plu 65. Bäldot patedik äbinon mö lifayels 41. Demü gen, ädabinoms mans 90,7 a voms 100. Pato ädabinoms mans 85,5 a voms 100 bäldotü lifayels 18 u plu 18. Lemesed patedik lomanefa in Westwood äbinon mö US$87 394 e lemesed patedik famüla äbinon mö US$103 242. Mans älaboms lemesedi patedik mö US$71 801, leigodü US$46 194 vomas. Lemesed „per capita“ (a pösod) äbinon mö US$41 553. Zao 1,3% famülas e 2,5% lödanefa lölik älifons dis pöfasoliad, keninükamü 1,5% utanas bäldotü lifayels 18 u läs 18 e 5% utanas bäldotü lifayels 65 u plu 65. {{Koord|42|12|50|N|71|13|30|V|plad=tiäd}} [[Klad:Zifs in Massachusetts]] [[Klad:Zifs]] [[Klad:Zifs in Lamerikän]] 6vtyocdlq1x99e5mz7m7p2c6ng3gar3 Whately 0 25052 3338173 3296164 2026-06-17T20:47:36Z Łukasz Winek 10785 3338173 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Zifataib|län = [[Lamerikän]]|tat = [[Massachusetts]]}} [[Magod:West Whately Chapel.jpg|175px|thumb|right]] '''Whately''' binon zif in komot: Franklin, in tat: [[Massachusetts]], in [[Lamerikän]]. == Nüns taledavik == Whately topon videtü 42°26’ 23’’ N e lunetü 72°38’ 07’’ V. Ma el ''U.S. Census Bureau'' (Pöpinumamabür Lamerikänik), Whately labon sürfati valodik mö 53,5 [[km²]], kela 52,3 km² binon län e kela 1,2 km² (2,32%) binon vat. == Lödanef == Timü pöpinumam yela: 2000, mens 1 573, lomanefs 629 e famüls 425 älödons in Whately. Lödanadensit äbinon mö mens 30,1 a km². Ädabinons valodo lödöps 652 (12,5 a km²). Lödanef äbinädon me: vietans (97,97%), blägans (0,51%), lindiyans (0,13%) e siyopans (0,51%); mens bidädas votik äbinons mö 0,32% e mens bidäda plu bala äbinons mö 0,57%. Latinans bidädas valasotik äfomons 0,57% lödanefa. De lomanefs ädabinöl 629, 29,6% äkeninükons cilis bäldotü yels 18 u läs 18 in lödöp älödölis, 55,6% äbinons matans äkobolödöl, 7,2% pädugons fa vom nen himatan e 32,4% no äbinons famüls. 23,5% lomanefas äbinädons me pösods äsoelöl; 8,6% äbinädons me pösod äsoelöl bal bäldotü yels 65 u plu 65. Ädabinons zänedo pösods 2,48 a lomanef e pösods 2,96 a famül. Demü bäldot, 21,8% lödanas ela Whately älabons bäldoti lifayelas läs 18, 6,1% bäldoti lifayelas 18 jü 24, 30,2% bäldoti lifayelas 25 jü 44, 29,6% bäldoti lifayelas 45 jü 64 e 12,3% bäldoti lifayelas 65 u plu 65. Bäldot patedik äbinon mö lifayels 41. Demü gen, ädabinoms mans 100,9 a voms 100. Pato ädabinoms mans 101,3 a voms 100 bäldotü lifayels 18 u plu 18. Lemesed patedik lomanefa in Whately äbinon mö US$58 929 e lemesed patedik famüla äbinon mö US$66 488. Mans älaboms lemesedi patedik mö US$45 208, leigodü US$28 177 vomas. Lemesed „per capita“ (a pösod) äbinon mö US$27 826. Zao 1,8% famülas e 3% lödanefa lölik älifons dis pöfasoliad, keninükamü 1,8% utanas bäldotü lifayels 18 u läs 18 e 2,4% utanas bäldotü lifayels 65 u plu 65. {{Koord|42|26|23|N|72|38|07|V|plad=tiäd}} {{commonscat|Whately, Massachusetts}} [[Klad:Zifs in Massachusetts]] [[Klad:Zifs]] [[Klad:Zifs in Lamerikän]] gq7ph0ig2bj45nwmvhad66ued6wn2cx Whitman 0 25053 3338174 3296165 2026-06-17T20:47:47Z Łukasz Winek 10785 3338174 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Zifataib|län = [[Lamerikän]]|tat = [[Massachusetts]]}} '''Whitman''' binon zif in komot: Plymouth, in tat: [[Massachusetts]], in [[Lamerikän]]. == Nüns taledavik == Whitman topon videtü 42°04’ 50’’ N e lunetü 70°56’ 10’’ V. Ma el ''U.S. Census Bureau'' (Pöpinumamabür Lamerikänik), Whitman labon sürfati valodik mö 18,1 [[km²]], kela 18 km² binon län (vat: 0,14%). == Lödanef == Timü pöpinumam yela: 2000, mens 13 882, lomanefs 4 999 e famüls 3 604 älödons in Whitman. Lödanadensit äbinon mö mens 770,1 a km². Ädabinons valodo lödöps 5 104 (283,1 a km²). Lödanef äbinädon me: vietans (97,15%), blägans (0,65%), lindiyans (0,16%), siyopans (0,43%) e Pasifeana-nisulans (0,01%); mens bidädas votik äbinons mö 0,48% e mens bidäda plu bala äbinons mö 1,12%. Latinans bidädas valasotik äfomons 1,12% lödanefa. De lomanefs ädabinöl 4 999, 36,8% äkeninükons cilis bäldotü yels 18 u läs 18 in lödöp älödölis, 56,5% äbinons matans äkobolödöl, 11,6% pädugons fa vom nen himatan e 27,9% no äbinons famüls. 22,4% lomanefas äbinädons me pösods äsoelöl; 8% äbinädons me pösod äsoelöl bal bäldotü yels 65 u plu 65. Ädabinons zänedo pösods 2,77 a lomanef e pösods 3,3 a famül. Demü bäldot, 26,7% lödanas ela Whitman älabons bäldoti lifayelas läs 18, 8,4% bäldoti lifayelas 18 jü 24, 33,6% bäldoti lifayelas 25 jü 44, 21,8% bäldoti lifayelas 45 jü 64 e 9,5% bäldoti lifayelas 65 u plu 65. Bäldot patedik äbinon mö lifayels 35. Demü gen, ädabinoms mans 96,4 a voms 100. Pato ädabinoms mans 93,1 a voms 100 bäldotü lifayels 18 u plu 18. Lemesed patedik lomanefa in Whitman äbinon mö US$55 303 e lemesed patedik famüla äbinon mö US$63 706. Mans älaboms lemesedi patedik mö US$41 950, leigodü US$30 629 vomas. Lemesed „per capita“ (a pösod) äbinon mö US$23 002. Zao 2% famülas e 3,3% lödanefa lölik älifons dis pöfasoliad, keninükamü 2,8% utanas bäldotü lifayels 18 u läs 18 e 8% utanas bäldotü lifayels 65 u plu 65. {{Koord|42|04|50|N|70|56|10|V|plad=tiäd}} [[Klad:Zifs in Massachusetts]] [[Klad:Zifs]] [[Klad:Zifs in Lamerikän]] 72enp4y2v59wux2agzjzb6t5w8dxi1p Wilbraham 0 25054 3338175 3296166 2026-06-17T20:47:57Z Łukasz Winek 10785 3338175 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Zifataib|län = [[Lamerikän]]|tat = [[Massachusetts]]}} [[Magod:The Old Meeting House, Wilbraham, MA.jpg|175px|thumb|right]] '''Wilbraham''' binon zif in komot: Hampden, in tat: [[Massachusetts]], in [[Lamerikän]]. == Nüns taledavik == Wilbraham topon videtü 42°07’ 25’’ N e lunetü 72°25’ 55’’ V. Ma el ''U.S. Census Bureau'' (Pöpinumamabür Lamerikänik), Wilbraham labon sürfati valodik mö 58,1 [[km²]], kela 57,5 km² binon län e kela 0,5 km² (0,89%) binon vat. == Lödanef == Timü pöpinumam yela: 2000, mens 13 473, lomanefs 4 891 e famüls 3 873 älödons in Wilbraham. Lödanadensit äbinon mö mens 234,1 a km². Ädabinons valodo lödöps 5 048 (87,7 a km²). Lödanef äbinädon me: vietans (96,4%), blägans (1,19%), lindiyans (0,06%), siyopans (1,26%) e Pasifeana-nisulans (0,06%); mens bidädas votik äbinons mö 0,25% e mens bidäda plu bala äbinons mö 0,77%. Latinans bidädas valasotik äfomons 0,77% lödanefa. De lomanefs ädabinöl 4 891, 37,2% äkeninükons cilis bäldotü yels 18 u läs 18 in lödöp älödölis, 68,7% äbinons matans äkobolödöl, 8% pädugons fa vom nen himatan e 20,8% no äbinons famüls. 17,9% lomanefas äbinädons me pösods äsoelöl; 10,4% äbinädons me pösod äsoelöl bal bäldotü yels 65 u plu 65. Ädabinons zänedo pösods 2,71 a lomanef e pösods 3,09 a famül. Demü bäldot, 26,9% lödanas ela Wilbraham älabons bäldoti lifayelas läs 18, 4,3% bäldoti lifayelas 18 jü 24, 24,4% bäldoti lifayelas 25 jü 44, 27,6% bäldoti lifayelas 45 jü 64 e 16,9% bäldoti lifayelas 65 u plu 65. Bäldot patedik äbinon mö lifayels 42. Demü gen, ädabinoms mans 92,5 a voms 100. Pato ädabinoms mans 88,3 a voms 100 bäldotü lifayels 18 u plu 18. Lemesed patedik lomanefa in Wilbraham äbinon mö US$65 014 e lemesed patedik famüla äbinon mö US$73 825. Mans älaboms lemesedi patedik mö US$55 600, leigodü US$36 922 vomas. Lemesed „per capita“ (a pösod) äbinon mö US$29 854. Zao 3,2% famülas e 5,1% lödanefa lölik älifons dis pöfasoliad, keninükamü 5,5% utanas bäldotü lifayels 18 u läs 18 e 9% utanas bäldotü lifayels 65 u plu 65. {{Koord|42|07|25|N|72|25|55|V|plad=tiäd}} [[Klad:Zifs in Massachusetts]] [[Klad:Zifs]] [[Klad:Zifs in Lamerikän]] b22isutw92cer5qxnp0oxr9x3hwb5o8 Williamsburg (Massachusetts) 0 25055 3338176 3296167 2026-06-17T20:48:07Z Łukasz Winek 10785 3338176 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Zifataib|län = [[Lamerikän]]|tat = [[Massachusetts]]}} [[Magod:Old Town Hall, Williamsburg MA.jpg|175px|thumb|right]] '''Williamsburg''' binon zif in komot: Hampshire, in tat: [[Massachusetts]], in [[Lamerikän]]. == Nüns taledavik == Williamsburg topon videtü 42°23’ 35’’ N e lunetü 72°43’ 50’’ V. Ma el ''U.S. Census Bureau'' (Pöpinumamabür Lamerikänik), Williamsburg labon sürfati valodik mö 66,6 [[km²]], kela 66,4 km² binon län e kela 0,2 km² (0,35%) binon vat. == Lödanef == Timü pöpinumam yela: 2000, mens 2 427, lomanefs 1 027 e famüls 658 älödons in Williamsburg. Lödanadensit äbinon mö mens 36,6 a km². Ädabinons valodo lödöps 1 073 (16,2 a km²). Lödanef äbinädon me: vietans (97,94%), blägans (0,25%), lindiyans (0,08%) e siyopans (0,49%); mens bidädas votik äbinons mö 0,16% e mens bidäda plu bala äbinons mö 1,07%. Latinans bidädas valasotik äfomons 1,07% lödanefa. De lomanefs ädabinöl 1 027, 29,4% äkeninükons cilis bäldotü yels 18 u läs 18 in lödöp älödölis, 51,7% äbinons matans äkobolödöl, 8,8% pädugons fa vom nen himatan e 35,9% no äbinons famüls. 