Wikipedia warwiki https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Syahan_nga_Pakli MediaWiki 1.46.0-wmf.22 first-letter Medya Pinaurog Hiruhimangraw Gumaramit Hiruhimangaw hiton gumaramit Wikipedia Hiruhimangraw hiton Wikipedia Paypay Hiruhimangraw hiton paypay MedyaWiki Hiruhimangraw hiton MedyaWiki Batakan Hiruhimangraw hiton batakan Bulig Hiruhimangaw hiton bulig Kaarangay Hiruhimangraw hiton kaarangay TimedText TimedText talk Module Module talk Event Event talk 0 134 7782406 7650354 2026-04-07T07:51:56Z InternetArchiveBot 41587 Add 1 book for verifiability (20260407)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 7782406 wikitext text/x-wiki Kon ha haluag nga paghubad, iton '''lingguwistika''' (ha ''Iningles:'' linguistics) amo an siyentipiko nga pag-aram mahitungod han [[yinaknan]], ngan iton '''lingguwista''' (''Iningles:'' linguist) amo iton hin-o man nga nag-aaram hini nga kinaadman. ==Pinanbasaran== {{Reflist}} ==Bibliograpiya== *{{cite book | title=Linguistics: An Introduction to Language and Communication | publisher=The MIT Press | author=Akmajian, Adrian; Demers, Richard; Farmer, Ann; Harnish, Robert | year=2010 | location=Cambridge, MA | isbn=0-262-51370-6}} *{{cite book | first=Daniela | last=Isac | author2=Charles Reiss | title=I-language: An Introduction to Linguistics as Cognitive Science, 2nd edition | url=http://linguistics.concordia.ca/i-language/ | year=2013 | publisher=Oxford University Press | isbn=978-0199660179 }} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110706173454/http://linguistics.concordia.ca/i-language/ |date=2011-07-06 }} *{{cite book | first=Steven | last=Pinker | title= The Language Instinct | url=https://archive.org/details/languageinstinct0000pink_w8b7 |year=1994 |publisher=William Morrow and Company |isbn=9780140175295}} *{{cite book | first=Noam | last=Chomsky |title=On Language | url=https://archive.org/details/onlanguagechomsk00chom |year=1998 |publisher=The New Press, New York |isbn=978-1565844759}} *{{cite book | first=Jacques | last=Derrida | title=Of Grammatology | url=https://archive.org/details/ofgrammatology00derr | year=1967 | publisher=The Johns Hopkins University Press | isbn=0801858305}} *{{cite book | first=David | last=Crystal | title=Linguistics | year=1990 | publisher=Penguin Books | isbn=9780140135312}} ==Mga sumpay ha gawas== {{sisterlinks|wikt=linguistics|v=School:Linguistics|commons=Category:Linguistics}} * [http://linguistlist.org/ The Linguist List], a global online linguistics community with news and information updated daily * [http://www.sil.org/linguistics/GlossaryOfLinguisticTerms/index.htm Glossary of linguistic terms] by [[SIL International]] (last updated 2004) * [http://languagelog.ldc.upenn.edu/nll/ Language Log], a linguistics blog maintained by prominent (popular science) linguists * [http://www.glottopedia.org Glottopedia], MediaWiki-based encyclopedia of linguistics, under construction * [http://www.lsadc.org/info/ling-fields.cfm Linguistic sub-fields] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071126121113/http://www.lsadc.org/info/ling-fields.cfm |date=2007-11-26 }} – according to the Linguistic Society of America * Linguistics and language-related [[wiki]] articles on [http://www.scholarpedia.org/article/Language Scholarpedia] and [http://en.citizendium.org/wiki/Linguistics Citizendium] * [http://www.unizar.es/departamentos/filologia_inglesa/garciala/bibliography.html "Linguistics" section] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080906110954/http://www.unizar.es/departamentos/filologia_inglesa/garciala/bibliography.html |date=2008-09-06 }} – A Bibliography of Literary Theory, Criticism and Philology, ed. J. A. García Landa (University of Zaragoza, Spain) * An Academic [http://www.lingforum.com/forum Linguistics] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081205082117/http://www.lingforum.com/forum/ |date=2008-12-05 }} Forum (currently some technical problems, Feb 2013) * Linguistics Contents for Non-English World [http://www.atoall.com/language/all/Linguistics_contents_for_non_English_world.html] * {{dmoz|Science/Social_Sciences/Linguistics}} [[Kaarangay:Lingguwistika]] f3juw99k0ajlucw6e63twd9p9m8wh6j 0 192 7782356 7749677 2026-04-07T06:57:49Z InternetArchiveBot 41587 Add 2 books for verifiability (20260407)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 7782356 wikitext text/x-wiki An '''Biyolohiya''' amo an siyensya mahitungod han kinabuhi. An pulong nga ''biyolohiya'' tikang ha [[Griyego]] nga mga pulong "βιos" ''bios'' = kinabuhi ug "λoγos", ''logos'' = pamulong ha kinaadman. An Biyolohiya kay usa ka natural na siyensya na napokus ha pag-aram ha kinabuhi ngan han mga buhi nga mga organismo. Moderno nga Biyolohiya kay gin-uupod an istruktura, gamit, pag-tubo, ebolusyon han usa ka buhi nga mga organismo ==Galeriya == <gallery> File:Guriezo Adino vaca toro terneras.jpg|Animalia - Bos primigenius taurus File:Zboże.jpg|Planta - Triticum File:Morchella esculenta 08.jpg|Fungi - Morchella esculenta File:Fucus serratus2.jpg|Stramenopila/Chromista - Fucus serratus File:Gemmatimonas aurantiaca.jpg|Bacteria - Gemmatimonas aurantiaca (- = 1 Micrometer) File:Halobacteria.jpg|Archaea - Halobacteria File:Gamma phage.png|Virus - Gamma phage </gallery> ==Katinikangan== Bisan an moderno nga biyolohiya kay bag-o nga parte han yensya, mayda mga siyensya nga konektado ha biyolohiya nga gin-aram na tikang han kadaan nga panahon. An natural nga pilosopiya kay gin-aram tikang han kadaan nga sibilisasyon ha Mesopotamia, Egypt, India ngan China. Pero an katinikangan han moderno nga biyolohiya kay ginbabalik ngadto ha kadaan nga Greece. ==Pinanbasaran== {{reflist}} ==Dugang nga barasahon== {{refbegin}} * {{cite book|last =Alberts|first=Bruce|coauthors=Johnson, A, Lewis, J, Raff, M, Roberts, K & Walter, P|title=Molecular Biology of the Cell|url =https://archive.org/details/molecularbiology0004albe|edition=4th|publisher=Garland|year=2002|isbn=978-0-8153-3218-3|oclc =145080076 48122761 57023651 69932405}} * {{cite book|last=Begon|first=Michael|coauthors= Townsend, CR & Harper, JL|title=[[Ecology: From Individuals to Ecosystems]]|edition=4th|publisher=Blackwell Publishing Limited|year=2005|isbn=978-1-4051-1117-1|oclc=57639896 57675855 62131207}} * {{cite book|last=Campbell|first=Neil|authorlink=Neil Campbell (scientist)|title=Biology|edition=7th|publisher=Benjamin-Cummings Publishing Company|year=2004|isbn=0-8053-7146-X|oclc=71890442}} * {{cite book|last=Colinvaux|first=Paul|authorlink=Paul Colinvaux |title=Why Big Fierce Animals are Rare: An Ecologist's Perspective|url=https://archive.org/details/whybigfierceanim00paul|edition=reissue|publisher=Princeton University Press|year=1979|isbn=0-691-02364-6|oclc=10081738 24132192}} *{{cite book|author=Mayr, Ernst |title=The Growth of Biological Thought: Diversity, Evolution, and Inheritance|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=pHThtE2R0UQC|year=1982|publisher=Harvard University Press|isbn=978-0-674-36446-2}} * {{cite book|last=Hoagland|first=Mahlon|title=The Way Life Works|url=https://archive.org/details/exploringwaylife0000hoag|edition=reprint|publisher=Jones and Bartlett Publishers inc|year=2001|isbn=0-7637-1688-X|oclc=223090105 45487537}} * {{cite book|last=Janovy|first=John Jr.|title=On Becoming a Biologist|url=https://archive.org/details/onbecomingbiolog0000jano|edition=2nd|publisher=Bison Books|year=2004|isbn=0-8032-7620-6|oclc=55138571 56964280}} * {{cite book|last=Johnson|first=George B.|authorlink=Johnson George B.|title=Biology, Visualizing Life|url=https://archive.org/details/holtbiologyvisua00john|publisher=Holt, Rinehart, and Winston|year=2005|isbn=0-03-016723-X|oclc=36306648}} * {{cite book|last =Tobin|first=Allan|author2=Dusheck, Jennie|title=Asking About Life|edition=3rd|publisher=Wadsworth|location=Belmont, California|year=2005|isbn=0-534-40653-X}} {{refend}} ==Mga sumpay ha gawas== {{Wikibooks}} {{Wikisource portal|Natural History and Biology}} {{Wiktionary}} {{wikiversity|Biology|at-link=School:Biology|at=The School of Biology}} * {{dmoz|Science/Biology}} * [http://www.ohio.edu/phylocode/index.html OSU's Phylocode] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131212205742/http://www.ohio.edu/phylocode/index.html |date=2013-12-12 }} * [http://www.biology-online.org/dictionary/Main_Page Biology Online – Wiki Dictionary] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080917162850/http://biology-online.org/dictionary/Main_Page |date=2008-09-17 }} * [http://ocw.mit.edu/courses/biology/7-012-introduction-to-biology-fall-2004/ MIT video lecture series on biology] * [http://www.bioeticaunbosque.edu.co/english/ Biology and Bioethics] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070626143439/http://www.bioeticaunbosque.edu.co/english/ |date=2007-06-26 }}. * [https://inlportal.inl.gov/portal/server.pt?open=514&objID=2622&parentname=CommunityPage&parentid=7&mode=2&in_hi_userid=200&cached=true Biological Systems] – Idaho National Laboratory * [http://tolweb.org/tree/phylogeny.html ''The Tree of Life'']: A multi-authored, distributed Internet project containing information about phylogeny and biodiversity. * [http://logic-law.com/index.php?title=The_Study_of_Biology The Study of Biology] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131029200057/http://logic-law.com/index.php?title=The_Study_of_Biology |date=2013-10-29 }} * [http://www.library.illinois.edu/bix/biologicalliterature/ Using the Biological Literature Web Resources] ;Journal links * [http://biology.plosjournals.org/perlserv/?request=index-html&issn=1545-7885 PLos Biology] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060426191401/http://biology.plosjournals.org/perlserv/?request=index-html&issn=1545-7885 |date=2006-04-26 }} A peer-reviewed, open-access journal published by the [[Public Library of Science]] * [http://www.cell.com/current-biology/ Current Biology] General journal publishing [[original research]] from all areas of biology * [http://rsbl.royalsocietypublishing.org/ Biology Letters] A [[Impact factor|high-impact]] [[Royal Society]] journal publishing [[peer-review]]ed Biology papers of general interest * [http://www.sciencemag.org/collections/subject/ Science Magazine] Internationally Renowned [[American Association for the Advancement of Science|AAAS]] Science Publication – See Sections of the Life Sciences * [http://www.biolsci.org/ International Journal of Biological Sciences] A biological journal publishing significant peer-reviewed scientific papers * [http://www.press.jhu.edu/journals/perspectives_in_biology_and_medicine/index.html Perspectives in Biology and Medicine] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20031110160426/http://www.press.jhu.edu/journals/perspectives_in_biology_and_medicine/index.html |date=2003-11-10 }} An [[interdisciplinarity|interdisciplinary]] [[scholarly method|scholarly]] journal publishing [[essay]]s of broad relevance * [http://www.lifesciencelog.com/ Life Science Log] {{turók}} {{Commonscat|Biology}} [[Kaarangay:Biyolohiya| ]] [[Kaarangay:Siyensyas Matematikas, Fisika ngan Naturales]] lt94pdb0843lynws3l27ksrdntsc267 0 795 7782358 7646990 2026-04-07T07:00:59Z InternetArchiveBot 41587 Add 2 books for verifiability (20260407)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 7782358 wikitext text/x-wiki [[File:CollageFisica.jpg|thumb]] Iton '''físika''', '''pesiká'''<ref>Abuyen, Tomas A. '''Diksyunaryo Waray-Waray [Visaya] English-Tagalog'''. Kalayaan Press Mktg. Ent., Inc. Quezon City. Tuig 2000. ISBN 971-08-6050-X. Pakli Ihap 283.</ref> o '''pisiká'''<ref>Abuyen, Tomas A. '''Diksyunaryo Waray-Waray [Visaya] English-Tagalog'''. Kalayaan Press Mktg. Ent., Inc. Quezon City. Tuig 2000. ISBN 971-08-6050-X. Pakli Ihap 288.</ref> (tikang han [[Griyego nga yinaknan|Griyego]], φύσις (''phúsis''), ''"nature"'' ngan φυσικός (''phusikós''), "natural"), an pinaka-''fundamental'' nga [[siyensya natural]], nanginginlabot hiton mga batikan nga mga prinsipyo han [[Universo]]. Iton Físika nanginginlabot hiton mga elementarya nga nakahimo han [[Nature|natural nga kalibutan]] (e.g. ''[[matter]]'', [[enerhiya]], [[espasyo]], ngan [[takna]]) ngan an ira mga interaksyon, pati gihapon han pag-analisar han mga sistema nga naipapahayag hin klaro ha pamulong hinin nga mga prinsipyo. ==Kasaysayan== Nagtikang an Pesika bilang Pilosopiya-natural sadton ''[[Archaic Greece|Archaic period]]'' han [[Greece]] (tuig 650 BCE – 480 BCE). An mga pilosopo sugad kan [[Thales]] naghanap hin ''methodological'' na mga eksplenasyons san mga natural na phenomena. Naghatag sira mga ideya nga ginpasarig san rason ngan obserbasyon, ngan daramo san kanra mga ''hypotheses'' naprubaran san experimento;<ref name="lloyd1970pp108-109">{{harvnb|Lloyd|1970|pp=108–109}}</ref> sugad san [[atomismo]] na naprubaran na tama haros 2000 katuig tikang sa una gin-''propose'' ni [[Leucippus]] ngan [[Democritus]].<ref name="about-atomism">{{Cite web |last=Gill |first=N.S. |title=Atomism - Pre-Socratic Philosophy of Atomism |work=Ancient/Classical History |publisher=[[About.com]] |url=http://ancienthistory.about.com/od/presocraticphiloso/p/Atomism.htm |accessdate=1 Abril 2014 |ref=harv |archive-date=2014-07-10 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140710140657/http://ancienthistory.about.com/od/presocraticphiloso/p/Atomism.htm |url-status= }}</ref> Nagin siyensya an Pesika sadton ''early modern Europe'' san paggamit nira san experimental ngan ''quantitative'' na ''methods'' para ma-diskobre an yana ginkokonsidera na ''[[laws of physics]]''.<ref name="benchaim2004">{{harvnb|Ben-Chaim|2004}}</ref> ==Klasikal na Pesika== [[Paypay:GodfreyKneller-IsaacNewton-1689.jpg|thumbnail|Si Isaac Newton(1643-1727), na may dagko na kontribusyon sa Klasikal na Piseka, an 'universal gravitation' ngan 'laws of motion']] Sakob sa Klasikal na pesika an mga tradisyonal na mga sanga sugad san ''[[mechanics]]'', ''[[acoustics]]'', ''[[optika|optics]]'', ''[[thermodynamics]]'', ngan ''[[electromagnetism]]''. Nanginginlabot an Klasikal na mechaniks san mga butang na nagkikiwa ngan ginpapakiwa san pwersa, ngan ginbabahin ini ngadto ha ''statics'', ''kinematics'', ngan ''dynamics''; Ginbabahin liwat an mechanics ngadto ha ''solid mechanics'' ngan ''fluid mechanics''. Sa fluid mechanics sakob an mga sanga na [[hydrostatics]], [[hydrodynamics]], [[aerodynamics]], ngan [[nyumatika|pneumatics]]. ==Moderno na Pesika== An moderno na pesika nagpapakita san iba na konsepto san ''space, time, ngan matter'' na prenesentar san klasikal na pesika. An duha na teoriya na nagdominar sa moderno na pesika amo an ''[[Quantum theory]]'' ngan ''special theory of relativity''. Sakob san moderno na pesika an [[quantum mechanics]]. ==Pinanbasaran== {{Mga kasarigan}} ==Padugang nga barasahon== <div class="reflist"> * {{Cite book |last=Aaboe |first=A. |authorlink=Asger Aaboe | date = 1991 |title=The Cambridge Ancient History |edition=2nd |volume=Volume III |chapter=Mesopotamian Mathematics, Astronomy, and Astrology |publisher=[[Cambridge University Press]] |isbn=978-0-521-22717-9 |ref=harv}} * {{Cite web |last=Allen |first=D. |date=10 Abril 1997 |title=Calculus |publisher=[[Texas A&M University]] |url=http://www.math.tamu.edu/~dallen/history/calc1/calc1.html |accessdate=1 Abril 2014 |ref=harv |archive-date=2021-03-23 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210323194040/https://www.math.tamu.edu/~dallen/history/calc1/calc1.html |url-status= }} * {{Cite book |last=Ben-Chaim |first=M. | date = 2004 |title=Experimental Philosophy and the Birth of Empirical Science: Boyle, Locke and Newton |url=https://archive.org/details/experimentalphil0000benc |publication-place=Aldershot |publisher=[[Ashgate Publishing|Ashgate]] |isbn=0-7546-4091-4 |oclc=53887772 57202497 |ref=harv}} * {{Cite book |url=http://books.google.co.uk/books?id=e6MEnPOhv7cC&pg=PA2&lpg=PA2#v=onepage&q&f=false |title=Applied Turbulence Modelling in Marine Waters |publisher=Springer |last=Burchard |first=H. | date = 2002 |isbn=3-540-43795-9 |ref=harv}} * {{Cite journal |last=Cho |first=A. |title=Higgs Boson Makes Its Debut After Decades-Long Search |journal=Science |pages=141–143 |volume=337 |date=13 Hulyo 2012 |doi=10.1126/science.337.6091.141 |pmid=22798574 |issue=6091 |ref=harv}} * {{Cite book |title=Ancient Egyptian Science |volume=Volume 2 |place=Philadelphia |publisher=[[American Philosophical Society]] |last=Clagett |first=M. | date = 1995 |ref=harv}} * {{Cite journal |last=Cohen |first=M.L. |title=Fifty Years of Condensed Matter Physics |journal=Physical Review Letters | date = 2008 |volume=101 |issue=5 |pages=25001–25006 |doi=10.1103/PhysRevLett.101.250001 |url=http://prl.aps.org/edannounce/PhysRevLett.101.250001 |bibcode = 2008PhRvL.101y0001C |ref=harv}} * {{Cite arXiv |last=DØ Collaboration |first=584 co-authors |authorlink=DØ experiment |title=Direct observation of the strange 'b' baryon <math>\Xi_{b}^{-}</math> |date=12 Hunyo 2007 |arxiv=0706.1690 |class=hep-ex |version=v2 |ref=harv}} * {{Cite book |url=http://www.getcited.org/pub/102471397 |last=Dijksterhuis |first=E.J. |title=The mechanization of the world picture: Pythagoras to Newton |publisher=[[Princeton University Press]] |location=[[Princeton, New Jersey]] | date = 1986 |isbn=978-0-691-08403-9 |ref=harv }} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110805141040/http://www.getcited.org/pub/102471397 |date= 5 Agosto 2011 }} * {{Cite web |last=DONUT |authorlink=DONUT |title=The Standard Model |publisher=[[Fermilab]] |date=29 Hunyo 2001 |url=http://www-donut.fnal.gov/web_pages/standardmodelpg/TheStandardModel.html |accessdate=1 Abril 2014 |ref=harv}} * {{Cite book |last1=Feynman |first1=R.P. |author1link=Richard Feynman |last2=Leighton |first2=R.B. |last3=Sands |first3=M. | date = 1963 |title=[[The Feynman Lectures on Physics]] |volume=1 |isbn=0-201-02116-1 |ref=harv}} * {{Cite book |last=Feynman |first=R.P. |authorlink=Richard Feynman |title=[[The Character of Physical Law]] | date = 1965 |isbn=0-262-56003-8 |ref=harv}} * {{Cite book |last=Godfrey-Smith |first=P. | date = 2003 |title=Theory and Reality: An Introduction to the Philosophy of Science |url=https://archive.org/details/theoryrealityint0000godf |isbn=0-226-30063-3 |ref=harv}} * {{Cite journal |last=Goldstein |first=S. |title=Fluid Mechanics in the First Half of this Century |journal=Annual Reviews in Fluid Mechanics | date = 1969 |volume=1 |pages=1–28 |doi=10.1146/annurev.fl.01.010169.000245 |bibcode = 1969AnRFM...1....1G |ref=harv}} * {{Cite book |last1=Gribbin |first1=J.R. |last2=Gribbin |first2=M. |last3=Gribbin |first3=J. |title=Q is for Quantum: An Encyclopedia of Particle Physics |url=http://books.google.com/books?id=WzwbAQAAIAAJ | date = 1998 |publisher=[[Free Press (publisher)|Free Press]] |isbn=978-0-684-85578-3 |ref=harv}} * {{Cite journal |last=Grupen |first=Klaus |title=Instrumentation in Elementary Particle Physics: VIII ICFA School |journal=AIP Conference Proceedings |date=10 Hulyo 1999 |volume=536 |pages=3–34 |doi=10.1063/1.1361756 |arxiv=physics/9906063 |ref=harv}} * {{Cite book |last=Guicciardini |first=N. | date = 1999 |title=Reading the Principia: The Debate on Newton's Methods for Natural Philosophy from 1687 to 1736 |url=https://archive.org/details/readingprincipia0000guic |location=New York |publisher=[[Cambridge University Press]] |ref=harv}} * {{Cite book |last=Halpern |first=P. |title=Collider: The Search for the World's Smallest Particles |url=http://books.google.com/books?id=JAxLVY96sqsC | date = 2010 |publisher=[[John Wiley & Sons]] |isbn=978-0-470-64391-4 |ref=harv}} * {{Cite book |last1=Hawking |first1=S. |author1link=Stephen Hawking |last2=Penrose |first2=R. |author2link=Roger Penrose | date = 1996 |title=[[The Nature of Space and Time]] |isbn=0-691-05084-8 |ref=harv}} * {{Cite book |last=Holzner |first=S. | date = 2006 |title=Physics for Dummies |url=http://www.amazon.com/gp/reader/0764554336 |publisher=[[John Wiley & Sons]] |quote=Physics is the study of your world and the world and universe around you. |isbn=0-470-61841-8 |ref=harv}} * {{Cite book |last=Honderich |first=T. (editor) |title=[[The Oxford Companion to Philosophy]] | date = 1995 |publisher=[[Oxford University Press]] |location=Oxford |isbn=0-19-866132-0 |edition=1 |pages=[https://archive.org/details/cambridgehandboo00morr/page/n469 474]–476 |ref=harv}} * {{Cite book |last=Kellert |first=S.H. |title=In the Wake of Chaos: Unpredictable Order in Dynamical Systems |url=https://archive.org/details/inwakeofchaosunp0000kell |publisher=[[University of Chicago Press]] | date = 1993 |isbn=0-226-42976-8 |ref=harv}} * {{Cite news |last=Kerr |first=R.A. |title=Tying Up the Solar System With a Ribbon of Charged Particles |url=http://www.sciencemag.org/cgi/content/summary/sci;326/5951/350-a?maxtoshow=&HITS=10&hits=10&RESULTFORMAT=&fulltext=IBEX&searchid=1&FIRSTINDEX=0&issue=5951&resourcetype=HWCIT |work=Science |date=16 Oktubre 2009 |volume=326 |issue=5951 |pages=350–351 |accessdate=27 Nobyembre 2009 |ref=harv}} * {{Cite book |last=Krupp |first=E.C. | date = 2003 |title=Echoes of the Ancient Skies: The Astronomy of Lost Civilizations |publisher=[[Dover Publications]] |isbn=0-486-42882-6 |url=http://books.google.com/books?id=7rMAJ87WTF0C |accessdate=31 Marso 2014 |ref=harv}} * {{Cite book |last=Laplace |first=P.S. |authorlink=Pierre-Simon Laplace |others=Translated from the 6th French edition by Truscott, F.W. and Emory, F.L. | date = 1951 |title=A Philosophical Essay on Probabilities |location=New York |publisher=[[Dover Publications]] |ref=harv}} * {{Cite journal |last=Leggett |first=A.J. |title=Superfluidity |journal=Reviews of Modern Physics | date = 1999 |volume=71 |issue=2 |pages=S318–S323 |doi=10.1103/RevModPhys.71.S318 |bibcode = 1999RvMPS..71..318L |ref=harv}} * {{Cite journal |last=Levy |first=B.G. |title=Cornell, Ketterle, and Wieman Share Nobel Prize for Bose-Einstein Condensates |journal=Physics Today |date= Disyembre 2001 |page=14 |doi=10.1063/1.1445529 |url=http://physicstoday.org/journals/doc/PHTOAD-ft/vol_54/iss_12/14_1.shtml?bypassSSO=1 |volume=54 |issue=12 |bibcode=2001PhT....54l..14L |ref=harv |access-date= 19 Enero 2015 |archive-date= 15 Mayo 2016 |archive-url=http://arquivo.pt/wayback/20160515100141/http://physicstoday.org/journals/doc/PHTOAD-ft/vol_54/iss_12/14_1.shtml?bypassSSO=1 |url-status=dead }} * {{Cite book |title=Early Greek Science: Thales to Aristotle |url=https://archive.org/details/earlygreekscienc00gerl |last=Lloyd |first=G.E.R. |authorlink=G. E. R. Lloyd |publisher=[[Chatto and Windus]]; [[W. W. Norton & Company]] |location=London; New York | date = 1970 |isbn=0-393-00583-6 |ref=harv}} * {{Cite web |last=Mastin |first=L. |title=Greek Mathematics - Plato |work=The Story of Mathematics | date = 2010 |url=http://www.storyofmathematics.com/greek_plato.html |accessdate=31 Marso 2014 |ref=harv}} * {{Cite book |last=Mattis |first=D.C. |title=The Theory of Magnetism Made Simple |url=http://books.google.com/books?id=VkNBAQAAIAAJ | date = 2006 |publisher=[[World Scientific]] |isbn=978-981-238-579-6 |ref=harv}} * {{Cite book |last=Maxwell |first=J.C. |authorlink=James Clerk Maxwell | date = 1878 |title=Matter and Motion |url=http://books.google.com/?id=noRgWP0_UZ8C&printsec=titlepage&dq=matter+and+motion |publisher=D. Van Nostrand |isbn=0-486-66895-9 |ref=harv}} * {{Cite book |last=Moore |first=J.T. |title=Chemistry For Dummies |url=http://books.google.com/books?id=TRuP-BbS9xoC |edition=2 | date = 2011 |publisher=[[John Wiley & Sons]] |isbn=978-1-118-00730-3 |ref=harv}} * {{Cite book |url=http://www.nap.edu/openbook.php?record_id=5869&page=161 |title=Technology for the United States Navy and Marine Corps, 2000-2035 Becoming a 21st-Century Force: Volume 9: Modeling and Simulation |publisher=[[The National Academies Press]] |last1=National Research Council |author1link=United States National Research Council |last2=Committee on Technology for Future Naval Forces | date = 1997 |location=Washington, DC |isbn=978-0-309-05928-2 |ref=harv}} * {{Cite web |last1=O'Connor |first1=J.J. |last2=Robertson |first2=E.F. |author2link=Edmund F. Robertson |title=Special Relativity |work=[[MacTutor History of Mathematics archive]] |publisher=[[University of St Andrews]] |date= Pebrero 1996a |url=http://www-history.mcs.st-andrews.ac.uk/HistTopics/Special_relativity.html |accessdate=1 Abril 2014 |ref=harv}} * {{Cite web |last1=O'Connor |first1=J.J. |last2=Robertson |first2=E.F. |author2link=Edmund F. Robertson |title=A History of Quantum Mechanics |work=[[MacTutor History of Mathematics archive]] |publisher=[[University of St Andrews]] |date= Mayo 1996b |url=http://www-groups.dcs.st-and.ac.uk/~history/HistTopics/The_Quantum_age_begins.html |accessdate=1 Abril 2014 |ref=harv |archive-date=28 Oktubre 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191028220722/http://www-groups.dcs.st-and.ac.uk/~history/HistTopics/The_Quantum_age_begins.html |url-status= }} * {{Cite book |last=Oerter |first=R. |title=The Theory of Almost Everything: The Standard Model, the Unsung Triumph of Modern Physics |url=http://books.google.com/books?id=1KHuAAAAMAAJ | date = 2006 |publisher=[[Pi Press]] |isbn=978-0-13-236678-6 |ref=harv}} * {{Cite book |last1=Penrose |first1=R. |author1link=Roger Penrose |last2=Shimony |first2=A. |last3=Cartwright |first3=N. |last4=Hawking |first4=S. |author4link=Stephen Hawking |title=[[The Large, the Small and the Human Mind]] |publisher=[[Cambridge University Press]] | date = 1997 |isbn=0-521-78572-3 |ref=harv}} * {{Cite book |last=Penrose |first=R. |authorlink=Roger Penrose |title=[[The Road to Reality]] | date = 2004 |isbn=0-679-45443-8 |ref=harv}} * {{Cite book |last=Rosenberg |first=Alex |title=Philosophy of Science |publisher=[[Routledge]] | date = 2006 |isbn=0-415-34317-8 |ref=harv}} * {{Cite book |last=Schrödinger |first=E. |title=My View of the World |publisher=Ox Bow Press | date = 1983 |isbn=0-918024-30-7 |ref=harv}} * {{Cite book |last=Schrödinger |first=E. |title=The Interpretation of Quantum Mechanics |publisher=Ox Bow Press | date = 1995 |isbn=1-881987-09-4 |ref=harv}} * {{Cite book |last=Singer |first=C. |title=A Short History of Science to the 19th Century |publisher=Streeter Press | date = 2008 |ref=harv}} * {{Cite journal |last1=Stajic |first1=Jelena |last2=Coontz |first2=R. |last3=Osborne |first3=I. |title=Happy 100th, Superconductivity! |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_science_2011-04-08_332_6026/page/189 |journal=Science |date=8 Abril 2011 |volume=332 |issue=6026 |page=189 |doi=10.1126/science.332.6026.189 |bibcode = 2011Sci...332..189S |ref=harv}} * {{Cite book |last1=Taylor |first1=P.L. |last2=Heinonen |first2=O. |title=A Quantum Approach to Condensed Matter Physics |url=http://books.google.com/books?id=hyx6BjEX4U8C | date = 2002 |publisher=[[Cambridge University Press]] |isbn=978-0-521-77827-5 |ref=harv}} * {{Cite book |last=Thurston |first=H. |title=Early Astronomy |url=https://archive.org/details/earlyastronomy0000thur | date = 1994 |publisher=Springer |ref=harv}} * {{Cite book |last=Toraldo Di Francia |first=G. |title=The Investigation of the Physical World |url=https://archive.org/details/investigationofp0000tora | date = 1976 |isbn=0-521-29925-X |ref=harv}} * {{Cite web |last=Walsh |first=K.M. |title=Plotting the Future for Computing in High-Energy and Nuclear Physics |url=http://www.bnl.gov/newsroom/news.php?a=23098 |publisher=[[Brookhaven National Laboratory]] |accessdate=18 Oktubre 2012 |date=1 Hunyo 2012 |ref=harv}} * {{Cite book |last1=Young |first1=H.D. |last2=Freedman |first2=R.A. | date = 2014 |edition=13th |title=[[University Physics|Sears and Zemansky's University Physics with Modern Physics Technology Update]] |publisher=[[Pearson Education]] |isbn=978-1-29202-063-1 |ref=harv}} </div> ==Mga sumpay ha gawas== {{Wiktionary|physics}} {{Wikibooks|Physics}} {{Wikibooks|Physics Study Guide}} {{Wikibooks|FHSST Physics}} {{Wikisource portal|Physics}} {{Wikiversity|Category:Physics|Physics}} '''Kasahiran''' <!--Please do not post more links here, they will be taken down as link spam!!--> * [http://www.scholarpedia.org/article/Encyclopedia_of_physics Encyclopedia of Physics] at [[Scholarpedia]] * de Haas, Paul, {{Wayback|url=http://home.tiscali.nl/physis/HistoricPaper/|title=Historic Papers in Physics (20th Century)|date=20090826083339}} * [http://www.physicscentral.com/ PhysicsCentral] – Web portal run by the [http://www.aps.org/ American Physical Society] * [http://www.physics.org/ Physics.org] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20040902123039/http://physics.org/ |date= 2 Septyembre 2004 }} – Web portal run by the [http://www.iop.org/ Institute of Physics] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190521010833/http://www.iop.org/ |date= 21 Mayo 2019 }} * [http://musr.physics.ubc.ca/~jess/hr/skept/ ''The Skeptic's Guide to Physics''] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160207124645/http://musr.physics.ubc.ca/~jess/hr/skept/ |date= 7 Pebrero 2016 }} * [http://math.ucr.edu/home/baez/physics/ Usenet Physics FAQ] – A FAQ compiled by sci.physics and other physics newsgroups * [http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/physics/ Website of the Nobel Prize in physics] * [http://scienceworld.wolfram.com/physics/ World of Physics] An online encyclopedic dictionary of physics * [http://www.nature.com/naturephysics ''Nature'': Physics] * [http://physics.aps.org/ Physics] announced 17 Hulyo 2008 by the [[American Physical Society]] * {{dmoz|/Science/Physics/Publications/|Physics/Publications}} * [http://physicsworld.com/ Physicsworld.com] – News website from [http://publishing.iop.org/ Institute of Physics Publishing] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120712050838/http://publishing.iop.org/ |date= 12 Hulyo 2012 }} * [http://physlib.com/ Physics Central] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130624055123/http://physlib.com/ |date= 24 Hunyo 2013 }} – includes articles on astronomy, particle physics, and mathematics. * [http://www.vega.org.uk/ The Vega Science Trust] – science videos, including physics * [https://archive.org/details/JustinMorganPhysicsLightningTour/ Video: Physics "Lightning" Tour with Justin Morgan] * [http://www.learner.org/resources/series42.html 52-part video course: The Mechanical Universe...and Beyond] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130322020457/http://www.learner.org/resources/series42.html |date= 22 Marso 2013 }} Note: also available at [https://video.google.com/videoplay?docid=-6774539130229106025 01 – Introduction] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121027101214/http://video.google.com/videoplay?docid=-6774539130229106025 |date= 27 Oktubre 2012 }} at [[Google Videos]] * [http://hyperphysics.phy-astr.gsu.edu/Hbase/hframe.html HyperPhysics website] – [[HyperPhysics]], a physics and astronomy mind-map from [[Georgia State University]] '''Mga organisasyon''' * [http://www.aip.org/index.html AIP.org] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20041012041319/http://www.aip.org/index.html |date= 12 Oktubre 2004 }} – Website of the [[American Institute of Physics]] * [http://www.aps.org/ APS.org] – Website of the [[American Physical Society]] * [http://www.iop.org/ IOP.org] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190521010833/http://www.iop.org/ |date= 21 Mayo 2019 }} – Website of the [[Institute of Physics]] * [http://planetphysics.org/ PlanetPhysics.org] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090225121156/http://planetphysics.org/ |date= 25 Pebrero 2009 }} * [http://www.royalsoc.ac.uk/ Royal Society] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20050604075524/http://www.royalsoc.ac.uk/ |date=2005-06-04 }} – Although not exclusively a physics institution, it has a strong history of physics * [http://www.spsnational.org/ SPS National] – Website of the [[Society of Physics Students]] [[Kaarangay:Fisika| ]] [[Kaarangay:Siyensyas Matematikas, Fisika ngan Naturales|Fisika]] ojjgwksfjo7bgi2zwxo5qdnil370jge 0 922 7782424 6340460 2026-04-07T09:13:01Z InternetArchiveBot 41587 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 7782424 wikitext text/x-wiki {{HulyoKalendaryo}} An '''Hulyo 8''' an ika-[[189 (ihap)|189]] nga adlaw han tuig han [[kalendaryo Gregoriano]]. Mayda pa 176 nga adlaw nga nahabilin hit tuig. == Mga Importante nga Nahinabo Yana nga Adlaw == == Mga Natawo Yana nga Adlaw == == Mga Namatay Yana nga Adlaw == == Mga Ginsasaurog Yana nga Adlaw == == Mga Sumpay ha Gawas == * [http://news.bbc.co.uk/onthisday/hi/dates/stories/july/8 BBC: On This Day] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060713193955/http://news.bbc.co.uk/onthisday/hi/dates/stories/July/8 |date=2006-07-13 }} * [http://www.tnl.net/when/7/8 Today in History: July 8] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20051028113035/http://www.tnl.net/when/7/8 |date=2005-10-28 }} {{MgaBulan}} {{Commonscat|8 July}} [[Kaarangay:Mga Adlaw]] p8lewb38z0m2hxtnxvhozn0i02qiup6 0 3019 7782353 7129017 2026-04-07T06:55:01Z InternetArchiveBot 41587 Add 1 book for verifiability (20260407)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 7782353 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox Nasod |native_name={{lang|ko-Hang-KR|대한민국}} (大韓民國)<br />''Daehan-minguk'' |conventional_long_name=Republika han Korea |common_name=Salatan nga Korea |image_flag=Flag of South Korea.svg |image_coat=Coat of arms of South Korea.svg |symbol_type=Coat of arms |image_map=<!--Do not change without discussing at the Talk page-->Locator map of South Korea.svg‎<!--Do not change without discussing at the Talk page--> |national_anthem=''[[Aegukga]]'' {{lang|ko|(애국가)}}<br />The Patriotic Song |official_languages=[[Kinoreano nga pinulongan|Kinoreano]] |languages_type = [[Official script]]s |languages = [[Hangul]] |demonym=South Korean, Korean |ethnic_groups= |capital=[[Seoul]] |latd=37 |latm=35 |latNS=N |longd=127 |longm=0 |longEW=E |government_type=[[Semi-presidential]] [[republic]] |leader_title1=[[President of South Korea|President]] |leader_title2=[[Prime Minister of South Korea|Prime Minister]] |leader_name1=[[Moon Jae-in]] |leader_name2=[[Hwang Kyo-ahn]] |legislature=[[National Assembly of South Korea|National Assembly]] |area_rank=108th |area_magnitude=1 E10 |area_km2=100,140 |area_sq_mi=38,622 <!--Do not remove per [[WP:MOSNUM]]--> |percent_water=0.3 |population_estimate= 50,062,000 |population_estimate_year=2009 |population_estimate_rank=24th |population_density_km2=500 |population_density_sq_mi=1,296 <!--Do not remove per [[WP:MOSNUM]]--> |population_density_rank=21st |GDP_PPP=$1.344 trillion<ref name=imf2>{{cite web|url=http://www.imf.org/external/pubs/ft/weo/2009/02/weodata/weorept.aspx?sy=2006&ey=2009&scsm=1&ssd=1&sort=country&ds=.&br=1&c=542&s=NGDPD%2CNGDPDPC%2CPPPGDP%2CPPPPC%2CLP&grp=0&a=&pr.x=45&pr.y=7|title=South Korea|publisher=International Monetary Fund|accessdate=2009-10-01}}</ref> |GDP_PPP_rank=13th |GDP_PPP_year=2008 |GDP_PPP_per_capita=$27,692<ref name=imf2/> |GDP_PPP_per_capita_rank=32nd |GDP_nominal=$929.124 billion<ref name=imf2/> |GDP_nominal_rank=15th |GDP_nominal_year=2008 |GDP_nominal_per_capita=$19,136<ref name=imf2/> |GDP_nominal_per_capita_rank=36th |sovereignty_type=[[History of South Korea|Establishment]] |established_event2=Founding of [[Gojoseon]] |established_event3=[[Japan–Korea Annexation Treaty|Japan’s occupation of Korea]] |established_event4=[[March 1st Movement|Independence declared]] |established_event5=[[Provisional Government of the Republic of Korea|Provisional Government]] |established_event6=[[Division of Korea|Liberation]] |established_event7=[[Constitution of the Republic of Korea|Constitution]] |established_event8=[[History of South Korea#First Republic|Government Proclaimed]] |established_date2=2333 BC<ref>According to Oral Tradition<br />Savada, Andrea Matles. ''South Korea: A Country Study.'' Area handbook series. Federal Research Division, Library of Congress. Washington, D.C.:1992. p109</ref> |established_date3=August 29, 1910 |established_date4=March 1, 1919 |established_date5=April 13, 1919 |established_date6=August 15, 1945 |established_date7=July 17, 1948 |established_date8=August 15, 1948 |HDI_year=2007 |HDI={{increase}} 0.937<ref>http://hdr.undp.org/en/media/HDR_2009_EN_Complete.pdf Human Development Report 2009[ (p. 171, 204)</ref> |HDI_rank=26th |HDI_year=2007 |HDI_category=<span style="color:#090;">very high</span> |Gini=31.3<ref name=ciagini>[https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/fields/2172.html Gini index] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070613005439/https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/fields/2172.html |date=2007-06-13 }} CIA World Fact Book</ref> |Gini_year=2007 |Gini_category=<span style="color:#090;">low</span> |currency=[[South Korean won]] (₩) |currency_code=KRW |country_code=KOR |time_zone=[[Korea Standard Time]] |utc_offset=+9 |time_zone_DST=''not observed'' |utc_offset_DST=+9 |date_format=yyyy년 mm월 dd일<br />yyyy/mm/dd ([[Common Era|CE]]) |drives_on=too |ac_outlet=220V/60Hz |cctld=[[.kr]] |calling_code=[[Telephone numbers in South Korea|82]] |footnote1=Mobile phone system CDMA, WCDMA, HSDPA and WiBro |footnote2=Domestic power supply 220V/60 Hz, CEE 7/7 sockets }} An '''Salatan nga Korea''' o '''Habagatan nga Korea''' (ha [[Iningles]]: ''South Korea'', [[Kinatsila]]: ''Corea del Sur''), nasod ha Sidlangan nga Asya. It opisyal nga ngaran hini '''Republika han Korea'''. Mga 99,274&nbsp;km² an dako nga kabahin han Kapuropod'an Han. [[Seoul]] an kapital han nasod. An Salatan nga Korea nahamutangan ha habagatan nga dapit han peninsula han Korea. Ha amihanan han probinsya amo an nasod han [[Amihanan nga Korea]] ngan ha sidlangan, an Dagat han Sidlangan o an Dagat han [[Hapon]]. Iton lumad nga pinulongan han kadam'an amo iton Koreano. Ha [[Koreano nga yinaknan|Koreano]], gintatawag ini nga ''[[Revisado nga pagromanisar han Koreano|Daehan Minguk]]'' ([[Hangul|대한민국]], [[Hanja|大韓民國]]). It hamubo nga ngaran ''Hanguk'' (한국, Han nga nasod, kasagaran ginggagamit pagtawag hiton [[Korea]]) o ''Namhan'' (남한, Salatan nga Han, pagtawag hiton Salatan nga Korea.) ''Kitaa iton [[Ngaran han Korea]].'' == Mga administratibo nga pagbahinbahin == {{Prinsipal|Mga administratibo nga pagbahinbahin han Salatan nga Korea}} :''Kitaa gihapon [[Mga ispisyal nga syudad han Korea]] ngan [[Mga lalawigan han Korea]]'' [[Fayl:Provinces of South Korea.svg|thumb|Mga prinsipal nga pagbahinbahin han Salatan nga Korea]] [[Fayl:Southkoreamap.png|thumb|Kasahiran nga mapa han Salatan nga Korea]] An dako nga administratibo nga pagbahinbahin ha Salatan nga Korea amo an '''mga lalawigan''', '''mga metropolitano nga syudad''' (naglulugaring-hin-pagdumara nga mga syudad nga diri kalakip hin bisan ano nga lalawigan), ngan usa nga '''ispisyal nga syudad'''. <center> {| class="wikitable" ! !! Ngaran^a !! hangul !! hanja |- !colspan="4"| Mga Nalalain nga Syudad (''Teukbyeolsi'')^a |- |1||[[Seoul|Seoul (Nasodnon nga Kapital)]]||서울특별시||서울特別市 |- !colspan="32"| Mga Metropolitano nga Syudad (''Gwangyeoksi'')^a |- |2||[[Busan]]||부산광역시||釜山廣域市 |- |3||[[Daegu]]||대구광역시||大邱廣域市 |- |4||[[Incheon]]||인천광역시||仁川廣域市 |- |5||[[Gwangju]]||광주광역시||光州廣域市 |- |6||[[Daejeon]]||대전광역시||大田廣域市 |- |7||[[Ulsan]]||울산광역시||蔚山廣域市 |- !colspan="4"|Mga Lalawigan (''Do'')^a |- |8||[[Gyeonggi-do]]||경기도||京畿道 |- |9||[[Gangwon-do (Salatan nga Korea)|Gangwon-do]]||강원도||江原道 |- |10||[[Chungcheongbuk-do]] (Amihanan nga Chungcheong)||충청북도||忠淸北道 |- |11||[[Chungcheongnam-do]] (Salatan nga Chungcheong)||충청남도||忠淸南道 |- |12||[[Jeollabuk-do]] (Amihanan nga Jeolla)||전라북도||全羅北道 |- |13||[[Jeollanam-do]] (Salatan nga Jeolla)||전라남도||全羅南道 |- |14||[[Gyeongsangbuk-do]] (Amihanan nga Gyeongsang)||경상북도||慶尙北道 |- |15||[[Gyeongsangnam-do]] (Salatan nga Gyeongsang)||경상남도||慶尙南道 |- !colspan="4"|Nalalain nga naglulugaring-hin-pagdumara nga lalawigan (''Teukbyeoljachi-do'')^a |- |16||[[Jeju-do|Jeju-teukbyeoljachido]]||제주특별자치도||濟州特別自治道 |} </center> {{smaller|^a [[Ginliwat nga pag-Romanisar han Koreano|Ginliwat nga pag-Romanisar]].}} == Pinanbasaran == {{reflist}} ==Dugang nga barasahon== {{Refbegin}} * {{Cite book|title=[[The Koreans (book)|The Koreans: Who They Are, What They Want, Where Their Future Lies]]|author=Breen, Michael |year=2004|location=|publisher=St. Martin's Griffin|isbn=0-312-32609-2|authorlink=Michael Breen (author)}} * {{Cite book|title=From Tradition to Consumption: Constructing a Capitalist Culture in South Korea|url=https://archive.org/details/fromtraditiontoc00hart|author=Hart, Dennis |year=2003|location=Seoul|publisher=Author|isbn=89-88095-44-8}} * {{Cite book|title=Korea's place in the sun|url=https://archive.org/details/koreasplaceinsun00cumi|author=Cumings, Bruce|year=1997|location=New York|publisher=W.W. Norton|isbn=0-393-31681-5}} * Lew, Yong Ick. ''The Making of the First Korean President: Syngman Rhee's Quest for Independence'' (University of Hawai'i Press; 2013); scholarly biography; 576 pages; * {{Cite book|title=Korea: A history of the Korean people (2nd ed.)|author=Nahm, Andrew C.|year=1996|location=Seoul|publisher=Hollym|isbn=1-56591-070-2}} * {{Cite book|title=The North and South Korean political systems: A comparative analysis (rev. ed.)|url=https://archive.org/details/northsouthkorean0000yang|author=[[Yang Sung-chul]]|year=1999|location=Seoul|publisher=Hollym|isbn=1-56591-105-9}} * {{Cite book|title=Korea Annual 2004|author=Yonhap News Agency|year=2004|location=Seoul|publisher=Author|isbn=89-7433-070-9}} {{Refend}} ==Mga sumpay ha gawas== {{Sister project links|v=no|voy=South Korea}} * [http://www.korea.net/ The official website of the Republic of Korea (Korea.net)] * [http://english.visitkorea.or.kr/enu/index.kto The Official Korea Tourism Guide Site] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170301031654/http://english.visitkorea.or.kr/enu/index.kto |date=2017-03-01 }} * [http://www.nso.go.kr/eng2006/emain/index.html Korea National Statistical Office] * [http://repository.library.georgetown.edu/handle/10822/552668 Video on South Korea-US Relations] from the [http://repository.library.georgetown.edu/handle/10822/552494 Dean Peter Krogh Foreign Affairs Digital Archives] * {{CIA World Factbook link|ks|South Korea}} * [http://lcweb2.loc.gov/frd/cs/krtoc.html A Country Study: South Korea] in the [[Library of Congress]] * {{dmoz|Regional/Asia/South_Korea/}} * [http://ucblibraries.colorado.edu/govpubs/for/skorea.htm South Korea] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120829092801/http://ucblibraries.colorado.edu/govpubs/for/skorea.htm |date=2012-08-29 }} from ''UCB Libraries GovPubs'' * [http://www.oecd.org/korea/ Korea] [[Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development|OECD]] * [http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-asia-pacific-15289563 South Korea profile] from the [[BBC News]] * [http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/322280/South-Korea South Korea] ''Encyclopædia Britannica'' entry * [http://www.turbomaps.com.ar/english/southkorea.php Main cities of South Korea] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100204112922/http://www.turbomaps.com.ar/english/southkorea.php |date=2010-02-04 }}, satellite views and geographical coordinates * [https://www.warmemo.or.kr/eng/intro/message/message.jsp The War Memorial of Korea] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110210180123/https://www.warmemo.or.kr/eng/intro/message/message.jsp |date=2011-02-10 }} * [http://www.ifs.du.edu/ifs/frm_CountryProfile.aspx?Country=KR Key Development Forecasts for South Korea] from [[International Futures]] {{Asya}} {{Commonscat|South Korea}} [[Kaarangay:Salatan nga Korea| ]] [[Kaarangay:Mga nasod ha Sinirangan nga Asya]] [[Kaarangay:Nasod]] 120xdcw2ypex17s0tj3vyhxl39sfqpi 0 3482 7782389 7773316 2026-04-07T07:34:03Z InternetArchiveBot 41587 Add 1 book for verifiability (20260407)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 7782389 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox Nasod | conventional_long_name = Repúblika Italyana | common_name = Italya | native_name = {{native name|it|Repubblica Italiana<!--upper case see Italian wiki-->}} | image_flag = Flag of Italy.svg | image_coat = Italy-Emblem.svg | symbol_type = Eskudo | other_symbol = | motto = | national_anthem = {{native name|it|[[Il Canto degli Italiani]]}}<br />"An Kanta han mga Italyano"<div style="padding-top:0.5em;">[[File:National anthem of Italy - U.S. Navy Band (long version).ogg|center]]</div> | image_map = {{Switcher|[[File:EU-Italy (orthographic projection).svg|frameless]]|Show globe|[[File:EU-Italy.svg|upright=1.15|frameless]]|Show map of Europe|default=1}} | map_caption = {{map caption |location_color=dark green |region=Europe |region_color=dark grey |subregion=an [[Unyon Europeo]] |subregion_color = light green |legend=EU-Italy.svg}} | image_map2 = Italy - Location Map (2013) - ITA - UNOCHA.svg | capital = [[Roma]] | coordinates = {{Coord|41|54|N|12|29|E|type:city}} | largest_city = capital | languages_type = Tuminongnong nga mga pinulogan | languages = [[Mga pinulongan han Italya|kitaa an bug-os nga talaan]] | official_languages = [[Initalyano|Initalyano]]^a | ethnic_groups = {{unbulleted list |91.5% [[Italyano]] |8.5% iba}} | ethnic_groups_year = 2017 | ethnic_groups_ref = <ref>{{Cite web|url=http://demo.istat.it/str2017/index.html|title=Foreign citizens 2017|publisher=[[National Institute of Statistics (Italy)|ISTAT]]|accessdate=15 Hunyo 2018|url-status=dead|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20170806142909/http://www.demo.istat.it/bil2016/index.html|archivedate=6 Agosto 2017}}</ref> | religion_year = 2017 | religion_ref = <ref name="2016Montaigne-IFOP">{{Cite web|url=http://assets.pewresearch.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/11/2018/05/24150841/Full-Topline-FINAL-FOR-PUBLICATION.pdf|title=Being Christian in Western Europe|date=2018|publisher=Pew Research Center|access-date=7 Enero 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190802131920/http://assets.pewresearch.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/11/2018/05/24150841/Full-Topline-FINAL-FOR-PUBLICATION.pdf|archive-date=2 Agosto 2019|url-status=dead}}</ref> | religion = {{ublist |item_style=white-space:nowrap; |78% [[Singbahan Katoliko ha Italya|Katoliko Romano]] |15% [[Pagkadiri-relihiyoso ha Italya|Diri-reliyoso]] |7.0% iba}} | demonym = [[Italyano|Italyano]] | government_type = [[Unitaryo nga estado|Unitaryo]] nga [[Sistema parlamentarya|parlamentarya]] nga [[republika]] | leader_title1 = [[Mangulo han Italya|Mangulo]] | leader_name1 = [[Sergio Mattarella]] | leader_title2 = [[Primer Ministro han Italya|Primer Ministro]] | leader_name2 = [[Giuseppe Conte]] | leader_title3 = [[Talaan hin mga Mangulo han Senado han Italya|Mangulo han Senado]] | leader_name3 = [[Elisabetta Casellati]] | leader_title4 = {{nowrap|[[Talaan him mga Mangulo han Italyano nga Kamara hin mga Tinubyanan|Mangulo han <br />Kamara hin mga Tinubyanan]]}} | leader_name4 = [[Roberto Fico]] | legislature = [[Parlamento han Italya|Parlamento]] | upper_house = [[Senado han Italya|Senado han Republika]] | lower_house = [[Kamara hin mga Tinubyanan han Italya|Kamara hin mga Tinubyanan]] | sovereignty_type = [[Kaagi han Italya|Pagkahimo]] | established_event1 = [[Paghiusa han Italya|Paghiusa]] | established_date1 = 17 Marso 1861 | established_event2 = [[Italyano nga konstitusyonal nga referendum, 1946|Republika]] | established_date2 = 2 Hunyo 1946 | established_event3 = [[Konstitusyon han Italya|Yana nga konstitusyon]] | established_date3 = 1 Enero 1948 | established_event4 = {{nowrap|[[Pagpadukwag han Unyon Europeo|Nagtukod]] han [[Komunidad Ekomomiko Europeo|KEE]]}} {{nowrap|(yana [[Unyon Europeo|UE]])}} | established_date4 = 1 Enero 1958 | area_km2 = 301,340 | area_rank = ika-71 | area_sq_mi = 116,347 <!--Do not remove per [[WP:MOSNUM]]--> | percent_water = 2.4 | population_estimate = {{steady}} 60,317,116<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.istat.it/it/archivio/238447}}</ref> | population_estimate_year = 2020 | population_estimate_rank = ika-23 | population_census = {{increase}} 59,433,744<ref>{{Cite web |title=La popolazione legale del 15° Censimento della popolazione |url=https://www.istat.it/it/archivio/77877 |website=www.istat.it |accessdate=18 Septyembre 2019 |language=it |date=19 Disyembre 2012}}</ref> | population_census_year = 2011 | population_density_km2 = 201.3 | population_density_sq_mi = 521.5 <!--Do not remove per [[WP:MOSNUM]]--> | population_density_rank = ika-63 | GDP_PPP = {{steady}} $2.443 trillion<ref name="IMFWEOIT">{{Cite web |url=https://www.imf.org/external/pubs/ft/weo/2019/02/weodata/weorept.aspx?pr.x=56&pr.y=11&sy=2017&ey=2021&scsm=1&ssd=1&sort=country&ds=.&br=1&c=136&s=NGDPD%2CPPPGDP%2CNGDPDPC%2CPPPPC&grp=0&a= |title=World Economic Outlook Database, October 2019 |publisher=[[International Monetary Fund]] |website=IMF.org |access-date=30 Oktubre 2019}}</ref> | GDP_PPP_year = 2019 | GDP_PPP_rank = ika-12 | GDP_PPP_per_capita = {{steady}} $40,470<ref name="IMFWEOIT"/> | GDP_PPP_per_capita_rank = ika-33 | GDP_nominal = {{steady}} $1.989 trillion<ref name="IMFWEOIT"/> | GDP_nominal_year = 2019 | GDP_nominal_rank = ika-8 | GDP_nominal_per_capita = {{steady}} $32,947<ref name="IMFWEOIT"/> | GDP_nominal_per_capita_rank= ika-25 | Gini = 33.4 <!--number only--> | Gini_year = 2018 | Gini_change = decrease <!--increase/steady/decrease--> | Gini_ref = <ref>{{Cite web |url=https://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/tgm/table.do?tab=table&init=1&language=en&pcode=tessi190&plugin=1 |title=Gini coefficient of equivalised disposable income – EU-SILC survey|publisher=[[Eurostat]] |website=ec.europa.eu |access-date=12 Septyembre 2019}}</ref> | Gini_rank = | HDI = 0.883 <!--number only--> | HDI_year = 2018<!-- Please use the year to which the data refers, not the publication year--> | HDI_change = increase <!--increase/decrease/steady--> | HDI_ref = <ref name="UNHDR">{{Cite web|url=http://hdr.undp.org/en/content/2019-human-development-index-ranking|title=Human Development Report 2019|language=en|publisher=[[United Nations Development Programme]]|date=10 Disyembre 2019|accessdate=10 Disyembre 2019|format=PDF|archive-date=30 Abril 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200430080741/http://hdr.undp.org/en/content/2019-human-development-index-ranking|url-status=dead}}</ref> | HDI_rank = ika-29 | currency = Euro ([[Euro sign|€]])^b | currency_code = EUR | time_zone = [[Central European Time|CET]] | utc_offset = +1 | utc_offset_DST = +2 | time_zone_DST = [[Central European Summer Time|CEST]] | date_format = {{abbr|dd|day}}/{{abbr|mm|month}}/{{abbr|yyyy|year}}<br />{{abbr|yyyy|year}}-{{abbr|mm|month}}-{{abbr|dd|day}}&nbsp;([[Anno Domini|AD]])<ref>An format nga Tuig-bulan-adlaw ginagamit gihapon hin agsob, bisan diri ini masurong, kasagaran ginagamit ha mga kontexto hin pan-komputadora. Kitaa an [[Pagsurat hin pitsa ngan oras ha Italya]].</ref> | drives_on = tuo | calling_code = [[Mga numero hin telepono ha Italy|+39]]^c | cctld = [[.it]]^d | footnote_a = <span style="font-size:100%;">An [[Inaleman|Inaleman]] co-opisyal ha [[Sudtirol]]; an [[Frinanses|Frinanses]] co-opisyal ha [[Siong han Aosta]]; an [[Esloveno nga pinulongan|Esloveno]] co-opisyal ha [[Trieste (lalawigan)|lalawigan han Trieste]] ngan ha [[Gorizia (lalawigan)|lalawigan han Gorizia]]; an [[Ladin nga pinulongan|Ladin]] co-opisyal ha Sudtirol, ha [[Trentino]] ngan ha iba nga mga lugar ha amihan; an [[Sinardo nga pinulongan|Sinardo]] co-opisyal ha [[Sardinya]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.regione.sardegna.it/j/v/86?v=9&c=72&file=1997026|title=Legge Regionale 15 ottobre 1997, n. 26|publisher=Regione autonoma della Sardegna – Regione Autònoma de Sardigna|access-date=2020-04-05|archive-date=2021-02-26|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210226213750/http://www.regione.sardegna.it/j/v/86?v=9&c=72&file=1997026|url-status=}}</ref></span> | footnote_b = <span style="font-size:100%;">Ugsa han 2002, an [[lira Italyano]]. An euro ginkakarawat ha [[Campione d'Italia]] pero iton opisyal nga panalapi hini an [[Swiss nga franc]].<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.comune.campione-d-italia.co.it/ |title=Comune di Campione d'Italia |publisher=Comune.campione-d-italia.co.it |date=14 Hulyo 2010 |accessdate=30 Oktubre 2010 |url-status=live |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110430223743/http://www.comune.campione-d-italia.co.it/ |archivedate=30 Abril 2011 }}</ref></span> | footnote_c = <span style="font-size:100%;">Pagtawag ha [[Campione d'Italia]], kinahanglan gamiton an Swiss nga kodigo [[+41]].</span> | footnote_d = <span style="font-size:100%;">An [[.eu]] nga domain ginagamit gihapon, kay ginsasaroan iní upod han iba nga api nga mga estado han [[Unyon Europeo]].</span> | country_code = | today = }} An '''Italya''' ({{lang-it|Italia}} {{IPA-it|iˈtaːlja||It-Italia.ogg}}), nga tinatawag hin opisyal nga '''Repúblika Italyana''' ({{lang-it|Repubblica Italiana|links=no}} {{IPA-it|reˈpubblika itaˈljaːna|}}),<ref>[http://ue.eu.int/policies/agreements/search-the-agreements-database?command=searchResult&partyId=HR&doclang=en&lang=en Search the agreements database] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140329075757/http://ue.eu.int/policies/agreements/search-the-agreements-database?command=searchResult&partyId=HR&doclang=en&lang=en |date=29 Marso 2014 }} Council of the European Union (ginkuhà 13 Oktubre 2013).</ref><ref>[https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/it.html Italy: The World Factbook] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170709111211/https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/it.html |date=9 Hulyo 2017 }} Central Intelligence Agency (ginkuhà 13 Oktubre 2013).</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.pcgn.org.uk/country_names.htm |title=Country names |url-status=live |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110519211212/http://www.pcgn.org.uk/Country_names.htm |archivedate=19 Mayo 2011}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-europe-17433143 |title=BBC News – Italy profile – Facts |newspaper=BBC News|url-status=live |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20130925020716/http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-europe-17433143 |archivedate=25 Septyembre 2013 |date=17 Disyembre 2015}}</ref> amo in usa nga nasod ha salatan nga [[Europa]]. Ini nakomponer han baga-hin-botas-an-kahimo nga [[Italyano nga peninsula]], an [[Salog Po]] nga siong, ngan duha nga dagko nga puro o isla ha [[Dagat Mediterraneo]], [[Sicilia]] ngan [[Sardinya|Serdenya]], ngan ginsasaroan an amihanan nga [[Alpes|alpine]] nga linea han [[Fransya]], [[Suisa]], [[Austrya]] ngan [[Eslovenya]]. An naglulugaring nga mga kanasoran han [[San Marino]] ngan an [[Syudad han Vaticano]] mga [[enclave]] ha sakob han teritoryo Italyano. ==Administratiba nga pagbahin-bahin== An Italy ginbahin ngadto hin karuhaan (20) nga mga rehihyon (''regioni'', kon uusa ''regione''). Lima hini nga mga rehiyon mayda [[Autonomo nga mga rehiyon nga mayda ispisyal nga estatuto|ispisyal nga status hin autonomiya]] nga natugot ha ira nga maghimo hin mga pamalaod mahitungod han ira mga lokal nga mga butang; ini gintigamnan hin asterisko (*) dida han tabula ha ubos. Iton nasod ginbahin pag ngadto hin mga 109 nga mga lalawigan (''province'') ngan 8,101 nga mga munisipyo (''comuni''). {{Italy Labelled Map|float=left}} {| class="wikitable sortable" border="1" |- !width="120px"| [[Mga Rehiyon han Italya|Rehiyon]] !width="80px"| [[Kapital]] !width="90px"| [[Kahaluag]] (km²) !width="80px"| [[Katawhan]] |- | [[Abruzzo]] | [[L'Aquila]] | style="text-align:right"|{{nts|10794}} | style="text-align:right"|{{nts|1324000}} |- | [[Siong han Aosta]]* | [[Aosta]] | style="text-align:right"|{{nts|3263}} | style="text-align:right"|{{nts|126000}} |- | [[Apulia]] | [[Bari]] | style="text-align:right"|{{nts|19362}} | style="text-align:right"|{{nts|4076000}} |- | [[Basilicata]] | [[Potenza]] | style="text-align:right"|{{nts|9992}} | style="text-align:right"|{{nts|591000}} |- | [[Calabria]] | [[Catanzaro]] | style="text-align:right"|{{nts|15080}} | style="text-align:right"|{{nts|2007000}} |- | [[Campania]] | [[Napoles]] | style="text-align:right"|{{nts|13595}} | style="text-align:right"|{{nts|5811000}} |- | [[Emilia-Romagna]] | [[Bologna]] | style="text-align:right"|{{nts|22124}} | style="text-align:right"|{{nts|4276000}} |- | [[Friuli-Venezia Giulia]]* | [[Trieste]] | style="text-align:right"|{{nts|7855}} | style="text-align:right"|{{nts|1222000}} |- | [[Lazio]] | [[Roma]] | style="text-align:right"|{{nts|17207}} | style="text-align:right"|{{nts|5561000}} |- | [[Liguria]] | [[Genova]] | style="text-align:right"|{{nts|5421}} | style="text-align:right"|{{nts|1610000}} |- | [[Lombardiya]] | [[Milan]] | style="text-align:right"|{{nts|23861}} | style="text-align:right"|{{nts|9642000}} |- | [[Marche]] | [[Ancona]] | style="text-align:right"|{{nts|9694}} | style="text-align:right"|{{nts|1553000}} |- | [[Molise]] | [[Campobasso]] | style="text-align:right"|{{nts|4438}} | style="text-align:right"|{{nts|320000}} |- | [[Piemonte]] | [[Turin]] | style="text-align:right"|{{nts|25399}} | style="text-align:right"|{{nts|4401000}} |- | [[Sardinya]]* | [[Cagliari]] | style="text-align:right"|{{nts|24090}} | style="text-align:right"|{{nts|1666000}} |- | [[Sicilia]]* | [[Palermo]] | style="text-align:right"|{{nts|25708}} | style="text-align:right"|{{nts|5030000}} |- | [[Toscana]] | [[Florensya]] | style="text-align:right"|{{nts|22997}} | style="text-align:right"|{{nts|3677000}} |- | [[Trentino-Alto Adige]]* | [[Trento]] | style="text-align:right"|{{nts|13607}} | style="text-align:right"|{{nts|1007000}} |- | [[Umbria]] | [[Perugia]] | style="text-align:right"|{{nts|8456}} | style="text-align:right"|{{nts|884000}} |- | [[Veneto]] | [[Venesya]] | style="text-align:right"|{{nts|18391}} | style="text-align:right"|{{nts|4832000}} |} ==Pinanbasaran== {{Mga kasarigan}} ==Bibliograpiya== *{{Cite book|title=Italy - Eyewitness Travel Guides|publisher=DK| date = 2005|isbn=1-4053-0781-1}} *{{Cite book|title=Northern Italy - Insight Guides|url=https://archive.org/details/northernitaly0000unse|publisher=APA Publications| date = 2004|isbn=981-234-903-0}} *{{Cite web|title=History of Italy: Primary Documents|first=Richard|last=Hacken|publisher=EuroDocs: Harold B. Lee Library: Brigham Young University|url=http://eudocs.lib.byu.edu/index.php/History_of_Italy:_Primary_Documents|accessdate=6 Marso 2010}} *{{Cite web|title=FastiOnline: A database of archaeological excavations since the year 2000|date=2004–2007|publisher=International Association of Classical Archaeology (AIAC)|url=http://www.fastionline.org/|accessdate=6 Marso 2010}} *{{Cite web|title=Italy History – Italian History Index|language=Italian, English|date=1995–2010|publisher=European University Institute, The World Wide Web Virtual Library|url=http://vlib.iue.it/hist-italy/Index.html|accessdate=6 Marso 2010|archive-date=2021-08-15|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210815124837/http://vlib.iue.it/hist-italy/Index.html|url-status=}} ==Mga sumpay ha gawas== {{Sister project links|voy=Italy}} * [http://ucblibraries.colorado.edu/govpubs/for/italy.htm Online resources about Italy] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081216082829/http://ucblibraries.colorado.edu/govpubs/for/italy.htm |date=2008-12-16 }} at UCB Libraries GovPubs *{{dmoz|Regional/Europe/Italy}} *{{osmrelation-inline|365331}} * [http://www.study-in-italy.it/ Italian Higher Education for International Students] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090419134614/http://www.study-in-italy.it/ |date=2009-04-19 }} * [http://www.parks.it/Eindex.html Italian National and Regional parks] * [http://www.italia.it/en/home.html Italian tourism official website] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091018203348/http://www.italia.it/en/home.html |date=2009-10-18 }} {{EU_nga mga nasod}} {{Europa}} {{Mediterraneano}} {{Commons category|Italy}} [[Kaarangay:Italya| ]] [[Kaarangay:Nasod]] d2hclh54fho7ofscp4cudrueguyd3gy 0 5155 7782390 7652348 2026-04-07T07:34:56Z InternetArchiveBot 41587 Add 1 book for verifiability (20260407)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 7782390 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Ighubad Iningles}} {{Infobox person |image = MKGandhi.jpg |image_size = 200px |alt = The face of Gandhi in old age—smiling, wearing glasses, and with a white sash over his right shoulder |birth_name = |birth_date = {{Birth date|1869|10|2|df=y}} |birth_place = [[Porbandar#Princely Porbandar (1600 AD onwards)|Porbandar]], [[Gujarat]], [[British Raj|British India]]<ref name="Gandhi DOB">Gandhi, Rajmohan (2006), [http://books.google.co.in/books?id=FauJL7LKXmkC&lpg=PP1&pg=PA1#v=onepage&q&f=false pg 1-3].</ref> |death_date = {{Death date and age|1948|1|30|1869|10|2|df=y}} |death_place = [[New Delhi]], [[Dominion of India]] |death_cause = [[Assassination of Mohandas Karamchand Gandhi|Pagka-asasinar pinaagi hin pagkapusil]] |resting_place = Gin-cremate ha [[Raj Ghat and associated memorials|Rajghat]], [[Delhi]]. |resting_place_coordinates = {{Coord|28.6415|N|77.2483|E|display=inline}} |nationality = Indian |other_names = Mahatma Gandhi, Bapu, Gandhiji |known_for = Prominente nga tawo han [[kagiusan han paglugaring han Indya]],<br/>nagpapahayag han pilosopiya han [[Satyagraha]] ngan [[Ahimsa]]<br/> nga nagpapasiugda hin [[waray-pagkabiyolente]],<br/> [[pasipismo]] |education = |alma_mater = Samaldas College, [[Bhavnagar]], <br/> [[Inner Temple]], [[London]] |religion = [[Hinduismo]] |spouse = [[Kasturba Gandhi]] |children = [[Harilal Gandhi|Harilal]]<br/>[[Manilal Gandhi|Manilal]]<br/>[[Ramdas Gandhi|Ramdas]]<br/>[[Devdas Gandhi|Devdas]]<br/>Anak nga namatay ha pagkabata |parents = Putlibai Gandhi (Iroy)<br/>Karamchand Gandhi (Amay) |awards = |signature = Gandhi_signature.svg |website = |footnotes = }} Hi '''Mohandas Karamchand Gandhi''' (ha [[Gujarati nga yinaknan|Gujarati]]: મોહનદાસ કરમચંદ ગાંધી; ginromanisar: ''mohandās karamcaṃd gāndhī'', [[IPA|IPA nga kaluwas]]: /moːhənd̪aːs kərəmtʃənd̪ gaːnd̪ʱiː/) ([[Oktubre 2]] [[1869]] – [[Enero 30]], [[1948]]) usa nga nangunguna nga politikanhon ngan ispiritwal nga namuno ha [[India]] ngan han ''Indian Independence Movement''. Hiya an ginsisiringa nga amay han India, ngan talagsa ginngangaranan nga "Bapu," nga buot sidngon "amay" ha Gujarati. Hiya an pionyero<ref>[[Wikisource: The Birth of Satyagraha]] : From The Story of my Experiments with Truth, by Mohandas K. Gandhi</ref> ngan naghimo nga hinpit han ''[[Satyagraha]]'' — pagsupil pinaagi hin ''mass civil disobedience'' o dako nga diri-pagtuod nga sibil nga nahatukod ha [[ahimsa]] (bug-os nga waray-biyolensya) amo an nagin usa han mga gimakusog nga pilosopiya han ''Indian Independence Movement'', ngan naghatag hi pag-aghat ha mga dirudilain nga mga movimiento para hin mga katungod sibil ngan kagawasan ha bug-os nga kalibutan. Hi Gandhi kinikilala ngan tinatawag ha India ngan ha bug-os nga kalibutan nga '''Mahatma Gandhi''' (ha Hindi: महात्मा, / [[IPA|IPA nga kaluwas]]: məhatma /; tikang han [[Sanskrit]], ''[[Mahatma]]'': ''Harangdon nga Kalag'') ngan ''Bapu'' (ha damo nga mga [[mga yinaknan han India|Indianhon nga mga yinaknan]], ''Amay'' o ''Tatay''). ==Mga kasarigan== {{Mga kasarigan}} ==Mga reperensya== ===Mga barasahon=== {{Col-begin|width=100%}} {{Col-1-of-2}} *{{Cite book|last1=Bhana|first1=Surendra|last2=Vahed|first2=Goolam H.|title=The making of a political reformer: Gandhi in South Africa, 1893–1914|url=| date = 2005|publisher=Manohar|isbn=978-81-7304-612-4}}<!--used--> *{{Cite book|last=Bondurant|first=Joan Valérie|title=Conquest of violence: the Gandhian philosophy of conflict|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=4hcf8jPrSKYC|access-date=7 Pebrero 2012| date = 1971|publisher=University of California Press|id=GGKEY:NDWFBERN9B5}} * Brown, Judith M. "Gandhi, Mohandas Karamchand [Mahatma Gandhi] (1869–1948)", ''Oxford Dictionary of National Biography,'' Oxford University Press, 2004; online edn, Jan 2011 [http://www.oxforddnb.com/view/article/33318, accessed 25 Feb 2012] *{{Cite book|last=Brown|first=Judith M.|title=Gandhi's Rise to Power: Indian Politics 1915-1922|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=HUo4AAAAIAAJ|access-date=25 Pebrero 2012|date=25 Oktubre 1974|publisher=Cambridge University Press|isbn=978-0-521-09873-1}}<!--used--> *{{Cite book|last=Brown|first=Judith Margaret|title=Gandhi: Prisoner of Hope|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=boDAE8MLAJMC|access-date=13 Enero 2012|date=23 Oktubre 1991|publisher=Yale University Press|isbn=978-0-300-05125-4}}<!--used--> *{{Cite book|last1=Brown|first1=Judith M.|authorlink1=Judith M. Brown|last2=Parel|first2=Anthony|authorlink2=Anthony Parel|title=The Cambridge Companion to Gandhi|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=KLM8kMZZu-IC|access-date=7 Pebrero 2012|date=21 Pebrero 2011|publisher=Cambridge University Press|isbn=978-0-521-13345-6}} *{{Cite book|last=Chadha|first=Yogesh|title=Gandhi: a life|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=vSduAAAAMAAJ|access-date=8 Pebrero 2012| date = 1997|edition=Illustrated, reprint|publisher=John Wiley|isbn=978-0-471-24378-6}}<!--used--> *{{Cite book|author=Harold G. Coward|title=Indian critiques of Gandhi|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=GGGudMuE4PIC|access-date=11 Pebrero 2012| date = 2003|publisher=SUNY Press|isbn=978-0-7914-5910-2}}<!--used--> <!--*{{cite book|author=Chakrabarty, Bidyut |title=Social and political thought of Mahatma Gandhi|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=4x34We-mY40C|accessdate=13 January 2012|year=2006|publisher=Routledge|isbn=978-0-415-36096-8}}--> *{{Cite book|author=Desai, Mahadev Haribhai |title=Day-to-day with Gandhi: secretary's diary|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=iDQKAQAAIAAJ|access-date=16 Enero 2012|publisher=Sarva Seva Sangh Prakashan|chapter=Preface|chapterurl=http://www.wikilivres.ca/wiki/Day_to_Day_with_Gandhi/Volume_1/Preface|archiveurl=http://www.wikilivres.ca/wiki/Day_to_Day_with_Gandhi|archivedate=3 Hunyo 2007|others=Hemantkumar Nilkanth (translation)| date = 1930}}<!--used--> *{{Cite book|last=Easwaran|first=Eknath|authorlink=Eknath Easwaran|title=Gandhi, the man: the story of his transformation|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=v_hpUlMRjWsC|access-date=8 Pebrero 2012|date=1 Agosto 1997|publisher=Nilgiri Press|isbn=978-0-915132-96-6}} *{{Cite book|last=Fischer|first=Louis|authorlink=Louis Fischer|title=The life of Mahatma Gandhi|url=https://archive.org/details/lifeofmahatmagan0000fisc_e1y3|date=4 Agosto 1997|publisher=HarperCollins|isbn=978-0-00-638887-6}} *{{Cite book|last=Gandhi|first= Rajmohan |authorlink=Rajmohan Gandhi|title=Gandhi: the man, his people, and the empire|url=http://books.google.co.in/books?id=FauJL7LKXmkC|access-date=7 Pebrero 2012| date = 2006|publisher=University of California Press|isbn=978-0-520-25570-8}}<!--used--> *{{Cite book|last=Gangrade|first=K.D.|title=Moral Lessons From Gandhi S Autobiography And Other Essays|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=UODB6R_LmWsC|access-date=11 Enero 2012|date=1 Enero 2004|publisher=Concept Publishing Company|isbn=978-81-8069-084-6|chapter=Role of Shanti Sainiks in the Global Race for Armaments}}<!--used--> *{{Cite book|last=Hardiman|first=David|title=Gandhi in his time and ours: the global legacy of his ideas|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=UWYV5qYZ3-oC|access-date=8 Pebrero 2012| date = 2003|publisher=C. Hurst & Co.|isbn=978-1-85065-711-8}}<!--used--> *{{Cite book|last=Hatt|first=Christine|title=Mahatma Gandhi|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=f6vvy-J7vhcC|access-date=26 Pebrero 2012|date=12 Abril 2002|publisher=Evans Brothers|isbn=978-0-237-52308-4}}<!--used--> *{{Cite book|author=Herman, Arthur|title=Gandhi and Churchill: the epic rivalry that destroyed an empire and forged our age|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=tquxD6dk914C|access-date=11 Pebrero 2012| date = 2008|publisher=Random House Digital, Inc.|isbn=978-0-553-80463-8}}<!--used--> *{{Cite book|last=Jai|first=Janak Raj|title=Commissions and Omissions by Indian Prime Ministers: 1947-1980|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=5Wrc1K0uJTgC|access-date=26 Pebrero 2012| date = 1996|publisher=Regency Publications|isbn=978-81-86030-23-3}}<!--used--> *{{Cite book|author1=Jones, Constance |author2=Ryan, James D. |title=Encyclopedia of Hinduism|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=hZET2sSUVsgC|access-date=13 Enero 2012|date=28 Pebrero 2007|publisher=Infobase Publishing|isbn=978-0-8160-5458-9|pages=160}}<!--used--> *{{Cite book|last=Kumar|first=Shanti|title=Gandhi meets primetime: globalization and nationalism in Indian television|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=abPsWgqrmMMC&pg=PA170|access-date=14 Enero 2012| date = 2006|publisher=University of Illinois Press|isbn=978-0-252-07244-4|page=170}}<!--used--> {{Col-2-of-2}} *{{Cite book|author=Lapping, Brian |title=End of empire|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=xBsiAQAAIAAJ|access-date=16 Enero 2012|date=1 Enero 1989|publisher=Paladin|isbn=978-0-586-08870-8}}<!--used--> *{{Cite book|last=Lelyveld|first=Joseph|authorlink=Joseph Lelyveld|title=Great soul: Mahatma Gandhi and his struggle with India|url=https://archive.org/details/greatsoulmahatma0000lely|date=29 Marso 2011|publisher=Random House Digital, Inc.|isbn=978-0-307-26958-4}} *{{Cite book|last=Majmudar|first=Uma|title=Gandhi's pilgrimage of faith: from darkness to light|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=xM4paHEq5oQC|access-date=12 Enero 2012| date = 2005|publisher=SUNY Press|isbn=978-0-7914-6405-2}}<!--used--> *{{Cite book|last=Miller|first=Jake C.|title=Prophets of a just society|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=uiBNJWqtiVcC|access-date=12 Enero 2012| date = 2002|publisher=Nova Publishers|isbn=978-1-59033-068-5}}<!--used--> *{{Cite book|last=Nayyar|first=Pyarelal|title=Mahatma Gandhi—the last phase, Vol 1|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=E8wBAAAAMAAJ|authorlink=Pyarelal Nayyar|access-date=16 Enero 2012| date = 1956|publisher=Navajivan Publishing House|isbn=0-85283-112-9}}<!--used--> *{{Cite book|last=Pāṇḍeya|first=Viśva Mohana|title=Historiography of India's partition: an analysis of imperialist writings|url=http://books.google.co.in/books?id=Vu2lu-ZI-vQC|access-date=8 Pebrero 2012|date=1 Enero 2003|publisher=Atlantic Publishers & Dist|isbn=978-81-269-0314-6}} *{{Cite book|last=Parekh|first=Bhikhu C.|title=Gandhi: a very short introduction|access-date=17 Enero 2012|publisher=Oxford University Press|url= http://books.google.co.in/books?id=0chB4q7XeHcC&printsec=frontcover#v=onepage&q&f=false |isbn=978-0-19-285457-5|pages=6–9| date = 2001}}<!--used--> *{{Cite book|last1=Pilisuk|first1=Marc|last2=Nagler|first2=Michael N.|title=Peace Movements Worldwide: Players and practices in resistance to war|url=http://books.google.co.in/books?id=GTJV2UcZVHcC&printsec=frontcover#v=onepage&q&f=false|access-date=21 Enero 2012| date = 2011|publisher=ABC-CLIO|isbn=978-0-313-36482-2}}<!--used--> *{{Cite book|last1=Rudolph|first1=Susanne Hoeber|last2=Rudolph|first2=Lloyd I.|title=Gandhi, the traditional roots of charisma|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=JsPYNLAU9KYC&pg=PA48|access-date=12 Enero 2012|date=15 Abril 1983|publisher=University of Chicago Press|isbn=978-0-226-73136-0|page=48}}<!--used--> *{{Cite book|last=Rühe|first=Peter|title=Gandhi|url=https://archive.org/details/gandhi0000rhep|date=5 Oktubre 2004|publisher=Phaidon|isbn=978-0-7148-4459-6}} *{{Cite book|last=Schouten|first=Jan Peter|title=Jesus as guru: the image of Christ among Hindus and Christians in India|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=pIoKdTH7KPsC|access-date=18 Pebrero 2012|date=30 Septyembre 2008|publisher=Rodopi|isbn=978-90-420-2443-4}}<!--used--> *{{Cite book|last=Sharp|first=Gene|title=Gandhi as a political strategist: with essays on ethics and politics|url=https://archive.org/details/gandhiaspolitica0000shar_n9g6| date = 1979|publisher=P. Sargent Publishers|isbn=978-0-87558-090-6}} *{{Cite book|last=Shashi|first=S. S.|title=Encyclopaedia Indica: India, Pakistan, Bangladesh| date = 1996|publisher=Anmol Publications|isbn=978-81-7041-859-7}}<!--used--> *{{Cite book|last=Sofri|first=Gianni|title=Gandhi and India: a century in focus|url=https://archive.org/details/gandhiindiacentu0000sofr| date = 1999|publisher=Windrush Press|isbn=978-1-900624-12-1}} *{{Cite book|last=Sorokin|first=Pitirim Aleksandrovich|title=The ways and power of love: types, factors, and techniques of moral transformation|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=DGCleCxTkbIC|access-date=12 Enero 2012|date= Marso 2002|publisher=Templeton Foundation Press|isbn=978-1-890151-86-7|page=169}}<!--used--> *{{Cite book|last=Tendulkar|first=D. G.|title=Mahatma; life of Mohandas Karamchand Gandhi|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=LHJuAAAAMAAJ| date = 1951|publisher=Ministry of Information and Broadcasting, Government of India|location=Delhi|ref=harv}}<!--used--> *{{Cite book|last=Thacker|first=Dhirubhai|editor=Amaresh Datta|title=The Encyclopaedia Of Indian Literature (Volume Two) (Devraj To Jyoti)|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=zB4n3MVozbUC&pg=PA1345|access-date=14 Enero 2012|date=1 Enero 2006|publisher=Sahitya Akademi|isbn=978-81-260-1194-0|pages=1345|chapter="Gandhi, Mohandas Karamchand" (entry)}}<!--used--> *{{Cite book|author1=Todd, Anne M. |title=Mohandas Gandhi |url=http://books.google.com/books?id=svxDMQZ7fakC| date = 2004|publisher=Infobase Publishing|isbn=978-0-7910-7864-8}}; short biography for children {{Col-end}} ===Panguna nga kuruhaan=== *{{Cite book|last=Andrews|first=C. F.|title=Mahatma Gandhi's Ideas Including Selections from His Writings|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=3EAV6JhQmgkC| date = 2008|publisher=Pierides Press|isbn=978-1-4437-3309-0|chapter=VII – The Teaching of Ahimsa|origyear=1930}} *{{Cite book|last=|first=|editor=Dalton, Dennis |title=Mahatma Gandhi: selected political writings|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=afqmUWX5yeoC| date = 1996|publisher=Hackett Publishing|isbn=978-0-87220-330-3}} * {{Cite book|last=|first=|editor=Duncan, Ronald|title=Selected Writings of Mahatma Gandhi|url=http://www.questia.com/PM.qst?a=o&d=54615149|date=Mayo 2011|publisher=Literary Licensing, LLC|isbn=978-1-258-00907-6}} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090317012750/http://www.questia.com/PM.qst?a=o&d=54615149 |date= 17 Marso 2009 }} *{{Cite book|last1=Gandhi|first1=M. K.|last2=Fischer|first2=Louis|editor=Louis Fischer|title=The essential Gandhi: an anthology of his writings on his life, work and ideas|url=https://archive.org/details/essentialgandhia0000gand| date = 2002|publisher=Vintage Books|isbn=978-1-4000-3050-7}} *{{Cite book|last=Gandhi|first=Mohandas Karamchand|title=Satyagraha in South Africa|url=https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.20737| date = 1928|publisher=Navajivan Publishing House|location=Ahmedabad|format=paperback|edition=1|language=Gujarati|quote=Translated by Valji G. Desai}} Free online access at [http://wikilivres.ca/wiki/Satyagraha_in_South_Africa Wikilivres.ca (1/e)] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120719085127/http://wikilivres.ca/wiki/Satyagraha_in_South_Africa |date= 19 Hulyo 2012 }}. Pdfs from [http://www.gandhiserve.org/cwmg/VOL034.PDF Gandhiserve (3/e)] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130121014232/http://www.gandhiserve.org/cwmg/VOL034.PDF |date= 21 Enero 2013 }} & [http://arvindguptatoys.com/arvindgupta/gandhisouthafrica.pdf Yann Forget (hosted by Arvind Gupta) (1/e)]. *{{Cite book|last=Gandhi |first=Mohandas Karamchand|title=The collected works of Mahatma Gandhi| date = 1994|publisher=Publications Division, Ministry of Information and Broadcasting, Govt. of India|isbn=978-81-230-0239-2}} (100 volumes). Free [http://www.gandhiserve.org/cwmg/cwmg.html online access] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080509143405/http://www.gandhiserve.org/cwmg/cwmg.html |date= 9 Mayo 2008 }} from Gandhiserve. *{{Cite book|last = Gandhi|first = Mohandas Karamchand |title = [[The Story of My Experiments with Truth|An Autobiography or The Story of My Experiments With Truth]]|publisher=Navajivan Publishing House|location=Ahmedabad|edition=2|pages= | date = 1940|isbn = 0-8070-5909-9}} Also available at [[wikisource:An Autobiography or The Story of my Experiments with Truth|Wikisource]]. *{{Cite book|editor=Jack, Homer A.|title=The Gandhi reader: a source book of his life and writings|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=pjN3jZQ74AoC| date = 1994|publisher=Grove Press|isbn=978-0-8021-3161-4}} *{{Cite book|author1=Johnson, Richard L.|author2=Gandhi, M. K.|title=Gandhi's experiments with truth: essential writings by and about Mahatma Gandhi|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=dRQcKsx-YgQC| date = 2006|publisher=Lexington Books|isbn=978-0-7391-1143-7}}<!--used--> *{{Cite book|editor=Parel, Anthony J. |title=Gandhi: 'Hind Swaraj' and Other Writings Centenary Edition|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=oc47gUOPZfcC| date = 2009|publisher=Cambridge University Press|isbn=978-0-521-14602-9}} ===Mga websayt=== *{{Cite web |last = Keen |first = Shirin |title = The Partition of India |publisher = Emory University |date = 1998 |url = http://www.english.emory.edu/Bahri/Part.html |access-date = 16 Enero 2012 |archive-date = 2011-09-02 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20110902112115/http://www.english.emory.edu/Bahri/Part.html |url-status = }} *{{Cite web |last = Sannuti |first = Arun |title = Mohandas K. Gandhi (1869–1948) – Vegetarianism: The Road to Satyagraha |publisher=International Vegetarian Union (IVU) |url = http://www.ivu.org/history/gandhi/road.html|date=6 Abril 2010 |access-date=12 Enero 2012}} *{{Cite web |url=http://www.polity.org.za/article/mbeki-mahatma-gandhi-satyagraha-100th-anniversary-01102006-2006-10-01|title=Mbeki: Mahatma Gandhi Satyagraha 100th Anniversary (01/10/2006) |last=Smith|first=Colleen|date=1 Oktubre 2006 |work=Speeches|publisher=http://www.polity.org.za |access-date=20 Enero 2012}} ===Mga artikulo hin Journal=== * {{Cite journal |last1=Cribb |first1=R. B. | date= Agosto 1985|title=The Early Political Philosophy of M. K. Gandhi, 1869-1893 |journal=Asian Profile |publisher= |volume=13 |issue=4 |pages=353–360}} * {{Cite journal|title=Champaran and Gandhi: Planters, Peasants and Gandhian Politics by Jacques Pouchepadass (Review)|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_journal-of-the-royal-asiatic-society_2001-04_11_1/page/99|first=David|last=Hardiman|journal=Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society|volume=11|issue=1|date= Abril 2001|pages=99–101|jstor=25188108}} * {{Cite journal |last1=Khan |first1=Yasmin | date= Enero 2011|title=Performing Peace: Gandhi's assassination as a critical moment in the consolidation of the Nehruvian state |journal=Modern Asian Studies |volume=45 |issue=1 |pages=57–80 |url=http://journals.cambridge.org/abstract_S0026749X10000223 |doi=10.1017/S0026749X10000223|format=abstract |access-date=21 Enero 2012}} * {{Cite journal |last1=Mohanty |first1=Rekha | date = 2011 |title=From Satya to Sadbhavna |journal=Orissa Review |issue=January 2011 |pages=45–49 |url=http://orissa.gov.in/e-magazine/Orissareview/2011/Jan/engpdf/january.pdf#page=58 |access-date=23 Pebrero 2012}} * {{Cite journal |last1=Murali |first1=Atlury |date= Enero 1985 |title=Non-Cooperation in Andhra in 1920–22: Nationalist Intelligentsia and the Mobilization of Peasantry |journal=Indian Historical Review |publisher=|volume=12 |issue=1/2 |pages=188–217 |issn= 0376-9836 |ref=harv }} * {{Cite journal |last1=Norvell |first1=Lyn | date = 1997 |title=Gandhi and the Indian Women's Movement |journal=British Library Journal |volume=23 |issue=1 |pages=12–27 |issn=0305-5167}} * {{Cite journal |last1=Prashad |first1=Ganesh | date= Septyembre 1966| title=Whiggism in India|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_political-science-quarterly_1966-09_81_3/page/412 |journal=[[Political Science Quarterly]] |volume=81 |issue=3|pages= 412–431 |jstor=2147642}} * {{Cite journal|title=Power, Hegemony and Politics: Leadership Struggle in Congress in the 1930s|last=Sarkar|first=Jayabrata|journal=Modern Asian Studies|date=18 Abril 2006|volume=40|issue=2|pages=333–370|doi=10.1017/S0026749X0600179X|ref=harv}} * {{Cite journal |last1=Sarma |first1=Bina Kumari |date= Enero 1994|title=Gandhian Movement and Women's Awakening in Orissa |journal=Indian Historical Review |volume=21 |issue=1/2 |pages=78–79|issn= 0376-9836}} * {{Cite journal|title=On the Origins of Gandhi's Political Methodology: The Heritage of Kathiawad and Gujarat|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_journal-of-asian-studies_1971-02_30_2/page/361|last=Spodek|first=Howard|journal=The Journal of Asian Studies|volume=30|issue=2|date= Pebrero 1971| pages=361–372|jstor=2942919}} ===Mga sumat han notisya=== * {{Cite news| last=Ferrell| first=David| title =A Little Serenity in a City of Madness|newspaper =Los Angeles Times|pages =B 2|date =27 Septyembre 2001|url =http://pqasb.pqarchiver.com/latimes/access/82514621.html?FMT=ABS&FMTS=ABS:FT&type=current&date=Sep+27%2C+2001&author=DAVID+FERRELL&pub=Los+Angeles+Times&edition=&startpage=B.2&desc=Surroundings%3A+Lake+Shrine%3B+%27A+Little+Serenity+in+a+City+of+Madness%27%3B+Meditation+Gardens+in+Pacific+Palisades+Are+a+Place+to+Walk%2C+Think+and+Pray|format =Abstract|access-date =14 Enero 2012|archive-date =24 Hulyo 2012|archive-url =https://web.archive.org/web/20120724125815/http://pqasb.pqarchiver.com/latimes/access/82514621.html?FMT=ABS&FMTS=ABS:FT&type=current&date=Sep+27%2C+2001&author=DAVID+FERRELL&pub=Los+Angeles+Times&edition=&startpage=B.2&desc=Surroundings%3A+Lake+Shrine%3B+%27A+Little+Serenity+in+a+City+of+Madness%27%3B+Meditation+Gardens+in+Pacific+Palisades+Are+a+Place+to+Walk%2C+Think+and+Pray|url-status =dead}} * {{Cite news |title=Gandhi's ashes to rest at sea, not in a museum |author=Ramesh, Randeep|url=http://www.guardian.co.uk/world/2008/jan/16/india.international |newspaper=[[The Guardian]] |date=16 Enero 2008 |access-date=14 Enero 2012 |location=London}} * {{Cite news |url=http://online.wsj.com/article/SB10001424052748703529004576160371482469358.html |title=Among the Hagiographers (A book review of "Great Soul: Mahatma Gandhi and His Struggle With India" by Joseph Lelyveld) |author=Roberts, Andrew| authorlink=Andrew Roberts (historian) |date=26 Marso 2011 |work=BookShelf |publisher=Wall Street Journal |access-date=14 Enero 2012}} * {{Cite news|author=Unattributed|title=Of all faiths and races, together they shed their silent tears|url=http://news.google.com/newspapers?id=4cU-AAAAIBAJ&sjid=nkwMAAAAIBAJ&pg=2964%2C2759742|access-date=19 Enero 2012|newspaper=[[The Indian Express]]|date=31 Enero 1948|page=5 (top centre)}} * {{Cite news|author=Unattributed|title=Over a million get last darshan|url=http://news.google.com/newspapers?id=4cU-AAAAIBAJ&sjid=nkwMAAAAIBAJ&pg=2273%2C2717510|page=1 (bottom left)|access-date=19 Enero 2012| newspaper=[[The Indian Express]]|date=1 Pebrero 1948}} ==Mga sumpay ha gawas== {{Commons category|Mohandas K. Gandhi}} *[http://www.gandhismriti.gov.in/indexb.asp Gandhi Smriti&nbsp;— Government of India website] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070712110932/http://www.gandhismriti.gov.in/indexb.asp |date= 12 Hulyo 2007 }} *[http://www.gandhi-manibhavan.org/ Mani Bhavan Gandhi Sangrahalaya Gandhi Museum & Library] *[http://www.gandhifoundation.net/ Gandhi Research Foundation - One-Stop info on Gandhi] {{DEFAULTSORT:Gandhi, Mohandas Karamchand}} [[Kaarangay:Mohandas Karamchand Gandhi| ]] [[Kaarangay:Biyograpiya|Gandhi, Mahatma]] [[Kaarangay:Politika|Gandhi, Mahatma]] [[Kaarangay:Indya|Gandhi, Mahatma]] [[Kaarangay:Mga natawo han 1869]] [[Kaarangay:Mga namatay han 1948]] mykqie76wreg8vebtbzmvxz9kbki6ax 0 6007 7782400 7749738 2026-04-07T07:43:59Z InternetArchiveBot 41587 Add 1 book for verifiability (20260407)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 7782400 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox country |conventional_long_name = Japan |common_name = Japan |linking_name = Japan |native_name = {{lang|ja|日本国}}<br>{{small|''Nippon-koku''}} o {{small|''Nihon-koku''}} |image_flag = Flag of Japan.svg |alt_flag = Centered deep red circle on a white rectangle<ref>{{Cite web|title=National Flag and National Anthem|url=http://www.japan.go.jp/culture/flagandanthem.html|quote=The Rising Sun Flag and "Kimi Ga Yo" are respectively the national flag and anthem of Japan. This was formalized in 1999 with the Law Regarding the National Flag and National Anthem.|accessdate=29 Enero 2017}}</ref> |image_coat = Imperial Seal of Japan.svg |alt_coat = Golden circle subdivided by golden wedges with rounded outer edges and thin black outlines |symbol_type = Selyo Imperyal | other_symbol = {{lang|ja|大日本國璽}} ({{transliteration|ja|Dai Nihon Kokuji}})<br>"Nasodnon nga Selyo han Darudako nga Hapon"{{parabr}}[[File:Gyomei kokuji.svg|80px|Selyo han Estado han Hapon]] | other_symbol_type = [[Selyo hin Estado han Hapon|Selyo hin Estado]]: |national_anthem = {{unbulleted list|"''[[Kimigayo]]''"|{{lower|0.25em|{{big|{{Nihongo2|君が代}}}}}}}}<br>{{small|"His Imperial Majesty's Reign"}}<ref>{{Cite web|title=Explore Japan National Flag and National Anthem|url=http://web-japan.org/kidsweb/explore/national/index.html|accessdate=29 Enero 2017}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=National Symbols|url=http://www.japan-guide.com/e/e2270.html|accessdate=29 Enero 2017|deadurl=yes|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20170202040038/http://www.japan-guide.com/e/e2270.html|archivedate=2 Pebrero 2017|df=mdy-all}}</ref><br><center>[[File:Kimi ga Yo instrumental.ogg]]</center> |image_map = Japan (orthographic projection).svg |map_width = 220px |alt_map = Projection of Asia with Japan's Area coloured green |map_caption = Lugar nga kontrolado han Hapon in ginpapakita ha lunghaw na kolor, pero an diri kontrolado in ginpapakita hin mas malapsaw nga lunghaw |capital = [[Tokyo]]<ref>{{Cite web|title=History of Tokyo|url=http://www.metro.tokyo.jp/ENGLISH/ABOUT/HISTORY/history01.htm|quote=The Edo Period lasted for nearly 260 years until the Meiji Restoration in 1868, when the Tokugawa Shogunate ended and imperial rule was restored. The Emperor moved to Edo, which was renamed Tokyo. Thus, Tokyo became the capital of Japan|accessdate=29 Enero 2017|archive-date=2018-12-25|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181225073521/http://www.metro.tokyo.jp/ENGLISH/ABOUT/HISTORY/history01.htm|url-status=}}</ref> |coordinates = {{Coord|35|41|N|139|46|E|type:city}} |largest_city = capital |official_languages = waray opisyal nga pinulongan ([[Pinulongan Hapones|Hinapon]] ([[de facto]]))<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://houseikyoku.sangiin.go.jp/column/column068.htm|script-title=ja:法制執務コラム集「法律と国語・日本語」|publisher=Legislative Bureau of the House of Councillors|accessdate=19 Enero 2009|language=Japanese}}</ref> |regional_languages = {{collapsible list |title = [[Mga pinulongan han Hapon|11 nga mga pinulongan]]<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.ethnologue.com/country/JP/languages|title=Japan Languages|accessdate=29 Enero 2017|language=English}}</ref> |[[Ainu language|Ainu Itak]] |[[Amami Ōshima language|Amami Ōshima]] |[[Kikai language|Kikai]] |[[Kunigami language|Kunigami]] |[[Miyako language|Miyako]] |[[Okinawan language|Okinawan]] |[[Okinoerabu language|Okinoerabu]] |[[Tokunoshima language|Tokunoshima]] |[[Yaeyama language|Yaeyama]] |[[Yonaguni language|Yonaguni]] |[[Yoron language|Yoron]] }} |languages_type = [[Nasodnon nga Pinulongan]] |languages = [[Hinapon]]<ref>{{Cite web|title=Literacy and Language Classes in Community Centers, Country Profile: Japan|url=http://www.unesco.org/uil/litbase/?menu=14&programme=131|accessdate=29 Enero 2017}}</ref> |ethnic_groups = {{unbulleted list |98.5% [[Japanese people|Japanese]] |0.5% [[Koreans in Japan|Korean]] |0.4% [[Chinese people in Japan|Chinese]] |0.6% other }} |ethnic_groups_year = 2011{{lower|0.4em|<ref name="cia"/>}} |demonym = [[Mga hapon|Hapon/Haponesa]] |government_type = [[Unitary state|Unitaryo]] nga [[Parliamentary system|Parlamentaryo]] nga [[monarkiya konstitusyonal]] |leader_title1 = [[Emperador han Hapon|Emperador]] |leader_name1 = [[Naruhito]] |leader_title2 = [[Primo Ministro han Hapon|Primo Ministro]] |leader_name2 = [[Fumio Kishida]] |leader_title3 = [[Deputy Prime Minister of Japan|Deputy Primo Ministro]] |leader_name3 = [[Tarō Asō]] |legislature = [[National Diet]] |upper_house = [[House of Councillors (Japan)|House of Councillors]] |lower_house = [[House of Representatives (Japan)|House of Representatives]] |sovereignty_type = [[History of Japan|Pagkatukod]] |established_event1 = [[Nasodnon nga Pagkatukod nga Adlaw]] |established_date1 = Pebrero 11, 660&nbsp;BCE<ref>Sumala han Leyenda, an hapon in gintukod hini nga adlaw ni [[Emperor Jimmu]], an syahan nga Emperador han nasod.</ref> |established_event2 = [[Batakan Balaod Meiji]] |established_date2 = Nobyembre 29, 1890 |established_event3 = [[Batakan Balaod han Hapon|Yana nga batakan balaod]] |established_date3 = Mayo 3, 1947 |established_event4 = [[Tratado ha San Francisco|Tratado han Kamurayaw<br> ha San Francisco]] |established_date4 = Abril 28, 1952 |established_event5 = |established_date5 = |area_km2 = 377,972 |area_footnote = <ref>{{Cite web|title=Facts about Japan, General Information|url=http://www.japan.go.jp/japan/facts/|accessdate=29 Enero 2017}}</ref> |area_rank = ika-61 <!-- Area rank should match [[List of countries and dependencies by area]] --> |area_sq_mi = {{convert|377972|km2|sqmi|disp=output number only}}<!-- Do not remove per [[WP:MOSNUM]]. --> |percent_water = 0.8 |population_census = 126,672,000<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.e-stat.go.jp/SG1/estat/GL08020101.do?_toGL08020101_&tstatCode=000001080615&requestSender=search|title=最新結果一覧　政府統計の総合窓口　GL08020101|publisher=Statistics Bureau of Japan|accessdate=27 Abril 2016|archive-date=6 Enero 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190106030423/https://www.e-stat.go.jp/stat-search/files?tstat=000001080615|url-status=dead}}</ref> |population_census_year = 2017 |population_census_rank = ika-10 |population_density_km2 = 336 |population_density_rank = ika-36 |GDP_PPP = $5.420 trillion<ref name = imf2>{{Cite web|title=World Economic Outlook Database, April 2017 – Report for Selected Countries and Subjects|url=http://www.imf.org/external/pubs/ft/weo/2017/01/weodata/weorept.aspx?sy=2014&ey=2022&scsm=1&ssd=1&sort=country&ds=.&br=1&c=158&s=NGDPD%2CNGDPDPC%2CPPPGDP%2CPPPPC%2CPPPEX&grp=0&a=&pr.x=87&pr.y=5|publisher=[[International Monetary Fund]] (IMF)|accessdate=21 Abril 2016}}</ref> |GDP_PPP_year = 2017 |GDP_PPP_rank = ika-4 |GDP_PPP_per_capita = $42,860<ref name=imf2/> |GDP_PPP_per_capita_rank = ika-27 |GDP_nominal = $4.841 trilyones<ref name=imf2/> |GDP_nominal_year = 2017 |GDP_nominal_rank = ika-3 |GDP_nominal_per_capita = $38,281<ref name=imf2/> |GDP_nominal_per_capita_rank = ika-20 |Gini = 37.6 <!-- Number only. --> |Gini_year = 2008 |Gini_change = <!-- Increase/decrease/steady. --> |Gini_ref = <ref>{{Cite web|title=World Factbook: Gini Index|url=https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/fields/2172.html|publisher=[[Central Intelligence Agency|CIA]]|accessdate=11 Mayo 2011|archive-date=13 Hunyo 2007|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070613005439/https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/fields/2172.html|url-status=dead}}</ref> |Gini_rank = ika-76 |HDI = 0.903 <!-- Number only, between 0 and 1. --> |HDI_year = 2015<!-- Please use the year to which the data refers, not the publication year. --> |HDI_change = increase <!-- Increase/decrease/steady. --> |HDI_ref = <ref name="HDI">{{Cite web |url=http://hdr.undp.org/sites/default/files/2016_human_development_report.pdf |title=2016 Human Development Report | date = 2016 |accessdate=23 Marso 2017 |publisher=United Nations Development Programme}}</ref> |HDI_rank = 17th |currency = [[Japanese yen|Yen]] (¥){{\}}{{transl|ja|''En''}} {{nihongo2|円}} |currency_code = JPY |time_zone = [[Japan Standard Time|JST]] |utc_offset = +9 |utc_offset_DST = +9 |time_zone_DST = diri gin-oobserbar |date_format = {{unbulleted list|yyyy-mm-dd|yyyy年m月d日|{{nowrap|[[Japanese era name|Panahon]]&nbsp;yy年m月d日 {{small|([[Common Era|CE]]−1988)}}}}}} |drives_on = [[Right- and left-hand traffic#Japan|wala]] |calling_code = [[Telephone numbers in Japan|+81]] |cctld = [[.jp]] |official_website = [http://www.japan.go.jp/index.html www.japan.go.jp] |religion = {{ublist|item_style=white-space:nowrap;|51.82% [[Shinto]]|34.9% [[Buddhism in Japan|Buddhism]]|4% [[Shinto sects and schools|Shinto sects]]|2.3% [[Christianity in Japan|Christianity]]|7.0% Waray baton}} |area_magnitude = 1 E11 |population_density_sq_mi = 882.7 <!-- Do not remove per [[WP:MOSNUM]]. --> |country_code = JPN |iso3166code = JP }} {{Infobox Chinese |title = Japan |kanji = 日本国 |kyujitai = 日本國 |katakana = ニッポンコク<br>ニホンコク |hiragana = にっぽんこく<br>にほんこく |l = State of Japan |romaji = Nippon-koku<br>Nihon-koku |revhep = Nippon-koku<br>Nihon-koku }} An '''Japan''' o '''Hapon''' (ha [[Hinapon]]: '''日本''' nga kon ginRomanisar '''''Nihon''''' o '''''Nippon''''', nga ha opisyal nga tinatawag ha Hinapon nga '''日本国''' nga ha Linatin nga agi '''''Nippon-koku''''' o '''''Nihon-koku''''') usa nga kapuropod-an nga nasod ha [[Sinirangan nga Asya]]. Nahamutang ini ha [[Kalawdan Pacifico]] ngan ha sidlangan han [[Dagat han Hapon]], [[Republika nga Popular han Tsina]], [[Amihanan nga Korea]], [[Salatan nga Korea]] ngan [[Rusya]], tikang han [[Dagat han Okhotsk]] ha amihanan ngadto han [[Sinirangan nga Dagat Tsina]] ngan [[Taiwan]] ha salatan. An [[kanji|kasurat nga kanji]] nga amo an nahimo han [[Mga Ngaran han Hapon|ngaran han Hapon]] nangangahulogan nga "nagtikang han adlaw", ngan amo ini nga agsob tawagon an Hapon nga "[[Tuna han Nasidlang nga Adlaw]]". ==Heyograpiya== [[File:Japan topo en.jpg|thumb|Topograpico nga mapay han Kapuropud-an han Hapon]] An Hapon in may-ada 6,852 nga mga isla nga nasakop ngadto ha Pasipico nga baybayon han Sinirangan Asya. An nasod, lakip an ngatanan nga mga isla nga gindudumara hini, in aada ha butnga han mga latitud nga 24° ngan 46°N, ngan longtitud 122° ngan 146°E. An gidadakoi nga mga puro, tikang ha amihanan ngadto ha salatan, amo an [[Hokkaido]], [[Honshu]], [[Shikoku]] ngan [[Kyushu]]. An [[Ryukyu Islands]], nga naglalakip han [[Okinawa]], in kadena hin mga isla ha salatan han [[Kyushu]]. Kun ginbubug-os ini, gintatawag nga Kapuropud-an han Hapon.<ref>{{Cite book|last=McCargo|first=Duncan|title=Contemporary Japan|url=https://archive.org/details/contemporaryjapa0000mcca| date = 2000|publisher=Macmillan|isbn=0-333-710002 |pages=[https://archive.org/details/contemporaryjapa0000mcca/page/8 8]–11}}</ref> Haros 73 ka porsiyento han Hapon in kagurangan, bukiron ngan diri puydi pan-argrikultura, industriya o residensyal nga pan-gamit.<ref name="cia">{{Cite web |url=https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/ja.html |title=CIA Factbook: Japan |publisher=Cia.gov |accessdate=9 Nobyembre 2011 |archive-date=26 Disyembre 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181226010157/https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/ja.html%20 |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Japan|url=https://www.state.gov/r/pa/ei/bgn/4142.htm|publisher=US Department of State|accessdate=16 Enero 2011}}</ref> ==Administratibo nga pagbahin-bahin== An Japan mayda [[Mga Prefektura han Hapon|kap-atan kag pito nga mga prefektura]], nga tagsa gindudumara hin elehido nga gobernador, lehislatura ngan administratibo nga burukrasya. An tagsa prefektura ginbahin-bahin ngadto hin mga syudad, mga bungto, ngan mga barrio. An nasod yana may-ada administratibo nga [[An pag-usa ngan pagkawara hin mga bungto han Hapon|pagreorganisa ha paghiusa]] hin damo nga mga syudad, bungto ngan barrio. Ini nga proseso magreresulta in pag-iban han ihap han mga sub-prefektura nga mga administratibo nga rehiyon ngan ginkikita ini nga maka-iba hin mga garastohon ha administrasyon.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Mabuchi |first=Masaru |url=http://siteresources.worldbank.org/WBI/Resources/wbi37175.pdf |title=''Municipal Amalgamation in Japan'' (PDF) |publisher=World Bank |month=May | date = 2001 | accessdate=2006-12-28|format=PDF}}</ref> ===Mga Heograpiya=== [[Bulkan nga Fuji]] {| | style="padding-right:1em; vertical-align:top;" | <center>'''[[Hokkaidō]]'''</center> ---- 1.&nbsp;[[Hokkaidō]]<br /> <center>'''[[Tōhoku (rehiyon)|Tōhoku]]'''</center> ---- 2.&nbsp;[[Aomori (prefektura)|Aomori]]<br /> 3.&nbsp;[[Iwate (prefektura)|Iwate]]<br /> 4.&nbsp;[[Miyagi (prefektura)|Miyagi]]<br /> 5.&nbsp;[[Akita (prefektura)|Akita]]<br /> 6.&nbsp;[[Yamagata (prefektura)|Yamagata]]<br /> 7.&nbsp;[[Fukushima (prefektura)|Fukushima]]<br /> <center>'''[[Kantō (rehiyon)|Kantō]]'''</center> ---- 8.&nbsp;[[Ibaraki (prefektura)|Ibaraki]]<br /> 9.&nbsp;[[Tochigi (prefektura)|Tochigi]]<br /> 10.&nbsp;[[Gunma (prefektura)|Gunma]]<br /> 11.&nbsp;[[Saitama (prefektura)|Saitama]]<br /> 12.&nbsp;[[Chiba (prefektura)|Chiba]]<br /> 13.&nbsp;[[Tokyo]]<br /> 14.&nbsp;[[Kanagawa (prefektura)|Kanagawa]]<br /> | style="padding-right:1em; vertical-align:top;" | <center>'''[[Chūbu (rehiyon)|Chūbu]]'''</center> ---- 15.&nbsp;[[Niigata (prefektura)|Niigata]]<br /> 16.&nbsp;[[Toyama (prefektura)|Toyama]]<br /> 17.&nbsp;[[Ishikawa (prefektura)|Ishikawa]]<br /> 18.&nbsp;[[Fukui (prefektura)|Fukui]]<br /> 19.&nbsp;[[Yamanashi (prefektura)|Yamanashi]]<br /> 20.&nbsp;[[Nagano (prefektura)|Nagano]]<br /> 21.&nbsp;[[Gifu (prefektura)|Gifu]]<br /> 22.&nbsp;[[Shizuoka (prefektura)|Shizuoka]]<br /> 23.&nbsp;[[Aichi (prefektura)|Aichi]]<br /> <center>'''[[Kansai (rehiyon)|Kansai]]'''</center> ---- 24.&nbsp;[[Mie (prefektura)|Mie]]<br /> 25.&nbsp;[[Shiga (prefektura)|Shiga]]<br /> 26.&nbsp;[[Kyoto (prefektura)|Kyoto]]<br /> 27.&nbsp;[[Osaka (prefektura)|Osaka]]<br /> 28.&nbsp;[[Hyōgo (prefektura)|Hyōgo]]<br /> 29.&nbsp;[[Nara (prefektura)|Nara]]<br /> 30.&nbsp;[[Wakayama (prefektura)|Wakayama]]<br /> | style="padding-right:1em; vertical-align:top;" | <center>'''[[Chūgoku (rehiyon)|Chūgoku]]'''</center> ---- 31.&nbsp;[[Tottori (prefektura)|Tottori]]<br /> 32.&nbsp;[[Shimane (prefektura)|Shimane]]<br /> 33.&nbsp;[[Okayama (prefektura)|Okayama]]<br /> 34.&nbsp;[[Hiroshima (prefektura)|Hiroshima]]<br /> 35.&nbsp;[[Yamaguchi (prefektura)|Yamaguchi]]<br /> <center>'''[[Shikoku]]'''</center> ---- 36.&nbsp;[[Tokushima (prefektura)|Tokushima]]<br /> 37.&nbsp;[[Kagawa (prefektura)|Kagawa]]<br /> 38.&nbsp;[[Ehime (prefektura)|Ehime]]<br /> 39.&nbsp;[[Kōchi (prefektura)|Kōchi]]<br /> <center>'''[[Kyūshū]]'''</center> ---- 40.&nbsp;[[Fukuoka (prefektura)|Fukuoka]]<br /> 41.&nbsp;[[Saga (prefektura)|Saga]]<br /> 42.&nbsp;[[Nagasaki (prefektura)|Nagasaki]]<br /> 43.&nbsp;[[Kumamoto (prefektura)|Kumamoto]]<br /> 44.&nbsp;[[Ōita (prefektura)|Ōita]]<br /> 45.&nbsp;[[Miyazaki (prefektura)|Miyazaki]]<br /> 46.&nbsp;[[Kagoshima (prefektura)|Kagoshima]]<br /> 47.&nbsp;[[Okinawa (prefektura)|Okinawa]] <br /> |} An [[Karafuto (prefektura)|Karafuto]], usa nga bahin han isla han [[Sakhalin]] ha amihanan tikang ha Hokkaidō (waray ginpakita dida han mapa), kabahin han Japan tikang han 1907 tubtob han Gyera Pankalibotan II. An bug-os nga isla han Sakhalin gindudumara na yana han [[Rusya]], pero mayda mga Hapones nga nasiring nga an Karafuto kabahin pa gihapon han Hapon. ==Mga reperensya== {{Mga kasarigan}} ==Mga Sumpay ha Gawas== # [https://arrestedworld.com/museums-in-tokyo/ Maayo nga mga Museyo sa Tokyo nga Pagaduawon] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201113045742/https://arrestedworld.com/museums-in-tokyo/ |date=2020-11-13 }} # [https://arrestedworld.com/amusement-parks-in-japan/ Labing maayo nga Amusement Parks Sa Japan] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201031011607/https://arrestedworld.com/amusement-parks-in-japan/ |date=2020-10-31 }} # [https://arrestedworld.com/places-in-japan/ Maayo nga mga Dapit Sa Japan nga Mobisita] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201216155258/https://arrestedworld.com/places-in-japan/ |date=2020-12-16 }} {{Sister project links|Japan|s=no|q=no}} {{Asya}} {{Commons category|Japan}} [[Kaarangay:Hapon| ]] [[Kaarangay:Mga nasod ha Sinirangan nga Asya]] [[Kaarangay:Nasod]] 2j4r9a9060vfk3zt9ox0ot1olnxdxmi 0 6017 7782289 7759184 2026-04-07T05:34:29Z InternetArchiveBot 41587 Add 5 books for verifiability (20260407)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 7782289 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox country | conventional_long_name = Israel | native_name = {{unbulleted list|{{nobold|{{native name|he|ישראל|italics=off}}}}|{{nobold|{{native name|ar|إسرائيل|italics=off}}}}}} | common_name = Israel | image_flag = Flag of Israel.svg | alt_flag = Centered blue star within a horizontal triband | image_coat = Emblem of Israel.svg | alt_coat = Centered menorah surrounded by two olive branches | symbol_type = Emblem | national_anthem = "[[Hatikvah]]" ("An Paglaum")<br /><br />[[File:Hatikvah instrumental.ogg|center]] | image_map = ISR orthographic.svg | alt_map = Location of Israel (in green) on the globe. | image_map2 = Israel - Location Map (2012) - ISR - UNOCHA.svg | map_caption2 = 1967 nga katubtoban ([[Lunghaw nga Linea (Israel)|Lunghaw nga Linea]]) | capital = [[Jerusalem]] ''([[Status han Jerusalem|limitado&nbsp;nga pagkilala]])''{{refn|group=fn|Pagkilala hin iba nga mga api han UN nga mga estado: [[Australia]] ([[Katundan nga Jerusalem]]),<ref name="ausj">{{Cite web |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-australia-46576716 |title=Australia recognises West Jerusalem as Israeli capital |publisher=BBC |date=15 Disyembre 2018}}</ref> [[Rusya]] ([[Katundan nga Jerusalem]]),<ref>{{Cite web |title=Foreign Ministry statement regarding Palestinian-Israeli settlement |url=http://www.mid.ru/en/foreign_policy/news/-/asset_publisher/cKNonkJE02Bw/content/id/2717182 |website=www.mid.ru |date=6 Abril 2017}}</ref> an [[Czeka nga Republika]] ([[Katundan nga Jerusalem]]),<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.jpost.com/Breaking-News/Czech-Republic-announces-it-recognizes-West-Jerusalem-as-Israels-capital-517241|title=Czech Republic announces it recognizes West Jerusalem as Israel's capital|newspaper=Jerusalem Post|date=6 Disyembre 2017|accessdate=6 Disyembre 2017|quote="The Czech Republic currently, before the peace between Israel and Palestine is signed, recognizes Jerusalem to be in fact the capital of Israel in the borders of the demarcation line from 1967." The Ministry also said that it would only consider relocating its embassy based on "results of negotiations."}}</ref> [[Honduras]],<ref>{{Cite news |title=Honduras recognizes Jerusalem as Israel's capital |url=https://www.timesofisrael.com/honduras-recognizes-jerusalem-as-israels-capital/ |work=The Times of Israel |date=29 Agosto 2019}}</ref> [[Guatemala]],<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.infobae.com/america/mundo/2017/12/24/guatemala-se-suma-a-eeuu-y-tambien-trasladara-su-embajada-en-israel-a-jerusalen/|title=Guatemala se suma a EEUU y también trasladará su embajada en Israel a Jerusalén|trans-title=Guatemala joins US, will also move embassy to Jerusalem|website=Infobae|date=24 Disyembre 2017|language=es}} Am embahada han Guatemala nahamutang ha Jerusalem kutob han mga 1980 nga dekada, han pagbalhina hiní ngadto ha Tel Aviv.</ref> [[Nauru]],<ref>{{Cite news |title=Nauru recognizes J'lem as capital of Israel |url=http://www.israelnationalnews.com/News/News.aspx/268084 |work=Israel National News |date=29 Agosto 2019 |language=en}}</ref> ngan an [[Estados Unidos]].<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2017/12/06/world/middleeast/trump-jerusalem-israel-capital.html|title=Trump Recognizes Jerusalem as Israel's Capital and Orders U.S. Embassy to Move|newspaper=The New York Times|date=6 Disyembre 2017|access-date=6 Disyembre 2017}}</ref>}} | coordinates = {{coord|31|47|N|35|13|E|region:IL-JM_type:city(880000)}} | largest_city = capital | official_languages = [[Moderno nga Hebreo|Hebreo]] | languages_type = Mga ginkilala nga mga pinulongan | languages = [[Moderno nga Standard nga Inarabo|Inarabo]]{{refn|group=fn|An Inarabo kasanhi ginkilala nga usá nga buhatonon o opisyal nga pinulongan han Estado han Israel.<ref name=lang1>{{Cite url |title=Arabic in Israel: an official language and a cultural bridge |url=http://mfa.gov.il/MFA/IsraelExperience/Culture/Pages/Arabic-in-Israel--an-official-language-and-a-cultural-bridge-18-December-2016.aspx |website=Israel Ministry of Foreign Affairs |date=18 Disyembre 2016|access-date=8 Agosto 2018}}</ref> Han 2018 [[Basic Law: Israel as the Nation-State of the Jewish People|ginkilala ini]] nga mayda 'ispisyal nga status han estado' upod han paggamit hiní han mga institusyon han estado nga igpapahayag ha balaod.<ref name=lang2>{{Cite news |title=Israel Passes 'National Home' Law, Drawing Ire of Arabs |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2018/07/18/world/middleeast/israel-passes-national-home-law.html |work=The New York Times |date=19 Hulyo 2018 |language=en}}</ref><ref name=lang3>{{Cite news |last1=Lubell |first1=Maayan |title=Israel adopts divisive Jewish nation-state law |url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-israel-politics-law/israel-adopts-divisive-jewish-nation-state-law-idUSKBN1K901V |work=Reuters |date=19 Hulyo 2018}}</ref><ref name=lang4>{{Cite web |title=Press Releases from the Knesset |url=https://knesset.gov.il/spokesman/eng/PR_eng.asp?PRID=13978 |website=Knesset website |date=19 Hulyo 2018 |quote=The Arabic language has a special status in the state; Regulating the use of Arabic in state institutions or by them will be set in law.}}</ref>}} | ethnic_groups = {{unbulleted list|74.2% [[Israeli nga mga Hudeo|Hudeo]]|20.9% [[Arabo nga mga bungtohanon han Israel|Arabo]]|4.8% [[Demograpiko han Israel|iba]]<ref name="population_stat2019"/>}} | ethnic_groups_year = 2019 | religion = {{unbulleted list|74.2% [[Israeli nga mga Hudeo|Hudeo]]|17.8% [[Islam ha Israel|Muslim]]|2.0% [[Kristyanismo ha Israel|Kristyano]]|1.6% [[Druze ha Israel|Druze]]|4.4% [[Relihiyon ha Israel|iba]]<ref name="population_stat2019">{{Cite report|url=https://www.cbs.gov.il/he/mediarelease/DocLib/2019/134/11_19_134b.pdf|title=Israel's Independence Day 2019|date=6 Mayo 2019|publisher=Israel Central Bureau of Statistics|access-date=7 Mayo 2019}}</ref>}} | religion_year = 2019 | demonym = [[Israelis|Israeli]] | government_type = [[Unitaryo nga parlamentaryo nga republika]] | leader_title1 = [[Mangulo han Israel|Mangulo]] | leader_name1 = [[Reuven Rivlin]] (ראובן ריבלין) | leader_title2 = [[Primer Ministro han Israel|Primer Ministro]] | leader_name2 = [[Benjamin Netanyahu]] (בנימין נתניהו) | leader_title3 = [[Talaan hin mga Knesset speaker|Knesset Speaker]] | leader_name3 = [[Yariv Levin]] (יָרִיב לֵוִין) | leader_title4 = [[Korte Supreme han Israel|Chief Justice]] | leader_name4 = [[Esther Hayut]] (אֶסְתֵּר חַיּוּת) | legislature = [[Knesset]] | sovereignty_type = [[Kaagi han Israel|Paglugaríng]] | established_event1 = [[Israeli nga Pagpasamwak hin Paglugaring|Ginpasamwak]] | established_date1 = 14 Mayo 1948 | established_event2 = [[Israel, Palestine, ngan an Nasyones Unidas|Pag-api han UNO]] | established_date2 = 11 Mayo 1949 | area_km2 = 20,770–22,072 | area_sq_mi = 8,019–8,522 | area_rank = ika-150 | area_footnote = {{ref label|area|a}} | percent_water = 2.1 | population_estimate = {{data Israel|poptoday|formatnum}}<ref name="cbs_main">{{Cite web |url=http://www.cbs.gov.il/reader/cw_usr_view_Folder?ID=141 |title=Home page |publisher=Israel Central Bureau of Statistics |access-date=20 Pebrero 2017}}</ref><ref name=oecd group=fn/> | population_estimate_year = {{CURRENTYEAR}} | population_estimate_rank = ika-99 | population_census = 7,412,200<ref>{{Cite report |date=2008 |title=Population Census 2008 |url=http://www.cbs.gov.il/www/mifkad/mifkad_2008/profiles/rep_e_000000.pdf |publisher=Israel Central Bureau of Statistics |access-date=27 Disyembre 2016}}</ref><ref name=oecd group=fn/> | population_census_year = 2008 | population_density_km2 = {{pop density|{{data Israel|poptoday}}|22072|km2|prec=0|disp=num}} | population_density_rank= ika-35 | GDP_PPP = $353.645 ka bilyon{{refn|group=fn|name=oecd|An data hin Israeli nga kamolupyohan ngan kanan ekonomiya naglalakip han teritoryo ekonomiko han Israel, upod an Kahigtaasan han Golan, Sinirangan nga Jerusalem ngan mga Israeli nga panimungto ha West Bank.{{sfn|OECD|2011}}<ref>[http://mas.ps/files/server/20141911093442-1.pdf ''Quarterly Economic and Social Monitor''] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211009161737/http://mas.ps/files/server/20141911093442-1.pdf |date= 9 Oktubre 2021 }}, Volume 26, October 2011, p. 57: "''When Israel bid in March 2010 for membership in the 'Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development'... some members questioned the accuracy of Israeli statistics, as the Israeli figures (relating to gross domestic product, spending and number of the population) cover geographical areas that the Organization does not recognize as part of the Israeli territory. These areas include East Jerusalem, Israeli settlements in the West Bank and the Golan Heights''."</ref>}} | GDP_PPP_rank = ika-54 | GDP_PPP_year = 2019<ref name=imf>{{Cite web |url=https://www.imf.org/external/pubs/ft/weo/2018/01/weodata/weorept.aspx?pr.x=48&pr.y=11&sy=2018&ey=2022&scsm=1&ssd=1&sort=country&ds=.&br=1&c=436&s=NGDPD%2CPPPGDP%2CNGDPDPC%2CPPPPC&grp=0&a= |title=Report for Selected Countries and Subjects |date=Abril 2018 |publisher=International Monetary Fund |access-date=19 Abril 2018}}</ref> | GDP_PPP_per_capita = $39,106<ref name=oecd group=fn/> | GDP_PPP_per_capita_rank= ika-35 | GDP_nominal = $390.656 billion<ref name=oecd group=fn/> | GDP_nominal_rank = ika-32 | GDP_nominal_year = 2019<ref name=imf/> | GDP_nominal_per_capita = $43,199<ref name=oecd group=fn/> | GDP_nominal_per_capita_rank = ika-20 | Gini = 42.8 | Gini_ref = <ref name=oecd group=fn/><ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/rankorder/2172rank.html |title=Distribution of family income – Gini index |website=The World Factbook |publisher=Central Intelligence Agency |access-date=21 Agosto 2017 |archive-date=4 Hunyo 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110604005151/http://www.forbes.com/feeds/afx/2007/06/12/afx3810988.html |url-status=dead }}</ref> | Gini_rank = ika-48 | Gini_year = 2013 | HDI_year = 2017<!-- Please use the year to which the data refers, not the publication year--> | HDI = 0.903 | HDI_change = increase<!--increase/decrease/steady--> | HDI_rank = ika-22 | HDI_ref = <ref name=oecd group=fn/><ref name="HDI">{{Cite web |url=http://hdr.undp.org/en/composite/HDI |title=Human Development Index and its components |date=2018 |publisher=United Nations Development Programme |accessdate=24 Septyembre 2018}}</ref> |currency = [[Israeli new shekel|Shekel]] ({{rtl-lang|he|₪}}) |currency_code = ILS o NIS |time_zone = [[Israel Standard Time|IST]] |utc_offset = +2 |time_zone_DST = [[Israel Summer Time|IDT]] |utc_offset_DST = +3 |drives_on = tuo |cctld = [[.il]] |calling_code = [[Telephone numbers in Israel|972]] |footnote1 = Diri naglalakip / Naglalakip han [[Kahigtas-an han Golan]] ngan [[Sinirangan nga Jerusalem]]; see [[Israel#Geography and climate|below]]. |footnote2 = Nalalakip an ngatanan nga mga permanente nga nangungukoy ha Israel proper, ha Kahigtas-an han Golan ngan Sinirangan nga Jerusalem. Naglalakip gihapon han Israeli nga kamolupyohan ha [[West Bank]]. Diri lakip an diri-Israeli nga kamolupyohan ha [[West Bank]] ngan ha [[Gaza Strip]]. }} An '''Israel''' ({{Lang-he-n|יִשְׂרָאֵל}}; {{Lang-ar|إِسْرَائِيل}}), nga tinatawag gihapon nga '''Estado han Israel''' (מְדִינַת יִשְׂרָאֵל > Medinat Yisra'el; دولة إسرائيل > Dawlat Isrā'īl) usá nga nasod ha [[Katundan nga Asya]], nahamutang ha [[Sinirangan nga Mediterraneo|timugan nga baybayon]] han [[Dagat Mediterraneo]] ngan han amihanan nga baybayon han [[Pula nga Dagat]]. Mayda ini mga [[Mga katubtuban han Israel|katubtuban]] upod haɲ [[Libano]] ha amihan, han [[Sirya]] ha dumagsaan, han [[Hordanya]] ha sidlangan, ngan han [[Ehipto]] ha habagatan. An mga [[Palestino nga mga teritoryo]] han [[West Bank]] ngan [[Gaza Strip]] nahamutang ha sinirangan ngan katundan.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://2009-2017.state.gov/p/nea/ci/pt |title=Palestinian Territories |publisher=State.gov |date=22 Abril 2008 |accessdate=26 Disyembre 2012}}</ref> Mayda ebidensya an Israel hin sayo nga mga pagbalhin hin mga tawo tikang ha Aprika.<ref>Charles A. Repenning & Oldrich Fejfar, [http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v299/n5881/abs/299344a0.html ''Evidence for earlier date of 'Ubeidiya, Israel, hominid site''] Nature 299, 344–347 (23 Septyembre 1982)</ref> Mga [[Canaan]]hon nga mga tribo napamatuod ha arkeyolohiya tikang han [[Butnga nga Bronse nga Panahon]],<ref>[https://www.britannica.com/place/Canaan-historical-region-Middle-East Encyclopædia Britannica] nga barasahon han Canaan</ref><ref name="Golden">Jonathan M Golden,[https://books.google.com/books?id=EResmS5wOnkC&pg=PA3 ''Ancient Canaan and Israel: An Introduction,''] OUP, 2009 pp. 3–4.</ref> samtang an [[Kaagi han kahadto nga Israel ngan Judah|mga Ginhadi-an han Israel ngan Judah]] ginmawás dida han [[Puthaw nga Panahon]].<ref name=Finkelstein>{{Cite book|last1=Finkelstein|first1=Israel|last2=Silberman|first2=Neil Asher|title=The Bible unearthed : archaeology's new vision of ancient Israel and the origin of its stories|date=2001|publisher=Simon & Schuster|location=New York|isbn=978-0-684-86912-4|edition=1st Touchstone}}</ref><ref name=Pitcher>[https://books.google.com/books?id=tu02muKUVJ0C&pg=PA229 The Pitcher Is Broken: Memorial Essays for Gosta W. Ahlstrom, Steven W. Holloway, Lowell K. Handy, Continuum, 1 May 1995] Quote: "''For Israel, the description of the battle of Qarqar in the Kurkh Monolith of Shalmaneser III (mid-ninth century) and for Judah, a Tiglath-pileser III text mentioning (Jeho-) Ahaz of Judah (IIR67 = K. 3751), dated 734-733, are the earliest published to date.''"</ref> Ginbungkag han [[Imperyo Neo-Asiryahanon]] an [[Ginhadi-an han Israel (Samaria)|Israel]] han mga 720 UC.<ref name="Broshi 2001 174">{{Cite book |last=Broshi |first=Maguen |title=Bread, Wine, Walls and Scrolls |url={{Google books|etTUEorS1zMC|page=PA174|keywords=|text=|plainurl=yes}}|publisher=Bloomsbury Publishing | date = 2001 |page=174 |isbn=978-1-84127-201-6}}</ref> An [[Ginhadi-an han Juda|Juda]] ginsakop ha urhe han [[Yehud (Babilonianhon nga lalawigan)|Babilonianhon]], [[Yehud Medinata|Persiano]] ngan [[Coele-Syria|Hellenistico]] nga mga imperyo ngan dida komo mga autonomo nga mga [[Hudeyo]] nga lalawigan.<ref name=BabylonianChronicles>{{Cite web|url=https://www.britishmuseum.org/explore/highlights/highlight_objects/me/c/cuneiform_nebuchadnezzar_ii.aspx |title=British Museum – Cuneiform tablet with part of the Babylonian Chronicle (605–594 BCE) |accessdate=30 Oktubre 2014 |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20141030154541/https://www.britishmuseum.org/explore/highlights/highlight_objects/me/c/cuneiform_nebuchadnezzar_ii.aspx |archivedate=30 Oktubre 2014 }}</ref><ref name="Berquist2007">{{Cite book|author=Jon L. Berquist|title=Approaching Yehud: New Approaches to the Study of the Persian Period|url={{Google books|X8uK-dZr_BAC|page=PA195|keywords=|text=|plainurl=yes}}| date = 2007|publisher=Society of Biblical Lit|isbn=978-1-58983-145-2|pages=195–}}</ref> An malinamposon nga [[Rebelyon nga Maccabeo]] nagdangat hin naglulugaríng nga [[Dinastiya Hasmoneo|Hasmoneo nga ginhadi-an]] han mga 110 UC,<ref name="BangScheidel2013">{{Cite book|author1=Peter Fibiger Bang|author2=Walter Scheidel|title=The Oxford Handbook of the State in the Ancient Near East and Mediterranean|url={{Google books|GCj09AmtvvwC|page=PA184|keywords=|text=|plainurl=yes}}| date = 2013|publisher=Oxford University Press|isbn=978-0-19-518831-8|pages=184–187}}</ref> nga han 63 UC nagin kliyente nga estado han [[Republika Romana]] nga ha sunod nagbutáng han [[Dinastiya Herodes]] han 37 UC, ngan han 6 AD naghimo han [[Judea (Romano nga lalawigan)|Romano nga lalawigan han Judea]].<ref name="Malamat1976">{{Cite book|author=Abraham Malamat|title=A History of the Jewish People|url={{Google books|2kSovzudhFUC|page=PA223|keywords=|text=|plainurl=yes}}| date = 1976|publisher=Harvard University Press|isbn=978-0-674-39731-6|pages=223–239}}</ref> Nagpadayon an Judea nga usá nga Romano nga lalawigan kutob han waray magmalinamposon nga [[Hudeyo-Romano nga mga gera|Hudeyo nga mga rebelyon]] nga nagdangat hin dako nga pagkabungkag,<ref name="BangScheidel2013"/> an pagpaiwas han Hudeyo nga kamolupyohan<ref name="BangScheidel2013"/><ref name="Aharoni2006">{{Cite book|author=Yohanan Aharoni|title=The Jewish People: An Illustrated History|url=https://archive.org/details/jewishpeopleillu00ahar_0/page/99|date=15 Septyembre 2006|publisher=A&C Black|isbn=978-0-8264-1886-9|pages=[https://archive.org/details/jewishpeopleillu00ahar_0/page/99 99–]}}</ref> ngan an pagbalhin han ngaran han rehiyon tikang hin ''[[Iudaea]]'' ngadto hin ''[[Syria Palaestina]]''.<ref name="FahlbuschBromiley2005">{{Cite book|author1=Erwin Fahlbusch|author2=Geoffrey William Bromiley|title=The Encyclopedia of Christianity|url={{Google books|C5V7oyy69zgC|page=PA15|keywords=|text=|plainurl=yes}}| date = 2005|publisher=Wm. B. Eerdmans Publishing|isbn=978-0-8028-2416-5|pages=15–}}</ref> An [[Kaagi hin mga Hudeyo ngan Hudaismo ha Tuna han Israel|pagkaada hin mga Hudeyo han rehiyon]] nagpadayon hin mayda katubtuban ha mga gatostuig. Han ika-7 nga gatostuig AD [[Muslim nga pagsakop han Levante|nakuha an Levante]] tikang han [[Diosesis han Sinirangan|Imperyo Bizantino]] han mga Arabo ngan nagpabilin iní [[Bilad al-Sham|ha Muslim nga pagdumara]] kutob han [[Syahan nga Krusada]] han 1099, nga ginsundan han [[Dinastiya Ayyubid|Ayyubid]] nga pagsakop han 1187. An [[Mamluk nga Sultanato (Cairo)|Mamluk nga Sultanato han Ehipto]] nag-unat han pagdumara hiní han [[Levante]] han ika-13 nga gatostuig kutob hans [[Ottoman–Mamluk nga Gera (1516–17)|pagkalupig hiní han Imperyo Ottoman]] han 1517. Dida han ika-19 nga gatostuig, in nasodnon nga pagmata ha mga Huydeo nagdangat han pagtukod han [[Zionismo|Zionista]] nga pangiwa ha [[Hudeyo nga diaspora|diaspora]] nga ginsundan hin [[Aliyah|mga sunodsunod nga pagmigrar]] ngadto ha [[Ottoman nga Sirya]] ngan ha urhe ha [[Mandato Britaniko han Palestina]]. Han 1947, an [[Nagkakaurusa nga mga Nasod|Nasyones Unidas]] (NU) nagproponer hin [[Plano hin Pagbahin han Palestina]] nga nagrekomenda hin paghimo hin mga naglulugaríng nga Arabo ngan Hudeyo nga mga estado ngan hin [[Corpus separatum (Jerusalem)|gin-internasyonalisar nga Jerusalem]].<ref name="181(II)"/> Ginkarawat an plano han [[Jewish Agency|Hudeyo nga Ahensya]], ngan waray karawta han mga Arabo nga namumuno.<ref name="FOOTNOTEMorris200866"/><ref name="FOOTNOTEMorris200875"/><ref name="FOOTNOTEMorris2008396"/> Han sunod nga tuig, an Hudeyo nga Ahensya [[Israeli Declaration of Independence|nagdeklara an paglugaríng]] han Estado han Israel, ngan an sinmunod nga [[1948 Arab–Israeli War|1948 Arabo–Israeli nga Gera]] nagdangat han pag-estableser han Israel dida han kadam-an han kasanhi nga [[Mandatory Palestine|teritoryo han Mandato]], samtang an [[Hordanyano nga pag-anexar han West Bank|West Bank]] ngan [[Protektorado han Tanan-nga-Palestina|Gaza]] nakuha hin mga hagrani nga mga Arabo nga estado.<ref name="Declaration">{{Cite web|url=http://www.mfa.gov.il/mfa/foreignpolicy/peace/guide/pages/declaration%20of%20establishment%20of%20state%20of%20israel.aspx |title=Declaration of Establishment of State of Israel |date=14 Mayo 1948 |publisher=Israel Ministry of Foreign Affairs |access-date=21 Marso 2017 |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20170317223538/http://www.mfa.gov.il/mfa/foreignpolicy/peace/guide/pages/declaration%20of%20establishment%20of%20state%20of%20israel.aspx |archivedate=17 Marso 2017 |df= }}</ref> Tikang hadto, an Israel nag-away hin [[Arab–Israeli conflict|pipira nga mga gera]] patok hin mga Arabo nga nasod,<ref name="RoutledgeAtlas">{{Harvnb|Gilbert|2005|p=1}}</ref> ngan tikang han [[Unom-ka-Adlaw nga Gera]] han Hunyo 1967 nagkapot hin mga [[Israeli nga Governorato Militar|gin-okupar]] nga mga teritoryo upod an West Bank, [[Kahigtaasan han Golan]] ngan an Gaza Strip (nga ginkikita nga gin-okupar pa gihapon katapos han [[Israeli nga pagbiya tikang ha Gaza|2005 nga pagbiya]], bisan man diri ini ginkakauyonan hin mga legal nga experto).<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://opil.ouplaw.com/page/israel-gaza-debate-map|title=Debate Map: Israel}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|title=Israel, Occupied Territories|url=http://opil.ouplaw.com/view/10.1093/law:epil/9780199231690/law-9780199231690-e1301|doi-broken-date= 31 Disyembre 2019|doi=10.1093/law:epil/9780199231690/law-9780199231690-e1301}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|title=Is Israel Still an Occupying Power in Gaza?|first=Hanne|last=Cuyckens|date=1 Oktubre 2016|journal=Netherlands International Law Review|volume=63|issue=3|pages=275–295|doi=10.1007/s40802-016-0070-1}}</ref>{{refn|group=fn|name=occupation}} Gin-extender han Israel an mga balaod hiní ngadto han Kahigtaasan han Golan ngan ha [[Sinirangan nga Jerusalem]], pero waray ha West Bank.<ref>{{Cite book|title=The Question of Palestine & the United Nations|publisher=United Nations Department of Public Information|chapter=The status of Jerusalem|chapter-url=https://www.un.org/Depts/dpi/palestine/ch12.pdf|quote=East Jerusalem has been considered, by both the General Assembly and the Security Council, as part of the occupied Palestinian territory.}}</ref><ref name="Olmertquote">{{Cite news |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/middle_east/4856762.stm |title=Analysis: Kadima's big plans |work=BBC News |accessdate=10 Oktubre 2010 |date=29 Marso 2006}}</ref><ref name="HomelandSecurityBorders">{{Cite web |url=http://www.hstoday.us/index.php?id=483&cHash=081010&tx_ttnews%5Btt_news%5D=873 |title=Israel's Hard-Learned Lessons |last1=Kessner |first1=BC |date=2 Abril 2006 |publisher=Homeland Security Today |accessdate=26 Abril 2012}}</ref><ref name="TelAvivNotes">{{Cite web |url=http://www.inss.org.il/publications.php?cat=21&incat=&read=203 |title=The Legacy of Undefined Borders |last=Kumaraswamy |first=P.R. |date=5 Hunyo 2002 |publisher=Tel Aviv Notes |accessdate=25 Marso 2013 |archive-date=2019-06-03 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190603180118/http://www.inss.org.il/publications.php?cat=21&incat=&read=203 |url-status= }}</ref> An pag-okupar han Israel han mga Palestino nga mga teritoryo amo an [[Talaan hin mga okupasyon militar|gimaihai nga militar nga pag-okupar]] ha yana nga mga panahon.{{refn|group=fn|name=occupation|The majority of the international community (including the UN General Assembly, the United Nations Security Council, the European Union, the International Criminal Court, and the vast majority of human rights organizations) considers Israel to be occupying Gaza, the [[Israeli occupation of the West Bank|West Bank and East Jerusalem]]. Gaza is still considered to be "[[Military occupation|occupied]]" by the United Nations, international human rights organisations, and the majority of governments and legal commentators, despite the 2005 [[Israeli disengagement from Gaza]], due to various forms of ongoing military and economic control.<ref name=occ/><br />The government of Israel and some supporters have, at times, disputed this position of the international community. For more details of this terminology dispute, including with respect to the current status of the Gaza Strip, see [[Israeli-occupied territories#International views|International views on the Israeli-occupied territories]] and [[Status of territories captured by Israel]].<br />For an explanation of the differences between an annexed but disputed territory (e.g., [[Tibet]]) and a militarily occupied territory, please see the article [[Military occupation]].}}<ref name="occhist">See for example:<br />* {{Cite book|title=Courting Conflict: The Israeli Military Court System in the West Bank and Gaza|last=Hajjar|first=Lisa|publisher=University of California Press|date=2005|isbn=978-0-520-24194-7 |page=96|url={{Google books|mcjoHq2wqdUC|page=PA96|keywords=|text=|plainurl=yes}}|quote=''The Israeli occupation of the West Bank and Gaza is the longest military occupation in modern times.''}}<br />* {{Cite journal|first=Perry|last=Anderson|authorlink=Perry Anderson|title=Editorial: Scurrying Towards Bethlehem|date=2001|journal=New Left Review|volume=10 (July–August)|url=https://newleftreview.org/article/download_pdf?id=2330|quote=longest official military occupation of modern history—currently entering its thirty-fifth year|access-date= 11 Abril 2020|archive-date= 1 Oktubre 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181001124430/https://newleftreview.org/article/download_pdf?id=2330|url-status=dead}}<br />* {{Cite book|first=Saree|last=Makdisi|authorlink=Saree Makdisi|url={{Google books|2dBM3Ago2BAC|page=PA299|keywords=|text=|plainurl=yes}}|quote=longest-lasting military occupation of the modern age|title=Palestine Inside Out: An Everyday Occupation|publisher=W.W. Norton & Company|date=2010|isbn=978-0-393-33844-7}}<br />* {{Cite journal|volume=94|issue=885|date=Spring 2012|journal=International Review of the Red Cross|title=The law of belligerent occupation in the Supreme Court of Israel|first=David|last=Kretzmer|authorlink=David Kretzmer|doi=10.1017/S1816383112000446|url=https://www.icrc.org/eng/assets/files/review/2012/irrc-885-kretzmer.pdf|quote=This is probably the longest occupation in modern international relations, and it holds a central place in all literature on the law of belligerent occupation since the early 1970s|pages=207–236}}<br />* {{Citation|title=The Justice of Occupation|quote=Israel is the only modern state that has held territories under military occupation for over four decades|first=Ra'anan|last=Alexandrowicz|date=24 Enero 2012|work=The New York Times|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2012/01/25/opinion/the-justice-of-occupation.html}}<br />* {{Cite book|title=The Role of National Courts in Applying International Humanitarian Law|first=Sharon|last=Weill|url={{Google books|bDnnAgAAQBAJ|page=PA22|keywords=|text=|plainurl=yes}}|page=22|date=2014|publisher=Oxford University Press|isbn=978-0-19-968542-4|quote=Although the basic philosophy behind the law of military occupation is that it is a temporary situation modem occupations have well demonstrated that ''rien ne dure comme le provisoire'' A significant number of post-1945 occupations have lasted more than two decades such as the occupations of Namibia by South Africa and of East Timor by Indonesia as well as the ongoing occupations of Northern Cyprus by Turkey and of Western Sahara by Morocco. The Israeli occupation of the Palestinian territories, {{underline|which is the longest in all occupation's history}} has already entered its fifth decade.}}<br />* Azarova, Valentina. 2017, [http://www.ecfr.eu/publications/summary/israels_unlawfully_prolonged_occupation_7294 Israel's Unlawfully Prolonged Occupation: Consequences under an Integrated Legal Framework], European Council on Foreign Affairs Policy Brief: "June 2017 marks 50 years of Israel's belligerent occupation of Palestinian territory, making it the longest occupation in modern history."</ref> Waray pa magresulta hin kataposan nga kasabotan hin kamurayaw in [[Israeli–Palestino nga proseso hin kamurayaw|mga paningkamot]] hin pagsolbad han [[Israeli–Palestinian conflict|Israeli–Palestino nga pagkadelito]]. Bisan pa man, mga kasabotan hin kamurayaw han Israel ngan han [[Kasabotan hin Kamurayaw han Ehipto–Israel|Ehipto]] ngan [[Kasabotan hin kamurayaw han Israel–Jordan|Jordan]] ginpirmahan han hiní nga mga nasod. Ha [[Mga Batakan Balaod han Israel|mga Batakan Balaod]], gindedeklara an Israel an iya kalugaringon nga usá nga [[Jewish and democratic state|Hudeyo ngan demokratiko nga estado]] ngan an [[Basic Law: Israel as the Nation-State of the Jewish People|nasod nga estado han Hudeyo nga katawhan]].<ref name=freedomhouse2008>{{Cite web |url=http://www.freedomhouse.org/report/freedom-world/2008/israel |website=Freedom in the World |title=Israel |publisher=Freedom House | date = 2008 |accessdate=20 Marso 2012 |archive-date=23 Hunyo 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120623025746/http://www.freedomhouse.org/report/freedom-world/2008/israel |url-status=dead }}</ref> An nasod mayda [[liberal nga demokrasya]] (usá hin duduhá là ha [[Butnga nga Sinirangan ngan Amihan nga Aprika]] nga rehiyon, an ikaduha amo an [[Tunisia]]),<ref>{{Cite news|title=Tunisia holds first post-revolution presidential poll|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-africa-30165471|work=BBC News|date=23 Nobyembre 2014}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://freedomhouse.org/report/freedom-world/freedom-world-2018|title=Freedom in the World 2018|date=13 Enero 2018|website=freedomhouse.org}}</ref> nga mayda [[Parlamentarya nga sistema|sistema parlamentarya]], [[proporsyonal nga pagrepresenta]], ngan hin [[unibersal nga suffrage]].<ref>{{Harvard citation no brackets|Rummel|1997|p=11}}. "A current list of liberal democracies includes: Andorra, Argentina, ..., Cyprus, ..., Israel, ..."</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.freedomhouse.org/article/global-survey-2006-middle-east-progress-amid-global-gains-freedom |title=Global Survey 2006: Middle East Progress Amid Global Gains in Freedom |accessdate=20 Marso 2012 |date=19 Disyembre 2005 |publisher=Freedom House |archive-date=23 Hunyo 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120623031255/http://www.freedomhouse.org/article/global-survey-2006-middle-east-progress-amid-global-gains-freedom |url-status=dead }}</ref> An [[Primer Ministro han Israel|primer ministro]] amo it namumuno han [[Gabinete han Israel|kagamhanan]] ngan an [[Knéset]] amo an [[Lehislatura|balayan hin magbabalaod]]. Mayda iní [[Mga demokrapiko han Israel|kamolupyohan]] hin mga 9 ka milyon sumala han 2019,<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.jewishvirtuallibrary.org/latest-population-statistics-for-israel|title=Latest Population Statistics for Israel|website=www.jewishvirtuallibrary.org|access-date=23 Marso 2019}}</ref> An Israel usá nga [[dukwag nga nasod]] ngan usá nga api han [[OECD]].<ref name="OECD">{{Cite web |url=http://www.oecd.org/israel/israelsaccessiontotheoecd.htm |title=Israel's accession to the OECD |publisher=Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development |accessdate=12 Agosto 2012}}</ref> Iní an mayda han [[Talaan hin mga nasod ha GDP (nominal)|ika-31-nga-gidakoi nga ekonomiya ha nominal GDP]] han kalibotan, ngan an [[Talaan hin mga nasod ha Human Development Index|pinakadukwag]] nga nasod [[Talaan hin mga nagpapadayon nga armado nga pagkadelitoarmed conflicts|nga yana mayda pagkadelito]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.acleddata.com/curated-data-files/|title=Current conflicts|last=|first=|date=|website=|url-status=live|archive-url=|archive-date=|access-date=}}</ref> Iní an mayda [[Talaan hin mga nasod ha Human Development Index|gihataasi]] nga[[Standard hin pakabuhi ha Israel|standard hin pakabuhi]] ha Butnga nga Sinirangan,<ref name="HDI"/> ngan upod iní han mga igbaw nga nasod han kalibutan ha [[Talaan hin mga nasod ha ihap hin personnel ha militar ngan paramilitar|porsentahe hin mga bungtohanon nga mayda militar nga training]],<ref name=IISS_military>[[#IISS2018|IISS 2018]], pp. 339-340</ref> [[Talaan hin mga nasod ha pakakuha hin tertyaryo nga edukasyon|porsentahe hin mga bungtohanon nga nagpakatapos hin grado nga tertyaryo nga edukasyon]],<ref name="OECD_education">{{Cite report |date=15 Septyembre 2016 |title=Education at a Glance: Israel |url=http://www.keepeek.com/Digital-Asset-Management/oecd/education/education-at-a-glance-2016/israel_eag-2016-63-en |publisher=Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development |access-date=18 Enero 2017 |archive-date=2017-11-10 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171110050434/http://www.keepeek.com/Digital-Asset-Management/oecd/education/education-at-a-glance-2016/israel_eag-2016-63-en |url-status= }}</ref> [[Talaan hin mga nasod ha paggasto ha research ngan development|paggasto ha research ngan development ha porsentahe hin GDP]] ,<ref name="OECD_R&D">{{Cite web|url=https://data.oecd.org/rd/gross-domestic-spending-on-r-d.htm|title=Research and development (R&D) - Gross domestic spending on R&D - OECD Data|website=data.oecd.org|access-date=10 Pebrero 2016|archive-date=2017-01-14|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170114013730/https://data.oecd.org/rd/gross-domestic-spending-on-r-d.htm|url-status=}}</ref> [[Kababayen-an ha Israel|safety hin kababayen-an]],<ref name=NWW_women>{{Cite web|url=https://www.businessinsider.com/the-10-safest-countries-in-the-world-for-women-2018-1|title=The 10 safest countries in the world for women|last=Australia|first=Chris Pash, Business Insider|website=Business Insider|access-date=23 Marso 2019}}</ref> [[List of countries by life expectancy|''life expectancy'']],<ref name=OECD_life_expec>{{Cite web|url=https://data.oecd.org/healthstat/life-expectancy-at-birth.htm|title=Health status - Life expectancy at birth - OECD Data|website=theOECD}}</ref> [[Science and technology in Israel|''innovativeness'']],<ref name=Bloomberg_innovation>{{Cite web|url=https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2019-01-22/germany-nearly-catches-korea-as-innovation-champ-u-s-rebounds|title=These Are the World's Most Innovative Countries|last=|first=|date=|website=Bloomberg.com|access-date=24 Enero 2019}}</ref> ngan [[World Happiness Report|kalipayan]].<ref name=UN_happiness>{{Cite web|url=http://worldhappiness.report/ed/2018/|title=World Happiness Report 2018|last=Report|first=World Happiness|date=14 Marso 2018|website=World Happiness Report|language=en-US|access-date=26 Pebrero 2019}}</ref> ==Mga hulagway== <br><gallery class=center caption="Israel - יִשְׂרָאֵל"> Jerusalem-Klagemauer-06-2010-gje.jpg|Jerusalem Akko-54-Saeulenkarawanserei-2010-gje.jpg|Akko Safed-Ashkenazi-Synagoge-02-2010-gje.jpg|Safed Nazareth-Katholische Verkuendigungsbasilika-08-2010-gje.jpg|Nazareth Kafarnaum-04-Synagoge-2010-gje.jpg|Kafarnaum Ein Gedi-02-Fels-1985-gje.jpg|Ein Gedi Totes Meer-Kalia Beach-02-2010-gje.jpg|Dead Sea Tel Aviv-Flughafen-10-2010-gje.jpg|Tel Aviv airport </gallery> ==Mga tigaman== {{Mga kasarigan|group=fn}} ==Pinanbasaran== {{Mga kasarigan}} ==Bibliograpiya== {{Refbegin|30em}} *{{Cite book|title=Israel's Quest for Recognition and Acceptance in Asia: Garrison State Diplomacy|last=Abadi|first=Jacob|isbn=0-7146-5576-7|publisher=Routledge| date = 2004|ref=harv}} *{{Cite book|title=The Original Story: God, Israel and the World|url=https://archive.org/details/originalstorygod0000bart|last=Barton|first=John|last2=Bowden|first2=Julie |authorlink=John Barton (theologian)|isbn=0-8028-2900-7|publisher=Wm. B. Eerdmans Publishing Company| date = 2004|ref=harv}} *{{Cite book |title=A History of the Jewish People |last=Ben-Sasson |first=Hayim | date = 1985 |publisher=Harvard University Press |isbn=978-0-674-39731-6 |ref=harv}} *{{Cite book|title=A History of Israel|last=Bregman|first=Ahron|isbn=0-333-67631-9|publisher=Palgrave Macmillan| date = 2002|authorlink=Ahron Bregman|ref=harv}} *{{Cite book|title=World Music: The Rough Guide|url=https://archive.org/details/roughguidetoworl00simo|last=Broughton|first=Simon|last2=Ellingham|first2=Mark|last3=Trillo|first3=Richard|isbn=1-85828-635-2|publisher=Rough Guides| date = 1999|ref=harv}} *{{Cite book|title=Holocaust City: The Making of a Jewish Ghetto|url=https://archive.org/details/holocaustcitymak0000cole|last=Cole|first=Tim|isbn=0-415-92968-7| date = 2003|publisher=Routledge|ref=harv}} *{{Cite book|last=Fraser|first=T. G.|title=The Arab-Israeli Conflict|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=IBJrQgAACAAJ|accessdate=12 Mayo 2013| date = 2004|publisher=Palgrave Macmillan Limited|isbn=9781403913388|ref=harv}} *{{Cite book|title=To Rule Jerusalem|url=https://archive.org/details/torulejerusalem0000frie|last=Friedland|first=Roger|last2=Hecht|first2=Richard|publisher=University of California Press| date = 2000|isbn=0-520-22092-7|ref=harv}} *{{Cite book|title=The Israel-Palestine Conflict: One Hundred Years of War|url=https://archive.org/details/israelpalestinec0000gelv|last=Gelvin|first=James L.|authorlink=James L. Gelvin|publisher=Cambridge University Press| date = 2005|isbn=0-521-85289-7|ref=harv}} *{{Cite book|title=The Routledge Atlas Of The Arab–Israeli conflict|last=Gilbert|first=Martin|isbn=0-415-35900-7| date = 2005|publisher=Routledge|edition=8th|ref=harv}} *{{Cite book|title=The Climate of Israel: Observation, Research and Application|last=Goldreich|first=Yair|isbn=0-306-47445-X| date = 2003|publisher=Springer|ref=harv}} *{{Cite book|title=Warfare and the Third World|url=https://archive.org/details/warfarethirdworl0000hark|last=Harkavy|first=Robert E.|last2=Neuman|first2=Stephanie G.| date = 2001|publisher=Palgrave Macmillan|isbn=0-312-24012-0|ref=harv}} *{{Cite book|title=Brassey's International Intelligence Yearbook|edition=2003|last=Henderson|first=Robert D'A.|publisher=Brassey's Inc.| date = 2003|isbn=1-57488-550-2|ref=harv}} *{{Cite book|title=The Jewish State|url=https://archive.org/details/jewishstate0000theo_s7e1|last=Herzl|first=Theodor|authorlink=Theodor Herzl|publisher=American Zionist Emergency Council| date = 1946|isbn=0-486-25849-1|ref=harv}} *{{Cite book|title=Israel and the Palestinian Territories: The Rough Guide|url=https://archive.org/details/israelpalestinia00jaco|last=Jacobs|first=Daniel|publisher=Rough Guides|edition=2nd revised| date = 1998|isbn=1-85828-248-9|ref=harv}} *{{Cite book|title=Society and Settlement: Jewish Land of Israel in the Twentieth Century|url=https://archive.org/details/societysettlemen0000kell|last=Kellerman|first=Aharon| date = 1993|publisher=State University of New York Press|isbn=0-7914-1295-4|ref=harv}} *{{Cite book|title=Theodor Herzl: From Assimilation to Zionism|last=Kornberg|first=Jacques|isbn=0-253-33203-6|publisher=Indiana University Press| date = 1993|ref=harv}} *{{Cite book|title=For the Land and the Lord: Jewish Fundamentalism in Israel|url=https://archive.org/details/bub_gb_dD-1Nm6NTHQC|last=Lustick|first=Ian|isbn=0-87609-036-6|publisher=Council on Foreign Relations Press| date = 1988|ref=harv}} *{{Cite book|title=Israel's Higher Law: Religion and Liberal Democracy in the Jewish State|url=https://archive.org/details/israelshigherlaw0000mazi|last=Mazie|first=Steven|publisher=Lexington Books| date = 2006|isbn=0-7391-1485-9|ref=harv}} *{{Cite book|title=Handbook of Decision Making|url=https://archive.org/details/handbookofdecisi0000unse|last=Morçöl|first=Göktuğ|isbn=1-57444-548-0|publisher=CRC Press| date = 2006|ref=harv}} *{{Cite book|title=Triumph of the File: The Media's War in the Persian Gulf&nbsp;— A Global Perspective|url=https://archive.org/details/triumphofimageme0000unse|last=Mowlana|first=Hamid|last2=Gerbner|first2=George|last3=Schiller|first3=Herbert I.| date = 1992|publisher=Westview Press|isbn=0-8133-1610-3|ref=harv}} *{{Cite journal|last=Roberts|first=Adam|author-link=Adam Roberts (scholar)|title=Prolonged Military Occupation: The Israeli-Occupied Territories Since 1967|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_american-journal-of-international-law_1990-01_84_1/page/44|journal=The American Journal of International Law|volume=84|issue=1| date = 1990|pages= 44–103|publisher=American Society of International Law|ref=CITEREFRoberts1990|doi=10.2307/2203016|jstor=2203016}} *{{Cite book|title=A Historical Atlas of Israel|last=Romano|first=Amy|publisher=The Rosen Publishing Group| date = 2003|isbn=0-8239-3978-2|ref=harv}} *{{Cite book|title=The Economic Consequences of Zionism|url=https://archive.org/details/economicconseque0000rose|last=Rosenzweig|first=Rafael| date = 1997|publisher=T Brill Academic Publishers|isbn=90-04-09147-5|ref=harv}} *{{Cite book|title=Power Kills: Democracy As a Method of Nonviolence|url=https://archive.org/details/powerkillsdemocr00rumm|last=Rummel|first=Rudolph J.| date = 1997|publisher=Transaction Publishers|authorlink=R. J. Rummel|isbn=0-7658-0523-5|ref=harv}} *{{Cite book|title=Understanding Jewish History|last=Scharfstein|first=Sol|isbn=0-88125-545-9| date = 1996|publisher=KTAV Publishing House|ref=harv}} *{{Cite book|title=1967: Israel, the War, and the Year that Transformed the Middle East|last=Segev|first=Tom|isbn=9780805070576| date = 2007|publisher=Henry Holt and Company|ref=harv}} *{{Cite book|title=The Land Beyond Promise: Israel, Likud and the Zionist Dream|url=https://archive.org/details/landbeyondpromis0000shin|last=Shindler|first=Colin |isbn=1-86064-774-X| date = 2002|publisher=I.B.Tauris Publishers|ref=harv}} *{{Cite book|title=Encyclopedia Judaica|last=Skolnik|first=Fred|isbn=0-02-865928-7|publisher=Macmillian| date = 2007|volume=9|edition=2nd|ref=harv}} *{{Cite book|title=Deterring America: Rogue States and the Proliferation of Weapons of Mass Destruction|url=https://archive.org/details/deterringamerica0000smit|isbn=0-521-86465-8|publisher=Cambridge University Press| date = 2006|last=Smith|first=Derek|ref=harv}} *{{Cite book|title=The Hope Fulfilled: The Rise of Modern Israel|url=https://archive.org/details/hopefulfilledris00lesl|last=Stein|first=Leslie| date = 2003|publisher=Greenwood Press|isbn=0-275-97141-4|ref=harv}} *{{Cite book|title=The Arabs in Israel|url=https://archive.org/details/arabsinisrael00sten|last=Stendel|first=Ori|isbn=1-898723-23-0| date = 1997|publisher=Sussex Academic Press|ref=harv}} *{{Cite book|title=Critical Essays on Israeli Social Issues and Scholarship|last=Stone|first=Russell A.|last2=Zenner|first2=Walter P.|isbn=0-7914-1959-2|publisher=SUNY Press| date = 1994|ref=harv}} *{{Cite book|title=Culture and Customs of Israel|url=https://archive.org/details/culturecustomsof0000tors|last=Torstrick|first=Rebecca L.|isbn=0-313-32091-8| date = 2004|publisher=Greenwood Press|ref=harv}} {{Refend}} ==Mga sumpay ha gawas== {{Sister project links |n=yes |voy=Israel |d=Q801}} ;Gobyerno * [http://www.gov.il/firstgov/english Israel Government Portal] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150714035817/http://www.gov.il/firstgov/english |date= 14 Hulyo 2015 }} * [http://mfa.gov.il/MFA/AboutIsrael/Pages/ISRAEL%20IN%20BRIEF.aspx Israel in Brief] ha [[Ministry of Foreign Affairs (Israel)|Israel Ministry of Foreign Affairs]] * [http://www.goisrael.com/Tourism_Eng/Pages/home.aspx Official website] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150921081748/http://www.goisrael.com/Tourism_Eng/Pages/home.aspx |date= 21 Septyembre 2015 }} han [[Tourism Ministry (Israel)|Israel Tourism Ministry]] * [http://www.cbs.gov.il/reader/cw_usr_view_Folder?ID=141 Official website] han [[Israel Central Bureau of Statistics]] * [https://youtube.com/user/Israel/ Israel Official YouTube Channel], [[YouTube]] ;Kasahiran nga Impormasyon *{{CIA World Factbook link|is|Israel}} * [http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-srv/world/countries/israel.html Country Guide: Israel] at ''[[The Washington Post]]'' * [https://www.jewishvirtuallibrary.org/jsource/israel.html Israel] at the [[Jewish Virtual Library]] * [http://www.ifs.du.edu/ifs/frm_CountryProfile.aspx?Country=IL Key Development Forecasts for Israel] from [[International Futures]] ;Mga mapa *{{Wikiatlas}} *{{Osmrelation|1473946}} ;Mga nasumpay nga direktorya *{{GovPubs|israel}} *{{Dmoz|Regional/Middle_East/Israel}} {{Asya}} {{Mediterraneano}} [[Kaarangay:Israel| ]] [[Kaarangay:Nasod]] ft7oeeivsdzqlalu4w75qznh88ayjky 0 7292 7782327 7645721 2026-04-07T06:26:38Z InternetArchiveBot 41587 Add 1 book for verifiability (20260407)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 7782327 wikitext text/x-wiki [[File:Maquina_vapor_Watt_ETSIIM.jpg|thumb]] An '''inhenyeria''', '''inheyeríya'''<ref>Tramp, George Dewey Jr. '''Waray-English Dictionary''' Dunwoody Press Kensington, Maryland USA 1995 pakli 209</ref> o '''inhenyeriya'''<ref>Abuyen, Tomas A. '''Diksyunaryo Waray-Waray [Visaya] English-Tagalog'''. Kalayaan Press Mktg. Ent., Inc. Quezon City. Tuig 2000. ISBN 971-08-6050-X. Pakli Ihap 143.</ref> amo an [[aplikado nga siyensya]] han pagkuha ngan pag-aplikar hin kaaram ha disenyo, pag-analisar, ngan/o paghimo hin mga nahimo para hin mga praktikal nga kagamit. An tawo nga nagbubuhat hin inhenyeriya amo an gintatawag nga '''inhenyero'''<ref>Abuyen, Tomas A. '''Diksyunaryo Waray-Waray [Visaya] English-Tagalog'''. Kalayaan Press Mktg. Ent., Inc. Quezon City. Tuig 2000. ISBN 971-08-6050-X. Pakli Ihap 143. Iningles -> ''engineer''</ref>. == Mga kasarigan == {{reflist}} == Padugang nga barasahon == {{Refbegin}} * {{cite book|last=Blockley|first=David|title=Engineering: a very short introduction|url=https://archive.org/details/engineeringverys0000bloc|year=2012|publisher=Oxford University Press|location=New York|isbn=978-0-19-957869-6}} * {{cite book |editor=[[Richard C. Dorf|Dorf, Richard]] |others= |title=The Engineering Handbook |url=https://archive.org/details/engineeringhandb0000unse_ed02 |edition=2 |series= |date= |year=2005 |month= |publisher=CRC |location=Boca Raton |isbn=0-8493-1586-7 |oclc= |doi= |pages= |chapter= |chapterurl= }} * {{cite book |last=Billington |first=David P. |authorlink= |coauthors= |editor= |others= |title=The Innovators: The Engineering Pioneers Who Made America Modern |url=https://archive.org/details/innovatorsengine0000bill|edition= |series= |date=1996-06-05 |year= |month= |publisher=Wiley; New Ed edition |location= |isbn=0-471-14026-0 |oclc= |doi= |pages= |chapter= |chapterurl= }} * {{cite book |last=Petroski |first=Henry |authorlink=Henry Petroski |coauthors= |editor= |others= |title=To Engineer is Human: The Role of Failure in Successful Design |url=https://archive.org/details/toengineerishuma00petr|edition= |series= |date=1992-03-31 |year= |month= |publisher=Vintage |location= |isbn=0-679-73416-3 |oclc= |doi= |pages= |chapter= |chapterurl= }} * {{cite book |last=Petroski |first=Henry |authorlink=Henry Petroski |coauthors= |editor= |others= |title=The Evolution of Useful Things: How Everyday Artifacts-From Forks and Pins to Paper Clips and Zippers-Came to be as They are |url=https://archive.org/details/evolutionofusefu00petr|edition= |series= |date=1994-02-01 |year= |month= |publisher=Vintage |location= |isbn=0-679-74039-2 |oclc= |doi= |pages= |chapter= |chapterurl= }} * {{cite book |last=Lord |first=Charles R. |authorlink= |coauthors= |editor= |others= |title=Guide to Information Sources in Engineering |url=https://archive.org/details/guidetoinformati00lord|edition= |series= |date=2000-08-15 |year= |month= |publisher=Libraries Unlimited |location= |isbn=1-56308-699-9 |oclc= |doi=10.1336/1563086999 |pages= |chapter= |chapterurl= }} * {{cite book |last=Vincenti |first=Walter G. |authorlink= |coauthors= |editor= |others= |title=[[What Engineers Know and How They Know It]]: Analytical Studies from Aeronautical History |url=|edition= |series= |date=1993-02-01 |month= |publisher=The Johns Hopkins University Press |location= |isbn=0-8018-4588-2 |oclc= |doi= |pages= |chapter= |chapterurl= }} * {{cite book |last=Hill |first=Donald R. |authorlink= |coauthors= |editor= |others= |title=The Book of Knowledge of Ingenious Mechanical Devices: Kitáb fí ma'rifat al-hiyal al-handasiyya |origyear=1206 |url= |edition= |series= |date=1973-12-31 |month= |publisher=Pakistan Hijara Council |location= |isbn=969-8016-25-2 |oclc= |doi= |pages= |chapter= |chapterurl= }} {{Refend}} == Mga sumpay ha gawas == {{Wiktionary|engineering}} {{Wikiversity|Engineering}} {{Wikiquote|Engineering}} * National Society of Professional Engineers position statement on [http://www.nspe.org/GovernmentRelations/TakeAction/PositionStatements/ps_lic_qual_prac.html Licensure and Qualifications for Practice] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101229060701/http://www.nspe.org/GovernmentRelations/TakeAction/PositionStatements/ps_lic_qual_prac.html |date=2010-12-29 }} * [http://www.nae.edu/ National Academy of Engineering (NAE)] * [http://www.asee.org/ American Society for Engineering Education (ASEE)] * The US Library of Congress [http://www.loc.gov/rr/scitech/SciRefGuides/eng-history.html ''Engineering in History'' bibliography] * [http://www.tc.umn.edu/~tmisa/biblios/hist_engineering.html History of engineering bibliography] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080304052058/http://www.tc.umn.edu/~tmisa/biblios/hist_engineering.html |date=2008-03-04 }} at [[University of Minnesota]] [[Kaarangay:Inhenyeriya| ]] [[Kaarangay:Teknolohiya ngan Siyensya nga Aplikado]] nfw9saaph5z6zwtuidpnk68f98ijp2i 0 8387 7782363 7651320 2026-04-07T07:05:20Z InternetArchiveBot 41587 Add 1 book for verifiability (20260407)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 7782363 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox lugar <!-- See Template:Infobox settlement for additional fields and descriptions --> | name = Berlin | official_name = | native_name = <!-- if different from the English name --> | native_name_lang = <!-- ISO 639-2 code e.g. "fr" for French. If more than one, use {{lang}} instead --> | other_name = | settlement_type = Estado han Alemanya <!-- transliteration(s) --------> | translit_lang1 = | translit_lang1_type = | translit_lang1_info = | translit_lang1_type1 = | translit_lang1_info1 = | translit_lang1_type2 = | translit_lang1_info2 = <!-- etc., up to translit_lang1_type6 / translit_lang1_info6 --> | translit_lang2 = | translit_lang2_type = | translit_lang2_info = | translit_lang2_type1 = | translit_lang2_info1 = | translit_lang2_type2 = | translit_lang2_info2 = | translit_lang2_info2 = <!-- etc., up to translit_lang2_type6 / translit_lang2_info6 --> <!-- images, nickname, motto ---> | image_skyline = Berlin skyline 2009wl2.jpg | imagesize = | image_alt = | image_caption = | image_flag = Flag of Berlin.svg | flag_size = | flag_alt = | flag_link = | image_seal = DEU Berlin COA.svg | seal_size = 70px | seal_alt = Buhatanon nga Palutop han Berlin | seal_link = | image_shield = | shield_size = | shield_alt = | shield_link = | image_blank_emblem = | blank_emblem_type = <!-- defaults to Logo --> | blank_emblem_size = | blank_emblem_alt = | blank_emblem_link = | nickname = | motto = | anthem = <!-- maps and coordinates ------> | image_map = Berlin in Germany and EU.png | mapsize = 270px | map_alt = | map_caption = Lokasyon ha sulod han [[Unyon Europeo]] ngan [[Alemanya]] | image_map1 = | mapsize1 = | map_alt1 = | map_caption1 = | image_dot_map = | dot_mapsize = | dot_map_base_alt = | dot_map_alt = | dot_map_caption = | dot_x = |dot_y = | pushpin_map = <!-- name of a location map as per Template:Location_map --> | pushpin_label_position = <!-- position of the pushpin label: left, right, top, bottom, none --> | pushpin_label = <!-- only necessary if "name" or "official_name" are too long --> | pushpin_map_alt = | pushpin_mapsize = | pushpin_map_caption = | pushpin_map1 = | pushpin_label_position1 = | pushpin_label1 = <!-- only necessary if "name" or "official_name" are too long --> | pushpin_map_alt1 = | pushpin_mapsize1 = | pushpin_map_caption1 = | latd = |latm = |lats = |latNS = | longd = |longm = |longs = |longEW = | coor_pinpoint = <!-- to specify exact location of coordinates (was coor_type) --> | coordinates_type = | coordinates_display = | coordinates_footnotes = <!-- for references: use <ref> tags --> <!-- location ------------------> | subdivision_type = Nasod | subdivision_name = Alemanya | subdivision_type1 = | subdivision_name1 = | subdivision_type2 = | subdivision_name2 = <!-- etc., subdivision_type6 / subdivision_name6 --> <!-- established ---------------> | established_title = <!-- Settled --> | established_date = | established_title1 = <!-- Incorporated (town) --> | established_date1 = | established_title2 = <!-- Incorporated (city) --> | established_date2 = | established_title3 = | established_date3 = | extinct_title = | extinct_date = | founder = | named_for = <!-- seat, smaller parts -------> | seat_type = <!-- defaults to: Seat --> | seat = | parts_type = <!-- defaults to: Boroughs --> | parts_style = <!-- list, coll (collapsed list), para (paragraph format) --> | parts = <!-- parts text, or header for parts list --> | p1 = | p2 = <!-- etc., up to p50: for separate parts to be listed--> <!-- government type, leaders --> | government_footnotes = <!-- for references: use <ref> tags --> | government_type = | leader_party = SPD | leader_title = Alkalde | leader_name = Michael Müller | leader_title1 = Botos han Bundesrat | leader_name1 = 4 (ha 69) <!-- display settings ---------> | total_type = <!-- to set a non-standard label for total area and population rows --> | unit_pref = <!-- enter: Imperial, to display imperial before metric --> <!-- area ----------------------> | area_footnotes = <!-- for references: use <ref> tags --> | area_magnitude = <!-- use only to set a special wikilink --> | area_total_km2 = 891.85 | area_total_sq_mi = <!-- see table @ Template:Infobox settlement for details --> | area_total_dunam = <!-- used in Middle East articles only --> | area_land_km2 = | area_land_sq_mi = | area_water_km2 = | area_water_sq_mi = | area_water_percent = | area_urban_footnotes = <!-- for references: use <ref> tags --> | area_urban_km2 = | area_urban_sq_mi = | area_metro_footnotes = <!-- for references: use <ref> tags --> | area_metro_km2 = | area_metro_sq_mi = | area_rank = | area_blank1_title = | area_blank1_km2 = | area_blank1_sq_mi = | area_blank2_title = | area_blank2_km2 = | area_blank2_sq_mi = | area_note = <!-- elevation -----------------> | elevation_footnotes = <!-- for references: use <ref> tags --> |elevation_m =34 | elevation_ft = | elevation_max_footnotes = <!-- for references: use <ref> tags --> | elevation_max_m = | elevation_max_ft = | elevation_min_footnotes = <!-- for references: use <ref> tags --> | elevation_min_m = | elevation_min_ft = <!-- population ----------------> | population_footnotes = <ref name='HR 2004-04-08'>{{cite web|url=http://www.statistik-berlin-brandenburg.de/pms/2009/09-07-31a.pdf |title=Pressemitteilung vom 31.07.2009 – Nr. 248 |accessdate=2009-07-31 |last=Berlin-Brandenburg |first=Amt fuer Statistik |date=2008-12-31 |work=Amt fuer Statistik Berlin-Brandenburg |publisher=Amt fuer Statistik Berlin-Brandenburg |language=German }}</ref> | population_total = | population_as_of = 2008-12-31 | population_rank = | population_density_km2 = <!-- for automatic calculation of any density field, use: auto --> | population_density_sq_mi= | population_est = | pop_est_as_of = | population_urban = 3700000 | population_density_urban_km2 = | population_density_urban_sq_mi = | population_metro = 5000000 | population_density_metro_km2 = | population_density_metro_sq_mi = | population_density = | population_density_rank = | population_blank1_title = | population_blank1 = | population_density_blank1_km2 = | population_density_blank1_sq_mi= | population_blank2_title = | population_blank2 = | population_density_blank2_km2 = | population_density_blank2_sq_mi= | population_demonym = <!-- demonym, ie. Liverpudlian for someone from Liverpool --> | population_note = <!-- demographics (section 1) --> | demographics_type1 = | demographics1_footnotes = <!-- for references: use <ref> tags --> | demographics1_title1 = | demographics1_info1 = <!-- etc., up to demographics1_title5 / demographics1_info5 --> <!-- demographics (section 2) --> | demographics_type2 = | demographics2_footnotes = <!-- for references: use <ref> tags --> | demographics2_title1 = | demographics2_info1 = <!-- etc., up to demographics2_title5 / demographics2_info5 --> <!-- time zone(s) --------------> | timezone1 = | utc_offset1 = | timezone1_DST = | utc_offset1_DST = | timezone2 = | utc_offset2 = | timezone2_DST = | utc_offset2_DST = <!-- postal codes, area code ---> | postal_code_type = Kodigo Postal | postal_code = 10001–14199 | postal2_code_type = <!-- enter ZIP code, Postcode, Post code, Postal code... --> | postal2_code = | area_code_type = <!-- defaults to: Area code(s) --> | area_code = 030 | geocode = | iso_code = DE-BE | registration_plate = B <!-- twin cities ---------------> | twin1 = | twin1_country = | twin2 = | twin2_country = <!-- etc., up to twin9 / twin9_country --> <!-- blank fields (section 1) --> | blank_name_sec1 = | blank_info_sec1 = | blank1_name_sec1 = | blank1_info_sec1 = | blank2_name_sec1 = | blank2_info_sec1 = <!-- etc., blank6_name_sec1 / blank6_info_sec1 --> <!-- blank fields (section 2) --> | blank_name_sec2 = | blank_info_sec2 = | blank1_name_sec2 = | blank1_info_sec2 = | blank2_name_sec2 = | blank2_info_sec2 = <!-- etc., blank6_name_sec2 / blank6_info_sec2 --> <!-- website, footnotes --------> | website = [http://www.berlin.de/international/index.en.php berlin.de] / [http://www.3d-stadtmodell-berlin.de/3d/en/seite0.jsp 3D Berlin] | footnotes = }} An '''Berlin''' ([[Iningles]] nga kaluwas: /bɝːˈlɪn/; [[Inaleman]] nga kaluwas: [bɛɐˈliːn]) amo an ulohan nga siyudad ngan usa ha napulo kag-unom ha mga estado han [[Alemanya]]. Tungod ini nga may-ada kadamo nga 3.4 milyones nga katawhan, an Berlin amo in mayayakan nga gidadako-i nga syudad han Alemanya. Ikaduha ini ha kadamo hin popyulasyon nga syudad ngan ikawalo ha kadamo hin popyulasyon ha lugar urbano ha [[Unyon Europeo]]. Nahamutangan ha amihan-sinirangan han Alemanya, ini an nahimo nga sentro han Berlin-Brandenburg nga lugar Metropolitano, nga may-ada 5 milyones nga tawo tikang ha labaw han 190 ka mga nasod. An katunaan han Berlin aada ha Kapatagan han Europa nga naghahatag hin isaktuhay nga klima. Ginpapalibutan han mga [[kagurangan]], kaparkehan, kahardinan, kasalogan ngan kalanawan, an katulo (1/3) han katunaan hini nga siyudad. Siyahan nga naipatik han ika-13 siglo , an Berlin amo an sagunson nga naging ulohan han [[Ginhadian han Prusya]] (1701-1918), an [[Imperyo han Alemanya]] (1871–1918), an [[Republika han Weimar]] (1919–1933) ngan an [[Ikatulo nga Reich]] (1933–1945). Han mga 1920, an Berlin amo an ikatulo ha gidadako-i nga munisipyo ha kalibutan. Kahuman han [[Ikaduha nga Gera han Kalibotan]], natunga an syudad ha duduha ka bahin; [[Sinirangan nga Berlin]] nga naging ulohan han [[Sinirangan nga Alemanya]] ngan an [[Natondan nga Berlin]] nga naging exclabo han [[Natondan nga Aleman]] nga ginpalibutan han [[Bungbong han Berlin]] (1961–1989). Kahuman han [[Utro nga pag-urusa han Alemanya]] han 1990, an syudad nahibalik an pagiging ulohan han kabug-osan nga Alemanya ngan hini kumarawat hin 147 ka mga langyaw nga embahada. Usa ini ha gidadako-i nga sentro han kultura, politika, medya, ngan syensya ha Europa. An ekonomiya pangunahon nga nakabase ha sektor han serbisyo, nga lakip an dirudilain nga industriya sugad han industriya creatiba, korporasyon hit mga medya, congreso ngan konbensyonan. An Berlin amo an sentro han panakayan han kontinente han mga idro ngan tren, ngan usa ha gibibisita nga destinasyon han torismo ha Unyon Europea. Upod dinhi an iba nga industriya sugad han optoelectronika, inhenyeriya han trapiko, Impormasyon teknolohiya, tambal, biomediko nga inhenyeriya, ngan biyoteknolohiya. Balay ini nga metropolis ha ginkikilala han bug-os nga kalibutan nga mga unibersidad, mga institusyon han panhahalikwat, paugnatay-hin-kusog nga mga panhitabo, mga orkestra, mga museo ngan mga personalidad. == Kaagi == An ngaran ''Berlin'' waray kasabti kun diin nagtikang, pero poydi nakuha ha kadaan nga yinaknan Polabo ''berl-/birl'' - "[[katunggan]]". <br><gallery class="center" caption="Berlin"> Berlin Aussichten vom Dom asv2023-02 img05.jpg Berlin-Fernsehturm-06-Reichstag-2006-gje.jpg Berlin-Spreetour-16-2017-gje.jpg Berlin-Aliiertenmuseum-06-2016-gje.jpg Berlin-Bode-Museum-04-2017-gje.jpg Berlin-Juedisches Museum-18-Garten des Exils-2017-gje.jpg Berlin-Hackesche Hoefe-10-innen-2006-gje.jpg Berlin-Interbau 1957-14-Egon Eiermann-2017-gje.jpg Berlin-Neukoelln-Maybachufer-04-Landwehrkanal-2016-gje.jpg Berlin-120-Dahlem-Dorf-S-Bahnhof-1993-gje.jpg </gallery> == Mga kasarigan == {{reflist}} ==Mga reperensya== * {{cite book|last=Chandler|first=Tertius|title=Four Thousand Years of Urban Growth: An Historical Census|url=https://archive.org/details/fourthousandyear0000chan|publisher=Edwin Mellen Pr|year=1987|isbn=0-88946-207-0}} * {{cite book|last=Gill|first=Anton|title=A Dance Between Flames: Berlin Between the Wars|publisher=John Murray|year=1993|isbn=0-7195-4986-8}} * {{cite book|last=Gross|first=Leonard|title=The Last Jews in Berlin|publisher=Carroll & Graf Publishers|year=1999|isbn=0-7867-0687-2}} * {{cite book|last=Large|first=David Clay|title=Berlin|url=https://archive.org/details/berlin00larg_0|publisher=Basic Books|year=2001|isbn=0-465-02632-X}} * {{cite book|last=Read|first=Anthony|author2=David Fisher|title=Berlin Rising: Biography of a City|url=https://archive.org/details/berlinrisingbiog00read|publisher=W.W. Norton|year=1994|isbn=0-393-03606-5}} * {{cite book|last=Ribbe|first=Wolfgang|title=Geschichte Berlins|publisher=Bwv – Berliner Wissenschafts-Verlag|year=2002|isbn=3-8305-0166-8}} * {{cite book|last=Roth|first=Joseph|title=What I Saw: Reports from Berlin 1920–33|publisher=Granta Books|year=2004|isbn=1-86207-636-7}} * {{cite book|last=Taylor|first=Frederick|title=The Berlin Wall: 13 August 1961 – 9 November 1989|url=https://archive.org/details/berlinwall13augu0000tayl|publisher=[[Bloomsbury Publishing]] |year=2007|isbn=0-06-078614-0}} * {{cite book|last=Maclean|first=Rory|title=Berlin: Imagine a City|url=https://archive.org/details/berlinimaginecit0000macl|publisher=Weidenfeld & Nicolson|year=2014|isbn=978-0-297-84803-5}} ==Mga sumpay ha gawas== {{Sister project links|voy=Berlin|Berlin}} {{Wikisource1911Enc|Berlin}} * [http://www.berlin.de/en/ Berlin.de] Official website * [http://www.exberliner.com/ Exberliner] Monthly English-language magazine for Berlin {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120105122751/http://berlin.unlike.net/ |date=2012-01-05 }} * {{Osmrelation-inline|62422}} {{Estado han Alemanya}} [[Kaarangay:Alemanya]] [[Kaarangay:Berlin]] kmflrlge4v1fzwn8szvc18lrwcbexc3 0 8412 7782402 7646421 2026-04-07T07:45:55Z InternetArchiveBot 41587 Add 1 book for verifiability (20260407)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 7782402 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox lugar <!-- See Template:Infobox settlement for additional fields and descriptions --> | name = Damasko | official_name = | native_name = <!-- if different from the English name --> | native_name_lang = <!-- ISO 639-2 code e.g. "fr" for French. If more than one, use {{lang}} instead --> | other_name = | settlement_type = <!-- such as Town, Village, City, Borough etc. --> <!-- transliteration(s) --------> | translit_lang1 = | translit_lang1_type = | translit_lang1_info = | translit_lang1_type1 = | translit_lang1_info1 = | translit_lang1_type2 = | translit_lang1_info2 = <!-- etc., up to translit_lang1_type6 / translit_lang1_info6 --> | translit_lang2 = | translit_lang2_type = | translit_lang2_info = | translit_lang2_type1 = | translit_lang2_info1 = | translit_lang2_type2 = | translit_lang2_info2 = | translit_lang2_info2 = <!-- etc., up to translit_lang2_type6 / translit_lang2_info6 --> <!-- images, nickname, motto ---> | image_skyline = Damascus from Qasiyon.JPG | imagesize = | image_alt = | image_caption = | image_flag = | flag_size = | flag_alt = | flag_link = | image_seal = | seal_size = | seal_alt = | seal_link = | image_shield = | shield_size = | shield_alt = | shield_link = | image_blank_emblem = | blank_emblem_type = <!-- defaults to Logo --> | blank_emblem_size = | blank_emblem_alt = | blank_emblem_link = | nickname = | motto = | anthem = <!-- maps and coordinates ------> | image_map = | mapsize = | map_alt = | map_caption = | image_map1 = | mapsize1 = | map_alt1 = | map_caption1 = | image_dot_map = | dot_mapsize = | dot_map_base_alt = | dot_map_alt = | dot_map_caption = | dot_x = |dot_y = | pushpin_map = <!-- name of a location map as per Template:Location_map --> | pushpin_label_position = <!-- position of the pushpin label: left, right, top, bottom, none --> | pushpin_label = <!-- only necessary if "name" or "official_name" are too long --> | pushpin_map_alt = | pushpin_mapsize = | pushpin_map_caption = | pushpin_map1 = | pushpin_label_position1 = | pushpin_label1 = <!-- only necessary if "name" or "official_name" are too long --> | pushpin_map_alt1 = | pushpin_mapsize1 = | pushpin_map_caption1 = | latd = |latm = |lats = |latNS = | longd = |longm = |longs = |longEW = | coor_pinpoint = <!-- to specify exact location of coordinates (was coor_type) --> | coordinates_type = | coordinates_display = inline,title | coordinates_footnotes = <!-- for references: use <ref> tags --> <!-- location ------------------> | subdivision_type = Nasod | subdivision_name = <!-- the name of the country --> | subdivision_type1 = | subdivision_name1 = | subdivision_type2 = | subdivision_name2 = <!-- etc., subdivision_type6 / subdivision_name6 --> <!-- established ---------------> | established_title = <!-- Settled --> | established_date = | established_title1 = <!-- Incorporated (town) --> | established_date1 = | established_title2 = <!-- Incorporated (city) --> | established_date2 = | established_title3 = | established_date3 = | extinct_title = | extinct_date = | founder = | named_for = <!-- seat, smaller parts -------> | seat_type = <!-- defaults to: Seat --> | seat = | parts_type = <!-- defaults to: Boroughs --> | parts_style = <!-- list, coll (collapsed list), para (paragraph format) --> | parts = <!-- parts text, or header for parts list --> | p1 = | p2 = <!-- etc., up to p50: for separate parts to be listed--> <!-- government type, leaders --> | government_footnotes = <!-- for references: use <ref> tags --> | government_type = | leader_party = | leader_title = | leader_name = <!-- add &nbsp; (no-break space) to disable automatic links --> | leader_title1 = | leader_name1 = <!-- etc., up to leader_title4 / leader_name4 --> <!-- display settings ---------> | total_type = <!-- to set a non-standard label for total area and population rows --> | unit_pref = <!-- enter: Imperial, to display imperial before metric --> <!-- area ----------------------> | area_footnotes = <!-- for references: use <ref> tags --> | area_magnitude = <!-- use only to set a special wikilink --> | area_total_km2 = <!-- ALL fields with measurements have automatic unit conversion --> | area_total_sq_mi = <!-- see table @ Template:Infobox settlement for details --> | area_total_dunam = <!-- used in Middle East articles only --> | area_land_km2 = | area_land_sq_mi = | area_water_km2 = | area_water_sq_mi = | area_water_percent = | area_urban_footnotes = <!-- for references: use <ref> tags --> | area_urban_km2 = | area_urban_sq_mi = | area_metro_footnotes = <!-- for references: use <ref> tags --> | area_metro_km2 = | area_metro_sq_mi = | area_rank = | area_blank1_title = | area_blank1_km2 = | area_blank1_sq_mi = | area_blank2_title = | area_blank2_km2 = | area_blank2_sq_mi = | area_note = <!-- elevation -----------------> | elevation_footnotes = <!-- for references: use <ref> tags --> | elevation_m = | elevation_ft = | elevation_max_footnotes = <!-- for references: use <ref> tags --> | elevation_max_m = | elevation_max_ft = | elevation_min_footnotes = <!-- for references: use <ref> tags --> | elevation_min_m = | elevation_min_ft = <!-- population ----------------> | population_footnotes = <!-- for references: use <ref> tags --> | population_total = | population_as_of = | population_rank = | population_density_km2 = <!-- for automatic calculation of any density field, use: auto --> | population_density_sq_mi= | population_est = | pop_est_as_of = | population_urban = | population_density_urban_km2 = | population_density_urban_sq_mi = | population_metro = | population_density_metro_km2 = | population_density_metro_sq_mi = | population_density = | population_density_rank = | population_blank1_title = | population_blank1 = | population_density_blank1_km2 = | population_density_blank1_sq_mi= | population_blank2_title = | population_blank2 = | population_density_blank2_km2 = | population_density_blank2_sq_mi= | population_demonym = <!-- demonym, ie. Liverpudlian for someone from Liverpool --> | population_note = <!-- demographics (section 1) --> | demographics_type1 = | demographics1_footnotes = <!-- for references: use <ref> tags --> | demographics1_title1 = | demographics1_info1 = <!-- etc., up to demographics1_title5 / demographics1_info5 --> <!-- demographics (section 2) --> | demographics_type2 = | demographics2_footnotes = <!-- for references: use <ref> tags --> | demographics2_title1 = | demographics2_info1 = <!-- etc., up to demographics2_title5 / demographics2_info5 --> <!-- time zone(s) --------------> | timezone1 = | utc_offset1 = | timezone1_DST = | utc_offset1_DST = | timezone2 = | utc_offset2 = | timezone2_DST = | utc_offset2_DST = <!-- postal codes, area code ---> | postal_code_type = <!-- enter ZIP code, Postcode, Post code, Postal code... --> | postal_code = | postal2_code_type = <!-- enter ZIP code, Postcode, Post code, Postal code... --> | postal2_code = | area_code_type = <!-- defaults to: Area code(s) --> | area_code = | geocode = | iso_code = | registration_plate = <!-- twin cities ---------------> | twin1 = | twin1_country = | twin2 = | twin2_country = <!-- etc., up to twin9 / twin9_country --> <!-- blank fields (section 1) --> | blank_name_sec1 = | blank_info_sec1 = | blank1_name_sec1 = | blank1_info_sec1 = | blank2_name_sec1 = | blank2_info_sec1 = <!-- etc., blank6_name_sec1 / blank6_info_sec1 --> <!-- blank fields (section 2) --> | blank_name_sec2 = | blank_info_sec2 = | blank1_name_sec2 = | blank1_info_sec2 = | blank2_name_sec2 = | blank2_info_sec2 = <!-- etc., blank6_name_sec2 / blank6_info_sec2 --> <!-- website, footnotes --------> | website = | footnotes = }} An '''Damasko''' o kundi man '''Damasco''' (ha Kinatsila: ''Damasco''; ha Linatin ngan Ininglis: ''Damascus'' <small>kaluwás ha Ininggles:</small> {{IPAc-en|d|ə|ˈ|m|æ|s|k|ə|s}}; {{lang-ar|دمشق|Dimašq}} {{IPA-ar|diˈmaʃq|}}, <small>[[Siryahanon nga Inarabo]]:</small> {{IPA-ar|dɪˈmaʃʔ|}}, {{lang-fr|Damas}}) amo an kapital o pamunuan han [[Sirya]]; amo gihapon iní an gidako-i nga syudad han nasod, sunod han paggamay han kamolupyohan han [[Aleppo]] tungod han [[Pag-awayan han Aleppo (2012–2016)|pag-awayan para han syudad]]. Tinatawag gihapon iní hin inagnay ha Syria nga {{transl|ar|ALA|aš-Šām}} ({{lang|ar|الشام}}) ngan gintawag nga "Syudad hin [[Hasmin]]" ({{lang|ar|مدينة الياسمين}} {{transl|ar|ALA|Madīnat al-Yāsmīn}}). Nahamutang ha habagatan nga dapit han Sirya an Damasko ngan amo iní an kamutngaan hin dako nga metropolitano nga langyab. Nahabutnga an syudad ha sidlangan nga mga ubós hin kapungtodan han [[Anti-Lebanon]] nga kabugkiran mga {{convert|80|km|mi}} tikang han sidlangan nga labnasan han Mediteraneo dida hin plateau nga {{convert|680|m|ft}} hin kahitaas tikang han dagat, nadangat ha Damascus in mamara nga klima tungod han epekto hin ''rain shadow''. Naagi ha Damasko an [[Barada|Salog Barada]]. Usá han [[Talaan hin mga gimaihai nga padayon nga gin-ukyan nga mga syudad|mga gimaiha-i nga gin-ukyan nga mga syudad han kalibatan]] an Damasko.<ref>{{Citation|last=Bowker|first=John|title=Damascus|date=2003-01-01|url=https://www.oxfordreference.com/view/10.1093/acref/9780192800947.001.0001/acref-9780192800947-e-1793|work=The Concise Oxford Dictionary of World Religions|publisher=Oxford University Press|language=en|doi=10.1093/acref/9780192800947.013.1793|doi-broken-date=31 Enero 2024|isbn=978-0-19-280094-7|accessdate=2021-01-15|archivedate=7 Abril 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220407024822/https://www.oxfordreference.com/view/10.1093/acref/9780192800947.001.0001/acref-9780192800947-e-1793|url-status=live}}</ref> Gin-ukyan hin syahan ini didâ han ika-3 nga yukottuig UC, ginpílì iní nga pamunuan han [[Omeya nga Kalifato]] tikang 661 kutob 750. Katapos han pagdaog han [[Dinastiya Abasí]], ginbalhin an lingkoranan han gahom Islamiko ngadto ha [[Baghdad]]. Han panahon han mga Abasí, nagpadayon hin paggamay hin pagka-importante han Damasko, kundi bumalik iní hin pagka-importante dida han panahón han mga [[Dinastiya Ayubí|Ayubí]] ngan [[Mameluko]]. Yanâ, iní an lingkoranan han sentral nga gobyerno han Sirya. Tikang han Septyembre han 2019, mga waló ka tuig dida han [[gera sibil han Sirya]], gintáwag an Damasko nga amo an diri-gud mauukyan nga syudad tikang hin 140 nga mga syudada han kalibutan dida han [[Global Liveability Ranking]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.cnn.com/travel/article/worlds-most-livable-cities-2019-trnd/index.html|title=World's most livable city revealed|last=Buckley|first=Julia|date=2019-09-04|website=CNN Travel|language=en|accessdate=2019-09-23|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190915055104/https://www.cnn.com/travel/article/worlds-most-livable-cities-2019-trnd/index.html|archivedate=15 Septyembre 2019|url-status=live}}</ref> Tikang han Hunyo 2023, gintalaan iní nga amo an diri-gud mauukyan tikang hin 173 nga mga syudad han kalibutan han nasabi nga Global Liveability Ranking. ==Pinanbasaran== {{Reflist}} ==Bibliograpiya== {{Refbegin|30em}} * {{Cite book|title=Damascus: A History|first1=Ross|last1=Burns|publisher=Routledge|year=2005|url=http://books.google.com/?id=1_bQTrpf62cC&dq=damascus|isbn=978-0-415-27105-9 |ref=harv}}. * {{Cite book|title=First to Damascus: The story of the Australian Light Horse and Lawrence of Arabia|url=https://archive.org/details/firsttodamascusg0000hami|first1=Duchess of Hamilton|last1=Jill|year=2002|isbn=0-7318-1071-6|ref=harv}}. * {{Cite book|title=The MacMillan Bible Atlas|url=https://archive.org/details/firsttodamascusg0000hami|first1=Yohanan|last1=Aharoni|first2=Michael|last2=Avi-Yonah|publisher=Carta Ltd.|year=1977|isbn=0-7318-1071-6|ref=harv}}. * {{Cite journal|title=Il Minareto di Gesù|first1=Stefano|last1=Cammelli|publisher=Il Mulino|year=2006|ref=harv}}. {{Refend}} ==Mga sumpay ha gawas== {{Wikivoyage|Damascus}} * {{Commonscat-inline|Damascus}} * {{Wiktionary-inline|Damascus}} * {{Cite EB1911|short=x|Damascus|author=[[R. A. Stewart Macalister]]}} [[Kaarangay:Damasko]] [[Kaarangay:Mga ulohan ha Asya]] lz8xkc566uh0q3w57yk2kcmzm8cj5i8 0 8569 7782290 7650763 2026-04-07T05:34:48Z InternetArchiveBot 41587 Add 1 book for verifiability (20260407)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 7782290 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox country |conventional_long_name = Republic of Singapore |native_name = {{nobold|{{native name|ms|Republik Singapura}}<br />{{native name|zh|新加坡共和国|italics=off}}<br />{{native name|ta|சிங்கப்பூர் குடியரசு|italics=off}}<!--end nobold:-->}} |common_name = Singapore |image_flag = Flag of Singapore.svg |image_coat = Coat of arms of Singapore.svg |national_motto = <br />{{native phrase|ms|"Majulah Singapura"|italics=off|nolink=on}}<br />{{small|"Onward, Singapore"}}<br>{{small|"Padayon Singgapura"}} |national_anthem = ''[[Majulah Singapura]]''<br />{{small|"Onward, Singapore"}}<br /><center>[[File:Majulah Singapura.ogg]]</center> |image_map = Singapore in its region (zoom).svg |map_caption = {{map caption |location_color=red}} |image_map2 = Singapore_ASEAN.PNG |map_caption2 = Kahamutang han Singgapura (masirom nga lunghaw) ha [[ASEAN]] (lihero nga lunghaw) ngan Asya. |capital = Singapore<br />{{raise|0.2em|{{nowrap|([[Downtown Core]], [[Central Area|Central]])<ref group=lower-alpha>An Singgapura usá nga [[syudad-nga-estado]].</ref>}}}} |latd=1 |latm=17 |latNS=N |longd=103 |longm=50 |longEW=E |official_languages = {{hlist |[[Ininglis|Ininglis]] |[[Minalayo|Minalayo]]<br> |[[Tsinino|Mandarin]] |[[Tamil nga pinulungan|Tamil]]}} |languages_type = Mga [[opisyal nga pagsurat]] |languages = {{hlist |[[Latin script|Romano (Linatin) nga pagsurat]]<br> |[[Yano nga agi Tsinino|Yinano nga Tsinino]] |[[Tamil script|Tamil]]}} |ethnic_groups = |ethnic_groups_year = |demonym = Singgaporeano |government_type = [[Unitaryo nga estado|Unitaryo]] nga [[Parlamentaryo nga republika|parlamentaryo]] nga [[konstitusyonal nga republika]] |leader_title1 = [[Mangulo han Singgapura|Mangulo]] |leader_name1 = [[Tony Tan]] |leader_title2 = [[Primer Ministro han Singgapura|Primer Ministro]] |leader_name2 = [[Lee Hsien Loong]] |leader_title3 = [[Parliament of Singapore#Speaker of Parliament|Speaker han Parlamento]] |leader_name3 = [[Halimah Yacob]] |leader_title4 = [[Chief Justice han Singgapura|Chief Justice]] |leader_name4 = [[Sundaresh Menon]] |legislature = [[Parlamento han Singgapura|Parlamento]] |upper_house = |lower_house = |sovereignty_type = [[Kaagi han Singgapura|Pagkahimo]] |established_event1 = [[Pagtukod han yana nga Singgapura|Pagtukod]] |established_date1 = 6 Pebrero 1819<ref>{{Cite book |last=Chew |first=Ernest |editor= Lee, Edwin |title= A History of Singapore | date = 1991 |publisher=Oxford University Press |isbn=0-19-588917-7}}</ref> |established_event2 = [[Paglugaring-hin-kagamhanan han Singgapura|Paglugaring-hin-kagamhanan]] |established_date2 = 3 Hunyo 1959<ref>{{Cite news |title=State of Singapore came into being 50 years ago on 3 June |author=Hoe Yeen Nie |url=http://www.channelnewsasia.com/stories/singaporelocalnews/view/433440/1/.html |newspaper=Channel News Asia |location=Singapore |date=2 Hunyo 2009 |access-date= 25 Pebrero 2010 |archive-date= 17 Enero 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130117012359/http://www.channelnewsasia.com/stories/singaporelocalnews/view/433440/1/.html |url-status=dead }}</ref> |established_event3 = {{nowrap|[[Paglugaríng]] tikang<br />han [[Reino Unido]]}} |established_date3 = 31 Agosto 1963<ref name="LOC2" /> |established_event4 = [[Singgapura ha Malaysia|Merger upod han Malaysia]] |established_date4 = 16 Septyembre 1963<ref name="LOC2" /> |established_event5 = [[Singgapura ha Malaysia#Pagpaiwas|Pagpaiwas tikang ha Malaysia]] |established_date5 = 9 Agosto 1965<ref name="LOC2" /> |area_km2 = 718.3 |area_footnote = <ref name=singstat2014pop&land>{{Cite web |url=http://www.singstat.gov.sg/statistics/latest-data#14 |title=Statistics Singapore – Latest Data – Population & Land Area (Mid-Year Estimates) |date= Hunyo 2014 |publisher=Statistics Singapore |access-date=25 Septyembre 2014 |archive-date= 29 Nobyembre 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151129094649/http://www.singstat.gov.sg/statistics/latest-data#14 |url-status=dead }}</ref> |area_rank = ika-190 |population_estimate_year = 2014<ref name="singstat2014pop&land"/> |population_estimate = 5,469,700 |population_estimate_rank = ika-114 |population_density_km2 = 7,615 |population_density_rank = ika-3 |population_density_sq_mi = 19,725 |GDP_PPP_year = 2013<ref name=imf>{{Cite web |url=http://www.imf.org/external/pubs/ft/weo/2014/02/weodata/weorept.aspx?pr.x=81&pr.y=11&sy=2013&ey=2013&scsm=1&ssd=1&sort=country&ds=.&br=1&c=576&s=NGDPD%2CNGDPDPC%2CPPPGDP%2CPPPPC%2CLP&grp=0&a= |title=Singapore |publisher=International Monetary Fund |access-date=22 Oktubre 2014}}</ref> |GDP_PPP = [[International dollar|Int$]]425.251 ka bilyon |GDP_PPP_rank = |GDP_PPP_per_capita = Int$78,762 |GDP_PPP_per_capita_rank = ika-3 |GDP_nominal_year = 2013<ref name=imf/> |GDP_nominal = [[US$]]297.941 ka bilyon |GDP_nominal_rank = ika-36 |GDP_nominal_per_capita = US$55,182 |GDP_nominal_per_capita_rank = |Gini_year = 2012 |Gini_change = <!--increase/decrease/steady--> |Gini = 47.8 <!--number only--> |Gini_ref = <ref name="CIA">{{Cite web |url=https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/rankorder/2172rank.html |title=Distribution of family income – Gini Index | date = 2012 |publisher=CIA |access-date=15 Agosto 2013 |archive-date= 4 Hunyo 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110604005151/http://www.forbes.com/feeds/afx/2007/06/12/afx3810988.html |url-status=dead }}</ref> |Gini_rank = ika-26 |HDI_year = 2013<!-- Please use the year to which the data refers, not the publication year--> |HDI_change = increase <!--increase/decrease/steady--> |HDI = 0.901 <!--number only--> |HDI_ref = <ref name="HDI">{{Cite web |url=http://hdr.undp.org/sites/default/files/hdr14-summary-en.pdf |title=2014 Human Development Report Summary |date=2014 |access-date=27 Hulyo 2014 |publisher=United Nations Development Programme | pages=21–25}}</ref> |HDI_rank = ika-9 |currency = [[Singgapureano nga dollar]] |currency_code = SGD |time_zone = [[Singapore Standard Time|SST]] |utc_offset = +8 |antipodes = |date_format = dd/mm/yyyy | drives_on = [[Right- and left-hand traffic|walá]] |calling_code = [[+65]] |iso3166code = SG |cctld = [[.sg]], [[.新加坡]], [[.சிங்கப்பூர்]] |footnotes = {{Mga kasarigan|group=lower-alpha}} }} An '''Singgapura''' o '''Singgapur''' (Ininglis: '''Singapore'''), in usa nga soberano nga syudad-estado ngan isla-nasod ha Salatan-Sinirangan Asya. Ini in namumutang ha salatan nga tumoy han Peninsula Malay ngan ini liwat aada ha 137 kilometro (85 mi) paamihan han ekwador. ==Pinanbasaran== {{Mga kasarigan}} ==Mga reperensya== ;Pinanbasaran {{Mga kasarigan|30em}} ;Bibliograpiya {{Refbegin|30em}} * {{Cite book|last=Hill|first=Michael|editor=Kwen Fee Lian|title=The Politics of Nation Building and Citizenship in Singapore|url=https://archive.org/details/politicsofnation0000hill| date = 1995|publisher=Routledge|isbn=0-415-12025-X}} * {{Cite book|last=King|first=Rodney|title=The Singapore Miracle, Myth and Reality| date = 2008|publisher=Insight Press|isbn=0-9775567-0-0}} * {{Cite book|author=Mauzy, Diane K.; Milne, R.S.|title=Singapore Politics: Under the People's Action Party|publisher=Routledge| date = 2002|isbn=0-415-24653-9}} * {{Cite book|author=Tan, Kenneth Paul|title=Renaissance Singapore? Economy, Culture, and Politics|url=https://archive.org/details/renaissancesinga0000unse|publisher=NUS Press| date = 2007|isbn=978-9971-69-377-0}} * Lee Kuan Yew (2000). ''From Third World To First: The Singapore Story: 1965–2000''. New York: HarperCollins. ISBN 0-06-019776-5 * {{Cite book|author=Worthington, Ross|title=Governance in Singapore|url=https://archive.org/details/governanceinsing0000wort|publisher=Routledge/Curzon| date = 2002|isbn=0-7007-1474-X}} * {{Cite web|title=Census of Population (2000)|work=Singapore Department of Statistics|url=http://www.singstat.gov.sg/pubn/popn/cop2000admin.pdf|access-date=27 Nobyembre 2007|format=PDF|archive-date=27 Nobyembre 2007|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071127000711/http://www.singstat.gov.sg/pubn/popn/cop2000admin.pdf|url-status=dead}} * {{Cite web|title=Key Facts & Figures|work=Ministry of Transport, Singapore|url=http://www.mot.gov.sg/|access-date=11 Enero 2003}} * {{Cite web|title=Nation's History|work=Singapore Infomap|url=http://app.www.sg/who/4/Our-History.aspx|access-date=11 Enero 2004|archive-date=21 Abril 2009|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090421003417/http://app.www.sg/who/4/Our-History.aspx|url-status=dead}} * {{Cite web|title=MOE-PRIME|work=Programme For Rebuilding and IMproving Existing schools (PRIME)|url=http://www.moe.gov.sg/prime/prime.htm|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20070823024237/http://www.moe.gov.sg/prime/prime.htm|archivedate=23 Agosto 2007|access-date=15 Mayo 2007|url-status=dead}} * {{Cite press release|title=Eight More Schools to Benefit from Upgrading|url=http://www.moe.gov.sg/press/2007/pr20070214.htm|date=14 Pebrero 2007|publisher=Ministry of Education|access-date=15 Mayo 2007|archivedate=16 Pebrero 2007|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20070216012051/http://www.moe.gov.sg/press/2007/pr20070214.htm|deadurl=dead}} {{Refend}} ==Mga sumpay ha gawas== {{Sister project links|Singapore}} {{Library resources box|onlinebooks=yes|by=yes}} ;Gobyerno * [http://www.sgdi.gov.sg/ Singapore Government Directory Interactive] * [http://www.gov.sg/ Singapore Government Online Portal] * [http://www.ecitizen.gov.sg/ Gateway To All Government Services] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180916083012/https://www.ecitizen.gov.sg/ |date= 16 Septyembre 2018 }} * [http://www.ns.sg/nsPortal/index.jsp Singapore National Service Portal] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101031004919/http://www.ns.sg/nsPortal/index.jsp |date=2010-10-31 }} * [http://www.acra.gov.sg/ Singapore Accounting and Corporate Regulatory Authority] * [http://www.cia.gov/library/publications/world-leaders-1/world-leaders-s/singapore.html Chief of State and Cabinet Members] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130917172650/https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/world-leaders-1/world-leaders-s/singapore.html |date= 17 Septyembre 2013 }} * [http://www.sedb.com/ Singapore Economic Development Board] ;Kasahiran nga impormasyon * {{CIA World Factbook link|sn|Singapore}} * [http://ucblibraries.colorado.edu/govpubs/for/singapore.htm Singapore] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080607085722/http://ucblibraries.colorado.edu/govpubs/for/singapore.htm |date= 7 Hunyo 2008 }} from ''UCB Libraries GovPubs'' * {{dmoz|Regional/Asia/Singapore}} * [http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-asia-15961759 Singapore profile] from the [[BBC News]] * [http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/545725/Singapore Singapore] at ''[[Encyclopædia Britannica]]'' * [https://opencrs.com/document/RS20490/ Singapore: Background and U.S. Relations] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140420185448/https://opencrs.com/document/RS20490/ |date= 20 Abril 2014 }} [[Congressional Research Service]] * [http://www.sg/ Singapore Infomap] * {{Wikiatlas|Singapore}} * [http://www.wikimapia.org/#y=1345015&x=103819427&z=11&l=0&m=a WikiSatellite view of Singapore at WikiMapia] * [http://app.www.sg/ Official Gateway To Singapore] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100605161912/http://app.www.sg/ |date= 5 Hunyo 2010 }} * [http://www.yoursingapore.com/content/traveller/en/experience.html Official Singapore Tourism Website] * [http://www.ifs.du.edu/ifs/frm_CountryProfile.aspx?Country=SG Key Development Forecasts for Singapore] from [[International Futures]] ;Pan-negosyohaan *[http://wits.worldbank.org/CountryProfile/Country/SGP/Year/2012/Summary World Bank Summary Trade Statistics Singapore] :*''This article incorporates public domain text from the websites of the <span class="plainlinks">[http://www.singstat.gov.sg/ Singapore Department of Statistics]</span>, the [[United States Department of State]], the [[Library of Congress|United States Library of Congress]] and the [[The World Factbook|CIA World Factbook]].'' {{Template:ASEAN|align=right}} {{Southeast_Asia}} {{Asya}} [[Kaarangay:Singgapura| ]] [[Kaarangay:Mga nasod ha Timugan nga Asya]] [[Kaarangay:Mga ulohan ha Asya]] [[Kaarangay:Nasod]] jcoxhuxxotvnyr1y70rnau29ktb6bnb 0 8635 7782326 7650944 2026-04-07T06:26:07Z InternetArchiveBot 41587 Add 5 books for verifiability (20260407)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 7782326 wikitext text/x-wiki [[File:Kaaba at night.jpg|thumb]] An '''Islam''' in usa nga monoteistico nga relihiyon nga ginsusumat han Qur’an, usa ka texto nga gincoconsiderar han iya mga manurunod nga yinaknan nga pulong han Diyos (Inarabo: الله‎ Allāh), ngan han iya mga tinutdo ngan normatibo nga ehemplo (gintatawag nga Sunnah ngan ginbubug-osan han Hadith) ni Muhammad, nga gincoconsiderar nira nga kataposan nga manaragna han Diyos. An manurunod hin Islam in gintatawag nga Muslim. An mga muslim in natoo nga an Diyos in usa ngan diri maikokompara ngan an iya panuyoan in pagkaada in para hin pagsingba ha Diyos.<ref>See: * {{Cite quran|51|56|style=ref}} * {{Cite web|url=http://www.pbs.org/empires/islam/faithgod.html |title=God |work=[[Islam: Empire of Faith]] |quote=''For Muslims, God is unique and without equal.'' |publisher=[[Public Broadcasting Service|PBS]]|accessdate= 18 Disyembre 2010}}</ref> An mga muslim in natoo nga an Islam in completo ngan panngatanan nga bersyon han syahan nga panoo nga ginsumat ha dirudilain nga panahon ngan lugar hadto pa, lakip an pamaagi kan Abraham, Moses ngan Jesus, kun diin ira gincoconsiderar nga mga propeta.<ref name="People-of-the-Book">{{Cite web|url=http://www.pbs.org/empires/islam/faithpeople.html |title=People of the Book |work=[[Islam: Empire of Faith]] |publisher=[[Public Broadcasting Service|PBS]]|accessdate= 18 Disyembre 2010}}</ref> An mga muslim in nagmimintinar nga an mga kasanhi nga mga mensahe ngan rebelasyon in parte nasaliwanan o nakurakot ha pag-agi han panahon,<ref name="Distorted">See: * Accad (2003): According to Ibn Taymiya, although only some Muslims accept the textual veracity of the entire Bible, most Muslims will grant the veracity of most of it. * Esposito (1998), pp.6,12* Esposito (2002b), pp.4–5* F. E. Peters (2003), p.9* {{Cite encyclopedia | title=Muhammad | encyclopedia=Encyclopaedia of Islam Online | author=F. Buhl | coauthors=A. T. Welch }}* {{Cite encyclopedia | title=Tahrif | encyclopedia=Encyclopaedia of Islam Online | author=Hava Lazarus-Yafeh }}</ref> pero gincoconsiderar nga an Qur'an in waray kasasaliwani ngan kataposan nga bersyon han Diyos.<ref>{{Cite book| publisher = Continuum International Publishing Group| isbn = 9780826499448| last = Bennett| first = Clinton| title = Interpreting the Qur'an: a guide for the uninitiated| url = https://archive.org/details/interpretingqura0000benn| date = 2010| page=[https://archive.org/details/interpretingqura0000benn/page/101 101]}}</ref> An mga konsepto han relihiyon ngan buruhaton in naglalakip han lima nga harigi han Islam, kun diin an panguna nga mga konsepto ngan buruhaton nga pagsingba, ngan pagsunod han balaod Islamico, in naupod hin haros ngatanan nga aspeto han kinabuhi ngan katiringban, nga nahatag hin mga sagdon ha dirudilain nga mga himangrawon sugad han pagbabangko ngan kaupayan, ngadto ha pakikipaggera ngan an kalikopan.<ref>Esposito (2002b), p.17</ref><ref>See: * Esposito (2002b), pp.111,112,118* {{Cite encyclopedia | title=Shari'ah | encyclopedia=Encyclopaedia Britannica Online }}</ref> Ginbabanabanahan nga 75-90% han mga Muslim in Sunni ngan 10-20% in Shia.<ref>[https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/fields/2122.html CIA] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181224211645/https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/fields/2122.html%20 |date= 24 Disyembre 2018 }} "Sunnis account for over 75% of all muslims" - retrieved 8 Disyembre 2011</ref> Mga 13% han mga Muslim in nag-uukoy ha Indonesia, an gidakoi nga nasod Muslim,<ref name="Miller 2009, pp.8,17">Miller (2009), pp.8,17</ref> 25% ha Salatan nga Asya<ref name="Miller 2009, pp.8,17"/>, 20% ha Butnga Sinirangan<ref>See:* Esposito (2002b), p.21* Esposito (2004), pp.2,43 * Miller (2009), pp.9,19</ref>, 2% ha Butnga nga Asya, 4% ha nagsasalin nga nasod ha Timugan Asya, 15% ha Sub-saharan Africa. Dagko nga komunidad in mabibilngan ha Tsina ngan Rusya, ngan mga bahin han Europa. Nga may-ada labaw ha 1.5 bilyon nga mga manurunod o labaw 22% han kanan kalibutan populasyon han tuig 2009<ref name="CIA Factbook">{{Cite web|url=https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/xx.html|title=The World Factbook|publisher=CIA Factbook|accessdate= 8 Disyembre 2010|archive-date= 10 Marso 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170310142438/https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/xx.html|url-status=dead}}</ref>, An Islam an ikaduha nga pinakadako ngan usa ha mga malaksi-tumubo nga mga relihiyon ha kalibutan.<ref name="FP">{{Cite web |url=http://www.foreignpolicy.com/story/cms.php?story_id=3835 |title=The List: The World's Fastest-Growing Religions |publisher=[[Foreign Policy]] |date=14 Mayo 2007 |accessdate= 16 Mayo 2010 |archive-date= 21 Mayo 2007 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070521093323/http://www.foreignpolicy.com/story/cms.php?story_id=3835 |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref name="Islam-Today">*{{Cite web |url=http://www.pbs.org/empires/islam/faithtoday.html |title=Islam Today |work=[[Islam: Empire of Faith]] (2000) |quote=''Islam, followed by more than a billion people today, is the world's fastest growing religion and will soon be the world's largest...'' |publisher=[[Public Broadcasting Service|PBS]] |accessdate= 25 Agosto 2010 }} *{{Cite web |url=http://www.usnews.com/articles/news/religion/2008/04/07/no-god-but-god.html |title=No God But God |work=Thomas W. Lippman |quote=''Islam is the youngest, the fastest growing, and in many ways the least complicated of the world's great monotheistic faiths. It is a unique religion based on its own holy book, but it is also a direct descendant of Judaism and Christianity, incorporating some of the teachings of those religions—modifying some and rejecting others.'' |publisher=[[U.S. News & World Report]] |date=7 Abril 2008 |accessdate= 25 Agosto 2010 }} *{{Cite web |url=http://www.usnews.com/articles/news/religion/2008/04/07/understanding-islam.html |title=Understanding Islam |work=Susan Headden |publisher=U.S. News & World Report |date=7 Abril 2008 |accessdate= 25 Agosto 2010 }} *{{Cite web |url=http://www.adherents.com/Religions_By_Adherents.html |title=Major Religions of the World Ranked by Number of Adherents |work= |publisher=[[Adherents.com]] |date= |accessdate= 3 Hulyo 2007 |archive-date= 20 Abril 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130420064041/http://www.adherents.com/Religions_By_Adherents.html |url-status=dead }}</ref> ==Mga reperensya== ===Mga sinurat=== {{Mga kasarigan|group=note}} ===Pinanbasaran=== {{Mga kasarigan|colwidth=30em}} ===Mga libro ngan peryodiko=== {{Refbegin|colwidth=30em}} * {{Cite journal| last=Accad | first=Martin | title=The Gospels in the Muslim Discourse of the Ninth to the Fourteenth Centuries: AnI Exegetical Inventorial Table (Part I) | journal=Islam and Christian-Muslim Relations | volume=14 | issue=1 | date = 2003 | ref=harv}} * {{Cite book| last=Ahmed | first=Akbar | title=Islam Today: A Short Introduction to the Muslim World | publisher=I. B. Tauris | edition=2.00 | date = 1999 | isbn=978-1-86064-257-9 | ref=harv}} * {{Cite book| publisher = Continuum International Publishing Group| isbn = 978-0-8264-9944-8| last = Bennett| first = Clinton |authorlink= Clinton Bennett| title = Interpreting the Qur'an: a guide for the uninitiated| url = https://archive.org/details/interpretingqura0000benn| date = 2010| page=[https://archive.org/details/interpretingqura0000benn/page/101 101] | ref=harv}} * {{Cite book| last=Brockopp | first=Jonathan E. | title=Islamic Ethics of Life: abortion, war and euthanasia | url=https://archive.org/details/islamicethicsofl0000unse | publisher=University of South Carolina press | date = 2003 | isbn=1-57003-471-0 | ref=harv}} * {{Cite book| last=Cohen-Mor | first=Dalya | title=A Matter of Fate: The Concept of Fate in the Arab World as Reflected in Modern Arabic Literature | url=https://archive.org/details/matteroffateconc0000cohe | publisher=Oxford University Press | date = 2001 | isbn=0-19-513398-6 | ref=harv}} * {{Cite book| last=Curtis | first=Patricia A. | date = 2005 | title=A Guide to Food Laws and Regulations | url=https://archive.org/details/guidetofoodlawsr0000curt | publisher=Blackwell Publishing Professional | isbn=978-0-8138-1946-4 | ref=harv}} * {{Cite book| last=Esposito | first=John | authorlink = John Esposito | title=Islam: The Straight Path | url=https://archive.org/details/islamstraightpat0000espo_e0l3 | publisher=Oxford University Press | date = 2010 | edition=4th | isbn=978-0-19-539600-3 | ref=harv}} * {{Cite book| last=Esposito | first=John | title=Islam: The Straight Path | url=https://archive.org/details/islamstraightpat0000espo | publisher=Oxford University Press | date = 1998 | edition=3rd | isbn=978-0-19-511234-4 | ref=harv}} * {{Cite book| last=Esposito | first=John|coauthors=Yvonne Yazbeck Haddad | title=Muslims on the Americanization Path? | url=https://archive.org/details/muslimsonamerica00yvon | date = 2000a | publisher=Oxford University Press | isbn=0-19-513526-1 | ref=harv}} * {{Cite book| last=Esposito | first=John | date = 2000b | title=Oxford History of Islam | url=https://archive.org/details/oxfordhistoryofi00john | publisher=Oxford University Press | isbn=978-0-19-510799-9 | ref=harv}} * {{Cite book| last=Esposito | first=John| date = 2002a | title=Unholy War: Terror in the Name of Islam | publisher=Oxford University Press | isbn=978-0-19-516886-0 | ref=harv}} * {{Cite book| last=Esposito | first=John| date = 2002b | title=What Everyone Needs to Know about Islam | publisher=Oxford University Press | isbn=0-19-515713-3 | ref=harv}} * {{Cite book| last=Esposito | first=John| title=[[The Oxford Dictionary of Islam]] | publisher=[[Oxford University Press]] | date = 2003 | isbn=0-19-512558-4 | ref=harv}} * {{Cite book| last=Esposito | first=John| title=Islam: The Straight Path | url=https://archive.org/details/islamstraightpat0001espo | publisher=Oxford University Press | date = 2004 | edition=3rd Rev Upd | isbn=978-0-19-518266-8 | ref=harv}} * {{Cite book| last=Farah | first=Caesar | authorlink=Caesar E. Farah | title=Islam: Beliefs and Observances | url=https://archive.org/details/islambeliefsobse0005fara | publisher=Barron's Educational Series | date = 1994 | edition=5th | isbn=978-0-8120-1853-0 | ref=harv}} * {{Cite book| last=Farah | first=Caesar| title=Islam: Beliefs and Observances | url=https://archive.org/details/islambeliefsobse00fara_0 | publisher=Barron's Educational Series | date = 2003 | edition=7th | isbn=978-0-7641-2226-2 | ref=harv}} * {{Cite book| last=Firestone | first=Reuven | title=Jihad: The Origin of Holy War in Islam | publisher= Oxford University Press | date = 1999 | isbn=0-19-512580-0 | ref=harv}} * {{Cite book| last=Ghamidi | first=Javed | authorlink=Javed Ahmed Ghamidi | title=[[Mizan]] | publisher=[[Al-Mawrid|Dar al-Ishraq]] | date = 2001 | oclc=52901690 | ref=harv}} * {{Cite book| last=Goldschmidt, Jr. | first=Arthur | coauthors=Lawrence Davidson | title=A Concise History of the Middle East | publisher=Westview Press | date = 2005 | edition=8th | isbn=978-0-8133-4275-7 | ref=harv}} * {{Cite book| last=Griffith | first=Ruth Marie | coauthors=Barbara Dianne Savage | title=Women and Religion in the African Diaspora: Knowledge, Power, and Performance | publisher=Johns Hopkins University Press | date = 2006 | isbn=0-8018-8370-9 | ref=harv}} * {{Cite book| last= Haddad | first= Yvonne Yazbeck |title= Muslims in the West: from sojourners to citizens| publisher= [[Oxford University Press]] | date = 2002 | ref=harv}} * {{Cite book| last=Hawting| first=G. R. | authorlink= G.R. Hawting | title=The First Dynasty of Islam: The Umayyad Caliphate AD 661–750 | url=https://archive.org/details/firstdynastyofis0000hawt| publisher=Routledge | date = 2000 | isbn=0-415-24073-5 | ref=harv}} * {{Cite book| last=Hedayetullah | first=Muhammad | title=Dynamics of Islam: An Exposition | publisher=Trafford Publishing | date = 2006 | isbn=978-1-55369-842-5 | ref=harv}} * {{Cite book|last1=Hofmann|first1=Murad|title=Islam and Qur'an|url=https://archive.org/details/islamquranintrod0000hofm|edition=| date = 2007|publisher=|location=|isbn=978-1-59008-047-4|ref=harv}} * {{Cite book| last=Holt | first=P. M. | coauthors=[[Bernard Lewis]] | title=Cambridge History of Islam, Vol. 1 | date = 1977a | publisher=Cambridge University Press | isbn=0-521-29136-4 | ref=harv}} * {{Cite book| last=Holt | first=P. M. | coauthors=Ann K. S. Lambton, Bernard Lewis | title=Cambridge History of Islam, Vol. 2 | date = 1977b | publisher=Cambridge University Press | isbn=0-521-29137-2 | ref=harv}} * {{Cite book| last=Hourani | first=Albert | authorlink=Albert Hourani | coauthor=[[Malise Ruthven|Ruthven, Malise]] | title=A History of the Arab Peoples | date = 2003 | publisher=Belknap Press; Revised edition | isbn=978-0-674-01017-8 | ref=harv}} * {{Cite book| last=Kobeisy | first=Ahmed Nezar | title=Counseling American Muslims: Understanding the Faith and Helping the People | url=https://archive.org/details/counselingameric0000kobe | publisher=Praeger Publishers | date = 2004 | isbn=978-0-313-32472-7 | ref=harv}} * {{Cite book| last=Kramer | first=Martin | title=Shi'Ism, Resistance, and Revolution | url=https://archive.org/details/shiismresistance0000unse | publisher=Westview Press | date = 1987 | isbn=978-0-8133-0453-3 | ref=harv}} * {{Cite book| last=Lapidus| first=Ira | title=A History of Islamic Societies | url=https://archive.org/details/historyofislamic0000lapi_t2d2| publisher=Cambridge University Press | date = 2002 | edition=2nd | isbn=978-0-521-77933-3 | ref=harv}} * {{Cite book| last=Lewis | first=Bernard | authorlink=Bernard Lewis| title=The Jews of Islam | publisher=Routledge & Kegan Paul | date = 1984 | isbn=0-7102-0462-0 | ref=harv}} * {{Cite book| last=Lewis | first=Bernard | title=The Arabs in History | url=https://archive.org/details/arabsinhistory0000bern | publisher=Oxford University Press | date = 1993 | isbn=0-19-285258-2 | ref=harv}} * {{Cite book| last=Lewis | first=Bernard| title=The Middle East | publisher=Scribner | date = 1997 | isbn=978-0-684-83280-7 | ref=harv}} * {{Cite book| last=Lewis | first=Bernard| title=Islam in History: Ideas, People, and Events in the Middle East | publisher=Open Court | edition=2nd | date = 2001 | isbn=978-0-8126-9518-2 | ref=harv}} * {{Cite book| last=Lewis | first=Bernard| title=What Went Wrong?: The Clash Between Islam and Modernity in the Middle East | url=https://archive.org/details/whatwentwrongcl00lewi | publisher=Harper Perennial | edition=Reprint | date = 2003 | isbn=978-0-06-051605-5 | ref=harv}} * {{Cite book| last=Lewis | first=Bernard| title=The Crisis of Islam: Holy War and Unholy Terror | url=https://archive.org/details/crisisofislam00bern | publisher=Random House, Inc., New York | date = 2004 | isbn=978-0-8129-6785-2 | ref=harv}} * {{Cite book| last=Madelung | first=Wilferd | authorlink=Wilferd Madelung | title=The Succession to Muhammad: A Study of the Early Caliphate | publisher=Cambridge University Press | date = 1996 | isbn=0-521-64696-0 | ref=harv}} * {{Cite book| last=Malik| first=Jamal| coauthors=John R Hinnells, Inc NetLibrary | title=Sufism in the West | publisher= Routledge | date = 2006 | isbn=0-415-27408-7 | ref=harv}} * {{Cite book| last=Menski | first=Werner F. | title=Comparative Law in a Global Context: The Legal Systems of Asia and Africa | url=https://archive.org/details/nlsiu.340.2men.21172 | publisher=Cambridge University Press | date = 2006 | isbn=0-521-85859-3 | ref=harv}} * {{Cite book | editor-last = Miller | editor-first = Tracy |date=October 2009 | publisher = [[Pew Research Center]] | title = Mapping the Global Muslim Population: A Report on the Size and Distribution of the World's Muslim Population | format = PDF | url=http://www.pewforum.org/2009/10/07/mapping-the-global-muslim-population/ | accessdate = 24 Septyembre 2013 |ref=harv}} * {{Cite book| last=Momen | first=Moojan | title=An Introduction to Shi'i Islam: The History and Doctrines of Twelver Shi'ism | publisher=Yale University Press | date = 1987 | isbn=978-0-300-03531-5 | ref=harv}} * {{Cite book| last=Nasr | first=Seyed Muhammad | title=Our Religions: The Seven World Religions Introduced by Preeminent Scholars from Each Tradition (Chapter 7) | publisher=HarperCollins | date = 1994| isbn=0-06-067700-7 | ref=harv}} * {{Cite book| last= Nigosian | first = Solomon Alexander | title=Islam: its history, teaching, and practices| url= https://archive.org/details/islamitshistoryt0000nigo | publisher= [[Indiana University Press]]| date = 2004| isbn= | ref=harv}} * {{Cite journal| last=Patton | first=Walter M. | title=The Doctrine of Freedom in the Korân | url=https://archive.org/details/sim_american-journal-of-semitic-languages-and-literatures_1900-04_16_3/page/129 | journal=The American Journal of Semitic Languages and Literatures |date= Abril 1900 | volume=16 | issue=3 | publisher=Brill Academic Publishers | isbn=90-04-10314-7 | doi=10.1086/369367 | page=129 | ref=harv}} * {{Cite book| last=Peters | first=F. E.| title=Islam: A Guide for Jews and Christians | url=https://archive.org/details/islamguideforjew00fepe | publisher=Princeton University Press | date = 2003 | isbn=0-691-11553-2 | ref=harv}} * {{Cite book| last=Rahman | first=H. U. |title=Chronology of Islamic History, 570-1000 CE | url=https://archive.org/details/chronologyofisla0000rahm_d9k3 | publisher=Ta-Ha Publishers Ltd | edition=3rd | date = 1999 | ref=harv }} * {{Cite book| last=Rippin | first=Andrew | authorlink=Andrew Rippin | title=Muslims: Their Religious Beliefs and Practices | url=https://archive.org/details/muslimstheirreli0000ripp | publisher=Routledge | edition=2nd | date = 2001 | isbn=978-0-415-21781-1 | ref=harv}} * {{Cite book| last=Sachedina | first=Abdulaziz | title=The Just Ruler in Shi'ite Islam: The Comprehensive Authority of the Jurist in Imamite Jurisprudence | publisher=Oxford University Press US | date = 1998 | isbn=0-19-511915-0 | authorlink=Abdulaziz Sachedina | ref=harv}} * Siljander, Mark D. and John David Mann. ''A Deadly Misunderstanding: a Congressman's Quest to Bridge the Muslim-Christian Divide''. First ed. New York: Harper One, 2008. ISBN 978-0-06-143828-8 * {{Cite book| last=Smith | first=Jane I. | title=The Islamic Understanding of Death and Resurrection | publisher=Oxford University Press | date = 2006 | isbn=978-0-19-515649-2 | ref=harv}} * {{Cite book| last=Tabatabae | first=Sayyid Mohammad Hosayn | coauthors=Seyyed Hossein Nasr (translator) | authorlink=Allameh Tabatabaei | title= Shi'ite Islam | url=https://archive.org/details/shiiteislam0000taba | publisher=Suny press| date = 1979 | isbn=0-87395-272-3 | ref=harv}} * {{Cite book| last=Teece | first=Geoff | title=Religion in Focus: Islam | url=https://archive.org/details/islam0000teec_a5d6 | publisher=Franklin Watts Ltd | date = 2003 | isbn=978-0-7496-4796-4 | ref=harv}} * {{Cite book| last=Trimingham| first=John Spencer | title=The Sufi Orders in Islam | url=https://archive.org/details/sufiordersinisla0000trim_x5k7| publisher=Oxford University Press | date = 1998| isbn=0-19-512058-2 | ref=harv}} * {{Cite book| last=Turner | first=Colin | title=Islam: the Basics | url=https://archive.org/details/islambasics0000turn | publisher=Routledge (UK) | date = 2006 | isbn=0-415-34106-X | ref=harv}} * {{Cite book| last=Turner | first=Bryan S. | title=Weber and Islam | url=https://archive.org/details/weberislam0001turn | publisher=Routledge (UK) | date = 1998 | isbn=0-415-17458-9 | ref=harv}} * {{Cite book| last=Waines | first=David | title=An Introduction to Islam | url=https://archive.org/details/introductiontois0000wain_x5k7 | publisher=Cambridge University Press | date = 2003 | isbn=0-521-53906-4 | ref=harv}} * {{Cite book| last=Watt | first=W. Montgomery | authorlink=William Montgomery Watt | title=The Formative Period of Islamic Thought | url=https://archive.org/details/formativeperiodo0000watt | publisher=University Press Edinburgh| date = 1973 | isbn=0-85224-245-X | ref=harv}} * {{Cite book| last=Watt | first=W. Montgomery|title=Muhammad: Prophet and Statesman | publisher=Oxford University Press | edition=New | date = 1974 | isbn=0-19-881078-4 | ref=harv}} * {{Cite book| last=Weiss | first=Bernard G. | title=Studies in Islamic Legal Theory | date = 2002 | location=Boston | publisher=Brill Academic publishers | isbn=90-04-12066-1 | ref=harv}} {{Refend}} ====Mga ensayklopedya==== {{Refbegin|colwidth=30em}} * {{Cite encyclopedia | editor=William H. McNeill, Jerry H. Bentley, David Christian | encyclopedia=Berkshire Encyclopedia of World History | publisher=Berkshire Publishing Group | date = 2005 | isbn=978-0-9743091-0-1 | ref=harv}} * {{Cite encyclopedia|editor=Gabriel Oussani|encyclopedia=[[Catholic Encyclopedia]]| date = 1910|ref=harv}} * {{Cite encyclopedia | editor=Paul Lagasse, Lora Goldman, Archie Hobson, Susan R. Norton | encyclopedia=The Columbia Encyclopedia | publisher=Gale Group | date = 2000 | edition=6th | isbn=978-1-59339-236-9 | ref=harv}} * {{Cite encyclopedia | encyclopedia=[[Encyclopædia Britannica Online]] | publisher=Encyclopædia Britannica, Inc. | ref=harv}} * {{Cite encyclopedia | editor=Erwin Fahlbusch, William Geoffrey Bromiley | encyclopedia=Encyclopedia of Christianity | publisher=Eerdmans Publishing Company, and Brill| date = 2001 | edition=1st| isbn=0-8028-2414-5 | ref=harv}} * {{Cite encyclopedia | editor=John Bowden | encyclopedia=Encyclopedia of Christianity | publisher=Oxford University Press | date = 2005 | edition=1st | isbn=0-19-522393-4 | ref=harv}} * {{Cite encyclopedia | editor1-first=P.J. | editor1-last=Bearman | editor1-link=Peri Bearman | editor2-first=Th. | editor2-last=Bianquis | editor3-first =C. E. | editor3-last=Bosworth | editor3-link=Clifford Edmund Bosworth | editor4-first=E. | editor4-last=van Donzel | editor5-first=W. P. | editor5-last=Heinrichs | editor5-link=Wolfhart Heinrichs | encyclopedia=[[Encyclopaedia of Islam Online]] | publisher=Brill Academic Publishers | issn=1573-3912 | ref=harv}} * {{Cite encyclopedia | editor=Richard C. Martin, Said Amir Arjomand, Marcia Hermansen, Abdulkader Tayob, Rochelle Davis, John Obert Voll | encyclopedia=Encyclopedia of Islam and the Muslim World|publisher=MacMillan Reference Books| date = 2003|isbn=978-0-02-865603-8 | ref=harv}} * {{Cite encyclopedia | editor=Jane Dammen McAuliffe | encyclopedia=[[Encyclopaedia of the Qur'an|Encyclopaedia of the Qur'an Online]] | publisher=Brill Academic Publishers | ref=harv}} * {{Cite encyclopedia|editor=Salamone Frank|encyclopedia=Encyclopedia of Religious Rites, Rituals, and Festivals|publisher=Routledge|edition=1st| date = 2004|isbn=978-0-415-94180-8|ref=harv}} * {{Cite encyclopedia | editor=Glasse Cyril | encyclopedia=New Encyclopedia of Islam: A Revised Edition of the Concise Encyclopedia of Islam | publisher=AltaMira Press | date = 2003 | isbn=978-0759101906 | ref=harv}} {{Refend}} ==Dugang nga barasahon== {{Refbegin}} * Abdul-Haqq, Abdiyah Akbar (1980). ''Sharing Your Faith with a Muslim''. Minneapolis: Bethany House Publishers. ''N.B''. Presents the genuine doctrines and concepts of Islam and of the Holy Qur'an, and this religion's affinities with Christianity and its Sacred Scriptures, in order to "dialogue" on the basis of what both faiths really teach. ISBN 0-87123-553-6 * {{Cite book| last=Akyol | first=Mustafa | authorlink=Mustafa Akyol | title=Islam Without Extremes | url=https://archive.org/details/islamwithoutextr0000akyo | publisher=W. W. Norton & Company | edition=1st | date = 2011 | isbn=978-0-393-07086-6}} * {{Cite book| last=Arberry | first=A. J. | authorlink=A. J. Arberry | title=The Koran Interpreted: A Translation | url=https://archive.org/details/koraninterpreted00ajar | publisher=Touchstone | edition=1st | date = 1996 | isbn=978-0-684-82507-6}} * Cragg, Kenneth (1975). ''The House of Islam'', in ''The Religious Life of Man Series''. Second ed. Belmont, Calif.: Wadsworth Publishing Co., 1975. xiii, 145 p. ISBN 0-8221-0139-4 * Hourani, Albert (1991). ''Islam in European Thought''. First pbk. ed. Cambridge, Eng.: Cambridge University Press, 1992, cop. 1991. xi, 199 p. ISBN 0-521-42120-9; alternative ISBN on back cover, 0-521-42120-0 * {{Cite book| last=Khan | first=Muhammad Muhsin | authorlink=Muhammad Muhsin Khan | coauthors=Al-Hilali Khan, Muhammad Taqi-ud-Din | title=Noble Quran | date = 1999 | publisher=Dar-us-Salam Publications | edition=1st | isbn=978-9960-740-79-9}} * A. Khanbaghi (2006). ''The Fire, the Star and the Cross: Minority Religions in Medieval and Early Modern Iran''. I. B. Tauris. * Khavari, Farid A. (1990). ''Oil and Islam: the Ticking Bomb''. First ed. Malibu, Calif.: Roundtable Publications. viii, 277 p., ill. with maps and charts. ISBN 0-915677-55-5 * {{Cite book| last=Kramer (ed.) | first=Martin | authorlink=Martin Kramer | title=The Jewish Discovery of Islam: Studies in Honor of Bernard Lewis | url=https://archive.org/details/jewishdiscoveryo0000unse | publisher=Syracuse University | date = 1999 | isbn=978-965-224-040-8}} * {{Cite book| last=Kuban | first=Dogan | title=Muslim Religious Architecture | publisher=Brill Academic Publishers | date = 1974 | isbn=90-04-03813-2}} * {{Cite book| last=Lewis | first=Bernard | title=Islam and the West | url=https://archive.org/details/islamwest00lewi_0 | publisher=Oxford University Press | date = 1994 | isbn=978-0-19-509061-1}} * {{Cite book| last=Lewis | first=Bernard| title=Cultures in Conflict: Christians, Muslims, and Jews in the Age of Discovery | url=https://archive.org/details/culturesinconfli0000lewi | publisher=Oxford University Press | date = 1996 | isbn=978-0-19-510283-3}} * {{Cite book| last=Mubarkpuri | first=Saifur-Rahman | title=[[The Sealed Nectar]]: Biography of the Prophet | publisher=Dar-us-Salam Publications | date = 2002 | isbn=978-1-59144-071-0}} * {{Cite book| last=Najeebabadi | first=Akbar Shah | title=History of Islam | url=https://archive.org/details/historyofislamvo0000naje | publisher=Dar-us-Salam Publications | date = 2001 | ref=Harv | isbn=978-1-59144-034-5}} * {{Cite book| last=Nigosian | first=S. A. | title=Islam: Its History, Teaching, and Practices | url=https://archive.org/details/islamitshistoryt0000nigo | publisher=Indiana University Press | date = 2004 | edition=New | isbn=978-0-253-21627-4}} * {{Cite book| last=Rahman | first=Fazlur | authorlink=Fazlur Rahman | title=Islam | url=https://archive.org/details/isbn_9780226702810 | publisher=University of Chicago Press | date = 1979 | edition=2nd | isbn=0-226-70281-2}} * {{Cite book| last=Tausch | first=Arno | authorlink=Arno Tausch | title=Muslim Calvinism | publisher=Rozenberg Publishers, Amsterdam | date = 2009 | edition=1st | isbn=978-90-5170-995-7}} * {{Cite book| last=Tausch | first=Arno| title=What 1.3&nbsp;Billion Muslims Really Think: An Answer to a Recent Gallup Study, Based on the "[[World Values Survey]]". Foreword Mansoor Moaddel, Eastern Michigan University | publisher=Nova Science Publishers, New York| date = 2009 | edition=1st | isbn=978-1-60692-731-1}} * {{Cite book| last=Walker | first=Benjamin | authorlink=Benjamin Walker (author) | title=Foundations of Islam: The Making of a World Faith | publisher=Peter Owen Publishers | date = 1998 | isbn=978-0-7206-1038-3}} {{Refend}} ==Mga sumpay ha gawas== {{Sister project links |wikt=Islam |commons=Category:Islam |b=Subject:Islam |n=Category:Islam |q=Islam |s=Portal:Islam |v=Islam |voy=Islam |species=no |d=Q432 |m=no|mw=no}} ;Mga pagkukuhaan nga akademiko * [http://www.patheos.com/Library/Islam.html Patheos Library&nbsp;– Islam] * [http://www.usc.edu/org/cmje/religious-texts/home/ University of Southern California Compendium of Muslim Texts] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140729180433/http://www.usc.edu/org/cmje/religious-texts/home/ |date= 29 Hulyo 2014 }} * [http://philtar.ucsm.ac.uk/encyclopedia/islam Encyclopedia of Islam (Overview of World Religions)] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20041010144541/http://philtar.ucsm.ac.uk/encyclopedia/islam/ |date= 10 Oktubre 2004 }} * [http://www.ethicaldemocracy.org/ Ethical Democracy Journal] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111212113155/http://www.ethicaldemocracy.org/ |date= 12 Disyembre 2011 }} views on Islam, other ethical systems and democracy ;Mga pagkukuhaan ha aada-nga-linya * [http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-9105852/Islam Islam], article at ''[[Encyclopædia Britannica]]'' * [http://www.friesian.com/islam.htm Islam], article at Friesian.com * [http://ideas.repec.org/p/iza/izadps/dp4459.html Asabiyya: Re-Interpreting Value Change in Globalized Societies], article at Repec/Ideas, [[University of Connecticut]] and IZA, Bonn, on Islam and global value change * [http://en.citizendium.org/wiki/Islam Islam], article at Citizendium ;Mga direktorya *[http://www.gutenberg.org/wiki/Islam_%28Bookshelf%29 Islam (Bookshelf)] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200826072931/http://www.gutenberg.org/wiki/Islam_%28Bookshelf%29 |date= 26 Agosto 2020 }} at [[Project Gutenberg]] *[http://ucblibraries.colorado.edu/govpubs/us/islamus.htm Islam] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090326092524/http://ucblibraries.colorado.edu/govpubs/us/islamus.htm |date= 26 Marso 2009 }} from ''UCB Libraries GovPubs'' *[http://islam.uga.edu/ Islam and Islamic Studies Resources] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120101104156/http://islam.uga.edu/ |date=2012-01-01 }} from Dr. Alan Godlas, Professor, [[University of Georgia]] [[Kaarangay:Islam| ]] [[Kaarangay:Relihiyon]] avnh5dj15p58l3cd7yd7dj8vmrhjlqm 0 8664 7782412 7749695 2026-04-07T07:56:15Z InternetArchiveBot 41587 Add 1 book for verifiability (20260407)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 7782412 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox lugar <!-- See Template:Infobox settlement for additional fields and descriptions --> | name = Shanghai | official_name = Bungto han Shanghai · 上海市 | native_name = <!-- if different from the English name --> | native_name_lang = <!-- ISO 639-2 code e.g. "fr" for French. If more than one, use {{lang}} instead --> | other_name = | settlement_type = Bungto <!-- transliteration(s) --------> | translit_lang1 = | translit_lang1_type = | translit_lang1_info = | translit_lang1_type1 = | translit_lang1_info1 = | translit_lang1_type2 = | translit_lang1_info2 = <!-- etc., up to translit_lang1_type6 / translit_lang1_info6 --> | translit_lang2 = | translit_lang2_type = | translit_lang2_info = | translit_lang2_type1 = | translit_lang2_info1 = | translit_lang2_type2 = | translit_lang2_info2 = | translit_lang2_info2 = <!-- etc., up to translit_lang2_type6 / translit_lang2_info6 --> <!-- images, nickname, motto ---> | image_skyline = Pudong Skyline, Shanghai, PRC.jpg | imagesize = | image_alt = | image_caption = Panlantaw ha kalangitan han [[Pudong]] | image_flag = | flag_size = | flag_alt = | flag_link = | image_seal = | seal_size = | seal_alt = | seal_link = | image_shield = | shield_size = | shield_alt = | shield_link = | image_blank_emblem = | blank_emblem_type = <!-- defaults to Logo --> | blank_emblem_size = | blank_emblem_alt = | blank_emblem_link = | nickname = | motto = | anthem = <!-- maps and coordinates ------> | image_map = ShanghaiBundpic2.jpg | mapsize = | map_alt = | map_caption = An Bund ha Puxi | image_map1 = China Shanghai.svg | mapsize1 = | map_alt1 = | map_caption1 = Lokasyon han Bungto han Shanghai ha sulod han Tsina | image_dot_map = | dot_mapsize = | dot_map_base_alt = | dot_map_alt = | dot_map_caption = | dot_x = |dot_y = | pushpin_map = <!-- name of a location map as per Template:Location_map --> | pushpin_label_position = <!-- position of the pushpin label: left, right, top, bottom, none --> | pushpin_label = <!-- only necessary if "name" or "official_name" are too long --> | pushpin_map_alt = | pushpin_mapsize = | pushpin_map_caption = | pushpin_map1 = | pushpin_label_position1 = | pushpin_label1 = <!-- only necessary if "name" or "official_name" are too long --> | pushpin_map_alt1 = | pushpin_mapsize1 = | pushpin_map_caption1 = | latd = |latm = |lats = |latNS = | longd = |longm = |longs = |longEW = | coor_pinpoint = <!-- to specify exact location of coordinates (was coor_type) --> | coordinates_type = | coordinates_display = inline,title | coordinates_footnotes = <!-- for references: use <ref> tags --> <!-- location ------------------> | subdivision_type = Nasod | subdivision_name = Kanan Katawhan Republika han Tsina | subdivision_type1 = | subdivision_name1 = | subdivision_type2 = | subdivision_name2 = <!-- etc., subdivision_type6 / subdivision_name6 --> <!-- established ---------------> | established_title = <!-- Settled --> | established_date = | established_title1 = <!-- Incorporated (town) --> | established_date1 = | established_title2 = <!-- Incorporated (city) --> | established_date2 = | established_title3 = | established_date3 = | extinct_title = | extinct_date = | founder = | named_for = <!-- seat, smaller parts -------> | seat_type = <!-- defaults to: Seat --> | seat = | parts_type = <!-- defaults to: Boroughs --> | parts_style = <!-- list, coll (collapsed list), para (paragraph format) --> | parts = <!-- parts text, or header for parts list --> | p1 = | p2 = <!-- etc., up to p50: for separate parts to be listed--> <!-- government type, leaders --> | government_footnotes = <!-- for references: use <ref> tags --> | government_type = | leader_party = | leader_title = | leader_name = <!-- add &nbsp; (no-break space) to disable automatic links --> | leader_title1 = | leader_name1 = <!-- etc., up to leader_title4 / leader_name4 --> <!-- display settings ---------> | total_type = <!-- to set a non-standard label for total area and population rows --> | unit_pref = <!-- enter: Imperial, to display imperial before metric --> <!-- area ----------------------> | area_footnotes = <!-- for references: use <ref> tags --> | area_magnitude = <!-- use only to set a special wikilink --> | area_total_km2 = <!-- ALL fields with measurements have automatic unit conversion --> | area_total_sq_mi = <!-- see table @ Template:Infobox settlement for details --> | area_total_dunam = <!-- used in Middle East articles only --> | area_land_km2 = | area_land_sq_mi = | area_water_km2 = | area_water_sq_mi = | area_water_percent = | area_urban_footnotes = <!-- for references: use <ref> tags --> | area_urban_km2 = | area_urban_sq_mi = | area_metro_footnotes = <!-- for references: use <ref> tags --> | area_metro_km2 = | area_metro_sq_mi = | area_rank = | area_blank1_title = | area_blank1_km2 = | area_blank1_sq_mi = | area_blank2_title = | area_blank2_km2 = | area_blank2_sq_mi = | area_note = <!-- elevation -----------------> | elevation_footnotes = <!-- for references: use <ref> tags --> | elevation_m = | elevation_ft = | elevation_max_footnotes = <!-- for references: use <ref> tags --> | elevation_max_m = | elevation_max_ft = | elevation_min_footnotes = <!-- for references: use <ref> tags --> | elevation_min_m = | elevation_min_ft = <!-- population ----------------> | population_footnotes = <!-- for references: use <ref> tags --> | population_total = | population_as_of = | population_rank = | population_density_km2 = <!-- for automatic calculation of any density field, use: auto --> | population_density_sq_mi= | population_est = | pop_est_as_of = | population_urban = | population_density_urban_km2 = | population_density_urban_sq_mi = | population_metro = | population_density_metro_km2 = | population_density_metro_sq_mi = | population_density = | population_density_rank = | population_blank1_title = | population_blank1 = | population_density_blank1_km2 = | population_density_blank1_sq_mi= | population_blank2_title = | population_blank2 = | population_density_blank2_km2 = | population_density_blank2_sq_mi= | population_demonym = <!-- demonym, ie. Liverpudlian for someone from Liverpool --> | population_note = <!-- demographics (section 1) --> | demographics_type1 = | demographics1_footnotes = <!-- for references: use <ref> tags --> | demographics1_title1 = | demographics1_info1 = <!-- etc., up to demographics1_title5 / demographics1_info5 --> <!-- demographics (section 2) --> | demographics_type2 = | demographics2_footnotes = <!-- for references: use <ref> tags --> | demographics2_title1 = | demographics2_info1 = <!-- etc., up to demographics2_title5 / demographics2_info5 --> <!-- time zone(s) --------------> | timezone1 = | utc_offset1 = | timezone1_DST = | utc_offset1_DST = | timezone2 = | utc_offset2 = | timezone2_DST = | utc_offset2_DST = <!-- postal codes, area code ---> | postal_code_type = <!-- enter ZIP code, Postcode, Post code, Postal code... --> | postal_code = | postal2_code_type = <!-- enter ZIP code, Postcode, Post code, Postal code... --> | postal2_code = | area_code_type = <!-- defaults to: Area code(s) --> | area_code = | geocode = | iso_code = | registration_plate = <!-- twin cities ---------------> | twin1 = | twin1_country = | twin2 = | twin2_country = <!-- etc., up to twin9 / twin9_country --> <!-- blank fields (section 1) --> | blank_name_sec1 = | blank_info_sec1 = | blank1_name_sec1 = | blank1_info_sec1 = | blank2_name_sec1 = | blank2_info_sec1 = <!-- etc., blank6_name_sec1 / blank6_info_sec1 --> <!-- blank fields (section 2) --> | blank_name_sec2 = | blank_info_sec2 = | blank1_name_sec2 = | blank1_info_sec2 = | blank2_name_sec2 = | blank2_info_sec2 = <!-- etc., blank6_name_sec2 / blank6_info_sec2 --> <!-- website, footnotes --------> | website = | footnotes = }} An '''Shanghai''' (Tsino: 上海) amo an gidadako-i nga siyudad han [[Kanan Katawhan Republika han Tsina]]. == Pinanbasaran == {{reflist}} ==Padugang nga barasahon== *{{cite book | author=Danielson, Eric N. | title=Discover Shanghai| location=Singapore | publisher=Marshall Cavendish| year=2010}} *{{cite book | author=Danielson, Eric N. | title=Shanghai and the Yangzi Delta| url=https://archive.org/details/shanghaiyangzide0001unse | location=Singapore | publisher=Marshall Cavendish/Times Editions | year=2004 | isbn=981-232-597-2}} *{{cite book | author=Elvin, Mark | title="Market Towns and Waterways: The County of Shanghai from 1480 to 1910," in The City in Late Imperial China, ed. by G. William Skinner | location=Stanford | publisher=[[Stanford University Press]] | year=1977}} *{{cite book | author=Johnson, Linda Cooke | title=Shanghai: From Market Town to Treaty Port | url=https://archive.org/details/shanghaifrommark0000john | location=Stanford | publisher=Stanford University Press | year=1995}} *{{cite book | author=Johnson, Linda Cooke| title=Cities of Jiangnan in Late Imperial China | location=Albany | publisher=State University of New York (SUNY) | year=1993 | isbn=0-7914-1424-8}} *{{cite book | author=Horesh, Niv| title=Shanghai's Bund and Beyond | url=https://archive.org/details/shanghaisbundbey0000hore| location=New Haven| publisher=[[Yale University Press]] | year=2009}} *{{cite book | author=Erh,Deke and Johnston, Tess | title=Shanghai Art Deco | location=Hong Kong| publisher=Old China Hand Press | year=2007}} ==Mga sumpay ha gawas== {{Sister project links|wikt=Shanghai|commons=上海|v=no|species=no|n=Category:Shanghai|q=no|b=no|s=no|voy=Shanghai}} * [http://www.shanghai.gov.cn/shanghai/node17256/index.html Official Website] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080502144753/https://www.shanghai.gov.cn/shanghai/node17256/index.html |date=2008-05-02 }} [[Kaarangay:Shanghai]] 7x4gadh4461ojzqloiab0953hyhlhsb 0 8670 7782387 7643645 2026-04-07T07:33:15Z InternetArchiveBot 41587 Add 1 book for verifiability (20260407)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 7782387 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox panimungto <!-- See Template:Infobox settlement for additional fields and descriptions --> | name = Syudad han New York | official_name = | native_name = <!-- if different from the English name --> | native_name_lang = <!-- ISO 639-2 code e.g. "fr" for French. If more than one, use {{lang}} instead --> | other_name = | settlement_type = Syudad <!-- transliteration(s) --------> | translit_lang1 = | translit_lang1_type = | translit_lang1_info = | translit_lang1_type1 = | translit_lang1_info1 = | translit_lang1_type2 = | translit_lang1_info2 = <!-- etc., up to translit_lang1_type6 / translit_lang1_info6 --> | translit_lang2 = | translit_lang2_type = | translit_lang2_info = | translit_lang2_type1 = | translit_lang2_info1 = | translit_lang2_type2 = | translit_lang2_info2 = | translit_lang2_info2 = <!-- etc., up to translit_lang2_type6 / translit_lang2_info6 --> <!-- images, nickname, motto ---> | image_skyline = NYC Montage 8.jpg | imagesize = | image_alt = | image_caption = | image_flag = | flag_size = | flag_alt = | flag_link = | image_seal = | seal_size = | seal_alt = | seal_link = | image_shield = | shield_size = | shield_alt = | shield_link = | image_blank_emblem = | blank_emblem_type = <!-- defaults to Logo --> | blank_emblem_size = | blank_emblem_alt = | blank_emblem_link = | nickname = | motto = | anthem = <!-- maps and coordinates ------> | image_map = | mapsize = | map_alt = | map_caption = | image_map1 = | mapsize1 = | map_alt1 = | map_caption1 = | image_dot_map = | dot_mapsize = | dot_map_base_alt = | dot_map_alt = | dot_map_caption = | dot_x = |dot_y = | pushpin_map = <!-- name of a location map as per Template:Location_map --> | pushpin_label_position = <!-- position of the pushpin label: left, right, top, bottom, none --> | pushpin_label = <!-- only necessary if "name" or "official_name" are too long --> | pushpin_map_alt = | pushpin_mapsize = | pushpin_map_caption = | pushpin_map1 = | pushpin_label_position1 = | pushpin_label1 = <!-- only necessary if "name" or "official_name" are too long --> | pushpin_map_alt1 = | pushpin_mapsize1 = | pushpin_map_caption1 = | latd = |latm = |lats = |latNS = | longd = |longm = |longs = |longEW = | coor_pinpoint = <!-- to specify exact location of coordinates (was coor_type) --> | coordinates_type = | coordinates_display = inline,title | coordinates_footnotes = <!-- for references: use <ref> tags --> <!-- location ------------------> | subdivision_type = Nasod | subdivision_name = Estados Unidos | subdivision_type1 = | subdivision_name1 = | subdivision_type2 = | subdivision_name2 = <!-- etc., subdivision_type6 / subdivision_name6 --> <!-- established ---------------> | established_title = <!-- Settled --> | established_date = | established_title1 = <!-- Incorporated (town) --> | established_date1 = | established_title2 = <!-- Incorporated (city) --> | established_date2 = | established_title3 = | established_date3 = | extinct_title = | extinct_date = | founder = | named_for = <!-- seat, smaller parts -------> | seat_type = <!-- defaults to: Seat --> | seat = | parts_type = <!-- defaults to: Boroughs --> | parts_style = <!-- list, coll (collapsed list), para (paragraph format) --> | parts = <!-- parts text, or header for parts list --> | p1 = | p2 = <!-- etc., up to p50: for separate parts to be listed--> <!-- government type, leaders --> | government_footnotes = <!-- for references: use <ref> tags --> | government_type = | leader_party = | leader_title = | leader_name = <!-- add &nbsp; (no-break space) to disable automatic links --> | leader_title1 = | leader_name1 = <!-- etc., up to leader_title4 / leader_name4 --> <!-- display settings ---------> | total_type = <!-- to set a non-standard label for total area and population rows --> | unit_pref = <!-- enter: Imperial, to display imperial before metric --> <!-- area ----------------------> | area_footnotes = <!-- for references: use <ref> tags --> | area_magnitude = <!-- use only to set a special wikilink --> | area_total_km2 = <!-- ALL fields with measurements have automatic unit conversion --> | area_total_sq_mi = <!-- see table @ Template:Infobox settlement for details --> | area_total_dunam = <!-- used in Middle East articles only --> | area_land_km2 = | area_land_sq_mi = | area_water_km2 = | area_water_sq_mi = | area_water_percent = | area_urban_footnotes = <!-- for references: use <ref> tags --> | area_urban_km2 = | area_urban_sq_mi = | area_metro_footnotes = <!-- for references: use <ref> tags --> | area_metro_km2 = | area_metro_sq_mi = | area_rank = | area_blank1_title = | area_blank1_km2 = | area_blank1_sq_mi = | area_blank2_title = | area_blank2_km2 = | area_blank2_sq_mi = | area_note = <!-- elevation -----------------> | elevation_footnotes = <!-- for references: use <ref> tags --> | elevation_m = | elevation_ft = | elevation_max_footnotes = <!-- for references: use <ref> tags --> | elevation_max_m = | elevation_max_ft = | elevation_min_footnotes = <!-- for references: use <ref> tags --> | elevation_min_m = | elevation_min_ft = <!-- population ----------------> | population_footnotes = <!-- for references: use <ref> tags --> | population_total = | population_as_of = | population_rank = | population_density_km2 = <!-- for automatic calculation of any density field, use: auto --> | population_density_sq_mi= | population_est = | pop_est_as_of = | population_urban = | population_density_urban_km2 = | population_density_urban_sq_mi = | population_metro = | population_density_metro_km2 = | population_density_metro_sq_mi = | population_density = | population_density_rank = | population_blank1_title = | population_blank1 = | population_density_blank1_km2 = | population_density_blank1_sq_mi= | population_blank2_title = | population_blank2 = | population_density_blank2_km2 = | population_density_blank2_sq_mi= | population_demonym = <!-- demonym, ie. Liverpudlian for someone from Liverpool --> | population_note = <!-- demographics (section 1) --> | demographics_type1 = | demographics1_footnotes = <!-- for references: use <ref> tags --> | demographics1_title1 = | demographics1_info1 = <!-- etc., up to demographics1_title5 / demographics1_info5 --> <!-- demographics (section 2) --> | demographics_type2 = | demographics2_footnotes = <!-- for references: use <ref> tags --> | demographics2_title1 = | demographics2_info1 = <!-- etc., up to demographics2_title5 / demographics2_info5 --> <!-- time zone(s) --------------> | timezone1 = | utc_offset1 = | timezone1_DST = | utc_offset1_DST = | timezone2 = | utc_offset2 = | timezone2_DST = | utc_offset2_DST = <!-- postal codes, area code ---> | postal_code_type = <!-- enter ZIP code, Postcode, Post code, Postal code... --> | postal_code = | postal2_code_type = <!-- enter ZIP code, Postcode, Post code, Postal code... --> | postal2_code = | area_code_type = <!-- defaults to: Area code(s) --> | area_code = | geocode = | iso_code = | registration_plate = <!-- twin cities ---------------> | twin1 = | twin1_country = | twin2 = | twin2_country = <!-- etc., up to twin9 / twin9_country --> <!-- blank fields (section 1) --> | blank_name_sec1 = | blank_info_sec1 = | blank1_name_sec1 = | blank1_info_sec1 = | blank2_name_sec1 = | blank2_info_sec1 = <!-- etc., blank6_name_sec1 / blank6_info_sec1 --> <!-- blank fields (section 2) --> | blank_name_sec2 = | blank_info_sec2 = | blank1_name_sec2 = | blank1_info_sec2 = | blank2_name_sec2 = | blank2_info_sec2 = <!-- etc., blank6_name_sec2 / blank6_info_sec2 --> <!-- website, footnotes --------> | website = | footnotes = }} An '''Syudad han New York''' (puyde liwat '''Syudad han Nueva York''' o '''Syudad han Bag-o nga York''') amo an may pinakadamo nga tawo ha nasod [[Estados Unidos]]. population 8,336,817 (2019) ==Dugang nga barasahon== {{refbegin|30em}} * {{cite book |last=Belden |first=E. Porter |year=1849 |url=http://books.google.com/books?id=Jv-nXd8W8b0C&printsec=titlepage |title=New York, Past, Present, and Future: Comprising a History of the City of New York, a Description of its Present Condition, and an Estimate of its Future Increase |location=New York |publisher=G.P. Putnam }} From [[Google Books]]. * {{cite book |authorlink=Anthony Burgess |last=Burgess |first=Anthony |year=1976 |title=[[New York (Anthony Burgess book)|New York]] |location=New York |publisher=Little, Brown & Co. |isbn=90-6182-266-1 }} * {{cite gotham}} * {{cite book |authorlink=Federal Writers' Project |author=Federal Writers' Project |year=1939 |title=The WPA Guide to New York City |url=https://archive.org/details/wpaguidetonewyor0000unse_j1g5 |location=New York |publisher=The New Press |edition=1995 reissue |isbn=1-56584-321-5 }} * {{cite enc-nyc}} * {{cite book |editor1-last=Jackson |editor1-first=Kenneth T. |editor2-last=Dunbar |editor2-first=David S. |year=2005 |title=Empire City: New York Through the Centuries |publisher=Columbia University Press |isbn=0-231-10909-1 }} * {{cite book |title=American Metropolis: A History of New York City |url=https://archive.org/details/americanmetropol00lank |last=Lankevich |first=George L. |publisher=NYU Press |year=1998 |isbn=0-8147-5186-5 }} * {{cite book |authorlink=E. B. White |last=White |first=E. B. |year=1949 |title=Here is New York |publisher=Little Bookroom |edition=2000 reissue }} * {{cite AIA4}} * {{cite book |authorlink=Colson Whitehead |last=Whitehead |first=Colson |year=2003 |title=The Colossus of New York: A City in 13 Parts |url=https://archive.org/details/colossusofnewyor00whit |location=New York |publisher=Doubleday |isbn=0-385-50794-1 }} {{refend}} ==Mga sumpay ha gawas== {{Sister project links|voy=New York City}} * {{Official website|http://www.nyc.gov|name = NYC.gov (opisyal nga websayt)}} * [http://www.nycgo.com/ nycgo.com] - opisyal nga websayt panturismo han Syudad han New York * {{dmoz|Regional/North_America/United_States/New_York/Localities/N/New_York_City|Syudad han New York}} * {{osmrelation-inline|175905}}. * [http://collections.mcny.org/ Museum of the City of New York] - aada-ha-linya nga katitirok hin 145,000 nga mga ritrato han Syudad han New York {{Commonscat|New York City}} {{New York}} {{turok}} [[Kaarangay:Syudad han New York]] [[Kaarangay:Mga syudad han Estados Unidos|New York]] [[Kaarangay:New York]] jou9iidv5rj3wyq8dw2rty1jne3b29e 0 8822 7782404 7763456 2026-04-07T07:48:01Z InternetArchiveBot 41587 Add 2 books for verifiability (20260407)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 7782404 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox Country |native_name=''República Argentina''{{spaces|2}}<small>{{es icon}}</small> |common_name=Argentina |conventional_long_name=Republika Argentina<ref>Article 35 of the {{Cite web|url=http://www.argentina.gov.ar/argentina/portal/documentos/constitucion_ingles.pdf|title=Constitution|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20071122155248/http://www.argentina.gov.ar/argentina/portal/documentos/constitucion_ingles.pdf|archivedate= 22 Nobyembre 2007|access-date= 19 Pebrero 2010|url-status=live}} gives equal recognition to "United Provinces of the River Plate", "Argentine Republic" and "Argentine Confederation" and authorises the use of "Argentine Nation" in the making and enactment of laws</ref> |image_flag=Flag_of_Argentina.svg |image_coat=Coat_of_arms_of_Argentina.svg |image_map=Argentina (including claimed territories, orthographic projection).svg |map_caption=Orthographic projection of Argentina, including (in light green) the Argentine claims in [[Argentine Antarctica|Antarctica]], the [[Falkland Islands]] and [[South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands]]. |national_motto=''En unión y libertad''<br />"Ha Pagkaurusa ngan Kagawasan"</small> |national_anthem=''[[Himno Nacional Argention|Himno Nacional Argentino]]'' |official_languages=[[Kinatsila]] |capital=[[Buenos Aires]] |largest_city=capital |ethnic_groups=86.4% [[Europeo nga Argentino|Europeo]] (kaurugan [[Italyano nga Argentino|Italyano]] ngan [[Espanyol nga pag-ukoy ha Argentina|Espanyol]]), 8% [[Mestizo]], 4% [[Arabo nga Argentino|Arabo]] ngan [[Asyano nga Argentino|Sinirangan nga Asyano]], 1.6% [[Amerindian]] <ref name=statesmen/><ref name=encuesta/> |latd=34|latm=36|latNS=S|longd=58|longm=23|longEW=W |government_type=[[Federal republic|Federal]] [[presidential system|presidential republic]] |leader_title1=[[President of Argentina|President]] |leader_name1=[[Don Javier Gerardo Milei]] |leader_title2=[[Vice President of Argentina|Vice President]] |leader_name2=[[Victoria Villarruel]] | leader_title3 = [[Chief of the Cabinet of Ministers]] | leader_name3 = [[Nicolás Posse]] | leader_title4 = [[List of Presidents of the Argentine Chamber of Deputies|President of the Chamber of Deputies]] | leader_name4 = [[Martín Menem]] |leader_title5=[[Supreme Court of Argentina|Supreme Court President]] |leader_name5=[[Carlos Rosenkrantz]] |sovereignty_type=[[Independence]] |sovereignty_note=from Spain |established_event1=[[May Revolution]] |established_date1=25 Mayo 1810 |established_event2=[[Argentine Declaration of Independence|Declared]] |established_date2=9 Hulyo 1816 |area_rank=8th |area_magnitude=1_E12 |area_km2=2766890 |area_sq_mi=1068302 |percent_water=1.1 |population_estimate = 40,134,425<ref name="pop2009" /> |population_estimate_year = 2009 |population_estimate_rank = 33rd |population_census = 36,260,130 |population_census_year = 2001 |population_density_km2 = 15 |population_density_sq_mi = 38 |population_density_rank = 168th |GDP_PPP_year = 2009 |GDP_PPP = $566.922 billion<ref name=imf>{{Cite web|url=http://www.imf.org/external/pubs/ft/weo/2009/02/weodata/weorept.aspx?sy=2006&ey=2009&scsm=1&ssd=1&sort=country&ds=.&br=1&c=213&s=NGDPD%2CNGDPDPC%2CPPPGDP%2CPPPPC%2CLP&grp=0&a=&pr.x=10&pr.y=18|title=Argentina|publisher=International Monetary Fund|accessdate= 1 Oktubre 2009}}</ref> |GDP_PPP_rank=23rd |GDP_PPP_per_capita=$14,125<ref name=imf/> |GDP_PPP_per_capita_rank=57th |GDP_nominal=$301.331 billion<ref name=imf/> |GDP_nominal_rank=31st |GDP_nominal_year=2008 |GDP_nominal_per_capita=$7,508<ref name=imf/> |GDP_nominal_per_capita_rank=66th |Gini=49<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/fields/2172.html|title=Distribution of family income – Gini index|work=The World Factbook|publisher=CIA|accessdate= 1 Septyembre 2009|archive-date= 13 Hunyo 2007|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070613005439/https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/fields/2172.html|url-status=dead}}</ref> |Gini_year=2006 |Gini_category=<span style="color:#e0584e;">high</span> |HDI_year = 2007 |HDI = {{Increase}} 0.866<ref>[http://hdr.undp.org/en/media/HDR_2009_EN_Complete.pdf Human Development Report 2009]. The United Nations. Retrieved 5 Oktubre 2009.</ref> |HDI_rank = 49th |HDI_category=<span style="color:#090;">high</span> |currency=[[Argentine peso|Peso]] |currency_code=ARS |time_zone=[[Time in Argentina|ART]] |utc_offset=-3 <!-- |time_zone_DST=ART |utc_offset_DST=-2 DST Suspended so far...--> |demonym=Argentine, Argentinian, Argentinean |drives_on=right (trains ride on the left) |cctld=[[.ar]] |calling_code=[[+54]] }} [[Paypay:ViñedoCafayate.jpg|thumb|left|250px|[[Salta (probinsya)|Salta]]]] An '''Argentina''' (kaluwas "ar-hen-TI-na"; puyde liwat igsurat ha Winaray nga '''Arhentina'''), nga tinatawag hin opisyal nga '''Republika Argentina''' (puyde liwat '''Republika nga Arhentihanon'''; ha [[Kinatsila]] '''''República Argentina'''''), usa nga nasod ha [[Salatan nga Amerika]] o América del Sur, nga nahimo komo usa nga federasyon hin 23 nga mga lalawigan ngan hin usa nga naglulugaring nga syudad o syudad nga may autonomo. Amo ini an ikaduha nga gidako-i nga nasod ha Salatan nga Amerika ngan ika-walo ha kalibutan hin kahaluag hin katunaan ngan amo an gidakoi ha mga nasod nga nayakan hin Kinatsila, bisan man kon an [[Mehiko]], [[Colombia]] ngan [[Espanya]] darudako pa hin katawhan o populasyon. An kahaluag hini ha kontinente amo in 2,766,890 ka kilometro, butnga han kabugkiran han Andes ha katundan ngan han salatan nga Kalawdan Atlantico ha sidlangan ngan salatan. An Argentina ginsasapitan han [[Paraguay]] ngan [[Bolivia]] ha amihanan, han [[Brasil]] ngan [[Uruguay]] ha dumagsaan o amihanan-sidlangan, ngan [[Chile]] ha katundan ngan salatan. An Argentina nag-angkon liwat hin 969,464 ka kilometro han [[Antarctica]], nga tinatawag nga Antartica nga Argentina, nga naglalakip gihapon han mga pag-angkon han Chile (Teritoryo Antarctico Chileno) ngan han [[Reino Unido]] (Teritoryo Antarctico Britanico); an ngatanan nga mga pag-angkon mahitungod han Antarctica ginsuspendir han [[Tratado Antarctico]] han 1961. ==Mga probinsya han Argentina== An mga probinsya o lalawigan han Argentina, upod an ira mga kahaluag ngan katawhan amo an mga nasunod: {| class="toccolours" style="float: auto; text-align:right; font-size:90%; width:100%; font-family:Verdana, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; background:F5F5F5; " |- align=center style="background:lavender; font-weight:bold;" ! !! Probinsya!! Kapital !! Katawhan<br /><small>(est. 2008)</small> !! Kahaluag<br /><small>(en km²)</small> !! <small>GSP/PBG ha tagsa kapita<ref>Estimación elaborada por la consultora Abeceb, a septiembre de 2008, en base a indicadores de ingresos, productivos y fiscales (nacionales como provinciales), a precios corrientes. [http://www.google.com.ar/url?sa=t&source=web&ct=res&cd=1&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.diadenegocios.com%2Farchivos%2F200809%2Feconomias%2520pciales.doc&ei=BihGSczHOIaeeo31rdoI&usg=AFQjCNFjVRrLTt-Mugm3-fJFx4cg-rwbXw&sig2=YGwheRcMxThoqfMO8AsBWw Informe completo].</ref><br />(U$S, 2008, est.)</small> !! Mapa |- | align=center style="background:#f0f0f0;" | [[Paypay:Bandera de la Ciudad de Buenos Aires.svg|30px|border]]|| style="background:#f0f0f0;" align=left colspan="2" |'''[[Buenos Aires|Ciudad Autónoma de Buenos Aires]]'''<ref>An Syudad han Buenos Aires usa nga entidad ha ikaduha nga grado konstitusyonal pero diri ini gin-organisa sugad hin lalawigan kondi sugad hin ispisyal nga rehimen (Syudad Autonoma), sugad hin kalugaringon nga probinsya.</ref> || 3.042.581 || 203 || 23.309 || style="background:#F5F5F5;" rowspan=50 | [[Paypay:Argentina politico sin capitales.svg|235px|link=]] |- !style="background:#f0f0f0;" colspan="6"| |- | align=center style="background:#f0f0f0;" | [[Paypay:Bandera de la Provincia de Buenos Aires.svg|30px|link=|border]]|| style="background:#f0f0f0;" align=left |'''[[Provincia de Buenos Aires|Provincia<br />de Buenos Aires]]''' || align=left | [[La Plata]] || 15.052.177 || 307.571 || 7.310 |- !style="background:#f0f0f0;" colspan="6"| |- | align=center style="background:#f0f0f0;" | [[Paypay:Bandera de la Provincia de Catamarca.svg|30px|border]]|| style="background:#f0f0f0;" align=left |'''[[Catamarca (probinsya)|Catamarca]]''' || align=left| [[San Fernando del Valle de Catamarca|San Fdo. del Valle<br />de Catamarca]] || 388.416 || 102.602 || 6.009 |- !style="background:#f0f0f0;" colspan="6"| |- | align=center style="background:#f0f0f0;" | [[Paypay:Bandera de la Provincia del Chaco.svg|30px|border]]|| align=left style="background:#f0f0f0;" |'''[[Chaco (probinsya)|Chaco]]''' || align=left| [[Resistencia, Chaco|Resistencia]] || 1.052.185 || 99.633 || 2.015 |- !style="background:#f0f0f0;" colspan="6"| |- | align=center style="background:#f0f0f0;" | [[Paypay:Bandera de la Provincia del Chubut.svg|30px|border]]|| align=left style="background:#f0f0f0;" |'''[[Chubut]]''' || align=left| [[Rawson, Chubut|Rawson]] || 460.684 || 224.686 || 15.422 |- !style="background:#f0f0f0;" colspan="6"| |- | align=center style="background:#f0f0f0;" | [[Paypay:Bandera de la Provincia de Córdoba 2014.svg|30px|border]]|| align=left style="background:#f0f0f0;" |'''[[Provincia de Córdoba (Argentina)|Córdoba]]''' || align=left| [[Córdoba, Argentina|Córdoba]] || 3.340.041 || 165.321 || 6.477 |- !style="background:#f0f0f0;" colspan="6"| |- | align=center style="background:#f0f0f0;" | [[Paypay:Bandera de la Provincia de Corrientes.svg|30px|border]]|| align=left style="background:#f0f0f0;" |'''[[Corrientes (probinsya)|Corrientes]]''' || align=left| [[Corrientes, Corrientes|Corrientes]] || 1.013.443 || 88.199 || 4.001 |- !style="background:#f0f0f0;" colspan="6"| |- | align=center style="background:#f0f0f0;" | [[Paypay:Bandera de la Provincia de Entre Ríos.svg|30px|border]]|| align=left style="background:#f0f0f0;" |'''[[Entre Ríos (probinsya)|Entre Ríos]]''' || align=left| [[Paraná, Entre Ríos|Paraná]] || 1.255.787 || 78.781 || 5.682 |- !style="background:#f0f0f0;" colspan="6"| |- | align=center style="background:#f0f0f0;" | [[Paypay:Bandera de la Provincia de Formosa.svg|30px|border]]|| align=left style="background:#f0f0f0;" |'''[[Formosa (probinsya)|Formosa]]''' || align=left| [[Formosa, Formosa|Formosa]] || 539.883 || 72.066 || 2.879 |- !style="background:#f0f0f0;" colspan="6"| |- | align=center style="background:#f0f0f0;" | [[Paypay:Bandera de la Provincia de Jujuy.svg|30px|border]]|| align=left style="background:#f0f0f0;" |'''[[Jujuy (probinsya)|Jujuy]]''' || align=left| [[San Salvador de Jujuy|San Salvador<br />de Jujuy]] || 679.975 || 53.219 || 3.755 |- !style="background:#f0f0f0;" colspan="6"| |- | align=center style="background:#f0f0f0;" | [[Paypay:Bandera de la Provincia de La Pampa.svg|30px|border]]|| align=left style="background:#f0f0f0;" |'''[[La Pampa (probinsya)|La Pampa]]''' || align=left| [[Santa Rosa, La Pampa|Santa Rosa]] || 333.550 || 143.440 || 5.987 |- !style="background:#f0f0f0;" colspan="6"| |- | align=center style="background:#f0f0f0;" | [[Paypay:Bandera de la Provincia de La Rioja.svg|30px|border]]|| align=left style="background:#f0f0f0;" |'''[[Provincia de La Rioja, Argentina|La Rioja]]''' || align=left| [[La Rioja (syudad ha Argentina)|La Rioja]] || 341.207 || 89.680 || 4.162 |- !style="background:#f0f0f0;" colspan="6"| |- | align=center style="background:#f0f0f0;" | [[Paypay:Bandera de la Provincia de Mendoza.svg|30px|border]] || align=left style="background:#f0f0f0;" |'''[[Mendoza (probinsya)|Mendoza]]''' || align=left| [[Mendoza, Mendoza|Mendoza]] || 1.729.660 || 148.827 || 9.079 |- !style="background:#f0f0f0;" colspan="6"| |- | align=center style="background:#f0f0f0;" | [[Paypay:Bandera de la Provincia de Misiones.svg|30px|border]]|| align=left style="background:#f0f0f0;" |'''[[Misiones]]''' || align=left| [[Posadas, Misiones|Posadas]] || 1.077.987 || 29.801 || 3.751 |- !style="background:#f0f0f0;" colspan="6"| |- | align=center style="background:#f0f0f0;" | [[Paypay:Bandera de la Provincia del Neuquen.svg|30px|border]]|| align=left style="background:#f0f0f0;" |'''[[Neuquén (probinsya)|Neuquén]]''' || align=left| [[Neuquén, Neuquén|Neuquén]] || 547.742 || 94.078 || 26.273 |- !style="background:#f0f0f0;" colspan="6"| |- | align=center style="background:#f0f0f0;" |[[Paypay:Bandera de la Provincia del Río Negro.svg|30px|border]]|| align=left style="background:#f0f0f0;" |'''[[Río Negro (probinsya)|Río Negro]]''' || align=left| [[Viedma, Río Negro|Viedma]] || 597.476 || 203.013 || 8.247 |- !style="background:#f0f0f0;" colspan="6"| |- | align=center style="background:#f0f0f0;" | [[Paypay:Bandera de la Provincia de Salta.svg|30px|border]]|| align=left style="background:#f0f0f0;" |'''[[Salta (probinsya)|Salta]]''' || align=left| [[Salta, Salta|Salta]] || 1.224.022 || 155.488 || 4.220 |- !style="background:#f0f0f0;" colspan="6"| |- | align=center style="background:#f0f0f0;" | [[Paypay:Flag of the San Juan Province.svg|30px|border]]|| align=left style="background:#f0f0f0;" |'''[[San Juan (probinsya)|San Juan]]''' || align=left| [[San Juan, San Juan|San Juan]] || 695.640 || 89.651 || 5.642 |- !style="background:#f0f0f0;" colspan="6"| |- | align=center style="background:#f0f0f0;" | [[Paypay:Bandera de la Provincia de San Luis.svg|30px|border]]|| align=left style="background:#f0f0f0;" |'''[[San Luis (probinsya)|San Luis]]''' || align=left| [[San Luis, San Luís|San Luis]] || 437.544 || 76.748 || 5.580 |- !style="background:#f0f0f0;" colspan="6"| |- | align=center style="background:#f0f0f0;" | [[Paypay:Bandera de la Provincia de Santa Cruz.svg|30px|border]]|| align=left style="background:#f0f0f0;" |'''[[Santa Cruz (probinsya)|Santa Cruz]]''' || align=left| [[Río Gallegos, Santa Cruz|Río Gallegos]] || 225.920 || 243.943 || 30.496 |- !style="background:#f0f0f0;" colspan="6"| |- | align=center style="background:#f0f0f0;" | [[Paypay:Bandera de la Provincia de Santa Fe.svg|30px|border]]|| align=left style="background:#f0f0f0;" |'''[[Santa Fe (probinsya)|Santa Fe]]''' || align=left| [[Santa Fe, Santa Fe|Santa Fe]] || 3.242.551 || 133.007 || 8.423 |- !style="background:#f0f0f0;" colspan="6"| |- | align=center style="background:#f0f0f0;" | [[Paypay:Bandera de la Provincia de Santiago del Estero.svg|30px|border]]|| align=left style="background:#f0f0f0;" |'''[[Santiago del Estero (probinsya)|Santiago del Estero]]''' || align=left| [[Santiago del Estero, Santiago del Estero|Santiago del Estero]] || 865.546 || 136.351 || 3.003 |- !style="background:#f0f0f0;" colspan="6"| |- | align=center style="background:#f0f0f0;" | [[Paypay:Bandera de la Provincia de Tierra del Fuego.svg|30px|border]]|| align=left style="background:#f0f0f0;" |'''[[Tierra del Fuego (Argentina)|Tierra del Fuego]]''' || align=left| [[Ushuaia]] || 126.212<ref name="Malvinas Argentinas">Diri gin-upod an 980.874 ka km² han Antártida Argentina ngan an las Islas del Atlántico Sur nga okupada han Reino Unido, nga diin an Argentina mayda reclama hin soberaniya, nga nabug-os an kahaluag nga 3.761.274 ka km².</ref> || 21.478 || 20.682 |- !style="background:#f0f0f0;" colspan="6"| |- | align=center style="background:#f0f0f0;" | [[Paypay:Bandera de la Provincia de Tucumán.svg|30px|border]]|| align=left style="background:#f0f0f0;" |'''[[Tucumán (probinsya)|Tucumán]]''' || align=left| [[San Miguel de Tucumán|San Miguel<br />de Tucumán]] || 1.475.384 || 22.524 || 3.937 |- !style="background:#f0f0f0;" colspan="6"| |- | align=center style="background:#f0f0f0;" colspan="3" | [[Paypay:Flag of Argentina.svg|30px|border]] '''Bug-os nga Nasod ''' || style="background:#f0f0f0;" | '''39.745.613'''<ref name="Malvinas Argentinas" /> || style="background:#f0f0f0;" | '''2.780.400''' || style="background:#f0f0f0;" | '''8.269''' |} ==Pinanbasaran== {{Mga kasarigan}} ==Bibliograpiya== ;Legal nga mga dokumento {{refbegin}} * {{Citation|url=http://www.senado.gov.ar/web/interes/constitucion/english.php|title=Constitution of the Argentine Nation|authors=National Constituent Convention|place=Santa Fe|date=22 Agosto 1994|ref={{harvid|Constitution of Argentina}}}} {{refend}} ;Artikulo {{refbegin|30em}} * {{Cite journal|last1=Bolt|first1=Jutta|last2=Van Zanden|first2=Jan Luiten|title=The First Update of the Maddison Project; Re-estimating Growth Before 1820|url=http://www.ggdc.net/maddison/maddison-project/data/mpd_2013-01.xlsx|format=XLS|work=Maddison Project Working Paper 4|publisher=|place=|date=2013|ref=harv|access-date=2015-01-11|archive-date=2018-01-05|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180105044340/http://www.ggdc.net/maddison/maddison-project/data/mpd_2013-01.xlsx|url-status=}} * {{Cite journal|last1=Colantoni|first1=Laura|last2=Gurlekian|first2=Jorge|title=Convergence and intonation. Historical evidence from Buenos Aires Spanish|journal=Bilingualism: Language and Cognition|volume=7|issue=2|publisher=Cambridge University Press|place=Cambridge, UK|date= Agosto 2004|pages=107–119|doi=10.1017/S1366728904001488|ref=harv}} * {{Cite journal|last1=Cruz, Jr.|first1=Arturo|title=Glory Past but Not Forgotten|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_insight-on-the-news_1990-08-06_6_32/page/8|work=Insight on the News|volume=6|issue=32|publisher=News World Communications|place=New York, NY, USA|date=6 Agosto 1990|page=8|ref={{harvid|Cruz|1990}}}} * {{Cite journal|last1=DellaPergola|first1=Sergio|authorlink=Sergio DellaPergola|title=World Jewish Population, 2013|url=http://www.jewishdatabank.org/Studies/downloadFile.cfm?FileID=3113|format=PDF|volume=113|editor1-last=Dashefsky|editor1-first=Arnold|editor1-link=Arnold Dashefsky|editor2-last=Sheskin|editor2-first=Ira|work=The American Jewish Year Book, 2013|publisher=Springer|place=Dordrecht, The Netherlands|date=2013|pages=279–358|isbn=978-3319016580|ref=harv}} * {{Cite journal|last1=Long|first1=Marshall|title=What is So Special About Shoebox Halls? Envelopment, Envelopment, Envelopment|url=http://mlacoustics.com/PDF/Shoebox.pdf|format=PDF|work=Acoustics Today|volume=5|issue=2|publisher=ASA – Acoustical Society of America|date=Abril 2009|pages=21–25|doi=10.1121/1.3182843|ref=harv|access-date=11 Enero 2015|archive-date=8 Agosto 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170808081005/http://www.mlacoustics.com/PDF/Shoebox.pdf|url-status=}} * {{Cite journal|last=Malamud|first=Andrés|title=A Leader Without Followers? The Growing Divergence Between the Regional and Global Performance of Brazilian Foreign Policy|journal=Latin American Politics and Society|volume=53|issue=3|publisher=Institute of Social Sciences of the University of Lisbon|place=Lisbon|edition=Fall 2011|pages=1–24|ref=harv}} * {{Cite journal|last1=Mallimaci|first1=Fortunato|last2=Esquivel|first2=Juan Cruz|last3=Irrazábal|first3=Gabriela|title=Primera Encuesta Sobre Creencias y Actitudes Religiosas En Argentina|url=http://www.ceil-conicet.gov.ar/wp-content/uploads/2013/02/encuesta1.pdf|format=PDF|journal=|publisher=CONICET – Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas|place=Buenos Aires|date=26 Agosto 2008|language=Spanish|ref=harv}} * {{Cite journal|last1=Moore|first1=Don|title=Argentina: Radio with a Past|work=Monitoring Times|publisher=Grove Enterprises|place=Brasstown, North Carolina, US|date= Enero 1995|ref=harv}} * {{Cite journal|last1=Solomon|first1=Hussein|title=South African Foreign Policy, Middle Power Leadership and Preventive Diplomacy|url=http://www.cips.up.ac.za/files/pdf/uafspublications/South%20African%20foreign%20policy%2C%20middle%20power%20leadership%20and%20preventive%20diplomacy.pdf|format=PDF|journal=|publisher=Centre for International Political Studies|place=Pretoria, South Africa|date=1997|ref=harv|access-date=11 Enero 2015|archive-date=19 Abril 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140419052314/http://www.cips.up.ac.za/files/pdf/uafspublications/South%20African%20foreign%20policy%2C%20middle%20power%20leadership%20and%20preventive%20diplomacy.pdf|url-status=dead}} {{refend}} ;Mga libro {{refbegin|30em}} * {{Cite book|last=Abad de Santillán|first=Diego|authorlink=Diego Abad de Santillán|title=Historia Argentina|publisher=Tipográfica Editora Argentina|place=Buenos Aires| date = 1971|language=Spanish|isbn=|ref=harv}} * {{Cite book|last1=Adler|first1=Emanuel|last2=Greve|first2=Patricia|title=Globalising the Regional, Regionalising the Global|series=Review of International Studies|volume=35|contribution=When security community meets balance of power: overlapping regional mechanisms of security governance|editor-last=Fawn|editor-first=Rick|publisher=Cambridge University Press|place=Cambridge, UK| date = 2009|pages=59–84|isbn=978-0521759885|ref=harv}} * {{Cite book|last1=Aeberhard|first1=Danny|last2=Benson|first2=Andrew|last3=Phillips|first3=Lucy|title=The rough guide to Argentina|url=https://archive.org/details/roughguidetoarge0000aebe_z0y6|publisher=Rough Guides|place=London| date = 2000|isbn=978-1858285696|ref=harv}} * {{Cite book|last=Akstinat|first=Björn|title=Handbuch der deutschsprachigen Presse im Ausland|publisher=IMH–Verlag|place=Berlin| date = 2013|language=German|isbn=978-3981515817|ref=harv}} * {{Cite book|last=Arbena|first=Joseph|title=Sport in Latin America and the Caribbean|contribution=In Search of the Latin American Female Athlete|editor-last1=Arbena|editor-first1=Joseph|editor-last2=LaFrance|editor-first2=David Gerald|publisher=Rowman & Littlefield|place=Lanham, MD, USA| date = 2002|pages=219–232|isbn=978-0842028219|ref=harv}} * {{Cite book|editor-last1=Arbena|editor-first1=Joseph|editor-last2=LaFrance|editor-first2=David Gerald|title=Sport in Latin America and the Caribbean|publisher=Rowman & Littlefield|place=Lanham, MD, USA| date = 2002|isbn=978-0842028219|ref=harv}} * {{Cite book|last=Barnes|first=John|title=Evita, First Lady: A Biography of Eva Perón|url=https://archive.org/details/evitafirstlady00john|publisher=Grove Press|place=New York, NY, USA| date = 1978|isbn=978-0802134790|ref=harv}} * {{Cite book|last=Bidart Campos|first=Germán J.|title=Manual de la Constitución Reformada|volume=I|publisher=Ediar|place=Buenos Aires| date = 2005|language=Spanish|isbn=950-5741219|ref=harv}} * {{Cite book|last=Bloom|first=Harold|title=The Western Canon: The Books and School of the Ages|url=https://archive.org/details/westerncanonbook00bloorich|publisher=Harcourt Brace & Company|place=New York, NY, USA| date = 1994|isbn=978-1573225144|ref=harv}} * {{Cite book|last=Boughton|first=James M.|title=Tearing Down Walls. The International Monetary Fund 1990–1999|publisher=International Monetary Fund|place=Washington, D. C.| date = 2012|isbn=978-1616350840|ref=harv}} * {{Cite book|last=Calvo|first=Carlos|title=Anales históricos de la revolucion de la América latina, acompañados de los documentos en su apoyo. Desde el año 1808 hasta el reconocimiento de la independencia de ese extenso continente|volume=2|publisher=A. Durand|place=Paris| date = 1864|language=Spanish|isbn=|ref=harv}} * {{Cite book|last=Crooker|first=Richard A.|title=Argentina|publisher=Infobase Publishing|place=New York, NY, USA| date = 2009|isbn=978-1438104812|ref=harv}} * {{Cite book|last=Crow|first=John A.|title=The Epic of Latin America|url=https://archive.org/details/epicoflatinameri00crow|edition=4th|publisher=University of California Press|place=Berkeley, California| date = 1992|isbn=978-0520077232|ref=harv}} * {{Cite book|last=Díaz Alejandro|first=Carlos F.|title=Essays on the Economic History of the Argentine Republic|url=https://archive.org/details/essaysoneconomic0000diaz|publisher=Yale University Press|place=New Haven, CT, USA| date = 1970|isbn=978-0300011937|ref=harv}} * {{Cite book|last=Dougall|first=Angus|title=The Greatest Racing Driver|publisher=Balboa Press|place=Bloomington, IN, USA| date = 2013|isbn=978-1452510965|ref=harv}} * {{Cite book|last=Edwards|first=Todd L.|title=Argentina: A Global Studies Handbook|url=https://archive.org/details/argentinaglobals0000edwa|publisher=ABC-CLIO|place=Santa Barbara, California| date = 2008|isbn=978-1851099863|ref=harv}} * {{Cite book|last1=Epstein|first1=Edward|last2=Pion-Berlin|first2=David|title=Broken Promises?: The Argentine Crisis and Argentine Democracy|contribution=The Crisis of 2001 and Argentine Democracy|editor-last1=Epstein|editor-first1=Edward|editor-last2=Pion-Berlin|editor-first2=David|publisher=Lexington Books|place=Lanham, MD, USA| date = 2006|pages=3–26|isbn=978-0739109281|ref=harv}} * {{Cite book|last=Fayt|first=Carlos S.|authorlink=Carlos Fayt|title=Derecho Político|volume=I|edition=6th|publisher=Depalma|place=Buenos Aires| date = 1985|language=Spanish|isbn=978-9501402766|ref=harv}} * {{Cite book|last1=Fearns|first1=Les|last2=Fearns|first2=Daisy|title=Argentina|url=https://archive.org/details/argentina0000fear_l2j3|publisher=Evans Brothers|place=London| date = 2005|isbn=978-0237527594|ref=harv}} * {{Cite book|last=Ferro|first=Carlos A.|title=Historia de la Bandera Argentina|publisher=Ediciones Depalma|place=Buenos Aires| date = 1991|language=Spanish|isbn=978-9501406108|ref=harv}} * {{Cite book|last1=Foster|first1=David W.|last2=Lockhart|first2=Melissa F.|last3=Lockhart|first3=Darrell B.|title=Culture and Customs of Argentina|url=https://archive.org/details/culturecustomsof00fost|publisher=Greenwood Publishing Group|place=Westport, CT, USA| date = 1998|isbn=978-0313303197|ref=harv}} * {{Cite book|last=Friedman|first=Ian C.|title=Latino Athletes|publisher=Infobase Publishing|place=New York, NY, USA| date = 2007|isbn=978-1438107844|ref=harv}} * {{Cite book|last=Galasso|first=Norberto|authorlink=Norberto Galasso|title=Historia de la Argentina, vol. I&II|publisher=Colihue|place=Buenos Aires| date = 2011|language=Spanish|isbn=978-9505634781|ref=harv}} * {{Cite book|last=Huntington|first=Samuel P.|authorlink=Samuel P. Huntington|title=Globalization, Power, and Democracy|url=https://archive.org/details/globalizationpow0000unse|contribution=Culture, Power, and Democracy|editor-last=Plattner|editor-first=Marc|editor2-last=Smolar|editor2-first=Aleksander|publisher=The Johns Hopkins University Press|place=Baltimore, MD, USA| date = 2000|pages=[https://archive.org/details/globalizationpow0000unse/page/n3 3]–13|isbn=978-0801865688|ref=harv}} * {{Cite book|last=King|first=John|title=Magical Reels: A History of Cinema in Latin America|url=https://archive.org/details/magicalreelshist0000king_l8g8|series=Critical Studies in Latin American & Iberian Cultures|publisher=Verso|place=London| date = 2000|isbn=978-1859842331|ref=harv}} * {{Cite book|last=Kopka|first=Deborah|title=Central & South America|url=https://archive.org/details/centralsouthamer0000kopk|publisher=Lorenz Educational Press|place=Dayton, OH, USA| date = 2011|isbn=978-1429122511|ref=harv}} * {{Cite book|last=Lake|first=David|title=Globalising the Regional, Regionalising the Global|series=Review of International Studies|volume=35|contribution=Regional Hierarchies: Authority and Local International Order|editor-last=Fawn|editor-first=Rick|publisher=Cambridge University Press|place=Cambridge, UK| date = 2009|pages=35–58|isbn=978-0521759885|ref=harv}} * {{Cite book|last=Levene|first=Ricardo|title=Desde la Revolución de Mayo a la Asamblea de 1813–15|series=Historia del Derecho Argentino|volume=IV|publisher=Editorial G. Kraf|place=Buenos Aires| date = 1948|language=Spanish|isbn=|ref=harv}} * {{Cite book|last=Lewis|first=Daniel K.|title=The History of Argentina|url=https://archive.org/details/historyofargenti00lewi|series=Palgrave Essential Histories Series|publisher=Palgrave Macmillan|place=New York. NY, USA| date = 2003|isbn=978-1403962546|ref=harv}} * {{Cite book|editor-last1=Lewis|editor-first1=M. Paul|editor-last2=Simons|editor-first2=Gary F.|editor-last3=Fennig|editor-first3=Charles D.|title=Ethnologue: Languages of the World|edition=17th|publisher=Summer Institute of Linguistics International|place=Dallas, TX, USA| date = 2014|isbn=|ref=harv}} * {{Cite book|last=Lewis|first=Paul|title=The Crisis of Argentine Capitalism|url=https://archive.org/details/crisisofargentin0000lewi|publisher=University of North Carolina Press|place=Chapel Hill, NC, USA| date = 1990|isbn=978-0807843567|ref=harv}} * {{Cite book|last=Maddison|first=Angus|authorlink=Angus Maddison|title=Monitoring the World Economy 1820–1992|url=https://archive.org/details/monitoringworlde0000madd|publisher=OECD Publishing|place=Paris| date = 1995|isbn=978-9264145498|ref=harv}} * {{Cite book|last=Maddison|first=Angus|authorlink=Angus Maddison|title=The World Economy: A Millennial Perspective|url=https://archive.org/details/worldeconomymill0000angu|publisher=OECD Publishing|place=| date = 2001|isbn=978-9264186545|ref=harv}} * {{Cite book|last1=Maldifassi|first1=José O.|last2=Abetti|first2=Pier A.|title=Defense industries in Latin American countries: Argentina, Brazil, and Chile|url=https://archive.org/details/defenseindustrie0000mald|publisher=Praeger| date = 1994|isbn=978-0275947293|ref=harv}} * {{Cite book|last=Margheritis|first=Ana|title=Argentina's foreign policy: domestic politics and democracy promotion in the Americas|publisher=FirstForumPress|place=Boulder, CO, USA| date = 2010|isbn=978-1935049197|ref=harv}} * {{Cite book|last1=McCloskey|first1=Erin|last2=Burford|first2=Tim|title=Argentina|url=https://archive.org/details/argentina0000mccl|publisher=Bradt Travel Guides|place=Guilford, CT, USA| date = 2006|isbn=978-1841621388|ref=harv}} * {{Cite book|last=McKinney|first=Kevin|title=Everyday geography|url=https://archive.org/details/everydaygeograph0000mcki|publisher=GuildAmerica Books|place=New York, NY, USA| date = 1993|isbn=978-1568650326|ref=harv}} * {{Cite book|last1=Menutti|first1=Adela|last2=Menutti|first2=María Mercedes|title=Geografía Argentina y Universal|publisher=Edil|place=Buenos Aires| date = 1980|language=Spanish|isbn=|ref=harv}} * {{Cite book|last=Morris|first=Michael|title=The Strait of Magellan|series=International Straits of the World|volume=11|editor-last=Mangone|editor-first=Gerard|publisher=Martinus Nijhoff Publishes|place=Dordrecht, The Netherlands| date = 1988|isbn=978-0792301813|ref=harv}} * {{Cite book|last=Mosk|first=Sanford A.|title=People and Issues in Latin American History|volume=II: From Independence to the Present|contribution=Latin America and the World Economy, 1850–1914|editor-last1=Hanke|editor-first1=Lewis|editor-last2=Rausch|editor-first2=Jane M.|publisher=Markus Wiener Publishing|place=New York, NY, USA| date = 1990|pages=86–96|isbn=978-1558760189|ref=harv}} * {{Cite book|editor1-last=Nauright|editor1-first=John|editor2-last=Parrish|editor2-first=Charles|title=Sports around the World: History, Culture, and Practice|volume=3|publisher=ABC-CLIO|place=Santa Barbara, California| date = 2012|isbn=978-1598843019|ref=harv}} * {{Cite book|last=Nierop|first=Tom|title=The Territorial Factor|contribution=The Clash of Civilisations|editor-last=Dijkink|editor-first=Gertjan|editor2-last=Knippenberg|editor2-first=Hans|publisher=Vossiuspers UvA – Amsterdam University Press|place=Amsterdam| date = 2001|pages=51–76|isbn=978-9056291884|ref=harv}} * {{Cite book|last=Papadopoulos|first=Anestis|title=The International Dimension of EU Competition Law and Policy|publisher=Cambridge University Press|place=Cambridge, UK| date = 2010|isbn=978-0521196468|ref=harv}} * {{Cite book|last=Rey Balmaceda|first=Raúl|title=Mi país, la Argentina|publisher=Arte Gráfico Editorial Argentino|place=Buenos Aires| date = 1995|language=Spanish|isbn=84-599-3442-X|ref=harv}} * {{Cite book|last=Rivas|first=José Andrés|title=Santiago en sus letras: antología criticotemática de las letras santiagueñas|publisher=Universidad Nacional de Santiago del Estero|place=Santiago del Estero, SE, Argentina| date = 1989|language=Spanish|ref=harv}} * {{Cite book|last=Robben|first=Antonius C. G. M.|title=Political Violence and Trauma in Argentina|publisher=University of Pennsylvania Press|place=Philadelphia, PA, USA| date = 2011|isbn=978-0812203318|ref=harv}} * {{Cite book|last=Rock|first=David|authorlink=David Rock (historian)|title=Argentina, 1516–1987: From Spanish Colonization to the Falklands War|url=https://archive.org/details/argentina15161980000rock_m1i9|publisher=University of California Press|place=Berkeley, California| date = 1987|isbn=978-0520061781|ref=harv}} * {{Cite book|last=Rodríguez|first=Robert G.|title=The Regulation of Boxing: A History and Comparative Analysis of Policies Among American States|publisher=McFarland|place=Jefferson, NC, USA| date = 2009|isbn=978-0786452842|ref=harv}} * {{Cite book|last=Rosenblat|first=Ángel|authorlink=Ángel Rosenblat|title=El nombre de la Argentina|publisher=EUDEBA – Editorial Universitaria de Buenos Aires|place=Buenos Aires| date = 1964|language=Spanish|isbn=|ref=harv}} * {{Cite book|last=Ruiz-Dana|first=Alejandra|last2=Goldschag|first2=Peter|last3=Claro|first3=Edmundo|last4=Blanco|first4=Hernán|title=Regional Trade Integration and Conflict Resolution|url=https://archive.org/details/regionaltradeint00khan_810|contribution=Regional Integration, Trade and Conflicts in Latin America|editor-last=Khan|editor-first=Shaheen Rafi|publisher=Routledge|place=New York, NY, USA| date = 2009|pages=[https://archive.org/details/regionaltradeint00khan_810/page/n38 15]–44|isbn=978-0415476737|ref=harv}} * {{Cite book|last=Sánchez Viamonte|first=Carlos|title=Historia Institucional Argentina|edition=2nd|publisher=Fondo de Cultura Económica|place=Mexico D. F.| date = 1948|language=Spanish|isbn=|ref=harv}} * {{Cite book|last=Traba|first=Juan|title=Origen de la palabra "¿¡Argentina!?"|publisher=Escuela de Artes Gráficas del Colegio San José|place=Rosario, SF, Argentina| date = 1985|language=Spanish|isbn=|ref=harv}} * {{Cite book|last=Vanossi|first=Jorge R.|series=Cuadernos de ciencia política de la Asociación Argentina de Ciencia Política|volume=2|title=Situación actual del federalismo: aspectos institucionales y económicos, en particular sobre la realidad argentina|publisher=Ediciones Depalma|place=Buenos Aires| date = 1964|language=Spanish|isbn=|ref=harv}} * {{Cite book|last=Wood|first=Bernard|title=The middle powers and the general interest|url=https://archive.org/details/middlepowersgene0000wood|publisher=North–South Institute|place=Ottawa| date = 1988|isbn=978-0920494813|ref=harv}} * {{Cite book|last1=Young|first1=Richard|last2=Cisneros|first2=Odile|title=Historical Dictionary of Latin American Literature and Theater|publisher=Scarecrow Press|place=Lanham, MD, USA| date = 2010|isbn=978-0810874985|ref=harv}} * {{Cite book|last=Young|first=Ronald|title=Encyclopedia of World Geography|volume=I|contribution=Argentina|editor-last=McColl|editor-first=Robert W.|publisher=Golson Books|place=New York, NY, USA| date = 2005|pages=51–53|isbn=978-0816072293|ref=harv}} {{refend}} ==Mga sumpay ha gawas== {{sister project links|voy=Argentina|n=Argentina}} ;Gobyerno * {{external link|url=http://www.argentina.gob.ar/|name=Argentina|official=yes|language=es}} ;Biyahe ngan turismo * {{external link|url=http://www.turismo.gov.ar/eng/menu.htm|name=Argentina Ministry of Tourism|official=yes}} * {{external link|url=http://www.argentina.travel/en|name=National Institute of Tourism Promotion|official=yes}} ;Bawbaw nga paglantaw * {{CIA World Factbook link|ar|Argentina}} * {{dmoz|Regional/South_America/Argentina}} * {{external link|url=http://lanic.utexas.edu/la/argentina/|name=Argentina|site=[[Latin American Network Information Center]]}} * {{external link|url=http://ucblibraries.colorado.edu/govpubs/for/argentina.htm|name=Argentina|site=[[University of Colorado Boulder|University Libraries – University of Colorado Boulder]]}} * {{external link|url=http://www.ifs.du.edu/ifs/frm_CountryProfile.aspx?Country=AR|name=Key Development Forecasts for Argentina|site=[[International Futures]]}} * {{osmrelation-inline|286393}} * {{Wikipedia books link|Argentina}} * {{Wikiatlas|Argentina}} [[Kaarangay:Mga nasod ha Salatan nga Amerika]] [[Kaarangay:Argentina (Argentinidae)]] etcnxxcedz9iitn9w9ophfj2a3pofnf 0 8832 7782312 7643548 2026-04-07T05:54:29Z InternetArchiveBot 41587 Add 1 book for verifiability (20260407)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 7782312 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Fayl:Milkfish.jpg|right|thumb|300 px|Bangus - usa ka klase nga '''Isda''']] An '''Isda''' amo an usa ka [[hayop]] nga ugsob mabilngan ha dagat ug ha matab-ang nga tubig, may butaktok, may hasang, ngan hingbis. May ada lahos 32,000 na species an isda. Kadam'an san kaisdaan amo in gintatawag na ''ectothermic'' o ''cold blooded''. Daramo na klase sin isda an mahihiagian sa palibot sa Pilipinas. An mga masunod amo an mga kilala na isda; [[bangus]], tarukitok, [[pating]], tambantamban, [[lahing]], karpa, kipot, tangigi, unas, [[pantat]], [[haruan]], [[matambaka]], [[buraw]], sagision, iito, [[tilapia]], bangkulis, [[iliw]], [[malasugi]], [[sapsap]], baraka, bakoko, [[balanak]] ngan galunggong . [[Paypay:Cyprinus carpio.jpeg|thumbnail|Karpa]] ==Ebolusyon== Una na ginuwas an isda sadton ''[[Cambrian explosion]]'', mga 530 milyon katuig an nakalabay. An mga una na isda sigun san mga ''fossil record'' amo in digto, waray sulang, ngan ''armored'', ngan gintatawag na '''ostracoderms'''. ''Extinct'' na haros an linya san mga waray sulang na isda. Sayo na ''extant clade'', an ''lampreys'' an napareho san mga sadton wara sulang na isda. Sa ''Placoderm fossils'' an una mga sulang san isda ginuwas, san panahon sa ''Silurian''. Ngan ginsundan na ini san pagkaguwas ngan pagdaramo san mga pating. ==Taxonomiya== Ginbabahin sa tulo na ''extant class'' ngan an extinct danay sakob san tulo na extant og may kalugaringun na ''class'' sa traditional na klasipikasyon san mga isda:<ref name="Romer, A 1977">[[Alfred Romer|Romer, A.S]]. & T.S. Parsons. 1977. ''The Vertebrate Body.'' 5th ed. Saunders, Philadelphia. (6th ed. 1985)</ref><ref>Benton, M. J. (1998) The quality of the fossil record of vertebrates. Pp. 269–303, in Donovan, S. K. and Paul, C. R. C. (eds), The adequacy of the fossil record, Fig. 2. Wiley, New York, 312 pp.</ref> * Class [[Agnatha]] (''jawless fish'') ** Subclass [[Cyclostomata]] (''hagfish'' ngan ''lamprey'') ** Subclass [[Ostracodermi]] (''armoured jawless fish'') † * Class [[Chondrichthyes]] (cartilaginous fish) ** Subclass [[Elasmobranchii]] (mga [[pating]] ngan [[pagi]]) ** Subclass [[Holocephali]] ([[chimaera]]s ngan ''extinct relatives'') * Class [[Placodermi]] (''armoured fish'') † * Class [[Acanthodii]] ("spiny sharks", danay sakob san bony fishes)† * Class [[Osteichthyes]] (''bony fish'') ** Subclass [[Actinopterygii]] (''ray finned fishes'') ** Subclass [[Sarcopterygii]] (''fleshy finned fishes'', ninuno san tetrapods) ==Anatomiya== [[File:Lampanyctodes hectoris (Hector's lanternfish).svg|thumb|350px|An anatomiya san ''Lampanyctodes hectoris'' <br /> (1) – operculum (takop san hasang), (2) – lateral line, (3) – dorsal fin, (4) – fat fin, (5) – caudal peduncle, (6) – caudal fin, (7) – anal fin, (8) – photophores, (9) – pelvic fins (paired), (10) – pectoral fins (magpadis)]] ===Hasang=== Kadam'an san isda nakuha hangin pinaagi san [[hasang]] na ada sa ligid sa ngala-ngala san isda. May'ada mga mali-ulang na struktura an hasang na tinatawag na ''filaments''. An kada filament may'ada ''capillary network'' na may darako na ''surface area'' para san pagsalyo [[oxygen]] sa [[carbon dioxide]]. Nakuha an isda hangin pinaagi sa pahigop tubig na mayaman sa oxygen ngan ibubuga pagawas sa hasang. Sa iba na isda, an agos san dugo baliktad na direksyon san agos san ginhigop na tubig, an ''countercurrent exchange''. Ginbubuga san hasang an ''oxygen-poor'' na tubig pagawas. An isda sugad san [[pating]] ngan [[lamprey]], mayada daramon na gawasan an hasang. An ''bony fish'' o tonukon na isda may'ada la sayo na gawasan an hasang na natatakpan san [[operculum (fish)|operculum]]. An bata pa na ''bichir'' may'ada hasang na nakagawas, napareho ini san larva na [[ampibyan]]. ===Kasing-kasing=== May'ada ''closed-loop circulatory system'' an isda. Ginbobomba an dugo sa [[kasing-kasing]] sa bug'os na lawas. An kadam'an sa isda may kasing-kasing na may upat na parte, kaupod an duha na ''chambers'' ngan an suluran ngan guwaan.<ref name="Setaro">{{Cite book|last=Setaro|first=John F.| date = 1999|title=Circulatory System|publisher=Microsoft Encarta 99}}</ref> An una na parte amo an [[sinus venosus]], usa na manipis na ''sac'' na kolekta san dugo tikang sa mga ugat antis ipaagus ngadto sa ikaduha na parte, an [[Atrium (kasing-kasing)|atrium]], na usa na darako na ''chamber'' o kwarto. Nagseserbi an atrium na ''one-way'' na ''antechamber'', nagdadara san dugo pakadto san ikatulo na parte, an [[Ventricle (heart)|ventricle]]. An ventricle amo in usa na ''thick-walled'', ngan maskulado na kwarto ngan nagbobomba san dugo pakadto sa ikaupat na parte, an [[bulbus arteriosus]], usa na dako na tubo, ngan paguwas san kasing-kasing. An ''bulbus arteriosus'' nagkokonekta sa [[aorta]], kun diin naagi an dugo pakadto sa hasang para sa ''oxygenation''. ===Hingbis=== An hingbis san isda nagtitikang sa ''mesoderm'' (panit); pareho sini an istruktura sa tango. ==Pinanbasaran== {{Mga kasarigan}} ==Mga reperensya== {{refbegin}} * {{Cite web |last1=Eschmeyer |first1=William N. |last2=Fong |first2=Jon David |date=2013 |url=http://researcharchive.calacademy.org/research/ichthyology/ |title=Catalog of Fishes |publisher=California Academy of Sciences }} * {{Cite book|last1=Helfman|first1=G.|last2=Collette|first2=B.|last3=Facey|first3=D.|title=The Diversity of Fishes|url=https://archive.org/details/diversityoffishe0000helf|publisher=Wiley-Blackwell|date=1997|isbn=978-0-86542-256-8|ref=harv|edition=1st}} * {{Cite book|last1=Moyle |first1=Peter B. |last2=Cech |first2=Joseph J. | date = 2003 |title=Fishes, An Introduction to Ichthyology |url=https://archive.org/details/fishesintroducti0000moyl_j9n1 |edition=5th |publisher=Benjamin Cummings |isbn=978-0-13-100847-2}} * {{Cite book |last=Nelson |first=Joseph S. |authorlink=Joseph S. Nelson |date=2006 |title=Fishes of the World |edition=4th |publisher=John Wiley & Sons |isbn=9780471756446 |format=PDF |url=http://www.somas.stonybrook.edu/~conover/Textbooks/Fishes%2520of%2520the%2520World%2C%25204th%2520ed.%2520Joseph%2520S.%2520Nelson.pdf |archiveurl=http://web.archive.org/web/20130305052159/http://www.somas.stonybrook.edu/~conover/Textbooks/Fishes%20of%20the%20World,%204th%20ed.%20Joseph%20S.%20Nelson.pdf |archivedate=5 Marso 2013 |accessdate=30 Abril 2013 |ref=harv }} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130305052159/http://www.somas.stonybrook.edu/~conover/Textbooks/Fishes%20of%20the%20World%2C%204th%20ed.%20Joseph%20S.%20Nelson.pdf |date=2013-03-05 }} {{Cite web |title=Archived copy |url=http://www.somas.stonybrook.edu/~conover/Textbooks/Fishes%20of%20the%20World,%204th%20ed.%20Joseph%20S.%20Nelson.pdf |access-date=25 Enero 2015 |archive-date=5 Marso 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130305052159/http://www.somas.stonybrook.edu/~conover/Textbooks/Fishes%20of%20the%20World,%204th%20ed.%20Joseph%20S.%20Nelson.pdf |url-status= }} {{refend}} ==Padugang nga barasahon== * {{Cite book|last1=Helfman |first1=G. |last2=Collette |first2=B. |last3=Facey |first3=D. |last4=Bowen |first4=B. | date = 2009 |url=http://www.blackwellpublishing.com/helfman/ |title=The Diversity of Fishes: Biology, Evolution, and Ecology |publisher=Wiley-Blackwell |isbn=978-1-4051-2494-2 |edition=2nd}} * Moyle, Peter B. (1993) [http://books.google.co.nz/books?id=cu-J9tqy4IQC&printsec=frontcover&dq=Fish:+An+Enthusiast%27s+Guide&hl=en&sa=X&ei=YUp3Up_UCo6jiAf3z4CADA&ved=0CC8Q6AEwAA#v=onepage&q=Fish%3A%20An%20Enthusiast%27s%20Guide&f=false ''Fish: An Enthusiast's Guide''] University of California Press. ISBN 9780520916654 – good lay text. * [[Neil Shubin|Shubin, Neil]] (2009) [http://books.google.co.nz/books?id=c008kdNwR1cC&dq=%22Your+Inner+Fish%22&hl=en&sa=X&ei=1qOyUJCqOorsmAX5xYCwDg&ved=0CDAQ6AEwAA ''Your inner fish: A journey into the 3.5 billion year history of the human body''] Vintage Books. ISBN 9780307277459. [http://www.uctv.tv/search-details.aspx?showID=16412 ''UCTV'' interview] ==Mga sumpay ha gawas== {{Commons category multi|Fish|Actinopterygii|align=right|Marine aquarium fish|Freshwater aquarium fish}} {{Wiktionary|fish}} {{Wikispecies|Actinopterygii}} {{EB1911 poster|Fish}} * [http://db.angfa.org.au/ ANGFA] – Illustrated database of freshwater fishes of Australia and New Guinea * [http://www.fischinfos.de/ Fischinfos.de] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111130234923/http://fischinfos.de/ |date=2011-11-30 }} – Illustrated database of the freshwater fishes of Germany {{de icon}} * [http://www.fishbase.org/ FishBase online] – Comprehensive database with information on over 29,000 fish species * [http://fishdata.siu.edu/ Fisheries and Illinois Aquaculture Center] {{Webarchive|url=https://archive.is/20121215023321/http://fishdata.siu.edu/ |date=2012-12-15 }} – Data outlet for fisheries and aquaculture research center in the central US * [http://www.poppe-images.com/ Philippines Fishes] – Database with thousands of Philippine Fishes photographed in natural habitat * [http://www.nativefish.org/ The Native Fish Conservancy] – Conservation and study of North American freshwater fishes * [http://www.fao.org/fi/website/FIRetrieveAction.do?dom=topic&fid=2888 United Nation] – Fisheries and Aquaculture Department: Fish and seafood utilization * [http://content.lib.washington.edu/cgi-bin/queryresults.exe?CISOOP=adv&CISORESTMP=%2Fsite-templates%2Fsearch_results-sub.html&CISOVIEWTMP=%2Fsite-templates%2Fitem_viewer.html&CISOMODE=thumb&CISOGRID=thumbnail%2CA%2C1%3Btitle%2CA%2C1%3Bsubjec%2CA%2C0%3Bdescri%2C200%2C0%3B0%2CA%2C0%3B10&CISOBIB=title%2CA%2C1%2CN%3Bsubjec%2CA%2C0%2CN%3Bdescri%2CK%2C0%2CN%3B0%2CA%2C0%2CN%3B0%2CA%2C0%2CN%3B10&CISOTHUMB=3%2C5&CISOTITLE=10&CISOPARM=%2Ffishimages%3Asubjec%3Afish&x=20&y=1 University of Washington Libraries Digital Collections]{{Dead link|date=December 2020 |bot=InternetArchiveBot }} – Digital collection of freshwater and marine fish images * {{Cite NIE|wstitle=Fish| date = 1905|author=[[Charles B. Davenport]]; [[Ernest Ingersoll]] |short=x}} [[Kaarangay:Isda|Isda]] [[Kaarangay:hayop]] fc87bfvo2s5ow0oiyjyawesfue6w4d6 0 8847 7782378 7748784 2026-04-07T07:26:24Z InternetArchiveBot 41587 Add 2 books for verifiability (20260407)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 7782378 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox Nasod |native_name = {{lang|es|República de Cuba}} |conventional_long_name = Republika han Cuba |common_name = Cuba |image_flag = Flag of Cuba.svg |image_coat = Coat of Arms of Cuba.svg |symbol_type = Eskudo |image_map = Cuba (orthographic projection).svg | national_motto = <br>{{native phrase|es|"¡Patria o Muerte, Venceremos!"|italics=off|nolink=on}}<br />{{small|"¡Iroy nga Tuna o Kamatayan, magdadaog hi kitá!!"}}{{lower|0.2em|<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.bc.gob.cu/english/cuban_bills.asp |title=Cuban Peso Bills |publisher=Central Bank of Cuba |date=2015 |accessdate=Pebrero 14, 2017 |archive-date= 26 Septyembre 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180926193856/http://www.bc.gob.cu/English/cuban_bills.asp |url-status=dead }}</ref><!--end lower:-->}}<br>{{•}}<br>"{{lang|es|[[Mga trabahador han kalibotan, paghiusá!|¡Trabajadores del mundo, únanse!]]}}"<br />{{small|"¡Mga trabahador han kalibotan, paghiusá!"}} | national_anthem = ''[[La Bayamesa]]''<br />{{raise|0.2em|{{small|''An Bayamesa''&nbsp;}}{{lower|0.2em|<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://mipais.cuba.cu/cat_en.php?idcat=91&idpadre=83&nivel=2 |title=National symbols |publisher=Government of Cuba |accessdate=Septyembre 7, 2009}}</ref><!--end lower:-->}}<!--end raise:-->}}<br /><center>[[File:Cuban national anthem (abridged version), performed by the U.S. Navy Band.oga]]</center> |official_languages = [[Kinatsila nga yinaknan|Kinatsila]] |demonym = Cubano |ethnic_groups = 65.05% [[Europeo nga etniko nga grupo|Europeo]] ([[Espanyol nga katawhan|Espanyol]], [[Franses nga katawhan|Franses]], iba), 10.08% [[Afro-Cubano|Afrikano]] ([[Yoruba nga katawhan|Yoruba]], [[Igbo nga katawyan|Igbo]], iba), 23.84% [[Mulatto]] & [[Mestizo]]<ref>{{Cite web |title=Official 2002 Cuban Census |url=http://www.cubagob.cu/otras_info/censo/tablas_html/ii_3.htm |access-date= 22 Abril 2009 |archive-date= 14 Abril 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110414135412/http://www.cubagob.cu/otras_info/censo/tablas_html/ii_3.htm |url-status=dead }}</ref> |capital = [[La Habana]] |latd=23 |latm=8 |latNS=N |longd=82 |longm=23 |longEW=W |largest_city = La Habana |government_type = [[Sosyalista nga Republika]],<br />[[Usa-nga-partido nga estado|Usa-nga-partido]] nga [[estado komunista]] |leader_title1 = [[Konseho han Estado han Cuba|Presidente]] |leader_name1 = [[Miguel Díaz-Canel]] |leader_title2 = [[Konsehon hin mga Ministro han Cuba|Premier]] |leader_name2 = [[Manuel Marrero Cruz]] |area_rank = ika-105 |area_magnitude = 1_E11 |area = 110,861 |area_km2 = 110,861 |area_sq_mi = 42,803 <!--Do not remove per [[WP:MOSNUM]]--> |percent_water = waray bale |population_estimate = 11,423,952<ref name="CIApop">{{Cite web |title=Archived copy |url=https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/cu.html#People |access-date= 22 Abril 2009 |archive-date= 10 Pebrero 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160210152814/https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/cu.html#People |url-status=dead }}</ref> |population_estimate_year = 2008 |population_estimate_rank = ika-73 |population_census = 11,177,743 |population_census_year = 2002 |population_density = 102 |population_density_km2 = 102 |population_density_sq_mi = 264 <!--Do not remove per [[WP:MOSNUM]]--> |population_density_rank = ika-97 |GDP_PPP_year = 2008 |GDP_PPP = $108.2 ka bilyon<ref name="CIAfactbookCuba">{{Citation|url= https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/cu.html|title= Cuba|publisher= CIA World Factbook|accessdate= 6 Abril 2009|archive-date= 10 Pebrero 2016|archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20160210152814/https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/cu.html|url-status= dead}}</ref> |GDP_PPP_rank = |GDP_PPP_per_capita = $9,500<ref name=CIAfactbookCuba /> |GDP_PPP_per_capita_rank = |GDP_nominal_year = 2008 |GDP_nominal = $55.18 ka bilyon<ref name="CIAfactbookCuba"/> |GDP_nominal_rank = |GDP_nominal_per_capita = $4,830<ref name="CIApop"/><ref name="CIAfactbookCuba"/> |GDP_nominal_per_capita_rank = | Gini = 38.0 <!--number only--> | Gini_year = 2000 | Gini_ref = <ref>{{Cite news |title=Cuba grapples with growing inequality |url=https://www.reuters.com/article/2008/04/10/us-cuba-reform-inequality-idUSN1033501920080410 |accessdate=21 Hulyo 2013 |newspaper=Reuters |archive-date=17 Septyembre 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130917130622/http://www.reuters.com/article/2008/04/10/us-cuba-reform-inequality-idUSN1033501920080410 |url-status=dead }}</ref> | Gini_rank = | HDI = 0.775 <!--number only--> | HDI_year = 2015 <!--Please use the year to which the HDI data refers, not the year of publication--> | HDI_change = paghitaas <!--increase/decrease/steady--> | HDI_ref = <ref>{{Cite web|title=Table 2: Trends in the Human Development Index, 1990–2014|url=http://hdr.undp.org/en/composite/trends|publisher=United Nations Development Programme|accessdate=15 Disyembre 2015}}</ref> | HDI_rank = ika-68<!--Please see talk page before adding a reference here again--> |sovereignty_type = [[Independensya]] |sovereignty_note = tikang han [[Espanya]] |established_event1 = Gindeklara^c |established_event2 = Gindeklara in Republika |established_event3 = [[Cubano nga Rebolusyon]] |established_date1 = Oktubre 10, 1868 |established_date2 = Mayo 20, 1902<br /> tikang han [[Estados Unidos]] |established_date3 = Enero 1, 1959 |currency = [[Cubano nga peso]] <!--kludge to deal with fact that template expects only one currency per country:-->(<code>[[ISO 4217|CUP]]</code>)<br />[[Cubano nga nababalhin nga peso|Nababalhin nga peso]] ^d |currency_code = CUC |time_zone = |utc_offset = -5 |time_zone_DST = (Natikang hit Marso 11; natapos hit Nobyembre 4) |utc_offset_DST = -4 |drives_on = tuo |cctld = [[.cu]] |calling_code = 53 |footnotes = ^a Sugad han naipakita dida han obverso nga bahin han 1992 nga coin<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.sonic.net/~figgins/cuba/coin.gif |title=1992 coin |author=Sonic.net| accessdate= 26 Septyembre 2006}}</ref> (Tigamni nga an Kinatsila nga pulong "Patria" usa nga binabayi nga pulong ngan puyde ini maihubad ha Winaray nga "Duyan" o "Lugar nga Natawhan" or "Iroy nga Tuna".)<br />^bAn [[Konstitusyon han Cuba]] nasiring nga an "''Cuba usa nga independyente ngan soberano nga sosyalista nga estado [Artikulo 1] ngan an ngaran han Cubano nga estado amo an Republika han Cuba [Artikuko 2]''."<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.cubanet.org/ref/dis/const_92_e.htm|title=The Cuban constitution|accessdate= 29 Enero 2007|author=Government of Cuba|archive-date= 17 Mayo 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130517085739/http://www.cubanet.org/ref/dis/const_92_e.htm|url-status=dead}}</ref> An kagamit han "sosyalista nga republika" agod maipahayag an estilo hin pan-gobyernohan ha Cuba haros uniforme, bisan man kon in mga porma hin gobyerno waray unibersal nga ginkakasabotan nga tipolohya. Pananglitan, Atlapedia<ref>{{Cite web| url= http://www.atlapedia.com/online/countries/cuba.htm |author=Atlapedia|title=Cuba}}</ref> nagdedeskribir hini nga "Unitaryo nga Sosyalista nga Republika"; An ''Encyclopædia Britannica''<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://wwwa.britannica.com/eb/article-54401|author=Encyclopædia Britannica|authorlink=Encyclopædia Britannica|title=Cuba|accessdate= 29 Enero 2007|archive-date= 7 Mayo 2006|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060507181811/http://wwwa.britannica.com/eb/article-54401|url-status=dead}}</ref> diri nagamit han pulong nga "unitaryo" sugad hit kadam-an nga mga barasahon.<br />^c Ha pagtikang han [[Napulo ka Tuig nga Gyera]].<br />^d Tikang han 1993 tubtob 2004 an [[dolyar han Estados Unidos|U.S. dollar]] gin-gamit upod han peso tubtob han pagsalyo-a han dolyar han nababalhin nga peso. }} An '''Republika han Cuba''' (ha [[Kinatsila]]: '''República de Cuba''') usa nga nasod ha Dagat han Antillas o Dagat Caribe. Ini nga nasod naglalakip han [[Isla han Cuba]], nga amo an gidako-i ngan ikaduha nga gidamo-i hin tawo nga isla han [[Antillas Mayores]], an [[Isla de la Juventud]], ngan pipira nga mga gudti-gudti nga mga puro o isla nga hagrani. [[La Habana]] an gidakoi nga syudad ngan amo an kapital han nasod. An [[Santiago de Cuba]] ngan [[Camagüey]] mga importante liwat nga mga Cubano nga syudad. Mga kilalado liwat nga mga gurugudti nga mga bungto amo an: [[Baracoa]] (nga amo an syahan nga gin-ukyan han Espanyoles ha Cuba), [[Trinidad, Cuba|Trinidad]] (usa nga [[UNESCO nga sityo hin herensya han kalibutan]] ), ngan [[Bayamo]]. An Cuba mayda populasyon nga 11 ka ribo o milyon nga tawo ngan amo an gidamoi hin populasyon nga islahanon nga nasod ha Caribe. An katawhan hini, kultura, ngan mga kustumbre tikang hin mga dirudilain nga mga pinanguhaan sugad han: an mga tuminongnong nga mga [[Taíno]] ngan [[Ciboney]] nga mga tawo; an panahon han [[Espanyol nga Imperyo|pagkolonisar han Espanya]]; an pagdara han [[Pag-uripon ha Espanyol nga Bag-o nga Kalibutan nga mga kolonya|Africano nga mga uripon]]; ngan an kaharani hini han [[Estados Unidos]]. An ngaran nga ''Cuba'' tikang han Taíno nga yinaknan ngan bisan man kon an iksakto nga kahulogan diri klaro, puyde ini mahubad nga "an lugar nga diin an mabinungahon nga tuna damo" (''cubao'' ha orihinal nga Taíno)<ref>www.alfredcarrada.org/notes8.html</ref>, o kundi man an "dako nga lugar" (''coabana'').<ref>members.dandy.net/~orocobix/terms1.htm</ref> An nasodnon nga bukad amo an "[[Hedychium coronarium|flor de mariposa]]" (Bukad han Alibangbang) ngan an nasodnon nga tamsi amo an ''Tocororo'' o an [[Cubano nga Trogon]].<ref>http://www.dtcuba.com/CubaInfoDetails.aspx?c=9&lng=2</ref> ==Administratibo nga pagbahinbahin== An Cuba mayda napulo kag upat (14) nga mga lalawigan o probinsya ngan usa nga ispisyal nga munisipalidad (an [[Isla de la Juventud]]). Ini han una mga kabahin hin unom nga darudako nga mga lalawigan: Pinar del Río, La Habana, Matanzas, Las Villas, Camagüey ngan Oriente. An mga yana nga mga pagbahin-bahin baga hin sugad han mga probinsya militar han panahon han Mga Gyera hin Paglugaring ha Cuba, nga diin an mga lugar nga gidako-i hin samok ginbahin-bahin. {| align=center |colspan=4|{{Mapa han Mga Lalawigan han Cuba|Map=Cuba Provinces-map.png|width=500px}} |- |align=right|'''1''' |colspan=3|[[Isla de la Juventud]] (''Puro han Kabatan-on'' o ''Puro han Pagkabata'') |- |align=right|'''2''' |[[Pinar del Río (probinsya)|Pinar del Río]] |align=right|'''9''' |[[Ciego de Ávila (probinsya)|Ciego de Ávila]] |- |align=right|'''3''' |[[La Habana (probinsya)|La Habana]] (''An Habana'') |align=right|'''10''' |[[Camagüey (probinsya)|Camagüey]] |- |align=right|'''4''' |[[La Habana|Ciudad de la Habana]] (''Syudad han Habana'') |align=right|'''11''' |[[Las Tunas (probinsya)|Las Tunas]] |- |align=right|'''5''' |[[Matanzas (probinsya)|Matanzas]] |align=right| '''12''' |[[Granma (probinsya)|Granma]] |- |align=right|'''6''' |[[Cienfuegos (probinsya)|Cienfuegos]] |align=right|'''13''' |[[Holguín (probinsya)|Holguín]] |- |align=right|'''7''' |[[Villa Clara (probinsya)|Villa Clara]] |align=right|'''14''' |[[Santiago de Cuba (probinsya)|Santiago de Cuba]] |- |align=right|'''8''' |[[Sancti Spíritus (probinsya)|Sancti Spíritus]] |align=right|'''15''' |[[Guantánamo (probinsya)|Guantánamo]] |- |} An mga lalawigan ginbahin-bahin pa ngadto hin usa ka gatos kapitoan (170) nga mga [[Mga Munisipyo han Cuba|munisipyo]]. ==Pinanbasaran== {{Mga kasarigan}} ==Bibliograpiya== {{Refbegin|30em|indent=yes}} :{{Cite journal |last= Albornoz |first= Sara Carrillo de | date = 2006 |title= On a mission: how Cuba uses its doctors abroad |journal= [[BMJ]] |volume= 333 |page= 464 |jstor= 40700096 |ref= harv |doi=10.1136/bmj.333.7566.464}} :{{Cite book |last= Alvarez |first= José |date= 2001 |chapter= Rationed Products and Something Else: Food Availability and Distribution in 2000 |chapterurl= http://www.ascecuba.org/publications/proceedings/volume11/pdfs/alvarez.pdf |title= Cuba in Transition, Volume&nbsp;11 |url= http://www.ascecuba.org/publications/proceedings/volume11/ |location= Silver Spring,&nbsp;MD |publisher= [[Association for the Study of the Cuban Economy|ASCE]] |pages= 305–322 |isbn= 0-9649082-0-4 |accessdate= 25 Marso 2013 |ref= harv }} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140907034414/http://www.ascecuba.org/publications/proceedings/volume11/ |date=2014-09-07 }} {{Cite web |title=Archived copy |url=http://www.ascecuba.org/publications/proceedings/volume11/ |access-date=2015-01-12 |archive-date=2014-09-07 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140907034414/http://www.ascecuba.org/publications/proceedings/volume11/ |url-status= }} :{{Cite book |last= Alvarez |first= José |date= 2004 |title= Cuban Agriculture Before 1959: The Social Situation |url= http://edis.ifas.ufl.edu/pdffiles/FE/FE48000.pdf |location= Gainesville,&nbsp;FL |publisher= Department of Food and Resource Economics, [[University of Florida]] |accessdate= 25 Marso 2013 |ref= harv }} :{{Cite book |last= Baklanoff |first= Eric N. |date= 1998 |chapter= Cuba on the Eve of the Socialist Transition: A Reassessment of the Backwardness-Stagnation Thesis |chapterurl= http://www.ascecuba.org/publications/proceedings/volume8/pdfs/31baklanoff.pdf |title= Cuba in Transition, Volume&nbsp;8 |url= http://www.ascecuba.org/publications/proceedings/volume8/ |location= Silver Spring,&nbsp;MD |publisher= [[Association for the Study of the Cuban Economy|ASCE]] |pages= 260–272 |isbn= 0-9649082-7-1 |accessdate= 25 Marso 2013 |ref= harv }} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140907030637/http://www.ascecuba.org/publications/proceedings/volume8/ |date=2014-09-07 }} {{Cite web |title=Archived copy |url=http://www.ascecuba.org/publications/proceedings/volume8/ |access-date=2015-01-12 |archive-date=2014-09-07 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140907030637/http://www.ascecuba.org/publications/proceedings/volume8/ |url-status= }} :{{Cite book |editor1-last= Chomsky |editor1-first= Aviva |editor1-link= Aviva Chomsky |editor2-last= Carr |editor2-first= Barry |editor3-last= Smorkaloff |editor3-first= Pamela Maria | date = 2004 |title= The Cuba Reader: History, Culture, Politics |location= Durham,&nbsp;NC |publisher= [[Duke University Press]] |isbn= 978-0-8223-3197-1 |ref= harv }} :{{Cite book |last= Corbett |first= Ben |date= 2002 |title= This Is Cuba: An Outlaw Culture Survives |url= https://archive.org/details/thisiscubaoutlaw0000corb |publisher= [[Westview Press]] |isbn= 978-0-8133-3826-2 |ref= harv }} :{{Cite book |last1= Crespo |first1= Nicolás |last2= Negrón Díaz |first2= Santos |date= 1997 |chapter= Cuban Tourism in 2007: Economic Impact |chapterurl= http://www.ascecuba.org/publications/proceedings/volume7/pdfs/crespo.pdf |title= Cuba in Transition, Volume&nbsp;7 |url= http://www.ascecuba.org/publications/proceedings/volume7/ |location= Silver Spring,&nbsp;MD |publisher= [[Association for the Study of the Cuban Economy|ASCE]] |pages= 150–161 |isbn= 0-9649082-6-3 |accessdate= 25 Marso 2013 |ref= harv }} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140907031509/http://www.ascecuba.org/publications/proceedings/volume7/ |date=2014-09-07 }} {{Cite web |title=Archived copy |url=http://www.ascecuba.org/publications/proceedings/volume7/ |access-date=2015-01-12 |archive-date=2014-09-07 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140907031509/http://www.ascecuba.org/publications/proceedings/volume7/ |url-status= }} :{{Cite book |last= Domínguez |first= Jorge I. |authorlink= Jorge I. Dominguez |date= 1978 |title= Cuba: Order and Revolution |url= https://archive.org/details/cubaorderrevolut0000domn |location= Cambridge,&nbsp;MA |publisher= [[Belknap Press]] |isbn= 978-0-674-17925-7 |ref= harv }} :{{Cite book |last= Domínguez |first= Jorge I. |date= 1989 |title= To Make a World Safe for Revolution: Cuba's Foreign Policy |url= https://archive.org/details/tomakeworldsafef0000domi |location= Cambridge,&nbsp;MA |publisher= [[Harvard University Press]] |isbn= 978-0-674-89325-2 |ref= CITEREFDomínguez1989 }} :{{Cite book |last= Domínguez |first= Jorge I. |date= 2003 |title= A Constitution for Cuba's Political Transition: The Utility of Retaining (and Amending) the 1992 Constitution |url= http://www.people.fas.harvard.edu/~jidoming/images/jid_constitution.PDF |location= Coral Gables,&nbsp;FL |publisher= Institute for Cuban and Cuban-American Studies, [[University of Miami]] |isbn= 978-1-932385-04-5 |accessdate= 19 Agosto 2012 |ref= CITEREFDomínguez2003 }} :{{Cite book |last= Espino |first= María Dolores |date= 2000 |chapter= Cuban Tourism During the Special Period |chapterurl= http://www.ascecuba.org/publications/proceedings/volume10/pdfs/espino.pdf |title= Cuba in Transition, Volume&nbsp;10 |url= http://www.ascecuba.org/publications/proceedings/volume10/ |location= Silver Spring,&nbsp;MD |publisher= [[Association for the Study of the Cuban Economy|ASCE]] |pages= |isbn= 0-9649082-8-X |accessdate= 25 Marso 2013 |ref= harv }} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140907033348/http://www.ascecuba.org/publications/proceedings/volume10/ |date=2014-09-07 }} {{Cite web |title=Archived copy |url=http://www.ascecuba.org/publications/proceedings/volume10/ |access-date=2015-01-12 |archive-date=2014-09-07 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140907033348/http://www.ascecuba.org/publications/proceedings/volume10/ |url-status= }} :{{Cite journal |last= Falk |first= Pamela S. |date= 1988 |title= Washing and Havana |url= https://archive.org/details/sim_wilson-quarterly_winter-1988_12_5/page/64 |journal= [[The Wilson Quarterly]] |volume= 12 |issue= 5 |pages= 64–74 |jstor= 40257732 |ref= harv }} :{{Cite journal |last= Feinsilver |first= Julie M. |date= 1989 |title= Cuba as a 'World Medical Power': The Politics of Symbolism |url= https://archive.org/details/sim_latin-american-research-review_1989_24_2/page/n4 |journal= Latin American Research Review |volume= 24 |issue= 2 |pages= 1–34 |jstor= 2503679 |ref= harv }} :{{Cite book |author= Gebru Tareke <!-- Ethiopian names, remember! --> |date= 2009 |title= The Ethiopian Revolution: War in the Horn of Africa |url= https://archive.org/details/ethiopianrevolut0000gebr |location= New Haven,&nbsp;CT |publisher= [[Yale University Press]] |isbn= 978-0-300-14163-4 |ref= CITEREFTareke2009 }} :{{Cite journal |last= Gleijeses |first= Piero |authorlink= Piero Gleijeses |date= 1994 |title= 'Flee! The White Giants are Coming!': The United States, the Mercenaries, and the Congo, 1964–1965 |url= http://vi.uh.edu/pages/buzzmat/DH%20articles/gleijeses%20flee%20the%20white%20giants.pdf |journal= [[Society for Historians of American Foreign Relations|Diplomatic History]] |volume= 18 |issue= 2 |pages= 207–237 |ref= harv |doi= 10.1111/j.1467-7709.1994.tb00611.x |access-date= 12 Enero 2015 |archive-date= 17 Enero 2013 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20130117013342/http://vi.uh.edu/pages/buzzmat/DH%20articles/gleijeses%20flee%20the%20white%20giants.pdf |url-status= dead }} :{{Cite journal |last= Gleijeses |first= Piero | date = 1996 |title= Cuba's First Venture in Africa: Algeria, 1961–1965 |journal= [[Journal of Latin American Studies]] |volume= 28 |issue= 1 |pages= 159–195 |jstor= 157991 |ref= CITEREFGleijeses1996 |doi=10.1017/s0022216x00012670}} :{{Cite journal |last= Gleijeses |first= Piero | date = 1997 |title= The First Ambassadors: Cuba's Contribution to Guinea-Bissau's War of Independence |journal= Journal of Latin American Studies |volume= 29 |issue= 1 |pages= 45–88 |jstor= 158071 |ref= CITEREFGleijeses1997 |doi=10.1017/s0022216x96004646}} :{{Cite book |last= Gleijeses |first= Piero | date = 2002 |title= Conflicting Missions: Havana, Washington, and Africa, 1959–1976 |location= Chapel Hill, NC |publisher= [[University of North Carolina Press]] |isbn= 978-0-8078-2647-8 |ref= CITEREFGleijeses2002 }} :{{Cite book |last= Gleijeses |first= Piero | date = 2010 |chapter= Cuba and the Cold War, 1959–1980 |title= ''In [[Melvyn P. Leffler]] & [[Odd Arne Westad]], eds.,'' The Cambridge History of the Cold War, Volume&nbsp;II: Crises and Détente |location= Cambridge |publisher= [[Cambridge University Press]] |pages= 327–348 |isbn= 978-0-521-83720-0 |ref= CITEREFGleijeses2010 }} :{{Cite book |last= Gleijeses |first= Piero | date = 2013 |title= Visions of Freedom: Havana, Washington, Pretoria, and the Struggle for Southern Africa, 1976–1991 |location= Chapel Hill, NC |publisher= [[University of North Carolina Press]] |isbn= 978-1-4696-0968-3 |ref= CITEREFGleijeses2013 }} :{{Cite book |last= Gott |first= Richard |authorlink= Richard Gott |date= 2004 |title= Cuba: A New History |url= https://archive.org/details/cubanewhistory0000gott |location= New Haven, CT |publisher= [[Yale University Press]] |isbn= 978-0-300-10411-0 |ref= harv }} :{{Cite book |last= Horowitz |first= Irving Louis |authorlink= Irving Louis Horowitz | date = 1988 |title= Cuban Communism |url= https://archive.org/details/cubancommunism0000unse_b5h3 |location= New Brunswick,&nbsp;NJ |publisher= Transaction Books |isbn= 0-88738-672-5 |ref= harv }} <!-- :{{Cite book |last= Horowitz |first= Irving Louis |year= 2000 |title= ''In [[Irving Louis Horowitz]] and Jaime Suchlicki,&nbsp;eds.,'' Cuban Communism |edition= 10th |location= New Brunswick,&nbsp;NJ |publisher= [[Transaction Publishers]] |isbn= 978-0-7658-0765-6 |ref= CITEREFHorowitz2000 }} Using the 10th edition, since that's that one that Google Books has and so that is used for convenience links. --> :{{Cite journal |last= Luxenberg |first= Alan H. | date = 1988 |title= Did Eisenhower Push Castro into the Arms of the Soviets? |journal= [[University of Miami|Journal of Interamerican Studies and World Affairs]] |volume= 30 |issue= 1 |pages= 37–71 |jstor= 165789 |ref= harv }} :{{Cite book |last= Kolko |first= Gabriel |authorlink= Gabriel Kolko | date = 1994 |title= Century of War: Politics, Conflicts, and Society since 1914 |location= New York,&nbsp;NY |publisher= [[The New Press]] |isbn= 978-1-56584-191-8 |ref= harv }} :{{Cite book |last= McAlister |first= Lyle N. |date= 1984 |title= Spain and Portugal in the New World, 1492–1700 |url= https://archive.org/details/spainportugalinn0000mcal |location= Minneapolis,&nbsp;MN |publisher= [[University of Minnesota Press]] |isbn= 978-0-8166-1216-1 |ref= harv }} :{{Cite book |last= Pedraza |first= Silvia |date= 2007 |title= Political Disaffection in Cuba's Revolution and Exodus |url= https://archive.org/details/politicaldisaffe0000pedr |location= New York,&nbsp;NY |publisher= [[Cambridge University Press]] |isbn= 978-0-521-86787-0 |ref= harv }} :{{Cite book |last= Pérez-López |first= Jorge F. |date= 1996 |chapter= Cuban Military Expenditures: Concepts, Data and Burden Measures |chapterurl= http://www.ascecuba.org/publications/proceedings/volume6/pdfs/23perlopez.fm.pdf |title= Cuba in Transition, Volume&nbsp;6 |url= http://www.ascecuba.org/publications/proceedings/volume6/ |location= Washington,&nbsp;DC |publisher= [[Association for the Study of the Cuban Economy|ASCE]] |pages= 124–144 |isbn= 0-9649082-5-5 |accessdate= 25 Marso 2013 |ref= harv }} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140907032902/http://www.ascecuba.org/publications/proceedings/volume6/ |date=2014-09-07 }} {{Cite web |title=Archived copy |url=http://www.ascecuba.org/publications/proceedings/volume6/ |access-date=2015-01-12 |archive-date=2014-09-07 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140907032902/http://www.ascecuba.org/publications/proceedings/volume6/ |url-status= }} :{{Cite book |last= Ramazani |first= Rouhollah K. | date = 1975 |title= The Persian Gulf and the Strait of Hormuz |url= https://archive.org/details/persiangulfstrai0000rama |location= Alphen aan den Rijn |publisher= Sijthoff & Noordhoff |isbn= 90-286-0069-8 |ref= harv }} :{{Cite journal |last1= Roberg |first1= Jeffrey L. |last2= Kuttruff |first2= Alyson |date= 2007 |title= Cuba: Ideological Success or Ideological Failure? |url= https://archive.org/details/sim_human-rights-quarterly_2007-08_29_3/page/779 |journal= [[Human Rights Quarterly]] |volume= 29 |issue= 3 |pages= 779–795 |jstor= 20072822 |ref= harv |doi= 10.1353/hrq.2007.0033 }} :{{Cite book |last= Roy |first= Joaquín |date= 2000 |title= Cuba, the United States, and the Helms-Burton Doctrine: International Reactions |url= https://archive.org/details/cubaunitedstates0000royj |location= Gainesville,&nbsp;FL |publisher= [[University of Florida Press]] |isbn= 978-0-8130-1760-0 |ref= harv }} :{{Cite book |last= Scheina |first= Robert L. | date = 2003 |title= Latin America's Wars, Volume I: The Age of the Caudillo, 1791–1899 |location= Dulles,&nbsp;VA |publisher= Brassey's |isbn= 978-1-57488-449-4 |ref= harv }} :{{Cite book |last= Scott |first= Rebecca J. |authorlink= Rebecca J. Scott |date= 2000 |origyear= 1985 |title= Slave Emancipation in Cuba: The Transition to Free Labor, 1860–1899 |url= https://archive.org/details/slaveemancipatio0000scot_y7e3 |location= Pittsburgh,&nbsp;PA |publisher= [[University of Pittsburgh Press]] |isbn= 978-0-8229-5735-5 |ref= harv }} :{{Cite journal |last= Smith |first= Wayne S. |authorlink= Wayne Smith (diplomat) | date = 1996 |title= Cuba's Long Reform |journal= [[Foreign Affairs]] |volume= 75 |issue= 2 |pages= 99–112 |jstor= 20047491 |ref= harv }} :{{Cite book |last1= Smith |first1= Kirby |last2= Llorens |first2= Hugo |date= 1998 |chapter= Renaisssance and Decay: A Comparison of Socioeconomic Indicators in Pre-Castro and Current-Day Cuba |chapterurl= http://www.ascecuba.org/publications/proceedings/volume8/pdfs/30smith.pdf |title= Cuba in Transition, Volume&nbsp;8 |url= http://www.ascecuba.org/publications/proceedings/volume8/ |location= Silver Spring,&nbsp;MD |publisher= [[Association for the Study of the Cuban Economy|ASCE]] |pages= 247–259 |isbn= 0-9649082-7-1 |accessdate= 25 Marso 2013 |ref= harv }} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140907030637/http://www.ascecuba.org/publications/proceedings/volume8/ |date=2014-09-07 }} {{Cite web |title=Archived copy |url=http://www.ascecuba.org/publications/proceedings/volume8/ |access-date=2015-01-12 |archive-date=2014-09-07 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140907030637/http://www.ascecuba.org/publications/proceedings/volume8/ |url-status= }} :{{Cite book |last= Sweig |first= Julia E. |authorlink= Julia E. Sweig | date = 2004 |origyear= 2002 |title= Inside the Cuban Revolution: Fidel Castro and the Urban Underground |edition= New |location= Cambridge,&nbsp;MA |publisher= [[Harvard University Press]] |isbn= 978-0-674-01612-5 |ref= harv }} :{{Cite book |last= Thomas |first= Hugh |authorlink= Hugh Thomas (writer) |date= 1997 |title= The Slave Trade: The Story of the Atlantic Slave Trade, 1440–1870 |url= https://archive.org/details/slavetradestoryo00thom |location= New York,&nbsp;NY |publisher= [[Simon & Schuster]] |isbn= 978-0-684-81063-8 |ref= harv }} :{{Cite book |last= Thomas |first= Hugh | date = 1998 |origyear= 1971 |title= Cuba; or, The Pursuit of Freedom |url= https://archive.org/details/cubaorpursuitoff0000thom |edition= updated |location= Cambridge,&nbsp;MA |publisher= [[Da Capo Press]] |isbn= 978-0-306-80827-2 |ref= CITEREFThomas1998 }} :{{Cite book |last= Westad |first= Odd Arne |authorlink= Odd Arne Westad | date = 2012 |title= Restless Empire: China and the World Since 1750 |location= London |publisher= [[The Bodley Head]] |isbn= 978-1-84792-197-0 |ref= harv }} :{{Cite book |last1= Whiteford |first1= Linda M. |last2= Branch |first2=Laurence G. | date = 2008 |title=Primary Health Care in Cuba: The Other Revolution |location= Lanham, MD |publisher= [[Rowman & Littlefield]] |isbn= 978-0-7425-5994-3 |ref= harv }} :{{Cite book |last= Wright |first= Irene Aloha |date= 1916 |title= The Early History of Cuba, 1492–1586 |url= http://openlibrary.org/works/OL143127W/The_early_history_of_Cuba_1492-1586 |location= New York,&nbsp;NY |publisher= [[Macmillan Publishers|The Macmillan Company]] |ref= harv }} {{Refend}} ==Mga sumpay ha gawas== {{Sister project links|Cuba}} * [http://www.cubagob.cu/ingles/default.htm Government of Cuba] * {{Wikiatlas|Cuba}} * {{Wikivoyage-inline|Cuba}} * {{CIA World Factbook link|cu|Cuba}} * [http://ucblibraries.colorado.edu/govpubs/for/cuba.htm Cuba] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080830044824/http://ucblibraries.colorado.edu/govpubs/for/cuba.htm |date= 30 Agosto 2008 }} from ''UCB Libraries GovPubs'' * {{dmoz|Regional/Caribbean/Cuba}} * [http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/americas/country_profiles/1203299.stm Cuba profile] from the [[BBC News]] * [http://www.lib.utexas.edu/maps/americas/cuba.jpg Map of Cuba (Political) 1994 C.I.A./Univ. of Texas, Austin] * [https://web.archive.org/web/20090508101554/http://www.life.com/image/first/in-gallery/23083/welcome-to-cuba Welcome To Cuba] – slideshow by ''[[Life (magazine)|Life]]'' magazine * [http://www.fotopedia.com/en/Cuba fotopedia.com] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100809000828/http://www.fotopedia.com/en/Cuba |date= 9 Agosto 2010 }}, Selected photos of Cuba *{{Cite web |title=Latin American Studies: United States-Cuba Relations |url=http://www.latinamericanstudies.org/us-cuba.htm |ref=harv}} * [http://www.ifs.du.edu/ifs/frm_CountryProfile.aspx?Country=CU Key Development Forecasts for Cuba] from [[International Futures]] * Salim Lamrani, an interview with [[Ricardo Alarcón]], President of the Cuban Parliament, "[http://www.huffingtonpost.com/salim-lamrani/cuba-meets-the-challenges_b_1356275.html Cuba Meets the Challenges of the 21st Century, Part I]" ([http://www.huffingtonpost.com/salim-lamrani/cuba-meets-the-challenges_1_b_1380163.html II], [http://www.huffingtonpost.com/salim-lamrani/-ricardo-alarcon_b_1389348.html III], [http://www.huffingtonpost.com/salim-lamrani/cuba-meets-the-challenges_2_b_1397980.html IV], [http://www.huffingtonpost.com/salim-lamrani/cuba-meets-the-challenges_3_b_1428680.html V]) ''Huffington Post'', Spring, 2012 [[Kaarangay:Cuba| ]] [[Kaarangay:Mga nasod ngan teritoryo ha Caribe]] [[Kaarangay:Nasod]] hd80jyoexsre08o6rojphk4cezims96 0 8881 7782344 6285751 2026-04-07T06:47:03Z InternetArchiveBot 41587 Add 1 book for verifiability (20260407)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 7782344 wikitext text/x-wiki [[File:Judea 2 by David Shankbone.jpg|300px|right|thumb|Desyerto han Judea]] [[File:ValleLuna-002.jpg|300px|right|thumb|[[Disyerto Atacama]]]] An [[desyerto]]<ref>Abuyen, Tomas A. '''Diksyunaryo Waray-Waray [Visaya] English-Tagalog'''. Kalayaan Press Mktg. Ent., Inc. Quezon City. Tuig 2000. ISBN 971-08-6050-X. Pakli Ihap 74. </ref> amo an mamara nga lugar o rehiyon nga nakakarawat hin gutiay la nga tubig sugad hit [[uran]]. Mainit dito. Mahusay ak == Pinanbasaran == {{reflist}} ==Bibliograpiya== * {{cite book |title=In the Deserts of this Earth |url=https://archive.org/details/indesertsofthise00geor |last=George |first=Uwe |year=1978 |publisher=Hamish Hamilton |isbn=0-241-89777-7 }} * {{cite book |title=Aeolian Sand and Sand Dunes |last=Pye |first=Kenneth |last2=Tsoar |first2=Haim |year=2009 |publisher=Springer |isbn=3-540-85910-1 |url=http://books.google.co.uk/books/about/Aeolian_Sand_and_Sand_Dunes.html?id=k1vv3wU28QMC&redir_esc=y }} ==Padugang nga barasahon== * {{cite book |title=The physics of blown sand and desert dunes |url=https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.220669 |author=Bagnold, Ralph A. |publisher=Methuen |authorlink=Ralph Alger Bagnold | year=1941}} * {{cite book | title=Deserts | url=https://archive.org/details/deserts00macm | series=National Audubon Society nature guides | publisher=Random House / Chanticleer Press | author=Macmahon, James | year=1988 | isbn=978-0-394-73139-1}} ==Mga sumpay ha gawas== {{Commons category|Deserts}} * {{cite web|url=http://www.unep.org/geo/gdoutlook/|title=Global Deserts Outlook|publisher=[[United Nations Environment Programme]] (UNEP)|year=2006|access-date=2015-01-28|archive-date=2008-03-17|archive-url=http://arquivo.pt/wayback/20080317073608/http://www.unep.org/geo/gdoutlook/|url-status=dead}}, a report in the [[Global Environment Outlook]] (GEO) series. ** {{Wayback|url=http://www.unep.org/geo/news_centre/|title=Global Deserts Outlook in PDF|date=20060610}} ** [http://maps.grida.no/go/graphic/relative_biodiversity_scenarios_for_deserts_2000_2050 Map with biodiversity scenarios for desert areas, from the Global Deserts Outlook] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090308151201/http://maps.grida.no/go/graphic/relative_biodiversity_scenarios_for_deserts_2000_2050 |date=2009-03-08 }}. [[kaarangay:Mga desyerto]] [[kaarangay:Mga ekosistema]] apb9ryd2gt5skjco9s6akyquv3get5o 0 8955 7782398 7771451 2026-04-07T07:41:54Z InternetArchiveBot 41587 Add 2 books for verifiability (20260407)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 7782398 wikitext text/x-wiki [[File:Pi-unrolled-720.gif|right|375 px|thumb|Kun 1 an diyametro han lidong, an balor han sirkumperensiya amo an π]] An '''pi''' o '''π''' amo an sukol [[matematika]], nga makukuha tikang ha ratio han sirkumperensiya ngadto ha diyametro han usa ka lidong. An balor hini amo hapit ha numero ihap 3.14159. ==Mga pabaro== ;Pinanbasaran {{Reflist|20em}} ;Mga reperensya {{refbegin|30em}} * {{cite book|last=Arndt|first=Jörg|last2=Haenel|first2=Christoph|title=Pi Unleashed|publisher=Springer-Verlag|year=2006|isbn=978-3-540-66572-4 <!--isbn only volume 1-->|url=http://books.google.com/?id=QwwcmweJCDQC&printsec=frontcover#v=onepage&q&f=false|ref=harv|accessdate=2013-06-05}} English translation by Catriona and David Lischka. * {{cite book|last=Ayers|first=Frank|title=Calculus|publisher=McGraw-Hill|year=1964|isbn=978-0-070-02653-7|ref=harv}} * {{cite book|last=Berggren|first=Lennart|last2=Borwein|first2=Jonathan|author2-link=Jonathan Borwein|last3=Borwein|first3=Peter|author3-link=Peter Borwein|title=Pi: a Source Book|publisher=Springer-Verlag|year=1997|isbn=978-0-387-20571-7|ref=harv}} * {{cite book|last=Beckmann|first=Peter|title=History of Pi|url=https://archive.org/details/historyofpisymbo00beck|publisher=St. Martin's Press|year=1989|origyear=1974|isbn=978-0-88029-418-8|ref=harv}} * {{cite book|last=Borwein|first=Jonathan|author1-link=|last2=Borwein|first2=Peter|author2-link=|title=Pi and the AGM: a Study in Analytic Number Theory and Computational Complexity|url=https://archive.org/details/piagmstudyinanal0000borw|publisher=Wiley|year=1987|isbn=978-0-471-31515-5|ref=harv}} * {{cite book|last=Boyer|first=Carl B.|last2=Merzbach|first2=Uta C.|year=1991|title=A History of Mathematics|url=https://archive.org/details/historyofmathema00boye|edition=2|publisher=Wiley|isbn=978-0-471-54397-8|ref=harv}}<!-- Year from ISBN. Original citatation was just to Boyer. Possible that edition is wrong and therefore page is wrong. Editions: Boyer 1968, Boyer/Merzbach 1989, Boyer/Merzbach 1991, Merzbach/Boyer 2010, Merzbach/Boyer 2011. Verify second: Hui and 3072-sided polygon is on cited page 202 of 1991 edition; page 228 of 1968 edition. Google snippet has a hit for 3.1456 on page 168 for 1991, but does not show the number. --> * {{cite book|last=Bronshteĭn|first=Ilia|last2=Semendiaev|first2=K. A.|title=A Guide Book to Mathematics|url=https://archive.org/details/guidebooktomathe0000bron_o8p0|publisher=H. Deutsch|year=1971|isbn= 978-3-871-44095-3|ref=harv}} * {{cite book|last=Eymard|first=Pierre|last2=Lafon|first2=Jean Pierre|title=The Number Pi|url=https://archive.org/details/numberpi0000eyma|publisher=American Mathematical Society|year=1999|isbn=978-0-8218-3246-2|ref=harv}}, English translation by Stephen Wilson. * {{cite book|last=Joseph|first=George Gheverghese|title=The Crest of the Peacock: Non-European Roots of Mathematics|publisher=Princeton University Press|year=1991|isbn=978-0-691-13526-7|url=http://books.google.com/?id=c-xT0KNJp0cC&printsec=frontcover#v=onepage&q&f=false%7C|ref=harv|accessdate=2013-06-05}}<!-- This ISBN is for the third edition from 2011! --> * {{cite book|last=Posamentier|first=Alfred S.|last2=Lehmann|first2=Ingmar|title=Pi: A Biography of the World's Most Mysterious Number|url=https://archive.org/details/pi00alfr_0|publisher=Prometheus Books|year=2004|isbn=978-1-59102-200-8|ref=harv}} * {{cite journal|last=Reitwiesner|first=George|title=An ENIAC Determination of pi and e to 2000 Decimal Places|journal=Mathematical Tables and Other Aids to Computation|year=1950|volume=4|issue= 29|pages=11–15|doi=10.2307/2002695|ref=harv }} * {{cite journal|last=Roy|first=Ranjan|title=The Discovery of the Series Formula for pi by Leibniz, Gregory, and Nilakantha|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_mathematics-magazine_1990-12_63_5/page/291|journal=Mathematics Magazine|volume=63|issue=5|year=1990|pages=291–306|doi=10.2307/2690896|ref=harv }} * {{cite journal|last=Schepler|first=H. C.|title=The Chronology of Pi|journal=Mathematics Magazine|publisher=Mathematical Association of America|year=1950|volume=23|issue=3|pages=165–170 (Jan/Feb), 216–228 (Mar/Apr), and 279–283 (May/Jun)|doi=10.2307/3029284|ref=harv }}. [<!-- http://www.jstor.org/stable/3029284 -->http://www.jstor.org/discover/10.2307/3029284 issue 3 Jan/Feb], [http://www.jstor.org/stable/3029832 issue 4 Mar/Apr], [http://www.jstor.org/stable/3029000 issue 5 May/Jun] {{refend}} ==Padugang nga barasahon== {{refbegin|30em}} * {{cite book|last=Blatner|first=David|title=The Joy of Pi|publisher=Walker & Company|year=1999|isbn=978-0-8027-7562-7|doi= }} * [[Jonathan Borwein|Borwein, Jonathan]] and [[Peter Borwein|Borwein, Peter]], "The Arithmetic-Geometric Mean and Fast Computation of Elementary Functions", ''SIAM Review'', '''26'''(1984) 351–365 * Borwein, Jonathan, Borwein, Peter, and [[David H. Bailey|Bailey, David H.]], ''Ramanujan, Modular Equations, and Approximations to Pi or How to Compute One Billion Digits of Pi", ''The American Mathematical Monthly'', '''96'''(1989) 201–219 * [[Chudnovsky brothers|Chudnovsky, David V.]] and [[Chudnovsky brothers|Chudnovsky, Gregory V.]], "Approximations and Complex Multiplication According to Ramanujan", in ''Ramanujan Revisited'' (G.E. Andrews et al. Eds), Academic Press, 1988, pp 375–396, 468–472 * Cox, David A., "The Arithmetic-Geometric Mean of Gauss", ''L' Ensignement Mathematique'', '''30'''(1984) 275–330 * [[Jean-Paul Delahaye|Delahaye, Jean-Paul]], "Le Fascinant Nombre Pi", Paris: Bibliothèque Pour la Science (1997) ISBN 2902918259 * Engels, Hermann, "Quadrature of the Circle in Ancient Egypt", ''Historia Mathematica'' '''4'''(1977) 137–140 * [[Leonhard Euler|Euler, Leonhard]], "On the Use of the Discovered Fractions to Sum Infinite Series", in ''Introduction to Analysis of the Infinite. Book I'', translated from the Latin by J. D. Blanton, Springer-Verlag, 1964, pp 137–153 * Heath, T. L., ''The Works of Archimedes'', Cambridge, 1897; reprinted in ''The Works of Archimedes with The Method of Archimedes'', Dover, 1953, pp 91–98 * [[Christiaan Huygens|Huygens, Christiaan]], "De Circuli Magnitudine Inventa", ''Christiani Hugenii Opera Varia I'', Leiden 1724, pp 384–388 * [[Lam Lay Yong|Lay-Yong, Lam]] and Tian-Se, Ang, "Circle Measurements in Ancient China", ''Historia Mathematica'' '''13'''(1986) 325–340 * [[Ferdinand von Lindemann|Lindemann, Ferdinand]], [http://gdz.sub.uni-goettingen.de/index.php?id=11&PPN=PPN235181684_0020&DMDID=DMDLOG_0031&L=1 "Ueber die Zahl pi"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150122054610/http://gdz.sub.uni-goettingen.de/index.php?id=11&PPN=PPN235181684_0020&DMDID=DMDLOG_0031&L=1 |date=2015-01-22 }}, ''Mathematische Annalen'' '''20'''(1882) 213–225 * Matar, K. Mukunda, and Rajagonal, C., "On the Hindu Quadrature of the Circle" (Appendix by K. Balagangadharan). ''Journal of the Bombay Branch of the Royal Asiatic Society'' '''20'''(1944) 77–82 * [[Ivan M. Niven|Niven, Ivan]], "A Simple Proof that pi Is Irrational", ''Bulletin of the American Mathematical Society'', '''53''':7 (July 1947), 507 * [[Srinivasa Ramanujan|Ramanujan, Srinivasa]], "Modular Equations and Approximations to π", ''Quarterly Journal of Pure and Applied Mathematics'', '''XLV''', 1914, 350–372. Reprinted in G.H. Hardy, P.V. Seshu Aiyar, and B. M. Wilson (eds), ''Srinivasa Ramanujan: Collected Papers'', 1927 (reprinted 2000), pp 23–29 * [[William Shanks|Shanks, William]], ''Contributions to Mathematics {{sic|Comprising|hide=y}} Chiefly of the Rectification of the Circle to 607 Places of Decimals'', 1853, pp. i–xvi, 10 * [[Daniel Shanks|Shanks, Daniel]] and [[John Wrench|Wrench, John William]], "Calculation of pi to 100,000 Decimals", ''Mathematics of Computation'' '''16'''(1962) 76–99 * Tropfke, Johannes, ''Geschichte Der Elementar-Mathematik in Systematischer Darstellung'' (''The history of elementary mathematics''), BiblioBazaar, 2009 (reprint), ISBN 978-1-113-08573-3 * [[François Viète|Viete, Francois]], ''Variorum de Rebus Mathematicis Reponsorum Liber VII. F. Viete, Opera Mathematica'' (reprint), Georg Olms Verlag, 1970, pp 398–401, 436–446 * [[Stan Wagon|Wagon, Stan]], "Is Pi Normal?", ''The Mathematical Intelligencer'', '''7''':3(1985) 65–67 * [[John Wallis|Wallis, John]], ''Arithmetica Infinitorum, sive Nova Methodus Inquirendi in Curvilineorum Quadratum, aliaque difficiliora Matheseos Problemata'', Oxford 1655–6. Reprinted in vol. 1 (pp 357–478) of ''Opera Mathematica'', Oxford 1693 * Zebrowski, Ernest, ''A History of the Circle: Mathematical Reasoning and the Physical Universe'', Rutgers University Press, 1999, ISBN 978-0-8135-2898-4 {{refend}} ==Mga sumpay ha gawas== {{Commons category|Pi}} * {{dmoz|Science/Math/Recreations/Specific_Numbers/Pi/Digits/|Digits of Pi}} * [http://mathworld.wolfram.com/Pi.html "Pi"] at Wolfram Mathworld * [http://www.wolframalpha.com/input/?i=Representations+of+Pi Representations of Pi] at [[Wolfram Alpha]] * [http://www.subidiom.com/pi Pi Search Engine]: 2 billion searchable digits of {{pi}}, {{math|{{sqrt|2}}}}, and {{math|''e''}} * {{cite web|last=Eaves|first=Laurence|title={{pi}} – Pi|url=http://www.sixtysymbols.com/videos/pi.htm|work=Sixty Symbols|publisher=[[Brady Haran]] for the [[University of Nottingham]]|authorlink=Laurence Eaves|year=2009}} * {{cite web|last=Grime|first=Dr. James|title=Pi is Beautiful – Numberphile|url=https://youtube.com/watch?v=NPoj8lk9Fo4|work=Numberphile|publisher=[[Brady Haran]]|year=2014}} ecsyhh9r32au654wvnxz8nt46cqbadm 0 8956 7782411 7775731 2026-04-07T07:55:34Z InternetArchiveBot 41587 Add 1 book for verifiability (20260407)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 7782411 wikitext text/x-wiki [[File:Chocolate02.jpg|300px|right|thumb|tsokolate]] An '''sikolate'''<ref>Abuyen, Tomas A. '''Diksyunaryo Waray-Waray [Visaya] English-Tagalog'''. Kalayaan Press Mktg. Ent., Inc. Quezon City. Tuig 2000. ISBN 971-08-6050-X. Pakli Ihap 337.</ref> o '''tsokolate'''<ref>Abuyen, Tomas A. '''DICTIONARY English Waray-Waray/Tagalog.''' National Book Store. Mandaluyong City. ISBN 971-08-6529-3 Pakli Ihap 59.</ref> amo an butang nga nakakaon, ginhahalo ha pagkaon o ha irimnom, nga hinimo tikang ha [[liso]] han [[tanom]] nga [[cacao]]. ==Pinanbasaran== {{Mga kasarigan}} ==Padugang nga barasahon== ; Mga libro * {{Cite book|last=Almond|first=Steve|authorlink=Steve Almond|title=[[Candyfreak|Candyfreak: A Journey Through the Chocolate Underbelly of America]]|publisher=[[Algonquin Books]]| date = 2004|isbn=1-56512-421-9}} * Coe, S.D. / Coe, M.D. (2007). ''The True Story of Chocolate'' (2nd edition). Thames & Hudson. ISBN 978-0-500-28696-8 * {{Cite book|last=Doutre-Roussel|first=Chloe|title=The Chocolate Connoisseur|url=https://archive.org/details/chocolateconnois0000dout|publisher=Piatkus| date = 2005|isbn=1-58542-488-9}} * {{Cite book|last=Lebovitz|first=David|title=The Great Book of Chocolate|url=https://archive.org/details/greatbookofchoco0000lebo|publisher=[[Ten Speed Press]]| date = 2004|isbn=1-58008-495-8}} * {{Cite book|last=Minton|first=Phillip|title=Chocolate: Healthfood of the Gods|url=http://www.healthychocolatebook.com|publisher=Chocolate Living Media|date=2011|isbn=978-1456532376}} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150205002002/http://healthychocolatebook.com/ |date=2015-02-05 }} * {{Cite book|last=McNeil|first=Cameron|title=Chocolate in Mesoamerica: A Cultural History of Cacao|url=https://archive.org/details/chocolateinmesoa0000unse|publisher=[[University of Florida Press]]| date = 2006|isbn=0-8130-2953-8 }} * {{Cite book|last=Off|first=Carol|authorlink=Carol Off|title=Bitter Chocolate: The Dark Side of the World's Most Seductive Sweet|url=https://archive.org/details/bitterchocolated00offc|publisher=[[New Press]]| date = 2008|isbn=978-1-59558-330-7}} * Rosenblum, Mort (2006). ''Chocolate: A Bittersweet Saga of Dark and Light''. North Point Press. ISBN 978-0-86547-730-8 * Ryan, Órla (2011). ''Chocolate Nations: Living and Dying for Cocoa in West Africa''. Zed Books. ISBN 978-1-84813-005-0 * {{Cite book|last=Wolfe|first=David|author2=[[Shazzie]] |title=Naked Chocolate|publisher=Rawcreation| date = 2005|isbn=1-55643-731-5 }} * Young, Allen M. (2007). ''The Chocolate Tree: A Natural History of Cacao'' (Rev. and expanded ed.). University Press of Florida. ISBN 978-0-8130-3044-9 ;Mga bibliograpiya * {{Cite news|author=Siegel, A., & Borg, A.| date = 2012|title=Chocolate|journal=Oxford Bibliographies Online: Atlantic History|url=http://www.oxfordbibliographies.com/view/document/obo-9780199730414/obo-9780199730414-0069.xml}} ==Mga sumpay ha gawas== {{Commons}} {{Cookbook}} {{Wiktionary|chocolate}} * {{Cite web|url=http://www.antislavery.org/english/campaigns/cocoa_traders/|title=Act now to end child slavery in the chocolate industry|publisher=Anti-slavery: Today's fight for tomorrow's freedom|accessdate=16 Hulyo 2014|archive-date=20 Hulyo 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140720205824/http://www.antislavery.org/english/campaigns/cocoa_traders/|url-status=dead}} * {{Cite EB1911|wstitle=Chocolate}} * {{dmoz|Shopping/Food/Confectionery/Chocolate/}} * [http://www.eurekalert.org/pub_releases/2007-03/soci-ch030707.php Cocoa 'vitamin' health benefits could outshine penicillin] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131102034323/http://www.eurekalert.org/pub_releases/2007-03/soci-ch030707.php |date=2013-11-02 }} * [http://www.gutenberg.org/ebooks/16035 Food of the Gods] A Popular Account of Cocoa – Freely downloadable 109 page ebook by Brandon Head (1903) from Project Gutenberg * [http://www.chocolatelover.net/chocolate-glossary.html Glossary of Chocolate Terms] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110723042034/http://www.chocolatelover.net/chocolate-glossary.html |date= 23 Hulyo 2011 }} * {{Cite web|url=http://www.salvationarmy.org.uk/uki/humantrafficking|title=International Development: Human Trafficking|publisher=Salvation Army|accessdate=22 Hulyo 2014|archive-date= 22 Hulyo 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140722011743/http://www.salvationarmy.org.uk/uki/humantrafficking|url-status=dead}} * [[Salvation Army International Development (SAID)]] (2009). "[https://youtube.com/watch?v=ZDVjy6dL5Kg#t=126 Human Trafficking - Promises]." [http://www.salvationarmy.org.uk/uki/humantrafficking SAID] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140722011743/http://www.salvationarmy.org.uk/uki/humantrafficking |accessdate=22 Hulyo 2014 archive-date= 22 Hulyo 2014}}. * {{Cite web|url=http://www.foodispower.org/slavery-chocolate/#|title=Slavery in the chocolate industry |publisher=Food Empowerment Project|accessdate=16 Hulyo 2014}} 6kner3pyt7pyrliuc2i1bh3n0ebid49 0 8962 7782349 7772413 2026-04-07T06:52:25Z InternetArchiveBot 41587 Add 1 book for verifiability (20260407)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 7782349 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox language |name= Ininggles |nativename = English |pronunciation={{IPAc-en|ˈ|ɪ|ŋ|ɡ|l|ɪ|ʃ}}{{sfn|Oxford Learner's Dictionary|2015|loc=Entry: [http://www.oxfordlearnersdictionaries.com/us/pronunciation/english/english_1 English – Pronunciation]}} |region= [[English-speaking world|Pankalibotan]] |speakers=360{{ndash}}400{{nbsp}}ka milyon |date=2006 |ref={{sfn|Crystal|2006|pp=424–426}} |speakers2=[[Second language|L2 speakers]]: 400{{nbsp}}ka milyon;<br />komo [[pinulongan nga langyaw]]: 600–700 ka milyon{{sfn|Crystal|2006|pp=424–426}} |familycolor =Indo-Europeo |fam2=[[Germanic languages|Germanic]] |fam3=[[West Germanic languages|West Germanic]] |fam4=[[Anglo-Frisian languages|Anglo-Frisian]] |fam5=[[Anglic languages|Anglic]] |ancestor=[[Old English]] |ancestor2=[[Middle English]] |ancestor3=[[Early Modern English]] |script={{plainlist| * [[Latin script]] ([[Ininglis nga abakadahan]]) * [[Ininglis nga Braille]], [[Nahiusa nga Ininglis nga Braille]] }} |nation={{plainlist| * [[Taramdan hin mga teritoryal nga entidad nga diin opisyal nga pinulongan an Ininglis|67 nga nasod]] * [[Taramdan hin mga teritoryal nga entidad nga diin opisyal nga pinulongan an Ininglis|27 nga diri-soberano nga mga entidad]]<br /> {{Collapsible list |titlestyle= font-weight:normal; background:transparent; text-align:left; |title= Various organisations| * [[United Nations]] * [[European Union]] * [[Komonwelt hin mga Nasod|Commonwealth of Nations]] * [[Council of Europe]] * [[International Criminal Court|ICC]] * [[International Olympic Committee|IOC]] * [[International Organization for Standardization|ISO]] * [[NATO]] * [[WTO]] * [[North American Free Trade Agreement|NAFTA]] * [[Organization of American States|OAS]] * [[Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development|OECD]] * [[Organisation of Islamic Cooperation|OIC]] * [[OPEC]] * [[GUAM Organization for Democracy and Economic Development]] * [[Pacific Islands Forum|PIF]] * [[UKUSA Agreement]] * [[Association of Southeast Asian Nations|ASEAN]] * [[ASEAN Economic Community]] * [[South Asian Association for Regional Cooperation|SAARC]] *[[Caribbean Community|CARICOM]] * [[Turkic Council]] * [[Economic Cooperation Organization|ECO]] }} }} |iso1=en |iso2=eng |iso3=eng |lingua=52-ABA |map=Detailed SVG map of the Anglophone world.svg |mapcaption= {{legend|#045a8d|Anglosphere}} {{legend|#439dd4|Co-opisyal nga pinulongan hin minoriya}} {{legend|#9bbae1|Diri opisyal nga pinulongan hin > 20%}} |notice=IPA |sign=[[Manually coded English]]<br />(multiple systems) |glotto=stan1293 |glottorefname=Standard English }} An '''Ininglis''', nga puyde liwat igwinaray an ngaran nga '''Ininggles''' o '''Iningles''' (tuminongnong nga ngaran: ''English'' o kun bug-oson ''English language'') usá nga [[Katundan nga Germanico nga pinulongan]] nga ginyakán anay han [[Anglo-Saxon England|sayó nga medieval nga Inglaterra]] ngan yanâ amo an [[Taramdan hin mga pinulongan ha ihap hin mga tuminongnong nga nayakan|ikatulo nga ginyayakan hin hirayo nga tuminongnong nga pinulongan]] ha kalibutan, sunod han [[Standard nga Tsinino]] ngan [[Kinatsila]]. Gin-ngaranan iní para han [[mga Angle]] (''Angles''), usá han mga Germaniko nga tribo nga nanbalhin ngadto ha [[Inglaterra]], ginkuha an ngaran tikang han [[Angeln|Anglia (Angeln)]] nga rawis ha [[Dagat Baltico]]. Harani ini nga nahanungod han [[mga Frisian nga pinulongan]], kundi an pagpurulongan hiní na-impluwensya hin dako hin iba nga [[Mga Germanico nga pinulongan]], labi na han [[Daan nga Norse|Norse]] (usá nga [[Amihan nga Germanico nga mga pinulongan|Amihan nga Germanico nga pinulongan]]), pati gihapon han [[Linatin]] ngan [[mga Romanse nga pinulongan]], labi na gud han [[Frinanses]].<ref name="Wolff">{{Cite book |last=Finkenstaedt |first=Thomas |author2=Dieter Wolff |title=Ordered profusion; studies in dictionaries and the English lexicon |publisher=C. Winter | date = 1973 |isbn=3-533-02253-6}}</ref> [[File:EN English Language Symbol ISO 639-1 IETF Language Tag Icon.svg|thumb|upright|EN ([[ISO 639]]-1)]] {{InterWiki|code=en}} ==Pinanbasaran== {{Mga kasarigan|30em}} ===Bibliograpiya=== <!-- The entries in the bibliography are in alphabetical order. Comments show names of named references --> {{refbegin|30em}} <!-- Ammon2006 --> * {{Cite journal |last=Ammon |first=Ulrich |title=Language Conflicts in the European Union: On finding a politically acceptable and practicable solution for EU institutions that satisfies diverging interests |publisher=Walter de Gruyter |date=2006 |isbn=3-11-018418-4 |url=http://books.google.com/?id=LMZm0w0k1c4C |ref=harv}} <!-- Ammon2008 author's website says chapter date is 2005; book's revised edition was published in 2008 --> * {{Cite book |last=Ammon |first=Ulrich |chapter=Pluricentric and Divided Languages |editor1-last=Ammon |editor1-first=Ulrich N. |editor2-last=Dittmar |editor2-first=Norbert |editor3-last=Mattheier |editor3-first=Klaus J. |editor4-last=Trudgill |editor4-first=Peter |title=Sociolinguistics: An International Handbook of the Science of Language and Society / Soziolinguistik Ein internationales Handbuch zur Wissenschaft vov Sprache and Gesellschaft |volume=2 |edition=2nd completely revised and extended edition |publisher=de Gruyter |isbn=978-3-11-019425-8 |url=http://www.degruyter.com/view/product/19739 |accessdate=19 Disyembre 2014 |series=Handbooks of Linguistics and Communication Science / Handbücher zur Sprach- und Kommunikationswissenschaft 3/2 |pages=1536–1543 |ref=harv}} <!-- Baugh2002 --> * {{Cite book |last=Baugh |first=Albert C. |author2=Thomas Cable |title=A History of the English Language |edition=5th |publisher=Routledge |date=2002 |isbn=0-415-28099-0|ref=Baugh}} <!-- Blench1999 --> * {{Cite book |last1=Blench |first1=R.|last2=Spriggs |first2=Matthew |title=Archaeology and Language: Correlating Archaeological and Linguistic Hypotheses |pages=285–286 |date=1999 |publisher=Routledge |isbn=978-0-415-11761-6 |url=http://books.google.com/?id=DWMHhfXxLaIC&pg=PA286 }} <!-- Bryson1990 --> * {{Cite book |last=Bryson|first=Bill|authorlink=Bill Bryson |title=[[The Mother Tongue]] - English And How It Got That Way: |publisher=Penguin|date=1990 |isbn=0-14-014305-X}} <!-- Bragg2004 --> * {{Cite book |last=Bragg |first=Melvyn |authorlink=Melvyn Bragg |title=[[The Adventure of English]]: The Biography of a Language |publisher=Arcade Publishing |date=2004 |isbn=1-55970-710-0}} <!-- Cheshire1991 --> * {{Cite book |last=Cheshire |first=Jenny |authorlink=Jenny Cheshire |title=English Around The World: Sociolinguistic Perspectives |publisher=[[Cambridge University Press]] |date=1991 |doi=10.2277/0521395658 |isbn=0-521-39565-8 }} <!