25,1% lomanefas äbinädons me pösods äsoelöl; 9,1% äbinädons me pösod äsoelöl bal bäldotü yels 65 u plu 65. Ädabinons zänedo pösods 2,36 a lomanef e pösods 2,88 a famül. Demü bäldot, 21,3% lödanas ela Williamsburg älabons bäldoti lifayelas läs 18, 5% bäldoti lifayelas 18 jü 24, 29,4% bäldoti lifayelas 25 jü 44, 31,4% bäldoti lifayelas 45 jü 64 e 12,9% bäldoti lifayelas 65 u plu 65. Bäldot patedik äbinon mö lifayels 42. Demü gen, ädabinoms mans 89,3 a voms 100. Pato ädabinoms mans 89,2 a voms 100 bäldotü lifayels 18 u plu 18. Lemesed patedik lomanefa in Williamsburg äbinon mö US$47 250 e lemesed patedik famüla äbinon mö US$55 833. Mans älaboms lemesedi patedik mö US$36 977, leigodü US$28 906 vomas. Lemesed „per capita“ (a pösod) äbinon mö US$25 813. Zao 1,2% famülas e 5,5% lödanefa lölik älifons dis pöfasoliad, keninükamü 2,9% utanas bäldotü lifayels 18 u läs 18 e 10,7% utanas bäldotü lifayels 65 u plu 65. {{Koord|42|23|35|N|72|43|50|V|plad=tiäd}} [[Klad:Zifs in Massachusetts]] [[Klad:Zifs]] [[Klad:Zifs in Lamerikän]] q8hzx7y6z8v7n2omb0bu7ilt7xkt4ee Williamstown (Massachusetts) 0 25056 3338177 3296168 2026-06-17T20:48:18Z Łukasz Winek 10785 3338177 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Zifataib|län = [[Lamerikän]]|tat = [[Massachusetts]]}} [[Magod:Williamstown Rail Yard, Williamstown MA.jpg|175px|thumb|right]] '''Williamstown''' binon zif in komot: Berkshire, in tat: [[Massachusetts]], in [[Lamerikän]]. == Nüns taledavik == Williamstown topon videtü 42°42’ 43’’ N e lunetü 73°12’ 15’’ V. Ma el ''U.S. Census Bureau'' (Pöpinumamabür Lamerikänik), Williamstown labon sürfati valodik mö 121,5 [[km²]], kela 121,4 km² binon län e kela 0,1 km² (0,04%) binon vat. == Lödanef == Timü pöpinumam yela: 2000, mens 8 424, lomanefs 2 753 e famüls 1 693 älödons in Williamstown. Lödanadensit äbinon mö mens 69,4 a km². Ädabinons valodo lödöps 3 053 (25,1 a km²). Lödanef äbinädon me: vietans (90,79%), blägans (2,72%), lindiyans (0,11%), siyopans (3,12%) e Pasifeana-nisulans (0,12%); mens bidädas votik äbinons mö 0,77% e mens bidäda plu bala äbinons mö 2,37%. Latinans bidädas valasotik äfomons 2,37% lödanefa. De lomanefs ädabinöl 2 753, 24,7% äkeninükons cilis bäldotü yels 18 u läs 18 in lödöp älödölis, 51,3% äbinons matans äkobolödöl, 7,9% pädugons fa vom nen himatan e 38,5% no äbinons famüls. 32,7% lomanefas äbinädons me pösods äsoelöl; 15,7% äbinädons me pösod äsoelöl bal bäldotü yels 65 u plu 65. Ädabinons zänedo pösods 2,21 a lomanef e pösods 2,8 a famül. Demü bäldot, 15,3% lödanas ela Williamstown älabons bäldoti lifayelas läs 18, 27,5% bäldoti lifayelas 18 jü 24, 16,6% bäldoti lifayelas 25 jü 44, 21% bäldoti lifayelas 45 jü 64 e 19,6% bäldoti lifayelas 65 u plu 65. Bäldot patedik äbinon mö lifayels 36. Demü gen, ädabinoms mans 87,8 a voms 100. Pato ädabinoms mans 85,8 a voms 100 bäldotü lifayels 18 u plu 18. Lemesed patedik lomanefa in Williamstown äbinon mö US$51 875 e lemesed patedik famüla äbinon mö US$67 589. Mans älaboms lemesedi patedik mö US$50 011, leigodü US$32 845 vomas. Lemesed „per capita“ (a pösod) äbinon mö US$26 039. Zao 1,7% famülas e 5,5% lödanefa lölik älifons dis pöfasoliad, keninükamü 1,3% utanas bäldotü lifayels 18 u läs 18 e 6,8% utanas bäldotü lifayels 65 u plu 65. {{Koord|42|42|43|N|73|12|15|V|plad=tiäd}} [[Klad:Zifs in Massachusetts]] [[Klad:Zifs]] [[Klad:Zifs in Lamerikän]] inq6ep3dp2rlwctoujfq2be1cb959md Wilmington (Massachusetts) 0 25057 3338178 3296169 2026-06-17T20:48:30Z Łukasz Winek 10785 3338178 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Zifataib|län = [[Lamerikän]]|tat = [[Massachusetts]]}} [[Ragiv:Congregational Church, Wilmington MA.jpg|175px|thumb|right]] '''Wilmington''' binon zif in komot: Middlesex, in tat: [[Massachusetts]], in [[Lamerikän]]. == Nüns taledavik == Wilmington topon videtü 42°33’ 30’’ N e lunetü 71°10’ 13’’ V (42,559576; ‑71,170317). Ma el ''U.S. Census Bureau'' (Pöpinumamabür Lamerikänik), Wilmington labon sürfati valodik mö 44,6 [[km²]], kela 44,4 km² binon län e kela 0,2 km² (0,46%) binon vat. == Lödanef == Timü pöpinumam yela: 2000, mens 21 363, lomanefs 7 027 e famüls 5 776 älödons in Wilmington. Lödanadensit äbinon mö mens 481,5 a km². Ädabinons valodo lödöps 7 158 (161,3 a km²). Lödanef äbinädon me: vietans (96,31%), blägans (0,41%), lindiyans (0,08%) e siyopans (2,03%); mens bidädas votik äbinons mö 0,42% e mens bidäda plu bala äbinons mö 0,74%. Latinans bidädas valasotik äfomons 0,74% lödanefa. De lomanefs ädabinöl 7 027, 41,5% äkeninükons cilis bäldotü yels 18 u läs 18 in lödöp älödölis, 69,6% äbinons matans äkobolödöl, 9,8% pädugons fa vom nen himatan e 17,8% no äbinons famüls. 14% lomanefas äbinädons me pösods äsoelöl; 5,9% äbinädons me pösod äsoelöl bal bäldotü yels 65 u plu 65. Ädabinons zänedo pösods 3 a lomanef e pösods 3,33 a famül. Demü bäldot, 27,6% lödanas ela Wilmington älabons bäldoti lifayelas läs 18, 5,9% bäldoti lifayelas 18 jü 24, 33,5% bäldoti lifayelas 25 jü 44, 22,2% bäldoti lifayelas 45 jü 64 e 10,8% bäldoti lifayelas 65 u plu 65. Bäldot patedik äbinon mö lifayels 36. Demü gen, ädabinoms mans 98,1 a voms 100. Pato ädabinoms mans 94,1 a voms 100 bäldotü lifayels 18 u plu 18. Lemesed patedik lomanefa in Wilmington äbinon mö US$70 652 e lemesed patedik famüla äbinon mö US$76 760. Mans älaboms lemesedi patedik mö US$50 446, leigodü US$36 729 vomas. Lemesed „per capita“ (a pösod) äbinon mö US$25 835. Zao 1,8% famülas e 1,9% lödanefa lölik älifons dis pöfasoliad, keninükamü 1,7% utanas bäldotü lifayels 18 u läs 18 e 2,7% utanas bäldotü lifayels 65 u plu 65. {{Koord|42|33|30|N|71|10|13|V|plad=tiäd}} [[Klad:Zifs in Massachusetts]] [[Klad:Zifs]] [[Klad:Zifs in Lamerikän]] 6rh4fr15qcr9tlj9gq5bm6ufnrx40on Winchendon 0 25058 3338179 3296170 2026-06-17T20:48:41Z Łukasz Winek 10785 3338179 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Zifataib|län = [[Lamerikän]]|tat = [[Massachusetts]]}} [[Magod:First Congregational Church 1850, Winchendon MA.jpg|175px|thumb|right]] '''Winchendon''' binon zif in komot: Worcester, in tat: [[Massachusetts]], in [[Lamerikän]]. == Nüns taledavik == Winchendon topon videtü 42°41’ 10’’ N e lunetü 72°02’ 40’’ V. Ma el ''U.S. Census Bureau'' (Pöpinumamabür Lamerikänik), Winchendon labon sürfati valodik mö 114,1 [[km²]], kela 112,1 km² binon län e kela 2 km² (1,77%) binon vat. == Lödanef == Timü pöpinumam yela: 2000, mens 9 611, lomanefs 3 447 e famüls 2 478 älödons in Winchendon. Lödanadensit äbinon mö mens 85,7 a km². Ädabinons valodo lödöps 3 660 (32,7 a km²). Lödanef äbinädon me: vietans (95,96%), blägans (0,8%), lindiyans (0,3%), siyopans (0,62%) e Pasifeana-nisulans (0,07%); mens bidädas votik äbinons mö 0,95% e mens bidäda plu bala äbinons mö 1,29%. Latinans bidädas valasotik äfomons 1,29% lödanefa. De lomanefs ädabinöl 3 447, 39,4% äkeninükons cilis bäldotü yels 18 u läs 18 in lödöp älödölis, 56,3% äbinons matans äkobolödöl, 11,2% pädugons fa vom nen himatan e 28,1% no äbinons famüls. 22,3% lomanefas äbinädons me pösods äsoelöl; 9,8% äbinädons me pösod äsoelöl bal bäldotü yels 65 u plu 65. Ädabinons zänedo pösods 2,75 a lomanef e pösods 3,23 a famül. Demü bäldot, 30,2% lödanas ela Winchendon älabons bäldoti lifayelas läs 18, 6,6% bäldoti lifayelas 18 jü 24, 32% bäldoti lifayelas 25 jü 44, 20,7% bäldoti lifayelas 45 jü 64 e 10,5% bäldoti lifayelas 65 u plu 65. Bäldot patedik äbinon mö lifayels 35. Demü gen, ädabinoms mans 98,4 a voms 100. Pato ädabinoms mans 94,9 a voms 100 bäldotü lifayels 18 u plu 18. Lemesed patedik lomanefa in Winchendon äbinon mö US$43 750 e lemesed patedik famüla äbinon mö US$50 086. Mans älaboms lemesedi patedik mö US$36 875, leigodü US$29 099 vomas. Lemesed „per capita“ (a pösod) äbinon mö US$18 798. Zao 6,8% famülas e 10% lödanefa lölik älifons dis pöfasoliad, keninükamü 10,6% utanas bäldotü lifayels 18 u läs 18 e 19,3% utanas bäldotü lifayels 65 u plu 65. {{Koord|42|41|10|N|72|02|40|V|plad=tiäd}} [[Klad:Zifs in Massachusetts]] [[Klad:Zifs]] [[Klad:Zifs in Lamerikän]] gbcxzrww1afzlbkopwm9k389pbyk3z5 Winchester (Massachusetts) 0 25059 3338180 3296171 2026-06-17T20:48:51Z Łukasz Winek 10785 3338180 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Zifataib|län = [[Lamerikän]]|tat = [[Massachusetts]]}} '''Winchester''' binon zif in komot: Middlesex, in tat: [[Massachusetts]], in [[Lamerikän]]. == Nüns taledavik == Winchester topon videtü 42°27’ 08’’ N e lunetü 71°08’ 15’’ V. Ma el ''U.S. Census Bureau'' (Pöpinumamabür Lamerikänik), Winchester labon sürfati valodik mö 16,3 [[km²]], kela 15,6 km² binon län e kela 0,6 km² (3,97%) binon vat. == Lödanef == Timü pöpinumam yela: 2000, mens 20 810, lomanefs 7 715 e famüls 5 724 älödons in Winchester. Lödanadensit äbinon mö mens 1 330,3 a km². Ädabinons valodo lödöps 7 715. De lomanefs ädabinöl 7 715, 35,7% äkeninükons cilis bäldotü yels 18 u läs 18 in lödöp älödölis. Demü gen, ädabinoms mans 88,9 a voms 100. Pato ädabinoms mans 88,9 a voms 100 bäldotü lifayels 18 u plu 18. Lemesed patedik lomanefa in Winchester äbinon mö US$94 049 e lemesed patedik famüla äbinon mö US$110 226. Lemesed „per capita“ (a pösod) äbinon mö US$50 414. Zao 1,3% famülas e 2,6% lödanefa lölik älifons dis pöfasoliad. {{Koord|42|27|08|N|71|08|15|V|plad=tiäd}} [[Klad:Zifs in Massachusetts]] [[Klad:Zifs]] [[Klad:Zifs in Lamerikän]] l4go0scp97xee9h7wfh9wtuscghgamh Windsor (Massachusetts) 0 25060 3338181 3296172 2026-06-17T20:49:01Z Łukasz Winek 10785 3338181 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Zifataib|län = [[Lamerikän]]|tat = [[Massachusetts]]}} [[Ragiv:Eugene Moran WMA, Windsor MA.jpg|175px|thumb|right]] '''Windsor''' binon zif in komot: Berkshire, in tat: [[Massachusetts]], in [[Lamerikän]]. == Nüns taledavik == Windsor topon videtü 42°30’ 42’’ N e lunetü 73°03’ 30’’ V. Ma el ''U.S. Census Bureau'' (Pöpinumamabür Lamerikänik), Windsor labon sürfati valodik mö 91 [[km²]], kela 90,6 km² binon län e kela 0,4 km² (0,4%) binon vat. == Lödanef == Timü pöpinumam yela: 2000, mens 875, lomanefs 328 e famüls 248 älödons in Windsor. Lödanadensit äbinon mö mens 9,7 a km². Ädabinons valodo lödöps 474 (5,2 a km²). Lödanef äbinädon me: vietans (98,86%); mens bidädas votik äbinons mö 0,34% e mens bidäda plu bala äbinons mö 0,8%. Latinans bidädas valasotik äfomons 0,8% lödanefa. De lomanefs ädabinöl 328, 35,1% äkeninükons cilis bäldotü yels 18 u läs 18 in lödöp älödölis, 67,7% äbinons matans äkobolödöl, 5,5% pädugons fa vom nen himatan e 24,1% no äbinons famüls. 