-- Crystal1997a should probably be replaced by references to second edition --> * {{Cite book |last=Crystal |first=David |authorlink=David Crystal |date=1997a |title=English as a Global Language |location=Cambridge |publisher=Cambridge University Press |isbn=0-521-53032-6 |url=http://books.google.com/?id=d6jPAKxTHRYC |ref=Crystal1997a}} <!-- Crystal 1997b This is not the same as the 2003 second edition, it is a revised paperback edition of the first edition, and should probably be replaced by references to second edition --> * {{Cite book |last=Crystal |first=David|title=The Cambridge Encyclopedia of the English Language |edition=2nd |publisher=Cambridge University Press |date=1997b |isbn=0-521-55967-7 |ref=Crystal1997b}} <!-- CrystalEncyclopedia2003 --> * {{Cite book |last=Crystal |first=David|title=The Cambridge Encyclopedia of the English Language |url=https://archive.org/details/cambridgeencyclo0000crys_v1y6 |edition=2nd |publisher=Cambridge University Press |date=2003 |isbn=0-521-53033-4}} <!-- CrystalGlobalLanguage2003 --> * {{Cite book |last=Crystal |first=David |author-link=David Crystal |title=English as a Global Language |edition=2nd |publisher=Cambridge University Press |page=69 |date=2003 |url=http://books.google.com/?id=d6jPAKxTHRYC |isbn=978-0-521-53032-3}} <!-- CrystalStories2004 --> * {{Cite book |last=Crystal|first=David|title=The Stories of English|url=https://archive.org/details/storiesofenglish0000crys|publisher=Allen Lane|date=2004|isbn=0-7139-9752-4}} <!-- Dunton-Downer2010 --> * {{Cite book |last=Dunton-Downer |first=Leslie |title=The English is Coming!: How One Language is Sweeping the World |url=http://books.simonandschuster.com/The-English-is-Coming!/Leslie-Dunton-Downer/9781439176696 |accessdate=19 Disyembre 2014 |date=2010 |publisher=Simon and Schuster |isbn=978-1-4391-7669-6 |id= |quote= |laysummary=http://articles.latimes.com/2010/dec/24/entertainment/la-et-book-20101224 |laysource=Los Angeles Times |laydate=19 Disyembre 2014 |ref=harv}} * {{Cite book |last=Halliday |first=MAK |title=An Introduction to Functional Grammar |url=https://archive.org/details/investigatingeng0000wrig |edition=2nd |location=London |publisher=Edward Arnold |date=1994 |isbn=0-340-55782-6}} * {{Cite book |last=Hayford |first=Harrison |authorlink = Harrison M. Hayford|author2=Howard P. Vincent |title=Reader and Writer |url=https://archive.org/details/readerandwriter030101mbp |publisher=Houghton Mifflin Company |date=1954 }} {{Cite web|url=http://www.archive.org/details/readerandwriter030101mbp |title=Internet Archive: Free Download: Reader And Writer |publisher=Archive.org |date=10 Marso 2001 |accessdate=2 Enero 2010}} * {{Cite book |first=Anthony |last=Howatt |title=A History of English Language Teaching |publisher=Oxford University Press |date=2004 |isbn=0-19-442185-6 |url=http://books.google.com/?id=g2e7iw_F-ZcC |ref=refHowatt2004}} <!-- HuddlestonPullum2002 --> * {{Cite book |last1=Huddleston |first1=Rodney |last2=Pullum |first2=Geoffrey K. |title=The Cambridge Grammar of the English Language |url=https://archive.org/details/cambridgegrammar0000hudd |date=15 Abril 2002 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |location=Cambridge |isbn=978-0-521-43146-0|authormask=|trans_title=|format=|origyear=|oclc=|doi=|bibcode=|id=|quote=|laysummary=|laydate= |ref=harv}} * Kenyon, John Samuel and Knott, Thomas Albert, ''A Pronouncing Dictionary of American English'', G & C Merriam Company, Springfield, Mass, USA, 1953. * {{Cite book |first=Roger |last=Lass |editor-first=Roger |editor-last=Lass |title=The Cambridge History of the English Language, Volume III: 1476–1776 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |location=Cambridge |date=1999 |chapter=Phonology and Morphology |pages=56–186}} * {{Cite book |first=Alamin |last=Mazrui |title=The Power of Babel: Language & Governance in the African Experience |publisher=University of Chicago Press |date=1998 |isbn=0-85255-807-4 |url=http://books.google.com/?id=6lQTPxdYx8kC |ref=refMazrui1998}} * {{Cite book |last=McArthur |first=T. (ed.) |title=The Oxford Companion to the English Language |url=https://archive.org/details/oxfordcompaniont00mcar |publisher=Oxford University Press |date=1992 |isbn=0-19-214183-X}} * {{Cite book |last=McCrum |first=Robert|author2=Robert MacNeil |author3=William Cran |title=[[The Story of English]]|edition=1st|location=New York|publisher=Viking|date=1986|isbn=0-670-80467-3}} * {{Cite book |last=Nation |first=I.S.P. |authorlink1= Paul Nation |date=2001|title=Learning Vocabulary in Another Language|publisher=Cambridge University Press|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=sKqx8k8gYTkC|page=477|isbn=0-521-80498-1|ref=harv}} * {{Cite book |last=Plotkin |first=Vulf |title=The Language System of English |publisher=BrownWalker Press |date=2006 |isbn=1-58112-993-9}} * {{Cite book |last=Robinson |first=Orrin |title=Old English and Its Closest Relatives |url=https://archive.org/details/oldenglishitsclo0000robi |publisher=Stanford Univ. Press |date=1992 |isbn=0-8047-2221-8}} * {{Cite book |first=Edgar |last=Schneider |title=Postcolonial English: Varieties Around the World |publisher=Cambridge University Press |date=2007 |isbn=0-521-83140-7 |url=http://books.google.com/?id=QIE6zGSd8okC |ref=refSchneider2007}} * {{Cite book |first=Ronald |last=Wardhaugh |title=An Introduction to Sociolinguistics |publisher=Wiley-Blackwell |date=2006 |isbn=1-4051-3559-X |url=http://books.google.com/?id=0J2VOzNYtKQC |ref=refWardhaugh2006}} {{refend}} ==Dugang nga barasahon== * Partridge, A. C. ''Tudor to Augustan English: a Study in Syntax and Style, from Caxton to Johnson'', in series, ''The Language Library''. London: A. Deutsch, 1969. 242 p. SBN 233-96092-9 * [[:en:Category:English language tests]] ==Mga sumpay ha gawas== {{Sisterlinks|commons=Category:English language|b=Subject:English language|v=Topic:English Language|n=no|s=no|species=no|voy=no|d=Q1860|wikt=Category:English language}} * [http://www.soundcomparisons.com/ Accents of English from Around the World (University of Edinburgh)] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110429190515/http://www.soundcomparisons.com/ |date=2011-04-29 }} – hear and compare how the same 110 words are pronounced in 50 English accents from around the world * [https://www.britishcouncil.ph/ British Council Philippines] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160505021115/https://www.britishcouncil.ph/ |date=2016-05-05 }} * [http://www.tesol.ph/ TESOL Philippines] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150402170304/http://www.tesol.ph/ |date=2015-04-02 }} ;Mga pagpurulungan * [http://dicts.info/dictlist1.php Collection of English bilingual dictionaries] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160301142208/http://dicts.info/dictlist1.php |date=2016-03-01 }} * [http://www.dict.org/ dict.org] * [http://www.prefixsuffix.com/ English language word roots, prefixes and suffixes (affixes) dictionary] * [http://www.m-w.com/ Merriam-Webster's online dictionary] * [http://www.macquariedictionary.com.au/ Macquarie Dictionary Online] [[Kaarangay:Yinaknan]] nl081b6oy1wsgnbz481by7xhzyba6p1 0 8994 7782301 7645702 2026-04-07T05:46:27Z InternetArchiveBot 41587 Add 1 book for verifiability (20260407)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 7782301 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox panimungto <!-- See Template:Infobox settlement for additional fields and descriptions --> | name = Los Angeles | official_name = | native_name = <!-- if different from the English name --> | native_name_lang = <!-- ISO 639-2 code e.g. "fr" for French. If more than one, use {{lang}} instead --> | other_name = | settlement_type = syudad <!-- transliteration(s) --------> | translit_lang1 = | translit_lang1_type = | translit_lang1_info = | translit_lang1_type1 = | translit_lang1_info1 = | translit_lang1_type2 = | translit_lang1_info2 = <!-- etc., up to translit_lang1_type6 / translit_lang1_info6 --> | translit_lang2 = | translit_lang2_type = | translit_lang2_info = | translit_lang2_type1 = | translit_lang2_info1 = | translit_lang2_type2 = | translit_lang2_info2 = | translit_lang2_info2 = <!-- etc., up to translit_lang2_type6 / translit_lang2_info6 --> <!-- images, nickname, motto ---> | image_skyline = New LA Infobox Pic Montage 5.jpg | imagesize = 250px | image_alt = | image_caption = | image_flag = | flag_size = | flag_alt = | flag_link = | image_seal = | seal_size = | seal_alt = | seal_link = | image_shield = | shield_size = | shield_alt = | shield_link = | image_blank_emblem = | blank_emblem_type = <!-- defaults to Logo --> | blank_emblem_size = | blank_emblem_alt = | blank_emblem_link = | nickname = L.A., the City of Angels,<ref>{{cite news|title=Atlanta works on its sales pitch: Convention bureau's chief sticks to basics in marketing the city|last=Stafford|first=Leon|work=The Atlanta Journal - Constitution|date=7 Enero 2010|page=1|url=http://www6.lexisnexis.com/publisher/EndUser?Action=UserDisplayFullDocument&orgId=574&topicId=100020422&docId=l:1103602102&start=4|accessdate=1 Oktubre 2011|archive-date=26 Nobyembre 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111126202604/http://www6.lexisnexis.com/publisher/EndUser?Action=UserDisplayFullDocument&orgId=574&topicId=100020422&docId=l%3A1103602102&start=4|url-status=dead}}</ref> Angeltown,<ref>{{cite news|title=A Teflon Metropolis Where No Nicknames Stick|last=Smith|first=Jack|work=Los Angeles Times|date=12 Oktubre 1989|page=1|url=http://articles.latimes.com/1989-10-12/news/vw-168_1_los-angeles|accessdate=1 Oktubre 2011}}</ref> La-La Land<ref>{{cite web | url = http://latimesblogs.latimes.com/jacketcopy/2011/03/la-la-land-now-the-dictionary-definition-of-los-angeles.html | title = 'La-La Land,' now the dictionary definition of Los Angeles | publisher = Los Angeles Times | date = 25 Marso 2011 | accessdate = 29 Septyembre 2011}}</ref> | motto = | anthem = <!-- maps and coordinates ------> | image_map = | mapsize = | map_alt = | map_caption = | image_map1 = | mapsize1 = | map_alt1 = | map_caption1 = | image_dot_map = | dot_mapsize = | dot_map_base_alt = | dot_map_alt = | dot_map_caption = | dot_x = |dot_y = | pushpin_map = <!-- name of a location map as per Template:Location_map --> | pushpin_label_position = <!-- position of the pushpin label: left, right, top, bottom, none --> | pushpin_label = <!-- only necessary if "name" or "official_name" are too long --> | pushpin_map_alt = | pushpin_mapsize = | pushpin_map_caption = | pushpin_map1 = | pushpin_label_position1 = | pushpin_label1 = <!-- only necessary if "name" or "official_name" are too long --> | pushpin_map_alt1 = | pushpin_mapsize1 = | pushpin_map_caption1 = | latd = |latm = |lats = |latNS = | longd = |longm = |longs = |longEW = | coor_pinpoint = <!-- to specify exact location of coordinates (was coor_type) --> | coordinates_type = | coordinates_display = inline,title | coordinates_footnotes = <!-- for references: use <ref> tags --> <!-- location ------------------> | subdivision_type = Nasod | subdivision_name = Estados Unidos | subdivision_type1 = Estado | subdivision_name1 = California | subdivision_type2 = Condado | subdivision_name2 = [[Condado han Los Angeles, California|Condado han Los Angeles]] <!-- established ---------------> | established_title = <!-- Settled --> | established_date = | established_title1 = <!-- Incorporated (town) --> | established_date1 = | established_title2 = <!-- Incorporated (city) --> | established_date2 = | established_title3 = | established_date3 = | extinct_title = | extinct_date = | founder = | named_for = <!-- seat, smaller parts -------> | seat_type = <!-- defaults to: Seat --> | seat = | parts_type = <!-- defaults to: Boroughs --> | parts_style = <!-- list, coll (collapsed list), para (paragraph format) --> | parts = <!-- parts text, or header for parts list --> | p1 = | p2 = <!-- etc., up to p50: for separate parts to be listed--> <!-- government type, leaders --> | government_footnotes = <!-- for references: use <ref> tags --> | government_type = | leader_party = | leader_title = | leader_name = <!-- add &nbsp; (no-break space) to disable automatic links --> | leader_title1 = | leader_name1 = <!-- etc., up to leader_title4 / leader_name4 --> <!-- display settings ---------> | total_type = <!-- to set a non-standard label for total area and population rows --> | unit_pref = <!-- enter: Imperial, to display imperial before metric --> <!-- area ----------------------> | area_footnotes = <!-- for references: use <ref> tags --> | area_magnitude = <!-- use only to set a special wikilink --> | area_total_km2 = <!-- ALL fields with measurements have automatic unit conversion --> | area_total_sq_mi = <!-- see table @ Template:Infobox settlement for details --> | area_total_dunam = <!-- used in Middle East articles only --> | area_land_km2 = | area_land_sq_mi = | area_water_km2 = | area_water_sq_mi = | area_water_percent = | area_urban_footnotes = <!-- for references: use <ref> tags --> | area_urban_km2 = | area_urban_sq_mi = | area_metro_footnotes = <!-- for references: use <ref> tags --> | area_metro_km2 = | area_metro_sq_mi = | area_rank = | area_blank1_title = | area_blank1_km2 = | area_blank1_sq_mi = | area_blank2_title = | area_blank2_km2 = | area_blank2_sq_mi = | area_note = <!-- elevation -----------------> | elevation_footnotes = <!-- for references: use <ref> tags --> | elevation_m = | elevation_ft = | elevation_max_footnotes = <!-- for references: use <ref> tags --> | elevation_max_m = | elevation_max_ft = | elevation_min_footnotes = <!-- for references: use <ref> tags --> | elevation_min_m = | elevation_min_ft = <!-- population ----------------> | population_footnotes = <!-- for references: use <ref> tags --> | population_total = | population_as_of = | population_rank = | population_density_km2 = <!-- for automatic calculation of any density field, use: auto --> | population_density_sq_mi= | population_est = | pop_est_as_of = | population_urban = | population_density_urban_km2 = | population_density_urban_sq_mi = | population_metro = | population_density_metro_km2 = | population_density_metro_sq_mi = | population_density = | population_density_rank = | population_blank1_title = | population_blank1 = | population_density_blank1_km2 = | population_density_blank1_sq_mi= | population_blank2_title = | population_blank2 = | population_density_blank2_km2 = | population_density_blank2_sq_mi= | population_demonym = <!-- demonym, ie. Liverpudlian for someone from Liverpool --> | population_note = <!-- demographics (section 1) --> | demographics_type1 = | demographics1_footnotes = <!-- for references: use <ref> tags --> | demographics1_title1 = | demographics1_info1 = <!-- etc., up to demographics1_title5 / demographics1_info5 --> <!-- demographics (section 2) --> | demographics_type2 = | demographics2_footnotes = <!-- for references: use <ref> tags --> | demographics2_title1 = | demographics2_info1 = <!-- etc., up to demographics2_title5 / demographics2_info5 --> <!-- time zone(s) --------------> | timezone1 = | utc_offset1 = | timezone1_DST = | utc_offset1_DST = | timezone2 = | utc_offset2 = | timezone2_DST = | utc_offset2_DST = <!-- postal codes, area code ---> | postal_code_type = <!-- enter ZIP code, Postcode, Post code, Postal code... --> | postal_code = | postal2_code_type = <!-- enter ZIP code, Postcode, Post code, Postal code... --> | postal2_code = | area_code_type = <!-- defaults to: Area code(s) --> | area_code = | geocode = | iso_code = | registration_plate = <!-- twin cities ---------------> | twin1 = | twin1_country = | twin2 = | twin2_country = <!-- etc., up to twin9 / twin9_country --> <!-- blank fields (section 1) --> | blank_name_sec1 = | blank_info_sec1 = | blank1_name_sec1 = | blank1_info_sec1 = | blank2_name_sec1 = | blank2_info_sec1 = <!-- etc., blank6_name_sec1 / blank6_info_sec1 --> <!-- blank fields (section 2) --> | blank_name_sec2 = | blank_info_sec2 = | blank1_name_sec2 = | blank1_info_sec2 = | blank2_name_sec2 = | blank2_info_sec2 = <!-- etc., blank6_name_sec2 / blank6_info_sec2 --> <!-- website, footnotes --------> | website = [http://www.lacity.org/ lacity.org] | footnotes = }} An '''Los Angeles''' nga may-ada populasyon ha 2010 Senso han Estados Unidos nga 3,792,621, in may-ada gidamoi nga katawhan nga syudad ha California, Estados Unidos ngan ikaduha ha gidamoi nga populasyon ha Estados Unidos, kahuman an Syudad han New York. May-ada in kahaluag nga 468.67 milya kwadrado (1,213.8 km2), ngan namumutang ha Salatan nga California. ==Pinanbasaran== {{Mga kasarigan}} ==Padugang nga barasahon== ;General * {{cite book | author=[[Carey McWilliams (journalist)|Carey McWilliams]] | publisher=Peregrine Smith | title = Southern California: An Island on the Land | url=https://archive.org/details/southerncaliforn00mcwi | edition = 9th | date = 2009 | isbn = 978-0-87905-007-8}} * {{cite book | author=[[Richard White (historian)|Richard White]] | title = [[It's Your Misfortune and None of My Own]]: A New History of the American West | publisher=University of Oklahoma Press | date = 1991 | isbn = 978-0-8061-2567-1}} * {{cite book | author =[[David Rieff]] | title = Los Angeles: Capital of the Third World | publisher = Touchstone | date = 1992 | isbn = 978-0-671-79210-7}} * {{cite book | author=[[Peter Theroux]] | title = Translating LA: A Tour of the Rainbow City | url=https://archive.org/details/translatingla00pete | publisher=Norton | date = 1994 | isbn = 978-0-393-31394-9}} * {{cite book | author=[[Paul Glover]] | title = Los Angeles: A History of the Future | publisher=Greenplanners | date = 1995 | isbn = 978-0-9622911-0-4}} * {{cite book | author=Leonard Pitt & Dale Pitt | title = Los Angeles A to Z: An Encyclopedia of the City and County | publisher=University of California Press | place = Berkeley | date = 2000 | isbn = 978-0-520-20530-7}} * {{cite book | author = [[Kevin Starr]] and David Ulin | editor = Jim Heimann | title = Los Angeles: Portrait of a City | url = https://archive.org/details/losangelesportra0000unse | publisher = [[Taschen]] America | date = 2009 | isbn = 978-3-8365-0291-7}} ;Architecture and urban theory * {{cite book | author=[[Reyner Banham]] | title = Los Angeles: The Architecture of Four Ecologies | url=https://archive.org/details/losangelesarchit0000banh | publisher=[[University of California Press]] | place = Berkeley | date = 2009 | edition = 2nd | isbn = 978-0-520-26015-3}} * {{cite book | author=[[Mike Davis (scholar)|Mike Davis]] | title = [[City of Quartz|City of Quartz: Excavating the Future in Los Angeles]] | publisher=Verso | date = 2006 | isbn = 978-1-84467-568-5}} * {{cite book | author=Robert M. Fogelson | title = The Fragmented Metropolis: Los Angeles 1850–1930 | url=https://archive.org/details/fragmentedmetrop0000foge_l1o1 | publisher=University of California Press | place = Berkeley | date = 1993 | isbn = 978-0-520-08230-4}} * {{cite book | author=Norman M. Klein | title = The History of Forgetting: Los Angeles and the Erasure of Memory | url=https://archive.org/details/historyofforgett0000klei | publisher=Verso | date = 1997 | isbn = 978-1-84467-242-4}} * {{cite book | author = Sam Hall Kaplan | title = L.A. Lost & Found: An Architectural History of Los Angeles | publisher = Hennessey and Ingalls | date = 2000 | isbn = 978-0-940512-23-8}} * {{cite book | author = Wim de Wit and Christopher James Alexander | title = Overdrive: L.A. Constructs the Future, 1940–1990 | url = https://archive.org/details/overdrivelaconst0000unse | publisher = Getty Publications | date = 2013 | isbn = 978-1-60606-128-2}} ;Race relations * {{cite book|author=Rodolfo Acuña|authorlink=Rodolfo Acuña|title=Anything but Mexican: Chicanos in contemporary Los Angeles|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=0lQXqQPNOUcC|accessdate=30 Septyembre 2011| date = 1996|publisher=Verso|isbn=978-1-85984-031-3}} * {{cite book | author=Lynell George | title = No Crystal Stair: African Americans in the City of Angels | url=https://archive.org/details/nocrystalstairaf0000geor | publisher=Verso | date = 1992 | isbn = 978-0-86091-389-4}} * {{cite book | title = L.A. City Limits: African American Los Angeles from the Great Depression to the Present | author = Josh Sides | place = Berkeley | publisher = University of California Press | date = 2006 | isbn = 978-0-520-24830-4}} * {{cite book | title = Murder at the Sleepy Lagoon: Zoot Suits, Race, and Riot in Wartime L.A. | author = Eduardo Obregón Pagán | publisher = The University of North Carolina Press | date = 2006 | isbn = 978-0-8078-5494-5}} * {{cite book | title = The Great Black Way: L.A. in the 1940s and the Last African American Renaissance | url = https://archive.org/details/greatblackwayla00smit | author = R. J. Smith | date = 2007 | publisher = PublicAffairs | isbn = 978-1-58648-521-4}} ;LGBT * {{cite book | title = Gay L. A.: A History of Sexual Outlaws, Power Politics, And Lipstick Lesbians | url = https://archive.org/details/gaylahistoryofse00lill | author = [[Lillian Faderman]] and Stuart Timmons | date = 2006 | publisher = Basic Books | isbn = 0-465-02288-X}} * {{cite book | title = Bohemian Los Angeles: and the Making of Modern Politics | url = https://archive.org/details/bohemianlosangel0000hure | author = Daniel Hurewitz | publisher = University of California Press | place = Berkeley | date = 2007 | isbn = 0-520-24925-9}} ;Environment * {{cite book | author=[[Marc Reisner]] | title = [[Cadillac Desert|Cadillac Desert: The American West and its Disappearing Water]] | publisher=[[Penguin Books]] | date = 1986 | isbn = 978-0-14-017824-1}} * {{cite book |title = Smogtown: The Lung-Burning History of Pollution in Los Angeles |url = https://archive.org/details/smogtownlungburn00jaco | author = Chip Jacobs and William Kelly | publisher = Outlook Hardcover | date = 2008 | isbn = 1-58567-860-0 }} ;Arte ngan literatura * {{cite book | editor = David L. Ulin | title = Writing Los Angeles: A Literary Anthology | url = https://archive.org/details/writinglosangele0000unse | publisher=[[Library of America]] | date = 2002 | isbn = 978-1-931082-27-3}} * {{cite book | title = Pop L.A.: Art and the City in the 1960s | author = Cécile Whiting | place = Berkeley | publisher = University of California Press | date = 2008 | isbn = 978-0-520-25634-7}} ==Mga sumpay ha gawas== {{Sister project links|Los Angeles|voy=Los Angeles}} {{Spoken Wikipedia|LosAngelesPart1.ogg|2011-10-08}} * {{Official website|www.lacity.org}} * [http://life.time.com/?attachment_id=4004 Los Angeles Then and Now] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140709164512/http://life.time.com/?attachment_id=4004 |date=2014-07-09 }}&nbsp;– slideshow by ''[[Life magazine]]'' {{California}} [[Kaarangay:Los Angeles, California]] [[Kaarangay:California]] 505v4y7gvc0230h5dgvo5ls9pmuisfx 0 9066 7782383 7749203 2026-04-07T07:30:38Z InternetArchiveBot 41587 Add 4 books for verifiability (20260407)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 7782383 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Paypay:Nokota Horses cropped.jpg|right|thumb|300 px|Kabayo]] An '''kabayo'''<ref>Abuyen, Tomas A. '''Diksyunaryo Waray-Waray [Visaya] English-Tagalog'''. Kalayaan Press Mktg. Ent., Inc. Quezon City. Tuig 2000. ISBN 971-08-6050-X. Pakli Ihap 149.</ref> ([[Iningles]]: ''horse'') amo an usa nga hayop nga kaurupod han pamilya [[Equidae]]. == Pinanbasaran== {{reflist}} ==Mga pagkukuhaan== {{refbegin|60em}} *{{cite book|author= Anthony, David W.|chapter= Bridling Horse Power: The Domestication of the Horse|title= Horses Through Time|url= https://archive.org/details/horsesthroughtim00olse|edition= First|publisher= Roberts Rinehart Publishers|location= Boulder, CO|year= 1996|isbn= 1-57098-060-8|oclc= 36179575}} *{{cite book|author= Apperson, George Latimer and Martin Manser|title= Dictionary of Proverbs|url= https://archive.org/details/wordsworthdictio0000appe|publisher= Wordsworth Editions|year= 2006|isbn= 1-84022-311-1}} *{{cite book|author=Bartlett, Virginia K.|title=Keeping House: Women's Lives in Western Pennsylvania, 1790–1850|url=http://books.google.com/?id=L2KtMgwNL3cC&pg=PA35|year=1994|publisher=[[University of Pittsburgh Press]]|isbn=0-8229-5538-5|oclc=30978921}} *{{cite book|author=Becker, Marty, Audrey Pavia, Gina Spadafori, Teresa Becker|title=Why Do Horses Sleep Standing Up?: 101 of the Most Perplexing Questions Answered About Equine Enigmas, Medical Mysteries, and Befuddling Behaviors|publisher=HCI|year=2007|isbn=0-7573-0608-X|url=http://books.google.com/?id=Qvz62nMkQLYC&pg=PA23}}{{Dead link|date=October 2021 |bot=InternetArchiveBot }} *{{cite book |author=Belknap, Maria |title=Horsewords: The Equine Dictionary |url=https://archive.org/details/horsewordsequine0000mari_z9o4_2nded |edition=Second |publisher=Trafalgar Square Publishing |location=North Pomfret, VT |year=2004 |isbn=1-57076-274-0}} *{{cite book |author= Bennett, Deb|title= Conquerors: The Roots of New World Horsemanship|url= https://archive.org/details/conquerorsrootso0000benn|edition= First|publisher= Amigo Publications, Inc.|location= Solvang, California|year= 1998 |isbn=0-9658533-0-6 |oclc= 39709067}} *{{cite book |author=Bongianni, Maurizio |title=Simon & Schuster's Guide to Horses and Ponies |publisher=Fireside |location=New York |year= 1987|isbn=0-671-66068-3 }} *{{cite book |title= The Manual of Horsemanship of the British Horse Society and the Pony Club |url= https://archive.org/details/manualofhorseman00pony |author= British Horse Society |year= 1966 |edition= 6th edition, reprinted 1970 |publisher= British Horse Society |location= Kenilworth, UK |isbn= 0-9548863-1-3 }} *{{cite book|title=The USDF Guide to Dressage|url=http://books.google.com/?id=9NNobNYAiroC&pg=PA272|author=Bryant, Jennifer Olson and George Williams|publisher=Storey Publishing|year=2006|isbn=1-58017-529-5}} * {{cite book|author= Budiansky, Stephen|title= The Nature of Horses|url= https://archive.org/details/natureofhorsesex00budi|publisher= Free Press|location= New York:NY|year= 1997|isbn= 0-684-82768-9|oclc= 35723713}} *{{cite book|author= Bush, Karen and Julian Marczak|title= The Principles of Teaching Riding: The Official Manual of the Association of British Riding Schools|publisher= David & Charles|year= 2005|isbn= 0-7153-1902-7|url= http://books.google.com/?id=uCQYEduHy8cC&pg=PA58|oclc= 224946044}}{{Dead link|date=October 2021 |bot=InternetArchiveBot }} *{{cite book |author=Campbell, B.N. |url=http://books.google.com/books?id=-p7ZF9KW8-MC&printsec=frontcover#PPA111,M1 |title=National Gambling Impact Study Commission Final Report (1999) |publisher=DIANE Publishing |location=Darby, PA |year=2001 |isbn=0-7567-0701-3 }} *{{cite book|author= Chamberlin, J. Edward|title= Horse: How the Horse Has Shaped Civilizations|url= https://archive.org/details/horsehowhorsehas0000cham_n2o8|publisher= Bluebridge|location= New York, NY|year= 2006|isbn= 0-9742405-9-1|oclc= 61704732}} *{{cite book|author=Collins, Tony, John Martin, Wray Vamplew|title=Encyclopedia of Traditional British Rural Sports|url=http://books.google.com/?id=NWu6sLJn7-kC&pg=PA174|publisher=Routledge|year=2005|location=London, UK|isbn=0-415-35224-X|oclc=57005595}} *{{cite book |author=DeFilippis, Chris |title=The Everything Horse Care Book |url=https://archive.org/details/everythinghorsec0000defi |publisher=Adams Media |location=Avon, MA |year=2006 |isbn=1-59337-530-1 |oclc=223814651 }} *{{cite encyclopedia |author=Dohner, Janet Vorwald |editor= Dohner, Janet Vorwald |title=Equines: Natural History |encyclopedia=Historic and Endangered Livestock and Poultry Breeds |year=2001 |publisher=Yale University Press |location=Topeka, KS |pages=400–401 | isbn = 978-0-300-08880-9 }} *{{cite book |author=Edwards, Elwyn Hartley |title=Horses|url=https://archive.org/details/horses0000hart |edition=Second American |publisher=Dorling Kindersley |location= New York, NY|year=2002 |isbn=0-7894-8982-1 |oclc=50798049}} *{{cite book |author=Edwards, Elwyn Hartley |title=The Encyclopedia of the Horse |publisher=Dorling Kindersley |location= London, UK|year=1994 |isbn=1-56458-614-6 |oclc=29670649}} *{{cite book |author=Edwards, Gladys Brown |title=The Arabian: War Horse to Show Horse |publisher=Rich Publishing|year=1973 |edition=Revised Collectors |isbn=}} *{{cite book |author= Ensminger, M. E.|title= Horses and Horsemanship: Animal Agricultural Series|url= https://archive.org/details/horseshorsemansh0000ensm|edition= Sixth|publisher= Interstate Publishers|location= Danville, IN|year= 1990|isbn=0-8134-2883-1 |oclc= 21977751}} *{{cite book|author= Ensminger, M.E.|title= Horses and Tack|url= https://archive.org/details/horsestack0000ensm|edition= Revised|publisher= Houghton Mifflin Company|location= Boston, MA|year= 1991|isbn= 0-395-54413-0|oclc= 21561287}} *{{cite book|author= Evans, J.|title= The Horse|url= https://archive.org/details/isbn_9780716718116|edition= Second|publisher= Freeman|location= New York, NY|year= 1990|isbn= 0-7167-1811-1|oclc= 20132967}} *{{cite book|author= Evans, James Warren|url= http://books.google.com/?id=QofYEVPeIBUC&pg=PA56|title= Horse Breeding and Management|publisher= Elsevier Health Sciences|location= Amsterdam|year= 1992|isbn= 0-444-88282-0|oclc= 243738023}}{{Dead link|date=October 2021 |bot=InternetArchiveBot }} *{{cite book |author=Fear, Sally|title=New Forest Drift: A Photographic Portrait of Life in the National Park|publisher= Perspective Photo Press|year= 2006|isbn=0-9553253-0-7}} *{{cite book|author= Fort, Matthew|title= Eating Up Italy: Voyages on a Vespa|url= https://archive.org/details/eatingupitalyvoy0000fort|publisher= Centro Books|location= London, UK|year= 2005|isbn= 0-00-721481-2|oclc= 60419304}} *{{cite book|author=Fox-Davies, Arthur Charles|title=A Complete Guide to Heraldry|url=http://books.google.com/?id=xSeEWjQCTIAC&pg=PA202|publisher=Skyhorse Publishing Inc|year=2007|isbn=1-60239-001-0}} *{{cite book|author=Giffin, M.D., James M. and Tom Gore, D.V.M.|title=Horse Owner’s Veterinary Handbook|url=https://archive.org/details/horseownersveter0002giff|edition=Second|publisher=Howell Book House|location=New York|year=1998|isbn=0-87605-606-0|oclc=37245445}} *{{cite book|author=Gifford, Angela|chapter=Working Draught Horses as Singles and Pairs|title=The Working Horse Manual|url=https://archive.org/details/workinghorsemanu0000unse|publisher=Farming Press|location=Tonbridge, UK|isbn=0-85236-401-6|origyear=1998|year=2000|oclc=40464050}} *{{cite book|author=Gifford, Angela|chapter=Working Horses in Forestry|title=The Working Horse Manual|url=https://archive.org/details/workinghorsemanu0000unse|publisher=Farming Press|location=Tonbridge, UK|isbn=0-85236-401-6|origyear=1998|year=2000|oclc=40464050}} *{{cite book|author= Hairston, Rachel and Madelyn Larsen|title= The Essentials of Horsekeeping|publisher= Sterling Publishing Company, Inc.|year= 2004|isbn= 0-8069-8817-7|location= New York, NY|url= http://books.google.com/?id=vSBwbz7FozYC&pg=PA77|oclc= 53186526}} *{{cite book |last=Hammond |first=Gerald |title=The Language of Horse Racing |url=http://books.google.com/?id=CJ4zH2P_6mMC&printsec=frontcover |year=2000 |publisher=Taylor & Francis |location=London |isbn=1-57958-276-1 |oclc=44923115 }} *{{cite book|author= Harris, Susan E.|title= Horse Gaits, Balance and Movement|url= https://archive.org/details/unset0000unse_h0z5|publisher= Howell Book House|location= New York|year= 1993|isbn= 0-87605-955-8|oclc= 25873158}} *{{cite book|author=Harris, Susan E.|title=The United States Pony Club Manual of Horsemanship: Basics for Beginners&nbsp;– D Level|url=https://archive.org/details/unitedstatespony0000harr_k8v6|publisher=Howell Book House|location=New York, NY|year=1994|isbn=0-87605-952-3}} *{{cite book |author= Hedge, Juliet and Don M. Wagoner|title= Horse Conformation: Structure, Soundness and Performance|publisher= Globe Pequot|location=Guilford, CT|year= 2004|isbn= 1-59228-487-6 |oclc= 56012597}} *{{cite book|author=Howlett, Lorna and Philip Mathews|title=Ponies in Australia|publisher=Philip Mathews Publishers|location=Milson's Point, NSW|isbn=0-908001-13-4|year=1979}} *{{cite book|author=Hurd, Edward Payson (translator)|title=Diseases of the Stomach and Intestines|year=1886|location=New York, NY|publisher=W. Wood & Company|url=http://books.google.com/?id=3LerRZoRT68C&printsec=frontcover}} *{{cite book |last=Kreling |first=Kai |title=Horses' Teeth and Their Problems: Prevention, Recognition, and Treatment |url=http://books.google.com/?id=3q1LINmOkOIC&pg=PA117-IA1 |year=2005 |publisher=Globe Pequot |location=Guilford, CT |isbn=1-59228-696-8 |chapter=The Horse's Teeth |oclc=59163221 }}{{Dead link|date=October 2021 |bot=InternetArchiveBot }} *{{cite book |author= MacGregor, Arthur|title= Bone, Antler, Ivory and Horn: Technology of Skeletal Materials Since the Roman Period|publisher= Barnes & Noble|location= Totowa, NJ|year= 1985 |isbn=0-389-20531-1 |oclc= 11090630}} *{{cite book|author= Matossian, Mary Kilbourne|url= http://books.google.com/?id=LkRATLisN0sC&pg=PA43|title= Shaping World History: Breakthroughs in Ecology, Technology, Science, and Politics|publisher= M.E. Sharpe|location= Armonk, NY|year= 1997|isbn= 0-585-02397-2|oclc= 156944228}} *{{cite book |author= McBane, Susan|title= A Natural Approach to Horse Management|publisher= Methuen|location= London|year= 1992|isbn= 0-413-62370-X |oclc= 26359746}} *{{cite book |title=The Illustrated Encyclopedia of Horse Breeds |url=https://archive.org/details/illustratedencyc00susa |last=McBane |first=Susan |year=1997 |publisher=Wellfleet Press |location=Edison, NJ |isbn=0-7858-0604-0 |oclc=244110821 }} *{{cite book|author= Mettler, John J. Jr.|title= Horse Sense: A Complete Guide to Horse Selection and Care|url= https://archive.org/details/horsesensecomple1989mett|publisher= Storey Communications, Inc.|location= Pownal, VT|year= 1989|isbn= 0-88266-549-9|oclc= 19324181}} *{{cite book|author=Miller, Lynn R.|title=Work Horse Handbook|url=https://archive.org/details/workhorsehandboo0000mill|publisher=Small Farmer's Journal Inc.|location=Sisters, OR|origyear=1981|year=2000|edition=First Edition, Fifteenth Impression|isbn=0-9607268-0-2|oclc=234277549}} *{{cite book|author=Miller, Robert M.|title=Understanding the Ancient Secrets of the Horse's Mind|publisher=Russell Meerdink Company Ltd|location=Neenah, WI|year=1999|isbn=0-929346-65-3|url=http://books.google.com/?id=5Qat2gs43owC&pg=PA28|oclc=42389612}} *{{cite book|author=Miller, Robert M. and Rick Lamb|title=Revolution in Horsemanship and What it Means to Mankind|url=https://archive.org/details/revolutioninhors0000mill|publisher=Lyons Press|location=Guilford, Connecticut|year=2005|isbn=1-59228-387-X|oclc=57005594}} *{{cite book|title=A Basic Guide to Horse Care and Management|url=https://archive.org/details/basicguidetohors0000mill|author=Mills, Bruce and Barbara Carne|year=1988|publisher=Howell Book House|location=New York, NY|isbn=0-87605-871-3|oclc=17507227}} *{{cite book |author=Myers, Jane |url=http://books.google.com/?id=-gAgchKMXdkC&printsec=frontcover |title=Horse Safe: A Complete Guide to Equine Safety |publisher=CSIRO Publishing |location=Collingwood, UK |year=2005 |isbn=0-643-09245-5 |oclc=65466652 }} *{{cite book |last=Ockerman |first=Herbert W. |author2=Hansen, Conly L. |title=Animal By-product Processing & Utilization |accessdate=2008-04-20 |year=2000|publisher=CRC Press |location= Lancaster, PA|isbn=1-56676-777-6 |oclc=43685745}} *{{cite book|author= Olsen, Sandra L.|chapter= Horse Hunters of the Ice Age|title= Horses Through Time|url= https://archive.org/details/horsesthroughtim00olse|edition= First|publisher= Roberts Rinehart Publishers|location= Boulder, CO|year= 1996|isbn= 1-57098-060-8|oclc= 36179575}} *{{cite book|author= Olsen, Sandra L.|chapter= In the Winner's Circle: The History of Equestrian Sports|title= Horses Through Time|url= https://archive.org/details/horsesthroughtim00olse|edition= First|publisher= Roberts Rinehart Publishers|location= Boulder, CO|year= 1996|isbn= 1-57098-060-8|oclc= 36179575}} *{{cite book|title=Tibet: the secret continent|author=Peissel, Michel|year=2002|publisher=Macmillan|isbn=0-312-30953-8|page=36|url=http://books.google.com/?id=6sFWvuBug8IC&pg=PA36}} *{{cite book |author=Price, Steven D. |author2=Shiers, Jessie |title=The Lyons Press Horseman's Dictionary |url=https://archive.org/details/lyonspresshorsem0000pric |publisher=Lyons Press |location=Guilford, CT |year=2007 |edition=Revised |isbn=978-1-59921-036-0}} *{{cite book |author=Price, Steven D.; Spector, David L..; Gail Rentsch; Burn, Barbara B. (editors) |title=The Whole Horse Catalog: Revised and Updated |url=https://archive.org/details/wholehorsecatalo0000unse |edition=Revised |publisher=Fireside |location=New York |year=1998 |isbn=0-684-83995-4 }} *{{cite book|author= Prince, Eleanor F. and Gaydell M. Collier|title= Basic Horsemanship: English and Western|url= https://archive.org/details/basichorsemanshi00prin|publisher= Doubleday|location= New York, NY|year= 1974|isbn= 0-385-06587-6|oclc= 873660}} *{{cite book|author=Self, Margaret Cabell|title=Riding Simplified|url=http://books.google.com/?id=iUTm7aD1Mf8C&pg=PA55|publisher=Kessinger Publishing|year=2005|isbn=1-4191-0087-4}}{{Dead link|date=October 2021 |bot=InternetArchiveBot }} *{{cite book|author=Sellnow, Les|title=Happy Trails: Your Complete Guide to Fun and Safe Trail Riding|url=http://books.google.com/?id=bOUTZgrGD6QC&pg=PA46|year=2004|publisher=Eclipse Press|isbn=1-58150-114-5|oclc=56493380}} *{{cite book |author=Smith, BP |title=Large Animal Internal Medicine|url=https://archive.org/details/largeanimalinter0000unse |publisher=Mosby|location=St. Louis, MO|year=1996 |edition=Second |isbn=0-8151-7724-0 |oclc=33439780}} *{{cite book|author= Sponenberg, D. Phillip|chapter= The Proliferation of Horse Breeds|title= Horses Through Time|url= https://archive.org/details/horsesthroughtim00olse|edition= First|publisher= Roberts Rinehart Publishers|location= Boulder, CO|year= 1996|isbn= 1-57098-060-8|oclc= 36179575}} *{{cite book |author=Thomas, Heather Smith |title=Storey's Guide to Training Horses: Ground Work, Driving, Riding |url=https://archive.org/details/storeysguidetotr0000thom |publisher=Storey Publishing |location=North Adams, MA |year=2003 |isbn=978-1-58017-467-1}} *{{cite encyclopedia|author=Thorson, Juli S. |title=Rugged Lark |editor= Martindale, Cathy and Kathy Swan (editors) |encyclopedia= Legends 7: Outstanding Quarter Horse Stallions and Mares |publisher=Western Horseman |location= Colorado Springs, CO |year=2006 |isbn=0-911647-79-1 }} *{{cite book|author=Tozer, Basil|title=The horse in history|url=http://books.google.com/?id=9-grAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA86&dq=horses+in+mythology#v=onepage&q=horses%20in%20mythology&f=false|publisher=Methuen|year=1908|location=London|oclc=2484673}} *{{cite book|author=Vogel, Colin B.V.M|title=The Complete Horse Care Manual|url=https://archive.org/details/completehorsecar0000voge|publisher=Dorling Kindersley Publishing, Inc.|location=New York, NY|year=1995|isbn=0-7894-0170-3|oclc=32168476}} *{{cite book |last=Wheeler |first=Eileen |title=Horse Stable And Riding Arena Design |url=http://books.google.com/?id=c3dGxSY6E54C&pg=PA215 |year=2006 |publisher=Blackwell Publishing |location=Armes, IA |isbn=0-8138-2859-7 |chapter=Fence Planning |oclc=224324847 }} *{{cite book |author=Whitaker, Julie |author2=Whitelaw, Ian |title=The Horse: A Miscellany of Equine Knowledge |url=https://archive.org/details/horsemiscellanyo0000whit |publisher=St. Martin's Press |location=New York |year=2007 |isbn=0-312-37108-X }} {{refend}} ==Mga sumpay ha gawas== {{Commons category|Equus ferus caballus}} {{wikispecies|Equus caballus}} {{wikiquote|Horses}} *{{Britannica|272156}} *[http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/science-environment-23060993 "Ancient horse bone yields oldest DNA sequence"] 06ys4ycscobx0up99vp3og8wuovkrvc 0 10246 7782366 7645781 2026-04-07T07:10:39Z InternetArchiveBot 41587 Add 2 books for verifiability (20260407)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 7782366 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox settlement | name = Mumbai | native_name = मुंबई | native_name_lang = | other_name = Bombay | settlement_type = [[Metropolis]]<!-- mumbai is a mother city, so it is metropolis. If the page includes surrounding places, then it can be mentioned as metropolitan area]]--> | image_skyline = | imagesize = 250px | image_alt = Skyscrapers lit up at night. A clock tower with a square base and an octagonal top. A wide building with central and surrounding domes. Wide skyscrapers at night. A brown arch with boats nearby. | image_caption = Clockwise from top: [[Cuffe Parade]] skyline, the [[Rajabai Clock Tower]], [[Taj Mahal Palace & Tower|Taj Mahal Hotel]], [[Nariman Point]] and the [[Gateway of India]] | nickname =City of Seven Islands, City of Dreams,<ref>{{cite web |title=The Seven Islands |url=http://theory.tifr.res.in/bombay/physical/geo/7islands.html |publisher=The Mumbai Pages |date=16 Hulyo 1995 |accessdate=27 Oktubre 2012}}</ref> Gateway of India, Hollywood of India | map_alt = Mumbai is on the west coast of India, about one third of the way down to the southern tip. It is in the west side of the Maharashtra province, which covers roughly the second quarter of the west coast (counting from the north), and heads inland roughly twice as far as its coastline. | map_caption = | pushpin_map = India Maharashtra | pushpin_label_position = right | pushpin_map_alt = | pushpin_map_caption = | latd = 18 | latm = 58 | lats = 30 | latNS = N | longd = 72 | longm = 49 | longs = 33 | longEW = E | coordinates_display = inline,title | subdivision_type = Country | subdivision_name = {{flagicon|IND}} [[India]] | subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|State]] | subdivision_name1 = [[Maharashtra]] | subdivision_type2 = [[List of districts of India|District]] | subdivision_name2 = [[Mumbai City district|Mumbai City]]<br />[[Mumbai Suburban District|Mumbai Suburban]] | subdivision_type3 = Former name | subdivision_name3 = Bombay | subdivision_type4 = Native Language | subdivision_name4 = [[Marathi language|Marathi]] | established_title = First settled | established_date = 1507 | founder = | named_for = [[Mumbadevi]] | government_type = [[Mayor–council government|Mayor–Council]] | governing_body = [[Municipal Corporation of Greater Mumbai|MCGM]] | leader_party = [[Shiv Sena|SS]] | leader_title = [[Mayor of Mumbai|Mayor]] | leader_name = [[Snehal Ambekar]] | leader_title2 = [[Municipal Commissioner of Mumbai|Municipal commissioner]] | leader_name2 = Sitaram Kunte<ref>{{cite news|title=Sitaram Kunte new commissioner of Mumbai civic body|url=http://www.dnaindia.com/mumbai/report_sitaram-kunte-new-commissioner-of-mumbai-civic-body_1682754|accessdate=16 Hulyo 2012|newspaper=[[DNA India]]|date=30 Abril 2012|agency=[[Press Trust of India]]|location=Mumbai, India}}</ref> | unit_pref = Metric | area_footnotes = <ref name="projectsecoa1">{{cite web |url=http://www.projectsecoa.eu/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=117&Itemid=73 |title=Mumbai metropolitan area |language=it |publisher=Projectsecoa.eu |accessdate=14 Marso 2013 |archive-date=6 Oktubre 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141006082759/http://www.projectsecoa.eu/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=117&Itemid=73 |url-status=dead }}</ref> | area_rank = | area_total_km2 = 603 | area_metro_km2 = 4355<ref name="projectsecoa1"/>{{sfn|Peri-urban water and sanitation services policy, planning and method|2010|p=286}} | area_metro_sq_mi = 1681.5 | elevation_footnotes = | elevation_m = 14 | population_total = 12478447 | population_as_of = 2011 | population_rank = [[List of most populous cities in India|1st]] | population_density_km2 = auto | population_urban = 18414288 ([[List of million-plus urban agglomerations in India|1st]]) | population_metro = 20748395 | population_blank1_title = | population_blank1 = | population_metro_footnotes = <ref name="Census India">{{cite web|title=Census India Agglomerations|url=http://censusindia.gov.in/2011-prov-results/paper2/data_files/India2/Table_3_PR_UA_Citiees_1Lakh_and_Above.pdf|accessdate=30 Enero 2014}}</ref> | population_demonym = [[Mumbaikar]] | population_footnotes = <ref name=2011city>{{cite web|title=Cities having population 1 lakh and above|url=http://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011-prov-results/paper2/data_files/India2/Table_2_PR_Cities_1Lakh_and_Above.pdf|work=censusindia|publisher=The Registrar General & Census Commissioner, India|accessdate=17 Oktubre 2011}}</ref> | timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]] | utc_offset1 = +5:30 | area_code = [[Telephone numbers in India|+91-22]] | postal_code_type = [[Postal Index Number|ZIP code(s)]] | postal_code = 400 001 to 400 107 | registration_plate = MH 01–02–03–47 | website = {{URL|www.mcgm.gov.in}} | footnotes = }} An '''Mumbai''' (nga agsob tawagon liwat nga '''Bombay''') amo an kapital han estado han [[Maharashtra]] han [[Indya]]. ==Pinanbasaran== {{reflist}} ==Mga reperensya== {{Refbegin|30em}} * {{Cite book|last=Baptista |first=Elsie Wilhelmina |title=The East Indians: Catholic Community of Bombay, Salsette and Bassein | date = 1967 |publisher=Bombay East Indian Association |ref=harv}} * {{Cite book|last=Bates |first=Crispin | date = 2003 |title=Community, Empire and Migration: South Asians in Diaspora |isbn=978-81-250-2482-8 |publisher=Orient Blackswan |ref=harv}} * {{Cite book|title=Cities of the World: World Regional Urban Development|url=https://archive.org/details/citiesofworld00stan|last1=Brunn|first1=Stanley|last2= Williams|first2=Jack Francis|first3= Donald|last3= Zeigler|publisher=Rowman & Littlefield Publishers, Inc.| date = 2003|edition=Third|ref=bru|isbn=0-06-381225-8}} * {{Cite book|title=International Telecommunications Law [2008] |volume=II |last= Campbell |first=Dennis| date = 2008|isbn=1-4357-1699-X |ref=in08}} * {{Cite book|title=Census of India, 1961|publisher=Office of the Registrar General (India)| date = 1962|volume=5|ref=cent}} * {{Cite book|last1=Carsten|first1= F. 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The City in Transition|url=https://archive.org/details/bombaymumbaicity0000unse_v9j7|chapter=Bombay and Mumbai: Identities, Politics and Populism| date = 2003|publisher=The Oxford University Press|location=Delhi, India|isbn=0-19-567711-0 |ref=harv}} * {{Cite book | date = 2005 |chapterurl=http://www.lingref.com/isb/4/141ISB4.PDF |last=Pai |first=Pushpa |editor=Cohen, James; McAlister, Kara T.; Rolstad, Kellie; MacSwan, Jeff |title=Proceedings of the 4th International Symposium on Bilingualism |chapter=Multilingualism, Multiculturalism and Education: Case Study of Mumbai City |publisher=Cascadilla Press |pages=1794–1806 |ref=harv }} * {{Cite book|title=The mangroves in Salsette Island near Bombay|last1=Patil|first1=R.P.|publisher=Proceedings of the Symposium on Mangrove Forest | date = 1957 |location=Calcutta |ref=harv}} * {{Cite book|author=[[Aditi Phadnis]] |title=Business Standard Political Profiles: Of Cabals and Kings |publisher=[[Business Standard]] |ref=harv}} * {{cite web|url = http://www.mmrdamumbai.org/docs/Population%20and%20Employment%20profile%20of%20MMR.pdf|archiveurl = https://www.webcitation.org/5mLpSbYyu?url=http://www.mmrdamumbai.org/docs/Population%20and%20Employment%20profile%20of%20MMR.pdf|archivedate = 28 Disyembre 2009|format = PDF|title = Population and Employment profile of Mumbai Metropolitan Region|publisher = [[Mumbai Metropolitan Region Development Authority]] (MMRDA)|accessdate = 4 Hunyo 2010|ref = pemmr|url-status = live}} * {{Cite book|title=Proceedings of the Indian National Science Academy|publisher=[[Indian National Science Academy]]| date = 1999|volume=65|ref=proc}} * {{Cite book|last=Rana |first=Mahendra Singh | date = 2006 |title=India votes: Lok Sabha & Vidhan Sabha elections 2001–2005 |isbn=978-81-7625-647-6 |publisher=Sarup & Sons |ref=harv}} * {{Cite book|last1=Rohli|first1=Robert V.|last2=Vega|first2=Anthony J.|title=Climatology|publisher=Jones & Bartlett Publishers | date = 2007 |edition=illustrated |isbn=978-0-7637-3828-0 |ref=harv}} * {{Cite book|title=History of Medieval India|last1=Saini|first1=A.K.|last2=Chand|last3=Hukam|publisher=Anmol Publications|isbn= 978-81-261-2313-1|ref=maratha}} * {{Cite book|title=Maharashtra|last=Singh|first=K. S.|author2=B. V. Bhanu |author3=B. R. Bhatnagar |author4=Anthropological Survey of India |author5=D. K. Bose |author6=V. S. Kulkarni |author7=J. Sreenath |publisher=Popular Prakashan|volume=XXX|isbn=978-81-7991-102-0| date = 2004|ref=prabhu}} * {{Cite book|title=Researches in Indo-Portuguese history|volume=2|publisher=Publication Scheme| date = 1998|last=Shirodkar |first=Prakashchandra P.|isbn=978-81-86782-15-6 |ref=harv}} * {{Cite book|title=Mumbai vision 2015: agenda for urban renewal|last1=Swaminathan |first1=R. |first2=Jaya |last2=Goyal |publisher=Macmillan India in association with Observer Research Foundation | date = 2006 |ref=harv}} * {{Cite book|title=The children of Israel: the Bene Israel of Bombay |last=Strizower |first=Schifra|publisher=B. Blackwell | date = 1971 |ref=harv}} * {{Cite book|title=The Gazetteer of Bombay City and Island|series=Gazetteers of the Bombay Presidency|publisher=Gazetteer Department ([[Government of Maharashtra]])|volume=2| date = 1978|ref=bi}} * {{cite web|url = http://stateelection.maharashtra.gov.in/pdf/THE%20MUMBAI%20MUNICIPAL%20CORPORATION%20ACT_1888.pdf|format = PDF|title = The Mumbai Municipal Corporation Act, 1888|publisher = State Election Commissioner ([[Government of Maharashtra]])|accessdate = 3 Mayo 2009|ref = mumact|archive-date = 5 Hulyo 2007|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20070705222724/http://stateelection.maharashtra.gov.in/pdf/THE%20MUMBAI%20MUNICIPAL%20CORPORATION%20ACT_1888.pdf|url-status = dead}} * {{cite book|first1=Mathew |last1=Kurian |first2=Patricia |last2=McCarney|title=Peri-urban water and sanitation services policy, planning and method| date = 2010|publisher=Springer|ref={{sfnref|Peri-urban water and sanitation services policy, planning and method|2010}}|location=Dordrecht|isbn=9048194253}} * {{Cite book|last=Vilanilam |first=John V. |edition=illustrated | date = 2005 |title=Mass communication in India: a sociological perspective |url=https://archive.org/details/masscommunicatio0000vila |isbn=978-0-7619-3372-4 |publisher=SAGE |ref=harv}} * {{Cite book|last1=Wasko |first1=Janet |title=How Hollywood works |url=https://archive.org/details/howhollywoodwork0000wask | date = 2003 |publisher=SAGE |isbn=0-7619-6814-8 |ref=harv}} * {{Cite book|title=WMO bulletin|publisher=[[World Meteorological Organization]]| date = 2000|volume=49|ref=wmo}} * {{Cite book|title= An African Indian Community in Hyderabad: Siddi Identity, Its Maintenance and Change|last=Yimene|first=Ababu Minda|publisher=Cuvillier Verlag| date = 2004|isbn=3-86537-206-6|ref=yakg}} * {{Cite book|last1=Yule |first1=Henry |last2=Burnell |first2=A. C. | date = 1996 |origyear=1939 |title=A glossary of colloquial Anglo-Indian words and phrases: Hobson-Jobson |isbn=978-0-7007-0321-0 |publisher=Routledge |edition=2 |ref=harv}} * {{Cite book|last1=Zakakria|first1=Rafiq|last2=Indian National Congress|title=100 glorious years: Indian National Congress, 1885–1985|publisher=Reception Committee, Congress Centenary Session| date = 1985|ref=cng|authorlink2=Indian National Congress}} {{Refend}} ==Mga sumpay ha gawas== {{Sister project links|voy=Mumbai}} * [http://www.mcgm.gov.in/ Official website of the Municipal Corporation of Greater Mumbai] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171028225646/http://www.mcgm.gov.in/ |date=2017-10-28 }} * [http://mdmu.maharashtra.gov.in/pages/Mumbai/mumbaiplanShow.php Official City Report] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090310212824/http://mdmu.maharashtra.gov.in/pages/Mumbai/mumbaiplanShow.php |date=2009-03-10 }} [[Kaarangay:Mumbai]] [[Kaarangay:Mga syudad ngan bungto han Indya]] crh38mj5n43hbpppjj43lh87875r35g 0 10259 7782355 6179844 2026-04-07T06:57:15Z InternetArchiveBot 41587 Add 1 book for verifiability (20260407)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 7782355 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox lugar <!-- See Template:Infobox settlement for additional fields and descriptions --> | name = Kolkata | official_name = | native_name = <!-- if different from the English name --> | native_name_lang = <!-- ISO 639-2 code e.g. "fr" for French. If more than one, use {{lang}} instead --> | other_name = | settlement_type = <!-- such as Town, Village, City, Borough etc. --> <!-- transliteration(s) --------> | translit_lang1 = | translit_lang1_type = | translit_lang1_info = | translit_lang1_type1 = | translit_lang1_info1 = | translit_lang1_type2 = | translit_lang1_info2 = <!-- etc., up to translit_lang1_type6 / translit_lang1_info6 --> | translit_lang2 = | translit_lang2_type = | translit_lang2_info = | translit_lang2_type1 = | translit_lang2_info1 = | translit_lang2_type2 = | translit_lang2_info2 = | translit_lang2_info2 = <!-- etc., up to translit_lang2_type6 / translit_lang2_info6 --> <!-- images, nickname, motto ---> | image_skyline = | imagesize = | image_alt = | image_caption = | image_flag = | flag_size = | flag_alt = | flag_link = | image_seal = | seal_size = | seal_alt = | seal_link = | image_shield = | shield_size = | shield_alt = | shield_link = | image_blank_emblem = | blank_emblem_type = <!-- defaults to Logo --> | blank_emblem_size = | blank_emblem_alt = | blank_emblem_link = | nickname = | motto = | anthem = <!-- maps and coordinates ------> | image_map = | mapsize = | map_alt = | map_caption = | image_map1 = | mapsize1 = | map_alt1 = | map_caption1 = | image_dot_map = | dot_mapsize = | dot_map_base_alt = | dot_map_alt = | dot_map_caption = | dot_x = |dot_y = | pushpin_map = <!-- name of a location map as per Template:Location_map --> | pushpin_label_position = <!-- position of the pushpin label: left, right, top, bottom, none --> | pushpin_label = <!-- only necessary if "name" or "official_name" are too long --> | pushpin_map_alt = | pushpin_mapsize = | pushpin_map_caption = | pushpin_map1 = | pushpin_label_position1 = | pushpin_label1 = <!-- only necessary if "name" or "official_name" are too long --> | pushpin_map_alt1 = | pushpin_mapsize1 = | pushpin_map_caption1 = | latd = |latm = |lats = |latNS = | longd = |longm = |longs = |longEW = | coor_pinpoint = <!-- to specify exact location of coordinates (was coor_type) --> | coordinates_type = | coordinates_display = inline,title | coordinates_footnotes = <!-- for references: use <ref> tags --> <!-- location ------------------> | subdivision_type = Nasod | subdivision_name = <!-- the name of the country --> | subdivision_type1 = | subdivision_name1 = | subdivision_type2 = | subdivision_name2 = <!-- etc., subdivision_type6 / subdivision_name6 --> <!-- established ---------------> | established_title = <!-- Settled --> | established_date = | established_title1 = <!-- Incorporated (town) --> | established_date1 = | established_title2 = <!-- Incorporated (city) --> | established_date2 = | established_title3 = | established_date3 = | extinct_title = | extinct_date = | founder = | named_for = <!-- seat, smaller parts -------> | seat_type = <!-- defaults to: Seat --> | seat = | parts_type = <!-- defaults to: Boroughs --> | parts_style = <!-- list, coll (collapsed list), para (paragraph format) --> | parts = <!-- parts text, or header for parts list --> | p1 = | p2 = <!-- etc., up to p50: for separate parts to be listed--> <!-- government type, leaders --> | government_footnotes = <!-- for references: use <ref> tags --> | government_type = | leader_party = | leader_title = | leader_name = <!-- add &nbsp; (no-break space) to disable automatic links --> | leader_title1 = | leader_name1 = <!-- etc., up to leader_title4 / leader_name4 --> <!-- display settings ---------> | total_type = <!-- to set a non-standard label for total area and population rows --> | unit_pref = <!-- enter: Imperial, to display imperial before metric --> <!-- area ----------------------> | area_footnotes = <!-- for references: use <ref> tags --> | area_magnitude = <!-- use only to set a special wikilink --> | area_total_km2 = <!-- ALL fields with measurements have automatic unit conversion --> | area_total_sq_mi = <!-- see table @ Template:Infobox settlement for details --> | area_total_dunam = <!-- used in Middle East articles only --> | area_land_km2 = | area_land_sq_mi = | area_water_km2 = | area_water_sq_mi = | area_water_percent = | area_urban_footnotes = <!-- for references: use <ref> tags --> | area_urban_km2 = | area_urban_sq_mi = | area_metro_footnotes = <!-- for references: use <ref> tags --> | area_metro_km2 = | area_metro_sq_mi = | area_rank = | area_blank1_title = | area_blank1_km2 = | area_blank1_sq_mi = | area_blank2_title = | area_blank2_km2 = | area_blank2_sq_mi = | area_note = <!-- elevation -----------------> | elevation_footnotes = <!-- for references: use <ref> tags --> | elevation_m = | elevation_ft = | elevation_max_footnotes = <!-- for references: use <ref> tags --> | elevation_max_m = | elevation_max_ft = | elevation_min_footnotes = <!-- for references: use <ref> tags --> | elevation_min_m = | elevation_min_ft = <!-- population ----------------> | population_footnotes = <!-- for references: use <ref> tags --> | population_total = | population_as_of = | population_rank = | population_density_km2 = <!-- for automatic calculation of any density field, use: auto --> | population_density_sq_mi= | population_est = | pop_est_as_of = | population_urban = | population_density_urban_km2 = | population_density_urban_sq_mi = | population_metro = | population_density_metro_km2 = | population_density_metro_sq_mi = | population_density = | population_density_rank = | population_blank1_title = | population_blank1 = | population_density_blank1_km2 = | population_density_blank1_sq_mi= | population_blank2_title = | population_blank2 = | population_density_blank2_km2 = | population_density_blank2_sq_mi= | population_demonym = <!-- demonym, ie. Liverpudlian for someone from Liverpool --> | population_note = <!-- demographics (section 1) --> | demographics_type1 = | demographics1_footnotes = <!-- for references: use <ref> tags --> | demographics1_title1 = | demographics1_info1 = <!-- etc., up to demographics1_title5 / demographics1_info5 --> <!-- demographics (section 2) --> | demographics_type2 = | demographics2_footnotes = <!-- for references: use <ref> tags --> | demographics2_title1 = | demographics2_info1 = <!-- etc., up to demographics2_title5 / demographics2_info5 --> <!-- time zone(s) --------------> | timezone1 = | utc_offset1 = | timezone1_DST = | utc_offset1_DST = | timezone2 = | utc_offset2 = | timezone2_DST = | utc_offset2_DST = <!-- postal codes, area code ---> | postal_code_type = <!-- enter ZIP code, Postcode, Post code, Postal code... --> | postal_code = | postal2_code_type = <!-- enter ZIP code, Postcode, Post code, Postal code... --> | postal2_code = | area_code_type = <!-- defaults to: Area code(s) --> | area_code = | geocode = | iso_code = | registration_plate = <!-- twin cities ---------------> | twin1 = | twin1_country = | twin2 = | twin2_country = <!-- etc., up to twin9 / twin9_country --> <!-- blank fields (section 1) --> | blank_name_sec1 = | blank_info_sec1 = | blank1_name_sec1 = | blank1_info_sec1 = | blank2_name_sec1 = | blank2_info_sec1 = <!-- etc., blank6_name_sec1 / blank6_info_sec1 --> <!-- blank fields (section 2) --> | blank_name_sec2 = | blank_info_sec2 = | blank1_name_sec2 = | blank1_info_sec2 = | blank2_name_sec2 = | blank2_info_sec2 = <!-- etc., blank6_name_sec2 / blank6_info_sec2 --> <!-- website, footnotes --------> | website = | footnotes = }} An '''Kolkata''' (agsob liwat tawagon nga '''Calcutta''') amo an kapital han estado han [[Katundan nga Bengal]] han [[Indya]]. ==Pinanbasaran== {{Reflist}} ==Padugang nga barasahon== {{Refbegin}} * {{cite book | last = Chaudhuri | given = S | year = 1990 | title = Calcutta: the living City | volume = I and II | publisher = Oxford University Press |location=Kolkata | isbn = 0-19-562585-4 }} * {{cite book | last1 = Dutta | given1 = Krishna | year = 2003 | title = Calcutta: a cultural and literary history | isbn = 978-1-902669-59-5 | publisher = Signal Books |location=Oxford, UK | url = http://books.google.com/books?id=UKfoHi5412UC }} * {{cite book | last1 = Mitra | given1 = A | year = 1976 | title = Calcutta diary | url = https://archive.org/details/calcuttadiary0000mitr | publisher = Frank Cass |location=London | isbn = 0-7146-3082-9 }} * {{cite book | last1 = Mukherjee | given1 = SC | year = 1991 | title = The changing face of Calcutta: an architectural approach |location= Kolkata | publisher = Government of West Bengal | asin = B0000D6TXX }} * {{cite book | last1 = Roy | given1 = A | year = 2002 | title = City requiem, Calcutta: gender and the politics of poverty | publisher = [[University of Minnesota Press]] |location=Minneapolis, US | isbn = 0-8166-3932-9 }} * {{cite book | last1 = Thomas | given1 = Frederic C. | year = 1997 | title = Calcutta poor: elegies on a city above pretense | publisher = M.E. Sharpe |location=Armonk, New York City | isbn = 1-56324-981-2 | url = http://books.google.com/books?id=shPmSQBGKRwC }} * {{cite book | last1 = Lapierre | given1 = Dominique | year = 1985 | title = La cité de la joie (The City of Joy) | publisher = Arrow |location=Kolkata | isbn = 0-09-914091-8 | url = http://books.google.com/books/about/City_Of_Joy.html?id=VbURK16m5ysC }} {{Refend}} ==Mga sumpay ha gawas== {{Commons|Kolkata}} {{wikiquote}} {{Refbegin}} * [https://www.kmcgov.in/ Kolkata Municipal Corporation] * [http://livelystories.com/2014/08/12/calcutta-time-british-raj/ Calcutta during British Raj, old photo collection] * {{dmoz|Regional/Asia/India/West_Bengal/Localities/Kolkata/}} * {{Wikivoyage-inline}} * [http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/89203/Kolkata Kolkata] ''Encyclopædia Britannica'' entry {{Refend}} [[Kaarangay:Kolkata]] [[Kaarangay:Mga syudad ngan bungto han Indya]] 0h7k5ah3c3nmfc9u0lmf4x1imx32hy0 0 11402 7782375 7776211 2026-04-07T07:23:03Z InternetArchiveBot 41587 Add 1 book for verifiability (20260407)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 7782375 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox settlement | name=Istanbul | native_name=''İstanbul'' | native_name_lang=tr | settlement_type=Munisipyo metropolitano | official_name=Munisipyo Metropolitano han Istanbul | image_skyline=Istanbul collage 5j.jpg | image_caption=Clockwise from top: View of [[Golden Horn]] between [[Galata]] and [[Sarayburnu|Seraglio Point]] including the [[Historic Areas of Istanbul|historic areas]]; [[Maiden's Tower]]; a [[Istanbul nostalgic tramways|nostalgic tram]] on [[İstiklal Avenue]]; [[Levent]] business district with [[Dolmabahçe Palace]]; [[Ortaköy Mosque]] in front of the [[Bosphorus Bridge]]; and [[Hagia Sophia]]. | image_alt=See caption | imagesize=300px | image_blank_emblem= | blank_emblem_type=Tatak han Munisipyo Metropolitano han Istanbul | blank_emblem_size=110px | pushpin_map=Turkey | pushpin_map_caption=Namumutang ha Turkiya | pushpin_map_alt=Turkey, with Istanbul pinpointed at the northwest along a thin strip of land bounded by water | pushpin_mapsize=300px | latd=41|latm=00|lats=49|latNS=N | longd=28|longm=57|longs=18|longEW=E | coordinates_region=TR | subdivision_type=Country | subdivision_name=[[Turkey]] | subdivision_type1=[[Geographical regions of Turkey|Region]] | subdivision_name1=[[Marmara Region|Marmara]] | subdivision_type2=[[Provinces of Turkey|Province]] | subdivision_name2=[[Istanbul Province|Istanbul]] | leader_party=[[Justice and Development Party (Turkey)|AKP]] | leader_title=Mayor | leader_name=[[Ekrem İmamoğlu]] | established_title=Established | established_date= | established_title1=&nbsp;-&nbsp;[[Byzantium]] | established_date1=c. 660 BC{{efn|name=byz-date}} | established_title2=&nbsp;-&nbsp;[[Constantinople]] | established_date2=330 AD | established_title3=&nbsp;-&nbsp;Istanbul | established_date3=1930 (officially){{efn|name=name-1930|The name of the city was officially changed to its present name of Istanbul in 1930, but the name has been in use since even before the 1453 [[Fall of Constantinople|Ottoman conquest]].}} | parts_type=Districts | parts=[[List of districts of Istanbul|39]] | area_metro_km2=5461 | area_metro_mi2=2063 | area_metro_footnotes={{efn|name=city-area}} | population_total=14,025,646 | population_as_of=31 Disyembre 2015 | population_footnotes=<ref name=citypolution.de>{{Cite web|title=Turkey: Provinces and Major Cities|quote=The population of the Turkish cities and provinces according to census results and latest register-based tabulations|url=http://www.citypopulation.de/Turkey-C20.html|website=www.citytpopulation.de|publisher=Citypopulation|date=31 Disyembre 2014|accessdate=26 Hunyo 2015}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=All urban agglomerations of the world with a population of 1 million inhabitants or more|url=http://www.citypopulation.de/world/Agglomerations.html|website=www.citypopulation.de|publisher=Citypopulation|date=1 Abril 2015|accessdate=26 Hunyo 2015}}</ref><ref name="Population of Turkey">{{Cite web|url=http://www.turkstat.gov.tr/HbGetirHTML.do?id=18616|publisher=[[Turkish Statistical Institute]]|title=The Results of Address Based Population Registration System, 2015|date=31 Disyembre 2015|accessdate=28 Enero 2016}}</ref> | population_rank=[[List of cities in Turkey|1st in Turkey]]<br>[[List of cities proper by population|6th in the world]] | population_density_km2= | population_demonym=Istanbulite(s)<br/>([[Turkish language|Turkish]]: ''İstanbullu(lar)'') | timezone=[[Eastern European Time|EET]] | utc_offset=+2 | timezone_DST=[[Eastern European Summer Time|EEST]] | utc_offset_DST=+3 | postal_code_type=[[Postal code]] | postal_code=34000 to 34850 | area_code=0212 <small>(European side)</small> <br/>0216 <small>(Asian side)</small> | registration_plate= 34 | website={{URL|http://www.ibb.gov.tr/en-US/Pages/Home.aspx|Istanbul Metropolitan Municipality}} }} An '''Istanbul''' (/ˌɪstænˈbʊl/ o /ˌɪstænˈbuːl/ o /ɪˈstænbʊl/; Tinurkiya: İstanbul [isˈtɑnbuɫ]), ha kasaysayan kilala gihapon komo Constantinople ngan Byzantium, amo an may gidadakoi nga populasyon nga syudad ha Turkey ngan han mao nga nasod sentro han ekonomiya, kultura ngan kasaysayan. An Istanbul usa nga transcontinental nga syudad ha Eurasia, namumutang ha may Estrecho han Bosphorus (nga nagbubulag han Europa ngan Asya) ha butnga han [[Dagat Marmara]] ngan [[Itom nga Dagat]]. An sentro han pankomersyohan ngan pankasaysayan in namumutang ha may Europeo nga dapit ngan (1/3) kat-tulo han iya populasyon in namumutang naman ha may Asyano nga bahin.<ref name="wctr281">{{harvnb|WCTR Society; Unʼyu Seisaku Kenkyū Kikō|2004|p=281}}</ref> An syudad in sentro han pagdudumara han Istanbul Metropolitan Municipality (nga cotermino han Lalawigan han Istanbul), kun diin may-ada populasyon nga 14.7 milyones nga molupyo.<ref name=citypolution.de/> An Istanbul in usa ha kanan kalibutan may pinakadamo nga tawo nga syudad ngan nagraranggo liwat hin kanan kalibutan ika-7 ha may pinakadamo nga molupyo ngan gidadakoi nga syudad han Europa. [[Paypay:Istanbul panorama and skyline.jpg|950px|center|syudad han Istanbul]] ==Pinanbasaran== {{Mga kasarigan}} ===Bibliograpiya=== {{refbegin|27em}} *{{Cite book|last=ʻAner|first=Nadav| date = 2005|editor-last=Pergola|editor-first=Sergio Della|editor2-last=Gilboa|editor2-first=Amos|editor3-last=Ṭal|editor3-first=Rami|title=The Jewish People Policy Planning Institute Planning Assessment, 2004–2005: The Jewish People Between Thriving and Decline|url=https://archive.org/details/jewishpeoplepoli0000unse|publisher=Gefen Publishing House Ltd|location=Jerusalem|isbn=978-965-229-346-6|ref=harv}} *{{Cite book|last=Athanasopulos|first=Haralambos|title=Greece, Turkey, and the Aegean Sea: A Case Study in International Law| date = 2001|publisher=McFarland & Company, Inc|location=Jefferson, N.C.|isbn=978-0-7864-0943-3|ref=harv}} *{{Cite book|last=Barnes|first=Timothy David|title=Constantine and Eusebius|url=https://archive.org/details/constantineeuseb00barn| date = 1981|publisher=Harvard University Press|location=Cambridge, Mass.|isbn=978-0-674-16531-1|ref=harv}} *{{Cite book|last=Baynes|first=Norman H.|editor-last=Baynes|editor-first=Norman H.|editor2-last=Moss|editor2-first=Henry S. L. B|title=Byzantium: An Introduction to East Roman Civilization|url=https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.462718| date = 1949|publisher=Clarendon Press|location=Oxford, Eng.|isbn=978-0-674-16531-1|ref=harv}} *{{Cite book|last1=Boyar|first1=Ebru|last2=Fleet|first2=Kate|title=A Social History of Ottoman Istanbul| date = 2010|publisher=Cambridge University Press|location=Cambridge, Eng.|isbn=978-0-521-13623-5|ref=harv}} *{{Cite book|last1=Bloom|first1=Jonathan M.|last2=Blair|first2=Sheila|title=The Grove Encyclopedia of Islamic Art and Architecture: Delhi to Mosque|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=un4WcfEASZwC&pg=RA1-PA315|accessdate=11 Abril 2013| date = 2009|publisher=Oxford University Press|isbn=978-0-19-530991-1|page=1|quote=Whatever the prehistoric antecedents of Istanbul, the continuous historical development of the site began with the foundation of a Greek colony from Megara in the mid-7th century BCE...|ref=harv}} *{{Cite book|last=Brink-Danan|first=Marcy|title=Jewish Life in Twenty-First-Century Turkey: The Other Side of Tolerance| date = 2011|publisher=Indiana University Press|series=New Anthropologies of Europe|location=Bloomington, Ind.|isbn=978-0-253-35690-1|ref=harv}} *{{Cite book|last=Brummett|first=Palmira Johnson|title=Image and Imperialism in the Ottoman Revolutionary Press, 1908–1911| date = 2000|publisher=SUNY Press|location=Albany, N.Y.|isbn=978-0-7914-4463-4|ref=harv}} *{{Cite book|last=Cantor|first=Norman F.|title=Civilization of the Middle Ages|url=https://archive.org/details/civilizationofmi0000norm| date = 1994|publisher=HarperCollins|location=New York|isbn=978-0-06-092553-6|ref=harv}} *{{Cite book|last=Çelik|first=Zeynep|title=The Remaking of Istanbul: Portrait of an Ottoman City in the Nineteenth Century|url=https://archive.org/details/bub_gb_T4MUpP6zCuIC| date = 1993|publisher=University of California Press|location=Berkeley, Calif., & Los Angeles|isbn=978-0-520-08239-7|ref=harv}} *{{Cite book|author=Chamber of Architects of Turkey|title=Architectural Guide to Istanbul: Historic Peninsula| date = 2006|volume=1|publisher=Chamber of Architects of Turkey, Istanbul Metropolitan Branch|location=Istanbul|isbn=978-975-395-899-8|ref=harv}} *{{Cite book|last=Chandler|first=Tertius|title=Four Thousand Years of Urban Growth: An Historical Census|url=https://archive.org/details/fourthousandyear0000chan| date = 1987|publisher=St. David's University Press|location=Lewiston, N.Y.|isbn=978-0-88946-207-6|ref=harv}} *{{Cite book|last=Connell|first=John| date = 2010|title=Medical Tourism|series=CAB Books|publisher=CABI|location=Wallingford, Eng.|isbn=978-1-84593-660-0|ref=harv}} *{{Cite book|last=Dahmus|first=Joseph| date = 1995|title=A History of the Middle Ages|url=https://archive.org/details/historyofmiddlea0000dahm|publisher=Barnes & Noble Publishing|location=New York|isbn=978-0-7607-0036-5|ref=harv}} *{{Cite book|last=Davidson|first=Linda Kay|last2=Gitlitz|first2=David Martin|title=Pilgrimage: From the Ganges to Graceland: An Encyclopedia|volume=1|publisher=ABC-CLIO|location=Santa Barbara, Calif.| date = 2002|isbn=978-1-57607-004-8|ref=harv}} *{{Cite book|last=De Sélincourt|first=Aubery|title=The Histories|url=https://archive.org/details/histories00hero|series=Penguin Classics|editor-last=Marincola|editor-first=John M| date = 2003|publisher=Penguin Books|location=London|isbn=978-0-14-044908-2|ref=harv}} *{{Cite book|last=De Souza|first=Philip|title=The Greek and Persian Wars, 499-386 B.C| date = 2003|publisher=Routledge|location=London|isbn=978-0-415-96854-6|ref=harv}} *{{Cite book|editor-last=Dumper|editor-first=Michael|editor2-last=Stanley|editor2-first=Bruce E.|title=Cities of the Middle East and North Africa: A Historical Encyclopedia|url=https://archive.org/details/citiesofmiddleea0000unse| date = 2007|publisher=ABC-CLIO|location=Santa Barbara, Calif.|isbn=978-1-57607-919-5|ref=harv}} *{{Cite book|last=Düring|first=Bleda S.|title=The Prehistory of Asia Minor: From Complex Hunter-Gatherers to Early Urban Societies| date = 2010|publisher=Cambridge University Press|location=Cambridge, Eng.|isbn=978-0-521-14981-5|ref=harv}} *{{Cite book|last1=Efe|first1=Recep|last2=Cürebal|first2=Isa|chapter=Impacts of the "Marmaray" Project (Bosphorus Tube Crossing, Tunnels, and Stations) on Transportation and Urban Environment in Istanbul|title=Engineering Earth: The Impacts of Megaengineering Projects|url=https://archive.org/details/engineeringearth00brun| date = 2011|editor-last=Brunn|editor-first=Stanley D|publisher=Springer|location=London & New York|isbn=978-90-481-9919-8|pages=[https://archive.org/details/engineeringearth00brun/page/715 715]–34|ref=harv}} *{{Cite book|last=Finkel|first=Caroline|title=Osman's Dream: The Story of the Ottoman Empire, 1300–1923| date = 2005|publisher=Basic Books|location=New York|isbn=978-0-465-02396-7|ref=harv}} *{{Cite book|last=Freely|first=John|title=Istanbul: The Imperial City| date = 1996|publisher=Viking|location=New York|isbn=978-0-670-85972-6|ref=harv}} *{{Cite book|last=Freely|first=John|title=The Companion Guide to Istanbul and Around the Marmara|url=https://archive.org/details/companionguideto0000free_x9y4| date = 2000|publisher=Companion Guides|location=Woodbridge, Eng.|isbn=978-1-900639-31-6|ref=harv}} *{{Cite book|last=Freely|first=John|title=A History of Ottoman Architecture| date = 2011|publisher=WIT Press|location=Southampton, Eng.|isbn=978-1-84564-506-9|ref=harv}} *{{Cite journal|last=Georgacas|first=Demetrius John | date = 1947 |title=The Names of Constantinople |journal=Transactions and Proceedings of the American Philological Association |volume=78 |pages=347–67 |doi=10.2307/283503 |publisher=The Johns Hopkins University Press |jstor=283503|ref=harv }} *{{Cite book|last1=Göksel|first1=Aslı|last2=Kerslake|first2=Celia| date = 2005|title=Turkish: A Comprehensive Grammar|series=Comprehensive Grammars|publisher=Routledge|location=Abingdon, Eng.|isbn=978-0-415-21761-3|ref=harv}} *{{Cite book|editor-last=Göktürk|editor-first=Deniz|editor2-last=Soysal|editor2-first=Levent|editor3-last=Türeli|editor3-first=İpek| date = 2010|title=Orienting Istanbul: Cultural Capital of Europe?|publisher=Routledge|location=New York|isbn=978-0-415-58011-3|ref=harv}} *{{Cite book|last=Grant|first=Michael|title=The Severans: The Changed Roman Empire|url=https://archive.org/details/severanschangedr0000gran| date = 1996|publisher=Routledge|location=London|isbn=978-0-415-12772-1|ref=harv}} *{{Cite book|last=Gregory|first=Timothy E.|title=A History of Byzantium|url=https://archive.org/details/historyofbyzanti0000greg_2ndedi| date = 2010|publisher=John Wiley and Sons|location=Oxford, Eng.|isbn=978-1-4051-8471-7|ref=harv}} *{{Cite book|last=Gül|first=Murat|title=The Emergence of Modern Istanbul: Transformation and Modernisation of a City| date = 2012|publisher=IB.Tauris|location=London|edition=Revised Paperback Edition|isbn=978-1780763743|ref=harv}} *{{Cite book|last=Harter|first=Jim|title=World Railways of the Nineteenth Century: A Pictorial History in Victorian Engravings| date = 2005|publisher=Johns Hopkins University Press|location=Baltimore|edition=illustrated|isbn=978-0-8018-8089-6|ref=harv}} *{{Cite book|editor-last=Holt|editor-first=Peter M.|editor2-last=Lambton|editor2-first=Ann K. S.|editor3-last=Lewis|editor3-first=Bernard|title=The Cambridge History of Islam|volume=1A| date = 1977|publisher=Cambridge University Press|location=Cambridge, Eng.|isbn=978-0-521-29135-4|edition=illustrated, reprint|ref=harv}} *{{Cite book|last=Isaac|first=Benjamin H.|title=The Greek Settlements in Thrace Until the Macedonian Conquest| date = 1986|publisher=BRILL|location=Leiden, the Neth.|isbn=978-90-04-06921-3|edition=illustrated|ref=harv}} *{{Cite book|last1=Kapucu|first1=Naim|last2=Palabiyik|first2=Hamit|title=Turkish Public Administration: From Tradition to the Modern Age|series=USAK Publications|volume=17|publisher=USAK|location=Ankara| date = 2008|isbn=978-605-4030-01-9|ref=harv}} *{{Cite book|last=Karpat|first=Kemal H.|title=The Gecekondu: Rural Migration and Urbanization|url=https://archive.org/details/gecekondururalmi0000karp| date = 1976|publisher=Cambridge University Press|location=Cambridge, Eng.|isbn=978-0-521-20954-0|edition=illustrated|ref=harv}} *{{Cite book|editor-last=Keyder|editor-first=Çağlar| date = 1999|title=Istanbul: Between the Global and the Local|publisher=Rowman & Littlefield|location=Lanham, Md.|isbn=978-0-8476-9495-2|ref=harv}} *{{Cite book|last=King|first=Charles| date = 2014|title=Midnight at the Pera Palace, The birth of modern Istanbul|publisher=Norton & Cy|location=|isbn=9780393089141-|ref=}} *{{Cite book|last1=Klimczuk|first1=Stephen|last2=Warner|first2=Gerald| date = 2009|title=Secret Places, Hidden Sanctuaries: Uncovering Mysterious Sights, Symbols, and Societies|url=https://archive.org/details/secretplaceshidd0000klim|publisher=Sterling Publishing Company, Inc|location=New York|isbn=978-1-4027-6207-9|ref=harv}} *{{Cite book|last1=Knieling|first1=Jörg|last2=Othengrafen|first2=Frank|title=Planning Cultures in Europe: Decoding Cultural Phenomena in Urban and Regional Planning|series=Urban and Regional Planning and Development|publisher=Ashgate Publishing, Ltd|location=Surrey, Eng.|isbn=978-0-7546-7565-5| date = 2009|ref=harv}} *{{Cite book|editor-last=Köksal|editor-first=Özlem|title=World Film Locations: Istanbul|publisher=Intellect Books|location=Bristol, Eng.| date = 2012|isbn=978-1-84150-567-1|ref=harv}} *{{Cite book|last=Köse|first=Yavuz|editor-last=Atabaki|editor-first=Touraj|editor2-last=Brockett|editor2-first=Gavin|chapter=Vertical Bazaars of Modernity: Western Department Stores and Their Staff in Istanbul (1889–1921)|title=Ottoman and Republican Turkish Labour History|publisher=Cambridge University Press|location=Cambridge, Eng.| date = 2009|isbn=978-0-521-12805-6|pages=91–114|ref=harv}} *{{Cite book|last=Landau|first=Jacob M.| date = 1984|title=Atatürk and the Modernization of Turkey|publisher=E.J. Brill|location=Leiden, the Neth.|isbn=978-90-04-07070-7|ref=harv}} *{{Cite book|last=Limberis|first=Vasiliki|title=Divine Heiress: The Virgin Mary and the Creation of Christian Constantinople|url=https://archive.org/details/divineheiressvir0000limb| date = 1994|publisher=Routledge|location=London|isbn=978-0-415-09677-5|ref=harv}} *{{Cite book|last=Lister|first=Richard P.|title=The Travels of Herodotus| date = 1979|publisher=Gordon & Cremonesi|location=London|isbn=978-0-86033-081-3|ref=harv}} *{{Cite book|last1=Masters|first1=Bruce Alan|last2=Ágoston|first2=Gábor| date = 2009|title=Encyclopedia of the Ottoman Empire|publisher=Infobase Publishing|location=New York|isbn=978-1-4381-1025-7|ref=harv}} *{{Cite book|last=Morris|first=Ian|title=Social Development|date=October 2010|publisher=Stanford University|location=Stanford, Calif.|url=http://ianmorris.org/docs/social-development.pdf|accessdate=5 Hulyo 2012|format=pdf|ref=harv}} {{Cite web |title=Archived copy |url=http://ianmorris.org/docs/social-development.pdf |access-date=11 Enero 2015 |archive-date=15 Septyembre 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120915115325/http://ianmorris.org/docs/social-development.pdf |url-status=unfit }} *{{Cite book|last1=Mossberger|first1=Karen|last2=Clarke|first2=Susan E.|last3=John|first3=Peter|title=The Oxford Handbook of Urban Politics|url=https://archive.org/details/oxfordhandbookof0000unse_d9x2|series=Oxford Handbooks in Politics and International Relations| date = 2012|publisher=Oxford University Press|location=Oxford, Eng.|isbn=978-0-19-536786-7|ref=harv}} *{{Cite book|last=Necipoğlu|first=Gülru|title=Architecture, Ceremonial, and Power: The Topkapi Palace in the Fifteenth and Sixteenth Centuries|url=https://archive.org/details/architecturecere0000neci| date = 1991|publisher=The MIT Press|location=Cambridge, Mass.|isbn=978-0-262-14050-8|ref=harv}} *{{Cite book|last=Necipoğlu|first=Gülru|contribution= From Byzantine Constantinople to Ottoman Kostantiniyye|editor-last=ölcer|editor-first=Nazan|title=From Byzantion to Istanbul|publisher=SSM|location=Istanbul| date = 2010|isbn=978-605-4348-04-6|ref=harv}} *{{Cite book|last=Norris|first=Pippa| date = 2010|title=Public Sentinel: News Media & Governance Reform|publisher=World Bank Publications|location=Washington, D.C.|isbn=978-0-8213-8200-4|ref=harv}} *{{Cite book|author=Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development|title=Istanbul, Turkey|series=OECD Territorial Reviews| date = 2008|publisher=OECD Publishing|location=Paris|isbn=978-92-64-04371-8|ref=harv}} *{{Cite book|author=Oxford Business Group| date = 2009|title=The Report: Turkey 2009|publisher=Oxford Business Group|location=Oxford, Eng.|isbn=978-1-902339-13-9|ref=harv}} *{{Cite book|last=Papathanassis|first=Alexis| date = 2011|title=The Long Tail of Tourism: Holiday Niches and Their Impact on Mainstream Tourism|url=https://archive.org/details/longtailoftouris0000unse|publisher=Springer|location=Berlin|isbn=978-3-8349-3062-0|ref=harv}} *{{Cite book|last=Quantic|first=Roy| date = 2008|title=Climatology for Airline Pilots|publisher=John Wiley & Sons|location=Oxford, Eng.|isbn=978-0-470-69847-1|ref=harv}} *{{Cite book|last=Reinert|first=Stephen W.|editor-last=Mango|editor-first=Cyril|title=The Oxford History of Byzantium| date = 2002|publisher=Oxford University Press|location=Oxford, Eng.|isbn=978-0-19-814098-6|chapter=Fragmentation (1204–1453)|ref=harv}} *{{Cite book|last=Reisman|first=Arnold|title=Turkey's Modernization: Refugees from Nazism and Atatürk's Vision|url=https://archive.org/details/turkeysmoderniza0000reis| date = 2006|publisher=New Academia Publishing, LLC|location=Washington, D.C.|isbn=978-0-9777908-8-3|ref=harv}} *{{Cite book|last=Roebuck|first=Carl|title=Ionian Trade and Colonization| date = 1959|series=Monographs on Archaeology and Fine Arts|publisher=Archaeological Institute of America|location=New York|isbn=978-0-89005-528-1|ref=harv}} *{{Cite book|last=Room|first=Adrian|title=Placenames of the World: Origins and Meanings of the Names for 6,600 Countries, Cities, Territories, Natural Features, and Historic Sites|url=https://archive.org/details/placenamesofworl02edroom| date = 2006|publisher=McFarland & Company|location=Jefferson, N.C.|edition=2nd|isbn=978-0-7864-2248-7|ref=harv}} *{{Cite book|last=Rôzen|first=Mînnā|title=A History of the Jewish Community in Istanbul: The Formative Years, 1453–1566| date = 2002|publisher=BRILL|location=Leiden, the Neth.|edition=illustrated|isbn=978-90-04-12530-8|ref=harv}} *{{Cite book|last=Sanal|first=Aslihan|editor-last=Fischer|editor-first=Michael M. J.|editor2-last=Dumit|editor2-first=Joseph| date = 2011|title=New Organs Within Us: Transplants and the Moral Economy|url=https://archive.org/details/neworganswithinu0000sana|series=Experimental Futures|edition=illustrated|publisher=Duke University Press|location=Chapel Hill, N.C.|isbn=978-0-8223-4912-9|ref=harv}} *{{Cite book|last=Schmitt|first=Oliver Jens|title=Levantiner: Lebenswelten und Identitäten einer ethnokonfessionellen Gruppe im osmanischen Reich im "langen 19. Jahrhundert" | date = 2005|publisher=Oldenbourg|location=München|language=German|isbn=978-3-486-57713-6|ref=harv}} *{{Cite book|last1=Shaw|first1=Stanford J.|last2=Shaw|first2=Ezel K.|title=History of the Ottoman Empire and Modern Turkey|volume=2| date = 1977|publisher=Cambridge University Press|location=Cambridge, Eng.|isbn=978-0-521-29166-8|ref=harv}} *{{Cite book|last=Taşan-Kok|first=Tuna|title=Budapest, Istanbul, and Warsaw: Institutional and Spatial Change|publisher=Eburon Uitgeverij B.V|location=Delft, the Neth.| date = 2004|isbn=978-90-5972-041-1|ref=harv}} *{{Cite book|last=Taylor|first=Jane|title=Imperial Istanbul: A Traveller's Guide: Includes Iznik, Bursa and Edirne|url=https://archive.org/details/imperialistanbul0000tayl|publisher=Tauris Parke Paperbacks|location=New York| date = 2007|isbn=978-1-84511-334-6|ref=harv}} *{{Cite book|last1=Tigrek|first1=Sahnaz|last2=Kibaroğlu|first2=Ayșegül| date = 2011|editor-last=Kibaroğlu|editor-first=Ayșegül|editor2-last=Scheumann|editor2-first=Waltina|editor3-last=Kramer|editor3-first=Annika|title=Turkey's Water Policy: National Frameworks and International Cooperation|chapter=Strategic Role of Water Resources for Turkey|publisher=Springer|location=London & New York|isbn=978-3-642-19635-5|ref=harv}} *{{Cite book|editor=Time Out Guides|title=Time Out Istanbul|url=https://archive.org/details/timeoutistanbul0000unse|publisher=Time Out Guides|location=London| date = 2010|isbn=978-1-84670-115-3|ref={{sfnRef|Time Out Guides|2010}} }} *{{Cite book|last=Turan|first=Neyran|editor1-last=Sorensen|editor1-first=André|editor2-last=Okata|editor2-first=Junichiro|title=Megacities: Urban Form, Governance, and Sustainability|series=Library for Sustainable Urban Regeneration|publisher=Springer|location=London & New York| date = 2010|pages=223–42|chapter=Towards an Ecological Urbanism for Istanbul|isbn=978-4-431-99266-0|ref=harv}} *{{Cite book|author=WCTR Society; Unʼyu Seisaku Kenkyū Kikō|title=Urban Transport and the Environment: An International Perspective|url=https://archive.org/details/urbantransporten0000unse_l6o6| date = 2004|publisher=Elsevier|location=Amsterdam|isbn=978-0-08-044512-0|ref=harv}} *{{Cite book|last=Wedel|first=Heidi| date = 2000|editor1-last=Ibrahim|editor1-first=Ferhad|editor2-last=Gürbey|editor2-first=Gülistan|title=The Kurdish Conflict in Turkey|publisher=LIT Verlag Münster|location=Berlin|isbn=978-3-8258-4744-9|pages=181–93|ref=harv}} *{{Cite book|last=Wynn|first=Martin|title=Planning and Urban Growth in Southern Europe|series=Studies in History, Planning, and the Environment|publisher=Mansell|location=Los Altos, Calif.| date = 1984|isbn=978-0-7201-1608-3|ref=harv}} {{refend}} ==Mga sumpay ha gawas== {{Sister project links|Istanbul}} *{{Wikivoyage-inline}} * [http://www.ibb.gov.tr/en-US/Pages/Home.aspx Official website of the Istanbul Metropolitan Municipality] * [http://english.istanbul.gov.tr/ Official website of the Istanbul Governorship] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20061222171620/http://english.istanbul.gov.tr/ |date=2006-12-22 }} * [http://sehirrehberi.ibb.gov.tr/Map.aspx?&scl=6&cx=88707&cy=96189&ap=uydu&lng=en Istanbul Metropolitan Municipality: Interactive aerial photos (maps) of Istanbul from 1946, 1966, 1982, and 2005] * [http://www.ibb.gov.tr/en-US/Organization/MunicipalHistory/Pages/Live_City_View_in_Istanbul.aspx Istanbul Metropolitan Municipality: Live views of major landmarks in Istanbul] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150704072848/http://www.ibb.gov.tr/en-US/Organization/MunicipalHistory/Pages/Live_City_View_in_Istanbul.aspx |date=2015-07-04 }} * [http://www.istanbulbulteni.com/ Istanbul Metropolitan Municipality: Istanbul Bulteni Magazine official website] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120222203756/http://www.istanbulbulteni.com/ |date=2012-02-22 }} [[Kaarangay:Mga syudad, bungto ngan baryo ha Turkeya]] [[Kaarangay:Istanbul]] ob0p8gctq37tx9mod4krcmtun9sojij 0 11944 7782321 7775181 2026-04-07T06:17:02Z InternetArchiveBot 41587 Add 3 books for verifiability (20260407)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 7782321 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox royalty|realm=france |name=Napoleon I |image=The Emperor Napoleon in His Study at the Tuileries, by Jacques-Louis David (1812) - National Gallery of Art (Samuel H. Kress Foundation) - 2.jpg |imgw=200 |alt=Full length portrait of Napoleon in his forties, in high-ranking white and dark blue military dress uniform. He stands amid rich 18th century furniture laden with papers, and gazes at the viewer. His hair is Brutus style, cropped close but with a short fringe in front, and his right hand is tucked in his waistcoat. |caption=''[[The Emperor Napoleon in His Study at the Tuileries]]'', ni [[Jacques-Louis David]], 1812 |succession= [[Emperador han Franses]] |reign=18 Mayo 1804&nbsp;– 11 Abril 1814<br />20 Marso 1815&nbsp;– 22 Hunyo 1815 |coronation=2 Disyembre 1804 |cor-type=france |full name=Napoleon Bonaparte |predecessor=Waray <small>(iya kalugaringon komo [[Syahan nga Consul]] han [[Syahan nga Republika Fransesa]]; an kasanhi nga naghadi nga monarka hi [[Louis XVI han Fransya|Louis XVI]])</small> |successor=[[Louis XVIII han Fransya|Louis XVIII]] (''[[de jure]]'' han 1814) |succession1= [[Hadi han Italya]] |reign1=17 Marso 1805&nbsp;– 11 Abril 1814 |coronation1=26 Mayo 1805 |predecessor1=Waray <small>(iya kalugaringon komo [[Mangulo han Italya|Mangulo]] han [[Republika Italyana (Napoleonico)|Italyano nga Republika]]; an anay-nga-naghadi nga monarka hi [[Charles V, Baraan nga Emperador Romano|Emperador Carlos V]]</small>) |successor1=Waray <small>(ginbulag an ginhadi-an, an sunod nga hadì han Italya hi [[Victor Emmanuel II han Italya|Victor Manuel II]]</small>) |spouse=[[Joséphine de Beauharnais]]<br />[[Marie Louise, Dukesa han Parma|Marie Louise han Austria]] |issue=[[Napoleon II]] |house=[[Panimalay han Bonaparte]] |father=[[Carlo Buonaparte]] |mother=[[Letizia Ramolino]] |birth_date={{Birth date|1769|8|15|df=yes}} |birth_place=[[Ajaccio]], Corsica, Fransya |death_date={{Death date and age|1821|5|5|1769|8|15|df=yes}} |death_place=[[Longwood, Saint Helena]] |place of burial=[[Les Invalides]], Paris, Fransya |religion = Katolisismo Romano (kitaa [[Napoleon#Napoleon and religions|Napoleon ngan mga relihiyon]]) |signature=Firma Napoleón Bonaparte.svg |}} Hi '''Napoléon Bonaparte'''{{Efn|Natawo nga '''Napoleone di Buonaparte''' ({{IPA-it|napoleˈoːne di ˌbwɔnaˈparte|lang}}).}} (kaluwas ha Ininggles: {{IPAc-en|n|ə|ˈ|p|oʊ|l|i|ən|_|ˈ|b|oʊ|n|ə|p|ɑr|t}};<ref>[http://dictionary.reference.com/browse/napoleon"Napoleon"]. ''[[Random House Webster's Unabridged Dictionary]]''.</ref> {{IPA-fr|napɔleɔ̃ bɔnapaʁt|lang}}; 15 Agosto 1769 – 5 Mayo 1821) usa nga [[Franses nga katawhan|Franses]] nga [[Politiko|tawo ha estado]] ngan [[komandante|militar nga namuno]] nga inmabot hin pagkalabaw dida han [[Franses nga Rebolusyon]] ngan namuno hin [[An nahitalà ha pag-awayan ni Napoleon Bonaparte|pipira nga mga maglinamposon nga mga kampanya]] dida han [[Mga Gera han Franses nga Rebolusyon]]. Ha ngaran nga '''Napoleon''', hiyá an [[Emperador han Franses]] tíkang 1804 kútob 1814, ngan hin utro hin madalî nga panahón didâ han 1815 (han [[Usá-ka-Gatós nga Adlaw]]). Nagdominar hi Napoleon han mga buruhatón ha Europa ngan ha kalibotan hin labaw hin usá ka dekada samtang namunò hiyá han Fransya patok hin mga serye hin mga katitírok hin nasod dida han [[mga Gera Napoleonon]]. Nagdaog hiya han kasagáran hiní nga mga gera ngan han dakò nga kadam'an han iya mga pag-awayan, ngan naghimò hiya hin [[Syahan nga Imperyo Franses|dakò nga imperyo]] nga nagdumarà han kontinental nga Europa ugsa han kataposán nga kabungkag hiní han 1815. Usá hiyá han mga gimakariti nga mga komandante ha kaagi, an iyá mga gera ngan mga kampanya gin-aarám ha mga iskuylahan militar ha kalibotan. An ginbilin ni Napoleon ha polítika ngan kultura nagpabilin nga usa han mga ginsaúrog ngan kontrobersyal nga mga manguna han [[Kaagi han kalibotan|kaagi han kalibotan]].<ref name="Roberts, Andrew 2014">Roberts, Andrew. ''Napoleon: A Life''. Penguin Group, 2014, Introduction.</ref><ref>{{Cite book|author=Charles Messenger, ed. |title=Reader's Guide to Military History|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=VT7fAQAAQBAJ&pg=PA391| date = 2001|publisher=Routledge|pages=391–427|isbn=978-1-135-95970-8}}</ref> Natawo hi Napoleon ha [[Corsica]] hin maupay-upay hin kamutangan nga pamilya nga nagtikang han uruuubos nga [[nobilidad Italyano]]. Nagsisirbe hiyá nga opisyal ha artilyeriya han Franses nga army han pagtikang ha Rebolusyon Franses han 1789. Sinmaká hiyá hin madagmit ha mga ranggo han militar, nga diin nakuha niya in mga bag-o nga oportunidad nga ginpresenta han Rebolusyon ngan nagin heneral ha edad nga 24. An [[Direktoryo Franses]] ha urhe naghatag ha iya hin pagkakomandante han [[Army han Italya (Fransya)|Army han Italya]] katapos niya malupig an rebelyon han [[13 Vendémiaire]] patok han gobyerno tikang han mga royalist nga mga insurgent. Ha edad nga 26, nagtikang hiya han [[Mga Italyano nga kampanya han Franses nga Rebolusyonaryo nga mga Gera|syahan nga kampanya militar]] patok han mga Austryano ngan an Italyano nga mga monarka nga ugop han mga Hapsburgo—nagdaog han tanan nga mga pag-awayan, naglupig han Italyano nga Rawis hin usá ka tuig samtang nagtutukod hin "mga [[bugto nga republika]]" upod hin suporta lokal, ngan pagin bayani-ha-gera han Fransya. Han 1798, namuno hiya hin [[Franses nga kampanya ha Ehipto ngan Sirya|expedisyon militar ha Ehipto]] nga nagsirbe nga paagi nga makakab-ot hin gahom ha politika. Nagplano hiya han [[Kudeta han 18 Brumaire|kudeta han Nobyembre 1799]] ngan nagin [[Konsulado Franses|Syahan nga Konsul]] han Republika. ==Mga tigaman== {{notelist}} ==Mga kasarigan== {{Mga kasarigan}} ==Mga pinanbasaran== {{refbegin|30em}} ===Mga pag-aram han iya panginabuhì=== * {{Cite book|title=Life of Napoleon Bonaparte|last=Abbott|first=John|isbn=1-4179-7063-4|publisher=Kessinger Publishing| date = 2005}} * Barnett, Corelli. ''Bonaparte'' (1978) calls N 'a social misfit' who exploited France for his personal megalomaniac goals; and N's myth is exaggerated * {{Cite book|first=Rafe|last=Blaufarb|title=Napoleon: Symbol for an Age, A Brief History with Documents|url=https://archive.org/details/napoleonsymbolfo0000blau|date=2007|publisher=Bedford|isbn=0-312-43110-4}} * {{Cite book|last=Chandler|first=David|title=Napoleon|publisher=Leo Cooper| date = 2002|isbn=0-85052-750-3}} * {{Cite book|first=Vincent|last=Cronin|authorlink=Vincent Cronin|title=Napoleon|url=https://archive.org/details/napoleon0000cron_y3x1|publisher=HarperCollins|date=1994|isbn=0-00-637521-9}} * Dwyer, Philip. ''Napoleon: The Path to Power'' (2008) [http://www.amazon.com/Napoleon-Path-Power-Philip-Dwyer-ebook/dp/B00280LN5G/ excerpt vol 1]; ''Citizen Emperor: Napoleon in Power'' (2013) [http://www.amazon.com/Citizen-Emperor-Napoleon-Philip-Dwyer-ebook/dp/B00GGSG3W4/ excerpt and text search v 2]; most recent scholarly biography * {{Cite book|author=Englund, Steven |title=Napoleon: A Political Life|url=https://archive.org/details/napoleonpolitica0000engl |isbn=0674018036| date = 2010|publisher=Scribner}} * {{Cite book|last=Johnson|first=Paul|title=Napoleon: A life|url=https://archive.org/details/napoleonpenguinl00unse|publisher=Penguin Books|date=2002|isbn=0-670-03078-3}}; 200pp; quite hostile * {{Cite book|author=Lefebvre, Georges|title=Napoleon from 18 Brumaire to Tilsit, 1799–1807|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=HwNoAAAAMAAJ|date=1969|publisher=Columbia University Press}} influential wide-ranging history ** {{Cite book|author=Lefebvre, Georges|title=Napoleon; from Tilsit to Waterloo, 1807–1815|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=mTwJAQAAIAAJ|date=1969|publisher=Columbia University Press}} * {{Cite book|last=Markham|first=Felix|title=Napoleon|publisher=Mentor|date=1963|url=http://www.questia.com/PM.qst?a=o&d=10369968}}; 303pp; short biography by an Oxford scholar * {{Cite book|first=Frank|last=McLynn|title=Napoleon|publisher=Pimlico| date = 1998|isbn=0-7126-6247-2|id= {{ASIN|0712662472|country=uk}}}}; well-written popular history * Roberts, Andrew. ''Napoleon: A Life'' (2014) *{{Cite book|author=Thompson, J.M.|title=Napoleon Bonaparte: His Rise and Fall|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=s2uTaPHPnZ8C|date=1951|publisher=Oxford U.P.}}, 412pp; by an Oxford scholar * Tulard, Jean. (1984) ''Napoleon: The Myth of the Saviour'' (1984), influential French interpretation ===Mga pinaurog nga pag-aram=== * {{Cite book|first=Ken|last=Alder|title=The Measure of All Things—The Seven-Year Odyssey and Hidden Error That Transformed the World|url=https://archive.org/details/measureofallthin00alde|publisher=[[Free Press (publisher)|Free Press]]|date=2002|isbn=0-7432-1675-X}} * {{Cite book|last=Alter|first=Peter|title=Unity and Diversity in European Culture c. 1800|url=https://archive.org/details/unitydiversityin0000unse_f1p7|editor=[[T. C. W. Blanning]] and [[Hagen Schulze]]|publisher=Oxford University Press|date=2006|isbn=0-19-726382-8}} * {{Cite book|title=Napoleon and Persia|first=Iradj|last=Amini|url=http://books.google.com/?id=n5IOAAAAQAAJ&pg=PA12|date=2000|isbn=0-934211-58-2|publisher=Taylor & Francis}} * {{Cite book|title=World History of Warfare|url=https://archive.org/details/worldhistoryofwa00arch|first=Christon I.|last=Archer|first2=John R.|last2=Ferris|first3=Holger H.|last3=Herwig|publisher=University of Nebraska Press|date=2002|isbn=0-8032-4423-1}} * {{Cite book|title=Between Salt Water And Holy Water: A History Of Southern Italy|url=https://archive.org/details/betweensaltwater00tomm|last=Astarita|first=Tommaso|date=2005|publisher=W. W. Norton & Company|isbn=0-393-05864-6}} * {{Cite book|url=http://books.google.com/?id=Pw5jup_LyHAC&lpg=PA212|title=The First Total War|last=Bell|first=David|isbn=0-618-34965-0|publisher=Houghton Mifflin Harcourt|date=2007}} * {{Cite book|author=Bergeron, Louis|title=France Under Napoleon|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=rqe1UU6OiIUC&pg=PR9|date=1981|publisher=Princeton U.P.|isbn=0691007896}} * {{Cite book|last=Bordes|first=Philippe|title=Jacques-Louis David|publisher=Yale University Press|isbn=0-300-12346-9| date = 2007}} * {{Cite book|last=Boycott-Brown|first=Martin|title=The Road to Rivoli: Napoleon's First Campaign|url=https://archive.org/details/roadtorivolinapo0000boyc|publisher=Cassell & Co|date=2001|isbn=0-304-35305-1}} * {{Cite book|last=Chandler|first=David|authorlink=David G. Chandler|title=The Campaigns of Napoleon| date = 1973}}, the standard military history of N's battles * {{Cite book|last=Chesney|first=Charles|title=Waterloo Lectures:A Study Of The Campaign Of 1815|url=https://archive.org/details/waterloolectures0000char|publisher=Kessinger Publishing|date=2006|isbn=1-4286-4988-3}} * {{Cite book|date=2006|title=Blundering to Glory: Napoleon's Military Campaigns|url=https://archive.org/details/blunderingtoglor00conn_0|first=Owen|last=Connelly|publisher=Rowman & Littlefield|isbn=0-7425-5318-3}} * {{Cite book|title=The Billy Ruffian: The Bellerophon and the Downfall of Napoleon|url=https://archive.org/details/billyruffianbell0000cord_l4d4|first=David|last=Cordingly|date=2004|publisher=Bloomsbury|isbn=1-58234-468-X}} * {{Cite book|title=Is Arsenic an Aphrodisiac?|url=https://archive.org/details/isarsenicaphrodi0000cull|last=Cullen|first=William|date=2008|publisher=Royal Society of Chemistry|isbn=0-85404-363-2}} * {{Cite book|title=As Befits a Legend|url=https://archive.org/details/asbefitslegendbu0000dris|publisher=Kent State University Press|isbn=0-87338-484-9|last=Driskel|first=Paul|date=1993}} * {{Cite web|last=Dunan|first=Marcel|url=http://www.napoleon.org/fr/salle_lecture/articles/files/Taillenapo_RIN_89_oct1963_2006.asp|title=Napoleon's height|language=French|accessdate=11 Enero 2009|publisher=La Fondation Napoléon|date=1963}} * {{Cite book|isbn=0-313-31912-X|title=Conscription and democracy: The Draft in France, Great Britain, and the United States|publisher=Greenwood Publishing Group| date = 2001|first=George Q.|last=Flynn}} * {{Cite book|last=Fremont-Barnes|first=Gregory|first2=Todd|last2=Fisher|title=The Napoleonic Wars: The Rise and Fall of an Empire|url=https://archive.org/details/napoleonicwarsri0000frem|publisher=Osprey|date=2004|isbn=1-84176-831-6}} * {{Cite web|url=http://www.lib.unc.edu/ncc/gallery/napo.html|title=Death Mask of Napoleon|accessdate=4 Agosto 2008|publisher=University of North Carolina|last=Fulghum|first=Neil|date=2007|archive-date=22 Hunyo 2013|archive-url=https://www.webcitation.org/6HZlE2nZJ?url=http://www.lib.unc.edu/ncc/gallery/napo.html|url-status=dead}} * {{Cite book|last=Gates|first=David|title=The Spanish Ulcer: A History of the Peninsular War|url=https://archive.org/details/spanishulcerhist0000gate_o1o7|publisher=Da Capo Press|date=2001|isbn=0-306-81083-2}} * {{Cite book|last=Gates|first=David|title=The Napoleonic Wars, 1803–1815|publisher=Pimlico|isbn=0-7126-0719-6| date = 2003}} * {{Cite book|author1=Godechot, Jacques|author2=Béatrice Fry Hyslop|author3=David Lloyd Dowd|title=The Napoleonic era in Europe|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=9rFmAAAAMAAJ|date=1971|publisher=Holt, Rinehart and Winston|displayauthors=1}} * Grab, Alexander. ''Napoleon and the Transformation of Europe'' (Macmillan, 2003), country by country analysis * {{Cite book|url=http://books.google.com/?id=FUaIGHxCIEwC&pg=PA181|title=Size Matters|date=2006|publisher=Houghton Mifflin Harcourt|last=Hall|first=Stephen|isbn=0-618-47040-9}} * {{Cite book|first=Robert|last=Harvey| date = 2006|title=The War of Wars|url=https://archive.org/details/warofwarsepicstr0000harv|publisher=Robinson|isbn=978-1-84529-635-3}} * {{Cite book|author=Haythornthwaite, Philip J. |title=Napoleon's Military Machine|isbn=0870525492 | date = 1995|publisher=Spellmount}} * {{Cite journal|journal=Clinical Chemistry|url=http://www.clinchem.org/cgi/reprint/54/12/2092|title=The Death of Napoleon, Cancer or Arsenic?|last=Hindmarsh|first=J. Thomas|first2=John|last2=Savory|volume=54|page=2092|doi=10.1373/clinchem.2008.117358|publisher=American Association for Clinical Chemistry|date=2008|accessdate=10 Oktubre 2010|issue=12}} * {{Cite book|title=Race, Racism, and Science|url=https://archive.org/details/isbn_9791851094485|publisher=ABC-CLIO|isbn=1-85109-448-2|last=Jackson|first=John|date=2004}} * {{Cite book|first=Inari|last=Karsh|title=Empires of the Sand: The Struggle for Mastery in the Middle East, 1789–1923|publisher=Harvard University Press|date=2001|isbn=0-674-00541-4|url=http://books.google.com/?id=UBilaKRKkC&pg=PA11}}{{Dead link|date=Enero 2023 |bot=InternetArchiveBot }} * Lieven, Dominic. "Review article: Russia and the defeat of Napoleon." ''Kritika: Explorations in Russian and Eurasian History'' (2006)7#2 pp: 283-308. * {{Cite book|title=Russia Against Napoleon: The Battle for Europe, 1807 to 1814 |url=https://archive.org/details/russiaagainstnap00liev_0 |last=Lieven | first=Dominic |authorlink=Dominic Lieven | date = 2009 |publisher=Allen Lane/The Penguin Press |location= |isbn= |pages=[https://archive.org/details/russiaagainstnap00liev_0/page/616 617]}}[http://www.literaryreview.co.uk/esdaile_10_09.html] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130605171204/http://www.literaryreview.co.uk/esdaile_10_09.html |date=5 Hunyo 2013 }} * {{Cite book|first=Marie Adelaide Belloc|last=Lowndes|authorlink=Marie Adelaide Belloc Lowndes|title=Where Love And Friendship Dwelt|publisher=Macmillan| date = 1943|oclc=67554055}} * {{Cite book|title=Dom Pedro: The Struggle for Liberty in Brazil and Portugal, 1798–1834|url=https://archive.org/details/dompedrostruggle0000maca|last=Macaulay|first=Neill|publisher=Duke University Press|date=1986|isbn=0-8223-0681-6}} * {{Cite web|url=http://www-history.mcs.st-andrews.ac.uk/HistTopics/Measurement.html|title=The history of measurement|publisher=St Andrew's University|accessdate=18 Hulyo 2008|date=2003|last=O'Connor|first=J|first2=E F|last2=Robertson}} * {{Cite book| date = 2003|last=Outhwaite|first=William|isbn=0-631-22164-6|publisher=Blackwell|title=The Blackwell Dictionary of Modern Social Thought}} * {{Cite journal|title=1954 Hague Convention for the Protection of Cultural Property in the Event of Armed Conflict|edition=vol 28|last=Poulos|first=Anthi|journal=International Journal of Legal Information|date=2000|url=http://heinonline.org/HOL/LandingPage?collection=journals&handle=hein.journals/ijli28&div=12&id=&page=}} * {{Cite book|url=http://books.google.com/?id=MdMZqhMzfpYC&pg=PR9|title=Heavy Words Lightly Thrown|publisher=Granta|isbn=1-86207-765-7|date=2004|last=Roberts|first=Chris}} * {{Cite book|isbn=1-84520-817-X|first=Raffael|last=Scheck|publisher=Berg|title=Germany, 1871–1945: A Concise History|url=https://archive.org/details/germany18711945c0000sche|date=2008}} * {{Cite book|last=Schom|first=Alan|authorlink=Alan Schom|title=Napoleon Bonaparte|url=https://archive.org/details/napoleonbonapart00scho|date=1997|publisher=HarperCollins|isbn=978-0-06-017214-5}} * {{Cite book|author=Schroeder, Paul W.|title=The Transformation of European Politics 1763–1848|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=BS2z3iGPCigC|date=1996|publisher=Oxford U.P.|pages=177–560|isbn=9780198206545}} advanced diplomatic history of Napoleon and his era * {{Cite book|last=Schwarzfuchs|first=Simon|publisher=Routledge|date=1979|isbn=0-19-710023-6|title=Napoleon, the Jews and the Sanhedrin|url=https://archive.org/details/napoleonjewssanh0000schw}} * {{Cite web|url=http://www.adb.online.anu.edu.au/biogs/A030078b.htm|title=Balcombe, Alexander Beatson (1811–77)|publisher=Australian Dictionary of Biography Online|last=Thomson|first=Kathleen|accessdate=27 Mayo 2008|date=1969|archive-date=2013-05-15|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130515154458/http://adb.anu.edu.au/biography/balcombe-alexander-beatson-2922|url-status=}} * {{Cite book|title=The Way the World Works|url=https://archive.org/details/wayworldworks0000wann|last=Wanniski|first=Jude|publisher=Regnery Gateway|isbn=0-89526-344-0|date=1998}} * {{Cite book|title=Tricolor and crescent|first=William|last=Watson|url=http://books.google.com/?id=o4vrUbMK5eEC&pg=PA13|isbn=0-275-97470-7|publisher=Greenwood Publishing Group|accessdate=12 Hunyo 2009|date=2003}} * {{Cite book|last=Wells|first=David|title=The Penguin Dictionary of Curious and Interesting Geometry|publisher=[[Penguin Books]]|isbn=0-14-011813-6| date = 1992}} * {{Cite book|title=Napoleon's Submarine| date = 1972|last=Wilkins|first=William|isbn=0-450-01028-7|publisher=New English Library|origyear=1944}} * {{Cite journal|last=Wilson|first=J| date = 1975|title=Dr. Archibald Arnott: Surgeon to the 20th Foot and Physician to Napoleon|journal=[[British Medical Journal]]|issue=vol.3|pmc=1674241|pmid=1097047|volume=3|pages=293–5|doi=10.1136/bmj.3.5978.293}} * {{Cite book|last=Wood|first=Philip|title=The Law and Practice of International Finance Series|publisher=Sweet & Maxwell| date = 2007|isbn=1-84703-210-9}} * {{Cite web|url=http://www.historytoday.com/MainArticle.aspx?m=31103&amid=30222626|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20080425054948/http://www.historytoday.com/MainArticle.aspx?m=31103&amid=30222626|archivedate=25 Abril 2008|title=Napoleon's Last Journey|publisher=History Today|last=Woodward|first=Chris|issue=7|date=Hulyo 2005|access-date=31 Hulyo 2012|url-status=live}} {{refend}} ===Historiograpiya ngan panhinumdom=== * Arnold, E. A. "English Language Napoleonic Historiography, 1973–1998: Thoughts and Considerations". [http://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=wu.89107724353#view=1up;seq=301 ''Proceedings-Western Society for French History'', Vol. 26] (2000). pp.&nbsp;283–294. * Dunne, John. "Recent Napoleonic Historiography: 'Poor Relation' Makes Good?" ''French History'' (2004) 18#4 pp.&nbsp;484–491. * Dwyer, Philip. "Remembering and Forgetting in Contemporary France: Napoleon, Slavery, and the French History Wars," ''French Politics, Culture & Society'' (2008) 26#3 pp 110–122. [http://web.ebscohost.com/ehost/viewarticle?data=dGJyMPPp44rp2%2fdV0%2bnjisfk5Ie42eqLtaashd%2ff7Ebj3u2L8ravSq2otEewpq9Lnq64SrewsFCet8s%2b8ujfhvHX4Yzn5eyB4rOrSbSptUmyqLdMt5zqeezdu33snOJ6u97neaTq33%2b7t8w%2b3%2bS7S7Ovs0mxp7Q%2b5OXwhd%2fqu4ji3MSN6uLSffbq&hid=4207 online] * {{Cite book|first=Pieter|last=Geyl|authorlink=Pieter Geyl|title=Napoleon For and Against|origyear=1947|date=1982|publisher=Penguin Books|url=http://www.questia.com/library/7932602/napoleon-for-and-against}} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150714163645/https://www.questia.com/library/7932602/napoleon-for-and-against |date=2015-07-14 }} * {{Cite web|title=The Claremont Institute: The Little Tyrant, A review of ''Napoleon: A Penguin Life''|url=|publisher=The Claremont Institute|author=Hanson, Victor Davis| date = 2003}} * Hazareesingh, Sudhir. "Napoleonic Memory in Nineteenth-Century France: The Making of a Liberal Legend," ''MLN'' (2005) 120#4 pp 747–773 [http://muse.jhu.edu/journals/mln/v120/120.4hazareesingh.html online] * Hazareesingh, Sudhir. ''The Legend of Napoleon'' (2005) [http://www.amazon.com/Legend-Napoleon-Sudhir-Hazareesingh/dp/1862077894/ excerpt and text search] * Nutting, Sinclair Holmes. "Napoleonic historiography" (MA Thesis, U. of Saskatchewan, 1950) [http://ecommons.usask.ca/handle/10388/etd-07202010-132035 citation] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131212014455/http://ecommons.usask.ca/handle/10388/etd-07202010-132035 |date= 12 Disyembre 2013 }}; [http://ecommons.usask.ca/bitstream/handle/10388/etd-07202010-132035/Nutting_Sinclair_Holmes_sec_1950.pdf?sequence=1 full text online free] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131212014458/http://ecommons.usask.ca/bitstream/handle/10388/etd-07202010-132035/Nutting_Sinclair_Holmes_sec_1950.pdf?sequence=1 |date= 12 Disyembre 2013 }} ===Syahan nga pagkukuhaan=== * Herold, J. Christopher, ed. ''Mind of Napoleon: A Selection of His Written and Spoken Words'' (1955), 322pp * Thompson, J.M., ed. ''Napoleon's Letters'' (1954) ==Mga sumpay ha gawas== {{Sister project links|Napoleon Bonaparte|b=European History/Napoleon Bonaparte and the Rise of Nationalism|s=Author:Napoleon Bonaparte}} * [http://www.napoleonguide.com/index.htm The Napoleonic Guide] * [http://www.napoleon-series.org/ Napoleon Series] * [http://www.napoleonicsociety.com/ International Napoleonic Society] * {{Imdb character|27456|Napoléon Bonaparte (Character)}} * [http://www.pbs.org/empires/napoleon/home.html Biography] by the US [[Public Broadcasting Service]] * [http://www.inside-longwood.com/inside-longwood-chronology.html The last years in St. Helena] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150106200629/http://www.inside-longwood.com/inside-longwood-chronology.html |date= 6 Enero 2015 }} Illustrated chronology of Napoleon's captivity in St. Helena. * [http://www.inside-longwood.com/index.html Inside Longwood] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160207064822/http://www.inside-longwood.com/index.html |date= 7 Pebrero 2016 }} Descriptions of Longwood House, St. Helena, and other places in the island, as well as articles about Napoleon's captivity. * [[Alan Schom]] [http://www.booknotes.org/Watch/91435-1/Alan+Schom.aspx Interview on his book ''Napoleon Bonaparte''] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120423071123/http://www.booknotes.org/Watch/91435-1/Alan+Schom.aspx |date= 23 Abril 2012 }} on ''[[Booknotes]]'', 26 Oktubre 1997 * {{Gutenberg|no=3567|name=Memoirs of Napoleon}} * {{Gutenberg|no=14300|name=The Life of Napoleon I|author=John Holland Rose|authorlink=John Holland Rose}} * {{Gutenberg|no=17579|name=The History of Napoleon Buonaparte|author=John Gibson Lockhart|authorlink=John Gibson Lockhart}} * {{Gutenberg|no=24360|name=The Life of Napoleon I.|author=William Milligan Sloane|authorlink=William Milligan Sloane}} Vol. 1/4 * {{Gutenberg|no=27289|name=The Life of Napoleon I.|author=William Milligan Sloane|authorlink=William Milligan Sloane}} Vol. 3/4 {{Mga Mangulo han Estado han Fransya}} {{DEFAULTSORT: Napoleon 01}} [[Kaarangay:Fransya]] [[Kaarangay:Napoleon| ]] [[Kaarangay:Mga natawo han 1769]] [[Kaarangay:Mga namatay han 1821]] [[Kaarangay:Biyograpiya]] [[Kaarangay:Politika]] iy0qsbwuc0p25bbaxcyfxkpzmve6de7 0 11948 7782283 7707631 2026-04-06T23:20:59Z Kwamikagami 1621 7782283 wikitext text/x-wiki [[File:Full Moon Luc Viatour.jpg|right|thumb|Bulan]] {{iba nga kagamit|Bulan (pansayod)|iba nga mga kagamit han Bulan}} An '''Bulan''' (simbol: [[file:Moon decrescent symbol (fixed width).svg|16px|☾]]; Iningles: ''Moon'') (Pambansa:Buwan) amo an naguusa nga natural nga satelayt han [[kalibutan]]. Amo ini an ika-lima na pinakadako na satellite ha [[Solar System]]. An ''average orbital distance'' han Bulan ngadi ha kalibutan amo in 384,402 km (238,856 mi).<ref>"How far away is the moon?". Space Place. NASA. Archived from the original on 6 Oktubre 2016.</ref><ref>Scott, Elaine (2016). Our Moon: New discoveries about Earth's closest companion. Houghton Mifflin Harcourt. p. 7. ISBN 978-0-544-75058-6.</ref> ==Struktura han Bulan== {|class="wikitable floatright" style="margin-left:1em;text-align:center;" |+kemical na komposisyon san Lunar surface<ref>{{cite book |last=Taylor |first=Stuart R. |date=1975 |title=Lunar Science: a Post-Apollo View |url=https://archive.org/details/lunarsciencepost0000tayl |location=Oxford |publisher=[[Pergamon Press]] |page=[https://archive.org/details/lunarsciencepost0000tayl/page/64 64] |isbn=978-0-08-018274-2}}</ref> !rowspan=2 valign=top|Compound!!rowspan=2 valign=top|Formula!!colspan=2|Komposisyon |- !style=font-size:smaller|Maria!!style=font-size:smaller|Highlands |- |style=text-align:left|[[Silicon dioxide|silica]]||SiO₂||45.4%||45.5% |- |style=text-align:left|[[Aluminium oxide|alumina]]||Al₂O₃||14.9%||24.0% |- |style=text-align:left|[[Calcium oxide|lime]]||CaO||11.8%||15.9% |- |style=text-align:left|[[iron(II) oxide]]||FeO||14.1%||5.9% |- |style=text-align:left|[[Magnesium oxide|magnesia]]||MgO||9.2%||7.5% |- |style=text-align:left|[[titanium dioxide]]||TiO₂||3.9%||0.6% |- |style=text-align:left|[[sodium oxide]]||Na₂O||0.6%||0.6% |- !colspan=2|&nbsp;||99.9%!!100.0% |} An bulan amo in nagkakamay'ada hin ''crust, mantle, ngan core.'' An ''core'' an Bulan amo in solid ngan mayaman han [[puthaw]] ngan posible na maabot sin 240 kilometro (150 mi) an radius san ''inner core'' ngan an ''fluid outer core'' na maabot naman 300 kilometro (190 mi). Napaplibutan an core sin ''partially molten'' na giotan o boundary na may ada radius na maabot 500 kilometro (310 mi).<ref>Brown, D.; Anderson, J. (6 Enero 2011). "NASA Research Team Reveals Moon Has Earth-Like Core". NASA. NASA. Archived from the original on 11 Enero 2012.</ref><ref>Weber, R.C.; Lin, P.-Y.; Garnero, E.J.; Williams, Q.; Lognonne, P. (21 Enero 2011). "Seismic Detection of the Lunar Core" (PDF). Science. 331 (6015): 309–312. Bibcode:2011Sci...331..309W. doi:10.1126/science.1199375. PMID 21212323. Archived from the original (PDF) on 15 Oktubre 2015. Retrieved 10 Abril 2017.</ref> ==Mga nawung han Bulan== Ha [[Pilipinas]] an [[urbitu]]/[[subay]]anan han [[bulan]] na[[kiling]] tipawala guti la o tipatuu gutila [[liwat]]. An katungga san bulan in diri na[[sikal]] an ka[[pawa]] san [[adlaw]], ansiya nga na[[hurma]] ini nga mga [[kurti]] bisan na[[takin]] [[hiwi]] an [[anggulo]] san [[adlaw]] kun [[kalkulador]]on an [[dagaw]] niya. ==Pinanbasaran== {{Mga kasarigan}} ===Bibliograpiya=== {{refbegin}} * {{anchor|CITEREFNeedham1986}}{{cite book |last=Needham |first=Joseph |title=Science and Civilization in China, Volume III: Mathematics and the Sciences of the Heavens and Earth |url=http://books.google.com/?id=jfQ9E0u4pLAC |date=1986 |publisher=Caves Books |isbn=978-0-521-05801-8 |place=Taipei}} {{refend}} ==Dugang nga barasahon== {{refbegin}} * {{cite news |title=Revisiting the Moon |url=http://www.nytimes.com/2014/09/09/science/revisiting-the-moon.html |work=[[New York Times]] |accessdate=8 Septyembre 2014 }} * [http://www.bbc.co.uk/worldservice/specials/948_discovery_2008/page4.shtml The Moon]. ''Discovery 2008''. BBC World Service. * {{cite book| last = Bussey| first = B.|author2=Spudis, P.D. |authorlink2=Paul Spudis | title = The Clementine Atlas of the Moon| date = 2004| publisher = Cambridge University Press| isbn = 0-521-81528-2 }} * {{cite web|last = Cain|first = Fraser|title = Where does the Moon Come From?|publisher = Universe Today|url = http://www.astronomycast.com/astronomy/episode-17-where-does-the-moon-come-from/|accessdate = 1 Abril 2008}} (podcast and transcript) * {{cite book| last = Jolliff| first = B.| editor1-last = Wieczorek| editor1-first = M.| editor2-last = Shearer| editor2-first = C.| editor3-last = Neal| editor3-first = C.| title = New views of the Moon| url = http://www.minsocam.org/msa/RIM/Rim60.html| accessdate = 12 Abril 2007| volume = 60| date = 2006| publisher = Min. Soc. Amer.| location = Chantilly, Virginia| isbn = 0-939950-72-3| doi = 10.2138/rmg.2006.60.0| page = 721| issue = 1| journal = Rev. Mineral. Geochem.}} * {{cite web|last = Jones|first = E.M.|title = Apollo Lunar Surface Journal|publisher = NASA|date = 2006|url = http://www.hq.nasa.gov/office/pao/History/alsj/|accessdate = 12 Abril 2007|archive-date = 18 Mayo 2015|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20150518112906/http://www.hq.nasa.gov/office/pao/History/alsj/|url-status = }} * {{cite web|title = Exploring the Moon|publisher = Lunar and Planetary Institute|url = http://www.lpi.usra.edu/expmoon/|accessdate = 12 Abril 2007}} * {{cite book| last = Mackenzie| first = Dana| title = The Big Splat, or How Our Moon Came to Be| url = https://archive.org/details/bigsplatorhowour00mack| date = 2003| publisher = John Wiley & Sons, Inc| location = Hoboken, New Jersey| isbn = 0-471-15057-6}} * {{cite book| last = [[Patrick Moore|Moore, P.]]| title = On the Moon| url = https://archive.org/details/patrickmooreonmo00patr| date = 2001| publisher = Sterling Publishing Co.| location = Tucson, Arizona| isbn = 0-304-35469-4}} * {{cite web|title = Moon Articles|publisher = Planetary Science Research Discoveries|url = http://www.psrd.hawaii.edu/Archive/Archive-Moon.html}} * {{cite book| last = Spudis| first = P. D.| title = The Once and Future Moon| url = https://archive.org/details/oncefuturemoon0000spud| date = 1996| publisher = Smithsonian Institution Press| isbn = 1-56098-634-4 }} * {{cite book|last = Taylor|first = S.R.|title = Solar system evolution|url = https://archive.org/details/isbn_9780521372121|publisher = Cambridge Univ. Press|page = [https://archive.org/details/isbn_9780521372121/page/307 307]|date = 1992|isbn = 0-521-37212-7}} * {{cite web|last = Teague|first = K.|title = The Project Apollo Archive|date = 2006|url = http://www.apolloarchive.com/apollo_archive.html|accessdate = 12 Abril 2007}} * {{cite journal|last = Wilhelms|first = D.E.|title = Geologic History of the Moon|journal = U.S. Geological Survey Professional paper|date = 1987|volume = 1348|url = http://ser.sese.asu.edu/GHM/|accessdate = 12 Abril 2007}} * {{cite book| last = Wilhelms| first = D.E.| title = To a Rocky Moon: A Geologist's History of Lunar Exploration| url = http://www.lpi.usra.edu/publications/books/rockyMoon/| accessdate = 10 Marso 2009| date = 1993| publisher = University of Arizona Press| location = Tucson, Arizona| isbn = 0-8165-1065-2}} {{refend}} ==Mga sumpay ha gawas== {{Sister project links|Moon|voy=Moon}} *[http://apod.nasa.gov/apod/ap130129.html APOD - Video of lunar drive] ===Mga pagkukuhaan hin cartograpiko=== * {{cite web|title = Consolidated Lunar Atlas|publisher = Lunar and Planetary Institute|url = http://www.lpi.usra.edu/resources/cla/ | accessdate =26 Pebrero 2012}} * [http://planetarynames.wr.usgs.gov/jsp/FeatureTypes2.jsp?system=Earth&body=Moon&systemID=3&bodyID=11 Gazetteer of Planetary Nomenclature (USGS)] List of feature names. * {{cite web|title = Clementine Lunar Image Browser|publisher = U.S. Navy|date = 15 Oktubre 2003|url = http://www.cmf.nrl.navy.mil/clementine/clib/|accessdate = 12 Abril 2007|archive-date = 7 Abril 2007|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20070407000411/http://www.cmf.nrl.navy.mil/clementine/clib/|url-status = dead}} * 3D zoomable globes: ** {{cite web|title = Google Moon|publisher = Google|date = 2007|url = http://moon.google.com|accessdate =12 Abril 2007}} ** {{cite web|title = Moon|work = World Wind Central|publisher = NASA|date = 2007|url = http://www.worldwindcentral.com/wiki/Moon|accessdate = 12 Abril 2007|archive-date = 2007-05-15|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20070515064406/http://www.worldwindcentral.com/wiki/Moon|url-status = }} * {{cite web|last = Aeschliman|first = R|title = Lunar Maps|work = Planetary Cartography and Graphics|url = http://ralphaeschliman.com/id26.htm|accessdate = 12 Abril 2007|archive-date = 1 Mayo 2007|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20070501175129/http://ralphaeschliman.com/id26.htm|url-status = dead}} Maps and panoramas at Apollo landing sites * [http://wms.selene.jaxa.jp/index_e.html Japan Aerospace Exploration Agency (JAXA)] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120305055023/https://wms.selene.jaxa.jp/index_e.html |date=2012-03-05 }} [[Selene|Kaguya (Selene)]] images * [http://home.bt.com/techgadgets/technews/explore-the-lunar-north-pole-11363885909226?s_intcid=con_RL_LunarNorthPole Large image of the Moon's north pole area] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160823192057/http://home.bt.com/techgadgets/technews/explore-the-lunar-north-pole-11363885909226?s_intcid=con_RL_LunarNorthPole |date=2016-08-23 }} ===Mga higamit hin pag-oobserba=== * {{cite web|title = NASA's SKYCAL—Sky Events Calendar|publisher = NASA Eclipse Home Page|url = http://sunearth.gsfc.nasa.gov/eclipse/SKYCAL/SKYCAL.html|accessdate = 27 Agosto 2007|archive-date = 21 Pebrero 2008|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20080221075155/http://sunearth.gsfc.nasa.gov/eclipse/SKYCAL/SKYCAL.html|url-status = dead}} * {{cite web|title = Find moonrise, moonset and moonphase for a location|date = 2008|url =http://www.timeanddate.com/worldclock/moonrise.html|accessdate =18 Pebrero 2008}} * {{cite web|title = HMNAO's Moon Watch|date = 2005|url = http://www.crescentmoonwatch.org/nextnewmoon.htm|accessdate = 24 Mayo 2009|archive-date = 4 Pebrero 2009|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20090204002746/http://www.crescentmoonwatch.org/nextnewmoon.htm|url-status = dead}} See when the next new crescent moon is visible for any location. ===Kasahiran=== *[http://www.esa.int/var/esa/storage/images/esa_multimedia/images/2013/01/lunar_base_made_with_3d_printing/12501019-1-eng-GB/Lunar_base_made_with_3D_printing.jpg Lunar shelter] ([http://www.esa.int/Our_Activities/Technology/Building_a_lunar_base_with_3D_printing building a lunar base with 3D printing]) tc31m5v56e99yb09luusyoc0pggs1vq 7782285 7782283 2026-04-06T23:22:05Z Kwamikagami 1621 7782285 wikitext text/x-wiki [[File:Full Moon Luc Viatour.jpg|right|thumb|Bulan]] {{iba nga kagamit|Bulan (pansayod)|iba nga mga kagamit han Bulan}} An '''Bulan''' (simbulu: [[file:Moon decrescent symbol (fixed width).svg|16px|☾]]; Iningles: ''Moon'') (Pambansa:Buwan) amo an naguusa nga natural nga satelayt han [[kalibutan]]. Amo ini an ika-lima na pinakadako na satellite ha [[Solar System]]. An ''average orbital distance'' han Bulan ngadi ha kalibutan amo in 384,402 km (238,856 mi).<ref>"How far away is the moon?". Space Place. NASA. Archived from the original on 6 Oktubre 2016.</ref><ref>Scott, Elaine (2016). Our Moon: New discoveries about Earth's closest companion. Houghton Mifflin Harcourt. p. 7. ISBN 978-0-544-75058-6.</ref> ==Struktura han Bulan== {|class="wikitable floatright" style="margin-left:1em;text-align:center;" |+kemical na komposisyon san Lunar surface<ref>{{cite book |last=Taylor |first=Stuart R. |date=1975 |title=Lunar Science: a Post-Apollo View |url=https://archive.org/details/lunarsciencepost0000tayl |location=Oxford |publisher=[[Pergamon Press]] |page=[https://archive.org/details/lunarsciencepost0000tayl/page/64 64] |isbn=978-0-08-018274-2}}</ref> !rowspan=2 valign=top|Compound!!rowspan=2 valign=top|Formula!!colspan=2|Komposisyon |- !style=font-size:smaller|Maria!!style=font-size:smaller|Highlands |- |style=text-align:left|[[Silicon dioxide|silica]]||SiO₂||45.4%||45.5% |- |style=text-align:left|[[Aluminium oxide|alumina]]||Al₂O₃||14.9%||24.0% |- |style=text-align:left|[[Calcium oxide|lime]]||CaO||11.8%||15.9% |- |style=text-align:left|[[iron(II) oxide]]||FeO||14.1%||5.9% |- |style=text-align:left|[[Magnesium oxide|magnesia]]||MgO||9.2%||7.5% |- |style=text-align:left|[[titanium dioxide]]||TiO₂||3.9%||0.6% |- |style=text-align:left|[[sodium oxide]]||Na₂O||0.6%||0.6% |- !colspan=2|&nbsp;||99.9%!!100.0% |} An bulan amo in nagkakamay'ada hin ''crust, mantle, ngan core.'' An ''core'' an Bulan amo in solid ngan mayaman han [[puthaw]] ngan posible na maabot sin 240 kilometro (150 mi) an radius san ''inner core'' ngan an ''fluid outer core'' na maabot naman 300 kilometro (190 mi). Napaplibutan an core sin ''partially molten'' na giotan o boundary na may ada radius na maabot 500 kilometro (310 mi).<ref>Brown, D.; Anderson, J. (6 Enero 2011). "NASA Research Team Reveals Moon Has Earth-Like Core". NASA. NASA. Archived from the original on 11 Enero 2012.</ref><ref>Weber, R.C.; Lin, P.-Y.; Garnero, E.J.; Williams, Q.; Lognonne, P. (21 Enero 2011). "Seismic Detection of the Lunar Core" (PDF). Science. 331 (6015): 309–312. Bibcode:2011Sci...331..309W. doi:10.1126/science.1199375. PMID 21212323. Archived from the original (PDF) on 15 Oktubre 2015. Retrieved 10 Abril 2017.</ref> ==Mga nawung han Bulan== Ha [[Pilipinas]] an [[urbitu]]/[[subay]]anan han [[bulan]] na[[kiling]] tipawala guti la o tipatuu gutila [[liwat]]. An katungga san bulan in diri na[[sikal]] an ka[[pawa]] san [[adlaw]], ansiya nga na[[hurma]] ini nga mga [[kurti]] bisan na[[takin]] [[hiwi]] an [[anggulo]] san [[adlaw]] kun [[kalkulador]]on an [[dagaw]] niya. ==Pinanbasaran== {{Mga kasarigan}} ===Bibliograpiya=== {{refbegin}} * {{anchor|CITEREFNeedham1986}}{{cite book |last=Needham |first=Joseph |title=Science and Civilization in China, Volume III: Mathematics and the Sciences of the Heavens and Earth |url=http://books.google.com/?id=jfQ9E0u4pLAC |date=1986 |publisher=Caves Books |isbn=978-0-521-05801-8 |place=Taipei}} {{refend}} ==Dugang nga barasahon== {{refbegin}} * {{cite news |title=Revisiting the Moon |url=http://www.nytimes.com/2014/09/09/science/revisiting-the-moon.html |work=[[New York Times]] |accessdate=8 Septyembre 2014 }} * [http://www.bbc.co.uk/worldservice/specials/948_discovery_2008/page4.shtml The Moon]. ''Discovery 2008''. BBC World Service. * {{cite book| last = Bussey| first = B.|author2=Spudis, P.D. |authorlink2=Paul Spudis | title = The Clementine Atlas of the Moon| date = 2004| publisher = Cambridge University Press| isbn = 0-521-81528-2 }} * {{cite web|last = Cain|first = Fraser|title = Where does the Moon Come From?|publisher = Universe Today|url = http://www.astronomycast.com/astronomy/episode-17-where-does-the-moon-come-from/|accessdate = 1 Abril 2008}} (podcast and transcript) * {{cite book| last = Jolliff| first = B.| editor1-last = Wieczorek| editor1-first = M.| editor2-last = Shearer| editor2-first = C.| editor3-last = Neal| editor3-first = C.| title = New views of the Moon| url = http://www.minsocam.org/msa/RIM/Rim60.html| accessdate = 12 Abril 2007| volume = 60| date = 2006| publisher = Min. Soc. Amer.| location = Chantilly, Virginia| isbn = 0-939950-72-3| doi = 10.2138/rmg.2006.60.0| page = 721| issue = 1| journal = Rev. Mineral. Geochem.}} * {{cite web|last = Jones|first = E.M.|title = Apollo Lunar Surface Journal|publisher = NASA|date = 2006|url = http://www.hq.nasa.gov/office/pao/History/alsj/|accessdate = 12 Abril 2007|archive-date = 18 Mayo 2015|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20150518112906/http://www.hq.nasa.gov/office/pao/History/alsj/|url-status = }} * {{cite web|title = Exploring the Moon|publisher = Lunar and Planetary Institute|url = http://www.lpi.usra.edu/expmoon/|accessdate = 12 Abril 2007}} * {{cite book| last = Mackenzie| first = Dana| title = The Big Splat, or How Our Moon Came to Be| url = https://archive.org/details/bigsplatorhowour00mack| date = 2003| publisher = John Wiley & Sons, Inc| location = Hoboken, New Jersey| isbn = 0-471-15057-6}} * {{cite book| last = [[Patrick Moore|Moore, P.]]| title = On the Moon| url = https://archive.org/details/patrickmooreonmo00patr| date = 2001| publisher = Sterling Publishing Co.| location = Tucson, Arizona| isbn = 0-304-35469-4}} * {{cite web|title = Moon Articles|publisher = Planetary Science Research Discoveries|url = http://www.psrd.hawaii.edu/Archive/Archive-Moon.html}} * {{cite book| last = Spudis| first = P. D.| title = The Once and Future Moon| url = https://archive.org/details/oncefuturemoon0000spud| date = 1996| publisher = Smithsonian Institution Press| isbn = 1-56098-634-4 }} * {{cite book|last = Taylor|first = S.R.|title = Solar system evolution|url = https://archive.org/details/isbn_9780521372121|publisher = Cambridge Univ. Press|page = [https://archive.org/details/isbn_9780521372121/page/307 307]|date = 1992|isbn = 0-521-37212-7}} * {{cite web|last = Teague|first = K.|title = The Project Apollo Archive|date = 2006|url = http://www.apolloarchive.com/apollo_archive.html|accessdate = 12 Abril 2007}} * {{cite journal|last = Wilhelms|first = D.E.|title = Geologic History of the Moon|journal = U.S. Geological Survey Professional paper|date = 1987|volume = 1348|url = http://ser.sese.asu.edu/GHM/|accessdate = 12 Abril 2007}} * {{cite book| last = Wilhelms| first = D.E.| title = To a Rocky Moon: A Geologist's History of Lunar Exploration| url = http://www.lpi.usra.edu/publications/books/rockyMoon/| accessdate = 10 Marso 2009| date = 1993| publisher = University of Arizona Press| location = Tucson, Arizona| isbn = 0-8165-1065-2}} {{refend}} ==Mga sumpay ha gawas== {{Sister project links|Moon|voy=Moon}} *[http://apod.nasa.gov/apod/ap130129.html APOD - Video of lunar drive] ===Mga pagkukuhaan hin cartograpiko=== * {{cite web|title = Consolidated Lunar Atlas|publisher = Lunar and Planetary Institute|url = http://www.lpi.usra.edu/resources/cla/ | accessdate =26 Pebrero 2012}} * [http://planetarynames.wr.usgs.gov/jsp/FeatureTypes2.jsp?system=Earth&body=Moon&systemID=3&bodyID=11 Gazetteer of Planetary Nomenclature (USGS)] List of feature names. * {{cite web|title = Clementine Lunar Image Browser|publisher = U.S. Navy|date = 15 Oktubre 2003|url = http://www.cmf.nrl.navy.mil/clementine/clib/|accessdate = 12 Abril 2007|archive-date = 7 Abril 2007|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20070407000411/http://www.cmf.nrl.navy.mil/clementine/clib/|url-status = dead}} * 3D zoomable globes: ** {{cite web|title = Google Moon|publisher = Google|date = 2007|url = http://moon.google.com|accessdate =12 Abril 2007}} ** {{cite web|title = Moon|work = World Wind Central|publisher = NASA|date = 2007|url = http://www.worldwindcentral.com/wiki/Moon|accessdate = 12 Abril 2007|archive-date = 2007-05-15|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20070515064406/http://www.worldwindcentral.com/wiki/Moon|url-status = }} * {{cite web|last = Aeschliman|first = R|title = Lunar Maps|work = Planetary Cartography and Graphics|url = http://ralphaeschliman.com/id26.htm|accessdate = 12 Abril 2007|archive-date = 1 Mayo 2007|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20070501175129/http://ralphaeschliman.com/id26.htm|url-status = dead}} Maps and panoramas at Apollo landing sites * [http://wms.selene.jaxa.jp/index_e.html Japan Aerospace Exploration Agency (JAXA)] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120305055023/https://wms.selene.jaxa.jp/index_e.html |date=2012-03-05 }} [[Selene|Kaguya (Selene)]] images * [http://home.bt.com/techgadgets/technews/explore-the-lunar-north-pole-11363885909226?s_intcid=con_RL_LunarNorthPole Large image of the Moon's north pole area] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160823192057/http://home.bt.com/techgadgets/technews/explore-the-lunar-north-pole-11363885909226?s_intcid=con_RL_LunarNorthPole |date=2016-08-23 }} ===Mga higamit hin pag-oobserba=== * {{cite web|title = NASA's SKYCAL—Sky Events Calendar|publisher = NASA Eclipse Home Page|url = http://sunearth.gsfc.nasa.gov/eclipse/SKYCAL/SKYCAL.html|accessdate = 27 Agosto 2007|archive-date = 21 Pebrero 2008|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20080221075155/http://sunearth.gsfc.nasa.gov/eclipse/SKYCAL/SKYCAL.html|url-status = dead}} * {{cite web|title = Find moonrise, moonset and moonphase for a location|date = 2008|url =http://www.timeanddate.com/worldclock/moonrise.html|accessdate =18 Pebrero 2008}} * {{cite web|title = HMNAO's Moon Watch|date = 2005|url = http://www.crescentmoonwatch.org/nextnewmoon.htm|accessdate = 24 Mayo 2009|archive-date = 4 Pebrero 2009|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20090204002746/http://www.crescentmoonwatch.org/nextnewmoon.htm|url-status = dead}} See when the next new crescent moon is visible for any location. ===Kasahiran=== *[http://www.esa.int/var/esa/storage/images/esa_multimedia/images/2013/01/lunar_base_made_with_3d_printing/12501019-1-eng-GB/Lunar_base_made_with_3D_printing.jpg Lunar shelter] ([http://www.esa.int/Our_Activities/Technology/Building_a_lunar_base_with_3D_printing building a lunar base with 3D printing]) bmo1hi6f042y12vzfpuc40i88ed7ezl 0 13678 7782385 7643522 2026-04-07T07:32:12Z InternetArchiveBot 41587 Add 1 book for verifiability (20260407)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 7782385 wikitext text/x-wiki An '''katungod pantawo''' amo an kinahanglanon nga katungod ngan katalwasan nga mayda ngatanan nga tawo. Pananglitan ha katungod pantawo, upod dinhi an katungod sibil ngan pulitika, sugad han katungod mabuhi ngan matalwas, katalwasan makapagyakan, ngan patas ha atubangan han balaod; ngan pansosyodad, pankultura ug pagpakabuhi nga mga katungod, kaupod dinhi an katungod magbulig ha kahiaraan o kultura, an katungod makakaon, katungod makapagpakabuhi, ngan katungod makapag-aram. :"Ngatanan nga tawo natawo nga talwas ug pareho ha dignidad ngan katungod. Mayda hira panhunahuna ug pamurootboot nga dapat magbuhat ha igkasitawo hin may hinongdan nga pagkamagburugto. ::--Artikulo 1 han '''Sangkalibutan Nga Pag-Asoy Bahin Han Kanan Tawo Mga Katungod''' nga ginpadig-on han [[Nagkaurusa nga mga Nasod]]-- ==Kitaa Gihapon== * [[Sangkalibutan Nga Pag-Asoy Bahin Han Kanan Tawo Mga Katungod]] * [[:en:Human Rights Day|Human Rights Day]] - [[Disyembre 10]] ==Pinanbasaran== {{Mga kasarigan}} ==Bibliograpiya== ===Mga libro=== * {{Cite book |last= Beitz |first= Charles R. |title= The idea of human rights | date = 2009 |publisher= Oxford University Press |location= Oxford |isbn= 978-0-19-957245-8 |ref= harv }} * {{Cite book |last= Moyn |first= Samuel |title= [http://www.hup.harvard.edu/catalog.php?isbn=9780674064348 The last utopia: human rights in history] | date = 2010 |publisher= Belknap Press of Harvard University Press |location= Cambridge, Mass. |isbn= 978-0-674-06434-8 |ref= harv }} * {{Cite book |last= Donnelly |first= Jack |title= Universal human rights in theory and practice |url= https://archive.org/details/universalhumanri0000donn | date = 2003 |publisher= Cornell University Press |location= Ithaca |isbn= 978-0-8014-8776-7 |edition= 2nd |ref= harv }} * {{Cite book |last= Ball |last2= Gready |first= Olivia |title= The no-nonsense guide to human rights |url= https://archive.org/details/nononsenseguidet0000ball | date = 2006 |work= New Internationalist |location= Oxford |isbn= 978-1-904456-45-2 |first2= Paul |ref= harv }} * {{Cite book |last= Freeman |first= Michael |title= Human rights : an interdisciplinary approach | date = 2002 |publisher= Polity Press |location= Cambridge |isbn= 978-0-7456-2355-9 |ref= harv }} * {{Cite book |last= Doebbler |first= Curtis F. J |title= Introduction to international human rights law. | date = 2006 |publisher= Cd Publishing |isbn= 978-0-9743570-2-7 |ref= harv }} * Keys, Barbara J. (2014). ''Reclaiming American Virtue: The Human Rights Revolution of the 1970s.'' Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press. * {{Cite book |last= Shaw |first= Malcolm |title= International Law |url= https://archive.org/details/internationallaw0000shaw_i0o6 | date = 2008 |publisher= Cambridge University Press |location= Leiden |isbn= 978-0-511-45559-9 |edition= 6th |ref= harv }} * {{Cite book |last= Ishay |first= Micheline R. |title= The history of human rights : from ancient times to the globalization era |url= https://archive.org/details/historyofhumanri0000isha_l5h5 | date = 2008 |publisher= University of California Press |location= Berkeley, Calif. |isbn= 0-520-25641-7 |ref= harv }} * {{Cite book |title= Principles of Public International Law |url= https://archive.org/details/principlesofpubl0000brow_z1a3 |publisher= OUP |last= Brownlie |first= Ian |edition= 6th | date = 2003 |isbn= 0-19-955683-0 |ref= harv }} * {{Cite book |last= Glendon |first= Mary Ann |title= A world made new : Eleanor Roosevelt and the Universal Declaration of Human Rights |url= https://archive.org/details/worldmadenewelea00glen | date = 2001 |publisher= Random House |location= New York |isbn= 978-0-679-46310-8 }} * {{Cite book |last1= Sepúlveda |last2= van Banning |last3= Gudmundsdóttir |last4= Chamoun |last5= van Genugten |first1= Magdalena |first2= Theo |first3= Gudrún |first4= Christine |first5= Willem J.M. |title= Human rights reference handbook | date = 2004 |publisher= University of Peace |location= Ciudad Colon, Costa Rica |isbn= 9977-925-18-6 |edition= 3rd ed. rev. |ref= {{SfnRef|Sepúlveda et al.|2004}} }}[http://www.hrea.org/erc/Library/display_doc.php?url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.hrc.upeace.org%2Ffiles%2Fhuman%2520rights%2520reference%2520handbook.pdf&external=N] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120328001040/http://www.hrea.org/erc/Library/display_doc.php?url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.hrc.upeace.org%2Ffiles%2Fhuman%2520rights%2520reference%2520handbook.pdf&external=N |date= 28 Marso 2012 }} * {{Cite book |last= Ignatieff |first= Michael |title= Human rights as politics and idolatry |url= https://archive.org/details/humanrightsaspol0000igna | date = 2001 |publisher= Princeton University Press |location= Princeton, N.J. |isbn= 0-691-08893-4 |edition= 3. print. |ref= harv }} ===Mga artikulo=== * {{Cite journal |title= Ships Passing in the Night: The Current State of the Human Rights and Development Debate seen through the Lens of the Millennium Development Goals |last= Alston |first= Philip |date= Agosto 2005 |volume= 27 |issue= 3 |pages= 755–829 |doi= 10.1353/hrq.2005.0030 |ref= harv |journal= Human Rights Quarterly }} * {{Cite journal |url= http://www.springerlink.com/content/bbgl735nwh725y05/ |title= Lesbian, gay, bisexual and transgender rights and the religious relativism of human rights |last= Endsjø |first= Dag Øistein |journal= Human Rights Review | date = 2005 |volume= 6:2 |pages= 102–10 |ref= harv |doi= 10.1007/s12142-005-1020-1 |issue= 2 }}{{Dead link|date= Disyembre 2020 |bot=InternetArchiveBot }} * {{Cite journal |url= http://www.law.northwestern.edu/journals/jihr/v2/5/#note1 |title= The Rule of Law in The Universal Declaration of Human Rights |last= Glendon |first= Mary Ann |journal= Northwestern University Journal of International Human Rights |date= Abril 2004 |volume= 2 |page= 5 |ref= harv |access-date= 24 Enero 2015 |archive-date= 20 Hulyo 2011 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20110720014500/http://www.law.northwestern.edu/journals/jihr/v2/5/#note1 |url-status= dead }} ===Online=== * {{Cite encyclopedia |title= Human Rights |encyclopedia= The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy |last= Nickel |first= James | date = 2010 |edition= Fall 2010 |url= http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/rights-human/ |ref= harv }} * {{Cite encyclopedia |title= Human Rights |encyclopedia= The Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy |last= Fagan |first= Andrew | date = 2005 |url= http://www.iep.utm.edu/hum-rts/ |issn= 2161-0002 |ref= harv }} ===Miscellaneous=== * {{Cite speech |title= On the Adoption of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights |first= Eleanor |last= Roosevelt |event= Third regular session of the United Nations General Assembly |location= Paris, France |date= 9 Disyembre 1948 |url= http://www.americanrhetoric.com/speeches/eleanorrooseveltdeclarationhumanrights.htm |ref= harv }} * {{Cite journal |title= Universal Declaration of Human Rights |publisher= UN General Assembly |date= 10 Disyembre 1948 |url= http://www.unhcr.org/refworld/docid/3ae6b3712c.html |id= 217 A (III) |ref= {{SfnRef|UDHR|1948}} |postscript= <!-- Bot inserted parameter. Either remove it; or change its value to "." for the cite to end in a ".", as necessary. -->{{Inconsistent citations}} }} ==Mga sumpay sa gawas== * [http://www.amnesty.org/ Amnesty International] * [http://hroniki.info/ Katungod pantawo - Rusya] * [http://www.hrichina.org/ Katungod pantawo - Tsina] {{Sister project links}} * [http://www.un.org/rights/ United Nations: Human Rights] * [http://www.hrbaportal.org UN Practitioner's Portal on HRBA Programming] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191114002756/https://hrbaportal.org/ |date= 14 Nobyembre 2019 }} UN centralised webportal on the Human Rights-Based Approach to Development Programming * [http://www.ishr.ch/guides-to-the-un-system/simple-guide-to-treaty-bodies Simple Guide to the UN Treaty Bodies] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131001212156/http://www.ishr.ch/guides-to-the-un-system/simple-guide-to-treaty-bodies |date= 1 Oktubre 2013 }} (International Service for Human Rights) * [http://www.state.gov/j/drl/rls/hrrpt/ Country Reports on Human Rights Practices] U.S. Department of State. * [http://ictj.org/ International Center for Transitional Justice (ICTJ)] * [http://www.iidh.org The International Institute of Human Rights] * [http://www.ihrlaw.org IHRLaw.org] International Human Rights Law – comprehensive online resources and news * {{dmoz|Society/Issues/Human_Rights_and_Liberties}} mow7ololeusv1sgbdrqam75pbct8x45 0 13879 7782284 6465272 2026-04-06T23:21:40Z Kwamikagami 1621 7782284 wikitext text/x-wiki ''[[Mercury (element)]]'' [[Paypay:Mercury in color - Prockter07 centered.jpg|right|thumb|Planeta han Merkuryo]] An '''Merkuryo''' ([[Iningles]]: ''Mercury''; simbulu: [[File:Mercury symbol (fixed width).svg|16px|☿]]) amo an usa ka planeta ha [[sistema solar]]. Amo ini an syahan nga planeta tikang ha [[adlaw]]. == Mga sumpay ha gawas == {{Wikiquote}} {{SpecialChars}} {{Sister project links|Mercury (planet)|voy=no}} {{Commons category-inline|Mercury (planet)}} * [http://history.nasa.gov/SP-423/sp423.htm Mariner 10 Atlas of Mercury – NASA] * [http://planetarynames.wr.usgs.gov/Page/MERCURY/target Mercury nomenclature] and [http://planetarynames.wr.usgs.gov/Page/mercuryQuadMap map with feature names] from the USGS planetary nomenclature page * [http://messenger.jhuapl.edu/ MESSENGER Mission web site] * [http://messenger-act.actgate.com/msgr_public_released/react_quickmap.html Mercury QuickMap from MESSENGER web site] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160520025929/http://messenger-act.actgate.com/msgr_public_released/react_quickmap.html |date=2016-05-20 }} * [http://www.solarviews.com/eng/mercury.htm SolarViews.com – Mercury] * [http://www.astronomycast.com/2007/08/episode-49-mercury/ Astronomy Cast: Mercury] * [http://www.geody.com/?world=mercury Geody Mercury] World's search engine that supports [[NASA World Wind]], [[Celestia]], and other applications. * [http://www.messenger-education.org/Interactives/ANIMATIONS/Day_On_Mercury/day_on_mercury_full.htm A Day On Mercury] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160416170459/http://www.messenger-education.org/Interactives/ANIMATIONS/Day_On_Mercury/day_on_mercury_full.htm |date=2016-04-16 }} flash animation * [http://www.psrd.hawaii.edu/Archive/Archive-Mercury.html Mercury articles in Planetary Science Research Discoveries] * [http://www.esa.int/Our_Activities/Space_Science/BepiColombo_overview2 'BepiColombo', ESA's Mercury Mission] 5 June 2013 * {{cite web|last=Bauer|first=Amanda|title=Mercury|url=http://www.sixtysymbols.com/videos/mercury.htm|work=Sixty Symbols|publisher=[[Brady Haran]] for the [[University of Nottingham]]|author2=Merrifield, Michael|date=2009}} * [http://apod.nasa.gov/apod/ap130612.html MESSENGER False Color Mercury Globe Spin] – [[Astronomy Picture of the Day|APOD]] [[Kaarangay:Merkuryo]] shgurujsqesdm7rjexji0sy2tfjtlig 0 13881 7782401 7645734 2026-04-07T07:44:33Z InternetArchiveBot 41587 Add 1 book for verifiability (20260407)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 7782401 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox monarch |name =Gaius Julius Caesar |title=[[Roman dictator|Dictator]] of the [[Roman Republic]] |image= |caption =The "Tusculum portrait", believed to have been made in Caesar's lifetime.<ref>[[Paul Zanker]], ''Roman Art'' (Getty Publications, 2010), p. 65.</ref><ref>{{Cite book |title = Alexander to Actium: The Historical Evolution of the Hellenistic Age| last=Green| first=Peter| publisher = University of California Press | date = 1993| pages = 665| isbn=978-0520083493 }}</ref> |full name =Gaius Julius Caesar |reign =October 49 BC –<br />15 March 44 BC (as dictator and/or consul) |consort =[[Cornelia Cinna minor]] 84 – 69 BC <br />[[Pompeia (wife of Julius Caesar)|Pompeia]] 68 – 63 BC <br />[[Calpurnia Pisonis]] 59 – 44 BC |issue=[[Julia (daughter of Julius Caesar)|Julia Caesaris]] c. 73 – 54 BC<br />[[Caesarion]] 47 – 30 BC<br />[[Augustus]] 63 BC – 14 AD (grand-nephew, posthumously adopted as Caesar's son in 44 BC) |royal house =[[Julio-Claudian Dynasty|Julio-Claudian]] |father =[[Gaius Julius Caesar (proconsul)|Gaius Julius Cæsar]] |mother =[[Aurelia Cotta]]<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.roman-colosseum.info/roman-empire/julius-caesar.htm |title=Julius Caesar |publisher=Roman-colosseum.info |accessdate=8 Enero 2012 |archive-date=19 Enero 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130119005539/http://roman-colosseum.info/roman-empire/julius-caesar.htm |url-status=dead }}</ref> |birth_date = July 100 BC |birth_place =[[Subura]], Rome |death_date =15 March 44 BC (aged 55) |death_place =[[Theater of Pompey#Curia, assassination of Caesar|Curia of Pompey]], Rome |place of burial= }} Hi '''Gaius Julius Caesar''' o '''Cayo Julio César''' (ha Linatin: '''Gaius Iulius Caesar''') (13 Hulyo 100 BC - 15 Marso 44 BC) amo an usa ka naglabay nga mayur han kasundaluhan ngan politiko han mga Romano. Dako an iya naibulig ha pagliwan tikang ha Republika Romano, ngadto ha paging Imperyo Romano. [[File:Gaius Julius Caesar (100-44 BC).JPG|thumb]] [[File:C. Julius-Caesar (British Museum).gif|thumb]] [[File:Rimini083.jpg|thumb]] ==Pinanbasaran== {{Mga kasarigan}} ===Primarya nga ginkuhaan=== ====kalugaringon nga sinurat==== {{Refbegin}} * [http://www.forumromanum.org/literature/caesarx.html Forum Romanum Index to Caesar's works online] in Latin and translation * [http://www.freewebs.com/omniamundamundis/cae.htm omnia munda mundis] Hypertext of Caesar's De Bello Gallico * {{gutenberg author|id=Julius+Caesar | name=Julius Caesar}} {{Refend}} ====Hadton mga historyano nga pinanurat==== {{Refbegin}} * [http://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Appian/Civil_Wars/2*.html Appian, Book 13] (English translation) * [http://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Cassius_Dio/37*.html Cassius Dio, Books&nbsp;37–44] (English translation) * [http://classics.mit.edu/Plutarch/antony.html Plutarch on Antony] (English translation, Dryden edition) * [http://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Plutarch/Lives/Caesar*.html Plutarch: The Life of Julius Caesar] (English translation) * [http://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Plutarch/Lives/Antony*.html Plutarch: The Life of Mark Antony] (English translation) * [http://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/L/Roman/Texts/Suetonius/12Caesars/Julius*.html Suetonius: The Life of Julius Caesar]. (Latin and English, cross-linked: the English translation by J.&nbsp;C.&nbsp;Rolfe) * [http://www.fordham.edu/halsall/ancient/suetonius-julius.html Suetonius: The Life of Julius Caesar] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110201204752/http://www.fordham.edu/halsall/ancient/suetonius-julius.html |date=2011-02-01 }} (J.&nbsp;C.&nbsp;Rolfe English translation, modified) {{Refend}} ===Segundarya nga kinuhaan=== {{Refbegin}} *{{Cite book|author=Canfora, Luciano|title=Julius Caesar: The People's Dictator|publisher=[[Edinburgh University Press]]| date = 2006|isbn=0-7486-1936-4}} *{{Cite book|title=Julius Caesar |url=https://archive.org/details/juliuscaesar00free |author=Freeman, Philip |publisher=Simon and Schuster | date = 2008|isbn=0-7432-8953-6}} *{{Cite book|last=Fuller|first=J. F. C.|title=Julius Caesar: Man, Soldier, and Tyrant| date = 1965|publisher=Rutgers University Press|location=New Brunswick, NJ}} *{{Cite book|author=[[Adrian Goldsworthy|Goldsworthy, Adrian]]|title=Caesar: Life of a Colossus|url=https://archive.org/details/caesarlifeofcolo00gold|publisher=[[Yale University Press]]| date = 2006|isbn=0-300-12048-6}} *{{Cite book|last=Grant|first=Michael|authorlink=Michael_Grant_(author)|title=Julius Caesar|url=https://archive.org/details/juliuscaesar0000gran_k2z5| date = 1969|publisher=McGraw-Hill|location=New York}} *{{Cite book|last=Grant|first=Michael|title=The Twelve Caesars| date = 1979|publisher=Penguin Books|location=New York|isbn=0-14-044072-0}} *{{Cite book|author=[[Tom Holland (author)|Holland, Tom]] |title=[[Rubicon: The Last Years of the Roman Republic]]|publisher=Anchor Books| date = 2003|isbn=1-4000-7897-0}} *{{Cite book|author=Jiménez, Ramon L.|title=Caesar Against Rome: The Great Roman Civil War|url=https://archive.org/details/caesaragainstrom0000jime|publisher=Praeger| date = 2000|isbn=0-275-96620-8}} *{{Cite book|author=Kleiner, Diana E. E.|title=Cleopatra and Rome|url=https://archive.org/details/cleopatrarome00dian|publisher=Harvard University Press| date = 2005|isbn=0-674-01905-9}} *{{Cite book|author=Meier, Christian|title=Caesar: A Biography|publisher=Fontana Press| date = 1996|isbn=0-00-686349-3}} *{{Cite book|author=Weinstock, Stefan|title=Divus Julius|url=https://archive.org/details/divusjulius0000stef|publisher=Oxford University Press| date = 1971|isbn=978-0-19-814287-4}} {{Refend}} ==Mga sumpay ha gawas== {{Commons category|Iulius Caesar}} *[http://www.livius.org/caa-can/caesar/caesar00.html C. Julius Caesar] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151104084830/http://www.livius.org/caa-can/caesar/caesar00.html |date=2015-11-04 }} Jona Lendering's in‑depth history of Caesar (Livius. Org) *[http://virgil.org/caesar/ Guide to online resources] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100111024215/http://virgil.org/caesar/ |date=2010-01-11 }} *[http://www.vroma.org/~bmcmanus/caesar.html History of Julius Caesar] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080405144437/http://www.vroma.org/~bmcmanus/caesar.html |date=2008-04-05 }} *[http://www.bbc.co.uk/history/historic_figures/caesar_julius.shtml Julius Caesar] at [http://www.bbc.co.uk/history/ BBC History] *Grey, D. [http://cliojournal.wikispaces.com/The+Assassination+of+Caesar The Assassination of Caesar] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130601163617/http://cliojournal.wikispaces.com/The+Assassination+of+Caesar |date=2013-06-01 }}, Clio History Journal, 2009. {{Clear}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Caesar, Julius}} [[Kaarangay:Mga natawo han 100 UC]] [[Kaarangay:Mga namatay han 44 UC]] [[Kaarangay:Julius Caesar| ]] [[Kaarangay:Biyograpiya]] 2s3400pd5i97m19cb58df3fxlmqpqt7 0 14621 7782343 7650974 2026-04-07T06:46:43Z InternetArchiveBot 41587 Add 1 book for verifiability (20260407)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 7782343 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox scientist |name = Charles Darwin |birth_name=Charles Robert Darwin |image = Charles Darwin seated crop.jpg |alt=Three quarter length studio photo showing Darwin's characteristic large forehead and bushy eyebrows with deep set eyes, pug nose and mouth set in a determined look. He is bald on top, with dark hair and long side whiskers but no beard or moustache. His jacket is dark, with very wide lapels, and his trousers are a light check pattern. His shirt has an upright wing collar, and his cravat is tucked into his waistcoat which is a light fine checked pattern. |caption = Darwin, edad 45 han tuig 1854, ha panahon han ginbubuhat niya pakadto han publikasyon han ''[[On the Origin of Species|{{nowrap|On the Origin of Species}}]]'' |birth_date = {{birth date|1809|2|12|df=y}} |birth_place = [[The Mount, Shrewsbury]], [[Shropshire]], [[United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland|United Kingdom]] |death_date = {{death date and age|1882|4|19|1809|2|12|df=yes}} |death_place = [[Down House]], [[Downe]], [[Kent]], United Kingdom |residence = England |citizenship = [[British Citizenship|British]] |nationality = [[United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland|British]] |ethnicity = English |fields = [[natural history|Naturalist]] |workplaces = [[Geological Society of London]] |alma_mater = (tertiary education):<br> [[University of Edinburgh]] (medicine) <br />[[University of Cambridge]] (ordinary Bachelor of Arts) |doctoral_advisor = <!--there were no PhDs in Cambridge at the time--> |academic_advisors = [[John Stevens Henslow]]<br />[[Adam Sedgwick]] |doctoral_students = <!--there were no PhDs in Cambridge at the time--> |notable_students = |known_for = ''[[The Voyage of the Beagle]]''<br>''[[On the Origin of Species]]''<br>[[evolution]] by <br>[[natural selection]],<br>[[common descent]] |author_abbrev_bot = |author_abbrev_zoo = |influences = [[Alexander von Humboldt]]<br>[[John Herschel]]<br>[[Charles Lyell]] |influenced = [[Joseph Dalton Hooker]]<br>[[Thomas Henry Huxley]]<br>[[George Romanes]]<br>[[Ernst Haeckel]]<br>[[John Lubbock, 1st Baron Avebury|Sir John Lubbock]] |awards = [[Royal Medal]] (1853)<br>[[Wollaston Medal]] (1859)<br>[[Copley Medal]] (1864) |signature = Charles Darwin Signature.svg |signature_alt = "Charles Darwin", with the surname underlined by a downward curve that mimics the curve of the initial "C" |footnotes = |spouse = [[Emma Darwin]] (1839-1896) }} Hi '''Charles Robert Darwin''' (12 Pebrero 1809 – 19 Abril 1882) amo an usa ka Ingles nga naturalista syentipiko nga nagpahimatuod ngan naglatag hin mga kasarigan nga ngatanan nga kinabuhi nagtikang ha kapareho nga tinikangan (ebolusyon), pamaagi han tinatawag niya nga pagpili natural. ==Mga reperensya== {{refbegin|colwidth=30em}} * {{Cite news | last = Anonymous | date = 1882 | title =Obituary: Death Of Chas. Darwin | periodical =[[The New York Times]] | issue =21 Abril 1882 | url =http://www.nytimes.com/learning/general/onthisday/bday/0212.html | accessdate =30 Oktubre 2008 | ref=harv}} * {{Cite journal | last = Balfour | first =J. H. | authorlink = John Hutton Balfour | date = 11 Mayo 1882 | title = [[s:Transactions & Proceedings of the Botanical Society of Edinburgh/Obituary Notice of Charles Robert Darwin|Obituary Notice of Charles Robert Darwin]] | journal=[[Transactions & Proceedings of the Botanical Society of Edinburgh]] | issue = 14 | pages = 284–298|ref=harv}} * {{Cite book | last = Bannister | first =Robert C. | date = 1989 | title = Social Darwinism: Science and Myth in Anglo-American Social Thought. | location = Philadelphia | publisher=Temple University Press | isbn =0-87722-566-4|ref=harv}} * {{Cite book | last = Bowler | first = Peter J. | date = 2003 | title = Evolution: The History of an Idea | url = https://archive.org/details/evolutionhistory0000bowl_n7y8 | edition = 3rd | publisher=University of California Press | isbn = 0-520-23693-9|ref=harv }} * {{Cite book | last = Browne | first = E. Janet | authorlink = Janet Browne | date = 1995 | title = Charles Darwin: vol. 1 Voyaging | url = https://archive.org/details/charlesdarwin0000jane | publication-place = London | publisher=Jonathan Cape | isbn = 1-84413-314-1|ref=harv }} * {{Cite book | last = Browne | first = E. Janet | date = 2002 | title = Charles Darwin: vol. 2 The Power of Place | publication-place = London | publisher=Jonathan Cape | isbn = 0-7126-6837-3|ref=harv }} * {{Cite book | last = Darwin | first = Charles | date = 1835 | title = Extracts from letters to Professor Henslow | publication-place = Cambridge | publisher=[privately printed] | url = http://darwin-online.org.uk/content/frameset?itemID=F1&viewtype=text&pageseq=1 | accessdate =1 Nobyembre 2008|ref=harv}} * {{Cite book | last = Darwin | first = Charles | date = 1837 | title =Notebook B: (Transmutation of species) | publisher=Darwin Online | id =CUL-DAR121 | url =http://darwin-online.org.uk/content/frameset?viewtype=side&itemID=CUL-DAR121.-&pageseq=1 | accessdate =20 Disyembre 2008|ref=harv}} * {{Cite book | last= Darwin | first= Charles | date = 1839 | title=Narrative of the surveying voyages of His Majesty's Ships Adventure and Beagle between the years 1826 and 1836, describing their examination of the southern shores of South America, and the Beagle's circumnavigation of the globe. Journal and remarks. 1832–1836. | location= London | publisher=Henry Colburn | volume=III | url= http://darwin-online.org.uk/content/frameset?itemID=F10.3&viewtype=text&pageseq=1 | accessdate =24 Oktubre 2008|ref=harv }} * {{Cite book | last = Darwin | first = Charles | author-link = | date = 1842 | publication-date = 1909 | contribution =Pencil Sketch of 1842 | contribution-url = http://darwin-online.org.uk/content/frameset?viewtype=text&itemID=F1556&pageseq=33 | editor-last = Darwin | editor-first = Francis | editor-link = Francis Darwin | title =The foundations of The origin of species: Two essays written in 1842 and 1844. | publisher=Cambridge University Press | url = http://darwin-online.org.uk/content/frameset?itemID=F1556&viewtype=text&pageseq=1 | isbn = 0-548-79998-9 | ref = harv}} * {{Cite book | last= Darwin | first= Charles | author-link= | date = 1845 | title= Journal of researches into the natural history and geology of the countries visited during the voyage of H.M.S. Beagle round the world, under the Command of Capt. Fitz Roy, R.N. 2d edition | location= London | publisher=John Murray | url= http://darwin-online.org.uk/content/frameset?itemID=F20&viewtype=text&pageseq=1 | accessdate =24 Oktubre 2008|ref=harv }} * {{Cite journal | last = Darwin | first = Charles | last2 = Wallace | first2 = Alfred Russel | author2-link = Alfred Russel Wallace | date = 1858 | title =[[On the Tendency of Species to form Varieties; and on the Perpetuation of Varieties and Species by Natural Means of Selection]] | edition = | series = Zoology 3 | publication-place = | journal=Journal of the Proceedings of the Linnean Society of London | pages = 46–50 | doi = 10.1111/j.1096-3642.1858.tb02500.x|ref=harv | volume = 3 | issue = 9}} * {{Cite book | last = Darwin | first = Charles | date = 1859 | title =On the Origin of Species by Means of Natural Selection, or the Preservation of Favoured Races in the Struggle for Life | edition =1st | publication-place = London | publisher=John Murray | url =http://darwin-online.org.uk/content/frameset?itemID=F373&viewtype=text&pageseq=1 | accessdate =24 Oktubre 2008|ref=harv | isbn = 1-4353-9386-4 }} * {{Cite book | last = Darwin | first = Charles | author-link = | date = 1868 | title = The variation of animals and plants under domestication | publication-place = London | publisher=John Murray | url = http://darwin-online.org.uk/content/frameset?itemID=F880.1&viewtype=text&pageseq=1 | accessdate =1 Nobyembre 2008|ref=harv | isbn = 1-4191-8660-4}} * {{Cite book | last = Darwin | first = Charles | date = 1871 | title =The Descent of Man, and Selection in Relation to Sex | edition =1st | publication-place = London | publisher=John Murray | url = http://darwin-online.org.uk/EditorialIntroductions/Freeman_TheDescentofMan.html | accessdate =24 Oktubre 2008|ref=harv | isbn = 0-8014-2085-7 }} * {{Cite book | last = Darwin | first = Charles | date = 1872 | title = The Origin of Species by Means of Natural Selection, or the Preservation of Favoured Races in the Struggle for Life | edition = 6th | location = London | publisher=John Murray | url = http://darwin-online.org.uk/content/frameset?itemID=F391&viewtype=text&pageseq=1 | accessdate =1 Nobyembre 2009 |ref=harv | isbn = 1-4353-9386-4}} * {{Cite book | last = Darwin | first = Charles | date = 1887 | editor-last = Darwin | editor-first = Francis | editor-link =Francis Darwin | title = The life and letters of Charles Darwin, including an autobiographical chapter | location = London | publisher=John Murray | url =http://darwin-online.org.uk/EditorialIntroductions/Freeman_LifeandLettersandAutobiography.html | accessdate =4 Nobyembre 2008|ref=harv | isbn = 0-404-08417-6}} * {{Cite book | last = Darwin | first = Charles | date = 1958 | editor-last = Barlow | editor-first = Nora | editor-link =Nora Barlow | title =The Autobiography of Charles Darwin 1809–1882. With the original omissions restored. Edited and with appendix and notes by his granddaughter Nora Barlow | url =http://darwin-online.org.uk/content/frameset?pageseq=1&itemID=F1497&viewtype=text | location = London | publisher=Collins | accessdate =28 Septyembre 2013|ref=harv}} * {{Cite book | last = Darwin | first = Charles | date = 2006 | contribution =Journal | contribution-url =http://darwin-online.org.uk/content/frameset?viewtype=side&itemID=CUL-DAR158.1-76&pageseq=1 | editor-last =van Wyhe | editor-first = John | title =Darwin's personal 'Journal' (1809–1881) | publisher=Darwin Online | id =CUL-DAR158.1–76 | url =http://darwin-online.org.uk/EditorialIntroductions/vanWyhe_JournalDAR158.html | accessdate =20 Disyembre 2008|ref=harv}} * {{Cite book | last = Desmond | first = Adrian | authorlink = Adrian Desmond | last2 = Moore | first2 = James | author2-link = James Moore (biographer) | date = 1991 | title = Darwin | url = https://archive.org/details/darwin0000desm | location = London | publisher=Michael Joseph, Penguin Group | isbn = 0-7181-3430-3|ref=harv}} * {{Cite book | last = Desmond | first = Adrian | author-link = | last2 = Moore | first2 = James | author2-link = James Moore (biographer) | last3=Browne | first3=Janet | date = 2004 | title = [[Oxford Dictionary of National Biography]] | publication-place = Oxford, England | publisher=Oxford University Press | doi = 10.1093/ref:odnb/7176|ref=harv}} * {{Cite journal | last = Dobzhansky | first = Theodosius | author-link = Theodosius Dobzhansky | date= Marso 1973 | title = Nothing in Biology Makes Sense Except in the Light of Evolution | journal = The American Biology Teacher | volume = 35 | pages = 125–129 | ref = harv | doi = 10.2307/4444260 | issue = 3 }} * {{Cite journal | last = Eldredge | first = Niles | author-link = Niles Eldredge | date = 2006 | title = Confessions of a Darwinist | periodical = The Virginia Quarterly Review | issue = Spring 2006 | pages = 32–53 | url = http://www.vqronline.org/articles/2006/spring/eldredge-confessions-darwinist/ | accessdate = 4 Nobyembre 2008 | ref = harv | archive-date = 2013-12-24 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20131224110620/http://www.vqronline.org/articles/2006/spring/eldredge-confessions-darwinist/ | url-status = }} * {{Cite book | last = FitzRoy | first = Robert | author-link = Robert Fitzroy | date = 1839 | title = Voyages of the Adventure and Beagle, Volume II | publication-place = London | publisher=Henry Colburn | url = http://darwin-online.org.uk/content/frameset?itemID=F10.2&viewtype=text&pageseq=1 | accessdate =4 Nobyembre 2008|ref=harv}} * {{Cite book | last = Freeman | first = R. B. | author-link = R. B. Freeman | date = 1977 | title = The Works of Charles Darwin: An Annotated Bibliographical Handlist | publication-place = Folkestone | publisher=Wm Dawson & Sons Ltd | url = http://darwin-online.org.uk/content/frameset?itemID=A1&viewtype=text&pageseq=1 | accessdate =4 Nobyembre 2008|ref=harv | isbn = 0-208-01658-9}} *{{Cite book | last = Freeman | first = R. B. | title = Charles Darwin: A companion | publisher = [[The Complete Works of Charles Darwin Online]] | date = 2007 | edition =2nd online | url = http://darwin-online.org.uk/content/frameset?itemID=A27b&viewtype=text&pageseq=114 | pp = 107, 109 | accessdate=25 Disyembre 2014|ref=harv}} * {{Cite journal | last =Herbert | first = Sandra | date = 1980 | title =The red notebook of Charles Darwin | journal=Bulletin of the British Museum (Natural History) | series =Historical Series | issue = 7 (24 April) | pages =1–164 | url =http://darwin-online.org.uk/content/frameset?viewtype=text&itemID=F1583e&pageseq=1 | accessdate =11 Enero 2009|ref=harv }} * {{Cite journal | last =Herbert | first = Sandra | date = 1991 | title =Charles Darwin as a prospective geological author | journal=British Journal for the History of Science | issue = 24 | pages =159–192 | url =http://darwin-online.org.uk/content/frameset?viewtype=text&itemID=A342&pageseq=1 | accessdate =24 Oktubre 2008|ref=harv | doi =10.1017/S0007087400027060 | volume =24 }} * {{Cite book | last= Keynes | first= Richard | author-link = Richard Keynes | date = 2000 | title = Charles Darwin's zoology notes & specimen lists from H.M.S. Beagle. | publisher=Cambridge University Press | url =http://darwin-online.org.uk/content/frameset?itemID=F1840&viewtype=text&pageseq=1 | accessdate =22 Nobyembre 2008|ref=harv | isbn= 0-521-46569-9}} * {{Cite book | last= Keynes | first= Richard | date = 2001 | title=Charles Darwin's Beagle Diary | publisher=Cambridge University Press | url =http://darwin-online.org.uk/content/frameset?itemID=F1925&viewtype=text&pageseq=1 | accessdate =24 Oktubre 2008|ref=harv | isbn= 0-521-23503-0}} * {{Cite web |last = Kotzin |first = Daniel | date = 2004 |title = Point-Counterpoint: Social Darwinism |publisher = Columbia American History Online |url = http://caho-test.cc.columbia.edu/pcp/14008.html |accessdate = 22 Nobyembre 2008 |ref = harv |archive-date = 19 Hulyo 2011 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20110719072856/http://caho-test.cc.columbia.edu/pcp/14008.html |url-status = dead }} * {{Cite book|last=Larson|first=Edward J.|authorlink=Edward Larson|title=Evolution: The Remarkable History of a Scientific Theory|url=https://archive.org/details/evolutionremarka00lars|publisher=Modern Library| date = 2004|isbn=0-679-64288-9|ref=harv}} * {{Cite web | last = Leff | first = David | date = 2000 | title = AboutDarwin.com | url = http://www.aboutdarwin.com/index.html | edition = 2000–2008 | accessdate = 30 Disyembre 2008 | ref = harv | archive-date = 28 Agosto 2013 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20130828111301/http://www.aboutdarwin.com/index.html | url-status = dead }} * {{Cite journal | last = Leifchild | date=19 Nobyembre 1859 | title =Review of 'Origin' | periodical =[[Athenaeum (magazine)|Athenaeum]] | issue = 1673 | url =http://darwin-online.org.uk/content/frameset?viewtype=image&itemID=CUL-DAR226.1.8&pageseq=1 | accessdate =22 Nobyembre 2008|ref=harv}} * {{Cite journal | last = Miles | first = Sara Joan | date = 2001 | title =Charles Darwin and Asa Gray Discuss Teleology and Design | journal=Perspectives on Science and Christian Faith | volume = 53 | pages =196–201 | url =http://www.asa3.org/ASA/PSCF/2001/PSCF9-01Miles.html | accessdate =22 Nobyembre 2008|ref=harv}} * {{Cite news |last = Moore |first = James |author-link = James Moore (biographer) | date = 2005 |title = Darwin – A 'Devil's Chaplain'? |publisher = American Public Media |url = http://speakingoffaith.publicradio.org/programs/darwin/moore-devilschaplain.pdf |format = PDF |accessdate = 22 Nobyembre 2008 |ref = harv |archive-date = 27 Pebrero 2008 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20080227014518/http://speakingoffaith.publicradio.org/programs/darwin/moore-devilschaplain.pdf |url-status = dead }} * {{Cite news |last = Moore |first = James | date = 2006 |title = Evolution and Wonder – Understanding Charles Darwin |series = Speaking of Faith (Radio Program) |publisher = American Public Media |url = http://speakingoffaith.publicradio.org/programs/darwin/transcript.shtml |accessdate = 22 Nobyembre 2008 |ref = harv |archive-date = 22 Disyembre 2008 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20081222020720/http://speakingoffaith.publicradio.org/programs/darwin/transcript.shtml |url-status = dead }} * {{Cite book | last = Owen | first = Richard | author-link = Richard Owen | date = 1840 | editor-last = Darwin | editor-first = C. R. | title = Fossil Mammalia Part 1 | series =The zoology of the voyage of H.M.S. Beagle | location = London | publisher=Smith Elder and Co|ref=harv}} * {{Cite book | last = Paul | first =Diane B. | date = 2003 | contribution =Darwin, social Darwinism and eugenics | editor-last = Hodge | editor-first = Jonathan | editor2-last = Radick | editor2-first = Gregory | title =The Cambridge Companion to Darwin | url = https://archive.org/details/cambridgecompani00hodg | publisher=Cambridge University Press | pages =[https://archive.org/details/cambridgecompani00hodg/page/n229 214]–239 | isbn = 0-521-77730-5|ref=harv}} * {{Cite web | last = Smith | first = Charles H. | title = Alfred Russel Wallace on Spiritualism, Man, and Evolution: An Analytical Essay | date = 1999 | url = http://www.wku.edu/~smithch/essays/ARWPAMPH.htm | accessdate = 7 Disyembre 2008 | ref = harv | archive-date = 2008-12-05 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20081205020823/http://www.wku.edu/~smithch/essays/ARWPAMPH.htm | url-status = }} * {{Cite journal | last = Sulloway | first =Frank J. | author-link =Frank Sulloway | date = 1982 | title =Darwin and His Finches: The Evolution of a Legend | journal=Journal of the History of Biology | volume = 15 | issue = 1 | pages =1–53 |format=PDF | url =http://www.sulloway.org/Finches.pdf | accessdate =9 Disyembre 2008 | doi = 10.1007/BF00132004|ref=harv}} * {{Cite web | last = Sweet | first = William | title = Herbert Spencer | publisher=Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy | date = 2004 | url = http://www.iep.utm.edu/spencer/ | accessdate =16 Disyembre 2008|ref=harv}} * {{Cite web | last = Wilkins | first = John S. | date = 1997 | title =Evolution and Philosophy: Does evolution make might right? | publisher=[[TalkOrigins Archive]] | url = http://www.talkorigins.org/faqs/evolphil/social.html | accessdate =22 Nobyembre 2008|ref=harv}} * {{Cite book | last = Wilkins | first = John S. | date = 2008 | contribution =Darwin | editor-last = Tucker | editor-first = Aviezer | title =A Companion to the Philosophy of History and Historiography | series =Blackwell Companions to Philosophy | pages =405–415 | publication-place =Chichester | publisher=Wiley-Blackwell | isbn =1-4051-4908-6|ref=harv}} * {{Cite journal | last = van Wyhe | first = John | title = Mind the gap: Did Darwin avoid publishing his theory for many years? | journal=Notes and Records of the Royal Society | volume = 61 | issue =2| pages = 177–205 | date = 27 Marso 2007 | doi = 10.1098/rsnr.2006.0171 | url= http://darwin-online.org.uk/content/frameset?viewtype=text&itemID=A544&pageseq=1 | accessdate =7 Pebrero 2008|ref=harv }} * {{Cite web | last =van Wyhe | first = John | date = 2008 | title =Charles Darwin: gentleman naturalist: A biographical sketch | publisher=Darwin Online | url =http://darwin-online.org.uk/darwin.html | accessdate =17 Nobyembre 2008|ref=harv}} * {{Cite book | last =van Wyhe | first =John | publication-date =1 Septyembre 2008 | date = 2008b | title =Darwin: The Story of the Man and His Theories of Evolution | publication-place =London | publisher=Andre Deutsch Ltd | isbn =0-233-00251-0|ref=harv}} * {{Cite book | last =von Sydow | first = Momme | date = 2005 | contribution =Darwin – A Christian Undermining Christianity? On Self-Undermining Dynamics of Ideas Between Belief and Science | contribution-url =http://replay.waybackmachine.org/20090326070105/http://www.psych.uni-goettingen.de/abt/1/sydow/von_Sydow_(2005)_Darwin_A_Christian_Undermining_Christianity.pdf | editor-last = Knight | editor-first =David M. | editor2-last = Eddy | editor2-first =Matthew D. | title =Science and Beliefs: From Natural Philosophy to Natural Science, 1700–1900 | location = Burlington | publisher=Ashgate | pages =141–156 | isbn =0-7546-3996-7 | accessdate =16 Disyembre 2008|ref=harv}} * {{Cite web | last = Yates | first = Simon | date = 2003 | title =The Lady Hope Story: A Widespread Falsehood | publisher=[[TalkOrigins Archive]] | url =http://www.talkorigins.org/faqs/hope.html | accessdate =15 Disyembre 2006|ref=harv}} {{refend}} ==Mga sumpay ha gawas== {{sisterlinks|s=Charles Robert Darwin|author=yes|wikt=no|species_author=Charles Robert Darwin}} {{Library resources box |onlinebooks=yes |by=yes |viaf= 27063124 |label=Charles Darwin }} * [[The Complete Works of Charles Darwin Online]] – [http://darwin-online.org.uk/ Darwin Online]; Darwin's publications, private papers and bibliography, supplementary works including biographies, obituaries and reviews * [http://www.darwinproject.ac.uk/ Darwin Correspondence Project] Full text and notes for complete correspondence to 1867, with summaries of all the rest ** Darwin-Hooker letters, images and text jointly published at [http://cudl.lib.cam.ac.uk/collections/darwinhooker Cambridge Digital Library] and [http://www.darwinproject.ac.uk/darwin-hooker-letters Darwin Correspondence Project] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140711123808/http://www.darwinproject.ac.uk/darwin-hooker-letters |date= 11 Hulyo 2014 }} * {{gutenberg author| id=Charles+Darwin| name=Charles Darwin}}; public domain * [http://darwin.amnh.org/ Darwin Manuscript Project] * [http://librivox.org/newcatalog/search.php?title=&author=charles+darwin&status=all&action=Search Works by Charles Darwin in audio format] from [[LibriVox]] * [http://archives.cbc.ca/science_technology/natural_science/topics/3696/ Video and radio clips] [[Canadian Broadcasting Corporation]] * {{dmoz|Science/Biology/History/People/Darwin,_Charles/}} * {{worldcat id|id=lccn-n78-95637}} * {{NRA|P7461}} * [http://www.thesecondevolution.com/darwin_intro.html A Pictorial Biography of Charles Darwin] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140705135038/http://www.thesecondevolution.com/darwin_intro.html |date= 5 Hulyo 2014 }} * [http://www.rationalrevolution.net/articles/darwin_nazism.htm Mis-portrayal of Darwin as a Racist] * [http://www.google.com/maps/d/viewer?mid=zlY48eTMIq2I.kAz5eIDk_Q1I Google Map of Charles Darwin’s Voyage of the Beagle 1832-1836] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150125153030/https://www.google.com/maps/d/viewer?mid=zlY48eTMIq2I.kAz5eIDk_Q1I |date= 25 Enero 2015 }} * [http://www.stanford.edu/group/microdocs/darwinvolcano.html Darwin's Volcano] – a short video discussing Darwin and Agassiz' coral reef formation debate * {{Cite EB1911| wstitle=Darwin, Charles Robert}} * [http://www.guardian.co.uk/science/interactive/2009/feb/12/charles-darwin '' The life and times of Charles Darwin'', an audio slideshow, The Guardian, Thursday 12 February 2009,] (3 min 20 sec). * [http://www.screenaustralia.gov.au/showcases/charlesdarwin/ Darwin's Brave New World] – A 3 part drama-documentary exploring Charles Darwin and the significant contributions of his colleagues Joseph Hooker, Thomas Huxley and Alfred Russel Wallace also featuring interviews with [[Richard Dawkins]], David Suzuki, Jared Diamond * [http://www.cnrs.fr/cw/dossiers/dosdarwinE/darwin.html A naturalist's voyage around the world] Account of the ''Beagle'' voyage using animation, in English from [[French National Centre for Scientific Research|Centre national de la recherche scientifique]] * {{Cite book|last=''Anonymous''|others=Illustrated by [[s:Author:Frederick Waddy|Waddy, Frederick]]|title=Cartoon portraits and biographical sketches of men of the day|url=http://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Cartoon_portraits_and_biographical_sketches_of_men_of_the_day/C._R._Darwin,_F.R.S.|accessdate=28 Disyembre 2010| date = 1873|publisher=Tinsley Brothers|location=London|pages=6–7}} * View books owned and annotated by [http://biodiversitylibrary.org/collection/darwinlibrary Charles Darwin] at the online Biodiversity Heritage Library. * [http://cudl.lib.cam.ac.uk/collections/darwin_mss Digitised Darwin Manuscripts] in [[Cambridge Digital Library]] {{DEFAULTSORT:Darwin, Charles}} [[Kaarangay:Charles Darwin| ]] [[Kaarangay:Mga natawo han 1809]] [[Kaarangay:Mga namatay han 1882]] [[Kaarangay:Biyograpiya|Darwin, Charles]] 4i7iixhcspdurbyjqq6p2nxzu5qsrai 0 14624 7782320 7775444 2026-04-07T06:14:39Z InternetArchiveBot 41587 Add 9 books for verifiability (20260407)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 7782320 wikitext text/x-wiki An '''Imperyo Bizantino''' o Sinirangan Imperyo Romano, nga kilala han mangurukoy hini nga an Imperyo Romano, an Imperyo han mga Romano ([[Griniyego]]:Βασιλεία τῶν Ῥωμαίων, Basileía tôn Rhōmaíōn), Romania (Ῥωμανία, Rhōmanía), o Romais (Ῥωμαΐς Rhōmaís), amo an nagsunod han Imperyo Romano han Butnga nga mga Panahon, nga nagpapalibot ha kapital hini nga [[Constantinople]] (han una Bizantium, yana Istanbul), ngan gindudumara han mga imperador nga namana tikang han mga imperador Romano. ==Mga reperensya== === Syahan nga pagkukuhaan === {{Refbegin|30em}} * {{Cite book|last=Choniates|first=Nicetas|authorlink=Nicetas Choniates|title=Translations and Reprints from the Original Sources of European History by D.C. Munro (Series 1, Vol 3:1)|location=Philadelphia|publisher=University of Pennsylvania Press|pages=15–16| date = 1912|chapter=The Sack of Constantinople (1204)|ref=harv}} * {{Cite book|last=Cinnamus|first=Ioannes|authorlink=John Kinnamos|title=Deeds of John and Manuel Comnenus|url=https://archive.org/details/deedsofjohnmanue0000kinn|location=New York and West Sussex|publisher=Columbia University Press| date = 1976|isbn=0-231-04080-6|ref=harv}} * {{Cite book|author=Eusebius|authorlink=Eusebius of Caesaria|title=Life of Constantine (Book IV)|publisher=[[Christian Classics Ethereal Library]]|url=http://www.ccel.org/ccel/schaff/npnf201.iv.vi.i.i.html}} * {{Cite book|author=Geoffrey of Villehardouin|authorlink=Geoffrey of Villehardouin|title= Chronicles of the Crusades (translated by Margaret R. Shaw)|publisher=Penguin Classics| date = 1963|isbn=0-14-044124-7|chapter=The Conquest of Constantinople|ref=harv}} * {{Cite book|last=Komnene|first=Anna|authorlink=Anna Komnene|title=The Alexiad (translated by Elizabeth A. S. Dawes)|publisher=Internet Medieval Sourcebook|chapter=Books X-XIII|url=http://www.fordham.edu/halsall/basis/annacomnena-alexiad00.html#INTRODUCTION|date=1928|ref=harv}} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200413122745/http://www.fordham.edu/halsall/basis/annacomnena-alexiad00.html#INTRODUCTION |date=2020-04-13 }} * {{Cite book|editor-last=Seeck|editor-first=Otto|title=Notitia Dignitatum; accedunt Notitia Urbis Constantinopolitanae Laterculi Prouinciarum|location=Berlin|publisher=Weidmann| date = 1876|url=http://archive.org/details/notitiadignitat00silvgoog|ref=harv}} {{Refend}} === Segundaryo nga pagkukuhaan === {{Refbegin|2}} * {{Cite book|first=Agustí|last=Alemany|title=Sources on the Alans: A Critical Compilation|location=Leiden|publisher=Brill| date = 2000|pages=170–243|isbn=90-04-11442-4|ref=harv}} * {{Cite book|last=Ahrweiler|first=Hélène|last2=Laiou|first2=Angeliki E.|author1-link=Helene Ahrweiler|author2-link=Angeliki Laiou|title=Studies on the Internal Diaspora of the Byzantine Empire|url=https://archive.org/details/studiesoninterna0000unse|chapter=Preface|location=Washington, DC|publisher=Dumbarton Oaks| date = 1998|isbn=0-88402-247-1|ref=harv}} * {{Cite journal|last=Anastos|first=Milton V.| date = 1962|title=The History of Byzantine Science. Report on the Dumbarton Oaks Symposium of 1961|journal=Dumbarton Oaks Papers|issn=0070-7546|volume=16|pages=409–411| doi=10.2307/1291170|jstor=1291170|ref=harv}} * {{Cite book|last=Angold|first=Michael|title=The Byzantine Empire, 1025–1204: A Political History|url=https://archive.org/details/byzantineempire10000ango|location=London|publisher=Longman| date = 1997|isbn=978-0-582-29468-4|ref=harv}} * {{Cite journal|last=Antonucci|first=Michael| date = 1993|title=War by Other Means: The Legacy of Byzantium|journal=History Today|volume=43|issue=2|pages=11–13|issn=0018-2753|url=http://www.historytoday.com/michael-antonucci/war-other-means-legacy-byzantium|accessdate=21 Mayo 2007|ref=harv}} * {{Cite book|first=Sophocles Evangelinus|last=Apostolides|title=Greek Lexicon of the Roman and Byzantine Periods|location=Hildesheim|publisher=Georg Olms| date = 1992|isbn=3-487-05765-4|ref=harv}} * {{Cite journal|last=Bayless|first=William N.| date = 1976|title=The Treaty with the Huns of 443|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_american-journal-of-philology_summer-1976_97_2/page/176|journal=The American Journal of Philology|volume=97|pages=176–179|jstor=294410|ref=harv}} * {{Cite journal|last=Baynes|first=Norman Hepburn| date = 1912|title=The Restoration of the Cross at Jerusalem|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_english-historical-review_1912-04_27_106/page/287|doi=10.1093/ehr/XXVII.CVI.287|journal=The English Historical Review|volume=27|issue=106|issn=0013-8266|pages=287–299|ref=harv}} * {{Cite book|editor1-last=Baynes|editor1-first=Norman Hepburn|editor2-last=Moss|editor2-first=Henry St. Lawrence Beaufort|title=Byzantium: An Introduction to East Roman Civilization|url=https://archive.org/details/byzantiumintrodu00baynrich|location=Oxford|publisher=Clarendon Press| date = 1948|ref=harv}} * {{Cite book|last=Baynes|first=Spencer|chapter=Vlachs|title=Encyclopædia Britannica|edition=11th|location=New York| date = 1907|ref=harv}} * {{Cite book|last=Beaton|first=Roderick|title=The Medieval Greek Romance|url=https://archive.org/details/medievalgreekrom0000beat|location=New York and London|publisher=Routledge| date = 1996|isbn=0-415-12032-2|ref=harv}} * {{Cite book|last=Beckwith|first=John|title=Early Christian and Byzantine Art|location=New Haven|publisher=Yale University Press|origyear=1970| date = 1993|isbn=0-300-05296-0|ref=harv}} * {{Cite book|last=Béhar|first=Pierre|title=Vestiges d'Empires: La Décomposition de l'Europe Centrale et Balkanique|location=Paris|publisher=Éditions Desjonquères| date = 1999|isbn=2-84321-015-1|ref=harv}} * {{Cite book|last=Benz|first=Ernst|title=The Eastern Orthodox Church: Its Thought and Life| date = 1963|location=Piscataway|publisher=Aldine Transaction|isbn=978-0-202-36298-4|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=Q5Z_evECb1UC|ref=harv}} * {{Cite book|last1=Bideleux|first1=Robert|last2=Jeffries|first2=Ian|title=A History of Eastern Europe: Crisis and Change|url=https://archive.org/details/historyofeastern0000bide|location=New York and London|publisher=Routledge| date = 1998|isbn=0-415-16111-8|ref=harv}} * {{Cite book|last=Birkenmeier|first=John W.|title=The Development of the Komnenian Army: 1081–1180|location=Leiden|publisher=Brill| date = 2002|isbn=90-04-11710-5|ref=harv}} * {{Cite book|last=Blume|first=Fred H.|editor-last=Kearley|authorlink=Fred H. Blume|editor-first=Timothy|title=Annotated Justinian Code| date = 2008|url=http://www.uwyo.edu/lawlib/blume-justinian/index.html|location=Laramie|publisher=University of Wyoming|ref=harv}} * {{Cite book|last=Bray|first=R. S.|title=Armies of Pestilence: The Impact of Disease on History|url=https://archive.org/details/armiesofpestilen0000bray|publisher=James Clarke| date = 2004|isbn=0-227-17240-X|ref=harv}} * {{Cite book|last=Browning|first=Robert|chapter=The Continuity of Hellenism in the Byzantine world: Appearance or Reality?|pages=[https://archive.org/details/greeceoldnew0000unse_o7v6/page/110 111]–128|editor1-last=Winnifrith|editor1-first=Tom|editor2-last=Murray|editor2-first=Penelope|title=Greece Old and New|url=https://archive.org/details/greeceoldnew0000unse_o7v6| date = 1983|location=New York|publisher=Macmillan|isbn=0-333-27836-4|ref=harv}} * {{Cite book|last=Browning|first=Robert|title=The Byzantine Empire|url=https://archive.org/details/byzantineempire0000brow|location=Washington, DC|publisher=The Catholic University of America Press| date = 1992|isbn=0-8132-0754-1|ref=harv}} * {{Cite book|last=Bryce|first=James|title=Studies in History and Jurisprudence, Vol. 1|publisher=H. Frowde| date = 1901|isbn=1-4021-9046-8|ref=harv}} * {{Cite book|last=Brooke|first=Zachary Nugent|title=A History of Europe, from 911 to 1198|url=https://archive.org/details/historyofeuropef0000broo|location=London|publisher=Methuen| date = 1962|ref=harv}} * {{Cite book|last=Burns|first=Thomas S.|title=A History of Ostrogoths|location=Bloomington and Indianapolis|publisher=Indiana University Press| date = 1991|isbn=0-253-20600-6|ref=harv}} * {{Cite book|last=Bury|first=John Bagnall|authorlink=J. B. Bury|title=History of the Later Roman Empire|location=London|publisher=Macmillan| date = 1923|url=http://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/secondary/BURLAT/home.html|ref=harv}} * {{Cite book|last1=Bury|first1=John Bagnall|last2=Philotheus|title=The Imperial Administrative System of the Ninth Century: With a Revised Text of the Kletorologion of Philotheos| date = 1911|location=London|publisher=Oxford University Press|ref=harv}} * {{Cite book|last1=Bury|first1=John Bagnall|title=The Early History of the Slavonic Settlements in Dalmatia, Croatia, & Serbia|location=New York|publisher=Macmillan| date = 1920|url=http://archive.org/stream/earlyhistoryofsl00consrich|ref=harv}} * {{Cite journal|last=Cameron|first=Averil|authorlink=Averil Cameron| date = 1979|title=Images of Authority: Elites and Icons in Late Sixth-century Byzantium|doi=10.1093/past/84.1.3|journal=Past and Present|volume=84|issue=1|page=3|ref=harv}} * {{Cite book|last=Cameron|first=Averil|title=The Cambridge Ancient History. Vol. 14: Late antiquity| date = 2000|location=Cambridge|publisher=Cambridge University Press|editor=Averil Cameron, Bryan Ward-Perkins and Michael Whitby|chapter=Vandal and Byzantine Africa|pages=552–569|isbn=0-521-32591-9|ref=harv}} * {{Cite book|last=Cameron|first=Averil|title=The Byzantines|url=https://archive.org/details/byzantines0000came| date = 2006|location=Oxford|publisher=Blackwell|isbn=978-1-4051-9833-2|ref=harv}} * {{Cite book|last=Cameron|first=Averil|script-title=el:Οι Βυζαντινοί|location=Athens|publisher=Psychogios| date = 2009|language=Greek [translation of Cameron 2006]|isbn=978-960-453-529-3|ref=harv}} * {{Cite book|last=Cameron|first=Averil|title=The Byzantine and Islamic Early Near East I: Problems in the Literary Source Material| date = 1992|publisher=Darwin|editor=Averil Cameron and Lawrence I. Conrad|chapter=New Themes and Styles in Greek Literature, 7th and 8th centuries|isbn=0-87850-080-4|ref=harv}} * {{Cite book|last=Campbell|first=George L.|title=Compendium of the World's Languages: Abaza to Kurdish|url=https://archive.org/details/compendiumofworl00camp| date = 2000|origyear=1991|location=New York and London|publisher=Routledge|isbn=0-415-20296-5|ref=harv}} * {{Cite book|last=Chrysos|first=Evangelos|title=Byzantine Diplomacy: Papers from the Twenty-Fourth Spring Symposium of Byzantine Studies, Cambridge, March 1990 (Society for the Promotion of Byzant)|url=https://archive.org/details/byzantinediploma0000spri| date = 1992|publisher=Variorum|isbn=0-86078-338-3|editor=Jonathan Shepard, Simon Franklin|chapter=Byzantine Diplomacy, CE 300–800: Means and End|ref=harv}} * {{Cite book|last=Clark|first=Victoria|title=Why Angels Fall: A Journey through Orthodox Europe from Byzantium to Kosovo|url=https://archive.org/details/unset0000unse_o2c0|location=London|publisher=Macmillan| date = 2000|isbn=0-312-23396-5|ref=harv}} * {{Cite book|last=Cohen|first=H. Floris|title=The Scientific Revolution: A Historiographical Inquiry|location=Chicago|publisher=University of Chicago Press| date = 1994|isbn=0-226-11280-2|ref=harv}} * {{Cite book|last=Comrie|first=Bernard|chapter=Russian|pages=[https://archive.org/details/languagestheirst0000unse/page/91 91]–152|editor-last=Shopen|editor-first=Timothy|title=Languages and Their Status|url=https://archive.org/details/languagestheirst0000unse|location=Philadelphia|publisher=University of Pennsylvania Press| date = 1987|isbn=0-8122-1249-5|ref=harv}} * {{Cite book|last=Davies|first=Norman|authorlink=Norman Davies|title=Europe: A History|url=https://archive.org/details/europehistory00davi_0| date = 1996|location=Oxford|publisher=Oxford University Press|isbn=0-19-820171-0|ref=harv}} * {{Cite journal|last=Day|first=Gerald W.|title=Manuel and the Genoese: A Reappraisal of Byzantine Commercial Policy in the Late Twelfth Century|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_journal-of-economic-history_1977-06_37_2/page/289|journal=The Journal of Economic History|volume=37 |issue=2|pages=289–301|doi=10.1017/S0022050700096947| date = 1977|jstor=2118759|ref=harv}} * {{Cite book|last=Dennis|first=George T.|title=Three Byzantine Military Treatises|location=Washington, DC|publisher=Dumbarton Oaks| date = 1985|ref=harv}} * {{Cite web|last=Dickson|first=Paul|title=Mathematics Through the Middle Ages (320–1660 AD)|accessdate=1 Abril 2008|work=Medieval Mathematics|publisher=University of South Australia|url=http://www.roma.unisa.edu.au/07305/medmm.htm|ref=harv|archive-date=13 Mayo 2008|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080513152720/http://www.roma.unisa.edu.au/07305/medmm.htm|url-status=dead}} * {{Cite book|last=Diehl|first=Charles|chapter=Byzantine Art|editor1-last=Baynes|editor1-first=Norman Hepburn|editor2-last=Moss|editor2-first=Henry St. Lawrence Beaufort|title=Byzantium: An Introduction to East Roman Civilization|url=https://archive.org/details/byzantiumintrodu00baynrich|location=Oxford|publisher=Clarendon| date = 1948|oclc=1058121|ref=harv}} * {{Cite journal|last=Drake|first=H. 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Laiou|chapter=Commerce, Trade, Markets, and Money: Thirteenth-Fifteenth Centuries|pages=771–806|url=http://www.doaks.org/resources/publications/doaks-online-publications/byzantine-studies/the-economic-history-of-byzantium/ehb37-trade-late|ref=harv}} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130930114138/http://www.doaks.org/resources/publications/doaks-online-publications/byzantine-studies/the-economic-history-of-byzantium/ehb37-trade-late |date= 30 Septyembre 2013 }} * {{Cite book|last=McDonnell|first=Myles Anthony|title=Roman Manliness: Virtus and the Roman Republic|url=https://archive.org/details/romanmanlinessvi0000mcdo|location=Cambridge|publisher=Cambridge University Press| date = 2006|isbn=978-0-521-82788-1|ref=harv}} * {{Cite journal|last=Meier|first=William N.| date = 2003|title=Die Inszenierung einer Katastrophe: Justinian und der Nika-Aufstand|issue=142|pages=273–300|journal=Zeitschrift für Papyrologie und Epigraphik|jstor=20191600|ref=harv}} * {{Cite book|last=Meyendorff|first=John|authorlink=John Meyendorff|title=The Byzantine Legacy in the Orthodox Church|url=https://archive.org/details/byzantinelegacyi0000meye| date = 1982|location=Yonkers|publisher=St Vladimir's Seminary Press|isbn=0-913836-90-7|ref=harv}} * {{Cite book|last=Millar|first=Fergus|title=A Greek Roman Empire: Power and Belief under Theodosius II (408–450)|url=https://archive.org/details/greekromanempire00ferg|location=Berkeley and Los Angeles|publisher=University of California Press| date = 2006|isbn=0-520-24703-5|ref=harv}} * {{Cite journal|last=Miller|first=William|title=Monemvasia|journal=The Journal of Hellenic Studies|volume=27| date = 1907|url=http://www.archive.org/stream/journalofhelleni27sociuoft|ref=harv}} * {{Cite book|last=Moravcsik|first=Gyula|title=Byzantium and the Magyars| date = 1970|location=Amsterdam|publisher=Hakkert|ref=harv}} * {{Cite book|last=Mousourakis|first=George|title=The Historical and Institutional Context of Roman Law|url=https://archive.org/details/historicalinstit0000mous|location=Burlington and Hampshire|publisher=Ashgate| date = 2003|isbn=0-7546-2114-6|ref=harv}} * {{Cite journal|last=Neumann|first=Iver B.| date = 2006|title=Sublime Diplomacy: Byzantine, Early Modern, Contemporary|journal=Millennium: Journal of International Studies |volume=34|issue=3|pages=865–888|issn=1569-2981|ref=harv|doi=10.1177/03058298060340030201}} * {{Cite book|last1=Neubecker|first1=Ottfried|last2=Brooke-Little|first2=John Philip|title=Heraldry: Sources, Symbols and Meaning|publisher=Time Warner| date = 1997|isbn=0-316-64141-3|ref=harv}} * {{Cite book|last=Neville|first=Leonora Alice|title=Authority in Byzantine Provincial Society, 950–1100|url=https://archive.org/details/authorityinbyzan0000nevi|location=Cambridge|publisher=Cambridge University Press| date = 2004|isbn=0-521-83865-7|ref=harv}} * {{Cite book|last=Nicol|first=Donald MacGillivray|title=The Last Centuries of Byzantium, 1261–1453|url=https://archive.org/details/lastcenturiesofb0000nico|location=Cambridge|publisher=Cambridge University Press| date = 1993|isbn=0-521-43991-4|ref=harv}} * {{Cite book|last=Norwich|first=John Julius|title=A Short History of Byzantium|url=https://archive.org/details/shorthistoryofby0000norw_l9m6|location=Ringwood, Vic.|publisher=Penguin| date = 1998|isbn=978-0-14-025960-5|ref=harv}} * {{Cite journal|last=Nystazopoulou-Pelekidou|first=Maria| date = 1970|title=Συμβολή εις την χρονολόγησιν των Αβαρικών και Σλαβικών επιδρομών επί Μαυρικίου (582–602) (μετ' επιμέτρου περί των Περσικών πολέμων) [=Contribution to the chronology of Avar and Slav raids during the reign of Maurice (582–602), with an excursus about the Persian Wars"]|language=Greek|url=http://www.byzsym.org/index.php/bz/article/view/649/567|journal=Byzantina Symmeikta|issn=1105-1639|volume=2|pages=145–206|accessdate=10 Marso 2012|ref=harv|archive-date=27 Hunyo 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120627021404/http://www.byzsym.org/index.php/bz/article/view/649/567|url-status=dead}} * {{Cite book|last=Obolensky|first=Dimitri|authorlink=Dimitri Obolensky|title=Byzantium and the Slavs|url=https://archive.org/details/byzantiumslavs0000obol| date = 1994|location=Yonkers|publisher=St Vladimir's Seminary Press|isbn=0-88141-008-X|ref=harv}} * {{Cite journal|last=Oikonomides|first=Nikos| date = 1999|title=L᾽"Unilinguisme" Officiel de Constantinople Byzantine|url=http://www.byzsym.org/index.php/bz/article/view/857/753|journal=Byzantina Symmeikta|issn=1105-1639|volume=13|pages=9–22|accessdate=11 Marso 2012|ref=harv|archive-date=27 Hunyo 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120627030100/http://www.byzsym.org/index.php/bz/article/view/857/753|url-status=dead}} * {{Cite book|last=Ostrogorsky|first=George|authorlink=George Alexandrovič Ostrogorsky|title=History of the Byzantine State|location=New Brunswick|publisher=Rutgers University Press| date = 1969|isbn=0-8135-1198-4|ref=harv}} * {{Cite journal|last=Ostrogorsky|first=George|title=The Byzantine Empire in the World of the Seventh Century|journal=Dumbarton Oaks Papers|volume=13|pages=1–21| date = 1959|jstor=1291126|ref=harv|doi=10.2307/1291127}} * {{Cite book|last1=Paparrigopoulos|first1=Constantine|author1-link=Constantine Paparrigopoulos|last2=Karolidis|first2=Pavlos|author2-link=Pavlos Karolidis|title=Ιστορία του Ελληνικού Έθνους ["History of the Greek Nation"], vol. 4|publisher=Eleftheroudakis|language=Greek| date = 1925|ref=harv}} * {{Cite book|last=Parry|first=Kenneth|title=Depicting the Word: Byzantine Iconophile Thought of the Eighth and Ninth Centuries|location=Leiden and New York|publisher=Brill | date = 1996|isbn=90-04-10502-6|ref=harv}} * {{Cite book|last=Patterson|first=Gordon M.|title=The Essentials of Medieval History: 500 to 1450 AD, the Middle Ages|url=https://archive.org/details/essentialsofmedi0000patt|location=Piscataway|publisher=Research and Education Association| date = 1995|origyear=1990|isbn=978-0-87891-705-1|ref=harv}} * {{Cite book|last1=Postan|first1=Michael Moïssey|last2=Miller|first2=Edward|last3=Postan|first3= Cynthia|title=The Cambridge Economic History of Europe (Volume 2)|location=Cambridge|publisher=Cambridge University Press| date = 1987|isbn=0-521-08709-0|ref=harv}} * {{Cite book|last=Pounds|first=Norman John Greville|title=An Historical Geography of Europe, 1500–1840|url=https://archive.org/details/historicalgeogra0000poun|location=Cambridge|publisher=Cambridge University Press| date = 1979|isbn=0-521-22379-2|ref=harv}} * {{Cite book|last=Read|first=Piers Paul|authorlink=Piers Paul Read|title=The Templars: The Dramatic History of the Knights Templar, The Most Powerful Military Order of the Crusades|url=https://archive.org/details/templars0000read_m0z1|location=New York|publisher=St. Martin's Press| date = 2000|origyear=1999|isbn=0-312-26658-8|ref=harv}} * {{Cite book|last=Reinert|first=Stephen W.|editor=Cyril Mango|chapter=Fragmentation (1204–1453)|title=The Oxford History of Byzantium|location=Oxford|publisher=Oxford University Press| date = 2002|pages=248–283|isbn=0-19-814098-3|ref=harv}} * {{Cite book|last=Rice|first=David Talbot|authorlink=David Talbot Rice|title=Byzantine Art (3rd Edition)| date = 1968|location=Harmondsworth|publisher=Penguin Books Limited|ref=harv}} * {{Cite book|last=Robins|first=Robert Henry|title=The Byzantine Grammarians: Their Place in History|url=https://archive.org/details/byzantinegrammar0000robi| date = 1993|location=Berlin and New York|publisher=Mouton de Gruyter|isbn=3-11-013574-4|ref=harv}} * {{Cite book|last=Rosser|first=John H.|title=Historical Dictionary of Byzantium|chapter=Introduction|location=Lanham, MA|publisher=Scarecrow| date = 2011|isbn=0-8108-7567-5|ref=harv}} * {{Cite book|last=Runciman|first=Steven|authorlink=Steven Runciman|title=The Medieval Manichee: A Study of the Christian Dualist Heresy| date = 1982|location=Cambridge|publisher=Cambridge University Press|isbn=0-521-28926-2|ref=harv}} * {{Cite book|last=Runciman|first=Steven|title=The Fall of Constantinople, 1453|url=https://archive.org/details/fallofconstantin0000runc| date = 1990|isbn=0-521-39832-0|location=Cambridge|publisher=Cambridge University Press|ref=harv}} * {{Cite book|last=Runciman|first=Steven|title=The Last Byzantine Renaissance|url=https://archive.org/details/lastbyzantineren0000runc|location=Cambridge|publisher=Cambridge University Press| date = 1970|isbn=0-521-07787-7|ref=harv}} * {{Cite book|last=Ryan|first=Herbert J.|title=The College Student's Introduction to Theology|url=https://archive.org/details/collegestudentsi00chap| date = 1993|publisher=Liturgical Press|chapter=The Church in History|editors=Christopher Key Chapple and Thomas P. Rausch|isbn=0-8146-5841-5|ref=harv}} * {{Cite journal|last=Sarantis|first=Alexander| date = 2009|title=War and Diplomacy in Pannonia and the Northwest Balkans during the Reign of Justinian: The Gepid Threat and Imperial Responses|journal=Dumbarton Oaks Papers|volume=63|pages=15–40|jstor=41219761|ref=harv}} * {{Cite book|last=Sedlar|first=Jean W.|title=East Central Europe in the Middle Ages, 1000–1500|volume=III|location=Seattle|publisher=University of Washington Press| date = 1994|isbn=0-295-97290-4|ref=harv}} * {{Cite book|last=Seton-Watson|first=Hugh|title=The Russian Empire, 1801–1917|url=https://archive.org/details/russianempire1800000seto|location=Oxford|publisher=Oxford University Press| date = 1967|isbn=0-19-822152-5|ref=harv}} * {{Cite journal|last=Shahid|first=Irfan|title=The Iranian Factor in Byzantium during the Reign of Heraclius| date = 1972|journal=Dumbarton Oaks Papers|volume=26|pages=293–320|doi=10.2307/1291324|jstor=1291324|ref=harv}} * {{Cite book|last=Šišić|first=Ferdo|authorlink=Ferdo Šišić|title=Povijest Hrvata u vrijeme narodnih vladara: sa 280 slika i 3 karte u bojama|location=Zagreb|publisher=Nakladni zavod Matice hrvatske| date = 1990|isbn=86-401-0080-2|ref=harv}} * {{Cite book|last=Sotinel|first=Claire|chapter=Emperors and Popes in the Sixth Century: The Western View|editor-last=Maas|editor-first=Michael|title=The Cambridge Companion to the Age of Justinian|url=https://archive.org/details/cambridgecompani00maas|location=Cambridge|publisher=Cambridge University Press| date = 2005|pages=[https://archive.org/details/cambridgecompani00maas/page/n311 267]–290|isbn=0-521-81746-3|ref=harv}} * {{Cite journal|last=Speck|first=Paul|journal=Poikila Byzantina|volume=4| date = 1984|title=Ikonoklasmus und die Anfänge der Makedonischen Renaissance|pages=175–210|ref=harv}} * {{Cite book|last=Stephenson|first=Paul|title=Byzantium's Balkan Frontier: A Political Study of the Northern Balkans, 900–1204|location=Cambridge|publisher=Cambridge University Press| date = 2000|isbn=0-521-77017-3|ref=harv}} * {{Cite web|last=Stone|first=Andrew|title=John II Komnenos (CE 1118–1143)|url=http://www.roman-emperors.org/johncomn.htm|publisher=Online Encyclopedia of Roman Emperors|accessdate=18 Mayo 2007|ref=harv|archive-date=29 Septyembre 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170929180453/http://www.roman-emperors.org/johncomn.htm|url-status=dead}} * {{Cite web|last=Stone|first=Andrew|title=Manuel I Komnenos (CE 1143–1180)|url=http://www.roman-emperors.org/mannycom.htm|publisher=Online Encyclopedia of Roman Emperors|accessdate=5 Pebrero 2007|ref=harv}} * {{Cite book|last1=Tarasov|first1=Oleg|last2=Milner-Gulland|first2=R. R.|title=Icon and Devotion: Sacred Spaces in Imperial Russia|url=https://archive.org/details/icondevotionsacr0000tara|location=London|publisher=Reaktion| date = 2004|isbn=1-86189-118-0|ref=harv}} * {{Cite book|last1=Tatakes|first1=Vasileios N.|last2=Moutafakis|first2=Nicholas J.|title=[[Byzantine Philosophy]]| date = 2003|location=Indianapolis|publisher=Hackett|isbn=0-87220-563-0|ref=harv}} * {{Cite journal|last=Teall|first=John L.| date = 1967|title=The Age of Constantine Change and Continuity in Administration and Economy|journal=Dumbarton Oaks Papers|volume=21|pages=11–36|jstor=1291256|ref=harv}} * {{Cite book|last=Timberlake|first=Alan|title=A Reference Grammar of Russian|location=Cambridge|publisher=Cambridge University Press| date = 2004|isbn=978-0-521-77292-1|ref=harv}} * {{Cite book|last=Treadgold|first=Warren|title=Byzantium and Its Army, 284–1081|location=Stanford|publisher=Stanford University Press| date = 1995|isbn=0-8047-2420-2|ref=harv}} * {{Cite book|last=Treadgold|first=Warren|title=A History of the Byzantine State and Society|url=https://archive.org/details/historyofbyzanti0000trea|location=Stanford|publisher=Stanford University Press| date = 1997|isbn=0-8047-2630-2|ref=harv}} * {{Cite book|last=Treadgold|first=Warren|title=The Byzantine Revival, 780–842|url=https://archive.org/details/byzantinerevival0000warr|location=Stanford|publisher=Stanford University Press| date = 1991|isbn=0-8047-1896-2|ref=harv}} * {{Cite book|last=Troianos|first=Spyros|last2=Velissaropoulou-Karakosta|first2=Julia|title=Ιστορία δικαίου από την αρχαία στην νεώτερη Ελλάδα ["History of law from ancient to modern Greece"]|location=Athens|publisher=Sakkoulas| date = 1997|isbn=960-232-594-1|ref=harv}} * {{Cite book|last=Vasiliev|first=Alexander Alexandrovich|authorlink=Alexander Vasiliev (historian)|title=History of the Byzantine Empire| date = 1928–1935|location=Madison|publisher=The University of Wisconsin Press|url=http://www.intratext.com/X/ENG0832.HTM|isbn=0-299-80925-0|ref=harv}} * {{Cite book|last=Versteegh|first=Cornelis H. M.|title=Greek Elements in Arabic Linguistic Thinking| date = 1977|isbn=90-04-04855-3|location=Leiden|publisher=Brill|ref=harv}} * {{Cite book|last=Watson|first=Bruce|title=Sieges: A Comparative Study|url=https://archive.org/details/siegescomparativ0000wats| date = 1993|location=Westport|publisher=Praeger|isbn=0-275-94034-9|ref=harv}} * {{Cite book|last=Weitzmann|first=Kurt|authorlink=Kurt Weitzmann|title=The Icon|url=https://archive.org/details/icon0000unse_w3g2| date = 1982|location=London|publisher=Evans Brothers|isbn=0-237-45645-1|ref=harv}} * {{Cite book|last=Wells|first=Herbert George|authorlink=H. G. Wells|title=A Short History of the World|url=https://archive.org/details/shorthistoryofwo00welluoft|location=New York|publisher=Macmillan| date = 1922|isbn=0-06-492674-5|ref=harv}} * {{Cite book|last=Whittow|first=Mark|title=The Making of Byzantium, 600–1025|url=https://archive.org/details/makingofbyzantiu0000whit|location=Berkeley and Los Angeles, California|publisher=University of California Press| date = 1996|isbn=0-520-20496-4|ref=harv}} * {{Cite book|last=Wickham|first=Chris|authorlink=Christopher Wickham|title=The Inheritance of Rome: A History of Europe from 400 to 1000|url=https://archive.org/details/isbn_9780670020980|location=New York|publisher=Viking| date = 2009|isbn=0-670-02098-2|ref=harv}} * {{Cite journal|last=Wolff|first=Robert Lee| date = 1948|title=Romania: The Latin Empire of Constantinople|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_speculum_1948-01_23_1/page/1|journal=Speculum|volume=23|issue=1|pages=1–34|jstor=2853672|ref=harv}} * {{Cite book|last=Wroth|first=Warwick|title=Catalogue of the Imperial Byzantine Coins in the British Museum| date = 1908|publisher=British Museum Dept. of Coins and Medals|isbn=1-4021-8954-0|ref=harv}} {{Refend}} ==Dugang nga barasahon== {{refbegin|30em}} * {{Cite book|last1=Ahrweiler|first1=Hélène|last2=Aymard|first2=Maurice|title=Les Européens| date = 2000|location=Paris|publisher=Hermann|isbn=2-7056-6409-2}} * {{Cite book|last=Angelov|first=Dimiter|title=Imperial Ideology and Political Thought in Byzantium (1204–1330)| date = 2007|location=Cambridge, United Kingdom|publisher=Cambridge University Press|isbn=0-521-85703-1}} * Baboula, Evanthia, Byzantium, in ''Muhammad in History, Thought, and Culture: An Encyclopedia of the Prophet of God'' (2 vols.), Edited by C. Fitzpatrick and A. Walker, Santa Barbara, ABC-CLIO, 2014. ISBN 1610691776 * {{Cite book | author= Evans, Helen C. & Wixom, William D | url=http://libmma.contentdm.oclc.org/cdm/ref/collection/p15324coll10/id/188784|title=The glory of Byzantium: art and culture of the Middle Byzantine era, A.D. 843-1261 | location=New York | publisher=The Metropolitan Museum of Art | date = 1997 | isbn=978-0-8109-6507-2}} * {{Cite book|last=Haldon|first=John|title=The Byzantine Wars: Battles and Campaigns of the Byzantine Era|url=https://archive.org/details/byzantiumhistory0000hald| date = 2001|location=Stroud, Gloucestershire|publisher=Tempus Publishing|isbn=0-7524-1795-9}} * {{Cite book|last=Hussey|first=J. M.|title=The Cambridge Medieval History. Vol.&nbsp;IV: The Byzantine Empire| date = 1966|location=Cambridge|publisher=Cambridge University Press}} * Jeffreys, Elizabeth, Byzantine Literature, in ''Muhammad in History, Thought, and Culture: An Encyclopedia of the Prophet of God'' (2 vols.), Edited by C. Fitzpatrick and A. Walker, Santa Barbara, ABC-CLIO, 2014. ISBN 1610691776 * {{Cite book|last=Runciman|first=Steven|authorlink=Steven Runciman|title=Byzantine Civilisation|url=https://archive.org/details/byzantinecivilis0000stev| date = 1966|location=London|publisher=[[Edward Arnold (publisher)]] Limited|isbn=1-56619-574-8}} * {{Cite book|last=Runciman|first=Steven|title=The Emperor Romanus Lecapenus and his Reign|origyear=1929| date = 1990|location=Cambridge|publisher=Cambridge University Press|isbn=0-521-06164-4}} * {{Cite book|last=Toynbee|first=Arnold Joseph|title=Constantine Porphyrogenitus and His World|url=https://archive.org/details/constantineporph0000toyn|location=Oxford|publisher=Oxford University Press| date = 1972|isbn=0-19-215253-X}} {{Library resources box|onlinebooks=yes}} {{refend|2}} ==Mga sumpay ha gawas== {{Commons}} {{Wikisource portal}} {{wiktionary|Byzantine}} * {{In Our Time|Byzantine Empire|p00547j9|Byzantine_Empire}} * [http://www.roman-emperors.org/ De Imperatoribus Romanis] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200913043304/http://www.roman-emperors.org/ |date= 13 Septyembre 2020 }}. Scholarly biographies of many Byzantine emperors. * [http://www.anders.com/lectures/lars_brownworth/12_byzantine_rulers/ 12 Byzantine Rulers] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160718092221/http://www.anders.com/lectures/lars_brownworth/12_byzantine_rulers/ |date= 18 Hulyo 2016 }} by Lars Brownworth of [[The Stony Brook School]]; audio lectures. [http://www.nytimes.com/2007/01/31/education/31education.html NYTimes review]. * [http://www.cit.gu.edu.au/~s285238/Roman/RomanEmpire.html 18 centuries of Roman Empire by Howard Wiseman] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090928094312/http://www.cit.gu.edu.au/~s285238/Roman/RomanEmpire.html |date=2009-09-28 }} (Maps of the Roman/Byzantine Empire throughout its lifetime). * [http://www.byzantinemuseum.gr/en/ Byzantine & Christian Museum] === Mga pag-aram hin Bizantino, pagkukuhaan ngan bibliograpiya === * Fox, Clinton R. [http://www.romanity.org/htm/fox.01.en.what_if_anything_is_a_byzantine.01.htm What, If Anything, Is a Byzantine? (Online Encyclopedia of Roman Emperors)] * [https://web.archive.org/web/20080410123427/http://www.doaks.org/Byzantine.html Byzantine studies homepage] at [[Dumbarton Oaks]]. Includes links to numerous electronic texts. * [http://www.fordham.edu/halsall/byzantium/ Byzantium: Byzantine studies on the Internet] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141008060507/http://www.fordham.edu/halsall/byzantium/ |date=2014-10-08 }}. Links to various online resources. * [http://homepage.mac.com/paulstephenson/trans.html Translations from Byzantine Sources: The Imperial Centuries, c. 700–1204] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111107172532/http://homepage.mac.com/paulstephenson/trans.html |date= 7 Nobyembre 2011 }}. Online sourcebook. * [http://www.deremilitari.org/ De Re Militari]. Resources for medieval history, including numerous translated sources on the Byzantine wars. * [http://www.fordham.edu/halsall/sbook1c.html Medieval Sourcebook: Byzantium] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140814170022/http://www.fordham.edu/halsall/sbook1c.html |date=2014-08-14 }}. Numerous primary sources on Byzantine history. * [http://www.univie.ac.at/byzantine/ Bibliography on Byzantine Material Culture and Daily Life]. Hosted by the [[University of Vienna]]; in English. * [http://www.ellopos.net/elpenor/greek-texts/greek-resources-constantinople.asp Constantinople Home Page]. Links to texts, images and videos on Byzantium. * [http://graal.org.ua/en/theodoro-principality Byzantium in Crimea: Political History, Art and Culture]. * [http://www.oeaw.ac.at/byzanz/ Institute for Byzantine Studies of the Austrian Academy of Sciences (with further resources and a repository with papers on various aspects of the Byzantine Empire)] htad7f5gxslr5gtkl1etclo0s2plv2y 0 14629 7782324 7770334 2026-04-07T06:21:37Z InternetArchiveBot 41587 Add 4 books for verifiability (20260407)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 7782324 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox artist | bgcolour = #EEDD82 | name = Leonardo da Vinci | image = Leonardo da Vinci - Self-Portrait - WGA12798.jpg | caption = [[Self-portrait (Leonardo da Vinci)|Self-portrait in red chalk]], circa 1512 to 1515<ref group="nb">This drawing in red chalk is widely (though not universally) accepted as an original [[self-portrait]]. The main reason for hesitation in accepting it as a portrait of Leonardo is that, to modern eyes, the subject appears to be of a greater age than Leonardo ever achieved. It is possible that Leonardo drew this picture of himself deliberately aged, specifically for Raphael's portrait of him in [[The School of Athens]].</ref> [[Royal Library of Turin]] | birth_name = Leonardo di ser Piero da Vinci | birth_date = {{birth date|1452|4|15|mf=y }} | birth_place = [[Vinci, Italy]], near [[Florence]] | death_date = {{death date and age|1519|5|2|1452|4|15|mf=y}} | death_place = [[Amboise]], France | nationality = Italian | field = Many and diverse fields of the arts and sciences | movement = [[High Renaissance]] | works = ''[[Mona Lisa]]'', ''[[The Last Supper (Leonardo da Vinci)|The Last Supper]]'', ''[[Vitruvian Man|The Vitruvian Man]]'' | signature = Firma de Leonardo Da VInci.svg }} Hi '''Leonardo di ser Piero da Vinci''' o '''Leonardo da Vinci''' (15 Abril, 1452 – 2 Mayo, 1519) amo an usa ka makarit nga Italyano. Usa hiya nga syentipiko, matematiko, inhinyero, imbentor, anatomista, pintor, skultor, arkitekto, botanista, musikero ngan manunurat. ==Mga kasarigan== {{reflist|colwidth=30em|group="nb"}} {{reflist|25em}} ==Bibliograpiya== {{refbegin|2}} * {{cite book | author = Daniel Arasse| title = Leonardo da Vinci | url = https://archive.org/details/leonardodavincir0000aras| publisher = Konecky & Konecky | year = 1997 | isbn = 1-56852-198-7}} * {{cite book | author = Michael Baxandall | title = Painting and Experience in Fifteenth Century Italy | url = https://archive.org/details/paintingexperien00baxa | year = 1974 | publisher = Oxford University Press | isbn = 0-19-881329-5}} * {{cite book | author = Fred Bérence | title = Léonard de Vinci, L'homme et son oeuvre | publisher = Somogy | year = 1965 | id = Dépot légal 4° trimestre 1965}} * {{cite book | author = Luciano Berti | title = The Uffizi | year = 1971 | publisher = Scala}} * {{cite book | author = Liana Bortolon| title = The Life and Times of Leonardo | publisher = Paul Hamlyn, London | year = 1967 | id = }} * {{cite book | author = Hugh Brigstoke| title = The Oxford Companion the Western Art | url = https://archive.org/details/oxfordcompaniont0000unse_r1z5| publisher = U.S.: Oxford University Press | year = 2001 | isbn = 0-19-866203-3}} * {{cite book | author = Gene A. Brucker| title = Renaissance Florence | url = https://archive.org/details/renaissanceflore00bruc| publisher = Wiley and Sons| year = 1969 | isbn = 0-471-11370-0}} * {{cite book | author = Fritjof Capra | title = The Science of Leonardo | url = https://archive.org/details/scienceofleonard00capr | publisher = Doubleday | location = U.S. | year = 2007 |isbn = 978-0-385-51390-6}} * {{cite book | author = Cennino Cennini | title = Il Libro Dell'arte O Trattato Della Pittui | publisher = BiblioBazaar | location = U.S. | year = 2009 |isbn = 978-1-103-39032-8}} * {{cite book | author = Angela Ottino della Chiesa| title = The Complete Paintings of Leonardo da Vinci | url = https://archive.org/details/completepainting0000leon| publisher = Penguin Classics of World Art series | year = 1967 | isbn = 0-14-008649-8}} * {{cite book | author = Simona Cremante | title = Leonardo da Vinci: Artist, Scientist, Inventor | publisher = Giunti | year = 2005 | isbn = 88-09-03891-6 (hardback)}} * {{cite book | author = Frederich Hartt| title = A History of Italian Renaissance Art | url = https://archive.org/details/historyofitalian0000hart_h8b7| publisher = Thames and Hudson | year = 1970 | isbn = 0-500-23136-2}} * {{cite book | author = Michael H. Hart | title = [[The 100]] | publisher = Carol Publishing Group | year = 1992 | isbn = 0-8065-1350-0 (paperback)}} * {{cite book | author = Martin Kemp| title = Leonardo | url = https://archive.org/details/leonardo00kemp| publisher = Oxford University Press| year = 2004 | isbn = 0-19-280644-0}} * {{cite book| author = Mario Lucertini, Ana Millan Gasca, Fernando Nicolo | title = Technological Concepts and Mathematical Models in the Evolution of Modern Engineering Systems| url = https://archive.org/details/technologicalcon0000unse | work = | publisher = Birkhauser| year = 2004| isbn = 3-7643-6940-X}} * {{cite book | author = John N. Lupia| title = The Secret Revealed: How to Look at [[Italian Renaissance Painting]] | publisher = Medieval and Renaissance Times, Vol. 1, no. 2 (Summer, 1994): 6–17 | issn = 1075-2110}} * {{cite book | author = Andrew Martindale| title = The Rise of the Artist | url = https://archive.org/details/riseofartistinmi0000mart_a6t2| publisher = Thames and Hudson | year = 1972 | isbn = 0-500-56006-4}} * {{cite book | author = [[Roger Masters]] | title = Machiavelli, Leonardo and the Science of Power | url = https://archive.org/details/machiavellileona0000mast | publisher = University of Notre Dame Press | year = 1996 | isbn = 0-268-01433-7}} * {{cite book | author = [[Roger Masters]] | title = Fortune is a River: Leonardo Da Vinci and Niccolò Machiavelli's Magnificent Dream to Change the Course of Florentine History | publisher = Simon & Schuster | year = 1998 | isbn = 0-452-28090-7}} * {{cite book | author = Charles D. O'Malley and J. B. de C. M. Sounders | title = Leonardo on the Human Body: The Anatomical, Physiological, and Embryological Drawings of Leonardo da Vinci. With Translations, Emendations and a Biographical Introduction | publisher = Henry Schuman, New York | year = 1952 | id = }} * {{cite book | author = Charles Nicholl | title = Leonardo da Vinci, The Flights of the Mind | publisher = Penguin | year = 2005 | isbn = 0-14-029681-6}} * {{cite book | author = Sherwin B. Nuland| title = Leonardo Da Vinci | url = https://archive.org/details/leonardodavinci0000nula| publisher = Phoenix Press | year = 2001 | isbn = 0-7538-1269-X}} * {{cite book | author =A.E. Popham | title = The Drawings of Leonardo da Vinci | publisher = Jonathan Cape | year = 1946 | isbn = 0-224-60462-7}} * {{cite book | author =Shana Priwer & Cynthia Phillips | title = The Everything Da Vinci Book: Explore the Life and Times of the Ultimate Renaissance Man | publisher = Adams Media | year = 2006 | isbn = 1-59869-101-5}} * {{cite book | author = Ilan Rachum| title = The Renaissance, an Illustrated Encyclopedia'' | url = https://archive.org/details/isbn_9780706408577| publisher = Octopus | year = 1979 | isbn = 0-7064-0857-8}} * {{cite book | author = [[Jean Paul Richter]] | title = The Notebooks of Leonardo da Vinci | publisher = Dover | year = 1970 | isbn = 0-486-22572-0}} volume 2: ISBN 0-486-22573-9. A reprint of [http://www.gutenberg.org/etext/5000 the original 1883 edition]. * {{cite book | author = Marco Rosci| title = Leonardo | publisher = Bay Books Pty Ltd| year = 1977 | isbn = 0-85835-176-5}} * {{cite book | author = Paolo Rossi| title = The Birth of Modern Science | url = https://archive.org/details/birthofmodernsci0000ross| publisher = Blackwell Publishing| year = 2001 | isbn = 0-631-22711-3}} * {{cite book | author = Bruno Santi | title = Leonardo da Vinci | url = https://archive.org/details/leonardodavinci0000unse_r9r4 | publisher = Scala / Riverside | year = 1990}} * {{cite book |author = Theophilus | title = On Divers Arts |url = https://archive.org/details/ondiversartstrea00theo | publisher = University of Chicago Press | location=U.S. |year = 1963 | isbn = 978-0-226-79482-2}} * {{cite book | author = Jack Wasserman | title = Leonardo da Vinci | url = https://archive.org/details/leonardo0000leon | publisher = Abrams | year = 1975 | isbn = 0-8109-0262-1}} * {{cite book | author = [[Giorgio Vasari]]| title = Lives of the Artists'' | publisher = Penguin Classics, trans. George Bull 1965| year = 1568 | isbn = 0-14-044164-6}} * {{Cite book | first = Hugh Ross | last = Williamson | title = Lorenzo the Magnificent | url = https://archive.org/details/lorenzomagnifice0000ross | year = 1974 | publisher = Michael Joseph | isbn = 0-7181-1204-0}} * {{cite book | author = Emanuel Winternitz | title=Leonardo Da Vinci As a Musician | url = https://archive.org/details/leonardodavincia0000wint | year=1982 | publisher=Yale University Press | location=U.S. | isbn=978-0-300-02631-3}} * {{cite book | author = Alessandro Vezzosi | title = Leonardo da Vinci: Renaissance Man | url = https://archive.org/details/leonardodavincir0000vezz | publisher = Thames & Hudson Ltd, London | year = 1997 (English translation) | isbn = 0-500-30081-X}} * {{cite book | author = Frank Zollner | title = Leonardo da Vinci: The Complete Paintings and Drawings | publisher = Taschen | year = 2003 | isbn = 3-8228-1734-1 (hardback)}} [The chapter "The Graphic Works" is by Frank Zollner & Johannes Nathan]. {{refend}} ==Mga sumpay ha gawas== {{Commonscat|Leonardo da Vinci}} * {{ws|"[[s:Catholic Encyclopedia (1913)/Leonardo da Vinci|Leonardo da Vinci]]" in the 1913 ''Catholic Encyclopedia''}} * [http://leonardovirginoftherocks.blogspot.com/ Leonardo da Vinci and ''the Virgin of the Rocks'', A different point of view] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180703103754/http://leonardovirginoftherocks.blogspot.com/ |date=2018-07-03 }} * {{gutenberg author|Leonardo_da_Vinci}} * {{gutenberg|no=7785|name=Leonardo da Vinci'' by Maurice Walter Brockwell'}} * [http://www.sacred-texts.com/aor/dv/index.htm Complete text & images of Richter's translation of the Notebooks] * [http://www.wga.hu/frames-e.html?/html/l/leonardo/ Web Gallery of Leonardo Paintings] * [http://www.drawingsofleonardo.org/ Drawings of Leonardo da Vinci] * [http://arts.guardian.co.uk/features/story/0,,1860869,00.html Da Vinci Decoded] Article from ''[[The Guardian]]'' * [http://www.ted.com/index.php/talks/view/id/235 The true face of Leonardo Da Vinci?] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080626075636/http://www.ted.com/index.php/talks/view/id/235 |date=2008-06-26 }} * [http://www.ivu.org/history/davinci/hurwitz.html Leonardo da Vinci's Ethical Vegetarianism] * [http://fulltextarchive.com/pages/The-Notebooks-of-Leonardo-Da-Vinci-Complete1.php The Notebooks of Leonardo da Vinci] * [http://www.bbc.co.uk/science/leonardo Leonardo da Vinci at BBC Science] * [http://davincideluge.blogspot.com/ Selected 'prophecies' from Volume II of the notebooks (translated)] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160506203820/http://davincideluge.blogspot.com/ |date=2016-05-06 }} *[http://hos.ou.edu/galleries//15thCentury/Leonardo/ Online Galleries, History of Science Collections, University of Oklahoma Libraries] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120515203249/http://hos.ou.edu/galleries/15thCentury/Leonardo/ |date=2012-05-15 }} High resolution images of works by and/or portraits of Leonardo da Vinci in .jpg and .tiff format. * [http://www.royalcollection.org.uk/exhibitions/leonardo-da-vinci-anatomist Leonardo da Vinci: Anatomist] The Queen's Gallery, Buckingham Palace, Friday, 4 May 2012 to Sunday, 7 October 2012. High-resolution anatomical drawings. *[https://web.archive.org/web/20120629053406/http://news.yahoo.com/famous-leonardo-self-portrait-critical-condition-144805263.html Yahoo news, Leonardo's Self-portrait in critical condition] {{DEFAULTSORT:Leonardo Da Vinci}} [[Kaarangay:Mga natawo han 1452]] [[Kaarangay:Mga namatay han 1519]] [[Kaarangay:Biyograpiya|Vinci, Leonardo da]] [[Kaarangay:Pintura|Vinci, Leonardo da]] [[Kaarangay:Arte|Vinci, Leonardo da]] [[Kaarangay:Leonardo da Vinci]] 5go8ay876y7o4rm2kiw0zcxop83g51n 0 14638 7782286 7773008 2026-04-06T23:25:12Z Kwamikagami 1621 7782286 wikitext text/x-wiki [[File:Uranus2.jpg|right|thumb|Planeta Urano]] An '''Urano''' (simbulu: [[File:Uranus symbol (fixed width).svg|16px|⛢]] ngan [[File:Uranus monogram (fixed width).svg|16px|♅]]) amo an ika pito nga planeta tikang ha [[adlaw]] ha [[sistema solar]]. ==Pinanbasaran== {{reflist}} == Dugang nga barasahon == * {{cite book|ref=Miner | last = Miner | first = Ellis D. | date = 1998 | title = Uranus: The Planet, Rings and Satellites |url=https://archive.org/details/uranusplanetring0002mine | location = New York | publisher = John Wiley and Sons | isbn = 978-0-471-97398-0 }} == Mga sumpay ha gawas == {{Wikiquote}} {{Sister project links|Uranus}} * [http://sci.esa.int/science-e/www/object/index.cfm?fobjectid=35653 Uranus] at European Space Agency * [http://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/planetary/factsheet/uranusfact.html NASA's Uranus fact sheet] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110804224710/http://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/planetary/factsheet/uranusfact.html |date=2011-08-04 }} * [http://solarsystem.nasa.gov/planets/profile.cfm?Object=Uranus Uranus Profile] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070624113641/http://solarsystem.nasa.gov/planets/profile.cfm?Object=Uranus |date=2007-06-24 }} at [http://solarsystem.nasa.gov/ NASA's Solar System Exploration site] * [http://www.projectshum.org/Planets/uranus.html Planets – Uranus] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071011210547/http://www.projectshum.org/Planets/uranus.html |date=2007-10-11 }} A kid's guide to Uranus. * [http://photojournal.jpl.nasa.gov/targetFamily/Uranus Uranus] at [[Jet Propulsion Laboratory]]'s planetary photojournal. (photos) * [http://www.ciclops.org/ir_index/81/Voyager_at_Uranus Voyager at Uranus] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150104173418/http://www.ciclops.org/ir_index/81/Voyager_at_Uranus |date=2015-01-04 }} (photos) * [http://www.astronomycast.com/astronomy/episode-62-uranus/ Uranus (Astronomy Cast homepage)] (blog) * [http://www.solarviews.com/raw/uranus/urfamily.jpg Uranian system montage] (photo) * {{cite web|last=Gray|first=Meghan|title=Uranus|url=http://www.sixtysymbols.com/videos/uranus.htm|work=Sixty Symbols|publisher=[[Brady Haran]] for the [[University of Nottingham]]|author2=Merrifield, Michael |date=2010}} [[Kaarangay:Urano]] khzrn1b2ll4xs1t5yw9g2guiqa5l7rb 0 14640 7782306 7770983 2026-04-07T05:49:36Z InternetArchiveBot 41587 Add 1 book for verifiability (20260407)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 7782306 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Paypay:Neptune Voyager2 color calibrated, brightened.png|right|thumb|Neptuno]] An '''Neptuno''' (simbulu: [[File:Neptune symbol (fixed width).svg|16px|♆]]) amo an ika walo nga planeta tikang ha [[adlaw]] han [[sistema solar]]. ==Pinanbasaran== {{Reflist}} ==Bibliography== * {{cite book|ref=Burgess | last = Burgess|first=Eric|date=1991 | title = Far Encounter: The Neptune System |url=https://archive.org/details/farencounternept00burg | publisher = [[Columbia University Press]]|isbn = 978-0-231-07412-4}} * {{cite book|ref=Moore | last = Moore|first=Patrick|authorlink=Patrick Moore | title = The Data Book of Astronomy|url=https://archive.org/details/databookofastron0000moor |date=2000 | publisher = [[CRC Press]]|isbn = 978-0-7503-0620-1}} ==Further reading== * {{cite book | last = Miner|first=Ellis D.|author2=Wessen, Randii R. | title = Neptune: The Planet, Rings, and Satellites | url = https://archive.org/details/neptuneplanetrin0000mine| date = 2002|publisher=Springer-Verlag | isbn = 978-1-85233-216-7}} * {{cite book | last = Standage|first=Tom | title = The Neptune File| url = https://archive.org/details/neptunefilestory00stan|date=2001 | publisher = Penguin | isbn = 978-0-8027-1363-6}} ==External links== {{Sister project links|Neptune}} * [http://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/planetary/factsheet/neptunefact.html NASA's Neptune fact sheet] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100701192119/http://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/planetary/factsheet/neptunefact.html |date=2010-07-01 }} * [http://www.nineplanets.org/neptune.html Neptune] from Bill Arnett's nineplanets.org * [http://www.astronomycast.com/astronomy/episode-63-neptune/ Neptune] [[Astronomy Cast]] episode No. 63, includes full transcript. * [http://solarsystem.nasa.gov/planets/profile.cfm?Object=Neptune Neptune Profile] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20061213204351/http://solarsystem.nasa.gov/planets/profile.cfm?Object=Neptune |date=2006-12-13 }} at [http://solarsystem.nasa.gov NASA's Solar System Exploration site] * [http://www.projectshum.org/Planets/neptune.html Planets&nbsp;– Neptune] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110606055326/http://www.projectshum.org/Planets/neptune.html |date=2011-06-06 }} A children's guide to Neptune. * {{cite web|last=Merrifield|first=Michael|title=Neptune|url=http://www.sixtysymbols.com/videos/neptune.htm|work=Sixty Symbols|publisher=[[Brady Haran]] for the [[University of Nottingham]]|author2=Bauer, Amanda|date=2010}} * [http://www.planetary.org/blogs/guest-blogs/2013/neptune-the-new-amateur-boundary.html Neptune by amateur] (The Planetary Society) [[Kaarangay:Neptuno]] goxnmfc8814c9ssayb37v0qc2inecis 0 14693 7782368 7651399 2026-04-07T07:13:50Z InternetArchiveBot 41587 Add 1 book for verifiability (20260407)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 7782368 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox person |name=Henry Ford |image=Henry ford 1919.jpg |image_size=220px |caption=Henry Ford, {{circa|1919}} |birth_date={{Birth date|mf=yes|1863|07|30}} |birth_place=[[Greenfield Township, Michigan]], U.S. |death_date={{death date and age|mf=yes|1947|04|07|1863|07|30}} |death_place=[[Fair Lane]], [[Dearborn, Michigan]], U.S. |nationality = [[Americans|American]] |occupation=Founder of [[Ford Motor Company|Ford Motor]], [[Business magnate]], Engineering |spouse=Clara Jane Bryant |parents=William Ford and Mary Ford |children=[[Edsel Ford]] |religion=[[Episcopal Church (United States)|Protestant Episcopal]] |networth={{profit}}'''$188.1&nbsp;billion''', based on information from [[Forbes]], February 2008. |signature=Henry Ford Signature.svg }} Hi '''Henry Ford''' (Hulyo 30, 1863 - Abril 7, 1947) amo an usa ka amerikano nga inhenyero ngan negosyante. Nagtikang hiya paghimo hin sarakyan ha 1896 ngan gintukod niya an Ford Motor Company. An iya asawa amo hi Clara Bryant ngan mayda nira anak nga ginngaranan nga Edsel Bryant Ford. ==Pinanbasaran== {{Mga kasarigan}} ==Mga reperensya== ===Mga memoir han mga prinsipal han Ford Motor Company=== {{Refbegin|30em}} * {{Ford1922}} * {{Cite journal|last=Ford|first=Henry|last2=Crowther|first2=Samuel|authorlink=Henry Ford|authorlink2=Samuel Crowther (journalist)| date = 1926|title=Today and Tomorrow|url=https://archive.org/details/bwb_P9-CZT-093|publisher=Doubleday, Page & Company|location=Garden City, New York, USA|ref=harv|postscript=. ''[[Edition (books)#Co-edition|Co-edition]], 1926, London, William Heinemann. Various republications, including ISBN 0-915299-36-4.'' }} * {{Cite journal|last=Ford|first=Henry|last2=Crowther|first2=Samuel|authorlink=Henry Ford| date = 1930|title=Moving Forward|url=https://archive.org/details/bwb_S0-EKW-657|publisher=Doubleday, Doran & Company, Inc|location=Garden City, New York, USA|ref=harv|postscript=. ''Co-edition, 1931, London, William Heinemann.'' }} * {{Cite journal|last=Ford|first=Henry|last2=Crowther|first2=Samuel|authorlink=Henry Ford| date = 1930|title=Edison as I Know Him|publisher=Cosmopolitan Book Corporation|location=New York|ref=harv|postscript=. ''Apparent co-edition, 1930, as ''My Friend Mr. Edison'', London, Ernest Benn. Republished as ''Edison as I Knew Him'' by American Thought and Action, San Diego, 1966, OCLC 3456201. Republished as ''Edison as I Know Him'' by Kessinger Publishing, LLC, 2007, ISBN 978-1-4325-6158-1.'' }} * {{Cite book|last=Bennett|first=Harry; with Marcus, Paul|authorlink=Harry Bennett| date = 1951|title=We Never Called Him Henry|publisher=Fawcett Publications|location=New York|lccn=51036122|ref=harv|postscript=<!--None-->}}. * {{Sorensen1956}} {{Refend}} ===Biograpiya=== {{Refbegin}} * Bak, Richard (2003). ''Henry and Edsel: The Creation of the Ford Empire''. Wiley ISBN 0-471-23487-7 * Brinkley, Douglas G. ''Wheels for the World: Henry Ford, His Company, and a Century of Progress'' (2003) * Halberstam, David. "Citizen Ford" ''American Heritage'' 1986 37(6): 49–64. interpretive essay * Jardim, Anne. ''The First Henry Ford: A Study in Personality and Business Leadership'' Massachusetts Inst. of Technology Press 1970. * Lacey, Robert. ''Ford: The Men and the Machine'' Little, Brown, 1986. popular biography * {{Cite book|first=David I.|last=Lewis|title=The Public Image of Henry Ford: An American Folk Hero and His Company|url=https://archive.org/details/publicimageofhen0000lewi_q8o6|publisher=Wayne State University Press| date = 1976|isbn=0-8143-1553-4}} * {{Cite book|first=Allan|last=Nevins|author2=Frank Ernest Hill|authorlink=Allan Nevins|title=Ford: The Times, The Man, The Company|url=https://archive.org/details/fordtimesmancomp0000nevi|publisher=Charles Scribners' Sons|location=New York| date = 1954}} [http://hdl.handle.net.proxy.cc.uic.edu/2027/heb.04045 ACLS e-book] * {{Cite book|first=Allan|last=Nevins|author2=Frank Ernest Hill|title=Ford: Expansion and Challenge, 1915–1933|url=https://archive.org/details/fordexpansioncha00alla|publisher=Charles Scribners' Sons|location=New York| date = 1957}} ACLS e-book * {{Cite book|first=Allan|last=Nevins|author2=Frank Ernest Hill|title=Ford: Decline and Rebirth, 1933–1962|url=https://archive.org/details/forddeclinerebir00nevi|publisher=Charles Scribners' Sons|location=New York| date = 1962}} ACLS e-book * Nye, David E. ''Henry Ford: "Ignorant Idealist."'' Kennikat, 1979. * Watts, Steven. '' The People's Tycoon: Henry Ford and the American Century'' (2005) {{Refend}} ===Mga pinaurog nga pag-aram=== {{Refbegin|30em}} * Baime, A.J. ''The Arsenal of Democracy: FDR, Detroit, and an Epic Quest to Arm an America at War'' (2014) * Batchelor, Ray. ''Henry Ford: Mass Production, Modernism and Design'' Manchester U. Press, 1994. * Bonin, Huber et al. ''Ford, 1902–2003: The European History'' 2 vol Paris 2003. ISBN 2-914369-06-9 scholarly essays in English; reviewed in Holden, Len. "Fording the Atlantic: Ford and Fordism in Europe" in ''Business History '' Volume 47, #1 Enero 2005 pp 122–127 * Brinkley, Douglas. "Prime Mover". ''American Heritage'' 2003 54(3): 44–53. on Model T * Bryan, Ford R. ''Henry's Lieutenants'', 1993; ISBN 0-8143-2428-2 * Bryan, Ford R. ''Beyond the Model T: The Other Ventures of Henry Ford'' Wayne State Press 1990. * Dempsey, Mary A. "Fordlandia," ''Michigan History'' 1994 78(4): 24–33. Ford's rubber plantation in Brazil * {{Cite book|last=Denslow|first=William R.| date = 2004|origyear=1957|title=10,000 Famous Freemasons|edition=Paperback republication|series=Part|volume=One, Volume 1, from A to J|publisher=Kessinger Publishing|url=|isbn=978-1-4179-7578-5|id=|ref=harv| postscript=. ''Foreword by Harry S. Truman.''}} * Grandin, Greg. ''Fordlandia: The Rise and Fall of Henry Ford's Forgotten Jungle City''. London, Icon, 2010. ISBN 978-1-84831-147-3 * {{Hounshell1984}} * Jacobson, D. S. "The Political Economy of Industrial Location: the Ford Motor Company at Cork 1912–26." ''Irish Economic and Social History'' 1977 4: 36–55. Ford and Irish politics * Kraft, Barbara S. ''The Peace Ship: Henry Ford's Pacifist Adventure in the First World War'' Macmillan, 1978 * Levinson, William A. ''Henry Ford's Lean Vision: Enduring Principles from the First Ford Motor Plant'', 2002; ISBN 1-56327-260-1 * Lewis, David L. "Ford and Kahn" ''Michigan History'' 1980 64(5): 17–28. Ford commissioned architect Albert Kahn to design factories * Lewis, David L. "Henry Ford and His Magic Beanstalk" . ''Michigan History'' 1995 79(3): 10–17. Ford's interest in soybeans and plastics * Lewis, David L. "Working Side by Side" ''Michigan History'' 1993 77(1): 24–30. Why Ford hired large numbers of black workers * McIntyre, Stephen L. "The Failure of Fordism: Reform of the Automobile Repair Industry, 1913–1940: ''Technology and Culture'' 2000 41(2): 269–299. repair shops rejected flat rates * Meyer, Stephen. ''The Five Dollar Day: Labor Management and Social Control in the Ford Motor Company, 1908–1921'' (1981) * Nevins, Allan, and Frank Ernest Hill. '' Ford: the Times the Man the Company'' (1954); ''Ford: Expansion and Challenge, 1915-1933'' (1957); ''Ford: Decline and Rebirth, 1933-1962'' (1963) comprehensive scholarly history * Nolan; Mary. ''Visions of Modernity: American Business and the Modernization of Germany'' (1994) * {{Cite journal|author=Daniel M. G. Raff and Lawrence H. Summers|title=Did Henry Ford Pay Efficiency Wages?|journal=Journal of Labor Economics|date= Oktubre 1987|volume=5|issue=4|pages=S57–S86|doi=10.1086/298165|ref=harv}} * {{Cite journal|doi=10.2307/144424|author=Pietrykowski, Bruce.| date = 1995|title=Fordism at Ford: Spatial Decentralization and Labor Segmentation at the Ford Motor Company, 1920–1950|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_economic-geography_1995-10_71_4/page/383| journal=Economic Geography|volume=71|issue=4|pages=383–401|ref=harv|jstor=144424 }} * {{Citation |last=Pool |first=James |last2=Pool |first2=Suzanne | date = 1978 |chapter="Chapter: Ford and Hitler" |title=Who Financed Hitler: The Secret Funding of Hitler's Rise to Power, 1919-1933 |publisher=Dial Press |url=http://books.google.com/books?id=1wBoAAAAMAAJ |isbn=978-0708817568 |postscript=.}} * Roediger, David, ed "Americanism and Fordism—American Style: Kate Richards O'hare's 'Has Henry Ford Made Good?'" ''Labor History'' 1988 29(2): 241–252. Socialist praise for Ford in 1916 * Segal, Howard P. "'Little Plants in the Country': Henry Ford's Village Industries and the Beginning of Decentralized Technology in Modern America" ''Prospects'' 1988 13: 181–223. Ford created 19 rural workplaces as pastoral retreats * Tedlow, Richard S. "The Struggle for Dominance in the Automobile Market: the Early Years of Ford and General Motors" ''Business and Economic History'' 1988 17: 49–62. Ford stressed low price based on efficient factories but GM did better in oligopolistic competition by including investment in manufacturing, marketing, and management. * Thomas, Robert Paul. "The Automobile Industry and its Tycoon" ''Explorations in Entrepreneurial History'' 1969 6(2): 139–157. argues Ford did NOT have much influence on US industry, * Valdés, Dennis Nodin. "Perspiring Capitalists: Latinos and the Henry Ford Service School, 1918–1928" ''Aztlán'' 1981 12(2): 227–239. Ford brought hundreds of Mexicans in for training as managers * Wilkins, Mira and Frank Ernest Hill, ''American Business Abroad: Ford on Six Continents'' Wayne State University Press, 1964 * Williams, Karel, Colin Haslam and John Williams, "Ford versus 'Fordism': The Beginning of Mass Production?" ''Work, Employment & Society'', Vol. 6, No. 4, 517–555 (1992), stress on Ford's flexibility and commitment to continuous improvements {{Refend}} ===Padugang nga barasahon=== {{Refbegin}} * {{Cite journal|last1=Foust|first1=James C.| date = 1997|title=Mass-produced Reform: Henry Ford's Dearborn Independent|url=|journal=American Journalism|volume=14|issue=3–4| pages=411–424|ref=harv|doi=10.1080/08821127.1997.10731933 }} * Higham, Charles, ''Trading with the Enemy'' The Nazi–American Money Plot 1933–1949 ; Delacorte Press 1983 * Kandel, Alan D. "Ford and Israel" ''Michigan Jewish History'' 1999 39: 13–17. covers business and philanthropy * Lee, Albert; ''Henry Ford and the Jews''; Rowman & Littlefield Publishers, Inc., 1980; ISBN 0-8128-2701-5 * {{Cite journal|author=Lewis, David L.| date = 1984|title=Henry Ford's Anti-semitism and its Repercussions|url=|journal=Michigan Jewish History|volume=24|issue=1|pages=3–10|ref=harv }} * Reich, Simon (1999) "The Ford Motor Company and the Third Reich" ''Dimensions'', 13(2):15–17 [http://www.jewishvirtuallibrary.org/jsource/Holocaust/ford.html online] * {{Cite journal|author=Ribuffo, Leo P.| date = 1980|title=Henry Ford and the International Jew|url=|journal=American Jewish History|volume=69|issue=4|pages=437–477|ref=harv }} * {{Cite journal|author=Sapiro, Aaron L.| date = 1982|title=A Retrospective View of the Aaron Sapiro-Henry Ford Case|url=|journal=Western States Jewish Historical Quarterly|volume=15|issue=1|pages=79–84|ref=harv }} * {{Cite journal|author=Silverstein, K.| date = 2000|title=Ford and the Führer|url=|journal=The Nation|volume=270|issue=3|pages=11–16|ref=harv }} * {{Cite journal|doi=10.2307/3662859|author=Woeste, Victoria Saker.| date = 2004|title=Insecure Equality: Louis Marshall, Henry Ford, and the Problem of Defamatory Antisemitism, 1920–1929|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_journal-of-american-history_2004-12_91_3/page/877| journal=Journal of American History|volume=91|issue=3|pages=877–905|ref=harv|jstor=3662859 }} {{Refend}} ==Mga sumpay ha gawas== {{Wikiquote}} {{Commons}} {{Wikisource author}} * [http://automotivehistoryonline.com/ford.htm Automobile History Online—Henry Ford history and photos] * Full text of ''[http://www.gutenberg.net/etext/7213 My Life and Work] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081012023511/http://gutenberg.net/etext/7213 |date= 12 Oktubre 2008 }}'' from [[Project Gutenberg]] * [http://www.butler-bowdon.com/my-life-and-work.html Commentary on Ford's ''My Life and Work''] * [http://www.quotationsbook.com/authors/2560/Henry_Ford Notable quotations and speech excerpts] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150130152900/http://quotationsbook.com/authors/2560/Henry_Ford/ |date= 30 Enero 2015 }} * [http://www.myviplife.com/lifestories/vipbusiness/Henry_Ford_wa.php?c=3 Timeline] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070927043205/http://www.myviplife.com/lifestories/vipbusiness/Henry_Ford_wa.php?c=3 |date= 27 Septyembre 2007 }} * [http://www.myviplife.com/lifestories/vipbusiness/Henry_Ford_ch.php?c=3 Quotes] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070927043140/http://www.myviplife.com/lifestories/vipbusiness/Henry_Ford_ch.php?c=3 |date= 27 Septyembre 2007 }} * [http://www.americanheritage.com/articles/magazine/ah/1958/2/1958_2_65.shtml Nevins and Hill tell the story of Peace Ship in ''American Heritage''] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060507100519/http://www.americanheritage.com/articles/magazine/ah/1958/2/1958_2_65.shtml |date= 7 Mayo 2006 }} * [http://www.kuhistory.com/proto/story.asp?id=42 College student reports on the 1915 Peace Ship expedition] * [http://www.hfha.org/ The Henry Ford Heritage Association] * [http://www.historycooperative.org/journals/llt/51/pauwels.html American Corporations and Hitler] * [http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-srv/national/daily/nov98/nazicars30.htm The Washington Post reports on Ford and General Motors response to alleged collaboration with Nazi Germany] * [http://history.hanover.edu/hhr/99/hhr99_2.html Power, Ignorance, and Anti-Semitism: Henry Ford and His War on Jews] by Jonathan R. Logsdon, Hanover Historical Review 1999 * [http://www.sfgate.com/books/article/Henry-Ford-may-have-regretted-his-innovation-2644775.php Review of] "The People's Tycoon" by Steven Watts. Henry Ford may have regretted his innovation (SF Chronicle) * [http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/americanexperience/films/henryford/ Henry Ford] — an ''[[American Experience]]'' documentary {{DEFAULTSORT:Ford, Henry}} [[Kaarangay:Mga natawo han 1863]] [[Kaarangay:Mga namatay han 1947]] [[Kaarangay:Henry Ford| ]] [[Kaarangay:Biyograpiya]] qddymvmykmyk3iyxtm5dap7wq7rgrfg 0 14746 7782377 7652055 2026-04-07T07:24:38Z InternetArchiveBot 41587 Add 2 books for verifiability (20260407)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 7782377 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox philosopher |region = [[Western Philosophy]], [[German philosophy]] |era = [[19th-century philosophy]] |color = #B0C4DE |image = Karl Marx_001.jpg |caption = Marx in 1875 |birth_name = Karl Heinrich Marx |birth_date = 5 May 1818 |birth_place = [[Trier]], [[Kingdom of Prussia]] |death_date = {{Death date and age|df=yes|1883|03|14|1818|05|05}} |death_place = [[London]], [[United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland|United Kingdom]] |residence = Germany, United Kingdom |nationality = [[Germans|German]] |religion = [[Protestantism]]; later, none ([[atheism|atheist]]) |school_tradition = [[Marxism]], [[Communism]], [[Socialism]], [[Materialism]] |signature =Karl Marx Signature.svg |main_interests = Politics, economics, [[philosophy]], [[sociology]], [[Labour relations|labour]], history, [[class struggle]], |influences = [[Georg Wilhelm Friedrich Hegel|Hegel]], [[Ludwig Feuerbach|Feuerbach]], [[Baruch Spinoza|Spinoza]], [[Pierre-Joseph Proudhon|Proudhon]], [[Max Stirner|Stirner]], [[Adam Smith|Smith]], [[Voltaire]], [[David Ricardo|Ricardo]], [[Giambattista Vico|Vico]], [[Jean-Jacques Rousseau|Rousseau]], [[William Shakespeare|Shakespeare]], [[Johann Wolfgang von Goethe|Goethe]], [[Claude Adrien Helvétius|Helvetius]], [[Baron d'Holbach|d'Holbach]],<ref>Mehring, Franz, ''Karl Marx: The Story of His Life'' (Routledge, 2003) pg. 75</ref> [[Justus von Liebig|Liebig]],<ref>John Bellamy Foster. "Marx's Theory of Metabolic Rift: Classical Foundations for Environmental Sociology", ''American Journal of Sociology'', Vol. 105, No. 2 (September 1999), pp. 366-405.</ref> [[Charles Darwin|Darwin]], [[Charles Fourier|Fourier]], [[Robert Owen]], [[Nicolae Bălcescu|Bălcescu]], [[Moses Hess|Hess]], [[Victor d'Hupay|Hupay]], [[François Guizot|Guizot]], [[Constantin Pecqueur|Pecqueur]],<ref>Allen Oakley, [http://books.google.gr/books?id=L949AAAAIAAJ&dq ''Marx's Critique of Political Economy: 1844 to 1860''], Routledge, 1984, p. 51.</ref> [[Aristotle]], [[Epicurus]] |influenced = [[Vladimir Lenin|Lenin]], [[Joseph Stalin|Stalin]], [[Leon Trotsky|Trotsky]], [[Mao Zedong|Mao]], [[Josip Broz Tito|Tito]], [[Enver Hoxha|Hoxha]], [[Fidel Castro|Castro]], [[Che Guevara|Guevara]], [[Nicolae Ceaușescu|Ceaușescu]], [[Ho Chi Minh|Ho]], [[Jean-Paul Sartre|Sartre]], [[Simone de Beauvoir]], [[Rosa Luxemburg|Luxemburg]], [[György Lukács|Lukács]], [[Antonio Gramsci|Gramsci]], [[Karl Korsch|Korsch]], [[Peter Kropotkin|Kropotkin]], [[Mikhail Bakunin|Bakunin]], [[Noam Chomsky|Chomsky]], [[Murray Bookchin|Bookchin]], [[Hannah Arendt|Arendt]], [[Herbert Marcuse|Marcuse]], [[Jean-François Lyotard|Lyotard]], [[Michel Foucault|Foucault]], [[Gilles Deleuze|Deleuze]], [[Guy Debord|Debord]], [[Antonio Negri|Negri]], [[Michael Taussig|Taussig]], [[Manabendra Nath Roy|Roy]], [[Ernesto Laclau|Laclau]], [[Pierre Bourdieu|Bourdieu]], [[Joseph Schumpeter|Schumpeter]], [[Michel Aflaq|Aflaq]] and [[List of Marxists|many others]] |notable_ideas = Co-founder of [[Marxism]] (with [[Friedrich Engels|Engels]]), [[surplus value]], contributions to the [[labor theory of value]], [[Marx's theory of alienation|alienation]] and exploitation of the worker, ''[[The Communist Manifesto]],'' ''[[Das Kapital]],'' [[historical materialism|materialist conception of history]] |}} Hi '''Karl Heinrich Marx''' (5 Mayo 1818–14 Marso 1883) usa nga Aleman nga pilosopo, ekonomista politikal, historiano, teyorista politikal, sociolohista, komunista ngan nagtukod han komunismo. ==Pinanbasaran== {{reflist}} ===Bibliograpiya=== ;Akademiko ngan Popular nga barasahon {{refbegin}} * {{Cite book |title= Classical Sociological Theory |last= {{aut|[[Craig Calhoun|Calhoun, Craig J.]]}} |year= 2002 |publisher=Wiley-Blackwell |location= Oxford |isbn=978-0-631-21347-5 |nopp=|ref=Cal02}} * {{Cite book |title= The Revolutionary Ideas of Karl Marx |url= https://archive.org/details/revolutionaryide0000call_i2b6 |last= {{aut|[[Alex Callinicos|Callinicos, Alex]]}} |year= 2010 [1983] |publisher=Bookmarks |location= Bloomsbury, London |isbn=978-1-905192-68-7 |nopp=|ref=Cal10}} * {{Cite book |title= How to Change the World: Tales of Marx and Marxism |url= https://archive.org/details/nlsiu.335.4.hob.27350 |last= {{aut|[[Eric Hobsbawm|Hobsbawm, Eric]]}} |year= 2011 |publisher=Little, Brown |location= London |isbn=978-1-4087-0287-1 |ref=Hob11}} * {{Cite book |title= Karl Marx: A Brief Biographical Sketch with an Exposition of Marxism|last= {{aut|[[Vladimir Lenin|Lenin, Vladimir]]}} |year= 1967| origyear=1913|publisher=Foreign Languages Press |location= Peking |ref=Len67|url=http://www.marxists.org/archive/lenin/works/1914/granat/index.htm}} * {{Cite book |title= Marx |last= {{aut|[[Peter Singer|Singer, Peter]]}} |year= 1980 |publisher=Oxford University Press |location= Oxford |isbn=978-0-19-287510-5 |nopp=|ref=Sin80}} * {{Cite book |title= Philosophy: 100 Essential Thinkers |url= https://archive.org/details/philosophy100ess0000stok_d9g0 |last= {{aut|Stokes, Philip}} |year= 2004 |publisher=Index Books |location= Kettering |isbn=978-0-572-02935-7 |nopp=|ref=Sto04}} * {{Cite book |title= The Story of a Great Discovery: How Karl Marx wrote "Capital" |last= {{aut|Vygodsky, Vitaly}} |year= 1973 |publisher=Verlag Die Wirtschaft |location= |isbn= |nopp=|ref=Vyg73|url=http://www.marxists.org/archive/vygodsky/1965/discovery.htm}} * {{Cite book |title= Karl Marx |url= https://archive.org/details/karlmarx0000whee |last= {{aut|[[Francis Wheen|Wheen, Francis]]}} |year= 2001 |publisher=Fourth Estate |location= London |isbn=978-1-85702-637-5 |nopp=|ref=Whe00}} {{refend}} ==Dugang nga barasahon== {{refbegin|30em}} * [[Althusser, Louis]]. ''For Marx''. London: Verso, 2005. * Althusser, Louis and [[Balibar, Étienne]]. ''Reading Capital''. London: Verso, 2009. * [[Shlomo Avineri|Avineri, Shlomo]]. ''The Social and Political Thought of Karl Marx'' (Cambridge University Press, 1968) ISBN 0-521-09619-7 * [[Kostas Axelos|Axelos, Kostas]]. ''Alienation, Praxis, and Techne in the Thought of Karl Marx'' (translated by Ronald Bruzina, University of Texas Press, 1976). * [[Vincent Barnett|Barnett, Vincent]]. ''Marx'' (Routledge, 2009) * [[Isaiah Berlin|Berlin, Isaiah]]. ''Karl Marx: His Life and Environment'' (Oxford University Press, 1963) ISBN 0-19-520052-7 * Blackledge, Paul. ''Reflections on the Marxist Theory of History'' (Manchester University Press, 2006) * Bottomore, Tom, ed. ''A Dictionary of Marxist Thought''. Oxford: Blackwell, 1998. * [[Alex Callinicos|Callinicos, Alex]]. ''The Revolutionary Ideas of Karl Marx'' (Bookmarks, 1983) * [[Harry Cleaver|Cleaver, Harry]]. ''Reading Capital Politically'' (AK Press, 2000) * [[Gerald Cohen|G. A. Cohen]]. ''Karl Marx's Theory of History: A Defence'' (Princeton University Press, 1978) ISBN 0-691-07068-7 * Collier, Andrew. ''Marx'' (Oneworld, 2004) * [[Hal Draper|Draper, Hal]], ''Karl Marx's Theory of Revolution'' (4 volumes) [[Monthly Review|Monthly Review Press]] * Duncan, Ronald and [[Colin Wilson|Wilson, Colin]]. (editors) ''Marx Refuted'', (Bath, UK, 1987) ISBN 0-906798-71-X * [[Ben Fine|Fine, Ben]]. ''Marx's Capital.'' 5th ed. London: Pluto, 2010. * [[John Bellamy Foster|Foster, John Bellamy]]. ''Marx's Ecology: Materialism and Nature''. New York: Monthly Review Press, 2000. * [[Stephen Jay Gould|Gould, Stephen Jay]]. ''[http://www.findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_m1134/is_7_108/ai_55698600/pg_1 A Darwinian Gentleman at Marx's Funeral – E. Ray Lankester] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130726155808/http://www.findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_m1134/is_7_108/ai_55698600/pg_1 |date=2013-07-26 }}'', Page 1, [http://www.findarticles.com/ Find Articles.com] (1999) * [[David Harvey (geographer)|Harvey, David]]. ''A Companion to Marx's Capital.'' London: Verso, 2010. * Harvey, David. ''The Limits of Capital''. London: Verso, 2006. * Iggers, Georg G. "Historiography: From Scientific Objectivity to the Postmodern Challenge."(Wesleyan University Press, 1997, 2005) * [[Leszek Kołakowski|Kołakowski, Leszek]]. ''Main Currents of Marxism'' Oxford: Clarendon Press, OUP, 1978 * Little, Daniel. ''The Scientific Marx'', (University of Minnesota Press, 1986) ISBN 0-8166-1505-5 * [[Ernest Mandel|Mandel, Ernest]]. ''Marxist Economic Theory''. New York: Monthly Review Press, 1970. * Mandel, Ernest. ''The Formation of the Economic Thought of Karl Marx''. New York: Monthly Review Press, 1977. * [[David McLellan (academic)|McLellan, David]]. ''Marx before Marxism'' (1980), Macmillan, ISBN 978-0-333-27882-6 * McLellan, David. ''Karl Marx: his Life and Thought'' Harper & Row, 1973 ISBN 978-0-06-012829-6 * [[Franz Mehring|Mehring, Franz]]. ''Karl Marx: The Story of His Life'' (Routledge, 2003) * Miller, Richard W. ''Analyzing Marx: Morality, Power, and History''. Princeton, N.J: Princeton University Press, 1984. * [[Boris Nicolaevsky|Nicolaevsky, Boris]] and [[Otto Maenchen-Helfen|Maenchen-Helfen, Otto]] (translator). ''Karl Marx: Man and Fighter'' (Penguin Books, 1976) ISBN 0-14-021594-8 * [[Postone, Moishe]]. ''Time, Labour, and Social Domination: A Reinterpretation of Marx's Critical Theory.'' Cambridge [England]: Cambridge University Press, 1993. * [[Murray Rothbard|Rothbard, Murray]]. ''An Austrian Perspective on the History of Economic Thought Volume&nbsp;II: Classical Economics'' (Edward Elgar Publishing Ltd., 1995) ISBN 0-945466-48-X * [[Maximilien Rubel|Rubel, Maximilien]]. ''Marx Without Myth: A Chronological Study of his Life and Work'' (Blackwell, 1975) ISBN 0-631-15780-8 * [[Alfredo Saad-Filho|Saad-Filho, Alfredo]]. ''The Value of Marx: Political Economy for Contemporary Capitalism''. London: Routledge, 2002. * [[Alfred Schmidt (philosopher)|Schmidt, Alfred]]. ''The Concept of Nature in Marx''. London: NLB, 1971. * Seigel, Jerrold. ''Marx's fate: the shape of a life'' (Princeton University Press, 1978) ISBN 0-271-00935-7 * [[Thomas T. Sekine|Sekinel, Thomas T.]] ''The Dialectic of Capital. A Study of the Inner Logic of Capitalism'', 2 volumes (preliminary edition), Tokyo 1986; ISBN 978-4-924750-44-9 (vol. 1), ISBN 4-924750-34-4 (vol. 2) * [[Paul Strathern|Strathern, Paul]]. "Marx in 90 Minutes", (Ivan R. Dee, 2001) * Thomas, Paul. ''Karl Marx and the Anarchists''. London: Routledge & Kegan Paul, 1980. * Walker, Frank Thomas. 'Karl Marx: a Bibliographic and Political Biography''. (bj.publications), 2009. * Wendling, Amy. ''Karl Marx on Technology and Alienation'' (Palgrave Macmillan, 2009) * [[Francis Wheen|Wheen, Francis]]. ''[http://pubs.socialistreviewindex.org.uk/isj85/morgan.htm Karl Marx: A Life] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130410103159/http://pubs.socialistreviewindex.org.uk/isj85/morgan.htm |date=2013-04-10 }}'', (Fourth Estate, 1999), ISBN 1-85702-637-3 * Wheen, Francis. ''Marx's Das Kapital'', (Atlantic Books, 2006) ISBN 1-84354-400-8 {{refend}} ==Mga sumpay ha gawas== {{Commonscat|Karl Marx}} ===Bibliograpiya ngan mga aada-ha-linya nga teksto=== * {{de-icon}} [http://www.zeno.org/Philosophie/M/Marx,%20Karl Works by Karl Marx] at [[Zeno.org]] * [http://libcom.org/tags/karl-marx Karl Marx] at Libcom.org * {{SEP|marx}} * {{In Our Time|Karl Marx|p003k9jg|Karl_Marx}} * [http://www.marxists.org/archive/marx/ Marxists.org], homepage of the [[Marxists Internet Archive]] * {{worldcat id|id=lccn-n79-6935}} * [http://librivox.org/newcatalog/search.php?title=&author=Karl+Marx&action=Search Works by Karl Marx in audio format] from [[LibriVox]] * {{gutenberg author|id=Karl_Marx|name=Karl Marx}} ===Mga artikulo=== * [http://www.counterpunch.org/roberts10072009.html Dead Labour: Marx and Lenin Reconsidered] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110805112206/http://www.counterpunch.org/roberts10072009.html |date=2011-08-05 }} by [[Paul Craig Roberts]] * [http://www.wsws.org/articles/2006/may2006/rock-m02.shtml Hegel, Marx, Engels, and the Origins of Marxism], by David North * [http://chronicle.com/article/In-Praise-of-Marx/127027 ''In Praise of Marx''] [[Terry Eagleton]] synopsising his ''Why Marx was right'' chronicle.com 10 April 2011. * [http://www.timesonline.co.uk/tol/news/politics/article4981065.ece Karl Marx: Did he get it all Right?] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110812091017/http://www.timesonline.co.uk/tol/news/politics/article4981065.ece |date=2011-08-12 }} by Philip Collins, ''[[The Times]]'', 21 October 2008 * [http://www.marxists.org/archive/mandel/19xx/marx/ ''Karl Marx'', Ernest Mandel ] * [http://libcom.org/library/karl-marx-iroquois-franklin-rosemont ''Karl Marx and the Iroquois''] by [[Franklin Rosemont]] * [http://www.cato.org/pubs/journal/cj11n3/cj11n3-6.pdf Liberalism, Marxism and The State] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120214101824/http://www.cato.org/pubs/journal/cj11n3/cj11n3-6.pdf |date=2012-02-14 }}, by Ralph Raico * [http://www.emis.ams.org/journals/DMJDMV/xvol-icm/19/Dauben.MAN.html Marx, Mao and mathematics: the politics of infinitesimals] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190130183822/http://www.emis.ams.org/journals/DMJDMV/xvol-icm/19/Dauben.MAN.html |date=2019-01-30 }}, by Joseph Dauben * [http://www.socialistalternative.com/publications/s21/ch3.html Marx Was Right] * [http://www.isj.org.uk/index.php4?id=486&issue=120 Marxism and Ethics] from ''[[International Socialism (journal)|International Socialism]]'' Paul Blackledge (2008) * [http://marxmyths.org/ Marxmyths.org Various essays on misinterpretations of Marx] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140427181835/http://marxmyths.org/ |date=2014-04-27 }} * [http://www.iisg.nl/collections/marx/ Portraits of Karl Marx] ([[International Institute of Social History]]) * [http://www.runmuki.com/paul/writing/marx.html Paul Dorn, The Paris Commune and Marx' Theory of Revolution] * [https://archive.is/20121128224416/www.greenleft.org.au/1999/346/19592 The Top Seven Reasons why Marx was Right] by ''[[Green Left Weekly]]'' * [http://www.commondreams.org/views05/0717-28.htm Why Marx is the Man of the Moment] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081205075254/http://www.commondreams.org/views05/0717-28.htm |date=2008-12-05 }} {{DEFAULTSORT:Marx, Karl}} [[Kaarangay:Karl Marx| ]] [[Kaarangay:Mga natawo han 1818]] [[Kaarangay:Mga namatay han 1883]] [[Kaarangay:Biyograpiya|Marx, Karl]] [[Kaarangay:Politika|Marx, Karl]] [[Kaarangay:Siyensyas Sosyales|Marx, Karl]] [[Kaarangay:Alemanya|Marx, Karl]] 1vfnzvbqste74x9gfm2m3fj2ur29ik5 0 14753 7782374 7643641 2026-04-07T07:21:39Z InternetArchiveBot 41587 Add 1 book for verifiability (20260407)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 7782374 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox monarch | name =Genghis Khan | title = Supremo nga [[Khan (título)|Khan]] han [[mga Mongol]] | image = YuanEmperorAlbumGenghisPortrait.jpg | caption = | reign = Spring 1206 – August 1227 | coronation = Spring 1206 in [[Kurultai|khurultai]] at the [[Onon River]], Mongolia | othertitles = [[Khan (title)|Khan]], [[Khagan]]<br />[[Temple name]]: {{zh|t=元太祖|p=Yuán Tàizǔ|first=t}}<br />[[Posthumous name]]: Emperor Fatian Qiyun Shengwu<br />(法天啟運聖武皇帝) | full name = [[File:Cinggis qagan.svg|right|26px]]Genghis Khan <br />[[Mongolian Cyrillic alphabet|Mongol]]: Чингис хаан <br>''Chinggis Khaan''<br>[[Mongol script]] (right): <br>''Chinggis Khagan''{{#tag:ref|{{zh|t=成吉思汗|p=Chéng Jí Sī Hán|first=t}}<br> '''[[Birth name]]''': <br /> Temujin {{IPAc-en|t|ə|ˈ|m|uː|dʒ|ɪ|n}}; <br>{{lang-mn|Тэмүжин}} ''Temujin'' {{IPA-mn|tʰemutʃiŋ||Temujin.ogg}}; <br>{{lang-xng|''Temujin''}};<ref>{{Cite journal | date = 1959 |title= |journal=Central Asiatic Journal |volume=5 |pages=239 |publisher=O. Harrassowitz |url=http://books.google.com/books?id=PjjjAAAAMAAJ |accessdate=29 Hulyo 2011 }}</ref> <br>{{zh|t=鐵木真|s=铁木真|p=Tiě mù zhēn|first=t}}|group="note"}} | successor = [[Ögedei Khan]] | consort = [[Börte|Börte Üjin]]<br />[[Khulan (wife of Chinggis Khaan)|Khulan]]<br />[[Yesugen]]<br />[[Yesui]]<br />others | issue = [[Jochi]]<br />[[Chagatai Khan|Chagatai]]<br />[[Ögedei Khan|Ögedei]]<br />[[Tolui]]<br />Others | royal house = [[Borjigin]] | father = [[Yesügei]] | mother = [[Oulen]] | birth_date = probably 1162<ref name="birth">Rashid al-Din asserts that Genghis Khan was born in 1155, while the ''Yuanshi'' (元史, ''History of the [[Yuan dynasty]]'' records his year of birth as 1162. According to Ratchnevsky, accepting a birth in 1155 would render Genghis Khan a father at the age of 30 and would imply that he personally commanded the expedition against the Tanguts at the age of 72. Also, according to the ''[[Altan Tobci]]'', Genghis Khan's sister, Temülin, was nine years younger than he; but the Secret History relates that Temülin was an infant during the attack by the Merkits, during which Genghis Khan would have been 18, had he been born in 1155. Zhao Hong reports in his travelogue that the Mongols he questioned did not know and had never known their ages.</ref> | birth_place = [[Khentii Mountains]], Mongolia | death_date = August 1227<ref>{{Cite book|first=Paul|last=Ratchnevsky|title=Genghis Khan: His Life and Legacy|url=https://archive.org/details/genghiskhanhisli0000paul|publisher=[[Blackwell Publishing]]| date = 1991|isbn= 0-631-16785-4|page=[https://archive.org/details/genghiskhanhisli0000paul/page/142 142]|quote=It is possible, however, to say with certainty that Genghis Khan died in August 1227; only in specifying the actual day of his death do our sources disagree.}}</ref> (aged 65) }} Hi '''Genghis Khan''' (c. 1155/1162/1167 - Agosto 18, 1227) nga natawo ha ngaran nga '''Temujin''' usa nga makarit nga pinuno han militar nga ginurusa an mga Mongol nga tribu ngan hiya an nagtukod han Imperyo Mongol. An mga khan, nga nagsunod ha iya, ginhimo an Mongolia nga gidadako-i nga imperyo ha kalibutan. Hi Genghis Khan amo an lolo ni [[Kublai Khan]], nga naging siyahan nga emperador han Dinastiya Yuan han [[Tsina]]. Hasta yana waray maaram kun ngain ginlubong hi Genghis Khan. ==Mga kasarigan== <references group="note"/> {{Mga kasarigan|2}} ==Mga reperensya== * {{Cite book |last=Ratchnevsky |first=Paul |others= tr. & ed. Thomas Nivison Haining |title=Genghis Khan: His Life and Legacy [Čingis-Khan: sein Leben und Wirken] |url=https://archive.org/details/genghiskhanhisli0000paul | date = 1992, c1991 |publisher=B. Blackwell |location=Oxford, UK; Cambridge, Mass., US |isbn=0-631-16785-4}} * Man, John (2004). ''Genghis Khan: Life, Death and Resurrection''. Bantam Press, London. ISBN 978-0-553-81498-9. ==Dugang nga barasahon== * {{Cite book |last=Brent |first=Peter |title=The Mongol Empire: Genghis Khan: His Triumph and His Legacy |url=https://archive.org/details/mongolempiregeng0000bren | date = 1976 |publisher=Weidenfeld & Nicholson |location=London |isbn=0-297-77137-X }} * {{Cite book |last=Bretschneider |first=Emilii |title=Mediæval Researches from Eastern Asiatic Sources; Fragments Towards the Knowledge of the Geography & History of Central & Western Asia |series=Trübner's Oriental Series | date = 1888, repr. 2001 | location=London | publisher=Kegan Paul, Trench, Trübner & Co (repr. Munshirm Manoharlal Pub Pvt Ltd) |isbn=81-215-1003-1}} * {{Cite book |last=Cable |first=Mildred |coauthors=Francesca French |title=The Gobi Desert | date = 1943 |publisher=Landsborough Publications |location=London}} * {{Cite book | last = Chapin | first = David | date = 2012 | title = Long Lines: Ten of the World's Longest Continuous Family Lineages | publisher = VirtualBookWorm.com | location = College Station, Texas | isbn = 978-1-60264-933 }} * {{Cite book |last=Charney |first=Israel W. (ed.) |title=Genocide: A Critical Bibliographic Review | date = 1994 |publisher=Facts on File Publications |location=New York}}<!-- Volume number?--> * {{Cite book |last=De Hartog |first=Leo |title=Genghis Khan: Conqueror of the World| date = 1988 |publisher=I.B. Tauris & Co. Ltd. |location=London}} * {{fr}} {{Cite book |last=Farale |first=Dominique |title=De Gengis Khan à [[Kubilai Khan|Qoubilaï Khan]] : la grande chevauchée [[Mongols|mongole]] |series=Campagnes & stratégies | date = 2002 |publisher=Economica |location=Paris |isbn=2-7178-4537-2}} * {{fr}} {{Cite book |last=Farale |first=Dominique |title=La Russie et les Turco-Mongols : 15 siècles de guerre | date = 2007 |publisher=Economica |location=Paris |isbn=978-2-7178-5429-9}} * {{Cite encyclopedia |title=Genghis Khan |encyclopedia=Funk & Wagnalls New Encyclopedia |publisher=World Almanac Education Group | date = 2005 |url=http://www.historychannel.com/thcsearch/thc_resourcedetail.do?encyc_id=210250 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20060113174030/http://www.historychannel.com/thcsearch/thc_resourcedetail.do?encyc_id=210250 |archivedate=13 Enero 2006 |accessdate=22 Mayo 2008 |url-status=dead }} Via the [[Internet Archive]]'s copy of the [[History Channel]] Web site. * {{Cite web |last=Smitha |first=Frank E | title=Genghis Khan and the Mongols |work=Macrohistory and World Report | url=http://www.fsmitha.com/h3/h11mon.htm | accessdate=30 Hunyo 2005}} * {{Cite book |last=Kahn |first=Paul (adaptor) |title=Secret History of the Mongols: The Origin of Chingis Khan (expanded edition): An Adaptation of the Yüan chʾao pi shih, Based Primarily on the English Translation by [[Francis Woodman Cleaves]] |series=Asian Culture Series | date = 1998 |publisher=Cheng & Tsui Co. |location=Boston |isbn=0-88727-299-1}} * {{Cite book |last=Kennedy |first=Hugh |title=Mongols, Huns & Vikings'' |url=https://archive.org/details/mongolshunsvikin0000kenn | date = 2002 |publisher=Cassell |location=London |isbn=0-304-35292-6}} * {{Cite book |last=Kradin |first=Nikolay |authorlink=Nikolay Kradin |coauthors=Tatiana Skrynnikova |title=Imperiia Chingis-khana (Chinggis Khan Empire) | date = 2006 |publisher=Vostochnaia literatura |location=Moscow |isbn=5-02-018521-3}} {{ru icon}} (summary in English) * {{Cite journal |last=Kradin |first=Nikolay |authorlink=Nikolay Kradin |coauthors=Tatiana Skrynnikova |title=Why do we call Chinggis Khan's Polity 'an Empire' |journal=Ab Imperio |volume=7 |issue=1 | date = 2006 |pages =89–118 |id=5-89423-110-8}} * {{Cite book |last=Lamb |first=Harold |authorlink=Harold Lamb |title=Genghis Khan: The Emperor of All Men | date = 1927 |publisher=R. M. McBride & company |location=New York |unused_data=a|url=http://archive.org/details/genghiskhantheem035122mbp}} * {{Cite book |last=Lister |first=R. P. |title=Genghis Khan |url=https://archive.org/details/genghiskhan0000list | date = 2000 [c1969] |publisher=Cooper Square Press |location=Lanham, Maryland |isbn=0-8154-1052-2}} * {{Cite book |last=Man |first=John |authorlink=John Man (author) |title=Genghis Khan: Life, Death and Resurrection |url=https://archive.org/details/genghiskhanlifed0000manj | date = 2004 |publisher=Bantam Press |location=London; New York |isbn=0-593-05044-4}} * {{Cite book |last=Man |first=John |authorlink=John Man (author) |title=Gobi: Tracking the Desert |url=https://archive.org/details/gobi00john | date = 1997, 1998, 1999 |publisher=Weidenfeld & Nicolson; Yale University Press |location=London; New Haven, Conn |isbn=0-7538-0161-2}} * {{Cite book |last=Martin |first=Henry Desmond |title=The Rise of Chingis Khan and his Conquest of North China | date = 1950 |publisher=Johns Hopkins Press |location=Baltimore}} * {{Cite web |last=May |first=Timothy |title=Mongol Arms | date = 2001 |work=Explorations in Empire: Pre-Modern Imperialism Tutorial: The Mongols |publisher=San Antonio College History Department |url=http://www.accd.edu/sac/history/keller/Mongols/empsub2.html |accessdate=22 Mayo 2008 |archive-date=18 Mayo 2008 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080518020854/http://www.accd.edu/sac/history/keller/Mongols/empsub2.html |url-status=dead }} * {{Cite book |last=Morgan |first=David |authorlink=David Morgan (historian) |title=The Mongols |url=https://archive.org/details/mongolspeoplesof00davi |series=The Peoples of Europe | date = 1986 |publisher=Blackwell Publishing |isbn=0-631-17563-6}} * {{Cite book |last=Saunders |first=J.J. | title=History of the Mongol Conquests'' | date = 1972, repr. 2001 |publisher=University of Pennsylvania Press |location=Philadelphia |isbn=0-8122-1766-7}} * Stevens, Keith. {{PDFlink|[http://web.archive.org/web/20080625210646/http://ideas.union.edu/articles/files/22_Stevens_Heirs_to_Discord.pdf "Heirs to Discord: The Supratribal Aspirations of Jamukha, Toghrul, and Temüjin"]|72.1&nbsp;KB}} Retrieved 22 Mayo 2008. * {{Cite book |last=Stewart |first=Stanley |title=In the Empire of Genghis Khan: A Journey among Nomads | date = 2001 |publisher=Harper Collins |location=London |isbn=0-00-653027-3}} * {{Cite book |last=Turnbull |first=Stephen |title=Genghis Khan & the Mongol Conquests 1190–1400 |url=https://archive.org/details/genghiskhanmongo0000turn | date = 2003 |publisher=Osprey Publishing|location=Oxford |isbn=1-84176-523-6}} * {{Cite book |last=Valentino |first=Benjamin A. |title=Final Solutions: Mass Killing and Genocide in the Twentieth Century |url=https://archive.org/details/finalsolutionsma00vale | date = 2004 |publisher=Cornell University Press |location=Ithaca, N.Y. |isbn=0-8014-3965-5}} * {{Cite book |last=Weatherford |first=Jack |title=[[Genghis Khan and the Making of the Modern World]] [http://www.cse.iitk.ac.in/~amit/books/weatherford-2004-genghis-khan-making.html (review)] | date = 2004 |publisher=Crown |location=New York |isbn=0-609-61062-7}} * {{Cite journal | author=Zerjal, Xue, Bertorelle, Wells, Bao, Zhu, Qamar, Ayub, Mohyuddin, Fu, Li, Yuldasheva, Ruzibakiev, Xu, Shu, Du, Yang, Hurles, Robinson, Gerelsaikhan, Dashnyam, Mehdi, Tyler-Smith | title= The Genetic Legacy of the Mongols | journal=The American Journal of Human Genetics | date = 2003 | volume= 72| issue=3 | pages= 717–721; | url=http://www.journals.uchicago.edu/AJHG/journal/issues/v72n3/024530/024530.web.pdf | doi = 10.1086/367774 | format=&nbsp;– ^{[http://scholar.google.co.uk/scholar?hl=en&lr=&q=intitle%3AThe+Genetic+Legacy+of+the+Mongols&as_publication=The+American+Journal+of+Human+Genetics&as_ylo=2003&as_yhi=2003&btnG=Search Scholar search]} | pmid=12592608 | pmc=1180246}} {{Dead link|date=February 2009}} ===Panguna nga kuruhaon=== * {{Cite book |last=Juvaynī |first=Alā al-Dīn Atā Malik, 1226–1283 |title=Genghis Khan: The History of the World-Conqueror [Tarīkh-i jahāngushā] |others=tr. John Andrew Boyle | date = 1997 |publisher=University of Washington Press |location=Seattle |isbn=0-295-97654-3 }} ** {{Cite book |title=History of the World-Conqueror |last=Juvaini |first='ala-ad-Din 'Ata-Malik |others=tr. John Andrew Boyle | date = 1958 |publisher=Harvard University Press |location=Cambridge, Massachusetts |pages=361 |url=http://archive.org/details/historyoftheworl011691mbp |accessdate=2012-04-16 }} * {{Cite book |last=Rashid al-Din Tabib |authorlink=Rashid-al-Din Hamadani |title=A Compendium of Chronicles: Rashid al-Din's Illustrated History of the World [[Jami' al-Tawarikh]] |series=The Nasser D. Khalili Collection of Islamic Art, Vol. XXVII |others=Sheila S. Blair (ed.) | date = 1995 |publisher=Oxford University Press |location=Oxford |isbn=0-19-727627-X}} * {{Cite book |last=Rashid al-Din Tabib |authorlink=Rashid-al-Din Hamadani |title=The Successors of Genghis Khan (extracts from Jami’ Al-Tawarikh) |series=[[UNESCO Collection of Representative Works]]: Persian heritage series |others=tr. from the Persian by John Andrew Boyle | date = 1971 |publisher=Columbia University Press |location=New York |url=http://www.questia.com/PM.qst?a=o&d=109217551 |isbn=0-231-03351-6}} * {{Cite book |title=The Secret History of the Mongols: A Mongolian Epic Chronicle of the Thirteenth Century [Yuan chao bi shi] |series=Brill's Inner Asian Library vol. 7 |others=tr. [[Igor de Rachewiltz]] | date = 2004 |publisher=Brill |location=Leiden; Boston |isbn=90-04-13159-0}} ==Mga sumpay ha gawas== {{Commons category|Genghis Khan}} * {{In Our Time|Genghis Khan|b00773mr|Genghis_Khan}} *[http://www.epinions.com/content_399273397892 Book Review of Genghis Khan by Leo De Hartog] *[http://www.fsmitha.com/h3/h11mon.htm Genghis Khan and the Mongols] *Welcome to [http://www.coldsiberia.org/ The Realm of the Mongols] *Parts of this biography were taken from the [http://lcweb2.loc.gov/frd/cs/mntoc.html Area Handbook series at the Library of Congress] *[http://necrometrics.com/pre1700a.htm#Mongol Estimates of Mongol warfare casualties] *[http://www.isidore-of-seville.com/genghis/ Genghis Khan on the Web] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20040813232348/http://www.isidore-of-seville.com/genghis/ |date=2004-08-13 }} (directory of some 250 resources) *[http://www.accd.edu/sac/history/keller/Mongols/empsub2.html Mongol Arms] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080518020854/http://www.accd.edu/sac/history/keller/Mongols/empsub2.html |date=2008-05-18 }} *[http://www.leader-values.com/Content/detail.asp?ContentDetailID=799 Genghis Khan's leadership approach – LeaderValues] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120112072759/http://www.leader-values.com/Content/detail.asp?ContentDetailID=799 |date=2012-01-12 }} *[http://nobsnews.blogspot.com/1994/01/inspirations-of-historians.html#rashid-ad-din-juwayni ‘Ala’ al-Din ‘Ata Malik Juvayni] A History of the World-Conqueror Ghengis Genghis Khan, [[Ata al-Mulk Juvayni]] and [[Rashid-al-Din Hamadani]] {{DEFAULTSORT:Genghis Khan}} [[Kaarangay:Genghis Khan| ]] [[Kaarangay:Mga natawo han ika-12 nga gatostuig]] [[Kaarangay:Mga namatay han 1227]] [[Kaarangay:Biyograpiya]] 54qeu22418p347aqq3kg7vlsvo82vqn 0 14757 7782422 7748431 2026-04-07T08:02:53Z InternetArchiveBot 41587 Add 3 books for verifiability (20260407)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 7782422 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox person | image = | caption = Monroe in ''[[The Prince and the Showgirl]]'' (1957) | birth_name = Norma Jeane Mortenson <!--Please do not change; this is the spelling on her birth certificate--> | birth_date = {{Birth date|mf=yes|1926|6|1}} | birth_place = [[Los Angeles]], California, {{nowrap|United States}} | death_date = {{Death date and age|mf=yes|1962|8|5|1926|6|1}} | death_place = [[Brentwood, Los Angeles]], California, United States | death_cause = [[Barbiturate]] overdose | nationality = [[Americans|American]] | restingplace = [[Westwood Village Memorial Park Cemetery]], [[Westwood, Los Angeles]] | other_names = Norma Jeane Baker<br>Norma Jeane Dougherty<!--name after marriage to James Dougherty--><br>Norma Jeane DiMaggio<!--official name after marriage to Joe DiMaggio; on her official U.S. passport--><br>Marilyn Monroe Miller<!--went by that name after her marrage to Arthur Miller that occurred after her legal 1956 name change - Source: http://www.marilyncollector.com/legend/faq.html--> | occupation = Actress, model, singer, film producer | years_active = 1947–1962 | notable_works = ''[[Niagara (1953 film)|Niagara]]'', ''[[Gentlemen Prefer Blondes (film)|Gentlemen Prefer Blondes]]'', ''[[River of No Return]]'', ''[[The Seven Year Itch]]'', ''[[Some Like It Hot]]'', ''[[The Misfits (film)|The Misfits]]'' | religion = [[Pentecostal]] (1926–1956),<br>[[Judaism]] (1956–1962) | spouse = {{marriage|[[James Dougherty (police officer)|James Dougherty]]|1942|1946}} (divorced)<br>{{marriage|[[Joe DiMaggio]]|1954|1954}} (divorced)<br>{{marriage|[[Arthur Miller]]|1956|1961}} (divorced) | signature = Marilyn Monroe Signature.svg <!--COMMENT: Please, NO MORE DOCTOR WHO or "The Doctor" or "Bow-tied stranger" edits. Please don't vandalize this article by adding this fictional information. Thanks.--> }} [[File:Marilyn Monroe photo pose Seven Year Itch.jpg|thumb|]] Hi '''Marilyn Monroe''', natawo nga Norma Jean Baker han Hunyo 1, 1926, amo an usa ka Amerikana nga aktres, magkaranta ngan modelo. ==Pinanbasaran== {{reflist}} ==Mga reperensya== {{refbegin|30em}} * {{Cite book |last=Churchwell |first=Sarah |title=The Many Lives of Marilyn Monroe |url=https://archive.org/details/manylivesofmaril00chur |publisher=Metropolitan Books |year=2004 |isbn=0-8050-7818-5}} * {{Cite book |last=Clayton |first=Marie |title=Marilyn Monroe: Unseen Archives |url=https://archive.org/details/marilynmonroeuns00mari |publisher=Barnes & Noble Inc. |year=2004 |isbn=0-7607-4673-7}} * {{Cite book |last=Evans |first=Mike |title=Marilyn: The Ultimate Book |publisher=MQ Publications |year=2004 |id=ASIN B000FL52LG}} * {{Cite journal | last=Kouvaros | first=George | title="The Misfits": What Happened Around the Camera | journal=Film Quarterly | volume=55 | issue=4 | pages=28–33 | publisher=University of California Press | doi=10.1525/fq.2002.55.4.28 | id= | jstor=1213933}} * {{Cite book |last=Gilmore |first=John |title=Inside Marilyn Monroe, A Memoir |url=https://archive.org/details/insidemarilynmon0000gavi |publisher=Ferine Books, Los Angeles |year=2007 |isbn=0-9788968-0-7}} * {{Cite book |last=Goode |first=James |title=The Making of "The Misfits" |url=https://archive.org/details/makingofmisfits0000good |publisher=Limelight Editions, New York |year=1986 |isbn=0-87910-065-6}} * {{Cite book |last=Guiles |first=Fred Lawrence |title=Norma Jean: The Life of Marilyn Monroe |publisher=Paragon House Publishers |year=1993 |isbn=1-55778-583-X}} * {{Cite book |last=Harris |first=Warren G. |title=Clark Gable, A Biography |publisher=Aurum Press, London |year=2002 |isbn=1-85410-904-9}} * Jacke, Andreas: Marilyn Monroe und die Psychoanalyse. Psychosozial Verlag, Gießen 2005, ISBN 978-3-89806-398-2, ISBN 3-89806-398-4 * {{Cite book |last=Jewell | first=Richard B. |author2=Harbin, Vernon |title=The RKO Story |publisher=Octopus Books, London |year=1982 |isbn=0-7064-1285-0}} * Meaker, M. J. ''Sudden Endings: 13 Profiles in Depth of Famous Suicides'' Doubleday & Company, Inc., Garden City, NY: 1964 p.&nbsp;26–45: "Marilyn and Norma Jean: Marilyn Monroe" * {{Cite book |last=Mecacci | first=Luciano |title=Freudian Slips: The Casualties of Psychoanalysis from the Wolf Man to Marilyn Monroe|url=https://archive.org/details/freudianslipscas0000meca |publisher=Vagabondd Voices, Sulaisiadar 'san Rudha (Scotland)|year=2009 |isbn=978-0-9560560-1-6}} * {{Cite book |last=Monroe |first=Marilyn |author2=Hecht, Ben |title=My Story |publisher=Cooper Square Press |year=2000 |isbn=0-8154-1102-2 |url=http://benhechtbooks.net/ben_hecht__marilyn_monroe |accessdate=August 5, 2008 }} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110316061558/http://benhechtbooks.net/ben_hecht__marilyn_monroe |date=March 16, 2011 }} * {{Cite book |last=Olivier |first=Laurence |title=Confessions of an Actor |url=https://archive.org/details/confessionsofact00oliv |publisher=Simon and Schuster |year=1982 |isbn=0-14-006888-0}} * {{Cite book |last=Riese |first=Randall |author2=Hitchens, Neal |title=The Unabridged Marilyn |url=https://archive.org/details/unabridgedmarily0000ries_f5o8 |publisher=Corgi Books, London |year=1988 |isbn=0-552-99308-5}} * {{Cite book |last=Russell |first=Jane |title=An Autobiography | publisher=Arrow Books, London | year=1986 | isbn=0-09-949590-2}} * {{Cite book | last=Server | first=Lee | title=Robert Mitchum, Baby I Don't Care | url=https://archive.org/details/robertmitchumbab0000serv | publisher=St. Martin's Press, New York | year=2001 | isbn=0-571-20994-7}} * {{Cite book | last=Spoto | first=Donald | title=Marilyn Monroe: The Biography | url=https://archive.org/details/marilynmonroe00dona | publisher=Cooper Square Press| year=2001 | isbn=0-8154-1183-9}} * {{Cite book | last=Staggs | first=Sam | title=All About "All About Eve" | url=https://archive.org/details/allaboutallabout0000stag_p8y2 | publisher=St. Martin's Griffin, New York| year=2000 | isbn=0-312-27315-0}} * {{Cite book | last=Summers | first=Anthony | title=Goddess, The Secret Lives of Marilyn Monroe | url=https://archive.org/details/goddesssecretliv0000summ_v9t3 | publisher=Guild Publishing, London | year=1985 | isbn=0-575-03641-9}} {{refend}} ==Mga sumpay ha gawas== {{Commons category|Marilyn Monroe}} {{Wikiquote|Marilyn Monroe}} * {{IMDb name|0000054}} * {{Playmate|marilyn-monroe|Marilyn Monroe}} * {{tcmdb name|id=134087|name=Marilyn Monroe}} * {{Amg name|50065}} * {{worldcat id|id=lccn-n79-55651}} * [http://www.findagrave.com/cgi-bin/fg.cgi?page=gr&GRid=725 Marilyn Monroe] at [[Find A Grave]] * Galleries: [http://www.life.com/image/first/in-gallery/27452/marilyn-monroe-life-and-times/ Marilyn Monroe: Life and Times] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100619203125/http://www.life.com/image/first/in-gallery/27452/marilyn-monroe-life-and-times |date=2010-06-19 }} & [http://life.time.com/icons/marilyn-monroe-early-photos-los-angeles-1950/#1 Early Photos, 1950] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140301121811/http://life.time.com/icons/marilyn-monroe-early-photos-los-angeles-1950/#1 |date=2014-03-01 }} —[[Life (magazine)|''Life'' magazine]] * "[http://books.google.com/books?id=eUkEAAAAMBAJ&pg=PA68&source=gbs_toc_r&cad=2#v=twopage&q&f=false What Really Killed Marilyn]", article by [[Clare Boothe Luce]] for Life, August 7, 1964. * [http://altscreen.com/06/27/2011/marilyn-monroe-retrospective-at-bamcinematek/ "Marilyn!"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130921053230/http://altscreen.com/06/27/2011/marilyn-monroe-retrospective-at-bamcinematek/ |date=2013-09-21 }}, essay by Dan Callahan for ''Alt Screen'' on the occasion of a [http://www.bam.org/view.aspx?pid=3316 retrospective] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120712234346/http://www.bam.org/view.aspx?pid=3316 |date=2012-07-12 }} at BAMcinématek {{DEFAULTSORT:Monroe, Marilyn}} [[Kaarangay:Marilyn Monroe| ]] [[Kaarangay:Mga natawo han 1926]] [[Kaarangay:Mga namatay han 1962]] sz4hmrucdflaj08530py67wwce4k0a3 0 14771 7782370 7775251 2026-04-07T07:16:52Z InternetArchiveBot 41587 Add 1 book for verifiability (20260407)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 7782370 wikitext text/x-wiki [[File:Everest kalapatthar crop.jpg|thumb]] An '''Bukid Everest''' amo an gidadako-i ngan gihahataasi nga bukid ha kalibutan. an Bukid Everest aada ha [[Himalaya]]. Mayda ini 8,848 metros (29,029 feet) nga kahitaas. An iya tuktok aada ka butnga han katubtuban han [[Nepal]] ngan [[Tsina]]. ==Pinanbasaran== {{Reflist}} ==Padugang nga barasahon== * {{cite book|last=Astill|first=Tony|title=Mount Everest: The Reconnaissance 1935|url=https://archive.org/details/mounteverestreco0000asti|year=2005}} * {{cite book|last1=Boukreev|first1=Anatoli|authorlink=Anatoli Boukreev|last2=DeWalt|first2=G. Weston|title=The Climb: Tragic Ambitions on Everest|url=https://archive.org/details/climbtragicambit00bouk_0|publisher=Saint Martin's Press|year=1997|isbn=0312168144}} * {{cite book|first=Edmund|last=Hillary|authorlink=Edmund Hillary|title=High Adventure|location=London|publisher=Hodder & Stoughton|year=1953}} * {{cite book|authorlink=Jon Krakauer|last=Krakauer|first=Jon|title=Into Thin Air: A Personal Account of the Mt. Everest Disaster|url=https://archive.org/details/intothinairperso0000krak_e3j6|location=New York|publisher=Villard|year=1997|isbn=0-679-45752-6}} * {{cite book|authorlink=Reinhold Messner|last=Messner|first=Reinhold|title=The Crystal Horizon: Everest – the first solo ascent|url=https://archive.org/details/crystalhorizon00rein_0|location=Seattle|publisher=The Mountaineers|year=1989|isbn=0-89886-207-8}} * {{cite book|authorlink=W. H. Murray|last=Murray|first=W. H.|title=The Story of Everest, 1921–1952|location=London|publisher=J. M. Dent & Sons|year=1953}} * {{cite book|authorlink1=Tenzing Norgay|last1=Norgay|first1=Tenzing|last2=Ullman|first2=Ramsey James|title=Tiger of the Snows|url=https://archive.org/details/bwb_S0-DQT-662|location=New York|publisher=Putnam|year=1955}} * {{cite book|authorlink=Bill Tilman|last=Tilman|first=H. W.|title=Nepal Himalaya|url=https://archive.org/details/nepalhimalaya0000hwti|publisher=Cambridge University Press|year=1952}} ==Mga sumpay ha gawas== {{commons}} {{wikiquote}} {{Wikisource1911Enc|Everest, Mount}} * [http://www.himalaya-info.org/Map%20khumbu_mitte.htm Mount Everest on Himalaya-Info.org (German)] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141007201357/http://www.himalaya-info.org/Map%20khumbu_mitte.htm |date=2014-10-07 }} * [http://www.staeudtner.com/allgemein/360-panorama-view-mount-everest-summit/ 360 panorama view from top of Mount Everest – large dimension drawing] * [http://www.nationalgeographic.com/everest/ ''National Geographic'' site on Mt. Everest] * [http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/nova/everest/ NOVA site on Mt. Everest] * [http://imagingeverest.rgs.org/Concepts/Imaging_Everest Imaging Everest, a collection of photographs] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161114060108/http://imagingeverest.rgs.org/Concepts/Imaging_Everest/ |date=2016-11-14 }} * [http://www.viewfinderpanoramas.org/panoramas/ASIA/Everest-North.gif North] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230531055643/http://www.viewfinderpanoramas.org/panoramas/ASIA/EVEREST-North.gif |date=2023-05-31 }} *[http://www.viewfinderpanoramas.org/panoramas/ASIA/Everest-South.gif South] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220102081646/http://viewfinderpanoramas.org/panoramas/ASIA/EVEREST-South.gif |date=2022-01-02 }} * [https://web.archive.org/web/20020602010752/http://dsc.discovery.com/convergence/everest/interactive/interactive.html Interactive climb of Everest] from Discovery Channel * [http://www.summitpost.org/mountain/rock/150230/everest.html Mount Everest on Summitpost] * [http://www.8000ers.com/cms/content/view/52/185/ Full list of all ascents of Everest up to and including 2008 (in pdf format)] * [http://www.everesthistory.com/everestsummits/summitsbyyear.htm Summits and deaths per year] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150720183726/http://www.everesthistory.com/everestsummits/summitsbyyear.htm |date=2015-07-20 }} * [http://thegreatindian.tripod.com/mountEverest.htm Mount Everest panorama], [http://www.panoramas.dk/fullscreen2/full22.html Mount Everest interactive panorama (QuickTime format)] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130410141725/http://www.panoramas.dk/fullscreen2/full22.html |date=2013-04-10 }}, Virtual panoramas * [https://himalayantrekkers.com/itinerary/everest-base-camp-trek Everest Base Camp Trek] - a 14 Days trek is a perfect timeframe to reach the base camp of Mount Everest. [[Kaarangay:Bukid Everest]] r7xr2u6yo9tqstuog3l3diadv5growb 0 14780 7782311 7642377 2026-04-07T05:53:39Z InternetArchiveBot 41587 Add 1 book for verifiability (20260407)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 7782311 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox artist | bgcolour = #EEDD82 | name = Michelangelo | image = Miguel Ángel, por Daniele da Volterra (detalle).jpg | caption = Portrait of Michelangelo by [[Jacopino del Conte]] (after 1535) at the age of&nbsp;60 | birth_name = Michelangelo di Lodovico Buonarroti Simoni | birth_date = {{birth date|df=yes|1475|3|6}} | birth_place = [[Caprese Michelangelo|Caprese]] near [[Arezzo]], [[Republic of Florence]] (present-day [[Tuscany]], [[Italy]]) | death_date = {{death date and age|df=yes|1564|2|18|1475|3|6}} | death_place = [[Rome]], [[Papal States]] (present-day [[Italy]]) | nationality = [[Italian people|Italian]] | field = Sculpture, painting, architecture, and poetry | training = Apprentice to [[Domenico Ghirlandaio]]<ref name=wga>{{cite web|url=http://www.wga.hu/frames-e.html?/bio/m/michelan/biograph.html|title=Web Gallery of Art, image collection, virtual museum, searchable database of European fine arts (1100–1850)|publisher=wga.hu|accessdate=13 Hunyo 2008 }}</ref> | movement = [[High Renaissance]] | works = [[David (Michelangelo)|''David'']], ''[[The Creation of Adam]]'', [[Pietà (Michelangelo)|''Pietà'']], [[Sistine Chapel Ceiling]] | patrons = | awards = | signature = Michelangelo Signature2.svg }} [[Paypay:Michelangelos David.jpg|thumb|David hinimo ni Michelangelo]] Hi '''Michelangelo di Lodovico Buonarroti Simoni''', o '''Michelangelo''' (puyde liwat tawagon ha Kinatsila nga bersyon han iya ngaran nga '''Miguel Ángel'''), (Marso 6, 1475 - Marso 18, 1564) usa nga Italyano nga skultor, pintor, arkitekto ngan maniriday. <gallery> File:Michelangelo Bacchus.jpg| File:Firenze.Palvecchio.500.Michelangelo2.JPG| File:Autori vari, arca di san domenico, angelo reggicandelabro di michelangelo, 1494, 01.jpg| File:Madonna michelangelo1.jpg|Madonna File:Leda and the Swan, After Michelangelo.jpg|Leda File:Andr37.jpg| Ganymede, copia de 1532. File:Buonarotti-scala.jpg|Madonna File:Michelangelo's Pieta 5450 cut out black.jpg| </gallery> ==Mga kasarigan== {{reflist}} ==Mga dugang nga barasahon== {{refbegin}} * {{Cite book|last=Ackerman |first=James |title=The Architecture of Michelangelo |url=https://archive.org/details/architectureofmi00acke_0 |publisher=University of Chicago Press | date = 1986 |isbn=978-0-226-00240-8}} * {{Cite book|last=Clément|first=Charles| date = 1892|title=''Michelangelo''|publisher=S. Low, Marston, Searle, & Rivington, ltd.: London|location=Harvard University, Digitized 25 Hunyo 2007| url=http://books.google.com/?id=G-sDAAAAYAAJ&printsec=frontcover&dq=michelangelo}} * {{Cite book |last=Condivi |first=Ascanio |authorlink=Ascanio Condivi |title=The Life of Michelangelo |url=https://archive.org/details/lifeofmichelange0000cond | date = 1553 |coauthors=Alice Sedgewick |publisher=Pennsylvania State University Press |isbn=0-271-01853-4}} * {{Cite book|last=Baldini |first=Umberto |title=The Sculpture of Michelangelo |publisher=Rizzoli |coauthors=Liberto Perugi | date = 1982 |url=http://books.google.com/?id=pCEWAQAAIAAJ |isbn=0-8478-0447-X}} * Einem, Herbert von (1973). ''Michelangelo''. Trans. Ronald Taylor. London: Methuen. * Gilbert, Creighton (1994). ''Michelangelo On and Off the Sistine Ceiling''. New York: George Braziller. * Hibbard, Howard (1974). ''Michelangelo''. New York: Harper & Row. * Hirst, Michael and Jill Dunkerton. (1994) ''The Young Michelangelo: The Artist in Rome 1496–1501''. London: National Gallery Publications. * {{Cite book|last=Liebert |first=Robert |title=Michelangelo: A Psychoanalytic Study of his Life and Images |url=https://archive.org/details/michelangelopsyc0000lieb |publisher=Yale University Press |location=New Haven and London | date = 1983 |isbn=0-300-02793-1}} * {{Cite book|last=Néret|first=Gilles|title=Michelangelo|url=https://archive.org/details/michelangelo14750000nere|publisher=Taschen| date = 2000|isbn=978-3-8228-5976-6}} * Pietrangeli, Carlo, et al. (1994). ''The Sistine Chapel: A Glorious Restoration''. New York: Harry N. Abrams * {{Cite book|last=Sala |first=Charles |title=Michelangelo: Sculptor, Painter, Architect |publisher=Editions Pierre Terrail | date = 1996 |isbn=978-2-87939-069-7}} * Saslow, James M. (1991). ''The Poetry of Michelangelo: An Annotated Translation''. New Haven and London: Yale University Press. * {{Cite book|last=Rolland |first=Romain |authorlink=Romain Rolland|title=Michelangelo|publisher=BiblioLife | date = 2009 |isbn=1-110-00353-6}} * Seymour, Charles, Jr. (1972). ''Michelangelo: The Sistine Chapel Ceiling''. New York: W. W. Norton. * {{Cite book|last=Stone |first=Irving |authorlink=Irving Stone |title=[[The Agony and the Ecstasy (novel)|The Agony and the Ecstasy]] |publisher=Signet | date = 1987 |isbn=0-451-17135-7}} * Summers, David (1981). ''Michelangelo and the Language of Art''. Princeton University Press. * {{Cite book |title=The Youth of Michelangelo |url=https://archive.org/details/michelangelo0000unse_c5u7 |last=Tolnay |first=Charles | date = 1947 |publisher=Princeton University Press |location=Princeton, NJ}} * Tolnay, Charles de. (1964). ''The Art and Thought of Michelangelo''. 5 vols. New York: Pantheon Books. * {{Cite book|last=Wallace |first=William E. |title= [http://www.themontrealreview.com/2009/Michelangelo-the-artist-the-man-and-his-times-by-William-Wallace.php ''Michelangelo: The Artist, the Man and his Times''] |publisher=Cambridge University Press | date = 2011 |isbn=1-107-67369-0}} * Wilde, Johannes (1978). ''Michelangelo: Six Lectures''. Oxford: Clarendon Press. {{refend}} ==Mga sumpay ha gawas== {{Commons category|Michelangelo Buonarroti}} * {{gutenberg author| id=Michelangelo+Buonarroti | name=Michelangelo Buonarroti}} * [http://graphics.stanford.edu/projects/mich/ The Digital Michelangelo Project] * [http://www.britishmuseum.org/explore/online_tours/europe/michelangelos_drawings/michelangelos_drawings.aspx The BP Special Exhibition Michelangelo Drawings – closer to the master] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151011155932/http://www.britishmuseum.org/explore/online_tours/europe/michelangelos_drawings/michelangelos_drawings.aspx |date=2015-10-11 }} * [http://www.zipser.nl/michelangelo1.html Michelangelo's Drawings: Real or Fake?] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060411203848/http://www.zipser.nl/michelangelo1.html |date=2006-04-11 }} How to decide if a drawing is by Michelangelo. * {{Cite journal|last=Januszczak |first=Waldemar|publication-date= 5 Marso 2006|journal=The Sunday Times|title=The Michelangelo Code |url=http://www.timesonline.co.uk/tol/life_and_style/article734500.ece}}, suggesting Michelangelo's coded use of his knowledge of anatomy. {{Dead link|date=April 2012}} * [http://michelangelo.syr.edu/ "Michelangelo: The Man and the Myth"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120324034334/http://michelangelo.syr.edu/ |date=2012-03-24 }} [[Kaarangay:Mga natawo han 1475]] [[Kaarangay:Mga namatay han 1564]] [[Kaarangay:Biyograpiya]] [[Kaarangay:Pintura]] [[Kaarangay:Iskultura]] [[Kaarangay:Arte]] [[Kaarangay:Michelangelo| ]] 68yv02dgvv1elq454ds9jqhzgokpqda 0 14993 7782386 6332778 2026-04-07T07:32:29Z InternetArchiveBot 41587 Add 1 book for verifiability (20260407)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 7782386 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox | bodyclass = geography | above = Butnga Sinirangan | image = [[File:Middle East (orthographic projection).svg|230px|Middle East]] | caption1 = Mapa han Butnga Sinirangan (berde). | label1 = Mga nasod | data1 = 18 | label2 = Mga pinulongan | data2 = [[Arabic language|Arabic]], [[Neo-Aramaic languages|Aramaic]], [[Armenian language|Armenian]], [[Azerbaijani language|Azerbaijani]], [[Balochi language|Balochi]], [[Pinulongan Hebreo|Hebreo]], [[Kurdish language|Kurdish]], [[Persian language|Persian]], [[Somali language|Somali]], [[Turkish language|Turkish]] | label3 = Mga sona hin oras | data3 = [[UTC+2:00]], [[UTC+3|UTC+3:00]], [[UTC+3:30]], [[UTC+4:00]], [[UTC+4:30]] | label4 = Gidadakoi nga mga syudad | data4 = {{ublist|class=nowrap |{{flagicon|Turkey}} [[Istanbul]] |{{flagicon|Egypt}} [[Cairo]] |{{flagicon|Iran}} [[Tehran]] |{{flagicon|Iraq}} [[Baghdad]] |{{flagicon|Saudi Arabia}} [[Riyadh]]}}}} An '''Butnga Sinirangan''' ([[Iningles]]:Middle East) nga tinatawag gihapon nga '''Katundan nga Asya''' amo an usa ka rehiyon nga may kahaluag tikang ha salatan-katundan Asya pakadto ha amihanan-sinirangan [[Aprika]]. [[Paypay:Middle east.jpg|thumb]] ==Mga reperensya== ===Kasahiran=== * {{cite book | last = Adelson | first = Roger |title=London and the Invention of the Middle East: Money, Power, and War, 1902-1922. | url = https://archive.org/details/londoninventiono00adel |publisher=Yale University Press | year =1995 |isbn= 0-300-06094-7 | ref = harv}} * {{cite book | last1 =Anderson | first1 = R | last2 = Seibert | first2 = R | last3 = Wagner | first3 = J. | title = Politics and Change in the Middle East |edition = 8th | publisher = Prentice-Hall |year= 2006}} * {{cite book | last1 =Barzilai | first1 = Gad | first2 = Klieman | last2 = Aharon | first3 = Shidlo | last3 = Gil|title=The Gulf Crisis and its Global Aftermath| url =https://archive.org/details/gulfcrisisitsglo0000unse | publisher = Routledge |year=1993 |isbn= 0-415-080029}} * {{cite book | last = Barzilai | first = Gad | title = Wars, Internal Conflicts and Political Order| url = https://archive.org/details/warsinternalconf0000barz |publisher= State University of New York Press |year=1996 |isbn = 0-7914-2943-1}} * {{cite book | last1 =Beaumont | first1 = Peter | first2 = Gerald H | last2 = Blake | first3 = J. Malcolm | last3 = Wagstaff |title=The Middle East: A Geographical Study |publisher=David Fulton |year=1988 |isbn=0-470-21040-0 | ref = harv}} * {{cite book |title=A Concise History of the Middle East |url=https://archive.org/details/concisehistoryofthirdedition0000gold | last =Goldschmidt | first = Arthur Jr |publisher=Westview Press |year=1999 |isbn=0-8133-0471-7}} ===Pinanbasaran=== {{Reflist|30em}} ==Padugang nga barasahon== * Cressey, George B. (1960). ''Crossroads: Land and Life in Southwest Asia''. Chicago, IL: J.B. Lippincott Co. xiv, 593 p., ill. with maps and b&w photos. * Freedman, Robert O. (1991). ''The Middle East from the Iran-Contra Affair to the Intifada'', in series, ''Contemporary Issues in the Middle East''. 1st ed. Syracuse, NY: Syracuse University Press. x, 441 p. ISBN 0-8156-2502-2 pbk. ==Mga sumpay ha gawas== {{Sisterlinks}} * [http://www.cfr.org/region/397/middle_east.html "Middle East - Articles by Region"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140209155728/http://www.cfr.org/region/397/middle_east.html |date=2014-02-09 }} - [[Council on Foreign Relations]]: "A Resource for Nonpartisan Research and Analysis" * [http://www.cfr.org/publication/13850/?cid=080416a "Middle East - Interactive Crisis Guide"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091130145259/http://www.cfr.org/publication/13850/?cid=080416a |date=2009-11-30 }} - [[Council on Foreign Relations]]: "A Resource for Nonpartisan Research and Analysis" * [http://www.lib.uchicago.edu/e/su/mideast/ Middle East Department] [[University of Chicago]] Library * ''[http://www.meed.com/ Middle East Business Intelligence since 1957]'': "The leading information source on business in the Middle East" - MEED.com * [http://news.yahoo.com/i/736 Middle East News] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090509202304/http://news.yahoo.com/i/736 |date=2009-05-09 }} from Yahoo! News * {{dmoz|Regional/Middle_East/}} * [http://www.arabianbusiness.com/ Middle East Business, Financial & Industry News] — ''ArabianBusiness.com'' * [http://www.carboun.com/ Carboun] - advocacy for sustainability and environmental conservation in the Middle East [[Kaarangay:Butnga Sinirangan]] izyj85q2gqr03iktkj5sqxpgunpdje9 0 15012 7782399 7647536 2026-04-07T07:42:35Z InternetArchiveBot 41587 Add 1 book for verifiability (20260407)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 7782399 wikitext text/x-wiki [[File:Waves_lajolla.jpg|thumb]] An '''dagat'''<ref>Abuyen, Tomas A. '''Diksyunaryo Waray-Waray [Visaya] English-Tagalog'''. Kalayaan Press Mktg. Ent., Inc. Quezon City. Tuig 2000. ISBN 971-08-6050-X. Pakli Ihap 64. Iningles: ''sea; ocean; sea water''</ref> o [[kadagatan]] (Iningles:Sea) (Pambansa:iLaya) amo an dako nga lugar han mga mapag-ad o maasin nga tubig nga kaparte han [[kalawdan]], o dako nga [[tubig]] [[ma-asin]] o [[mapag-ad]] han sirado nga [[danaw]] (sugad han [[Dagat Caspio]] ngan [[Patay nga Dagat]]). == Pinanbasaran == {{reflist}} == Padugang nga barasarahon == * {{cite book |title=World Mythology |url=https://archive.org/details/worldmythology0000unse_u8h4 |last=Cotterell |first=Arthur (ed.) |year=2000 |publisher=Parragon |isbn=978-0-7525-3037-6 }} * {{cite book|ref=Kindersley | title=Illustrated Encyclopedia of the Ocean |url=https://archive.org/details/illustratedencyc0000unse_j5c3 | publisher=Dorling Kindersley | year=2011 | isbn=978-1-4053-3308-5}} * {{cite book|ref=Stow | title=Encyclopedia of the Oceans |url=https://archive.org/details/encyclopediaofoc0000stow | publisher=Oxford University Press | author=Stow, Dorrik | year=2004 | isbn=0-19-860687-7}} == Mga sumpay ha gawas == {{Sister project links|sea| wikt=sea|q=sea|commonscat=Category:Sea|}} * [http://www.noaa.gov/ocean.html National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration—NOAA website] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130424102601/http://www.noaa.gov/ocean.html |date=2013-04-24 }} * {{dmoz|Science/Environment/Water_Resources/Oceans|Oceans}} tolq5apufxfbljkrap7tls2yzl0eu37 0 15060 7782305 7650948 2026-04-07T05:49:17Z InternetArchiveBot 41587 Add 1 book for verifiability (20260407)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 7782305 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox person |bgcolour = silver |name = Satyajit Ray |image = SatyajitRay.jpg |caption = A portrait of Satyajit Ray |birth_date = {{Birth date|df=yes|1921|5|2}} |birth_place = [[Calcutta]], [[Bengal]], [[British Raj|British India]] |death_date = {{Death date and age|df=yes|1992|4|23|1921|5|2}} |death_place = [[Kolkata]], [[West Bengal]], [[India]] |occupation = Film director, producer, screenwriter, writer, music director, lyricist |years_active = 1950–1991 |spouse = {{married|[[Bijoya Ray|Bijoya Das]] |1949|1992}} | signature = Satyajit Ray Signature.jpg | signature_alt = Satyajit Ray signature in English | signature_size = }} Hi '''Satyajit Ray''' (2 Mayo 1921–23 Abril 1992) usa ka Bengali Indyan nga direktor han mga salidamovie director. Natawo hiya ha [[Kolkata]]. An iya pamilya mga sikat ha arte nga pagsurat. Hi Ray nagaram ha Kolehiyo Presidency ngan ha Unibersidad han Visva-Bharati. ==Pinanbasaran== {{Reflist}} ==Mga reperensya== <!-- alphabetical order please --> {{Refbegin|30em}} * {{Cite book|editor=Biswas, M| date = 2006|title=Apu and after: Revisiting Ray's cinema|publisher=Seagull Books|isbn=978-1-905422-25-8|ref=harv}} * {{Cite book|last1=Cooper|given1=D| date = 2000|title=The Cinema of Satyajit Ray: Between Tradition and Modernity|url=http://assets.cambridge.org/052162/0260/sample/0521620260WSN01.pdf|publisher=Cambridge University Press|isbn=0-521-62980-2|ref=harv}} * {{Cite book|last1=Dasgupta|given1=C| date = 1996|title=The cinema of Satyajit Ray|publisher=Penguin India|isbn=0-14-024780-7|ref=harv}} * {{Cite book|last1=Ganguly|given1=S| date = 2001|title=Satyajit Ray: In search of the modern|publisher=Indialog|isbn=81-87981-04-0|ref=harv}} * {{Cite book|last1=Y|given1=Ishaghpour| date = 2002|title=Satyajit Ray, l'Orient et l'Occident|volume=Volume 24 of Les essais|publisher=Différence|isbn=2-7291-1401-7|ref=harv}} * {{Cite journal|last1=Mitra|first1=S| date = 1983|title=The Genius of Satyajit Ray|journal=India Today|ref=harv}} * {{Cite book|last1=Nandy|given1=A| date = 1995|chapter=Satyajit Ray's Secret Guide to Exquisite Murders|title=The Savage Freud and Other Essays on Possible and Retrievable Selves|url=https://archive.org/details/savagefreudother00nand|publisher=Princeton University Press|isbn=0-691-04410-4|ref=harv}} * {{Cite book|last1=Nyce|given1=B| date = 1988|title=Satyajit Ray: A Study of His Films|url=https://archive.org/details/satyajitraystudy0000nyce|publisher=Praeger Publishers|isbn=0-275-92666-4|ref=harv}} * {{Cite book|last1=Ray|given1=S| date = 1993|edition=3|title=Our films, their films|publisher=Asia Book Corp of Amer|isbn=0-86311-317-6|ref=harv}} * {{Cite book|last1=Ray|given1=S| date = 1994|title=My Years with Apu|url=https://archive.org/details/snj.myyearswithapu0000saty|publisher=Viking|isbn=0-670-86215-0|ref=harv}} * {{Cite book|last1=Ray|given1=S| date = 2005|title=Speaking of films|url=https://archive.org/details/speakingoffilms0000rays|publisher=Penguin India|isbn=0-14-400026-1|ref=harv}} * {{Cite book|last1=Robinson|given1=A| date = 2003|title=Satyajit Ray: The Inner Eye: The Biography of a Master Film-Maker|publisher=I. B. Tauris|isbn=1-86064-965-3|ref=harv}} * {{Cite book|last1=Robinson|given1=| date = 2005|title=Satyajit Ray: A Vision of Cinema|publisher=I. B. Tauris|isbn=1-84511-074-9|ref=harv}} * {{Cite book|last1=Rushdie|given1=S|year=199|title=Imaginary Homelands|url=https://archive.org/details/imaginaryhomelan00rush_0|publisher=Penguin|isbn=0-14-014036-0|ref=harv}} * {{Cite book|last1=Santas|given1=Constantin| date = 2002|title=Responding to film: A Text Guide for Students of Cinema Art|url=https://archive.org/details/respondingtofilm0000sant|publisher=Rowman & Littlefield|isbn=0-8304-1580-7|ref=harv}} * {{Cite book|last1=Seton|given1=Marie|authorlink=Marie Seton| date = 1971|title=Satyajit Ray: Portrait of a director|url=https://archive.org/details/portraitofdirect0000seto|publisher=Indiana University Press|isbn=0-253-16815-5|ref=harv}} * {{Cite book|last1=Wood|given1=R| date = 1972|title=The Apu trilogy|publisher=November Books Ltd|isbn=0-85631-003-4|ref=harv}} {{Refend}} ==Mga sumpay ha gawas== {{Sister project links|wikt=no|commons=Category:Satyajit Ray|b=no|n=no|q=Satyajit Ray|s=no|v=no|voy=no|species=no|d=q8873}} {{Contains Indic text}} * [http://satyajitray.ucsc.edu/articles/karamchedu.html Experiencing Ray's "The Apu Trilogy"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100612030511/http://satyajitray.ucsc.edu/articles/karamchedu.html |date=2010-06-12 }} * [http://www.satyajitray.org.uk/ Satyajit Ray Foundation] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081010161329/http://www.satyajitray.org.uk/ |date=2008-10-10 }} * [http://www.satyajitray.org/ SatyajitRay.org] * {{IMDb name|6249|Satyajit Ray}} * {{cite web |url=http://www.britishcouncil.org/india-connecting-august2005-westindia-satyajit-ray.htm |title=Satyajit Ray: A Vision of Cinema |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20060104143026/http://www.britishcouncil.org/india-connecting-august2005-westindia-satyajit-ray.htm |archivedate=4 Enero 2006 |access-date=29 Hulyo 2012 |url-status=live }} article by [[W. Andrew Robinson]] {{DEFAULTSORT:Ray, Satyajit}} [[Kaarangay:Mga natawo han 1921]] [[Kaarangay:Mga namatay han 1992]] [[Kaarangay:Satyajit Ray| ]] [[Kaarangay:Biyograpiya|Ray, Satyajit]] [[Kaarangay:Indya|Ray, Satyajit]] hoyriznhuxp5kjdhwnp3aedg41hvgn4 0 15067 7782322 7781444 2026-04-07T06:19:00Z InternetArchiveBot 41587 Add 2 books for verifiability (20260407)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 7782322 wikitext text/x-wiki An '''propagandá'''<ref>Abuyen, Tomas A. '''Diksyunaryo Waray-Waray [Visaya] English-Tagalog'''. Kalayaan Press Mktg. Ent., Inc. Quezon City. Tuig 2000. ISBN 971-08-6050-X. Pakli Ihap 294. </ref> amo an pagpasamwak han impormasyon nga may panuyuan nga magimpluwensya han mga opinyon o buruhaton han katawhan. ==Pinanbasaran== {{Reflist|2}} ==Mga reperensya== {{Refbegin}} * {{Cite book|title=Psychological Operations Field Manual No. 33-1|url=http://www.fas.org/irp/doddir/army/fm33-1/|date=31 Agosto 1979|publisher=Department of the Army|location=Washington, D.C.|chapter=Appendix I: PSYOP Techniques}} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20041112090426/http://www.fas.org/irp/doddir/army/fm33-1/ |date=2004-11-12 }} {{Cite web |title=Archived copy |url=http://www.fas.org/irp/doddir/army/fm33-1/ |access-date=29 Enero 2015 |archive-date=12 Nobyembre 2004 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20041112090426/http://www.fas.org/irp/doddir/army/fm33-1/ |url-status= }} * {{Cite book|last=Bytwerk|first=Randall L.|title=Bending Spines: The Propagandas of Nazi Germany and the German Democratic Republic|url=https://archive.org/details/bendingspinespro0000bytw| date = 2004|publisher=Michigan State University Press|location=East Lansing|isbn=0-87013-710-7}} * {{Cite book|last=Edwards|first=John Carver|title=Berlin Calling: American Broadcasters in Service to the Third Reich|url=https://archive.org/details/berlincallingame00edwa|date=1991|publisher=Praeger|location=New York|isbn=0-275-93905-7}} * {{Cite book|last=Howe|first=Ellic|title=The Black Game: British Subversive Operations Against the German During the Second World War| date = 1982|publisher=Futura|location=London}} * {{Cite book|last=Huxley|first=Aldous|authorlink=Aldous Huxley|title=[[Brave New World Revisited]]| date = 1958|publisher=Harper|location=New York|isbn=0-06-080984-1}} *{{Cite journal|last=Hindery|first=Roderick|title=The Anatomy of Propaganda within Religious Terrorism|journal=Humanist|issue=March–April 2003|pages=16–19}} * {{Cite book|last1=O'Donnell|first1=Victoria|last2=Jowett|first2=Garth S.|title=Propaganda and Persuasion|url=https://archive.org/details/propagandapersua0000jowe_b5h3| date = 2005|publisher=Sage Publications, Inc|location=Thousand Oaks, California|isbn=1-4129-0897-3}} * {{Cite book|last=Le Bon|first=Gustave|authorlink=Gustave Le Bon|title=The Crowd: A Study of the Popular Mind|url=https://archive.org/details/crowdstudyofpopu0000lebo_f9r4| date = 1895|isbn=0-14-004531-7}} * {{Cite book|last=Linebarger|first=Paul M. A.|authorlink=Cordwainer Smith|title=Psychological Warfare|url=https://archive.org/details/psychologicalwar00line|date=1948|publisher=Infantry Journal Press|location=Washington, D.C.|isbn=0-405-04755-X}} * {{Cite book|last=Nelson|first=Richard Alan|title=A Chronology and Glossary of Propaganda in the United States|url=https://archive.org/details/chronologyglossa0000nels|date=1996|publisher=Greenwood Press|location=Westport, CT|isbn=0-313-29261-2}} * {{Cite news|url=http://www.newscientist.com/news/news.jsp?id=ns99991404|title=Psychological warfare waged in Afghanistan|last=Young|first=Emma|date=10 Oktubre 2001|work=[[New Scientist]]|accessdate=2010-08-05}} * {{Cite book|last=Shirer|first=William L.|title=Berlin Diary: The Journal of a Foreign Correspondent, 1934–1941|url=https://archive.org/details/berlindiaryjourn00shir|date=1942|publisher=Albert A. Knopf|location=New York|isbn=5-9524-0081-7}} {{Refend}} ==Padugang nga barasahon== ===Mga libro=== * Altheide, David L. & Johnson, John M. ''Bureaucratic Propaganda''. Boston: Allyn and Bacon, Inc. (1980) * Brown, J.A.C. ''Techniques of Persuasion: From Propaganda to Brainwashing'' Harmondsworth: Pelican (1963) * [[Noam Chomsky|Chomsky, Noam]] and Herman, Edward. ''Manufacturing Consent: The Political Economy of the Mass Media''. New York: Pantheon Books. (1988) * Cole, Robert. ''Propaganda in Twentieth Century War and Politics'' (1996) * Cole, Robert, ed. ''Encyclopedia of Propaganda'' (3 vol 1998) * Combs, James E. & Nimmo, Dan. ''The New Propaganda: The Dictatorship of Palaver in Contemporary Politics''. White Plains, N.Y. Longman. (1993) * [[Nicholas J. Cull|Cull, Nicholas John]], Culbert, and Welch, eds. '' Propaganda and Mass Persuasion: A Historical Encyclopedia, 1500 to the Present'' (2003) * Cunningham, Stanley, B. ''The Idea of Propaganda: A Reconstruction''. Westport, Conn.: Praeger. (2002) * Cunninghamm Stanley B. "Reflections on the Interface Between Propaganda and Religion." In P.Rennick, S. Cunningham, R.H. Johnson (eds), The Future of Religion. Cambridge Scholars Pub.: Newcastle upon Tyne 2010, pp.&nbsp;83–96. * [[Dimitri Kitsikis]], ''Propagande et pressions en politique internationale'', Paris, Presses Universitaires de France, 1963, 537 pages. * [[Jacques Ellul|Ellul, Jacques]]. ''Propaganda: The Formation of Men's Attitudes''. Trans. Konrad Kellen & Jean Lerner. New York: Knopf, 1965. New York: Random House/ Vintage 1973 * Jowett, Garth S. and Victoria O"Donnell, ''''Propaganda and Persuasion, 5th edition. '''' California: Sage Publications, 2010. A detailed overview of the history, function, and analyses of propaganda. * Kingsbury, Celia Malone. ''For Home and Country: World War I Propaganda on the Home Front'' (University of Nebraska Press; 2010; 308 pages). Describes propaganda directed toward the homes of the American homefront in everything from cookbooks and popular magazines to children's toys. * [[Harold D. Lasswell|Lasswell, Harold D.]]. ''Propaganda Technique in World War I''. Cambridge, Mass: The M.I.T. Press. (1971) * [[Gustave Le Bon|Le Bon, Gustave]], ''The Crowd: a study of the Popular Mind'' (1895) * [[John R. MacArthur|MacArthur, John R.]]. ''Second Front: Censorship and Propaganda in the Gulf War''. New York: Hill and Wang. (1992) * [[Randal Marlin|Marlin, Randal]]. ''Propaganda & The Ethics of Persuasion''. Orchard Park, New York: Broadview Press. (2002) * McCombs M. E. & Shaw, D. L. (1972). The agenda-setting function of mass media. ''Public Opinion Quarterly, 36'', 176–187. * Linebarger, Paul M. ''Psychological Warfare''. International Propaganda and Communications. ISBN 0-405-04755-X (1948) * Moran, T. "Propaganda as Pseudocommunication." Et Cetera 2(1979), pp.&nbsp;181–197. * Pratkanis, Anthony & Aronson, Elliot. ''Age of Propaganda: The Everyday Use and Abuse of Persuasion''. New York: W.H. Freeman and Company. (1992) * Rutherford, Paul. ''Endless Propaganda: The Advertising of Public Goods''. Toronto: University of Toronto Press. (2000) * Rutherford, Paul. ''Weapons of Mass Persuasion: Marketing the War Against Iraq''. Toronto: University of Toronto Press. (2004) * Shaw, Jeffrey M. ''Illusions of Freedom: Thomas Merton and Jacques Ellul on Technology and the Human Condition''. Eugene, OR: Wipf and Stock. ISBN 978-1625640581 (2014) * Sproule, J. Michael. ''Channels of Propaganda''. Bloomington, IN: EDINFO Press. (1994) * Stauber, John, and Rampton, Sheldon ''[http://www.prwatch.org/books/tsigfy.html Toxic Sludge Is Good for You! Lies, Damn Lies and the Public Relations Industry]'' Monroe, Maine: Common Courage Press, 1995. ===Mga essay/Mga artikulo=== * [[Edward Bernays|Bernays, Edward]]. [http://www.historyisaweapon.org/defcon1/bernprop.html "Propaganda"]. (1928) * [[John H. Brown|Brown, John H.]]. [http://uscpublicdiplomacy.org/index.php/newswire/cpdblog_detail/060629_two_ways_of_looking_at_propaganda/ "Two Ways of Looking at Propaganda"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140227202506/http://uscpublicdiplomacy.org/index.php/newswire/cpdblog_detail/060629_two_ways_of_looking_at_propaganda/ |date=2014-02-27 }} (2006) * Kosar, Kevin R., [http://www.fas.org/sgp/crs/misc/RL32750.pdf Public Relations and Propaganda: Restrictions on Executive Branch Activities] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130117044003/http://www.fas.org/sgp/crs/misc/RL32750.pdf |date=2013-01-17 }}, CRS Report RL32750, February 2005. ==Mga sumpay ha gawas== {{Commons}} {{Wikiquote}} ===Yana nga propaganda=== * [http://hnn.us/articles/20418.html Is Government Propaganda Legal? Well...] * [http://www.spinwatch.org Spinwatch] * [http://www.salon.com/news/opinion/glenn_greenwald/2010/04/05/afghanistan/index.html How Americans are propagandized about Afghanistan] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110429170448/http://www.salon.com/news/opinion/glenn_greenwald/2010/04/05/afghanistan/index.html |date=2011-04-29 }} by [[Glenn Greenwald]], [[Salon.com]] * {{Cite news|url=http://www.csmonitor.com/Commentary/Opinion/2009/1228/US-military-is-meeting-recruitment-goals-with-video-games-but-at-what-cost|title=US military is meeting recruitment goals with video games – but at what cost?|last=Holmes|first=Jamie|date=28 Disyembre 2009|work=[[Christian Science Monitor]]|accessdate=2010-07-09}} * [http://purl.fdlp.gov/GPO/gpo51688 Visual Propaganda and Extremism in the Online Environment.] Carlisle, PA : [[Strategic Studies Institute]], [[United States Army War College|U.S. Army War College]] Press, 2014. ===Makasaysayan nga propaganda=== {{EB1922 Poster}} * [http://www.gwu.edu/~nsarchiv/NSAEBB/NSAEBB78/ Documentation on Early Cold War U.S. Propaganda Activities in the Middle East] by the National Security Archive. Collection of 148 documents and overview essay. * [http://www.newadvent.org/cathen/12456a.htm Sacred Congregation of Propaganda] from the [[Catholic Encyclopedia]] * [http://members.home.nl/ww2propaganda/ World War II propaganda leaflets] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091013020436/http://members.home.nl/ww2propaganda/ |date=2009-10-13 }}: A website about airdropped, shelled or rocket fired propaganda leaflets. Some posters also. * [http://www.warmuseum.ca/cwm/exhibitions/propaganda/index_e.shtml Canadian Wartime Propaganda - Canadian War Museum] * [http://www.dogmacollection.com Northern Vietnamese Propaganda from the U.S. Vietnam War]. The largest collection of North Vietnamese propaganda available on-line. * [http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/in_pictures/7531260.stm "North Korea's art of propaganda"], BBC, 29 Hulyo 2007: images of North Korean propaganda posters * [http://www.transpacificradio.com/2007/02/26/nazi1/ CBC Radio's "Nazi Eyes On Canada" (1942)] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110929160018/http://www.transpacificradio.com/2007/02/26/nazi1/ |date=2011-09-29 }}, series with Hollywood stars promoting Canadian War Bonds * [http://dlxs.richmond.edu/w/wtp/index.html America at War] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141010180849/http://dlxs.richmond.edu/w/wtp/index.html |date=2014-10-10 }}, a digital collection of World War II-era American propaganda pamphlets and additional material * [http://fax.libs.uga.edu/wwpost/ Over 400 posters from World Wars I & II] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150126025745/http://fax.libs.uga.edu/wwpost/ |date=2015-01-26 }} (searchable facsimile at the University of Georgia Libraries; [[DjVu]] & [http://fax.libs.uga.edu/wwpost/1f/world_war_posters.pdf layered PDF] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130402174144/http://fax.libs.uga.edu/wwpost/1f/world_war_posters.pdf |date=2013-04-02 }} format) * [http://www.psywar.org/leaflets.php Psywar.org] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140326040930/http://www.psywar.org/leaflets.php |date=2014-03-26 }}'s large collection of propaganda leaflets from various conflicts * [http://www.life.com/image/first/in-gallery/27932/wwii-intense-propaganda-posters WWII: Intense Propaganda Posters] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100819223802/http://www.life.com/image/first/in-gallery/27932/wwii-intense-propaganda-posters |date=2010-08-19 }} - slideshow by ''[[Life magazine]]'' * [http://www.iisg.nl/~landsberger/ Stefan Landsberger's Chinese Propaganda Poster Pages] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200621144902/http://www.iisg.nl/landsberger/ |date=2020-06-21 }} * Bytwerk, Randall, "''[http://www.calvin.edu/academic/cas/gpa/index.htm Nazi and East German Propaganda Guide Page] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080517002921/http://www.calvin.edu/academic/cas/gpa/index.htm/ |date=2008-05-17 }}''". Calvin College. * [http://www.history.navy.mil/photos/arttopic/pstr-rec/n-recpst.htm US Navy recruiting posters archive] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141010180414/http://www.history.navy.mil/photos/arttopic/pstr-rec/n-recpst.htm |date=2014-10-10 }} * [http://eisenhower.archives.gov/Research/Finding_Aids/F.html Tim Frank Collection of WWII Propaganda Leaflets, Dwight D. Eisenhower Presidential Library] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150109154416/http://www.eisenhower.archives.gov/Research/Finding_Aids/f.html |date=2015-01-09 }} * [http://www.oac.cdlib.org/findaid/ark:/13030/hb2000082j/?query=American%2520War%2520Posters Finding Aid to American war posters from the First World War, circa 1914 – circa 1919], [[The Bancroft Library]] * [http://www.oac.cdlib.org/findaid/ark:/13030/hb5d5nb7dj/?query=American%2520War%2520Posters Finding Aid to American war posters from the Second World War, circa 1940 – 1945], [[The Bancroft Library]] * [http://www.oac.cdlib.org/findaid/ark:/13030/hb7r29p557/?query=Soviet%2520Posters Finding Aid to Soviet poster collection, circa 1939 – 1945], [[The Bancroft Library]] * [http://www.oac.cdlib.org/findaid/ark:/13030/hb0x0nb4fb/?query=Canadian%2520War%2520PostersFinding Aid to Canadian war posters from the First and Second World Wars, circa 1914 – 1945], [[The Bancroft Library]] * [http://www.oac.cdlib.org/findaid/ark:/13030/hb3f59p1f7/?query=French%2520War%2520PostersFinding Aid to French war posters from the First World War, circa 1914 – 1918], [[The Bancroft Library]] * [http://www.oac.cdlib.org/findaid/ark:/13030/hb6z09p5jx/?query=French%2520War%2520Posters Finding Aid to French war posters from the Second World War, circa 1939 – circa 1945], [[The Bancroft Library]] * [http://www.oac.cdlib.org/findaid/ark:/13030/hb6g5011c7/?query=British%2520War%2520Posters Finding Aid to British war posters from the First World War, circa 1914 – 1918], [[The Bancroft Library]] * [http://www.oac.cdlib.org/findaid/ark:/13030/hb4n39p2w2/?query=British%2520War%2520Posters Finding Aid to British war posters from the Second World War, circa 1939 – circa 1945], [[The Bancroft Library]] * [http://www.oac.cdlib.org/findaid/ark:/13030/hb7199p4w1/?query=British%2520War%2520Posters Finding Aid to British and British Commonwealth war posters from the Second World war, circa 1939 – circa 1945], [[The Bancroft Library]] * [http://www.oac.cdlib.org/findaid/ark:/13030/hb1f59p0xc/admin/?query=Chinese%20News%20Service Finding Aid to Chinese News Service posters from the Second World War era, circa 1939 – circa 1945] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150315065801/http://www.oac.cdlib.org/findaid/ark:/13030/hb1f59p0xc/admin/?query=Chinese%20News%20Service |date=2015-03-15 }}, [[The Bancroft Library]] * [http://www.oac.cdlib.org/findaid/ark:/13030/hb1779p0b8/?query=Second%2520World%2520War Finding Aid to the German poster and broadside collection, chiefly from the Nazi party during the Second World War, circa 1930 – circa 1945], [[The Bancroft Library]] [[Kaarangay:propaganda]] 1egcfs93p39qmmiuvvi3e3d14q9vkhe 0 15071 7782297 7773273 2026-04-07T05:39:41Z InternetArchiveBot 41587 Add 2 books for verifiability (20260407)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 7782297 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox officeholder |birthname = Vladimir Ilyich Lenin <small><div class="center">Владимир Ильич Ленин</div></small> |image = |image_size = 210px |caption = Lenin in 1920 |nationality =[[Soviet Union|Soviet]]<br>[[Russia]]n |religion = None ([[atheist]]) |office= Chairman of the [[Council of People's Commissars|Council of People's Commissars of the Soviet Union]]<br><small>([[Premier of the Soviet Union]]) |term_start = 30 Disyembre 1922 |term_end = 21 Enero 1924 |predecessor = Position created |successor = [[Alexey Rykov]] |office2 = [[List of Premiers of the Russian SFSR|Chairman]] of the [[Government of the Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic|Council of People's Commissars of the Russian SFSR]] |term_start2 = 8 Nobyembre 1917 |term_end2 = 21 Enero 1924 |predecessor2 = Position created |successor2 = [[Alexey Rykov]] |office3 = Informal leader of the [[Communist Party of the Soviet Union|Russian Communist Party]] |term_start3 = 17 Nobyembre 1903 |term_end3 = 21 Enero 1924 |predecessor3 = Position created |successor3 = [[Joseph Stalin]]<br /><small>(as [[General Secretary of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union|General Secretary]])</small> | office4 = Full member of the [[Politburo of the Central Committee of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union|Politburo]] | term_start4 = 25 Marso 1919 | term_end4 = 21 Enero 1924 |birth_date = {{birth date|df=yes|1870|4|22|df=y}} |birthname = Vladimir Ilyich Ulyanov ({{lang-ru|link=no|Владимир Ильич Ульянов}}) |birth_place = [[Simbirsk]], [[Russian Empire]] |death_date = {{death date and age|1924|1|21|1870|4|22|df=y}} (stroke) |death_place = [[Gorki Leninskiye|Gorki]], [[Russian SFSR]], [[Soviet Union]] |resting_place = [[Lenin's Mausoleum]], Moscow, [[Russian Federation]] |profession = Lawyer, [[revolutionary]], politician |spouse = [[Nadezhda Krupskaya]] (1898–1924) |party = [[Russian Social Democratic Labour Party]]<br />[[Communist Party of the Soviet Union|Russian Communist Party (bolsheviks)]] |a.k.a. = Nikolai Lenin, N. Lenin, V. I. Lenin |signature = Unterschrift_Lenins.svg }} [[File:Time Life Picture of Vladimir Lenin, Oct. 1921.jpg|thumb]] Hi '''Vladimir Ilyich Lenin''' ([[Rinusyan]]: Владимир Ильич Ленин) (22 Abril 1870 - 21 Enero 1924), natawo nga '''Vladimir Ilyich Ulyanov''' ngan agsob tawagon nga V.I. Lenin o Lenin, hiya in usa nga Ruso nga rebolusyonaryo, pinuno han [[Bolshevik]], politiko nga komunista, panguna nga pinuno han rebolusyon Oktubre, ngan syahan nga pinuno han Unyon Sovyet. ===Bibliograpiya=== {{refbegin}} * {{cite book |title=The Life of Lenin |url=https://archive.org/details/lifeoflenin0000loui_i9g1 |last=Fischer |first=Louis |authorlink=Louis Fischer | date = 1964 |publisher=Weidenfeld and Nicolson |location=London |isbn=978-1842122303 |ref=Fis64}} * {{cite book |title=Lenin: Portrait of a Professional Revolutionary |url=https://archive.org/details/leninportraitofp0000rice |last=Rice |first=Christopher | date = 1990 |publisher=Cassell |location=London |isbn=978-0304318148 |ref=Ric90}} {{refend}} ==Dugang nga barasahon== {{refbegin|30em}} *{{Cite journal |author =Blackledge, Paul |date = 3 Hulyo 2006 |title = What was done |journal = [[International Socialism (magazine)|International Socialism]] |issue = 111 |publisher = [[Socialist Workers Party (Britain)]] |location = London |issn = 1754-4653 |url = http://www.isj.org.uk/index.php4?id=218&issue=111 |accessdate = 25 Hunyo 2010 }} A review of Lars T Lih, Lenin Rediscovered: What is to be Done? in Context *{{Cite book |last=Cliff |first=Tony |authorlink=Tony Cliff |title=Building the Party: Lenin, 1893–1914 |url=https://archive.org/details/buildingpartylen0000clif |publisher=[[Haymarket Books]] | date = 1986 |isbn=1-931859-01-9}} *{{Cite book |last=Felshtinsky |first=Yuri |authorlink=Yuri Felshtinsky |title=Lenin and His Comrades: The Bolsheviks Take Over Russia 1917–1924 |publisher=Enigma Books | date = 2010 |isbn=1-929631-95-2}} *{{Cite book |last=Fischer |first=Louis |authorlink=Louis Fischer |title=The Life of Lenin |publisher=[[Orion Publishing Group|Orion Publishing Co.]] | date = 2001 |isbn=1-84212-230-4 }} *{{Cite book |last=Gellately |first=Robert |authorlink=Robert Gellately |title=Lenin, Stalin, and Hitler: The Age of Social Catastrophe |url=https://archive.org/details/leninstalinhitle0000gell |publisher=[[Knopf]] | date = 2007 |isbn=1-4000-4005-1}} *{{Cite book |last=Gooding |first=John |title=Socialism In Russia: Lenin and His Legacy, 1890–1991 |url=https://archive.org/details/socialisminrussi0000good |publisher=[[Palgrave Macmillan]] | date = 2002 |isbn=0-333-97235-X}} *{{Cite book |last=Hill |first=Christopher |authorlink=Christopher Hill (historian) |title=Lenin and the Russia Revolution |publisher=[[Pelican Books|Pelican Books Ltd.]] | date = 1971 |isbn=978-0-14-021297-6}} *{{Cite book |author=[[Leszek Kołakowski|Kolakowski, Leszek]] and Falla, P. S. |title=Main Currents of Marxism |url=https://archive.org/details/maincurrentsofma0000koak |publisher=[[W. W. Norton & Company]] | date = 2005 |isbn=0-393-06054-3}} *{{Cite book |last=Leggett |first=George |title=The Cheka: Lenin's Political Police |publisher=[[Oxford University Press]] | date = 1987 |isbn=0-19-822862-7}} *{{Cite book |last1=Lih |first1=Lars T. |title=Lenin Rediscovered: What is to be Done? in Context | date = 2008 |origyear=2006 |publisher=[[Haymarket Books]] |location= Chicago |isbn=978-1-931859-58-5 |lastauthoramp=&}} *{{Cite book |last=Lenin |first=Vladimir |title=Revolution at the Gates: A Selection of Writings from February to October 1917 by V. I. Lenin |publisher=[[Pelican Books|Verso Books]] | date = 2002 |isbn=1-85984-661-0}} *{{Cite book |url=http://books.google.com/books?id=L89oAAAAMAAJ |last1=Pannekoek |first1=Anton |last2=Richey |first2=Lance Byron |title=Lenin as Philosopher |authorlink=Antonie Pannekoek |publisher=[[Marquette University Press]] | date = 2003 |isbn=0-87462-654-4}} *{{Cite book |last=Payne |first=Robert |authorlink=Pierre Stephen Robert Payne |title=The Life And Death Of Lenin |publisher=[[Simon & Schuster]] | date = 1967 |isbn=0-671-41640-5}} *{{Cite book |last=Pipes |first=Richard |authorlink=Richard Pipes |title=The Unknown Lenin: From the Secret Archive |publisher=[[Yale University Press]] | date = 1999 |isbn=0-300-07662-2}} *{{Cite book |last=Rappaport |first=Helen |authorlink=Helen Rappaport |title=Conspirator: Lenin in Exile |url=https://archive.org/details/conspiratorlenin0000rapp_u4e4 |publisher=[[Basic Books]] | date = 2010 |isbn=978-0-465-01395-1}} *{{Cite book |last=Service |first=Robert |authorlink=Robert Service (historian) |title=Lenin: A Biography |publisher=[[Belknap Press]] | date = 2002 |isbn=0-674-00828-6}} *{{Cite book |last=Shub |first=David |title=Lenin: A Biography |url=https://archive.org/details/leninbiography0000shub |publisher=[[Penguin Books]] | date = 1965 |isbn=0-14-020809-7}} *{{Cite journal |last=Toynbee |first=Arnold |authorlink=Arnold J. Toynbee |title=A Centenary View of Lenin |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_international-affairs_1970-07_46_3/page/490 |journal=[[International Affairs (journal)|International Affairs]] |volume=46 |issue=3 |pages=490–500 |month=July | date = 1970 |doi=10.2307/2613225|jstor=2613225 |publisher=[[Blackwell Publishing]]}} *{{Cite book |last=Trotsky |first=Leon |authorlink=Leon Trotsky |title=On Lenin: Notes Towards a Biography |url=https://archive.org/details/onleninnotestowa0000trot |publisher=[[Harrap]] | date = 1971 |isbn=0-245-50302-1}} *{{Cite book |last=Tucker |first=Robert C. |authorlink=Robert C. Tucker |title=The Lenin Anthology |url=https://archive.org/details/leninanthology00leni |publisher=[[W. W. Norton & Company]] | date = 1975 |isbn=0-393-09236-4}} *{{Cite book |last=Volkogonov |first=Dmitri |authorlink=Dmitri Volkogonov |title=Lenin: A New Biography |url=https://archive.org/details/leninnewbiograph0000volk |publisher=[[Free Press (publisher)|Free Press]] | date = 2006 |isbn=0-02-933435-7}} {{refend}} ==Mga sumpay ha gawas== {{Commons category|Vladimir Lenin}} * {{worldcat id|id=lccn-n80-67085}} *[http://www.marx2mao.com/Lenin/Index.html Marx2Mao.org]{{spaced ndash}}Lenin Internet Library *[https://youtube.com/watch?v=-l53FPENoAU Lenin's speech (video)]{{spaced ndash}}Lenin's speech with subtitles *[http://www.marxists.org/archive/trotsky/1939/xx/lenin02.html Article on Lenin written by Trotsky for the Encyclopædia Britannica] *[http://www2.cddc.vt.edu/marxists/archive/krupskaya/works/rol/index.htm Reminiscences of Lenin by N. K. Krupskaya] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060404061700/http://www2.cddc.vt.edu/marxists/archive/krupskaya/works/rol/index.htm |date=2006-04-04 }} *[http://www.lenin.fi/uusi/uk/index.htm The Lenin Museum] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130929050332/http://www.lenin.fi/uusi/uk/index.htm |date=2013-09-29 }} in [[Tampere]], Finland *[http://www.gmu.edu/departments/economics/bcaplan/museum/hisfram1.htm Lenin and the First Communist Revolutions] *[http://www.marxists.org/archive/lenin/bio/index.htm Lenin Internet Archive Biography] includes interviews with Lenin and essays on the leader *[http://www.marxists.org/archive/bryant/works/1923-mom/lenin.htm Mirrors of Moscow: Nikolai Lenin] by [[Louise Bryant]] *[http://debs.indstate.edu/z77n5_1918.pdf Nicolai Lenin] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160303165958/http://debs.indstate.edu/z77n5_1918.pdf |date=2016-03-03 }} His Life and Work by G. Zinovieff, [[Indiana State University]] *[http://net.lib.byu.edu/~rdh7/wwi/memoir/Robins/Robins4.htm The Personality and Power of Nikolai Lenin] From Raymond Robins' Own Story by William Hard (1920) *[http://205.188.238.181/time/time100/leaders/profile/lenin.html TIME 100: V.I. Lenin] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110425120012/http://205.188.238.181/time/time100/leaders/profile/lenin.html |date=2011-04-25 }} by [[David Remnick]], 13 Abril 1998 *{{YouTube|6ybDtm93e4c|Re: Lenin in color – high quality edition}} *[http://mnweekly.ru/local/20090115/55364151.html The Ghosts of Lenin Abound] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110726143223/http://mnweekly.ru/local/20090115/55364151.html |date=2011-07-26 }} by ''The Moscow News Weekly'', 15 Enero 2009 *[http://www.themilitant.com/2010/7416/741650.html Lenin's Fight to Defend Working-class Power and Revolutionary Internationalism] by ''[[The Militant]]'' *[http://www.internationalsteam.co.uk/trains/russia06.htm Lenin's Funeral Train] in its own museum next to [[Paveletsky Rail Terminal]] * {{gutenberg author|id=Vladimir_Ilyich_Lenin_(1870–1924)|name=Vladimir Ilyich Lenin}} * [http://econfaculty.gmu.edu/bcaplan/museum/musframe.htm Museum of Communists] ** [http://econfaculty.gmu.edu/bcaplan/museum/his1e.htm Vladmir Lenin] *[http://www.marxists.org/archive/lenin/index.htm Marxists.org Lenin Internet Archive]{{spaced ndash}}Extensive compendium of writings, a biography, and many photographs ===Mga pinili nga binuhatan=== : Main website [http://www.marxists.org/archive/lenin/works/cw/index.htm Lenin's Works] * [http://www.marxists.org/romana/audio/index.htm Lenin's Speeches on Gramophone Records] *[http://www.marxists.org/archive/lenin/works/1899/devel/index.htm The Development of Capitalism in Russia] *''[[What is to be Done? (pamphlet)|What is to be Done?]]'' [http://www.marxists.org/archive/lenin/works/1901/witbd/index.htm] *[http://www.marxists.org/archive/lenin/works/1904/onestep/index.htm One Step Forward, Two Steps Back] *[http://marxists.org/archive/lenin/works/1904/sep/15a.htm Reply by N. Lenin] to [[Rosa Luxemburg]] *[http://www.marxists.org/archive/lenin/works/1905/tactics/index.htm Two Tactics of Social-Democracy in the Democratic Revolution] *[http://www.marxists.org/archive/lenin/works/1908/mec/index.htm Materialism and Empirio-Criticism] *[http://www.marxists.org/archive/lenin/works/1915/oct/16.htm The Right of Nations to Self-Determination] *[http://www.marxists.org/archive/lenin/works/1916/imp-hsc/index.htm Imperialism, the Highest Stage of Capitalism] *''[[The State and Revolution]]'' [http://www.marxists.org/archive/lenin/works/1917/staterev/index.htm] *[http://www.marxists.org/archive/lenin/works/1917/dec/25.htm How to Organise Competition?] *''The [[April Theses]]'' [http://www.marxists.org/archive/lenin/works/1917/apr/04.htm] *[http://www.marxists.org/archive/lenin/works/1918/oct/10.htm The Proletarian Revolution and the Renegade Kautsky] *''[[Left-Wing Communism: An Infantile Disorder]]'' [http://www.marxists.org/archive/lenin/works/1920/lwc/index.htm] *[http://www.marxists.org/archive/lenin/works/1922/dec/testamnt/index.htm Lenin's ''Testament''] *[http://www.marxists.org/archive/lenin/works/1923/mar/05.htm Lenin's last letter to Stalin] *[https://web.archive.org/web/20101230035234/http://politazbuka.ru/biblioteka/marksizm/562-lenin-vladimir-polnoe-sobranie-sochineniy-5-izdanie.html Lenin's ''Complete Collected Works''], in 55 volumes. (Russian) [[Kaarangay:Mga natawo han 1870|Lenin, Vladimir]] [[Kaarangay:Mga namatay han 1924|Lenin, Vladimir]] [[Kaarangay:Biyograpiya|Lenin, Vladimir]] [[Kaarangay:Rusya|Lenin, Vladimir]] [[Kaarangay:Politika|Lenin, Vladimir]] [[Kaarangay:Vladimir Lenin]] iwak0oo7zr6lrgw7hw2b21b3snx54v7 0 15073 7782315 7748302 2026-04-07T06:03:15Z InternetArchiveBot 41587 Add 9 books for verifiability (20260407)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 7782315 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox former country | conventional_long_name = Aleman nga Reich | native_name = ''Deutsches Reich'' (1933–1943)<br />''Großdeutsches Reich'' (1943–1945) | common_name = Alemanya | continent = Europa | country = Alemanya | era = [[Interwar period]]/[[Ikaduha nga Gera han Kalibotan]] | event_start = [[Machtergreifung]] | year_start =1933 | date_start = 30 Enero | event1 = [[Gleichschaltung]] | date_event1 = 27 Pebrero 1933 | event2 = [[Anschluss]] | date_event2 = 12 Marso 1938 | event3 = [[Ikaduha nga Gera han Kalibotan]] | date_event3 = 1 Septyembre 1939 | event4 = [[Kamatayan ni Adolf Hitler]] | date_event4 = 30 Abril 1945 | event_end = [[German Instrument of Surrender|Surrender of Germany]] | year_end = 1945 | date_end = 8 Mayo | legislature = [[Reichstag (Nazi Germany)|Reichstag]] | house1 = [[Reichsrat (Germany)|Reichsrat]] | type_house1 = State council | p1 = Weimar Republic | flag_p1 =Flag of Germany (3-2 aspect ratio).svg | p2 = Federal State of Austria | flag_p2 = Flag of Austria.svg | s1 = Flensburg Government | flag_s1 = Flag of German Reich (1935–1945).svg | image_flag = Flag of German Reich (1935–1945).svg <!-- Do not replace with NSDAP flag, as the two are not identical. NSDAP flag is symmetrical, this one isn't. --> | flag = Flag of Germany#Nazi Germany | flag_type = Flag (1935–45) | image_coat = Reichsadler.svg | coa_size = 100px | symbol_type = Emblem (1935–45) | symbol = Coat of arms of Germany#Nazi Germany | image_map2 = World War II in Europe, 1942.svg | image_map2_caption = Europe at the height of Axis success (1941–1942) {{plainlist | style = padding-left: 0.6em; text-align: left; | * {{Legend|#313131|[[Greater Germany]]{{efn|name=annexed}}}} * {{Legend|#555555|[[German-occupied Europe|Areas under German and/or Axis occupation]]}} * {{Legend|#818181|German [[Axis powers|allies]],{{efn|name=annexed}} [[Co-belligerence#Finland as co-belligerent with Germany in World War Two|co-belligerents]], and [[Puppet state#Nazi Germany and Fascist Italy|puppet states]]{{efn|name=annexed}}}} * {{Legend|#c75e5e|[[Soviet Union]] (Allied-held)}} * {{Legend|#658a6f|[[Western Allies|Western Allied-held]]}} * {{Legend|#ffffff|[[Neutrality (international relations)|Neutral countries]]}} }} | national_motto = | national_anthem = {{plainlist | * ''[[Das Lied der Deutschen]]''<br>''{{small|Awit han mga Aleman}}'' * ''[[Horst-Wessel-Lied]]''<br>''{{small|Horst Wessel nga Awit}}''<br /><center>[[File:Песня Хорста Весселя.ogg]]</center> }} | capital = Berlin | largest_city = capital | common_languages = Inaleman | government_type = [[Nazism|Nazi]] [[single-party state]]<br />[[Totalitarian dictatorship]] | title_leader = [[President of Germany (1919–1945)|President]] / [[Führer]] | leader1 = [[Paul von Hindenburg]] | year_leader1 = 1933–1934 | leader2 = [[Adolf Hitler]]{{efn|name=vacant}} | year_leader2 = 1934–1945 | leader3 = [[Karl Dönitz]] | year_leader3 = 1945 | title_deputy = [[List of Chancellors of Germany|Chancellor]] | deputy1= [[Adolf Hitler]] | year_deputy1 = 1933–1945 | deputy2 = [[Joseph Goebbels]] | year_deputy2 = 1945 | deputy3 = [[Lutz Graf Schwerin von Krosigk]] | year_deputy3 = 1945 (as leading minister) | stat_area1 = 633786 | stat_pop1 = 69314000 | stat_year1 = 1939 | ref_area1 ={{efn|name=statistics}} | ref_pop1 = {{sfn|Statistisches Jahrbuch|2006|p=34}} | currency = [[Reichsmark]] (ℛℳ) |today = {{flag|Austria}}<br/>{{flag|Czech Republic}}<br/>{{flag|Germany}}<br/>{{flag|Poland}}<br/>{{flag|Russia}} | footnotes = }} An '''Alemanya (nga) Nazi''' o kundi man '''Nazi nga Alemanya''' amo an impormal nga ngaran nga ginhatag ha Alemanya han 1933 ngadto ha 1945. Amo ini an panahon nga kan [[Adolf Hitler]] partido [[Nazi]] amo an nagkakapot ha [[Alemanya]]. ==Kasaysayan== ===Gintikangan=== Nagkuri oraora an ekonomiya han Alemanya kahuman san ''World War I'', tungod san san maga baraydan sini sa ''reparations'' na kinahanglan nira bayaran sigun san ''1919 [[Treaty of Versailles]]''. Nag-imprinta an gobyerno sin kwarta pambayad sa kanra ''war debt'' na nagresulta san ''[[hyperinflation]]'' ngan ginsundan naman san paghitaas san mga presyo san mga paraliton, ''economic chaos'', ngan mga ''food riots''.{{sfn|Evans|2003|p=103–108}} San wara pakabayad an gobyerno san reparations sadton Enero 1923, Gin-okupahan san mga Pranses na sundalo an mga industrial na lugar san Alemanya sa ligid san [[Ruhr]]. Nagresulta ini san darako na ''civil unrest''.