19,2% lomanefas äbinädons me pösods äsoelöl; 7,6% äbinädons me pösod äsoelöl bal bäldotü yels 65 u plu 65. Ädabinons zänedo pösods 2,67 a lomanef e pösods 3,05 a famül. Demü bäldot, 26,6% lödanas ela Windsor älabons bäldoti lifayelas läs 18, 4,2% bäldoti lifayelas 18 jü 24, 26,6% bäldoti lifayelas 25 jü 44, 32,2% bäldoti lifayelas 45 jü 64 e 10,3% bäldoti lifayelas 65 u plu 65. Bäldot patedik äbinon mö lifayels 41. Demü gen, ädabinoms mans 101,6 a voms 100. Pato ädabinoms mans 98,1 a voms 100 bäldotü lifayels 18 u plu 18. Lemesed patedik lomanefa in Windsor äbinon mö US$51 389 e lemesed patedik famüla äbinon mö US$57 500. Mans älaboms lemesedi patedik mö US$41 053, leigodü US$24 808 vomas. Lemesed „per capita“ (a pösod) äbinon mö US$21 794. Zao 4,3% famülas e 5,1% lödanefa lölik älifons dis pöfasoliad, keninükamü 6,4% utanas bäldotü lifayels 18 u läs 18 e 1,2% utanas bäldotü lifayels 65 u plu 65. {{Koord|42|30|42|N|73|03|30|V|plad=tiäd}} [[Klad:Zifs in Massachusetts]] [[Klad:Zifs]] [[Klad:Zifs in Lamerikän]] dxmcmn51wh1pkxq7mhyobs26tbiuxwa Winthrop (Massachusetts) 0 25061 3338182 3296173 2026-06-17T20:49:11Z Łukasz Winek 10785 3338182 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Zifataib|län = [[Lamerikän]]|tat = [[Massachusetts]]}} [[Ragiv:Winthrop Beach, Winthrop MA.jpg|175px|thumb|right]] '''Winthrop''' binon zif in komot: Suffolk, in tat: [[Massachusetts]], in [[Lamerikän]]. == Nüns taledavik == Winthrop topon videtü 42°22’ 30’’ N e lunetü 70°59’ 00’’ V. Ma el ''U.S. Census Bureau'' (Pöpinumamabür Lamerikänik), Winthrop labon sürfati valodik mö 21,5 [[km²]], kela 5,2 km² binon län e kela 16,3 km² (76,02%) binon vat. == Lödanef == Timü pöpinumam yela: 2000, mens 18 303, lomanefs 7 843 e famüls 4 580 älödons in Winthrop. Lödanadensit äbinon mö mens 3 551,2 a km². Ädabinons valodo lödöps 8 067 (1 565,2 a km²). Lödanef äbinädon me: vietans (94,44%), blägans (1,68%), lindiyans (0,16%), siyopans (1,15%) e Pasifeana-nisulans (0,04%); mens bidädas votik äbinons mö 1,36% e mens bidäda plu bala äbinons mö 1,16%. Latinans bidädas valasotik äfomons 1,16% lödanefa. De lomanefs ädabinöl 7 843, 23,6% äkeninükons cilis bäldotü yels 18 u läs 18 in lödöp älödölis, 43,1% äbinons matans äkobolödöl, 11,5% pädugons fa vom nen himatan e 41,6% no äbinons famüls. 32,5% lomanefas äbinädons me pösods äsoelöl; 11,9% äbinädons me pösod äsoelöl bal bäldotü yels 65 u plu 65. Ädabinons zänedo pösods 2,3 a lomanef e pösods 2,98 a famül. Demü bäldot, 18,6% lödanas ela Winthrop älabons bäldoti lifayelas läs 18, 7,3% bäldoti lifayelas 18 jü 24, 33,2% bäldoti lifayelas 25 jü 44, 24,4% bäldoti lifayelas 45 jü 64 e 16,5% bäldoti lifayelas 65 u plu 65. Bäldot patedik äbinon mö lifayels 40. Demü gen, ädabinoms mans 88,8 a voms 100. Pato ädabinoms mans 86,3 a voms 100 bäldotü lifayels 18 u plu 18. Lemesed patedik lomanefa in Winthrop äbinon mö US$53 122 e lemesed patedik famüla äbinon mö US$65 696. Mans älaboms lemesedi patedik mö US$42 135, leigodü US$36 298 vomas. Lemesed „per capita“ (a pösod) äbinon mö US$27 374. Zao 3,3% famülas e 5,5% lödanefa lölik älifons dis pöfasoliad, keninükamü 4,1% utanas bäldotü lifayels 18 u läs 18 e 8% utanas bäldotü lifayels 65 u plu 65. {{Koord|42|22|30|N|70|59|00|V|plad=tiäd}} [[Klad:Zifs in Massachusetts]] [[Klad:Zifs]] [[Klad:Zifs in Lamerikän]] owzsf8v1c4hl2m6kgke96q7gq0838u6 Worthington (Massachusetts) 0 25062 3338185 3296176 2026-06-17T20:49:57Z Łukasz Winek 10785 3338185 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Zifataib|län = [[Lamerikän]]|tat = [[Massachusetts]]}} [[Magod:Town Hall, Worthington Center MA.jpg|175px|thumb|right]] '''Worthington''' binon zif in komot: Hampshire, in tat: [[Massachusetts]], in [[Lamerikän]]. == Nüns taledavik == Worthington topon videtü 42°23’ 50’’ N e lunetü 72°56’ 10’’ V. Ma el ''U.S. Census Bureau'' (Pöpinumamabür Lamerikänik), Worthington labon sürfati valodik mö 83,1 [[km²]], kela 83 km² binon län e kela 0,1 km² (0,12%) binon vat. == Lödanef == Timü pöpinumam yela: 2000, mens 1 270, lomanefs 503 e famüls 363 älödons in Worthington. Lödanadensit äbinon mö mens 15,3 a km². Ädabinons valodo lödöps 582 (7 a km²). Lödanef äbinädon me: vietans (98,27%), blägans (0,31%), lindiyans (0,08%) e siyopans (0,24%); no ädabinons mens bidädas votik. Mens bidäda plu bala äbinons mö 1,1%. Latinans bidädas valasotik äfomons 1,1% lödanefa. De lomanefs ädabinöl 503, 31,8% äkeninükons cilis bäldotü yels 18 u läs 18 in lödöp älödölis, 60,8% äbinons matans äkobolödöl, 7,6% pädugons fa vom nen himatan e 27,8% no äbinons famüls. 21,3% lomanefas äbinädons me pösods äsoelöl; 8% äbinädons me pösod äsoelöl bal bäldotü yels 65 u plu 65. Ädabinons zänedo pösods 2,52 a lomanef e pösods 2,96 a famül. Demü bäldot, 24,5% lödanas ela Worthington älabons bäldoti lifayelas läs 18, 6,3% bäldoti lifayelas 18 jü 24, 26,8% bäldoti lifayelas 25 jü 44, 31,4% bäldoti lifayelas 45 jü 64 e 11% bäldoti lifayelas 65 u plu 65. Bäldot patedik äbinon mö lifayels 42. Demü gen, ädabinoms mans 98,1 a voms 100. Pato ädabinoms mans 92,6 a voms 100 bäldotü lifayels 18 u plu 18. Lemesed patedik lomanefa in Worthington äbinon mö US$53 047 e lemesed patedik famüla äbinon mö US$60 132. Mans älaboms lemesedi patedik mö US$42 500, leigodü US$26 438 vomas. Lemesed „per capita“ (a pösod) äbinon mö US$24 190. Zao 1,5% famülas e 3,5% lödanefa lölik älifons dis pöfasoliad, keninükamü 2% utanas bäldotü lifayels 18 u läs 18 e 1,4% utanas bäldotü lifayels 65 u plu 65. {{Koord|42|23|50|N|72|56|10|V|plad=tiäd}} [[Klad:Zifs in Massachusetts]] [[Klad:Zifs]] [[Klad:Zifs in Lamerikän]] pt36cvbd3hrf5rm4fbt9xcgyb54glko Wrentham 0 25063 3338186 3296177 2026-06-17T20:50:06Z Łukasz Winek 10785 3338186 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Zifataib|län = [[Lamerikän]]|tat = [[Massachusetts]]}} [[Magod:Wrentham Town Common, MA.jpg|175px|thumb|right]] '''Wrentham''' binon zif in komot: Norfolk, in tat: [[Massachusetts]], in [[Lamerikän]]. == Nüns taledavik == Wrentham topon videtü 42°04’ 00’’ N e lunetü 71°19’ 43’’ V. Ma el ''U.S. Census Bureau'' (Pöpinumamabür Lamerikänik), Wrentham labon sürfati valodik mö 59,4 [[km²]], kela 57,5 km² binon län e kela 1,9 km² (3,14%) binon vat. == Lödanef == Timü pöpinumam yela: 2000, mens 10 554, lomanefs 3 402 e famüls 2 653 älödons in Wrentham. Lödanadensit äbinon mö mens 183,6 a km². Ädabinons valodo lödöps 3 507 (61 a km²). Lödanef äbinädon me: vietans (97,64%), blägans (0,61%), lindiyans (0,12%), siyopans (0,8%) e Pasifeana-nisulans (0,01%); mens bidädas votik äbinons mö 0,32% e mens bidäda plu bala äbinons mö 0,5%. Latinans bidädas valasotik äfomons 0,5% lödanefa. De lomanefs ädabinöl 3 402, 43% äkeninükons cilis bäldotü yels 18 u läs 18 in lödöp älödölis, 68,3% äbinons matans äkobolödöl, 6,6% pädugons fa vom nen himatan e 22% no äbinons famüls. 