{{sfn|Evans|2003|pp=186–187}} ==Pinanbasaran== {{Mga kasarigan|20em}} ==Bibliograpiya== {{refbegin|30em}} * {{Cite web | url = http://www.dipublico.com.ar/english/agreement-between-the-governments-of-the-united-kingdom-the-united-states-of-america-and-the-union-of-soviet-socialist-republics-and-the-provisional-government-of-the-french-republic-on-certain-add/ | title = Agreement Between the Governments of the United Kingdom, the United States of America, and the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics, and the Provisional Government of the French Republic on Certain Additional Requirements to be Imposed on Germany | date = 20 Septyembre 1945 | publisher = dipublico.com | ref = {{sfnRef|Allied Agreement|1945}} }} * {{Cite book | last = Antill | first = Peter | title = Berlin 1945: End of the Thousand Year Reich | url = https://archive.org/details/berlin1945endoft0000anti | date = 2005 | publisher = Osprey | location = Oxford; New York | isbn = 1-84176-915-0 | ref = harv}} * {{Cite book | last = Beevor | first = Antony | authorlink = Antony Beevor | title = [[Berlin: The Downfall 1945]] | date = 2002 | publisher = Viking-Penguin Books | location = London | isbn = 978-0-670-03041-5 | ref = harv}} * {{Cite book | last = Beevor | first = Antony | title = [[The Second World War (book)|The Second World War]] | date = 2012 | publisher = Little, Brown | location = New York | isbn = 978-0-316-02374-0 | ref = harv}} * {{Cite book | last = Bendersky | first = Joseph W. | title = A Concise History of Nazi Germany: 1919–1945 | url = https://archive.org/details/concisehistoryof0003bend | date = 2007| publisher = Rowman & Littlefield | location = Lanham, MD | isbn = 978-0-7425-5363-7 | ref = harv}} * {{Cite book | last = Berben | first = Paul | title = Dachau 1933–1945: The Official History | url = https://archive.org/details/dachau19331945of0000berb | date = 1975 | publisher = Norfolk Press | location = London | isbn = 0-85211-009-X | ref = harv}} * {{Cite book | last = Berghahn | first = Volker R. | authorlink = Volker Berghahn | chapter = Germans and Poles, 1871–1945 | title = Germany and Eastern Europe: Cultural Identities and Cultural Differences | url = https://archive.org/details/germanyeasterneu0000unse_t5e4 | series = Yearbook of European Studies | publisher = Rodopi | location = Amsterdam; Atlanta | date = 1999 | isbn = 90-420-0688-9 | ref = harv}} * {{Cite web | last1 = Beyer | first1 = John C. | last2 = Schneider | first2 = Stephen A. | title = Forced Labour under the Third Reich&nbsp;– Part 1 | publisher = Nathan Associates | url = http://www.nathaninc.com/sites/default/files/Pub%20PDFs/Forced%20Labor%20Under%20the%20Third%20Reich,%20Part%20One.pdf | format = PDF | accessdate = 12 Mayo 2013 | ref = {{sfnRef|Beyer & Schneider}} | archive-date = 9 Mayo 2013 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20130509054212/http://www.nathaninc.com/sites/default/files/Pub%20PDFs/Forced%20Labor%20Under%20the%20Third%20Reich,%20Part%20One.pdf | url-status = dead }} * {{Cite journal | last = Biddiscombe | first = Perry | title = Dangerous Liaisons: The Anti-Fraternization Movement in the US Occupation Zones of Germany and Austria, 1945–1948 | url = https://archive.org/details/sim_journal-of-social-history_spring-2001_34_3/page/611 | journal = Journal of Social History | date = 2001 | volume = 34 | issue = 3 | pages = 611–647 | doi = 10.1353/jsh.2001.0002 | ref = harv}} * {{Cite book | last = Boczek | first = Bolesław Adam | title = International Law: A Dictionary | url = https://archive.org/details/internationallaw0000bocz | date = 2005 | publisher = Scarecrow Press | location = Lanham, MD | isbn = 0-8108-5078-8 | ref = harv}} * {{Cite journal | last = Braun | first = Hans-Joachim | title = Aero-Engine Production in the Third Reich | journal = History of Technology | date = 1992 | volume = 14 | pages = 1–15 | ref = harv}} * {{Cite web | last1 = Busse | first1 = Reinhard | last2 = Riesberg | first2 = Annette | title = Health Care Systems In Transition: Germany | date = 2004 | publisher = WHO Regional Office for Europe on behalf of the European Observatory on Health Systems and Policies | location = Copenhagen | format = PDF | url = http://www.euro.who.int/__data/assets/pdf_file/0018/80703/E85472.pdf | accessdate = 15 Mayo 2013 | ref = harv | archive-date = 2020-03-21 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20200321225609/http://www.euro.who.int/__data/assets/pdf_file/0018/80703/E85472.pdf | url-status = }} * {{Cite web | title = Children during the Holocaust | publisher = United States Holocaust Memorial Museum | url = http://www.ushmm.org/wlc/en/article.php?ModuleId=10005142 | accessdate = 24 Abril 2013 | ref = {{sfnRef|Holocaust Memorial Museum: Children}} }} * {{Cite book | last = Clark | first = Christopher M. | authorlink = Chris Clark (historian) | title = Iron Kingdom: The Rise and Downfall of Prussia, 1600–1947 | url = https://archive.org/details/ironkingdomrised00chri | date = 2006 | publisher = Penguin Group | location = London | isbn = 978-0-674-02385-7 | ref = harv}} * {{Cite book | last = Closmann | first = Charles | editor1-last = Brüggemeier | editor1-first = Franz-Josef | editor2-last = Cioc | editor2-first = Mark | editor3-last = Zeller | editor3-first = Thomas | title = How Green Were the Nazis?: Nature, Environment, and Nation in the Third Reich | chapter = Legalizing a ''Volksgemeinschaft'': Nazi Germany's Reich Nature Protection Law of 1935 | date = 2005 | publisher = Ohio University Press | location = Athens | isbn = | ref = harv}} * {{Cite book | editor1-last = Constable | editor1-first = George | title = Fists of Steel | series = The Third Reich | date = 1988 | publisher = Time-Life Books | location = Alexandria, VA | isbn = 0-8094-6966-9 | ref = harv}} * {{Cite book | last = Conway | first = John S | authorlink = John S. Conway (historian) | title = The Nazi Persecution of the Churches, 1933–1945 | date = 2001 | publisher = Regent College Publishing | location = Vancouver | isbn = 1-57383-080-1 | ref = harv}} * {{Cite book | last = Cuomo | first = Glenn R. | title = National Socialist Cultural Policy | date = 1995 | publisher = Palgrave MacMillan | location = New York | isbn = 978-0-312-09094-4 | ref = harv}} * {{Cite web | title = Dachau | publisher = United States Holocaust Memorial Museum | url = http://www.ushmm.org/wlc/en/article.php?ModuleId=10005214 | accessdate = 14 Hulyo 2013 | ref = {{sfnRef|Holocaust Memorial Museum: Dachau}} }} * {{Cite book | last = Davies | first = Norman | authorlink = Norman Davies | title = Rising '44: the Battle for Warsaw | url = https://archive.org/details/rising44battlefo0000davi_l9z3 | date = 2003 | publisher = Viking | location = New York | isbn = 0-670-03284-0 | ref = harv}} * {{Cite journal | last = Davis | first = Richard G. | title = German Rail Yards and Cities: U.S. Bombing Policy 1944–1945 | url = https://archive.org/details/sim_air-power-history_summer-1995_42_2/page/46 | journal = Air Power History | date = 1995 | volume = 42 | issue = 2 | pages = 46–63 | ref = harv}} * {{Cite journal | title = Declaration Regarding the Defeat of Germany and the Assumption of Supreme Authority with Respect to Germany and Supplementary Statements | journal = American Journal of International Law | volume = 39 | issue = 3 | date= Hulyo 1945 | pages = 171–178 | jstor = 221392 | doi = 10.2307/2213921 | ref = {{sfnRef|Berlin Declaration|1945}} }} * {{Cite book | last = DeGregori | first = Thomas R. | title = [[Bountiful Harvest|Bountiful Harvest: Technology, Food Safety, and the Environment]] | publisher = Cato Institute | location = Washington | date = 2002 | isbn = 1-930865-31-7 | ref = harv}} * {{Cite web | last = DeLong | first = J. Bradford | authorlink = J. Bradford DeLong | title = Slouching Towards Utopia?: The Economic History of the Twentieth Century. XV. Nazis and Soviets | date= Pebrero 1997 | publisher = University of California at Berkeley | work = econ161.berkeley.edu | url = http://econ161.berkeley.edu/TCEH/Slouch_Purge15.html | archiveurl = https://web.archive.org/web/20080511190923/http://econ161.berkeley.edu/TCEH/Slouch_Purge15.html | accessdate = 21 Abril 2013 | archivedate = 11 Mayo 2008 | ref = harv | url-status = dead }} * {{Cite book | last = Dorland | first = Michael | title = Cadaverland: Inventing a Pathology of Catastrophe for Holocaust Survival: The Limits of Medical Knowledge and Memory in France | publisher = University Press of New England | series = Tauber Institute for the Study of European Jewry series | location = Waltham, Mass | date = 2009 | isbn = 1-58465-784-7 | ref = harv}} * {{Cite book | last = Douglas | first = R.M | title = Orderly and Humane: The Expulsion of the Germans after the Second World War | url = https://archive.org/details/orderlyhumaneexp0000doug | date = 2012 | publisher = Yale University Press | location = New Haven | isbn = 978-0-300-16660-6 | ref = harv}} * {{Cite book | title = Encyklopedia Powszechna PWN | volume = 3 | date = 2004 | publisher = Państwowe Wydawnictwo Naukowe | location = Warsaw | language = Polish | isbn = 83-01-14179-4 | ref = {{sfnRef|Powszechna PWN|2004}} }} * {{Cite web | title = "Euthanasie" im Nationalsozialismus | date = 2012 | work = Das Bundesarchiv | publisher = Government of Germany | language = German | url = http://www.bundesarchiv.de/benutzung/zeitbezug/nationalsozialismus/00303/index.html.de | accessdate = 19 Mayo 2013 | ref = {{sfnRef|Bundesarchiv}} | archive-date = 21 Oktubre 2013 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20131021060807/http://www.bundesarchiv.de/benutzung/zeitbezug/nationalsozialismus/00303/index.html.de | url-status = dead }} * {{Cite book | last = Evans | first = Richard J. | authorlink = Richard J. Evans | title = [[The Coming of the Third Reich]] | date = 2003 | publisher = Penguin | location = New York | isbn = 978-0-14-303469-8 | ref = harv}} * {{Cite book | last = Evans | first = Richard J. | date = 2005 | title = The Third Reich in Power | url = https://archive.org/details/thirdreichinpowe00evan | publisher = Penguin | location = New York | isbn =978-0-14-303790-3 | ref = harv}} * {{Cite book | last = Evans | first = Richard J. | date = 2008 | title = The Third Reich at War | url = https://archive.org/details/thirdreichatwar00evan_0 | publisher = Penguin | location = New York | isbn = 978-0-14-311671-4 | ref = harv}} * {{Cite book | last = Evans | first = Richard J. | title = Cosmopolitan Islanders: British Historians and the European Continent | url = https://archive.org/details/cosmopolitanisla0000evan | date = 2009 | publisher = Cambridge University Press | location = Cambridge; New York | isbn = 978-0-521-19998-8 | ref = harv}} * {{Cite book | last = Farago | first = Ladislas | authorlink = Ladislas Farago | date = 1972 | origyear = 1942 | title = German Psychological Warfare | publisher = Arno Press | location = New York | series = International Propaganda and Communications |isbn = 978-0-405-04747-3 | ref = harv}} * {{Cite book | last = Fest | first = Joachim | authorlink = Joachim Fest | title = Plotting Hitler's Death: The German Resistance to Hitler 1933–1945 | date = 1996 | publisher = Weidenfield & Nicolson | location = London | isbn = | ref = harv}} * {{Cite journal | last = Flint | first = Colin | title = To Explain or Understand Evil: Comparing Hermeneutic and Rational Choice Approaches to the Analysis of Nazism | url = https://archive.org/details/sim_social-science-quarterly_1998-06_79_2/page/466 | journal = Social Science Quarterly | date= Hunyo 1998 | volume = 79 | issue = 2 | pages = 466–474 | publisher = University of Texas Press | location = Austin | jstor = | ref = harv}} * {{Cite book | last = Freeman | first = Michael J. | title = Atlas of Nazi Germany: A Political, Economic, and Social Anatomy of the Third Reich | date = 1995 | publisher = Longman | location = London; New York | isbn = 978-0-582-23924-1 | ref = harv}} * {{Cite book | last = Friedländer | first = Saul | authorlink = Saul Friedländer | title = Nazi Germany and the Jews, 1933–1945 | url = https://archive.org/details/nazigermanyjews10000frie | date = 2009 | publisher = Harper Perennial | location = New York | isbn = 978-0-06-135027-6 | ref = harv}} * {{Cite book | last = Fritzsche | first = Peter | title = Life and Death in the Third Reich | url = https://archive.org/details/lifedeathinthird0000frit | date = 2008 | publisher = Belknap Press of Harvard University Press | location = Cambridge, MA | isbn = 978-0-674-03465-5 | ref = harv}} * {{Cite book | last = Gellately | first = Robert | title = Social Outsiders in Nazi Germany | date = 2001 | publisher = Princeton University Press | isbn = 978-0-691-08684-2 | ref = harv}} * {{Cite journal | last = Gellately | first = Robert | authorlink = Robert Gellately | title = Reviewed work(s): Vom Generalplan Ost zum Generalsiedlungsplan by Czeslaw Madajczyk. Der "Generalplan Ost". Hauptlinien der nationalsozialistischen Planungs- und Vernichtungspolitik by Mechtild Rössler; Sabine Schleiermacher | journal = Central European History | volume = 29 | issue = 2 | date = 1996 | pages = 270–274 | ref = harv | doi = 10.1017/S0008938900013170}} * {{Cite book | author = Germany (West) Presse- und Informationsamt | title = Germany Reports. With an introduction by Konrad Adenauer | date = 1961 | publisher = F. Steiner | location = Wiesbaden | language = German | oclc = 5092689 | ref = {{sfnRef|''Germany Reports''|1961}} }} * {{Cite book | author = Germany (West). Statistisches Bundesamt | title = Die deutschen Vertreibungsverluste. Bevölkerungsbilanzen für die deutschen Vertreibungsgebiete 1939/50 | date = 1958 | publisher = Verlag W. Kohlhammer | language = German | location = Wiesbaden | oclc = 7363969 | ref = {{sfnRef|''Die deutschen Vertreibungsverluste'', 1939/50}} }} * {{Cite web | title = Gesetz über das Staatsoberhaupt des Deutschen Reichs. § 1 |trans_title = Law Regarding the Head of State of the German Empire. § 1 | date = 1 Agosto 1934 | language = German | publisher = documentArchiv.de | url = http://www.documentarchiv.de/ns/stobrhpt.html | ref = {{sfnRef|Gesetz über das Staatsoberhaupt|1934}} }} * {{Cite book | last = Gill | first = Anton | authorlink = Anton Gill | title = An Honourable Defeat: A History of the German Resistance to Hitler | url = https://archive.org/details/honourabledefeat0000gill_s8m1 | date = 1994 | publisher = Heinemann | location = London | isbn = | ref = harv}} * {{Cite book | last = Glantz | first = David M. | authorlink = David Glantz | title = When Titans Clashed: How the Red Army Stopped Hitler | url = https://archive.org/details/whentitansclashe00glan_0 | publisher = University Press of Kansas | location = Lawrence, KS | date = 1995 | isbn = 978-0-7006-0899-7 | ref = harv }} * {{Cite book | last = Goeschel | first = Christian | title = Suicide in Nazi Germany | date = 2009 | publisher = Oxford University Press | location = Oxford; New York | isbn = 978-0-19-953256-8 | ref = harv}} * {{Cite book | last = Goldhagen | first = Daniel | authorlink = Daniel Goldhagen | title = [[Hitler's Willing Executioners|Hitler's Willing Executioners: Ordinary Germans and the Holocaust]] | date = 1996 | publisher = Knopf | location = New York | isbn = 978-0-679-44695-8 | ref = harv}} * {{Cite journal | author = Government of West Germany | journal = Statistisches Jahrbuch für die Bundesrepublik Deutschland | date = 1960 | publisher = W. Kohlhammer | language = German | location = Stuttgart | jstor = | url = | ref = {{sfnRef|Statistisches Jahrbuch|1960}} }} * {{Cite book | last = Grunberger | first = Richard | authorlink = Richard Grunberger | date = 1971 | title = The 12-Year Reich: A Social History of Nazi Germany 1933–1945 | url = https://archive.org/details/12yearreichsoc00grun | publisher = Holt Rinehart and Winston | location = New York | isbn = 978-0-03-076435-6 | ref = harv}} * {{Cite journal | last = Hagemann | first = Karen | authorlink = Karen Hagemann | title = Mobilizing Women for War: The History, Historiography, and Memory of German Women's War Service in the Two World Wars | journal = Journal of Military History | date= Oktubre 2011 | volume = 75 | issue = 4 | pages = 1055–1094 | ref = harv}} * {{Cite book | last1 = Hahn | first1 = Hans Henning | last2 = Hahnova | first2 = Eva | title = Die Vertreibung im deutschen Erinnern. Legenden, Mythos, Geschichte | date = 2010 | publisher = Paderborn | location = Munich; Vienna | isbn = 978-3-506-77044-8 | ref = harv}} * {{Cite journal | last = Hanauske-Abel | first = Hartmut M. | title = Not a slippery slope or sudden subversion: German medicine and National Socialism in 1933 | journal = BMJ | date = 7 Disyembre 1996 | volume = 313 | issue = 7070 | pages = 1453–1463 | doi = 10.1136/bmj.313.7070.1453 | url = http://www.ippnw.org/pdf/mgs/3-hanauske-abel.pdf | ref = harv | access-date = 14 Enero 2015 | archive-date = 17 Abril 2020 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20200417021728/https://www.ippnw.org/pdf/mgs/3-hanauske-abel.pdf | url-status = dead }} * {{Cite book | last = Haar | first = Ingo | authorlink = Ingo Haar | editor1-last = Ehmer | editor1-first = Josef | title = Die deutschen Vertreibungsverluste:&nbsp;– Forschungsstand, Kontexte und Probleme | work = Ursprünge, Arten und Folgen des Konstrukts "Bevölkerung" vor, im und nach dem "Dritten Reich" : Aspekte und Erkenntnisse zur Geschichte der deutschen Bevölkerungswissenschaft | date = 2009 | publisher = Springer | language = German | location = | isbn = 978-3-531-16152-5 | ref = harv}} * {{Cite book | last1 = Heinemann | first1 = Isabel | last2 = Oberkrome | first2 = Willi | last3 = Schleiermacher | first3 = Sabine | last4 = Wagner | first4 = Patrick | title = Nauka, planowanie, wypędzenia : Generalny Plan Wschodni narodowych socjalistów : katalog wystawy Niemieckiej Współnoty Badawczej | date = 2006 | publisher = Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft | language = Polish | url = http://www.dfg.de/download/pdf/dfg_magazin/wissenschaft_oeffentlichkeit/ausstellungen/generalplan_ost/generalplan_ost_katalog_pl_120131.pdf | format = PDF | location = Bonn | isbn = | ref = {{sfnRef|Heinemann et al|2006}} }} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190402074959/https://www.dfg.de/download/pdf/dfg_magazin/wissenschaft_oeffentlichkeit/ausstellungen/generalplan_ost/generalplan_ost_katalog_pl_120131.pdf |date=2019-04-02 }} * {{Cite book | last = Hildebrand | first = Klaus | authorlink = Klaus Hildebrand | title = The Third Reich | url = https://archive.org/details/thirdreich0000hild | date = 1984 | publisher = George Allen & Unwin | location = Boston | isbn = 0-04-943032-7 | ref = harv}} * {{Cite book | last = Hitchcock | first = William I. | title = The Struggle for Europe: The Turbulent History of a Divided Continent, 1945 to the Present | url = https://archive.org/details/struggleforeurop0000hitc | date = 2004 | publisher = Anchor | location = New York | isbn = 978-0-385-49799-2 | ref = harv}} * {{Cite book | last = Hoffmann | first = Peter | title = The History of the German Resistance, 1933–1945 | origyear = 1977 | date = 1996 | publisher = McGill-Queen's University Press | location = Montreal | isbn = 0-7735-1531-3 | ref = harv}} * {{Cite book | last = Hosking | first = Geoffrey A. | authorlink = Geoffrey Hosking | title = Rulers and Victims: The Russians in the Soviet Union | url = https://archive.org/details/rulersvictimsrus00hosk | date = 2006 | publisher = Harvard University Press | location = Cambridge | isbn = 0-674-02178-9 | ref = harv}} * {{Cite book | last = Hubert | first = Michael | title = Deutschland im Wandel. Geschichte der deutschen Bevolkerung seit 1815 | date = 1998 | publisher = Steiner, Franz Verlag | language = German | location = Stuttgart | isbn = 3-515-07392-2 | ref = harv}} * {{Cite book | last1 = Kammerer | first1 = Willi | last2 = Kammerer | first2 = Anja | title = Narben bleiben: die Arbeit der Suchdienste&nbsp;– 60 Jahre nach dem Zweiten Weltkrieg | date = 2005 | publisher = Dienststelle | location = Berlin | isbn = | ref = harv}} * {{Cite book | last = Kershaw | first = Ian | authorlink = Ian Kershaw | date = 2000 | edition = 4th | title = The Nazi Dictatorship: Problems and Perspectives of Interpretation | url = https://archive.org/details/nazidictatorship00kers | publisher = Arnold | location = London | isbn = 978-0-340-76028-4 | ref = harv}} * {{Cite book |last = Kershaw | first = Ian | title = The "Hitler Myth": Image and Reality in the Third Reich |url = https://archive.org/details/hitlermythimager0000kers_s7n6 | date = 2001 | origyear = 1987 | publisher = Oxford University Press | location = Oxford; New York | isbn = 0-19-280206-2 | ref = harv}} * {{Cite book | last = Kershaw | first = Ian | title = Hitler: A Biography | url = https://archive.org/details/hitlerbiography0000kers | publisher = W. W. Norton & Company | location = New York | date = 2008 | isbn = 978-0-393-06757-6 | ref = harv}} * {{Cite book | last = Kershaw | first = Ian | title = The End: Hitler's Germany, 1944–45 | url = https://archive.org/details/endhitlersgerman0000kers_i7u7 | date = 2012 | origyear = 2011 publisher = Penguin | location = London | isbn = 978-0-14-101421-0 | edition = Paperback | ref = harv}} * {{Cite web | title = Khatyn: Genocide Policy | publisher = Khatyn State Memorial Complex | url = http://www.khatyn.by/en/genocide/expeditions/ | accessdate = 11 Mayo 2013 | ref = {{sfnRef|Khatyn State Memorial Complex}} | archive-date = 26 Disyembre 2018 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20181226060712/http://www.khatyn.by/en/genocide/expeditions/%20 | url-status = dead }} * {{Cite web | title = Kinobesuche in Deutschland 1925 bis 2004 | publisher = Spitzenorganisation der Filmwirtschaft e. V | format = PDF | url = http://www.spio.de/media_content/610.pdf | language = German | accessdate = 10 Mayo 2013 | ref = {{sfnRef|SPIO, Department of Statistics}} | archive-date = 4 Pebrero 2012 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20120204111257/http://www.spio.de/media_content/610.pdf | url-status = dead }} * {{Cite book | last = Kitchen | first = Martin | authorlink = Martin Kitchen | title = A History of Modern Germany, 1800–2000 | url = https://archive.org/details/historyofmoderng0000kitc | date = 2006 | publisher = Blackwell | location = Malden, MA | isbn = 978-1-4051-0040-3 | ref = harv}} * {{Cite web | last = Koldehoff | first = Stefan | title = Keine deutsche Opferarithmetik | date = 29 Nobyembre 2006 | publisher = [[Deutschlandfunk]] | language = German | url = http://www.dradio.de/dlf/sendungen/kulturheute/569560/ | accessdate = 29 Mayo 2013 | ref = harv}} * {{Cite book | last = Kressel | first = Neil J. | title = Mass Hate: The Global Rise Of Genocide And Terror | url = https://archive.org/details/masshateglobalri0000kres | date = 2002 | publisher = Plenum Press | location = New York | isbn = 0-8133-3951-0 | ref = harv}} * {{Cite journal | last = Lakotta | first = Beate | title = Tief vergraben, nicht dran rühren | journal = [[Der Spiegel]] | date= Marso 2005 | volume = | issue = 2 | pages = 218–221 | publisher = Spiegel-Verlag | location = Hamburg | language = German | jstor = | url = http://www.spiegel.de/spiegel/spiegelspecial/d-39863564.html | ref = harv | access-date = 14 Enero 2015 | archive-date = 17 Abril 2020 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20200417021755/https://www.spiegel.de/spiegel/spiegelspecial/d-39863564.html | url-status = dead }} * {{Cite book | last = Lauryssens | first = Stan | authorlink = Stan Lauryssens | title = The Man Who Invented the Third Reich: The Life and Times of Arthur Moeller van den Bruck | url = https://archive.org/details/manwhoinventedth0000laur | date = 1999 | publisher = Sutton | location = Stroud |isbn = 978-0-7509-1866-4 | ref = harv}} * {{Cite news | title = Leni Riefenstahl | date=10 Septyembre 2003 | work = [[The Daily Telegraph]] | publisher = [[Telegraph Media Group|TMG]] | location = [[London]] | issn = 0307-1235 | oclc = 49632006 | url = http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/obituaries/1440991/Leni-Riefenstahl.html?pageNum=3 | accessdate = 10 Mayo 2013 | ref = {{sfnRef|''The Daily Telegraph'', 2003}} }} * {{Cite book | last = Lewis | first = Brenda Ralph | title = Hitler Youth: the Hitlerjugend in War and Peace 1933–1945 | url = https://archive.org/details/hitleryouthhitle0000lewi | date = 2000 | publisher = MBI | location = Osceola, WI | isbn = 0-7603-0946-9 | ref = harv}} * {{Cite web | last = Libionka | first = Dariusz | title = The Catholic Church in Poland and the Holocaust, 1939–1945 | work = The Reaction of the Churches in Nazi Occupied Europe | publisher = Yad Vashem | format = PDF | url = http://www.yadvashem.org/download/about_holocaust/christian_world/libionka.pdf | accessdate = 26 Agosto 2013 | ref = {{sfnRef|Libionka, ''The Catholic Church in Poland''}} | archive-date = 2020-04-17 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20200417021806/https://www.yadvashem.org/download/about_holocaust/christian_world/libionka.pdf | url-status = }} * {{Cite journal | last = Longerich | first = Peter | authorlink = Peter Longerich | title = Hitler's Role in the Persecution of the Jews by the Nazi Regime | at = 17. Radicalisation of the Persecution of the Jews by Hitler at the Turn of the Year 1941–1942 | publisher = Emory University | location = Atlanta | date = 2003 | url = http://www.hdot.org/en/trial/defense/pl1/17 | archiveurl = https://web.archive.org/web/20090709111759/http://www.hdot.org/en/trial/defense/pl1/17 | archivedate = 9 Hulyo 2009 | accessdate = 31 Hulyo 2013 | ref = {{sfnRef|Longerich, Chapter 17|2003}} | url-status = unfit }} * {{Cite book | last = Longerich | first = Peter | title = Holocaust: The Nazi Persecution and Murder of the Jews | url = https://archive.org/details/holocaustnaziper0000long | date = 2010 | isbn = 978-0-19-280436-5 | publisher = Oxford University Press | location = Oxford; New York | ref = harv}} * {{Cite book | last = Longerich | first = Peter | date = 2012 | title = Heinrich Himmler: A Life | url = https://archive.org/details/heinrichhimmler0000long | publisher = Oxford University Press | location = Oxford; New York | isbn = 978-0-19-959232-6 | ref = harv}} * {{Cite book | last = Lukas | first = Richard C. | authorlink = Richard C. Lukas | title = Did the Children Cry?: Hitler's War Against Jewish and Polish Children, 1939–1945 | origyear = 1994 | date = 2001 | publisher = Hippocrene | location = New York | isbn = 978-0-7818-0870-5 | ref = harv}} * {{Cite book | last1 = Manvell | first1 = Roger | author1-link = Roger Manvell | last2 = Fraenkel | first2 = Heinrich | author2-link = Heinrich Fraenkel | title = Heinrich Himmler: The Sinister Life of the Head of the SS and Gestapo | date = 2007 | origyear = 1965 | publisher = Greenhill; Skyhorse | location = London; New York | isbn = 978-1-60239-178-9 | ref = harv}} * {{Cite book | last = Manvell | first = Roger | title = Goering | publisher = Skyhorse | location = London | date = 2011 | origyear = 1962 | isbn = 978-1-61608-109-6 | ref = harv}} * {{Cite book | last = Martin | first = Bernd | title = Japan and Germany in the Modern World | date = 2005 | origyear = 1995 | publisher = Berghahn Books | location = New York; Oxford | isbn = 978-1-84545-047-2 | ref = harv}} * {{Cite book | last = Mazower | first = Mark | authorlink = Mark Mazower | title = Hitler's Empire: How the Nazis Ruled Europe | url = https://archive.org/details/hitlersempirehow0000mazo | date = 2008 | publisher = Penguin | location = New York; Toronto | isbn = 978-1-59420-188-2 | ref = harv}} * {{Cite book | last1 = McElligott | first1 = Anthony | last2 = Kirk | first2 = Tim | last3 = Kershaw | first3 = Ian | title = Working Towards the Führer: Essays in Honour of Sir Ian Kershaw | date = 2003 | publisher = Manchester University Press | location = Manchester | isbn = 0-7190-6732-4 | ref = harv}} * {{Cite book | last = Melvin | first = Mungo | authorlink = Mungo Melvin | title = Manstein: Hitler's Greatest General | url = https://archive.org/details/mansteinhitlersg0000melv_j4h5 | date = 2010 | publisher = Weidenfeld & Nicholson | location = London | isbn = 978-0-297-84561-4 | ref = harv}} * {{Cite book | last = McNab | first = Chris | title = The Third Reich | publisher = Amber Books | date = 2009 | isbn = 978-1-906626-51-8 | ref = harv }} * {{Cite web | title = The Molotov-Ribbentrop Pact, 1939 | work = Modern History Sourcebook | publisher = Fordham University | url = http://www.fordham.edu/halsall/mod/1939pact.html | accessdate = 18 Abril 2013 | ref = {{sfnRef|Molotov-Ribbentrop Pact, 1939}} | archive-date = 2014-11-14 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20141114231303/http://www.fordham.edu/halsall/mod/1939pact.html | url-status = }} * {{Cite book | last = Nakosteen | first = Mehdi Khan | title = The History and Philosophy of Education | url = https://archive.org/details/historyphilosoph0000nako | date = 1965 | publisher = Ronald Press | location = New York | oclc = 175403 | ref = harv}} * {{Cite web | title = Martin Niemöller | work = Encyclopedia Britannica | url = http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/414633/Martin-Niemoller | accessdate = 25 Agosto 2013 | ref = {{sfnRef|Encyclopedia Britannica, ''Martin Niemöller''}} }} * {{Cite web | title = NS-Zwangsarbeit: "Verbotener Umgang" | date = 1942 | publisher = Stadtarchiv Göttingen Cordula Tollmien Projekt NS-Zwangsarbeiter | language = German | url = http://www.zwangsarbeit-in-goettingen.de/texte/verbotenerumgang.htm | ref = {{SfnRef|Nazi forced labour|1942}} }} * {{Cite book | last = Nicholas | first = Lynn H. | authorlink = Lynn H. Nicholas | title = Cruel World: The Children of Europe in the Nazi Web | url = https://archive.org/details/cruelworldchildr0000nich_w2v0 | date = 2006 | publisher = Vintage | location = New York | isbn = 978-0-679-77663-5 | ref = harv}} * {{Cite book | last1 = Niewyk | first1 = Donald L. | last2 = Nicosia | first2 = Francis R. | title = The Columbia Guide to the Holocaust | url = https://archive.org/details/columbiaguidetot00niew | date = 2000 | publisher = Columbia University Press | location = New York | isbn = 978-0-231-11200-0 | ref = harv}} * {{Cite web | title = ''NS-Frauenwarte'': Paper of the National Socialist Women's League | publisher = Heidelberg University Library | url = http://www.ub.uni-heidelberg.de/Englisch/helios/digi/nsfrauenwarte.html | accessdate = 8 Mayo 2013 | ref = {{sfnRef|Heidelberg University Library}} }} * {{Cite book | last= Overmans | first = Rüdiger | title = Deutsche militärische Verluste im Zweiten Weltkrieg | date = 2000 | origyear = 1999 | publisher = R. Oldenbourg | location = München | language = German | series = Beiträge zur Militärgeschichte | isbn = 978-3-486-56531-7 | ref = harv}} * {{Cite journal | last = Overmans | first = Rűdiger | title = Personelle Verluste der deutschen Bevölkerung durch Flucht und Vertreibung | journal = Dzieje Najnowsze Rocznik | date = 1994 | volume = 16 | issue = | pages = 51–63 | ref =harv}} * {{Cite book | last = Overy | first = Richard | authorlink = Richard Overy | origyear = 1995 | date = 2006 | title = Why The Allies Won | url = https://archive.org/details/whyallieswon0000over_z0p1 | publisher = Random House | location = London | isbn = 978-1-84595-065-1 | ref = harv}} * {{Cite book | last = Overy | first = Richard | title = The Dictators: Hitler's Germany, Stalin's Russia | url = https://archive.org/details/dictators00rich | publisher = Penguin Books | date = 2005 | isbn = 978-0-393-02030-4 | ref = harv}} * {{Cite book | last = Overy | first = Richard | title = The Bombers and the Bombed: Allied Air War Over Europe 1940–1945 | publisher = Viking | location = New York | date = 2014 | isbn = 978-0-698-15138-3| ref = harv}} * {{Cite journal | last = Panayi | first = Panikos | title = Exploitation, Criminality, Resistance: The Everyday Life of Foreign Workers and Prisoners of War in the German Town of Osnabruck, 1939–49 | url = https://archive.org/details/sim_journal-of-contemporary-history_2005-07_40_3/page/483 | journal = Journal of Contemporary History | date = 2005 | volume = 40 | issue = 3 | pages = 483–502 | jstor = 30036339 | ref = harv | doi = 10.1177/0022009405054568}} * {{Cite book | last = Pauley | first = Bruce F. | title = Hitler, Stalin, and Mussolini: Totalitarianism in the Twentieth Century | url = https://archive.org/details/hitlerstalinmuss02edpaul_m6u1 | date = 2003 | origyear = 1997 | series = European History Series | publisher = Harlan Davidson | location = Wheeling, IL | isbn = 978-0-88295-993-1 | ref = harv}} * {{Cite book | last1 = Pilisuk | first1 = Marc | last2 = Rountree | first2 = Jennifer Achord | title = Who Benefits from Global Violence and War: Uncovering a Destructive System | url = https://archive.org/details/whobenefitsfromg0000pili | date = 2008 | publisher = Praeger Security International | location = Westport, CT | isbn = 978-0-275-99435-8 | ref = harv}} * {{Cite book | last = Pine | first = Lisa | date = 2011 | origyear = 2010 | title = Education in Nazi Germany | url = https://archive.org/details/educationinnazig0000pine | publisher = Berg | location = Oxford; New York | isbn = 978-1-84520-265-1 | ref = harv}} * {{Cite web | title = Poles: Victims of the Nazi Era: The Invasion and Occupation of Poland | work = ushmm.org | publisher = United States Holocaust Memorial Museum | url = http://www.ushmm.org/education/resource/poles/poles.php | accessdate = 15 Disyembre 2011 | ref = {{sfnRef|Holocaust Memorial Museum: Poles}} | archive-date = 14 Hulyo 2014 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20140714193743/https://ushmm.org/education/resource/poles/poles.php | url-status = dead }} * {{Cite journal | last = Proctor | first = Robert N. | authorlink = Robert N. Proctor | title = Nazi Medicine and Public Health Policy | journal = Dimensions: A Journal of Holocaust Studies | date = 1996 | volume = 10 | issue = 2 | url = http://archive.adl.org/Braun/dim_14_1_nazi_med.asp | accessdate = 12 Mayo 2013 | ref = harv | archive-date = 7 Hunyo 2013 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20130607042928/http://archive.adl.org/braun/dim_14_1_nazi_med.asp | url-status = dead }} * {{Cite book | last = Proctor | first = Robert N. | title = The Nazi War on Cancer | url = https://archive.org/details/naziwaroncancer00proc | publisher = Princeton University Press | date = 1999 | location = Princeton, NJ | isbn = 0-691-07051-2 | ref = harv}} * {{Cite journal | title = Refugees: Save Us! Save Us! | date = 9 Hulyo 1979 | journal = [[Time (magazine)|Time]] | publisher = Time Warner | url = http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,920455-2,00.html | archiveurl = https://web.archive.org/web/20110424085534/http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,920455-2,00.html | accessdate = 28 Abril 2013 | archivedate = 24 Abril 2011 | ref = {{sfnRef|''Time'', 9 Hulyo 1979}} | url-status = live }} * {{Cite book | last = Rhodes | first = Richard | authorlink = Richard Rhodes | title = Masters of Death: The SS-Einsatzgruppen and the Invention of the Holocaust | url = https://archive.org/details/mastersofdeathss0000rich | location = New York | publisher = Vintage Books | date = 2002 | isbn = 0-375-70822-7 | ref = harv }} * {{Cite book | last = Rummel | first = Rudolph | authorlink = Rudolph Rummel | title = Death by Government | url = https://archive.org/details/deathby_rum_1994_00_3431 | date = 1994 | publisher = Transaction | location = New Brunswick, NJ | isbn = 978-1-56000-145-4 | ref = harv}} * {{Cite book | last = Rupp | first = Leila J. | authorlink = Leila J. Rupp | date = 1978 | title = Mobilizing Women for War: German and American Propaganda, 1939–1945 | url = https://archive.org/details/mobilizingwomenf00leil | publisher = Princeton University Press | location = Princeton, N.J. | isbn = 978-0-691-04649-5 | oclc=3379930 | ref = harv}} * {{Cite book | last = Scobie | first = Alexander | title = Hitler's State Architecture: The Impact of Classical Antiquity | url = https://archive.org/details/hitlersstatearch0000scob | date = 1990 | publisher = Pennsylvania State University Press | location = University Park | isbn = 0-271-00691-9 | ref = harv}} * {{Cite book | last = Sereny | first = Gitta | authorlink = Gitta Sereny | date = 1996 | origyear = 1995 | title = Albert Speer: His Battle With Truth | url = https://archive.org/details/albertspeerhisba00sere | publisher = Random House | location = New York; Toronto | isbn = 978-0-679-76812-8 | ref = harv}} * {{Cite journal | last = Sereny | first = Gitta | date= Nobyembre 1999 | title = Stolen Children | journal = Talk | publisher = Jewish Virtual Library | url = https://www.jewishvirtuallibrary.org/jsource/Holocaust/children.html | accessdate = 1 Hulyo 2012 | ref = harv}} * {{Cite book | last = Shigemitsu | first = Dandō | title = Criminal Law of Japan: The General Part | date = 1997 | publisher = Wayne State University | location = Detroit | isbn = 0-8377-0653-X | ref = harv}} * {{Cite book | last = Shirer | first = William L. | authorlink = William L. Shirer | title = [[The Rise and Fall of the Third Reich]] | publisher = Simon & Schuster | location = New York | date = 1960 | isbn = 978-0-671-62420-0 | ref = harv}} * {{Cite book | last = Smith | first = J. W. | authorlink = J. W. Smith | title = The World's Wasted Wealth 2: Save Our Wealth, Save Our Environment | url = https://archive.org/details/worldswastedweal0000smit_l8e5 | date = 1994 | publisher = Institute for Economic Democracy | location = Cambria, California | isbn = 0-9624423-2-1 | ref = harv}} * {{Cite book | last1 = Smith | first1 = Joseph | last2 = Davis | first2 = Simon | title = The A to Z of the Cold War | url = https://archive.org/details/atozofcoldwar0000smit | date = 2005 | publisher = Scarecrow Press | location = Lanham, MD | isbn = 0-8108-5384-1 | ref = harv}} * {{Cite book | last = Snyder | first = Timothy | authorlink = Timothy D. Snyder | title = Bloodlands: Europe between Hitler and Stalin | url = https://archive.org/details/bloodlandseurope0000snyd | date = 2010 | publisher = Basic Books | location = New York | isbn = 978-0-465-00239-9 | ref = harv}} * {{Cite web | title = Sonderbehandlung erfolgt durch Strang | date = 1942 | work = Documents for National Socialism | publisher = NS-Archiv | language = German | url = http://www.ns-archiv.de/imt/ps3001-ps3200/3040-ps.php | ref = {{SfnRef|Special treatment|1942}} }} * {{Cite web | last = Sontheimer | first = Michael | title = Germany's Nazi Past: Why Germans Can Never Escape Hitler's Shadow | date = 10 Marso 2005 | work = Spiegel Online | publisher = | url = http://www.spiegel.de/international/germany-s-nazi-past-why-germans-can-never-escape-hitler-s-shadow-a-345720.html | accessdate = 11 Mayo 2013 | ref = harv }} * {{Cite book | last = Speer | first = Albert | authorlink = Albert Speer | origyear = 1969 | date = 1971 | title = [[Inside the Third Reich]] | publisher = Avon | location = New York | isbn = 978-0-380-00071-5 | ref = harv}} * {{Cite web| title = Statistisches Jahrbuch für die Bundesrepublik Deutschland| date = 2006| publisher = Statistisches Bundesamt| language = German| url = http://www.destatis.de/jetspeed/portal/cms/Sites/destatis/Internet/DE/Content/Publikationen/Querschnittsveroeffentlichungen/StatistischesJahrbuch/Downloads/Jahrbuch2006Inland,property=file.pdf| archiveurl = https://web.archive.org/web/20070926002255/http://www.destatis.de/jetspeed/portal/cms/Sites/destatis/Internet/DE/Content/Publikationen/Querschnittsveroeffentlichungen/StatistischesJahrbuch/Downloads/Jahrbuch2006Inland,property=file.pdf| archivedate = 26 Septyembre 2007| accessdate = 17 Marso 2012| page = 34| ref = {{sfnRef|Statistisches Jahrbuch|2006}}| url-status = live}} * {{Cite book | last = Steiner | first = Zara | title = The Triumph of the Dark: European International History 1933–1939 | url = https://archive.org/details/triumphofdarkeur0000stei | date = 2011 | publisher = Oxford University Press | location = Oxford; New York | isbn = 978-0-19-921200-2 | ref = harv}} * {{Cite book | last = Stephenson | first = Jill | title = Women in Nazi Germany | date = 2001 | publisher = Longman | location = London | isbn = 978-0-58241-836-3 | ref = harv}} * {{Cite journal | last = Stolfi | first = Russel | title = Barbarossa Revisited: A Critical Reappraisal of the Opening Stages of the Russo-German Campaign (June–December 1941) | url = https://archive.org/details/sim_journal-of-modern-history_1982-03_54_1/page/27 | journal = [[Journal of Modern History]] | date= Marso 1982 | volume = 54 | issue = 1 | pages = 27–46 | doi = 10.1086/244076 | ref = harv }} * {{Cite web | url = http://www.iuscomp.org/gla/statutes/StGB.htm#86a | date = 13 Nobyembre 1998 | title = Strafgesetzbuch, StGB | publisher = IUSCOMP Comparative Law Society | ref = {{sfnRef|''Strafgesetzbuch'', section 86a}} | access-date = 2015-01-14 | archive-date = 2001-04-26 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20010426054458/http://www.iuscomp.org/gla/statutes/StGB.htm#86a | url-status = }} * {{Cite book | last = Walk | first = Joseph | title = Das Sonderrecht für die Juden im NS-Staat: Eine Sammlung der gesetzlichen Maßnahmen und Rechtlinien, Inhalt und Bedeutung | edition = 2nd | date = 1996 | publisher = Müller Verlag | location = Heidelberg | language = German | ref = harv}} * {{Cite book | last = Weinberg | first = Gerhard L. | authorlink = Gerhard Weinberg | title = A World at Arms: A Global History of World War II | date = 2005 | origyear = 1994 | publisher = Cambridge University Press | location = Cambridge; Oxford | isbn = 978-0-521-85316-3 | ref = harv}} {{refend}} ==Dugang nga barasahon== {{refbegin|30em}} * {{Cite web | title = Introduction to the Holocaust | publisher = [[United States Holocaust Memorial Museum]] | url = http://www.ushmm.org/wlc/en/article.php?ModuleId=10005143| accessdate =12 Mayo 2013 }} * {{Cite book | last = Price | first = Alfred | title = Targeting the Reich: Allied Photographic Reconnaissance over Europe, 1939–1945 | url = https://archive.org/details/targetingreichal0000dral | date = 2003 | publisher = Military Book Club | location = London | isbn = 0-7394-3496-9 }} * {{Cite book | last = Tooze | first = Adam | authorlink = Adam Tooze | title = [[The Wages of Destruction|The Wages of Destruction: The Making and Breaking of the Nazi Economy]] | date = 2006 | publisher = Allen Lane | location = London; New York | isbn = | ref = harv}} * {{Cite book | last = Uekötter | first = Frank | title = The Green and the Brown: A History of Conservation in Nazi Germany | date = 2006 | publisher = Cambridge University Press | location = Cambridge; New York | isbn = 978-0-521-84819-0 | ref = harv}} * {{Cite book | last = Uekötter | first = Frank | editor1-last = Brüggemeier | editor1-first = Franz-Josef | editor2-last = Cioc | editor2-first = Mark | editor3-last = Zeller | editor3-first = Thomas | title = How Green Were the Nazis?: Nature, Environment, and Nation in the Third Reich | chapter = Polycentrism in Full Swing: Air Pollution Control in Nazi Germany | date = 2005 | publisher = Ohio University Press | location = Athens | isbn = | ref = harv}} * {{Cite book | last = Umbreit | first = Hans | editor1-last = Kroener | editor1-first = Bernhard | editor2-last = Müller | editor2-first = Rolf-Dieter | editor3-last = Umbreit | editor3-first = Hans | title = Germany and the Second World War, Vol. 5. Organization and Mobilization in the German Sphere of Power. Part 2: Wartime Administration, Economy, and Manpower Resources, 1942–1944/5 | chapter = Hitler's Europe: The German Sphere of Power | date = 2003 | publisher = Oxford University Press | location = Oxford; New York | isbn = 978-0-19-820873-0 | ref = harv}} * {{Cite book | last = van Wie | first = Paul D. | title = Image, History and Politics: The Coinage of Modern Europe | date = 1999 | publisher = University Press of America | location = Lanham, Md | isbn = 978-0-7618-1221-0 | ref = harv}} * {{Cite book | last = Weale | first = Adrian | authorlink = Adrian Weale | title = Army of Evil: A History of the SS | url = https://archive.org/details/armyofevilhistor0000weal | date = 2010 | publisher = Penguin Group | location = New York; Toronto | isbn = 978-0-451-23791-0 | ref = harv}} * {{Cite book | last = Wedekind | first = Michael | editor1-last = Haar | editor1-first = Ingo | editor2-last = Fahlbusch | editor2-first = Michael | title = German Scholars and Ethnic Cleansing (1920–1945) | url = https://archive.org/details/germanscholarset0000unse | chapter = The Sword of Science: German Scholars and National Socialist Annexation Policies in Slovenia and Northern Italy | date = 2005 | publisher = Berghahn | location = New York | isbn = 978-1-57181-435-7 | ref = harv}} * {{Cite journal | journal = Wirtschaft und Statistik | date= Oktubre 1956 | volume = | issue = | pages = | publisher = Statistisches Bundesamt Deutschland | location = Wiesbaden | language = German | jstor = | url = | ref = {{sfnRef|''Wirtschaft und Statistik''|1956}} }} * {{Cite journal | last = Zeitlin | first = Jonathan | title = Flexibility and Mass Production at War: Aircraft Manufacture in Britain, the United States, and Germany, 1939–1945 | journal = Technology and Culture | date = 1955 | volume = 36 | issue = 1 | pages = 46–79 | jstor = 3106341 |ref = harv | doi = 10.2307/3106341}} {{refend}} ==Mga sumpay ha gawas== {{Sister project links|Germany|commons=Category:National Socialism}} * {{Wikiatlas|Germany}} * [http://www.thirdreichruins.com/index.htm Third Reich in Ruins] (Photos) * [http://www.dhm.de/lemo/html/nazi/index.html Lebendiges Museum Online] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140803144223/http://www.dhm.de/lemo/html/nazi/index.html |date= 3 Agosto 2014 }} {{de icon}} * [http://research.calvin.edu/german-propaganda-archive/ww2era.htm#Speech Nazi Propaganda: 1933–1945] {{en icon}} nuxwql3hgndj9sbitf2z93bmi4cjmfe 0 15095 7782350 7773301 2026-04-07T06:53:24Z InternetArchiveBot 41587 Add 2 books for verifiability (20260407)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 7782350 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Paypay:All Gizah Pyramids.jpg|thumb]] An '''Hadton Ehipto''' usa nga han-una nga sibilisasyon ha sidlangan Amihanan Aprika nga napundok didto ha uruubos han Salog [[Nilo]], nga amo yanan an kabag-uhan nga Ehipto. ==Pinanbasaran== {{Mga kasarigan}} ==Mga reperensya== {{Refbegin|30em}} * {{Cite book |author=Aldred, Cyril |title=Akhenaten, King of Egypt |url=https://archive.org/details/00book1496783233 |publisher=Thames and Hudson |location=London, England | date = 1988 |pages= |isbn=0-500-05048-1 |doi=}} * {{Cite book |author=Allen, James P. |title=Middle Egyptian: An Introduction to the Language and Culture of Hieroglyphs |url=https://archive.org/details/middleegyptianin0000alle |publisher=Cambridge University Press |location=Cambridge, UK | date = 2000 |isbn=0-521-77483-7}} * {{Cite book | last=Badawy | first=Alexander | title=A History of Egyptian Architecture. Vol III | publisher=University of California Press | location=Berkeley, California | date = 1968 | isbn=0-520-00057-9}} * {{Cite book |last=Billard|first=Jules B.|title=Ancient Egypt: Discovering its Splendors|publisher=National Geographic Society|location=Washington D.C.| date = 1978}} * {{Cite book|first =J|last=Cerny|title=Egypt from the Death of Ramesses III to the End of the Twenty-First Dynasty' in The Middle East and the Aegean Region c.1380–1000&nbsp;BC|publisher=Cambridge University Press|location=Cambridge, UK| date = 1975|isbn=0-521-08691-4}} * {{Cite book|title= Ancient Egyptian Construction and Architecture |url= https://archive.org/details/ancientegyptianc0000clar |last=Clarke |first=Somers |publisher=Dover Publications, Unabridged Dover reprint of ''Ancient Egyptian Masonry: The Building Craft'' originally published by Oxford University Press/Humphrey Milford, London, (1930)| location=New York, New York | date = 1990 |isbn=0-486-26485-8 |author2=R. Engelbach}} * {{Cite book|last=Clayton |first=Peter A. |title = Chronicle of the Pharaohs |url=https://archive.org/details/chronicleofphara00clay |publisher= Thames and Hudson |location=London, England| date = 1994 |isbn=0-500-05074-0 }} * {{Cite book |author=Cline, Eric H.; O'Connor, David Kevin |title=Amenhotep III: Perspectives on His Reign |publisher=University of Michigan Press |location=Ann Arbor, Michigan | date = 2001 |page= 273|isbn=0-472-08833-5}} * {{Cite book |title=Egyptian Rock Cut Tombs |url=https://archive.org/details/egyptianrockcutt0000dods |last=Dodson |first=Aidan |publisher=Shire Publications Ltd | date = 1991 |location=Buckinghamshire, UK |isbn=0-7478-0128-2}} * {{Cite book|author=Dodson, Aidan|author2=Hilton, Dyan|title=The Complete Royal Families of Ancient Egypt|url=https://archive.org/details/completeroyalfam0000dods_a3h8|publisher=Thames & Hudson |location=London, England| date = 2004|isbn=0-500-05128-3}} * {{Cite book | last=El-Daly | first=Okasha | title=Egyptology: The Missing Millennium | location=London, England | publisher=UCL Press | date = 2005 | isbn=1-84472-062-4}} * {{Cite book |author=Filer, Joyce |title=Disease |url=https://archive.org/details/disease00file |publisher=University of Texas Press |location=Austin, Texas | date = 1996 |isbn=0-292-72498-5}} * {{Cite book | last=Gardiner | first=Sir Alan | title=[[Egyptian Grammar: Being an Introduction to the Study of Hieroglyphs]] | publisher=Griffith Institute | location=Oxford, England | date = 1957 | isbn=0-900416-35-1}} * {{Cite journal | last=Hayes | first= W. C. | title=Most Ancient Egypt: Chapter III. The Neolithic and Chalcolithic Communities of Northern Egypt | url=https://archive.org/details/sim_journal-of-near-eastern-studies_1964-10_23_4/page/217 | journal=[[Journal of Near Eastern Studies|JNES]] | edition=No. 4 |date= Oktubre 1964 | pages=217–272 | volume= 23 | issue= 4 | doi=10.1086/371778}} * {{Cite book | authors=Imhausen, Annette; [[Eleanor Robson|Robson, Eleanor]], [[Joseph Dauben|Dauben, Joseph W.]], [[Kim Plofker|Plofker, Kim]] & Berggren, J. Lennart | editor-last=Katz | editor-first=V. J., Jr. | title=The Mathematics of Egypt, Mesopotamia, China, India, and Islam: A Sourcebook | url=https://archive.org/details/mathematicsofegy0000unse | publisher=Princeton University Press | location=Princeton | date = 2007 | isbn=0-691-11485-4 }} * {{Cite book|last=James|first=T.G.H.|title=The British Museum Concise Introduction to Ancient Egypt |url=https://archive.org/details/britishmuseumcon00jame|publisher=University of Michigan Press|location=Ann Arbor, Michigan| date = 2005 |isbn=0-472-03137-6}} * {{Cite book|author=[[Barry Kemp (Egyptologist)|Kemp, Barry]]|title=Ancient Egypt: Anatomy of a Civilization|publisher=Routledge| date = 1991|location=London, England|isbn=0-415-06346-9}} * {{Cite book |last= Lichtheim |first=Miriam|title=Ancient Egyptian Literature, vol 1|publisher=University of California Press| date = 1975|location=London, England |isbn=0-520-02899-6}} * {{Cite book |last= Lichtheim | first=Miriam | title=Ancient Egyptian Literature, A Book of Readings. Vol III: The Late Period | publisher=University of California Press | date = 1980 | location=Berkeley, California| isbn=}} * {{Cite book | last=Loprieno | first=Antonio | title= Ancient Egyptian: A linguistic introduction | url=https://archive.org/details/ancientegyptianl0000lopr | publisher=Cambridge University Press | location=Cambridge, UK | date = 1995a |isbn=0-521-44849-2}} * {{Cite book | last=Loprieno | first=Antonio | contribution=Ancient Egyptian and other Afroasiatic Languages | title=Civilizations of the Ancient Near East | editor-last=Sasson | editor-first=J. M. | volume=4 | publisher=Charles Scribner | place=New York, New York | date = 1995b | pages=2137–2150 | isbn=1-56563-607-4}} * {{Cite book | last=Loprieno | first=Antonio | contribution=Ancient Egyptian and Coptic | title=The Cambridge Encyclopedia of the World's Ancient Languages | url=https://archive.org/details/cambridgeencyclo0000unse_t8o9 | editor-last=Woodward | editor-first=Roger D. | publisher=Cambridge University Press | place=Cambridge, UK | date = 2004 | pages=[https://archive.org/details/cambridgeencyclo0000unse_t8o9/page/160 160]–192 | isbn=0-521-56256-2}} * {{Cite book |last=Lucas |first=Alfred |authorlink=Alfred Lucas |title=Ancient Egyptian Materials and Industries, 4th Ed |url=https://archive.org/details/ancientegyptianm0000luca |location=London, England | date = 1962 |publisher=Edward Arnold Publishers|isbn=1-85417-046-5}} * {{Cite journal | last=Mallory-Greenough | first=Leanne M. | title=The Geographical, Spatial, and Temporal Distribution of Predynastic and First Dynasty Basalt Vessels | journal=The Journal of Egyptian Archaeology | location=London, England | publisher=Egypt Exploration Society | date = 2002 | volume=88 | pages=67–93 | doi=10.2307/3822337 | jstor=3822337}} * {{Cite book| date = 1998|author=Manuelian, Peter Der|title=Egypt: The World of the Pharaohs|url=https://archive.org/details/egyptworldofphar00unse|location=Bonner Straße, Cologne Germany|publisher=Könemann Verlagsgesellschaft mbH|isbn=3-89508-913-3}} * {{Cite book |author=McDowell, A. G. |title=Village life in ancient Egypt: laundry lists and love songs |publisher=Oxford University Press |location=Oxford, England | date = 1999|isbn=0-19-814998-0 }} * {{Cite book |author=Meskell, Lynn |title=Object Worlds in Ancient Egypt: Material Biographies Past and Present (Materializing Culture) |publisher=Berg Publishers |location=Oxford, England| date = 2004|isbn=1-85973-867-2}} * {{Cite book | last=Midant-Reynes | first=Béatrix | title=The Prehistory of Egypt: From the First Egyptians to the First Pharaohs | url=https://archive.org/details/prehistoryofegyp0000mida | location=Oxford, England | publisher=Blackwell Publishers | date = 2000 | isbn=0-631-21787-8}} * {{Cite book |last=Nicholson |first=Paul T. |title=Ancient Egyptian Materials and Technology |publisher=Cambridge University Press |location=Cambridge, UK | date = 2000 |isbn=0-521-45257-0 |author-separator=, }} * {{Cite book |author=Oakes, Lorna |title=Ancient Egypt: An Illustrated Reference to the Myths, Religions, Pyramids and Temples of the Land of the Pharaohs |url=https://archive.org/details/ancientegyptillu00unse |publisher=Barnes & Noble |location=New York, New York | date = 2003|isbn=0-7607-4943-4}} * {{Cite book |last=Robins |first=Gay |title=The Art of Ancient Egypt |publisher=Harvard University Press | date = 2000 |location=Cambridge, Massachusetts|isbn=0-674-00376-4 }} * {{Cite book |author=[[Kim Ryholt|Ryholt, Kim]]|title=The Political Situation in Egypt During the Second Intermediate Period |date= Enero 1997 |location=Copenhagen, Denmark|publisher=Museum Tusculanum |isbn=87-7289-421-0}} * {{Cite book |last=Scheel |first=Bernd |title=Egyptian Metalworking and Tools |publisher= Shire Publications Ltd |location=Haverfordwest, Great Britain | date = 1989|isbn=0-7478-0001-4}} * {{Cite book|last=Shaw|first=Ian|title=The Oxford History of Ancient Egypt|url=https://archive.org/details/oxfordhistoryofa00shaw|publisher=Oxford University Press| date = 2003|location=Oxford, England|isbn=0-19-280458-8}} * {{Cite book |author=Siliotti, Alberto |title=The Discovery of Ancient Egypt |publisher=Book Sales, Inc |location=Edison, New Jersey | date = 1998|isbn=0-7858-1360-8}} * {{Cite book | last=Strouhal | first=Eugen | title=Life in Ancient Egypt | url=https://archive.org/details/lifeofancientegy0000stro | publisher=University of Oklahoma Press | location=Norman, Oklahoma | date = 1989 | isbn=0-8061-2475-X}} * {{Cite book|author=Tyldesley, Joyce A. |title=Ramesses: Egypt's greatest pharaoh |url=https://archive.org/details/ramessesegyptsgr0000tyld |publisher=Penguin|location=Harmondsworth, England| date = 2001|pages= [https://archive.org/details/ramessesegyptsgr0000tyld/page/76 76]–77|isbn=0-14-028097-9}} * {{Cite journal | last=Vittman | first=G. | title=Zum koptischen Sprachgut im Ägyptisch-Arabisch | journal=Wiener Zeitschrift für die Kunde des Morgenlandes | location=Vienna, Austria | publisher=Institut für Orientalistik, Vienna University | date = 1991 | volume=81 | pages=197–227}} * {{Cite book |author=Walbank, Frank William |authorlink = F. W. Walbank|title=The Cambridge ancient history |publisher=Cambridge University Press |location=Cambridge, UK | date = 1984 |isbn=0-521-23445-X}} * {{Cite book |author=Wasserman, James; Faulkner, Raymond Oliver; Goelet, Ogden; Von Dassow, Eva |title=The Egyptian Book of the dead, the Book of going forth by day: being the Papyrus of Ani |publisher=Chronicle Books |location=San Francisco, California | date = 1994 |isbn=0-8118-0767-3}} * {{Cite book|last=Wilkinson|first=R. H.| date = 2000|title=The Complete Temples of Ancient Egypt|url=https://archive.org/details/completetempleso0000wilk_d0s2|location=London, England|publisher=Thames and Hudson|isbn=0-500-05100-3}} {{Refend}} ==Padugang nga barasahon== * {{Cite book|author=[[John Baines|Baines, John]] and [[Jaromir Malek]]|title=The Cultural Atlas of Ancient Egypt|edition=revised|publisher=Facts on File| date = 2000|isbn=0-8160-4036-2}} * {{Cite book | last = Bard | first = KA | title = Encyclopedia of the Archaeology of Ancient Egypt | publisher = Routledge | location = NY, NY | date = 1999|isbn=0-415-18589-0}} * {{Cite book|first=Nicolas|last=Grimal|title=A History of Ancient Egypt|url=https://archive.org/details/historyofancient0000grim_o8d3|publisher=Blackwell Books|language=German| date = 1992|isbn=0-631-19396-0}} * {{Cite book|editor1-last=Helck|editor1-first=Wolfgang|editor1-link=Wolfgang Helck|editor2-last=Otto|editor2-first=Eberhard|title=Lexikon der Ägyptologie|url=https://archive.org/details/lexikondergyptol00helc|publisher=O. Harrassowitz| date = 1972–1992|isbn=3-447-01441-5}} * {{Cite book|author=[[Mark Lehner|Lehner, Mark]]|title=The Complete Pyramids|location=London|publisher=Thames & Hudson| date = 1997|isbn=0-500-05084-8}} * {{Cite book|editor-last=Redford|editor-first=Donald B.|editor-link=Donald B. Redford|title=The Oxford Encyclopedia of Ancient Egypt|publisher=Oxford University Press| date = 2001|isbn=0-19-510234-7}} * {{Cite book|last=Wilkinson|first=R.H.|title=The Complete Gods and Goddesses of Ancient Egypt|url=https://archive.org/details/completegodsgodd00wilk_0|location=London|publisher=Thames and Hudson| date = 2003|isbn=0-500-05120-8}} ==Mga sumpay ha gawas== {{Sister project links|voy=Egypt|b=Ancient History/Egypt|s=Wikisource:Ancient Egypt|commons=Category:Ancient Egypt}} * [http://www.bbc.co.uk/history/ancient/egyptians/ BBC History: Egyptians]—provides a reliable general overview and further links * [http://www.ancient.eu.com/egypt/ Ancient History Encyclopedia] on Egypt * [http://books.google.com/books?vid=ISBN&id=9ToLAAAAIAAJ&dq=PtahHotep&as_brr=1 Ancient Egyptian Science: A Source Book Door Marshall Clagett, 1989] * [http://www.aldokkan.com/science/metallurgy.htm Ancient Egyptian Metallurgy] A site that shows the history of Egyptian [[metalworking]] * ''Napoleon on the Nile: Soldiers, Artists, and the Rediscovery of Egypt'', [http://arthistory.about.com/od/from_exhibitions/ig/Napoleon-on-the-Nile/Joseph--1874.htm Art History] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080602082144/http://arthistory.about.com/od/from_exhibitions/ig/Napoleon-on-the-Nile/Joseph--1874.htm |date= 2 Hunyo 2008 }}. * [http://www.ancientegypt.co.uk/ Ancient Egypt]—maintained by the [[British Museum]], this site provides a useful introduction to Ancient Egypt for older children and young adolescents * [http://www.digitalegypt.ucl.ac.uk/ Digital Egypt for Universities.] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100416080018/http://www.digitalegypt.ucl.ac.uk/ |date=2010-04-16 }} Outstanding scholarly treatment with broad coverage and cross references (internal and external). Artifacts used extensively to illustrate topics. * [http://www.ancient-egypt-priests.com/ Priests of Ancient Egypt] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141216191750/http://ancient-egypt-priests.com/ |date=2014-12-16 }} In-depth-information about Ancient Egypt's priests, religious services and temples. Much picture material and bibliography. In English and German. * [http://www.history.com/topics/ancient-egypt Ancient Egypt] * [http://escholarship.org/uc/nelc_uee?rmode=showAll UCLA Encyclopedia of Egyptology] * [http://www.bbc.co.uk/history/ancient/egyptians/women_01.shtml Ancient Egypt and the Role of Women] by Dr Joann Fletcher h2hht69eba9aaeaqac4hbf784bz3g7p 0 15124 7782351 7645688 2026-04-07T06:53:49Z InternetArchiveBot 41587 Add 1 book for verifiability (20260407)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 7782351 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox scientist | name = Archimerdes of Syracuse<br>(Greek: Ἀρχιμήδης) | image = Domenico Fetti - Portrait of a Scholar - WGA07862.jpg | caption = ''Archimedes'' by [[Domenico Fetti|Fetti]] (1620) | birth_date = ''c''. 287&nbsp;BC | birth_place = [[Syracuse, Sicily]]<br />[[Magna Graecia]] | death_date = ''c''. 212&nbsp;BC (aged around 75) | death_place = Syracuse | cause of death = Killed By Roman Soldiers at the battle of Syracuse | residence = [[Syracuse, Sicily]] | ethnicity = [[Greek people|Greek]] | field = [[Mathematics]], [[physics]], [[engineering]], [[astronomy]], [[invention]] | known_for = [[Archimedes' principle]], [[Archimedes' screw]], [[Fluid statics|hydrostatics]], [[lever]]s, [[Archimedes' use of infinitesimals|infinitesimals]] }} Hi '''Archimedes''' (puyde liwat igsurat an iya ngaran nga '''Arquimedes''' o '''Arkhimedes''') (287 BC-212 BC) usa nga syentipiko nga Griyego. Usa hya nga imbentor, astronomo, matematiko. Natawo hiya ha bungto han [[Siracusa]] ha [[Sicilia]] nga yana amo an [[Italya]]. Ginsesering nga hiya an usa ha giuupayi nga syentipiko ngan matematiko han hadto nga panahon. ==Pinanbasaran== {{reflist}} ==Paugang nga barasahon== *{{cite book |last=[[Carl Benjamin Boyer|Boyer, Carl Benjamin]]|title=A History of Mathematics|url=https://archive.org/details/historyofmathema00boye|year=1991|publisher= Wiley|location= New York|isbn=0-471-54397-7}} *{{cite book|last=Clagett|first=Marshall|authorlink=Marshall Clagett|title=Archimedes in the Middle Ages|location=Madison, WI|publisher=University of Wisconsin Press|volume= 5 vols|year=1964-1984}} *{{cite book |last=[[Eduard Jan Dijksterhuis|Dijksterhuis, E.J.]] |title=Archimedes|year=1987 |publisher= Princeton University Press, Princeton|isbn=0-691-08421-1}} Republished translation of the 1938 study of Archimedes and his works by an historian of science. *{{cite book |last=Gow |first=Mary |title=Archimedes: Mathematical Genius of the Ancient World|url=https://archive.org/details/archimedesmathem0000gowm |year=2005|publisher=Enslow Publishers, Inc |isbn=0-7660-2502-0}} *{{cite book |last=Hasan |first=Heather |title=Archimedes: The Father of Mathematics|url=https://archive.org/details/archimedesfather00hasa |year= 2005|publisher=Rosen Central |isbn=978-1-4042-0774-5}} *{{cite book |author=[[T. L. Heath|Heath, T.L.]]|title=Works of Archimedes|url=https://archive.org/details/worksofarchimede0000arch|year=1897 |publisher=Dover Publications |isbn=0-486-42084-1}} Complete works of Archimedes in English. *{{cite book |last=Netz, Reviel and Noel, William |title=The Archimedes Codex|year=2007|publisher=Orion Publishing Group|isbn= 0-297-64547-1}} *{{cite book |last=[[Clifford A. Pickover|Pickover, Clifford A.]]|title =Archimedes to Hawking: Laws of Science and the Great Minds Behind Them|year=2008 |publisher= [[Oxford University Press]] |isbn=978-0-19-533611-5}} *{{cite book |last=Simms, Dennis L. |title=Archimedes the Engineer|year=1995 |publisher= Continuum International Publishing Group Ltd |isbn=0-7201-2284-8}} *{{cite book |last=Stein, Sherman |title=Archimedes: What Did He Do Besides Cry Eureka?|url=https://archive.org/details/archimedeswhatdi00stei |year=1999 |publisher= Mathematical Association of America|isbn=0-88385-718-9}} ==''An mga iginbuhat ni Archimedes'' aada-ha-linya== *Text in Classical Greek: [http://www.wilbourhall.org PDF scans of Heiberg's edition of the Works of Archimedes, now in the public domain] *In English translation: [http://www.archive.org/details/worksofarchimede029517mbp ''The Works of Archimedes''], trans. T.L. Heath; supplemented by [http://books.google.com/books?id=suYGAAAAYAAJ ''The Method of Mechanical Theorems''], trans. L.G. Robinson ==Mga sumpay ha gawas== {{Commonscat|Archimedes}} {{In Our Time|Archimedes|b00773bv|Archimedes}} *[http://www.archimedespalimpsest.org/ The Archimedes Palimpsest project at The Walters Art Museum in Baltimore, Maryland] *[http://mathdb.org/articles/archimedes/e_archimedes.htm The Mathematical Achievements and Methodologies of Archimedes] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20041209152520/http://mathdb.org/articles/archimedes/e_archimedes.htm |date=2004-12-09 }} *{{MathPages|id=home/kmath038/kmath038|title=Archimedes and the Square Root of 3}} *{{MathPages|id=home/kmath343/kmath343|title=Archimedes on Spheres and Cylinders}} *[http://www.cs.drexel.edu/~crorres/bbc_archive/mirrors_sailors_sakas.jpg Photograph of the Sakkas experiment in 1973] *[http://web.mit.edu/2.009/www/experiments/steamCannon/ArchimedesSteamCannon.html Testing the Archimedes steam cannon] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100329220142/http://web.mit.edu/2.009/www/experiments/steamCannon/ArchimedesSteamCannon.html |date=2010-03-29 }} *[http://www.stampsbook.org/subject/Archimedes.html Stamps of Archimedes] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101018152403/http://www.stampsbook.org/subject/Archimedes.html |date=2010-10-18 }} *[http://www.dailymail.co.uk/sciencetech/article-2050631/Eureka-1-000-year-old-text-Greek-maths-genius-Archimedes-goes-display.html Eureka! 1,000-year-old text by Greek maths genius Archimedes goes on display] ''[[Daily Mail]]'', October 18, 2011. {{DEFAULTSORT:Archimedes}} [[Kaarangay:Archimedes| ]] [[Kaarangay:Mga natawo han 287 UC]] [[Kaarangay:Mga namatay han 212 UC]] 3zyptg1w91sdydv90f4q1ddd37w88ej 0 15126 7782331 7749691 2026-04-07T06:31:54Z InternetArchiveBot 41587 Add 3 books for verifiability (20260407)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 7782331 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox scientist | name = Nicolaus Copernicus | image = Nikolaus Kopernikus.jpg | image_size = | caption = Portrait, 1580, [[Toruń]] Old Town City Hall | birth_date = {{birth date|df=yes|1473|2|19}} | birth_place = [[Toruń|Thorn]] (Toruń), [[Royal Prussia]], [[Kingdom of Poland (1385–1569)|Kingdom of Poland]] | death_date = {{death date and age|df=yes|1543|5|24|1473|2|19}} | death_place = [[Frombork|Frauenburg]] (Frombork), [[Prince-Bishopric of Warmia]], Royal Prussia, Kingdom of Poland | field = [[matematika]], [[astronomiya]], [[Balaud Kanoniko|balaud kanoniko]], medicine, economics | alma_mater = [[Jagiellonian University|Kraków University]]<br>[[Bologna University]]<br>[[University of Padua]]<br>[[University of Ferrara]] | known_for = [[Heliocentrism]]<br>[[Monetae cudendae ratio|Copernicus' Law]] | influences = | societies = | prizes = | religion = Roman Catholic | footnotes = | signature= Nicolaus Copernicus signature (podpis Mikołaja Kopernika).svg }} Hi '''Nicolaus Copernicus''' o '''Nicolás Copérnico''' (ha Pinolako: '''Mikołaj Kopernik'''; ha Inaleman: ''Nikolaus Kopernikus'') (19 Pebrero 1473 – 24 Mayo 1543) amo an gisyasyahani nga astronomo nga nagpasamwak nga an adlaw amo an aada ha butnga han sistema solar. Hiya nagtipa han mga nabaruan han iya panahon nga an kalibutan amo an butnga han kalangitan. ==Pinanbasaran== {{Mga kasarigan}} ==Padugang nga barasahon== {{refbegin|30em}} * {{cite book | title = The World of Copernicus | author=Armitage, Angus | publisher=Mentor Books | date= 1951 | isbn= | location= New York, NY | ref= Reference-Armitage-1951}} * {{cite book |author=Armitage, Angus |title=Copernicus, the founder of modern astronomy |url=https://archive.org/details/copernicusfounde0000armi |publisher=Dorset Press |date=1990 |isbn=978-0-88029-553-6}} * {{cite book|ref=harv | title=The development of mathematics |url=https://archive.org/details/developmentofmat0000bell_x2o8 | last=Bell | first=Eric Temple | authorlink=Eric Temple Bell | publisher=Dover Publications | date=1992 | origyear=1940 | location=New York | isbn=978-0-486-27239-9}} * {{cite book | title = The Scientific World of Copernicus: On the Occasion of the 500th Anniversary of His Birth, 1473–1973'' | author=Bieńkowska, Barbara | publisher=Springer | date = 1973 | isbn = 90-277-0353-1}} *{{cite book|author=Marian Biskup|title=Regesta Copernicana: (calendar of Copernicus' papers).|language=Polish|date=1973|publisher=Ossolineum}} *{{cite book|author=Martin Carrier|title=Nikolaus Kopernikus|date=2001|publisher=C.H.Beck|isbn=978-3-406-47577-1}} * {{cite book | title= The Church's Most Recent Attempt to Dispel the Galileo Myth | author=Coyne, George V., S.J. | others= In [[#Reference-McMullin-2005|McMullin (2005, pp. 340–59)]] | date= 2005 | ref=Reference-Coyne-2005}} * {{cite book |last=Danielson |first=Dennis Richard |title=The First Copernican: Georg Joachim Rheticus and the Rise of the Copernican Revolution |url=https://archive.org/details/firstcopernicang00dani |publisher=Walker & Company |location=New York |date=2006 |ref=harv |isbn=0-8027-1530-3 }} * [[Norman Davies|Davies, Norman]], ''[[God's Playground|God's Playground: A History of Poland]]'', 2 vols., New York, Columbia University Press, 1982, ISBN 0-231-04327-9. * Dobrzycki, Jerzy, and Leszek Hajdukiewicz, "Kopernik, Mikołaj", ''[[Polski słownik biograficzny]]'' (Polish Biographical Dictionary), vol. XIV, Wrocław, [[Polish Academy of Sciences]], 1969, pp.&nbsp;3–16. * {{cite book | title= A History of Astronomy from Thales to Kepler | last= Dreyer | first= John Louis Emil | authorlink= J. L. E. Dreyer | publisher=Dover Publications | date= 1953 | origyear= 1905 | url=http://www.archive.org/details/historyofplaneta00dreyuoft | location= New York, NY | ref=Reference-Dreyer-1953}} * {{cite book | title= The Disputed Injunction and its Role in Galileo's Trial | author=Fantoli, Annibale | others= In [[#Reference-McMullin-2005|McMullin (2005, pp. 117–49)]] | date= 2005 | ref=Reference-Fantoli-2005}} * {{cite book | title = The Galileo Affair: A Documentary History | url = https://archive.org/details/galileoaffair00uisi | author=Finocchiaro, Maurice A. | publisher=University of California Press | date = 1989 | location = Berkeley, California | isbn = 0-520-06662-6 | ref = Reference-Finocchiaro-1989}} * <cite class="book" style="font-style:normal" id="Reference-Gagne-2005">{{cite web |title = Texts from ''The Galileo Affair: A Documentary History'' edited and translated by Maurice A. Finocchiaro |author = Gagné, Marc |publisher = West Chester University course ESS 362/562 in History of Astronomy |date = 2005 |accessdate = 15 Enero 2008 |url = http://astro.wcupa.edu/mgagne/ess362/resources/finocchiaro.html |archiveurl = https://web.archive.org/web/20070930013053/http://astro.wcupa.edu/mgagne/ess362/resources/finocchiaro.html |archivedate = 30 Septyembre 2007 |url-status = dead }} (Extracts from [[#Reference-Finocchiaro-1989|Finocchiaro (1989)]]) *{{cite book|author1=Pierre Gassendi|author2=Olivier Thill|title=The Life of Copernicus 1473–1543|date=September 2002|publisher=Xulon Press|isbn=978-1-59160-193-7}} * {{cite book | title = The Book Nobody Read | author=[[Owen Gingerich|Gingerich, Owen]] | publisher=William Heinemann | date = 2004 | isbn = 0-434-01315-3 | location = London | ref = Reference-Gingerich-2004}} * {{cite book |last=Goddu |first=André |title=Copernicus and the Aristotelian tradition |date=2010 |publisher=Brill |location=Leiden, Netherlands |ref=harv |isbn=978-90-04-18107-6 }} * {{cite book | title = The Rise of Scientific Europe, 1500–1800 | url = https://archive.org/details/riseofscientific0000unse_d7c7 | author=Goodman, David C. |author2=Russell, Colin A. | publisher=Hodder Arnold H&S | date = 1991 | isbn = 0-340-55861-X}} * {{cite book |last= Heath |first= Sir Thomas |authorlink= T.L. Heath |title= Aristarchus of Samos, the ancient Copernicus ; a history of Greek astronomy to Aristarchus, together with Aristarchus's Treatise on the sizes and distances of the sun and moon : a new Greek text with translation and notes |url= http://www.archive.org/details/aristarchusofsam00heatuoft |date= 1913 |publisher=Oxford University Press |location= London |ref= Reference-Heath-1913}} *{{cite book|author=Alan W. Hirshfeld|title=Parallax: The Race to Measure the Cosmos|date=1 Mayo 2002|publisher=Henry Holt and Company|isbn=978-0-8050-7133-7}} * {{cite book | title = Censorship of Astronomy in Italy after Galileo | author=Heilbron, John L. | others = In [[#Reference-McMullin-2005|McMullin (2005, pp. 279–322)]] | date = 2005 | ref = Reference-Heilbron-2005}} * {{cite book|author=Michael Hoskin|title=The Cambridge Concise History of Astronomy|date=18 Marso 1999|publisher=Cambridge University Press|isbn=978-0-521-57600-0}} * {{cite book|author=Lonnie Johnson|title=Central Europe: Enemies, Neighbors, Friends|url=https://archive.org/details/isbn_9780195100716|date=28 Septyembre 1996|publisher=Oxford University Press, USA|isbn=978-0-19-802607-5}} * {{cite book | title = [[The Sleepwalkers]]: A History of Man's Changing Vision of the Universe | last=Koestler | first=Arthur | author-link=Arthur Koestler | publisher=Grosset & Dunlap | date = 1963 | origyear = 1959 | isbn = 0-448-00159-4 | location = New York, NY | ref = Reference-Koestler-1963}} Original edition published by Hutchinson (1959, London) * {{cite book|author=Arthur Koestler|title=The Sleepwalkers|date=1968|publisher=Macmillan}} * {{cite book | title = Nicolaus Copernicus zum 500. Geburtstag | author=Koeppen, Hans et al. | publisher=Böhlau Verlag | date = 1973 | isbn = 3-412-83573-0}} * {{cite book | title = The Astronomical Revolution: Copernicus – Kepler – Borelli | author=[[Alexandre Koyré|Koyré, Alexandre]] | publisher=Cornell University Press | date = 1973 | isbn = 0-8014-0504-1 | location = Ithaca, NY | ref = Reference-Koyre-1973}} * {{cite book | title = [[The Copernican Revolution: Planetary Astronomy in the Development of Western Thought]] | author=[[Thomas Kuhn|Kuhn, Thomas]] | publisher=Harvard University Press | date = 1957 | oclc = 535467 | location = Cambridge, MA | ref = Reference-Kuhn-1957}} * {{Cite journal | last = Lindberg | first = David C. | author-link = David C. Lindberg | last2 = Numbers | first2 = Ronald L. | author2-link = Ronald L. Numbers | title = Beyond War and Peace: A Reappraisal of the Encounter between Christianity and Science | url = https://archive.org/details/sim_church-history_1986-09_55_3/page/338 | journal=Church History | volume = 55 | issue = 3 | pages = 338–354 | publisher=Cambridge University Press | date = 1986 | doi = 10.2307/3166822 | postscript = . | jstor = 3166822}} * {{cite book | title= From Eudoxus to Einstein: A History of Mathematical Astronomy | url= https://archive.org/details/fromeudoxustoein0000lint | author=Linton, Christopher M. | publisher=Cambridge University Press | date= 2004 | location= Cambridge | isbn= 978-0-521-82750-8 | ref=Reference-Linton-2004}} * {{cite book|author=Carlo Malagola|title=Della vita e delle opere di Antonio Urceo detto Codro: studi e ricerch|url=https://archive.org/details/dellavitaedelle02malagoog|date=1878|publisher=Fava e Garagnani}} * {{cite book| title= Manetho Ptolemy [[Tetrabiblos]] | author1= Manetho | author2= Ptolemy | others= Loeb Classical Library edition, translated by W.G.Waddell and F.E.Robbins PhD | date= 1964 | origyear= 1940 | location= London | publisher=William Heinemann | ref= Reference-Waddell&Robbins-1964 }} * {{cite book | title = The Church and Galileo | author=McMullin, Ernan, ed. | publisher=University of Notre Dame Press | date = 2005 | location = Notre Dame, IN | isbn = 0-268-03483-4 | ref = Reference-McMullin-2005}} * [[Czesław Miłosz|Miłosz, Czesław]], ''The History of Polish Literature'', second edition, Berkeley, University of California Press, 1969, ISBN 0-520-04477-0. * [[Stephen Mizwa|Mizwa, Stephen]], ''Nicolaus Copernicus, 1543–1943'', Kessinger Publishing, 1943. * {{cite book |author=Moore, Patrick |title=The great astronomical revolution 1543–1687 and the Space Age epilogue |date=1994 |publisher=Albion |isbn=978-1-898563-18-1}} * {{cite book| title= Tetrabiblos | last= Ptolemy | first= Claudius | others= Loeb Classical Library edition, translated by F.E.Robbins PhD | date= 1964 | origyear= 1940 | location= London | publisher=William Heinemann | ref= Reference-Robbins-1964 }} * <cite class="book" style="font-style:normal" id="Reference-Rabin-2005">{{cite web | title = ''Copernicus'' | author=Rabin, Sheila | publisher=The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy (summer 2005 edition), Edward N. Zalta (ed.) | date = 2005 | accessdate =26 Mayo 2008 | url = http://plato.stanford.edu/archives/sum2005/entries/copernicus/}} * {{cite book |author=Repcheck, Jack |title=Copernicus' Secret: How the Scientific Revolution Began |url=https://archive.org/details/copernicussecret00repc |publisher=Simon & Schuster |location=New York |date=2007 |isbn=0-7432-8951-X }} * {{cite book | title = Copernicus and his Successors | url = https://archive.org/details/copernicushissuc0000rose | author=Rosen, Edward | publisher=Hambledon Press | date = 1995 | isbn = 1-85285-071-X | location = London | ref = Reference-Rosen-1995}} * {{cite book | title = Three Copernican Treatises:The Commentariolus of Copernicus; [[The Letter against Werner]]; The Narratio Prima of Rheticus | author=Rosen, Edward (translator) | publisher=Dover Publications | edition = Second Edition, revised | date = 2004 | origyear = 1939 | isbn = 0-486-43605-5 | location = New York, NY | ref = Reference-Rosen-2004}} * {{cite book | title = Inventing the Flat Earth—Columbus and Modern Historians | author=[[Jeffrey Burton Russell|Russell, Jeffrey Burton]] | publisher=Praeger | date = 1997 | origyear = 1991 | isbn = 0-275-95904-X | location = New York, NY | ref = Reference-Russell-1997}} *{{cite book|title=The Review of the Polish Academy of Sciences|date=1973|publisher="Ossolineum", the Polish Academy of Sciences Press}} *{{cite book|author=Josh Sakolsky|title=Copernicus And Modern Astronomy|url=https://archive.org/details/copernicusmodern0000sako|date=1 Oktubre 2004|publisher=The Rosen Publishing Group|isbn=978-1-4042-0305-1}} * {{cite book| title= The Crime of Galileo | url= https://archive.org/details/crimeofgalileo0000unse | first=Giorgio | last=de Santillana | authorlink= Giorgio de Santillana | origyear= 1955 | publisher=University of Chicago Press | date= 1976 | type=Midway reprint | location = Chicago, Ill | isbn= 0-226-73481-1 | ref= Reference-Santillana-1976}} * {{cite book | title = East Central Europe in the Middle Ages 1000–1500 | url = https://archive.org/details/eastcentraleurop0003sedl | author=Sedlar, Jean W. | publisher=University of Washington Press | isbn = 0-295-97290-4 | date = 1994}} *{{cite book|author=Barbara A. Somervill|title=Nicolaus Copernicus: Father Of Modern Astronomy|date=1 Enero 2005|publisher=Capstone|isbn=978-0-7565-0812-8}} *{{cite book|author=Daniel Stone|title=The Polish-Lithuanian State: 1386–1795|url=https://archive.org/details/polishlithuanian0000ston|date=2001|publisher=University of Washington Press|isbn=978-0-295-98093-5}} * {{cite book | title = The Lord of Uraniborg | first= Victor E. | last= Thoren | publisher=Cambridge University Press | date = 1990 | isbn = 0-521-35158-8 | location = Cambridge | ref = thoren-1990}} (A biography of Danish astronomer and alchemist [[Tycho Brahe]].) *{{cite book|author=Manfred Weissenbacher|title=Sources of Power: How Energy Forges Human History|url=https://archive.org/details/sourcesofpowerho0002weis|date=September 2009|publisher=ABC-CLIO|isbn=978-0-313-35626-1}} {{refend}} ==Mga sumpay ha gawas== {{Commons category|Nicolaus Copernicus}} ;Primarya nga Kuruhaan *{{gutenberg author| id=Nicolaus+Copernicus | name=Nicolaus Copernicus}} *[http://www.bj.uj.edu.pl/bjmanus/revol/titlpg_e.html De Revolutionibus, autograph manuscript] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20050728153447/http://www.bj.uj.edu.pl/bjmanus/revol/titlpg_e.html |date=2005-07-28 }} – Full digital facsimile, Jagiellonian University *{{pl icon}} [http://domwarminski.pl/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=19 Polish translations of letters written by Copernicus in Latin or German] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151018072646/http://domwarminski.pl/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=19 |date=2015-10-18 }} *[http://hos.ou.edu/galleries//16thCentury/Copernicus/ Online Galleries, History of Science Collections, University of Oklahoma Libraries] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130721202608/http://hos.ou.edu/galleries//16thCentury/Copernicus/ |date=2013-07-21 }} High resolution images of works by and/or portraits of Nicolaus Copernicus in .jpg and .tiff format. ;Kasahiran *{{MacTutor Biography|id=Copernicus}} *[http://www.visittorun.pl/index.php?strona=6 Copernicus in Torun] *[http://copernicus.torun.pl/en/ Nicolaus Copernicus Thorunensis] by the [http://copernicus.torun.pl/en/project/ Copernican Academic Portal] *[http://www.frombork.art.pl/Ang01.htm Nicolaus Copernicus Museum in Frombork] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20041009151823/http://www.frombork.art.pl/Ang01.htm |date=2004-10-09 }} *Portraits of Copernicus: [http://www.msnbc.msn.com/id/9913250/ Copernicus's face reconstructed]; [http://www-groups.dcs.st-andrews.ac.uk/~history/PictDisplay/Copernicus.html Portrait] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070927183826/http://www-groups.dcs.st-andrews.ac.uk/~history/PictDisplay/Copernicus.html |date=2007-09-27 }}; [http://www.frombork.art.pl/Ang10.htm Nicolaus Copernicus] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20041013153447/http://www.frombork.art.pl/Ang10.htm |date=2004-10-13 }} *[http://www.hps.cam.ac.uk/starry/coperastrol.html Copernicus and Astrology] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090121212438/http://www.hps.cam.ac.uk/starry/coperastrol.html |date=2009-01-21 }} – Cambridge University: Copernicus had – of course – teachers with astrological activities and his tables were later used by astrologers. *[http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/copernicus/ Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy entry] *[http://www.findagrave.com/cgi-bin/fg.cgi?page=gr&GRid=10340 Find-A-Grave profile for Nicolaus Copernicus] *[http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/europe/4405958.stm 'Body of Copernicus' identified] – BBC article including image of Copernicus using facial reconstruction based on located skull *[http://www.skyscript.co.uk/copernicus.html Copernicus and Astrology] *[http://www-personal.umich.edu/~jbourj/money2.htm Nicolaus Copernicus on the 1000 Polish Zloty banknote.] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090205031910/http://www-personal.umich.edu/~jbourj/money2.htm |date=2009-02-05 }} *Parallax and the Earth's orbit [http://csep10.phys.utk.edu/astr161/lect/retrograpde/parallax.gif] *Copernicus's model for Mars [http://www.mhhe.com/physsci/astronomy/fix/student/images/04f08.jpg] *Retrograde Motion [http://www.mhhe.com/physsci/astronomy/fix/student/images/02f27.jpg] *Copernicus's explanation for retrograde motion [http://www.mhhe.com/physsci/astronomy/fix/student/images/04f04.jpg] *Geometry of Maximum Elongation [http://www.mhhe.com/physsci/astronomy/fix/student/images/04f07.jpg] *Copernican Model [http://csep10.phys.utk.edu/astr161/lect/retrograde/copernican.html] *[http://www.frombork.art.pl/Ang10.htm Portraits of Nicolaus Copernicus] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20041013153447/http://www.frombork.art.pl/Ang10.htm |date=2004-10-13 }} ;Mahitungod han ''De Revolutionibus'' *[http://galileo.rice.edu/sci/theories/copernican_system.html The Copernican Universe from the De Revolutionibus] *[http://digital.lib.lehigh.edu/planets/cop.php?num=F.1&exp=false&lang=lat&CISOPTR=0&limit=cop&view=full De Revolutionibus, 1543 first edition] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090314004048/http://digital.lib.lehigh.edu/planets/cop.php?num=F.1&exp=false&lang=lat&CISOPTR=0&limit=cop&view=full |date=2009-03-14 }} – Full digital facsimile, Lehigh University *[http://www.hao.ucar.edu/Public/education/bios/derevolutionibus.html The front page of the De Revolutionibus] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060618090048/http://www.hao.ucar.edu/Public/education/bios/derevolutionibus.html |date=2006-06-18 }} *[http://webexhibits.org/calendars/year-text-Copernicus.html The text of the De Revolutionibus] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150306173547/http://www.webexhibits.org/calendars/year-text-Copernicus.html |date=2015-03-06 }} *[http://www.flex.com/~jai/astrology/retrograde.html A java applet about Retrograde Motion] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090227150804/http://www.flex.com/~jai/astrology/retrograde.html |date=2009-02-27 }} *[http://www.giovannipastore.it/CALCOLATORE%20DI%20ANTIKYTHERA.htm The Antikythera Calculator (Italian and English versions)] *[http://www.giovannipastore.it/ISTRUZIONI.htm Pastore Giovanni, ''Antikythera e i Regoli calcolatori'', Rome, 2006, privately published] ;Legasiya *{{it icon}} [http://www.bo.astro.it/dip/Museum/italiano/sto1_08.html Copernicus in Bologna] – in Italian *[http://www.npr.org/display_pages/features/feature_1746110.html Chasing Copernicus: The Book Nobody Read] – Was One of the Greatest Scientific Works Really Ignored? All Things Considered. [[NPR]] *[http://www.bede.org.uk/copernicus.htm Copernicus and his Revolutions] – A detailed critique of the rhetoric of De Revolutionibus *[http://www.columbia.edu/~gas1/project/visions/case1/sci.1.html Article which discusses Copernicus's debt to the Arabic tradition] ;Mga premyo * [http://pau.krakow.pl/index.php/en/2008031765/Prizes-by-PAU/Page-2.html Nicolaus Copernicus Prize, founded by the City of Kraków] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090425004549/http://pau.krakow.pl/index.php/en/2008031765/Prizes-by-PAU/Page-2.html |date=2009-04-25 }}, awarded since 1995 ;Aleman-Polako nga pagburubligay *{{en icon}} {{de icon}} {{pl icon}} German-Polish "Copernicus Prize" awarded to German and Polish scientists ([http://www.dfg.de/en/funded_projects/prizewinners/copernicus_award/index.html DFG website]) ([http://www.fnp.org.pl/programmes/overview_of_programmes/the_copernicus_award FNP website] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121008004146/http://www.fnp.org.pl/programmes/overview_of_programmes/the_copernicus_award |date=2012-10-08 }}) *{{en icon}} {{de icon}} {{pl icon}} [http://www.buero-kopernikus.org/en/home/31/0/0 Büro Kopernikus – An initiative of German Federal Cultural Foundation] *{{de icon}} {{pl icon}} [http://www.bkherne.eu/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=304&Itemid=272 German-Polish school project on Copernicus] {{DEFAULTSORT:Copernicus, Nicolaus}} [[Kaarangay:Mga natawo han 1473]] [[Kaarangay:Mga namatay han 1543]] [[Kaarangay:Nicolaus Copernicus| ]] [[Kaarangay:Biyograpiya|Copernicus, Nicolaus]] [[Kaarangay:Astronomiya|Copernicus, Nicolaus]] ofuz3t1pf4arl6avl3hdurh8kkgaf9b 0 15130 7782388 7650435 2026-04-07T07:33:32Z InternetArchiveBot 41587 Add 1 book for verifiability (20260407)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 7782388 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox scientist<!-- NOTE This article uses British English spelling --> |name = Michael Faraday |image = Michael Faraday sitting crop.jpg |caption = Michael Faraday |birth_date = {{Birth date|df=yes|1791|9|22}} |birth_place = [[Newington Butts]], England |death_date = {{Death date and age|df=yes|1867|8|25|1791|9|22}} |death_place = [[Hampton Court]], Middlesex, England |residence = United Kingdom |nationality = [[British people|British]] |ethnicity = |fields = [[Physics]] and [[Chemistry]] |workplaces = [[Royal Institution]] |alma_mater = |doctoral_advisor = <!--he did not obtain a PhD--> |academic_advisors = |doctoral_students = |notable_students = |known_for = [[Faraday's law of induction]]</br>[[Electrochemistry]]</br>[[Faraday effect]]</br>[[Faraday cage]]</br>[[Faraday constant]]</br>[[Faraday cup]]</br>[[Faraday's laws of electrolysis]]</br>[[Faraday paradox]]</br>[[Faraday rotator]]</br>[[Faraday-efficiency effect]]</br>[[Faraday wave]]</br>[[Faraday Wheel|Faraday wheel]]</br>[[Lines of force]] |author_abbrev_bot = |author_abbrev_zoo = |influences = [[Humphry Davy]]</br>[[William Thomas Brande]] |influenced = |awards = [[Royal Medal]] (1835 & 1846)</br>[[Copley Medal]] (1832 & 1838)</br>[[Rumford Medal]] (1846) |religion = [[Sandemanian]] |signature = Michael Faraday signature.svg |footnotes = }} Hi '''Michael Faraday''' (22 Setyembre 1791 – 25 Agosto 1867) amo an usa ka Ingles nga kemika ngan pisika nga dako an nahatag ha kaaradman matungod han electromagnetismo ngan electrokimika. ==Pinanbasaran== {{reflist}} ==Mga pagkukuhaan== * {{Cite book|ref=Cantor| author=Cantor, Geoffrey | title = Michael Faraday, Sandemanian and Scientist | year = 1991 | publisher=Macmillian | isbn = 0-333-58802-9}} *{{Cite book|ref=Hamilton| author=Hamilton, James | title = A Life of Discovery: Michael Faraday, Giant of the Scientific Revolution |url=https://archive.org/details/lifeofdiscovery00jame| year = 2004 | location = New York | isbn = 1-4000-6016-8 | publisher=[[Random House]]}} *{{cite book|ref=Thomas|author=Thomas, J.M.|title=Michael Faraday and The Royal Institution: The Genius of Man and Place (PBK)|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=GN70U1tTe_EC&pg=PA17|year= 1991|publisher=CRC Press|isbn=978-0-7503-0145-9}} * {{Cite book|ref=Thompson| author=Thompson, Silvanus | title = Michael Faraday, His Life and Work | year = 1901 | publisher=[[Cassell and Company]] | place = London | isbn = 1-4179-7036-7 | url = http://books.google.com/?id=HKf5g3qYYz8C&printsec=frontcover}} ==Padugang nga barasahon== ===Mga biograpiya=== * {{Cite book| author=[[Henry Bence Jones|Bence Jones, Henry]] | title = The Life and Letters of Faraday| year = 1870 | publisher=J. B. Lippincott and Company | location = Philadelphia | url = http://books.google.com/?id=YzuCdNmu5soC&printsec=frontcover&dq=Faraday }} * {{Cite book| author=Gladstone, J. H. | title = Michael Faraday | year = 1872 | publisher=Macmillan | location = London | url = http://books.google.com/?id=pbs4AAAAMAAJ&printsec=frontcover&dq=Faraday}} * {{Cite book| author=Hamilton, James | title = Faraday: The Life | url=https://archive.org/details/faradaylife0000hami | year = 2002 | location = London | publisher=Harper Collins | isbn = 0-00-716376-2}} * {{Cite book| author=Hirshfeld, Alan W. | title = The Electric Life of Michael Faraday | url=https://archive.org/details/electriclifeofmi0000hirs | year = 2006 | publisher=[[Walker and Company]] | isbn = 978-0-8027-1470-1 }} * {{Cite book| author=Tyndall, John | title = Faraday as a Discoverer | year = 1868 | publisher=[[Longmans, Green, and Company]] | location = London | edition = | url = http://www.archive.org/details/faradayasdiscove00tyndrich}} * {{Cite book| author=[[L. Pearce Williams|Williams, L. Pearce]] | title = Michael Faraday: A Biography | url=https://archive.org/details/michaelfaradaybi00will| year = 1965 | publisher=Basic Books | location = New York }} * The British Electrical and Allied Manufacturers Association (1931). ''Faraday''. R. & R. Clark, Ltd., Edinburgh, 1931. * {{Cite book| author=Agassi, Joseph | title = Faraday as a Natural Philosopher | url=https://archive.org/details/faradayasnatural0000agas | year = 1971 | publisher=[[University of Chicago Press]] | location = Chicago | isbn = }} * {{Cite book| author=Ames, Joseph Sweetman (Ed.) | title = The Discovery of Induced Electric Currents | volume = 2 | year = c. 1900 | publisher=[[American Book Company (1890)]] | location = New York | isbn = }} * {{Cite book| author=[[David Gooding|Gooding, David]] (Ed.) | title = Faraday Rediscovered: Essays on the Life and Work of Michael Faraday, 1791–1867 | year = 1985 | publisher=Macmillan/Stockton | location = London/New York | isbn = }} * {{Cite book| author=[[John Meurig Thomas|Thomas, John Meurig]] | title = Michael Faraday and the Royal Institution: The Genius of Man and Place | url=https://archive.org/details/michaelfaradayro0000thom| year = 1991 | publisher=Hilger| location = Bristol | isbn = 0-7503-0145-7}} * {{Cite book| author=[[Colin A. Russell|Russell, Colin A.]] (Ed. [[Owen Gingerich]]) | title = Michael Faraday: Physics and Faith (Oxford Portraits in Science Series) | url=https://archive.org/details/michaelfaraday00coli| year = 2000 | publisher=[[Oxford University Press]] | location = New York | isbn = 0-19-511763-8}} ==Mga sumpay ha gawas== {{wikisource author}} {{Commons|Michael Faraday}} {{Wikiquote}} ===Mga biograpiya=== * [http://www.rigb.org/rimain/heritage/faradaypage.jsp Biography at The Royal Institution of Great Britain] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20040312015850/http://www.rigb.org/rimain/heritage/faradaypage.jsp |date=2004-03-12 }} * [http://www.gutenberg.org/etext/1225 Faraday as a Discoverer by John Tyndall, Project Gutenberg] (downloads) * [http://www.asa3.org/ASA/PSCF/1991/PSCF6-91Eichman.html The Christian Character of Michael Faraday] * [http://www-personal.umich.edu/~jbourj/money1.htm Michael Faraday on the British twenty-pound banknote] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111213071452/http://www-personal.umich.edu/~jbourj/money1.htm |date=2011-12-13 }} * [https://archive.org/details/lifediscoverieso00crowrich The Life and Discoveries of Michael Faraday] by J. A. Crowther, London: [[Society for Promoting Christian Knowledge]], 1920 ===Mga lain=== * [http://journals.lww.com/anesthesiology/Abstract/1992/10000/Michael_Faraday_and_His_Contribution_to_Anesthesia.27.aspx Michael Faraday's announcement of ether as an anaesthetic in 1818] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110522040512/http://journals.lww.com/anesthesiology/Abstract/1992/10000/Michael_Faraday_and_His_Contribution_to_Anesthesia.27.aspx |date=2011-05-22 }} * [http://www.magnet.fsu.edu/education/tutorials/java/faradaymotor/index.html Interactive Java Tutorial on Faraday's 1821 Motor] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100915140700/http://www.magnet.fsu.edu/education/tutorials/java/faradaymotor/index.html |date=2010-09-15 }} [[National High Magnetic Field Laboratory]] * [http://www.magnet.fsu.edu/education/tutorials/java/faradaypail/index.html Interactive Java Tutorial on Faraday's Ice Pail Experiment] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100615154326/http://www.magnet.fsu.edu/education/tutorials/java/faradaypail/index.html |date=2010-06-15 }} National High Magnetic Field Laboratory * {{dmoz|Science/Physics/History/People/Faraday,_Michael/}} * {{gutenberg author | id=Michael_Faraday | name=Michael Faraday}} (downloads) * [http://www.ch.ic.ac.uk/video/index.rss Video Podcast] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060516234558/http://www.ch.ic.ac.uk/video/index.rss |date=2006-05-16 }} with Sir [[John Cadogan]] talking about Benzene since Faraday * [https://archive.org/details/lettersoffaraday00fararich The letters of Faraday and Schoenbein 1836–1862. With notes, comments and references to contemporary letters (1899)] full download [https://archive.org/download/lettersoffaraday00fararich/lettersoffaraday00fararich.pdf PDF] *[http://www.trinitybuoywharf.com/life-on-the-river/history.php A Short History of Trinity Buoy Wharf] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130621092623/http://www.trinitybuoywharf.com/life-on-the-river/history.php |date=2013-06-21 }} at the [[Trinity Buoy Wharf]] website *[http://www.newmodelschool.co.uk/faraday Faraday School, located on Trinity Buoy Wharf] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110902233139/http://www.newmodelschool.co.uk/faraday |date=2011-09-02 }} at the New Model School Company Limited's website *[http://www.juliantrubin.com/bigten/electric_motor_generator.html Michael Faraday: The Invention of the Electric Motor and Electric Generator] {{DEFAULTSORT:Faraday, Michael}} [[Kaarangay:Michael Faraday| ]] [[Kaarangay:Mga natawo han 1791]] [[Kaarangay:Mga namatay han 1867]] [[Kaarangay:Biyograpiya|Faraday, Michael]] [[Kaarangay:Siyensyas Matematikas, Fisika ngan Naturales|Faraday, Michael]] 5yzjtzmdd2i0eq8hgkucf7fd3rjyzqt 0 15146 7782296 7776357 2026-04-07T05:38:51Z InternetArchiveBot 41587 Add 1 book for verifiability (20260407)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 7782296 wikitext text/x-wiki [[file:NATO members (blue).svg|frameless|right]] [[file:Flag of NATO.svg|frameless|right]] An '''Katig-uban Tratado han Amihanan Atlantiko''' ([[Iningles]]: ''North Atlantic Treaty Organisation o NATO'') amo an usa ka katig-uban kanasoran para ha kamurayaw ngan depensa nga gintukod han 1949, tikanga ha Tratado han Amihanan Atlantiko nga pinirmahan ha [[Washington, D.C.]], [[Estados Unidos]] han Abril 4, 1949. An iya ulohan aada ha [[Brussels]], [[Belhika]]. ==Pinanbasaran== {{Reflist}} == Bibliograpiya == {{refbegin|30em}} * Auerswald, David P., and Stephen M. Saideman, eds. ''NATO in Afghanistan: Fighting Together, Fighting Alone'' (Princeton U.P., 2014) *{{cite book |last1= Bethlehem |first1= Daniel L. |last2= Weller |first2= Marc |title=The 'Yugoslav' Crisis in International Law |year= 1997|series= Cambridge International Documents Series |volume= 5 |publisher= [[Cambridge University Press]] |isbn= 978-0-521-46304-1 |url= http://books.google.com/books?id=7SczBzxA6-IC&pg=PR55 |ref=harv}} *{{cite book |last= Clausson |first= M. I. |title= NATO: Status, Relations, and Decision-Making |publisher= Nova Publishers |year= 2006 |isbn= 1-60021-098-8 |url= http://books.google.com/books?id=ei38uQH5M5kC&pg=PA94 |ref=harv}} *{{cite book |last= Collins |first= Brian J. |title= NATO: A Guide to the Issues |publisher= ABC-CLIO |year= 2011 |isbn= 0-3133-5491-X |url= http://books.google.com/books?id=KyBPuKcUXowC |ref=harv}} *{{cite book |last= Garthoff |first= Raymond L. |title= Détente and confrontation: American-Soviet relations from Nixon to Reagan |publisher= [[Brookings Institution Press]] |year= 1994 |isbn= 0-8157-3041-1 |url= http://books.google.com/books?id=mGG-x_tuNUcC&pg=PA660 |ref=harv}} *{{Cite book |last = Gorbachev |first = Mikhail |authorlink = Mikhail Gorbachev |year = 1996 |title = Memoirs |url = https://archive.org/details/memoirsgorb00gorb |location = London |publisher = Doubleday |isbn = 978-0-385-40668-0 |ref = harv }} *{{cite book |last1= Isby |first1= David C. |last2= Kamps Jr. |first2= Charles |title= Armies of NATO's Central Front |publisher= [[Jane's Information Group]] |year=1985 |isbn=0-7106-0341-X |ref=harv}} * Kaplan, Lawrence S. (2013). ''NATO before the Korean War: April 1949-June 1950.'' Kent, OH: Kent State University Press. *{{cite book |last= Kaplan |first= Lawrence S. |title= NATO Divided, NATO United: The Evolution of an Alliance |url= https://archive.org/details/natodividednatou0000kapl |publisher= Greenwood Publishing Group |year= 2004 |isbn= 0-2759-8006-5 |ref=harv}} *{{cite book |author= [[National Defense University]] |title= Allied command structures in the new NATO |publisher= DIANE Publishing |year= 1997 |isbn= 1-57906-033-1 |url= http://books.google.com/books?id=q3jLV75wFM4C&pg=PA50 |ref=harv}} *{{cite book |last= Njølstad |first= Olav |title= The last decade of the Cold War: from conflict escalation to conflict transformation |volume= 5 |publisher= [[Psychology Press]] |year= 2004 |isbn= 0-7146-8539-9 |url= http://books.google.com/books?id=w0w31Yq5BYsC |ref=harv}} *{{cite book |last= Osgood |first= Robert E. |title= NATO: The Entangling Alliance |publisher= [[University of Chicago Press]] |year= 1962 |url= http://books.google.com/books?id=0V-OAAAAMAAJ |ref=harv}} *{{cite book |last= Park |first= William |title= Defending the West: a history of NATO |publisher= [[Westview Press]] |year= 1986 |isbn= 0-8133-0408-3 |url= http://books.google.com/books?id=1bkwAAAAMAAJ |ref=harv}} *{{cite book |last= Reynolds |first= David |title= The Origins of the Cold War in Europe: International Perspectives |publisher= [[Yale University Press]] |year= 1994 |url= http://books.google.com/books?id=yvZNbkjCzwoC |isbn= 0-300-10562-2 |ref=harv}} *{{cite book |last=Schoenbaum |first=Thomas J. |title=Waging Peace and War: Dean Rusk in the Truman, Kennedy, and Johnson Years |url=https://archive.org/details/wagingpeacewarde00scho |year=1988 |publisher=[[Simon and Schuster]] |location=[[Ann Arbor, Michigan]] |isbn=0-671-60351-5 |ref=harv}} *{{cite book |last= van der Eyden |first= Ton |title= Public management of society: rediscovering French institutional engineering in the European context |volume= 1 |publisher= IOS Press |year= 2003 |isbn= 1-58603-291-7 |url= http://books.google.com/books?id=QJyHlwgWnGQC&pg=PA104 |ref=harv}} *{{cite book |last1= Wenger |first1= Andreas |last2= Nuenlist |first2= Christian |last3= Locher |first3= Anna |title= Transforming NATO in the Cold War: Challenges beyond deterrence in the 1960s |publisher= [[Taylor & Francis]] |year= 2007 |url= http://books.google.com/books?id=w3qeMymxoBYC&pg=PA67 |isbn= 0-415-39737-5 |ref=harv}} *{{cite book |last= Willbanks |first= James H. |title= Machine Guns: An Illustrated History of Their Impact |publisher= ABC-CLIO |year= 2004 |isbn= 1-8510-9480-6 |ref=harv}} *{{cite book |last= Zenko |first= Micah |title= Between Threats and War: U.S. Discrete Military Operations in the Post-Cold War World |publisher= [[Stanford University Press]] |year= 2010 |url= http://books.google.com/books?id=rJHU9VZRhjwC&pg=PA133 |isbn= 0-8047-7191-X |ref=harv}} {{refend}} ==Padugang nga barasahon== * [[Ronald Asmus|Asmus, Ronald]]. ''A Little War that Shook the World : Georgia, Russia, and the Future of the West''. NYU (2010). ISBN 978-0-230-61773-5 == Mga sumpay ha gawas == {{Sister project links |commons=Category:North Atlantic Treaty Organization|n=Category:NATO|wikt=NATO|d=Q7184|q=no|b=no|s=no|v=no}} ;Opisyal *{{Official website|http://www.nato.int}} *[http://www.nato.int/docu/basics.htm Basic NATO Documents] ;Collected news *{{Aljazeeratopic|organisation/north-atlantic-treaty-organization}} *{{Dawntopic|nato}} *{{Guardiantopic|world/nato}} *{{NYTtopic|organizations/n/north_atlantic_treaty_organization}} *{{WSJtopic|organization/N/NATO/4922}} ;Mga makasaysayan nga pelikula * {{Internet Archive short film|id=gov.archives.arc.2569670|name=Big Picture: Why NATO?}} * {{Internet Archive short film|id=gov.archives.arc.2569561|name=Big Picture: NATO Maneuvers}} ol4wtexoywmadwrwwws56hds1w6l4dy 0 15176 7782394 7771453 2026-04-07T07:39:04Z InternetArchiveBot 41587 Add 1 book for verifiability (20260407)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 7782394 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox person | name = Muḥammad ibn Mūsā al-Khwārizmī | image = 1983 CPA 5426 (1).png | image_size = 250px | caption = A [[commemorative stamp|stamp]] issued 6 Septyembre 1983 in the [[Soviet Union]], commemorating al-Khwārizmī's (approximate) 1200th birthday. | ethnicity = [[Persian people|Persian]] | known_for = Treatises on algebra and Indian numerals | birth_date = c. 780 | death_date = c. 850 | influenced = [[Abu Kamil]] }} Hi '''Abū ʿAbdallāh Muḥammad ibn Mūsā al-Khwārizmī'''(c. 780, Khwārizm – c. 850) usa ka Persyano nga matematiko, astronomo, ngan heyograpo nga nagtrabaho ha halos bug-os niya nga kinabuhi nga usa ka eskolar ha Panimalay han Kaaradman ha [[Baghdad]]. Hiya an tinatawag nga "Amay han [[Alhebra]]". ==Pinanbasaran== {{Mga kasarigan}} ==Padugang nga barasahon== {{Refbegin|2}} ;Biographical * {{Cite encyclopedia | last = Toomer | first = Gerald | authorlink = Gerald Toomer | title = Al-Khwārizmī, Abu Ja‘far Muḥammad ibn Mūsā | encyclopedia = [[Dictionary of Scientific Biography]] | volume = 7 | editor = Gillispie, Charles Coulston | publisher = Charles Scribner's Sons | location = New York | date = 1990 | isbn = 0-684-16962-2 | ref=harv | url=http://www.encyclopedia.com/doc/1G2-2830902300.html }} * [[Sonja Brentjes|Brentjes, Sonja]] (2007). "[http://islamsci.mcgill.ca/RASI/BEA/Khwarizmi_BEA.htm Khwārizmī: Muḥammad ibn Mūsā al‐Khwārizmī]" in Thomas Hockey et al. (eds.). ''[[The Biographical Encyclopedia of Astronomers]]'', Springer Reference. New York: Springer, 2007, pp.&nbsp;631–633. ([http://islamsci.mcgill.ca/RASI/BEA/Khwarizmi_BEA.pdf PDF version]) * {{Cite journal|last=Dunlop|first=Douglas Morton|authorlink=Douglas Morton Dunlop| date = 1943|title=Muḥammad b. Mūsā al-<u>Kh</u>wārizmī|journal=[[The Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society of Great Britain and Ireland]]|pages=248–250|publisher=Cambridge University|ref=harv|jstor=25221920|issue=2}} * {{MacTutor Biography|id=Al-Khwarizmi|title=Abu Ja'far Muhammad ibn Musa Al-Khwarizmi}} * [[Fuat Sezgin]]. ''Geschichte des arabischen Schrifttums''. 1974, E. J. Brill, Leiden, the Netherlands. * Sezgin, F., ed., ''Islamic Mathematics and Astronomy'', Frankfurt: Institut für Geschichte der arabisch-islamischen Wissenschaften, 1997–9. <!-- This is a collection of (mostly) reprints, consisting of 112 volumes to date. Practically all the literature on Islamic mathematics published before 1960 will be reprinted in these volumes. The volumes are compiled thematically, for example vols. 1–4 are about Al-Khwarizmi, vols. 14–20 on Euclid in the Arabic tradition, vols. 21–22 on Tabit ibn Qurra, vol. 23 on Abu Kamil, vols. 24–25 on Ibn Yunis, vols. 32–36 on al-Biruni, etc. --> ;Alhebra * {{Cite journal|last=Gandz|first=Solomon|authorlink=Solomon Gandz|title=The Origin of the Term "Algebra"|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_american-mathematical-monthly_1926-11_33_9/page/437|journal=The American Mathematical Monthly|volume=33|issue=9|date= Nobyembre 1926|pages=437–440|doi=10.2307/2299605|publisher=The American Mathematical Monthly, Vol. 33, No. 9|ref=harv|issn=0002–9890|jstor=2299605}} * {{Cite journal|last=Gandz|first=Solomon| date = 1936|title=The Sources of al-Khowārizmī's Algebra|journal=Osiris|volume=1|pages=263–277|url=http://links.jstor.org/sici?sici=0369-7827%28193601%291%3A1%3C263%3ATSOAA%3E2.0.CO%3B2–3|doi=10.1086/368426|issue=1|ref=harv|issn=0369–7827}} * {{Cite journal|last=Gandz|first=Solomon| date = 1938|title=The Algebra of Inheritance: A Rehabilitation of Al-Khuwārizmī|journal=Osiris|volume=5|pages=319–391|url=http://links.jstor.org/sici?sici=0369-7827%281938%291%3A5%3C319%3ATAOIAR%3E2.0.CO%3B2–2|issue=5|doi=10.1086/368492|ref=harv|issn=0369–7827}} * {{Cite journal|last=Hughes|first=Barnabas|authorlink=Barnabas Hughes|title=Gerard of Cremona's Translation of al-Khwārizmī's al-Jabr: A Critical Edition| date = 1986|journal=Mediaeval Studies|volume=48|pages=211–263|ref=harv}} * Barnabas Hughes. ''Robert of Chester's Latin translation of al-Khwarizmi's al-Jabr: A new critical edition''. In Latin. F. Steiner Verlag Wiesbaden (1989). ISBN 3-515-04589-9. * {{Cite book|first=L. C.|last=Karpinski|authorlink=L. C. Karpinski|title=Robert of Chester's Latin Translation of the Algebra of Al-Khowarizmi: With an Introduction, Critical Notes and an English Version| date = 1915|publisher=The Macmillan Company|url=http://library.albany.edu/preservation/brittle_bks/khuwarizmi_robertofchester/}} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171230174959/http://library.albany.edu/preservation/brittle_bks/khuwarizmi_robertofchester/ |date= 30 Disyembre 2017 }} * {{Cite book|last=Rosen|first=Fredrick|authorlink=Frederick Rosen|title=The Algebra of Mohammed Ben Musa| date = 1831|publisher=Kessinger Publishing|isbn=1-4179-4914-7|url=http://www.archive.org/details/algebraofmohamme00khuwrich|ref=harv}} <!-- Arabic text of the Algebra of al-Khwarizmi, with English translation. Various medieval Latin translations of the Algebra of al-Khwarizmi have also been published. --> * {{Cite journal|author=Ruska, Julius|title=Zur ältesten arabischen Algebra und Rechenkunst|journal=[[Sitzungsberichte der Heidelberger Akademie der Wissenschaften, Philosophisch-historische Klasse]]|pages=1–125| date = 1917|ref=harv|url=http://catalog.hathitrust.org/Record/001653568|authorlink=Julius Ruska}} ;Aritmetika * {{Cite book|last=Folkerts|first=Menso|authorlink=Menso Folkerts|title=Die älteste lateinische Schrift über das indische Rechnen nach al-Ḫwārizmī|url=https://archive.org/details/diealtestelatein0000khuw| date = 1997|publisher=Bayerische Akademie der Wissenschaften|location=München|language=German and Latin|isbn=3-7696-0108-4}} <!-- / Ed., Übers. und Kommentar von Menso Folkerts unter Mitarb. von Paul Kunitzsch --><!-- This is a new edition of the complete medieval Latin translation of the Arithmetic of al-Khwarizmi (previous editions are all incomplete). This work is lost in Arabic. --> * [[Kurt Vogel|Vogel, Kurt]] (1968). ''[http://catalog.hathitrust.org/Record/000404668 Mohammed ibn Musa Alchwarizmi's Algorismus; das früheste Lehrbuch zum Rechnen mit indischen Ziffern. Nach der einzigen (lateinischen) Handschrift (Cambridge Un. Lib. Ms. Ii. 6.5) in Faksimile mit Transkription und Kommentar herausgegeben von Kurt Vogel.]'' Aalen, O. Zeller. ;Astronomiya * {{Cite book|title=Commentary on the Astronomical Tables of Al-Khwarizmi: By Ibn Al-Muthanna|first=B. R.|last=Goldstein|authorlink=B. R. Goldstein|publisher=Yale University Press| date = 1968|isbn=0-300-00498-2}} * {{Cite journal|first=Jan P.|last=Hogendijk|authorlink=Jan Hogendijk|title=Al-Khwārizmī's Table of the "Sine of the Hours" and the Underlying Sine Table| date = 1991|journal=Historia Scientiarum|volume=42|pages=1–12|ref=harv}} * {{Cite book|last=King|first=David A.|authorlink=David A. King|title=Al-Khwārizmī and New Trends in Mathematical Astronomy in the Ninth Century| date = 1983|publisher=Hagop Kevorkian Center for Near Eastern Studies: Occasional Papers on the Near East '''2'''|location=New York University|lccn=85150177}} <!-- Description and analysis of seven recently discovered minor works related to al-Khwarizmi. --> * {{Cite book|last=Neugebauer|first=Otto|authorlink=Otto Neugebauer|title=The Astronomical Tables of al-Khwarizmi|url=https://archive.org/details/astronomicaltabl0000oneu| date = 1962}} * {{Cite journal|first=Boris A.|last=Rosenfeld|authorlink=Boris A. Rosenfeld|title="Geometric trigonometry" in treatises of al-Khwārizmī, al-Māhānī and Ibn al-Haytham|url=https://archive.org/details/vestigiamathemat0000unse|journal=Vestiga mathematica: Studies in Medieval and Early Modern Mathematics in Honour of H. L. L. Busard|editor=Menso Folkerts and J. P. Hogendijk|publisher=Rodopi|location=Amsterdam| date = 1993|isbn=90-5183-536-1|ref=harv}} * [[Heinrich Suter|Suter, Heinrich]]. [Ed.]: Die astronomischen Tafeln des Muhammed ibn Mûsâ al-Khwârizmî in der Bearbeitung des Maslama ibn Ahmed al-Madjrîtî und der latein. Übersetzung des Athelhard von Bath auf Grund der Vorarbeiten von A. Bjørnbo und R. Besthorn in Kopenhagen. Hrsg. und komm. Kopenhagen 1914. 288 pp. Repr. 1997 (Islamic Mathematics and Astronomy. 7). ISBN 3-8298-4008-X. * [[Benno van Dalen|Van Dalen, B]]. Al-Khwarizmi's Astronomical Tables Revisited: Analysis of the Equation of Time. <!-- Published in "Casulleras, J, Samsó, J., eds., ''From Baghdad to Barcelona: Studies in the Islamic Exact Sciences in Honour of Prof. Juan Vernet''. 2 vols. Barcelona: Universitat de Barcelona 1996.", pp. 195–252. With survey of all work done on the tables of al-Khwarizmi. --> ;Hudeo nga kalendaryo * {{Cite journal|last=Kennedy|first=E. S.|authorlink=Edward Stewart Kennedy|title=Al-Khwārizmī on the Jewish Calendar| date = 1964|journal=[[Scripta Mathematica]]|volume=27|pages=55–59|ref=harv}} <!-- reprinted in Studies in the Islamic Exact Sciences. Beirut 1983, 661–665 --> ;Heyograpiya * {{Cite book|last=Daunicht|first=Hubert|authorlink=Hubert Daunicht|title=Der Osten nach der Erdkarte al-Ḫuwārizmīs : Beiträge zur historischen Geographie und Geschichte Asiens| date = 1968–1970|publisher=Bonner orientalistische Studien. N.S.; Bd. 19|language=German|lccn=71468286}} * {{Cite journal|last=Mžik|first=Hans von|authorlink=Hans von Mžik|title=Ptolemaeus und die Karten der arabischen Geographen|journal=Mitteil. D. K. K. Geogr. Ges. In Wien|volume=58| date = 1915|page=152|ref=harv}} * {{Cite journal|last=Mžik|first=Hans von|title=Afrika nach der arabischen Bearbeitung der γεωγραφικὴ ὑφήγησις des Cl. Ptolomeaus von Muh. ibn Mūsa al-Hwarizmi|journal=Denkschriften d. Akad. D. Wissen. In Wien, Phil.-hist. Kl.|volume=59| date = 1916|ref=harv}} * {{Cite book|last=Mžik|first=Hans von|title=Das Kitāb Ṣūrat al-Arḍ des Abū Ǧa‘far Muḥammad ibn Mūsā al-Ḫuwārizmī| date = 1926|location=Leipzig}} * {{Citation|last=Nallino|first=C. A.|authorlink=Carlo Alfonso Nallino|title=Al-Ḫuwārizmī e il suo rifacimento della Geografia di Tolemo|journal=Atti della R. Accad. dei Lincei, Arno 291, Serie V, Memorie, Classe di Sc. Mor., Vol. II, Rome| date = 1896}} * {{Cite journal|author=Ruska, Julius|title=Neue Bausteine zur Geschichte der arabischen Geographie|journal=Geographische Zeitschrift|volume=24| date = 1918|pages=77–81|ref=harv|authorlink=Julius Ruska}} * {{Cite journal|last=Spitta|first=W.|authorlink=W. Spitta|title=Ḫuwārizmī's Auszug aus der Geographie des Ptolomaeus|journal=Zeitschrift Deutschen Morgenl. Gesell.|volume=33| date = 1879|ref=harv}} ;Esperikal nga trigonometriya * B. A. Rozenfeld. "Al-Khwarizmi's spherical trigonometry" (Russian), ''Istor.-Mat. Issled.'' '''32–33''' (1990), 325–339. {{Refend}} ===Mga kasahiran nga reperensya=== {{Refbegin|2}} * {{Cite book|last=Berggren|first=J. Lennart|authorlink=Len Berggren|title=Episodes in the Mathematics of Medieval Islam|url=https://archive.org/details/episodesinmathem0000berg| date = 1986|publisher=[[Springer Science+Business Media]]|location=[[New York]]|isbn= 0-387-96318-9|ref=harv|postscript=<!--None-->}} * {{Cite book|first=Carl B.|last=Boyer|authorlink=Carl Benjamin Boyer|title=A History of Mathematics|url=https://archive.org/details/historyofmathema00boye|edition=Second|publisher=John Wiley & Sons, Inc.| date = 1991|chapter=The Arabic Hegemony|isbn=0-471-54397-7}} * {{Cite book|last=Daffa|first=Ali Abdullah al-|authorlink=Ali Abdullah Al-Daffa|title=The Muslim contribution to mathematics| date = 1977|publisher=[[Croom Helm]]|location=[[London]]|isbn= 0-85664-464-1|ref=harv|postscript=<!--None-->}} * {{Cite book|last=Dallal |first=Ahmad |authorlink=Ahmad Dallal|contribution=Science, Medicine and Technology |editor-last=Esposito |editor-first=John |title=The Oxford History of Islam |url=https://archive.org/details/oxfordhistoryofi00john | date = 1999 |publisher=[[Oxford University Press]], [[New York]]|ref=harv|postscript=<!--None--> }} * {{Cite journal|last=Kennedy|first=E. S.|authorlink=Edward Stewart Kennedy|title=A Survey of Islamic Astronomical Tables; Transactions of the American Philosophical Society| date = 1956|location=[[Philadelphia]]| publisher=[[American Philosophical Society]]|volume=46|issue=2|ref=harv|postscript=<!--None-->}} * {{Cite book|last=King |first=David A. |authorlink=David A. King (historian)| date = 1999a |contribution=Islamic Astronomy |title=Astronomy before the telescope |url=https://archive.org/details/astronomybeforet0000unse |editor-first=Christopher |editor-last=Walker |publisher=[[British Museum]] Press |pages=[https://archive.org/details/astronomybeforet0000unse/page/n160 143]–174 |isbn=0-7141-2733-7 |editor-link=Christopher Walker|ref=harv|postscript=<!--None--> }} * {{Cite journal|last=King |first=David A. | date = 2002 |title=A Vetustissimus Arabic Text on the Quadrans Vetus |journal=Journal for the History of Astronomy |volume=33 |pages=237–255|ref=harv|postscript=<!--None--> |bibcode = 2002JHA....33..237K }} * {{Cite book|last=Struik|first= Dirk Jan|authorlink=Dirk Jan Struik|title=A Concise History of Mathematics| date = 1987|isbn= 0-486-60255-9|edition=4th|publisher=[[Dover Publications]]|ref=harv|postscript=<!--None-->}} <!-- *Nito Verdera. [http://www.cristobalcolondeibiza.com/2eng/2eng00.htm ''South America on ancient, medieval and Renaissance maps'']. Comment: Contains a bit of useful info on the Geography, but also presents a crank theory (see talk page).--> <!-- muslim<ref name="Britannica">Britannica, [http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-9045366 ''al-Khw<u>a</u>rizm<u>i</u>'']</ref> --> <!-- * [http://www.iranica.com Encyclopaedia Iranica] what page/chapter/article??? --> <!-- * William Muir (revised edition by T. H. WEIR, M.A., D.D.). [http://answering-islam.org.uk/Books/Muir/Caliphate/ The Caliphate Its Rise, Decline, and Fall]. relevance?? --> * {{MacTutor Biography|id=Abraham|title=Abraham bar Hiyya Ha-Nasi}} * {{MacTutor Biography|class=HistTopics|id=Arabic_mathematics|title=Arabic mathematics: forgotten brilliance?}} * [[Roshdi Rashed]], ''The development of Arabic mathematics: between arithmetic and algebra'', London, 1994. {{Refend}} {{Commons category|Muhammad ibn Musa al-Khwarizmi}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Khwarizmi, Muhammad Ibn Musa}} [[Kaarangay:Mga natawo han 780 nga dekada]] [[Kaarangay:Mga namatay han 850 nga dekada]] [[Kaarangay:Matematika]] [[Kaarangay:Biyograpiya]] sse38aouaai1hfwr1301trkprxp8np4 0 15178 7782365 7652437 2026-04-07T07:07:33Z InternetArchiveBot 41587 Add 1 book for verifiability (20260407)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 7782365 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox sayantista | name = Carl Linnaeus (Carl von Linné) | image = Carl von Linné.jpg | image_size = 240px | alt = Portrait of Linnaeus on a brown background with the word "Linne" in the top right corner | caption = ''Carl von Linné'', [[Alexander Roslin]], 1775.<br />Pagpintar ha lana ngadto ha<br />koleksyon hin ritrato ha [[Kastilyo Gripsholm]] | birth_date = {{Birth date|df=yes|1707|5|23}}<ref group=note name=birthdate>Hi Carl Linnaeus in natawo ha tuig 1707 han 13 Mayo ([[Kalendaryo Suwediko|Istilo Suwediko]]) o 23 Mayo sumala han moderno nga kalendaryo. Sumala han [[kalendaryo Julian]] naman, hiya in natawo ha 12 Mayo. (Blunt 2004, p. 12)</ref> | birth_place = [[Råshult]], parokya han Stenbrohult (yana ha sulod han [[Munisipyo han Älmhult]]), Suwesya | death_date = {{Death date and age|df=yes|1778|1|10|1707|5|23}} | death_place = ([[estado (tuna)|Estado]]) han Hammarby, Parokya han Danmark (gawas han Uppsala), Suwesya | residence = [[Suwesya]] | citizenship = | nationality = Swedeno | ethnicity = | religion = [[Luteranismo|Luteran]] | fields = [[Botaniya]]<br />[[Biyolohiya]]<br />[[Zoolohiya]] | workplaces = | alma_mater = [[Unibersidad Lund]]<br />[[Unibersidad Uppsala]]<br />[[Unibersidad han Harderwijk]] | doctoral_advisor = | academic_advisors = | doctoral_students = | notable_students = | known_for = [[Taxonomiya (biyolohiya)|Linnaeanhon nga taksonomiya]]<br />Ekolohiya<br />[[Botaniya]] | author_abbrev_bot = L. | author_abbrev_zoo = | influences = | influenced = | awards = | signature = Linne autograph.png.svg | signature_alt = Carl v. Linné | footnotes = <br />[[File:Linne CoA.jpg|center|240px]]<center>An [[coat of arms]] ni Carl von Linné.</center> }} Hi '''Carl Linnaeus''' (23 Mayo 1707 – 10 Enero 1778), kilala gihapon han iya pagtahod nga ngaran nga '''Carl von Linné''', in uska Swedeno nga botanista, magtarambal ngan zoolohista, nga naglatag han mga pondasyon han moderno nga iskima han binomial nga pag-ngaran. Hiya an sinisiring nga amay han moderno nga taksonomiya, ngan hiya liwat an sinisiring nga usa ha mga amay han moderno nga ekolohiya. Kadam-an han iya mga sinurat in nakalatin, ngan an iya ngaran ha Linatin in '''Carolus Linnæus''' (katima han tuig 1761 nagin '''Carolus a Linné'''). Hi Linnaeus in natawo ha horon nga dapit han Småland, ha salatan nga Suwesya. Hi Linnaeus in kinmarawat han iya kadam-an nga hiruhitaas nga pag-aram ha Unibersidad han Uppsala, ngan nagtikang pagtutdo ha botaniya ngada han tuig 1730. Inmukoy hiya ha langyaw han butnga nga mga tuig 1735 ngan 1738, kun diin hiya in nag-aram ngan iya liwat ginpapatik an syahan nga edisyon han iya Systema Naturae ha Nederlandes. Binmalik liwat hiya ha Suwesya, kun diin hiya in naging propesor hin medisina ngan botaniya ha Uppsala. Han dekada 1740, hiya in makadamo ginpabiyahe palibot ha Suwesya para makabiling ngan makapag-angay-angay hin mga tanaman ngan kahayopan. Han mga dekada 1750 ngan 60, hiya in nagpadayon pangolekta ngan pangalisipika hin mga kahayopan, tanaman ngan mga mineral ngan nagpapatik hin pipira nga mga bolyum. Han takna han iya kamatayon, hiya in usa ha mga gindadayawan nga sayantista ha Europa. An Swisa nga pilosopo nga hi [[Jean-Jacques Rousseau]] in nagpadangat hin mensahe ha iya: "Sidngi hiya nga waray ako nababaroan nga tawo nga mas labaw ha iya dinhi ha tuna." An Aleman nga manunurat nga hi [[Johann Wolfgang von Goethe]] in nagsurat: "Labot la kanda Shakespeare ngan Spinoza, waray gud ako nababaroan ha nagkamatay nga mas nakaimpluwensiya ha akon." An Swedeno nga awtor nga hi [[August Strindberg]] in nagsurat: "Ha ungod la, hi Linnaeus in usa maniniday nga nahitabo la nga naturalista". Ha iba liwat nga mga pagdayaw, hi Linnaeus in gintatawag nga Princeps botanicorum (Prinsipe han mga Botanista), "An Pliny han Amihanan," ngan "An Ikaduha nga Adan". Ha botaniya, an pagpahalipot han ngaran hin awtor nga gingagamit para pagtudlok kan Linnaeus komo otoridad han kanan mga species nga mga ngaran in L. An kan Linnaeus lawas amo an type specimen han species nga Homo sapiens, sumala han International Code of Zoological Nomenclature, tungod an nag-uusahan nga specimen nga iya gin-adman, ha takna han pagsurat han paghulagway han species, in hiya kalugaringon la ngahaw. ==Biyograpiya== ===Unhan nga bahin han kinabuhi=== ====Pagkabata==== [[File:LA2-Rashult-2.jpg|thumb|right|Natawhan nga lugar ni Linnaeus ha [[Råshult]]]] Hi Carl Linnaeus in natawo ha baryo han [[Råshult]] ha [[Småland]], Suwesya han 23 Mayo 1707. Hiya an suhag nira Nils Ingemarsson Linnaeus ngan Christina Brodersonia. An iya amay an syahan han ira lahi nga ginmamit hin permamente nga apelyido. San-o ito, an iya kanuno-nunoan in ginmamit han patronimiko nga sistema han pagngaran han mga nasod Eskandinabya: an iya amay in ginngaranan nga Ingemarsson sunod han iya amay Ingemar Bengtsson. Han takna nga hi Nils in ginkarawat ha [[Unibersidad han Lund]], kinahanglan niya nga kumuha hin apelyido. Iya gingamit an Linatan nga ngaran Linnæus tikang ha higante nga puno han [[linden]] , nga tinmubo ha ira panimalay.<ref name="Blunt12">[[#Blunt|Blunt (2004)]], p. 12.</ref> Ini nga ngaran in ginbaybay nga lakip an [[æ]] nga ligatura. Han natawo hi Carl, ginngaranan hiya nga Carl Linnæus, nga upod an iya amay apelyido. An anak in permi liwat ginbabaybay ini nga maylakip nga æ nga ligatura, mapakinamot man nga pagsurat han dokumento ngan mapaimprenta.<ref name="Blunt13">[[#Blunt|Blunt (2004)]], p. 13.</ref> An kan Carl patronimiko in Nilsson unta, magawas nga Carl Nilsson Linnæus. ==Mga kasarigan== {{Mga kasarigan|group=note}} {{Mga kasarigan}} ===Bibliograpiya=== {{Refbegin|32em}} *{{Cite book |last=Anderson |first=Margaret J. |title=Carl Linnaeus: Father of Classification |url=https://archive.org/details/carllinnaeusfath00ande |date=1997 |publisher=[[Enslow Publishers]] |location=United States |isbn=978-0-89490-786-9 |ref=Anderson }} *{{Cite book |last=Blunt |first=Wilfrid |title=Linnaeus: the compleat naturalist |url=http://books.google.com/?id=N54GuRxlgrMC |date=2001 |publisher=[[Frances Lincoln]] |location=London |isbn=978-0-7112-1841-3 |ref=Blunt2001 }}{{Dead link|date=Enero 2023 |bot=InternetArchiveBot }} *{{Cite book |last=Blunt |first=Wilfrid |title=Linnaeus: the compleat naturalist |url=http://books.google.com/?id=FRH_EMhQYhYC |date=2004 |publisher=[[Frances Lincoln]] |location=London |isbn=978-0-7112-2362-2 |ref=Blunt }} *{{Cite book |last=Bontius |first=J. |authorlink=Jacobus Bontius |date=1658 |url=http://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/item/39776 |chapter=Historiae naturalis & medicae Indiae Orientalis libri sex |pages=1–226 |editor=[[Willem Piso|Gulielmo Piso]] |title=De Indiæ Utriusque re naturali et medica libri quatuordecim. Quorum contenta pagina sequens exhibet |location=Amsterdam |publisher=Elzevier |ref=Bontius }} *{{Cite book |last=Braziel |first=Jana Evans |chapter=Genre, race, erasure: a genealogical critique of "American" autobiography |pages=35–70 |title=Erasing Public Memory: Race, Aesthetics, and Cultural Amnesia in the Americas |editor=Joseph A. Young & Jana Evans Braziel | date = 2007 |publisher=[[Mercer University Press]] |isbn=978-0-88146-076-6 |ref=Braziel}} *{{Cite book |last=Broberg |first=G. |authorlink=Gunnar Broberg | date = 1975 |title=''Homo sapiens'' L. studien: Carl von Linné naturuppfattning och människolära |location=Uppsala |publisher=Almquist and Wiksell |ref=Broberg1975}} *{{Cite journal |last=Broberg |first=Gunnar |authorlink=Gunnar Broberg |date=2008 |title=The Dragonslayer |journal=[[Tijdschrift voor Skandinavistiek]] |volume=29 |issue=1–2 |pages=29–43 |url=http://dpc.uba.uva.nl/tvs/vol29/nr01/art03 |ref=Broberg2008 |access-date=30 Hulyo 2012 |archive-date=12 Enero 2013 |archive-url=https://archive.is/20130112063158/http://dpc.uba.uva.nl/tvs/vol29/nr01/art03 |url-status=dead }} *{{Cite book |last=Broberg |first=Gunnar |title=Carl Linnaeus |url=https://archive.org/details/carllinnaeus0000brob |authorlink=Gunnar Broberg |date=2006 |publisher=[[Swedish Institute]] |location=Stockholm |isbn=978-91-520-0912-3 |ref=Broberg }} * {{Cite book | last1=Davis | first1=P. H. | last2=Heywood | first2=V. H. | date = 1973 | title=Principles of Angiosperm Taxonomy | location=Huntington, New York | publisher=Robert E. Krieger Publishing Company | ref=Davis }} *{{Cite book |last=Frängsmyr |first=Tore |last2=Lindroth |first2=Sten |last3=Eriksson |first3=Gunnar |last4=Broberg |first4=Gunnar |title=Linnaeus, the man and his work |url=http://books.google.com/?id=RrKiQgAACAAJ&dq=Linnaeus+the+man+and+his+works |date=1983 |publisher=[[University of California Press]] |location=Berkeley and Los Angeles |isbn=978-0-7112-1841-3 |ref=Frängsmyr }} *{{Cite book |last=Frodin |first=D. G. |date=2001 |title=Guide to Standard Floras of the World: an Annotated, Geographically Arranged Systematic Bibliography of the Principal Floras, Enumerations, Checklists, and Chorological Atlases of Different Areas |edition=2nd |publisher=[[Cambridge University Press]] |isbn=978-0-521-79077-2 |chapter=The evolution of floras |url=http://books.google.co.uk/books?id=aMjXCF4rmDUC&pg=PA27&lpg=PA27 |pages=24–51 |ref=Frodin }} *{{Cite book |last1=Gribbin |first1=Mary |last2=Gribbin |first2=John |title=Flower Hunters |url=http://books.google.com/?id=yDC7gu-sCMsC |date=2008 |publisher=[[Oxford University Press]] |location=Oxford |isbn=978-0-19-956182-7 |ref=Gribbin }} *{{Cite book |editor1-last=McNeill |editor1-first=J. |editor2-last=F. R. Barrie, H. M. Burdet, V. Demoulin, D. L. Hawksworth, K. Marhold, D. H. Nicolson, J. Prado, P. C. Silva, J. E. Skog, J. H. Wiersema & N. J. Turland | date = 2006 |title=[[International Code of Botanical Nomenclature]] (Vienna Code) |series=Regnum Vegetabile |volume=146 |publisher=A. R. G. Gantner Verlag |isbn=978-3-906166-48-3 |ref=ICBN}} *{{Cite book |last=Keevak |first=Michael | date = 2011 |title=Becoming Yellow: A Short History of Racial Thinking |publisher=[[Princeton University Press]] |isbn=978-0-691-14031-5 |ref=Keevak}} *{{Cite book |last=Koerner |first=Lisbet |title=Linnaeus: Nature and Nation |url=https://archive.org/details/linnaeusnaturena00koer_0 | date = 1999 |publisher=[[Harvard University Press]] |location=Harvard |isbn=978-0-674-09745-2 |ref=Koerner}} *{{Cite book |last=Linnaeus |first=Carolus |date=1735 |title=Systema naturae, sive regna tria naturae systematice proposita per classes, ordines, genera, & species |pages=1–12 |location=Leiden |publisher=Haak |url=http://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/item/15373 |ref=L1735 }} *{{Cite book |last1=Linnaeus |first1=Carolus |coauthors=Hendrik Engel & Maria Sara Johanna Engel-Ledeboer | date = 1964 |origyear=1735 |title=[[Systema Naturae]] |edition=facsimile of the 1st |location=Nieuwkoop, Netherlands |publisher=B. de Graaf |oclc=460298195 |ref=Engel}} *{{Cite book |last=Linnaeus |first=Carolus |date=1758 |title=Systema naturæ per regna tria naturæ, secundum classes, ordines, genera, species, cum characteribus, differentiis, synonymis, locis |volume=1 |edition=[[10th edition of Systema Naturae|10th]] |pages=[1–4], 1–824 |publisher=Laurentius Salvius |location=Stockholm |url=http://resolver.sub.uni-goettingen.de/purl?PPN362053006 |ref=L1758 }} *{{Cite book |last=Linnaeus |first=Carolus |date=1771 |title=Mantissa plantarum altera generum editionis VI et specierum editionis II |url=http://bibdigital.rjb.csic.es/spa/Libro.php?Libro=947 |pages=[1–7], 144–588 |publisher=Laurentius Salvius |location=Stockholm |ref=L1771 }} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110930150525/http://bibdigital.rjb.csic.es/spa/Libro.php?Libro=947 |date=2011-09-30 }} {{Cite web |title=Archived copy |url=http://bibdigital.rjb.csic.es/spa/Libro.php?Libro=947 |access-date=30 Hulyo 2012 |archive-date=30 Septyembre 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110930150525/http://bibdigital.rjb.csic.es/spa/Libro.php?Libro=947 |url-status= }} *{{Cite book |last=Loring Brace |first=C. |date=2005 |title="Race" is a Four Letter Word. The Genesis of the Concept |url=https://archive.org/details/raceisfourletter0000brac |publisher=[[Oxford University Press]] |isbn=978-0-19-517351-2 |ref=Loring }} *{{Cite book |last=Marks |first=Jonathan |chapter=Ten facts about human variation |title=Human Evolutionary Biology |editor1-last=Muehlenbein |editor1-first=Michael |date=2010 |publisher=[[Cambridge University Press]] |isbn=978-0-521-87948-4 |pages=265–276 |url=http://books.google.com/books?id=3NRf_8gwmO8C&pg=PA265 |ref=Marks }} *{{Cite journal |last=Östholm |first=Hanna |date=2007 |title=The Linnaean Legacy: Three Centuries after his Birth |editor=Mary J. Morris and Leonie Berwick |chapter=Making memorials: early celebrations of Linnaeus |volume=Special Issue No. 8 |pages=35–44 |journal=The Linnean |publisher=Newsletter and Proceedings of the Linnean Society of London |url=http://www.linnean.org/fileadmin/images/Linnean/Special_Issue_8_-_The_Linneaen_Legacy.pdf |format=[[Portable Document Format|PDF]] |ref=Östholm |access-date=30 Hulyo 2012 |archive-date=17 Hulyo 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110717202527/http://www.linnean.org/fileadmin/images/Linnean/Special_Issue_8_-_The_Linneaen_Legacy.pdf |url-status=dead }} *{{Cite journal |last=Quammen |first=David |authorlink=David Quammen |date=Hunyo 2007 |title=The Name Giver |journal=[[National Geographic Magazine|National Geographic]] |url=http://ngm.nationalgeographic.com/2007/06/linnaeus-name-giver/david-quammen-text/1 |accessdate=3 Abril 2010 |ref=Quammen |archive-date=2010-04-15 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100415180613/http://ngm.nationalgeographic.com/2007/06/linnaeus-name-giver/david-quammen-text/1 |url-status= }} * {{Cite book | last1=Reveal | first1=James L. | last2=Pringle | first2=James S. | date = 1993 | chapter=7. Taxonomic Botany and Floristics" | title=Flora of North America | volume=1 | location=New York & Oxford | publisher=Oxford University Press | isbn=0-19-505713-9 | ref=Reveal }} *{{Cite book | last=Simpson | first=George Gaylord | date=1961 | title=Principles of Animal Taxonomy | url=https://archive.org/details/principlesofanim0000simp_h9n2 | location=New York & London | publisher=Columbia University Press | ref=Simpson }} </ref> *{{Cite book |last=Slotkin |first=J. S. | date = 1965 |title=Readings in early Anthropology |publisher=[[Methuen Publishing]] |chapter=The Eighteenth Century |pages=175–243 |ref=Slotkin}} *{{Cite journal |last=Sprague |first=T. A. | date = 1953 |title=Linnaeus as a nomenclaturist |journal=[[Taxon (journal)|Taxon]] |volume=2 |issue=3 |pages=40–46 |doi=10.2307/1217339 |jstor=1217339 |ref=Sprague}} *{{Cite book |last=Stace |first=Clive A. |authorlink=Clive A. Stace | date = 1991 |title=Plant Taxonomy and Biosystematics |url=https://archive.org/details/planttaxonomybio0000cliv |edition=2nd |publisher=[[Cambridge University Press]] |isbn=978-0-521-42785-2 |ref=Stace}} *{{Cite book |last=Stafleu |first=Frans A. |authorlink=Frans Stafleu | date = 1971 |title=Linnaeus and the Linnaeans: the Spreading of their Ideas in Systematic Botany, 1735–1789 |url=https://archive.org/details/linnaeuslinnaean0000staf |location=Utrecht |publisher=[[International Association for Plant Taxonomy]] |isbn=978-90-6046-064-1 |ref=Stafleu}} *{{Cite journal |last=Stearn |first=W. T. |authorlink=William T. Stearn | date = 1959 |title=The Background of Linnaeus' Contributions to the Nomenclature and Methods of Systematic Biology |journal=[[Systematic Zoology]] |volume=8 |issue=1 |pages=4–22 |ref=Stearn}} *{{Cite book |last=Stöver |first=Dietrich Johann Heinrich |title=The life of Sir Charles Linnæus |url=http://books.google.com/?id=ogwXAAAAYAAJ |editor=Joseph Trapp | date = 1794 |publisher=[[Library of Congress]] |location=London |isbn=978-0-19-850122-0 |ref=Stöver}} *{{Cite book |author=Van den Hoek, C., D. G. Mann & H. M. Jahns | date = 2005 |title=Algae: An Introduction to Phycology |publisher=[[Cambridge University Press]] |location=Cambridge |isbn=978-0-521-30419-1 |ref=Hoek}} *{{Cite journal |last=Veitch |first=H. J. |authorlink=Harry Veitch | date = 1897 |title=''Nepenthes'' |journal=[[Journal of the Royal Horticultural Society]] |volume=21 |issue=2 |pages=226–262 |ref=Veitch}} *{{Cite book |title=The Evolution of Modern Humans in Africa: a Comprehensive Guide |url=https://archive.org/details/evolutionofmoder0000will_l3i1 |last=Willoughby |first=Pamela | date = 2007 |publisher=[[AltaMira Press]] |isbn=978-0-7591-0119-7 |ref=Willoughby}} *{{Cite book |last1=Wilson |first1=Don E. |author2=DeeAnn M. Reeder | date = 2005 |title=[[Mammal Species of the World]]: A Taxonomic and Geographic Reference |volume=1 |edition=3rd |publisher=[[JHU Press]] |isbn=978-0-8018-8221-0 |ref=Wilson}} *{{Cite book |author=Windelspecht, Michael | date = 2002 |title=Groundbreaking Scientific Experiments, Inventions, and Discoveries of the 17th century |url=https://archive.org/details/groundbreakingsc0000wind |publisher=[[Greenwood Publishing Group]] |isbn=978-0-313-31501-5 |ref=Windelspecht}} {{Refend}} ==Dugang nga barasahon== *{{Cite book |author=C. L. Brightwell | date = 1858 |url=http://www.archive.org/details/lifeoflinnaeus00brigiala |title=A Life of Linnaeus |location=London |publisher=J. Van Voorst}} *{{Cite book |author=Lys de Bray | date = 2001 |title=The Art of Botanical Illustration: A history of classic illustrators and their achievements |url=https://archive.org/details/artofbotanicalil0000debr |pages=[https://archive.org/details/artofbotanicalil0000debr/page/62 62]–71 |publisher=Quantum Publishing Ltd |location=London |isbn=978-1-86160-425-5}} *{{Cite book |author=Edmund Otis Hovey | date = 1908 |url=http://www.archive.org/details/bicentenaryofbir00hoveiala |title=The Bicentenary of the Birth of Carolus Linnaeus |location=New York |publisher=New York Academy of Sciences}} *{{Cite book |author=Sverker Sörlin & Otto Fagerstedt |title=Linné och hans apostlar | date = 2004 |isbn=978-91-27-35590-3 |publisher=Natur och kultur/Fakta |location=Stockholm |language=Swedish}} *{{Cite book |author=J. L. P. M. Krol | date = 1982 |chapter=Linnaeus' verblijf op de Hartekamp |title=Het Landgoed de Hartekamp in Heemstede |location=Heemstede |isbn=978-90-70712-01-3 |language=Dutch}} *{{Cite book |editor=Lars Hansen |title=The Linnaeus Apostles – Global Science & Adventure |series=8 vols. 11 books |location=London & Whitby |publisher=The IK Foundation & Company | date = 2007–2011 |isbn=978-1-904145-26-4}} ==Mga sumpay ha gawas== {{Commons category|Carl von Linné}} ''Mga biograpiya'' * [http://www.linnaeus.uu.se/online/index-en.html Biography] at the Department of Systematic Botany, [[Uppsala University|University of Uppsala]] * [http://linnean.org/index.php?id=47 Biography] at The Linnean Society of London * [http://www.ucmp.berkeley.edu/history/linnaeus.html Biography] from the [[University of California Museum of Paleontology]] * A four minute [https://youtube.com/watch?v=Gb_IO-SzLgk biographical video] from the London [[Natural History Museum]] on YouTube * [http://www.sil.si.edu/digitalcollections/tl-2/browse.cfm?vol=3#page/87 Biography] from Taxonomic Literature, 2nd Edition. 1976-2009. ''Kuruhaan'' * {{gutenberg author| id=Carl_von_Linné| name=Carl von Linné}} * [http://www.linnaeus.info The Linnaeus Apostles] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181215174247/http://www.linnaeus.info/ |date= 15 Disyembre 2018 }} * [http://www.linnean-online.org/ The Linnean Collections] * [http://linnaeus.c18.net/ The Linnean Correspondence] * [http://goran.waldeck.se/Ento3E.htm Linnaeus' Disciples and Apostles] * [http://huntbot.andrew.cmu.edu/HIBD/Departments/Library/LinnaeanDiss.shtml The Linnaean Dissertations] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100616073944/http://huntbot.andrew.cmu.edu/HIBD/Departments/Library/LinnaeanDiss.shtml |date= 16 Hunyo 2010 }} * [http://linnaeus.nrm.se/botany/fbo/welcome.html.en Linnean Herbarium] * [http://www.linnaeus2007.se/ The Linnæus Tercentenary] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160912071812/http://www.linnaeus2007.se/ |date= 12 Septyembre 2016 }} * [http://biodiversitylibrary.org/creator/825 Works by Carl von Linné] at the [[Biodiversity Heritage Library]] ''Lain'' * Linnaeus was depicted by [[Jay Hosler]] in a parody of ''Peanuts'' titled "[http://www.jayhosler.com/Charlie.jpg Good ol' Charlie Darwin]". * The [http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v446/n7133/index.html 15 March 2007 issue] of ''[[Nature (journal)|Nature]]'' featured a picture of Linnaeus on the cover with the heading "Linnaeus's Legacy" and devoted a substantial portion to items related to Linnaeus and Linnaean taxonomy. * A [[tattoo]] of Linnaeus' [http://blogs.discovermagazine.com/loom/2010/03/06/what-is-man-science-tattoo/ definition of the order Primates] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101202022413/http://blogs.discovermagazine.com/loom/2010/03/06/what-is-man-science-tattoo/ |date= 2 Disyembre 2010 }} mentioned by [[Carl Zimmer]] * ''[[Ginkgo biloba]]'' [http://www.xs4all.nl/~kwanten/harderwijk.htm tree at the University of Harderwijk], said to have been planted by Linnaeus in 1735 {{DEFAULTSORT:Linnaeus, Carl}} [[Kaarangay:Mga natawo han 1707]] [[Kaarangay:Mga namatay han 1778]] [[Kaarangay:Carl Linnaeus| ]] [[Kaarangay:Biyograpiya]] [[Kaarangay:Suwesya]] f2zb3sb3appa979wsmqpg1ls718fvdx 0 15184 7782336 7648955 2026-04-07T06:37:37Z InternetArchiveBot 41587 Add 2 books for verifiability (20260407)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 7782336 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox scientist | name = Max Planck | image = Max Planck (1858-1947).jpg | image_size = | birth_date = {{birth date|1858|4|23|mf=y}} | birth_place = [[Kiel]], [[Duchy of Holstein]] | death_date = {{death date and age|mf=yes|1947|10|4|1858|4|23}} | death_place = [[Göttingen]], [[Lower Saxony]], [[Allied-occupied Germany|Germany]] | nationality = [[Germany|German]] | field = [[Physics]] | alma_mater = [[Ludwig Maximilian University of Munich]] | work_institutions = [[University of Kiel]]<br />[[Humboldt University of Berlin|University of Berlin]]<br />[[University of Göttingen]]<br />[[Kaiser-Wilhelm-Gesellschaft]] | doctoral_advisor = [[Alexander von Brill]] | doctoral_students = [[Gustav Ludwig Hertz]]<br />[[Erich Kretschmann]]<br />[[Walther Meissner]]<br />[[Walter Schottky]]<br />[[Max von Laue]]<br />[[Max Abraham]]<br />[[Moritz Schlick]]<br />[[Walther Bothe]]<br />[[Julius Edgar Lilienfeld]]<!--<br>[[Hilde Heinicke]]<br>[[Karl Körner]]<br>[[Isidor Malkin]]<br>[[Wilhelm Wenzel]]<br>[[Fritz Reiche]]--> | known_for = [[Planck constant]]<br />[[Planck postulate]]<br />[[Planck's law of black body radiation]] |author_abbrev_bot = |author_abbrev_zoo = |influences = |influenced = |awards = {{nowrap|[[Nobel Prize in Physics]] (1918)}} |religion = [[Lutheran]]<ref>[http://books.google.com/books?id=d5zKH2Bx2AwC&pg=PA183&dq=Max+Planck+Lutheran#v=onepage&q=Max%20Planck%20Lutheran&f=false ''The dilemmas of an upright man: Max Planck and the fortunes of German science'']. J. L. Heilbron. [[Harvard University Press]], 2000. ISBN 0-674-00439-6. p.183.</ref> |signature = Max Planck signature.svg |footnotes = He is the father of [[Erwin Planck]] who was executed in 1945 by the [[Gestapo]] for his part in the [[July 20 plot]]. }} Hi '''Max Planck''' (Abril 23, 1858 – Oktubre 4, 1947) hya an usa ka Aleman nga pisiko. Hiya an kinilala nga nagpauna han teyorya han kwantum ngan usa nga giiimportantihi nga pisiko han ika 20 siglo. Hi Plank gintagan hin premyo nga [[Pasidungog Nobel]] para ha pisika ha tuig 1918. ==Mga pahidungog== [[Image:Planck2mark.jpg|thumb|The Max Planck two [[Deutsche Mark]] coin]] *"[[Pour le Mérite]]" for Science and Arts 1915 (in 1930 he became chancellor of this order) *[[Nobel Prize in Physics]] 1918 (awarded 1919) *[[Lorentz Medal]] 1927 *[[Franklin Medal]] (1927) *''[[Adlerschild des Deutschen Reiches]]'' (1928), an award from the German [[President of Germany (Weimar Republic)|Reich President]] *[[Max Planck medal]] (1929, together with [[Albert Einstein|Einstein]]) *[[Copley Medal]] (1929) *Planck received honorary doctorates from the universities of Frankfurt, Munich ([[Technische Hochschule|TH]]), Rostock, Berlin (TH), Graz, Athens, Cambridge, London, and Glasgow. *The [[1069 Planckia|asteroid 1069]] was named "Stella Planckia" by the [[International Astronomical Union]] (1938) ==Mga publikasyon== *{{cite journal |last1=Planck |first1=M. |author1-link=Max Planck |year=1900a |title=Über eine Verbesserung der Wienschen Spektralgleichung |journal=[[Verhandlungen der Deutschen Physikalischen Gesellschaft]] |volume=2 |pages=202–204 |url=http://archive.org/stream/verhandlungende01goog#page/n212/mode/2up |ref=harv }} Translated in {{cite book |last1=ter Haar |first1=D. |author1-link=Dirk ter Haar |year=1967 |chapter=On an Improvement of Wien's Equation for the Spectrum |url=http://www.ffn.ub.es/luisnavarro/nuevo_maletin/Planck%20%281900%29,%20Improvement%20of%20Wien%27s.pdf |title=The Old Quantum Theory |publisher=[[Pergamon Press]] |pages=79–81 |lccn=66029628 }} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161010010043/http://www.ffn.ub.es/luisnavarro/nuevo_maletin/Planck%20%281900%29,%20Improvement%20of%20Wien%27s.pdf |date=2016-10-10 }} *{{cite journal |last1=Planck |first1=M. |author1-link=Max Planck |year=1900b |title=Zur Theorie des Gesetzes der Energieverteilung im Normalspektrum |journal=[[Verhandlungen der Deutschen Physikalischen Gesellschaft]] |volume=2 |page=237 |url=http://archive.org/stream/verhandlungende01goog#page/n246/mode/2up |ref=harv }} Translated in {{cite journal |last1=ter Haar |first1=D. |author1-link=Dirk ter Haar |year=1967 |chapter=On the Theory of the Energy Distribution Law of the Normal Spectrum |url=http://www.ffn.ub.es/luisnavarro/nuevo_maletin/Planck%20%281900%29,%20Distribution%20Law.pdf |title=The Old Quantum Theory |publisher=[[Pergamon Press]] |page=82 |lccn=66029628 |access-date=2015-01-30 |archive-date=2016-09-20 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160920053757/http://www.ffn.ub.es/luisnavarro/nuevo_maletin/Planck%20%281900%29,%20Distribution%20Law.pdf |url-status= }} *{{cite journal |last1=Planck |first1=M. |author1-link=Max Planck |year=1900c |title=Entropie und Temperatur strahlender Wärme |trans_title=Entropy and Temperature of Radiant Heat |journal=[[Annalen der Physik]] |volume=306 |issue=4 |pages=719–737 |bibcode=1900AnP...306..719P |doi=10.1002/andp.19003060410 |ref=harv }} *{{cite journal |last1=Planck |first1=M. |author1-link=Max Planck |year=1900d |title=Über irreversible Strahlungsvorgänge |trans_title=On Irreversible Radiation Processes |journal=[[Annalen der Physik]] |volume=306 |issue=1 |pages=69–122 |bibcode=1900AnP...306...69P |doi=10.1002/andp.19003060105 |ref=harv }} *{{cite journal |last1=Planck |first1=M. |author1-link=Max Planck |year=1901 |title=Über das Gesetz der Energieverteilung im Normalspektrum |journal=[[Annalen der Physik]] |volume=309 |issue=3 |pages=553–563 |ref=harv |doi=10.1002/andp.19013090310 |bibcode = 1901AnP...309..553P }} Translated in {{cite web |last1=Ando |first1=K. |year= |title=On the Law of Distribution of Energy in the Normal Spectrum |url=http://theochem.kuchem.kyoto-u.ac.jp/Ando/planck1901.pdf |accessdate=2011-10-13 |archive-date=2015-02-22 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150222133544/http://theochem.kuchem.kyoto-u.ac.jp/Ando/planck1901.pdf |url-status=dead }} *{{cite book |last1=Planck |first1=M. |author1-link=Max Planck |year=1903 |title=Treatise on Thermodynamics |url=http://archive.org/stream/treatiseonthermo00planuoft#page/n7/mode/2up |others=Ogg, A. (transl.) |publisher=Longmans, Green & Co |location=London |ol=7246691M |ref=harv }} *{{cite book |last1=Planck |first1=M. |author1-link=Max Planck |year=1906 |title=Vorlesungen über die Theorie der Wärmestrahlung |url=https://archive.org/details/vorlesungenberd00plangoog |publisher=J.A. Barth |location=Leipzig |ref=harv |lccn=07004527 }} *{{cite book |last1=Planck |first1=M. |author1-link=Max Planck |others=Masius, M. (transl.) |year=1914 |title=The Theory of Heat Radiation |url=https://archive.org/details/theoryofheatradi0000plan |publisher=P. Blakiston's Son & Co. |edition=2nd |ol=7154661M |ref=harv }} *{{cite book |last1=Planck |first1=M. |author1-link=Max Planck |others=Wills, A. P. (transl.) |year=1915 |title=Eight Lectures on Theoretical Physics |url=https://archive.org/details/eightlecturesont0000plan |publisher=[[Dover Publications]] |isbn=0-486-69730-4 |ref=harv }} *{{cite journal |last1=Planck |first1=M. |author1-link=Max Planck |year=1943 |title=Zur Geschichte der Auffindung des physikalischen Wirkungsquantums |journal=[[Naturwissenschaften]] |volume=31 |issue=14–15 |pages=153–159 |bibcode=1943NW.....31..153P |doi=10.1007/BF01475738 |ref=harv }} ==Mga pagkukuhaan== *[[Amir Aczel|Aczel, Amir D.]] ''Entanglement'', Chapter 4. (Penguin, 2003) ISBN 978-0-452-28457-9 *{{cite book |title=The dilemmas of an upright man: Max Planck and the fortunes of German science |first1=J. L. |last1=Heilbron |publisher=Harvard University Press |year=2000 |isbn=0-674-00439-6 |url=http://books.google.com/books?id=d5zKH2Bx2AwC}} *[[Clifford A. Pickover|Pickover, Clifford A.]] ''Archimedes to Hawking: Laws of Science and the Great Minds Behind Them'', Oxford University Press, 2008, ISBN 978-0-19-533611-5 *{{cite book | author = Medawar, Jean: Pyke, David | title = Hitler's Gift: The True Story of the Scientists Expelled by the Nazi Regime | location = New York | publisher = Arcade Publishing | year = 2012 | type = Paperback | isbn = 978-1-61145-709-4}} *Rosenthal-Schneider, Ilse ''Reality and Scientific Truth: Discussions with Einstein, von Laue, and Planck'' (Wayne State University, 1980) ISBN 0-8143-1650-6 ==Mga sumpay ha gawas== {{commons|Max Planck}} {{wikiquote}} *{{gutenberg author}} *{{librivox author|Max+Planck}} *[http://alsos.wlu.edu/qsearch.aspx?browse=people/Planck,+Max Annotated bibliography for Max Planck] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060828134833/http://alsos.wlu.edu/qsearch.aspx?browse=people%2FPlanck%2C+Max |date=2006-08-28 }} from the Alsos Digital Library for Nuclear Issues *[http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-9108525/Max-Planck Max Planck] – Encyclopædia Britannica article *[http://www.nobel-winners.com/Physics/max_karl_ernst_ludwig_planck.html Max Planck Biography] – www.nobel-prize-winners.com *[http://www.mpg.de/english/ Max Planck Institutes of Natural Science and Astrophysics] *[http://www.yovisto.com/video/6389 Cinematic self-portrait of Max Planck] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090406111308/http://www.yovisto.com/video/6389 |date=2009-04-06 }}, Berlin-Brandenburgische Akademie der Wissenschaften, 1942 *[http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/physics/laureates/1918/planck-bio.html Nobel Biography] *[http://www.max-planck.mpg.de Life–Work–Personality] – Exhibition on the 50th anniversary of Planck's death {{DEFAULTSORT:Planck, Max}} [[Kaarangay:Mga natawo han 1858]] [[Kaarangay:Mga namatay han 1947]] ogf1wc8w67pxtfz8e3t8axzo24jbjpb 0 15187 7782392 7650244 2026-04-07T07:37:48Z InternetArchiveBot 41587 Add 1 book for verifiability (20260407)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 7782392 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox scientist |name = Erwin Schrödinger |image = |image_size = |birth_name = Erwin Rudolf Josef Alexander Schrödinger |birth_date = {{birth date|1887|8|12|df=y}} |birth_place = [[Vienna]], [[Austria-Hungary]] |death_date = {{death date and age|1961|1|4|1887|8|12|df=y}} |death_place = Vienna, Austria |citizenship = Austria, Ireland |nationality = Austrian, Irish |fields = [[Physics]] |workplaces = [[University of Breslau]]<br /> [[University of Zürich]]<br /> [[Humboldt University of Berlin]]<br /> [[University of Oxford]]<br /> [[University of Graz]]<br /> [[Dublin Institute for Advanced Studies]]<br /> [[Ghent University]] |alma_mater = [[University of Vienna]] |doctoral_advisor = [[Friedrich Hasenöhrl]] |academic_advisors = [[Franz S. Exner]]<br />[[Friedrich Hasenöhrl]] |doctoral_students = |notable_students = [[Linus Pauling]]<br />[[Felix Bloch]]<br />[[Brendan Scaife]] |known_for = '''[[Schrödinger equation]]'''<br />[[Schrödinger's cat]]<br />[[Schrödinger method]]<br />[[Schrödinger functional]]<br />[[Schrödinger picture]]<br />[[Schrödinger-Newton equations]]<br />[[Schrödinger field]]<br />[[Møller-Plesset perturbation theory#Rayleigh–Schrödinger perturbation theory|Rayleigh-Schrödinger perturbation]]<br />[[Schrödinger logic]]s<br />[[Cat state]] |spouse = Annemarie Bertel (1920–61)<ref name="Moore1992">{{cite book| first =Walter J | last = Moore|title=Schrödinger, life and thought|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=m-YF1glKWLoC&pg=PR10|accessdate=7 Nobyembre 2011|date= 29 Mayo 1992|publisher= Cambridge University Press|isbn=978-0-521-43767-7|pages=10–}}</ref> |awards = {{nowrap|[[Nobel Prize in Physics]] (1933)}}<br />[[Max Planck Medal]] (1937) |signature = Erwin Schrödinger signature.svg }} Hi '''Erwin Rudolf Josef Alexander Schrödinger''' (12 Agosto 1887 ha [[Vienna-Erdberg]] - Enero 4, 1961 ha [[Vienna]]) usa nga Austryano nga Pisiko. Hiya an usa ha nagpatikang han mekanika kwantum ngan nagdaog han [[Pasidungog Nobel]] para ha Pisika han tuig 1933. ==Mga naimantala nga buhat== * [http://www.zbp.univie.ac.at/schrodinger/ebibliographie/publications.htm The List of Erwin Schrödinger's publications, compiled by Auguste Dick, Gabriele Kerber, Wolfgang Kerber and Karl von Meyenn's ''Erwin Schrödinger: Publications''] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191029234511/https://www.zbp.univie.ac.at/schrodinger/ebibliographie/publications.htm |date=2019-10-29 }} * ''Science and the human temperament'' [[Allen & Unwin]] (1935), translated and introduced by [[James Vincent Murphy|James Murphy]], with a foreword by [[Ernest Rutherford]] * ''Nature and the Greeks'' and ''Science and Humanism'' Cambridge University Press (1996) ISBN 0-521-57550-8. * ''The interpretation of Quantum Mechanics'' Ox Bow Press (1995) ISBN 1-881987-09-4. * ''Statistical Thermodynamics'' Dover Publications (1989) ISBN 0-486-66101-6. * ''Collected papers'' Friedr. Vieweg & Sohn (1984) ISBN 3-7001-0573-8. * ''My View of the World'' Ox Bow Press (1983) ISBN 0-918024-30-7. * ''Expanding Universes'' Cambridge University Press (1956). * ''Space-Time Structure'' Cambridge University Press (1950) ISBN 0-521-31520-4. * ''[[What Is Life?]]'' Macmillan (1946). * ''What Is Life? & Mind and Matter'' Cambridge University Press (1974) ISBN 0-521-09397-X. ==Pinanbasaran== {{Reflist}} ==Mga pagkukuhaan== *[[John Gribbin]] (2012), Erwin Schrödinger and the Quantum Revolution, Bantam Press. *{{cite book | author = Medawar, Jean; Pyke, David | title = Hitler's Gift : The True Story of the Scientists Expelled by the Nazi Regime | location = New York | publisher = Arcade Publishing | date = 2012 | type = Paperback | isbn = 978-1-61145-709-4}} * {{Cite journal | first =Walter J | last = Moore|title=Schrödinger, life and thought|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=m-YF1glKWLoC |accessdate=7 Nobyembre 2011|date= 29 Mayo 1992|publisher= Cambridge University Press|isbn=978-0-521-43767-7 }}. * {{Cite journal | title = A Life of Erwin Schrödinger | url = https://archive.org/details/lifeoferwinschro0000moor | first = Walter J | last = Moore | publisher = Cambridge University Press | edition = Canto | date = 2003 | isbn = 0-521-46934-1 | bibcode = 1994les..book.....M | journal = A Life of Erwin Schrödinger }}. ==Mga sumpay ha gawas== {{commons}} {{Wikiquote}} * [http://www-personal.umich.edu/~jbourj/money1.htm Erwin Schrödinger on an Austrian banknote.] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111213071452/http://www-personal.umich.edu/~jbourj/money1.htm |date=2011-12-13 }} * {{YouTube|8GZdZUouzBY|1927 Solvay video with opening shot of Schrödinger}} * "''[http://www.zbp.univie.ac.at/schrodinger/bio/bio1.htm biographie] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070305040705/http://www.zbp.univie.ac.at/schrodinger/bio/bio1.htm |date=2007-03-05 }}''" (in German) or * "''[http://www.zbp.univie.ac.at/schrodinger/ebio/bio1.htm Biography from the Austrian Central Library for Physics] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20061014174500/http://www.zbp.univie.ac.at/schrodinger/ebio/bio1.htm |date=2006-10-14 }}''" (in English) * [http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-9066219/Erwin-Schrodinger Encyclopaedia Britannica article on Erwin Schrodinger] * "''[http://www.deutsche-biographie.de/sfz106819.html Deutsche Biographie]''" * [[Nobel Lecture]]s, [[Physics]] 1922–1941, "''[http://www.nobel.se/physics/laureates/1933/schrodinger-bio.html Erwin Schrödinger Biography] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20040825074329/http://www.nobel.se/physics/laureates/1933/schrodinger-bio.html |date=2004-08-25 }}''" from NobelPrize.org * {{MacTutor Biography|id=Schrodinger}} * Vallabhan, C. P. Girija, "''[http://www.photonics.cusat.edu/article2.html Indian influences on Quantum Dynamics] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20030816185613/http://www.photonics.cusat.edu/article2.html |date=2003-08-16 }}''" [''ed.'' Schrödinger's interest in [[Vedanta]]] * [http://www.ch.ic.ac.uk/watoc Schrödinger Medal] of the World Association of Theoretically Oriented Chemists ([[WATOC]]) * [http://holiker.narod.ru/four/schrodinger-speech.html ''The Discovery of New Productive Forms of Atomic Theory'' Nobel Banquet speech] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20051219215407/http://holiker.narod.ru/four/schrodinger-speech.html |date=2005-12-19 }} (in German) * [http://alsos.wlu.edu/qsearch.aspx?browse=people/Schrödinger,+Erwin Annotated bibliography for Erwin Schrodinger from the Alsos Digital Library for Nuclear Issues] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190502072205/http://alsos.wlu.edu/qsearch.aspx?browse=people%2FSchr%C3%B6dinger%2C+Erwin |date=2019-05-02 }} * {{it icon}} [http://www.disf.org/CosaDevoSapere/Schroedinger.asp Critical interdisciplinary review of Schrödinger's "What Is life?"] {{DEFAULTSORT:Schroedinger, Erwin}} [[Kaarangay:Mga natawo han 1887]] [[Kaarangay:Mga namatay han 1961]] lpt1pi130hvlkfn5cr35m5rxtcqa2tk 0 15208 7782396 7648277 2026-04-07T07:40:15Z InternetArchiveBot 41587 Add 1 book for verifiability (20260407)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 7782396 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox philosopher |region = Western philosophy |era = [[Ancient philosophy]] |color = #B0C4DE |image = Aristotle Altemps Inv8575.jpg |caption = Marble bust of Aristotle. Roman copy after a Greek bronze original by [[Lysippus]] c. 330 BC. The alabaster mantle is modern. |name ={{lang|grc|Ἀριστοτέλης}}, ''Aristotélēs'' |birth_date =384 BC<br />[[Stageira]], [[Chalcidice]] |death_date =322 BC (age 61 or 62)<br />[[Euboea]] |nationality = [[Greeks|Greek]] |school_tradition = [[Peripatetic school]]<br />[[Aristotelianism]] |main_interests = [[Physics]], [[Metaphysics]], [[Poetry]], [[Theatre]], [[Music]], [[Rhetoric]], [[Politics]], [[Government]], [[Ethics]], [[Biology]], [[Zoology]] |notable_ideas = [[Golden mean (philosophy)|Golden mean]], [[Reason]], [[Logic]], [[Syllogism]], Passion |influences = [[Parmenides]], [[Socrates]], [[Plato]], [[Heraclitus]], [[Democritus]] |influenced = Virtually all [[Western philosophy]] that came after his works; [[Alexander the Great]], [[Avicenna]], [[Averroes]], [[Maimonides]], [[Albertus Magnus]], [[Thomas Aquinas]], [[Duns Scotus]], [[Ptolemy]], [[Nicolaus Copernicus|Copernicus]], [[Galileo]], and most of [[Islamic philosophy]], [[Jewish philosophy]], [[Christian philosophy]], [[science]] and '''[[List of writers influenced by Aristotle|more...]]'''. }} Hi '''Aristóteles''' o '''Aristotle''' (Griniyego: Ἀριστοτέλης, Aristotélēs) (384 BC – 322 BC), hya amo an usa ka Griyego nga pilosopo, tinun-an ni [[Platón]] ngan magturutdo kan [[Alejandro nga Harangdon]]. Nagsurat hiya hin durudilaiin nga butang sugad han pisiko, metapisiko, siday, teatro, musika, lohika, retorika, politika, kagamhan, etiko, biyolohiya, ngan zoolohiya. ==Dugang nga barasahon== {{refbegin|60em}} *[[J. L. Ackrill|Ackrill J. L.]] (2010). Essays on Plato and Aristotle, Oxford University Press, USA. *{{cite book|last=Ackrill|first=J. L.|title=Aristotle the Philosopher|url=https://archive.org/details/aristotlephiloso0000ackr|location=Oxford and New York|publisher=Oxford University Press|year=1981}} *{{Cite book|last=Adler |first=Mortimer J. | authorlink = Mortimer Adler |title=[[Aristotle for Everybody]] |publisher=Macmillan |location=New York |year=1978}} A popular exposition for the general reader. * {{cite book|last= Ammonius |editor1-last=Cohen|editor1-first=S. Marc|editor2-last=Matthews|editor2-first=Gareth B|title= On Aristotle's Categories|url= https://archive.org/details/onaristotlescate0000ammo |location= Ithaca, NY|publisher= Cornell University Press|year= 1991|isbn= 0-8014-2688-X}} *{{cite book|last=Aristotle|title=The Works of Aristotle Translated into English Under the Editorship of WD Ross, 12 vols|location=Oxford|publisher=[[Clarendon Press]]|year=1908-1952}} *Bakalis Nikolaos. (2005). Handbook of Greek Philosophy: From Thales to the Stoics Analysis and Fragments, Trafford Publishing ISBN 1-4120-4843-5 *Barnes J. (1995). The Cambridge Companion to Aristotle, Cambridge University Press. *{{Cite book |last=Bocheński |first=I. M. |title=Ancient Formal Logic |publisher=North-Holland Publishing Company |location=Amsterdam |year=1951}} *Bolotin, David (1998). ''An Approach to Aristotle's Physics: With Particular Attention to the Role of His Manner of Writing.'' Albany: SUNY Press. A contribution to our understanding of how to read Aristotle's scientific works. *[[Myles Burnyeat|Burnyeat, M. F.]] ''et al.'' (1979). Notes on Book Zeta of Aristotle's Metaphysics. Oxford: Sub-faculty of Philosophy. *{{cite book|editor1-last=Cantor|editor1-first=Norman F.|editor2-first=Peter L.|editor2-last=Klein|title=Ancient Thought: Plato and Aristotle|volume=1|series=Monuments of Western Thought|location=Waltham, Mass|publisher=Blaisdell Publishing Co.|year=1969}} *Chappell, V. (1973). Aristotle's Conception of Matter, Journal of Philosophy 70: 679–696. *Code, Alan. (1995). Potentiality in Aristotle's Science and Metaphysics, Pacific Philosophical Quarterly 76. *{{cite book|last=Ferguson|first=John|title=Aristotle|url=https://archive.org/details/aristotle0000ferg|location=New York|publisher=Twayne Publishers|year=1972}} *Frede, Michael. (1987). Essays in Ancient Philosophy. Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press. *{{cite book|last=Fuller|first=B.A.G.|authorlink=Benjamin_Apthorp_Gould_Fuller|series=History of Greek Philosophy|volume=3 |title=Aristotle|location=London|publisher=Cape|year=1923}} *Gill, Mary Louise. (1989). Aristotle on Substance: The Paradox of Unity. Princeton: Princeton University Press. *{{Cite book |last=Guthrie |first=W. K. C. |title=A History of Greek Philosophy, Vol. 6 |publisher=[[Cambridge University Press]] |year=1981}} *Halper, Edward C. (2007). ''One and Many in Aristotle's Metaphysics, Volume 1: Books Alpha — Delta'', Parmenides Publishing, ISBN 978-1-930972-21-6. *Halper, Edward C. (2005). ''One and Many in Aristotle's Metaphysics, Volume 2: The Central Books'', Parmenides Publishing, ISBN 978-1-930972-05-6. *[[Terence Irwin|Irwin, T. H.]] (1988). [http://www.cyjack.com/cognition/Aristotle%27s%20first%20principles.pdf Aristotle's First Principles]. Oxford: Clarendon Press, ISBN 0-19-824290-5. *{{cite book|last=Jaeger|first=Werner|title=Aristotle: Fundamentals of the History of His Development|editor-first=Richard|editor-last=Robinson|edition=2nd|location=Oxford|publisher=Clarendon Press|year=1948}} * [[Alberto Jori|Jori, Alberto]]. (2003). ''Aristotele'', Milano: Bruno Mondadori Editore (Prize 2003 of the "[[International Academy of the History of Science]]") ISBN 88-424-9737-1. *{{cite book|editor-last=Kiernan|editor-first=Thomas P.|title=Aristotle Dictionary|url=https://archive.org/details/aristotlediction0000thom_e4y2|location=New York|publisher=Philosophical Library|year=1962}} *Knight, Kelvin. (2007). ''Aristotelian Philosophy: Ethics and Politics from Aristotle to MacIntyre'', Polity Press. *Lewis, Frank A. (1991). ''Substance and Predication in Aristotle''. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. *[[G. E. R. Lloyd|Lloyd, G. E. R.]] (1968). ''Aristotle: The Growth and Structure of his Thought''. Cambridge: Cambridge Univ. Pr., ISBN 0-521-09456-9. *Lord, Carnes. (1984). Introduction to ''The Politics'', by Aristotle. Chicago: Chicago University Press. *Loux, Michael J. (1991). Primary Ousia: An Essay on Aristotle's Metaphysics Ζ and Η. Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press. *{{cite book|last=McKeon|first=Richard|title=Introduction to Aristotle|edition=2d|location=Chicago|publisher=University of Chicago Press|year=1973}} *{{cite journal|last=Owen|first=G. E. L. |year=1965c |title=The Platonism of Aristotle|journal=Proceedings of the British Academy|volume=50|pages=125–150}} [Reprinted in J. Barnes, M. Schofield, and R. R. K. Sorabji, eds.(1975). ''Articles on Aristotle'' Vol 1. Science. London: Duckworth 14–34.] *Pangle, Lorraine Smith (2003). ''Aristotle and the Philosophy of Friendship''. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. Aristotle's conception of the deepest human relationship viewed in the light of the history of philosophic thought on friendship. *{{cite book|last=Plato|title=The Worlds of Plato and Aristotle|url=https://archive.org/details/worldsofplatoari0000plat_u4z1|editor1-first=Harold Joseph|editor1-last=Allen|editor2-first=James B|editor2-last=Wilbur|location=Buffalo|publisher=Prometheus Books|year=1979}} *Reeve, C. D. C. (2000). Substantial Knowledge: Aristotle's Metaphysics. Indianapolis: Hackett. * {{Cite book |last=Rose |first=Lynn E. | title=Aristotle's Syllogistic |url=https://archive.org/details/bwb_KS-042-806 |publisher=Charles C Thomas Publisher |location=Springfield |year=1968}} * {{Cite book |last=Ross |first=Sir David | authorlink = W. D. Ross |title=Aristotle |publisher=Routledge | edition = 6th |location=London |year=1995}} A classic overview by one of Aristotle's most prominent English translators, in print since 1923. *Scaltsas, T. (1994). Substances and Universals in Aristotle's Metaphysics. Ithaca: Cornell University Press. *Strauss, Leo (1964). "On Aristotle's ''Politics''", in ''The City and Man'', Chicago; Rand McNally. * {{Cite book |last=Swanson |first=Judith |title=The Public and the Private in Aristotle's Political Philosophy |url=https://archive.org/details/publicprivateina00swan |publisher=Cornell University Press |location=Ithaca |year=1992}} * {{Cite book |last=Taylor |first=Henry Osborn |url=http://www.ancientlibrary.com/medicine/index.html |archiveurl=http://web.archive.org/web/20060211201625/http://www.ancientlibrary.com/medicine/index.html |archivedate=2006-02-11 |title=Greek Biology and Medicine |year=1922 |chapter=Chapter 3: Aristotle's Biology |chapterurl=http://web.archive.org/web/20060327222953/http://www.ancientlibrary.com/medicine/0051.html }} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060211201625/http://www.ancientlibrary.com/medicine/index.html |date=2006-02-11 }} * {{Cite book |last=Veatch |first=Henry B. | authorlink = Henry Babcock Veatch |title=Aristotle: A Contemporary Appreciation |publisher=Indiana U. Press |location=Bloomington |year=1974}} For the general reader. *{{cite book|last=Woods|first=M. J.|year=1991b|chapter=Universals and Particular Forms in Aristotle's Metaphysics|series=Oxford Studies in Ancient Philosophy|title=Aristotle and the Later Tradition|volume=Suppl|pages=41–56}} {{refend}} ==Mga sumpay ha gawas== {{Commonscat|Aristotle}} *{{IEP|aristotl}} (general article) *Scholarly surveys of focused topics from the ''[[Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy]]'': articles on [http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/aristotle/ Aristotle], [http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/aristotelianism-renaissance/ Aristotle in the Renaissance], [http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/aristotle-biology/ Biology], [http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/aristotle-causality/ Causality], [http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/aristotle-commentators/ Commentators on Aristotle], [http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/aristotle-ethics/ Ethics], [http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/aristotle-logic/ Logic], [http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/aristotle-mathematics/ Mathematics], [http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/aristotle-metaphysics/ Metaphysics], [http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/aristotle-natphil/ Natural philosophy], [http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/aristotle-noncontradiction/ Non-contradiction], [http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/aristotle-politics/ Political theory], [http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/aristotle-psychology/ Psychology], [http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/aristotle-rhetoric/ Rhetoric] *[http://www.newadvent.org/cathen/01713a.htm The Catholic Encyclopedia] (general article) *{{ws|[[Diogenes Laërtius]], [[s:Lives of the Eminent Philosophers/Book V#Aristotle|''Life of Aristotle'']], translated by [[Robert Drew Hicks]] (1925)}} *{{OL author|OL22105A}} '''Mga katitirok han binuhat''' *[http://classics.mit.edu/Browse/index-Aristotle.html Massachusetts Institute of Technology] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110106124653/http://classics.mit.edu/Browse/index-Aristotle.html |date=2011-01-06 }} – primarily in English *[http://www.gutenberg.org/browse/authors/a#a2747 Project Gutenberg] – English texts *[http://www.perseus.tufts.edu/cgi-bin/perscoll?.submit=Change&collection=Any&type=text&lang=Any&lookup=Aristotle Tufts University] – at the [[Perseus Project]], in both English and Greek *[http://etext.library.adelaide.edu.au/a/aristotle/ University of Adelaide] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090219203137/http://etext.library.adelaide.edu.au/a/aristotle/ |date=2009-02-19 }} – primarily in English *[http://remacle.org/bloodwolf/philosophes/Aristote/table.htm P. Remacle's collection] – [[Greek language|Greek]] with French translation *The 11-volume 1837 Bekker edition of ''Aristotle's Works'' in Greek ([http://isnature.org/Files/Aristotle/ PDF] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221124034819/http://isnature.org/Files/Aristotle/ |date=2022-11-24 }}|[http://grid.ceth.rutgers.edu/ancient/greek/aristotle_greek/ DJVU] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20050816192647/http://grid.ceth.rutgers.edu/ancient/greek/aristotle_greek/ |date=2005-08-16 }}) * Bekker's Prussian Academy of Sciences edition of the complete works of Aristotle at Archive.org: [http://www.archive.org/details/aristotelisopera01arisrich volume 1], [http://www.archive.org/details/aristotelisopera02arisrich volume 2], [http://www.archive.org/details/aristotelisopera03arisrich volume 3], [http://www.archive.org/details/aristotelisopera04arisrich volume 4], [http://www.archive.org/details/aristotelisopera05arisrich volume 5] '''Lain''' *[http://www.concharto.org/search/eventsearch.htm?_tag=timeline%20of%20aristotle&_maptype=0 Timeline of Aristotle's life] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120220051552/http://www.concharto.org/search/eventsearch.htm?_tag=timeline%20of%20aristotle&_maptype=0 |date=2012-02-20 }} *{{PlanetMath|urlname=Aristotle|title=Aristotle}} * {{worldcat id|lccn-n79-4182}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Aristoteles}} [[Kaarangay:Mga natawo han 384 UC]] [[Kaarangay:Mga namatay han 322 UC]] [[Kaarangay:Aristoteles]] [[Kaarangay:Biyograpiya]] [[Kaarangay:Pilosopiya]] n81g8tdhmnxodavw2thqrpup7g6ltl7 0 15210 7782304 7770185 2026-04-07T05:48:25Z InternetArchiveBot 41587 Add 1 book for verifiability (20260407)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 7782304 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox saint | name=Augustine of Hippo| birth_date={{Birth date|354|11|13|df=y}} | death_date={{Death date and age|430|8|28|354|11|13|df=y}} | feast_day=August 28 ([[Western Christianity]])<br />June 15 ([[Eastern Christianity]])<br />November 4 ([[Assyrian Church of the East|Assyrian]]) | venerated_in=[[Roman Catholic Church|Catholic Church]]<br />[[Assyrian Church of the East]]<br />[[Eastern Orthodoxy]]<br />[[Oriental Orthodoxy]]<br />[[Anglican Communion]]<br />[[Lutheranism]]<br />[[Aglipayan Church]] | image=Saint Augustine by Philippe de Champaigne.jpg | imagesize=250px | caption=Portrait by [[Philippe de Champaigne]], 17th century | birth_place=[[Thagaste]], [[Numidia]] (now [[Souk Ahras]], [[Algeria]]) | death_place=[[Hippo Regius]], [[Numidia]] (now modern-day [[Annaba]], Algeria) | titles=Bishop, Philosopher, Theologian | attributes=child; dove; pen; shell, pierced heart, holding book with a small church, bishop's staff, miter | patronage=[[Brewery|brewers]]; [[Printer (publisher)|printers]]; [[theologians]]<br />[[Bridgeport, Connecticut]]; [[Cagayan de Oro, Philippines]]; | influences= [[Saint Monica]], [[Plotinus]], [[Ambrose]], [[Anthony the Great]], [[Saint Paul]], [[Cyprian]], [[Plato]] | influenced= [[Bernard of Clairvaux]], [[Thomas Aquinas]], [[John Calvin]], [[Martin Luther]], [[René Descartes]], [[Cornelius Jansen]], [[Nicolas Malebranche]], [[Edmund Husserl]], [[Martin Heidegger]], [[Hannah Arendt]], [[Carl Schmitt]], [[Ludwig Wittgenstein]], [[Antonio Negri]], [[Jean-Paul Sartre]], [[Saint Bonaventure]], [[Benedict XVI]], [[John Piper (theologian)|John Piper]], [[R. C. Sproul]] | [[Tanza, Cavite]] Ida, [[Philippines]]; [[Kalamazoo, Michigan]]; [[Saint Augustine, Florida]]; [[Superior, Wisconsin]]; [[Tucson, Arizona]]; [[Avilés|Avilés, Spain]]; [[John Calvin]] | major_works=''[[Confessions of St. Augustine]]''<br />''[[City of God (book)|City of God]]''<br />''[[On Christian Doctrine]]'' | major_shrine=[[San Pietro in Ciel d'Oro]], [[Pavia]], Italy }} Hi '''Agustin han Hipona''' o '''Augustine han Hippo''' ([[Linatin]]: ''Aurelius Augustinus Hipponensis'') (Nobyembre 13, 354 – Agosto 28, 430), obispo han Hippo Regius, kilala liwat nga San Agustin, hiya amo an usa ka Berber nga pilosopo ngan teyolohiyano. ==Pinanbasaran== {{Reflist}} == Bibliograpiya == *{{cite book|title=Ancient Christian Writers: The Works of the Fathers in Translation|year=1978|publisher=Newman Press|location=New York}} *{{cite book|last=Augustine|first=Saint|title=The Essential Augustine|url=https://archive.org/details/essentialaugusti00augu_0|year=1974|publisher=Hackett|location=Indianapolis|edition=2nd|editor=Vernon Joseph Bourke}} * {{cite book | title = Augustine and the Trinity | authorlink = Lewis Ayres | author = Ayres, Lewis | publisher = Cambridge University Press | location = Cambridge | year = 2010 | isbn = 978-0-521-83886-3 }} *{{cite book|last=Bourke|first=Vernon Joseph|title=Augustine's Quest of Wisdom|url=https://archive.org/details/augustinsquestof0000unse|year=1945|publisher=Bruce|location=Milwaukee}} *{{cite book|last=Bourke|first=Vernon Joseph|title=Wisdom From St. Augustine|year=1984|publisher=Center for Thomistic Studies|location=Houston}} *{{cite journal |author= Brachtendorf J | issue=1997 |title= Cicero and Augustine on the Passions|journal= Revue des Études Augustiniennes |volume= 43|pages= 289–308 |id= {{hdl|2042/23075}} }} * {{cite book | title = Augustine of Hippo | url = https://archive.org/details/augustineofhippo00pete_0 | authorlink = Peter Brown (historian)| author = Brown, Peter | publisher = University of California Press | location = Berkeley | year = 1967 | isbn = 0-520-00186-9 }} *{{cite journal | last=Burke | first=Cormac | title=St. Augustine and Conjugal Sexuality | journal=Communio | year=1990 | volume=IV | issue=17 | publisher= | url=http://www.cormacburke.or.ke/node/355 | doi= | pages=545–565 | access-date=2012-07-30 | archive-date=2021-02-08 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210208133313/http://www.cormacburke.or.ke/node/355 | url-status=dead }} *{{cite book | last = Burnaby | first = John | title = Amor Dei: A Study of the Religion of St. Augustine |year=1938| publisher = The Canterbury Press Norwich | isbn = 1-85311-022-1 }} *{{cite book|last=Clark|first=Mary T.|authorlink=Mary T. Clark|title=Augustine| year=1994|publisher=Geoffrey Chapman|isbn=978-0-225-66681-6}} *{{cite book|last=Deane|first=Herbert A.|title=The Political and Social Ideas of St. Augustine|year=1963|publisher=Columbia University Press|location=New York}} *{{cite journal | last=Doull | first=James A. |authorlink=James Doull | title=Augustinian Trinitarianism and Existential Theology | journal=[[Dionysius (journal)|Dionysius]] | year=1979 | volume=III | pages=111–159}} *{{cite journal | last=Doull | first=James A. |authorlink=James Doull | title=What is Augustinian "Sapientia"?| journal=[[Dionysius (journal)|Dionysius]] | year=1988 | volume=XII | pages=61–67}} * {{cite book |author=Fitzgerald, Allan D., O.S.A., General Editor |title=Augustine through the Ages: An Encyclopedia |url=https://archive.org/details/augustinethrough0000unse |publisher = William B. Eerdmans Publishing Co. | location = Grand Rapids | year=1999 | isbn = 0-8028-3843-X}} * Ferguson, Everett, ''Christianity in relation to Jews, Greeks, and Romans'', Taylor & Francis (1999), ISBN 0-8153-3069-3 *{{cite book|last=Gilson|first=Etienne|authorlink=Étienne Gilson|title=The Christian Philosophy of St. Augustine|year=1960|publisher=Random House|location=New York|others=L. E. M. Lynch, trans}} *{{cite book|last=Lawless|first=George P.|title=Augustine of Hippo and His Monastic Rule|url=https://archive.org/details/augustineofhippo0000lawl|year=1987|publisher=Clarendon Press|location=Oxford}} *{{cite book|editor1-last=LeMoine|editor1-first=Fannie|editor2-first=Christopher|editor2-last=Kleinhenz|series=Garland Medieval Casebooks|volume=9|title=Saint Augustine the Bishop: A Book of Essays|location=New York|publisher=Garland|year=1994}} * {{cite book|last=Lubin|first=Augustino|title=Orbis Augustinianus sive conventuum ordinis eremitarum Sancti Augustini - chorographica et topographica descriptio|location=Paris|year=1659|url=http://www.cassiciaco.it/ITA/001ago/Agostiniani/lubin_conventi/lubin_600.htm}} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20050321185503/http://www.cassiciaco.it/ita/001ago/Agostiniani/lubin_conventi/lubin_600.htm |date=2005-03-21 }} * {{cite book | last = Mackey | first = Louis|authorlink=Louis H Mackey | title = Faith Order Understanding: Natural Theology in the Augustinian Tradition | publisher = PIMS | location = Totonto | year = 2011 | isbn = 978-0-88844-421-9 }} * {{cite book | last = Magee | first = Bryan|authorlink=Bryan Magee | title = The Story of Thought | url = https://archive.org/details/zdanh_test_031_storyofthought00brya | publisher = The Quality Paperback Bookclub | location = London | year = 1998 | isbn = 0-7894-4455-0 }} * {{cite book | last = Magee | first = Bryan|authorlink=Bryan Magee | title = The Story of Philosophy: The Essential Guide to the History of Western Philosophy | url = https://archive.org/details/storyofphilosoph00mage | publisher = DK Pub | location = New York | year = 1998 | isbn = 0-7894-7994-X }} *{{cite book|title=Augustine: A Collection of Critical Essays|url=https://archive.org/details/augustinecollect00mark|year=1972|publisher=Anchor|location=Garden City, NY|editor=Markus, R. A.}} * {{cite book | title = Augustine | url = https://archive.org/details/augustine0000matt | author = Matthews, Gareth B. | publisher = Blackwell | year = 2005 | isbn = 0-631-23348-2}} *{{cite book|last=Nash|first=Ronald H|title=The Light of the Mind: St Augustine's Theory of Knowledge|url=https://archive.org/details/lightofmind0000nash|year=1969|publisher=University Press of Kentucky|location=Lexington}} * {{cite book | editor-last = Wiener | editor-first = Philip | title = Dictionary of the History of Ideas | publisher = Scribner | location = New York | year = 1973 | isbn = 0-684-13293-1|volume=3 | chapter = Platonism in the Renaissance | chapterurl=http://xtf.lib.virginia.edu/xtf/view?docId=DicHist/uvaBook/tei/DicHist3.xml;chunk.id=dv3-64 | last = Nelson | first = John Charles | pages = 510–15 (vol. 3) | quote=''(...) Saint Augustine asserted that Neo-Platonism possessed all spiritual truths except that of the Incarnation. (...) '' }} *{{cite book|last=O'Daly|first=Gerard|title=Augustine's Philosophy of the Mind|url=https://archive.org/details/augustinesphilos0000odal|year=1987|publisher=University of California Press|location=Berkeley}} * {{cite book | last = O'Donnell | first = James | authorlink=James J. O'Donnell |title = Augustine: A New Biography | url = https://archive.org/details/augustine00jame_qqt | publisher = ECCO | location = New York | year = 2005 | isbn = 0-06-053537-7 }} * {{cite book|last=Pagels|first=Elaine|authorlink=Elaine Pagels|title=Adam, Eve, and the Serpent: Sex and Politics in Early Christianity|url=https://archive.org/details/adameveserpent00elai|publisher=Vintage Books|year=1989|isbn=0-679-72232-7}} * {{cite book |author=Plumer, Eric Antone, |title=Augustine's Commentary on Galatians |url=https://archive.org/details/augustinescommen0007augu |publisher=Oxford University Press |year=2003 | isbn = 0-19-924439-1}} * {{cite book | title = Saint Augustine the Algerian | author = Pollman, Karla | publisher = Edition Ruprecht | location = Göttingen | year = 2007|isbn=3-89744-209-4 }} * {{cite book|last=Pottier|first=René|title=Saint Augustin le Berbère |publisher=Fernand Lanore|year=2006|isbn=2-85157-282-2|language=French}} * ''Règle de St. Augustin pour les religieuses de son ordre; et Constitutions de la Congrégation des Religieuses du Verbe-Incarné et du Saint-Sacrament'' (Lyon: Chez Pierre Guillimin, 1662), pp.&nbsp;28–29. Cf. later edition published at Lyon (Chez Briday, Libraire,1962), pp.&nbsp;22–24. English edition, (New York: Schwartz, Kirwin, and Fauss, 1893), pp.&nbsp;33–35. * {{cite book | last = Ruickbie | first = Leo | authorlink=Leo Ruickbie|pages=[https://archive.org/details/witchcraftoutofs0000ruic/page/57 57]–8|title = Witchcraft out of the Shadows | url = https://archive.org/details/witchcraftoutofs0000ruic | publisher = Robert Hale | location = London | year = 2004 | isbn = 0-7090-7567-7 }} *{{cite book|last=Starnes|first=Colin| authorlink=Colin Starnes|title=Augustine's Conversion: A Guide to the Arguments of Confessions I-IX|url=https://archive.org/details/augustinesconver0000star|year=1990|publisher=Wilfred Laurier University Press|location=Waterloo, Ontario}} * {{cite book | last = Tanquerey | first = Adolphe| authorlink=Adolphe Tanquerey | title = The Spiritual Life: A Treatise on [[Ascetical theology|Ascetical]] and Mystical Theology | publisher = Tan Books & Publishers | location = Rockford, IL | year = 2001 | isbn = 0-89555-659-6|pages=37)}} * {{cite book |title= S. Agostino: Introduzione alla Dottrina della Grazia |last= Trapè |first= A. |location= Rome|publisher= Città Nuova |year=1990 | series = Collana di Studi Agostiniani 4 | volume = I - Natura e Grazia | page = 422 | isbn= 88-311-3402-7}} * {{cite book | last = von Heyking | first = John | title = Augustine and Politics as Longing in the World | url = https://archive.org/details/augustinepolitic0000heyk | publisher = University of Missouri Press | location = Columbia | year = 2001 | isbn = 0-8262-1349-9 }} * {{cite book |author=Weiskotten, Herbert T. |title=The Life of Saint Augustine: A Translation of the Sancti Augustini Vita by Possidius, Bishop of Calama |publisher= Evolution Publishing | location = Merchantville, NJ | year=2008 | isbn = 1-889758-90-6}} * {{cite book | last = Zumkeller O.S.A.| first = Adolar | title = Augustine's Ideal of the Religious Life | publisher = Fordham University Press | location = New York | year = 1986 | isbn = 0-8232-1105-3 }} * {{cite book | last = Zumkeller O.S.A. | first = Adolar | title = Augustine's Rule | publisher = Augustinian Press | location = Villanova | year = 1987 | isbn = 0-941491-06-4 }} == Mga sumpay ha gawas == {{Commonscat|Augustinus}} ;Kasahiran * [http://www.bartleby.com/210/8/281.html "St. Augustine, Bishop and Confessor, Doctor of the Church"], ''Butler's Lives of the Saints'' * [http://www.catholicrevelations.com/category/saints/the-life-biography-of-st-augustine-of-hippo-saint-bishop-confessor-doctor-of-the-catholic-church.html The Life and Writings of St. Augustine of Hippo: Bishop & Doctor of the Christian Church] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140814235413/http://www.catholicrevelations.com/category/saints/the-life-biography-of-st-augustine-of-hippo-saint-bishop-confessor-doctor-of-the-catholic-church.html |date=2014-08-14 }} * [http://www9.georgetown.edu/faculty/jod/augustine/ Augustine of Hippo] edited by [[James J. O'Donnell]] – texts, translations, introductions, commentaries, etc. * [http://en.wikiversity.org/wiki/Augustine_of_Hippo/Augustine's_Theory_of_Knowledge Augustine's theory of knowledge] * [http://www.aug.edu/augusta/iconography/augustine.html St. Augustine page] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120804043726/http://www.aug.edu/augusta/iconography/augustine.html |date=2012-08-04 }} at ''Christian Iconography'' * [http://www.aug.edu/augusta/iconography/goldenLegend/augustine.htm "The Life of St. Austin, or Augustine, Doctor"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120804001836/http://www.aug.edu/augusta/iconography/goldenLegend/augustine.htm |date=2012-08-04 }} from the Caxton translation of the ''Golden Legend'' * [http://davidaslindsay.blogspot.com/2009/08/doctor-gratiae.html David Lindsay: Saint Augustine - Doctor Gratiae] ;Bibliograpiya * [http://www.earlychurch.org.uk/augustine.php Augustine of Hippo] at EarlyChurch.org.uk – extensive bibliography and on-line articles * {{worldcat id|lccn-n80-126290}} ;Mga iginbuhat ni Agustin * [http://www.ccel.org/a/augustine/ St. Augustine] at the [[Christian Classics Ethereal Library]] * [http://www.intratext.com/Catalogo/Autori/AUT31.HTM Aurelius Augustinus] at "IntraText Digital Library" – texts in several languages, with concordance and frequency list * [http://www.augustinus.it Augustinus.it] – Latin and Italian texts * [http://www.documentacatholicaomnia.eu/20_40_0354-0430-_Augustinus,_Sanctus.html Sanctus Augustinus] at Documenta Catholica Omnia – Linatin * [http://www.doxologypress.org/theaudio/index.html City of God, Confessions, Enchiridion, Doctrine] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210309192235/http://www.doxologypress.org/theaudio/index.html |date=2021-03-09 }} audio books * {{cite book |author= Saint Augustine |title= The Happy Life; Answer to Sceptics; Divine Providence and the Problem of Evil; Soliloquies |url= http://books.google.ru/books?id=u4EJZWrmqgkC&printsec=frontcover#v=onepage&q&f=false |publisher= [[Catholic University of America Press|CUA Press]] |location= USA |year= 2008 |isbn= 978-0-8132-1551-8 }} ;Biograpiya ngan kritisismo * {{sep entry|augustine|Saint Augustine|Michael Mendelson}} * [http://www.augnet.org/ Order of St Augustine] * [http://www.orthodoxinfo.com/inquirers/bless_aug.aspx Blessed Augustine of Hippo: His Place in the Orthodox Church] * [http://www.villanova.edu/mission/spirituality/about/ Augustine's World: An Introduction to His Speculative Philosophy] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100528110934/http://www.villanova.edu/mission/spirituality/about/ |date=2010-05-28 }} by [[Donald Burt]], OSA, member of the [[Augustinians|Augustinian Order]], [[Villanova University]] {{DEFAULTSORT:Agustin han Hipona}} [[Kaarangay:Mga natawo han 354]] [[Kaarangay:Mga namatay han 430]] [[Kaarangay:Biyograpiya]] anlv0t0rt9oe2x7imdzgdp7bz9ql623 0 15211 7782405 7773807 2026-04-07T07:51:20Z InternetArchiveBot 41587 Add 3 books for verifiability (20260407)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 7782405 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox philosopher | name = Confucius<br>{{linktext|孔|子}} | region = [[Chinese philosophy]] | era = [[Ancient philosophy]] | image = Confucius Tang Dynasty.jpg | caption = A portrait of Confucius by the [[Tang Dynasty]] artist [[Wu Daozi]] (680–740) | birth_date = 551 BC | birth_place = Zou, [[Lu (state)|Lu state]] | death_date = 479 BC (aged 71–72) | death_place = Lu State | nationality = [[China|Chinese]] | school_tradition = Founder of [[Confucianism]] | main_interests = [[Moral philosophy]], [[Social philosophy]], [[Ethics]] | influences = [[I Ching]], [[Book of Rites]] | influenced = Many [[Chinese philosophy|Chinese philosophers]], particularly [[Mencius]], [[Xun Zi]], the [[Neotaoism|Neotaoist]]s and the [[Neoconfucianism|Neoconfucian]]s; [[François Quesnay]]; [[Christian Wolff (philosopher)|Christian Wolff]]; [[Robert Cummings Neville]]; [[Ezra Pound]] | notable_ideas = [[Confucianism]] }} {{infobox chinese |c=孔夫子 |p=Kǒng fūzǐ |l="Master Kong" |w=K'ung fu-tzu |gr=Koong futzyy |y=Hung² fu¹-tzi² |wuu=Khon fu-tzy |poj=Khóng hu-chú |h=Kung³ fu¹-zu³ |mc=K^húwng pju-tsí |oc-bs=&#42;Kʰˤongʔ pa tsəʔ |c2=孔丘 |l2=(given name) |p2=Kǒng Qiū |w2=K'ung Ch'iu |gr2=Koong Chiou |y2=Hung² Yau¹ |h2=Kung³ Hiu¹ |poj2=Khóng Khiu |wuu2=Khon Chieu |mc2=K^húwng K^hjuw |oc-bs2=&#42;Kʰˤongʔ Kʷʰə }} Hi '''Confucius''' ([[Inintsik]]: 孔夫子; pinyin: Kǒng Fūzǐ; Wade-Giles: K'ung-fu-tzu)(28 Setyembre, 551 BC – 479 BC) usa nga Tsino nga maghurunahuna ngan pilosopo sosyal, nga an mga tinutdo nya ngan pilosopo hilarom nga sumulod ha panhunahuna ngan kinabuhi han mga Tsino, Koreano, Hapeones, Taiwanes, ngan Vietnamis. ==Pinanbasaran== {{Mga kasarigan}} ==Bibliograpiya== ;Hard copy * {{cite book | last=Bonevac | first=Daniel | last2=Phillips | first2=Stephen | title=Introduction to world philosophy | url=https://archive.org/details/introductiontowo0000bone | date = 2009 | publisher=Oxford University Press | location=New York | isbn=978-0-19-515231-9 | ref=harv}} * {{cite book | last=Creel | first=Herrlee Glessner | title=Confucius: The man and the myth | url=https://archive.org/details/confuciusmanmyth0000cree | date = 1949 | publisher=John Day Company| location=New York | authorlink=Herrlee Glessner Creel | ref=harv}} * {{cite journal | last=Dubs | first=Homer H. | title=The political career of Confucius | journal=Journal of the American Oriental Society | date = 1946 | volume=66 | issue=4 | authorlink=Homer H. Dubs | jstor=596405 | ref=harv}} * {{cite book | last=Hobson | first=John M. | title=The Eastern origins of Western civilisation | url=https://archive.org/details/easternoriginsof0000hobs | date = 2004 | publisher=Cambridge University Press | location=Cambridge | isbn=0-521-54724-5 | edition=Reprinted | ref=harv}} * {{cite book | last=Chin | first=Ann-ping | title=The authentic Confucius: A life of thought and politics | url=https://archive.org/details/authenticconfuci00chin | date = 2007 | publisher=Scribner | location=New York | isbn=978-0-7432-4618-7 | ref=harv}} * {{cite book | last=Kong | first=Demao | last2=Ke | first2=Lan | last3=Roberts | first3=Rosemary | title=The house of Confucius | date = 1988 | publisher=Hodder & Stoughton | location=London | isbn=978-0-340-41279-4 | edition=Translated | ref=harv}} * {{cite book | last=Parker | first=John | title=Windows into China: The Jesuits and their books, 1580–1730 | url=https://archive.org/details/windowsintochina00park | date = 1977 | publisher=Trustees of the Public Library of the City of Boston | location=Boston | isbn=0-89073-050-4 | ref=harv}} * {{cite book | last=Phan | first=Peter C. | title=Catholicism and interreligious dialogue | url=https://archive.org/details/catholicisminter0000unse | date = 2012 | publisher=Oxford University Press | location=New York | isbn=978-0-19-982787-9 | chapter=Catholicism and Confucianism: An intercultural and interreligious dialogue | ref=harv}} * {{cite book | last=Rainey | first=Lee Dian | title=Confucius & Confucianism: The essentials | date = 2010 | publisher=Wiley-Blackwell | location=Oxford | isbn=978-1-4051-8841-8 | ref=harv}} * {{cite journal | last=Riegel | first=Jeffrey K. | title=Poetry and the legend of Confucius's exile | journal=Journal of the American Oriental Society | date = 1986 | volume=106 | issue=1 | jstor=602359 | ref=harv}} * {{cite book | last=Yao | first=Xinzhong | title=Confucianism and Christianity: A Comparative Study of Jen and Agape | publisher=Sussex Academic Press | location=Brighton | date = 1997 | isbn=1-898723-76-1 | url=http://books.google.com/books?id=BN47m0BHtLkC | ref=harv}} * {{cite book | last=Yao | first=Xinzhong | title=An Introduction to Confucianism | publisher=Cambridge University Press | location=Cambridge | date = 2000 | isbn=0-521-64430-5 |url=http://books.google.com/books?id=tAE2OJ9bPG0C | ref=harv}} ;Aada-ha-linya * {{cite web | ref=harv | last=Ahmad | first=Mirza Tahir | title=Confucianism|url=http://www.alislam.org/library/books/revelation/part_2_section_3.html | publisher=Ahmadiyya Muslim Community | year=n.d. | accessdate=7 Nobyembre 2010}} * {{cite web | ref=harv | last1=Baxter | first1=William H. | last2=Sagart | first2=Laurent | title=Baxter-Sagart Old Chinese reconstruction | url=http://crlao.ehess.fr/docannexe.php?id=1207 | date=20 Pebrero 2011 | access-date=31 Hulyo 2012 | archive-date=25 Abril 2012 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120425064509/http://crlao.ehess.fr/docannexe.php?id=1207 | url-status=dead }} * {{cite web | url=http://eng.bandao.cn/newsdetail.asp?id=4644 | title=Confucius descendents say DNA testing plan lacks wisdom | publisher=Bandao | date=21 Agosto 2007 | ref={{harvid|Bandao|2007}} | access-date=31 Hulyo 2012 | archive-date=7 Hulyo 2011 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110707013208/http://eng.bandao.cn/newsdetail.asp?id=4644 | url-status=dead }} * {{cite web | url=http://www.chinadaily.com.cn/china/2007-02/02/content_800011.htm | title=Confucius family tree to record female kin | publisher=China Daily | date=2 Pebrero 2007 | ref={{harvid|China Daily|2007}}}} * {{cite web | url=http://www.chinadaily.com.cn/china/2009-09/24/content_8733256.htm | title=Confucius' Family Tree Recorded biggest | publisher=China Daily | date=24 Septyembre 2009 | ref={{harvid|China Daily|2009}}}} * {{cite web | title=Confucius family tree revision ends with 2 mln descendants | url=http://en.ce.cn/National/culture/200901/04/t20090104_17866318.shtml | publisher=China Economic Net | date=4 Enero 2009 | ref={{harvid|China Economic Net|2009}} | access-date=31 Hulyo 2012 | archive-date=1 Nobyembre 2012 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121101092536/http://en.ce.cn/National/culture/200901/04/t20090104_17866318.shtml | url-status= }} * {{cite web | url=http://www.china.org.cn/english/culture/171840.htm | title=DNA Testing Adopted to Identify Confucius Descendants | publisher=China Internet Information Center | date=19 Hunyo 2006 | ref={{harvid|China Internet Information Center|2006}}}} * {{cite web | url=http://ye2.mofcom.gov.cn/aarticle/chinanews/200606/20060602462372.html | title=DNA test to clear up Confucius confusion | publisher=Ministry of Commerce of the People's Republic of China | date=18 Hunyo 2006 | ref={{harvid|Ministry of Commerce of the PRC|2006}} | access-date=31 Hulyo 2012 | archive-date=7 Hulyo 2011 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110707040804/http://ye2.mofcom.gov.cn/aarticle/chinanews/200606/20060602462372.html | url-status=dead }} * {{cite web | ref=harv | last=Riegel | first=Jeffrey | title=Confucius | url=http://plato.stanford.edu/archives/spr2012/entries/confucius/ | work=The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy | date = 2012 | publisher=Stanford University}} * {{cite web | ref=harv | last=Qiu | first=Jane | url=http://seedmagazine.com/content/article/inheriting_confucius/ | title=Inheriting Confucius | publisher=Seed Magazine | date=13 Agosto 2008 | access-date=31 Hulyo 2012 | archive-date=22 Hulyo 2009 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090722140229/http://seedmagazine.com/content/article/inheriting_confucius/ | url-status=dead }} * {{cite web | ref=harv | last=Yan | first=Liang | title=Updated Confucius family tree has two million members | url=http://news.xinhuanet.com/english/2008-02/16/content_7616027.htm | publisher=Xinhua | date=16 Pebrero 2008}} * {{cite news | ref=harv | last=Zhou | first=Jing| title=New Confucius Genealogy out next year | url=http://www.china.org.cn/china/features/content_16696029.htm | date=31 Oktubre 2008 | publisher =China Internet Information Center}} ==Padugang nga barasahon== * [[Jonathan Clements|Clements, Jonathan]] (2008). ''Confucius: A Biography''. Stroud, Gloucestershire, England: Sutton Publishing. ISBN 978-0-7509-4775-6. * Confucius (1997). ''Lun yu'', (in English ''The Analects of Confucius''). Translation and notes by Simon Leys. New York: W.W. Norton. ISBN 0-393-04019-4. * Confucius (2003). ''Confucius: Analects—With Selections from Traditional Commentaries''. Translated by E. Slingerland. Indianapolis: Hackett Publishing. (Original work published c. 551–479 BC) ISBN 0-87220-635-1. *[[Herrlee Glessner Creel|Creel, Herrlee Glessner]] (1949). ''Confucius and the Chinese Way''. New York: Harper. *{{cite book|last=Creel|first=Herrlee Glessner|authorlink=Herrlee Glessner Creel|title=Chinese Thought from Confucius to Mao Tse-tung|url=https://archive.org/details/bwb_P9-DKJ-060| date = 1953|publisher=University of Chicago Press|location=Chicago}} * Csikszentmihalyi, M. (2005). "Confucianism: An Overview". In ''Encyclopedia of Religion'' (Vol. C, pp 1890–1905). Detroit: MacMillan Reference USA. *{{cite book|last=Dawson|first=Raymond|title=Confucius|url=https://archive.org/details/confucius0000daws| date = 1982|publisher=Oxford University Press|location=Oxford|isbn=0-19-287536-1}} *{{cite book|last=Fingarette|first=Hebert|title=Confucius : the secular as sacred|url=https://archive.org/details/confuciussecular00fing| date = 1998|publisher=Waveland Press|location=Long Grove, Ill.|isbn=1-57766-010-2}} *{{cite book|last=Ssu-ma Ch'ien|title=Records of the Historian| date = 1974|publisher=Commercial Press|location=Hong Kong|others=Yang Hsien-yi and Gladys Yang, trans}} * Van Norden, B.W., ed. (2001). ''Confucius and the Analects: New Essays''. New York: Oxford University Press. ISBN 0-19-513396-X. * Van Norden, B.W., trans. (2006). ''Mengzi'', in [[Philip J. Ivanhoe]] & B.W. Van Norden, ''Readings in Classical Chinese Philosophy''. 2nd ed. Indianapolis: Hackett Publishing. ISBN 0-87220-780-3. ==Mga sumpay ha gawas== {{Sister project links|v=no|n=no|s=Author:Confucius|b=Saylor.org's Ancient Civilizations of the World/Confucius and Confucianism}} * {{IEP|confuciu|Confucius}} * {{In Our Time|Confucius|p00547k8|Confucius}} * [http://www.confucius.org/ Multilingual web site on Confucius and the Analects] * {{sep entry|confucius|Confucius|Jeffrey Riegel}} * {{Gutenberg author |id=Confucius | name=Confucius}} * {{Internet Archive author}} * {{Librivox author |id=3104}} * [http://digital.library.upenn.edu/webbin/gutbook/lookup?num=4094 Confucian Analects] (Project Gutenberg release of James Legge's Translation) * [http://www.wfu.edu/~moran/zhexuejialu/Analects_PEM.html Core philosophical passages] in the ''Analects of Confucius''. [[Kaarangay:Confucius| ]] [[Kaarangay:Mga natawo han 551 UC]] [[Kaarangay:Mga namatay han 479 UC]] nxd7tt9h5bpaat2ajo658a07eino3mq 0 15229 7782409 7648291 2026-04-07T07:54:06Z InternetArchiveBot 41587 Add 1 book for verifiability (20260407)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 7782409 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox philosopher |region = Western philosophy |era = [[Ancient philosophy]] |color = #B0C4DE |image = Plato Silanion Musei Capitolini MC1377.jpg |caption = Plato: copy of portrait bust by [[Silanion]] |name = Platón (Πλάτων) |birth_date = c. 428&ndash;427 BC<ref>[http://www-history.mcs.st-andrews.ac.uk/Biographies/Plato.html St-Andrews.ac.uk], [[St. Andrews University]]</ref> |birth_place = [[Atenas]] |death_date = c. 348&ndash;347 BC (edad mga 80) |death_place = Atenas |nationality = [[Griyego|Griyego]] |school_tradition= [[Platonismo]] |main_interests = [[Rhetoric]], [[art]], [[literature]], [[epistemology]], [[justice]], [[virtue]], [[politics]], [[education]], [[family]], [[militarism]] |influences = [[Socrates]], [[Homer]], [[Hesiod]], [[Aristophanes]], [[Aesop]], [[Protagoras]], [[Parmenides]], [[Pythagoras]], [[Heraclitus]], [[Orphism (religion)|Orphism]] |influenced = Most of subsequent [[western philosophy]], including [[Aristotle]], [[Augustine of Hippo|Augustine]], [[Neoplatonism]], [[Cicero]], [[Plutarch]], [[Stoicism]], [[Anselm of Canterbury|Anselm]], [[Machiavelli]], [[René Descartes|Descartes]], [[Thomas Hobbes|Hobbes]], [[Gottfried Leibniz|Leibniz]], [[John Stuart Mill|Mill]], [[Arthur Schopenhauer|Schopenhauer]], [[Søren Kierkegaard|Kierkegaard]], [[Friedrich Nietzsche|Nietzsche]], [[Martin Heidegger|Heidegger]], [[Hannah Arendt|Arendt]], [[Hans-Georg Gadamer|Gadamer]], [[Imam Khomeini]], [[Bertrand Russell|Russell]] and countless other [[philosopher]]s and [[theologian]]s |notable_ideas = [[Platonic realism]] }} Hi '''Platón''' o '''Plato''' (Grineyego: Πλάτων, Plátōn) (428/427 BC – 348/347 BC), usa nga klasikal nga pilosopo Griyego, matematiko, manunurat han diyalogo pilosopikal, ngan nagtujod han Akademiya ha [[Atenas]], nga gisyasyahani nga institusyon han hataas nga pag-aram ha kalibutan han katundan. ==Mga kasarigan== {{Mga kasarigan}} ==Mga reperensya== ===Primarya nga ginkuhaan (Greko ngan Romano)=== <div class="references-small"> * [[Apuleius]], ''De Dogmate Platonis'', I. ''See original text in [http://www.thelatinlibrary.com/apuleius/apuleius.dog1.shtml Latin Library]''. * [[Aristophanes]], ''[[The Wasps]]''. ''See original text in [http://www.perseus.tufts.edu/cgi-bin/ptext?doc=Perseus:text:1999.01.0043:line=1 Perseus program]''. * [[Aristotle]], ''[[Metaphysics (Aristotle)|Metaphysics]]. ''See original text in [http://www.perseus.tufts.edu/cgi-bin/ptext?doc=Perseus:text:1999.01.0051:book=1:section=980a Perseus program]''. * [[Cicero]], ''De Divinatione'', I. ''See original text in [http://www.thelatinlibrary.com/cicero/divinatione1.shtml Latin library]''. *{{ws|[[Diogenes Laërtius]], [[s:Lives of the Eminent Philosophers/Book III|''Life of Plato'']], translated by [[Robert Drew Hicks]] (1925)}} * {{Cite wikisource|wslink=Charmides (Plato)|title=Charmides|author=Plato|others=Trans. [[Benjamin Jowett]]}} See original text in [http://www.perseus.tufts.edu/cgi-bin/ptext?doc=Perseus:text:1999.01.0175:text=Charm.:section=153a Perseus program]. * {{Cite wikisource|title=Gorgias|author=Plato|others=Trans. [[Benjamin Jowett]]}} ''See original text in [http://www.perseus.tufts.edu/cgi-bin/ptext?doc=Perseus:text:1999.01.0177:text=Gorg.:section=447a Perseus program]''. * Plato, ''Parmenides''. ''See original text in [http://www.perseus.tufts.edu/cgi-bin/ptext?doc=Perseus:text:1999.01.0173:text=Parm.:section=126a Perseus program]''. * {{Cite wikisource|title=The Republic|author=Plato|others=Trans. [[Benjamin Jowett]]}} See original text in [http://www.perseus.tufts.edu/cgi-bin/ptext?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.01.0168 Perseus program]. * {{Cite wikisource|author=[[Plutarch]]|plaintitle=Lives|wslink=Lives (Dryden translation)|others=Trans. [[John Dryden]]|chapter=Pericles| date = 1683|origyear=written in the late 1st century}}. See original text in [http://www.perseus.tufts.edu/cgi-bin/ptext?doc=Perseus:text:1999.01.0181:text=Per.:chapter=39:section=1 Perseus program]. * {{Cite wikisource|title=History of the Peloponnesian War|author=[[Thucydides]]|others=Trans. [[Richard Crawley]]}} V, VIII. ''See original text in [http://www.perseus.tufts.edu/cgi-bin/ptext?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.01.0199 Perseus program]''. * [[Xenophon]], ''[[Memorabilia (Xenophon)|Memorabilia]]''. ''See original text in [http://www.perseus.tufts.edu/cgi-bin/ptext?doc=Perseus:text:1999.01.0207:book=1:chapter=1:section=1 Perseus program]''. </div> ===Segundarya nga ginkuhaan=== <div class="references-small"> * {{Cite book|last=Browne|first=Sir Thomas|title=Pseudodoxia Epidemica |url=http://penelope.uchicago.edu/pseudodoxia/pseudo412.html#b26| date = 1646-1672|unused_data=IV.xii}} * {{Cite book|last=Guthrie|first=W.K.C.|title=A History of Greek Philosophy: Volume 4, Plato: The Man and His Dialogues: Earlier Period | date = 1986 | publisher=Cambridge University Press| isbn=0-521-31101-2}} * {{Cite book|last=Kahn|first=Charles H.|title=Plato and the socratic dialogue: The Philosophical Use of a Literary Form | date = 2004 | publisher=Cambridge University Press| isbn=0-521-64830-0| chapter=The Framework}} * {{Cite book|last=Kierkegaard|first=Søren|title=The Concept of Irony | date = 1992 | publisher=Princeton University Press| isbn=978-0-691-02072-3|chapter=Plato}} * {{Cite book|last=Nails|first=Debra|title=A Companion to Plato edited by Hugh H. Benson |url=https://archive.org/details/companiontoplato0000unse| date = 2006 | publisher=Blackwell Publishing| isbn=1-4051-1521-1|chapter=The Life of Plato of Athens}} * {{Cite book|last=Nails|first=Debra|title=The People of Plato: A Prosopography of Plato and Other Socratics |url=https://archive.org/details/peopleofplatopro0000nail| date = 2002 | publisher=Hackett Publishing| isbn=0-87220-564-9|chapter=Ariston/Perictione}} * {{Cite book|last=Nietzsche|first=Friedrich Wilhelm|title=Werke: Kritische Gesamtausgabe (in German) | date = 1967 | publisher=Walter de Gruyter| isbn=3-11-013912-X|chapter=Vorlesungsaufzeichnungen}} * {{Cite journal|last=Notopoulos|first=A.|title=The Name of Plato|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_classical-philology_1939-04_34_2/page/135|journal=Classical Philology|volume=34|issue=2|pages=135–145|date = Abril 1939|publisher=The University of Chicago Press|doi=10.1086/362227}} * {{Cite encyclopedia|title=Plato|encyclopedia=Encyclopaedia Britannica| date = 2002}} * {{Cite encyclopedia|title=Plato|encyclopedia=Encyclopaedic Dictionary The Helios Volume XVI (in Greek)| date = 1952}} * {{Cite encyclopedia|url=http://www.stoa.org/sol-bin/search.pl?search_method=QUERY&login=guest&enlogin=guest&page_num=1&user_list=LIST&searchstr=Plato&field=hw_eng&num_per_page=25&db=REAL|title=Plato|encyclopedia=Suda|date=2012|access-date= 31 Hulyo 2012|archive-date= 19 Agosto 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180819230613/http://www.stoa.org/sol-bin/search.pl?search_method=QUERY&login=guest&enlogin=guest&page_num=1&user_list=LIST&searchstr=Plato&field=hw_eng&num_per_page=25&db=REAL|url-status=}} * {{Cite book|last=Smith|first=William|title=Dictionary of Greek and Roman Biography and Mythology| date = 1870|url=http://www.ancientlibrary.com/smith-bio/2725.html|chapter=Plato}} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150124060246/http://www.ancientlibrary.com/smith-bio/2725.html |date= 24 Enero 2015 }} * {{Cite book|last=Tarán|first=Leonardo|title=Collected Papers 1962-1999 | date = 2001 | publisher=Brill Academic Publishers | isbn= 90-04-12304-0. }} * {{Cite book|last=Taylor|first=Alfred Edward|title=Plato: The Man and his Work |url=https://archive.org/details/platomanhiswork0000tayl_h9f9| date = 2001 | publisher=Courier Dover Publications| isbn=0-486-41605-4}} * {{Cite book|last=Wilamowitz-Moellendorff|first=Ulrich von|title=Plato: his Life and Work (translated in Greek by Xenophon Armyros) | date = 2005 (first edition 1917) | publisher=Kaktos| isbn=960-382-664-2}} </div> ==Dugang nga barasahon== * [[Ed. R. E. Allen|Allen, R. E.]] (2006). ''Studies in Plato's Metaphysics II''. Parmenides Publishing. ISBN 978-1-930972-18-6 * [[David Ambuel|Ambuel, David]] (2006). ''Image and Paradigm in Plato's Sophist''. Parmenides Publishing. ISBN 97819309720049 {{Please check ISBN|reason=Invalid length.}} * Bakalis, Nikolaos (2005). ''Handbook of Greek Philosophy: From Thales to the Stoics Analysis and Fragments'', Trafford Publishing ISBN 1-4120-4843-5 * {{Cite book| last=Barrow| first=Robin| date = 2007| title=Plato: Continuum Library of Educational Thought| publisher=Continuum| isbn=0-8264-8408-5}} * Cadame, Claude (1999). ''Indigenous and Modern Perspectives on Tribal Initiation Rites: Education According to Plato'', pp.&nbsp;278–312, in Padilla, Mark William (editor), [http://books.google.com/books?id=-0JVScga2oYC&printsec=frontcover&dq=rites+of+passage+in+ancient+greece "Rites of Passage in Ancient Greece: Literature, Religion, Society"], [[Bucknell University]] Press, 1999. ISBN 0-8387-5418-X * {{Cite book | author=Cooper, John M. & Hutchinson, D. S. (Eds.) | title=Plato: Complete Works | publisher=[[Hackett Publishing Company]], Inc | date = 1997 | isbn=0-87220-349-2}} * [[J. Angelo Corlett|Corlett, J. Angelo]] (2005). ''Interpreting Plato's Dialogues''. Parmenides Publishing. ISBN 978-1-930972-02-5 * {{Cite book | author=Durant, Will | title=The Story of Philosophy | url=https://archive.org/details/storyofphilosoph0000unse | publisher=Simon & Schuster | date = 1926 | isbn=0-671-69500-2}} * [[Jacques Derrida|Derrida, Jacques]] (1972). ''La dissémination'', Paris: Seuil. (esp. cap.: ''La Pharmacie de Platon'', 69-199) ISBN 2-02-001958-2 * {{Cite book|author=Field, G.C. (Guy Cromwell)|title=The Philosophy of Plato|url=https://archive.org/details/philosophyofplat0000fiel|edition=2nd ed. with an appendix by R. C. Cross.|location=London|publisher=Oxford University Press| date = 1969|isbn=0-19-888040-5}} * Fine, Gail (2000). ''Plato 1: Metaphysics and Epistemology'' Oxford University Press, USA, ISBN 0-19-875206-7 * {{Cite book|author=Garvey, James |title=Twenty Greatest Philosophy Books |url=https://archive.org/details/twentygreatestph00garv |publisher=Continuum | date = 2006, |isbn=0-8264-9053-0}} * [[W. K. C. Guthrie|Guthrie, W. K. C.]] (1986). ''A History of Greek Philosophy (Plato - The Man & His Dialogues - Earlier Period)'', Cambridge University Press, ISBN 0-521-31101-2 * [[W. K. C. Guthrie|Guthrie, W. K. C.]] (1986). ''A History of Greek Philosophy (Later Plato & the Academy)'' Cambridge University Press, ISBN 0-521-31102-0 * Havelock, Eric (2005). ''Preface to Plato (History of the Greek Mind)'', Belknap Press, ISBN 0-674-69906-8 * {{Cite book | author=Hamilton, Edith & Cairns, Huntington (Eds.) | title=The Collected Dialogues of Plato, Including the Letters | url=https://archive.org/details/collecteddialogu00tred | publisher=Princeton Univ. Press | date = 1961 | isbn=0-691-09718-6}} *Irwin, Terence (1995). ''Plato's Ethics'', Oxford University Press, USA, ISBN 0-19-508645-7 * {{Cite book | author=Jackson, Roy | title=Plato: A Beginner's Guide | location=London | publisher=Hoder & Stroughton | date = 2001 | isbn=0-340-80385-1}} * {{Cite book | author=Kochin, Michael S. | title=Gender and Rhetoric in Plato's Political Thought | publisher=Cambridge Univ. Press | date = 2002 | isbn=0-521-80852-9}} * {{Cite book | author=Kraut, Richard (Ed.) | title=The Cambridge Companion to Plato | url=https://archive.org/details/isbn_9780521436106 | publisher=Cambridge University Press | date = 1993 | isbn=0-521-43610-9}} * {{Cite book | author=Krämer, Hans Joachim | title=Plato and the Foundations of Metaphysics | url=http://books.google.com/books?id=T2k6edyBklwC | publisher=SUNY Press | date = 1990 | isbn=0-7914-0433-1}} * [[Suzanne Lilar|Lilar, Suzanne]] (1954), Journal de l'analogiste, Paris, Éditions Julliard; Reedited 1979, Paris, Grasset. Foreword by [[Julien Gracq]] * [[Suzanne Lilar|Lilar, Suzanne]] (1963), ''Le couple'', Paris, Grasset. Translated as ''Aspects of Love in Western Society'' in 1965, with a foreword by Jonathan Griffin London, Thames and Hudson. * [[Suzanne Lilar|Lilar, Suzanne]] (1967) ''A propos de Sartre et de l'amour '', Paris, Grasset. * {{Cite book | author=Lundberg, Phillip | title=Tallyho - The Hunt for Virtue: Beauty,Truth and Goodness Nine Dialogues by Plato: Pheadrus, Lysis, Protagoras, Charmides, Parmenides, Gorgias, Theaetetus, Meno & Sophist | publisher=Authorhouse | date = 2005 | isbn=1-4184-4977-6}} * {{Cite book | author=Melchert, Norman | title=The Great Conversation: A Historical Introduction to Philosophy | url=https://archive.org/details/greatconversatio00norm | publisher=McGraw Hill | date = 2002 | isbn=0-19-517510-7}} * {{Cite book | author=Meinwald, Constance Chu | title=Plato's Parmenides | url=https://archive.org/details/platosparmenides0000mein | publisher=Oxford University Press | date = 1991 | isbn=0-19-506445-3 }} * [[Mitchell Miller|Miller, Mitchell]] (2004). ''The Philosopher in Plato's Statesman''. Parmenides Publishing. ISBN 978-1-930972-16-2 * [[Richard D. Mohr|Mohr, Richard D.]] (2006). ''God and Forms in Plato - and other Essays in Plato's Metaphysics''. Parmenides Publishing. ISBN 978-1-930972-01-8 * Moore, Edward (2007). ''Plato''. Philosophy Insights Series. Tirril, Humanities-Ebooks. ISBN 978-1-84760-047-9 * Nightingale, Andrea Wilson. (1995). [http://books.google.com/books?id=n3MeQikAp00C&printsec=frontcover&source=gbs_summary_r&cad=0 "Genres in Dialogue: Plato and the Construct of Philosophy"], Cambridge University Press. ISBN 0-521-48264-X * {{Cite book | author=Reale, Giovanni | title=A History of Ancient Philosophy: Plato and Aristotle | url=http://books.google.com/books?id=QfvRZSlJd3MC | publisher=SUNY Press | date = 1990 | isbn=0-7914-0516-8 }} * {{Cite book | author=Reale, Giovanni | title=Toward a New Interpretation of Plato | url=http://books.google.com/books?id=xmsGAAAACAAJ | publisher=CUA Press | date = 1997 | isbn=0-8132-0847-5 }} * {{Cite book | author=Sallis, John | title=Being and Logos: Reading the Platonic Dialogues | url=https://archive.org/details/beinglogosreadin0000sall | publisher=Indiana University Press | date = 1996 | isbn=0-253-21071-2 |authorlink=John Sallis }} * {{Cite book | author=Sallis, John | title=Chorology: On Beginning in Plato's "Timaeus" | url=https://archive.org/details/chorologyonbegin0000sall | publisher=Indiana University Press | date = 1999 | isbn=0-253-21308-8 |authorlink=John Sallis }} * [[Kenneth M. Sayre|Sayre, Kenneth M.]] (2006). ''Plato's Late Ontology: A Riddle Resolved''. Parmenides Publishing. ISBN 978-1-930972-09-4 * [[T. K. Seung|Seung, T. K.]] (1996). ''Plato Rediscovered: Human Value and Social Order''. Rowman and Littlefield. ISBN 0-8476-8112-2 * Stewart, John. (2010). ''Kierkegaard and the Greek World - Socrates and Plato''. Ashgate. ISBN 978-0-7546-6981-4 * {{Cite book | author=Szlezak, Thomas A. | title=Reading Plato | url=http://books.google.com/books?id=x34szlJIRIgC | publisher=Routledge | date = 1999 | isbn=0-415-18984-5 }} * Taylor, A. E. (2001). ''Plato: The Man and His Work'', Dover Publications, ISBN 0-486-41605-4 * [[Gregory Vlastos|Vlastos, Gregory]] (1981). ''Platonic Studies'', Princeton University Press, ISBN 0-691-10021-7 * [[Gregory Vlastos|Vlastos, Gregory]] (2006). ''Plato's Universe - with a new Introducution by Luc Brisson'', Parmenides Publishing. ISBN 978-1-930972-13-1 * Zuckert, Catherine (2009). ''Plato's Philosophers: The Coherence of the Dialogues'', The University of Chicago Press, ISBN 978-0-226-99335-5 * [[Oxford University Press]] publishes scholarly editions of Plato's Greek texts in the ''[[Oxford Classical Texts]]'' series, and some translations in the ''Clarendon Plato Series''. * [[Harvard University Press]] publishes the hardbound series ''[[Loeb Classical Library#Plato|Loeb Classical Library]]'', containing Plato's works in [[Greek language|Greek]], with English translations on facing pages. * [[Thomas Taylor (neoplatonist)|Thomas Taylor]] has translated Plato's complete works. * {{Cite book | author=Smith, William. | title=Dictionary of Greek and Roman Biography and Mythology | publisher=University of Michigan/Online version | date = 1867 &mdash; original }} *''Aspects of antiquity: Discoveries and Controversies'' by M.I. Finley, issued 1969 by The Viking Press, Inc. *''Interpreting Plato: The Dialogues as Drama'' by James A. Arieti, Rowman & Littlefield Publishers, Inc. ISBN 0-8476-7662-5 ==Mga sumpay ha gawas== {{Commons category|Plato}} *Mga binuhat nga aada-ha-linya: **{{PerseusAuthor|Plato}} - Greek & English hyperlinked text **[http://oll.libertyfund.org/index.php?option=com_staticxt&staticfile=show.php%3Ftitle=166&Itemid=99999999 Works of Plato (Jowett, 1892)] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140103231715/http://oll.libertyfund.org/index.php?option=com_staticxt&staticfile=show.php%3Ftitle%3D166&Itemid=99999999 |date=2014-01-03 }} **{{gutenberg author | id=Plato | name=Plato}} ***[http://www.gutenberg.org/catalog/world/authrec?fk_authors=688 Spurious and doubtful works] at [[Project Gutenberg]] **[http://www.ellopos.net/elpenor/greek-texts/ancient-greece/plato/default.asp Plato complete works, annotated and searchable, at ELPENOR] **[http://librivox.org/euthyphro-by-plato/ Euthyphro] [[LibriVox]] recording **[http://librivox.org/ion-by-plato/ Ion] [[LibriVox]] recording **[http://librivox.org/apology-of-socrates-by-plato/ The Apology of Socrates] {{gr icon}}, [[LibriVox]] recording **[http://www.john-uebersax.com/plato/tetral.htm Quick Links to Plato's Dialogues (English, Greek, French, Spanish)] **[http://www.archive.org/details/DIALOGUES-OF-PLATO-BJ-V2-3ED The Dialogues of Plato -5 vols (mp3) tr. by B. Jowett] at [[archive.org]] *Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy: **[http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/plato/ Plato] **[http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/plato-ethics/ Plato's Ethics] **[http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/plato-friendship/ Friendship and Eros] **[http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/plato-metaphysics/ Middle Period Metaphysics and Epistemology] **[http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/plato-utopia/ Plato on Utopia] **[http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/plato-rhetoric/ Rhetoric and Poetry] *Mga iba nga artikulo: **[http://www.ellopos.net/elpenor/greek-texts/ancient-greece/guthrie-plato.asp Excerpt from W.K.C. Guthrie, ''A History of Greek Philosophy, vol. IV, Plato: the man and his dialogues, earlier period'', Cambridge University Press, 1989, pp. 8-38] **[http://plato-dialogues.org/plato.htm Website on Plato and his works: Plato and his dialogues by Bernard Suzanne] **[http://www.sfo.com/~eameece/rrr.html Reflections on Reality and its Reflection: comparison of Plato and Bergson; do forms exist?] **[http://www.worldfuturefund.org/wffmaster/Reading/Quotes/plato.htm "Plato and Totalitarianism: A Documentary Study"] **{{CathEncy|wstitle=Plato and Platonism}} *[https://web.archive.org/web/20080126175146/http://www.filozofie.eu/index.php?option=com_docman&Itemid=34 Online library "Vox Philosophiae"] *Komprehensibo nga hinalikwat nga materyales: **[http://campus.belmont.edu/philosophy/Book.pdf Approaching Plato: A Guide to the Early and Middle Dialogues] ** {{worldcat id|id=lccn-n79-139459}} *Lain nga ginkuhaan: * [http://www.conoscenza.rai.it/site/it-IT/?ContentID=850&Guid=d0e858c408994cdb8db858e320e6bece Interview with Mario Vegetti on Plato's political thought. The interview, available in full on video, both in Italian and English, is included in the series Multi-Media Encyclopaedia of the Philosophical Sciences] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120307191835/http://www.conoscenza.rai.it/site/it-IT/?ContentID=850&Guid=d0e858c408994cdb8db858e320e6bece |date= 7 Marso 2012 }}. {{DEFAULTSORT:Plato}} [[Kaarangay:Mga natawo han 420 nga dekada UC]] [[Kaarangay:Mga namatay han 340 nga dekada UC]] [[Kaarangay:Biyograpiya]] [[Kaarangay:Pilosopiya]] [[Kaarangay:Platon]] 1fr72xg5ospbi0ragsivnoi84tqhixy 0 15235 7782393 7748531 2026-04-07T07:38:36Z InternetArchiveBot 41587 Add 1 book for verifiability (20260407)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 7782393 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox scientist | birth_name = Maximilian Karl Emil Weber | image = Max Weber 1894.jpg | image_size = | caption = Aleman nga sosyolohista, pilosopo ngan ekonomista politikal | birth_date = {{birth date|1864|4|21|df=y}} | birth_place = [[Erfurt]], [[Province of Saxony|Saxony]], [[Kingdom of Prussia]] | death_date = {{death date and age|1920|6|14|1864|4|21|df=y}} ([[pneumonia]]) | death_place = [[Munich]], [[Bavaria]], [[Weimar Republic|Germany]] |residence = |citizenship = |nationality = German |ethnicity = |fields = Ekonomika, sosyolohiya, historya, balaod, politika, pilosopiya |workplaces = [[University of Berlin]], [[University of Freiburg]], [[University of Heidelberg]], [[University of Vienna]], [[University of Munich]] |alma_mater = [[University of Berlin]], [[University of Heidelberg]] |doctoral_advisor = [[Levin Goldschmidt]] |academic_advisors = |doctoral_students = |notable_students = |known_for = [[Bureaucracy]], [[Disenchantment]], [[Ideal type]], [[Iron cage]], [[Life chances]], [[Methodological individualism]], [[Monopoly on violence]], [[Protestant work ethic]], [[Rationalization (sociology)|Rationalisation]], [[Social action]], [[Three-component theory of stratification]], [[Tripartite classification of authority]], ''[[Verstehen]]'' |author_abbrev_bot = |author_abbrev_zoo = | influences = [[Immanuel Kant]], [[Friedrich Nietzsche]], [[Wilhelm Dilthey]], [[Heinrich Rickert]], [[Georg Simmel]], [[Werner Sombart]] | influenced = [[Karl Jaspers]], [[Talcott Parsons]], [[Ludwig von Mises]], [[György Lukács]], [[Theodor W. Adorno]], [[Jürgen Habermas]], [[Joseph Schumpeter]] | awards = | religion = | signature = | footnotes = }} Hi '''Maximilian Carl Emil Weber''' (21 Abril 1864–14 Hunyo 1920) usa nga Aleman nga abogado, politiko, eskolar, ekonomista politikal, ngan sosyolohista, nga dako an naibulig ha teyorya sosyolohikal. ==Pinanbasaran== {{Mga kasarigan}} ==Padugang nga barasahon== * {{Cite book |last=Ankerl |first=Guy |authorlink=Guy Ankerl | date = 1972 |title=Sociologues allemands. Avec le dictionnaire de "l'Ethique protestante et l'esprit du capitalisme" de Max Weber |location=Neuchâtel |publisher=A la Baconnière. |language=French}} * {{Cite book |last=Bruun |first=Hans Henrik |authorlink=Hans Henrik Reventlow Bruun | date = 2007 |url=http://www.amazon.com/gp/reader/0754645290|title=Science, values, and politics in Max Weber's methodology |location=Aldershot, Ashgate |page=298 |series=Rethinking classical sociology.}} * {{Cite book |editor-last=Green |editor-first=Robert | date = 1959 |edition= |title=Problems in European Civilization, Protestantism and Capitalism: The Weber Thesis and Its Critics |url=https://archive.org/details/protestantismcap00gree_0 |location=Boston |publisher=Heath}} * {{Cite book |last = Haidenko |first = Piama |authormask = |authorlink = |author2 = trans. H. Campbell Creighton |firstn = |lastn = |authorn-link = |editor-first = Igor |editor-last = Kon |editor-link = Igor Kon |others = |title = A History of Classical Sociology |url = http://su-ltd.mylivepage.ru/file/2715/6547_Kon_History_of_Classical_Sociology.zip |archiveurl = |archivedate = |format = DOC, DjVu |accessdate = |type = |edition = |series = |volume = | date = 1989 |publisher = [[Progress Publishers]] |location = Moscow |isbn = 5-01-001102-6 |oclc = |doi = |bibcode = |page = |pages = 255–311 |nopp = |chapter = The Sociology of Max Weber |chapterurl = |ref = }} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110514104128/http://su-ltd.mylivepage.ru/file/2715/6547_Kon_History_of_Classical_Sociology.zip |date= 14 Mayo 2011 }} * {{Cite book |last=Kemple |first=Thomas |url=http://books.google.ca/books?id=-VvvngEACAAJ&source=gbs_ViewAPI&redir_esc=y | date = 2014 |title=Intellectual work and the spirit of capitalism : Weber's calling |location=New York |publisher=Palgrave Macmillan }} * {{Cite journal |last= Kolko |first= Gabriel |authorlink= Gabriel Kolko | date = 1959 |title= A Critique of Max Weber's Philosophy of History |url= http://www.scribd.com/doc/93720222/Kolko-A-Critique-of-Max-Weber-s-Philosophy-of-History |journal= [[Ethics (journal)|Ethics]] |volume= 70 |issue= 1 |pages= 21–36 |jstor= 2379612 |ref= harv |doi= 10.1086/291239 }} * {{Cite book | last1 = Korotayev | first1 = Andrey | authormask = | authorlink = Andrey Korotayev | first2 = A. | last2 = Malkov | first3 = D. | last3 = Khaltourina | authorn-link = | editor = | editorn-last = | editorn-first = | editor-link = | editorn-link = | others = | title = Introduction to Social Macrodynamics| url = http://books.google.com/?id=tyoryrjrzUMC&printsec=frontcover&dq=ISBN5484004144#v=onepage&q&f=false | archiveurl = | archivedate = | format = [[Google Books]] | accessdate = | type = | edition = | series = | volume = | date = 2006 | publisher = [[Editorial URSS|URSS]] | location = Moscow | isbn = 5-484-00414-4 | oclc = | doi = | bibcode = | page = | pages = | nopp = | chapter = Chapter 6: Reconsidering Weber: Literacy and "the Spirit of Capitalism"| chapterurl = | ref = }} * Marra, Realino (1992), ''Dalla comunità al diritto moderno. La formazione giuridica di Max Weber. 1882–1889'', Giappichelli, Torino * Marra, Realino (1995), ''La libertà degli ultimi uomini. Studi sul pensiero giuridico e politico di Max Weber'', Giappichelli, Torino * Marra, Realino (2002), ''Capitalismo e anticapitalismo in Max Weber. Storia di Roma e sociologia del diritto nella genesi dell'opera weberiana'', il Mulino, Bologna * {{Cite book |last=Mitzman |first=Arthur |origyear=1970 | date = 1985 |title=The Iron Cage: An Historical Interpretation of Max Weber |url=https://archive.org/details/ironcagehistoric0000mitz |location=New Brunswick NJ |publisher=Transaction Books |isbn=0-87855-984-1}} * Quensel, Bernhard K. (2007), ''Max Webers Konstruktionslogik. Sozialökonomik zwischen Geschichte und Theorie'', Nomos, ISBN 978-3-8329-2517-8 [Revisiting Weber's concept of sociology against the background of his juristic and economic provenance within the framework of "social economics"] * {{Cite book |last1=Radkau |first1=Joachim |authorlink=Joachim Radkau |origyear=2005 | date = 2009 |title=Max Weber: a Biography |url=https://archive.org/details/maxweberbiograph0000radk |last2=trans. Camiller |first2=Patrick |location=Cambridge |publisher=Polity P. |isbn=978-0-7456-4147-8}} [The most important work on Weber's life and torments since the biography by Marianne Weber] * {{Cite book |first1=Max |last1=Rheinstein |first2=Edward |last2=Shils | date = 1954 |title=Max Weber on Law in Economy and Society |url=https://archive.org/details/lawineconomysoci0000webe |location=Cambridge, Mass. |publisher=Harvard U.P. |isbn=978-0-674-55651-5}} [Translation, with long introduction, of Weber's main writings on law] * {{Cite book |editor-last=Ritzer |editor-first=George |authorlink=George Ritzer | date = 1996 |chapter=Sociological Theory |edition=fourth |title=Max Weber |url=https://archive.org/details/sociologicaltheo0000geor |location=New York |publisher=McGraw-Hill |isbn=0-07-114660-1}} * [[Guenther Roth|Roth, Guenther]] (2001), ''Max Webers deutsch-englische Familiengeschichte'', J. C. B. Mohr (Paul Siebeck), ISBN 3-16-147557-7 * Lawrence A. Scaff: ''Max Weber in America'', Princeton University Press, Princeton/Oxford, England 2011 ISBN 978-0-691-14779-6 * {{Cite book |first=Gerhard |last=Stapelfeldt |authorlink=Gerhard Stapelfeldt | date = 2004 |title=Kritik der ökonomischen Rationalität |language=German}} * {{Cite book |editor-last=Swatos |editor-first=William H. | date = 1990 |title=Time, Place, and Circumstance: Neo-Weberian Studies in Comparative Religious History |url=https://archive.org/details/timeplacecircums0000unse |location=New York |publisher=Greenwood Press |isbn=0-313-26892-4}} * {{Cite book |last=Swedberg |first=Richard |authorlink=Richard Swedberg | date = 1998 |title=Max Weber and the Idea of Economic Sociology |url=https://archive.org/details/maxweberideaofec0000swed |location=Princeton |publisher=Princeton University Press |isbn=0-691-07013-X}} * {{Cite journal |last=Swedberg |first=Richard |url=http://articles.findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_m0254/is_4_58/ai_58496750 |title=Max Weber as an Economist and as a Sociologist |journal=American Journal of Economics and Sociology |date= Oktubre 1999 |doi=10.1111/j.1536-7150.1999.tb03385.x |volume=58 |issue=4 |pages=561 |access-date= 31 Hulyo 2012 |archive-date= 21 Agosto 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130821022359/http://articles.findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_m0254/is_4_58/ai_58496750 |url-status=dead }} * {{Cite book |last1=Weber |first1=Marianne |authorlink=Marianne Weber |origyear=1926 | date = 1988 |title=Max Weber: a Biography |url=https://archive.org/details/maxweberbiograph00webe |last2=trans. Zohn |first2=Harry |location=New Brunswick |publisher=Transaction Books |isbn=0-471-92333-8}} ==Mga sumpay ha gawas== {{Sister project links|s=Author:Max Weber|wikt=no|v=no|n=no}} Mga teksto han iya iginbuhat: * {{Internet Archive author}} * {{Librivox author |id=663}} * [http://www.zeno.org/Soziologie/M/Weber,%20Max Large collection of the German original texts] * [http://www.uni-potsdam.de/u/paed/Flitner/Flitner/Weber/index.htm Large collection of the German original texts] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20020207003432/http://www.uni-potsdam.de/u/paed/Flitner/Flitner/Weber/index.htm |date= 7 Pebrero 2002 }} * [http://www.cpm.ehime-u.ac.jp/AkamacHomePage/Akamac_E-text_Links/Weber.html A collection of English translations] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20041119141710/http://www.cpm.ehime-u.ac.jp/akamachomepage/akamac_e-text_links/Weber.html |date= 19 Nobyembre 2004 }} * [http://www.sociosite.net/topics/weber.php A comprehensive collection of English translations and secondary literature] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060630121301/http://www.sociosite.net/topics/weber.php |date= 30 Hunyo 2006 }} * [http://ssr1.uchicago.edu/PRELIMS/Theory/weber.html Notes on several of Weber's works, merged into one text file] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20040210101459/http://ssr1.uchicago.edu/PRELIMS/Theory/weber.html |date= 10 Pebrero 2004 }} * [http://www.marxists.org/reference/archive/weber/index.htm Max Weber Reference Archive] Analisis han iya mga iginbuhat: * [http://hirr.hartsem.edu/ency/Protestantism.htm Protestant Ethic Thesis by the Swatos' ''Encyclopedia of Religion and Society''] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100623101038/http://hirr.hartsem.edu/ency/Protestantism.htm |date=2010-06-23 }} * [http://mws.quotus.org Max Weber Studies] journal * McKinnon, AM. (2010). "Elective affinities of the Protestant ethic: Weber and the chemistry of capitalism". ''Sociological Theory'', vol. 28, no. 1, pp.&nbsp;108–126. [http://aura.abdn.ac.uk/bitstream/2164/3035/1/McKinnon_Elective_Affinities_final_non_format.pdf] Iba nga sinulod ha ensayklopedya: * [http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/weber/ Max Weber, Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy] * {{Cite book |title=Max Weber (1864–1920) |url=http://www.econlib.org/library/Enc/bios/Weber.html |work=[[The Concise Encyclopedia of Economics]] |edition=2nd |series=[[Library of Economics and Liberty]] |publisher=[[Liberty Fund]] | date = 2008 }} {{DEFAULTSORT:Weber, Max}} [[Kaarangay:Mga natawo han 1864]] [[Kaarangay:Mga namatay han 1920]] [[Kaarangay:Max Weber| ]] [[Kaarangay:Biyograpiya|Weber, Max]] ob7o09rv83q5mv2w2mmql3iqsdrva8f 0 15244 7782359 7778786 2026-04-07T07:01:22Z InternetArchiveBot 41587 Add 1 book for verifiability (20260407)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 7782359 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox writer | name = Matsuo Bashō (松尾 芭蕉) | image = | alt = Usá nga istatwa ni Bashō ha Hiraizumi, Iwate | caption = Usá nga istatwa ni Bashō ha [[Hiraizumi, Iwate]] | pseudonym = Sōbō (宗房)<br />Tōsē (桃青)<br />Bashō (芭蕉) | birth_name = Matsuo Kinsaku (松尾 金作) | birth_date = 1644 | birth_place = Harani ha [[Ueno, Mie|Ueno]], [[Iga Province]] | death_date = Nobyembre 28, 1694 (panuigon 50) | death_place = [[Osaka]]<ref>Louis Frédéric, [http://books.google.gr/books?id=p2QnPijAEmEC&dq= ''Japan Encyclopedia''], Harvard University Press, 2002, p. 71.</ref> | occupation = Maniniday | nationality = [[Hapon]]es | notableworks = ''[[Oku no Hosomichi]]'' | influenced = [[Imagismo]], [[Beat nga Henerasyon]]; [[Robbie Basho]], [[Steffen Basho-Junghans]] }} Hi {{nihongo|'''Matsuo Bashō'''|松尾 芭蕉||extra=1644 – 1694}}, natawo nga {{nihongo|松尾 金作}}, nga han uná {{nihongo|'''Matsuo Chūemon Munefusa'''|松尾 忠右衛門 宗房}},<ref>{{Cite web | script-title=ja:松尾芭蕉 | url=http://kotobank.jp/word/%E6%9D%BE%E5%B0%BE%E8%8A%AD%E8%95%89 | publisher=The Asahi Shimbun Company | accessdate= 22 Nobyembre 2010 |language=Hinapon}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web | script-title=ja:芭蕉と伊賀上野 | url=http://www.ict.ne.jp/~basho/country/bashotoiga.html | publisher=芭蕉と伊賀 Igaueno Cable Television | accessdate=22 Nobyembre 2010 | language=ja | archive-date=2016-03-04 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304110906/http://www.ict.ne.jp/~basho/country/bashotoiga.html | url-status= }}</ref> amo an gisikati nga maniniday han [[Edo nga panahon]] ha [[Hapon]]. Ha iya kinabuhi, ginkilala hi Bashō tungod han iya mga buhat dida han burublig nga ''[[Renku|haikai no renga]]'' nga kahimo; yanâ, katapos hin mga gatostuig nga pagkomentaryo, ginkilala hiyá nga amo an giuupayi nga maestro hin [[haiku]] (nga gintawag nga [[hokku]]) usa nga siday nga may 5-7-5 nga mga [[laton]]. An mga siday ni Matsuo Bashō kilalado ha langyaw; ngan, ha Hapon, damo han iya mga siday ginkada ha mga monumento ngan mga minat-an nga mga lugar. Bisan man kon hi Bashō kilalado ha Katundan tungod han iya hokku, hiyá ngahaw nagtuo ngan an iya gimaupayi nga buhat dida han pagdará ngan pagtambong ha [[renku]]. Ginkutlo hiyá ha pagsiríng, “Damo han mga nasunod ha akon nakasurat hin hokku hin maupay sugad ha akon. It diin hi ako nagpapakita kun hin-o gud hi ako dida hit pagsumpay hin mga garagaray nga haikai.”<ref>Drake, Chris. 'Bashō’s “Cricket Sequence” as English Literature', in ''Journal of Renga & Renku'', Issue 2, 2012. p7</ref> ==Lista hin mga buhat== [[File:Haiseiden.jpg|thumb|Haiseiden ([[:ja:俳聖殿|俳聖殿]], Paghinumdom nga Hall hin Maniniday) ha [[Iga, Mie]], nga gintukod paghinumdom han ika-300 nga anibersaryo han pagkatawo ni Bashō.]] [[File:Matsuo Basho - Een woedende zee - Rapenburg 75, Leiden.JPG|thumb|[[Mga siday ha bungbung ha Leiden]]: Bashō]] * ''[[The Seashell Game|Kai Ōi]]'' (The Seashell Game) (1672) * {{nihongo|''Edo Sangin''|江戸三吟}} (1678) * {{nihongo|''Inaka no Kuawase''|田舎之句合}} (1680) * {{nihongo|''Tōsei Montei Dokugin Nijū Kasen''|桃青門弟独吟廿歌仙}} (1680) * {{nihongo|''Tokiwaya no Kuawase''|常盤屋句合}} (1680) * {{nihongo|''Minashiguri''|虚栗||"A Shriveled Chestnut"}} (1683) * ''Nozarashi Kikō'' (Record of a Weather-Exposed Skeleton) (1684) * ''*Fuyu no Hi'' ([[Winter Days]]) (1684) * ''Haru no Hi'' (Spring Days) (1686)* * ''Kawazu Awase'' (Frog Contest) (1686) * ''Kashima Kikō'' (A Visit to Kashima Shrine) (1687) * ''Oi no Kobumi'', or ''Utatsu Kikō'' (Record of a Travel-Worn Satchel) (1688) * ''Sarashina Kikō'' (A Visit to Sarashina Village) (1688) * ''Arano'' (Wasteland) (1689)* * ''Hisago'' (The Gourd) (1690)* * {{nihongo|''[[Sarumino]]''|猿蓑||"Monkey's Raincoat"}} (1691)* * ''Saga Nikki'' (Saga Diary) (1691) * ''Bashō no Utsusu Kotoba'' (On Transplanting the Banana Tree) (1691) * ''Heikan no Setsu'' (On Seclusion) (1692) * ''Fukagawa Shū'' (Fukagawa Anthology) * ''Sumidawara'' (A Sack of Charcoal) (1694)* * ''Betsuzashiki'' (The Detached Room) (1694) * ''[[Oku no Hosomichi]]'' (Narrow Road to the Interior) (1694)<ref>Kokusai 1948, pp. 248-9</ref> * ''Zoku Sarumino'' (The Monkey's Raincoat, Continued) (1698)* ===Mga paghubad ha Iningles=== * {{Cite book|author= Matsuo, Bashō|others= trans. David Landis Barnhill|title= Bashō’s Journey: Selected Literary Prose by Matsuo Bashō |url= https://archive.org/details/bashosjourneylit0000mats| date = 2005 |location=Albany, NY |publisher=State University of New York Press|isbn= 978-0-7914-6414-4}} * {{Cite book |author= Matsuo, Bashō|others=trans. Nobuyuki Yuasa|title=The Narrow Road to the Deep North and Other Travel Sketches|url= https://archive.org/details/narrowroadtodeep008800| date = 1966|location=Harmondsworth|publisher=Penguin|isbn=978-0-14-044185-7|oclc=469779524}} * {{Cite book |author= Matsuo, Bashō|others= trans. Sam Hamill |title=Narrow Road to the Interior and Other Writings|url= https://archive.org/details/narrowroadtointe0000mats| date = 2000 |location=Boston |publisher=Shambhala|isbn= 978-1-57062-716-3 }} * {{Cite book|author= Matsuo, Bashō|others= trans. Sam Hamill |title=The Essential Bashō | date = 1999 |location=Boston | publisher=Shambhala |isbn=978-1-57062-282-3}} * {{Cite book|author= Matsuo, Bashō|others= trans. David Landis Barnhill|title=Bashō's Haiku: Selected Poems of Matsuo Bashō|url= https://archive.org/details/bashoshaikuselec0000mats| date = 2004 |location=Albany, NY |publisher=State University of New York Press|isbn= 978-0-7914-6166-2}} * {{Cite book|author= Matsuo, Bashō|others= trans. Donald Keene, illustrated by Masayuki Miyata|title=The Narrow Road to Oku |url= https://archive.org/details/narrowroadtookuo0000mats_m7w2| date = 1997 |location=Tokyo |publisher=Kodansha International|isbn= 978-4-7700-2028-4}} * {{Cite book|author= Matsuo, Bashō, et al. |others= trans. Maeda Cana|title=Monkey's Raincoat |url= https://archive.org/details/monkeysraincoat0000unse | date = 1973 |location=New York |publisher=Grossman Publishers. SBN 670-48651-5 |isbn= 0670486515}} * {{Cite book|author=Matsuo, Bashō |others= trans. Jane Reichhold |title=Basho: The Complete Haiku | date = 2008 |location=Tokyo |publisher=Kodansha International |isbn= 978-4-7700-3063-4}} * {{Cite book|author=Matsuo, Bashō et al. |others= trans. Earl Miner and Hiroko Odagiri |title=The Monkey’s Straw Raincoat and Other Poetry of the Basho School |url=https://archive.org/details/monkeysstrawrain0000unse | date = 1981|location=Princeton|publisher=Princeton University Press |isbn= 978-0-691-06460-4}} * {{Cite book|author=Matsuo, Bashō |others= trans. Lucien Stryk |title=On Love and Barley: Haiku of Basho|url=https://archive.org/details/liang.onlovebarleyhaik0001mats | date = 1985|publisher=Penguin Classics|isbn=978-0-14-044459-9 }} ==Pinanbasaran== {{Mga kasarigan}} ==Mga reperensiya== *{{Cite journal | last = Carter| first = Steven| date = 1997|title =On a Bare Branch: Bashō and the Haikai Profession| journal =Journal of the American Oriental Society| volume = 117| issue = 1| pages = 57–69|doi =10.2307/605622 | jstor = 605622}} * Forbes, Andrew; Henley, David (2014). ''Utagawa Hiroshige's 53 Stations of the Tokaido''. Chiang Mai: Cognoscenti Books. B00LM4APAI * {{Cite book| author=Lawlor, William| title=Beat Culture: Lifestyles, Icons, and Impact |location=Santa Barbara| publisher= ABC-CLIO | date = 2005 |isbn= 978-1-85109-405-9}} *{{Cite book|author=岡村 健三 (Kenzō Okamura)|title=芭蕉と寿貞尼 (Bashō to Jutei-ni)|location=Ōsaka|publisher=芭蕉俳句会 (''Bashō Haiku Kai'')| date = 1956}} * {{Cite book|author= Shirane, Haruo |title=Traces of Dreams: Landscape, Cultural Memory, and the Poetry of Basho|url= https://archive.org/details/tracesofdreamsla0000shir | location=Stanford, California |publisher=Stanford University Press | date = 1998|isbn= 0-8047-3099-7}} * {{Cite book|author= Ueda, Makoto |title=The Master Haiku Poet, Matsuo Bashō|url= https://archive.org/details/matsuobasho00ueda |location=Tokyo|publisher=Kodansha International | date = 1982 |isbn= 0-87011-553-7}} * {{Cite book|author= Ueda, Makoto |title=Matsuo Bashō |url= https://archive.org/details/matsuobasho0102ueda |location=Tokyo|publisher=Twayne Publishers| date = 1970}} * {{Cite book|author= Ueda, Makoto |title=Bashō and His Interpreters: Selected Hokku with Commentary|url= https://archive.org/details/liang.bashohisinterpre0000mako_h9c4 | location=Stanford, California |publisher=Stanford University Press | date = 1992|isbn= 0-8047-1916-0}} * Slawenski, Kenneth. 2010. ''J.D. Salinger: A Life''. New York: Random House, ISBN 978-1-4000-6951-4 * Takarai, Kikaku (2006). ''An Account of Our Master Basho's Last Days'', translated by Nobuyuki Yuasa in ''Springtime in Edo''. Hiroshima, Keisuisha. ISBN 4-87440-920-2 * {{Cite book|author=Kokusai Bunka Shinkōkai (国際文化振興会)|title=Introduction to Classic Japanese Literature| date = 1948|publisher=Kokusai Bunka Shinkōkai|location=Tokyo}} *Matsuo, Bashō (1966). "The narrow road to the Deep North", translated by Nobuyuki Yuasa. Harmondsworth, Penguin. ISBN 0-14-044185-9 ==Mga sumpay ha gawas== {{Wikiquote}} {{Wikisource|Author:Matsuo Bashō|Matsuo Bashō}} {{Commons category|Matsuo Basho}} * {{Cite web |url=http://carlsensei.com/classical/index.php/author/view/1 |title= Matsuo Bashō (松尾芭蕉) |publisher=Classical Japanese Database | accessdate= 12 Mayo 2008}} Mga dirudilain nga mga siday ni Bashō, ha orihinal ngan mga ginhubad * {{Cite web |url=http://www.haikupoetshut.com/basho1.html |title=Interpretations of Bashō |publisher=Haiku Poets Hut | accessdate= 12 Mayo 2008}} Comparison of translations by R.&nbsp;H. Blyth, Lucien Stryck and Peter Beilenson of several Bashō haiku. * {{Cite web |url=http://ngm.nationalgeographic.com/2008/02/bashos-trail/bashos-trail-interactive |title=On the Poet's Trail | author= Norman, Howard |publisher=National Geographic Magazine |date= Pebrero 2008 | accessdate= 12 Mayo 2008}} Interactive Travelogue of Howard Norman's journey in Basho's footsteps, including a map of the route taken. * {{Cite web |url=http://simplyhaiku.com/SHv4n3/features/Nobuyuki.html |title=An Account of Our Master Bashō's Last Days |publisher=Simply Haiku: A Quarterly Journal of Japanese Short Form Poetry |accessdate=29 Hunyo 2008 |archive-date=2009-02-04 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090204034805/http://simplyhaiku.com/SHv4n3/features/Nobuyuki.html |url-status= }} A translation by Nobuyuki Yuasa of an important manuscript by Takarai Kikaku, also known as Shinshi, one of Bashō’s followers. *{{worldcat id|id=lccn-n81-14364}} * {{Cite web |url=http://www.scribd.com/doc/24996714/Matsuo-Bash%C5%8D-Complete-Haiku-in-Japanese |title=Matsuo Bashō - Complete Haiku in Japanese |publisher=André von Kugland | accessdate= 9 Enero 2010}} *[http://www2.yamanashi-ken.ac.jp/~itoyo/basho/basho.htm bashoDB] * {{Cite web |url=http://www.geocities.com/dr_phinaes/haikaitranslation.html |title=Phinaes' Haikai Linked Verse Translations | date = 2007 |author=Price, Sean |accessdate= 2 Nobyembre 2009 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20071231213310/http://www.geocities.com/dr_phinaes/haikaitranslation.html |archivedate= 31 Disyembre 2007 |url-status=dead }} Translations of renku by Bashō and his disciples, by Sean Price. * {{Cite web |url=http://ngm.nationalgeographic.com/2008/02/bashos-trail/howard-norman-text |title=On the Poet's Trail | author= Norman, Howard |publisher=National Geographic Magazine |date= Pebrero 2008 | accessdate= 12 Mayo 2008 |authorlink= Howard Norman}} Travels along the path Matsuo Bashō followed for Oku no Hosomichi. Photography by Mike Yamashita. *[http://libmma.contentdm.oclc.org/cdm/compoundobject/collection/p15324coll10/id/153737 Bridge of dreams: the Mary Griggs Burke collection of Japanese art], a catalog from The Metropolitan Museum of Art Libraries (fully available online as PDF), which contains material on this artist (see index) {{DEFAULTSORT:Matsuo, Basho}} [[Kaarangay:Mga natawo han 1644]] [[Kaarangay:Mga namatay han 1694]] [[Kaarangay:Biyograpiya]] [[Kaarangay:Literatura]] [[Kaarangay:Hapon]] ljwmvjyqhdm5nwabekg8ajtduwnqsi0 0 15253 7782419 7748776 2026-04-07T08:01:19Z InternetArchiveBot 41587 Add 1 book for verifiability (20260407)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 7782419 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox philosopher | name = Homeros ({{lang|grc|Ὅμηρος}}</span> ''{{transl|grc|ISO|Homēros}}'') | image = Homer British Museum.jpg | caption = Idealized portrayal of Homer dating to the [[Hellenistic civilization|Hellenistic period]]. [[British Museum]]. | birth_date = ca. 8th century BC | influences = [[Rhapsode|rhapsodic]] [[oral poetry]] | influenced = [[Classics]] ([[Western canon]]) | nationality = [[Greeks|Greek]] }} Hi '''Homeros''' (Kahadto nga Griniyego: '''Ὅμηρος''', ''Hómēros''; Ininglis: '''Homer'''; Kinatsila: '''Homero''') an ngaran han maniniday nga Griyego nga nagsurat han mga siday epilo nga [[Iliad]] ngan an [[Odyssey]]. ==Pinanbasaran== {{Mga kasarigan}} ==Mga pinili nga bibliograpiya== ===Mga edisyon=== ;Mga teksto ha Homeros nga Griyego * [[Demetrius Chalcondyles]] ''editio princeps'', Florence, 1488 * the [[Aldine editions]] (1504 and 1517) * Th. Ridel, Strasbourg, c. 1572, 1588 and 1592. * Wolf (Halle, 1794–1795; Leipzig, 1804 1807) * Spitzner (Gotha, 1832–1836) * Bekker (Berlin, 1843; Bonn, 1858) * La Roche (''Odyssey'', 1867–1868; ''Iliad'', 1873–1876, both at Leipzig) * Ludwich (''Odyssey'', Leipzig, 1889–1891; ''Iliad'', 2 vols., 1901 and 1907) * W. Leaf (''Iliad'', London, 1886–1888; 2nd ed. 1900-1902) * [[William Walter Merry]] and [[James Riddell (scholar)|James Riddell]] (''Odyssey'' i–xii., 2nd ed., Oxford, 1886) * Monro (''Odyssey'' xiii.–xxiv. with appendices, Oxford, 1901) * Monro and Allen (''Iliad''), and Allen (''Odyssey'', 1908, Oxford). * D.B. Monro and T.W. Allen 1917-1920, ''Homeri Opera'' (5 volumes: ''Iliad'' = 3rd edition, ''Odyssey'' = 2nd edition), Oxford. ISBN 0-19-814528-4, ISBN 0-19-814529-2, ISBN 0-19-814531-4, ISBN 0-19-814532-2, ISBN 0-19-814534-9 * H. van Thiel 1991, ''Homeri Odyssea'', Hildesheim. ISBN 3-487-09458-4, 1996, ''Homeri Ilias'', Hildesheim. ISBN 3-487-09459-2 * M.L. West 1998–2000, ''Homeri Ilias'' (2 volumes), Munich/Leipzig. ISBN 3-598-71431-9, ISBN 3-598-71435-1 * P. von der Mühll 1993, ''Homeri Odyssea'', Munich/Leipzig. ISBN 3-598-71432-7 ===Interlinear translations=== * ''The Iliad of Homer a Parsed Interlinear'', Handheldclassics.com (2008) Text ISBN 978-1-60725-298-6 ===Mga ginhubad ha Ingles=== * [[Augustus Taber Murray]] (1866–1940) ** ''Homer: Iliad'', 2 vols., revised by William F. Wyatt, [[Loeb Classical Library]], Harvard University Press (1999). ** ''Homer: Odyssey'', 2 vols., revised by George E. Dimock, [[Loeb Classical Library]], Harvard University Press (1995). * [[Robert Fitzgerald]] (1910–1985) ** ''The Iliad'', Farrar, Straus and Giroux (2004) ISBN 0-374-52905-1 ** ''The Odyssey'', Farrar, Straus and Giroux (1998) ISBN 0-374-52574-9 * [[Robert Fagles]] (1933–2008) ** ''The Iliad'', Penguin Classics (1998) ISBN 0-14-027536-3 ** ''The Odyssey'', Penguin Classics (1999) ISBN 0-14-026886-3 * [[Stanley Lombardo]] (b. 1943) ** ''Iliad'', [[Hackett Publishing Company]] (1997) ISBN 0-87220-352-2 ** ''Odyssey'', [[Hackett Publishing Company]] (2000) ISBN 0-87220-484-7 ** ''Iliad'', (Audiobook) Parmenides (2006) ISBN 1-930972-08-3 ** ''Odyssey'', (Audiobook) Parmenides (2006) ISBN 1-930972-06-7 ** ''The Essential Homer'', (Audiobook) Parmenides (2006) ISBN 1-930972-12-1 ** ''The Essential Iliad'', (Audiobook) Parmenides (2006) ISBN 1-930972-10-5 *[[Barry B. Powell]] (b. 1942) **"Iliad", Oxford University Press (2013) ISBN 978-0199326105 **"Odyssey", Oxford University PressI (2014) ISBN 978-0199360314 **"Homer's Iliad and Odyssey: The Essential Books", Oxford University Press (2014) ISBN 978-0199394074 * [[Samuel Butler (novelist)|Samuel Butler]] (1835–1902) ** ''The Iliad'', Red and Black Publishers (2008) ISBN 978-1-934941-04-1 ** ''The Odyssey'', Red and Black Publishers (2008) ISBN 978-1-934941-05-8 * [[Herbert Jordan]] (b. 1938) ** ''Iliad'', University of Oklahoma Press (2008) ISBN 978-0-8061-3974-6 (soft cover) ===Kasahiran nga mga buhat ni Homeros=== * {{Cite book | first=Pierre | last=Carlier | title=Homère | language=French | publisher=Les éditions Fayard | location=Paris | date = 1999 | ISBN=2-213-60381-2}} * {{Cite book | first=Jacqueline | last=de Romilly | authorlink=Jacqueline de Romilly | title=Homère | location=Paris | publisher=[[Presses Universitaires de France]] | edition=5th | date = 2005 | ISBN=2-13-054830-X}} * {{Cite book | editor-first=Robert | editor-last=Fowler | title=The Cambridge Companion to Homer | location=Cambridge | publisher=Cambridge University Press | date = 2004 | ISBN=0-521-01246-5}} * {{Cite book | first1=J. | last1=Latacz | authorlink=Joachim Latacz | first2=Kevin, Tr. | last2=Windle | first3=Rosh, Tr. | last3=Ireland | date = 2004 | title=Troy and Homer: Towards a Solution of an Old Mystery | url=https://archive.org/details/troyhomertowards0000lata | location=Oxford | publisher=Oxford University Press | ISBN=0-19-926308-6}} In German, 5th updated and expanded edition, Leipzig, 2005. In Spanish, 2003, ISBN 84-233-3487-2. In modern Greek, 2005, ISBN 960-16-1557-1. * {{Cite EB1911 | title=Homer | url=https://archive.org/stream/encyclopaediabrit13chisrich#page/626/mode/1up | first=David Binning | last=Monro | authorlink=David Binning Monro | volume=12| pages=626-639 | no-icon=1}} * {{Cite book | editor1-first=Ian | editor1-last=Morris | editor2-first=Barry B. | editor2-last=Powell | date = 1997 | title=A New Companion to Homer | url=https://archive.org/details/newcompaniontoho0000unse_p1j1 | location=Leiden | publisher=Brill | ISBN=90-04-09989-1}} * {{Cite book | first=Barry B. | last=Powell | date = 2007 | title=Homer | edition=2nd | location=Malden, MA; Oxford, UK; Carlton, Victoria | publisher=Wiley-Blackwell | ISBN=978-1-4051-5325-6}} * {{Cite book | ref=harv | first=Pierre | last=Vidal-Naquet | authorlink=Pierre Vidal-Naquet | title=Le monde d'Homère | language=French | location=Paris | publisher=Perrin | date = 2000 | ISBN=2-262-01181-8}} * {{Cite book|first=A.J.B.|last=Wace|authorlink=Alan Wace|author2=F.H. Stubbings| date = 1962|title=A Companion to Homer|location=London|isbn=0-333-07113-1|publisher=Macmillan}} ===Influential readings and interpretations=== * {{Cite book | first=Erich | last=Auerbach | authorlink=Erich Auerbach | date = 1953 | title=[[Mimesis: The Representation of Reality in Western Literature]] | location=Princeton | publisher=Princeton University Press | chapter=Chapter 1 | ISBN=0-691-11336-X}} (orig. publ. in German, 1946, Bern) * {{Cite book | first=Irene J.F. | last=de Jong | date = 2004 | title=Narrators and Focalizers: the Presentation of the Story in the Iliad | url=https://archive.org/details/narratorsfocaliz0000jong | edition=2nd | location=London | publisher=Bristol Classical Press | ISBN=1-85399-658-0}} * {{Cite book | first=Mark W. | last=Edwards | date = 1987 | title=Homer, Poet of the Iliad | url=https://archive.org/details/homerpoetofiliad0000edwa | location=Baltimore | publisher=[[Johns Hopkins University Press]] | ISBN=0-8018-3329-9}} * {{Cite book | first=Bernard | last=Fenik | date = 1974 | title=Studies in the Odyssey | url=https://archive.org/details/trent_0116301458026 | location=Wiesbaden | publisher=Steiner | series=Hermes, Einzelschriften 30}} * {{Cite book | ref=harv | last=Finley | first=Moses | authorlink=Moses Finley | title=The World of Odysseus | url=https://archive.org/details/worldofodysseus0000finl_x7g8 | publisher=[[New York Review of Books]] | location=New York | date = 2002 | isbn=978-1-59017-017-5}} * {{Cite book | ref=harv | first=Gregory | last=Nagy | authorlink=Gregory Nagy | title=The Best of the Achaeans: Concepts of the Hero in Archaic Greek Poetry | url=https://archive.org/details/bestofachaeansco0000nagy | publisher=[[Johns Hopkins University Press]] | location=[[Baltimore]]; [[London]] | date = 1979}} * {{Cite book| ref=harv | last=Nagy | first=Gregory | title=Homer: the Preclassic | date = 2010 | publisher=University of California Press | location=Berkeley | isbn=9780520950245}} ===Mga komentaryo=== * ''Iliad'': ** P.V. Jones (ed.) 2003, ''Homer's Iliad. A Commentary on Three Translations'', London. ISBN 1-85399-657-2 ** [[G. S. Kirk]] (gen. ed.) 1985–1993, ''The Iliad: A Commentary'' (6 volumes), Cambridge. ISBN 0-521-28171-7, ISBN 0-521-28172-5, ISBN 0-521-28173-3, ISBN 0-521-28174-1, ISBN 0-521-31208-6, ISBN 0-521-31209-4 ** [[Joachim Latacz|J. Latacz]] (gen. ed.) 2002–, ''Homers Ilias. Gesamtkommentar. Auf der Grundlage der Ausgabe von Ameis-Hentze-Cauer (1868–1913)'' (6 volumes published so far, of an estimated 15), Munich/Leipzig. ISBN 3-598-74307-6, ISBN 3-598-74304-1 ** N. Postlethwaite (ed.) 2000, ''Homer's Iliad: A Commentary on the Translation of Richmond Lattimore'', Exeter. ISBN 0-85989-684-6 ** M.W. Willcock (ed.) 1976, ''A Companion to the Iliad'', Chicago. ISBN 0-226-89855-5 * ''Odyssey'': ** A. Heubeck (gen. ed.) 1990–1993, ''A Commentary on Homer's Odyssey'' (3 volumes; orig. publ. 1981–1987 in Italian), Oxford. ISBN 0-19-814747-3, ISBN 0-19-872144-7, ISBN 0-19-814953-0 ** P. Jones (ed.) 1988, ''Homer's Odyssey: A Commentary based on the English Translation of Richmond Lattimore'', Bristol. ISBN 1-85399-038-8 ** I.J.F. de Jong (ed.) 2001, ''A Narratological Commentary on the Odyssey'', Cambridge. ISBN 0-521-46844-2 ===Pagpepetsa han mga siday ni Homeros=== * {{Cite book | ref=harv | first=Richard | last=Janko | date = 1982 | title=Homer, Hesiod and the Hymns: Diachronic Development in Epic Diction | series=Cambridge Classical Studies | location=Cambridge | publisher=Cambridge University Press | ISBN=0-521-23869-2}} ==Padugang nga barasahon== * {{Cite book | ref=harv | first=Carl Darling | last=Buck | title=The Greek Dialects | location=Chicago | publisher=University of Chicago Press | date = 1928}} * {{Cite book | ref=harv | last=Evelyn-White | first=Hugh Gerard (tr.) | title=Hesiod, the Homeric hymns and Homerica | url=https://archive.org/details/hesiodhomerichym00hesiuoft | series=The Loeb Classical Library | location=London; New York | publisher=Heinemann; MacMillen | date = 1914}} * {{Cite book|last=Ford|first=Andrew|title=Homer : the poetry of the past|url=https://archive.org/details/homerpoetryofpas00ford| date = 1992|publisher=Cornell University Press|location=Ithaca, NY|isbn=0-8014-2700-2}} * {{Cite book | ref=harv | last=Graziosi | first=Barbara | title=Inventing Homer: The Early Perception of Epic | location=[[Cambridge]] | publisher=Cambridge University Press | series=Cambridge Classical Studies | date = 2002}} * {{Cite book|last=Kirk|first=G.S.|title=The Songs of Homer|url=https://archive.org/details/bwb_P8-ADQ-019| date = 1962|publisher=Cambridge University Press|location=Cambridge}} * {{Cite book | ref=harv | first1=Henry George | last1=Liddell | authorlink=Henry Liddell | first2=Robert | last2=Scott | title=A Greek-English Lexicon | edition=Revised | publisher=Clarendon Press; Perseus Digital Library | location=Oxford | date = 1940}} * {{Cite book | ref=harv | first=Gilbert | last=Murray | authorlink=Gilbert Murray| title=The Rise of the Greek Epic | url=https://archive.org/details/riseofgreekepic0000murr | location=New York | publisher=Oxford University Press | date = 1960 | edition=Galaxy Books}} * {{Cite book|last=Schein|first=Seth L.|title=The mortal hero : an introduction to Homer's Iliad|url=https://archive.org/details/mortalhero00seth| date = 1984|publisher=University of California Press|location=Berkeley|isbn=0-520-05128-9}} * {{Cite book | title=Homer: The Iliad | url=https://archive.org/details/homeriliadlandma00mssi | author= Silk, Michael | publisher=[[Cambridge University Press]] | location=[[Cambridge]] | date = 1987 | isbn=0-521-83233-0}} * {{Cite book | ref=harv | editor-first=William | editor-last=Smith | title=A Dictionary of Greek and Roman Biography and Mythology | volume=Vol. I, II & III | location=London | date = 1876 | publisher=John Murray}} ==Mga sumpay ha gawas== {{Commons}} {{Wikiquote}} {{Wikisource author}} * [http://www.gutenberg.org/browse/authors/h#a705 Works by Homer] at [[Project Gutenberg]]. * {{worldcat id|id=lccn-n78-95639}} * {{Cite book | author1=Homer | author2=Murray, A.T. | title=The Iliad with an English Translation | location=London; New York | publisher=William Heinemann Ltd.; G.P. Putnam's Sons; Internet Archive | volume=I, Books I-XII | url=https://archive.org/details/iliadmurray01homeuoft | language=Ancient Greek, English}} * [http://digital.library.northwestern.edu/homer/ The Chicago Homer] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141004181122/http://digital.library.northwestern.edu/homer/ |date=2014-10-04 }} * {{Cite web | first=Stephen (reader) | last=Daitz | title=Homer, Iliad, Book I, lines 1-52 | url=http://www.rhapsodes.fll.vt.edu/iliad1.htm | publisher=Society for the Reading of Greek and Latin Literature (SORGLL) | access-date=2012-07-29 | archive-date=2011-05-11 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110511193759/http://www.rhapsodes.fll.vt.edu/iliad1.htm | url-status=dead }} * {{Cite web |last=Heath |first=Malcolm |title=CLAS3152 Further Greek Literature II: Aristotle's Poetics: Notes on Homer's Iliad and Odyssey |publisher=Department of Classics, University of Leeds; Internet Archive |url=http://www.leeds.ac.uk/classics/resources/poetics/poet-hom.htm |date=4 Mayo 2001 |accessdate=2014-11-07 |archive-date=2008-09-08 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080908005656/http://www.leeds.ac.uk/classics/resources/poetics/poet-hom.htm |url-status=unfit }} * {{Cite web | first=Paola | last=Bassino | title=Homer: A Guide to Selected Sources | website=Living Poets: a new approach to ancient history | url=https://livingpoets.dur.ac.uk/w/Homer:_A_Guide_to_Selected_Sources | publisher=Durham University | date = 2014 | accessdate=18 Nobyembre 2014}} [[Kaarangay:Homer| ]] [[Kaarangay:Biyograpiya]] [[Kaarangay:Literatura]] cgefqtm3npnqk5u929aw6amwrwcinio 0 17192 7782421 7782054 2026-04-07T08:01:55Z InternetArchiveBot 41587 Add 1 book for verifiability (20260407)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 7782421 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox royalty |name = Jalal-ud-DinMuhammad Akbar |image = Portrait of Akbar by Manohar.jpg | succession = [[File:Fictional flag of the Mughal Empire.svg|border|22x20px]] 3rd [[Mughal Emperor]] |Full title = His Majesty Al-Sultan al-'Azam wal Khaqan al-Mukarram, Imam-i-'Adil, Sultan ul-Islam Kaffat ul-Anam, Emir ul-Mu'minin, Malik-e-Hindustan, Khalifat ul-Muta'ali Sahib-i-Zaman, Padshah Ghazi Zillu'llah ['Arsh-Ashyani], Shahanshah-E-Sulatanat Wal Mughaliya,<ref name="South"/> |predecessor = [[Humayun]] |successor = [[Jahangir]] |regent = [[Bairam Khan]] (1556–1561) |spouses = 30 wives including [[Mariam-uz-Zamani]] |issue = Jahangir, Murad, Danyal, 6 daughters others |full name = Abu'l-Fath Jalal ud-din Muhammad Akbar I |house = [[Timurid dynasty|Timurid]] |dynasty = [[Mughal Empire|Mughal]] |father = [[Humayun]] |mother = [[Hamida Banu Begum]]<ref>[http://www.google.com.pk/imgres?q=akbarnama&hl=en&biw=1024&bih=673&tbm=isch&tbnid=ZV3LjbwYAx0Q1M:&imgrefurl=http://collections.vam.ac.uk/item/O9283/painting-akbars-mother-travels-by-boat/&docid=roKrcHUoKz9a5M&w=498&h=768&ei=VIiFTrXVPMPf4QTGspWHDw&zoom=1&iact=hc&vpx=316&vpy=157&dur=12469&hovh=279&hovw=181&tx=129&ty=197&page=3&tbnh=143&tbnw=95&start=41&ndsp=21&ved=1t:429,r:9,s:41 Google Images<!-- Bot generated title -->]</ref> |birth_name = Jalal ud-Din Muhammad |birth_date = {{birth date|1542|10|14|df=y}} |birth_place = [[Umerkot]], [[Sindh|Sind]] |death_date = {{death date and age|1605|10|27|1542|10|14|df=y}} |death_place = [[Fatehpur Sikri]], [[Agra]] |date of burial = |place of burial = [[Sikandra, Agra]] |religion = [[Din-i-Ilahi]], later coverted back to [[Islam]] }} Hi '''Jalaluddin Muhammad Akbar''' usa nga gikakariti nga pinuno Mughal han [[Indya]]. Hiya an nagdara han Imperyo Mughal tikang ha 1556 C.E. ngadto ha 1605 C.E.. Kilala liwat hiya nga '''Akbar nga Harangdon''' (''Akbar-e-Azam''). Natawo hiya ha Oktubre 15, 1542 ngan namatay Oktubre 27 C.E., 1605 C.E.. ==Mga kasarigan== {{reflist}} ==Mga reperensya== * {{cite book|title=Mughal India: Studies in Polity, Ideas, Society and Culture|url=https://archive.org/details/mughalindiastudi0000atha|first=M. Athar|last=Ali|year=2006|publisher=[[Oxford University Press]] |isbn=978-0-19-569661-5 |ref=harv}} * {{cite book|title=History of Medieval India|first=Satish|last=Chandra|authorlink=Satish Chandra|year=2007|publisher=[[Orient Longman]]|place=New Delhi|isbn=978-81-250-3226-7|ref=harv}} * {{cite book|title=Akbar and His India|url=https://archive.org/details/akbarhisindia0000unse|first=Irfan|last=Habib|authorlink=Irfan Habib|year=1997|publisher=Oxford University Press|place=New Delhi|isbn=978-0-19-563791-5|ref=harv}} * {{cite book|title=Religion, State and Society in Medieval India|first=Nurul|last=Hasan|authorlink=Saiyid Nurul Hasan|year=2007|publisher=Oxford University Press|place=New Delhi|isbn=978-0-19-569660-8|ref=harv}} * {{cite book|title=People, Taxation and Trade in Mughal India|url=https://archive.org/details/peopletaxationtr0000moos|first=Shireen|last=Moosvi|year=2008|publisher=Oxford University Press|place=New Delhi|isbn=978-0-19-569315-7|ref=harv}} * {{cite book|title=History of Mughal Architecture|url=https://archive.org/details/historyofmughala0000nath|first=R.|last=Nath|year=1982|publisher=Abhinav Publications|isbn=978-81-7017-159-1|ref=harv}} * {{cite book |last=Sangari |first=Kumkum |editor-first=J.S.| editor-last=Grewal |title=The State and Society in Medieval India |publisher=Oxford University Press |year=2007 |pages=475–501 |chapter=Akbar: The Name of a Conjuncture|place=New Delhi|isbn=978-0-19-566720-2 |ref=harv}} * {{cite book|title=A History of Jaipur|first=Jadunath|last=Sarkar|authorlink=Jadunath Sarkar|year=1984|publisher=Orient Longman|place=New Delhi|isbn=81-250-0333-9|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=O0oPIo9TXKcC|ref=harv}} * {{cite book|title=The Oxford History of India|first=Vincent A.|last=Smith|authorlink=Vincent Arthur Smith|year=2002|publisher=Oxford University Press|isbn=978-0-19-561297-4|ref=harv}} ==Padugang nga barasahon== * [[Abu'l-Fazl ibn Mubarak]] ''Akbar-namah'' Edited with commentary by Muhammad [[Sadiq Ali]] (Kanpur-Lucknow: Nawal Kishore) 1881–3 Three Vols. ([[Persian Language|Persian]]) * Abu al-Fazl ibn Mubarak ''Akbarnamah'' Edited by Maulavi [[Abd Al-Rahim|Abd al-Rahim]]. Bibliotheca Indica Series (Calcutta: Asiatic Society of Bengal) 1877–1887 Three Vols. ([[Persian Language|Persian]]) * Henry Beveridge (Trans.) ''The Akbarnama of Ab-ul-Fazl'' Bibliotheca Indica Series (Calcutta: Asiatic Society of Bengal) 1897 Three Vols. * Haji Muhammad 'Arif Qandahari ''Tarikh-i-Akbari (Better known as Tarikh-i-Qandahari)'' edited & Annotated by Haji Mu'in'd-Din Nadwi, Dr. Azhar 'Ali Dihlawi & Imtiyaz 'Ali 'Arshi ([[Rampur Raza Library]]) 1962 ([[Persian Language|Persian]]) * Martí Escayol, Maria Antònia. "Antoni de Montserrat in the Mughal Garden of good government European construction of Indian nature", ''Word, Image, Text: Studies in Literary and Visual Culture'', ed. Shormistha Panja et al., Orient Blackswan, New Delhi, 2009. ISBN 978-81-250-3735-4 * Satyananda Giri, ''Akbar'', Trafford Publishing, 2009, ISBN 978-1-4269-1561-1 * {{cite book|last=Augustus|first=Frederick|author2=(tr. by Annette Susannah Beveridge)|title=The Emperor Akbar, a contribution towards the history of India in the 16th century (Vol. 1)|url=http://www.archive.org/stream/emperorakbaraco00buchgoog#page/n8/mode/1up|year=1890|publisher=Thacker, Spink and Co., Calcutta}} * {{cite book|last=Augustus|first=Frederick|author2=(tr. by Annette Susannah Beveridge)|editor= Gustav von Buchwald|title=The Emperor Akbar, a contribution towards the history of India in the 16th century (Vol. 2)|url=http://www.archive.org/stream/emperorakbaraco00augugoog#page/n4/mode/1up|year=1890|publisher=Thacker, Spink and Co., Calcutta}} * {{cite book|last=Malleson|first=Colonel G. B.|title=Akbar And The Rise Of The Mughal Empire|series=[[Rulers of India series]]|url=http://www.archive.org/stream/rulersofindiaakb009177mbp#page/n7/mode/2up|year=1899|publisher=Oxford at the Clarendon Press}} * {{cite book|last=Garbe|first=Dr. Richard von |title=Akbar - Emperor of India. A Picture of Life and Customs from the Sixteenth Century|url=http://www.archive.org/stream/akbaremperorofin00garb#page/n7/mode/2up|year=1909|publisher=The Opencourt Publishing Company, Chicago}} ** [http://www.gutenberg.org/ebooks/14134 ''Akbar, Emperor of India'' by Richard von Garbe 1857-1927 - (ebook)] * [http://www.gutenberg.org/etext/18307 ''The Adventures of Akbar'' by Flora Annie Steel, 1847-1929 -(ebook)] * {{cite book|last=Smith |first=Vincent Arthur|authorlink=Vincent Arthur Smith|title=Akbar the Great Mogul, 1542-1605|url=http://www.archive.org/stream/cu31924024056503#page/n7/mode/2up|year=1917|publisher=Oxford at The Clarendon Press}} * {{cite book|last=Havell|first=E. B.|authorlink=Ernest Binfield Havell|title=The History of Aryan Rule In India from the earliest times to the death of Akbar|url=http://www.archive.org/stream/historyofaryanru00have#page/n9/mode/2up|year=1918|publisher=Frederick A. Stokes Co., New York}} * {{cite book|last=Moreland|first=W. H.|title=India at the death of Akbar: An economic study |url=http://www.archive.org/stream/cu31924022895001#page/n5/mode/2up|year=1920|publisher=Macmillan & Co., London}} * {{cite book|last=Monserrate|first= Father Antonio|title=The commentary of Father Monserrate, S.J., on his journey to the court of Akbar|url=http://www.archive.org/stream/commentaryoffath00monsuoft#page/n7/mode/2up|year=1922|publisher=Oxford University Press}} ==Mga sumpay ha gawas== {{Commons category|Akbar I}} {{EB1911 poster|Akbar, Jellaladin Mahommed}} * [http://www.indohistory.com/akbar.html Jalaluddin Muhammad Akbar] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150924034503/http://www.indohistory.com/akbar.html |date=2015-09-24 }} The Great * {{gutenberg|no=14134|name=Akbar, Emperor of India ''by Richard von Garbe''}} * [http://www.india-intro.com/history-of-birbal-story-of-birbal.html History of the friendship between Akbar and Birbal] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110103183456/http://www.india-intro.com/history-of-birbal-story-of-birbal.html |date=2011-01-03 }} * [http://www.wdl.org/en/item/9691 ''The Drama of Akbar''] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150906180934/http://www.wdl.org/en/item/9691 |date=2015-09-06 }} by [[Muhammad Husain Azad]] from 1922 {{DEFAULTSORT:Akbar}} [[Kaarangay:Mga natawo han 1542]] [[Kaarangay:Mga namatay han 1605]] [[Kaarangay:Biyograpiya]] [[Kaarangay:Indya]] 82812t57q781c087zfvgbxqgj2dwgy7 0 17193 7782345 7773894 2026-04-07T06:47:58Z InternetArchiveBot 41587 Add 1 book for verifiability (20260407)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 7782345 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox officeholder |name=Mustafa Kemal Atatürk |nationality=[[Turkey|Turkish]] |image=Ataturk1930s.jpg |imagesize=250px |caption=Atatürk in 1930's |birth_date=19 Mayo 1881 <small>([[Mustafa Kemal Atatürk's personal life#Birth date|Conventional]]. This date was adopted by the president himself for official purposes in the absence of precise knowledge concerning the real date.)</small> |birth_place=[[Thessaloniki|Salonica]], [[Ottoman Empire]] (present-day [[Thessaloniki]], Greece) |death_date={{Death date and age|df=yes|1938|11|10|1881|5|19}} |death_place=[[Dolmabahçe Palace]]<br />[[Istanbul]], Turkey |restingplace=[[Anıtkabir]]<br />[[Ankara]], Turkey |signature=Signature of Mustafa Kemal Atatürk.svg |party=[[Committee of Union and Progress]], [[Republican People's Party (Turkey)|Republican People's Party]] |spouse=[[Lâtife Uşaklıgil]] (1923–25) |order=[[List of Presidents of Turkey|1st]] [[President of Turkey|President of the Republic of Turkey]] |term=29 Oktubre 1923 – 10 Nobyembre 1938<br />({{age in years and days|1923|10|29|1938|11|10}}) |successor=[[İsmet İnönü]] |primeminister=[[Ali Fethi Okyar]]<br />[[İsmet İnönü]]<br />[[Celâl Bayar]] |order2=[[List of Prime Ministers of Turkey|1st Prime Minister of Turkey]] |term2=3 Mayo 1920 – 24 Enero 1921<br />({{age in years and days|1920|5|3|1921|1|24}}) |successor2=[[Fevzi Çakmak]] |order3=[[List of Speakers of the Parliament of Turkey|1st Speaker of the Parliament of Turkey]] |term3=24 Abril 1920 – 29 Oktubre 1923<br />({{age in years and days|1920|4|24|1923|11|29}}) |successor3=[[Ali Fethi Okyar]] |order4=[[Republican People's Party (Turkey)|1st Leader of the Republican People's Party]] |term4=9 Septyembre 1923 – 10 Nobyembre 1938<br />({{age in years and days|1923|9|9|1938|11|10}}) |successor4=[[İsmet İnönü]] <!--Military service--> |allegiance={{flag|Ottoman Empire}} (1893-1919)<br /> {{flag|Turkey}} (1921-1923) |branch=Army |rank=[[Mareşal (Turkey)|Mareşal]] ([[Field Marshal]]) |unit= |commands=[[19th Infantry Division (Ottoman Empire)|19th Division]] – [[XVI Corps (Ottoman Empire)|16th Corps]] – [[Second Army (Ottoman Empire)|2nd Army]] – [[Seventh Army (Ottoman Empire)|7th Army]] – [[Yildirim Army Group]] – [[commander-in-chief]] of [[Turkish Army#History|Army]] of the [[Grand National Assembly of Turkey|Grand National Assembly]] |battles=[[Battle of Tobruk (1911)|Tobruk]] – [[Landing at Anzac Cove|Anzac Cove]] – [[Battle of Chunuk Bair|Chunuk Bair]] – [[Battle of Scimitar Hill|Scimitar Hill]] – [[Battle of Sari Bair|Sari Bair]] – [[Battle of Bitlis|Bitlis]] – [[Battle of Sakarya|Sakarya]] – [[Battle of Dumlupınar|Dumlupınar]] |awards=[[List of awards of Mustafa Kemal Atatürk|List (24 medals)]] |footnotes=<div style="float: left;">[[Paypay:timeline icon.svg|50px|External Timeline]]</div> <div style="margin-left: 87px;">[[Batakan:Timeline of Mustafa Kemal Atatürk|Graphical Timeline]]</div> <div style="margin-left: 87px;">[[Timeline of Mustafa Kemal Atatürk|Detailed Chronology]]</div> }} '''Mustafa Kemal Atatürk''' (1881-1938) amo an naging siyahan nga mangulo han [[Turkeya|Republika han Turkeya]]. ==Pinanbasaran== {{Mga kasarigan}} ==Mga reperensya== {{Refbegin}} ;Mga imprenta *{{Cite book|last=Ahmad|first=Feroz|title=The Making of Modern Turkey|url=https://archive.org/details/makingofmoderntu00ahma|publisher=Routledge|location=London; New York| date = 1993|isbn=978-0-415-07835-1}} *{{Cite book|last=Armstrong|first=Harold Courtenay|title=Grey Wolf, Mustafa Kemal: An Intimate Study of a Dictator|publisher=Books for Libraries Press|location=Freeport, NY| date = 1972|isbn=978-0-8369-6962-7}} *{{Cite book|last=Atillasoy|first=Yüksel|title=Atatürk: First President and Founder of the Turkish Republic|url=https://archive.org/details/ataturkfirstpres0000atil|publisher=Woodside House|location=Woodside, NY| date = 2002|isbn=978-0-9712353-4-2}} *{{Cite book|last=Barber|first=Noel|authorlink=Noel Barber|title=Lords of the Golden Horn: From Suleiman the Magnificent to Kamal Ataturk|url=https://archive.org/details/lordsofgoldenhor0000barb_d2o8|publisher=Arrow|location=London| date = 1988|isbn=978-0-09-953950-6}} *{{Cite book|last=Barlas|first=Dilek|title=Statism and Diplomacy in Turkey: Economic and Foreign Policy Strategies in an Uncertain World, 1929–1939|publisher=Brill Academic Publishers|location=New York| date = 1998|isbn=978-90-04-10855-4}} *{{Cite book|last=Cleveland|first=William L|title=A History of the Modern Middle East|url=https://archive.org/details/historyofmodernm00will|publisher=Westview Press|location=Boulder, Colorado| date = 2004|isbn=978-0-8133-4048-7}} *{{Cite book|last=Doğan|first=Çağatay Emre|title=Formation of Factory Settlements Within Turkish Industrialization and Modernization in 1930s: Nazilli Printing Factory|location=Ankara|publisher=Middle East Technical University| date = 2003|oclc=54431696|language=Turkish}} *{{Cite book|last=Huntington|first=Samuel P.|authorlink=Samuel P. Huntington|title=[[Political Order in Changing Societies]]|publisher=Yale University Press|location=New Haven, Conn.; London| date = 2006|isbn=978-0-300-11620-5}} *{{Cite book|last=İğdemir|first=Uluğ|coauthors=Mango, Andrew (translation)|title=Atatürk|publisher=Turkish National Commission for UNESCO|location=Ankara| date = 1963|oclc=75604149|pages=165–170}} *{{Cite book|last=İnan|first=Ayşe Afet|authorlink=Afet İnan|title=Atatürk Hakkında Hatıralar ve Belgeler|publisher=Türkiye İş Bankası Kültür Yayınları|location=Istanbul| date = 2007|isbn=9944-88-140-1 {{Please check ISBN|reason=Check digit (1) does not correspond to calculated figure.}}|language=Turkish}}<!-- published in July 2007, not yet on Worldcat. possibly newest edition for {{OCLC|79910449}}--> *{{Cite book|last=İnan|first=Ayşe Afet|coauthors=Sevim, Ali; Süslü, Azmi; Tural, M Akif|title=Medeni bilgiler ve M. Kemal Atatürk'ün el Yazıları|location=Ankara|publisher=AKDTYK Atatürk Araştırma Merkezi| date = 1998|isbn=978-975-16-1276-2|language=Turkish}} *{{Cite book|last=Kinross|first=Patrick|authorlink=John Balfour, 3rd Baron Kinross|title=Atatürk: The Rebirth of a Nation|url=https://archive.org/details/atatrkrebirthofn0000patr|publisher=Phoenix Press| date = 2003|location=London|isbn=978-1-84212-599-1|oclc=55516821}} *{{Cite book|last=Kinross|first=Patrick|title=The Ottoman Centuries: The Rise and Fall of the Turkish Empire|url=https://archive.org/details/ottomancenturies00kinr|publisher=Morrow| date = 1979|location=New York|isbn=978-0-688-08093-8}} *{{Cite book|last=Landau|first=Jacob M|title=Atatürk and the Modernization of Turkey| date = 1983|publisher=Westview Press|location=Boulder, Colorado|isbn=978-0-86531-986-8}} *{{Cite book|last=Lengyel|first=Emil|title=They Called Him Atatürk|publisher=The John Day Co|location=New York| date = 1962|oclc=1337444}} *{{Cite book|last=Mango|first=Andrew|authorlink=Andrew Mango|title=Ataturk: The Biography of the Founder of Modern Turkey|url=https://archive.org/details/ataturk00andr|origyear=1999|edition=Paperback| date = 2002|publisher=Overlook Press, Peter Mayer Publishers, Inc|location=Woodstock, NY|isbn=1-58567-334-X}} *{{Cite book|last=Mango|first=Andrew|authorlink=Andrew Mango|title=Atatürk|publisher=John Murray|location=London| date = 2004|isbn=978-0-7195-6592-2}} *{{Cite book|last=Saikal|first=Amin|coauthors=Schnabel, Albrecht|title=Democratization in the Middle East: Experiences, Struggles, Challenges|location=Tokyo|publisher=United Nations University Press| date = 2003|isbn=978-92-808-1085-1|url=http://books.google.com/?id=qFhU3kWXLvEC&printsec=frontcover&dq=ataturk+and+islam}}{{Dead link|date=September 2021 |bot=InternetArchiveBot }} *{{Cite book|last=Shaw|first=Stanford Jay|authorlink=Stanford J. Shaw|coauthors=Shaw, Ezel Kural|title=History of the Ottoman Empire and Modern Turkey|url=https://archive.org/details/historyofottoman00stan|publisher=Cambridge University Press|location=Cambridge; New York| date = 1976–1977|isbn=978-0-521-21280-9}} *{{Cite book|last=Spangnolo|first=John|title=The Modern Middle East in Historical Perspective: Essays in Honour of Albert Hourani| date = 1992|publisher=Middle East Centre, St. Antony's College|location=Oxford|oclc=80503960|isbn=978-0-86372-164-9}} *{{Cite book|last=Tunçay|first=Mete|title=Mesaî : Halk Şûrâlar Fırkası Programı, 1920|location=Ankara|publisher=Ankara Üniversitesi Siyasal Bilgiler Fakültesi| date = 1972|oclc=1926301|language=Turkish}} *{{Cite book|last=Tüfekçi|first=Gürbüz D|title=Universality of Atatürk's Philosophy|location=Ankara|publisher=Pan Matbaacılık| date = 1981|oclc=54074541}} *{{Cite book|last=Yapp|first=Malcolm|title=The Making of the Modern Near East, 1792–1923|url=https://archive.org/details/makingofmodern00yapp|publisher=Longman|location=London ; New York| date = 1987|isbn=978-0-582-49380-3}} *{{Cite book|last=Webster|first=Donald Everett|title=The Turkey of Atatürk; Social Process in the Turkish Reformation| date = 1973|publisher=AMS Press|location=New York|isbn=978-0-404-56333-2}} *{{Cite book|last=Zürcher|first=Erik Jan|title=Turkey: A Modern History|publisher=I.B. Tauris|location=London; New York| date = 2004|isbn=978-1-85043-399-6}} ;Journals *{{Cite journal|last=Eastham|first=J. K.|journal=The Economic Journal|title=The Turkish Development Plan: The First Five Years|location=New York|publisher=Macmillan| date = 1964|month=March|pages=132–136|volume=74|issue=298|issn=0013-0133|doi=10.2307/2228117|jstor=2228117}} *{{Cite journal|last=Emrence|first=Cem|journal=Middle Eastern Studies|title=Turkey in Economic Crisis (1927–1930): A Panaromic Vision|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_middle-eastern-studies_2003-10_39_4/page/67|location=London|publisher=F. Cass.| date = 2003|pages=67–80|volume=39|issue=4|issn=0026-3206|doi=10.1080/00263200412331301787}} *{{Cite journal|last=Omur|first=Aslı|journal=Turkish Times| date = 2002|month=December|title=Modernity and Islam: Experiences of Turkish Women|volume=13|issue=312|issn=1043-0164|url=http://www.theturkishtimes.com/archive/02/12_01/c_women.html|accessdate=10 Oktubre 2007|archive-date=7 Oktubre 2007|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071007232154/http://www.theturkishtimes.com/archive/02/12_01/c_women.html|url-status=dead}} *{{Cite journal|last=Özelli|first=M. Tunç|journal=International Journal of Middle East Studies|title=The Evolution of the Formal Educational System and its Relation to Economic Growth Policies in the First Turkish Republic|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_international-journal-of-middle-east-studies_1974-01_5_1/page/77|issn=0020-7438|publisher=Cambridge University Press|location=London|volume=5|issue=1|pages=77–92|month=January| date = 1974|jstor=162345}}<!-- jstor is not accessible to everyone --> *{{Cite journal|last=Stone|first=Norman|journal=The National Interest|authorlink=Norman Stone|title=Talking Turkey|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_national-interest_fall-2000_61/page/66|location=New York|publisher=National Affairs, Inc| date = 2000|pages=66|volume=61|issn=0884-9382}} *{{Cite journal|last=Volkan|first=Vamik D.|journal=Psychoanalytic Study of Society|title=Immortal Atatürk – Narcissism and Creativity in a Revolutionary Leader|publisher=Psychohistory Press|location=New York| date = 1981|volume=9|issn=0079-7294|pages=221–255|oclc=60448681}} *{{Cite journal|last=Wolf-Gazo|first=Ernest|journal=Journal of American Studies of Turkey|title=John Dewey in Turkey: An Educational Mission|publisher=American Studies Association of Turkey|location=Ankara, Turkey| date = 1996|volume=3|issn=1300-6606|pages=15–42|url=http://www.bilkent.edu.tr/~jast/Number3/Gazo.html|access-date=2012-07-31|archive-date=2009-03-27|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090327060825/http://www.bilkent.edu.tr/~jast/Number3/Gazo.html|url-status=dead}} *{{Cite news|title=Mustafa Kemal Atatürk|url=http://www.teknikportal.com/mustafa-kemal-ataturk-hayati-basarilari-t9870.0.html|work=TP Editors|pages=7–8|accessdate=29 Abril 2008|archive-date=30 Abril 2008|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080430154105/http://www.teknikportal.com/mustafa-kemal-ataturk-hayati-basarilari-t9870.0.html|url-status=}} *{{Cite news|title=The Burial of Atatürk|url=http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,860125,00.html|work=Time Magazine|pages=37–39|date=23 Nobyembre 1953|accessdate=7 Agosto 2007|archive-date=23 Agosto 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130823204249/http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,860125,00.html|url-status=dead}} {{Refend}} ==Mga sumpay ha gawas== {{Commons category|Mustafa Kemal Atatürk}} *[http://bitolatourist.info/things/museum/ataturk.html Memorial room in Bitola (Monastir)] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090614091504/http://www.bitolatourist.info/things/museum/ataturk.html |date=2009-06-14 }} * {{Internet Archive short film|id=gov.archives.arc.651784|name=Incredible Turk (1958)}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Ataturk, Mustafa Kemal}} [[Kaarangay:Mustafa Kemal Atatürk| ]] [[Kaarangay:Mga natawo han 1881]] [[Kaarangay:Mga namatay han 1938]] [[Kaarangay:Biyograpiya|Ataturk, Mustafa Kemal]] [[Kaarangay:Turkeya|Ataturk, Mustafa Kemal]] ts2w91aoin2or9txs5uadcbqmq1ztt9 0 17194 7782323 7747889 2026-04-07T06:20:33Z InternetArchiveBot 41587 Add 2 books for verifiability (20260407)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 7782323 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox Roman emperor | name = Augustus | title = 1st [[Roman Emperor|Emperor]] of the [[Roman Empire]] | image= Statue-Augustus.jpg | caption = The statue known as the [[Augustus of Prima Porta]], 1st century | reign = 16 January 27 BC&nbsp;– 19 August AD 14 | predecessor = None ([[Roman Empire|Empirre]] founded) | successor = [[Tiberius]] | spouse = [[Clodia Pulchra]] (42 BC - 40 BC)<br />[[Scribonia]] (40 BC - 38 BC)<br />[[Livia|Livia Drusilla]] (37 BC - 14 AD) | issue = [[Julia the Elder]]<br />[[Gaius Caesar]] (adoptive)<br />[[Lucius Caesar]] (adoptive)<br />[[Agrippa Postumus]] (adoptive)<br />[[Tiberius]] (adoptive) | house = [[Julio-Claudian dynasty|Julio-Claudian Dynasty]] | full name = Imperator Gaius Julius Caesar Octavianus Divi Filius Augustus | father = [[Gaius Octavius]] | mother = [[Atia Balba Caesonia]] | birth_date = 23 September 63 BC | birth_place = [[Rome]], [[Roman Republic]] | death_date = 19 August AD 14 (aged 75) | death_place = [[Nola]], [[Italia (Roman Empire)|Italia]], [[Roman Empire]] | date of burial = | place of burial = [[Mausoleum of Augustus]], [[Rome]] }} Hi '''Augustus''' o '''Augusto''' nga tinatawag gihapon nga '''César Augusto''' o kundi man '''Sesar Augusto''' amo an naging siyahan nga emperador han [[Imperyo Romano]], nga iya ginhadian tikang ha 27 BC ngadto ha iya kamatayan ha AD 14. ===Bibliograpiya=== {{refbegin|30em}} *[[Clifford Ando|Ando, Clifford]], ''Imnperial ideology and provincial loyalty in the Roman Empire'', University of California Press, 2000. *Bivar, A.D.H. (1983). "The Political History of Iran Under the Arsacids", in ''The Cambridge History of Iran'' (Vol 3:1), 21–99. Edited by Ehsan Yarshater. London, New York, New Rochelle, Melbourne, and Sydney: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-20092-9. *Blackburn, Bonnie and Holford-Strevens, Leofranc. (1999). ''The Oxford Companion to the Year''. Oxford University Press. Reprinted with corrections 2003. *Bourne, Ella. "Augustus as a Letter-Writer", ''Transactions and Proceedings of the American Philological Association'' (Volume 49, 1918): 53–66. *{{cite book |last=Bowersock |first=G. W. |editor=Kurt A. Raaflaub and Mark Toher (eds.) |title=Between Republic and Empire: Interpretations of Augustus and his Principate |year=1990 |publisher=University of California Press |location=Berkeley |isbn=978-0-520-08447-6 |pages=380–394 |chapter=The Pontificate of Augustus }} *Brosius, Maria. (2006). ''The Persians: An Introduction''. London & New York: Routledge. ISBN 978-0-415-32089-4 (hbk). *Bunson, Matthew. (1994). ''[[Encyclopedia of the Roman Empire]]''. New York: Facts on File Inc. ISBN 978-0-8160-3182-5 *Chisholm, Kitty and John Ferguson. (1981). ''Rome: The Augustan Age; A Source Book''. Oxford: Oxford University Press, in association with the Open University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-872108-6 *[[Cassius Dio|Dio, Cassius]]. (1987) ''The Roman History: The Reign of Augustus''. Translated by Ian Scott-Kilvert. London: Penguin Books. ISBN 978-0-14-044448-3. *Davies, Mark; Swain, Hilary; Davies, Mark Everson, ''Aspects of Roman history, 82 BC-AD 14: a source-based approach'', Taylor & Francis e-Library, 2010. *[[Werner Eck|Eck, Werner]]; translated by Deborah Lucas Schneider; new material by Sarolta A. Takács. (2003) ''The Age of Augustus''. Oxford: Blackwell Publishing (hardcover, ISBN 978-0-631-22957-5; paperback, ISBN 978-0-631-22958-2). *Eder, Walter. (2005). "Augustus and the Power of Tradition", in ''The Cambridge Companion to the Age of Augustus (Cambridge Companions to the Ancient World)'', ed. Karl Galinsky, 13–32. Cambridge, MA; New York: Cambridge University Press (hardcover, ISBN 978-0-521-80796-8; paperback, ISBN 978-0-521-00393-3). *Everitt, Anthony (2008) ''Augustus: The Life of Rome's First Emperor''. Random House Books. ISBN 1-4000-6128-8. *{{cite book |last=Green |first=Peter |title=Alexannder to Actium: The Historical Evolution of the Hellenistic Age |url=https://archive.org/details/alexandertoactiu0000gree_g5g7 |series=Hellenistic Culture and Society |year=1990 |publisher=University of California Press |location=Berkeley, California; Los Angeles; London |isbn=0-520-05611-6 (hbk.); ISBN 0-520-08349-0 (pbk.)}} *Gruen, Erich S. (2005). "Augustus and the Making of the Principate", in ''The Cambridge Companion to the Age of Augustus (Cambridge Companions to the Ancient World)'', ed. Karl Galinsky, 33–51. Cambridge, MA; New York: Cambridge University Press (hardcover, ISBN 978-0-521-80796-8; paperback, ISBN 978-0-521-00393-3). *Holland, Richard, ''Augustus, Godfather of Europe'', Sutton Publishing, 2005. *Kelsall, Malcolm. "Augustus and Pope", ''The Huntington Library Quarterly'' (Volume 39, Number 2, 1976): 117–131. *{{cite book|title=Ancient Rome: A Military and Political History|url=https://archive.org/details/ancientromemilit0000mack|last=Mackay|first=Christopher S.|publisher=Cambridge University Press|year=2004|isbn=978-0-521-80918-4}} *Raaflaub, Kurt A.; Toher, Mark, ''Between republic and empire: interpretations of Augustus and his principate'', University of California Press, 1993. *Scott, Kenneth. "The Political Propaganda of 44–30 B.C." ''Memoirs of the American Academy in Rome'', Vol. 11, (1933), pp.&nbsp;7–49. *{{cite book |last=Scullard |first=H. H. |title=From the Gracchi to Nero: A History of Rome from 133&nbsp;B.C. to A.D. 68 |url=https://archive.org/details/fromgracchitoner00scul |edition=5th |origyear=1959 |year=1982 |publisher=Routledge |location=London; New York|isbn=978-0-415-02527-0}} *{{cite book|last=Suetonius|first=Gaius Tranquillus|authorlink=Suetonius|title=[[The Twelve Caesars|Lives of the Twelve Caesars]]|year=1931|publisher=Modern Library|location=New York}} *Rowell, Henry Thompson. (1962). ''The Centers of Civilization Series: Volume 5; Rome in the Augustan Age''. Norman: University of Oklahoma Press. ISBN 978-0-8061-0956-5 *Shaw-Smith, R. "A Letter from Augustus to Tiberius", ''Greece & Rome'' (Volume 18, Number 2, 1971): 213–214. *Shotter, D.C.A. "Tiberius and the Spirit of Augustus", ''Greece & Rome'' (Volume 13, Number 2, 1966): 207–212. *Southern, Pat. (1998). ''Augustus''. London: Routledge. ISBN 978-0-415-16631-7. *Starr, Chester G., Jr. "The Perfect Democracy of the Roman Empire", ''The American Historical Review'' (Volume 58, Number 1, 1952): 1–16. *{{cite book |last=Syme |first=Ronald |authorlink=Ronald Syme |title=The Roman Revolution |url=https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.73667 |year=1939 |publisher=Oxford University Press |location=Oxford |isbn=0-19-280320-4 (pbk.)}} *Wells, Colin Michael, ''The Roman Empire'', Harvard University Press, 2004. {{refend}} ==Dugang nga barasahon== {{refbegin|30em}} * Bleicken, Jochen. (1998). ''Augustus. Eine Biographie''. Berlin. *{{cite book|last=Buchan|first=John|title=Augustus|url=https://archive.org/details/augustus0000buch|year=1937|publisher=Houghton Mifflin Co|location=Boston}} * Galinsky, Karl. ''Augustan Culture''. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 1998 (paperback, ISBN 978-0-691-05890-0). *{{cite book|last=Grant|first=Michael|title=The Roman Emperors: A Biographical Guide to the Rulers of Imperial Rome, 31 BC&nbsp;— AD 476|url=https://archive.org/details/romanemperorsbio0000gran|year=1985|publisher=Charles Scribner's Sons|location=New York}} *Lewis, P. R. and G. D. B. Jones, ''Roman gold-mining in north-west Spain'', Journal of Roman Studies 60 (1970): 169–85 *Jones, R. F. J. and Bird, D. G., ''Roman gold-mining in north-west Spain, II: Workings on the Rio Duerna'', Journal of Roman Studies 62 (1972): 59–74. *Jones, A.H.M. "The Imperium of Augustus", ''The Journal of Roman Studies'', Vol.&nbsp;41, Parts 1 and 2. (1951), pp.&nbsp;112–119. *Jones, A.H.M. ''Augustus''. London: Chatto & Windus, 1970 (paperback, ISBN 978-0-7011-1626-2). *{{cite book|last=Massie|first=Allan|title=The Caesars|url=https://archive.org/details/caesars0000alla_e5a1|year=1984|publisher=Franklin Watts|location=New York}} *Osgood, Josiah. ''Caesar's Legacy: Civil War and the Emergence of the Roman Empire''. New York: Cambridge University Press (USA), 2006 (hardback, ISBN 978-0-521-85582-2; paperback, ISBN 978-0-521-67177-4). *Raaflaub, Kurt&nbsp;A. and Toher, Mark (eds.). ''Between Republic and Empire: Interpretations of Augustus and His Principate''. Berkeley; Los Angeles: University of California Press, 1993 (paperback, ISBN 978-0-520-08447-6). *Reinhold, Meyer. ''The Golden Age of Augustus (Aspects of Antiquity)''. Toronto, ON: Univ. of Toronto Press, 1978 (hardcover, ISBN 978-0-89522-007-3; paperback, ISBN 978-0-89522-008-0). *Roebuck, C. (1966). ''The World of Ancient Times''. New York: Charles Scribner's Sons. *{{cite book|last=Shotter|first=D. C. A.|title=Augustus Caesar|year=1991|publisher=Routledge|location=London|series=Lancaster Pamphlets}} *Southern, Pat. ''Augustus (Roman Imperial Biographies)''. New York: Routledge, 1998 (hardcover, ISBN 978-0-415-16631-7); 2001 (paperback, ISBN 978-0-415-25855-5). *Zanker, Paul. ''The Power of Images in the Age of Augustus (Thomas Spencer Jerome Lectures)''. Ann Arbor, MI: University of Michigan Press, 1989 (hardcover, ISBN 978-0-472-10101-6); 1990 (paperback, ISBN 978-0-472-08124-0). {{refend}} ==Mga sumpay ha gawas== {{Commonscat|Augustus}} ;Primarya nga kuruhaan *[http://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Cassius_Dio/home.html#45 Cassius Dio's Roman History: Books 45–56, English translation] *[http://ancientrome.ru/art/artworken/result.htm?alt=August&pnumber=30 Gallery of the Ancient Art: August] *[http://janusquirinus.org/Octavian/humour.html Humor of Augustus] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070927130651/http://janusquirinus.org/Octavian/humour.html |date=2007-09-27 }} *[http://www.csun.edu/~hcfll004/nicolaus.html Life of Augustus] by [[Nicolaus of Damascus]], English translation *[http://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Suetonius/12Caesars/Augustus*.html Suetonius' biography of Augustus, Latin text with English translation] *[http://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Augustus/Res_Gestae/home.html The Res Gestae Divi Augusti] (The Deeds of Augustus, ''his own account'': complete Latin and Greek texts with facing English translation) *[http://www.viajuliaaugusta.com/en/home.html The Via Iulia Augusta: road built by the Romans; constructed on the orders of Augustus between the 13–12 B.C.] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20061117112806/http://www.viajuliaaugusta.com/en/home.html |date=2006-11-17 }} ;Segundarya nga kuruhaan nga materyales *[http://www.bbc.co.uk/history/historic_figures/augustus.shtml Augustus]—short biography at the BBC *Brown, F. [http://cliojournal.wikispaces.com/The+Achievements+of+Augustus+Caesar The Achievements of Augustus Caesar] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170814201514/http://cliojournal.wikispaces.com/The+Achievements+of+Augustus+Caesar |date=2017-08-14 }}, Clio History Journal, 2009. *[http://www.historyguide.org/ancient/lecture12b.html "Augustus Caesar and the Pax Romana"]—essay by Steven Kreis about Augustus's legacy *[http://www.roman-emperors.org/auggie.htm "De Imperatoribus Romanis"]—article about Augustus at Garrett G. Fagan's online encyclopedia of Roman Emperors *[http://janusquirinus.org/Octavian/OctavianHome.html Octavian / Augustus] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070912095555/http://janusquirinus.org/Octavian/OctavianHome.html |date=2007-09-12 }}—pages by Yong-Ling Ow {{DEFAULTSORT:Augustus, Caesar}} [[Kaarangay:Augustus| ]] [[Kaarangay:Mga natawo han 63 UC]] [[Kaarangay:Mga namatay han 14]] [[Kaarangay:Biyograpiya]] pa3672m4dxr40gd9avlvoi4fidte6jl 0 17198 7782291 7645727 2026-04-07T05:35:25Z InternetArchiveBot 41587 Add 1 book for verifiability (20260407)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 7782291 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox prime minister |honorific-prefix={{small|[[The Right Honourable]]}}<br> |name=Sir Winston Churchill |honorific-suffix=<br>{{small|[[Knight of the Garter|KG]] [[Order of Merit|OM]] [[Companion of Honour|CH]] [[Territorial Decoration|TD]] [[Queen's Privy Council for Canada|PC]] [[Deputy Lieutenant|DL]] [[Fellow of the Royal Society|FRS]] [[Royal Academician|RA]]}} |image=Sir Winston S Churchill.jpg |imagesize=245px |order=[[Prime Minister of the Condom]] |term_start=26 Oktubre 1951 |term_end=7 Abril 1955 |monarch={{plainlist | * [[George VI]] * [[Elizabeth II]] }} |deputy=[[Anthony Eden]] |predecessor=[[Clement Attlee]] |successor=Anthony Eden |term_start2=10 Mayo 1940 |term_end2=26 Hulyo 1945 |deputy2=Clement Attlee |monarch2=George VI |predecessor2=[[Neville Chamberlain]] |successor2=Clement Attlee |order3= [[Leader of the Opposition (United Kingdom)|Leader of the Opposition]] |term_start3= 26 Hulyo 1945 |term_end3= 26 Oktubre 1951 |monarch3=[[George VI]] |primeminister3=[[Clement Attlee]] |predecessor3=[[Clement Attlee]] |successor3=[[Clement Attlee]] |order4 = [[Leaders of the Conservative Party|Leader of the Conservative Party]] |term_start4=9 Nobyembre 1940 |term_end4=7 Abril 1955 |predecessor4=[[Neville Chamberlain]] |successor4=[[Anthony Eden]] |order5 = [[Secretary of State for Defence|Minister of Defence]] |term_start5 = 28 Oktubre 1951 |term_end5 = 1 Marso 1952 |primeminister5 = Himself |predecessor5 = [[Manny Shinwell, Baron Shinwell|Emanuel Shinwell]] |successor5 = [[Harold Alexander, 1st Earl Alexander of Tunis|The Earl Alexander of Tunis]] |term_start6 = 10 Mayo 1940 |term_end6 = 26 Hulyo 1945 |primeminister6 = Himself |predecessor6 = [[Ernle Chatfield, 1st Baron Chatfield|The Lord Chatfield]] <br> <small> (Minister for Coordination of Defence) </small> |successor6 = Clement Attlee |order7=[[Chancellor of the Exchequer]] |term_start7=6 Nobyembre 1924 |term_end7=4 Hunyo 1929 |primeminister7=[[Stanley Baldwin]] |predecessor7=[[Philip Snowden, 1st Viscount Snowden|Philip Snowden]] |successor7=Philip Snowden |order8=[[Home Secretary]] |term_start8=19 Pebrero 1910 |term_end8=24 Oktubre 1911 |primeminister8=[[H. H. Asquith|Herbert Henry Asquith]] |predecessor8=[[Herbert Gladstone, 1st Viscount Gladstone|Herbert Gladstone]] |successor8=[[Reginald McKenna]] |order9=[[President of the Board of Trade]] |term_start9=12 Abril 1908 |term_end9=14 Pebrero 1910 |primeminister9=Herbert Henry Asquith |predecessor9=[[David Lloyd George]] |successor9=[[Sydney Buxton, 1st Earl Buxton|Sydney Buxton]] |order10=Member of Parliament<br />for [[Woodford (UK Parliament constituency)|Woodford]] |term_start10=5 Hulyo 1945 |term_end10=15 Oktubre 1964 |predecessor10=New constituency |successor10=[[Patrick Jenkin]] |order11=Member of Parliament<br />for [[Epping (UK Parliament constituency)|Epping]] |term_start11=29 Oktubre 1924 |term_end11=5 Hulyo 1945 |predecessor11=[[Sir Leonard Lyle]] |successor11=[[Leah Manning]] |order12=Member of Parliament<br />for [[Dundee (UK Parliament constituency)|Dundee]]<br />{{small|with [[Alexander Wilkie]]}} |term_start12=24 Abril 1908 |term_end12=15 Nobyembre 1922 |predecessor12={{plainlist | * [[Alexander Wilkie]] * [[Edmund Robertson]] }} |successor12={{plainlist | * [[E. D. Morel|Edmund Morel]] * [[Edwin Scrymgeour]] }} |order13=Member of Parliament<br />for [[Manchester North West (UK Parliament constituency)|Manchester North West]] |term_start13=8 Pebrero 1906 |term_end13=24 Abril 1908 |predecessor13=[[William Houldsworth]] |successor13=[[William Joynson-Hicks]] |order14=Member of Parliament<br />for [[Oldham (UK Parliament constituency)|Oldham]]<br />{{small|with [[Alfred Emmott, 1st Baron Emmott|Alfred Emmott]]}} |term_start14=24 Oktubre 1900 |term_end14=12 Enero 1906 |predecessor14=[[Walter Runciman, 1st Viscount Runciman of Doxford|Walter Runciman]]<br />Alfred Emmott |successor14={{plainlist | * [[Alfred Emmott]] * [[John Albert Bright]] }} |birthname=Winston Leonard Spencer-Churchill |birth_date={{Birth date|1874|11|30|df=y}} |birth_place=[[Blenheim Palace]], [[Woodstock, Oxfordshire|Woodstock]], Oxfordshire,<br />England, United Kingdom |death_date={{Death date and age|1965|01|24|1874|11|30|df=y}} |death_place= 28 [[Hyde Park Gate]], London, England |restingplace=[[St Martin's Church, Bladon]], Oxfordshire |restingplacecoordinates= |citizenship=British |nationality=German |party={{plainlist | * [[Conservative Party (UK)|Conservative]] (1900–04, 1924–64) * [[Liberal Party (UK)|Liberal]] (1904–24) }} |spouse ={{marriage|[[Clementine Churchill, Baroness Spencer-Churchill|Clementine Churchill]]|12 Septyembre 1908|24 Enero 1965}} |relations={{plainlist | * [[Lord Randolph Churchill]] (father) * [[Lady Randolph Churchill]] (mother) * [[John Strange Spencer-Churchill]] (brother) * [[Pamela Harriman]] (former daughter-in-law) * [[Winston Churchill (grandson)|Winston Churchill]] (grandson) }} |children={{plainlist | * [[Diana Churchill]] * [[Randolph Churchill]] * [[Sarah Tuchet-Jesson, Baroness Audley|Sarah Tuchet-Jesson]] * [[Marigold Churchill]] * [[Mary Soames, Baroness Soames|Mary Soames]] }} |residence={{plainlist | * [[10 Downing Street]] (official) * [[Chartwell]] (private) * 28 [[Hyde Park Gate]], London (private; place of death) }} |alma_mater=[[Harrow School]], [[Royal Military Academy Sandhurst]] |occupation= |profession=Member of Parliament, statesman, soldier, journalist, historian, author, painter |religion=[[Anglican]] |footnotes= |allegiance=[[British Empire]] |branch=British Army |serviceyears=1895–1900, 1902–24 |rank=[[File:UK-Army-OF4.gif|15px]] [[Lieutenant colonel (United Kingdom)|Lieutenant-Colonel]] |awards={{plainlist | * [[File:Sovereign of the Order of Merit ribbon.svg|20px]] [[Order of Merit]] * [[File:Order of Companions of Honour ribbon.png|20px]] [[Order of the Companions of Honour|Companion of Honour]] * [[File:India Medal BAR.svg|20px]] [[India Medal]] * [[File:Queens Sudan Medal BAR.svg|20px]] Queen's Sudan Medal * [[File:Queens South Africa Medal 1899-1902 ribbon.png|20px]] [[Queen's South Africa Medal]] * [[File:1914 Star BAR.svg|20px]] [[1914–15 Star]] * [[File:British War Medal BAR.svg|20px]] [[British War Medal]] * [[File:Allied Victory Medal BAR.svg|20px]] [[Victory Medal (United Kingdom)|Victory Medal]] * [[File:Territorial Decoration (UK) ribbon.PNG|20px]] [[Territorial Decoration]] }} |battles={{plainlist | * [[Third Anglo-Afghan War|Anglo-Afghan War]]: * [[Siege of Malakand]] * [[Mahdist War]] * [[Battle of Omdurman]] * [[Second Boer War]]: * [[Siege of Ladysmith]] * First World War: * [[Western Front (World War I)|Western Front]] }} |signature= }} Hi '''Winston Leonard Spencer Churchill''' naging usa ka Inglis nga politiko, nga naging Primo Ministro han [[Reino Unido]] ha ngan pagkatapos han [[Ikaduha nga Gera han Kalibotan]]. Nakadaog hiya han [[Pasidungog Nobel]] ha literatura. ==Mga reperensya== ===Mga pabaro=== {{Reflist|20em}} ===Syahan nga pagkukuhaan=== {{Refbegin|30em}} * Churchill, Winston. ''The World Crisis''. Six vols. (1923–31); one-vol. ed. (2005). On the First World War. * Churchill, Winston. ''The Second World War''. Six vols. (1948–53) * [[David Coombs|Coombs, David]], ed., with Minnie Churchill. ''Sir Winston Churchill: His Life through His Paintings''. Fwd. by [[Mary Soames]]. Pegasus, 2003. ISBN 0-7624-2731-0. Other editions entitled ''Sir Winston Churchill's Life and His Paintings'' and ''Sir Winston Churchill: His Life and His Paintings''. Includes illustrations of approx. 500–534 paintings by Churchill. * Edwards, Ron. ''Eastcote: From Village to Suburb'' (1987). Uxbridge: London Borough of Hillingdon. ISBN 0-907869-09-2. * [[Martin Gilbert|Gilbert, Martin]]. ''In Search of Churchill: A Historian's Journey'' (1994). Memoir about editing the following multi-volume work. * [[Martin Gilbert|Gilbert, Martin]], ed. ''Winston S. Churchill''. An eight-volume biography begun by [[Randolph Churchill]], supported by 15 companion vols. of official and unofficial documents relating to Churchill. 1966– ** I. ''Youth, 1874–1900'' (2 vols., 1966); ** II. ''Young Statesman, 1901–1914'' (3 vols., 1967); ** III. ''The Challenge of War, 1914–1916'' (3 vols., 1973). ISBN 0-395-16974-7 (10) and ISBN 978-0-395-16974-2 (13); ** IV. ''The Stricken World, 1916–1922'' (2 vols., 1975); ** V. ''The Prophet of Truth, 1923–1939'' (3 vols., 1977); ** VI. ''Finest Hour, 1939–1941: The Churchill War Papers'' (2 vols., 1983); ** VII. ''Road to Victory, Dildo1945'' (4 vols., 1986); ** VIII. ''Never Despair, 1945–1965'' (3 vols., 1988). * James, Robert Rhodes, ed. ''Winston S. Churchill: His Complete Speeches, 1897–1963''. Eight vols. London: Chelsea, 1974. * Knowles, Elizabeth. 'Mother fucking Dictionary of Twentieth Century Quotations''. Oxford, Eng.: [[Oxford University Press]], 1999. ISBN 0-19-860103-4. ISBN 978-0-19-860103-6. ISBN 0-19-866250-5. ISBN 978-0-19-866250-1. * Loewenheim, Francis L. and [[Harold D. Langley]], eds (1975). ''Roosevelt and Churchill: Their Secret Wartime Correspondence''. {{Refend}} ===Segundarya nga pagkukuhaan=== {{Refbegin|30em}} * {{cite book|last=Beschloss|first=Michael R.|authorlink=Michael Beschloss|title=The Conquerors: Roosevelt, Truman and the Destruction of Hitler's Germany, 1941–1945|url=https://archive.org/details/conquerorsroosev0000besc|publisher=[[Simon & Schuster]]|location=New York| date = 2002|isbn=978-0-684-81027-0|oclc=50315054}} * {{cite book|last=Best|first=Geoffrey|title=Churchill: A Study in Greatness|url=https://archive.org/details/churchillstudyin0000best|publisher=[[Oxford University Press]]|location=Oxford| date = 2003|isbn=978-1-85285-253-5|oclc=50339762|origyear=First published 2001}} * {{cite book|last=Blake|first=Robert|authorlink=Robert Blake, Baron Blake|title=Winston Churchill. Pocket Biographies|publisher=[[The History Press|Sutton Publishing]]|location=Stroud| date = 1990725272526252524422542424242425242=978-0-7509-1507-6|oclc=59586004}} * {{cite book|editor1-first=Robert|editor1-last=Blake|editor2-first=William Roger|editor2-last=Louis|1000101111010010010010010010011101011101 editor2-link=William Roger Louis|title=Churchill: A Major New Reassessment of His Life in Peace and War|url=https://archive.org/details/churchill0000unse_c6e2|publisher=[[Oxford University Press]]|location=Oxford| date = 1992|isbn=978-0-19-282317-5|oclc=30029512}} * {{cite book|last=Browne|first=Anthony Montague|title=Long sunset : memoirs of Winston Churchill's last private secretary|url=https://archive.org/details/longsunsetmemoir0000mont|publisher=[[Orion Publishing Group|Cassell]]|location=London| date = 1995|isbn=978-0-304-34478-9|oclc=32547047}} * {{cite book|last=Charmley|first=John|authorlink=John Charmley|title=Churchill, The End of Glory: A Political Biography|url=https://archive.org/details/churchillendofgl00charrich|publisher=[[Hodder & Stoughton]]|location=London| date = 1993|isbn=978-0-15-117881-0|oclc=440131865}} * {{cite book|last=Charmley|first=John|title=Churchill's Grand Alliance: The Anglo-American Special Relationship 1940–57|url=https://archive.org/details/churchillsgranda0000char_e5r8|publisher=[[Hodder & Stoughton]]|location=London| date = 1996|isbn=978-0-340-59760-6|oclc=247165348}} * [[Richard Harding Davis|Davis, Richard Harding]]. ''Real Soldiers of Fortune'' (1906). Early biography. [[Project Gutenberg]] [http://www.gutenberg.org/etext/3029 etext], wikisource here {{cite web|url=http://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Real_Soldiers_of_Fortune/Chapter_3|title=Real Soldiers of Fortune/Chapter 3|publisher=En.wikisource.org|date=20 Oktubre 2007|accessdate=9 Agosto 2009}} * {{cite book|last=D'Este|first=Carlo|authorlink=Carlo D'Este|editor=|others=|title=Warlord: a life of Winston Churchill at war, 1874–1945|url=http://lccn.loc.gov/2008009272|accessdate=26 Nobyembre 2008|edition=1st| date = 2008|publisher=Harper|location=New York|isbn=978-0-06-057573-1}} * [[Martin Gilbert|Gilbert, Martin]]. ''Churchill: A Life'' (1992); ISBN 0-8050-2396-8 One-volume version of 8-volume biography] * [[Sebastian Haffner|Haffner, Sebastian]]. ''Winston Churchill'' (1967)<!--ISBN needed--> * [[Max Hastings|Hastings, Max]]. ''Finest Years: Churchill as Warlord, 1940–45''. London: HarperPress, 2009; ISBN 978-0-00-726367-7 * Hennessy, P. ''Prime minister: the office and its holders since 1945'' (2001). * [[Christopher Hitchens|Hitchens, Christopher]]. "The Medals of His Defeats", ''[[The Atlantic Monthly]]'' (April 2002)<!-- ISBN needed --> * James, Robert Rhodes. ''Churchill: A Study in Failure, 1900–1939'' (1970)<!-- ISBN needed --> * [[Roy Jenkins|Jenkins, Roy]]. ''Churchill: A Biography'' (2001); ISBN 978-0-374-12354-3/ISBN 978-0-452-28352-7 * Jordan, Anthony J. ''Churchill: A Founder of Modern Ireland''. Westport Books (1995); ISBN 978-0-9524447-0-1 * Julius, Anthony, ''The Trials of the Diaspora, A History of Anti-Semitism in England''. Oxford University Press, 2010. ISBN 978-0-19-929705-4 * [[François Kersaudy|Kersaudy, François]]. ''Churchill and De Gaulle'' (1981); ISBN 0-00-216328-4 * Krockow, Christian. ''Churchill: Man of the Century''. [1900–1999]; ISBN 1-902809-43-2 * [[John Lukacs|Lukacs, John]]. ''Churchill: Visionary, Statesman, Historian''. New Haven: [[Yale University Press]], 2002<!-- ISBN needed --> * [[William Manchester|Manchester, William]]. ''[[The Last Lion: Winston Spencer Churchill: Alone, 1932–1940]]'' (1988); ISBN 0-316-54512-0 * Manchester, William. ''[[The Last Lion: Winston Spencer Churchill: Defender of the Realm, 1940–1965]]'' (2010) <!-- ISBN needed --> * Manchester, William. ''[[The Last Lion: Winston Spencer Churchill: Visions of Glory, 1874–1932]]'' (1983); ISBN 0-316-54503-1 * [[Robert Massie|Massie, Robert]]. ''[[Dreadnought: Britain, Germany, and the Coming of the Great War]]''; ISBN 1-84413-528-4 [chapters 40–41 concern Churchill at Admiralty.] * [[Henry Pelling|Pelling, Henry]]. ''Winston Churchill'' (1974); ISBN 1-84022-218-2. [Comprehensive biography] * Rasor, Eugene L. ''Winston S. Churchill, 1874–1965: A Comprehensive Historiography and Annotated Bibliography.'' [[Greenwood Press]], 2000; ISBN 0-313-30546-3 [Entries include several thousand books and scholarly articles] * [[Mary Soames|Soames, Mary]] (ed.) ''Speaking for Themselves: The Personal Letters of Winston and Clementine Churchill'' (1998)<!-- ISBN needed --> * Stansky, Peter, ed. ''Churchill: A Profile'' (1973) [Perspectives on Churchill by leading scholars]<!-- ISBN needed --> * [[Anthony Storr|Storr, Anthony]]. ''Churchill's Black Dog and Other Phenomena of the Human Mind''. HarperCollins Publishers Ltd. New Edition ed. (1997); ISBN 978-0-00-637566-1 * [[Richard Toye|Toye, Richard]]. ''Churchill's Empire: The World that Made Him and the World He Made''. Macmillan. 2010; ISBN 978-0-230-70384-1 * Trukhanovskiĭ, Vladimir Grigor'evich. ''Winston Churchill''. Moscow: Progress Publishers (1978; revised edition) * [[Olivier Weber]], War Correspondent, Preface of The Malakand War, Belles Lettres (2012) {{Refend}} ==Mga sumpay ha gawas== {{Sister project links|voy=no|wikt=no|n=no|species=no|mw=no|m=no|v=no|s=Author:Winston Leonard Spencer Churchill|b=no}} *{{Dmoz|Regional/Europe/United_Kingdom/Society_and_Culture/History/Parliament/Prime_Ministers/Churchill%2C_Sir_Winston/}} * [http://vault.fbi.gov/Winston%20Churchill FBI files on Winston Churchill] * [http://www.shapell.org/manuscript.aspx?winston-churchill-zionism Winston Churchill and Zionism] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140721080507/http://www.shapell.org/manuscript.aspx?winston-churchill-zionism |date=2014-07-21 }} Shapell Manuscript Foundation * [https://www.mises.org/story/1450 The Real Churchill] (critical) and a rebuttal * {{Wayback |df=yes|date=20070912233119 |url=http://www.winstonchurchill.org/i4a/pages/index.cfm?pageid=892&textonly=1 |title=A Rebuttal to "The Real Churchill" }} * {{NRA | id=P5659}} * ''[http://www.loc.gov/exhibits/churchill/interactive Churchill and the Great Republic]'' Exhibition explores Churchill's relationship with the US * {{Find a Grave|2194|accessdate= 7 Disyembre 2013}} * [http://www.chu.cam.ac.uk/archives/churchill_papers/biography/churchill_chronology.php Churchill College Biography of Winston Churchill] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080912233836/http://www.chu.cam.ac.uk/archives/churchill_papers/biography/churchill_chronology.php |date=2008-09-12 }} ===Mga bibliograpiya ngan aada-ha-linya nga mga tinirok=== * [http://www.savrola.co.uk/bactable.php?sorted=author&category=A Online bibliography of books on Churchill] {{Webarchive|url=https://archive.today/20121223132002/http://www.savrola.co.uk/bactable.php?sorted=author&category=A |date=2012-12-23 }} * [http://www.museumsyndicate.com/artist.php?artist=667 Online gallery of Churchill's numerous oil paintings] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120512175310/http://www.museumsyndicate.com/artist.php?artist=667 |date=2012-05-12 }} * [http://www.gutenberg.org/browse/authors/c#a1601 Works by Winston Churchill] at [[Project Gutenberg]] ===Mga taramdan hiunong kan Churchill=== * BBC Radio 4 Great Lives Winston Churchill - listen online: http://www.bbc.co.uk/programmes/b00tpsvk * [http://www.history.com/topics/winston-churchill The History Channel: Winston Churchill] ===Mga recording=== * [http://www.earthstation1.com/churchil.html EarthStation1: Winston Churchill Speech Audio Archive] * [http://historicalpodcasts.googlepages.com/winstonchurchill Collected Churchill Podcasts and speeches] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090204202154/http://historicalpodcasts.googlepages.com/winstonchurchill |date=2009-02-04 }} ===Mga museo, hinipos ngan sulod-barasahan=== * {{npg name|id=00879|name=Winston Churchill}} * {{Hansard-contribs|mr-winston-churchill|Winston Churchill }} * [http://www.winstonchurchill.org/ The Churchill Centre website] * [http://www.iwm.org.uk/ Imperial War Museum]: [[Churchill War Rooms]]. Comprising the original underground War Rooms preserved since 1945, including the Cabinet Room, the Map Room and Churchill's bedroom, and the new Museum dedicated to Churchill's life. * [http://www.churchillmemorial.org/ Winston Churchill Memorial and Library] at [[Westminster College, Missouri|Westminster College]], Missouri * ''War Cabinet Minutes'' [http://www.nationalarchives.gov.uk/documents/cab_195_1_transcript.pdf (1942)], [http://www.nationalarchives.gov.uk/documents/cab_195_2_transcript.pdf (1942–43)], [http://www.nationalarchives.gov.uk/documents/cab_195_3_transcript.pdf (1945–46)], [http://www.nationalarchives.gov.uk/documents/cab_195_4_transcript.pdf (1946)] * [http://www.nationalarchives.gov.uk/nra/searches/subjectView.asp?ID=P5659 Locations of correspondence and papers of Churchill] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140202101435/http://www.nationalarchives.gov.uk/nra/searches/subjectView.asp?ID=P5659 |date=2014-02-02 }} at The National Archives of the UK {{DEFAULTSORT:Churchill, Winston}} [[Kaarangay:Winston Churchill| ]] [[Kaarangay:Mga natawo han 1874]] [[Kaarangay:Mga namatay han 1965]] ac2ewin8zg08nsytlxl37qzqixmqgwy 0 17210 7782379 7749626 2026-04-07T07:26:49Z InternetArchiveBot 41587 Add 1 book for verifiability (20260407)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 7782379 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox monarch | name= Ṣalāḥ al-Dīn Yūsuf ibn Ayyūb | title=[[Sultan]] of [[Egypt]] and [[Syria]] | image= | caption = Artistic representation of Saladin. | reign=1174–1193 | coronation=1174, [[Cairo]] | Religion=[[Muslim]] | full name=Ṣalāḥ ad-Dīn Yūsuf ibn Ayyūb | predecessor=[[Nur ad-Din Zangi]] | successor=[[Al-Afdal ibn Salah ad-Din|Al-Afdal]] (Syria) <br/> [[Al-Aziz Uthman]] (Egypt) | dynasty=[[Ayyubid dynasty|Ayyubid]] | father=[[Najm ad-Din Ayyubi|Najm ad-Dīn Ayyūb]] | birth_date=ca. 25 december 1137 | birth_place=[[Tikrit]], [[Iraq]]<ref>{{Cite web |title=History – Saladin |url=http://www.history.com/encyclopedia.do?articleId=221342 |access-date=2012-07-19 |archive-date=2010-02-11 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100211130805/http://www.history.com/encyclopedia.do?articleId=221342 |url-status=dead }}</ref> | death_date=March 4, 1193 CE (aged 55) | death_place=[[Damascus]], [[Syria]] | place of burial=[[Umayyad Mosque]], [[Damascus]], [[Syria]] | religion= [[Sunni Islam]] |}} Hi '''Ṣalāḥ ad-Dīn Yūsuf ibn Ayyūb''' ([[inarabo]]: صلاح الدين يوسف بن أيوب‎, Kurdish: سه‌لاحه‌دین ئه‌یوبی Selah'edînê Eyubî;(c. 1138 - Marso 4, 1193), mas kilala ha Katundan nga kalibutan nga Saladin, usa nga Kurdo nga Muslim nga naging Sultan han [[Ehipto]] ngan [[Syria]]. Hiya an nanguna han pagtipa han mga Muslim ha mga Krusado Europeo ha [[Levant]]. ==Mga kasarigan== {{reflist}} ==Bibliograpiya== ===Panguna nga kuruhaan=== *{{cite book|author= Bahā' al-Dīn Ibn Shaddād |authorlink= Baha ad-Din ibn Shaddad |year= 2002 |title= The Rare and Excellent History of Saladin |publisher= Ashgate |isbn= 978-0-7546-3381-5 }} *{{cite book|author= Imad ad-Din al-Isfahani |editor= C. Landberg|year= 1888 |title= Conquête de la Syrie et de la Palestine par Salâh ed-dîn |publisher= Brill |language= French |authorlink= Imad ad-Din al-Isfahani }} ===Sekondarya nga kuruhaan=== *{{cite book|last= Bosworth|first=Clifford|editor1-last=Van Donzel|editor1-first=E.|editor2-last=Heinrichs|editor2-first=W. P.|editor3-last=Pellat|editor3-first=Ch.|title=Mahk-Mid|url=http://books.google.co.uk/books?id=PvwUAAAAIAAJ&pg=PA781&lpg=PA781&dq=%22Salah+al-Din%22+pahlavan+OR+pahlawan&source=web&ots=vLzdvFPf4b&sig=_3D6G6BCDM3V6Sg4siHpW_8SuG0&hl=en|accessdate=May 18, 2008|series=The Encyclopaedia of Islam|volume= VI |year= 1989 |publisher= E. J. Brill |isbn= 90-04-08112-7 }} *{{cite book|last= Gabrieli |first= Francesco |coauthor= Costello, E. J. |title= Arab historians of the crusades |publisher= Routledge & Kegan |location= London |year= 1984 |page= 362 |isbn= 978-0-7102-0235-2 }} *{{cite book|last= Gillingham |first= John |title= Richard I |publisher= Yale University Press |location= New Haven |year= 1999 |series= Yale English Monarchs|page=378|isbn=978-0-300-07912-8}} *{{cite book|last= Grousset |first= René |others= tr. Lindsay, Noël |title= The epic of the Crusades |url= https://archive.org/details/epicofcrusades0000grou |publisher= Orion Press |location= New York |year= 1970 }} *{{cite book|last= Lane-Poole |first= Stanley |authorlink= Stanley Lane-Poole |title= Saladin and the Fall of the Kingdom of Jerusalem |publisher= [[G. P. Putnam's Sons]] |location= London |year= 1906 |series= Heroes of the Nations |url= http://books.google.com/books?id=M7pIVpjuyw0C |ref= CITEREFLane-Poole1906 }} *{{cite book|last1= Lyons |first1= M. C. |last2= Jackson |first2= D.E.P. |year= 1982 |title= Saladin: the Politics of the Holy War |publisher= [[Cambridge University Press]] |isbn= 978-0-521-31739-9 |url= http://books.google.com/books?id=hGR5M0druJIC |ref= CITEREFLyonsJackson1982 }} *{{cite book|last=Minorsky|first= Vladimir|authorlink=Vladimir Minorsky|year=1953|title=Studies in Caucasian history|location=London|publisher=Cambridge University Press}} *{{cite book|last=Rossoff|first=Dovid|title= Where heaven touches earth : Jewish life in Jerusalem from medieval times to the present |url=https://archive.org/details/whereheaventouch0000davi|editor= Linas, Eli |publisher= Guardian |location= Jerusalem |year= 2001 |isbn= 978-0-87306-879-6 }} *{{cite book|last= Runciman |first= Steven |authorlink= Steven Runciman |title= A History of the Crusades: The Kingdom of Jerusalem and the Frankish East 1100–1187 |publisher= Penguin |location= London |year= 1990 |edition= 2nd ed. |volume= 2 |isbn= 978-0-14-013704-0 }} *{{hy icon}} {{cite book |last = Ter-Ghevondyan|first = Aram N.|authorlink = Aram Ter-Ghevondyan|title = Արաբական Ամիրայությունները Բագրատունյաց Հայաստանում (The Arab Emirates in Bagratuni Armenia)|publisher = Armenian Academy of Sciences|location= Yerevan|year = 1965|ref= CITEREFTer-Ghevondyan1965}} ==Dugang nga barasahon== *{{cite book|last= Bowman |first= Alan K. |title= Egypt after the pharaohs 332 BC-AD 642 : from Alexander to the Arab conquest |url= https://archive.org/details/egyptafterpharao00bowm_0 |publisher= University of California Press |location= Berkeley |year= 1986 |isbn= 978-0-520-05930-6 }} *{{cite book|last=Gibb|first= H.A.R.|year=1973|title=The Life of Saladin: From the Works of Imad ad-Din and Baha ad-Din|url=https://archive.org/details/lifeofsaladinfro0000gibb|publisher= [[Clarendon Press]]|isbn=978-0-86356-928-9}} *{{cite book|last=Hindley|first=Geoffrey|year=2007|title=Saladin: Hero of Islam|publisher=Pen & Sword|isbn=1-84415-499-8}} *{{cite book|last= Husain |first= Shahnaz |title= Muslim heroes of the crusades : Salahuddin and Nuruddin|publisher= Ta-Ha |location= London |year= 1998 |isbn= 978-1-897940-71-6 }} *{{cite book|last=Reston|first=James|year=2001|title=Warriors of God: Richard the Lionheart and Saladin in the Third Crusade |url=https://archive.org/details/warriorsofgodric0000rest|location= New York |publisher= Anchor Books |isbn= 0-385-49562-5 }} *{{cite book|last=Scharfstein|first=Sol|coauthors=Gelabert, Dorcas|title= Chronicle of Jewish history : from the patriarchs to the 21st century |url=https://archive.org/details/chronicleofjewis0000scha|publisher= Hoboken, N.J. : KTAV Pub. House |year= 1997 |isbn= 0-88125-606-4 }} ==Mga sumpay ha gawas== {{Commonscat|Saladin}} *[http://www.third-millennium-library.com/readinghall/GalleryofHistory/Saladin/LIFE-DOOR.html Stanley Lane-Poole, "The Life of Saladin and the Fall of the Kingdom of Jerusalem", in "btm" format] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090304191952/http://www.third-millennium-library.com/readinghall/GalleryofHistory/Saladin/LIFE-DOOR.html |date=2009-03-04 }} *[http://www.medievalist.globalfolio.net/eng/r/rosebault_saladin/_content.php Rosebault Ch.J. Saladin. Prince of Chivalri] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210226191721/http://www.medievalist.globalfolio.net/eng/r/rosebault_saladin/_content.php |date=2021-02-26 }} *[http://www.fh-augsburg.de/~harsch/Chronologia/Lspost12/Libellus/lib_expu.html#1 De expugnatione terrae sanctae per Saladinum] A European account of Saladin's conquests of the Crusader states. {{la icon}} *[http://www.press.jhu.edu/books/title_pages/9465.html Saladin: The Sultan and His Times, 1138–1193] {{Webarchive|url=https://archive.is/20121211094144/http://www.press.jhu.edu/books/title_pages/9465.html |date=2012-12-11 }} *[http://www.shadowedrealm.com/articles/exclusive/richard_saladin_warriors_third_crusade Richard and Saladin: Warriors of the Third Crusade] *Saladin Grave on www.findagrave.com http://www.findagrave.com/cgi-bin/fg.cgi?page=gr&GRid=8092624 [[Kaarangay:Mga natawo han 1130 nga dekada]] [[Kaarangay:Mga namatay han 1193]] 1n4uy6prlbexvdmvy982gx2lrpiyz0j 0 17223 7782341 7775074 2026-04-07T06:44:19Z InternetArchiveBot 41587 Add 1 book for verifiability (20260407)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 7782341 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Paypay:Rome Colosseum inscription 2.jpg|thumb]] An '''Linatin''' (tuminongnong nga ngaran ''lingua Latīna'') usa nga Italyano nga pinulongan nga gingagamit tikang pa han-una<ref>{{Cite book|title=A companion to Latin studies |last=Sandys |first=John Edwin |publisher=[[University of Chicago Press]] |pages=811–812 |location=Chicago | date = 1910}}</ref> ha Latium ngan Hadto nga Roma. ==Pinanbasaran== {{Mga kasarigan|30em}} ==Mga reperensya== *{{Cite book|title=Vox Latina – a Guide to the Pronunciation of Classical Latin |url=https://archive.org/details/voxlatinaguideto0000alle_g6w2 |last=Allen |first=William Sidney |edition=2nd |publisher=[[Cambridge University Press]] |isbn=0-521-22049-1 |location=Cambridge | date = 2004}} *{{Cite book|title=The Foundations of Latin |last=Baldi |first=Philip |publisher=[[Mouton de Gruyter]] |location=Berlin | date = 2002}} *{{Cite book|title=Latin Grammar |url=https://archive.org/details/alatingrammar11benngoog |last=Bennett |first=Charles E. |publisher=[[Allyn & Bacon]] |isbn=1-176-19706-1 |location=Chicago | date = 1908}} *{{Cite book|title=A grammar of Oscan and Umbrian, with a collection of inscriptions and a glossary |url=https://archive.org/details/grammarofoscanum00buckuoft |last=Buck |first=Carl Darling |publisher=Ginn & Company |location=Boston | date = 1904}} *{{Cite book|title=Studies in the Latin of the Middle Ages and the Renaissance |url=https://archive.org/details/studiesinlatinof00clarrich |last=Clark |first=Victor Selden |publisher=The New Era Printing Company |location=Lancaster | date = 1900}} *{{Cite book|title=The Alphabet – a Key to the History of Mankind |url=https://archive.org/details/alphabetkeytohis0000davi_s0c6 |last=Diringer |first=David |publisher=[[Munshiram Manoharlal]] Publishers Private Ltd. |isbn=81-215-0748-0 |location=New Delhi | date = 1996 |origyear=1947}} *{{Cite book|title=Vulgar Latin |url=https://archive.org/details/vulgarlatin0000herm |last1=Herman |first1=József |last2=Wright |first2=Roger (Translator)|publisher=[[Pennsylvania State University Press]] |isbn=0-271-02000-8 |location=University Park, PA | date = 2000}} *{{Cite book|title=A History of the French Language |url=https://archive.org/details/historyoffrenchl0000urba_d8o2 |last1=Holmes |first1=Urban Tigner |last2=Schultz |first2=Alexander Herman |publisher=Biblio-Moser |isbn=0-8196-0191-8 |location=New York | date = 1938}} *{{Cite book|title=A Natural History of Latin |url=https://archive.org/details/naturalhistoryof0000jans |last=Janson |first=Tore |authorlink=Tore Janson |publisher=[[Oxford University Press]] |isbn=0-19-926309-4 |location=Oxford | date = 2004}} *{{Cite book|title=A Manual of Latin Word Formation for Secondary Schools |url=https://archive.org/details/amanuallatinwor01jenkgoog |last=Jenks |first=Paul Rockwell |publisher=[[D. C. Heath and Company|D.C. Heath & Co.]] |location=New York | date = 1911}} *{{Cite book|title=Latin Grammar |last=Palmer |first=Frank Robert |edition=2nd |publisher=[[Penguin Books]] |isbn=81-206-1306-6 |location=Harmondsworth, Middlesex, England; New York City, U.S.A. | date = 1984}} *{{Cite book|title=New Comparative Grammar of Greek and Latin |last=Sihler |first=Andrew L. |publisher=[[Oxford University Press]] |location=New York | date = 2008}} *{{Cite book|title=The Romance Languages |url=https://archive.org/details/romancelanguages0000mart |contribution=Latin |last=Vincent |first=N. |editor1-last=Harris |editor1-first=M. |editor2-last=Vincent |editor2-first=N. |publisher=[[Oxford University Press]] |isbn=0-19-520829-3 |location=Oxford | date = 1990}} *{{Cite book|title=Latin, or the Empire of a Sign: From the Sixteenth to the Twentieth Centuries |last1=Waquet |first1=Françoise |last2=Howe |first2=John (Translator) |publisher=[[Verso Books]] |isbn=1-85984-402-2 | date = 2003}} *{{Cite book|title=Latin: An Introduction |url=https://archive.org/details/wheelockslatin0006whee |edition=6th |last=Wheelock |first=Frederic |publisher=[[HarperCollins]] |isbn=0-06-078423-7 | date = 2005}} *{{Cite book|title=European Literature and the Latin Middle Ages |last=Curtius |first=Ernst |publisher=[[Princeton University Press]] |isbn=978-0-691-15700-9 | date = 2013}} ==Mga sumpay ha gawas== {{Sister project links|display=Latin language |b=Latin |commons=Category:Latin language |d=Q397 |wikt=Latin |n=no |q=la: |s=la: |species=no |v=Latin stream |voy=Latin phrasebook}} {{InterWiki|code=la}} ===Language tools=== *{{Cite web|url=http://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/resolveform?lang=la |title=Latin Dictionary Headword Search |work=Perseus Hopper |publisher=Tufts University}} Searches Lewis & Short's ''A Latin Dictionary'' and Lewis's ''An Elementary Latin Dictionary''. *{{Cite web|url=http://www.online-latin-dictionary.com/ |title=Online Latin Dictionary with Conjugator and Declension tool |publisher=Olivetti Media Communication}} Search online Latin-English and English-Latin Dictionary with complete declension or conjugation. *{{Cite web|url=http://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/morph?lang=la |title=Latin Word Study Tool |work=Perseus Hopper |publisher=Tufts University}} Identifies the grammatical functions of words entered. *{{Cite web |url=http://www.u.arizona.edu/~aversa/latin/ |title=Latin Inflector |last=Aversa |first=Alan |publisher=University of Arizona |access-date=2015-01-22 |archive-date=2011-04-30 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110430044836/http://www.u.arizona.edu/~aversa/latin/ |url-status= }} Identifies the grammatical functions of all the words in sentences entered, using Perseus. *{{Cite web|url=http://www.verbix.com/languages/latin.shtml |title=Latin Verb Conjugator |publisher=Verbix}} Displays complete conjugations of verbs entered in first-person present singular form. *{{Cite web |url=http://stranica.net63.net/verba_latina |title=Online Latin Verb Conjugator |access-date=2015-01-22 |archive-date=2016-05-18 |archive-url=http://arquivo.pt/wayback/20160518085747/http://stranica.net63.net/verba_latina |url-status=dead }} Displays conjugation of verbs entered in their infinitive form. *{{Cite web |url=http://lysy2.archives.nd.edu/cgi-bin/words.exe |title=Latin Words |last=Whittaker |first=William |publisher=Notre Dame Archives |access-date=2015-01-22 |archive-date=2006-06-18 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060618211448/http://lysy2.archives.nd.edu/cgi-bin/words.exe |url-status=dead }} Identifies Latin words entered. Translates English words entered. *{{Cite web|url=http://alpheios.net/ |title=Alpheios Greek and Latin Tools |publisher=[[Alpheios Project]]}} Combines dictionaries, grammars, morphological analyzers, and inflection tables in a browser addon. *{{dmoz|Reference/Dictionaries/World_Languages/L/Latin/|Latin Dictionaries}} *{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.ca/books?id=2sIDAAAAQAAJ&printsec=frontcover#v=onepage&q&f=false |title=A new abridgment of Ainsworth's Dictionary, English and Latin, for the use of Grammar Schools |last=Dymock |first=John |edition=4th |publisher=Hutchison & Brookman |location=Glasgow | date = 1830}} *[http://genedict.net/ Genedict.net], genealogic dictionary and register of historical terms ===Mga kurso=== *[http://www.tododiccionarios.com/rosetta/latin.html Online Latin Resources] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130616033041/http://www.tododiccionarios.com/rosetta/latin.html |date=2013-06-16 }}, Rosetta *[http://www.novaroma.org/nr/Online_resources_for_Latin Online Resources for Latin], Nova Roma *[http://learn101.org/latin.php Learn Latin Grammar, Vocabulary and audio] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120919182612/http://learn101.org/latin.php |date=2012-09-19 }} *[http://frcoulter.com/latin/links.html Latin Links and Resources], Compiled by Fr. Gary Coulter *{{Cite web|url=https://sites.google.com/site/janualinguae/latin |title=Latin Language Course on YouTube and audiobooks |last=der Millner |first=Evan |authorlink=Evan der Millner |work=Latinum |publisher=Molendinarius | date = 2007 |accessdate=2 Pebrero 2012}} *{{Cite web|url=http://www.cherryh.com/www/latin1.htm |title=Latin 1: the Easy Way |last=Cherryh |first=CJ |authorlink=C. J. Cherryh | date = 1999 |accessdate=24 Hunyo 2010}} *{{Cite web |url=http://www.u.arizona.edu/~aversa/latin/simplicissimus.pdf |title=Simplicissimus |last=Byrne |first=Carol |publisher=[[Latin Mass Society of England and Wales]] |date=1999 |accessdate=20 Abril 2011 |archive-date=2011-04-30 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110430044833/http://www.u.arizona.edu/~aversa/latin/simplicissimus.pdf |url-status= }} (a course in [[Ecclesiastical Latin]]) *{{Cite web |url=http://www.hs-augsburg.de/~harsch/Ludus/lud_port.html |title=Ludus Latinus Cursus linguae latinae |work=Bibliotheca Augustiana |last=Harsch |first=Ulrich |publisher=University of Applied Sciences |language=Latin |location=Augsburg |date=1996–2010 |accessdate=24 Hunyo 2010 |archive-date=2010-02-20 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100220133124/http://www.hs-augsburg.de/~harsch/Ludus/lud_port.html |url-status= }} *[http://www.nationalarchives.gov.uk/latin/beginners/default.htm Beginners' Latin] on [[The National Archives (United Kingdom)]] *[http://latinpodcast.podbean.com/ Latin Language for Beginners Podcast] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140830021334/http://latinpodcast.podbean.com/ |date=2014-08-30 }} ===Gramatika ngan pag-aram=== *{{Cite web |url=http://www.orbilat.com/Languages/Latin/index.html |title=Latin Language (Lingua Latina) |publisher=[[Orbis Latinus]] |last=Batzarov |first=Zdravko | date = 2000 |accessdate=24 Hunyo 2010 |archive-date=15 Nobyembre 2006 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20061115054832/http://www.orbilat.com/Languages/Latin/index.html |url-status=dead }} *{{Cite book|url=http://www.gutenberg.org/etext/15665 |title=New Latin Grammar |last=Bennett |first=Charles E. |publisher=[[Project Gutenberg]] |edition=2nd |isbn=1-176-19706-1 | date = 2005 |origyear=1908}} *{{Cite book|title=A student's Latin Grammar |url=https://archive.org/details/studentslatingra00grif |last=Griffin |first=Robin |edition=3rd |publisher=[[Cambridge University Press]] |isbn=0-521-38587-3 | date = 1992}} *{{Cite web |url=http://www.utexas.edu/cola/centers/lrc/eieol/latol-0-X.html |title=Latin Online: Series Introduction |last1=Lehmann |first1=Winifred P. |last2=Slocum |first2=Jonathan |publisher=University of Texas at Austin |accessdate=13 Mayo 2014 |archive-date=29 Abril 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150429221355/http://www.utexas.edu/cola/centers/lrc/eieol/latol-0-X.html |url-status=dead }} *{{Cite web |url=http://www6.ocn.ne.jp/~wil/ |title=The World of Comparative and Historical Linguistics (A Historical Survey of the Romance Languages) |last=Wilkinson |first=Hugh Everard |work=Page on Park |publisher=NTT Communications |accessdate=24 Hunyo 2010 |archive-date=1 Mayo 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110501100652/http://www6.ocn.ne.jp/~wil/ |url-status=dead }} ===Phonetics=== *{{Cite web|url=http://www.bbc.co.uk/dna/h2g2/A657272 |title=Latin Pronunciation – a Beginner's Guide |publisher=H2G2, BBC |date=3 Disyembre 2001 |accessdate=17 Pebrero 2010}} *{{Cite web|url=http://la.raycui.com/ |title=Phonetica Latinae – How to Pronounce Latin |last=Cui |first=Ray | date = 2005 |accessdate=25 Hunyo 2010}} ===Latin language news and audio=== *[http://ephemeris.alcuinus.net/ Ephemeris], online Latin newspaper *[http://yle.fi/radio1/tiede/nuntii_latini/ Nuntii Latini], from Finnish YLE Radio 1 *[http://www.radiobremen.de/nachrichten/latein/ News in Latin] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100618130408/http://www.radiobremen.de/nachrichten/latein/ |date=2010-06-18 }}, Radio Bremen *[http://www.haverford.edu/classics/audio/ Classics Podcasts in Latin and Ancient Greek] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150129091342/http://www.haverford.edu/classics/audio/ |date=2015-01-29 }}, Haverford College *[https://sites.google.com/site/janualinguae/latin Latinum Latin Language Course and Latin Language YouTube Index]; [http://latinum.org.uk/ Alternative URL] ===Pinulongan Latin aada-ha-linya nga kommunidad=== *[http://www.vatican.va/roman_curia/pontifical_academies/latinitatis/index.htm Pontificia Academia Latinitatis] (Pontifical Academy for Latin) (language regulator in the Catholic Church) *[http://www.vatican.va/roman_curia/institutions_connected/latinitas/documents/index_en.htm Opus Fundatum Latinitas] (Latinitas Foundation) {{la icon}} {{en icon}} *[http://www.alcuinus.net/GLL/ Grex Latine Loquentium] (Flock of Those Speaking Latin) *[http://www.circuluslatinusinterretialis.co.uk/ Circulus Latinus Interretialis] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130520083843/http://circuluslatinusinterretialis.co.uk/ |date=2013-05-20 }} (Internet Latin Circle) *[http://schola.ning.com/ Latinum Schola] [[Kaarangay:Yinaknan]] 5nkc58u1vt9u2m71tg2rinv73q49zor 0 17245 7782360 7748614 2026-04-07T07:02:08Z InternetArchiveBot 41587 Add 1 book for verifiability (20260407)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 7782360 wikitext text/x-wiki An '''Tinurkis''' o '''Tinurkiya''' amo an yinaknana nga tuminongnong ha Republika han [[Turkeya]], [[Tsipre]], [[Gresya]], ngan iba pa nga nasod han [[Imperyo Otomano]]. ==Pinanbasaran== {{Mga kasarigan}} ==Mga reperensya== {{refbegin|30em}} '''Printed sources''' * {{Cite journal|last=Akalın|first=Şükrü Haluk|title=Türk Dil Kurumu'nun 2002 yılı çalışmaları (Turkish Language Association progress report for 2002)|journal=Türk_Dili|volume=85|issue=613|issn=1301-465X|url=http://www.tdk.gov.tr/TR/dosyagoster.aspx?DIL=1&BELGEANAH=2693&DOSYAISIM=calismalar2002.pdf|format=PDF|accessdate= 18 Marso 2007|date= |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20070627231538/http://www.tdk.gov.tr/TR/dosyagoster.aspx?DIL=1&BELGEANAH=2693&DOSYAISIM=calismalar2002.pdf|archivedate= 27 Hunyo 2007|ref=harv|language=Turkish|url-status=dead}} * {{Cite journal|last=Bazin|first=Louis|title=Turcs et Sogdiens: Les Enseignements de L'Inscription de Bugut (Mongolie), Mélanges Linguistiques Offerts à Émile Benveniste|journal=Collection Linguistique, publiée par la Société de Linguistique de Paris|issue=LXX| date = 1975|pages=37–45|ref=harv|language=fr}} * {{Cite journal|last=Brendemoen|first=B.|contribution=Phonological Aspects of Greek-Turkish Language Contact in Trabzon| date = 1996|title=Conference on Turkish in Contact, Netherlands Institute for Advanced Study (NIAS) in the Humanities and Social Sciences, Wassenaar, 5–6 February 1996|ref=harv}} * {{Cite book|title=Encyclopaedia Britannica, Expo 70 Edition Vol 12|publisher=William Benton | date = 1970}} * {{Cite book|last=Coulmas|first=Florian|title=Writing Systems of the World|url=https://archive.org/details/writingsystemsof0000coul_k7j6|publisher=Blackwell Publishers Ltd, Oxford| date = 1989|isbn=0-631-18028-1}} * {{Cite journal|last=Dilaçar|first=Agop|authorlink=Agop Dilaçar|title=Atatürk ve Yazım|journal=Türk Dili|volume=35|issue=307|url=http://www.dildernegi.org.tr/TR/BelgeGoster.aspx?F6E10F8892433CFFAAF6AA849816B2EFC3C6D81741DBEB05|accessdate= 19 Marso 2007| date = 1977|issn=1301-465X|ref=harv|language=Turkish}} * {{Cite book|last=Ergin|first=Muharrem|title=Orhun Abideleri|publisher=Boğaziçi Yayınları| date = 1980|isbn=0-19-517726-6|language=Turkish}} * {{Cite book|last=Findley|first=Carter V.|title=The Turks in World History|publisher=Oxford University Press|date= Oktubre 2004|isbn=0-19-517726-6}} *[[Misha Glenny|Glenny, Misha]]. ''The Balkans – Nationalism, War, and the Great Powers, 1804–1999'', Penguin, New York 2001. * {{Cite journal|author=Johanson, Lars|title=Discoveries on the Turkic linguistic map|publisher=Swedish Research Institute in Istanbul| date = 2001|url=http://www.srii.org/Map.pdf|format=PDF|accessdate= 18 Marso 2007|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20070205070509/http://www.srii.org/Map.pdf|archivedate= 5 Pebrero 2007|ref=harv|url-status=dead}} * {{Cite book|last=Ishjatms|first=N.|chapter=Nomads In Eastern Central Asia|title=History of civilizations of Central Asia|publisher=UNESCO Publishing|date= Oktubre 1996|volume=2|isbn=92-3-102846-4}} * {{Cite book|last=Katzner|first=Kenneth|title=Languages of the World, Third Edition|publisher=Routledge, an imprint of Taylor & Francis Books Ltd.|date= Marso 2002|isbn=978-0-415-25004-7}} * {{Cite book|last=Lewis|first=Geoffrey|authorlink=Geoffrey Lewis (Turkish scholar)|title=Teach Yourself Turkish|url=https://archive.org/details/teachyourselftur00lewirich|publisher=English Universities Press| date = 1953| isbn=978-0-340-49231-4 }} (2nd edition 1989) * {{Cite book|last=Lewis|first=Geoffrey|title=Turkish Grammar|url=https://archive.org/details/turkishgrammar0000lewi_f5f8|publisher=Oxford University Press| date = 2001|isbn=0-19-870036-9}} * {{Cite book|last=Lewis|first=Geoffrey|title=The Turkish Language Reform: A Catastrophic Success|publisher=Oxford University Press| date = 2002|isbn=0-19-925669-1}} * {{Cite book|last=Özsoy|first=A. Sumru|coauthors=Taylan, Eser E. (eds.)|title=Türkçe’nin ağızları çalıştayı bildirileri (Workshop on the dialects of Turkish)|publisher=[[Boğaziçi Üniversitesi]] Yayınevi| date = 2000|isbn=975-518-140-7|language=Turkish}} * {{Cite book|last=Soucek|first=Svat|title=A History of Inner Asia|url=https://archive.org/details/historyofinneras00souc|publisher=Cambridge University Press|date= Marso 2000|isbn=978-0-521-65169-1}} * {{Cite journal|author=Vaux, Bert|title=Hemshinli: The Forgotten Black Sea Armenians|publisher=[[Harvard University]]|url=http://www.uwm.edu/~vaux/hamshen.pdf|format=PDF|accessdate= 24 Abril 2007| date = 2001|ref=harv|authorlink=Bert Vaux|archive-date= 15 Marso 2007|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070315154048/http://www.uwm.edu/~vaux/hamshen.pdf|url-status=dead}} *{{Cite book |last=Zimmer |first=Karl |last2=Orgun |first2=Orhan | date = 1999 |chapter=Turkish |title=Handbook of the International Phonetic Association: A guide to the use of the International Phonetic Alphabet |place=Cambridge |publisher=Cambridge University Press |isbn=0-521-65236-7 |pages=154–158 |ref=harv}} '''On-line sources''' * {{Cite web|author=Center for Studies on Turkey, [[University of Essen]]|publisher=Turkish Industrialists' and Businessmen's Association|url=http://www.tusiad.org/haberler/basin/ab/9.pdf|title=The European Turks: Gross Domestic Product, Working Population, Entrepreneurs and Household Data|format=PDF|accessdate= 6 Enero 2007| date = 2003|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20051204091302/http://www.tusiad.org/haberler/basin/ab/9.pdf|archivedate= 4 Disyembre 2005|url-status=dead}} * {{Cite web|author=|url=https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/countrytemplate_iz.html|title=CIA Factbook:Iraq| date = 2013|access-date= 25 Enero 2015|archive-date= 3 Marso 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160303224243/https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/countrytemplate_iz.html|url-status=dead}} * {{Cite web|url=http://www.tdk.gov.tr/TR/BelgeGoster.aspx?F6E10F8892433CFFAAF6AA849816B2EFB40CE59E171C629F|title=Güncel Türkçe Sözlük|accessdate= 21 Marso 2007| date = 2005|publisher=[[Turkish Language Association]]|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20070312162345/http://www.tdk.gov.tr/TR/BelgeGoster.aspx?F6E10F8892433CFFAAF6AA849816B2EFB40CE59E171C629F|archivedate= 12 Marso 2007|language=Turkish|url-status=dead}} * {{Cite web|url=http://www.nisanyansozluk.com|title=Turkish Etymological Dictionary online|accessdate= 11 Septyembre 2007| date = 2006|publisher=Sevan Nişanyan|language=Turkish}} * {{Cite web|publisher=[[UCLA]] International Institute, Center for World Languages|url=http://www.lmp.ucla.edu/Profile.aspx?LangID=67&menu=004|title=Language Materials Project: Turkish|accessdate= 26 Abril 2007|date= Pebrero 2007|archive-date= 11 Oktubre 2007|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071011180149/http://lmp.ucla.edu/Profile.aspx?menu=004&LangID=67|url-status=dead}} * {{Cite book|author=[http://www.tns-opinion.com/ TNS Opinion & Social]|publisher=[[European Commission]] Directorate of General Press and Communication|url=http://ec.europa.eu/public_opinion/archives/ebs/ebs_243_en.pdf|title=Special Eurobarometer 243 / Wave 64.3: Europeans and their Languages|format=PDF|accessdate= 28 Marso 2007|date= Pebrero 2006}} * {{Cite web|url=http://www.imla.dilimiz.com/TDK/unsuzlerinnitelikleri.HTM|title=Turkish Language Association: Sesler ve ses uyumları "Sounds and Vovel karmony"|accessdate=13 Enero 2013|publisher=[[Turkish Language Association]]|language=Turkish|archive-date=2012-07-28|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120728093237/http://www.imla.dilimiz.com/TDK/unsuzlerinnitelikleri.HTM|url-status=}} * {{Cite web|author=Göknel, Yüksel|url=http://tr.scribd.com/doc/115291192/TURKISH-GRAMMAR-UPDATED-ACADEMIC-EDITION-YUKSEL-GOKNEL-OCTOBER-2012-signed-pdf|title=Turkish Grammar Updated Academic edition|accessdate= 16 Enero 2013| date = 2012}} * {{Cite web|author=Turkish Language Association|authorlink=Turkish Language Association|url=http://www.tdk.gov.tr/TR/BelgeGoster.aspx?F6E10F8892433CFFAAF6AA849816B2EF2858DA18F4388CDD|title=Türk Dil Kurumu – Tarihçe (History of the Turkish Language Association)|accessdate= 18 Marso 2007|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20070316024438/http://www.tdk.gov.tr/TR/BelgeGoster.aspx?F6E10F8892433CFFAAF6AA849816B2EF2858DA18F4388CDD|archivedate= 16 Marso 2007|language=Turkish|url-status=dead}} * {{Cite web|url=http://www.tdk.gov.tr/TR/BelgeGoster.aspx?F6E10F8892433CFFAAF6AA849816B2EF1A46C5FBFA979D0C|title=Türkçe Sözlük (2005)’teki Sözlerin Kökenlerine Ait Sayısal Döküm (Numerical list on the origin of words in ''Türkçe Sözlük (2005)'')|accessdate= 21 Marso 2007| date = 2005|publisher=[[Turkish Language Association]]|language=Turkish|archive-date= 1 Marso 2007|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070301064559/http://www.tdk.gov.tr/TR/BelgeGoster.aspx?F6E10F8892433CFFAAF6AA849816B2EF1A46C5FBFA979D0C|url-status=dead}} * {{Cite web|publisher=Turkish Studies: International Periodical For The Languages, Literature and History of Turkish or Turkic Volume 7/3, |url=http://www.turkishstudies.net/Makaleler/1934555583_85Kad%c4%b1u%20Spartak_S-1593-1603.pdf|title= Spartak KADIU : Türkçede zaman ve kip kavramı ve i-ek eylemin fonksiyonu üzerine |accessdate= 15 Enero 2013|language=Turkish}} {{refend}} ==Padugang nga barasahon== {{refbegin|30em}} * {{Cite book|last=Eyüboğlu|first=İsmet Zeki|title=Türk Dilinin Etimoloji Sözlüğü (Etymological Dictionary of the Turkish Language)|publisher=Sosyal Yayınları, İstanbul| date = 1991|isbn=978975-7384-72-4 |language=Turkish}} * {{Cite book|last=Özel|first=Sevgi|coauthors=Haldun Özen and Ali Püsküllüoğlu (eds.)