17% lomanefas äbinädons me pösods äsoelöl; 7% äbinädons me pösod äsoelöl bal bäldotü yels 65 u plu 65. Ädabinons zänedo pösods 2,89 a lomanef e pösods 3,31 a famül. Demü bäldot, 27,8% lödanas ela Wrentham älabons bäldoti lifayelas läs 18, 4,8% bäldoti lifayelas 18 jü 24, 31,4% bäldoti lifayelas 25 jü 44, 24,4% bäldoti lifayelas 45 jü 64 e 11,6% bäldoti lifayelas 65 u plu 65. Bäldot patedik äbinon mö lifayels 39. Demü gen, ädabinoms mans 95,7 a voms 100. Pato ädabinoms mans 92,4 a voms 100 bäldotü lifayels 18 u plu 18. Lemesed patedik lomanefa in Wrentham äbinon mö US$78 043 e lemesed patedik famüla äbinon mö US$89 058. Mans älaboms lemesedi patedik mö US$58 776, leigodü US$37 219 vomas. Lemesed „per capita“ (a pösod) äbinon mö US$30 792. Zao 1,6% famülas e 3,9% lödanefa lölik älifons dis pöfasoliad, keninükamü 4,2% utanas bäldotü lifayels 18 u läs 18 e 10,5% utanas bäldotü lifayels 65 u plu 65. {{Koord|42|04|00|N|71|19|43|V|plad=tiäd}} [[Klad:Zifs in Massachusetts]] [[Klad:Zifs]] [[Klad:Zifs in Lamerikän]] setjvb5by7zx1s44zun8a96ivxqe8gy Yarmouth (Massachusetts) 0 25064 3338187 3296178 2026-06-17T20:50:19Z Łukasz Winek 10785 3338187 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Zifataib|län = [[Lamerikän]]|tat = [[Massachusetts]]}} [[Magod:Judah Baker Windmill, South Yarmouth MA.jpg|175px|thumb|right]] '''Yarmouth''' binon zif in komot: Barnstable, in tat: [[Massachusetts]], in [[Lamerikän]]. == Nüns taledavik == Yarmouth topon videtü 41°42’ 20’’ N e lunetü 70°13’ 45’’ V. Ma el ''U.S. Census Bureau'' (Pöpinumamabür Lamerikänik), Yarmouth labon sürfati valodik mö 73,1 [[km²]], kela 62,8 km² binon län e kela 10,3 km² (14,07%) binon vat. == Lödanef == Timü pöpinumam yela: 2000, mens 24 807, lomanefs 11 520 e famüls 6 900 älödons in Yarmouth. Lödanadensit äbinon mö mens 395 a km². Ädabinons valodo lödöps 16 605 (264,4 a km²). Lödanef äbinädon me: vietans (95,23%), blägans (1,34%), lindiyans (0,33%), siyopans (0,53%) e Pasifeana-nisulans (0,04%); mens bidädas votik äbinons mö 0,94% e mens bidäda plu bala äbinons mö 1,59%. Latinans bidädas valasotik äfomons 1,59% lödanefa. De lomanefs ädabinöl 11 520, 19,1% äkeninükons cilis bäldotü yels 18 u läs 18 in lödöp älödölis, 47,3% äbinons matans äkobolödöl, 9,7% pädugons fa vom nen himatan e 40,1% no äbinons famüls. 34% lomanefas äbinädons me pösods äsoelöl; 19,8% äbinädons me pösod äsoelöl bal bäldotü yels 65 u plu 65. Ädabinons zänedo pösods 2,11 a lomanef e pösods 2,68 a famül. Demü bäldot, 17,2% lödanas ela Yarmouth älabons bäldoti lifayelas läs 18, 4,6% bäldoti lifayelas 18 jü 24, 23,3% bäldoti lifayelas 25 jü 44, 24,7% bäldoti lifayelas 45 jü 64 e 30,1% bäldoti lifayelas 65 u plu 65. Bäldot patedik äbinon mö lifayels 49. Demü gen, ädabinoms mans 85,6 a voms 100. Pato ädabinoms mans 80,8 a voms 100 bäldotü lifayels 18 u plu 18. Lemesed patedik lomanefa in Yarmouth äbinon mö US$39 808 e lemesed patedik famüla äbinon mö US$48 148. Mans älaboms lemesedi patedik mö US$37 090, leigodü US$26 741 vomas. Lemesed „per capita“ (a pösod) äbinon mö US$22 731. Zao 5,2% famülas e 7,5% lödanefa lölik älifons dis pöfasoliad, keninükamü 11,1% utanas bäldotü lifayels 18 u läs 18 e 3,6% utanas bäldotü lifayels 65 u plu 65. {{Koord|41|42|20|N|70|13|45|V|plad=tiäd}} [[Klad:Zifs in Massachusetts]] [[Klad:Zifs]] [[Klad:Zifs in Lamerikän]] 0h2jxfyep418dsh26gye330wwldnajq West Springfield (Massachusetts) 0 36239 3338162 3296153 2026-06-17T20:45:43Z Łukasz Winek 10785 3338162 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Zifataib|län = [[Lamerikän]]|tat = [[Massachusetts]]}} [[Magod:Avenue of States, The Big E, West Springfield MA.jpg|175px|thumb|right]] '''West Springfield''' binon zif in komot: Hampden, in tat: [[Massachusetts]], in [[Lamerikän]]. == Nüns taledavik == West Springfield topon videtü 42°06’ 25’’ N e lunetü 72°37’ 15’’ V. Ma el ''U.S. Census Bureau'' (Pöpinumamabür Lamerikänik), West Springfield labon sürfati valodik mö 45,4 [[km²]], kela 43,4 km² binon län e kela 2 km² (4,5%) binon vat. == Lödanef == Timü pöpinumam yela: 2000, mens 27 899, lomanefs 11 823 e famüls 7 117 älödons in West Springfield. Lödanadensit äbinon mö mens 643,1 a km². Ädabinons valodo lödöps 12 259 (282,6 a km²). Lödanef äbinädon me: vietans (90,68%), blägans (2,05%), lindiyans (0,22%), siyopans (1,97%) e Pasifeana-nisulans (0,04%); mens bidädas votik äbinons mö 2,94% e mens bidäda plu bala äbinons mö 2,1%. Latinans bidädas valasotik äfomons 5,75% lödanefa. De lomanefs ädabinöl 11 823, 27% äkeninükons cilis bäldotü yels 18 u läs 18 in lödöp älödölis, 44,7% äbinons matans äkobolödöl, 11,4% pädugons fa vom nen himatan e 39,8% no äbinons famüls. 34% lomanefas äbinädons me pösods äsoelöl; 11,2% äbinädons me pösod äsoelöl bal bäldotü yels 65 u plu 65. Ädabinons zänedo pösods 2,33 a lomanef e pösods 3,02 a famül. Demü bäldot, 23,4% lödanas ela West Springfield älabons bäldoti lifayelas läs 18, 7,8% bäldoti lifayelas 18 jü 24, 29,6% bäldoti lifayelas 25 jü 44, 23,2% bäldoti lifayelas 45 jü 64 e 15,9% bäldoti lifayelas 65 u plu 65. Bäldot patedik äbinon mö lifayels 38. Demü gen, ädabinoms mans 95,2 a voms 100. Pato ädabinoms mans 91,2 a voms 100 bäldotü lifayels 18 u plu 18. Lemesed patedik lomanefa in West Springfield äbinon mö US$40 266 e lemesed patedik famüla äbinon mö US$50 282. Mans älaboms lemesedi patedik mö US$38 082, leigodü US$28 079 vomas. Lemesed „per capita“ (a pösod) äbinon mö US$20 982. Zao 8,7% famülas e 11,9% lödanefa lölik älifons dis pöfasoliad, keninükamü 20% utanas bäldotü lifayels 18 u läs 18 e 7,3% utanas bäldotü lifayels 65 u plu 65. {{Koord|42|06|25|N|72|37|15|V|plad=tiäd}} [[Klad:Zifs in Massachusetts]] [[Klad:Zifs]] [[Klad:Zifs in Lamerikän]] 7594lu72igvl49czf96g4jj7i0b1w8h Wellfleet (Massachusetts) 0 41802 3338157 3296148 2026-06-17T20:44:51Z Łukasz Winek 10785 3338157 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Zifataib|län = [[Lamerikän]]|tat = [[Massachusetts]]}} [[Magod:Wellfleet Town Beach.JPG|175px|thumb|right]] '''Wellfleet''' binon zif in komot: Barnstable, in tat: [[Massachusetts]], in [[Lamerikän]]. == Nüns taledavik == Wellfleet topon videtü 41°56’ 15’’ N e lunetü 70°02’ 00’’ V. Ma el ''U.S. Census Bureau'' (Pöpinumamabür Lamerikänik), Wellfleet labon sürfati valodik mö 91,6 [[km²]], kela 51,4 km² binon län e kela 40,2 km² (43,89%) binon vat. == Lödanef == Timü pöpinumam yela: 2000, mens 2 749, lomanefs 1 301 e famüls 724 älödons in Wellfleet. Lödanadensit äbinon mö mens 53,5 a km². Ädabinons valodo lödöps 3 998 (77,8 a km²). Lödanef äbinädon me: vietans (96,58%), blägans (0,95%), lindiyans (0,29%), siyopans (0,36%) e Pasifeana-nisulans (0,04%); mens bidädas votik äbinons mö 0,58% e mens bidäda plu bala äbinons mö 1,2%. Latinans bidädas valasotik äfomons 1,2% lödanefa. De lomanefs ädabinöl 1 301, 20% äkeninükons cilis bäldotü yels 18 u läs 18 in lödöp älödölis, 44,8% äbinons matans äkobolödöl, 8,2% pädugons fa vom nen himatan e 44,3% no äbinons famüls. 34,8% lomanefas äbinädons me pösods äsoelöl; 13,2% äbinädons me pösod äsoelöl bal bäldotü yels 65 u plu 65. Ädabinons zänedo pösods 2,11 a lomanef e pösods 2,75 a famül. Demü bäldot, 17,8% lödanas ela Wellfleet älabons bäldoti lifayelas läs 18, 4,9% bäldoti lifayelas 18 jü 24, 23,3% bäldoti lifayelas 25 jü 44, 32,2% bäldoti lifayelas 45 jü 64 e 21,7% bäldoti lifayelas 65 u plu 65. Bäldot patedik äbinon mö lifayels 47. Demü gen, ädabinoms mans 89,2 a voms 100. Pato ädabinoms mans 83,5 a voms 100 bäldotü lifayels 18 u plu 18. Lemesed patedik lomanefa in Wellfleet äbinon mö US$43 558 e lemesed patedik famüla äbinon mö US$50 990. Mans älaboms lemesedi patedik mö US$38 100, leigodü US$35 964 vomas. Lemesed „per capita“ (a pösod) äbinon mö US$25 712. Zao 5,7% famülas e 7,5% lödanefa lölik älifons dis pöfasoliad, keninükamü 9,7% utanas bäldotü lifayels 18 u läs 18 e 6% utanas bäldotü lifayels 65 u plu 65. {{Koord|41|56|15|N|70|02|00|V|plad=tiäd}} [[Klad:Zifs in Massachusetts]] [[Klad:Zifs]] [[Klad:Zifs in Lamerikän]] 7w1lwxqv88g7illipsqcqbb1ufdsdvy Asten 0 51529 3338188 3281540 2026-06-17T20:58:40Z Łukasz Winek 10785 lang-vo 3338188 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Telplänov}} Dabinons: * [[Asten (Nolüda⸗Brabän)|Asten]]: zif in provin: [[Nolüda⸗Brabän]], in [[Nedän]]. * [[Asten (Lösterän)|Asten]]: zif in fedalän: [[Löpa⸗Lösterän]], in [[Lösterän]]. dnk728n1d15xbr9sdy6u12r9lnn0ei7 Schlierbach 0 51687 3338190 3281436 2026-06-17T20:59:10Z Łukasz Winek 10785 lang-vo 3338190 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Telplänov}} Dabinons: * [[Schlierbach (Jveizän)|Schlierbach]]: zif in [[Jveizän]]. * [[Schlierbach (Badän⸗Vürtän)|Schlierbach]]: zif in fedalän: [[Badän⸗Vürtän]], in [[Deutän]]. * [[Schlierbach (Lösterän)|Schlierbach]]: zif in fedalän: [[Löpa⸗Lösterän]], in [[Lösterän]]. 39lubxdf49rnhahshjwfb14eivxflw1 Lefil 0 247290 3338136 3171423 2026-06-17T17:24:42Z Łukasz Winek 10785 3338136 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Lefil''' (Inferno) binon konot folid se säsun velid de televidalekoned „[[Dokan Kim]]". Päbroadon ün [[1970]], vü mayul 9 ed yunul 20, labü näijenots vel. Pälauton fa [[Don Houghton]], e Dokan päpledom fa [[Jon Pertwee]]. [[Klad:Dokan Kim]] na79n2kdwvsonivvk9uktgtnf2y9wek Timabat 0 248501 3338131 3171503 2026-06-17T16:54:57Z Łukasz Winek 10785 3338131 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Timabat''' (Timelash) binon konot lulid se säsun teldegtelid de televidalekoned „[[Dokan Kim]]". Päbroadon ün [[1985]], vü mäzul 9 e mäzul 16, labü näijenots tel. Pälauton fa [[Glen McCoy]], e Dokan päpledom fa [[Colin Baker]]. [[Klad:Dokan Kim]] dcjoi2t7prf9jcu5uglzeumm36ejh9k Cristiano Ronaldo 0 253296 3338125 3315661 2026-06-17T15:08:37Z Łukasz Winek 10785 + 3338125 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Menataib}} Hiel '''Cristiano Ronaldo dos Santos Aveiro''' (pämotöl tü [[1985]] [[febul 5]] in [[Funchal]]) binom futaglöpädan [[Portugän‎]]ik, kel pledom in futaglöpädaklub: [[Al Nassr FC]] (KSA). == Karier klubik == {| class="wikitable" |- ! Yels !! Kvip !! Mäts !! Zeils |- | 2002–2003 || [[Sporting CP B]] || 2 || 0 |- | 2002–2003 || [[Sporting CP]] || 25 || 3 |- | 2003–2009 || [[Manchester United F.C.|Manchester United]] || 196 || 84 |- | 2009–2018 || [[Real Madrid]] || 292 || 311 |- | 2018–2021 || [[Juventus F.C.|Juventus]] || 98 || 81 |- | 2021–2022 || Manchester United || 40 || 19 |- | 2023– || [[Al Nassr FC|Al Nassr]] || 107 || 102 |} == Yüms plödik == * [https://www.national-football-teams.com/player/5279/Cristiano_Ronaldo.html {{PAGENAME}} pö el National Football Teams] (in Linglänapük) * [https://www.worldfootball.net/person/pe18623/ {{PAGENAME}} pö el WorldFootball.net] (in Linglänapük) {{Kobädikos|Category:Cristiano Ronaldo|Cristiano Ronaldo}} {{Kvip Portugäna su UEFA Euro 2020}} {{Kvip Portugäna su Volaleköpäd ela FIFA 2022}} {{Kvip Portugäna su UEFA Euro 2024}} {{Kvip Portugäna su Volaleköpäd ela FIFA 2026}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Ronaldo, Cristiano}} [[Klad:Futaglöpädans lafabetik]] [[Klad:Futaglöpädans Portugänik]] [[Klad:Moteds ün 1985]] 2to1x9jhrg53s4wggzaws5r6j26zegt Reece James (futaglöpädan, 1999) 0 260698 3338124 3233194 2026-06-17T15:05:00Z Łukasz Winek 10785 + 3338124 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Menataib}} Hiel '''Reece Lewis James''' (pämotöl tü [[1999]] [[dekul 8]] in [[London]]) binom futaglöpädan [[Linglän]]ik, kel pledom in futaglöpädaklub: [[Chelsea F.C.]]. == Yüms plödik == * [https://www.national-football-teams.com/player/79719/Reece_James.html Reece James pö el National Football Teams] (in Linglänapük) * [https://www.worldfootball.net/person/pe494884/ Reece James pö el WorldFootball.net] (in Linglänapük) {{Kobädikos|Category:Reece James|Reece James (futaglöpädan, 1999)}} {{Kvip Lingläna su UEFA Euro 2020}} {{Kvip Lingläna su Volaleköpäd ela FIFA 2026}} {{DEFAULTSORT:James, Reece}} [[Klad:Moteds ün 1999]] [[Klad:Futaglöpädans Linglänik]] [[Klad:Futaglöpädans lafabetik]] tar969j2z1j9xd1rgfir0tpidfefbtf Derrick Luckassen 0 260846 3338119 3207715 2026-06-17T14:53:59Z Łukasz Winek 10785 + 3338119 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Menataib}} Hiel '''Derrick Luckassen''' (pämotöl tü [[1995]] [[yulul 3]] in [[Amsterdam]], [[Nedän]]) binom futaglöpädan [[Ganän]]ik⸗Nedänik, kel pledom in futaglöpädaklub: [[Pafos FC]] (CYP). == Yüms plödik == * [https://www.national-football-teams.com/player/104032/Derrick_Luckassen.html {{PAGENAME}} pö el National Football Teams] (in Linglänapük) * [https://www.worldfootball.net/person/pe16088/ {{PAGENAME}} pö el WorldFootball.net] (in Linglänapük) {{Kobädikos|Category:Derrick Luckassen|Derrick Luckassen}} {{Kvip Ganäna su Volaleköpäd ela FIFA 2026}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Luckassen, Derrick}} [[Klad:Moteds ün 1995]] [[Klad:Futaglöpädans Ganänik]] [[Klad:Futaglöpädans Nedänik]] [[Klad:Futaglöpädans lafabetik]] ci32dzuh3iz7tosgp5sbuni85f17km8 Fidel Escobar 0 260898 3338118 3207903 2026-06-17T14:49:21Z Łukasz Winek 10785 + 3338118 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Menataib}} Hiel '''Fidel Escobar Mendieta''' (pämotöl tü [[1995]] [[yanul 9]] in [[Ciudad de Panamá]]) binom futaglöpädan [[Panamän]]ik, kel pledom in futaglöpädaklub: [[Deportivo Saprissa]] (CRC). == Yüms plödik == * [https://www.national-football-teams.com/player/58223/Fidel_Escobar.html {{PAGENAME}} pö el National Football Teams] (in Linglänapük) * [https://www.worldfootball.net/person/pe364043/ {{PAGENAME}} pö el WorldFootball.net] (in Linglänapük) {{Kvip Panamäna su Volaleköpäd ela FIFA 2026}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Escobar, Fidel}} [[Klad:Moteds ün 1995]] [[Klad:Futaglöpädans Panamänik]] [[Klad:Futaglöpädans lafabetik]] lh586mmiv4we64kq3rdwady0bez9t92 Luka Modrić 0 261772 3338120 3306443 2026-06-17T14:57:16Z Łukasz Winek 10785 + 3338120 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Menataib}} Hiel '''Luka Modrić''' (pämotöl tü [[1985]] [[setul 9]] in [[Zadar]]) binom futaglöpädan [[Kroasän]]ik, kel pledom in futaglöpädaklub: [[AC Milan]] (ITA). == Yüms plödik == * [https://www.national-football-teams.com/player/13117/Luka_Modric.html {{PAGENAME}} pö el National Football Teams] (in Linglänapük) * [https://www.worldfootball.net/person/pe16940/ {{PAGENAME}} pö el WorldFootball.net] (in Linglänapük) {{Kobädikos|Category:Luka Modrić|Luka Modrić}} {{Kvip Kroasäna su UEFA Euro 2020}} {{Kvip Kroasäna su Volaleköpäd ela FIFA 2022}} {{Kvip Kroasäna su UEFA Euro 2024}} {{Kvip Kroasäna su Volaleköpäd ela FIFA 2026}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Modric, Luka}} [[Klad:Moteds ün 1985]] [[Klad:Futaglöpädans Kroasänik]] [[Klad:Futaglöpädans lafabetik]] 1sfb5othtfr7kdmfe4ljq7ijobir6ro Lasärbäcänik Tatik Kadämik Teat Lopa e Baoleta 0 261988 3338201 3285075 2026-06-18T03:12:13Z Àncilu 33684 [[Patikos:LintErrors/bogus-image-options]] 3338201 wikitext text/x-wiki [[File:Azerbaijan State Academic Opera and Ballet Theatre main façade, 2015.jpg|250px|thumb|Lasärbäcänik Tatik Kadämik Teat Lopa e Baoleta]] '''Lasärbäcänik Tatik Kadämik Teat Lopa e Baoleta''' ([[lasärbäcänapük]]o: ''Azərbaycan Dövlət Akademik Opera və Balet Teatrı'') binon lopateat in [[Bakı]], [[Lasärbäcän]], maifik ün yel [[1911]]. == Yüms plödik == * [https://web.archive.org/web/20200602160311/http://www.tob.az/ Pad calofik] (in Lasärbäcänapük) {{commons|Category:Baku opera and ballet theatre|Lasärbäcänik Tatik Kadämik Teat Lopa e Baoleta}} {{sid|yegäd=teats}} [[Klad:Teats]] [[Klad:Lasärbäcän]] pnhhw4qu7kmv68cxehkzx1fw4bhbvqa João Félix 0 262023 3338126 3306591 2026-06-17T15:11:08Z Łukasz Winek 10785 + 3338126 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Menataib}} Hiel '''João Félix Sequeira''' (pämotöl tü [[1999]] [[novul 10]] in [[Viseu (Portugän)|Viseu]]) binom futaglöpädan [[Portugän]]ik, kel pledom in futaglöpädaklub: [[Al Nassr FC]] (KSA). == Yüms plödik == * [https://www.national-football-teams.com/player/74472/Joao_Felix.html {{PAGENAME}} pö el National Football Teams] (in Linglänapük) * [https://www.worldfootball.net/person/pe472232/ {{PAGENAME}} pö el WorldFootball.net] (in Linglänapük) {{Kobädikos|Category:João Félix|João Félix}} {{Kvip Portugäna su UEFA Euro 2020}} {{Kvip Portugäna su Volaleköpäd ela FIFA 2022}} {{Kvip Portugäna su UEFA Euro 2024}} {{Kvip Portugäna su Volaleköpäd ela FIFA 2026}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Felix, Joao}} [[Klad:Moteds ün 1999]] [[Klad:Futaglöpädans Portugänik]] [[Klad:Futaglöpädans lafabetik]] abxvvqsrmkan18gukigpmwmvzjlbtv2 Dominik Kotarski 0 263723 3338121 3220718 2026-06-17T14:59:58Z Łukasz Winek 10785 + 3338121 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Menataib}} Hiel '''Dominik Kotarski''' (pämotöl tü [[2000]] [[febul 10]] in [[Zabok]]) binom futaglöpädan [[Kroasän]]ik, kel pledom in futaglöpädaklub: [[F.C. København]] (DEN). == Yüms plödik == * [https://www.national-football-teams.com/player/94559/Dominik_Kotarski.html {{PAGENAME}} pö el National Football Teams] (in Linglänapük) * [https://www.worldfootball.net/person/pe448671/ {{PAGENAME}} pö el WorldFootball.net] (in Linglänapük) {{Kvip Kroasäna su Volaleköpäd ela FIFA 2026}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Kotarski, Dominik}} [[Klad:Moteds ün 2000]] [[Klad:Futaglöpädans Kroasänik]] [[Klad:Futaglöpädans lafabetik]] dscfut65eeozs99viime0n92x93m3qt Susi Nicoletti 0 271995 3338202 3286364 2026-06-18T06:31:38Z ~2026-35621-89 41427 3338202 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Menataib}} Jiel '''Susi Nicoletti''' (pemotöl tü [[1918]] [[setul 3]] in [[München]] as: '''Susanne Emilie Luise Adele Habersack''' – edeadöl tü [[2005]] [[yunul 5]] in [[Wien]], [[Lösterän]]) äbinof filma⸗, televida⸗ e teatadramatan e baoletadanüdan [[Deutän]]ik e Lösteränik. == Yüms plödik == * [https://www.imdb.com/name/nm0630401/ {{PAGENAME}} su IMDb] (in Linglänapük) * [https://www.filmportal.de/person/susi-nicoletti_388c0762d9544bebbe3cdead537bee88 {{PAGENAME}} su Filmportal.de] (in Deutänapük) {{DEFAULTSORT:Nicoletti, Susi}} [[Klad:Moteds ün 1918]] [[Klad:Deadams ün 2005]] [[Klad:Dramatans Deutänik]] [[Klad:Dramatans Lösteränik]] hquw5qhs72kdj1emhgona434mawonva 3338203 3338202 2026-06-18T06:32:47Z ~2026-35621-89 41427 3338203 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Menataib}} Jiel '''Susi Nicoletti''' (pemotöl tü [[1918]] [[setul 3]] in [[München]] as: '''Susanne Emilie Luise Adele Habersack''' – edeadöl tü [[2005]] [[yunul 5]] in [[Wien]], [[Lösterän]]) äbinof filma⸗, televida⸗ e teatadramatan e baoletadanüdan [[Deutän]]ik e Lösteränik. == Yüms plödik == * [https://www.imdb.com/name/nm0630401/ {{PAGENAME}} su IMDb] (in Linglänapük) * [https://www.filmportal.de/person/susi-nicoletti_388c0762d9544bebbe3cdead537bee88 {{PAGENAME}} su Filmportal.de] (in