|title=Atatürk'ün Türk Dil Kurumu ve Sonrası (Atatürk's Turkish Language Association and its Legacy)|publisher=Bilgi Yayınevi, Ankara| date = 1986|oclc=18836678|language=Turkish}} * {{Cite book|last=Püsküllüoğlu|first=Ali|title=Arkadaş Türkçe Sözlük (Arkadaş Turkish Dictionary)|publisher=Arkadaş Yayınevi, Ankara| date = 2004|isbn=975-509-053-3|language=Turkish}} {{refend}} ==Mga sumpay ha gawas== {{InterWiki|code=tr}} {{wiktionary category}} {{Wikibooks|Turkish}} {{Wikiquote|Turkish proverbs}} {{Wikivoyage|Turkish phrasebook|Turkish|a phrasebook}} *{{Commons category-inline|Turkish language}} * {{dmoz|Reference/Dictionaries/World_Languages/T/Turkish|Turkish dictionaries}} * {{dmoz|Science/Social_Sciences/Linguistics/Languages/Natural/Altaic/Turkic/Turkish|Turkish language}} * [http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Appendix:Turkish_Swadesh_list Swadesh list of Turkish basic vocabulary words] (from Wiktionary's [http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Appendix:Swadesh_lists Swadesh-list appendix]) * [http://www.umich.edu/~turkish/langres_tr.html Turkish Language: Resources – University of Michigan] * [http://sites.google.com/site/learningturkishsite/ LT: LearningTurkish (non-commercial)] * [http://alpy02.brinkster.net/Default.aspx LT: Automatic Turkish Verb Declinations (non-commercial)] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150203094709/http://alpy02.brinkster.net/Default.aspx |date= 3 Pebrero 2015 }} * [https://www.livelingua.com/fsi-turkish-course.php USA Foreign Service Institute Turkish basic course] [[kaarangay:Turkeya]] 0shvt8iuzfwkk7pgdyw7fp3t3mdy5qr 0 17265 7782340 7770184 2026-04-07T06:43:38Z InternetArchiveBot 41587 Add 1 book for verifiability (20260407)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 7782340 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Paypay:BuddhaTwang.jpg|thumb|Estatuwa ni Buddha]] An '''budismo''' usa nga banay hin mga pagtoo ngan paggios, nga ginkikilala han kadam-an nga usa ka relihiyon, basi ha mga tutdo ni [[Siddhartha Gautama]], nga ginkikilala nga "An Buddha", nga natawo ha yana nga Nepal. ==Pinanbasaran== {{Mga kasarigan|30em}} ==Bibliograpiya== {{Refbegin|30em}} *{{Cite journal|last=Ajahn Sucitto| authorlink = Ajahn Sucitto| date = 2010|title=Turning the Wheel of Truth: Commentary on the Buddha's First Teaching|url=https://archive.org/details/turningwheeloftr0000suci|publisher=Shambhala|postscript={{Inconsistent citations}}}} *{{Cite book|author=Armstrong, Karen|title=Buddha|url=https://archive.org/details/buddha00arms| date = 2001|publisher=Penguin Books|isbn=0-14-303436-7|page=[https://archive.org/details/buddha00arms/page/187 187]}} *{{Cite book|author=Bareau, André|title='Les Sectes bouddhiques du Petit Véhicule|publisher=École Française d'Extrême-Orient|location=Saigon| date = 1955|isbn=}} * Bechert, Heinz & Richard Gombrich (ed.) (1984). ''The World of Buddhism'', Thames & Hudson. * {{Citation | last =Bronkhorst | first =Johannes | date = 1993 | title =The Two Traditions Of Meditation In Ancient India | publisher =Motilal Banarsidass Publ.}} * {{Citation | last =Bronkhorst | first =Johannes | date = 1998 | title =Did the Buddha Believe in Karma and Rebirth? | journal =Journal of the International Association of Buddhist Studies, Volume 21, Number 1, 1998 | url =https://journals.ub.uni-heidelberg.de/index.php/jiabs/article/download/8869/2776}} * {{Cite book | author =Buswell, Robert E. (ed.) | title =Encyclopedia of Buddhism|publisher=MacMillan Reference Books| date = 2003|isbn=978-0-02-865718-9}} * {{Cite book | author =Coogan, Michael D. (ed.) | title=The Illustrated Guide to World Religions|publisher=Oxford University Press| date = 2003|isbn=1-84483-125-6}} * {{Cite journal|last=Cousins|first=L. S.|title=The Dating of the Historical Buddha: A Review Article|journal=Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society|volume=Series 3|issue=6.1|pages=57–63| date = 1996|url=http://indology.info/papers/cousins/|accessdate= 11 Hulyo 2007|doi=10.1017/S1356186300014760|archive-date= 20 Disyembre 2010|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101220043745/http://indology.info/papers/cousins/|url-status=dead}}; reprinted in Williams, ''Buddhism'', volume I; NB in the online transcript a little text has been accidentally omitted: in section 4, between "... none of the other contributions in this section envisage a date before 420 B.C." and "to 350 B.C." insert "Akira Hirakawa defends the short chronology and Heinz Bechert himself sets a range from 400 B.C." *{{Cite book | last =Davidson | first =Ronald M. | date = 2003 | title =Indian Esoteric Buddhism: A Social History of the Tantric Movement | url =https://archive.org/details/indianesotericbu0000davi | publisher =Columbia University Press | location =New York | isbn =0-231-12619-0}} *{{Cite book | author =de Give, Bernard | title=Les rapports de l'Inde et de l'Occident des origines au règne d'Asoka| publisher =Les Indes savants| date = 2006|isbn=2-84654-036-5}} *{{Cite book | author =Donath, Dorothy C.|title=Buddhism for the West: Theravāda, Mahāyāna and Vajrayāna; a comprehensive review of Buddhist history, philosophy, and teachings from the time of the Buddha to the present day| url =https://archive.org/details/buddhismforwestt00dona|publisher=Julian Press | date = 1971 | isbn =0-07-017533-0}} *{{Cite journal | last =Dzongsar Jamyang Khyentse| date = 2011|title=What Makes You Not a Buddhist|publisher=Shambhala, Kindle Edition|postscript=<!-- Bot inserted parameter. Either remove it; or change its value to "." for the cite to end in a ".", as necessary. -->{{Inconsistent citations}}}} *[[Ainslie Embree|Embree, Ainslie T.]] (ed.), Stephen N. Hay (ed.), Wm. Theodore de Bary (ed.), A.L. Bashram, R.N. Dandekar, Peter Hardy, J.B. Harrison, V. Raghavan, Royal Weiler, and Andrew Yarrow (1958; 2nd ed. 1988). ''Sources of Indian Tradition: From the Beginning to 1800'' (vol. 1). NY: Columbia U. Press. ISBN 0-231-06651-1. *{{Cite book | last =Gethin | first =Rupert | title =Foundations of Buddhism| url =https://archive.org/details/foundationsofbud00rupe |publisher=Oxford University Press| date = 1998|isbn=0-19-289223-1|postscript=<!-- Bot inserted parameter. Either remove it; or change its value to "." for the cite to end in a ".", as necessary. -->{{Inconsistent citations}}}} * {{Cite journal | last =Goldstein | first =Joseph | date = 2002|title=One Dharma: The Emerging Western Buddhism| url =https://archive.org/details/onedharmaemergin00gold |publisher=HarperCollins|postscript=<!-- Bot inserted parameter. Either remove it; or change its value to "." for the cite to end in a ".", as necessary. -->{{Inconsistent citations}}}} * [[Daniel Goleman|Goleman, Daniel]] (2008). ''Destructive Emotions: A Scientific Dialogue with the Dalai Lama''. Bantam. Kindle Edition. * Gombrich, Richard F. (1988; 6th reprint, 2002). ''Theravāda Buddhism: A Social History from Ancient Benares to Modern Colombo'' (London: Routledge). ISBN 0-415-07585-8. * {{Citation | last =Gombrich | first =Richard F. | date = 1997 | title =How Buddhism Began | publisher =Munshiram Manoharlal}} * {{Cite book | author =[[Henepola Gunaratana|Gunaratana, Bhante Henepola]]|title=Mindfulness in Plain English| url =https://archive.org/details/mindfulnessi_guna_2002_000_10545944|publisher=Wisdom Publications| date = 2002|isbn=0-86171-321-4}} Also available on this websites: [http://www.saigon.com/~anson/ebud/mfneng/mind0.htm saigon.com] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20061016172534/http://www.saigon.com/~anson/ebud/mfneng/mind0.htm |date= 16 Oktubre 2006 }} [http://www.urbandharma.org/udharma4/mpe.html urbandharma.org] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201201190256/http://www.urbandharma.org/udharma4/mpe.html |date= 1 Disyembre 2020 }} [http://www.vipassana.com/meditation/mindfulness_in_plain_english.php vipassana.com] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201217022341/http://www.vipassana.com/meditation/mindfulness_in_plain_english.php |date= 17 Disyembre 2020 }} * Gyatso, Geshe Kelsang. ''Introduction to Buddhism'': An Explanation of the Buddhist Way of Life, [[Tharpa Publications]] (2nd. ed., 2001, US ed. 2008) ISBN 978-0-9789067-7-1 * {{Cite book|author=Harvey, Peter|title=An Introduction to Buddhism: Teachings, History and Practices|url=https://archive.org/details/introductiontobu00harv_0|publisher=Cambridge University Press| date = 1990|isbn=0-521-31333-3}} * {{Cite book|author=Hawkins, Bradley K.|title=The Pocket Idiots Guide: Buddhism|publisher=Laurence King (Penguin, Alpha)| date = 1999|isbn=0-02-864459-X}} * Hill, John E. (2009) ''Through the Jade Gate to Rome: A Study of the Silk Routes during the Later Han Dynasty, 1st to 2nd Centuries CE''. BookSurge, Charleston, South Carolina. ISBN 978-1-4392-2134-1. * {{Cite book|author=Indian Books Centre|title=Bibliotheca Indo Buddhica Series, Delhi}} * {{Citation | last =Jong | first =J.W. de | date = 1993 | title =The Beginnings of Buddhism | journal =The Eastern Buddhist, vol. 26, no. 2}} * {{Cite book | author =Juergensmeyer, Mark | title=The Oxford Handbook of Global Religions| url =https://archive.org/details/oxfordhandbookof0000unse_i0h0 |series=Oxford Handbooks in Religion and Theology|publisher=Oxford University Press| date = 2006|isbn=978-0-19-513798-9}} * {{Cite journal | last =Keown | first =Damien| date = 2000|title=Buddhism: A Very Short Introduction|publisher=Oxford University Press, Kindle Edition|postscript=<!-- Bot inserted parameter. Either remove it; or change its value to "." for the cite to end in a ".", as necessary. -->{{Inconsistent citations}}}} * Keown, Damien and Charles S Prebish (eds.) (2004). ''Encyclopedia of Buddhism'' (London: Routledge). ISBN 978-0-415-31414-5. * {{Cite book | author =Kohn, Michael H. (trans.) | title=The Shambhala Dictionary of Buddhism and Zen| url =https://archive.org/details/shambhaladiction0000unse |publisher=Shambhala| date = 1991|isbn=0-87773-520-4}} * {{Cite journal | last=Lama Surya Das| date = 1997|title=Awakening the Buddha Within| url=https://archive.org/details/awakeningbuddhaw0000sury|publisher=Broadway Books, Kindle Edition|postscript=<!-- Bot inserted parameter. Either remove it; or change its value to "." for the cite to end in a ".", as necessary. -->{{Inconsistent citations}}}} * {{Cite book | author =Lamotte, Étienne (trans. from French)|others=trans. Sara Boin|title=Teaching of Vimalakirti| url =https://archive.org/details/teachingofvimala0000tien|publisher=Pali Text Society|location=London| date = 1976|isbn=0-7100-8540-0|nopp=true|page=XCIII}} * {{Citation | last =Lopez | first =Donald S. | date = 1995 | title =Buddhism in Practice | publisher =Princeton University Press | isbn=0-691-04442-2 | url =http://isites.harvard.edu/fs/docs/icb.topic787480.files/Lopez-Buddhism%20in%20Practice.pdf}} * {{Cite journal | last =Lopez | first =Donald S.| date = 2001 | title =The Story of Buddhism | url =https://archive.org/details/storyofbuddhismc0000lope | publisher =HarperCollins | postscript =<!-- Bot inserted parameter. Either remove it; or change its value to "." for the cite to end in a ".", as necessary. -->{{Inconsistent citations}}}} *{{Cite book | author =Lowenstein, Tom|title=The Vision of the Buddha| url =https://archive.org/details/visionofbuddha0000lowe_d7j6|publisher=Duncan Baird Publishers| date = 1996|isbn=1-903296-91-9}} * {{Citation | last =Matthews | first =Bruce | date = 1986 | title =Post-Classical Developments In The Concepts of Karma and Rebirth in Theravada Buddhism. In: Ronald W. Neufeldt (ed.), "Karma and rebirth: Post-classical developments" | publisher =SUNY}} *Morgan, Kenneth W. (ed), ''The Path of the Buddha: Buddhism Interpreted by Buddhists'', Ronald Press, New York, 1956; reprinted by Motilal Banarsidass, Delhi; distributed by Wisdom Books *{{Cite book | author =Nattier, Jan | title =A Few Good Men: The Bodhisattva Path according to The Inquiry of Ugra (Ugrapariprccha)| url =https://archive.org/details/fewgoodmenbodhis0000natt |publisher=University of Hawai'i Press| date = 2003|isbn=0-8248-2607-8}} * {{Citation | last =Norman | first =K.R. | date = 1997 | title =A Philological Approach to Buddhism. The Bukkyo Dendo Kybkai Lectures 1994 | publisher =School ofOriental and African Studies (University of London) | url =http://ahandfulofleaves.files.wordpress.com/2011/11/a-philological-approach-to-buddhism_norman_tbf_1997.pdf}} *{{Cite journal | last =Pinburn | first=Sidney| date = 2001|title=The Dalai Lama: Policy of Kindness|publisher=Snow Lion|postscript=<!-- Bot inserted parameter. Either remove it; or change its value to "." for the cite to end in a ".", as necessary. -->{{Inconsistent citations}}}} *{{Cite book | author =Ranjini | title=Jewels of the Doctrine|work=Buddhist Stories of the Thirteenth Century|publisher=Sri Satguru Publications|isbn=0-7914-0490-0}} *Robinson, Richard H. and Willard L. Johnson (1970; 3rd ed., 1982). ''The Buddhist Religion: A Historical Introduction'' (Belmont, California: Wadsworth Publishing). ISBN 0-534-01027-X. *{{Cite book | author =Ito, Shinjo|title=Shinjo:Reflections| url =https://archive.org/details/shinjoreflection0000itos|publisher=Somerset Hall Press| date = 2009|isbn=1-935244-00-0}} *{{Cite book | author =Sinha, H.P.|title=Bhāratīya Darshan kī rūprekhā (Features of Indian Philosophy)|publisher=Motilal Banarasidas Publ.| date = 1993|isbn=81-208-2144-0}} *{{Cite book | title =A Concise History of Buddhism|author=Skilton, Andrew| date = 1997|publisher=Windhorse Publications|url=http://books.google.com/?id=GEKd4iqH3C0C&dq=history+of+buddhism|isbn=0-904766-92-6}} *{{Cite book | author =Smith, Huston|title=Buddhism: A Concise Introduction| url =https://archive.org/details/buddhismconcisei00smit|author2=Phillip Novak|publisher=HarperSanFrancisco| date = 2003|isbn=978-0-06-073067-3}} *{{Cite book|author=[[Thanissaro Bhikkhu]]|title=Refuge: An Introduction to the Buddha, Dhamma, & Sangha (3rd ed., rev.)|url=http://www.accesstoinsight.org/lib/authors/thanissaro/refuge.html#goi| date = 2001}} * {{Cite journal | ref =Hanh_74|author=[[Thich Nhat Hanh]]|title=The Heart of the Buddha's Teaching| url =https://archive.org/details/heartofbuddhaste00nhat|publisher=Broadway Books| date = 1974|isbn=0-7679-0369-2}} * {{Cite book | author =[[Robert A. F. Thurman|Thurman, Robert A. F.]] (translator)|title=Holy Teaching of Vimalakirti: Mahayana Scripture|publisher=Pennsylvania State University Press| date = 1976|isbn=0-271-00601-3}} * {{Cite book | ref =Rahula_74|author=[[Walpola Rahula]]|title=What the Buddha Taught| url =https://archive.org/details/whatbuddhataught00walp|publisher=Grove Press| date = 1974|isbn=955-9219-19-7}} * {{Citation | last =Schmithausen | first =Lambert | date = 1981 | title =On some Aspects of Descriptions or Theories of 'Liberating Insight' and 'Enlightenment' in Early Buddhism". In: Studien zum Jainismus und Buddhismus (Gedenkschrift für Ludwig Alsdorf), hrsg. von Klaus Bruhn und Albrecht Wezler, Wiesbaden 1981, 199-250}} * {{Citation | last =Schmithausen | first =Lambert | date = 1986 | title =Critical Response. In: Ronald W. Neufeldt (ed.), "Karma and rebirth: Post-classical developments" | publisher =SUNY}} * {{Citation | last =Vetter | first =Tilmann | date = 1988 | title =The Ideas and Meditative Practices of Early Buddhism | publisher =BRILL}} *{{Cite journal | last =Walpola Rahula | date = 2007 | title =What the Buddha Taught | publisher =Grove Press. Kindle Edition | postscript =<!-- Bot inserted parameter. Either remove it; or change its value to "." for the cite to end in a ".", as necessary. -->{{Inconsistent citations}}}} * {{Citation | last =Warder | first =A.K. | authorlink=A. K. Warder | date = 2000 | title=Indian Buddhism | place=Delhi | publisher =Motilal Banarsidass Publishers | postscript =<!-- Bot inserted parameter. Either remove it; or change its value to "." for the cite to end in a ".", as necessary. -->{{Inconsistent citations}}}} * {{Cite book | ref =White_74 | author =White, Kenneth | title=The Role of Bodhicitta in Buddhist Enlightenment Including a Translation into English of Bodhicitta-sastra, Benkemmitsu-nikyoron, and Sammaya-kaijo|publisher=The Edwin Mellen Press| date = 2005}} ISBN 0-7734-5985-5. * {{Cite book | author =Williams, Paul | title =Mahayana Buddhism: the doctrinal foundations | url =https://archive.org/details/mahayanabuddhism0000will | publisher =Routledge | location =London| date = 1989|isbn=0-415-02537-0}} * Williams, Paul (ed.) (2005). ''Buddhism: Critical Concepts in Religious Studies'', 8 volumes, Routledge, London & New York. * Williams, Paul with Anthony Tribe (2000). ''Buddhist Thought'' (London: Routledge). ISBN 0-415-20701-0. Retrieved 29 Nobyembre 2008 from [http://books.google.com/books?id=v0Rpvycf1t0C "Google Books"]. * {{Cite book|author=Yamamoto, Kosho (translation), revised and edited by Dr. Tony Page|title=The [[Mahayana Mahaparinirvana Sutra]]|publisher=(Nirvana Publications 1999-2000)}} * {{Cite book|ref=Yin_98|author=[[Yin Shun]], Yeung H. Wing (translator)|title=The Way to Buddhahood: Instructions from a Modern Chinese Master|publisher=Wisdom Publications| date = 1998}} ISBN 0-86171-133-5. * Zürcher, E. (1972). ''The Buddhist Conquest of China''. Leiden. E. J. Brill. First published in 1959. {{Refend}} ===Aada-ha-linya=== {{refbegin}} *{{Cite web|author=Berzin, Alexander| authorlink= Alexander Berzin (scholar)|work=Berzin Archives|title=Historical Sketch of Buddhism and Islam in Afghanistan|date= Nobyembre 2001|url=http://www.berzinarchives.com/islam/history_afghanistan_buddhism.html}} *{{Cite web|author=[http://www.weiwuwei.8k.com/ Wei, Wei Wu]|work=Routledge and Kegan Paul Ltd., London|publisher=[http://www.sentientpublications.com/authors/weiwuwei.php Sentient Publications]|title=Why Lazarus Laughed: The Essential Doctrine Zen-Advaita-Tantra| date = 1960|url=http://www.sentientpublications.com/catalog/lazarus.php|accessdate= 10 Nobyembre 2010|archive-date= 23 Disyembre 2010|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101223120609/http://www.sentientpublications.com/catalog/lazarus.php|url-status=dead}} *{{Cite web|ref=Dhammananda_64|author=[[K. Sri Dhammananda|Dhammananda, K. Sri]]|url=http://www.buddhanet.net/pdf_file/whatbelieve.pdf|format=PDF|title=What Buddhists Believe|work=| date = 2002|accessdate= 10 Nobyembre 2010|archive-date= 8 Agosto 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130808001534/http://www.buddhanet.net/pdf_file/whatbelieve.pdf|url-status=unfit}} {{refend}} ==Mga sumpay ha gawas== {{Wikiquote}} {{Wikisource1911Enc|Buddhism}} {{Commons category|Buddhism}} {{Wikiversity|Buddha oracle# Buddhism}} *[https://sites.google.com/site/mudithacom/home/buddhism_qanda Frequently Asked Questions About Buddhism] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150320094453/https://sites.google.com/site/mudithacom/home/buddhism_qanda |date= 20 Marso 2015 }} *[[:dmoz:Society/Religion and Spirituality/Buddhism|Religion and Spirituality: Buddhism]] at Open Directory Project *{{Cite web|publisher=[[Victoria and Albert Museum]]|url=http://www.vam.ac.uk/collections/asia/asia_features/buddhism/index.html|title=Buddhism&nbsp;— objects, art and history|work=Asia|accessdate= 6 Disyembre 2007|archive-date= 6 Enero 2008|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080106085643/http://www.vam.ac.uk/collections/asia/asia_features/buddhism/index.html|url-status=dead}} *[http://www.sacred-texts.com/bud/index.htm Buddhist texts at Sacred Texts.com] *[http://www.what-Buddha-taught.net/ Buddhism in various languages] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070928041702/http://what-buddha-taught.net/ |date= 28 Septyembre 2007 }} *[http://www.patheos.com/Topics/Future-of-World-Religions/Buddhism.html The Future of Buddhism series], from ''[[Patheos]]'' *{{Cite web|url=http://www.accesstoinsight.org/lib/authors/thanissaro/emptiness.html|title=Emptiness|author=Thanissaro Bhikkhu|authorlink=Thanissaro Bhikkhu|publisher=[http://www.accesstoinsight.org/lib/ A Theravada Library]|accessdate= 19 Disyembre 2012}} [[Kaarangay:Budismo]] hu6djx9jcdwg2wmabmruhn9raflrqg7 0 17287 7782310 7748313 2026-04-07T05:53:16Z InternetArchiveBot 41587 Add 1 book for verifiability (20260407)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 7782310 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox building | name = Empire State Building | image = Empire State Building by David Shankbone.jpg | caption = Empire State Building from a Park Avenue skyscraper. | highest_start = 1931 | highest_end = 1970 | highest_prev = [[Chrysler Building]] | highest_next = [[World Trade Center|original World Trade Center ("Twin Towers")]]<!-- The original WTC; don't change --> | location = 350 [[Fifth Avenue]]<br />[[Manhattan|New York]], [[New York|NY]] 10118<ref name="EmpireZip">The Empire State Building is located within the 10001 zip code area, but 10118 is assigned as the building's own zip code. Source: USPS.</ref> | status = | start_date = 1929<ref name="Enc-NY-ESB" /> | completion_date = 1931 | opening = | building_type = offices, observation decks | architectural = {{convert|1250|ft|m|1|abbr=on}}<ref>{{Cite web |title=ESBNYC.com |url=http://www.esbnyc.com/visit_empire_state_building.asp |access-date=2015-02-01 |archive-date=2012-07-05 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120705100016/http://www.esbnyc.com/visit_empire_state_building.asp |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref name="skyscraperCenter">{{cite web |url=http://skyscrapercenter.com/new-york-city/empire-state-building/ |title=Empire State Building – The Skyscraper Center |work=Council on Tall Buildings and Urban Habitat |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20120524040642/http://skyscrapercenter.com/new-york-city/empire-state-building |archivedate=2012-05-24}}</ref> | tip = {{convert|1454|ft|m|1|abbr=on}}<ref name=skyscraperCenter/> | roof = {{convert|1250|ft|m|1|abbr=on}} | top_floor = {{convert|1224|ft|m|1|abbr=on}}<ref name=skyscraperCenter/> | observatory = {{convert|1224|ft|m|1|abbr=on}}<ref name=skyscraperCenter/> | other_dimensions = length (east-west) {{convert|424|ft|m|1|abbr=on}} width (north-south) {{convert|187|ft|m|1|abbr=on}}<ref name=emporis>[http://www.emporis.com/building/empirestatebuilding-newyorkcity-ny-usa Empire State Building at Emporis.com]</ref> | floor_count = 102<ref>http://skyscrapercenter.com/building/empire-state-building/261</ref> | elevator_count = 73<ref name=skyscraperCenter/> | cost = [[United States dollar|$]]40,948,900<ref name="cost"/> <br/>(${{formatprice|{{Inflation|US|40,948,900|1931}}}} in {{CURRENTYEAR}} dollars{{inflation-fn|US}}) | floor_area = {{convert|2248355|sqft|m2|0|abbr=on}}<ref name=skyscraperCenter/> | architect = [[Shreve, Lamb and Harmon]] | architectural_style = [[Art Deco]] | structural_engineer= [[Homer G. Balcom|Homer Gage Balcom]]<ref>{{cite news |title=Homer G. Balcom, Engineer, Is Dead |url=http://select.nytimes.com/gst/abstract.html?res=F50B13FE3F5D12738DDDAC0894DF405B888FF1D3 |work = [[The New York Times]] |date=5 Hulyo 1938 |accessdate= 8 Agosto 2011}}</ref> | main_contractor = Starrett Brothers and Eken | developer = John J. Raskob | owner = Empire State Realty Trust | references =<ref name=skyscraperCenter/><ref name="nhlsum">{{cite web|url=http://tps.cr.nps.gov/nhl/detail.cfm?ResourceId=1842&ResourceType=Building|title=Empire State Building|date=11 Septyembre 2007|work=National Historic Landmark summary listing|publisher=National Park Service|archiveurl=https://www.webcitation.org/61HNAdO6j?url=http://tps.cr.nps.gov/nhl/detail.cfm?ResourceId=1842|archivedate=2011-08-28|deadurl=dead|access-date=2015-02-01}}</ref><ref name="nris">{{NRISref|2007a}}</ref> | nrhp = {{Infobox NRHP| embed = yes | name =Empire State Building | nrhp_type = nhl | locmapin = New York City | map_caption = Location in New York City<ref>National Geodetic Survey datasheet KU3602. Retrieved 26 Hulyo 2009.</ref> | lat_degrees = 40 | lat_minutes = 44 | lat_seconds = 54.36 | lat_direction = N | long_degrees = 73 | long_minutes = 59 | long_seconds = 08.36 | long_direction = W | coord_parameters = region:US-NY_type:landmark | image = | image_size = | caption = | designated_nrhp_type = 24 Hunyo 1986 | designated_other2_name = NYC Landmark | designated_other2_date = 19 Mayo 1981 | designated_other2_abbr = NYCL | designated_other2_link = New York City Landmarks Preservation Commission | designated_other2_number = | designated_other2_color = #ff0000 | governing_body = | status= | floor_area={{convert|2768591|sqft|m2|-3|abbr=on}} rentable (2007)<br />External: {{convert|2|acre|m2|0}} | added = 17 Nobyembre 1982 | refnum=82001192 }} }} An '''Empire State Building''' usa nga hataas nga gusali han [[Syudad han New York]], [[Estados Unidos]]. Mayda ini 381 metro (1,250 piye) nga kahitaas ngan 102 handana. Ha kap-atan (40) ka tuig, ini an nagtindog nga gihahataasi nga gusali han kalibutan. ==Mga reperensya== ;Pinanbasaran {{Reflist|colwidth=30em}} ;Bibliograpiya {{Refbegin}} * {{cite book| last = Aaseng| first = Nathan| title = Construction: Building the Impossible| url = https://archive.org/details/constructionbuil00aase| date = 1998| publisher = The Oliver Press, Inc.| location = Minneapolis, MN| isbn = 978-1-881508-59-5 }} * {{cite book| last = Bascomb| first = Neal| title = Higher: A Historic Race to the Sky and the Making of a City| url = https://archive.org/details/higherhistoricr000basc| date = 2003| publisher = Doubleday| location = New York| isbn = 978-0-385-50660-1 }} * <cite id=Goldman>{{cite book| last = Goldman| first = Jonathan| title = The Empire State Building Book| url = https://archive.org/details/empirestatebuild00gold| date = 1980| publisher = St. Martin's Press| location = New York| isbn = 978-0-312-24455-2 }} * {{cite book| last = James| first = Theodore, Jr.| title = The Empire State Building| url = https://archive.org/details/empirestatebuild0000jame| date = 1975| publisher = Harper & Row| location = New York| isbn = 978-0-06-012172-3 }} * {{cite book| last = Kingwell| first = Mark| title = Nearest Thing to Heaven: The Empire State Building and American Dreams| url = https://archive.org/details/nearestthingtohe0000king| date = 2006| publisher = Yale University Press| location = New Haven, CT| isbn = 978-0-300-10622-0 }} * {{cite book| last = Pacelle| first = Mitchell| title = Empire: A Tale of Obsession, Betrayal, and the Battle for an American Icon| url = https://archive.org/details/empiretaleofobse0000pace| date = 2001| publisher = Wiley| location = New York| isbn = 978-0-471-40394-4 }} * {{cite book| last = Tauranac| first = John| title = The Empire State Building: The Making of a Landmark| url = https://archive.org/details/empirestatebuild0000taur| date = 1995| publisher = Scribner| location = New York| isbn = 978-0-684-19678-7 }} * {{cite book| last = Wagner| first = Geraldine B.| title = Thirteen Months to Go: The Creation of the Empire State Building| url = https://archive.org/details/thirteenmonthsto0000wagn| date = 2003| publisher = Thunder Bay Press| location = San Diego, California| isbn = 978-1-59223-105-8 }} * {{cite book| last = Willis| first = Carol| last2 = Friedman| first2 = Donald| title = Building the Empire State| url = https://archive.org/details/buildingempirest0000unse_p9h3| date = 1998| publisher = W.W. Norton| location = New York| isbn = 978-0-393-73030-2 }} {{Refend}} ==Mga sumpay ha gawas== {{Commons category}} {{Wiktionary|Empire State Building}} * {{Official website|www.esbnyc.com}} * [http://skyscrapercenter.com/new-york-city/empire-state-building Empire State Building] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120623211856/http://skyscrapercenter.com/new-york-city/empire-state-building |date=2012-06-23 }} on [[CTBUH]] ''Skyscraper Center'' * [http://www.britishpathe.com/video/905-feet-high Empire State Building (1930)] – film footage of the building's construction at British ''[[Pathé News]]'' * {{cite book|author=Hearst Magazines|title=Popular Mechanics|url=http://books.google.com/?id=qOIDAAAAMBAJ&pg=PA920|date=December 1930|publisher=Hearst Magazines|isbn=|page=920}} *[https://web.archive.org/web/20101031103312/http://knowledge.allianz.com/en/globalissues/energy_co2/energy_efficiency/empire_state_building_retrofit.html Empire State Building green retrofit] archive at the ''[[Internet Archive]]'' * [http://manhattan.about.com/od/historyandlandmarks/a/empirestate.htm Empire State Building trivia] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060206142541/http://manhattan.about.com/od/historyandlandmarks/a/empirestate.htm |date=2006-02-06 }} at ''[[About.com]]'' * [http://digitalgallery.nypl.org/nypldigital/dgkeysearchresult.cfm?parent_id=131032 Empire State Building under construction (1930–1931)] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141009013449/http://digitalgallery.nypl.org/nypldigital/dgkeysearchresult.cfm?parent_id=131032 |date=2014-10-09 }} at the ''[[New York Public Library]]'' * [http://www.skyscraper.org/WEB_PROJECTS/VIVA2/viva2_intro.htm Empire State Building at Viva 2] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120717030435/http://www.skyscraper.org/WEB_PROJECTS/VIVA2/viva2_intro.htm |date=2012-07-17 }} – archive of over 500 construction photographs at ''The Skyscraper Museum'' * [http://www.nytimes.com/interactive/2010/09/26/realestate/20100926scapes_ss.html?ref=multimedia#1 Streetscapes: The Empire State Building] slideshow at ''[[The New York Times]]'' * [http://www.buzzfile.com/Lists/Companies-located-at-350-5Th-Ave,-New-York,-NY,-10118 List of tenants at the Empire State Building] - Companies located at 350 5th Avenue, New York NY avanku8c3vkb4npl3it7l17ricgatkp 0 17293 7782332 7649925 2026-04-07T06:33:16Z InternetArchiveBot 41587 Add 1 book for verifiability (20260407)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 7782332 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox religious building | building_name=Basílika Papal ni San Pedro ha Vaticano<br /><small>{{lang|it|Basilica Papale di San Pietro in Vaticano}} {{it icon}}<br />{{lang|la|Basilica Sancti Petri}} {{la icon}}</small> |infobox_width=340px | image=Ca' Rezzonico - Interno della basilica di San Pietro a Roma - Giampaolo Pannini.jpg | image_size=300px | caption=An sulod ha Basílika ni San Pedro ni [[Giovanni Paolo Pannini]]|alt=Usa nga detalyado hin duro nga hulagway hin dako nga sulod. An hitaas nga atop arko. An mga bungbung ngan mga harigi nga nasuporta han atop ginbutangan hin mga ginhorma nga kerubim ngan iba nga mga iskultura nga ginsagulan hin mga bukad nga motif. Damo nga mga tawo naglalakatlakat dida hit singbahan. Baga hira hin gudti kun igkumpara dida han edifisyo. | location={{Flagicon|VAT}} [[Syudad han Vaticano]] | geo={{Coord|41|54|8|N|12|27|12|E|type:landmark_region:VA|display=inline,title}} | religious_affiliation=[[Katoliko Romano]] | consecration_year=1626 | status=[[Basilica mayor]] | leadership= | website= [http://www.vatican.va/various/basiliche/san_pietro/index_it.htm Opisyal nga websayt {{it icon}}] | architect=[[Donato Bramante]]<br> [[Antonio da Sangallo the Younger]]<br> [[Michelangelo]]<br> [[Jacopo Barozzi da Vignola]]<br> [[Giacomo della Porta]]<br> [[Carlo Maderno]]<br> [[Gianlorenzo Bernini]] | architecture_style=[[Renasimyento nga arkitektura|Renasimyento]] ngan [[Baroque]] | groundbreaking ={{start date|1506|4|18|df=y}} | year_completed={{end date|1626|11|18|df=y}} | specifications = yes | capacity = | length = {{convert|730|ft|m}} | width = {{convert|500|ft|m}} | height_nave = {{convert|151.5|ft|m}} | height_max = {{convert|452|ft|m}} | dome_dia_outer = {{convert|137.7|ft|m}} | dome_dia_inner = {{convert|136.1|ft|m}} <!-- -Please don't add any more specifications here. The IMPORTANT concept, that it is a very large building, has been dealt with. - --> }} An '''Basilica Papal ni San Pedro ha Vaticano''' (Iningles: ''Papal Basilica of St. Peter''; KInatsila: ''Basilica Papal de San Pedro''; ha Initalyano: ''Basilica Papale di San Pietro in Vaticano''; Linatin: ''Basilica Sancti Petri'') nga tinatawag hin agsob ha halipot nga '''Basilica ni San Pedro''' (Iningles: ''St. Peter's Basilica''; Kinatsila: ''Basilica de San Pedro''; Initalyano: ''Basilica di San Pietro''), usa nga dako nga singbahan ha [[Syudad han Vaticano]]. Urog ini tawagon nga "gidadako-i ngan giuupayi nga singbahan han Kristiyanismo". ==Mga Arsopadi tikang 1053== Lista hin mga [[arsopadi]] ha Basilica Vaticano:<ref>Source: the respective biographical entries on [http://www.fiu.edu/~mirandas/essay.htm Essay of a General List of Cardinals] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180214042144/http://www.fiu.edu/~mirandas/essay.htm |date=2018-02-14 }} by Salvador Miranda with corrections provided by Werner Maleczek, ''Papst und Kardinalskolleg von 1191 bis 1216'', Wien 1984 for the period before 1190 until 1254</ref> [[File:Francis Inauguration fc06.jpg|thumb|alt= The exterior of the basilica on a sunny day. In the foreground, hundreds of robed priests look towards a podium where there is an altar, and a group of white robed figures attends the Pope.|The inauguration of [[Pope Francis]] in 2013]] *Giovanni (1053) *[[Cardinal Deusdedit|Deusdedit]] (1092) *Azzo (1103–1104) *Rustico de' Rustici (ca. 1128–1131?) *Griffone (1138–1139) *Pietro (ca.1140?–1144) *Bernard (1145?–1176?) *Giovanni da Sutri (1176/78–1180) *Ugolino di Segni (ca.1191/1200–1206) *Guido Pierleoni (1206/7–1228) *Stefano Conti (1229–1254) *Riccardo Annibaldi (1254–1276) *[[Papa Nicolas III|Giovanni Gaetano Orsini]] (1276–1277) *Matteo Orsini Rosso (1277 or 1288–1305) *[[Napoleone Orsini Frangipani]] (1306–1342) *[[Annibaldo di Ceccano]] (1342–1350) *Guillaume de La Jugie (1362–1365) *Rinaldo Orsini (1366–1374) *Hugues de Saint-Martial (1374–1378) *Philippe d'Alençon (1378–1397) *Cristoforo Maroni (1397–1404) *[[Angelo II Acciaioli|Angelo Acciaioli]] (1404–1408) *Antonio Calvi (1408–1411) *Pedro Fernandez de Frias (1412–1420) *[[Antonio Correr]] (1420–1434) *[[Giordano Orsini (died 1438)|Giordano Orsini]] (1434–1438) *[[Giuliano Cesarini]] (1439–1444) *[[Papa Pablo II|Pietro Barbo]] (1445–1464) *Richard Olivier (1464–1470) *[[Giovanni Battista Zeno]] (1470–1501) *[[Juan López (priest)|Juan López]] (1501) *[[Ippolito d'Este]] (1501–1520) *Marco Cornaro (1520) *Franciotto Orsini (1520–1530) *[[Francesco Cornaro (cardinal)|Francesco Cornaro]] (1530–1543) *[[Alessandro Farnese (cardinal)|Alessandro Farnese]] (1543–1589) *Giovanni Evangelista Palotta (1589–1620) *[[Scipione Caffarelli-Borghese]] (1620–1633) *[[Francesco Barberini (seniore)|Francesco Barberini]] (1633–1667) *[[Carlo Barberini]] (1667–1704) *Francesco Nerli (1704–1708) *[[Annibale Albani]] (1712–1751) *[[Henry Benedict Stuart]] (1751–1807) *[[Romualdo Braschi-Onesti]] (1807–1817) *[[Alessandro Mattei]] (1817–1820) *[[Pietro Francesco Galleffi]] (6 Mayo 1820 – 18 Hunyo 1837) *[[Giacomo Giustiniani]] (1 Hulyo 1837 – 24 Pebrero 1843) *[[Mario Mattei]] (11 Marso 1843 – 7 Oktubre 1870) *[[Niccola Clarelli Parracciani]] (8 Oktubre 1870 – 7 Hulyo 1872) *[[Edoardo Borromeo]] (10 Hulyo 1872 – 30 Nobyembre 1881) *[[Edward Henry Howard]] (12 Disyembre 1881 – 16 Septyembre 1892) *Francesco Ricci Paracciani (6 Oktubre 1892 – 9 Marso 1894) *[[Mariano Rampolla del Tindaro]] (21 Marso 1894 – 16 Disyembre 1913) *[[Rafael Merry del Val]] (12 Enero 1914 – 26 Pebrero 1930) *[[Papa Pío XII|Eugenio Pacelli]] (25 Marso 1930 – 2 Marso 1939) *[[Federico Tedeschini]] (14 Marso 1939 – 2 Nobyembre 1959) *[[Domenico Tardini]] (14 Nobyembre 1959 – 30 Hulyo 1961) *[[Paolo Marella]] (14 Agosto 1961 – 8 Pebrero 1983) *[[Aurelio Sabattani]] (8 Pebrero 1983 – 1 Hulyo 1991) *[[Virgilio Noè]] (1 Hulyo 1991 – 24 Abril 2002) *[[Francesco Marchisano]] (24 Abril 2002 – 10 Oktubre 2006) *[[Angelo Comastri]] (10 Oktubre 2006 – yana) ==Pinanbasaran== {{Mga kasarigan}} ==Mga reperensya== [[Image:Rom, Vatikan, Petersdom - Silhouette bei Sonnenuntergang 3.jpg|thumb|upright=1.5|[[Silhouette]] of St. Peter's Basilica at sundown (view from [[Castel Sant'Angelo]]).]] {{refbegin|60em}} *{{CathEncy |wstitle=Basilica of St. Peter |title=Basilica of St. Peter |first=Paul Maria |last=Baumgarten |ref=harv}} *{{cite journal |last=Bannister |first=Turpin | date = 1968 |title=The Constantinian Basilica of Saint Peter at Rome |journal=Journal of the Society of Architectural Historians |volume=27 |issue=1 |pages=3–32 |authorlink=Turpin Bannister |oclc= 19640446 |doi=10.2307/988425 |jstor=988425 |ref=harv}}{{subscription required |date=December 2012}} *{{cite journal |last=Betts |first=Richard J. | date = 1993 |title=Structural Innovation and Structural Design in Renaissance Architecture |journal=Journal of the Society of Architectural Historians |volume=52 |number=1 |url=http://www.jstor.org/stable/990755 |pages=5–25 |ref=harv |doi=10.2307/990755 }} *{{cite journal |last=Boorsch |first=Suzanne | date = 1982 |title=The Building of the Vatican: The Papacy and Architecture |journal=The Metropolitan Museum of Art Bulletin |location=New York |volume=XL |issue=3 |oclc=39642638 |pages=4–64 |ref=harv}} *{{cite book |last=Hintzen-Bohlen |first=Brigitte |title=Rome and the Vatican City |first2=Jürgen |last2=Sorges |publisher=Könemann |location=Köln | date = 2001 |isbn=3-8290-3109-2 }} *{{cite journal |last=Finch |first=Margaret | date = 1991 |title=The Cantharus and Pigna at Old Saint Peter's |journal=Gesta |volume=30 |issue=1 |pages=16–26 |doi=10.2307/767006 |jstor=767006 |ref=harv}}{{subscription required |date=December 2012}} *{{cite book|last=Dzyubanskyy |first=Taras |title=The Development of the Cult of St. Peter in the Vatican: from the poor man's grave to the largest basilica in the world |location=Lviv | date = 2010 |publisher= |isbn=}} *{{cite book |last=Fletcher |first=Banister |title=Sir Banister Fletcher's a History of Architecture |url=https://archive.org/details/sirbanisterfletc0000flet_c4l9 |publisher=Architectural Press |location=London | date = 2001 |isbn=0-7506-2267-9 |authorlink=Banister Fletcher |edition=20th |origyear=First published 1896 |ref=harv}}{{clarify |reason=This work not referenced from article text; |date=December 2012}} *{{cite book |last=Fletcher |first=Banister |title=History of Architecture on the Comparative Method for the student, craftsman, and amateur |publisher=Macmillan Pub Company |location=New York | date = 1975 |isbn=9997460553 |authorlink=Banister Fletcher |url=http://www.archive.org/details/historyofarchite00flet |ref=harv }}{{clarify |reason=Citation is to a 1975 edition, link is to 1905 edition. Which is correct? |date=December 2012}} *{{cite journal |last=Frommel |first=Christoph | date = 1986 |title=Papal Policy: The Planning of Rome during the Renaissance in The Evidence of Art: Images and Meaning in History |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_journal-of-interdisciplinary-history_summer-1986_17_1/page/39 |journal=Journal of Interdisciplinary History |publisher=[[MIT Press]] |location=Cambridge |volume=17 |issue=1 |pages=39–65 |issn=0022-1953 |doi=10.2307/204124 |jstor=204124 |ref=harv }}{{subscription required |date=December 2012}} *{{cite book |last=Hartt |first=Frederick |title=History of Italian Renaissance Art |publisher=Prentice Hall |location=Englewood Cliffs | date = 2006 |isbn=0-13-188247-3 |edition=6th |authorlink=Frederick Hartt |ref=harv}} *{{cite book |last=Korn |first=Frank J. |title=Hidden Rome |url=https://archive.org/details/hiddenrome0000korn |publisher=Paulist Press |location=New York | date = 2002 |isbn=0-8091-4109-4 }} *{{cite journal |last=McClendon |first=Charles | date = 1989 |title=The History of the Site of St. Peter's Basilica, Rome |journal=Perspecta: the Yale Architectural Journal |publisher=[[MIT Press]] |volume=25 |pages=32–65 |issn=00790958 |doi=10.2307/1567138 |jstor=1567138 |ref=harv}} *{{cite web |last=Lees-Milne |first=James |title=Saint Peter's{{spaced ndash}}the story of Saint Peter's Basilica in Rome |publisher=Hamish Hamilton |location=London | date = 1967 |oclc=1393052 |url=http://www.saintpetersbasilica.org/Docs/JLM/SaintPeters-1.htm |authorlink=James Lees-Milne |ref=harv }} *{{cite book |last=Gardner |first=Helen |authorlink=Helen Gardner (art historian) |last2=Kleiner |first2=Fred S. |last3=Mamiya |first3=Christin J. |title=Gardner's Art through the Ages: The Western Perspective |publisher=Wadsworth |location=Belmont | date = 2005 |edition=12th |isbn=0-495-00479-0 |volume=2 |pages=499–500, 571–575 |ref=harv}} *{{cite book|last=Lanciani|first=Rodolfo|title=Pagan and Christian Rome| date = 1892|publisher=Houghton, Mifflin and Company|location=Boston and New York|url=http://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Gazetteer/Places/Europe/Italy/Lazio/Roma/Rome/_Texts/Lanciani/LANPAC/3*.html|chapter=Chapter III: Christian Churches}} *{{cite book |last=Goldscheider |first=Ludwig |title=Michelangelo |url=https://archive.org/details/michelangelopain0000gold |publisher=Phaidon |location=Oxford | date = 1996 |isbn=0-7148-3296-0 |edition=6th |ref=harv }} *{{cite book |last=Pevsner |first=Nikolaus |title=An Outline of European Architecture |url=https://archive.org/details/outlineofeuropea00pevs |authorlink=Nikolaus Pevsner |publisher=Penguin Books |location=Baltimore | date = 1963 |isbn=978-0-14-020109-3 |edition=7th |oclc=2208913 }} *{{cite book |last=Pinto |first=Pio |title=The Pilgrim's Guide to Rome |url=https://archive.org/details/pilgrimsguidetor00pint |publisher=Harper & Row |location=San Francisco | date = 1975 |isbn=0-06-013388-0 }} *{{cite book |last=Scotti |first=R. A. |title=Basilica: the Splendor and the Scandal{{spaced ndash}}Building of St. Peter's |url=https://archive.org/details/basilicasplendor00rasc |publisher=Plume |location=New York | date = 2007 |isbn=0-452-28860-6 |ref=harv }} *{{cite web |url=http://news.nationalgeographic.com/news/2001/11/1118_vaticanmain.html |title=Inside the Vatican |date=28 Oktubre 2010 |origyear=2004 |publisher=[[National Geographic Society]] |work=National Geographic News |accessdate=30 Disyembre 2008 }} *{{cite web |title=Saint Peter's{{spaced ndash}}Truth Unveiled: Bernini’s Bell Towers and the Allegory of Truth: Urban VIII’s Bell Towers |url=http://bernini2013.org/truth-unveiled-by-time/urban-viiis-bell-towers/ |ref=harv |access-date=2015-01-24 |archive-date=2014-06-10 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140610233733/http://bernini2013.org/truth-unveiled-by-time/urban-viiis-bell-towers/ |url-status= }} {{refend}} ==Mga sumpay ha gawas== {{Commons|Basilica Sancti Petri}} *[http://www.vaticanstate.va/content/vaticanstate/en/monumenti/basilica-di-s-pietro.html# Vaticanstate.va] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190222012054/http://www.vaticanstate.va/content/vaticanstate/en/monumenti/basilica-di-s-pietro.html |date=2019-02-22 }} ‒ official website with images and information about the Basilica *[http://www.vatican.va/various/basiliche/san_pietro/index_it.htm Vatican.va] ‒ official website with contact details {{it icon}} *[http://www.vatican.va/various/basiliche/san_pietro/vr_tour/index-en.html "Virtual Reality Tour of the Basilica of Saint Peter"] *[http://www.saintpetersbasilica.org St Peter's Basilica.org] ‒ unofficial website on the architecture of the basilica, with images and extracts of texts gathered from different books. *[http://maps.google.com/maps?q=vatican&ll=41.901806,12.455138&spn=0.004081,0.007298&t=h&hl=en Google Maps]: Vatican ‒ Satellite image of the Basilica *[http://www.arounder.eu/spa/spa.html Vatican City, Piazza San Pietro] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070509031103/http://www.arounder.eu/spa/spa.html |date=2007-05-09 }} ‒ VR panorama with map and compass effect by Tolomeus *[http://www.arounder.eu/sanpietro.mov Vatican City, Piazza San Pietro] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070615025100/http://www.arounder.eu/sanpietro.mov |date=2007-06-15 }} ‒ QTVR panorama hi-res (15 Mb) by Tolomeus [[Kaarangay:Basilica ni San Pedro| ]] [[Kaarangay:Relihiyon]] ssluefrz9bve0c78net51kqj6hy7008 0 17308 7782325 7749733 2026-04-07T06:23:17Z InternetArchiveBot 41587 Add 3 books for verifiability (20260407)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 7782325 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Paypay:Franz Schubert.jpg|thumb]] Hi '''Franz Peter Schubert''' (Enero 31, 1797 – Nobyembre 19, 1828) amo an usa ka Austryano nga compositor. ==Pinanbasaran== {{Mga kasarigan|colwidth=20em}} ==Mga reperensya== {{Wikisource|University_Musical_Encyclopedia/Great_Composers:_A_Series_of_Biographical_Studies/Franz Schubert|Franz Schubert}} *{{Cite book|title=Franz Schubert|last=Kreissle von Hellborn|first=Heinrich|publisher=Carl Gerold's Sohn| date = 1865|url=http://www.google.de/books?id=QbwTAAAAYAAJ|ref=KreissleGerman}} The first significant biography of Schubert. This edition is available at [http://books.google.com?hl=de German Google Books]. English translations and abridgements of this biography from the 1860s are available at [[Google Books]]. The second volume is notable in that it contains Sir George Grove's description of the trip to Vienna in which he recovered a number of Schubert's works. *{{Cite book|last=Kreissle von Hellborn|first=Heinrich|author2=Wilberforce, Edward (translator)|title=Franz Schubert, a musical biography, from the German (abridged)| date = 1866|ref=Wilberforce|url=http://books.google.com/?id=zEgBAAAAQAAJ}} (roughly, volume 1 of Kreissle) *{{Cite book|title=The Life of Franz Schubert, Vol. 2|last=Kreissle von Hellborn|first=Heinrich|author2=Coleridge, Arthur Duke (translator); Grove, George (appendix)|publisher=Longmans, Green, and Co| date = 1869|ref=Kreissle|url=http://books.google.com/?id=hpcPAAAAYAAJ}} (roughly, volume 2 of Kreissle) === {{anchor|19th and early 20th-century scholarship}}19th- and early 20th-century scholarship === *{{Cite book|title=The Life of Franz Schubert|first=George Lowell|last=Austin|publisher=Shepard and Gill| date = 1873|ref=Austin|url=http://books.google.com/?id=Ka4NAAAAYAAJ|oclc=4450950|isbn=0-404-12856-4}} *{{Cite book|first=Edmondstoune|last=Duncan|title=Schubert| date = 1905|publisher=J.M. Dent|url=http://books.google.com/?id=CldMAAAAMAAJ|ref=Duncan|oclc=2058050|isbn=1-4437-8279-3}} *{{Cite journal|first=Antonín|last=Dvořák|title=Franz Schubert|volume= 48|date= Hulyo 1894|journal=Century Illustrated Magazine|publisher=Cairns Collection of American Women Writers|issue=3|url=http://books.google.com/?id=qHcAAAAAYAAJ|ref=CentIllv48no3|oclc=4279873}} *{{Cite book|title=Schubert|first=Henry Frederic|last=Frost|publisher=Scribner| date = 1915|ref=Frost|url=http://books.google.com/?id=npc5AAAAIAAJ|oclc=45465176}} *{{Cite book|title=Grove's Dictionary of Music and Musicians, volume 4|first=George|last=Grove|author2=Fuller-Maitland, John Alexander|publisher=Macmillan| date = 1908|url=http://books.google.com/?id=FBsPAAAAYAAJ|ref=Grove1908|oclc=407077}} *{{Cite book|title=Deutsche Rundschau, volume 102 (Jan–Mar 1900)|first=Julius|last=Rodenberg|author2=Pechel, Rudolf|language=German|publisher=Gebrüder Paetel| date = 1900|ref=Rodenberg|url=http://books.google.com/?id=7UEVAAAAYAAJ|oclc=1566444}} *{{Cite book|title=The Life of Ludwig Van Beethoven: vol 3|url=http://books.google.com/?id=rRkUAAAAYAAJ|last=Thayer|first=Alexander Wheelock|author2=Krehbiel, Henry E.; Deiters, Hermann; Riemann, Hugo | date = 1921|location=New York|publisher=The Beethoven Association|ref=Thayer|oclc=422583}} *{{Cite journal|title=Musical Times|publisher=Novello|date= Pebrero 1897|volume= 38|url=http://books.google.com/?id=aco7mI9EM50C&pg=PA242&dq=Mottl+Fierrabras#PPA113,M1|ref=MusicalTimes189702|oclc=1608351}} *{{Cite EB1911|wstitle=Schubert, Franz Peter}} *{{CathEncy|wstitle=Franz Schubert}} === Moderno nga iskolarship === *{{Cite book|title=The Symphonic Repertoire|first=A. Peter|last=Brown|publisher=Indiana University Press| date = 2002|isbn=978-0-253-33487-9|ref=Brown}} *{{Cite book|title=Franz Schubert, thematisches Verzeichnis seiner Werke in chronologischer Folge|url=https://archive.org/details/franzschubertthe0000deut|first=Otto Erich|last=Deutsch|authorlink=Otto Erich Deutsch|publisher=[[Bärenreiter]]| date = 1978|ref=Catalog1978|isbn=978-3-7618-0571-8|author2=et al.}} *{{Cite book|title=Researching the Song: A Lexicon|url=https://archive.org/details/researchingsongl00emmo|first=Shirlee|last=Emmons|authorlink=Shirlee Emmons|author2=Lewis,Wilbur Watkin|publisher=Oxford University Press US| date = 2006|isbn=978-0-19-515202-9|ref=Emmons}} *{{Cite book|title=Composers of Yesterday|first=David|last=Ewen|publisher=READ BOOKS| date = 2007|isbn=978-1-4067-5987-7|ref=Ewen}} *{{Cite book|first=Peter|last=Gammond|title=Schubert|publisher=Methuen|location=London| date = 1982|isbn=0-413-46990-5|ref=Gammond}} *{{Cite book|first=Christopher H.|last=Gibbs|title=The Life of Schubert|url=https://archive.org/details/lifeofschubert00gibb|publisher=Cambridge University Press| date = 2000|isbn= 0-521-59512-6|ref=GibbsLife}} *{{Cite book|first=Christopher H. [ed.]|last=Gibbs|title=The Cambridge Companion to Schubert|publisher=Cambridge University Press| date = 1997|ref=CambridgeCompanion|isbn=978-0-521-48424-4}} *{{Cite AV media notes |title= Franz Schubert – Piano Sonata no. 15 in C major (Unfinished); Allegretto in C minor – Ray Lev, Pianist|titlelink= |others= | date = 1947|first=Ray |last=Lev|type=78 RPM |publisher=Concert Hall Society |id=Release B3|location=United States |ref=Lev}} *{{Cite book|title=Franz Schubert: Das fragmentarische Werk|first=Andrea|last=Lindmayr-Brandl|publisher=Franz Steiner Verlag| date = 2003|isbn=978-3-515-08250-1|url=http://books.google.com/?id=cUgvGaSYCJ8C|language=German|ref=Lindmayr}} *{{Cite book|last=Liszt|first=Franz|author2=Suttoni, Charles (translator, contributor)|title=An Artist's Journey: Lettres D'un Bachelier ès Musique, 1835–1841| date = 1989|publisher=University of Chicago Press|isbn=0-226-48510-2|url=http://books.google.com/?id=bXpPOj-Y7nkC|ref=Suttoni}} *{{Cite book|first=Susan|last=McClary|title=Queering the Pitch: The New Gay and Lesbian Musicology|url=https://archive.org/details/queeringpitchnew00bret|chapter=Constructions of Subjectivity in Franz Schubert's Music|editor1-first=Philip|editor1-last=Brett|editor2-first=Elizabeth|editor2-last=Wood|editor3-first=Gary|editor3-last=Thomas|publisher=Routledge| date = 1994|isbn=0-415-90753-5|ref=McClary}} *{{Cite book|first=Brian|last=Newbould|title=Schubert: The Music and the Man|publisher=University of California Press| date = 1999|isbn=0-520-21957-0|ref=Newbould}} *{{Cite book|title=The Lives of the Great Composers|first=Harold C|last=Schonberg|publisher=W. W. Norton| date = 1997|isbn=978-0-393-03857-6|ref=Schonberg|url=http://books.google.com/?id=VawrK1CRFJgC}} *{{Cite book|title=The Gift of Music: Great Composers and Their Influence|first=Jane Stuart|last=Smith|author2=Carlson, Betty; Schaeffer, Francis A|publisher=Good News Publishers| date = 1995|isbn=978-0-89107-869-2|ref=SmithCarlson}} *{{Cite book|first=Rita|last=Steblin|authorlink=Rita Steblin|editor-last=Newbould|editor-first=Brian|chapter=Schubert's Relationship with Women: An Historical Account|title=Schubert Studies|publisher=Ashgate| date = 1998|pages=159–182|isbn=978-1-85928-253-3}} *{{Cite journal|first=Rita|last=Steblin|authorlink=Rita Steblin|title=In Defense of Scholarship and Archival Research: Why Schubert's Brothers Were Allowed to Marry| date = 1998|pages=7–17|journal=Current Musicology|volume=62|ref=SteblinCM}} *{{Cite book|title=The Vintage Guide to Classical Music|url=https://archive.org/details/vintageguidetocl0000swaf|first=Jan|last=Swafford|publisher=Vintage Books| date = 1992|ref=Swafford|isbn=0-679-72805-8}} === Pag-iihap han mga simponiya === *{{Cite book|language=German|title=Symphony, No 7, D 759, B minor, "Unfinished"|first=Franz|last=Schubert|publisher=Bärenreiter| date = 1996|ref=Unfinished7German|oclc=39794412}} German-language publication of the ''Unfinished'' Symphony score as No. 7. *{{Cite book|title=Symphony No. 7 in B minor D 759 ''Unfinished'' Symphony|series=Eulenburg Audio+Score Series|first=Franz|last=Schubert|publisher=Eulenburg| date = 2008|isbn=978-3-7957-6529-3|ref=Unfinished7English}} English-language publication of the ''Unfinished'' Symphony score as No. 7. *{{Cite book|first=Franz|last=Schubert|author2=Reichenberger, Teresa|title=Symphony No. 8 in B minor, D. 759 ''Unfinished'' |url=https://archive.org/details/symphonyno8inbmi0000tere|type=Paperback| date = 1986|isbn=978-3-7957-6278-0|ref=Unfinished8English}} English-language publication of the ''Unfinished'' Symphony score as No. 8. ==Padugang nga barasahon== *{{Cite book|title=The Schubert Thematic Catalogue|first=Otto Erich|last=Deutsch|author2=Wakeling, Donald R.|publisher=Courier Dover Publications| date = 1995|isbn=978-0-486-28685-3}} *{{Cite book|title=Schubert: A Documentary Biography|first=Otto Erich|last=Deutsch|author2=[[Eric Blom|Blom, Eric]] (translator)|publisher=Da Capo Press| date = 1977|isbn=978-0-306-77420-1}} *{{Cite book|title=Schubert: Memoirs by His Friends|first=Otto Erich|last=Deutsch|publisher=Oxford University Press| date = 1998|origyear=1958|isbn=978-0-19-816436-4}} This is a reprint of Deutsch's 1958 work *{{Cite book|title=Franz Schubert's Letters and Other Writings|url=https://archive.org/details/franzschubertsle0000schu|first=Franz|last=Schubert|author2=Deutsch, Otto Erich; Savile, Venetia (translator)|publisher=A. A. Knopf| date = 1928|oclc=891887|isbn=0-8369-5242-1}} *{{Cite book|title=Verzeichnis des Schrifttums über Franz Schubert 1828–1928|first=Willi|last=Kahl|publisher=Bosse Regensburg| date = 1938}} *{{Cite book|title=Bausteine zu einer neuen Schubert-Bibliographie vornehmlich der Schriften von 1929 bis 2000. Teil I: Alphabetische Ordnung nach Autoren. ''In:'' Schubert durch die Brille ''No. 25, (2000), p. 95–303 (Supplements and Index in No. 26, 27)''|first=Ernst|last=Hilmar|publisher=Hans Schneider Tutzing}} *{{Cite book|title=Schubert-Bibliographie (since 1999). ''In:'' Schubert : Perspektiven|first=Thomas|last=Gerlich|publisher=Steiner Stuttgart| date = 2001}} *{{Cite book|title=Franz Schubert's music for the theatre|first=Elizabeth Norman|last=McKay|publisher=H. Schneider| date = 1991|isbn=978-3-7952-0664-2}} *{{Cite book|title=Franz Schubert: A Biography|url=https://archive.org/details/franzschubertbio0000mcka|first=Elizabeth Norman|last=McKay|publisher=Oxford University Press| date = 1996|isbn=978-0-19-816681-8|ref=McKayBio}} *{{Cite book|title=Schubert: The Music and the Man|url=https://archive.org/details/schubertmusicman0000newb|first=Brian|last=Newbould|publisher=University of California Press| date = 1997|isbn=978-0-520-21957-1}} *{{Cite book|title=Schubert Studies|first=Brian|last=Newbould|publisher=Ashgate| date = 1998|isbn=978-1-85928-253-3}} *{{Cite book|title=Schubert and the Symphony: A New Perspective|first=Brian|last=Newbould|publisher=Toccata Press| date = 1992|isbn=978-0-907689-26-3}} *{{Cite book|title=Schubert the Progressive: History, Performance Practice, Analysis|first=Brian|last=Newbould|publisher=Ashgate| date = 2003|isbn=978-0-7546-0368-9}} Padugang nga pagkukuhaan: *Walther Dürr, Andreas Krause (eds.): ''Schubert-Handbuch''. Metzler, Stuttgart 1997, ISBN 3-476-01418-5 *Ernst Hilmar: ''Verzeichnis der Schubert-Handschriften in der Musiksammlung der Wiener Stadt- und Landesbibliothek''. Kassel u. a. 1978 (Catalogus Musicus 8). *Ernst Hilmar, Margret Jestremski (eds.): ''Schubert-Enzyklopädie''. 2 Bände. Hans Schneider, Tutzing 2004, ISBN 3-7952-1155-7 *{{Ill|de|Hans-Joachim Hinrichsen}}: ''Untersuchungen zur Entwicklung der Sonatenform in der Instrumentalmusik Franz Schuberts''. Tutzing 1994 *[[Elizabeth Norman McKay]]: ''Franz Schubert's Music for the Theatre''. Foreword by [[Claudio Abbado]]. (Veröffentlichungen des IFSI, 5), Tutzing 1991 *Christian Pollack (ed.): ''Franz Schubert: Bühnenwerke. Kritische Gesamtausgabe der Texte''. Tutzing 1988 *Ernst Hilmar, Otto Brusatti (eds., mit einer Einleitung von Walter Obermaier): ''Franz Schubert. Ausstellung der Wiener Stadt- und Landesbibliothek zum 150. Todestag des Komponisten. Katalog''. Wien 1978. *Ernst Hilmar: ''Schubert''. Graz 1989 *Till Gerrit Waidelich (ed., together with R. Hilmar-Voit, A. Mayer): ''Franz Schubert. Dokumente 1817–1830. Erster Band: Texte. Programme, Rezensionen, Anzeigen, Nekrologe, Musikbeilagen und andere gedruckte Quellen'' (Veröffentlichungen des IFSI, 10/1), Tutzing 1993 *[[Michael Lorenz (musicologist)|Michael Lorenz]]: ''Studien zum Schubert-Kreis'', PhDiss., University of Vienna, Vienna 2001 *Ernst Hilmar (ed.): ''Franz Schubert. Dokumente 1801–1830. Erster Band. Addenda und Kommentar''. (Veröffentlichungen des IFSI, 10/2), Tutzing 2003 *Ernst Hilmar (ed.): ''Schubert durch die Brille. Mitteilungen des Internationalen Franz Schubert Instituts''. Wien/Tutzing 1988–2003 *Hans-Joachim Hinrichsen, Till Gerrit Waidelich (eds.): ''Schubert : Perspektiven'' Stuttgart 2001ff. {{ISSN|1617-6340}} ([http://www.steiner-verlag.de/Schubert/Schubert5.html content since 2001] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120616101249/http://www.steiner-verlag.de/Schubert/Schubert5.html |date= 16 Hunyo 2012 }}) *Alexander Stillmark: "'Es war alles gut und erfuellt'. Rudolf Hans Bartsch's Schwammwerl and the Making of the Schubert Myth", in: ''The Biedermeier and Beyond'', edited by Ian F. Roe/John Warren, Peter Lang, Bern, Berlin, Frankfurt/M, 1999. ==Mga sumpay ha gawas== {{Commons category|Franz Schubert}} *[http://www.recmusic.org/lieder/s/schubert.html The Lied and Arts Song Texts Page] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090625144531/http://www.recmusic.org/lieder/s/schubert.html |date= 25 Hunyo 2009 }} *[http://www.schubertiade.at/index.php?mod=manuell&html=franz-schubert-museum&language=en Franz Schubert Museum in Hohenems/Austria] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160204195342/http://www.schubertiade.at/index.php?mod=manuell&html=franz-schubert-museum&language=en |date= 4 Pebrero 2016 }} *{{BBC composer page|schubert|Franz Schubert}} *{{IBDB name|id=12366|name=Franz Schubert}} *{{IMDb name|id=0006280|name=Franz Schubert}} *{{IMDb character|0031993|Franz Schubert (character)}} *[http://www.schubert-online.at/activpage/index_en.htm Digital reproductions of score manuscripts and letters by Franz Schubert] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150217160530/http://www.schubert-online.at/activpage/index_en.htm |date= 17 Pebrero 2015 }} *[http://www.notesonfranzschubert.com/schubert.htm Notes on Franz Schubert] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060204223748/http://www.notesonfranzschubert.com/schubert.htm |date=2006-02-04 }} by pianist [[Bart Berman]] *[http://www.schubertsocietyusa.org/ The Schubert Society of the USA] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140917191810/http://www.schubertsocietyusa.org/ |date= 17 Septyembre 2014 }} *[http://www.schubertsociety.com The Franz Schubert Society of Victoria] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121130202259/http://www.schubertsociety.com/ |date= 30 Nobyembre 2012 }} *[http://www.schubert-institut.at/home.htm Franz-Schubert-Institut in Baden bei Wien] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080411053022/http://www.schubert-institut.at/home.htm |date= 11 Abril 2008 }} *{{worldcat id|id=lccn-n50-561}} *[http://www.theeuropeanlibrary.org/tel4/newspapers/search?query=%22franz%20schubert%22 References to Franz Schubert in historic European Newspapers] via [http://www.theeuropeanlibrary.org/ The European Library] ===Mga rekording=== *[http://www.schubertlied.de/index.php/en/ Schubertlied.de] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191202105957/https://www.schubertlied.de/index.php/en/ |date= 2 Disyembre 2019 }} – Free Recordings of many Lieder by Schubert (mp3) *[http://cylinders.library.ucsb.edu/search.php?query=schubert%2C+franz&queryType=%40attr+1%3D1 Schubert cylinder recordings], from the [[Cylinder Preservation and Digitization Project]] at the [[University of California, Santa Barbara]] Library. *[http://open.spotify.com/user/ulyssestone/playlist/7qOtSjPy0a3I5Y1AwHF81r Chronological Spotify playlist of numerous works from D 1 to D 988], from [http://www.spotifyclassical.com/2011/11/franz-schubert-complete-chronological.html Spotify Classical Playlists] ===Sheet music=== * [http://kreusch-sheet-music.net/eng/index.php?action=search&page=show&order=op&query=franz+schubert Kreusch-sheet-music.net] Schubert's Piano Works * [http://www.schubertline.co.uk Schubertline.co.uk] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210321195745/http://www.schubertline.co.uk/ |date=2021-03-21 }} about 250 of Schubert's Songs (Schubertline edition) * {{IMSLP|id=Schubert%2C_Franz|cname=Franz Schubert}} * {{ChoralWiki}} * {{gutenberg author| id=Franz+Peter+Schubert | name=Franz Schubert}} * [http://www.mutopiaproject.org/cgibin/make-table.cgi?Composer=SchubertF&preview=1 Schubert's Sheet Music] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060301145605/http://www.mutopiaproject.org/cgibin/make-table.cgi?Composer=SchubertF&preview=1 |date= 1 Marso 2006 }} by [[Mutopia Project]] * [http://www.dlib.indiana.edu/variations/scores/bhs2046/index1.html Lieder sheet music] {{DEFAULTSORT:Schubert, Franz}} [[Kaarangay:Mga natawo han 1797]] [[Kaarangay:Mga namatay han 1828]] [[Kaarangay:Franz Schubert| ]] [[Kaarangay:Biyograpiya|Schubert, Franz]] [[Kaarangay:Musika|Schubert, Franz]] 1om7rlsc8l29n5apiqzeujy2hzfpism 0 17330 7782294 7781497 2026-04-07T05:37:31Z InternetArchiveBot 41587 Add 1 book for verifiability (20260407)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 7782294 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox artist | bgcolour = #EEDD82 | name = Peter Paul Rubens | image = Sir Peter Paul Rubens (Siegen 1577 - Antwerp 1640) - A Self-Portrait - RCIN 400156 - Royal Collection.jpg| imagesize = 250px | caption = ''Self-portrait'', 1623, [[National Gallery of Australia]], Canberra | birth_name = Peter Paul Rubens | birth_date = 28 Hunyo 1577 | birth_place = [[Siegen]], [[Westphalia]] (modern-day [[Germany]]) | death_date = {{death date and age|1640|5|30|1577|6|28|df=yes}} | death_place = [[Antwerp]], [[Spanish_Netherlands#Spanish_Netherlands|Spanish Netherlands]] (modern-day [[Belgium]]) | nationality = [[Belgian]] | field = [[Painting]], [[Diplomacy]] | training = | movement = [[Baroque]] | works = | patrons = | influenced by = [[Michelangelo]], [[Titian]], [[Caravaggio]], [[Pieter Bruegel the Elder]] | influenced = [[Antoine Watteau]], [[Eugène Delacroix]] | awards = }} Hi '''Pieter Pauwel (Peter Paul) Rubens''' (Hunyo 28, 1577 – Mayo 30, 1640) amo an usa ka pintor. Na pintar hiya ha Barroco nga istilo. ==Pinanbasaran== {{reflist}} ==Mga pagkukuhaan== * Auwers, Michael, ''Pieter Paul Rubens als diplomatiek debutant. Het verhaal van een ambitieus politiek agent in de vroege zeventiende eeuw'', in: Tijdschrift voor Geschiedenis - 123e jaargang, nummer 1, p.&nbsp;20-33 {{link language|nl|Middle Dutch}} * {{cite book | last = Belkin | first = Kristin Lohse | authorlink = | title = Rubens | url = https://archive.org/details/rubens0000belk | publisher = [[Phaidon Press]] | date = 1998 | pages = | doi = | isbn = 0-7148-3412-2 }} * {{cite book | last = Belting | first = Hans | authorlink = Hans Belting | title = Likeness and Presence: A History of the Image before the Era of Art | publisher = [[University of Chicago Press]] | date = 1994 | pages = | url = http://books.google.com/books?id=kuWm7jVWFiEC&printsec=frontcover&source=gbs_ge_summary_r&cad=0#v=onepage&q&f=false | isbn = 0-226-04215-4}} * Held, Julius S. (1975) "On the Date and Function of Some Allegorical Sketches by Rubens." In: ''Journal of the Warburg and Courtauld Institutes.'' Vol. 38: 218–233. * Held, Julius S. (1983) "Thoughts on Rubens' Beginnings." In: ''Ringling Museum of Art Journal'': 14–35. ISBN 0-916758-12-5. * {{cite book | last = Jaffé | first = Michael | authorlink = Michael Jaffé | title = Rubens and Italy | url = https://archive.org/details/rubensitaly00jaff | publisher = [[Cornell University Press]] | date = 1977 | pages = | doi = | isbn = 0-8014-1064-9 }} * {{cite book | last = Martin | first = John Rupert | authorlink = | title = Baroque | url = https://archive.org/details/baroque00mart | publisher = [[HarperCollins]] | date = 1977 | pages = | doi = | isbn = 0-06-430077-3 }} * {{cite book | last = Mayor | first = A. Hyatt | authorlink = | title = Prints and People | url = https://archive.org/details/printspeoplesoci0000mayo | publisher = [[Metropolitan Museum of Art]]/[[Princeton University Press|Princeton]] | date = 1971 | pages = | doi = | isbn = 0-691-00326-2 }} * Pauw-De Veen, Lydia de. "Rubens and the graphic arts." In: ''Connoisseur'' CXCV/786 (Aug 1977): 243–251. ==Padugang nga barasahon== * Alpers, Svetlana. ''The Making of Rubens''. New Haven 1995. * [http://www.vdg-weimar.de/_vtpv/3929742861preview.pdf Heinen, Ulrich, "Rubens zwischen Predigt und Kunst." Weimar 1996] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060822160837/http://www.vdg-weimar.de/_vtpv/3929742861preview.pdf |date=2006-08-22 }}. *{{cite book | author= Baumstark , Reinhold | title=[http://libmma.contentdm.oclc.org/cdm/compoundobject/collection/p15324coll10/id/90445 ''Peter Paul Rubens: the Decius Mus cycle''] | location=New York | publisher=The Metropolitan Museum of Art | date = 1985 | isbn=0870993941}} * Büttner, Nils, Herr P. P. Rubens. Göttingen 2006. * ''Corpus Rubenianum Ludwig Burchard. An Illustrated Catalogue Raisonne of the Work of Peter Paul Rubens Based on the Material Assembled by the Late Dr. Ludwig Burchard in Twenty-Seven Parts'', Edited by the Nationaal Centrum Voor de Plastische Kunsten Van de XVI en de XVII Eeuw. * Lamster, Mark. ''[http://nan-a-talese.knopfdoubleday.com/2009/10/20/on-sale-now-master-of-shadows/ Master of Shadows, The Secret Diplomatic Career of Peter Paul Rubens] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110815053828/http://nan-a-talese.knopfdoubleday.com/2009/10/20/on-sale-now-master-of-shadows/ |date=2011-08-15 }}'' New York, Doubleday, 2009. * [[Suzanne Lilar|Lilar, Suzanne]], ''Le Couple'' (1963), Paris, Grasset; Reedited 1970, Bernard Grasset Coll. Diamant, 1972, Livre de Poche; 1982, Brussels, Les Éperonniers, ISBN 2-87132-193-0; Translated as ''Aspects of Love in Western Society'' in 1965, by and with a foreword by Jonathan Griffin, New York, McGraw-Hill, LC 65-19851. * Sauerlander, Willibald. ''The Catholic Rubens: Saints and Martyrs'' (Getty Research Institute; 2014); 311 pages; looks at his altarpieces in the context of the Counter-Reformation. * Schrader, Stephanie, ''[http://shop.getty.edu/products/looking-east-rubenss-encounter-with-asia-978-1606061312 Looking East: Ruben's Encounter with Asia]'', Getty Publications, Los Angeles, 2013. ISBN 978-1-60606-131-2 * Vlieghe, Hans, ''[http://books.google.com/books?id=AS_NXFoY0M4C&printsec=frontcover&source=gbs_ge_summary_r&cad=0#v=onepage&q&f=false Flemish Art and Architecture 1585–1700]'', Yale University Press, Pelican History of Art, New Haven and London, 1998. ISBN 0-300-07038-1 ==Mga sumpay ha gawas== {{Commons category|Peter Paul Rubens}} * [http://www.lalaragimov.com/research Rubens' palette and painting materials, with bibliography] * [http://www.guardian.co.uk/arts/features/story/0,11710,903646,00.html ''The Guardian'': Rubens] * [http://www.rubenshuis.be/eCache/MCE/30/05/169.html ''Rubenshuis''] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100720205533/http://www.rubenshuis.be/eCache/MCE/30/05/169.html |date=2010-07-20 }} in [[Antwerp]], ([[Belgium]]) is the former house of Rubens, now converted into a museum. * [http://www.peterpaulrubens.org 290 of images by the artist, and more.] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180606033240/https://www.peterpaulrubens.org/ |date=2018-06-06 }} *{{cite web |url=http://online.wsj.com/article/SB10001424052748703298004574459753201012282.html |title=The Art of Diplomacy – Review of "Master of Shadows: The Secret Diplomatic Career of the Painter Peter Paul Rubens"|author=Mark Lamster |date=10 Oktubre 2009 |publisher=[[Wall Street Journal]]}} *[http://www.rubensonline.be RubensOnline]: a database with every Rubens painting in Flemish public collections and historical places [Dutch] *[http://www.wilanow-palac.pl/madonna.html Madonna] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120203042657/http://www.wilanow-palac.pl/madonna.html |date=2012-02-03 }} at the [[Palace Museum in Wilanów]] *[https://owlstand.com/roam/d312d70c-cdaf-4bf9-9770-1b374412d34b Interactive exhibition of Rubens] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160105072122/https://owlstand.com/roam/d312d70c-cdaf-4bf9-9770-1b374412d34b |date=2016-01-05 }} in high resolution multi-media exhibition room {{DEFAULTSORT:Rubens, Peter Paul}} [[Kaarangay:Mga natawo han 1577]] [[Kaarangay:Mga namatay han 1640]] [[Kaarangay:Mga diplomatiko]] 6943ghlvxtjnfywolvha5kxptreyq1r 0 17331 7782352 7770445 2026-04-07T06:54:43Z InternetArchiveBot 41587 Add 2 books for verifiability (20260407)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 7782352 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox artist | name = Andy Warhol | image = Andy Warhol by Jack Mitchell.jpg | imagesize = 260px | caption = Andy Warhol, upod hi Archie, ni Jack Mitchell, 1973 | birth_name = Andrew Varchola, Jr. | birth_date = {{Birth date|mf=yes|1928|8|6}}. Baptized 28 Agosto 1928 | birth_place = [[Pittsburgh|Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania]], U.S. | nationality = [[American nationality law|American]] | field = [[Printmaking]], painting, cinema, photography | training = [[Carnegie Institute of Technology]] ([[Carnegie Mellon University]]) | movement = [[Pop art]] | works = ''[[Chelsea Girls]]'' (1966 film)<br />''[[Exploding Plastic Inevitable]]'' (1966 event)<br />''[[Campbell's Soup Cans]]'' (1962 painting) | signature = Andy Warhol signature.svg | death_date = {{Death date and age|mf=yes|1987|2|22|1928|8|6}} | death_place = [[New York City|New York City, New York]], U.S. | burial_place = St. John the Baptist Byzantine Catholic Church Cemetery }} Hi '''Andy Warhol''' (natawo Andrew Warhola, Agosto 6, 1928 - Pebrero 22, 1987) usa nga sikat nga Amerikano nga artista han urhi nga katunga han ika 20 siglo. Natawo hiya ha [[Pittsburgh]], [[Pennsylvania]]. ==Pinanbasaran== {{Reflist}} ==Padugang nga barasahon== {{Refbegin}} * "A symposium on Pop Art". ''Arts Magazine'', April 1963, pp.&nbsp;36–45. The symposium was held in 1962, at [[The Museum of Modern Art]], and published in this issue the following year. * {{Cite book| first = Victor | last = Bockris | title = Warhol: The Biography | url = https://archive.org/details/warholbiography0000bock | location = New York | publisher=Da Capo Press | date = 1997 | isbn = 0-306-81272-X}} * Celant, Germano. ''Andy Warhal: A Fatory''. Kunstmuseum Wolfsbug, 1999. ISBN 3-7757-0773-5 * {{Cite book| first = Bob | last = Colacello | title = Holy Terror: Andy Warhol Close Up | url = https://archive.org/details/holyterrorandywa0000cola | location = New York | publisher=HarperCollins | date = 1990 |isbn=0-06-016419-0}} * {{Cite book| last=Danto| first=Arthur C. |url=http://www.amazon.com/Warhol-Icons-America-Arthur-Danto/dp/0300135556/ref=tmm_hrd_title_0?ie=UTF8&qid=1351456153&sr=1-1#reader_0300135556 |title=Andy Warhol| date = 2009|publisher=Yale University Press|isbn=978-0-300-13555-8}} * {{Cite book| first=Jane D. |last=Dillenberger |title=The Religious Art of Andy Warhol |url=http://books.google.com/?id=KemglT-1jSIC |location=New York City |publisher=[[Continuum International Publishing Group]] | date = 2001 |isbn=0-8264-1334-X}} * Doyle, Jennifer, Jonathan Flatley, and [[José Esteban Muñoz]] eds. (1996). ''Pop Out: Queer Warhol.'' Durham: Duke University Press. * {{Cite book| first = Hal | last = Foster| title = The Return of the Real| url = https://archive.org/details/returnofrealavan0000fost_j3t3 | publisher=An October Book, MIT Press | date = 1996}} * {{Cite book| first = Gary | last = Garrels | title = The Work of Andy Warhol: Discussions in Contemporary Culture, no. 3.| location = Beacon NY | publisher=Dia Art Foundation | date = 1989}} * {{Cite book| first = Fred Lawrence | last = Guiles | title = Loner at the Ball: The Life of Andy Warhol | url = https://archive.org/details/loneratballlifeo0000guil | location = New York | publisher=Bantam | date = 1989 | isbn = 0-593-01540-1}} * James, James, "Andy Warhol: The Producer as Author", in ''Allegories of Cinema: American Film in the 1960s'' (1989), pp.&nbsp;58–84. Princeton: Princeton University Press. * {{Cite book| first = Wayne | last = Koestenbaum | authorlink = Wayne Koestenbaum | title = Andy Warhol | url = https://archive.org/details/andywarhol00koes | location = New York | publisher=Penguin | date = 2003 | isbn = 0-670-03000-7}} * [[Rosalind Krauss|Krauss, Rosalind E.]] "Warhol's Abstract Spectacle". In ''Abstraction, Gesture, Ecriture: Paintings from the Daros Collection''. New York: Scalo, 1999, pp.&nbsp;123–33. * Lippard, Lucy R., ''Pop Art'', Thames and Hudson, 1970 (1985 reprint), ISBN 0-500-20052-1 * {{Cite book |first1=Marco |last1=Livingstone |author2=Dan Cameron |author3=[[Royal Academy]] |title=Pop art: an international perspective |publisher=Rizzoli |location=New York | date = 1992 |isbn=0-8478-1475-0}} * {{Cite book |first = Annette | last = Michelson | title = Andy Warhol (October Files)| location = Cambridge MA | publisher=The MIT Press | date = 2001}} * Scherman, Tony & Dalton, David, ''POP: The Genius of Andy Warhol'', HarperCollins, New York, N.Y. 2009 * Suarez, Juan Antonio (1996). ''Bike Boys, Drag Queens, & Superstars: Avant-Garde, Mass Culture, and Gay Identities in the 1960s Underground Cinema.'' Indianapolis: Indiana University Press. * {{Cite book | first = Steven | last = Watson | title = Factory Made: Warhol and the 1960s | location = New York | publisher = Pantheon | date = 2003 | url = http://www.factorymade.org/ | isbn = 0-679-42372-9 }} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100829002918/http://www.factorymade.org/ |date=2010-08-29 }} * {{cite book|last=Warhol|first=Andy|url=http://www.amazon.com/The-Philosophy-Andy-Warhol-Again/dp/0156717204/ref=pd_sim_b_3#reader_0156717204|title=The Philosophy of Andy Warhol: (From A to B and Back Again)| date = 1975|publisher=Hardcore Brace Jovanovich|isbn=0-15-189050-1}} * {{cite book |first1=Andy |last1=Warhol |author2=Pat Hacket |title=POPism: The Warhol Sixties|url=https://archive.org/details/popismwarhol60s0000warh | date = 1980|publisher=Hardcore Brace Jovanovich|isbn=0-15-173095-4}} * {{cite book|last=Warhol|first=Andy|title=The Andy Warhol Diaries|url=https://archive.org/details/andywarholdiarie00warh| date = 1989|publisher=Warner Books|author2=Pat Hackett }} * {{Cite book| first = John | last = Yau|authorlink = John Yau |title = In the Realm of Appearances: The Art of Andy Warhol| url = https://archive.org/details/inrealmofappeara0000yauj |location = Hopewell, NJ| publisher=Ecco Press| date = 1993 | isbn = 0-88001-298-6}} {{Refend}} ==Mga sumpay ha gawas== {{Wikiquote}} {{Commons|Andy Warhol}} *[http://www.tccweb.org/prominentcarpathorusyns.htm Andy Warhol, (1928-1987) - The Carpathian Connection] * [http://www.warholfoundation.org/ Warhol Foundation] in New York City * [http://www.warhol.org/ Andy Warhol Collection in Pittsburgh] * [http://www.warhol.org/collection/archives Time Capsules: the Andy Warhol Collection] * [http://www.contemporaryartdaily.com/tag/andy-warhol/ Documentation of recent exhibitions of work by Andy Warhol] * [http://www.ubu.com/sound/warhol.html The work of Andy Warhol] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210203033018/http://www.ubu.com/sound/warhol.html |date=2021-02-03 }} spoken about by [[David Cronenberg]] on [[UbuWeb]] * {{cite web |url=http://www.moma.org/collection/browse_results.php?criteria=O%3AAD%3AE%3A6246&page_number=1&template_id=6&sort_order=1 |title=Andy Warhol |publisher=[[Museum of Modern Art]] |location=New York City | date = 2007 |accessdate=23 Enero 2009 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20090122213755/http://www.moma.org/collection/browse_results.php?criteria=O%3AAD%3AE%3A6246&page_number=1&template_id=6&sort_order=1 |archivedate=22 Enero 2009 |deadurl=dead }} * [http://www.warholstars.org/ Warholstars]: Andy Warhol Films, Art and Superstars * [http://www.adcglobal.org/archive/hof/1994/?id=212 Art Directors Club biography, portrait and images of work] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131206022109/http://www.adcglobal.org/archive/hof/1994/?id=212 |date=2013-12-06 }} * {{Cite journal |first=Stephen |last=Berens |title=Responses to Warhol Retrospective at MOCA |journal=X-TRA |volume=5 |issue=1; Fall 2002 |publisher=Project X Foundation for Art and Criticism |location=Los Angeles |url=http://x-traonline.org/past_articles.php?articleID=157 |accessdate=23 Enero 2009 |archive-date=2011-07-21 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110721172858/http://x-traonline.org/past_articles.php?articleID=157 |url-status= }} * [http://www.warholcity.com/ The Andy Warhol Museum of Modern Art—city of origin] * {{IMDb name|912238}} * [http://www.computerhistory.org/atchm/warhol-the-computer/ Warhol & The Computer] * [http://www.thefirstpost.co.uk/46784,in-pictures,news-in-pictures,in-pictures-andy-warhol-exhibition-in-paris Warhol in Paris] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110903053913/http://www.thefirstpost.co.uk/46784,in-pictures,news-in-pictures,in-pictures-andy-warhol-exhibition-in-paris |date=2011-09-03 }}—slideshow by ''[[The First Post]]'' * [https://youtube.com/watch?v=3oqUd8utr14 Andy Warhol makes a [[digital painting]] of [[Debbie Harry]] at the Commodore Amiga product launch press conference in 1985] * [http://www.pbs.org/wnet/americanmasters/episodes/andy-warhol/a-documentary-film/44 Andy Warhol: A Documentary film] by [[Ric Burns]] for [[Public Broadcasting Service|PBS]] * [http://www.moreeuw.com/histoire-art/andy-warhol.htm Andy Warhol] * [http://channel.louisiana.dk/video/peter-jensen-lonely-side-glamorous-life Designer Peter Jensen takes you on a tour of the early drawings of Andy Warhol]. Video by [[Louisiana Channel]], Denmark, 2013. *[http://nga.gov.au/InternationalPrints/Tyler/Default.cfm?MnuID=3&ArtistIRN=12079&List=True&CREIRN=12079&ORDER_SELECT=13&VIEW_SELECT=5&GrpNam=13&TNOTES=TRUE Andy Warhol in the National Gallery of Australia's Kenneth Tyler Collection] * [http://www.fundaciotapies.org/site/spip.php?rubrique482 Andy Warhol: Film, Video and TV] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141103205229/http://www.fundaciotapies.org/site/spip.php?rubrique482 |date=2014-11-03 }} Fundació Antoni Tàpies {{DEFAULTSORT:Warhol, Andy}} [[Kaarangay:Mga natawo han 1928]] [[Kaarangay:Mga namatay han 1987]] [[Kaarangay:Andy Warhol| ]] [[Kaarangay:Biyograpiya|Warhol, Andy]] [[Kaarangay:Arte|Warhol, Andy]] 8o4y6tancicl7apsqd8y37kurwvqf5e 0 17464 7782342 7776003 2026-04-07T06:46:09Z InternetArchiveBot 41587 Add 3 books for verifiability (20260407)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 7782342 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox astronaut | name = Neil Armstrong | image = Neil Armstrong pose.jpg | alt = Photo of Neil Armstrong, posing in a space suit with the helmet off. | caption = [[Paypay:Neil Armstrong Signature.svg|100px]] | type = [[USAF]] / [[NASA]] Astronaut | status = Nagretiro | nationality = AmericanO | birth_date = {{Birth date and age|mf=yes|1930|08|5}} | birth_place = [[Wapakoneta, Ohio|Wapakoneta]], [[Ohio]], U.S. | death_date = {{Death date and age|2012|08|25|1930|08|05|mf=yes}} | death_place = [[Cincinnati|Cincinnati, Ohio]], U.S. | previous_occupation = [[Naval aviator]], [[test nga piloto]] | selection = [[List of astronauts by selection#1958|1958 Man In Space Soonest]]<br />[[List of astronauts by selection#1960|1960 Dyna-Soar]]<br />[[Astronaut Group 2|1962 NASA Group 2]] | eva1 = 1 | eva2 = 2 ka oras 31 ka minuto | time = 8 ka adlaw, 14 ka oras, 12 ka minuto ngan 31 ka segundo | mission = [[Gemini 8]], [[Apollo 11]] | insignia = [[Paypay:Ge08Patch orig.png|40px]] [[Paypay:Apollo 11 insignia.png|40px]] | awards = {{Presidential Medal of Freedom}} {{CS Medal of Honor}} }} Hi '''Neil Alden Armstrong''' (Agosto 5, 1930 – Agosto 25, 2012) amo an usa nga astronot nga Amerikano ngan siyahan nga tawo nga nakatamak ha [[bulan (astronomiya)|bulan]]. ==Bibliograpiya== {{refbegin|30em}} * ''Cambridge Biographical Dictionary'' (1990). [[Cambridge]]: [[Cambridge University Press]]. *{{Cite book | last=Chaikin| first=Andrew | title=A Man on the Moon : The Voyages of the Apollo Astronauts | url=https://archive.org/details/manonmoonvoyages00chai| publisher=Penguin books| date = 1995 |isbn=978-0140241464}} *{{cite web | last =Cornish| first =Scott|author2=Rahman, Tahir |author3=McLeon, Bob |author4=Havekotte, Ken |author5= Reznikoff, John | title=Neil Armstrong Signature Exemplars| work=CollectSpace.com| url=http://www.collectspace.com/resources/autographs_armstrong.html | accessdate=2011-05-14}} *{{Cite book | last1=Francis | first1= French | authorlink1=Francis French | last2=Burgess | first2=Colin | authorlink2=Colin Burgess (author) | date = 2007 | title=[[In the Shadow of the Moon (book)|In the Shadow of the Moon]] | chapter=A Challenging Journey to Tranquility, 1965–1969}} *{{Cite book | last=Hansen| first=James R. | title=[[First Man: The Life of Neil A. Armstrong]] | publisher=Simon & Schuster | date = 2005 | isbn=978-0743256315}} *{{cite web| last=Jones| first=Eric| title=One Small Step| work=Apollo 11 Lunar Surface Journal| publisher=NASA| url=http://www.hq.nasa.gov/office/pao/History/alsj/a11/a11.step.html| date = 1995| accessdate=2001-05-14| archive-date=2013-01-02| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130102060848/http://www.hq.nasa.gov/office/pao/History/alsj/a11/a11.step.html| url-status=}} *{{Cite book | last=Kranz | first=Gene | authorlink=Gene Kranz | title=Failure is not an Option: Mission Control From Mercury to Apollo 13 and Beyond | url=https://archive.org/details/isbn_9780743200790 | publisher=Simon & Schuster | date = 2000 | isbn=978-0783556758}} *{{Cite book | last=Nelson | first=Craig | title=Rocket Men: The Epic Story of the First Men on the Moon | url=https://archive.org/details/rocketmenepicsto0000nels_p6z8 | location=United Kingdom| publisher=John Murray | date = 2005 | isbn=978-1-84854-291-4| ref={{harvid|Nelson|2009}}}} *{{Cite book | first=Andrew | last=Smith | title=Mondust: In Search of the Men Who Fell to Earth | url=https://archive.org/details/insearchofmenwho0000andr | location=London | publisher=Bloomsbury | date = 2005 | isbn=0-7475-6368-3}} {{refend}} ==Padugang nga barasahon== {{refbegin}} *{{cite book | last=Barbree | first1=Jay | title=Neil Armstrong: A Life of Flight | url=https://archive.org/details/neilarmstronglif0000barb | location=New York | publisher=Thomas Dunne Books | date = 2014 | isbn=978-1250040718 |accessdate=2014-12-05}} *{{cite web | last=Kirk | first=Mass Communication Specialist 1st Class Amy | title=Astronaut Legend Neil Armstrong Receives Naval Astronaut Wings | publisher=U.S. Naval Forces Central Command | date=11 Marso 2010 | url=http://www.cusnc.navy.mil/articles/2010/021.html | accessdate=2011-05-14 | archive-date=2011-05-16 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110516221434/http://www.cusnc.navy.mil/articles/2010/021.html | url-status=dead }} *{{cite web | last=Sherrod| first=Robert | title=Men for the Moon | publisher=NASA | date=30 Hulyo 1975| url=http://history.nasa.gov/SP-350/toc.html}} *{{Cite book | last=Thompson | first=Milton O. | title=At The Edge Of Space: The X-15 Flight Program | url=https://archive.org/details/atedgeofspacex1500thom | publisher=Smithsonian Books | date = 1992 | location =Washington, D.C. | isbn=978-1560981077}} *{{cite web | url=http://www.nasa.gov/vision/space/features/armstrong_ambassador_of_exploration.html | title=NASA Honors Neil Armstrong With Exploration Award | publisher=NASA | date=18 Abril 2006 | accessdate=2014-12-05 | archive-date=2015-06-02 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150602190438/http://www.nasa.gov/vision/space/features/armstrong_ambassador_of_exploration.html | url-status= }} {{refend}} ==Mga sumpay ha gawas== {{Sister project links |wikt=no|commons=Neil Armstrong|b=no|n=Category:Neil Armstrong|q=Neil Armstrong|s=no|v=no|species=no|display=Neil Armstrong}} *[http://www.jsc.nasa.gov/Bios/htmlbios/armstrong-na.html Armstrong's official NASA biography] *[http://uc.edu/armstrong Neil Armstrong Commemorative Website]{{Dead link|date=July 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot }} - [[University of Cincinnati]] *{{Wayback |url=http://neilarmstronginfo.com/ |title=Armstrong website, formerly maintained by the Armstrong family |date=20130617234237}} *{{IMDb name|0035842}} *{{C-SPAN|neilarmstrong}} *{{Find a Grave|95929698}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Armstrong, Neil}} [[Kaarangay:Mga natawo han 1930]] [[Kaarangay:Mga namatay han 2012]] 5skdbl0p0re3f38cd10wxvrtlofpveo 0 17466 7782380 7772416 2026-04-07T07:27:23Z InternetArchiveBot 41587 Add 1 book for verifiability (20260407)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 7782380 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox person | name = James Cook | image = Captainjamescookportrait.jpg | caption = James Cook, portrait by [[Nathaniel Dance-Holland]], {{circa|1775}}, [[National Maritime Museum]], [[Greenwich]] | birth_date = {{OldStyleDate|7 November|1728|27 October}} | birth_place = [[Marton, Middlesbrough|Marton]], (in present-day [[Middlesbrough]]) Yorkshire, England | death_date = {{death date and age|df=yes|1779|2|14|1728|11|7}} | death_place = Hawaii | education = Postgate School, [[Great Ayton]] | occupation = Explorer, navigator, cartographer | title = [[Captain (Royal Navy)|Captain]] | spouse = Elizabeth Batts | parents = James Cook, Grace Pace | children = James Cook, Nathaniel Cook, Elizabeth Cook, Joseph Cook, George Cook, Hugh Cook | nationality = British | signature = James Cook Signature.svg | website = }} Hi '''Kapitan James Cook''', (Oktubre 27, 1728 - Pebrero 14, 1779) usa nga Inglis nga eksplorador, navigador ngan cartograpo. ==Pinanbasaran== {{Mga kasarigan}} === Bibliograpiya === *{{cite book|last=Beaglehole|first=John Cawte|title=The Life of Captain James Cook|authorlink=John Cawte Beaglehole|publisher=[[A & C Black]]|date=1974|isbn=0-7136-1382-3|ref=harv}} *{{cite book|last=Collingridge|first=Vanessa|authorlink=Vanessa Collingridge|title=Captain Cook: The Life, Death and Legacy of History's Greatest Explorer|url=https://archive.org/details/captaincooklifed0000coll|date=February 2003|publisher=Ebury Press|isbn=0-09-188898-0|ref=harv}} *{{cite book|last=Fernandez-Armesto|first=Felipe|title=Pathfinders: A Global History of Exploration|url=https://archive.org/details/pathfindersgloba00fern|date=2006|publisher=W.W. Norton & Company|isbn=0-393-06259-7|ref=harv}} *{{cite book|last=Fisher|first=Robin|title=Captain James Cook and his times|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=dhsOAAAAQAAJ|date=1979|isbn=978-0-7099-0050-4|publisher=Taylor & Francis|ref=harv}} *{{cite book|last=Hayes|first=Derek|title=Historical Atlas of the Pacific Northwest: Maps of exploration and Discovery|date=1999|publisher=Sasquatch Books|isbn=1-57061-215-3|url=http://books.google.com/?id=sl57oHrVXGoC|ref=harv}} *{{cite book|last=Horwitz|first=Tony|authorlink=Tony Horwitz|title=Blue Latitudes: Boldly Going Where Captain Cook Has Gone Before|url=https://archive.org/details/intoblueboldlygo0000horw|date=October 2003|publisher=Bloomsbury|isbn=0-7475-6455-8|ref=harv}} *{{cite book|title=Captain James Cook|first=Richard|last=Hough|date=1994|publisher=Hodder and Stoughton|authorlink=Richard Hough|isbn=0-340-82556-1|ref=harv}} *{{cite book|title=The Oxford Companion to Ships and the Sea|url=https://archive.org/details/oxfordcompaniont0000unse_t9u3|last=Kemp|first=Peter|first2=I. C. B. |last2=Dear|date=2005|publisher=OUP|isbn=978-0-19-860616-1|ref=harv}} *{{cite book|title=Narrative of the voyages round the world, performed by Captain James Cook; with an account of his life during the previous and intervening periods|first=Andrew|last=Kippis|date=1788|url=http://ebooks.adelaide.edu.au/c/cook/james/c77n/}} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120426035955/http://ebooks.adelaide.edu.au/c/cook/james/c77n/ |date=2012-04-26 }} *{{cite book|authorlink=Frank McLynn|last=McLynn|first=Frank|date=2011|title=Captain Cook: Master of the Seas|url=https://archive.org/details/captaincookmaste0000mcly|publisher=Yale University Press|isbn=978-0-300-11421-8|ref=harv}} *{{cite book|last=Moorhead|first=Alan|date=1966|title=Fatal Impact: An Account of the Invasion of the South Pacific, 1767–1840|publisher=H Hamilton|isbn=0-241-90757-8|ref=harv}} *{{cite book|authorlink=Gananath Obeyesekere|last=Obeyesekere|first=Gananath|date=1992|title=The Apotheosis of Captain Cook: European Mythmaking in the Pacific|publisher=Princeton University Press|isbn=0-691-05752-4|ref=harv}} *{{cite book|title=The Apotheosis of Captain Cook: European Mythmaking in the Pacific|publisher=Princeton University Press|last=Obeyesekere|first=Gananath|date=1997|isbn=978-0-691-05752-1|quote=With new preface and afterword replying to criticism from Sahlins|ref=harv}} *{{cite book|title=Captain Cook in the Pacific|url=https://archive.org/details/captaincookinpac0000rigb|first=Nigel|last=Rigby|last2=van der Merwe|first2=Pieter|date=2002|publisher=National Maritime Museum, London UK|isbn=0-948065-43-5|ref=harv}} *{{cite book|last=Robson|first=John|date=2004|title=The Captain Cook Encyclopædia|publisher=Random House Australia|isbn=0-7593-1011-4|ref=harv}} *{{cite book|title=Captain Cook's War and Peace: The Royal Navy Years 1755-1768|first=John|last=Robson|date=2009|publisher=University of New South Wales Press|isbn=9781742231099|ref=harv}} *{{cite book|title=Islands of history|url=https://archive.org/details/islandsofhistory00sahl|publisher=University of Chicago Press|first=Marshall David|last=Sahlins|authorlink= Marshall David Sahlins|date=1985|isbn=978-0-226-73358-6|ref=harv}} *{{cite book|title=How "Natives" Think: About Captain Cook, for example|url=https://archive.org/details/hownativesthinka0000sahl|publisher=University of Chicago Press|last=Sahlins|first=Marshall David|date=1995|isbn=978-0-226-73368-5}} *{{cite book|title=The Australian Language: An Examination of the English Language and English Speech as Used in Australia, from Convict Days to the Present|url=https://archive.org/details/australianlangua0000bake|last=Sidney|first=John Baker|location=Melbourne|publisher=Sun Books|date=1981|isbn=978-0-7251-0382-8|ref=harv}} *{{cite book|title=James Cook Maritime Scientist|url=https://archive.org/details/jamescookmaritim0000stam|publisher=Caedmon of Whitby Press|last=Stamp|first= Tom and Cordelia|date=1978|location=Whitby|isbn=0-905355-04-0|ref=harv}} *{{cite book|last=Sykes|first=Bryan|title=[[The Seven Daughters of Eve]]|publisher=Norton Publishing: New York City, NY and London, England|isbn=0-393-02018-5|date=2001|ref=harv}} *{{cite book|last=Wagner|first=A. R.|title=Historic Heraldry of Britain|url=https://archive.org/details/historicheraldry0000wagn|date=1972|publisher=Phillimore & Co Ltd|location=London|isbn=978-0-85033-022-9|ref=harv}} *{{cite book|title=Captain Cook's Journal during his first voyage round the world made in H.M. Bark "Endeavour" 1768–71|first=W. J. L.|last=Wharton|date=1893|url=http://ebooks.adelaide.edu.au/c/cook/james/c77j/}} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120322055659/http://ebooks.adelaide.edu.au/c/cook/james/c77j/ |date=2012-03-22 }} ==Padugang nga barasahon== *{{cite book|last=Aughton|first=Peter|title=Endeavour: The Story of Captain Cook's First Great Epic Voyage|publisher=Cassell & Co.|date=2002|location=London|isbn=978-0-304-36236-3|ref=harv}} *{{cite book|editor-last=Edwards|editor-first=Philip|title=James Cook: The Journals|url=https://archive.org/details/journalsofcaptai00jame|date=2003|publisher=Penguin Books|location=London|isbn=0-14-043647-2|quote=Prepared from the original manuscripts by J. C. Beaglehole 1955–67|ref=harv}} *{{cite book|editor-last=Forster|editor-first=Georg|title=A Voyage Round the World|editor-link=Georg Forster|date=1986|publisher=Wiley-VCH|isbn=978-3-05-000180-7|ref=harv|quote=Published first 1777 as: ''A Voyage round the World in His Britannic Majesty's Sloop Resolution, Commanded by Capt. James Cook, during the Years, 1772, 3, 4, and 5''}} *{{Citation | last1=Hawkesworth | first1=John | authorlink1=John Hawkesworth (book editor) | last2=Byron | first2=John | authorlink2=John Byron | last3=Wallis | first3=Samuel | authorlink3=Samuel Wallis | last4=Carteret | first4=Philip | authorlink4=Philip Carteret | last5=Cook | first5=James | authorlink5=James Cook | last6=Banks | first6=Joseph | authorlink6=Joseph Banks | title=An account of the voyages undertaken by the order of His present Majesty for making discoveries in the Southern Hemisphere, and successively performed by Commodore Byron, Captain Wallis, Captain Carteret, and Captain Cook, in the Dolphin, the Swallow, and the Endeavour drawn up from the journals which were kept by the several commanders, and from the papers of Joseph Banks, esq | publication-date=1773 | publisher=London Printed for W. Strahan and T. Cadell | accessdate=1 Enero 2015 }}, [http://southseas.nla.gov.au/journals/hv01/contents.html Volume I], [http://southseas.nla.gov.au/journals/hv23/contents.html Volume II-III] *{{cite book |authorlink=Andrew Kippis|first=Andrew|last=Kippis|title=The Life and Voyages of Captain James Cook|url=https://archive.org/details/lifeandvoyagesc00kippgoog|publisher=[[George Newnes]], London & [[Charles Scribner's Sons]], New York|date=1904|ref=harv}} *Richardson, Brian. (2005) ''Longitude and Empire: How Captain Cook's Voyages Changed the World'' University of British Columbia Press. ISBN 0-7748-1190-0. *Sydney Daily Telegraph (1970) ''Captain Cook: His Artists — His Voyages'' The Sydney Daily Telegraph Portfolio of Original Works by Artists who sailed with Captain Cook. Australian Consolidated Press, Sydney *Thomas, Nicholas ''The Extraordinary Voyages of Captain James Cook''. Walker & Co., New York. ISBN 0-8027-1412-9 (2003) *{{cite journal|last=Villiers |first=Alan|authorlink=Alan Villiers|date=Summer 1956–57|title=James Cook, Seaman|journal=[[Quadrant (magazine)|Quadrant]]|volume=1|issue=1|pages=7–16}} *Villiers, Alan John, ''Captain James Cook'' Newport Beach, California: Books on Tape (1983) *{{cite book|editor-last=Williams|editor-first=Glyndwr|editor-link=Glyndwr Williams|title=Captain Cook's Voyages: 1768–1779|date=1997|publisher=The Folio Society|location=London}} ==Mga sumpay ha gawas== {{Library resources box |onlinebooks=no |by=no |lcheading=Cook, James, 1728–1779 }} {{Commons|James Cook|James Cook}} {{Commons category|James Cook|Category:James Cook}} {{Wikisource|Author:James Cook|Author:James Cook}} *[http://www.captaincooksociety.com/ Captain Cook Society] *[http://ns1763.ca/hfxrm/cookjmon.html Captain Cook historic plaque, Halifax] ===Biographical dictionaries=== *[http://www.adb.online.anu.edu.au/biogs/A010231b.htm 'Cook, James (1728–1779)', [[Australian Dictionary of Biography]], Volume 1, [[Melbourne University Publishing|Melbourne University Press]], 1966, pp.&nbsp;243–4] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090309043105/http://www.adb.online.anu.edu.au/biogs/A010231b.htm |date=2009-03-09 }} *[http://www.biographi.ca/009004-119.01-e.php?&id_nbr=1817 Biography at the ''Dictionary of Canadian Biography Online''] *{{DNZB|title=James Cook biography|id=1C25|plainlink=y}} from the ''[[Dictionary of New Zealand Biography]]'' ===Journals=== *[http://nla.gov.au/nla.ms-ms1 ''The Endeavour'' journal (1)] and [http://www.nla.gov.au/pub/endeavour/ ''The Endeavour'' journal (2)] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060329203108/http://www.nla.gov.au/pub/endeavour/ |date=2006-03-29 }}, as kept by James Cook&nbsp;– digitised and held by the [[National Library of Australia]] *[http://southseas.nla.gov.au/ The South Seas Project]: maps and online editions of the Journals of James Cook's First Pacific Voyage, 1768–1771. Includes full text of journals kept by Cook, Joseph Banks and Sydney Parkinson, as well as the complete text of John Hawkesworth's 1773 Account of Cook's first voyage. *[http://badc.nerc.ac.uk/data/corral/adm55/adm55_index.html Digitised copies of log books from James Cook's voyages] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110606103401/http://badc.nerc.ac.uk/data/corral/adm55/adm55_index.html |date=2011-06-06 }} at the [http://badc.nerc.ac.uk British Atmospheric Data Centre] *{{gutenberg author| id=James+Cook | name=James Cook}} *{{librivox author|James+Cook}} *[http://cudl.lib.cam.ac.uk/view/MS-RGO-00014-00058/1 Log book of Cook's second voyage]: high-resolution digitised version in Cambridge Digital Library ===Collections and museums=== *[http://www.nma.gov.au/cook/ Cook's Pacific Encounters: Cook-Forster Collection online] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111120000346/http://www.nma.gov.au/cook/ |date=2011-11-20 }} Images and descriptions of more than 300 artefacts collected during the three Pacific voyages of James Cook. *[http://collections.tepapa.govt.nz/search.aspx?advanced=colAssParty%3a%22Captain+James+Cook%22 Images and descriptions of items associated with James Cook at the Museum of New Zealand Te Papa Tongarewa] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131023173221/http://collections.tepapa.govt.nz/search.aspx?advanced=colAssParty%3a%22Captain+James+Cook%22 |date=2013-10-23 }} *{{NRA|P6407}} *[http://www.captcook-ne.co.uk/ccbm/index.htm James Cook Birthplace Museum] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110720010546/http://www.captcook-ne.co.uk/ccbm/index.htm |date=2011-07-20 }} *[http://www4.uwm.edu/libraries/AGSL/cook.cfm Cook's manuscript maps] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131031025752/http://www4.uwm.edu/libraries/AGSL/cook.cfm |date=2013-10-31 }} of the south-east coast of Australia, held at the American Geographical Society Library at UW Milwaukee. {{DEFAULTSORT:Cook, James}} [[Kaarangay:Mga natawo han 1728]] [[Kaarangay:Mga namatay han 1779]] [[Kaarangay:James Cook| ]] a1stzcgbx6vwd1lzzl67wjtyx0bz1u7 0 17468 7782381 7754646 2026-04-07T07:27:48Z InternetArchiveBot 41587 Add 1 book for verifiability (20260407)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 7782381 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox astronaut |name = Yuri Gagarin<br>Юрий Гагарин |image = Gagarin in Sweden.jpg |type = [[File:Gagarin Signature.svg|150px]]<br>Cosmonot han [[Soviet space program|Soviet]] cosmonot<br />An syahan nga tawo ha [[outer space|kalarakan]] |status = Namatay |nationality = [[Soviet people|Sobyet]] |birth_date = {{Birth date|df=yes|1934|3|9}} |death_date = {{Death date and age|df=yes|1968|3|27|1934|3|9}} |birth_place = [[Klushino]], [[Russian SFSR]], [[Soviet Union]] |death_place = [[Novosyolovo]], Russian SFSR, Soviet Union |occupation = [[Aviator|Piloto]] |rank = Colonel ([[Polkovnik]]), [[Soviet Air Forces]] |selection = [[List of astronauts by year of selection#1960|Air Force Group 1]] |time = 1 hour, 48 minutes |mission = [[Vostok 1]] |insignia = }} Hi '''Yuri Alekseyevich Gagarin''' ([[Rinusyan]]: Юрий Алексеевич Гагарин; Marso 9, 1934 – Marso 27, 1968) usa nga Rusyano nga cosmonot. Hiya an giuunahi nga tawo nga nangadto ha gawasnon nga kawarayan ha Abril 12, 1961, ha usa nga raket nga ginpalupad han Unyon Sobyet. <gallery perrow="4"> File:1976 4569.jpg| File:Stamp of Azerbaijan 595.jpg| File:RR5514-0005R 10 рублей биметалл 2001 40 лет полета Гагарина реверс.png| File:RR5714-0010R.png| </gallery> ==Pinanbasaran== {{Reflist}} ===Mga pagkukuhaan=== *{{cite book |url=http://books.google.com/books?id=2f4pSA4S8UwC&pg=PA140 |title=Soviet and Post-Soviet Identities |publisher=Cambridge University Press |location=Cambridge |editor1-first=Mark |editor1-last=Bassin |editor2-first=Catriona |editor2-last=Kelly |pages=140–141 |year=2012 |isbn=1107011175}} *{{cite book |title=Sportsmen of the Soviet Army |publisher=Novosti Press Agency |location=Moscow |first=Vyacheslav Mikhailovich |last=Gavrilin |year=1973 |oclc=23374154}} *{{cite book |title=Challenge to Apollo: The Soviet Union and the Space Race, 1945–1974 |publisher=NASA |location=Washington, D.C. |first=Asif A |last=Siddiqi |year=2000 |id=SP-2000-4408 |oclc=48909645}} [http://history.nasa.gov/SP-4408pt1.pdf Part 1 (page 1-500)] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080916023444/http://history.nasa.gov/SP-4408pt1.pdf |date=2008-09-16 }}, [http://history.nasa.gov/SP-4408pt2.pdf Part 2 (page 501-1011)] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111018045602/http://history.nasa.gov/SP-4408pt2.pdf |date=2011-10-18 }}. *{{cite book |title=The rocket men: Vostok & Voskhod, the first Soviet manned spaceflights |url=https://archive.org/details/rocketmenvostokv0000hall |publisher=Springer |first1=Rex |last1=Hall |first2=David |last2=Shayler |page=[https://archive.org/details/rocketmenvostokv0000hall/page/n350 350] |date=May 2001 |isbn=1-85233-391-X}} ==Padugang nga barasahon== *{{Cite book |title=The Cosmonaut Who couldn't Stop Smiling: The Life and Legend of Yuri Gagarin |url=https://archive.org/details/cosmonautwhocoul0000jenk |publisher=Northern Illinois University Press |first=Andrew L |last=Jenks |year=2012 |isbn=978-0-87580-447-7}} *{{Cite book |title=Vostok 1: First Human in Space |url=https://archive.org/details/vostok1firsthuma0000cole |publisher=Enslow |location=[[Springfield Township, Union County, New Jersey|Springfield, NJ]] |first=Michael D |last=Cole |year=1995 |isbn=0-89490-541-4}} *{{Cite book |title=Starman: The Truth Behind the Legend of Yuri Gagarin |publisher=Bloomsbury |location=[[London]] |first1=Jamie |last1=Doran |first2=Piers |last2=Bizony |authorlink=Piers Bizony |year=1998 |isbn=0-7475-4267-8}} ==Mga sumpay ha gawas== {{Wikiquote}} {{Commons category|Yuri Gagarin}} {{External media |topic = Memorial to Gagarin and Seregin at crash location |subtopic = Google Maps |font-size = 110 |image1 = [http://maps.google.com/maps?ll=56.061303,39.032707&spn=0.047057,0.165997&t=h&z=13&iwloc=lyrftr:com.panoramio.all,767965484473153919,56.046541,39.027214&lci=com.panoramio.all Memorial obelisk photo] |image2 = [http://maps.google.com/maps?ll=56.046493,39.027214&spn=0,0.165997&t=h&z=13&lci=com.panoramio.all&layer=c&cbll=56.046493,39.027214&cbp=12,0,0,5&photoid=po-12066999 Memorial obelisk closeup photo] |image3 = Coordinates {{coord|56.04664|N|39.0265|E|}} }} *[http://www.astronautix.com/astros/gagarin.htm Biography] by [[Encyclopedia Astronautica]] *[http://www.ispyspace.com/Yuri_Gagarin.html Biography] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090202191332/http://www.ispyspace.com/Yuri_Gagarin.html |date=2009-02-02 }} by [[Colin Burgess (author)|Colin Burgess]] *[http://www.yurisnight.net/ Yuri's Night], an annual worldwide space party *[http://www.yurigagarin50.org/ YuriGagarin50.org] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180129110658/http://yurigagarin50.org/ |date=2018-01-29 }}, the 50th anniversary of Yuri Gagarin's flight into space *[http://www.nytimes.com/learning/general/onthisday/bday/0309.html Obituary] by ''[[The New York Times]]'', 28 March 1968 *{{Find a Grave|3485}} ;Multimedia * [https://youtube.com/watch?v=RKs6ikmrLgg "First Orbit"], feature film on YouTube by [[First Orbit]] * [https://youtube.com/watch?v=b0ktgWlN7SE "First Man in Space: Yuri Gagarin"], short film on YouTube by [[Roscosmos]] * {{Internet Archive film|id=gov.archives.arc.2049958|title=Soviet Man in Space (1961)}} * {{Internet Archive film|id=1961-04-19_First_Pictures|title=Soviets Hail Space Hero (1961)}} * [http://kp.ru/photo/gallery/1918/?showall=1 Photo gallery] by KP.ru * [http://sputniknews.com/photo/20140309/188254029.html Photo gallery] by Sputnik News [[Kaarangay:Mga natawo han 1934]] [[Kaarangay:Mga namatay han 1968]] 3w7u6zreaglfy0wraeibilqk45cremc 0 17478 7782372 7645755 2026-04-07T07:19:25Z InternetArchiveBot 41587 Add 2 books for verifiability (20260407)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 7782372 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox person | name = Akira Kurosawa<br>黒澤 明 | image = Akirakurosawa-onthesetof7samurai-1953-page88.jpg | caption = Akira Kurosawa on the set of ''Seven Samurai'' in 1953 | parents = Isamu Kurosawa<br/>Shima Kurosawa | birth_date = {{Birth date|1910|3|23}} | birth_place = [[Shinagawa]], [[Tokyo]], Japan | death_date = {{Death date and age|1998|9|6|1910|3|23}} | death_place = [[Setagaya]], Tokyo, Japan | death_cause = [[Stroke]] | occupation = [[Film director|Director]], [[screenwriter]], [[film producer|producer]], [[Film editing|editor]] | years_active = 1936–1993 | spouse = [[Yōko Yaguchi]] (1945–1985) (her death) | children = [[Kazuko Kurosawa]]<br>Hisao Kurosawa | relatives = Yu Kurosawa (singer, granddaughter), Takayuki Kato (actor, grandson) }} Hi '''Akira Kurosawa''' (黒澤 明 o 黒沢 明, ''Kurosawa Akira'', 23 Marso 1910 – 6 Septyembre 1998) usa nga Hapon nga direkor, tighimo, tigsurat ngan editor han mga kasalidahan.[[Toshiro Mifune]] ==Filmograpiya== ===Komo manunurat=== * 1941 Uma (Horse) [uncredited as writer] * 1942 Seishun no kiryu (Wind Currents of Youth) * 1942 Tsubasa no gaika (The Triumphant Song of the Wings) * 1944 Dohyosai (Wrestling-Ring Festival) * 1945 Appare Ishin Tasuke (Bravo! Ishin Tasuke) * 1947 Yottsu no koi no monogatari (Four Love Stories) [one segment] * 1947 Ginrei no hate (To the End of the Snow-Capped Mountains; aka Snow Trail) * 1948 Shozo (The Portrait) * 1949 Jigoku no kifujin (The Lady from Hell) * 1949 Jyakoman to Tetsu (Jakoman and Tetsu) * 1950 Akatsuki no dasso (Escape at Dawn) * 1950 Jiruba no Tetsu (Tetsu of Jilba) * 1950 Tateshi danpei (Fencing Master) * 1951 Ai to nikushimi no kanata e (Beyond Love and Hate) * 1951 Kedamono no yado (The Den of Beasts) * 1952 Araki Sauemon – Ketto kagiya no tsuji (Sauemon Araki – Duel at Key-Maker’s Corner; aka Vendetta for a Samurai) * 1952 Sengoku burai (Vagabonds in a Country at War; aka Sword for Hire) * 1953 Fukeyo harukaze (Blow! Spring Wind; aka My Wonderful Yellow Car) * 1955 Kieta chutai (Vanished Enlisted Man) * 1955 Asunaro monogatari (Hiba Arborvitae Story; aka Tomorrow I’ll Be a Fire Tree) * 1957 Nichiro senso shori no hishi – Tekichu odan sanbyaku ri (Three Hundred Miles Through Enemy Lines; aka Advance Patrol) * 1959 Sengoku gunto-den (The Story of Robbers of the Civil Wars; aka Saga of the Vagabonds) * 1985 Runaway Train * 2000 [[After the Rain (film)|Ame Agaru (After the Rain)]] * 2000 [[Dora-heita]] (Alley Cat) * 2002 Umi wa miteita (The Sea is Watching) ==Pinanbasaran== {{reflist}} ===Mga Pagkukuhaan=== {{refbegin|2}} * {{audie-bock-directors}} * {{cite book|last=Desser|first=David|title=Eros Plus Massacre|url=https://archive.org/details/erosplusmassacre00davi|year=1988|publisher=Indiana University Press |isbn=0-253-20469-0|ref=CITEREFDesser}} * {{cite video|title=Dodes'ka-den (Criterion Collection Spine #465)|publisher=Criterion|type=[[DVD]]|ref=CITEREFDodeskaden}}{{clarify|reason=This source not referenced from article text; |date=October 2013}} * {{cite video|title=Drunken Angel|publisher=Criterion|type=[[DVD]]|ref=CITEREFDrunken Angel}}{{clarify|reason=This source not referenced from article text; |date=October 2013}} * {{cite book|last=Fellini|first=Federico|title=Federico Fellini: Interviews |url=https://archive.org/details/federicofellini00fede|editor=Bert Cardullo |year=2006|publisher=University Press of Mississippi |isbn=1-57806-885-1 |ref=CITEREFFellini}} * {{cite book|last=Galbraith|first=Stuart, IV|title=The Emperor and the Wolf: The Lives and Films of Akira Kurosawa and Toshiro Mifune|url=https://archive.org/details/emperorwolf00galb|year=2002|publisher=Faber and Faber, Inc|isbn=0-571-19982-8|ref=CITEREFGalbraith}} * {{cite book|last=Godard|first=Jean-Luc|editor=Tom Milne|title=Godard on Godard|url=https://archive.org/details/godardongodardcr0000goda|year=1972|publisher=Da Capo Press|isbn=0-306-80259-7|ref=CITEREFGodard}}{{clarify|reason=This source not referenced from article text; |date=October 2013}} *{{cite book| last=Goodwin|first=James|title=Akira Kurosawa and Intertextual Cinema| url=https://archive.org/details/akirakurosawaint0000good|year=1993|publisher=The Johns Hopkins University Press|isbn=0-8018-4661-7|ref=CITEREFGoodwin1993}} *{{cite book| last=Goodwin|first=James|title=Perspectives on Akira Kurosawa|year=|publisher=G. K. Hall & Co.|isbn=0-8161-1993-7|ref=CITEREFGoodwin1994}} * {{cite book|last=High|first=Peter B.|title=The Imperial Screen: Japanese Film Culture in the Fifteen Years' War, 1931–1945|url=https://archive.org/details/imperialscreenja0000high|year=2003|publisher=The University of Wisconsin Press|isbn=0-299-18134-0|ref=CITEREFHigh}} * {{cite book|last=Kurosawa|first=Akira|others=Translated by [[Audie E. Bock]]|title=Something Like an Autobiography|url=https://archive.org/details/somethinglikeaut0000kuro|year=1983|publisher=Vintage Books|isbn=0-394-71439-3|ref=CITEREFKurosawa1983}} * {{cite book|last=Kurosawa|first=Akira|title=Yume wa tensai de aru (A Dream Is a Genius)|year=1999|publisher=Bungei Shunjū|isbn=4-16-355570-6|ref=CITEREFKurosawa1999}}{{clarify|reason=This source not referenced from article text; |date=October 2013}} * {{cite book|last=Kurosawa|first=Akira|editor=Bert Cardullo|title=Akira Kurosawa: Interviews|url=https://archive.org/details/akirakurosawaint0000kuro|year=2008|publisher=University Press of Mississippi |isbn=1-57806-996-3 |ref=CITEREFKurosawa2008}} * {{cite video|title=Kurosawa: The Last Emperor |publisher=Channel Four (UK)/Exterminating Angel Productions|date=1999|type=[[DVD-R]]|ref=CITEREFKurosawa: The Last Emperor}} * {{cite video|title=Kurosawa|date=2000|publisher=[[WNET]], [[BBC]] and [[NHK]]|type=[[DVD]]|ref=CITEREFKurosawa (WNET)}} * {{cite book|last=Martinez|first=Delores P.|title=Remaking Kurosawa: Translations and Permutations in Global Cinema|year=2009 |publisher=Palgrave Macmillan |isbn=0-312-29358-5 |ref=CITEREFMartinez}}{{clarify|reason=This source not referenced from article text; |date=October 2013}} * {{cite book|last=Mellen|first=Joan|title=Voices from the Japanese Cinema|url=https://archive.org/details/voicesfromjapane0000mell|year=1975|publisher=Liveright Publishing Corporation|isbn=0-87140-604-7|ref=CITEREFMellen1975}}{{clarify|reason=This source not referenced from article text; |date=October 2013}} * {{cite book|last=Mellen|first=Joan|title=The Waves at Genji's Door|url=https://archive.org/details/wavesatgenjisdoo0000mell|year=1976|publisher=Pantheon Books|isbn=0-394-49799-6|ref=CITEREFMellen1976}} * {{cite book|last=Mellen|first=Joan|title=Seven Samurai (BFI Classics)|url=https://archive.org/details/sevensamurai0000mell|year=2002|publisher=British Film Institute|isbn=0-85170-915-X|ref=CITEREFMellen2002}} * {{cite book|last=Morrison|first=James|title=Roman Polanski (Contemporary Film Directors)|year=2007|publisher=University of Illinois Press|isbn=0-252-07446-7|ref=CITEREFMorrison}} * {{cite book|last=Nogami|first=Teruyo|title=Waiting on the Weather|year=2006|publisher=Stone Bridge Press|isbn=978-1-933330-09-9|ref=CITEREFNogami}} * {{cite book|last=Peckinpah|first=Sam|title=Sam Peckinpah: Interviews |url=https://archive.org/details/sampeckinpahinte0000peck|editor=Kevin J. Hayes |year=2008|publisher=University Press of Mississippi |isbn=1-934110-64-7 |ref=CITEREFPeckinpah}}{{clarify|reason=This source not referenced from article text; |date=October 2013}} * {{cite book|last=Prince|first=Stephen|title=The Warrior's Camera: The Cinema of Akira Kurosawa|edition=2nd, revised |year=1999|publisher=Princeton University Press|isbn= 0-691-01046-3 |ref=CITEREFPrince}} * {{cite video|title=Rashomon|date=2002|publisher=Criterion|type=[[DVD]]|ref=CITEREFRashomon}} * {{cite book|last=Ray|first=Satyajit|title=Our Films Their Films|url=https://archive.org/details/hyderabadsocialc0000subb|year=2007|publisher=Orient Blackswan|isbn=81-250-1565-5|ref=CITEREFRay}} * {{cite book|last=Richie|first=Donald|authorlink=Donald Richie|title=The Films of Akira Kurosawa, Third Edition, Expanded and Updated|year=1999|publisher=University of California Press|isbn=0-520-22037-4|ref=CITEREFRichie1999}} * {{cite book|last=Richie|first=Donald|title=A Hundred Years of Japanese Film|url=https://archive.org/details/hundredyearsofja0000rich|year=2001|publisher=Kodansha International |isbn=4-7700-2682-X|ref=CITEREFRichie2001}} * {{cite video|title=Seven Samurai: 3-disc Remastered Edition (Criterion Collection Spine #2)|publisher=Criterion|type=[[DVD]]|ref=CITEREFSeven Samurai}} * {{cite book|last=Sato|first=Tadao|title=Currents in Japanese Cinema|year=1987|publisher=Kodansha International Ltd.|isbn=0-87011-815-3|ref=CITEREFSato}} * {{cite video|title=Star Wars Episode IV: A New Hope |date=2006|publisher=Twentieth-Century Fox Home Entertainment |type=[[DVD]]|ref=CITEREFStar Wars}} * {{cite book|last=Tirard|first=Laurent|title=Moviemakers' Master Class: Private Lessons from the World's Foremost Directors|url=https://archive.org/details/moviemakersmaste0000tira|year=2002|publisher=Faber and Faber Ltd.|isbn=0-571-21102-X|ref=CITEREFTirard}} * {{cite video|title=Yojimbo: Remastered Edition (Criterion Collection Spine #52)|publisher=Criterion|type=[[DVD]]|ref=CITEREFYojimbo}} * {{cite book|last=Yoshimoto|first=Mitsuhiro|title=Kurosawa: Film Studies and Japanese Cinema|url=https://archive.org/details/kurosawafilmstud0000yosh|year=2000|publisher=Duke University Press|isbn=0-8223-2519-5|ref=CITEREFYoshimoto}} {{refend}} ==Padugang nga barasahon== {{Commons category}} {{Wikiquote}} *{{IMDb name|41}} *{{tcmdb name|106389}} *[http://www.criterion.com/explore/3-akira-kurosawa Akira Kurosawa] at the [[Criterion Collection]] *[http://akirakurosawa.info/ Akira Kurosawa: News, Information and Discussion] *[http://archive.sensesofcinema.com/contents/directors/02/kurosawa.html Senses of Cinema: Great Directors Critical Database] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100704194325/http://archive.sensesofcinema.com/contents/directors/02/kurosawa.html |date=2010-07-04 }} *[http://www.pbs.org/wnet/gperf/shows/kurosawa/kurosawa.html Great Performances: Kurosawa (PBS)] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070124063349/http://www.pbs.org/wnet/gperf/shows/kurosawa/kurosawa.html |date=2007-01-24 }} *[http://www.mip.berkeley.edu/cgi-bin/cine_director_query.pl?6724 CineFiles: Berkeley Art Museum and Pacific Film Archive (Kurosawa search)] *[http://www.horror-house.jp/cat2/19101998.html Akira Kurosawa at Japanese celebrity's grave guide] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081024014317/http://www.horror-house.jp/cat2/19101998.html |date=2008-10-24 }} {{ja icon}} *{{jmdb name|0121190}} *[https://sites.google.com/site/illustratedjapanesevocabulary/film/kurosawa Several trailers] *[http://www.anaheim.edu/schools-and-institutes/akira-kurosawa-school-of-film Anaheim University Akira Kurosawa School of Film] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140721032348/http://anaheim.edu/schools-and-institutes/akira-kurosawa-school-of-film |date=2014-07-21 }} ==Mga sumpay ha gawas== {{Commonscat|Akira Kurosawa}} *{{IMDb name|41}} *{{tcmdb name|106389}} *[http://www.criterion.com/explore/3-akira-kurosawa Akira Kurosawa] at the [[Criterion Collection]] *[http://akirakurosawa.info/ Akira Kurosawa: News, Information and Discussion] *[http://archive.sensesofcinema.com/contents/directors/02/kurosawa.html Senses of Cinema: Great Directors Critical Database] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100704194325/http://archive.sensesofcinema.com/contents/directors/02/kurosawa.html |date=2010-07-04 }} *[http://www.pbs.org/wnet/gperf/shows/kurosawa/kurosawa.html Great Performances: Kurosawa (PBS)] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070124063349/http://www.pbs.org/wnet/gperf/shows/kurosawa/kurosawa.html |date=2007-01-24 }} *[http://www.mip.berkeley.edu/cgi-bin/cine_director_query.pl?6724 CineFiles: Berkeley Art Museum and Pacific Film Archive (Kurosawa search)] *[http://www.horror-house.jp/cat2/19101998.html Akira Kurosawa at Japanese celebrity's grave guide] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081024014317/http://www.horror-house.jp/cat2/19101998.html |date=2008-10-24 }} {{ja icon}} *{{jmdb name|0121190}} *[https://sites.google.com/site/illustratedjapanesevocabulary/film/kurosawa Several trailers] {{DEFAULTSORT:Kurosawa, Akira}} [[Kaarangay:Akira Kurosawa| ]] [[Kaarangay:Mga natawo han 1910]] [[Kaarangay:Mga namatay han 1998]] enmgz91gjc33alsp1mcmnavzw7t0lak 0 17482 7782416 7748311 2026-04-07T07:59:28Z InternetArchiveBot 41587 Add 1 book for verifiability (20260407)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 7782416 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox tawo | name = Siddhārtha Gautama Buddha | image = Image:Buddha nobletruths.jpg | image_size = 300px | image = Buddha in Sarnath Museum (Dhammajak Mutra).jpg | image_size = 300px | caption = Usa nga estatwa han Buddha tikang [[Sarnath]], ika-4 nga gatostuig | birth_date = 563 UC | death_date = 483 UC (edad 80) o 411 ngan 400 UC | birth_place = [[Lumbini]], yana ha [[Lumbini Zone]], [[Nepal]] | death_place = [[Kushinagar]], yana ha [[Uttar Pradesh]], [[India]] | known_for = Nagtukod han [[Buddhismo]] | predecessor = [[Kassapa Buddha]] | successor = [[Maitreya Buddha]] | ethnicity = [[Shakya]] | father=[[Śuddhodana]] | mother=[[Maya (iroy ni Buddha)|Maya]] }} Hi '''Siddhārtha Gautama''' (Sanskrit: सिद्धार्थ गौतम; Pali: Siddhattha Gotama) in anay ispirituwal nga manurutdo tikang ha ubos-nga-kontinente han Indya, nga an iya mga tinutdo natukod an [[Buddhismo]].<ref> {{cite web |last = Boeree |first = George |title=An Introduction to Buddhism |publisher=Shippensburg University |url=http://webspace.ship.edu/cgboer/buddhaintro.html |accessdate=2011-09-10}}</ref> Haros ngatanan nga nahigaraan nga Buddhismo, hiya in gindudunggan komo an Labaw nga Buddha (P. sammāsambuddha, S. samyaksaṃbuddha) han aton panahon, "Buddha" in may-ada kasirigngon nga "an nagpukrat" o "an nalamragan".<ref group="note">{{cite web |url= http://dsal.uchicago.edu/cgi-bin/philologic/contextualize.pl?p.2.soas.1976481 |title= buddha 9276 |accessdate= 22 Pebrero 2010 |last= Turner |first= Sir Ralph Lilley |authorlink= Ralph Lilley Turner | date = 1962–1985 |work= A comparative dictionary of the Indo-Aryan languages. London: Oxford University Press |publisher= Digital Dictionaries of South Asia, University of Chicago |page= 525 |quote= [[Sister language|Hypothetical root]] ''budh'' "perceive" 1. Pali ''buddha'' – "understood, enlightened", [[Grammatical gender|masculine]] "the ''Buddha''"; Aśokan (the language of the [[Edicts of Ashoka|Inscriptions of Aśoka]]) ''Budhe'' [[Nominative case|nominative]] [[grammatical number|singular]]; [[Prakrit]] ''buddha'' – ‘ known, awakened ’; [[Waigali language|Waigalī]] ''būdāī'', "truth"; [[Kalami language|Bashkarīk]] ''budh'' "he heard"; [[Torwali language|Tōrwālī]] ''būdo'' [[preterite]] of ''bū'', "to see, know" from ''bṓdhati''; [[Phalura language|Phalūṛa]] ''búddo'' preterite of ''buǰǰ '', "to understand" from ''búdhyatē''; [[Shina language|Shina]] Gilgitī dialect ''budo'', "awake"; Gurēsī dialect ''budyōnṷ'' [[Intransitive verb|intransitive]] "to wake"; [[Kashmiri language|Kashmiri]] ''bọ̆du'', "quick of understanding (especially of a child)"; [[Sindhi language|Sindhī]] ''ḇudho'', past [[participle]] ([[Passive voice|passive]]) of ''ḇujhaṇu'', "to understand" from ''búdhyatē'', West [[Pahari languages|Pahāṛī]] ''buddhā'', preterite of ''bujṇā'', "to know"; [[Sinhala language|Sinhalese]] ''buj'' (''j'' written for ''d''), ''budu'', ''bud'', ''but'', "the Buddha". |archive-date= 17 Hulyo 2012 |archive-url= https://archive.today/20120717085826/http://dsal.uchicago.edu/cgi-bin/philologic/contextualize.pl?p.2.soas.1976481 |url-status= dead }}</ref> An oras nga natawo hiya ngan kamatayan in waray kasasabti: urog nga unhan nga ika-20 nga gatostuig nga historyano in nagpepetsa han iya kinabuhi ha 563 BCE ngadto ha 483 UC<ref>L. S. Cousins (1996), "[http://indology.info/papers/cousins The dating of the historical Buddha] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110226184207/http://indology.info/papers/cousins/ |date=2011-02-26 }}: a review article", ''[[Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society]]'' '''(3)6(1)''': 57–63.</ref>, pero ha mas bag-o nga opinyon in nagpepetsa han iya kamatayan ha butnga han 486 ngan 483 BCE o, sumala han iba, ha kabutngaan han 411 ngan 400 UC.<ref>See the consensus in the essays by leading scholars in ''The Date of the Historical Śākyamuni Buddha'' (2003) Edited by A. K. Narain. B. R. Publishing Corporation, New Delhi. ISBN 81-7646-353-1.</ref><ref> "If, as is now almost universally accepted by informed Indological scholarship, a re-examination of early Buddhist historical material, ..., necessitates a redating of the Buddha's death to between 411 and 400 BCE...." —Paul Dundas, ''The Jains'', 2nd edition, ([[Routledge]], 2001), [http://books.google.com/books?id=5ialKAbIyV4C&pg=PA24 p. 24.]</ref> Base han pipira nga arkelohikal nga pananabutan nga mga sinurat, hi Buddha in natawo ha Lumbini, kabag-ohan nga Nepal<ref name="UNESCO">{{cite web|url=http://whc.unesco.org/en/list/666|title=Lumbini, the Birthplace of the Lord Buddha|publisher=UNESCO|accessdate=26 Mayo 2011}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Archived copy |url=http://www.vam.ac.uk/content/articles/t/the-astamahapratiharya-buddhist-pilgrimage-sites/ |access-date=2011-11-18 |archive-date=2012-10-31 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121031180234/http://www.vam.ac.uk/content/articles/t/the-astamahapratiharya-buddhist-pilgrimage-sites/ |url-status=dead }}</ref>, nga uska UNESCO world heritage site.<ref name="UNESCO"/> An iba nga pananabutan arkeyolohikal in nagtitigo nga hi Buddha in natawo ha Kapilavastu ha Piprahwa, Uttar Pradesh, kabag-ohan nga Indya o Kapileswara, Orissa, kabag-ohan nga India.<ref name="V and A">{{cite web|url=http://www.vam.ac.uk/collections/asia/asia_features/buddhism/buddhist_pilgrimage/sites_india/kapilavastu/index.html|title=Kapilavastu|accessdate=1 Marso 2011|archive-date=8 Enero 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110108040311/http://www.vam.ac.uk/collections/asia/asia_features/buddhism/buddhist_pilgrimage/sites_india/kapilavastu/index.html|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref name="hindu1">{{Cite web |title=Archived copy |url=http://www.hindu.com/fline/fl2204/stories/20050225001008800.htm |access-date=2011-11-18 |archive-date=2013-06-03 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130603040336/http://www.hindu.com/fline/fl2204/stories/20050225001008800.htm |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref name="rediff1">http://www.rediff.com/news/2002/sep/16spec.htm</ref><ref>http://www.srilankaguardian.org/2008/03/buddha-born-in-orissa-scholars.html</ref><ref name="Orissa-gov">http://orissa.gov.in/e-magazine/Journal/jounalvol1/pdf/orhj-3.pdf</ref> Hiya in nanudlo ha mga rehiyon han sinirangan nga dapit han Indya sugad han Magadha ngan Kośala.<ref>Warder, A.K. ''Indian Buddhism''. 2000. p. 45</ref><ref>Skilton, Andrew. ''A Concise History of Buddhism.'' 2004. p. 41</ref> Hi Gautama, ginkikilala gihap komo Śākyamuni, an panguna nga kusog han Buddhismo, ngan an mga nahabaruan han iya kinabuhi, pakikipagkurukayakan, ngan surundan monastico in gintutuuhan han mga Buddhista nga dinalikyat kahuman han iya kamatayan ngan gintitigamnan han iya mga manurunod. An mga dirudilain nga mga koleksyon han nasusumpay ha iya mga tinutdo in ginpapasapasa ha linuwas nga nahigaraan, ngan syahan nga sinurat pagkahuman han 400 ka tuig nga sinmunod. Ha Hinduismo, hiya in gindudunggan komo usa ha napulo nga mga avatar han Diyos Vishnu.<ref>{{Cite book | date = 1997 | chapter=Buddha as depicted in the Purāṇas | title=Encyclopaedia of Hinduism, Volume 7 | author1=Nagendra Kumar Singh | publisher=Anmol Publications PVT. LTD. | isbn=9788174881687 | pages=260–275 | url=http://books.google.com/?id=UG9-HZ5icQ4C&pg=PA260 | postscript=<!--None--> }}{{Dead link|date=October 2021 |bot=InternetArchiveBot }}. List of Hindu scripture that declares Gautama Buddha as 9th Avatar of Vishnu as as follows [Harivamsha (1.41) Vishnu Purana (3.18) Bhagavata Purana (1.3.24, 2.7.37, 11.4.23 Bhagavata Purana 1.3.24 [http://srimadbhagavatam.com/1/3/24/en1 Bhagavata Purana 1.3.24] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070926235132/http://srimadbhagavatam.com/1/3/24/en1 |date=2007-09-26 }}, Garuda Purana (1.1, 2.30.37, 3.15.26) Agni Purana (160.Narada Purana (2.72)Linga Purana (2.71) Padma Purana (3.252) etc. [http://srimadbhagavatam.com/1/3/en1 Bhagavata Purana, Canto 1, Chapter 3] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130521022342/http://srimadbhagavatam.com/1/3/en1 |date=2013-05-21 }} - SB 1.3.24: "Then, in the beginning of Kali-yuga, the Lord will appear as Lord Buddha, the son of Anjana, in the province of Gaya, just for the purpose of deluding those who are envious of the faithful theist." ... The [[Bhavishya Purana]] contains the following: "At this time, reminded of the Kali Age, the god Vishnu became born as Gautama, the [[Shakyamuni]], and taught the Buddhist dharma for ten years. Then Shuddodana ruled for twenty years, and Shakyasimha for twenty. At the first stage of the [[Kali Yuga|Kali Age]], the path of the Vedas was destroyed and all men became Buddhists. Those who sought refuge with Vishnu were deluded." Found in Wendy O'Flaherty, ''Origins of Evil in Hindu Mythology.'' University of California Press, 1976, page 203. Note also SB 1.3.28: "All of the above-mentioned incarnations [avatars] are either plenary portions or portions of the plenary portions of the Lord [Krishna or Vishnu]"</ref>. Hiya in gindudunggan komo diyos o manaragna ha iba nga mga relihiyon han kalibutan o mga denominasyon sugad han kiwa relihiyosa nga Ahmadiyya Islamico<ref name="Islam and the Ahmadiyya jamaʻat">[http://books.google.co.uk/books?id=Q78O1mjX2tMC&pg=PA26&dq=ahmadiyya+buddha&hl=en&ei=wbZHTbfyBcWYhQeO-eS9BQ&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=1&ved=0CDIQ6AEwAA#v=onepage&q=ahmadiyya%20buddha&f=false Islam and the Ahmadiyya jamaʻat] Retrieved on February 2011</ref> ngan panuo Bahá'í. ==Mga kasarigan== ;Mga kasuratan <references group="note"/> ;Mga kasarigan {{Mga kasarigan}} ==Dugang nga barasahon== * {{cite book|last=Ambedkar|first=B.R.|authorlink=B. R. Ambedkar|title=[[The Buddha and His Dhamma]]| date = 1957|location=Bombay|publisher=People's Education Society}} * {{cite book|last=Armstrong|first=Karen|title=Buddha|url=https://archive.org/details/buddha0000arms|location=New York|publisher=Penguin Books| date = 2001}} * {{cite book|editor-last=Bechert|editor-first=Heinz| date = 1996|title=When Did the Buddha Live? The Controversy on the Dating of the Historical Buddha|location=Delhi|publisher=Sri Satguru}} * {{cite book|last=Conze|first=Edward, trans.|title=Buddhist Scriptures|url=https://archive.org/details/buddhistscriptur0000conz|location=London|publisher=Penguin Books| date = 1959}} * {{cite book|last=Ñāṇamoli|first=Bhikku|title=The Life of the Buddha According to the Pali Canon|edition=3rd| date = 1992|publisher=Buddhist Publication Society|location=Kandy, Sri Lanka}} * {{cite book|last=Ortner|first=Jon|title=Buddha|url=https://archive.org/details/buddha0000ortn|location=New York|publisher=Welcome Books| date = 2003}} * {{cite book|last=Rahula|first=Walpola|title=What the Buddha Taught|url=https://archive.org/details/whatbuddhataught00walp|edition=2nd| date = 1974|publisher=Grove Press|location=New York}} * {{cite book|last1=Reps|first1=Paul|first2=Nyogen|last2=Senzaki|authorlink2=Nyogen Senzaki|title=Zen Flesh, Zen Bones: A Collection of Zen and Pre-Zen Writings|location=New York|publisher=Doubleday| date = 1957}} * {{cite book|last1=Robinson|first1=Richard H.|first2=Willard L.|last2=Johnson|first3=Sandra A.|last3=Wawrytko|first4=Geoffrey|last4=DeGraff|title=The Buddhist Religion: A Historical Introduction|url=https://archive.org/details/buddhistreligion0000robi| date = 1996|publisher=Wadsworth Publishing Co.|location=Belmont, California}} * {{cite book|last=Sathe |first=Shriram|title=Dates of the Buddha|publisher=Bharatiya Itihasa Sankalana Samiti|location=Hyderabad| date = 1987}} * {{cite book|last1=Senzaki|first1=Nyogen|authorlink=Nyogen Senzaki|last2=McCandless|first2=Ruth Strout|title=Buddhism and Zen|url=https://archive.org/details/buddhismzen00senz| date = 1953|publisher=Philosophical Library|location=New York}} {{Commons category|Paintings of Life of Gautama Buddha}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Buddha, Gautama}} [[Kaarangay:Mga namatay han 483 UC]] [[Kaarangay:Mga natawo han 563 UC]] [[Kaarangay:Mga buddha]] [[Kaarangay:Gautama Buddha| ]] [[Kaarangay:Biyograpiya]] nomzvy7zv6hxems8lwzy8walosujr5v 0 17485 7782295 7650931 2026-04-07T05:38:21Z InternetArchiveBot 41587 Add 2 books for verifiability (20260407)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 7782295 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox saint |name=Juana han Arko<br>Juana de Arco<br>Joan of Arc<br>Jeanne d'Arc |birth_date= ca. 1412 |death_date=30 May 1431 (aged 19) |feast_day=30 May |parents= Jacques d'Arc and Isabelle de Vouthon |venerated_in=[[Roman Catholic Church]]<br />[[Anglican Communion]] |image=Joan of Arc miniature graded.jpg |imagesize = 200px |caption=Painting, ca. 1485. An artist's interpretation, since the only known direct portrait has not survived. (Centre Historique des Archives Nationales, Paris, AE II 2490) |birth_place=[[Domrémy-la-Pucelle|Domrémy]], [[Duchy of Bar]], [[France in the Middle Ages|Kingdom of France]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Archived copy |url=http://www.chemainustheatrefestival.ca/season_saint_timeline.html |access-date=2012-07-19 |archive-date=2013-06-02 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130602171425/http://www.chemainustheatrefestival.ca/season_saint_timeline.html |url-status=dead }}</ref> |death_place=[[Rouen]], France <br>(then [[The Dual-Monarchy of England and France|controlled by England]]) |titles=Santa |beatified_date=18 April 1909 |beatified_place=[[Notre Dame de Paris]] |beatified_by=[[Papa Pío X]] |canonized_date=16 May 1920 |canonized_place=[[St. Peter's Basilica]], Rome |canonized_by=[[Papa Benedicto XV]] |patronage= France [[File:Coat of Arms of Jeanne d'Arc.svg|22px]]; martyrs; captives; military personnel; people ridiculed for their piety; prisoners; soldiers, women who have served in the [[WAVES]] (Women Appointed for Voluntary Emergency Service); and [[Women's Army Corps]] }} Hi '''Santa Juana han Arko''' (ha Frinanses: '''Jeanne d'Arc'''; ha Kinatsila: ''Juana de Arco''; ha Ininglis: ''Joan of Arc'') (1412 – 30 Mayo 1431) amo an usa ka nasodnon nga bayani han [[Fransya]] ngan usa ka santa Katolika. ==Mga kasarigan== {{reflist}} ==Mga reperensya== * {{Cite book|last=DeVries|first=Kelly|title=Joan of Arc: A Military Leader|url=https://archive.org/details/isbn_9780750918053|publisher=Sutton Publishing |location=Stroud, Gloucestershire |year=1999 |isbn=0-7509-1805-5 |oclc=42957383 |authorlink=Kelly DeVries}} * {{Cite book|first=Richard C. |last=Famiglietti|title=Royal Intrigue: Crisis at the Court of Charles VI 1392–1420|url=https://archive.org/details/royalintriguecri0000fami |publisher=AMS Press|location=New York |series=AMS studies in the Middle Ages, 9 |year=1987|isbn=0-404-61439-6}}<!-- Was "Pernoud and Clin". --> * {{Cite book|last=Lucie-Smith |first=Edward |title=Joan of Arc |url=https://archive.org/details/joanofarc0000luci |year=1976 |publisher=Allen Lane |location=Bristol |isbn=0-7139-0857-2}} * {{Cite book|last=Oliphant |first=Mrs. (Margaret) |title=Jeanne d'Arc: Her Life and Death |isbn=978-1404310865 |series=Heroes of the Nations |date=June 2002 (Web page: November 2003) |origyear=1896 |publisher=IndyPublish.com |url=http://www.authorama.com/book/jeanne-d-arc.html}} * {{cite book |title=Joan of Arc: Her Story |last=Pernoud |first=Régine |coauthors=Marie-Véronique Clin |others=translated and revised by Jeremy duQuesnay Adams; edited by Bonnie Wheeler |year=1999 |publisher=St. Martin's Press |location=New York |isbn=9780312214425 |url=http://www.amazon.com/dp/0312214421/#reader-link |oclc=39890535}}<!-- Added, but references may actually refer to Famiglietti. --> ==Dugang nga barasahon== {{Refbegin|30em}} ;Biographies *{{Cite book|author=Anon|title=The First Biography of Joan of Arc with the Chronicle Record of a Contemporary Account|url=http://www.smu.edu/ijas/texts/joan.pdf|others=trans. Rankin, Daniel & Quintal, Claire}} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110709132031/http://smu.edu/ijas/texts/joan.pdf |date=2011-07-09 }} {{Cite web |title=Archived copy |url=http://smu.edu/ijas/texts/joan.pdf |access-date=2020-12-30 |archive-date=2011-07-09 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110709132031/http://smu.edu/ijas/texts/joan.pdf |url-status= }} *{{Cite book|title=The trial of Jeanne d'Arc|editor=Barrett, W.P.|publisher=Gotham house|location=New York|year=1932|oclc=1314152}} *{{Cite book|last=Brooks|first=Polly Schoyer|title=Beyond the Myth: The Story of Joan of Arc|url=https://archive.org/details/beyondmyth00poll|publisher=Houghton Mifflin Co|location=New York|year=1999|isbn=0-397-32422-7|oclc=20319268}} *{{Cite book|last=de Quincey|first=Thomas|title=The English Mail-Coach and Joan of Arc|url=http://www.gutenberg.org/dirs/etext04/7mjnc10.txt}} *{{Cite book|last=Fraioli|first=Deborah|title=Joan of Arc: The Early Debate|url=https://archive.org/details/joanofarcearlyde0000debo|publisher=Boydell Press,|location=London|year=2002|isbn=0-85115-880-3|oclc=48680250}} *{{Cite book|last=France|first=Anatole|title=The Life of Joan of Arc|url=http://www.gutenberg.org/etext/19488|authorlink=Anatole France}} *{{Cite book|last=Gower|first=Ronald Sutherland|title=Joan of Arc|url=http://www.gutenberg.org/files/16933/16933.txt}} *{{Cite book|last=Heimann|first=Nora|title=Joan of Arc in French Art and Culture (1700–1855): From Satire to Sanctity|publisher=Ashgate|location=Aldershot|year=2005|isbn=0-7546-5085-5}} *{{Cite book|last1=Heimann|first1=Nora|last2=Coyle|first2=Laura|title=Joan of Arc: Her Image in France and America|publisher=Corcoran Gallery of Art in association with D Giles Limited|location=Washington, DC|year=2006|isbn=1-904832-19-9}} *{{Cite book|last=Le Brun de Charmettes|first=Philippe-Alexandre|title=Histoire de Jeanne d`Arc|publisher=ED. Artus Bertrand|location=Paris|year=1817|oclc=8443774|url=http://openlibrary.org/details/histoiredejeanne01lebr|authorlink=Philippe-Alexandre Le Brun de Charmettes|language=French}} *{{Cite book|last=Le Brun de Charmettes|first=Philippe-Alexandre|title=L`ORLEANIDE,POEME NATIONAL EN VINGT-HUIT CHANTS|editor=Smith, Audin|location=Paris|year=1821|authorlink=Philippe-Alexandre Le Brun de Charmettes|language=French}} *{{Cite book|title=Le procès de condamnation et le procès de réhabilitation de Jeanne d'Arc. L'histoire en appel.|publisher=Éditions Denoël|location=Paris|year=1959|oclc=1823703|others=trans. Oursel, Raymond}} *{{Cite book|last=Meltzer|first=Francoise|title=For Fear of the Fire: Joan of Arc and the Limits of Subjectivity|url=https://archive.org/details/forfearoffirejoa0000melt|publisher=University of Chicago Press|location=Chicago|year=2001|isbn=0-226-51982-1|oclc=46240234|authorlink=Françoise Meltzer}} *{{Cite book|last=Pernoud|first=Régine|title=The Retrial of Joan of Arc; The Evidence at the Trial For Her Rehabilitation 1450–1456|url=https://archive.org/details/retrialofjoanofa00pern|publisher=Harcourt, Brace and Company|location=New York|year=1955|oclc=1338471|others=trans. J.M. Cohen}} *{{Cite book|last=Pernoud|first=Régine|title=[[Joan of Arc By Herself and Her Witnesses]]|publisher=Scarborough House|location=London|year=1994|isbn=0-8128-1260-3|oclc=31535658|others=trans. E. Hymans}} *{{Cite book|last=Pernoud|first=Régine|title=Jeanne d'Arc: La Reconquête de la France|url=https://archive.org/details/jeannedarc0000rgin|publisher=Gallimard|year=1995|isbn=2-07-040230-4|oclc=39883861|language=French}} *{{Cite book|last1=Pernoud|first1=Régine|last2=Clin|first2=Marie-Véronique|title=Joan of Arc: Her Story|url=https://archive.org/details/joanofarcherstor00pern|publisher=St. Martin's Griffin|location=New York|year=1999|isbn=0-312-22730-2|oclc=39890535|others=trans. Jeremy Duquesnay Adams}} *{{Cite book|title=Procès de condamnation et de réhabilitation de Jeanne d'Arc dite la Pucelle. Publiés pour la première fois d'après les manuscrits de la Bibliothèque nationale, suivis de tous les documents historiques qu'on a pu réunir et accompagnés de notes et d'éclaircissements.|editor=Quicherat, Jules-Étienne-Joseph|publisher=Johnson|location=New York|year=1965|volume=1–5|oclc=728420|language=French|origyear=1841–1849}} *{{Cite book|last=Richey|first=Stephen W.|title=Joan of Arc: The Warrior Saint|url=https://archive.org/details/joanofarcwarrior0000rich|publisher=Praeger|location=Westport, CT|year=2003|isbn=0-275-98103-7|oclc=52030963}} *{{Cite book|last=Richey|first=Stephen W.|title=Joan of Arc: The Warrior Saint|url=https://archive.org/details/joanofarcwarrior0000rich|publisher=Praeger|location=Westport, CT|year=2003|isbn=0-275-98103-7|oclc=52030963}} *{{Cite book |author=Romm F. |title=Загадки Орлеанской девы |trans_title=Mysteries of The Maid of Orleans |url=http://enas.ru/npp/chep/zhanna-800.htm |year=2008 |publisher=ENAS |location=Moscow |language=Russian }} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120310174657/http://enas.ru/npp/chep/zhanna-800.htm |date=2012-03-10 }} {{Cite web |title=Archived copy |url=http://enas.ru/npp/chep/zhanna-800.htm |access-date=2012-07-31 |archive-date=2012-03-10 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120310174657/http://enas.ru/npp/chep/zhanna-800.htm |url-status= }} *{{Cite book|last=Spoto|first=Donald|title=Joan : the mysterious life of a heretic who became a saint|url=https://archive.org/details/joanmysteriousli00spot|publisher=HarperSanFrancisco|location=San Francisco|year=2007|isbn=0-06-081517-5|oclc=84655969}} *{{Cite book|title=The trial of Joan of Arc : being the verbatim report of the proceedings from the Orleans manuscript|url=https://archive.org/details/trialofjoanofarc0000wssc|publisher=Folio Society|location=London|year=1956|oclc=1182797|others=trans. Scot, W.S.}} {{Refend}} {{Refbegin|30em}} ;Nahisusumpay nga mga kasaysayan *{{Cite book|last=Allmand|first=C.|title=The Hundred Years War: England and France at War c. 1300&nbsp;– 1450|url=https://archive.org/details/hundredyearsware0000allm|publisher=Cambridge University Press|location=Cambridge|year=1988|isbn=0-521-31923-4 }} *{{Cite book|last=Davis|first=H.W.C|title=Medieval Europe|url=http://www.gutenberg.org/dirs/etext04/mdvlp10.txt}} *{{Cite book|last=Guizot|first=François Pierre Guillaume|title=A Popular History of France from the Earliest Times|volume=3|url=http://www.gutenberg.org/files/11953/11953.txt}} *{{Cite book|author1-link=John Henry Haaren|last1=Haaren|first1=John Henry|last2=Poland|first2=A.B.|title=Famous Men of the Middle Ages|url=http://www.authorama.com/famous-men-of-the-middle-ages-1.html}} *{{Cite book|last=Lacroix|first=Paul|title=Manners, Custom and Dress During the Middle Ages and During the Renaissance Period|url=http://www.gutenberg.org/files/10940/10940.txt}} *{{Cite book|last=Lingard|first=John|title=The History of England|url=http://www.authorama.com/history-of-england-1.html}} *{{Cite book|last=Perroy|first=Edouard|title=The Hundred Years War|publisher=Capricorn Books|location=New York|year=1965|others=trans. W.B. Wells}} *{{Cite book|last=Pollard|first=A.F.|title=The History of England: A Study in Political Evolution|url=http://www.gutenberg.org/dirs/etext04/hstng10.txt}} *{{Cite book|last=Power|first=Eileen Edna|title=Medieval People|url=http://www.gutenberg.org/files/13144/13144.txt}} *{{Cite book|last=Vauchez|first=André|title=Sainthood in the Later Middle Ages|url=https://archive.org/details/sainthoodinlater0000vauc|publisher=Cambridge University Press|location=Cambridge|year=1997|isbn=0-521-44559-0|others=trans. Jean Birrell}} {{Refend}} ==Mga sumpay ha gawas== {{Commonscat|Jeanne d'Arc}} <!--- Please add new links in alphabetical order. Please be careful: this list concentrates on sites with scholarly research value. ---> *[http://www.newadvent.org/cathen/08409c.htm "Blessed Joan of Arc" (written before her canonization)]—1919 version of the ''[[Catholic Encyclopedia]]'' *[http://archive.joan-of-arc.org/ Archive of Joan of Arc materials] *[http://www.medailles-jeannedarc.fr Médailles Jeanne d’Arc], Exonumia: Medallions devoted to Joan of Arc *[http://gardenofpraise.com/ibdjoan.htm Garden of Praise&nbsp;– Joan of Arc] *[http://www.catholic.org/saints/saint.php?saint_id=295 Catholic Online Saints] *[http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-9106457/Saint-Joan-of-Arc "Joan of Arc"]—''[[Encyclopaedia Britannica]]'' article *[http://perso.wanadoo.fr/musee.jeannedarc/indexanglais.htm Site of the Joan of Arc Museum] in Rouen, France. *[http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2008/10/10/AR2008101001919.html?hpid=features1&hpv=national "A Stirring Icon of Girl Power: A Father and a Daughter Follow the Trail of Joan of Arc"]—Article in ''[[The Washington Post]]'' by Steve Hendrix, 12 Oct 2008. *[http://maps.google.com/maps/ms?ie=UTF8&hl=en&msa=0&msid=115658726523943724797.00047c4d04ab4d36b169f&t=h&z=11 Joan of Arc's Loire Valley Battles] on [[Google Maps]] [[Kaarangay:Juana han Arko| ]] [[Kaarangay:Mga natawo han 1410 nga dekada]] [[Kaarangay:Mga namatay han 1431]] [[Kaarangay:Biyograpiya]] [[Kaarangay:Relihiyon]] [[Kaarangay:Fransya]] tethvjuivwtcmpao45q5v7t98670w30 0 17489 7782314 7770345 2026-04-07T05:58:47Z InternetArchiveBot 41587 Add 4 books for verifiability (20260407)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 7782314 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox person |name =Martin Luther King, Jr. |birth_name = Michael King, Jr. |birth_date = {{birth date|1929|1|15|mf=y}} |birth_place = {{nowrap|[[Atlanta]], [[Georgia (U.S. state)|Georgia]], United States}} |death_date = {{death date and age|mf=yes|1968|4|4|1929|1|15}} |death_place = {{nowrap|[[Memphis, Tennessee|Memphis]], [[Tennessee]], United States}} |image = Martin Luther King Jr NYWTS.jpg |signature = Martin Luther King Jr Signature2.svg |parents = [[Martin Luther King, Sr.]]<br>[[Alberta Williams King]] |spouse = [[Coretta Scott King]] (m. 1953–68) |children = [[Yolanda King|Yolanda Denise-King]] (deceased)<br>[[Martin Luther King III]]<br>[[Dexter Scott King]]<br />[[Bernice King|Bernice Albertine King]] |nationality = [[Americans|American]] |movement = [[African-American Civil Rights Movement (1955–1968)|African-American Civil Rights Movement]], [[Peace movement]] |organization = [[Southern Christian Leadership Conference|Southern Christian Leadership Conference (SCLC)]] |monuments = [[Martin Luther King, Jr. Memorial]] |alma_mater = [[Morehouse College]] ([[Bachelor of Arts|B.A.]])<br> [[Crozer Theological Seminary]] ([[Bachelor of Divinity|B.D.]])<br> [[Boston University]] ([[Doctor of Philosophy|Ph.D.]]) |awards = [[Nobel Peace Prize]] (1964), [[Presidential Medal of Freedom]] (1977, posthumous), [[Congressional Gold Medal]] (2004, posthumous) |religion = [[Baptist]] ([[Progressive National Baptist Convention]]) |influences = [[Jesus]], [[Abraham Lincoln]], [[Mohandas Karamchand Gandhi]], [[Benjamin Mays]], [[Hosea Williams]], [[Bayard Rustin]], [[Henry David Thoreau]], [[Howard Thurman]], [[Leo Tolstoy]] |influenced = }} Hi '''Martin Luther King, Jr.''' (Enero 15, 1929 – Abril 4, 1968), usa nga Amerkano nga tawo han singbahan, aktibista ngan prominente nga lider han Afrikano-Amerikano nga gios katungod sibil. ==Bibliograpiya== * ''[[Stride Toward Freedom: The Montgomery Story]]'' (1958) ISBN 978-0-06-250490-6 * ''The Measure of a Man'' (1959) ISBN 978-0-8006-0877-4 * ''[[Strength to Love]]'' (1963) ISBN 978-0-8006-9740-2 * ''[[Why We Can't Wait]]'' (1964) ISBN 978-0-8070-0112-7 * ''[[Where Do We Go from Here: Chaos or Community?]]'' (1967) ISBN 978-0-8070-0571-2 * ''[[Conscience for Change|The Trumpet of Conscience]]'' (1968) ISBN 978-0-8070-0170-7 * ''A Testament of Hope: The Essential Writings and Speeches of Martin Luther King, Jr.'' (1986) ISBN 978-0-06-250931-4 * ''The Autobiography of Martin Luther King, Jr.'' (1998), ed. Clayborne Carson ISBN 978-0-446-67650-2 * ''"All Labor Has Dignity"'' (2011) ed. [[Michael Honey]] ISBN 978-0-8070-8600-1 * ''"Thou, Dear God": Prayers That Open Hearts and Spirits'' Collection of Dr. King's prayers. (2011), ed. Dr. [[Lewis Baldwin]] ISBN 978-0-8070-8603-2 * ''MLK: A Celebration in Word and Image'' Photographed by [[Bob Adelman]], introduced by Charles Johnson ISBN 978-0-8070-0316-9 ==Mga reperensya== ===Pinanbasaran=== {{Reflist|30em}} ===Mga pagkukuhaan=== {{Refbegin|30em}} * {{Cite book|authorlink=Ralph Abernathy|last=Abernathy|first=Ralph|title=And the Walls Came Tumbling Down: An Autobiography|url=https://archive.org/details/andwallscametumb00aber|publisher=Harper & Row|year=1989|isbn=0-06-016192-2}} * {{Cite book|authorlink=Taylor Branch|last=Branch|first=Taylor|title=At Canaan's Edge: America In the King Years, 1965–1968|url=https://archive.org/details/atcanaansedgeame00bran|publisher=Simon & Schuster|year=2006|isbn=0-684-85712-X}} * {{cite book| last= Cohen| first= Adam Seth |first2= Elizabeth|last2=Taylor| publisher= Back Bay|year=2000|isbn= 0-316-83489-0|title= Pharaoh: Mayor Richard J. Daley: His Battle for Chicago and the Nation| url= https://archive.org/details/americanpharaohm00adam|ref=harv}} * {{cite book |title=Martin Luther King, Jr.: A Life |last=Frady |first=Marshall |authorlink=Marshall Frady |year=2002 |publisher=Penguin |isbn=978-0-14-303648-7 |url=http://books.google.com/books/about/Martin_Luther_King_Jr.html?id=dOR4QpEE0g8C |ref=harv}} * {{Cite book|authorlink=David Garrow|last=Garrow|first=David J.|title=The FBI and Martin Luther King, Jr|url=https://archive.org/details/fbimartinlutherk0000garr|publisher=Penguin Books|year=1981|isbn=0-14-006486-9}} * Garrow, David. ''Bearing the Cross: Martin Luther King, Jr., and the Southern Christian Leadership Conference'' (1989). Pulitzer Prize. ISBN 978-0-06-056692-0 * "James L. Bevel, The Strategist of the 1960s Civil Rights Movement", a 1984 paper by Randy Kryn, published with a 1988 addendum by Kryn in Prof. [[David Garrow]]'s ''We Shall Overcome, Volume II'' (Carlson Publishing Company, 1989). * {{cite book| title= The Human Tradition in the Civil Rights Movement| last= Glisson| first=Susan M.| isbn=0-7425-4409-5 | publisher=Rowman & Littlefield|year=2006|ref=harv}} * {{cite book|title=Bobby and J. Edger|url=https://archive.org/details/bobbyjedgarhisto00hers|last=Herst|first=Burton|year=2007|publisher=Carroll & Graf|isbn=0-7867-1982-6|ref=harv}} * {{Cite book|last=Jackson|first=Thomas F.|title=From Civil Rights to Human Rights: Martin Luther King, Jr., and the Struggle for Economic Justice|url=https://archive.org/details/from-civil-rights-to-human-rights--martin-luther-king-jr-and-the-struggle-for-economic-justice-_2007|publisher=University of Pennsylvania Press|year=2006|isbn=978-0-8122-3969-0|ref=harv}} * {{cite book| title=Autobiography | url=https://archive.org/details/autobiographyofm00king | first=Martin Luther | last=King, Jr. | editor-last=Carson | editor-first=Clayborne | page=[https://archive.org/details/autobiographyofm00king/page/6 6] | publisher=Warner Books | year=1998| isbn=0-446-52412-3|ref=harv}} * {{cite book | last=King, Jr. | first=Martin Luther | first2=Clayborne |last2=Carson|first3=Peter|last3=Holloran |first4=Ralph|last4=Luker |first5=Penny A. |last5=Russell| title=The papers of Martin Luther King, Jr | url=https://archive.org/details/papersofmartinlu00king_1 | publisher=University of California Press| year=1992| isbn=0-520-07950-7|ref=harv}} * {{cite book|last= Kotz|first=Nick| isbn=0-618-08825-3|publisher=Houghton Mifflin Books|year=2005|title=Judgment Days: Lyndon Baines Johnson, Martin Luther King, Jr., and the Laws that Changed America|url= https://archive.org/details/judgmentdayslynd0000kotz|ref=harv}} * {{cite book| title =Debating the Civil Rights Movement, 1945–1968 | url =https://archive.org/details/debatingcivilrig2ndelaws | last= Lawson|first=Steven F.|first2=Charles M.|last2=Payne|first3=James T.|last3=Patterson| isbn= 0-7425-5109-1 | publisher =Rowman & Littlefield|year=2006|ref=harv}} * {{cite book | title= Against the Vietnam War: Writings by Activists| last= Robbins|first= Mary Susannah | isbn=0-7425-5914-9 | publisher= Rowman & Littlefield|year= 2007|ref=harv}} * {{cite book|title=A Testament of Hope: The Essential Writings and Speeches of Martin Luther King, Jr |last= Washington| first= James M. | year=1991 | publisher= HarperCollins|isbn= 0-06-064691-8|ref=harv}} {{Refend}} ===Padugang nga barasahon=== {{refbegin|30em}} * {{Cite book|last=Ayton|first=Mel|title=A Racial Crime: James Earl Ray And The Murder Of Martin Luther King Jr|publisher=Archebooks Publishing|year=2005|isbn=1-59507-075-3}} * {{Cite book|authorlink=Taylor Branch|last=Branch|first=Taylor|title=Parting the Waters: America in the King Years, 1954–1963|url=https://archive.org/details/partingwatersame00bran_0|publisher=Simon & Schuster|year=1988|isbn=0-671-46097-8}} * {{Cite book|last=Branch|first=Taylor|title=Pillar of Fire: America in the King Years, 1963–1965|url=https://archive.org/details/pillaroffireamer00bran|publisher=Simon & Schuster|year=1998|isbn=0-684-80819-6}} * {{Cite book|authorlink=Coretta Scott King|last=King|first=Coretta Scott|title=My Life with Martin Luther King, Jr|url=https://archive.org/details/mylifewithmartin00king_2|publisher=Henry Holth & Co|origyear=1969|year=1993|isbn=0-8050-2445-X}} * Kirk, John A., ed. ''Martin Luther King Jr. and the Civil Rights Movement: Controversies and Debates'' (2007). pp.&nbsp;224 * Schulke, Flip; McPhee, Penelope. ''King Remembered'', Foreword by Jesse Jackson (1986). ISBN 978-1-4039-9654-1 * Waldschmidt-Nelson, Britta. ''Dreams and Nightmares: Martin Luther King Jr., Malcolm X, and the Struggle for Black Equality.'' Gainesville, FL: University Press of Florida, 2012. ISBN 0-8130-3723-9. {{refend}} ==Mga sumpay ha gawas== {{Commonscat|Martin Luther King}} {{Refbegin}} *[http://www.thekingcenter.org The King Center] *[http://www.auctr.edu/mlkcollection/ "Martin Luther King Jr. Collection"], Morehouse College, RWWL *[http://www.kinginstitute.info/ The Martin Luther King, Jr. Papers Project] *[http://www.thekinglegacy.org The King Legacy] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120808092509/http://thekinglegacy.org/ |date=2012-08-08 }}, a publishing partnership between [[Beacon Press]] and the Estate of Dr. Martin Luther King, Jr. *[http://www.cceia.org/resources/articles_papers_reports/4960.html Martin Luther King Jr., "A New Sense of Direction (1968)"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100425144822/http://www.cceia.org/resources/articles_papers_reports/4960.html |date=2010-04-25 }} *[http://seattletimes.nwsource.com/mlk/ "Martin Luther King Jr."], ''The Seattle Times'' *[http://www.ep.tc/mlk/ 1956 Comic Book: ''Martin Luther King and the Montgomery Story''] *[http://www.georgiaencyclopedia.org/nge/Article.jsp?id=h-1009&sug=y Kirk, John A., "Martin Luther King, Jr."] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091224184100/http://www.georgiaencyclopedia.org/nge/Article.jsp?id=h-1009&sug=y |date=2009-12-24 }}, ''New Georgia Encyclopedia'' *[http://mlk-kpp01.stanford.edu/index.php/encyclopedia/encyclopedia_contents "Martin Luther King, Jr. and the Global Freedom Struggle"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090829224452/http://mlk-kpp01.stanford.edu/index.php/encyclopedia/encyclopedia_contents |date=2009-08-29 }}, online encyclopedia, chronology and document library, The Martin Luther King, Jr. Research and Education Institute, Stanford University. *[http://www.encyclopediaofalabama.org/face/Article.jsp?id=h-1426 "Martin Luther King, Jr."] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100616100939/http://encyclopediaofalabama.org/face/Article.jsp?id=h-1426 |date=2010-06-16 }}, ''Encyclopedia of Alabama'' *{{C-SPAN|martinlutherking}} *{{IMDb name|0455052}} *{{gutenberg author|id=Martin+Luther+Jr.+King|name=Martin Luther King, Jr.}} *{{Worldcat id|lccn-n79-84324}} {{Refend}} ;Mga hulagway {{Refbegin}} * [http://www.life.com/image/first/in-gallery/34872/mlk-before-he-won-the-nobel "Martin Luther King Jr.: Peacemaker"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100118161156/http://www.life.com/image/first/in-gallery/34872/mlk-before-he-won-the-nobel |date=2010-01-18 }}, slideshow by [[Life (magazine)|''Life'' magazine]] * [http://www.thefirstpost.co.uk/26879,news-comment,news-politics,the-life-of-martin-luther-king-the-civil-rights-leaders-life-in-pictures The Life and Death of Martin Luther King] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110616113203/http://www.thefirstpost.co.uk/26879,news-comment,news-politics,the-life-of-martin-luther-king-the-civil-rights-leaders-life-in-pictures |date=2011-06-16 }}, slideshow by ''[[The First Post]]'' *[https://web.archive.org/web/20060110072033/http://www.time.com/time/photoessays/2006/martin_luther_king/ Photo Essay: "The Last Days of Martin Luther King, Jr."], ''Time'' {{Refend}} ;Speeches and interviews {{Refbegin}} *[http://saidatsouthern.com/martin-luther-king-mp3/ Audio from April 1961 King, "The Church on the Frontier of Racial Tensions"], speech at Southern Seminary *[http://www.democracynow.org/2010/1/18/dr_martin_luther_king_jr_1929 "Dr. Martin Luther King, Jr., 1929–1968"], one hour documentary report by ''[[Democracy Now!]]'' *[http://www.dalnet.lib.mi.us/king/ "Martin Luther King, Jr. Historic Speeches and Interviews"] *[http://www.archive.org/movies/movies-details-db.php?collection=open_mind&amp;collectionid=openmind_ep727 The New Negro], King interviewed by [[J. Waites Waring]] *[http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/amex/mlk/sfeature/sf_video_pop_02_tr_qry.html "Interview with Dr. Kenneth Clark"] {{Webarchive|url=https://archive.today/20121221032302/http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/amex/mlk/sfeature/sf_video_pop_02_tr_qry.html |date=2012-12-21 }}, PBS *[http://www.americanrhetoric.com/speeches/mlkatimetobreaksilence.htm "Beyond Vietnam" speech text and audio] *[http://mlk-kpp01.stanford.edu/index.php/encyclopedia/multimedia_contents King Institute Encyclopedia multimedia] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100407151205/http://mlk-kpp01.stanford.edu/index.php/encyclopedia/multimedia_contents |date=2010-04-07 }} *[http://www.therealnews.com/t2/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=31&Itemid=74&jumival=4731 Why I Am Opposed to the War in Vietnam] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171019155053/http://therealnews.com/t2/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=31&Itemid=74&jumival=4731 |date=2017-10-19 }}, sermon at the Ebenezer Baptist Church on April 30, 1967 (audio of speech with video 23:31) {{Refend}} {{DEFAULTSORT:King, Martin Luther, Jr.}} [[Kaarangay:Martin Luther King, Jr.| ]] [[Kaarangay:Mga natawo han 1929]] [[Kaarangay:Mga namatay han 1968]] ml7gx13teganbcd7jm36gd9m0xb63r7 0 17502 7782298 7645754 2026-04-07T05:42:57Z InternetArchiveBot 41587 Add 3 books for verifiability (20260407)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 7782298 wikitext text/x-wiki [[File:SiegeofAntioch.jpeg|thumb]] An mga '''Krusada''' amo an sagunson nga gintutugotan han relihiyon nga kampanya militar han mga Latin nga Kristiyano nga Europa. An panuyuan han mga krusada amo an pagbawi han Baraan nga katunaan nga ginaragwayan ha harani 200 ka tuig, ha butnga han 1095 ngan 1291. ==Pinanbasaran== {{Mga kasarigan|colwidth=30em}} ==Bibliograpiya== {{refbegin|60em}} * {{Cite book |author=Asbridge, Thomas |title=The Crusades: The Authoritative History of the War for the Holy Land |url=https://archive.org/details/crusadesauthorit0000asbr | date = 2011 |publisher=Ecco |isbn= 978-0-06-078729-5 }} * {{Cite book |author=Asbridge, Thomas |title=The First Crusade: A New History: The Roots of Conflict between Christianity and Islam |url=https://archive.org/details/firstcrusadenewh00asbr | date = 2005 |publisher=Oxford University Press |isbn= 978-0-19-518905-6}} * {{Cite book |author=Barber, Malcolm |authorlink=Malcolm Barber |title=The Two Cities: Medieval Europe 1050–1320 |url=https://archive.org/details/twocitiesmedieva0000barb_u4c2 |publisher=Routledge |location=London | date = 1992 |isbn=0-415-09682-0}} * {{Cite book |author=Bernard of Clairvaux |authorlink=Bernard of Clairvaux |title=In Praise of the New Knighthood |url=https://archive.org/details/inpraiseofnewkni0000bern |publisher=Cistercian Publications | date = 2000 |isbn=978-0879071202}} * {{Cite journal |author=Brand, Charles M. |title=The Byzantines and Saladin, 1185–1192: Opponents of the Third Crusade |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_speculum_1962-04_37_2/page/167 |journal=Speculum |volume=37 |date= Abril 1962 |pages=167–181|jstor=2849946 |issue=2 |doi=10.2307/2849946}} * {{Cite encyclopedia |author=Bréhier, Louis |title=Crusades |url=http://www.newadvent.org/cathen/04543c.htm |encyclopedia=Catholic Encyclopedia'' | date = 1908 |volume=4}} * {{Cite encyclopedia|author=Bull, Marcus |title=Origins |encyclopedia= The Oxford History of the Crusades |editor= Riley-Smith, Jonathan |location=New York |publisher=Oxford University Press | date = 1999 |pages=15–34|isbn=0-19-280312-3}} * {{Cite book |title=The pursuit of the Millennium |url=https://archive.org/details/pursuitofmillenn00cohnrich |last=Cohn| first = Norman| date = 1970 |publisher = |isbn=|ref=harv}} * {{Cite book |title= The Arabs and Mediaeval Europe|url= https://archive.org/details/bwb_KT-701-685|last= Daniel | first = Norman | date = 1979 |publisher = Longman Group Limited |isbn=0-582-78088-8|ref=harv}} * {{Cite book |title=Europe&nbsp;– A History |last=Davies| first = Norman| date = 1997 |publisher = Pimlico|isbn=0-7126-6633-8|ref=harv}} * {{Cite book |author= Dickson, Gary |title=The Children's Crusade: Medieval History, Modern Mythistory |publisher=Palgrave Macmillan | date = 2008}} * {{Cite book |author=Edington, Susan B. and Lambert, Sarah |title=Gendering the Crusades |url=https://archive.org/details/genderingcrusade0000unse |location= New York|publisher= Columbia University Press | date = 2002}} * {{Cite book |first=John L. |last=Esposito |url= http://www.amazon.ca/What-Everyone-Needs-about-Islam/dp/0195157133 |title=What Everyone Needs to Know about Islam }} * {{Cite book |last=Findley| first=Carter Vaughan | date = 2005| title=The Turks in World History|url=https://archive.org/details/turksinworldhist0000find|publisher=Oxford University Press |isbn=0-19-516770-8|location=New York|ref=harv}} * Harris, Jonathan (2014), ''Byzantium and the Crusades'', Bloomsbury, 2nd ed. ISBN 978-1-78093-767-0 * {{Cite book |title= Empire of Magic: Medieval Romance and the Politics of Cultural Fantasy|last= Heng | first = Geraldine | date = 2004 |publisher = [[Columbia University Press]] |isbn=0-231-12526-7|ref=harv}} * {{Cite book |last=Hillenbrand| first=Carole | date = 1999| title=The Crusades: Islamic Perspectives|publisher=Edinburgh University Press |isbn=|location=Edinburgh|ref=harv}} * {{Cite book |author=Hindley, Geoffrey |title=The Crusades: Islam and Christianity in the Struggle for World Supremacy | date = 2003 |url=https://archive.org/details/crusadeshistoryo00hind |publisher=Carrol & Graf |isbn=0-7867-1344-5|location=New York}} * {{Cite book |author=Hodgson, Natasha |title=Women, Crusading and the Holy Land in Historical Narrative |url=https://archive.org/details/womencrusadingho0000hodg |publisher=Boydell | date = 2007}} * {{Cite journal |author=Holt, P. M. |title=Saladin and His Admirers: A Biographical Reassessment |journal=Bulletin of the School of Oriental and African Studies, University of London |volume=46 |issue=2 | date = 1983 |pages=235–239 |jstor=615389 |doi=10.1017/S0041977X00078824 }} * {{Cite book |author= Jackson, Peter |title=The Seventh Crusade, 1244–1254 | date = 2007}} * {{Cite book |title= ''Western Representations of the Muslim Women: From Termagant to Odalisque |url= https://archive.org/details/westernrepresent0000kahf |last= Kahf | first = Mohja | date = 1999|publisher = [[University of Texas Press]]|isbn=978-0-292-74337-3|ref=harv}} * {{Cite book |author=Kolbaba, T. M. | date = 2000 |title=The Byzantine Lists: Errors of the Latins |url=https://archive.org/details/byzantinelistser0000kolb |publisher=University of Illinois }} * {{Cite book|author=Lewis, Richard D. |title=Finland: Cultural Lone Wolf|url=https://archive.org/details/finlandculturall0000lewi | date = 2005|publisher=Intercultural Press |isbn=978-1-931930-49-9}} * {{Cite book |author=Lock, Peter |title=Routledge Companion to the Crusades |publisher=Routledge |location=New York | date = 2006 |isbn=0-415-39312-4 }} * {{Cite book |author=Madden, Thomas F. |title=The New Concise History of the Crusades |url=https://archive.org/details/newconcisehistor00madd | date = 2005 |publisher= Rowman & Littlefield |location= Lanham, MD |isbn= 978-0-7425-3822-1}} *{{Cite book | last = Marshall | first = Christopher | title = Warfare in the Latin East, 1192-1291 | publisher = Cambridge University Press | location = Cambridge | date = 1994 | isbn = 9780521477420|ref=harv }} * {{Cite book |author=Mayer, Hans Eberhard |title=The Crusades |url=https://archive.org/details/crusades0000maye_x9b7 |edition=Second|publisher=Oxford University Press |location=Oxford | date = 1988|isbn=0-19-873097-7 }} * {{Cite journal |author=Munro, Dana Carleton |title=The Speech of Pope Urban II at Clermont, 1095 |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_american-historical-review_1906-01_11_2/page/231 |journal = American Historical Review |volume= 11 |issue= 2 |date= Enero 1906 |pages= 231–242 |jstor=1834642 |doi=10.2307/1834642 }} * {{Cite book |author=Nelson, Laura N. |title=The Byzantine Perspective of the First Crusade}} <!-- MA thesis&nbsp;– replace see [https://www.worldcat.org/title/byzantine-perspective-of-the-first-crusade-a-reexamination-of-alleged-treachery-and-betrayal/oclc/166885957&referer=brief_results] here --> * {{Cite journal |author=Nicholson, Helen |title=Women on the Third Crusade |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_journal-of-medieval-history_1997-12_23_4/page/n38 |journal=Journal of Medieval History |volume=23 |issue=4 | date = 1997 |doi=10.1016/S0304-4181(97)00013-4 |page=335}} * {{Cite book |author= Nicolle, David |title=Crusader Warfare Volume II: Muslims, Mongols and the Struggle against the Crusades | date = 2007}} * {{Cite book |author=Nicolle, David |title=The First Crusade 1066–99: Conquest of the Holy Land |url=https://archive.org/details/crusades00nico |series=Campaign |publisher=Osprey |location=Wellingborough, UK | date = 2003|isbn=1-84176-515-5}} * {{Cite book|author= Nicolle, David|title=The Fourth Crusade 1202–04: The Betrayal of Byzantium | date = 2011 |publisher=Osprey Publishing }} * {{Cite encyclopedia|author=Pringle, Denys |title=Architecture in Latin East|encyclopedia= The Oxford History of the Crusades |editor= Riley-Smith, Jonathan |location=New York |publisher=Oxford University Press | date = 1999 |pages=155–175|isbn=0-19-280312-3}} * {{Cite book |author=Owen, Roy Douglas Davis |title=Eleanor of Aquitaine: Queen and Legend |url=https://archive.org/details/eleanorofaquitai0000owen |location=Oxford, UK |publisher=Blackwell Publishing | date = 1993}} * {{Cite book |title = The Arabs in Antiquity: Their History from the Assyrians to the Umayyads|last = Retso | first = Jan | date = 2003 |publisher = [[Routledge]]|isbn=978-0-7007-1679-1|ref=harv}} *{{Cite book | last = Riley-Smith | first = Jonathan | title = The Feudal Nobility and the Kingdom of Jerusalem, 1174-1277 | url = https://archive.org/details/feudalnobilityki0000rile | publisher = Archon Books | location = Hamden | date = 1973 | isbn = 9780208013484|ref=harv }} * {{Cite book |author= Riley-Smith, Jonathan |title=The Atlas of the Crusades |location=New York |publisher=Facts on File | date = 1990 |isbn= 0-8160-2186-4}} * {{Cite book |author=Riley-Smith, Jonathan |author-link=Jonathan Riley-Smith |title=The Crusades: A Short History|url=https://archive.org/details/00book837650140 |edition=Second |publisher=Yale University Press |location=New Haven, CT | date = 2005 |isbn=0-300-10128-7}} * {{Cite book |author=Riley-Smith, Jonathan |title=The First Crusaders 1096–1131 |location=New York, NY |publisher=Cambridge University Press | date = 1997}} * Rose, Karen (2009) "The Order of the Knights Templar" * {{Cite book |author=Runciman, Steven |authorlink=Steven Runciman |title=A History of the Crusades: The Kingdom of Acre and the Later Crusades |url=https://archive.org/details/historyofcrusade0002stev | date = 1951 |edition= reprinted 1987|publisher=Cambridge University Press}} * {{Cite book |title=Jerusalem: The Endless Crusade |url=https://archive.org/details/jerusalemendless0000sinc |last=Sinclair| first = Andrew| date = 1995 |publisher = Crown Publishers|location=New York|isbn=|ref=harv}} * {{Cite book |author=Strayer, Joseph Reese | date = 1992 |title=The Albigensian Crusades |url=https://archive.org/details/albigensiancrusa00stra |publisher=University of Michigan Press |isbn=0-472-06476-2}} * {{Cite encyclopedia |author=Strayer, Joseph R. |editor=Wolff, R. L. and Hazard, H. W. |encyclopedia=The Later Crusades, 1189–1311 | date = 1969 |url =http://digicoll.library.wisc.edu/cgi-bin/History/History-idx?type=article&did=HISTORY.CRUSTWO.I0023&isize=M |title=The Crusades of Louis IX |pages=487–521}} * {{Cite book |title= Saracens: Islam in the Medieval European Imagination|url= https://archive.org/details/saracensislaminm0000tola|last= Tolan | first = John Victor| date = 2002 |publisher = [[Columbia University Press]]|isbn=978-0-231-12333-4|ref=harv}} * {{Cite book|last1= Tolan|first1=John|last2=Veinstein|first2= Gilles|last3=Henry|first3=Laurens | date = 2013 |title=Europe and the Islamic World: A History.|url= https://archive.org/details/europeislamicwor0000tola|publisher=Princeton University Press|isbn=978-0-691-14705-5|ref=harv}} * {{Cite book |author=Tyerman, Christopher |title=England and the Crusades, 1095–1588 |url=https://archive.org/details/englandcrusades10000tyer |publisher=University of Chicago Press |location=Chicago, IL | date = 1988 |isbn=0-226-82013-0 }} * {{Cite book |author=Tyerman, Christopher |title=God's War: A New History of the Crusades |url=https://archive.org/details/godswarnewhistor00tyer |publisher=Belknap Press |location=Cambridge, MA | date = 2006 |isbn=978-0-674-02387-1 }} * {{Cite book|author= Vasilʹev, Aleksandr Aleksandrovich|title=History of the Byzantine Empire: 324–1453 | date = 1952|publisher=University of Wisconsin Press }} * {{Cite journal |author=Villegas-Aristizábal, L. | date = 2009 |title=Anglo-Norman involvement in the conquest of Tortosa and Settlement of Tortosa, 1148–1180 |journal=Crusades |issue=8 |pages=63–129}} * {{Cite book |author=Wickham, Chris |authorlink= Christopher Wickham |title=The Inheritance of Rome: Illuminating the Dark Ages 400–1000 |url=https://archive.org/details/inheritanceofrom0000wick |publisher=Penguin Books |location=New York | date = 2009 |isbn=978-0-14-311742-1}} * {{Cite encyclopedia |author= Zacour, Norman P. |title=The Children's Crusade |editor=Wolff, R. L. and Hazard, H. W. |encyclopedia=The Later Crusades, 1189–1311 | date = 1969 |pages=325–342|url =http://digicoll.library.wisc.edu/cgi-bin/History/History-idx?type=article&did=HISTORY.CRUSTWO.I0023&isize=M }} {{refend}} '''Dugang nga barasahon''' ::'''Mga pahiuna''' * {{Cite encyclopedia |author= Andrea, Alfred J. |encyclopedia=Encyclopedia of the Crusades | date = 2003|isbn= 0-313-31659-7|oclc= 52030565}} * {{Cite book |author=Asbridge, Thomas |title=The First Crusade: A New History: The Roots of Conflict between Christianity and Islam | date = 2005|isbn= 0-195-18905-1|oclc=60964496}} * {{Cite book |author= France, John |title=Western Warfare in the Age of the Crusades, 1000–1300 |url= https://archive.org/details/westernwarfarein0000fran_i8l8 | date = 1999 |isbn=0-801-48607-6 |OCLC=40179990}} * Hillenbrand, Carole. ''The Crusades, Islamic Perspectives''. (2000) * Holt, P.M. ''The Age of the Crusades: The Near East from the Eleventh Century to 1517''. (1986) * Phillips, Jonathan. ''Holy Warriors: A Modern History of the Crusades'' (2010) * Riley-Smith, Jonathan, ed. ''The Atlas of the Crusades'' (1991) * Riley-Smith, Jonathan. ''The Crusades, Christianity, and Islam'' (2011) ::'''Pina-urog nga pag-aram''' * Boas, Adrian J. ''Jerusalem in the Time of the Crusades: Society, Landscape, and Art in the Holy City under Frankish Rule'' (2001) * Bull, Marcus, and Norman Housley, eds. ''The Experience of Crusading Volume 1, Western Approaches.'' (2003) * Edbury, Peter, and Jonathan Phillips, eds. ''The Experience of Crusading Volume 2, Defining the Crusader Kingdom.'' (2003) * Florean, Dana. "East Meets West: Cultural Confrontation and Exchange after the First Crusade." ''Language & Intercultural Communication,'' 2007, Vol. 7 Issue 2, pp.