Deutänapük) {{DEFAULTSORT:Nicoletti, Susi}} [[Klad:Moteds ün 1918]] [[Klad:Deadams ün 2005]] [[Klad:Dramatans Deutänik]] [[Klad:Dramatans Lösteränik]] [[Klad:Danüdans Deutänik]] [[Klad:Danüdans Lösteränik]] lczldkc88cd1ri4xohkbwnnwy8oyv4d 3338207 3338203 2026-06-18T07:32:31Z Łukasz Winek 10785 3338207 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Menataib}} Jiel '''Susi Nicoletti''' (pämotöl tü [[1918]] [[setul 3]] in [[München]], [[Deutän]] as: '''Susanne Emilie Luise Adele Habersack''' – ädeadöl tü [[2005]] [[yunul 5]] in [[Wien]], [[Lösterän]]) äbinof filmota⸗, televida⸗ ä teatadramatan äsi baoletadanüdan Deutänik⸗Lösteränik. == Yüms plödik == * [https://www.imdb.com/name/nm0630401/ {{PAGENAME}} pö el IMDb] (in Linglänapük) * [https://www.filmportal.de/person/susi-nicoletti_388c0762d9544bebbe3cdead537bee88 {{PAGENAME}} pö el Filmportal.de] (in Deutänapük) {{DEFAULTSORT:Nicoletti, Susi}} [[Klad:Moteds ün 1918]] [[Klad:Deadams ün 2005]] [[Klad:Dramatans Deutänik]] [[Klad:Dramatans Lösteränik]] [[Klad:Danüdans Deutänik]] [[Klad:Danüdans Lösteränik]] ebs76l697cz4py1ojqscwl7asak4ui7 Kobbie Mainoo 0 279170 3338123 3312225 2026-06-17T15:01:54Z Łukasz Winek 10785 + 3338123 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Menataib}} Hiel '''Kobbie Boateng Mainoo''' (pämotöl tü [[2005]] [[prilul 19]] in [[Stockport]]) binom futaglöpädan [[Linglän]]ik, kel pledom in futaglöpädaklub: [[Manchester United F.C.]]. == Yüms plödik == * [https://www.national-football-teams.com/player/94449/Kobbie_Mainoo.html {{PAGENAME}} pö el National Football Teams] (in Linglänapük) * [https://www.worldfootball.net/person/pe709494/ {{PAGENAME}} pö el WorldFootball.net] (in Linglänapük) {{Kvip Lingläna su UEFA Euro 2024}} {{Kvip Lingläna su Volaleköpäd ela FIFA 2026}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Mainoo, Kobbie}} [[Klad:Moteds ün 2005]] [[Klad:Futaglöpädans Linglänik]] [[Klad:Futaglöpädans lafabetik]] exsjo9vvum08sogjij6xktsbbo8md01 João Neves (futaglöpädan) 0 280725 3338128 3315592 2026-06-17T15:13:34Z Łukasz Winek 10785 + 3338128 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Menataib}} Hiel '''João Pedro Gonçalves Neves''' (pämotöl tü [[2004]] [[setul 27]] in [[Tavira]]) binom futaglöpädan [[Portugän]]ik, kel pledom in futaglöpädaklub: [[Paris Saint-Germain]] (FRA). == Yüms plödik == * [https://www.national-football-teams.com/player/92658/Joao_Neves.html João Neves pö el National Football Teams] (in Linglänapük) * [https://www.worldfootball.net/person/pe608213/ João Neves pö el WorldFootball.net] (in Linglänapük) {{Kobädikos|Category:João Neves|João Neves (futaglöpädan)}} {{Kvip Portugäna su UEFA Euro 2024}} {{Kvip Portugäna su Volaleköpäd ela FIFA 2026}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Neves, Joao}} [[Klad:Moteds ün 2004]] [[Klad:Futaglöpädans Portugänik]] [[Klad:Futaglöpädans lafabetik]] 8hfz108k2bqry98qe8p803ih8yrvd67 Jude Bellingham 0 290051 3338122 3332573 2026-06-17T15:00:49Z Łukasz Winek 10785 + 3338122 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Menataib}} Hiel '''Jude Victor William Bellingham''' (pämotöl tü [[2003]] [[yunul 29]] in [[Stourbridge]]) binom futaglöpädan [[Linglän]]ik, kel pledom in futaglöpädaklub: [[Real Madrid CF]] (ESP). == Yüms plödik == * [https://www.national-football-teams.com/player/80451/Jude_Bellingham.html {{PAGENAME}} pö el National Football Teams] (in Linglänapük) * [https://www.worldfootball.net/person/pe541929/ {{PAGENAME}} pö el WorldFootball.net] (in Linglänapük) {{Kobädikos|Category:Jude Bellingham|Jude Bellingham}} {{Kvip Lingläna su UEFA Euro 2020}} {{Kvip Lingläna su Volaleköpäd ela FIFA 2022}} {{Kvip Lingläna su UEFA Euro 2024}} {{Kvip Lingläna su Volaleköpäd ela FIFA 2026}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Bellingham, Jude}} [[Klad:Moteds ün 2003]] [[Klad:Futaglöpädans Linglänik]] [[Klad:Futaglöpädans lafabetik]] 8hc4muy5vhir29b197n73yijn9ru4h6 Renato Veiga 0 291696 3338127 3334986 2026-06-17T15:12:15Z Łukasz Winek 10785 + 3338127 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Menataib}} Hiel '''Renato da Palma Veiga''' (pämotöl tü [[2003]] [[yulul 29]] in [[Lisboa]]) binom futaglöpädan [[Portugän]]ik, kel pledom in futaglöpädaklub: [[Villarreal CF]] (ESP). == Yüms plödik == * [https://www.national-football-teams.com/player/96008/Renato_Veiga.html {{PAGENAME}} pö el National Football Teams] (in Linglänapük) * [https://www.worldfootball.net/person/pe702970/ {{PAGENAME}} pö el WorldFootball.net] (in Linglänapük) {{Kobädikos|Category:Renato Veiga|Renato Veiga}} {{Kvip Portugäna su Volaleköpäd ela FIFA 2026}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Veiga, Renato}} [[Klad:Moteds ün 2003]] [[Klad:Futaglöpädans Portugänik]] [[Klad:Futaglöpädans lafabetik]] srhomwz3r4sr74r5c8u367i2ov3tv1f Samafomot:Kvip Tünisäna su Volaleköpäd ela FIFA 2026 10 293427 3338197 3337973 2026-06-17T21:12:08Z Łukasz Winek 10785 3338197 wikitext text/x-wiki {| class="noprint" width="100%" |- | <div class="NavFrame" style="clear: both; padding: 2px; border: 1px solid #aaaaaa; text-align: center; border-collapse: collapse; font-size: 95%;"> <div class="NavHead" style="height: 1.8em; font-weight: bold; font-size: 100%; background-color: #efefef">{{Stan|TUN}} Kvip [[Tünisän]]a – [[Volaleköpäd ela FIFA 2026]]</div> <div class="NavContent" style="font-size: 95%;"> <small>1</small> [[Mouhib Chamakh|Chamakh]]{{•}} <small>2</small> [[Ali Abdi|Abdi]]{{•}} <small>3</small> [[Montassar Talbi|Talbi]]{{•}} <small>4</small> [[Omar Rekik|Rekik]]{{•}} <small>5</small> [[Adem Arous|Arous]]{{•}} <small>6</small> [[Dylan Bronn|Bronn]]{{•}} <small>7</small> [[Elias Achouri|Achouri]]{{•}} <small>8</small> [[Elias Saad|Saad]]{{•}} <small>9</small> [[Hazem Mastouri|Mastouri]]{{•}} <small>10</small> [[Hannibal Mejbri|Mejbri]]{{•}} <small>11</small> [[Ismaël Gharbi|Gharbi]]{{•}} <small>12</small> [[Mortadha Ben Ouanes|Ben Ouanes]]{{•}} <small>13</small> [[Rani Khedira|Khedira]]{{•}} <small>14</small> [[Khalil Ayari|Ayari]]{{•}} <small>15</small> [[Hadj Mahmoud|Mahmoud]]{{•}} <small>16</small> [[Aymen Dahmen|Dahmen]]{{•}} <small>17</small> [[Ellyes Skhiri|Skhiri]]{{•}} <small>18</small> [[Rayan Elloumi|Elloumi]]{{•}} <small>19</small> [[Firas Chaouat|Chaouat]]{{•}} <small>20</small> [[Yan Valery|Valery]]{{•}} <small>21</small> [[Mohamed Amine Ben Hamida|Ben Hamida]]{{•}} <small>22</small> [[Sabri Ben Hessen|Ben Hessen]]{{•}} <small>23</small> [[Moutaz Neffati|Neffati]]{{•}} <small>24</small> [[Raed Chikhaoui|Chikhaoui]]{{•}} <small>25</small> [[Anis Ben Slimane|Slimane]]{{•}} <small>26</small> [[Sebastian Tounekti|Tounekti]]{{•}} <small>drätodan:</small> [[Sabri Lamouchi|Lamouchi]] / [[Hervé Renard|Renard]] </div> </div><small> <div style="clear: both;"><!--/--></div></small> |}<noinclude> [[Klad:Samafomots - Volaleköpäd ela FIFA 2026]] </noinclude> jc87r8xk5vtr564hdlgufa7n31xjcxd Samafomot:Kvip Lusbekäna su Volaleköpäd ela FIFA 2026 10 293506 3338114 2026-06-17T14:17:59Z Łukasz Winek 10785 samafomot nulik 3338114 wikitext text/x-wiki {| class="noprint" width="100%" |- | <div class="NavFrame" style="clear: both; padding: 2px; border: 1px solid #aaaaaa; text-align: center; border-collapse: collapse; font-size: 95%;"> <div class="NavHead" style="height: 1.8em; font-weight: bold; font-size: 100%; background-color: #efefef">{{Stan|UZB}} Kvip [[Lusbekän]]a – [[Volaleköpäd ela FIFA 2026]]</div> <div class="NavContent" style="font-size: 95%;"> <small>1</small> [[Oʻtkir Yusupov|Yusupov]]{{•}} <small>2</small> [[Abduqodir Xusanov|Xusanov]]{{•}} <small>3</small> [[Hojiakbar Alijonov|Alijonov]]{{•}} <small>4</small> [[Farrux Sayfiyev|Sayfiyev]]{{•}} <small>5</small> [[Rustam Ashurmatov|Ashurmatov]]{{•}} <small>6</small> [[Akmal Mozgovoy|Mozgovoy]]{{•}} <small>7</small> [[Otabek Shukurov|Shukurov]]{{•}} <small>8</small> [[Jamshid Iskanderov|Iskanderov]]{{•}} <small>9</small> [[Odiljon Xamrobekov|Xamrobekov]]{{•}} <small>10</small> [[Ruslanbek Jiyanov|Jiyanov]]{{•}} <small>11</small> [[Oston Urunov|Urunov]]{{•}} <small>12</small> [[Abduvohid Neʼmatov|Neʼmatov]]{{•}} <small>13</small> [[Sherzod Nasrullayev|Nasrullayev]]{{•}} <small>14</small> [[Eldor Shomurodov|Shomurodov]]{{•}} <small>15</small> [[Umar Eshmurodov|Eshmurodov]]{{•}} <small>16</small> [[Botirali Ergashev|Ergashev]]{{•}} <small>17</small> [[Dostonbek Hamdamov|Hamdamov]]{{•}} <small>18</small> [[Abdulla Abdullayev|Abdullayev]]{{•}} <small>19</small> [[Aziz Gʻaniyev|Gʻaniyev]]{{•}} <small>20</small> [[Azizbek Amonov|Amonov]]{{•}} <small>21</small> [[Igor Sergeyev|Sergeyev]]{{•}} <small>22</small> [[Abbosbek Fayzullayev|Fayzullayev]]{{•}} <small>23</small> [[Sherzod Esanov|Esanov]]{{•}} <small>24</small> [[Behruz Karimov|Karimov]]{{•}} <small>25</small> [[Avazbek Oʻlmasaliyev|Oʻlmasaliyev]]{{•}} <small>26</small> [[Jahongir Oʻrozov|Oʻrozov]]{{•}} <small>drätodan:</small> [[Fabio Cannavaro|Cannavaro]] </div> </div><small> <div style="clear: both;"><!--/--></div></small> |}<noinclude> [[Klad:Samafomots - Volaleköpäd ela FIFA 2026]] </noinclude> i3k4w682ljfaiqwal83noivfk0nw9fq Farrux Sayfiyev 0 293507 3338115 2026-06-17T14:23:57Z Łukasz Winek 10785 pad nulik 3338115 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Menataib}} Hiel '''Farrux Karimovic Sayfiyev''' (pämotöl tü [[1991]] [[yanul 17]] in [[Samarqand]]) binom futaglöpädan [[Lusbekän]]ik, kel pledom in futaglöpädaklub: [[Neftchi Fargʻona FK]]. == Yüms plödik == * [https://www.national-football-teams.com/player/56634/Farrux_Sayfiyev.html {{PAGENAME}} pö el National Football Teams] (in Linglänapük) * [https://www.worldfootball.net/person/pe364451/farrukh-sayfiyev/ {{PAGENAME}} pö el WorldFootball.net] (in Linglänapük) {{Kobädikos|Category:Farrukh Sayfiev|Farrux Sayfiyev}} {{Kvip Lusbekäna su Volaleköpäd ela FIFA 2026}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Sayfiyev, Farrux}} [[Klad:Moteds ün 1991]] [[Klad:Futaglöpädans Lusbekänik]] [[Klad:Futaglöpädans lafabetik]] b2emxy3vw8rjpwze4qah9o21fpckmnb Samafomot:Kvip Kolumbäna su Volaleköpäd ela FIFA 2026 10 293508 3338116 2026-06-17T14:38:13Z Łukasz Winek 10785 samafomot nulik 3338116 wikitext text/x-wiki {| class="noprint" width="100%" |- | <div class="NavFrame" style="clear: both; padding: 2px; border: 1px solid #aaaaaa; text-align: center; border-collapse: collapse; font-size: 95%;"> <div class="NavHead" style="height: 1.8em; font-weight: bold; font-size: 100%; background-color: #efefef">{{Stan|COL}} Kvip [[Kolumbän]]a – [[Volaleköpäd ela FIFA 2026]]</div> <div class="NavContent" style="font-size: 95%;"> <small>1</small> [[David Ospina|Ospina]]{{•}} <small>2</small> [[Daniel Muñoz (futaglöpädan)|Muñoz]]{{•}} <small>3</small> [[Jhon Lucumí|Lucumí]]{{•}} <small>4</small> [[Santiago Arias|S. Arias]]{{•}} <small>5</small> [[Kevin Castaño|Castaño]]{{•}} <small>6</small> [[Richard Ríos|Ríos]]{{•}} <small>7</small> [[Luis Díaz (futaglöpädan, 1997)|Díaz]]{{•}} <small>8</small> [[Jorge Carrascal|Carrascal]]{{•}} <small>9</small> [[Jhon Córdoba|Córdoba]]{{•}} <small>10</small> [[James Rodríguez|Rodríguez]]{{•}} <small>11</small> [[Jhon Arias|J. Arias]]{{•}} <small>12</small> [[Camilo Vargas|Vargas]]{{•}} <small>13</small> [[Yerry Mina|Mina]]{{•}} <small>14</small> [[Gustavo Puerta|Puerta]]{{•}} <small>15</small> [[Juan Portilla|Portilla]]{{•}} <small>16</small> [[Jefferson Lerma|Lerma]]{{•}} <small>17</small> [[Johan Mojica|Mojica]]{{•}} <small>18</small> [[Willer Ditta|Ditta]]{{•}} <small>19</small> [[Cucho Hernández|Hernández]]{{•}} <small>20</small> [[Juan Fernando Quintero|Quintero]]{{•}} <small>21</small> [[Jaminton Campaz|Campaz]]{{•}} <small>22</small> [[Deiver Machado|Machado]]{{•}} <small>23</small> [[Davinson Sánchez|Sánchez]]{{•}} <small>24</small> [[Álvaro Montero (futaglöpädan, 1995)|Montero]]{{•}} <small>25</small> [[Luis Suárez (futaglöpädan, 1997)|Suárez]]{{•}} <small>26</small> [[Andrés Gómez (futaglöpädan)|Gómez]]{{•}} <small>drätodan:</small> [[Néstor Lorenzo|Lorenzo]] </div> </div><small> <div style="clear: both;"><!--/--></div></small> |}<noinclude> [[Klad:Samafomots - Volaleköpäd ela FIFA 2026]] </noinclude> ikw4451p1omiu2wsu026oo8g52inkpn Cucho Hernández 0 293509 3338117 2026-06-17T14:45:57Z Łukasz Winek 10785 pad nulik 3338117 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Menataib}} Hiel '''Juan Camilo „Cucho” Hernández Suárez''' (pämotöl tü [[1999]] [[prilul 20]] in [[Pereira]]) binom futaglöpädan [[Kolumbän]]ik, kel pledom in futaglöpädaklub: [[Real Betis]] (ESP). == Yüms plödik == * [https://www.national-football-teams.com/player/72326/Cucho_Hernandez_1.html {{PAGENAME}} pö el National Football Teams] (in Linglänapük) * [https://www.worldfootball.net/person/pe432042/ {{PAGENAME}} pö el WorldFootball.net] (in Linglänapük) {{Kobädikos|Category:Cucho Hernández|Cucho Hernández}} {{Kvip Kolumbäna su Volaleköpäd ela FIFA 2026}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Hernandez, Cucho}} [[Klad:Moteds ün 1999]] [[Klad:Futaglöpädans Kolumbänik]] [[Klad:Futaglöpädans lafabetik]] 7umusa1gdw7ggav8169s5h7j6px8dfg Luka Vušković 0 293510 3338129 2026-06-17T16:45:38Z Łukasz Winek 10785 pad nulik 3338129 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Menataib}} Hiel '''Luka Vušković''' (pämotöl tü [[2007]] [[febul 24]] in [[Split]]) binom futaglöpädan [[Kroasän]]ik, kel pledom in futaglöpädaklub: [[Tottenham Hotspur F.C.]] (ENG). == Yüms plödik == * [https://www.national-football-teams.com/player/99980/Luka_Vuskovic.html {{PAGENAME}} pö el National Football Teams] (in Linglänapük) * [https://www.worldfootball.net/person/pe760594/ {{PAGENAME}} pö el WorldFootball.net] (in Linglänapük) {{Kvip Kroasäna su Volaleköpäd ela FIFA 2026}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Vuskovic, Luka}} [[Klad:Moteds ün 2007]] [[Klad:Futaglöpädans Kroasänik]] [[Klad:Futaglöpädans lafabetik]] rldwnfp66z38k2os76ekqum3p3ocxxb Kojo Peprah Oppong 0 293511 3338130 2026-06-17T16:51:33Z Łukasz Winek 10785 pad nulik 3338130 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Menataib}} Hiel '''Kojo Peprah Oppong''' (pämotöl tü [[2004]] [[yunul 4]] in [[Accra]]) binom futaglöpädan [[Ganän]]ik, kel pledom in futaglöpädaklub: [[OGC Nice]] (FRA). == Yüms plödik == * [https://www.national-football-teams.com/player/101381/Kojo_Peprah_Oppong.html {{PAGENAME}} pö el National Football Teams] (in Linglänapük) * [https://www.transfermarkt.com/kojo-peprah-oppong/profil/spieler/1113451 {{PAGENAME}} pö el Transfermarkt] (in Linglänapük) {{Kvip Ganäna su Volaleköpäd ela FIFA 2026}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Peprah Oppong, Kojo}} [[Klad:Moteds ün 2004]] [[Klad:Futaglöpädans Ganänik]] [[Klad:Futaglöpädans lafabetik]] iobl1dat6cn5l4gib36launcl629ro7 Henri Platelle 0 293512 3338132 2026-06-17T17:01:54Z Łukasz Winek 10785 pad nulik 3338132 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Menataib}} Hiel '''Henri Émile Albert Platelle''' (pämotöl tü [[1921]] [[prilul 5]] in [[Nomain]] – ädeadöl tü [[2011]] [[mayul 15]] in [[Lille (Fransän)|Lille]]) äbinom jenavan [[Fransän]]ik. == Yüms plödik == * [https://www.babelio.com/auteur/Henri-Platelle/174387 {{PAGENAME}} pö el Babelio] (in Fransänapük) * [https://cths.fr/an/savant.php?id=101463 {{PAGENAME}} pö el CTHS] (in Fransänapük) {{DEFAULTSORT:Platelle, Henri}} [[Klad:Moteds ün 1921]] [[Klad:Deadams ün 2011]] [[Klad:Jenavans Fransänik]] rnxru2pwugdmqvr2xbkc6drwyzirbp4 Henri Piégay 0 293513 3338133 2026-06-17T17:06:46Z Łukasz Winek 10785 pad nulik 3338133 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Menataib}} Hiel '''Henri Piégay''' (pämotöl tü [[1935]] [[yunul 4]] in [[Cần Thơ]], [[Vietnamän]]) binom filmota⸗, televida⸗ ä teatadramatan [[Fransän]]ik. == Yüms plödik == * [https://www.imdb.com/name/nm0682142/ {{PAGENAME}} pö el IMDb] (in Linglänapük) * [https://lesarchivesduspectacle.net/p/70212-Henri-Piegay {{PAGENAME}} pö el Les Archives du spectacle] (in Fransänapük) {{DEFAULTSORT:Piegay, Henri}} [[Klad:Moteds ün 1935]] [[Klad:Dramatans Fransänik]] m7wrpt1tldycpph5p612iy9283b24ta Henri Pistre 0 293514 3338134 2026-06-17T17:14:02Z Łukasz Winek 10785 pad nulik 3338134 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Menataib}} Hiel '''Henri Noël Jacques Pistre''' (pämotöl tü [[1900]] [[dekul 26]] in [[Mazamet]] – ädeadöl tü [[1981]] [[yanul 27]] in [[Noailhac (Tarn)|Noailhac]], [[Tarn]]) äbinom pledan [[Fransän]]ik ela rugby. == Yüms plödik == * [https://deces.matchid.io/id/3UAp4LifhlSz {{PAGENAME}} pö el Fichier des décès] (in Fransänapük) {{DEFAULTSORT:Pistre, Henri}} [[Klad:Moteds ün 1900]] [[Klad:Deadams ün 1981]] [[Klad:Pledans Fransänik ela rugby]] 0614oou3bzkaskewkqh6e11byhbgmp7 Henri Pierre Charles Bernardin Risbourg 0 293515 3338135 2026-06-17T17:20:33Z Łukasz Winek 10785 pad nulik 3338135 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Menataib}} Hiel '''Henri Pierre Charles Bernardin Risbourg''' (pämotöl tü [[1838]] [[yanul 7]] in [[Rœulx]] – ädeadöl tü [[1925]] [[tobul 29]] in [[Vannes]]) äbinom militan [[Fransän]]ik. {{sid|yegäd = militans}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Risbourg, Henri Pierre Charles Bernardin}} [[Klad:Moteds ün 1838]] [[Klad:Deadams ün 1925]] [[Klad:Militans Fransänik]] 2gxlr3g6hp9rbesiok1fswi977ohoji Henri Piazza 0 293516 3338137 2026-06-17T17:30:29Z Łukasz Winek 10785 pad nulik 3338137 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Menataib}} Hiel '''Henri Jules Piazza''' (pämotöl tü [[1861]] [[yulul 7]] in [[Roma]], [[Litaliyän]] – ädeadöl tü [[1929]] [[tobul 23]] in [[Paris]]) äbinom dabükan ä tradutan [[Fransän]]ik. {{Kobädikos|Category:Henri Piazza|Henri Piazza}} {{sid|yegäd = dabükans}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Piazza, Henri}} [[Klad:Moteds ün 1861]] [[Klad:Deadams ün 1929]] [[Klad:Dabükans Fransänik]] [[Klad:Tradutans Fransänik]] 76q1vrlsw640rqq5ovf27wqosa37iwr Henri Peña-Ruiz 0 293517 3338138 2026-06-17T17:35:05Z Łukasz Winek 10785 pad nulik 3338138 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Menataib}} Hiel '''Henri Peña-Ruiz''' (pämotöl tü [[1947]] [[prilul 22]] in [[Le Pré-Saint-Gervais]]) binom filosopan ä lautan [[Fransän]]ik. == Yüms plödik == * [https://www.babelio.com/auteur/Henri-Pena-Ruiz/3075 {{PAGENAME}} pö el Babelio] (in Fransänapük) {{Kobädikos|Category:Henri Peña-Ruiz|Henri Peña-Ruiz}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Pena-Ruiz, Henri}} [[Klad:Moteds ün 1947]] [[Klad:Filosopans Fransänik]] [[Klad:Lautans Fransänik]] t6r6cia1t9lebux3byic7vd4e5luauh Henri Philippoteaux 0 293518 3338139 2026-06-17T17:41:46Z Łukasz Winek 10785 pad nulik 3338139 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Menataib}} Hiel '''Henri Philippoteaux''' (pämotöl tü [[1866]] [[yanul 19]] in [[Launois-sur-Vence]] – ädeadöl tü [[1935]] [[novul 16]] id in Launois-sur-Vence) äbinom bolitan [[Fransän]]ik. De 1911 jü 1925 äbinom sifal zifa: [[Rocroi]]. == Yüms plödik == * [https://www2.assemblee-nationale.fr/sycomore/fiche?num_dept=5891 {{PAGENAME}} pö el Sycomore] (in Fransänapük) * [https://www.senat.fr/senateur-3eme-republique/philippoteaux_henri0169r3.html {{PAGENAME}} pö el senat.fr] (in Fransänapük) {{DEFAULTSORT:Philippoteaux, Henri}} [[Klad:Moteds ün 1866]] [[Klad:Deadams ün 1935]] [[Klad:Bolitans Fransänik]] 0smbm1kt0id3usdlvxmuyw46cm7z9qz Henri Pertus 0 293519 3338140 2026-06-17T18:37:15Z Łukasz Winek 10785 pad nulik 3338140 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Menataib}} Hiel '''Henri Martial Louis Pertus''' (pämotöl tü [[1908]] [[yulul 28]] in [[Nîmes]] – ädeadöl tü [[1988]] [[febul 17]] in [[Toulon]]) äbinom pänan [[Fransän]]ik. == Yüms plödik == * [https://www.invaluable.com/artist/pertus-henri-rkuspghw2d/ {{PAGENAME}} pö el Invaluable.com] (in Linglänapük) {{DEFAULTSORT:Petrus, Henri}} [[Klad:Moteds ün 1908]] [[Klad:Deadams ün 1988]] [[Klad:Pänans Fransänik]] 7vg5jaeknmq7uwa4swyvdekuz3a5hsr Henri Patizel 0 293520 3338141 2026-06-17T18:44:22Z Łukasz Winek 10785 pad nulik 3338141 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Menataib}} Hiel '''Jules Henri François Auguste Patizel''' (pämotöl tü [[1871]] [[yanul 29]] in [[Les Charmontois]] – ädeadöl tü [[1960]] [[mäzul 8]] in [[Givry-en-Argonne]]) äbinom bolitan [[Fransän]]ik. De 1929 jü 1959 äbinom sifal zifa: Givry-en-Argonne. == Yüms plödik == * [https://www.senat.fr/senateur-3eme-republique/patizel_henri0636r3.html {{PAGENAME}} pö el senat.fr] (in Fransänapük) {{DEFAULTSORT:Patizel, Henri}} [[Klad:Moteds ün 1871]] [[Klad:Deadams ün 1960]] [[Klad:Bolitans Fransänik]] byklds20s31k3zd1m18q8marc9ole1a Henri Parisot (dabükan) 0 293521 3338142 2026-06-17T18:51:10Z Łukasz Winek 10785 pad nulik 3338142 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Menataib}} Hiel '''Henri Georges Robert Parisot''' (pämotöl tü [[1908]] [[prilul 23]] in [[Paris]] – ädeadöl tü [[1979]] [[yunul 2]] id in Paris) äbinom dabükan ä tradutan [[Fransän]]ik. == Yüms plödik == * [https://www.babelio.com/auteur/Henri-Parisot/57814 Henri Parisot pö el Babelio] (in Fransänapük) * [https://lesarchivesduspectacle.net/p/39522-Henri-Parisot Henri Parisot pö el Les Archives du spectacle] (in Fransänapük) {{DEFAULTSORT:Parisot, Henri}} [[Klad:Moteds ün 1908]] [[Klad:Deadams ün 1979]] [[Klad:Dabükans Fransänik]] [[Klad:Tradutans Fransänik]] nr2sciaohir1embniicj327uim5pcht Henri-Oswald de La Tour d'Auvergne 0 293522 3338143 2026-06-17T19:43:36Z Łukasz Winek 10785 pad nulik 3338143 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Menataib}} Hiel '''Henri-Oswald de La Tour d'Auvergne''' (pämotöl tü [[1671]] [[novul 5]] in [[Barcy]] – ädeadöl tü [[1747]] [[prilul 23]] in [[Paris]]) äbinom kultan [[Fransän]]ik. Äbinom lebijop di Tours (1719–1721) ä lebijop di Vienne (1721–1745). == Yüms plödik == * [https://www.catholic-hierarchy.org/bishop/blatod.html {{PAGENAME}} pö el Catholic Hierarchy] (in Linglänapük) {{Kobädikos|Category:Henri Oswald de La Tour d'Auvergne|Henri-Oswald de La Tour d'Auvergne}} {{DEFAULTSORT:La Tour d'Auvergne, Henri Oswald de}} [[Klad:Moteds ün 1671]] [[Klad:Deadams ün 1747]] [[Klad:Kultans Fransänik]] kcnfvvcn14fvl62tey9z3nq39ohfhru Henri Pacon 0 293523 3338144 2026-06-17T19:49:15Z Łukasz Winek 10785 pad nulik 3338144 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Menataib}} Hiel '''Henri Victor Pacon''' (pämotöl tü [[1882]] [[yunul 4]] in [[Paris]] – ädeadöl tü [[1946]] [[yanul 9]] in [[Saint-Mandé]]) äbinom bumavan [[Fransän]]ik. == Yüms plödik == * [https://www.pss-archi.eu/architecte/4921/ {{PAGENAME}} pö el PSS-archi] (in Fransänapük) * [https://agorha.inha.fr/ark:/54721/75349215-c921-43ab-9496-f43cc40dd4f9 {{PAGENAME}} pö el AGORHA] (in Fransänapük) {{Kobädikos|Category:Henri Pacon|Henri Pacon}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Pacon, Henri}} [[Klad:Moteds ün 1882]] [[Klad:Deadams ün 1946]] [[Klad:Bumavans Fransänik]] ogo9bwh9dlkzvjwpfg702unwg2njaak Henri Nouveau 0 293524 3338145 2026-06-17T20:00:57Z Łukasz Winek 10785 pad nulik 3338145 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Menataib}} Hiel '''Henri Nouveau''' (pämotöl tü [[1901]] [[mäzul 6]] in [[Braşov]], [[Rumän]] as: '''Heinrich Neugeboren''' – ädeadöl tü [[1959]] [[yanul 12]] in [[Paris]], [[Fransän]]) äbinom pänan, skulturan, noatädan, pianodan ä lautan Fransänik⸗[[Deutän]]ik. == Yüms plödik == * [https://www.artnet.com/artists/henri-henrik-neugeboren-nouveau/ {{PAGENAME}} pö el Artnet] (in Linglänapük) * [https://www.artsy.net/artist/henri-nouveau {{PAGENAME}} pö el Artsy] (in Linglänapük) {{DEFAULTSORT:Nouveau, Henri}} [[Klad:Moteds ün 1901]] [[Klad:Deadams ün 1959]] [[Klad:Pänans Fransänik]] [[Klad:Skulturans Fransänik]] [[Klad:Noatädans Fransänik]] [[Klad:Pianodans Fransänik]] [[Klad:Lautans Fransänik]] [[Klad:Pänans Deutänik]] [[Klad:Skulturans Deutänik]] [[Klad:Noatädans Deutänik]] [[Klad:Pianodans Deutänik]] [[Klad:Lautans Deutänik]] jyjq2wjanbnpvim5ukj9qmqoeojvy0w Margaretha af Ugglas 0 293525 3338209 2026-06-18T08:01:07Z Łukasz Winek 10785 pad nulik 3338209 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Menataib}} Jiel '''Märta Margaretha af Ugglas''' (pämotöl tü [[1939]] [[yanul 5]] in [[Stockholm]] as: '''Märta Margaretha Stenbeck''' – ädeadöl tü [[2026]] [[mayul 10]]<ref>[https://www.aftonbladet.se/nyheter/a/L4jB7V/margaretha-af-ugglas-dod ''Tidigare utrikesministern af Ugglas död''], Aftonbladet, 2026 yunul 13 (in Svedänapük)</ref>) äbinof bolitan [[Svedän]]ik. De 1991 jü 1994 äbinom ministeran dinas foginik Svedäna. == Noets == <references/> == Yüms plödik == * [https://www.riksdagen.se/sv/ledamoter-och-partier/ledamot/margaretha-af-ugglas_3aefb08b-13c9-47f2-89d9-c9479884ec7d/ {{PAGENAME}} pö el Sveriges Riksdag] (in Svedänapük) * [https://www.europarl.europa.eu/meps/en/2148/MARGARETHA_AF+UGGLAS/history/4 {{PAGENAME}} pö el MEP] (in Linglänapük) {{DEFAULTSORT:Ugglas, Margaretha af}} [[Klad:Moteds ün 1939]] [[Klad:Deadams ün 2026]] [[Klad:Bolitans Svedänik]] j9ndeze4kz9spj45l19zl2lzh49g61f William Smithers 0 293526 3338210 2026-06-18T08:22:04Z Łukasz Winek 10785 pad nulik 3338210 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Menataib}} Hiel '''William Smithers''' (pämotöl tü [[1927]] [[yulul 10]] in [[Richmond (Virginän)|Richmond]], [[Virginän]] as: '''Marion Wilkinson Smithers Jr.''' – ädeadöl tü [[2026]] [[mayul 26]] in [[Santa Barbara]]<ref>[https://www.noozhawk.com/actor-william-smithers-of-santa-barbara-1927-2026/ ''Actor William Smithers of Santa Barbara, 1927-2026''], Noozhawk, 2026 yunul 15 (in Linglänapük)</ref>) äbinom filmota⸗, teata⸗ ä televidadramatan [[Lamerikän]]ik. == Noets == <references/> == Yüms plödik == * [https://www.imdb.com/name/nm0810461/ {{PAGENAME}} pö el IMDb] (in Linglänapük) * [https://www.ibdb.com/broadway-cast-staff/william-smithers-60328 {{PAGENAME}} pö el Internet Broadway Database] (in Linglänapük) {{Kobädikos|Category:William Smithers|William Smithers}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Smithers, William}} [[Klad:Moteds ün 1927]] [[Klad:Deadams ün 2026]] [[Klad:Dramatans Lamerikänik]] 6dztbn1hplee3ma5f5mkj16o5ya9be8 Gerard Verschuuren 0 293527 3338211 2026-06-18T08:39:38Z Łukasz Winek 10785 pad nulik 3338211 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Menataib}} Hiel '''Gerard M. Verschuuren''' (pämotöl tü [[1946]] [[mayul 29]] in [[Nedän]] – ädeadöl tü [[2026]] [[mayul 31]] in [[Atkinson (New Hampshire)|Atkinson]], [[New Hampshire]], [[Lamerikän]]<ref>[https://www.carrierfuneralhome.com/obituary/gerard-verschuuren ''Gerard Verschuuren''], Carrier Funeral Home (in Linglänapük)</ref>) äbinom filosopan ä geredavan [[Nedän]]ik. == Noets == <references/> {{Kobädikos|Category:Gerard Verschuuren|Gerard Verschuuren}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Verschuuren, Gerard}} [[Klad:Moteds ün 1946]] [[Klad:Deadams ün 2026]] [[Klad:Filosopans Nedänik]] [[Klad:Geredavans Nedänik]] 6yu8qeua1q49ga4mwsf5o0cmqxctdkb