&nbsp;144–151 * Folda, Jaroslav. ''Crusader Art in the Holy Land, From the Third Crusade to the Fall of Acre'' (2005) * France, John. ''Victory in the East: A Military History of the First Crusade'' (1996) * Harris, Jonathan, ''Byzantium and the Crusades'', Bloomsbury, 2nd ed. (2014) ISBN 978-1-78093-767-0 * Hillenbrand, Car. ''The Crusades: Islamic Perspectives'' (1999) * Housley, Norman. ''The Later Crusades, 1274–1580: From Lyons to Alcazar'' (1992) * James, Douglas. "Christians and the First Crusade." ''History Review'' (Dec 2005), Issue 53 * Kagay, Donald J., and L. J. Andrew Villalon, eds. ''Crusaders, Condottieri, and Cannon: Medieval Warfare in Societies around the Mediterranean.'' (2003) * Maalouf, Amin. ''Crusades Through Arab Eyes'' (1989) * Madden, Thomas F. ''et al.'', eds. ''Crusades Medieval Worlds in Conflict'' (2010) * Peters, Edward. ''Christian Society and the Crusades, 1198–1229'' (1971) * Powell, James M. ''Anatomy of a Crusade, 1213–1221,'' (1986) * Queller, Donald E., and Thomas F. Madden. ''The Fourth Crusade: The Conquest of Constantinople'' (2nd ed. 1999) * Riley-Smith, Jonathan.''The First Crusade and the Idea of Crusading''. (1986) * Runciman, Steven. ''A History of the Crusades: Volume 2, The Kingdom of Jerusalem and the Frankish East'' (1952) [https://archive.org/details/historyofcrusade02runc vol 2 online free]; ''A History of the Crusades: Volume 3, The Kingdom of Acre and the Later Crusades'' (1954); the classic 20th century history * Setton, Kenneth ed., ''A History of the Crusades''. (1969–1989), the standard scholarly history in six volumes, published by the University of Wisconsin Press : Includes: [http://digicoll.library.wisc.edu/cgi-bin/History/History-idx?id=History.CrusOne ''The first hundred years''] (2nd ed. 1969); [http://digicoll.library.wisc.edu/cgi-bin/History/History-idx?type=header&id=History.CrusTwo ''The later Crusades, 1189–1311''] (1969); [http://digicoll.library.wisc.edu/cgi-bin/History/History-idx?type=header&id=History.CrusThree ''The fourteenth and fifteenth centuries''] (1975); [http://digicoll.library.wisc.edu/cgi-bin/History/History-idx?type=header&id=History.CrusFour ''The art and architecture of the crusader states''] (1977); [http://digicoll.library.wisc.edu/cgi-bin/History/History-idx?type=header&id=History.CrusFive ''The impact of the Crusades on the Near East''] (1985); [http://digicoll.library.wisc.edu/cgi-bin/History/History-idx?type=header&id=History.CrusSix ''The impact of the Crusades on Europe''] (1989) * Smail, R. C. "Crusaders' Castles of the Twelfth Century" ''Cambridge Historical Journal'' Vol. 10, No. 2. (1951), pp.&nbsp;133–149. * Stark, Rodney. ''God's Battalions: The Case for the Crusades'' (2010) * Tyerman, Christopher. ''England and the Crusades, 1095–1588.'' (1988) ::'''Historiograpiya''' * Constable, Giles. "The Historiography of the Crusades" in Angeliki E. Laiou, ed. ''The Crusades from the Perspective of Byzantium and the Muslim World'' (2001) [http://www.doaks.org/resources/publications/doaks-online-publications/byzantine-studies/crusades/cr01.pdf Extract online.] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130703012414/http://www.doaks.org/resources/publications/doaks-online-publications/byzantine-studies/crusades/cr01.pdf |date= 3 Hulyo 2013 }} * {{Cite book |author=Housley, Norman |authorlink= Norman Housley |title=Contesting the Crusades |publisher=Blackwell Publishing |location=Malden, MA | date = 2006 |isbn=1-4051-1189-5|url=http://www.amazon.com/Contesting-Crusades-Norman-Housley/dp/1405111895/ }} * Illston, James Michael. '''An Entirely Masculine Activity'? Women and War in the High and Late Middle Ages Reconsidered'' (MA thesis, University of Canterbury, 2009) [http://hdl.handle.net/10092/2915 full text online] * Madden, Thomas F. ed. ''The Crusades: The Essential Readings'' (2002) * Maier, C.T. "The roles of women in the crusade movement: a survey" ''Journal of medieval history'' 2004. * Powell, James M. "The Crusades in Recent Research," '' The Catholic Historical Review'' (2009) 95#2 pp 313-19 [http://muse.jhu.edu/journals/catholic_historical_review/v095/95.2.powell.html in Project MUSE] * Rubenstein, Jay. "In Search of a New Crusade: A Review Essay," ''Historically Speaking'' (2011) 12#2 pp 25-27 [http://muse.jhu.edu/journals/historically_speaking/v012/12.2.rubenstein.html in Project MUSE] * von Güttner-Sporzyński, Darius. "Recent Issues in Polish Historiography of the Crusades" in Judi Upton-Ward, The Military Orders: Volume 4, On Land and by Sea (2008) [https://www.researchgate.net/publication/235718826_Recent_Issues_in_Polish_Historiography_of_the_Crusades available on Researchgate], [https://www.academia.edu/399540/Recent_Issues_in_Polish_Historiography_of_the_Crusades available on Academia.edu] ::'''Panguna nga pagkukuhaan''' * [[Malcolm Barber|Barber, Malcolm]], Bate, Keith (2010). ''Letters from the East: Crusaders, Pilgrims and Settlers in the 12th–13th Centuries'' (Crusade Texts in Translation Volume 18, Ashgate Publishing Ltd) * Bird, Jessalynn, et al. eds. ''Crusade and Christendom: Annotated Documents in Translation from Innocent III to the Fall of Acre, 1187-1291'' (2013) [http://www.amazon.com/Crusade-Christendom-Middle-Ages-Jessalynn-ebook/dp/B00B4FJPGA/ excerpts] * Housley, Norman, ed. ''Documents on the Later Crusades, 1274–1580'' (1996) * Krey, August C. ''The First Crusade: The Accounts of Eye-Witnesses and Participants'' (1958) * Shaw, M. R. B. ed.''Chronicles of the Crusades'' (1963) * Villehardouin, Geoffrey, and Jean de Joinville. ''Chronicles of the Crusades'' ed. by Sir Frank Marzials (2007) ==Mga sumpay ha gawas== {{Wiktionary|Crusade}} {{Commons category|Crusades}} {{Wikisource1911Enc}} * [http://crusades.boisestate.edu/ The Crusades] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101010122301/http://crusades.boisestate.edu/ |date= 10 Oktubre 2010 }}, a virtual college course through [[Boise State University]] ed. by E. L. Knox. * [http://www.the-orb.net/encyclop/religion/crusades/crusade.html Crusades: A Guide to Online Resources] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131206053422/http://www.the-orb.net/encyclop/religion/crusades/crusade.html |date= 6 Disyembre 2013 }}, Paul Crawford, 1999. * [http://www.staff.u-szeged.hu/~capitul/sscle/ The Society for the Study of the Crusades and the Latin East]—an international organization of professional Crusade scholars * [http://www.deremilitari.org De Re Militari: The Society for Medieval Military History]—contains articles and primary sources related to the Crusades 787lz1m5z5iyulf1bjuns74zhy88ipu 0 17506 7782288 7770419 2026-04-07T05:33:09Z InternetArchiveBot 41587 Add 1 book for verifiability (20260407)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 7782288 wikitext text/x-wiki An mga '''tubák'''<ref>Abuyen, Tomas A. '''Diksyunaryo Waray-Waray [Visaya] English-Tagalog'''. Kalayaan Press Mktg. Ent., Inc. Quezon City. Tuig 2000. ISBN 971-08-6050-X. Pakli Ihap 393. </ref> '''tigasaw''', o '''haromigas'''<ref>Abuyen, Tomas A. '''DICTIONARY English Waray-Waray/Tagalog.''' National Book Store. Mandaluyong City. ISBN 971-08-6529-3. Tuig 2005. Pakli Ihap 21.</ref> amo an mga nagkakaurusa nga mga [[mananap]] tikang han banay Formicidae, kaupod an mga [[lapinig]] ngan mga [[bubuyog]], mga sakop hira han orden Hymenoptera. Hamtik naman an tawag sa tigasaw na baga.{{Taxobox | name = Formicidae | status = | image = Meat eater ant feeding on honey02.jpg | image_caption = | domain = | regnum = [[Animalia]] | phylum = [[Arthropoda]] | classis = [[Insecta]] | ordo = [[Hymenoptera]] | familia = '''Formicidae''' | genus = | species = | binomial = Formicidae | binomial_authority = | range_map = | range_map_caption = | image2 = | image2_caption = | subphylum = [[Hexapoda]] | superfamilia = [[Vespoidea]] | synonyms = }} An '''Formicidae''' (''Formicidae'')<ref name = "COL"/> in uska [[familia]] han [[Hymenoptera]]. An Formicidae in nahilalakip ha [[familia]] nga [[Vespoidea]], [[ordo]] nga [[Hymenoptera]], [[classis]] nga [[Insecta]], [[punoan]] nga [[Arthropoda]], ngan [[regnum]] nga [[Animalia]].<ref name = "COL"/> An [[familia]] nga Formicidae in naglalakip hin 10212 ka mga species, sumala ha [[Catalogue of Life]]<ref name = "COL"/>. ==Ilarom nga taxa<ref name = "COL"/>== * ''[[Acanthognathus]]'' * ''[[Acanthomyops]]'' * ''[[Acanthomyrmex]]'' * ''[[Acanthoponera]]'' * ''[[Acanthostichus]]'' * ''[[Acromyrmex]]'' * ''[[Acropyga]]'' * ''[[Adelomyrmex]]'' * ''[[Adetomyrma]]'' * ''[[Adlerzia]]'' * ''[[Aenictogiton]]'' * ''[[Aenictus]]'' * ''[[Afroxyidris]]'' * ''[[Agraulomyrmex]]'' * ''[[Agroecomyrmex]]'' * ''[[Alloformica]]'' * ''[[Allomerus]]'' * ''[[Amblyopone]]'' * ''[[Ameghinoia]]'' * ''[[Ancyridris]]'' * ''[[Anergates]]'' * ''[[Aneuretellus]]'' * ''[[Aneuretus]]'' * ''[[Anillidris]]'' * ''[[Anillomyrma]]'' * ''[[Anisopheidole]]'' * ''[[Ankylomyrma]]'' * ''[[Anochetus]]'' * ''[[Anomalomyrma]]'' * ''[[Anonychomyrma]]'' * ''[[Anoplolepis]]'' * ''[[Antichthonidris]]'' * ''[[Aphaenogaster]]'' * ''[[Aphomomyrmex]]'' * ''[[Apomyrma]]'' * ''[[Apterostigma]]'' * ''[[Archaeopone]]'' * ''[[Archimyrmex]]'' * ''[[Archiponera]]'' * ''[[Armania]]'' * ''[[Armaniella]]'' * ''[[Asphinctanilloides]]'' * ''[[Asphinctopone]]'' * ''[[Asymphylomyrmex]]'' * ''[[Atopomyrmex]]'' * ''[[Atta]]'' * ''[[Attopsis]]'' * ''[[Aulacopone]]'' * ''[[Axinidris]]'' * ''[[Azteca]]'' * ''[[Baikuris]]'' * ''[[Bajcaridris]]'' * ''[[Baracidris]]'' * ''[[Bariamyrma]]'' * ''[[Basiceros]]'' * ''[[Belonopelta]]'' * ''[[Blepharidatta]]'' * ''[[Bondroitia]]'' * ''[[Bothriomyrmex]]'' * ''[[Brachymyrmex]]'' * ''[[Bradoponera]]'' * ''[[Bregmatomyrma]]'' * ''[[Calomyrmex]]'' * ''[[Calyptomyrmex]]'' * ''[[Camponotites]]'' * ''[[Camponotus]]'' * ''[[Cardiocondyla]]'' * ''[[Carebara]]'' * ''[[Carebarella]]'' * ''[[Cariridris]]'' * ''[[Casaleia]]'' * ''[[Cataglyphis]]'' * ''[[Cataulacus]]'' * ''[[Centromyrmex]]'' * ''[[Cephalomyrmex]]'' * ''[[Cephalotes]]'' * ''[[Cerapachys]]'' * ''[[Chalepoxenus]]'' * ''[[Cheliomyrmex]]'' * ''[[Chimaeridris]]'' * ''[[Chimaeromyrma]]'' * ''[[Cladomyrma]]'' * ''[[Colobostruma]]'' * ''[[Concoctio]]'' * ''[[Creightonidris]]'' * ''[[Crematogaster]]'' * ''[[Cretomyrma]]'' * ''[[Cretopone]]'' * ''[[Cryptopone]]'' * ''[[Cylindromyrmex]]'' * ''[[Cyphoidris]]'' * ''[[Cyphomyrmex]]'' * ''[[Dacatria]]'' * ''[[Dacetinops]]'' * ''[[Daceton]]'' * ''[[Decamorium]]'' * ''[[Dendromyrmex]]'' * ''[[Diacamma]]'' * ''[[Dicroaspis]]'' * ''[[Dilobocondyla]]'' * ''[[Dinoponera]]'' * ''[[Diplomorium]]'' * ''[[Discothyrea]]'' * ''[[Dlusskyidris]]'' * ''[[Doleromyrma]]'' * ''[[Dolichoderus]]'' * ''[[Dolichomyrma]]'' * ''[[Dolioponera]]'' * ''[[Doronomyrmex]]'' * ''[[Dorylus]]'' * ''[[Dorymyrmex]]'' * ''[[Drymomyrmex]]'' * ''[[Echinopla]]'' * ''[[Eciton]]'' * ''[[Ecphorella]]'' * ''[[Ectatomma]]'' * ''[[Elaeomyrmex]]'' * ''[[Electromyrmex]]'' * ''[[Electroponera]]'' * ''[[Emeryopone]]'' * ''[[Emplastus]]'' * ''[[Enneamerus]]'' * ''[[Eocenidris]]'' * ''[[Eoformica]]'' * ''[[Eomyrmex]]'' * ''[[Eotapinoma]]'' * ''[[Epelysidris]]'' * ''[[Epimyrma]]'' * ''[[Epopostruma]]'' * ''[[Eucharis]]'' * ''[[Eucryptocerus]]'' * ''[[Eulithomyrmex]]'' * ''[[Euprenolepis]]'' * ''[[Eurhopalothrix]]'' * ''[[Eutetramorium]]'' * ''[[Forelius]]'' * ''[[Forelophilus]]'' * ''[[Formica]]'' * ''[[Formicium]]'' * ''[[Formicoxenus]]'' * ''[[Froggattella]]'' * ''[[Gesomyrmex]]'' * ''[[Gigantiops]]'' * ''[[Glaphyromyrmex]]'' * ''[[Gnamptogenys]]'' * ''[[Goniomma]]'' * ''[[Harpagoxenus]]'' * ''[[Harpegnathos]]'' * ''[[Heteroponera]]'' * ''[[Huberia]]'' * ''[[Hylomyrma]]'' * ''[[Hypopomyrmex]]'' * ''[[Hypoponera]]'' * ''[[Ilemomyrmex]]'' * ''[[Imhoffia]]'' * ''[[Indomyrma]]'' * ''[[Ireneopone]]'' * ''[[Iridomyrmex]]'' * ''[[Ishakidris]]'' * ''[[Kartidris]]'' * ''[[Kotshkorkia]]'' * ''[[Kyromyrma]]'' * ''[[Labidus]]'' * ''[[Lachnomyrmex]]'' * ''[[Lasiophanes]]'' * ''[[Lasius]]'' * ''[[Lenomyrmex]]'' * ''[[Lepisiota]]'' * ''[[Leptanilla]]'' * ''[[Leptanilloides]]'' * ''[[Leptogenys]]'' * ''[[Leptomyrmex]]'' * ''[[Leptomyrmula]]'' * ''[[Leptothorax]]'' * ''[[Leucotaphus]]'' * ''[[Linepithema]]'' * ''[[Liometopum]]'' * ''[[Liomyrmex]]'' * ''[[Lonchomyrmex]]'' * ''[[Lophomyrmex]]'' * ''[[Lordomyrma]]'' * ''[[Loweriella]]'' * ''[[Machomyrma]]'' * ''[[Manica]]'' * ''[[Mayriella]]'' * ''[[Megalomyrmex]]'' * ''[[Melissotarsus]]'' * ''[[Melophorus]]'' * ''[[Meranoplus]]'' * ''[[Mesostruma]]'' * ''[[Messor]]'' * ''[[Metapone]]'' * ''[[Mianeuretus]]'' * ''[[Microdaceton]]'' * ''[[Miomyrmex]]'' * ''[[Monomorium]]'' * ''[[Mycetarotes]]'' * ''[[Mycetophylax]]'' * ''[[Mycetosoritis]]'' * ''[[Mycocepurus]]'' * ''[[Myopias]]'' * ''[[Myopopone]]'' * ''[[Myrcidris]]'' * ''[[Myrmecia]]'' * ''[[Myrmecina]]'' * ''[[Myrmecocystus]]'' * ''[[Myrmecorhynchus]]'' * ''[[Myrmelachista]]'' * ''[[Myrmica]]'' * ''[[Myrmicaria]]'' * ''[[Myrmicocrypta]]'' * ''[[Myrmoteras]]'' * ''[[Mystrium]]'' * ''[[Neivamyrmex]]'' * ''[[Nomamyrmex]]'' * ''[[Noonilla]]'' * ''[[Nothidris]]'' * ''[[Nothomyrmecia]]'' * ''[[Nothomyrmica]]'' * ''[[Notoncus]]'' * ''[[Notostigma]]'' * ''[[Ochetellus]]'' * ''[[Ochetomyrmex]]'' * ''[[Octostruma]]'' * ''[[Ocymyrmex]]'' * ''[[Odontomachus]]'' * ''[[Odontoponera]]'' * ''[[Oecophylla]]'' * ''[[Oligomyrmex]]'' * ''[[Onychomyrmex]]'' * ''[[Opisthopsis]]'' * ''[[Orectognathus]]'' * ''[[Overbeckia]]'' * ''[[Oxyepoecus]]'' * ''[[Oxyidris]]'' * ''[[Oxyopomyrmex]]'' * ''[[Pachycondyla]]'' * ''[[Paedalgus]]'' * ''[[Paleosminthurus]]'' * ''[[Papyrius]]'' * ''[[Parameranoplus]]'' * ''[[Paraneuretus]]'' * ''[[Paraphaenogaster]]'' * ''[[Paraponera]]'' * ''[[Paraprionopelta]]'' * ''[[Paratopula]]'' * ''[[Paratrechina]]'' * ''[[Perissomyrmex]]'' * ''[[Peronomyrmex]]'' * ''[[Petalomyrmex]]'' * ''[[Petraeomyrmex]]'' * ''[[Petropone]]'' * ''[[Phacota]]'' * ''[[Phalacromyrmex]]'' * ''[[Phasmomyrmex]]'' * ''[[Phaulomyrma]]'' * ''[[Pheidole]]'' * ''[[Pheidologeton]]'' * ''[[Philidris]]'' * ''[[Phrynoponera]]'' * ''[[Pilotrochus]]'' * ''[[Pityomyrmex]]'' * ''[[Plagiolepis]]'' * ''[[Platythyrea]]'' * ''[[Plectroctena]]'' * ''[[Podomyrma]]'' * ''[[Poecilomyrma]]'' * ''[[Pogonomyrmex]]'' * ''[[Polyergus]]'' * ''[[Polyrhachis]]'' * ''[[Ponera]]'' * ''[[Ponerites]]'' * ''[[Poneropsis]]'' * ''[[Poneropterus]]'' * ''[[Prenolepis]]'' * ''[[Prionomyrmex]]'' * ''[[Prionopelta]]'' * ''[[Pristomyrmex]]'' * ''[[Proatta]]'' * ''[[Probolomyrmex]]'' * ''[[Proceratium]]'' * ''[[Procryptocerus]]'' * ''[[Prodimorphomyrmex]]'' * ''[[Proformica]]'' * ''[[Prolasius]]'' * ''[[Promyrmicium]]'' * ''[[Protalaridris]]'' * ''[[Protaneuretus]]'' * ''[[Protanilla]]'' * ''[[Protazteca]]'' * ''[[Protoformica]]'' * ''[[Protomognathus]]'' * ''[[Protopone]]'' * ''[[Protrechina]]'' * ''[[Psalidomyrmex]]'' * ''[[Pseudaphomomyrmex]]'' * ''[[Pseudarmania]]'' * ''[[Pseudoatta]]'' * ''[[Pseudocamponotus]]'' * ''[[Pseudolasius]]'' * ''[[Pseudomyrmex]]'' * ''[[Pseudonotoncus]]'' * ''[[Pyramica]]'' * ''[[Recurvidris]]'' * ''[[Rhopalomastix]]'' * ''[[Rhopalomyrmex]]'' * ''[[Rhopalothrix]]'' * ''[[Rhoptromyrmex]]'' * ''[[Rhytidoponera]]'' * ''[[Rogeria]]'' * ''[[Romblonella]]'' * ''[[Rossomyrmex]]'' * ''[[Rostromyrmex]]'' * ''[[Rotastruma]]'' * ''[[Santschiella]]'' * ''[[Scyphodon]]'' * ''[[Secostruma]]'' * ''[[Sericomyrmex]]'' * ''[[Sicilomyrmex]]'' * ''[[Simopelta]]'' * ''[[Simopone]]'' * ''[[Solenopsis]]'' * ''[[Sphecomyrma]]'' * ''[[Sphinctomyrmex]]'' * ''[[Stegomyrmex]]'' * ''[[Stenamma]]'' * ''[[Stereomyrmex]]'' * ''[[Stigmacros]]'' * ''[[Stigmomyrmex]]'' * ''[[Stiphromyrmex]]'' * ''[[Streblognathus]]'' * ''[[Strongylognathus]]'' * ''[[Strumigenys]]'' * ''[[Syntaphus]]'' * ''[[Talaridris]]'' * ''[[Tapinoma]]'' * ''[[Tatuidris]]'' * ''[[Technomyrmex]]'' * ''[[Teleutomyrmex]]'' * ''[[Terataner]]'' * ''[[Teratomyrmex]]'' * ''[[Tetheamyrma]]'' * ''[[Tetramorium]]'' * ''[[Tetraponera]]'' * ''[[Thaumatomyrmex]]'' * ''[[Trachymyrmex]]'' * ''[[Tranopelta]]'' * ''[[Tricytarus]]'' * ''[[Turneria]]'' * ''[[Typhlomyrmex]]'' * ''[[Wasmannia]]'' * ''[[Willowsiella]]'' * ''[[Vollenhovia]]'' * ''[[Vombisidris]]'' * ''[[Xenomyrmex]]'' * ''[[Yavnella]]'' * ''[[Zacryptocerus]]'' * ''[[Zherichinius]]'' ==Galeriya hin mga ritrato== <gallery> File:2012-10-20 Ameisenhaufen Formicidae anagoria.JPG File:2012-10-20 ant hill formicidae anagoria.JPG File:2013 Naturkundemuseum myrmica rubra laevinodis, periphyllus aceris anagoria.JPG File:2013-07-01 19-17-28-Aphidoidea.jpg File:2013-07-27 19-24-47-Formicidae.jpg File:2013-07-27 19-24-52-Formicidae.jpg </gallery> ==Pinanbasaran== <references> <ref name = "COL">{{cite web |url= https://catalogueoflife.org/annual-checklist/2011/search/all/key/formicidae/match/1|title= Species 2000 & ITIS Catalogue of Life: 2011 Annual Checklist.|author= Bisby F.A., Roskov Y.R., Orrell T.M., Nicolson D., Paglinawan L.E., Bailly N., Kirk P.M., Bourgoin T., Baillargeon G., Ouvrard D. (ed.)| date = 2011|publisher= Species 2000: Reading, UK.|accessdate= 24 Septyembre 2012}}</ref> </references> ==Padugang nga barasahon== {{refbegin}} * {{cite book|author=Bolton, Barry|publisher=Harvard University Press| date = 1995|isbn=978-0-674-61514-4|title=A New General Catalogue of the Ants of the World|url=https://archive.org/details/newgeneralcatalo0000bolt}} * {{cite book|author=Hölldobler B, Wilson EO| date = 1998|title=Journey to the Ants: A Story of Scientific Exploration|url=https://archive.org/details/journeytoants00holl|publisher=Belknap Press|isbn=0-674-48526-2}} * {{cite book|author=Hölldobler B, Wilson EO| date = 1990|title=[[The Ants]]|publisher=Harvard University Press|isbn=978-3-540-52092-4}} * {{cite book|author=Hölldobler B, Wilson EO| date = 2009|title=The Superorganism: The Beauty, Elegance and Strangeness of Insect Societies|url=https://archive.org/details/superorganismbea0000holl|publisher=Norton & Co.|isbn=978-0-393-06704-0}} {{refend}} ==Mga sumpay ha gawas== {{Wikiquote}} {{Commons category|Formicidae}} {{Wikispecies|Formicidae}} * [http://www.antweb.org/ AntWeb from The California Academy of Sciences] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141027044504/http://www.antweb.org/ |date=2014-10-27 }} * [http://antbase.org/ AntBase&nbsp;– a taxonomic database with literature sources] * [http://www.antwiki.org/wiki/Welcome_to_AntWiki AntWiki&nbsp;– Bringing Ants to the World] * [http://www.pestworld.org/pest-guide/ants/ Ant Species Fact Sheets] from the [[National Pest Management Association]] on Argentine, Carpenter, Pharaoh, Odorous, and other ant species * [http://www.antwiki.org/wiki/Category:Genus_Distribution_Map Ant Genera of the World&nbsp;– distribution maps] * [http://www.botanical-dermatology-database.info/BotDermReviews/Myrmecophytes.html The super-nettles. A dermatologist's guide to ants-in-the-plants] [[kaarangay:mananap]] cw9jupp4y7ez1p2i2t1boqaqbigtmi8 0 17513 7782313 7782103 2026-04-07T05:56:40Z InternetArchiveBot 41587 Add 1 book for verifiability (20260407)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 7782313 wikitext text/x-wiki [[File:Aztecempirelocation.png|thumb]] An pulong nga '''Aztec''' amo an natudlok ha grupo etniko ha butnga nga Mehiko, labi na an grupo han mga Nahuatl it yinaknan nga nakaagom hin kusog politikal ngan militar ha dako nga parte han Mesoamerika han ika 14, ika 15 ngan ika 16 siglo, panahon nga gintatawag nga Urhi nga pagkatapos han panahon Klasiko han Mesoamerikano kaagi. Agsob an pulong nga "Aztec" natudlok gud la ha mga tawo han Tenochtitlan, nga nakabutang ha isla ha Sapa o Danaw Texcoco, nga gintatawag it ira kalugaringon nga Mexica Tenochca or Colhua-Mexica. ==Pinanbasaran== {{Mga kasarigan}} ==Mga reperensya== {{refbegin|2|indent=yes}}<!-- BEGIN biblio format. If indent param. is used, Pls use a colon (:) instead of asterisk (*) for bullet markers in the references list. --> :{{Cite book |author=Berdan, Frances |authorlink=Frances Berdan| date = 1982|title=The Aztecs of Central Mexico: An Imperial Society |url=https://archive.org/details/aztecsofcentralm0000berd |series=Case Studies in Cultural Anthropology|location=New York|publisher=[[Holt, Rinehart & Winston]]|isbn=0-03-055736-4 |oclc=7795704}} :{{Cite book |author=Berdan, Frances F. |authorlink=Frances Berdan |coauthors=[[Richard E. Blanton]], [[Elizabeth Hill Boone]], Mary G. Hodge, [[Michael E. Smith]], and Emily Umberger | date = 1996 |title=Aztec Imperial Strategies |url=https://archive.org/details/aztecimperialstr00unse |location=Washington, DC |publisher=[[Dumbarton Oaks Research Library and Collection]] |isbn=0-88402-211-0 |oclc=27035231}} :{{Cite book |author=Boone, Elizabeth Hill |authorlink=Elizabeth Hill Boone | date = 1989 |title=Incarnations of the Aztec Supernatural: The Image of Huitzilopochtli in Mexico and Europe |series=Transactions of the American Philosophical Society |volume=79 part 2 |location=Philadelphia, PA |publisher=[[American Philosophical Society]] |isbn=0-87169-792-0 |oclc=20141678}} :{{Cite book |author=Boone, Elizabeth Hill |authorlink=Elizabeth Hill Boone | date = 2000 |title=Stories in Red and Black: Pictorial Histories of the Aztec and Mixtec |url=https://archive.org/details/storiesinredblac0000boon |location=Austin |publisher=[[University of Texas Press]] |isbn=0-292-70876-9 |oclc=40939882}} :{{Cite book |author=Carrasco, David | date = 1982 |title=Quetzalcoatl and the Irony of Empire: Myths and Prophecies in the Aztec Tradition |url=https://archive.org/details/quetzalcoatliron0000carr |location=Chicago, IL |publisher=[[University of Chicago Press]] |isbn=0-226-09487-1 |oclc=0226094871}} :{{Cite book |author=Carrasco, David | date = 1999 |title=City of Sacrifice: The Aztec Empire and the Role of Violence in Civilization |url=https://archive.org/details/cityofsacrificea0000carr |location=Boston, MA |publisher=[[Beacon Press]] |isbn=0-8070-4642-6 |oclc=41368255}} :Carrasco, Pedro (1999) ''The Tenochca Empire of Ancient Mexico: The Triple Alliance of Tenochtitlan, Tetzcoco, and Tlacopan''. University of Oklahoma Press. ISBN 0-8061-3144-6. :{{Cite book |author=Chimalpahin Quauhtlehuanitzin, Domingo de San Antón Muñón |authorlink=Chimalpahin | date = 1997 |origyear=c.1621 |title=Codex Chimalpahin, vol. 1: society and politics in Mexico Tenochtitlan, Tlatelolco, Texcoco, Culhuacan, and other Nahua altepetl in central Mexico; the Nahuatl and Spanish annals and accounts collected and recorded by don Domingo de San Antón Muñón Chimalpahin Quauhtlehuanitzin |others=[[Arthur J.O. Anderson]] and Susan Schroeder (eds. and trans.), Susan Schroeder (general ed.), Wayne Ruwet (manuscript ed.) |series=Civilization of the American Indian series |number=225 |location=Norman |publisher=[[University of Oklahoma Press]] |isbn=978-0-8061-2921-1 |oclc=36017075}} :{{Cite book |author=Chimalpahin Quauhtlehuanitzin, Domingo de San Antón Muñón |authorlink=Chimalpahin | date = 1997 |origyear=c.1621 |title=Codex Chimalpahin, vol. 2: society and politics in Mexico Tenochtitlan, Tlatelolco, Texcoco, Culhuacan, and other Nahua altepetl in central Mexico; the Nahuatl and Spanish annals and accounts collected and recorded by don Domingo de San Antón Muñón Chimalpahin Quauhtlehuanitzin (continued) |others=[[Arthur J.O. Anderson]] and Susan Schroeder (eds. and trans.), Susan Schroeder (general ed.), Wayne Ruwet (manuscript ed.) |series=Civilization of the American Indian series |number=226 |location=Norman |publisher=[[University of Oklahoma Press]] |isbn= 978-0-8061-2950-1 |oclc=36017075}} :{{Cite book |author=Clendinnen, Inga |authorlink=Inga Clendinnen | date = 1991 |title=Aztecs: An Interpretation|url=https://archive.org/details/aztecsinterpreta00clen |location=Cambridge and New York |publisher=[[Cambridge University Press]] |isbn=0-521-40093-7 |oclc=22451031}} :{{Cite book |author=Davies, Nigel |authorlink=Nigel Davies (historian)| date = 1973 |title=The Aztecs: A History|url=https://archive.org/details/aztecshistory0000davi_d2o4 |location=London |publisher=Macmillan |isbn=0-333-12404-9 |oclc=805418}} :{{Cite book |author=Díaz del Castillo, Bernal |authorlink=Bernal Díaz del Castillo | date = 1963 |origyear=1632 |title=[[Historia verdadera de la conquista de la Nueva España|The Conquest of New Spain]] |edition=6th printing (1973)|others=[[J. M. Cohen]] (trans.) |series=Penguin Classics|publisher=[[Penguin Books]] |location=Harmondsworth, England|isbn=0-14-044123-9 |oclc=162351797}} :{{Cite book |author=Durán, Diego |authorlink=Diego Durán | date = 1971 |origyear=1574–79 |title=Book of the Gods and Rites ''and'' The Ancient Calendar |url=https://archive.org/details/bookofgodsritesa0000dura |others=Translated and edited by Fernando Horcasitas and [[Doris Heyden]], with a Foreword by [[Miguel León-Portilla]] |edition=translation of ''Libro de los dioses y ritos'' and ''El calendario antiguo'', 1st English |series=Civilization of the American Indian series |number=102 |location=Norman |publisher=[[University of Oklahoma Press]] |isbn=0-8061-0889-4 |oclc=149976}} :{{Cite book |author=Durán, Diego |authorlink=Diego Durán|origyear=c.1581 | date = 1994 |title=The History of the Indies of New Spain |others=[[Doris Heyden]] (trans., annot., and introd.) |series=Civilization of the American Indian series, no. 210 |edition=Translation of ''Historia de las Indias de Nueva-España y Islas de Tierra Firme'', 1st English|location=Norman |publisher=[[University of Oklahoma Press]] |isbn=0-8061-2649-3 |oclc=29565779}} :{{Cite book |author=Gillespie, Susan D. |authorlink=Susan D. Gillespie| date = 1989 |title=The Aztec Kings: the Construction of Rulership in Mexica History |location=Tucson |publisher=[[University of Arizona Press]] |isbn=0-8165-1095-4 |oclc=19353576}} :{{Cite book |author=Gillespie, Susan D. |authorlink=Susan D. Gillespie | date = 1998 |chapter=The Aztec Triple Alliance: A Postconquest Tradition |title=Native Traditions in the Postconquest World, A Symposium at Dumbarton Oaks 2nd through 4th October 1992 |chapterurl=http://www.doaks.org/Native/trad09.pdf |format=[[PDF]] Reprint |editor=[[Elizabeth Hill Boone]] and Tom Cubbins (eds.) |publisher=[[Dumbarton Oaks Research Library and Collection]] |location=Washington D.C. |pages=233–263 |isbn=0-88402-239-0 |oclc=34354931 |accessdate= }} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070221181058/http://www.doaks.org/Native/trad09.pdf |date= 21 Pebrero 2007 }} : Graulich, Michel (1997) ''Myths of Ancient Mexico''. Translated by Bernard R. Ortiz de Montellano and Thelma Ortiz de Montellano. University of Oklahoma Press, Norman. ISBN 0-8061-2910-7. : Gruzinski, Serge (1992). ''The Aztecs: The Rise and Fall of an Empire''. New York: Harry N. Abrams. ISBN 0-8109-2821-3. :{{Cite book |author=Hassig, Ross| date = 1985 |title=Trade, Tribute, and Transportation: The Sixteenth-Century Political Economy of the Valley of Mexico |series=Civilization of the American Indian series |number=171 |location=Norman |publisher=[[University of Oklahoma Press]] |isbn=0-8061-1911-X |oclc=11469622}} :{{Cite book |author=Hassig, Ross |authorlink=Ross Hassig| date = 1988 |title=Aztec Warfare: Imperial Expansion and Political Control |url=https://archive.org/details/aztecwarfareimpe0000hass |series=Civilization of the American Indian series |number=188 |location=Norman |publisher=[[University of Oklahoma Press]] |isbn=0-8061-2121-1 |oclc=17106411}} :{{Cite book |author=Hassig, Ross |authorlink=Ross Hassig| date = 1992 |title=War and Society in Ancient Mesoamerica |url=https://archive.org/details/warsocietyinanci0000hass |location=Berkeley|publisher=[[University of California Press]] |isbn=0-520-07734-2 |oclc=25007991}} :{{Cite book |author=Hassig, Ross |authorlink=Ross Hassig | date = 2001 |title=Time, History, and Belief in Aztec and Colonial Mexico |url=https://archive.org/details/timehistorybelie0000hass |location=Austin |publisher=[[University of Texas Press]] |isbn=0-292-73139-6 |oclc=44167649}} :{{Cite journal |author=Kaufman, Terrence |authorlink=Terrence Kaufman | date = 2001 |title=The history of the Nawa language group from the earliest times to the sixteenth century: some initial results |url=http://www.albany.edu/anthro/maldp/Nawa.pdf |format=[[PDF]] |version=Revised March 2001 |publisher=Project for the Documentation of the Languages of Mesoamerica |accessdate= |archive-date= 19 Enero 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200119013512/https://www.albany.edu/anthro/maldp/Nawa.pdf |url-status=dead }} :{{Cite book |author=León-Portilla, Miguel (Ed.) |authorlink=Miguel León-Portilla | date = 1992 |origyear=1959 |title=The Broken Spears: The Aztec Account of the Conquest of Mexico |url=https://archive.org/details/brokenspearsa00leon |others=[[Ángel María Garibay K.]] (Nahuatl-Spanish trans.), Lysander Kemp (Spanish-English trans.), Alberto Beltran (illus.)|edition=Expanded and updated edition|publisher=Beacon Press |location=Boston |isbn=0-8070-5501-8}} :{{Cite book |author=León-Portilla, Miguel |authorlink=Miguel León-Portilla | date = 1963 |title=Aztec Thought and Culture: A Study of the Ancient Náhuatl Mind |edition=translation and adaptation of: ''La filosofía náhuatl'', 1st [1990] pbk reprint|series=Civilization of the American Indian series |number=67|others=Jack Emory Davis (trans.) |location=Norman |publisher=[[University of Oklahoma Press]] |isbn=0-8061-2295-1 |oclc=23373512}} :{{Cite book |author=León-Portilla, Miguel |authorlink=Miguel León-Portilla | date = 2002 |title=Bernardino de Sahagun, First Anthropologist |url=https://archive.org/details/bernardinodesaha0000leon |others=Mauricio J. Mixco (trans.) |edition=Originally published as Bernardino de Sahagún: Pionero de la Antropología ©1999, UNAM. |location=Norman |publisher=[[University of Oklahoma Press]]|isbn=0-8061-3364-3 |oclc=47990042}} :{{Cite book |author=Lockhart, James |authorlink=James Lockhart (historian) | date = 1991 |title=Nahuas and Spaniards: Postconquest Mexican History and Philology |series=UCLA Latin American studies vol. 76, Nahuatl studies series no. 3|publisher=[[Stanford University Press]] and UCLA Latin American Center Publications|location= Stanford and Los Angeles, California |isbn=0-8047-1953-5 |oclc=23286637}} :{{Cite book |author=Lockhart, James |authorlink=James Lockhart (historian) | date = 1992 |title=The Nahuas After the Conquest: A Social and Cultural History of the Indians of Central Mexico, Sixteenth Through Eighteenth Centuries |url=https://archive.org/details/nahuasafterconqu0000lock |location=Stanford, California |publisher=[[Stanford University Press]] |isbn=0-8047-1927-6 |oclc=24283718|ref=CITEREFLockhart1992}} :{{Cite book |author=Lockhart, James |authorlink=James Lockhart (historian) |author2=ed. and trans. | date = 1993 |title=We People Here: Nahuatl Accounts of the Conquest of Mexico |series=Repertorium Columbianum |volume=1 |location=Berkeley |publisher=[[University of California Press]] |isbn=0-520-07875-6 |oclc=24703159}} {{en icon}} {{es icon}} {{nah icon}} :{{Cite book |author=López Austin, Alfredo |authorlink=Alfredo López Austin | date = 1997 |title=Tamoanchan, Tlalocan: Places of Mist |series=Mesoamerican Worlds series|others=translated by Bernard R. Ortiz de Montellano and Thelma Ortiz de Montellano |location=Niwot |publisher=[[University Press of Colorado]] |isbn=0-87081-445-1 |oclc=36178551}} : López Luján, Leonardo (2005) ''The Offerings of the Templo Mayor of Tenochtitlan''. Revised ed. Translated by Bernard R. Ortiz de Montellano and Thelma Ortiz de Montellano. University of New Mexico Press, Albuquerque. ISBN 0-8263-2958-6. :{{Cite book |author=Matos Moctezuma, Eduardo |authorlink=Eduardo Matos Moctezuma | date = 1988 |title=The Great Temple of the Aztecs: Treasures of Tenochtitlan |url=https://archive.org/details/greattempleofazt0000mato_p3a0 |series=New Aspects of Antiquity series |others=[[Doris Heyden]] (trans.)|location=New York |publisher=[[Thames & Hudson]] |isbn=0-500-39024-X |oclc=17968786}} : Matos Moctezuma, Eduardo (1988) ''The Great Temple of the Aztecs''. Thames and Hudson, New York. ISBN 0-500-39024-X. :{{Cite book |author=Miller, Mary |authorlink=Mary Miller |author2=[[Karl Taube]] | date = 1993 |title=The Gods and Symbols of Ancient Mexico and the Maya: An Illustrated Dictionary of Mesoamerican Religion |url=https://archive.org/details/godssymbolsofa00mill |publisher=[[Thames & Hudson]] |location=London |isbn=0-500-05068-6 |oclc=27667317}} :{{Cite journal |author=Ortiz de Montellano, Bernard R. |date= Hunyo 1983 |title=Counting Skulls: Comment on the Aztec Cannibalism Theory of Harner-Harris |journal=[[American Anthropologist]] |volume=85 |issue=2 |pages=pp.403–406 |location=Arlington, VA |publisher=[[American Anthropological Association]] |doi=10.1525/aa.1983.85.2.02a00130 |issn=0002-7294 |oclc=1479294}} :{{Cite book |author=Ortiz de Montellano, Bernard R. | date = 1990 |title=Aztec Medicine, Health, and Nutrition |url=https://archive.org/details/aztecmedicinehea0000orti |location=New Brunswick, NJ |publisher=[[Rutgers University Press]] |isbn=0-8135-1562-9|oclc=20798977}} :{{Cite book |author=Prescott, William H. |authorlink=William H. Prescott | date = 1843 |title=History of the Conquest of Mexico, with a Preliminary View of Ancient Mexican Civilization, and the Life of the Conqueror, Hernando Cortes |url=http://etext.virginia.edu/toc/modeng/public/PreConq.html |format=online reproduction, Electronic Text Center, University of Virginia Library |location=New York |publisher=Harper and Brothers |oclc=2458166}} :{{Cite book |author=Restall, Matthew |authorlink=Matthew Restall | date = 2004 |title=[[Seven Myths of the Spanish Conquest]] |edition=1st pbk edition|location=Oxford and New York |publisher=[[Oxford University Press]] |isbn=0-19-517611-1 |oclc=56695639}} :{{Cite book |author=Ruiz de Alarcón, Hernando |authorlink=Hernando Ruiz de Alarcón | date = 1984 |origyear=1629 |title=Treatise on the Heathen Superstitions and Customs That Today Live Among the Indians Native to This New Spain, 1629 |edition=original reproduction and translation of: ''Tratado de las supersticiones y costumbres gentílicas que oy viven entre los indios naturales desta Nueva España'', first English |others=translated & edited by [[J. Richard Andrews]] and [[Ross Hassig]] |series=Civilization of the American Indian series |number=164 |location=Norman |publisher=[[University of Oklahoma Press]] |isbn=0-8061-1832-6 |oclc=10046127}} {{nah icon}} {{en icon}} :{{Cite book |author=Sahagún, Bernardino de |authorlink=Bernardino de Sahagún | date = 1950–82 |origyear=ca. 1540–85 |title=[[Florentine Codex|Florentine Codex: General History of the Things of New Spain]], 13 vols. in 12 |edition=translation of ''Historia General de las Cosas de la Nueva España'' |others=[[Charles E. Dibble]] and [[Arthur J. O. Anderson|Arthur J.O. Anderson]] (eds., trans., notes and illus.) |series=vols. I-XII |location=Santa Fe, NM and Salt Lake City |publisher=[[School of American Research]] and the [[University of Utah Press]] |isbn=0-87480-082-X |oclc=276351}} :{{Cite book |author=Sahagún, Bernardino de |authorlink=Bernardino de Sahagún | date = 1997 |origyear=ca.1558–61 |title=[[Primeros Memoriales]] |others=[[Thelma D. Sullivan]] (English trans. and paleography of Nahuatl text), with [[H.B. Nicholson]], [[Arthur J.O. Anderson]], [[Charles E. Dibble]], [[Eloise Quiñones Keber]], and Wayne Ruwet (completion, revisions, and ed.) |series=Civilization of the American Indians series |volume=200, {{nowrap|part 2}} |location=Norman |publisher=[[University of Oklahoma Press]] |isbn=978-0-8061-2909-9 |oclc=35848992}} :{{Cite book |author=Schroeder, Susan |authorlink=Susan Schroeder | date = 1991 |title=Chimalpahin and the Kingdoms of Chalco |location=Tucson |publisher=[[University of Arizona Press]] |isbn=0-8165-1182-9 |oclc=21976206}} :{{Cite journal |author=Smith, Michael E. |authorlink=Michael E. Smith | date = 1984 |title=The Aztlan Migrations of Nahuatl Chronicles: Myth or History? |url=http://www.public.asu.edu/~mesmith9/1-CompleteSet/MES-84-Aztlan.pdf |format=[[PDF]] online facsimile |journal=[[Ethnohistory (journal)|Ethnohistory]] |volume=31 |issue=3 |pages=pp.153–186 |location=Columbus, OH |publisher=[[American Society for Ethnohistory]] |doi=10.2307/482619|issn=0014-1801 |oclc=145142543|ref=CITEREFSmith1984}} :{{Cite book |author=Smith, Michael E. |authorlink=Michael E. Smith| date = 1997|title=The Aztecs |url=https://archive.org/details/aztecs0002smit |edition=first |publisher=[[Blackwell Publishing]] |location=Malden, MA |isbn=0-631-23015-7 |oclc=48579073|ref=CITEREFSmith1997}} :{{Cite journal |author=Smith, Michael E. |authorlink=Michael E. Smith|date= Mayo 2005 |title=City Size in Late Post-Classic Mesoamerica |url=http://www.public.asu.edu/%7Emesmith9/1-CompleteSet/MES-05-CitySize.pdf |format=[[PDF]] |journal=Journal of Urban History |volume=31 |issue=4 |pages=pp.403–434 |location=Beverley Hills, California |publisher=[[SAGE Publications]] |issn=0096-1442 |oclc=1798556 |accessdate= |doi=10.1177/0096144204274396}} :{{Cite journal |author=Smith, Michael E. and [1] |authorlink=Michael E. Smith| date = 2001 |title=The Archaeological Study of Empires and Imperialism in Pre-Hispanic Central Mexico |journal=Journal of Anthropological Archaeology |volume=20|pages=245–284 |doi=10.1006/jaar.2000.0372}} :{{PDFlink|[http://www.public.asu.edu/~mesmith9/MES-05-SciAm-.pdf Smith, Michael E, "Life in the Provinces of the Aztec Empire", ''Scientific American''.]|538&nbsp;[[Kibibyte|KiB]]<!-- application/pdf, 550931 bytes -->}} :{{Cite book|author=Soustelle, Jacques|authorlink=Jacques Soustelle| date = 1961|title=Daily Life of the Aztecs:On the Eve of the Spanish Conquest |others=Patrick O’Brian (Trans.)|location=London|publisher=Phoenix Press |isbn=1-84212-508-7 |oclc=50217224}} :{{Cite book |author=Taube, Karl A. |authorlink=Karl Taube | date = 1993 |title=Aztec and Maya Myths |edition=4th University of Texas printing |location=Austin |publisher=[[University of Texas Press]] |isbn=0-292-78130-X |oclc=29124568}} :{{Cite book |author=Townsend, Richard F. | date = 2000 |title=The Aztecs |edition=2nd edition, revised |publisher=[[Thames & Hudson]] |location=London |isbn=0-500-28132-7 |oclc=43337963}} :{{Cite book |author=Zantwijk,Rudolph van | date = 1985|title=The Aztec Arrangement: The Social History of Pre-Spanish Mexico |url=https://archive.org/details/aztecarrangement0000zant |location=Norman |publisher=University of Oklahoma Press |isbn=0-8061-1677-3 |oclc=11261299 }} ;;Panguna nga pagkukuhaan : Berdan, Frances F. and Patricia Reiff Anawalt (1997) ''The Essential [[Codex Mendoza]]''. University of California Press, Berkeley. ISBN 0-520-20454-9. : [[Hernán Cortés|Cortés, Hernan]] (1987) ''Letters from Mexico''. New Ed. edition. Translated by [[Anthony Pagden]]. Yale University Press, New Haven. ISBN 0-300-03724-4. : [[Bernal Diaz del Castillo|Díaz del Castillo, Bernal]] (1963) ''The Conquest of New Spain''. Translated by J. M. Cohen. Penguin, New York. ISBN 0-14-044123-9. : Díaz, Gisele and Alan Rogers (1993) ''The [[Codex Borgia]]: A Full-Color Restoration of the Ancient Mexican Manuscript''. Dover Publications, New York. ISBN 0-486-27569-8. : [[Diego Durán|Durán, Fray Diego]] (1971) ''Book of the Gods and Rites and The Ancient Calendar''. Translated by Fernando Horcasitas and Doris Heyden. University of Oklahoma Press, Norman. ASIN B000M4OVSG. ISBN 0-8061-1201-8 (1977 Ed. edition). : [[Diego Durán|Durán, Fray Diego]] (1994) ''The History of the Indies of New Spain''. Translated by Doris Heyden. University of Oklahoma Press, Norman. ISBN 0-8061-2649-3. : Garganigo ''et al.'', (2008) ''Huellas de las Literaturas Hispanoamerica''. 3 edition. Prentice Hall, New Jersey. (Note, this source in Spanish). ISBN 0-13-195846-1. : Zorita, Alonso de (1963) ''Life and Labor in Ancient Mexico: The Brief and Summary Relation of the Lords of New Spain''. Translated by Benjamin Keen. Rutgers University Press, New Brunswick. ASIN B000INWUNE. ISBN 0-8061-2679-5 (1994 paperback). {{refend}}<!-- END biblio format style --> ==Mga sumpay ha gawas== {{Wikisource1911Enc|Aztecs}} {{Commons category|Aztec}} * [http://mexicolore.co.uk/aztecs/ Aztecs at Mexicolore] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130728095835/http://www.mexicolore.co.uk/aztecs/ |date=2013-07-28 }}: constantly updated educational site specifically on the Aztecs, for serious students of all ages. * [https://web.archive.org/web/20091027042348/http://geocities.com/architecture_aztec_america Aztec Architecture] * [http://www.d.umn.edu/cla/faculty/troufs/anth3618/maaztec.html Aztecs / Nahuatl / Tenochtitlan]: Ancient Mesoamerica resources at [[University of Minnesota Duluth]] * [http://www.history-aztec.com Aztec history, culture and religion] B. Diaz del Castillo, The Discovery and Conquest of Mexico (tr. by A. P. Maudsley, 1928, repr. 1965) * [http://www.hist.umn.edu/~rmccaa/mxpoprev/table2.htm Demographic Disaster in Mexico 1519-1595] at the Department of History at the [[University of Minnesota]] * [http://www.public.asu.edu/~mesmith9/azbib.html Michael E. Smith's student bibliography on the Aztecs]. *{{PDFlink|[http://www.public.asu.edu/~mesmith9/MES-05-SciAm-.pdf Article: "Life in the Provinces of the Aztec Empire]|538&nbsp;[[Kibibyte|KiB]]<!-- application/pdf, 550931 bytes -->}} * [http://www.public.asu.edu/~mesmith9/tlahuica.html Tlahuica Culture Home Page (an Aztec group from Morelos, Mexico)] * [http://www.bbc.co.uk/radio4/history/inourtime/inourtime_20030227.shtml "The Aztecs-looking behind the myths"] on [[BBC Radio 4]]’s [[In Our Time (BBC Radio 4)|''In Our Time'']] featuring Alan Knight, Adrian Locke and Elizabeth Graham * [http://worldmuseumofman.org/aztecartifacts1.htm Pre-columbian Aztec Collection] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100219221511/http://worldmuseumofman.org/aztecartifacts1.htm |date= 19 Pebrero 2010 }}: photographs of Aztec tools and weapons gpsal0rw04m6c4enh3rfrd891r1b2t7 0 17517 7782369 7781415 2026-04-07T07:16:09Z InternetArchiveBot 41587 Add 1 book for verifiability (20260407)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 7782369 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox former country | conventional_long_name = Mongol Empire | native_name = ''Ikh Mongol Uls'' | common_name = Mongolian Empires | continent=Eurasia |country=Great Eurasian Steppe, modern Mongolia |status=Empire | image_flag = <!--Discuss on the talk page before adding a flag image. This article cannot use fictional or anachronistic flags, and any addition must be well-cited by verifiable third-party reliable sources.--> | flag = | flag_type = | image_map = Mongol Empire map 2.gif | caption = Expansion of the Mongol Empire 1206–1294. | capital = {{unbulleted list |class=nowrap | {{smaller|1206–35{{nbsp|2}}}}[[Avarga]] | {{smaller|1235–60{{nbsp|2}}}}[[Karakorum]]&thinsp;<ref group="note">Founded in 1220 and served as capital from 1235 to 1260.</ref> | ''{{resize|75%|1260–1368{{nbsp|2}}}}{{smaller|[[Khanbaliq|Dadu]]}}''&thinsp;{{lower|0.2em|<ref group="note">Following the death of [[Möngke Khan]] in 1259, no one city served as capital. Dadu (Khanbaliq), modern-day [[Beijing]], was the [[Yuan dynasty|Yuan]] capital between 1271 and 1368.</ref>}} }} | common_languages = {{hlist |[[Mongolian language|Mongolian]] |[[Chinese language|Chinese]] |[[Turkic languages|Turkic]] |[[Iranian languages|Iranian]]}} | religion = {{hlist |[[Tengrism]] |[[Buddhism]] |<br/>[[Islam]] |[[Christianity]]}} | government_type = [[Elective monarchy]] | title_leader = [[Great Khan]] | year_leader1=1206–1227 |leader1=Genghis Khan | year_leader2=1229–1241 |leader2=Ögedei Khan | year_leader3=1246–1248 |leader3=Güyük Khan | year_leader4=1251–1259 |leader4=Möngke Khan | year_leader5=1260–1294 |leader5=Kublai Khan | year_leader6=1333–1370 |leader6=[[Toghan Temür|Toghan Temür Khan]] | legislature = ''[[Kurultai]]'' | event_start={{nowrap|[[Genghis Khan]] proclaims<br/>the "Great Mongolian State"}} |year_start=1206 | event1=Death of Genghis Khan |date_event1=1227 | event2=''[[Pax Mongolica]]'' |date_event2=1210–1350 | event3=Empire fragments |date_event3=1260–1264 | event_end=Fall of [[Yuan dynasty]] |year_end=1368 | event_post={{nowrap|Collapse of the<br/>[[Chagatai Khanate]]}} |date_post=1687 |stat_area1 = 33000000 |stat_year1 = 1279 | currency = Various&thinsp;<ref group="note">Including coins such as [[dirham]]s and paper currencies based on silver (''[[sukhe]]'') or silk, or the later [[Chao (currency)|Chao]] currency of the [[Yuan dynasty]].</ref> | p1=Khamag Mongol |flag_p1=Asia 1200ad.jpg | p2=Tatar confederation |flag_p2=Asia 1200ad.jpg | p3=Khwarazmian Empire{{!}}{{nowrap|Khwarazmian Empire}} |flag_p3=Khwarezmian Empire 1190 - 1220 (AD).PNG | p4=Kara-Khitan Khanate{{!}}{{nowrap|Kara-Khitan Khanate}} |flag_p4=KaraKhitaiAD1200.png | p5=Jīn Dynasty |flag_p5=Sung Dynasty 1141.png | p6=Song Dynasty |flag_p6=Sung Dynasty 1141.png | p7=Western Xia |flag_p7=Song-Liao-Xixia-1111.png | p8=Abbasid Caliphate |flag_p8=Abbasids850.png | p9=Nizari Ismaili state |flag_p9=Alamut.png | p10=Kievan Rus' |flag_p10=Kievan-rus-1015-1113-(en).png | p11=Volga Bulgaria |flag_p11=VolgaBulgaria1200.png | p12=Cumania |flag_p12=State of Cuman-Kipchak (13.) tr.png | p13=Alania |flag_p13= | p14=Kingdom of Dali |flag_p14=Map of China 1142.jpg | p15=Kimek Khanate |flag_p15=Қимақтар.png | p16=Sultanate of Rum |flag_p16=Flag of Sultanate of Rum.svg | s1=Chagatai Khanate{{!}}{{nowrap|Chagatai Khanate}} |flag_s1=ChagataiKhanate1300.png | s2=Golden Horde |flag_s2=GoldenHorde1300.png | s3=Ilkhanate |flag_s3=Ilkhanate in 1256–1353.PNG | s4=Yuan Dynasty{{!}}{{nowrap|Yuan Dynasty}} |flag_s4=Yuan_Dynasty_1294.png | s5=Mongolian Khaganate{{!}}{{nowrap|Mongolian Khaganate}} |flag_s5=Mongolia_XVI.png | s6=Timurid dynasty{{!}}{{nowrap|Timurid dynasty}} |flag_s6=TimuridEmpire1400.png | s7=Anatolian Beyliks{{!}}{{nowrap|Anatolian Beyliks}} |flag_s7= | s8=Mamluk Sultanate{{!}}{{nowrap|Mamluk Sultanate}} |flag_s8= | s9=Grand Duchy of Lithuania{{!}}{{nowrap|Grand Duchy of Lithuania}} |flag_s9=Alex_K_Grundwald_flags_1410-03.svg | s10=Kingdom of Poland (1025-1385){{!}}{{nowrap|Kingdom of Poland}} |flag_s10=Alex_K_Kingdom_of_Poland-flag.svg | today = {{Collapsible list |titlestyle=background:transparent;text-align:left;font-weight:normal; |title=40 countries |{{flag|Afghanistan}} |{{flag|Armenia}} |{{flag|Azerbaijan}} |{{flag|Belarus}} |{{flag|Bosnia and Herzegovina}} |{{flag|Bulgaria}} |{{flag|China}} |{{flag|Croatia}} |{{flag|Czech Republic}} |{{flag|Georgia}} |{{flag|Hong Kong}} ([[Special administrative region]] of [[China]]) |{{flag|Hungary}} |{{flag|India}} |{{flag|Iran}} |{{flag|Iraq}} |{{flag|Kazakhstan}} |{{flag|Kyrgyzstan}} |{{flag|Laos}} |{{flag|Lithuania}} |{{flag|Macau}} ([[Special administrative region]] of [[China]]) |{{flag|Moldova}} |{{flag|Mongolia}} |{{flag|Montenegro}} |{{flag|Myanmar}} |{{flag|North Korea}} |{{flag|Pakistan}} |{{flag|Poland}} |{{flag|Romania}} |{{flag|Russia}} |{{flag|Serbia}} |{{flag|Slovenia}} |{{flag|South Korea}} |{{flag|Syria}} |{{flag|Tajikistan}} |{{flag|Thailand}} |{{flag|Turkey}} |{{flag|Turkmenistan}} |{{flag|Ukraine}} |{{flag|Uzbekistan}} }} |{{flag|Vietnam}} }} An '''Imperyo Mongol''' amo an imperyo ha ika 13 ngan ika 14 siglo nga it teritoryo naunat tikang ha Asya pakadto ha Sidlangan Europa. Amo ini an gidadakoi nga sunodsunod nga imperyo ha kaagi han kalibutan; nga nagtikang ha pagtarampo han mga tribo Mongol ngan Turkiya ha kabag-ohan nga Mongolia, nga dumako tungod hin mga pagsakop, kahuman hi [[Genghis Khan]] natawag nga tagapamuno han tanan nga Mongo ha 1206. Ha gihahataasi nga ginabut han mga Mongol, naunat ini tikang ha Danube ngado ha Dagat han Hapoon ngan tikang ha Artiko pakadto ha Camboja, nga ha tanan mayda 33.0 ka ribo o milyones km² (ha 1279), katlima (1/5) han tuna han Kalibutan, nga nasakop han 100 ka ribo adto nga panahon. ==Pinanbasaran== {{Mga kasarigan}} === Mga pagkukuhaan === * {{Cite book |author=Allsen, Thomas T.|title=Mongol Imperialism: The Policies of the Grand Qan Möngke in China, Russia, and the Islamic Lands, 1251-1259 |isbn=978-0520055278| date = 1987|publisher=University of California Press}} * {{Cite book |author=Allsen, Thomas T.|title=Culture and conquest in Mongol Eurasia| date = 2004|publisher=Cambridge University Press|isbn=978-0-521-60270-9}} * {{Cite book |author=Amitai-Preiss, Reuven|title=Mongols and Mamluks: The Mamluk-Ilkhanid War, 1260–1281|url=https://archive.org/details/mongolsmamluksma0000amit| date = 1995|location=Cambridge, UK; New York, USA|publisher=Cambridge University Press|isbn=978-0-521-46226-6}} * {{Cite book |author=Atwood, Christopher P.|title=Encyclopedia of Mongolia and the Mongol Empire|url=https://archive.org/details/encyclopediaofmo0000atwo| date = 2004|location=New York, USA|publisher=Facts on File, Inc.|isbn=0-8160-4671-9}} * {{Cite book |author=Barfield, Thomas Jefferson| date = 1992|publisher=Blackwell|isbn=978-1-55786-324-9|title=The perilous frontier: nomadic empires and China}} * {{Cite book |publisher=Infobase Publishing|isbn=978-1-4381-0318-1|last=Burgan|first=Michael|title=Empire of the Mongols| date = 2005|location=New York, USA}} * {{Cite book |author=Diamond, Jared |authorlink=Jared Diamond| date = 1997|title=Guns, Germs, and Steel: The Fates of Human Societies |url=https://archive.org/details/gunsgermssteelfa0000diam |publisher=W. W. Norton & Co.|location=New York, USA|isbn=978-0393317558}} * {{Cite book |author=Finlay, Robert|title=The Pilgrim Art: Cultures of Porcelain in World History |url=https://archive.org/details/pilgrimartcultur0000finl|publisher=University of California Press|location=Berkeley, California, USA| date = 2010|isbn=978-0-520-24468-9}} * {{Cite book |author=Foltz, Richard C.|authorlink=Richard Foltz |title=Religions of the Silk Road: Overland Trade and Cultural Exchange from Antiquity to the Fifteenth Century|url=https://archive.org/details/religionsofsilkr0000rich|location=New York, USA|publisher=St. Martin's Press| date = 1999|isbn=0-312-23338-8}} * {{Cite book |author=Franke, Herbert|editors=Twitchett, Denis; Fairbank, John King|title=Alien Regimes and Border States, 907-1368|volume=6|work=The Cambridge History of China|publisher=Cambridge University Press|location=Cambridge, UK; New York, USA| date = 1994 |isbn=978-0-521-24331-5}} * {{Cite book |author=Grousset, Rene|authorlink=René Grousset|title=The Empire of the Steppes: A History of Central Asia (translated from French by Naomi Walford).|url=https://archive.org/details/empireofsteppes00grou|location=New Brunswick, New Jersey, USA |publisher=Rutgers University Press| date = 1970}} * {{Cite book |author=Halperin, Charles J.|title=Russia and the Golden Horde: The Mongol Impact on Medieval Russian History|url=https://archive.org/details/russiagoldenhord0000halp|publisher=Indiana University Press| date = 1985|isbn=0-253-20445-3|location=Bloomington, Indiana, USA}} * {{Cite book|author=Howorth, Henry H.|title=History of the Mongols from the 9th to the 19th Century: Part I: The Mongols Proper and the Kalmuks|location=New York, USA|publisher=Burt Frankin| date = 1965 (reprint of London edition, 1876)}} * {{Cite book |author=Hull, Mary.|title=The Mongol Empire (World History Series)|url=https://archive.org/details/mongolempire00hull| date = 1997|publisher=Greenhaven Press|ISBN=978-1560063124}} * {{Cite journal |author=Jackson, Peter|title=The dissolution of the Mongol Empire|journal=[[Central Asiatic Journal]]|volume=XXXII| date = 1978|pages=208–351}} * {{Cite book |last=Jackson| first=Peter |title=The Delhi Sultanate: A Political and Military History| date = 2003 |publisher=Cambridge University Press|location=Cambridge, UK; New York, USA|isbn=0-521-54329-0}} * {{Cite book |author=Jackson, Peter |authorlink=Peter Jackson (historian)|location=Harlow, UK; New York, USA |title=The Mongols and the West: 1221–1410|url=https://archive.org/details/mongolswest122110000jack | date = 2005|publisher=Longman|isbn=978-0-582-36896-5}} * {{Cite book |author=Lane, George|title=Daily life in the Mongol empire|url=https://archive.org/details/dailylifeinmongo0000lane| date = 2006|isbn=978-0-313-33226-5|publisher=Greenwood Press|location=Westport, Connecticut, USA}} * {{Cite book |author=Man, John|title=Genghis Khan: Life, death and resurrection |url=https://archive.org/details/genghiskhanlifed0000manj_u0e8|isbn=978-0-312-36624-7| date = 2004|publisher=Thomas Dunne Books|location=New York, USA}} * {{Cite book |author=Man, John|title=Kublai Khan: from Xanadu to superpower|url=https://archive.org/details/kublaikhanfromxa0000manj|publisher=Bantam Books| date = 2007 |isbn=978-0-553-81718-8}} * {{Cite journal |author=Morgan, David|authorlink=David Morgan (historian)|title=The Mongols and the Eastern Mediterranean: Latins and Greeks in the Eastern Mediterranean after 1204|editors=Arbel, B.; et al. |journal=[[Mediterranean Historical Review]]|volume=4|issue=1|date= Hunyo 1989 |page=204 |doi=10.1080/09518968908569567|issn=0951-8967|publisher=Routledge|location=Tel Aviv, Illinois, USA}} * {{Cite book |author=Morgan, David|title=The Mongols|edition=2nd| date = 2007|publisher=Blackwell Publishing |location=Malden, Massachusetts, USA; Oxford, UK; Carlton, Victoria, Australia |isbn=978-1-4051-3539-9}} * {{Cite book |author=Prawdin, Michael (pseudonym for Charol, Michael)|authorlink=Michael Prawdin|date=1940/1961|publisher=Collier-Macmillan Canada|title=Mongol Empire |isbn=1-4128-0519-8|location=New Brunswick, New Jersey, USA}} * {{Cite book |author=Ratchnevsky, Paul|editor=Haining, Thomas Nivison (translator)|publisher=Wiley-Blackwell| date = 1993|isbn=978-0631189497|title=Genghis Khan: His Life and Legacy|url=https://archive.org/details/genghiskhan00paul}} * {{Cite book |author=Rossabi, Morris|title=China Among Equals: The Middle Kingdom and Its Neighbors, 10th–14th Centuries|publisher=University of California Press| date = 1983|isbn=0-520-04383-9|location=Berkeley, California, USA}} * {{Cite book |publisher=Scarecrow Press|isbn=978-0-8108-6191-6|last=Sanders|first=Alan J. K.|title=Historical Dictionary of Mongolia| date = 2010|location=Lanham, Maryland, USA}} * {{Cite book |publisher=University of Pennsylvania Press|isbn=978-0-8122-1766-7|last=Saunders|first=John Joseph|title=The history of the Mongol conquests| date = 2001|location=Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA}} * {{Cite book |author=Rybatzki, Volker|title=The Early Mongols: Language, Culture and History|isbn=978-0933070578| date = 2009|publisher=Indiana University}} * {{Cite book |publisher=Boydell & Brewer |isbn=978-1-84383-596-7 |editors=Rogers, Clifford J.; [[Kelly DeVries|DeVries, Kelly]]; France, John |title=[[Journal of Medieval Military History]]|location=Woodbridge, Suffolk, UK |volume=8 |date= Nobyembre 2010|chapter=Numbers in Mongol Warfare|author=Sverdrup, Carl |chapter-url = http://books.google.com/?id=4jHEwSc2gEMC&pg=PA109&dq=devries+mongols#v=onepage&q&f=false}} * {{Cite book |author=Vladimortsov, Boris|title=The Life of Chingis Khan|publisher=B. Blom| date = 1969}} * {{Cite book |author=Weatherford, Jack| date = 2004 |title=Genghis Khan and the Making of the Modern World |location=New York, USA |publisher=Three Rivers Press |isbn=0-609-80964-4}} ==Padugang nga barasahon== * Brent, Peter. ''The Mongol Empire: Genghis Khan: His Triumph and his Legacy''. Book Club Associates, London. 1976. * {{Cite book|last1=Buell|given1=Paul D.| date = 2003|title=Historical Dictionary of the Mongol World Empire|publisher=The Scarecrow Press, Inc.|isbn=0-8108-4571-7}} * May, Timothy. "The Mongol Art of War." Westholme Publishing, Yardley. 2007. ISBN 978-1-59416-046-2 / ISBN 1-59416-046-5 * May, Timothy. ''The Mongol Conquests in World History'' (Reaktion Books, distributed by University of Chicago Press; 2012) 319 pages * Rossabi, Morris. ''The Mongols: A Very Short Introduction.'' Oxford University Press, 2012. ISBN 978-0199840892 ==Mga sumpay ha gawas== {{Commons category|Mongol Empire}} * [http://www.fsmitha.com/h3/h11mon.htm Genghis Khan and the Mongols] * [http://www.allempires.com/article/index.php?q=The_Mongol_Empire The Mongol Empire] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120905104711/http://www.allempires.com/article/index.php?q=The_Mongol_Empire |date=2012-09-05 }} * [http://www.accd.edu/sac/history/keller/Mongols/intro.html Mongols] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20050509082004/http://www.accd.edu/sac/history/keller/Mongols/intro.html |date= 9 Mayo 2005 }} * [http://afe.easia.columbia.edu/mongols/ The Mongols in World History] * [http://elibrary.sd71.bc.ca/subject_resources/socials/mogolempire.htm The Mongol Empire for students] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201127012315/http://elibrary.sd71.bc.ca/subject_resources/socials/mogolempire.htm |date= 27 Nobyembre 2020 }} * [http://www.paradoxplace.com/Insights/Civilizations/Mongols/Mongols.htm Paradoxplace Insight Pages on the Mongol Emperors] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170915123046/http://www.paradoxplace.com/Insights/Civilizations/Mongols/Mongols.htm |date= 15 Septyembre 2017 }} * [http://depts.washington.edu/silkroad/texts/rubruck.html William of Rubruck's Account of the Mongols] * [http://steppes.proboards23.com/index.cgi?board=board18&action=print&thread=1167258099 Mongol invasion of Rus (pictures)] * [http://necrometrics.com/pre1700a.htm#Mongol Worldwide Death Toll] * [http://bbs.keyhole.com/ubb/download.php?Number=758258 Mongol Empire Google Earth]{{Dead link|date= Agosto 2021 |bot=InternetArchiveBot }} i7xgxl8qy9m7cm2v7u9u6dcsy6o33ho 0 17521 7782329 7649131 2026-04-07T06:28:25Z InternetArchiveBot 41587 Add 1 book for verifiability (20260407)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 7782329 wikitext text/x-wiki An '''Reporma Protestantehanon''' amo an gios reporma Kristiyano ha Europa nga nagtikang kan [[Martin Luther]] [[kasiaman kaglima nga tesis]] nga masisiring nga nagtapos kaupod han [[Kamurayaw ha Westphalia]] ha 1648. An kiwa naghihingyap bag-ohon an [[Singbahan Katoliko]]. ==Pinanbasaran== {{Reflist}} == Mga reperensya== === Mga survey === * Appold, Kenneth G. ''The Reformation: A Brief History'' (2011) [https://www.questia.com/library/120083934/the-reformation-a-brief-history online] *{{cite book|last=Brakke|first=Mary Jo |last2=Weaver |first2=David|title=Introduction to Christianity|url=https://archive.org/details/introductiontoch0000weav_n4v6|year=2009|publisher=Wadsworth|location=Belmont, Calif.|isbn=978-0-495-09726-6|pages=[https://archive.org/details/introductiontoch0000weav_n4v6/page/92 92]–93|edition=4th |ref=harv}} *{{cite book|last=Cameron|first=Euan |title=The European Reformation|year=2012|edition=2nd|publisher= Oxford University Press|url=http://www.amazon.com/The-European-Reformation-ebook/dp/B004EYSIQQ/|ref=harv}} * {{cite book| last=Estep|first= William R|title=Renaissance & Reformation|location= Grand Rapids|publisher= Eerdmans|year= 1986|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=dUENoh0ey4QC |isbn= 0-8028-0050-5|ref=harv}} * MacCulloch, Diarmaid. ''Christianity: The First Three Thousand Years'' (2009) * MacCulloch, Diarmaid. ''The Reformation'' (2005) *{{cite book |last=Simon |first=Edith |title=Great Ages of Man: The Reformation |url=https://archive.org/details/makingprogressth0000unse |pages=[https://archive.org/details/makingprogressth0000unse/page/120 120]–121 |publisher=Time-Life Books |year=1966 |isbn=0-662-27820-8|ref=harv}}, popular and well-illustrated *{{cite book|last=Spalding|first=Martin|title=The History of the Protestant Reformation; In Germany and Switzerland, and in England, Ireland, Scotland, the Netherlands, France, and Northern Europe|year=2010|publisher=General Books LLC}} <!-- Using this template per Wikipedia:Citation templates {{cite news |first= |last= |authorlink= |author= |coauthors= |title= |url= |format= |work= |publisher= |id= |pages= |page= |date= |accessdate= |quote= }} ...OR... {{cite web |url= |title= |accessdate= |accessmonthday= |accessdaymonth= |accessyear= |author= |last= |first= |authorlink= |coauthors= |date= |year= |month= |format= |work= |publisher= |pages= |doi= |archiveurl= |archivedate= |quote= }} ...OR... {{cite journal |last= |first= |authorlink= |coauthors= |year= |month= |title= |journal= |volume= |issue= |pages= |id= |url= |accessdate= |quote= }} ...OR.... {{cite book |last= |first= |authorlink= |coauthors= |editor= |others= |title= |origdate= |origyear= |origmonth= |url= |format= |accessdate= |edition= |series= |date= |year= |month= |publisher= |location= |isbn= |oclc= |doi= |id= |pages= |chapter= |chapterurl= |quote= }} --> === Segundarya nga pagkukuhaan === * {{CathEncy|author=Kirsch, J.P.|wstitle=The Reformation}} Catholic view. * {{cite book|last=Froom|first=LeRoy|authorlink=Le Roy Froom|title=The Prophetic Faith of our Fathers|volume=2|year=1948|pages=243–244|ref=harv|url=http://docs.adventistarchives.org//doc_info.asp?DocID=43134|format={{DjVulink}} and PDF}} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150128113831/http://docs.adventistarchives.org//doc_info.asp?DocID=43134 |date=2015-01-28 }} * {{cite book|last=Froom|first=LeRoy|authorlink=Le Roy Froom|title=The Prophetic Faith of our Fathers|volume=1|year=1950|ref=harv|url=http://docs.adventistarchives.org//doc_info.asp?DocID=42770|format={{DjVulink}} and PDF}} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141106181119/http://docs.adventistarchives.org//doc_info.asp?DocID=42770 |date=2014-11-06 }} * {{cite book |last=Bainton |first=Roland |authorlink=Roland Bainton |title=The Reformation of the Sixteenth Century |url=https://archive.org/details/reformationofsix00bain |year=1952 |publisher=The Beacon Press |location=Boston |isbn=0-8070-1301-3}} * Elton, G.R., ed. ''New Cambridge Modern History Volume II The Reformation 1520–59'' (1958), 684pp * Swanson, Guy E. ''Religion and Regime: a Sociological Account of the Reformation''. Ann Arbor, Mich.: University of Michigan Press, 1967. x, 295 p. * {{cite book |last=Pelikan |first=Jaroslav |authorlink=Jaroslav Pelikan |title=Reformation of Church and Dogma (1300–1700)|year=1984|publisher=University of Chicago Press |location=Chicago |isbn=0-226-65377-3 }} (focuses on religious teachings) * Gonzales, Justo. ''The Story of Christianity, Vol. 2: The Reformation to the Present Day''. San Francisco: Harper, 1985. ISBN 0-06-063316-6. * Spitz, Lewis W. ''The Renaissance and Reformation Movements: Volume I, The Renaissance''. Revised Edition. St. Louis: Concordia Publishing House, 1987. ISBN 0-570-03818-9; ''The Renaissance and Reformation Movements: Volume II, The Reformation''. (2nd ed. Concordia Publishing House, 1987). ISBN 0-570-03819-7. * [[Carl Braaten|Braaten, Carl E.]] and Robert W. Jenson. ''The Catholicity of the Reformation''. Grand Rapids: Eerdmans, 1996. ISBN 0-8028-4220-8. * Hillerbrand, Hans J., et al. eds. ''The Oxford Encyclopedia of the Reformation'' (1996) vol. 1:296 pp., vol. 2:506 pp., vol. 3: 491 pp., vol. 4:484 pp., ISBN 0-19-506493-3 *Elton, Geoffrey R. and Andrew Pettegree, eds. ''Reformation Europe: 1517–1559'' (1999) [http://www.amazon.com/Reformation-Europe-1517-1559-Blackwell-Histories/dp/0631213848/ excerpt and text search] * Spitz, Lewis William. ''The Protestant Reformation: 1517–1559'' (2003) * [[Diarmaid MacCulloch|MacCulloch, Diarmaid]]. ''[[The Reformation: A History]]''. New York: Penguin 2003; 864pp. influential recent synthesis **''Christianity: The First Three Thousand Years'' (2011), pp 604–714, shorter version * Hendrix, Scott H. ''Recultivating the Vineyard: The Reformation Agendas of Christianization'' (Westminster John Knox Press, 2004). [http://www.amazon.com/Recultivating-Vineyard-Reformation-Agendas-Christianization/dp/0664227139/ excerpt and text search] * Bagchi, David, and David C. Steinmetz, eds. ''The Cambridge Companion to Reformation Theology'' (2004) 289 pp. *Hsia, R. Po-chia, ed. ''A Companion to the Reformation World'' (2006) [http://www.amazon.com/Companion-Reformation-Blackwell-Companions-European/dp/1405149620/ excerpt and text search] * Collinson, Patrick. ''The Reformation: A History'' (2006) [http://www.amazon.com/dp/0812972953/ excerpt and text search] * {{cite book |last=Naphy |first=William G. |title=The Protestant Revolution: From Martin Luther to Martin Luther King Jr |url=https://archive.org/details/protestantrevolu0000naph |year=2007 |publisher=BBC Books |isbn=978-0-563-53920-9}} * Hillerbrand, Hans J. ''The Protestant Reformation'' (2nd ed. 2009) [http://www.amazon.com/dp/0061148474/ excerpt and text search] * Lindberg, Carter. ''The European Reformations'' (2nd ed. 2009) 472pp, comprehensive introduction * Marshall, Peter. ''The Reformation: A Very Short Introduction'' (2009) [http://www.amazon.com/dp/0199231311/ excerpt and text search] * Payton Jr. James R. ''Getting the Reformation Wrong: Correcting Some Misunderstandings'' (IVP Academic, 2010) [http://www.amazon.com/dp/0830838805/ excerpt and text search] * Balserak, Jon. ''John Calvin as Sixteenth-Century Prophet'' (Oxford University Press, 2014) [http://global.oup.com/academic/product/john-calvin-as-sixteenth-century-prophet-9780198703259?q=Balserak&lang=en&cc=gb/ excerpt and text search] === Panguna nga pagkukuhaan nga nakahubad === * Fosdick, Harry Emerson, ed. ''Great Voices of the Reformation [and of other putative reformers before and after it]: an Anthology'', ed., with an introd. and commentaries, by Harry Emerson Fosdick. New York: Modern Library, 1952. xxx, 546 p. * Janz, Denis, ed. ''A Reformation Reader: Primary Texts With Introductions'' (2008) [http://www.amazon.com/dp/0199231311 excerpt and text search] * [[Martin Luther|Luther, Martin]] ''Luther's Correspondence and Other Contemporary Letters,'' 2 vols., tr. and ed. by Preserved Smith, Charles Michael Jacobs, The Lutheran Publication Society, Philadelphia, Pa. 1913, 1918. [http://books.google.com/books?vid=OCLC02338418&id=m4r3cwHjnvUC vol.2 (1521–1530)] from [[Google Books]]. Reprint of Vol.1, Wipf & Stock Publishers (March 2006). ISBN 1-59752-601-0. * Spitz, Lewis W. ''The Protestant Reformation: Major Documents''. St. Louis: Concordia Publishing House, 1997. ISBN 0-570-04993-8 === Historiograpiya === * Bates, Lucy. "The Limits of Possibility in England's Long Reformation," ''Historical Journal'' (2010) 53#4 pp 1049–1070. * Bradshaw, Brendan. "The Reformation and the Counter-Reformation," ''History Today'' (1983) 33#11 pp 42–45. * Brady, Jr., Thomas A. "People's Religions in Reformation Europe," ''The Historical Journal'' (1991) 24#1 pp173–82 * De Boer, Wietse. "An Uneasy Reunion The Catholic World in Reformation Studies," ''Archiv für Reformationsgeschichte'' (2009), Vol. 100, p366-387. * Dickens, A. G. and John M. Tonkin, eds. ''The Reformation in Historical Thought'' (Harvard University Press, 1985) * Dixon, C. Scott. ''Contesting the Reformation'' (2012) [http://www.amazon.com/Contesting-Reformation-C-Scott-Dixon/dp/1405113235/ excerpt and text search] * Fritze, Ronald H. "The English Reformation: Obedience, Destruction and Cultural Adaptation," ''Journal of Ecclesiastical History'' (2005) 56#1 pp 107–15. * Haigh, Christopher. "The recent historiography of the English Reformation." ''The Historical Journal'' (1982) 25#4 pp 995–1007. * Haigh, Christopher. "The English Reformation: A Premature Birth, a Difficult Labour and a Sickly Child," ''The Historical Journal'' (1990) 33#2 pp 449–59 * Haigh, Christopher. "Catholicism in Early Modern England: Bossy and Beyond," "Catholicism in Early Modern England: Bossy and Beyond, " 45, no. 2 (2002): 481–94. (2002) 45#2 pp 481–94. * Heininen, Simo / Czaika, Otfried: [http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:0159-2012080109 '' Wittenberg Influences on the Reformation in Scandinavia''], [[European History Online]], Mainz: [[Institute of European History]], 2010, retrieved: 17 December 2012. * Hsia, Po-Chia, ed. '' A Companion to the Reformation World'' (2006) 29 essays by scholars; emphasis on historiography * Hsia, R. Po-chia. "Reformation on the Continent: Approaches Old and New," ''Journal of Religious History'' (2004) 28#2 pp 162–170. * Hsia, R. Po-Chia. "The Myth of the Commune: Recent Historiography on City and Reformation in Germany." ''Central European History'' (1987) 20#3 pp 203–215. [http://www.jstor.org/stable/4546103 in JSTOR] * Karant-Nunn, Susan C. "Changing One's Mind: Transformations in Reformation History from a Germanist's Perspective," ''Renaissance Quarterly'' (2005) 58#2 pp 1101–1127. [http://www.jstor.org/stable/10.1353/ren.2008.0933 in JSTOR] * MacCulloch, Diarmaid. "The Impact of the English Reformation," ''The Historical Journal'' (1995) 38#1 pp 151–53 * MacCulloch, Diarmaid; Laven, Mary; Duffy, Eamon. "Recent Trends in the Study of Christianity in Sixteenth-Century Europe," ''Renaissance Quarterly'' (2006) 59#3 pp 697–731. [http://www.jstor.org/stable/10.1353/ren.2008.0381 in JSTOR] * Marnef, Guido. "Belgian and Dutch Post-war Historiography on the Protestant and Catholic Reformation in the Netherlands," ''Archiv für Reformationsgeschichte'' (2009) Vol. 100, pp 271–292. *Marshall, Peter. "(Re)defining the English Reformation," ''Journal of British Studies'' (2009) 48#3 pp.&nbsp;564–586 [http://www.jstor.org/stable/10.1086/600128 in JSTOR] *Menchi, Silvana Seidel. "The Age of Reformation and Counter-Reformation in Italian Historiography, 1939–2009," ''Archiv für Reformationsgeschichte'' (2009) Vol. 100, pp 193–217. * Nieden, Marcel: [http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:0159-2012072708 ''The Wittenberg Reformation as a Media Event''], [[European History Online]], Mainz: [[Institute of European History]], 2012, retrieved: 17 December 2012. * Scott, Tom. "The Common People in the German Reformation," ''The Historical Journal'' (1991) 24#1 pp 183–92 [http://www.jstor.org/stable/2639714 in JSTOR] * Scott, Tom. "The Reformation between Deconstruction and Reconstruction: Reflections on Recent Writings on the German Reformation," ''German History'' (2008) 26#3 pp 406–422 * Walsham, Alexandra. "The Reformation and 'The Disenchantment of the World' Reassessed." ''Historical Journal'' (2008) 51#2 pp 497–528; focus on claims about the Reformation origins of modernity * Wiesner-Hanks, Merry. "Gender and the Reformation," ''Archiv für Reformationsgeschichte'' (2009), Vol. 100, pp 350–365. == Mga sumpay ha gawas == {{commons category|Reformation}} * [http://history.hanover.edu/early/prot.html Internet Archive of Related Texts and Documents] * [http://www.tyndale.ca/seminary/mtsmodular/reading-rooms/history/16th-century 16th Century Reformation Reading Room] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140407080149/http://www.tyndale.ca/seminary/mtsmodular/reading-rooms/history/16th-century |date=2014-04-07 }}: Extensive online resources, Tyndale Seminary *[http://www.loc.gov/rr/rarebook/coll/195.html The Reformation Collection] From the [http://www.loc.gov/rr/rarebook/ Rare Book and Special Collections Division] at the [[Library of Congress]] *[http://www.vatican.va/roman_curia/pontifical_councils/chrstuni/lutheran-fed-docs/rc_pc_chrstuni_doc_2013_dal-conflitto-alla-comunione_en.html An ecumenical official valuation by Lutherans and Catholics 500 years later] tq6wzq2kqia95u8mrm8p7ukbiwfr0rq 0 17524 7782347 7652457 2026-04-07T06:51:19Z InternetArchiveBot 41587 Add 2 books for verifiability (20260407)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 7782347 wikitext text/x-wiki [[File:CivilWarUSAColl.png|thumb]] An '''Gera Sibil Amerikanhon''' (1861-1865), amo an usa ka gyera sibil ha [[Estados Unidos]]. Napulo kag-us (11) nga Salatan Uripon nga Estado nagpasabot hin pagbulag ha [[Estados Unidos]] ngan nagtukod hin [[Estados Confederados han Amerika]]. Ginunhan ni [[Jefferson Davis]], ginaway nira an Pederal nga gobyerno, nga ginsusuportahan han ngatanan nga talwas nga estado ngan lima ka uripon nga estado ha amihanan. ==Mga reperensya== '''Mga pabaro''' {{Mga kasarigan}} '''Bibliograpiya''' {{Refbegin}} * {{Cite book| ref= harv |last= Ahlstrom|first= Sydney E.|title= A Religious History of the American People |publisher= Yale University Press| date = 1972 |location= New Haven, Connecticut|isbn= 978-0-300-01762-5|url=http://books.google.com/?id=5kFF6a1viGcC&printsec=frontcover#v=onepage&q&f=false }} * {{Cite book|ref= harv|last= Anderson|first= Bern|title= By Sea And By River: The naval history of the Civil War|publisher= Da Capo Press| date = 1989|location= New York, New York|isbn= 978-0-306-80367-3|url= http://books.google.com/?id=hoCK_yzA8xkC&printsec=frontcover#v=onepage&q&f=false}}{{Dead link|date=October 2021 |bot=InternetArchiveBot }} * {{Cite book|last1= Asante|first1=Molefi Kete |last2= Mazama|first2=Ama|title=Encyclopedia of Black Studies|url=http://books.google.com/?id=RcBkDlJ7qjwC&pg=PA82| date = 2004|location=Thousand Oaks, California|publisher=SAGE Publications|isbn=978-0-7619-2762-4|edition=1}} * Beringer, Richard E., Archer Jones, and Herman Hattaway, ''Why the South Lost the Civil War'' (1986) influential analysis of factors; an abridged version is ''The Elements of Confederate Defeat: Nationalism, War Aims, and Religion'' (1988) * {{Cite journal| ref= harv |last=Bestor |first=Arthur | date = 1964 |title=The American Civil War as a Constitutional Crisis | url= https://archive.org/details/sim_american-historical-review_1964-01_69_2/page/327 |journal=[[American Historical Review]] |volume=69 |issue=2 |pages=327–52 |jstor=1844986 }} * {{Cite book| ref= harv |last= Bolton|first= Charles C.|title=Poor Whites of the Antebellum South: Tenants and Laborers in Central North Carolina and Northeast Mississippi |publisher=Duke University Press | date = 1993 |location= Durham, North Carolina|isbn= 978-0-8223-1468-4 |url=http://books.google.com/?id=uZnssLpum0UC&pg=PA11&lpg=PA11&dq=Poor+Whites+of+the+Antebellum+South:+Tenants+and+Laborers+in+Central+North+Carolina+and+Northeast+Mississippi#v=onepage&q=Poor%20Whites%20of%20the%20Antebellum%20South%3A%20Tenants%20and%20Laborers%20in%20Central%20North%20Carolina%20and%20Northeast%20Mississippi&f=false}} * {{Cite book| ref= harv |last1=Brunell |first1= Miriam|last2=Paris |first2= Leslie|title=The Girls' History and Culture Reader: The Nineteenth Century |publisher= University of Illinois Press| date = 2011|location= Urbana, Illinois |isbn=978-0-252-07765-4|url=http://books.google.com/?id=bYE0DuIxkHIC&pg=PA136#v=onepage&q&f=false}} * {{Cite book| ref= harv |last1=Canney |first1= Donald L. |title=Lincoln's Navy: The Ships, Men and Organization, 1861–65 |publisher=Naval Institute Press | date = 1998 |location= Annapolis, Maryland|isbn=978-1-55750-519-4|url=http://books.google.com/?id=o_fB_SD5QhIC&printsec=frontcover#v=onepage&q&f=false}} * {{Cite book| ref={{sfnRef|Catton 1960}} | last= Catton | first= Bruce | title=The Civil War | date = 1960 | publisher= American Heritage Distributed by Houghton Mifflin | location=New York|isbn=978-0-8281-0305-3}} * {{Cite book|last1=Chambers|first1= John W.|last2=Anderson|first2=Fred|title=The Oxford Companion to American Military History|url=http://books.google.com/?id=_Rzy_yNMKbcC&printsec=frontcover#v=onepage&q&f=false| date = 1999|publisher= Oxford University Press|location=Oxford, New York |isbn=978-0-19-507198-6}} * {{Cite book| ref= harv |last= Coffman |first= Edward M.|title=The Old Army: A Portrait of the American Army in Peacetime, 1784–1898 |publisher= Oxford University Press | date = 1988|location= Oxford, New York|isbn= 978-0-19-504555-0|url=http://books.google.com/books/about/The_Old_Army.html?id=0uXGuamukc0C}} * {{Cite book| ref= harv | last= Davis | first= William C. | title= Stand in the Day of Battle: The Imperiled Union : 1861–1865 | url= https://archive.org/details/standindayofbatt00davi | date = 1983 | publisher= Doubleday | location= Garden City, New York |isbn= 978-0-385-14895-5 }} * {{Cite book| ref= harv | last= Davis | first= William C. | title= Look Away!: A History of the Confederate States of America | date = 2003 | publisher= Free Press | location= New York |isbn=978-0-7432-3499-3 }} * {{Cite book| ref= harv | last1= Donald | first1= David | last2= Baker | first2= Jean H. | last3= Holt | first3= Michael F. | title= The Civil War and Reconstruction | url= https://archive.org/details/civilwarreconstr0000dona | date = 2001 | publisher= W. W. Norton & Company | location= New York |isbn= 978-0-393-97427-0}} * {{Cite book| ref= harv | last= Eicher | first= David J. | title= The Longest Night: A Military History of the Civil War | url= https://archive.org/details/longestnightmili00eich | date = 2001| publisher= Simon & Schuster | location= New York |isbn=978-0-684-84944-7}} * {{Cite book| ref= harv |last= Fehrenbacher|first= Don E.|title= Slavery, Law, and Politics: The Dred Scott Case in Historical Perspective|publisher=Oxford University Press | date = 1981 |location= Oxford, New York |isbn= 978-0-19-502883-6|url=http://books.google.com/?id=3KYFlabs2hQC&pg=PA208#v=onepage&q&f=false}} * {{Cite book| ref= harv | last1= Fellman| first1= Michael | last2= Gordon | first2= Lesley J. | last3= Sunderland | first3= Daniel E. | title= This Terrible War: The Civil War and its Aftermath | url= https://archive.org/details/thisterriblewarc0000fell_y1x1 | date = 2007 |edition = 2 | publisher= Pearson | location= New York |isbn= 978-0-321-38960-2 }} * {{Cite book |url=http://books.google.com/?id=rQSYk-LWTxcC |title=Politics and Ideology in the Age of the Civil War |first=Eric |last=Foner | date = 1981 | publisher= Oxford University Press | location= Oxford, New York |isbn=978-0-19-502926-0 |accessdate=20 Abril 2012}} * {{Cite book|last1=Foner|first1=Eric|title=The Fiery Trial: Abraham Lincoln and American Slavery|url=http://books.google.com/?id=earytjxi6pEC&printsec=frontcover#v=onepage&q&f=false| date = 2010|publisher= W. W. Norton & Co. |location= New York |isbn=978-0-393-34066-2}} * {{Cite book| ref= harv | last= Foote| first= Shelby | title= [[The Civil War: A Narrative|The Civil War: A Narrative: Volume 1: Fort Sumter to Perryville]] | date = 1974 | publisher= Vintage Books | location= New York |isbn= 978-0-394-74623-4}} * {{Cite book|last1=Frank |first1=Joseph Allan|last2=Reaves |first2=George A.|title=Seeing the Elephant: Raw Recruits at the Battle of Shiloh|url=http://books.google.com/?id=J_GlcVOb374C&pg=PA170#v=onepage&q&f=false| date = 2003|location=Urbana, Illinois|publisher= University of Illinois Press|isbn=978-0-252-07126-3}} * {{Cite book| ref= harv |last=Fuller |first=Howard J. |title=Clad in Iron – The American Civil War and the Challenge of British Naval Power| url= https://archive.org/details/cladiniron0000full |location=Annapolis, Maryland |publisher=Naval Institute Press| date = 2008 |isbn=978-1-59114-297-3}} * {{Cite book|last1=Gallagher |first1=Gary W. |title=The Confederate War|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=QHNEtpvEB30C&pg=PA57| date = 1999|location=Cambridge, Massachusetts|publisher=Harvard University Press|isbn=978-0-674-16056-9}} * Gara, Larry. 1964. ''The Fugitive Slave Law: A Double Paradox'' in Essays on the Civil War and Reconstruction, New York: Holt, Rinehart and Winston, 1970. (originally published in Civil War History, X, No. 3, Sept 1964) * {{Cite book| ref= harv |last= Gibson|first= Arrell M.|title= Oklahoma, a History of Five Centuries|publisher=University of Oklahoma Press | date = 1981 |location= Norman, Oklahoma|isbn=978-0-8061-1758-4 |url= http://books.google.com/?id=HiP-sWiqYL4C&printsec=frontcover#v=onepage&q&f=false}} * {{Cite book|last=Green|first=Fletcher M.|title=Constitutional Development in the South Atlantic States, 1776–1860: A Study in the Evolution of Democracy|url=http://books.google.com/?id=A5c0LKovqJUC&printsec=frontcover#v=onepage&q&f=false| date = 2008|publisher= University of North Carolina Press| location= Chapel Hill, North Carolina|isbn=978-1-58477-928-5}} * {{Cite book|last1=Guelzo|first1= Allen C.|title=Lincoln: A Very Short Introduction|url=http://books.google.com/?id=XcgqWAt1kZUC&printsec=frontcover#v=onepage&q&f=false| date = 2009|publisher= Oxford University Press|location= Oxford, New York |isbn=978-0-19-536780-5}} * {{Cite book| ref= harv | last= Guelzo| first= Allen C.| title= Fateful Lightning: A New History of the Civil War and Reconstruction| url= https://archive.org/details/fatefullightning0000guel | date = 2012 | publisher= Oxford University Press | location= Oxford, New York |isbn= 978-0-19-984328-2}} * {{Cite journal |first=J. David |last= Hacker |date= Disyembre 2011 | title=A Census-Based Count of the Civil War Dead | journal=Civil War History | volume=57 | issue=4 | pages=307–348 | bibcode= | doi=10.1353/cwh.2011.0061 |pmid= 22512048 | url=//muse.jhu.edu/journals/civil_war_history/v057/57.4.hacker.html}} * {{Cite book| ref= harv | last1= Heidler| first1= David S. |first2= Jeanne T. |last2= Heidler |first3= David J. |last3= Coles | title=Encyclopedia of the American Civil War: A Political, Social, and Military History | date = 2002 | publisher= ABC-CLIO | location= Santa Barbara, California |isbn=1-57607-382-3}} * {{Cite book| ref= harv |last= Herring |first= George C. |title=From Colony to Superpower: U.S. Foreign Relations since 1776 |publisher= Oxford University Press| date = 2011 |location= Oxford, New York|isbn= 978-0-19-976553-9 |url= http://books.google.com/?id=fODT-qOVoiIC&printsec=frontcover#v=onepage&q&f=false}} * {{Cite journal| ref= harv |first=Richard |last=Hofstadter |title=The Tariff Issue on the Eve of the Civil War | url= https://archive.org/details/sim_american-historical-review_1938-10_44_1/page/50 |journal=[[American Historical Review]] |volume=44 |issue=1 | date = 1938 |pages=50–55 |jstor=1840850 }} * {{Cite book| ref= harv | last= Holt | first= Michael F. | title= The Fate of Their Country: Politicians, Slavery Extension, and the Coming of the Civil War | url= https://archive.org/details/fateoftheircount0000holt | date = 2005 | publisher= Hill and Wang | location= New York |isbn= 978-0-8090-4439-9}} * {{Cite book|last1= Holzer|first1=Harold|last2=Gabbard |first2=Sara Vaughn |title=Lincoln and Freedom: Slavery, Emancipation, and the Thirteenth Amendment|url=http://books.google.com/?id=xLbkXsn6xHAC&pg=PA174| date = 2007|location=Carbondale, Illinois|publisher=Southern Illinois University Press|isbn=978-0-8093-2764-5}} * {{Cite book| ref= harv |last= Huddleston |first= John |title= Killing Ground: The Civil War and the Changing American Landscape| url= https://archive.org/details/killinggroundpho0000hudd |publisher= Johns Hopkins University Press | date = 2002 |location= Baltimore, Maryland |isbn= 978-0-8018-6773-6}} * {{Cite book| ref= harv | last= Johannsen | first= Robert W. | title= Stephen A. Douglas | url= https://archive.org/details/stephenadouglas0000joha_o4n6 | date = 1973 | publisher= Oxford University Press| location= New York |isbn= 978-0-19-501620-8}} * {{Cite book| ref= harv |last= Johnson|first= Timothy D.|title= Winfield Scott: The Quest for Military Glory| url= https://archive.org/details/winfieldscottque0000john |publisher=University Press of Kansas | date = 1998 |location= Lawrence, Kansas|isbn= 978-0-7006-0914-7}} * {{Cite book|last1=Jones|first1=Howard|title=Abraham Lincoln and a New Birth of Freedom: The Union and Slavery in the Diplomacy of the Civil War|url=http://books.google.com/?id=gVvZb5oeVtwC&printsec=frontcover#v=onepage&q&f=false| date = 1999 |publisher=University of Nebraska Press |location= Lincoln, Nebraska |isbn=978-0-8032-2582-4}} * {{Cite book|last=Jones|first=Howard|title=Crucible of Power: A History of American Foreign Relations to 1913|url=http://books.google.com/?id=TFyLOUrdGFwC&pg=PA225| date = 2002|location=Wilmington, Delaware|publisher=Rowman & Littlefield|isbn=978-0-8420-2916-2}} * {{Cite book| ref= harv | last= Katcher | first= Philip | title= The History of the American Civil War 1861 – 1865 | url= https://archive.org/details/historyofamerica0000katc | date = 2002 | publisher= Hamlyn | location= London |isbn= 978-0-600-60778-6}} * {{Cite book| ref= harv | last= Keegan | first= John | title= The American Civil War: A Military History | url= https://archive.org/details/americancivilwar00keeg | date = 2009 | publisher= Alfred A. Knopf| location= New York|isbn= 978-0-307-26343-8}} * {{Cite book| ref= harv | last= Krannawitter| first= Thomas L. | title= Vindicating Lincoln : defending the politics of our greatest president| url= https://archive.org/details/vindicatinglinco00kran | date = 2008 | publisher= Rowman & Littlefield Publishers | location= Lanham, Maryland |isbn= 0-7425-5972-6}} * {{Cite book|last1=Lipset|first1= Seymour Martin |title=Political Man: The Social Bases of Politics|url=https://archive.org/details/politicalmansoci00inlips| date = 1960|publisher= Doubleday & Company, Inc.|location= Garden City, New York |isbn=}} * {{Cite book| ref= harv | last= McPherson | first= James M. | title= [[Battle Cry of Freedom: The Civil War Era]]| date = 1988 | publisher= Oxford University Press | location= Oxford, New York |isbn= 978-0-19-503863-7}} * {{Cite book| ref= harv | last= McPherson | first= James M. | title= Ordeal By Fire : The Civil War and Reconstruction | url= https://archive.org/details/ordealbyfirecivi00mcph | date = 1992 | publisher= McGraw-Hill | location= New York |isbn= 978-0-07-045842-0|edition= 2}} * {{Cite book|last1=McPherson |first1= James M.|title=For Cause and Comrades: Why Men Fought in the Civil War|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=1qhEHVki8tEC&pg=PA169| date = 1997|publisher=Oxford University Press|location=Oxford, New York|isbn=978-0-19-974105-2}} * {{Cite book| ref= harv | last= McPherson | first= James M. | title= This Mighty Scourge: Perspectives on the Civil War | url= https://archive.org/details/isbn_9780195313666 | date = 2007 | publisher= Oxford University Press| location= Oxford, New York |isbn= 978-0-19-539242-5}} * {{Cite book| ref= harv | last= Miller | first= William L. | title= President Lincoln: The Duty of a Statesman | url= https://archive.org/details/presidentlincoln00mill | date = 2008 | publisher= Alfred A. Knopf | location= New York |isbn= 1-4000-4103-1}} * {{Cite book|last1=Thornton|first1=Mark|last2=Ekelund|first2=Robert Burton|title=Tariffs, Blockades, and Inflation: The Economics of the Civil War| date = 2004|publisher=Rowman & Littlefield|location=|isbn=|ref=harv}} * Murray, Robert Bruce. ''Legal Cases of the Civil War.'' (2003) ISBN 0-8117-0059-3 * {{Cite book|last1= Murray|first1=Williamson|last2= Bernstein |first2=Alvin|last3=Knox |first3=MacGregor |title=The Making of Strategy: Rulers, States, and War|url=http://books.google.com/?id=ld8NPYqqUnMC&pg=PA235| date = 1996|location=Cabmbridge, New York|publisher=Cambridge University Press|isbn=978-0-521-56627-8}} * {{Cite book| ref= harv |last= Neely|first= Mark |title= Confederate Bastille: Jefferson Davis and Civil Liberties|publisher=Marquette University Press | date = 1993 |location= Milwaukee, Wisconsin |isbn= 978-0-87462-325-3|url=http://books.google.com/books/about/Confederate_Bastille.html?id=zPV2AAAAMAAJ}} * {{Cite book| ref= harv |last=Nelson |first=James L. |title=Reign of Iron: The Story of the First Battling Ironclads, the Monitor and the Merrimack |publisher=HarperCollins | date = 2005 |location=New York |isbn=978-0-06-052404-3 |url=http://books.google.com/?id=d8XD-j--EVsC&pg=PA149&lpg=PA149&dq=Delamater+Iron+works+monitor}} * [[Allan Nevins|Nevins, Allan]]. ''[[Ordeal of the Union]]'', an 8-volume set (1947–1971). the most detailed political, economic and military narrative; by Pulitzer Prize winner ** 1. Fruits of Manifest Destiny, 1847–1852; 2. A House Dividing, 1852–1857; 3. Douglas, Buchanan, and Party Chaos, 1857–1859; 4. Prologue to Civil War, 1859–1861; vol. 5–8 have the series title "War for the Union"; 5. The Improvised War, 1861–1862; 6. War Becomes Revolution, 1862–1863; 7. The Organized War, 1863–1864; 8. The Organized War to Victory, 1864–1865 * {{Cite book|last=Olsen|first=Christopher J.|title=Political Culture and Secession in Mississippi: Masculinity, Honor, and the Antiparty Tradition, 1830–1860|url=http://books.google.com/?id=RrBb2ThDuCkC&pg=PA237#v=onepage&q&f=false| date = 2002|publisher=Oxford University Press|location=Oxford, New York|isbn=978-0-19-516097-0}} * {{Cite book|last1=Perman|first1=Michael |last2=Taylor|first2=Amy M.|title=Major Problems in the Civil War and Reconstruction: Documents and Essays|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=5rPbZT_hrncC&pg=PA177#v=onepage&q&f=false|edition=3| date = 2010|publisher=Wadsworth, Cengage Learning |location= Boston, Massachusetts |isbn=978-0-618-87520-7}} * {{Cite journal| ref= harv |first=David M. |last=Potter |title=The Historian's Use of Nationalism and Vice Versa | url= https://archive.org/details/sim_american-historical-review_1962-07_67_4/page/924 |journal=[[American Historical Review]] |volume=67 |issue=4 | date = 1962 |pages=924–950 |jstor=1845246 }} * {{Cite book| ref= harv |first1=David M. |last1=Potter |first2=Don E. |last2=Fehrenbacher |title=The Impending Crisis, 1848–1861 | url= https://archive.org/details/impendingcrisis00pott |publisher=Harper & Row |location= New York | date = 1976 |isbn=978-0-06-013403-7}} * {{Cite book| ref= harv |last=Quarstein |first=John V. |title=The Battle of the Ironclads | url= https://archive.org/details/battleofironclad0000quar |publisher=Arcadia Publishing | date = 1999 |isbn= 978-0-7385-0113-0}} * {{Cite book| ref= harv | last= Rhodes | first= John Ford | title= History of the Civil War, 1861–1865 | date = 1917 | publisher= The Macmillan Company | location= New York |isbn= |url=http://books.google.com/?id=nY4sAAAAMAAJ&printsec=frontcover#v=onepage&q&f=false}} * {{Cite book| ref= harv | last= Richards| first= Leonard L. | title= The Slave Power: The Free North and Southern Domination, 1780–1860 | date = 2000 | publisher= Louisiana State University Press | location= Baton Rouge, Louisiana |isbn= 978-0-8071-2600-4|url= http://books.google.com/?id=rxKvJAGX4o0C&printsec=frontcover#v=onepage&q&f=false}} * {{Cite book|first=William L.|last=Richter|title=The A to Z of the Civil War and Reconstruction|url=http://books.google.com/?id=obFt-MmS6ygC&pg=PA49| date = 2009|publisher=Scarecrow Press|location=Lanham|isbn=978-0-8108-6336-1}} * {{Cite journal| ref= harv |last=Russell |first=Robert R. | date = 1966 |title=Constitutional Doctrines with Regard to Slavery in Territories | url= https://archive.org/details/sim_journal-of-southern-history_1966-11_32_4/page/466 |journal=[[Journal of Southern History]] |volume=32 |issue=4 |pages=466–486 |doi=10.2307/2204926 |jstor=2204926 }} * {{Cite book | title=Alexander H. Stephens of Georgia: A Biography | publisher=Louisiana State University Press |last1=Schott|first1= Thomas E. | date = 1996 | location=Baton Rouge, Louisiana | isbn=978-0-8071-2106-1}} * {{Cite book| ref= harv |last= Schouler|first= William|title= The Civil War (History of the United States of America Under the Constitution, Volume VI 1861–1865) |publisher= Dodd, Mead & Company | date = 1899 |location= |asin= B00088INOY|url=http://books.google.com/?id=eNA4TeIfMFwC&printsec=frontcover&vq=naval#v=onepage&q=naval&f=false}} * {{Cite book| ref= harv | last= Stampp | first= Kenneth M. | title= America in 1857: A Nation on the Brink | url= https://archive.org/details/americain185700kenn | date = 1990 | publisher= Oxford University Press| location= Oxford, New York |isbn= 0-19-503902-5}} * {{Cite book|last1=Symonds|first1=Craig L.|last2=Clipson|first2=William J.|title=The Naval Institute Historical Atlas of the U.S. Navy|url=http://books.google.com/?id=q_HIcc8n3K4C&printsec=frontcover#v=onepage&q&f=false| date = 2001|publisher=Naval Institute Press|isbn=978-1-55750-984-0}} * {{Cite book| ref= harv |last1=Tucker |first1=Spencer C.|last2=Pierpaoli |first2= Paul G.|last3=White |first3=William E.|title= The Civil War Naval Encyclopedia|publisher= ABC-CLIO| date = 2011|location=Santa Barbara, California |isbn=978-1-59884-338-5|url=http://books.google.com/?id=q4mwAtj2r3UC&pg=PA462#v=onepage&q&f=false}} * {{Cite book| ref= harv | last= Varon | first= Elizabeth R. | title= Disunion!: The Coming of the American Civil War, 1789–1859 | url= https://archive.org/details/disunioncomingof0000varo | date = 2008 | publisher= University of North Carolina Press| location= Chapel Hill, North Carolina |isbn= 978-0-8078-3232-5}} * {{Cite book| ref= harv |last= Vinovskis|first= Maris|title= Toward a Social History of the American Civil War: Exploratory Essays|publisher= Cambridge University Press| date = 1990|location= Cambridge, England|isbn= 978-0-521-39559-5|url=http://books.google.com/?id=9D4TAwc93VoC&printsec=frontcover#v=onepage&q&f=false}} * {{Cite book| ref= harv | last= Ward | first= Geoffrey R. | title= The Civil War: An Illustrated History| url= https://archive.org/details/civilwarillustra0000ward | date = 1990 | publisher= Alfred A. Knopf | location= New York |isbn= 978-0-394-56285-8}} * {{Cite book|last=Weeks|first=William E.|title=The New Cambridge History of American Foreign Relations|url=http://books.google.com/?id=y2zFFnaqgpsC&printsec=frontcover#v=onepage&q&f=false| date = 2013|publisher= Cambridge University Press|location=Cambridge, New York|isbn=978-1-107-00590-7}} * {{Cite book| ref= harv | last= Weigley| first= Frank Russell | title= A Great Civil War: A Military and Political History, 1861–1865 | date = 2004 | publisher= Indiana University Press | location= Bloomington, Indiana |isbn=0-253-33738-0|url=http://www.questia.com/read/14877569?title=The%20American%20Civil%20War%3a%20A%20Handbook%20of%20Literature%20and%20Research}} * {{Cite book| ref= harv |last1= Welles |first1=Gideon |title= Secretary of the Navy's Report|publisher= American Seamen's Friend Society| date = 1865 |volume=37–38 |url=http://books.google.com/?id=u4gfAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA152#v=onepage&q&f=false}} * {{Cite book|last1=Winters|first1=John D.|title= The Civil War in Louisiana|url=http://books.google.com/?id=PjicJWUQhPYC&pg=PR3&lpg=PR3&dq=the+civil+war+in+louisiana+john+d+winters+1963#v=onepage&q=the%20civil%20war%20in%20louisiana%20john%20d%20winters%201963&f=false| date = 1963|publisher=[[Louisiana State University Press]] |location= Baton Rouge, Louisiana |isbn=978-0-8071-0834-5}} * {{Cite book| ref= harv | last1= Woodworth|first= Steven E.| title= American Civil War: A Handbook of Literature and Research | date = 1996 | publisher= Greenwood Press | location= Wesport, Connecticut |isbn= 978-0-313-29019-0}} {{refend}} ==Dugang nga barasahon== * Gugliotta, Guy. [http://www.nytimes.com/2012/04/03/science/civil-war-toll-up-by-20-percent-in-new-estimate.html?ref=science&pagewanted=all New Estimate Raises Civil War Death Toll], [[The New York Times]], 3 Abril 2012, pg. D1 (of the New York edition), and 2 Abril 2012 on NYTimes.com. Retrieved 3 Abril 2012 online. * [[Bibliography of early American naval history#American Civil War|Bibliography of American Civil War naval history]] ==Mga sumpay ha gawas== {{Wikiquote}} {{Commons}} * {{dmoz|Society/History/By_Region/North_America/United_States/Wars/Civil_War/|American Civil War}} * [http://www.archives.gov/research/civil-war/photos/index.html Civil War photos] at the [[National Archives and Records Administration|National Archives]] * [http://www.loc.gov/pictures/search?st=grid&c=100&co=cwp View images] from the [http://www.loc.gov/pictures/collection/cwp/ Civil War Photographs Collection] at the Library of Congress * [http://www.civilwar.org/ Civil War Trust] * [http://www.gettysburg.edu/library/gettdigital/civil_war/civilwar.htm Civil War Era Digital Collection at Gettysburg College] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090811064152/http://www.gettysburg.edu/library/gettdigital/civil_war/civilwar.htm |date= 11 Agosto 2009 }} This collection contains digital images of political cartoons, personal papers, pamphlets, maps, paintings and photographs from the Civil War Era held in Special Collections at Gettysburg College. * [http://www.washingtonpost.com/lifestyle/civil-war Civil War 150] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120704064241/http://www.washingtonpost.com/lifestyle/civil-war |date= 4 Hulyo 2012 }} Washington Post interactive website on 150th Anniversary of the American Civil War. * [http://www.american-south.org/ Civil War in the American South] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210313231903/https://www.american-south.org/ |date= 13 Marso 2021 }} – An Association of Southeastern Research Libraries (ASERL) portal with links to almost 9,000 digitized Civil War-era items—books, pamphlets, broadsides, letters, maps, personal papers, and manuscripts—held at ASERL member libraries * [http://www.sonofthesouth.net/ The Civil War] – site with 7,000 pages, including the complete run of Harper's Weekly newspapers from the Civil War * {{Internet Archive short film|id=gov.archives.arc.54756|name=A HOUSE DIVIDED (1960)}} * [https://youtube.com/results?search_query=U.S.+Civil+War+reenactments&oq=U.S.+Civil+War+reenactments&aq=f&aqi=&aql=&gs_l=youtube.12...0.0.0.855.0.0.0.0.0.0.0.0..0.0...0.0.U.S. Civil War Living History Reenactments (videos)] * [http://www.loc.gov/item/map66001088 West Point Atlas of Civil War Battles] timp7h9xl8vnxholtrn0adsqzxoers9 0 17530 7782407 7647549 2026-04-07T07:52:34Z InternetArchiveBot 41587 Add 1 book for verifiability (20260407)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 7782407 wikitext text/x-wiki [[File:Maquina vapor Watt ETSIIM.jpg|thumb]] An '''Rebolusyon Industiyal''' amo an panahon ha urhi ika 18 siglo ngadto ha unhan ika 19 siglo nga dagko nga pagbag-o an nanhitabo ha [[pag-uma]], [[paghimo hin produkto]], pagmina, ngan mga sarakyan nga dako an epekto ha socioekonomiya ngan kultura nga kabutangan ha Britanya. An mga pagbag-o nagkalat didto ha [[Europa]], [[Amihanan nga Amerika]], ngan ha uruurhi, ha kabug-usan han kalibutan. ==Mga reperensya== ===Bibliograpiya=== *{{Cite journal |last=Ashton |first=Thomas S. |authorlink=T. S. Ashton |title=The Industrial Revolution (1760–1830) |publisher=Oxford University Press |year=1948 |url=http://www.questia.com/PM.qst?a=o&d=77198082 |access-date=2015-01-22 |archive-date=2010-02-10 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100210135307/http://www.questia.com/PM.qst?a=o |url-status= }} *{{Cite book |editor-last=Berlanstein |editor-first=Lenard R. |title=The Industrial Revolution and work in nineteenth-century Europe |publisher=Routledge |publication-place=London and New York |year=1992 |url=http://www.questia.com/PM.qst?a=o&d=107622068 |postscript= }} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090606062924/http://www.questia.com/PM.qst?a=o&d=107622068 |date=2009-06-06 }} *{{Cite journal |first=J. H. |last=Clapham |title=An Economic History of Modern Britain: The Early Railway Age, 1820–1850 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |year=1926 |url=http://www.questia.com/PM.qst?a=o&d=83597738 |postscript= |access-date=2015-01-22 |archive-date=2010-02-10 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100210135307/http://www.questia.com/PM.qst?a=o |url-status= }} * Clapham, J. H. ''The Economic Development of France and Germany 1815–1914'' (1936) *{{Cite book |last=Clark|first=Gregory |title=A Farewell to Alms: A Brief Economic History of the World |url=https://archive.org/details/farewelltoalmsbr00clar|publisher=Princeton University Press |year=2007 |isbn=0-691-12135-4 |postscript= }} *{{Cite journal |first=M. J. |last=Daunton |title=Progress and Poverty: An Economic and Social History of Britain, 1700–1850 |publisher=Oxford University Press |year=1995 |url=http://www.questia.com/PM.qst?a=o&d=100599398 |postscript= |access-date=2015-01-22 |archive-date=2010-02-10 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100210135307/http://www.questia.com/PM.qst?a=o |url-status= }} *{{Cite journal |last=Dunham |first=Arthur Louis |title=The Industrial Revolution in France, 1815–1848 |publisher=Exposition Press |publication-place=New York |year=1955 |url=http://www.questia.com/PM.qst?a=o&d=14880719 |postscript= |access-date=2015-01-22 |archive-date=2010-02-10 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100210135307/http://www.questia.com/PM.qst?a=o |url-status= }} *{{cite journal |doi=10.1111/j.1468-0289.2004.00295_21.x |title=Farm to factory: a reinterpretation of the Soviet industrial revolution |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_economic-history-review_2004-11_57_4/page/794 |year=2004 |author=Gatrell, Peter |journal=The Economic History Review |volume=57 |page=794 |issue=4 }} *{{cite book |last=Griffin |first=Emma |title=Short History of the British Industrial Revolution |url=https://archive.org/details/shorthistoryofbr0000grif |year=2010 |publisher=Palgrave }} * Haber, Ludwig. ''The Chemical Industry During the Nineteenth Century: A Study of the Economic Aspect of Applied Chemistry in Europe and North America'' (1958); ''The Chemical Industry: 1900–1930: International Growth and Technological Change'' (1971) *{{Cite journal |first=Margaret C.|last=Jacob |title=Scientific Culture and the Making of the Industrial West |url=https://archive.org/details/scientificcultur0000jaco|publisher=Oxford University Press |publication-place=Oxford, UK |year=1997 |postscript= }} * {{cite book |last=Kindleberger |first=Charles Poor |title=A Financial History of Western Europe |url=http://books.google.com/?id=PFgIE7_eYwwC |publisher=Oxford University Press US |year=1993 |isbn=0-19-507738-5 | ref=harv}} *{{Cite journal |first=Herbert |last=Kisch |title=From Domestic Manufacture to Industrial Revolution The Case of the Rhineland Textile Districts |publisher=Oxford University Press |year=1989 |url=http://www.questia.com/PM.qst?a=o&d=78932320 |postscript= |access-date=2015-01-22 |archive-date=2010-02-10 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100210135307/http://www.questia.com/PM.qst?a=o |url-status= }} * Kornblith, Gary. ''The Industrial Revolution in America'' (1997) *{{cite book |title=The Unbound Prometheus: Technological Change and Industrial Development in Western Europe from 1750 to the Present |last=Landes |first= David S. |authorlink= David Landes |year= 1969 |publisher =Press Syndicate of the University of Cambridge |location= Cambridge, New York |isbn= 0-521-09418-6 |pages= | postscript = <!--None--> | ref=harv}} * McNeil, Ian, ed. ''An Encyclopedia of the History of Technology'' (1996), 1063pp [http://www.amazon.com/Encyclopedia-Technology-Routledge-Companion-Encyclopedias/dp/0415147921/ excerpt and text search] *{{Cite journal |first=Angus|last=Maddison |authorlink=Angus Maddison |title=The World Economy: Historical Statistics |publisher=Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD) |publication-place=Paris |year=2003 |postscript= }} *{{cite web |first=Paul |last=Mantoux |authorlink=Paul Mantoux |title=The Industrial Revolution in the Eighteenth Century |origyear=1928 |year=1961 |edition=First English translation 1928 |url=http://www.questia.com/PM.qst?a=o&d=22792856 |postscript= |access-date=2015-01-22 |archive-date=2009-04-14 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090414155421/http://www.questia.com/PM.qst?a=o&d=22792856 |url-status= }} *{{Cite journal |first=Constance |last=McLaughlin Green |title=''Holyoke, Massachusetts: A Case History of the Industrial Revolution in America |publisher=Yale University Press |publication-place=New Haven, CT |year=1939 |url=http://www.questia.com/PM.qst?a=o&d=8893044 |postscript= |access-date=2015-01-22 |archive-date=2010-02-10 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100210135307/http://www.questia.com/PM.qst?a=o |url-status= }} * Milward, Alan S. and S. B. Saul. ''The Development of the Economies of Continental Europe: 1850-1914'' (1977) * Milward, Alan S. and S. B. Saul. ''The Economic Development of Continental Europe 1780-1870'' (1973) *{{cite web |last=Mokyr |first=Joel |authorlink=Joel Mokyr |title=The British Industrial Revolution: An Economic Perspective |year=1999 |url=http://www.questia.com/PM.qst?a=o&d=98674232 |postscript= |access-date=2015-01-22 |archive-date=2009-05-26 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090526200327/http://www.questia.com/PM.qst?a=o&d=98674232 |url-status= }} *{{Cite journal |last=More |first=Charles |title=Understanding the Industrial Revolution |publisher=Routledge |publication-place=London |year=2000 |url=http://www.questia.com/PM.qst?a=o&d=102816164 |postscript= |access-date=2015-01-22 |archive-date=2011-08-14 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110814041034/http://www.questia.com/PM.qst?a=o&d=102816164 |url-status= }} * Olson, James S. ''Encyclopedia of the Industrial Revolution in America'' (2001) *{{Cite journal |first=Sidney |last=Pollard |title=Peaceful Conquest: The Industrialization of Europe, 1760–1970 |publisher=Oxford University Press |year=1981 |url=http://www.questia.com/PM.qst?a=o&d=23488627 |postscript= |access-date=2015-01-22 |archive-date=2010-04-13 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100413094623/http://www.questia.com/PM.qst?a=o&d=23488627 |url-status= }} * Rider, Christine, ed. ''Encyclopedia of the Age of the Industrial Revolution, 1700–1920'' (2 vol. 2007) *{{Roe1916}} *{{Cite journal |authorlink=Neil Smelser |last=Smelser|first=Neil J. |title=Social Change in the Industrial Revolution: An Application of Theory to the British Cotton Industry |publisher=University of Chicago Press |year=1959 |url=http://www.questia.com/PM.qst?a=o&d=55370383 |postscript= }} * Staley, David J. ed. ''Encyclopedia of the History of Invention and Technology'' (3 vol 2011), 2000pp *{{Cite journal |last=Stearns |first=Peter N. |title=The Industrial Revolution in World History |publisher=Westview Press |year=1998 |url=http://www.questia.com/PM.qst?a=o&d=6967400 |postscript= |access-date=2015-01-22 |archive-date=2010-04-13 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100413094115/http://www.questia.com/PM.qst?a=o&d=6967400 |url-status= }} *{{Cite journal |first=Vaclav |last=Smil |title=Energy in World History |publisher=Westview Press |year=1994 |url=http://www.questia.com/PM.qst?a=o&d=94468450 |postscript= |access-date=2015-01-22 |archive-date=2007-07-18 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070718112416/http://www.questia.com/PM.qst?a=o&d=94468450 |url-status= }} *{{Cite journal |last=Snooks|first=G.D. |title=Was the Industrial Revolution Necessary? |publication-place=London |publisher=Routledge |year=2000 |postscript= }} *{{Cite journal |last=Szostak |first=Rick |title=The Role of Transportation in the Industrial Revolution: A Comparison of England and France |publisher=McGill-Queen's University Press |publication-place=Montreal |year=1991 |url=http://www.questia.com/PM.qst?a=o&d=101607770 |postscript= |access-date=2015-01-22 |archive-date=2007-07-18 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070718105023/http://www.questia.com/PM.qst?a=o&d=101607770 |url-status= }} * {{cite book |last=Timbs |first=John |title=Stories of Inventors and Discoverers in Science and the Useful Arts: A Book for Old and Young |url=https://archive.org/details/storiesinventor00timbgoog |year=1860 |publisher=Harper & Brothers | ref = harv}} *{{Cite book |last=Toynbee |first=Arnold |authorlink=Arnold Toynbee |title=Lectures on the Industrial Revolution of the Eighteenth Century in England |url=http://socserv2.socsci.mcmaster.ca/~econ/ugcm/3ll3/toynbee/indrev |year=1884 |isbn=1-4191-2952-X |postscript= }} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160303182004/http://socserv2.socsci.mcmaster.ca/~econ/ugcm/3ll3/toynbee/indrev |date=2016-03-03 }} *{{Cite journal |last=Uglow|first=Jenny |authorlink=Jenny Uglow |title=The Lunar Men: The Friends who made the Future 1730–1810 |url=https://archive.org/details/lunarmenfriendsw0000uglo|publisher=Faber and Faber |publication-place=London |year=2002 |postscript= }} *{{Cite journal |last=Usher|first=Abbott Payson |title=An Introduction to the Industrial History of England |year=1920 |publisher=University of Michigan Press |url=http://books.google.com/?id=WiQEAAAAMAAJ&pg=RA1- |postscript= }} ===Historiography=== * Chambliss, William J. (editor), ''Problems of Industrial Society'', Reading, Massachusetts: Addison-Wesley Publishing Co, December 1973. ISBN 978-0-201-00958-3 *Hawke, Gary. "Reinterpretations of the Industrial Revolution" in Patrick O'Brien and Roland Quinault, eds. ''The Industrial Revolution and British Society'' (1993) pp 54–78 *{{cite journal |title=Review of The Cambridge Economic History of Britain (edited by Roderick Floud and Paul Johnson) |year=2004 |url=http://deirdremccloskey.org/articles/floud.php |author=McCloskey, Deirdre |journal=Times Higher Education Supplement |volume=15 (January) }} ===Pinanbasaran=== {{Reflist}} ==Mga sumpay ha gawas== {{Commons category|Industrial revolution}} {{wikiquote}} {{Wikiversity|at-link=How_things_work_college_course/Industrial_Revolution_quiz|at=the Industrial Revolution (Quiz)}} *{{dmoz|Society/History/By_Time_Period/Eighteenth_Century/Industrial_Revolution/}} *[http://www.fordham.edu/halsall/mod/modsbook14.html Internet Modern History Sourcebook: Industrial Revolution] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090831051624/http://www.fordham.edu/halsall/mod/modsbook14.html |date=2009-08-31 }} *[http://www.bbc.co.uk/history/scottishhistory/enlightenment/features_enlightenment_industry.shtml BBC History Home Page: Industrial Revolution] *[http://www.makingthemodernworld.org.uk/ National Museum of Science and Industry website: machines and personalities] *[http://www.galbithink.org/fw.htm Factory Workers in the Industrial Revolution] *[http://www.revolutionaryplayers.org.uk/home.stm Revolutionary Players website] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060308154827/http://www.revolutionaryplayers.org.uk/home.stm |date=2006-03-08 }} *[http://www.history.com/topics/industrial-revolution The Industrial Revolution]—Articles, Video, Pictures, and Facts *[http://www.econlib.org/library/Enc/IndustrialRevolutionandtheStandardofLiving.html ''Industrial Revolution and the Standard of Living''] by Clark Nardinelli – the debate over whether standards of living rose or fell. *[http://www.dingdongcounthouse.org.uk The History of the Count House of Ding Dong Mine, Cornwall where Richard Trevithick carried out his first experiments with high pressure steam] *[http://www.dspace.cam.ac.uk/handle/1810/270 "The Day the World Took Off" Six part video series from the University of Cambridge tracing the question "Why did the Industrial Revolution begin when and where it did."] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130118112031/http://www.dspace.cam.ac.uk/handle/1810/270 |date=2013-01-18 }} 2mb4x7r81ylfkzgjrx8qi1jdi4xllbw 0 17543 7782357 6275793 2026-04-07T06:59:14Z InternetArchiveBot 41587 Add 1 book for verifiability (20260407)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 7782357 wikitext text/x-wiki An '''diktadoryá'''<ref>Abuyen, Tomas A. '''Diksyunaryo Waray-Waray [Visaya] English-Tagalog'''. Kalayaan Press Mktg. Ent., Inc. Quezon City. Tuig 2000. ISBN 971-08-6050-X. Pakli Ihap 76.</ref> amo an usa ka porma awtokratiko han gobyerno kun diin an gobyerno pinamumunuan han usa ka tawo, an diktador, nga waray pamana han puwesto. ==Pinanbasaran== {{reflist}} == Padugang nga barasahon == *{{cite book |last=Friedrich |first=Carl J. |author2=Brzezinski, Zbigniew K. |authorlink2=Zbigniew K. Brzezinski |title=Totalitarian Dictatorship and Autocracy |url=https://archive.org/details/totalitariandict0000frie |publisher=Praeger |edition=2nd ed. |year=1965}} *{{cite book |last1=Bueno de Mesquita|first1=Bruce|first2=Alastair|last2=Smith|first3=Randolph M.|last3=Siverson|first4=James D.|last4=Morrow |title=The Logic of Political Survival |url=https://archive.org/details/interrogationmac0000monr|year=2003 |publisher=[[The MIT Press]] |isbn=0-262-63315-9}} 1q55wgtkwp5uo3vaxyqchj6li9w4m1o 0 17546 7782415 7760809 2026-04-07T07:59:11Z InternetArchiveBot 41587 Add 1 book for verifiability (20260407)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 7782415 wikitext text/x-wiki An '''Globalisasyon''' amo an pamaagi kun diin an katawhan han kalibutan gintatampo pakadto ha usa ka sosyodad ngan magbuhat hin durungan palibot han kalibutan. Nalibot ini nga konsepto ha ekonomiya, pannegosyohan, teknolohiya, politika, ngan kultura. nga mahusay hi bingka ==Pinanbasaran== {{Mga kasarigan}} ==Padugang nga barasahon== {{refbegin|33em}} * {{Cite book | last = Acocella | first =Nicola|authorlink=Nicola Acocella | title= Economic policy in the age of globalisation| publisher=[[Cambridge University Press]] | date = 2005 |location =| url = http://books.google.com/?id=vbfoISnmoTMC | isbn = 0-521-54038-0}} * {{Cite book | last = Barbara | first = Christopher | title = International legal personality: Panacea or pandemonium? Theorizing about the individual and the state in the era of globalization| publisher=[[Verlag Dr. Müller]] | date = 2008 |location =Saarbrücken| url = http://www.amazon.com/International-legal-personality-pandemonium-globalization/dp/3639115147/ | isbn = 3-639-11514-7}} * {{Cite book | last = von Braun | first = Joachim |author2=Eugenio Diaz-Bonilla | title = Globalization of Food and Agriculture and the Poor| publisher=Oxford University Press | date = 2007 |location = Oxford| url = http://www.ifpri.org/PUBS/otherpubs/globalpoor.asp | isbn = 978-0-19-569528-1}} * Carpenter, John. "Puritan Missions as Globalization," ''[[Fides et Historia]]''. 31:2, 1999 pp.&nbsp;103–123. * {{Cite book | last= Chanda | first = Nayan | authorlink = Nayan Chanda | title=Bound Together: How Traders, Preachers, Warriors and Adventurers Shaped Globalization | url= https://archive.org/details/boundtogetherhow00chan | publisher=Yale University Press, New Haven | date = 2007 | isbn=978-0-300-11201-6}} * {{Cite book | title=[[Profit over People|Profit Over People: Neoliberalism and Global Order]] | publisher=Seven Stories Press | author=[[Noam Chomsky|Chomsky, Noam]] and [[Robert W. McChesney]] | date = 2011 | isbn=978-1888363821}} * {{Cite book | last = Fernando | first = Salvetti (ed.) | title = "Glocal" Working. Living and Working across the World with Cultural Intelligence | publisher = Franco Angeli | date = 2010 | location = Milan | url = http://www.cultural-intelligence.info | isbn = 978-88-568-2733-0 }} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180420161433/http://cultural-intelligence.info/ |date= 20 Abril 2018 }} * {{Cite book | last = Glyn | first = Andrew | authorlink = Andrew Glyn | title = Capitalism Unleashed: Finance, Globalization, and Welfare | date = 2006 | publisher = Oxford University Press | location = Oxford | url = http://www.oup.com/us/catalog/general/subject/Economics/International/?view=usa&ci=9780199226795 | isbn = 0-19-922679-2 }} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101226155428/http://www.oup.com/us/catalog/general/subject/Economics/International/?view=usa&ci=9780199226795 |date= 26 Disyembre 2010 }} * {{Cite book | last= James | first= Paul |authorlink= Paul James (academic) | title= Globalism, Nationalism, Tribalism: Bringing Theory Back In |url= http://www.academia.edu/1642214/Globalism_Nationalism_Tribalism_Bringing_Theory_Back_In_author_Sage_Publications_London_2006 | date = 2006 | publisher= Sage Publications | location= London }} * {{Cite book | date = 2007 | last1= James | first1= Paul | authorlink= Paul James (academic) | last2= Gills | first2= Barry | title= Globalization and Economy, Vol. 1: Global Markets and Capitalism | url= http://www.academia.edu/4199690/Globalization_and_Economy_Vol._1_Global_Markets_and_Capitalism_editor_with_Barry_Gills_Sage_Publications_London_2007 | publisher= Sage Publications | location= London}} * {{Cite book | date = 2014 | last1= James | first1= Paul | authorlink= Paul James (academic) | last2= Mittelman | first2= James H. | title= Globalization and Politics, Vol. 3: Political Critiques and Social Theories of the Global | url= http://www.academia.edu/7346173/Globalization_and_Politics_Vol._3_Political_Critiques_and_Social_Theories_of_the_Global | publisher= Sage Publications | location= London}} * {{Cite journal | date = 2014 | last1= James| first1= Paul | authorlink1= Paul James (academic) | title= ‘Faces of Globalization and the Borders of States: From Asylum Seekers to Citizens’ | url= http://www.academia.edu/7773440/Faces_of_Globalization_and_the_Borders_of_States_From_Asylum_Seekers_to_Citizens | journal= Citizenship Studies | volume= 18 | issue= 2 | pages= 208–23. | doi=10.1080/13621025.2014.886440}} * Jones, Andrew (2010) ''Globalization. Key Thinkers.'' Cambridge: Polity Press, John Wiley & Sons. ISBN 0745643221 * {{Cite book | last = Kitching | first = Gavin | authorlink = Gavin Kitching | title = Seeking Social Justice through Globalization. Escaping a Nationalist Perspective | publisher = Penn State Press | date = 2001 | url = http://www.gavinkitching.com/africa_3.htm | isbn = 0-271-02162-4 }} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071128130328/http://www.gavinkitching.com/africa_3.htm |date= 28 Nobyembre 2007 }} * {{Cite book | title=[[The Shock Doctrine: The Rise of Disaster Capitalism]] | publisher=Picador | author=Klein, Naomi | authorlink = Naomi Klein| date = 2008 | isbn=978-0312427993}} * {{Cite book | editor-last = Kohler | editor-first = Gernot | editor2 = Emilio José Chaves| title = Globalization: Critical Perspectives | date = 2003 | publisher=Hauppauge, New York: Nova Science Publishers |isbn = 1-59033-346-2|url = http://www.novapublishers.com/}} With contributions by [[Samir Amin]], [[Christopher Chase-Dunn]], [[Andre Gunder Frank]], [[Immanuel Wallerstein]] * {{Cite book | last = Lewis |first = Jeff | title = ''Crisis in the Global Mediaspheres'' | url = https://archive.org/details/crisisinglobalme0000lewi | date = 2011 | publisher=Palgrave, London:}} * {{Cite book | last = [[Jerry Mander|Mander, Jerry]] |author2=[[Edward Goldsmith]] | title = The case against the global economy: and for a turn toward the local | publisher=[[Sierra Club Books]] | date = 1996 | location = San Francisco | url =https://archive.org/details/caseagainstgloba00mand| isbn = 0-87156-865-9 }} * {{Cite book | last = Moore | first = Karl | authorlink = Karl Moore (academic) |author2=David Charles Lewis | title = Origins of Globalization | publisher=Routledge | date = 2009 | location = New York | url = http://www.routledge.com/books/details/9780415805988/ |isbn=978-0-415-80598-8}} * {{Cite book | last = Murray | first = Warwick E. | title = Geographies of Globalization | url = https://archive.org/details/geographiesofglo0000murr | publisher=Routledge | date = 2006 | location = New York | isbn = 0-415-31799-1 }} * {{Cite encyclopedia |last= Norberg |first= Johan |authorlink= Johan Norberg |editor-first=Ronald |editor-last=Hamowy |editor-link=Ronald Hamowy |encyclopedia=The Encyclopedia of Libertarianism |title= Globalization |url= http://books.google.com/books?id=yxNgXs3TkJYC |accessdate= |edition= | date = 2008 |publisher= [[SAGE Publications|SAGE]]; [[Cato Institute]] |location= Thousand Oaks, California |id= |isbn= 978-1-4129-6580-4 |oclc=750831024| lccn = 2008009151 |pages=207–8 |quote= |ref= }} * {{Cite book | last = Neumann | first = Iver B. | author2 = Ole Jacob Sending | title = Governing the Global Polity: Practice, Mentality, Rationality | publisher = University of Michigan Press | date = 2010 | location = Ann Arbor | url = http://www.press.umich.edu/titleDetailDesc.do?id=371804 | isbn = 978-0-472-07093-0 }} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120914035757/http://www.press.umich.edu/titleDetailDesc.do?id=371804 |date=2012-09-14 }} * {{Cite book | last = Osterhammel | first = Jürgen | authorlink = Jürgen Osterhammel |author2=Niels P. Petersson | title = Globalization: A Short History | publisher=Princeton University Press | date = 2005 | location = Princeton, New Jersey | url = http://www.amazon.com/Globalization-Short-History-Jurgen-Osterhammel/dp/0691121656/ | isbn = 0-691-12165-6 }} * Panitch, Leo and Sam Gindin (2012). ''The Making of Global Capitalism: the Political Economy of American Empire''. London: Verso. ISBN 978-1-84467-742-9 * {{Cite book | last = Pfister | first = Ulrich | authorlink = | title = Globalization | date = 2012 | publisher=[[Institute of European History]], | location = Mainz | url= http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:0159-2012060507 | isbn = }} * {{Cite book |author=Reinsdorf, Marshall and Matthew J. Slaughter |title=International Trade in Services and Intangibles in the Era of Globalization | date = 2009 |isbn=978-0-226-70959-8 |publisher=The University of Chicago Press |location=Chicago}} * {{Cite journal | url=http://www.scientificpapers.org/economics/globalization-measurement-notes-on-common-globalization-indexes/ | title=Globalization Measurement: Notes on Common Globalization Indexes | author=Samimi, Parisa, Guan Choo Lim and Abdul Aziz Buang | journal=Knowledge Management, Economics and Information Technology | date=Disyembre 2011 | volume=1 | issue=7 | access-date=2015-01-22 | archive-date=2023-04-25 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230425135855/http://www.scientificpapers.org/economics/globalization-measurement-notes-on-common-globalization-indexes/ | url-status= }} * {{Cite book | last = Sassen | first = Saskia | authorlink = Saskia Sassen | title = Expulsions: Brutality and Complexity in the Global Economy | publisher= [[Harvard University Press]]| date = 2014 |url = http://www.hup.harvard.edu/catalog.php?isbn=9780674599222 | isbn = 0674599225 }} * {{Cite book | last = Sen | first = Amartya | authorlink = Amartya Sen | title = [[Development as Freedom]] | publisher=Oxford University Press | date = 1999 | location = Oxford, New York | url = | isbn = 0375406190 }} * {{Cite book | last = Sirkin | first = Harold L | author2 = James W. Hemerling | author3 = Arindam K. Bhattacharya | title = Globality: Competing with Everyone from Everywhere for Everything | publisher = Business Plus | date = 2008 | location = New York | page = 292 | url = http://www.bcg.com/globality | isbn = 0-446-17829-2 }} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080923010617/http://www.bcg.com/globality |date= 23 Septyembre 2008 }} * {{Cite book | last = Smith | first = Charles | authorlink = Charles Emrys Smith | title = International Trade and Globalisation, 3rd edition | publisher=Anforme | date = 2007 | location = Stocksfield | url =https://archive.org/details/internationaltra0000smit_k3f7| isbn = 1-905504-10-1 }} * {{Cite journal | date = 2013 | last1= Steger | first1= Manfred B. | last2= James | first2= Paul | authorlink2= Paul James (academic) | title= ‘Levels of Subjective Globalization: Ideologies, Imaginaries, Ontologies’ | url= http://www.academia.edu/4311113/Levels_of_Subjective_Globalization_Ideologies_Imaginaries_Ontologies | journal= Perspectives on Global Development and Technology | volume= 12 | issue= 1–2.}} * {{Cite book | last = Stiglitz | first = Joseph E. | authorlink = Joseph E. Stiglitz | title = [[Globalization and Its Discontents]] | publisher=W.W. Norton | date = 2002 | location = New York | url = | isbn = 0-393-32439-7 }} * {{Cite book | last = Stiglitz | first = Joseph E. | authorlink = Joseph E. Stiglitz | title = [[Making Globalization Work]] | publisher=W.W. Norton | date = 2006 | location = New York | url = | isbn = 0-393-06122-1 }} * {{Cite book | last = Tausch | first = Arno | title = Multicultural Europe: Effects of the Global Lisbon Process | publisher=Nova Science Publishers | date = 2008 | location = Hauppauge, New York | url =https://archive.org/details/multiculturaleur0000taus| isbn = 978-1-60456-806-6}} * {{Cite book | last = Osle | first = Rafael Domingo | title = The New Global Law | publisher=Cambridge University Press| date = 2010| location = Cambridge | url = | isbn = 9780521193870 }} * Sparks, C. (2007). Globalization, development and the mass media. Los Angeles: SAGE. {{refend}} ==Mga sumpay ha gawas== {{Commons}} {{Wikiquote}} {{Wiktionary|globalisation|globalization}} {{Library resources box |by=no |onlinebooks=no |others=no |about=yes |label=globalisation}} * [http://www.polity.co.uk/global/whatisglobalization.asp Comprehensive discussion of the term at the Site Global Transformations] {{Webarchive|url=http://arquivo.pt/wayback/20091012141330/http://www.polity.co.uk/global/whatisglobalization.asp |date= 12 Oktubre 2009 }} * [http://www.sociology.emory.edu/globalization/ Globalization Website (Emory University) Links, Debates, Glossary etc.] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130502231627/http://www.sociology.emory.edu/globalization/ |date= 2 Mayo 2013 }} * [http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/in_depth/business/2007/globalisation/default.stm BBC News Special Report – "Globalisation"] * {{Guardiantopic|world/globalisation}} * [http://www.ecologyandsociety.org/vol12/iss1/art24/main.html "Resilience, Panarchy, and World-Systems Analysis"], from the ''[[Ecology and Society]]'' Journal * [http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/globalization/ "Globalization" ''Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy''] Analysis of the idea and its history. * [http://www.princeton.edu/~mapglobe/HTML/home.html Mapping Globalization, Princeton University] * [http://stats.oecd.org/Index.aspx?DataSetCode=AFA_CALC_IN3 OECD Globalization statistics] * [http://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.com/articles/globalization "Globalization"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130612052640/http://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.com/articles/globalization |date= 12 Hunyo 2013 }}, from ''[[The Canadian Encyclopedia]]'' * [http://yaleglobal.yale.edu YaleGlobal Online] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210620031555/https://yaleglobal.yale.edu/ |date=2021-06-20 }} * [http://www.dw.de/program/global-3000/s-11487-9798/ Global 3000] Globalization Program by Deutsche Welle-TV * [http://www.dataworldwide.org/websites/data_indexes.htm List of Global Development Indexes and Rankings] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140903090326/http://www.dataworldwide.org/websites/data_indexes.htm |date= 3 Septyembre 2014 }} * [http://explainedwithmaps.com/the-globalization-of-food/ Explained With Maps - The Globalization of Food (Documentary Video)] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150122152456/http://explainedwithmaps.com/the-globalization-of-food/ |date= 22 Enero 2015 }} c3a9p5oforvlze0967fs8k1k1zra1o7 0 17552 7782308 7774480 2026-04-07T05:50:42Z InternetArchiveBot 41587 Add 2 books for verifiability (20260407)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 7782308 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Paypay:Karl Marx.jpg|thumb|Karl Marx]] An '''Marxismo''' usa nga pilosopiya politikal ngan kiwa nga ginkuha tikang ha mga buhat ni [[Karl Marx]] ngan [[Friedrich Engels]]. Ugaring la an ngaran nga "marxismo" gingagamit han mga tawo nga natipa hini nga ideya. ==Pinanbasaran== {{Reflist}} ==Mga sumpay ha gawas== {{Commons category|Marxism}} ==Panuratan== * {{cite book |title=Fidel: A Biography of Fidel Castro|url=https://archive.org/details/fidelbiographyof0000bour|last=Bourne |authorformat=scap|first=Peter G.|date=1986|publisher=Dodd, Mead & Company|location=New York|ref=Bou86}} * {{cite book |title=The Revolutionary Ideas of Karl Marx|url=https://archive.org/details/revolutionaryide0000call_i2b6|last=Callinicos |authorformat=scap|first=Alex|authorlink=Alex Callinicos|date=2010|origyear=1983|publisher=Bookmarks|location=Bloomsbury, London|isbn=978-1-905192-68-7|ref=Cal10}} * {{cite book |title=My Life: A Spoken Autobiography|url=https://archive.org/details/fidelcastromylif0000cast|last1=Castro |authorformat=scap|first1=Fidel|last2=Ramonet|first2=Ignacio (interviewer)|date=2009|publisher=Scribner|location=New York|isbn=978-1-4165-6233-7|ref=Cas09}} * {{cite book |title=The Real Fidel Castro|url=https://archive.org/details/realfidelcastro00colt_0|last=Coltman |authorformat=scap|first=Leycester|date=2003|publisher=Yale University Press|location=New Haven and London|isbn=978-0-300-10760-9|ref=Col03}} * {{cite book |title=Prehistorian: A Biography of V. Gordon Childe|last=Green |authorformat=scap|first=Sally|date=1981|publisher=Moonraker Press|location=Bradford-on-Avon, Wiltshire|isbn=0-239-00206-7|ref=Gre81}} * {{cite book |title=Karl Marx: A Brief Biographical Sketch with an Exposition of Marxism|last=Lenin |authorformat=scap|first=Vladimir|authorlink=Vladimir Lenin|date=1967|origyear=1913|publisher=Foreign Languages Press|location=Peking|isbn=|url=http://www.marxists.org/archive/lenin/works/1914/granat/index.htm|accessdate=2014-06-17|nopp=|ref=Len67}} * {{cite book |title=Wage Labour and Capital|last=Marx |authorformat=scap|first=Karl|authorlink=Karl Marx|date=1849|publisher=Neue Rheinische Zeitung|location=Germany|isbn=|url=http://www.marxists.org/archive/marx/works/1847/wage-labour/index.htm|accessdate=2014-06-17|nopp=|ref=Mar49}} * {{cite book |title=A History of Archaeological Thought|url=https://archive.org/details/historyofarchaeo0000trig|edition=2nd|last=Trigger |authorformat=scap|first=Bruce G.|authorlink=Bruce Trigger|date=2007|publisher=Cambridge University Press|location=New York|isbn=978-0-521-60049-1|nopp=|ref=Tri07}} {{Refend}} * {{cite book |author=Avineri, Shlomo|date=1968|title=The Social and Political Thought of Karl Marx|url=https://archive.org/details/socialpoliticalt0000avin|publisher=Cambridge University Press|authorlink=Shlomo Avineri}} * {{cite book |author=Dahrendorf, Ralf|title=Class and Class Conflict in Industrial Society|url=https://archive.org/details/classclassconfli00dahr|date=1959|authorlink=Ralf Dahrendorf|location=Stanford, California|publisher=Stanford University Press}} * [[Jon Elster]], ''An Introduction to Karl Marx''. Cambridge, England, 1986. * Michael Evans, ''Karl Marx''. London, 1975. * Stefan Gandler, [http://www.brill.com/products/book/critical-marxism-mexico ''Critical Marxism in Mexico: Adolfo Sánchez Vázquez and Bolívar Echeverría''], Leiden/Boston, Brill Academic Press, 2015. 467 pages. ISBN 978-90-04-22428-5. * {{cite book |author=Kołakowski, Leszek|title=Main Currents of Marxism|date=1976|publisher=Oxford University Press|authorlink=Leszek Kołakowski}} * {{cite book |author=Parkes, Henry Bamford|title=Marxism: An Autopsy|url=https://archive.org/details/marxismautopsy00park|date=1939|location=Boston|publisher=Houghton Mifflin|authorlink=Henry Bamford Parkes}} * {{cite encyclopedia |last1=Prychitko |first1=David L. |authorlink1= David Prychitko |last2= |first2= |authorlink2= |editor= [[David R. Henderson]] (.) |encyclopedia=[[Concise Encyclopedia of Economics]] |title=Marxism |url=http://www.econlib.org/library/Enc/Marxism.html |date=2008 |edition= 2nd |publisher=[[Library of Economics and Liberty]]}} * [[Cedric Robinson|Robinson, Cedric J.]]: ''Black Marxism: The Making of the Black Radical Tradition'', 1983, Reissue: Univ North Carolina Press, 2000 * [[R. J. Rummel|Rummel, R.J.]] (1977) ''[http://www.hawaii.edu/powerkills/NOTE12.HTM Conflict In Perspective]'' Chap. 5 ''[http://www.hawaii.edu/powerkills/CIP.CHAP5.HTM Marxism, Class Conflict, and the Conflict Helix]'' * {{cite book |last=Screpanti|first=E|author2=S. Zamagna|date=1993|title=An Outline of the History of Economic Thought|url=https://archive.org/details/outlineofhistory0000scre}} * Shenfield, S.D. ''[[:es:Vladislav Evgenievich Buguera|Vladislav Bugera]]: [https://web.archive.org/web/20081112101246/http://www.cdi.org/russia/johnson/2008-204.cfm Portrait of a Post-Marxist Thinker''] * {{cite book |author=McLellan, David|title=Marxism After Marx|date=2007|location=Basingstoke|publisher=Palgrave Macmillan|authorlink=David McLellan (academic)}} ===Mga kasahiran nga pagkukuhaan=== * [http://www.marxists.org/ Marxists Internet Archive] ([[Marxists Internet Archive|MIA]]) * [http://www.marxmail.org/ Marxmail.org] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090815180358/http://www.marxmail.org/ |date=2009-08-15 }} * [http://marxmyths.org/ Marx Myths & Legends] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140427181835/http://marxmyths.org/ |date=2014-04-27 }} * [http://www.anu.edu.au/polsci/marx/ Marxism Page] * [http://www.ucl.ac.uk/philosophy/LPSG/Marx.htm London Philosophy Study Guide on Marxism] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090131225927/http://www.ucl.ac.uk/philosophy/LPSG/Marx.htm |date=2009-01-31 }} (offers many suggestions on what to read, depending on the student's familiarity with the subject) ===Mga panikang nga artikulo=== * [http://homepage.newschool.edu/~het/schools/marxian.htm History of Economic Thought: Marxian School] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110222030120/http://homepage.newschool.edu/~het/schools/marxian.htm |date=2011-02-22 }} * [http://homepage.newschool.edu/~het/schools/neomarx.htm History of Economic Thought: Neo Marxian] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120620161730/http://homepage.newschool.edu/~het/schools/neomarx.htm |date=2012-06-20 }} [[Kaarangay:Marxismo]] [[Kaarangay:Pilosopiya]] ksl82ih4h3efsr7p11dy4jsxw0uodx4 0 17562 7782395 7648859 2026-04-07T07:39:43Z InternetArchiveBot 41587 Add 1 book for verifiability (20260407)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 7782395 wikitext text/x-wiki [[File:Lange-MigrantMother02.jpg|frameless|upright|right]] [[File:Femen 1.jpg|frameless|upright|right]] [[File:Feminism symbol.svg|frameless|upright|right]] An '''peminismo''' amo an usa ka guis politikal nga may panuyuan ha paghatag hin patas nga mga katungod ngan balaodnon nga proteksyon para ha kababayen-an. Upod ini han durudilain nga pagkiwa, teyorya, ngan mga pilosopiya, ngatanan may kalabotan han mga isyu han pagkakaiba han kalalakin-an ha kababayen-an; ngan pagduso han pagkapatas han kababayen-an; ngan pagkampanya para ha katungod ngan interes han kababayenhan. ==Pinanbasaran== {{Mga kasarigan}} ==Padugang nga barasahon== * {{cite book | last = Assiter | first = Alison | author-link = Alison Assiter | title = Pornography, feminism, and the individual | publisher = Pluto Press | location = London Winchester, Mass | date = 1989 | isbn = 9780745303192 }} * {{cite book |last=DuBois |first=Ellen Carol |title=Harriot Stanton Blatch and the Winning of Woman Suffrage |url=https://archive.org/details/harriotstantonbl0000dubo | date = 1997 |publisher=Yale University Press |location=New Haven, Conn. |isbn=0-300-06562-0}} * {{cite book |last=Flexner |first=Eleanor |title=Century of Struggle: The Woman's Rights Movement in the United States |url=https://archive.org/details/century_fle_1996_00_7206 |publisher=The Belknap Press | date = 1996 |isbn=978-0-674-10653-6}} * {{cite book |authorlink=Robin Truth Goodman |last=Goodman |first=Robin Truth |title=Feminist Theory in Pursuit of the Public: Women and the 'Re-Privatization' of Labor |url=https://archive.org/details/feministtheoryin0000good |location=New York |publisher=Palgrave Macmillan | date = 2010}} * Hewlett, Sylvia Ann (1986). ''A Lesser Life: the Myth of Women's Liberation in America''. First ed. New York: W. Morrow and Co. ISBN 0-688-04855-2 * Lyndon, Neil (1992). ''No More Sex Wars: the Failures of Feminism''. London: Mandarin, 1993, cop. 1992. ISBN 0-7493-1565-2 * {{cite journal |doi=10.1353/jowh.2004.0036 |title='In Labor Alone is Happiness': Women's Work, Social Work, and Feminist Reform Endeavors in Wilhelmine Germany—A Transatlantic Perspective |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_journal-of-womens-history_2004_16_4/page/127 | date = 2004 |last1=Schroder |first1=Iris |last2=Schuler |first2=Anja |journal=Journal of Women's History |volume=16 |pages=127–47}} * Richard, Janet Radcliffe (1980). ''The Sceptical Feminist: a Philosophical Enquiry'', in series, ''Pelican Books''. Harmondsworth, Eng.: Penguin Books, 1982, cop. 1980. Without ISBN * {{cite journal |doi=10.1080/09699089800200034 |title=The archigenderic territories: Mansfield park and a handful of dust | date = 1998 |last1=Mathur |first1=Piyush |journal=Women's Writing |volume=5 |issue=1 |pages=71–81}} * Mitchell, Brian (1998). ''Women in the Military: Flirting with Disaster''. Washington, D.C.: Regnery Publishing. xvii, 390 p.&nbsp;0-89526-376-9 * {{cite book |last=Stansell |first=Christine |title=The Feminist Promise: 1792 to the Present |url=https://archive.org/details/feministpromise10000stan | date = 2010 |isbn= 978-0-679-64314-2 }} * Steichen, Donna (1991). ''Ungodly Rage: the Hidden Face of Catholic Feminism''. San Francisco, Calif.: Ignatius Press. ISBN 0-89870-348-4 * {{cite book |last1=Stevens |first1=Doris |last2=O'Hare |first2=Carol |title=Jailed for Freedom: American Women Win the Vote |url=https://archive.org/details/jailedforfreedom00stev | date = 1995 |publisher=NewSage Press |location=Troutdale, OR |isbn=0-939165-25-2}} * {{cite book |last=Wheeler |first=Marjorie W. |title=One Woman, One Vote: Rediscovering the Woman Suffrage Movement |url=https://archive.org/details/onewomanonevoter00spru | date = 1995 |publisher=NewSage Press |location=Troutdale, OR |isbn=0-939165-26-0}} * {{cite web |title=Interface volume 3 issue 2: Feminism, women's movements and women in movement |url=http://www.interfacejournal.net/2011/12/interface-volume-3-issue-2-feminism-womens-movements-and-women-in-movement/ |date=13 Disyembre 2011}} ==Mga sumpay ha gawas== {{Wikiquote}} {{Wiktionary|feminism|feminist}} {{Wikiversity|Women's Studies}} {{Commons|Feminism}} {{Library resources box |by=no |onlinebooks=no |others=yes |lcheading=Feminism}} === Mga artikulo === * {{Cite Collier's|wstitle=Feminism |short=x}} * {{Cite Americana|wstitle=Feminism |short=x}} === Mga listahan=== * [http://www.feminist.com/resources/links/ Feminist.com directory] * [http://www.feministvoices.com/ Psychology's Feminist Voices] * [http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/feminism-topics/ ''Topics in Feminism''], at the [[Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy]] === Tools === * [http://personality-testing.info/tests/FPS.php Feminist Perspectives Scale] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160828032933/http://personality-testing.info/tests/FPS.php |date=2016-08-28 }} from [http://pwq.sagepub.com/content/22/3/317.full.pdf Henley, Meng, O'Brien, McCarthy, and Sockloskie (1998).]{{Dead link|date=May 2022 |bot=InternetArchiveBot }} === Multimedia ngan mga dokumento === * {{In Our Time|Feminism|p00545b0|Feminism}} * [http://www.britishpathe.com/record.php?id=78523 ''Early Video on the Emancipation of Women''] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111125151820/http://www.britishpathe.com/record.php?id=78523 |date=2011-11-25 }}, documentary filmed ca. 1930, which includes footage from the 1890s * [http://scriptorium.lib.duke.edu/wlm/ Documents from the Women's Liberation Movement] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111010135158/http://scriptorium.lib.duke.edu/wlm/ |date=2011-10-10 }}, Special Collections Library, Duke University 8dkb5k592sn6aeryyk1042wzxkc4kmh 0 17580 7782328 6287196 2026-04-07T06:27:19Z InternetArchiveBot 41587 Add 1 book for verifiability (20260407)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 7782328 wikitext text/x-wiki [[File:Red Wine Glas.jpg|thumb]] An '''bino'''<ref>Abuyen, Tomas A. '''Diksyunaryo Waray-Waray [Visaya] English-Tagalog'''. Kalayaan Press Mktg. Ent., Inc. Quezon City. Tuig 2000. ISBN 971-08-6050-X. Pakli Ihap 43.</ref> usa ka irimnom nga makahurubog nga tikang ha [[duga]] han [[ubas]]. == Pinanbasaran == {{reflist}} ==Padugang nga barasahon== {{refbegin}} * {{cite book|author=Colman, Tyler|title=Wine Politics: How Governments, Environmentalists, Mobsters, and Critics Influence the Wines We Drink|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=vYMhU_vwl2oC|year=2008|publisher=University of California Press|isbn=978-0-520-25521-0}} * {{Cite book | last = Foulkes | first = Christopher | year = 2001 | title = Larousse Encyclopedia of Wine | publisher = Larousse | isbn = 2-03-585013-4 }} * {{cite book | title = Hugh Johnson's Wine Companion | url = https://archive.org/details/hughjohnsonswine0000john | authorlink = Hugh Johnson (wine writer) | last = Johnson | first = Hugh | publisher = Mitchell Beazley | edition = 5th | year = 2003 | isbn = 978-1-84000-704-6 }} * {{cite book | title = Wine for Dummies | last = McCarthy | first = Ed |author2=Mary Ewing-Mulligan |author3=Piero Antinori | publisher = HarperCollins | isbn = 0-470-04579-5 | year = 2006 }} * {{cite book | title = The Wine Bible | url = https://archive.org/details/winebible0000macn_d5t0 | last = MacNeil | first = Karen | publisher = Workman | isbn = 1-56305-434-5 | year = 2001 }} * {{Cite book | title = Oldman's Guide to Outsmarting Wine | url = https://archive.org/details/oldmansguidetoou0000oldm | authorlink = Mark Oldman | first = Mark | last = Oldman | publisher = Penguin | isbn = 978-0-14-200492-0 | year = 2004 }} * {{Cite book | title = Parker's Wine Buyer's Guide | url = https://archive.org/details/parkerswinebuyer0000park_t0c0 | authorlink = Robert M. Parker | first = Robert | last = Parker | publisher = Simon and Schuster | isbn = 978-0-7432-7198-1 | year = 2008 }} * {{Cite book | title = Planet Wine: A Grape by Grape Visual Guide to the Contemporary Wine World | first = Stuart | last = Pigott | publisher = Mitchell Beazley | isbn = 978-1-84000-776-3 | year = 2004 }} * {{cite book | title = The Oxford Companion to Wine | url = https://archive.org/details/oxfordcompaniont00janc | edition = 3rd | authorlink = Jancis Robinson | last = Robinson | first = Jancis | location = Oxford | publisher = OUP | isbn = 0-19-860990-6 | year = 2006 }} * {{cite book|author=Simpson, James|title=Creating Wine: The Emergence of a World Industry, 1840-1914|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=vAqWNLQkkwUC|year=2011|publisher=Princeton University Press|isbn=978-1-4008-3888-2}} [http://eh.net/book_reviews/creating-wine-emergence-world-industry-1840-1914 online review] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120402080332/http://eh.net/book_reviews/creating-wine-emergence-world-industry-1840-1914 |date=2012-04-02 }} * {{cite book | title = Windows on the World Complete Wine Course | url = https://archive.org/details/windowsonworldco0000zral | last = Zraly | first = Kevin | publisher = Sterling | isbn = 1-4027-3928-1 | year = 2006 }} {{refend}} ==Mga sumpay ha gawas== {{Sister project links}} * [http://www.guardian.co.uk/lifeandstyle/page/2008/sep/04/1 ''The Guardian'' & ''Observer'' Guide to Wine] 1nxkcon7e1rblf2vp5ndz3m7zwsi0bs 0 17595 7782293 7776239 2026-04-07T05:36:49Z InternetArchiveBot 41587 Add 1 book for verifiability (20260407)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 7782293 wikitext text/x-wiki An '''Rebolusyon ha Kultura''' ([[Iningles]]: ''Great Proletarian Cultural Revolution''; Yinano nga Tsinino: 无产阶级文化大革命, Nahigaraan nga Tsinino: 無產階級文化大革命; pinyin: Wúchǎn Jiējí Wénhuà Dà Gémìng) in usa ka pultikal nga kampanya ha Tsina nga ginpatikangan han pinuno han Partido Komunista han Tsina, ni Mao Zedong para mawara an mga kaaway ngan mapagbag-o an sosyudad han Tsina. ==Pinanbasaran== {{Reflist}} ==Mga reperensya== * [http://www.asianews.it/news-en/Li-Peng,-the-%E2%80%9Cbutcher-of-Tiananmen,%E2%80%9D-was-%E2%80%9Cready-to-die%E2%80%9D-to-stop-the-student-turmoil-18592.html "Li Peng, the 'Butcher of Tiananmen,' was 'Ready to Die' to Stop the Student Turmoil"]. ''AsiaNews.it''. 2003. Retrieved 21 Agosto 2011. *{{cite journal |last=ALLÈS |first=ÉLISABETH |last2=CHÉRIF-CHEBBI |first2= LEÏLA|last3=HALFON |first3= CONSTANCE-HÉLÈNE|others=Translated from the French by Anne Evans| date = 2003|title=Chinese Islam: Unity and Fragmentation |url= http://www.biblicalstudies.org.uk/pdf/rss/31-1_007.pdf |journal= Archives de Sciences Sociales des Religions |publisher= Keston Institute |issn=0963-7494|volume= 31|issue= 1 |pages=7–35 |doi= 10.1080/0963749032000045837 |accessdate=9 Hunyo 2014}} * Barnouin, Barbara and Yu Changgen. [http://books.google.com/books?id=NztlWQeXf2IC&printsec=frontcover&dq=zhou+enlai&hl=en&ei=wBkuTdKyB4H_8AaJucigAQ&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=2&ved=0CCsQ6AEwAQ#v=onepage&q&f=false ''Zhou Enlai: A Political Life'']. Hong Kong: Chinese University of Hong Kong, 2006. ISBN 962-996-280-2. Retrieved on 12 Marso 2011. * Chan, A; ''Children of Mao: Personality Development and Political Activism in the Red Guard Generation''; University of Washington Press (1985) * {{cite book |title= Inside the Cultural Revolution |last= [[Chen, Jack]] | date = 1975 |publisher= Scribner |isbn= 0-02-524630-5 |nopp=|ref=Cha75}} * {{cite book |title= The Chinese Cultural Revolution: A History |last= Clark, Paul | date = 2008 |publisher= Cambridge University Press |location= Cambridge and New York |isbn= 978-0-521-87515-8 |nopp=|ref=Cla08}} * Ewing, Kent. (2011, June 4). "Mao's Army on the Attack". ''Asia Times Online''. Asia Times Online (Holdings). Retrieved at <http://www.atimes.com/atimes/China/MF04Ad01.html {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160303223806/http://www.atimes.com/atimes/China/MF04Ad01.html |date=2016-03-03 }}> on 16 Hunyo 2011. * Fong Tak-ho. (2006, May 19). "Cultural Revolution? What Revolution?" ''Asia Times Online''. Asia Times Online (Holdings). Retrieved at <http://www.atimes.com/atimes/China/HE19Ad01.html {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110624083748/http://www.atimes.com/atimes/China/HE19Ad01.html |date=2011-06-24 }}> on 15 Hunyo 2011. * {{cite book |title= The Battle for China's Past: Mao and the Cultural Revolution |last= Gao, Mobo | date = 2008 |publisher= Pluto Press |location= London |isbn= 978-0-7453-2780-8|nopp=|ref=Gao08}} Retrieved at <http://www.strongwindpress.com/pdfs/EBook/The_Battle_for_Chinas_Past.pdf {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121103094507/http://www.strongwindpress.com/pdfs/EBook/The_Battle_for_Chinas_Past.pdf |date=2012-11-03 }}> on 2 Septyembre 2012 * {{cite book |title= The Politics of the Chinese Cultural Revolution|url= https://archive.org/details/politicsofchines0000leeh|last= Lee, Hong Yong | date = 1978 |publisher= University of California Press |location= Berkeley |isbn=0-520-03297-7 |nopp=|ref=Lee78}} * {{cite book |title= Art in Turmoil: The Chinese Cultural Revolution, 1966-76 |editor= Richard King |publisher=University of British Columbia Press | date = 2010 |isbn=978-0774815437 }} * {{cite book |title= Mao's Last Revolution |url= https://archive.org/details/maoslastrevoluti00macf |last= [[Roderick MacFarquhar|MacFarquhar, Roderick]] and Schoenhals, Michael | date = 2006 |publisher= Harvard University Press |isbn= 978-0-674-02332-1 |nopp=|ref=Har08}} * {{cite book |title= Mao's Revolution and the Chinese Political Culture |last= Solomon, Richard H. | date = 1971 |publisher= University of California Press |location= Berkeley and Los Angeles |isbn= |nopp=|ref=Sol71}} * Spence, Jonathan D. (1999). ''The Search for Modern China'', New York: W.W. Norton and Company. ISBN 0-393-97351-4. * {{cite book |title= Enemies of the People: The Ordeal of Intellectuals in China's Great Cultural Revolution|last= Thurston, Anne F. | date = 1988 |publisher= Harvard University Press |location= Cambridge |isbn= |nopp=|ref=Thu88}} * Teiwes, Frederick C. & Sun, Warren. (2004). "The First Tiananmen Incident Revisited: Elite Politics and Crisis Management at the End of the Maoist Era". ''Pacific Affairs''. Vol. 77, No. 2, Summer. 211–235. Retrieved from <http://www.jstor.org/stable/40022499> on 11 Marso 2011. * Zhao Ziyang. ''[[Prisoner of the State: The Secret Journal of Premier Zhao Ziyang]]''. Trans & Ed. Bao Pu, Renee Chiang, and Adi Ignatius. New York: Simon and Schuster. 2009. ISBN 1-4391-4938-0 ==Padugang nga barasahon== ===Kasahiran=== * Michael Schoenhals, ed., ''China's Cultural Revolution, 1966–1969: Not a Dinner Party'' (Armonk, N.Y.: M.E. Sharpe, 1996. An East Gate Reader). xix, 400p. ISBN 1-56324-736-4. * Richard Curt Kraus. ''The Cultural Revolution: A Very Short Introduction''. New York: Oxford University Press, Very Short Introductions Series, 2012. xiv, 138p. ISBN 9780199740550. * [[Roderick MacFarquhar|MacFarquhar, Roderick]] and Schoenhals, Michael. ''Mao's Last Revolution''. [[Harvard University Press]], 2006. ISBN 0-674-02332-3 * {{cite book |title=Turbulent Decade: A History of the Cultural Revolution |url=https://archive.org/details/turbulentdecadeh0000yanj |author= Jiaqi Yan, Gao Gao |publisher= University of Hawai'i Press |edition= 1st | date = 1996 |isbn=978-0824816957 }} * Morning Sun, "Bibliography," [http://www.morningsun.org/library Morningsun.org] Books and articles of General Readings and Selected Personal Narratives on the Cultural Revolution. ===Specific topics=== * {{cite book |title= Art in Turmoil: The Chinese Cultural Revolution, 1966-76 |editor= Richard King |publisher=University of British Columbia Press | date = 2010 |isbn=978-0774815437 }} * Andreas, Joel (2009). ''Rise of the Red Engineers: The Cultural Revolution and the Origins of China's New Class''. Stanford: Stanford University Press. * Chan, Anita. 1985. ''Children of Mao: Personality Development and Political Activism in the Red Guard Generation''. Seattle: University of Washington Press. * Leese, Daniel (2011). ''Mao Cult: Rhetoric and Ritual in the Cultural Revolution''. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. * Zheng Yi. [[Scarlet Memorial: Tales Of Cannibalism In Modern China]]. [[Westview Press]], 1998. ISBN 0-8133-2616-8 * Yang, Guobin. 2000. ''China's Red Guard Generation: The Ritual Process of Identity Transformation, 1966–1999''. PhD diss., [[New York University]]. * [[Fox Butterfield]], ''China: Alive in the Bitter Sea'', (1982, revised 2000), ISBN 0-553-34219-3, an oral history of some Chinese people's experience during the Cultural Revolution. * [[Jung Chang|Chang, Jung]] and [[Jon Halliday|Halliday, Jon]]. ''[[Mao: The Unknown Story]].'' Jonathan Cape, London, 2005. ISBN 0-224-07126-2 * {{cite book |title= Rhetoric of the Chinese Cultural Revolution: The Impact on Chinese Thought, Culture, and Communication |author= Xing Lu |publisher=University of South Carolina Press | date = 2004 |isbn=978-1570035432 }} * [[Ross Terrill]],''The White-Boned Demon: A Biography of Madame Mao Zedong'' Stanford University Press, 1984 ISBN 0-8047-2922-0; rpr. New York: Simon & Schuster, 1992 ISBN 0-671-74484-4. * Wu, Yiching (2014). ''The Cultural Revolution at the Margins: Chinese Socialism in Crisis''. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press. ===Mga komentaryo=== * [[Simon Leys]] (penname of [[Pierre Ryckmans]]) ''Broken Images: Essays on Chinese Culture and Politics'' (1979). ISBN 0-8052-8069-3 * [[Simon Leys]]. ''Chinese Shadows'' (1978). ISBN 0-670-21918-5; ISBN 0-14-004787-5. * [[Simon Leys]]. ''The Burning Forest: Essays on Chinese Culture and Politics'' (1986). ISBN 0-03-005063-4; ISBN 0-586-08630-7; ISBN 0-8050-0350-9; ISBN 0-8050-0242-1. * [[Simon Leys]]. ''The Chairman's New Clothes: Mao and the Cultural Revolution'' (1977; revised 1981). ISBN 0-85031-208-6; ISBN 0-8052-8080-4; ISBN 0-312-12791-X; ISBN 0-85031-209-4; ISBN 0-85031-435-6 (revised ed.). *Liu, Guokai. 1987. ''A Brief Analysis of the Cultural Revolution''. edited by Anita Chan. Armonk, N.Y.: M. E. Sharpe. ===Fictional treatments=== * Sijie Dai, translated by Ina Rilke, ''Balzac and the Little Chinese Seamstress'' (New York: Knopf: Distributed by Random House, 2001). 197p. ISBN 0-375-41309-X * Xingjian Gao, translated by Mabel Lee, ''One Man's Bible: A Novel'' (New York: HarperCollins, 2002). 450p. * Hua Gu, ''A Small Town Called Hibiscus'' (Beijing, China: Chinese Literature: distributed by China Publications Centre, 1st, 1983. Panda Books). Translated by Gladys Yang. 260p. Reprinted: San Francisco: China Books. * Hua Yu, ''To Live: A Novel'' (New York: Anchor Books, 2003). Translated by Michael Berry. 250p. * Ying Chang Compestine, [http://www.worldcat.org/title/revolution-is-not-a-dinner-party-a-novel/oclc/77333486/viewport ''Revolution Is Not a Dinner Party : A Novel.''] (New York: Holt, 2007). ISBN 0805082077. Young adult novel. ===Mga sinurat panhinumdoman han mga Tsino nga partisipante=== * Liu Ping, ''[[My Chinese Dream - From Red Guard to CEO]]'' (San Francisco, June 2012). 556 pages ISBN 9780835100403 * [[Nien Cheng]], ''[[Life and Death in Shanghai]]'' (Grove, May 1987). 547 pages ISBN 0-394-55548-1 * [[Jung Chang]], ''Wild Swans: Three Daughters of China'' (New York: Simon & Schuster, 1991). 524 p.&nbsp;{{LCCN|91020696}} * Heng Liang Judith Shapiro, ''Son of the Revolution'' (New York: Knopf : Distributed by Random House, 1983). * Yuan Gao, with Judith Polumbaum, ''Born Red: A Chronicle of the Cultural Revolution'' (Stanford, California: Stanford University Press, 1987). * Jiang Yang Chu translated and annotated by Djang Chu, ''Six Chapters of Life in a Cadre School: Memoirs from China's Cultural Revolution'' [Translation of Ganxiao Liu Ji] (Boulder: Westview Press, 1986). * [[Bo Ma]], ''Blood Red Sunset: A Memoir of the Chinese Cultural Revolution'' (New York: Viking, 1995). Translated by Howard Goldblatt. * Guanlong Cao, ''The Attic: Memoir of a Chinese Landlord's Son'' (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1996). * [[Ji-li Jiang]], ''Red Scarf Girl: A Memoir of the Cultural Revolution'' (New York: HarperCollins, 1997). * [[Anchee Min]], ''[[Red Azalea]]'' (New York: Pantheon Books, 1994). ISBN 1-4000-9698-7. * Rae Yang, ''Spider Eaters : A Memoir'' (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1997). * Weili Ye, Xiaodong Ma, ''Growing up in the People's Republic: Conversations between Two Daughters of China's Revolution'' (New York: Palgrave Macmillan, 2005). * Lijia Zhang, "Socialism Is Great": A Worker's Memoir of the New China (New York: Atlas & Co, Distributed by Norton, 2007). * [[Emily Wu]], ''Feather in the Storm'' (Pantheon, 2006). ISBN 978-0-375-42428-1. * Xinran Xue, ''The Good Women of China: Hidden Voices '' (Chatto & Windus, 2002). Translated by Esther Tyldesley. ISBN 0-7011-7345-9 * [[Ting-Xing Ye]], [[Leaf In A Bitter Wind]] (England, Bantam Books, 2000) * Zhang Xianliang, Grass Soup, ISBN 0-7493-9774-8 ==Mga sumpay ha gawas== {{Sister project links|n=no|v=Modern China: China since 1945 and the Modern World|q=no|s=no|b=VCE History Revolutions/Chinese Revolution}} *[http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-9028164/Cultural-Revolution ''Encyclopædia Britannica''. The Cultural Revolution] *[http://library.thinkquest.org/26469/cultural-revolution/history.html History of The Cultural Revolution] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070429003300/http://library.thinkquest.org/26469/cultural-revolution/history.html |date=2007-04-29 }} *[http://www.sinohits.net/posters/index.htm Chinese propaganda posters gallery (Cultural Revolution, Mao, and others)] *[http://cpc.people.com.cn/GB/64162/64168/64563/65449/4526439.html Hua Guofeng's speech to the 11th Party Congress, 1977] *[http://www.morningsun.org/ Morning Sun – A Film and Website about Cultural Revolution] and the [http://www.morningsun.org/images/index.html# photographs] of the subject available from the film's site. *[http://www.chinese-memorial.org/ Memorial for Victims of the Chinese Cultural Revolution] *[http://www.monthlyreview.org/0305pugh.htm "William Hinton on the Cultural Revolution"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110317040851/http://www.monthlyreview.org/0305pugh.htm |date=2011-03-17 }} by Dave Pugh *[http://www.cnd.org/CR/english/articles/violence.htm "Student Attacks Against Teachers: The Revolution of 1966"] by [[Youqin Wang]] *[http://www.nytimes.com/1993/01/06/world/a-tale-of-red-guards-and-cannibals.html A Tale of Red Guards and Cannibals] by [[Nicholas D. Kristof]]. ''[[The New York Times]]'', 6 Enero 1993. ihjhihtqmnc9b189a6iam92hy4yuytg 0 17625 7782371 7643415 2026-04-07T07:18:17Z InternetArchiveBot 41587 Add 1 book for verifiability (20260407)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 7782371 wikitext text/x-wiki [[File:Emblem-favorites.svg|thumb|200px|Pula nga [[kasing-kasing]] - Tigaman hit higugma]] [[File:1873_Pierre_Auguste_Cot_-_Spring.jpg|thumb|Pierre Auguste Cot (1873)]] An '''higugma'''<ref>Abuyen, Tomas A. '''Diksyunaryo Waray-Waray [Visaya] English-Tagalog'''. Kalayaan Press Mktg. Ent., Inc. Quezon City. Tuig 2000. ISBN 971-08-6050-X. Pakli Ihap 116.</ref> (Iningles:Loved) (Pambansa:Minahal) amo an ginaabat o ginaagihan mahitungod han paghatag hin makusog nga palangga o palandong ngan pagiging awil ha usa ka tawo o butang. 1. '''ABUGHO'''<br /> Abugho,tunok iton han gugma ta, Yoyang<br /> Abugho, sakit ito han at’ kalag, Yoyang<br /> Abugho, nagagamit nala tungod tigaman nga waray<br /> Ako na usa gugma nga uroy<br /> Bisan la kita sumiplat hin waray sulod, Yoyang<br /> Asay pa ba kon magpahunit upod hin kiro , Yoyang<br /> Aadto ha kasingkasing in nagkukulog, Yoyang<br /> Pagpakulogon ko kay an akon.<br /> 2. '''Alas Nueve Y Medya'''<br /> Las nueve y media kon di an gab-i daw katutnga na<br /> Ngan ha imo tambu-anan aadi nagsusumpa, nagsusumpa<br /> Kundi ha urhi saymo igbalos an paglingo<br /> Tungod han gugmang kinabuhi baya ko.<br /> Kun di kay sa-ad man nimo Iday<br /> Nga uunungan mo gud<br /> Tubtub han im kamatay<br /> Hinuhulat ko nga ikaw mahahabaro manta<br /> Ha urhi nga adlaw<br /> Pagtuman hadlot sa-ad ta.<br /> 3. '''BALITAW'''<br /> L- Solibang ko ngay-an hi ikaw daraga<br /> Ako uli tawo nga waray asawa<br /> Kon magkakauyon inin at fortuna<br /> Masaka ha padi, mapa-esposada.<br /> B- Pastilan gad, Idoy, iton nga gugma mo <br /> Putsa gadla anay dahon hin banana<br /> Kon magpakiana hi Nanay Tatay mo<br /> Sidnga la nga hipon pinaka pudiot mo.<br /> L- Pastilan gad, Iday, ayao hin baribad<br /> Kay nagtitidugang it akon karuyag<br /> Akon igpanangil it pisi nga linubag <br /> Mag raraputas gudla diri mababadbad.<br /> B- Iton imo baba nga naglalabura <br /> Nga nag yiyinakan hin puros la buwa<br /> Kon di ko kahadlok, kahadlok hin gaba<br /> L- Bisan ka gad, Iday, igsulod hin kahon <br /> Takpan hin maupay nga diri kita-on <br /> Maghihimo ako barina nga dagum<br /> Palalatayan ko magtam-is nga pulong.<br /> B- Palipak dao, Idoy, baga ka in aming <br /> Salit nadiri gud it ak’ kasingkasing<br /> It nadidiri-an hit’ ak’ kasingkasing <br /> Di ka ngan’ ma-aram magtanum hin saging.<br /> L- Kon amo lat it’ dinidirian <br /> Mag uuma ako hin kahiluagan <br /> Magtatanum ako saging nga lakatan <br /> Sab-a, costa, baloy, tindok ug bangaran<br /> B- Pastilan gad, Idoy, ayao pag ginu-ol <br /> Kay makakawang la it’ ‘im mga pulong<br /> It dinidiri-an hit akon pariente <br /> Tawo ka hin adlaw, nalupadka hin gab-i.<br /> 4. '''DINUMDUM KO IKAW'''<br /> Kon harapit na adlaw, matunod <br /> Ngan haimo hirayo ako,<br /> Nagputok an kakulba ha dughan<br /> Ngan an kamingaw assay gud dako;<br /> Pagtikang han panuro han tun-og<br /> Ha bukad, nga dahon panhumog,<br /> Inin luha daw burabod<br /> Waray hunong hin pagtubod.<br /> Kon nadangat an an gab-i<br /> Nadugang an kamingaw<br /> Labis kon nabati<br /> Panhuni han kalaw;<br /> Pagpula han sidlangan <br /> Pagpunias han adlaw<br /> Ngan pagkalpad han maya<br /> Dinumdum ko ikaw.<br /> Nainup koha inmagi nga adla<br /> In himaya nga hingpit gayud<br /> Labi a/na kon upod ka pagtan-aw<br /> Han kapusok han mga balud;<br /> Kundi ay, nadungang an kasamdong<br /> Ngan an lipay nangingiba-iba<br /> Ha kakulop ngan an paglaum<br /> Ibaligya mo ha iba.<br /> Salit pagsalidsalid.<br /> Han mapawa nga adlaw<br /> Ha higtaas nga bukid<br /> Taup an kasilaw;<br /> Han panhuni han gangis<br /> Upod an kamingaw<br /> Duyog ha pagtangis<br /> Dinumdum ko ikaw.<br /> 4. '''GIN-HILOM KO'''<br /> Gin-hilom ko an pagbati<br /> Han basuni nga ak guin inantos, ahay<br /> Hain daw la an himaya<br /> Nga testigos han langit, han tuna, ahay<br /> Nag siring ka nga la-omi<br /> Hadton gugma nga diri mabalhin<br /> Kay an kalipay ngahangyap han dughan<br /> Nga guin lala-oman han akon kalag.<br /> 5. '''GUGMA''' <br /> Inin kinabuhi amo an burabod han mga pagturaw<br /> Kay dinhi ha tuna an mga kasakit waray gud paghuraw<br /> Amo la an gugma aton guin lina-oman tambal han kabangis <br /> Han kanan kabuhi bugtong nga hinungdan nga amo an pagtangis<br /> An dughan kon may bido, may masakit han at kalag<br /> Labi na kon kulop na han adlaw pag halag<br /> An luha nga magtin-aw namimiyog ha mata<br /> Kondi tungod an gugma nagmamalipay kita<br /> May gugma han pagtawa<br /> May gugma han pagtu-ok<br /> An turaw gugma man<br /> Paglaum say pa-man<br /> May gugma han pagharoy<br /> An lipay gugma gad<br /> Kahiblun han panhayhay<br /> Kon an gugma waray<br /> An matam-is nga gugma <br /> Say ha aton nag-agak<br /> Ha haluag nga dagat<br /> Han kurit ngatanan <br /> Han kaparong han lamrag<br /> Didto na ha lubnganaw<br /> Waray gad ka-ubos<br /> Gugma an tubos.<br /> 6. '''HINGANDOY'''<br /> Bisan diin ak’ pahuway<br /> Bian diin ak nga siok<br /> An matahum mo nga dagway<br /> Ha dumdum ko naluok<br /> Butnga han panmurobout<br /> Butnga han pag-aampo<br /> An im’ ladawan ha akon bout<br /> Say nagtitinaputapo.<br /> Ambot kon aanhon ko<br /> Ambot kon mag-aano<br /> Hin paghingandoy ako napupuno<br /> An akon guinmahal<br /> Hin hingpit ugh in tikos<br /> Hinihigugma ko hin tim-os.<br /> 7. '''MAG-ASAWA KAMI'''<br /> Mag-asawa kami nga diri kuri-an<br /> Masukot mag-away, madali hiolo-an<br /> Bisan la an taklap guin didiscusyonan<br /> Danay may balbagay hin hakatdayonan<br /> Haluag an am oma nga waray gud tanum<br /> Salit ministibles an am pakalamon<br /> Kon hain an punsyon alla hay que comer<br /> Kay ini nga kakablas no kay porque tener<br /> May ganados kami, an am ayam an yatot<br /> Que hacienda en total amas que kapatan<br /> Con Molino en lugar ngan ua nga bukatat<br /> Que una hacienda tambien hin mga lakatan<br /> Haluag an am oma nga waray gud tanum<br /> Salit ministibles an am pakalamon<br /> Kon hain an punsyon alla hay que comer<br /> Kay ini nga kakablas no kay porque tener<br /> Ha amon tuna urog it kugon nga tanum<br /> Guin liguid-ligiran hin mga kalungkogong<br /> Un poco de haropay, mucho amorsecos<br /> Kay ito kan apoy iguin togon<br /> 7. '''PANHAYHAY'''<br /> Hadto imo ako guin saaran, saad nga sugad hin inop<br /> Budhi kay waray ka pagtuman hadton guin lala-oman, ay<br /> Hinin kalag na lingo<br /> Salit mga mata kay hupong na, rutay rutay ha mga pagtu-ok<br /> Pabay-e nga manhayhay an gugma ha sakob hinin dughan, ay<br /> Nga hin pagturaw tugob<br /> Waray ako pamamaladong nga maabuti ini nga adlaw<br /> Nga ako magmamasamdong panumdum hadton nanaglabay<br /> Paghitukso han higugma, pagsulog han mga luha<br /> Imo man talingoha, ay, nga ako mamatay<br /> Guin pug-an mo an kasingkasing an ngatanan nga pagmayoyo<br /> Imo man la nagy-an tuyo an pagdarahog nga mabangis<br /> Pamati-a an panhayhay, pagpahingutas hin aganay<br /> Han makalit nga gugma, ay, nga ak guin tatangis<br /> Gugma, kay imo man ak guinlingo<br /> Gugma nga waray ka pa-id<br /> Gugma, kay imo man ak guinlingo<br /> Kay bis’ diri ako mabuhi, ay<br /> Ha pag-antos iga-id.<br /> 8. '''SMAILING'''<br /> (Babae) Bisan ka gud, idoy, maguro-smailing<br /> Kay dinidire ka hit ak kasingkasing<br /> An dinidire-an hit ak kasing-kasing<br /> Kay di ka ma-aram nagtanum hin saguing<br /> (Lalaki)Ma-aram gad ako magtanum hin saguing<br /> Pero waray bunga, puros la saring-sing<br /> Guin tututdo-an ako nira Nanay Tatay<br /> Pagkabikab han tuna, paglubong han saguing<br /> == Pinanbasaran == {{reflist}} ==Mga pagkukuhaan== {{Refbegin|30em}} * {{cite book |last=Chadwick|first=Henry|title=Saint Augustine Confessions|location=Oxford|publisher=Oxford University Press|year=1998|isbn=0-19-283372-3}} * {{cite book |last=Fisher|first=Helen|title=Why We Love: the Nature and Chemistry of Romantic Love|year=2004|url=https://archive.org/details/whywelove00hele|isbn=0-8050-6913-5}} * {{cite journal |author=Giles, James|title=A theory of love and sexual desire|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_journal-for-the-theory-of-social-behaviour_1994-12_24_4/page/339|year=1994|journal=Journal for the Theory of Social Behaviour|volume=24|pages=339–357|doi=10.1111/j.1468-5914.1994.tb00259.x|issue=4}} * {{cite book |last=Kierkegaard|first=Søren|title=Works of Love|url=https://archive.org/details/worksoflove0000kier_c2m5|location=New York City|publisher=Harper Perennial Modern Classics|year=2009|isbn=978-0-06-171327-9}} * {{cite book |last=Oord|first=Thomas Jay|title=Defining Love: A Philosophical, Scientific, and Theological Engagement|url=https://archive.org/details/defininglovephil0000oord|location=Grand Rapids, MI|publisher=Brazos|year=2010|isbn=978-1-58743257-6}} * {{cite book |last=Singer|first=Irving|title=The Nature of Love|volume=(in three volumes)|publisher=Random House|year=1966|edition= v.1 reprinted and later volumes from The University of Chicago Press, 1984|isbn=0-226-76094-4}} * {{cite journal |author=Sternberg, R.J.|title=A triangular theory of love|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_psychological-review_1986-04_93_2/page/119|year=1986|journal=Psychological Review|volume=93|pages=119–135|doi=10.1037/0033-295X.93.2.119|issue=2}} * {{cite journal |author=Sternberg, R.J.|title=Liking versus loving: A comparative evaluation of theories|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_psychological-bulletin_1987-11_102_3/page/331|year=1987|journal=Psychological Bulletin|volume=102|pages=331–345|doi=10.1037/0033-2909.102.3.331|issue=3}} * {{cite book |last=Tennov|first=Dorothy|title=Love and Limerence: the Experience of Being in Love|url=https://archive.org/details/lovelimerence00tenn|location=New York|publisher=Stein and Day|year=1979|isbn=0-8128-6134-5}} * {{cite book |author=Wood Samuel E., Ellen Wood and Denise Boyd|title=The World of Psychology|url=https://archive.org/details/masteringworldof00wood|edition=5th|year=2005|publisher=Pearson Education|pages=[https://archive.org/details/masteringworldof00wood/page/402 402]–403|isbn=0-205-35868-3}} {{Refend}} ==Mga sumpay ha gawas== {{Wiktionary|I love you}} * {{Commons category-inline|Love}} * {{Wikiquote-inline}} * {{Wiktionary-inline|love}} * {{Wikiversity-inline|Have a Happy Relationship}} [[kaarangay:Higugma]] bd21wcwekaf9txhn5w7encns2zkm8n6 0 17646 7782292 7749199 2026-04-07T05:36:02Z InternetArchiveBot 41587 Add 1 book for verifiability (20260407)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 7782292 wikitext text/x-wiki [[File:ImamAliMosqueNajafIraq.JPG|thumb|Imam Ali Mosque ha Najaf, Iraq, kun diin hi Ali, an siyahan nga Shī‘ah Imam ginlubong.]] An '''Shia Islam''' amo an ikaduha nga gidadako-i nga denominasyon han [[Islam]], sunod ha [[Sunni Islam]]. ==Pinanbasaran== {{Reflist}} == Mga reperensya == * {{Cite encyclopedia | encyclopedia = [[Encyclopædia Britannica Online]] | publisher = Encyclopædia Britannica, Inc.}} * {{Cite encyclopedia | encyclopedia=[[Encyclopædia Iranica]] | publisher=Center for Iranian Studies, Columbia University| isbn=1-56859-050-4}} * {{Cite encyclopedia | encyclopedia = Encyclopaedia of Islam and the Muslim world; vol.1 | last = Martin | first = Richard C. | publisher = MacMillan | isbn=0-02-865604-0}} * {{Cite book|last = Corbin|first = Henry|authorlink = Henry Corbin|title = History of Islamic Philosophy, Translated by Liadain Sherrard, [[Philip Sherrard]]|publisher = London; Kegan Paul International in association with Islamic Publications for The Institute of Ismaili Studies |year = 1993 (original French 1964)|isbn = 0-7103-0416-1}} * {{Cite book| last = Dakake | first = Maria Massi | authorlink = | title =The Charismatic Community: Shi'ite Identity in Early Islam | publisher = SUNY Press | year = 2008 | isbn = 0-7914-7033-4}} * {{Cite book| last1=Holt | first1=P. M. | authorlink1=Peter M. Holt |last2=Lewis|first2=Bernard|authorlink2=Bernard Lewis | title=Cambridge History of Islam, Vol. 1 | year=1977a | publisher=Cambridge University Press | isbn=0-521-29136-4}} * {{Cite book| last=Lapidus| first=Ira | authorlink = Ira M. Lapidus | title=A History of Islamic Societies | url=https://archive.org/details/historyofislamic0000lapi_t2d2| publisher=Cambridge University Press | year=2002 | edition=2nd | isbn=978-0-521-77933-3}} * {{Cite book| last=Momen | first=Moojan | authorlink= | title= An Introduction to Shi'i Islam: The History and Doctrines of Twelve| url=https://archive.org/details/introductiontosh0000unse_d5k7 | publisher=Yale University Press | year=1985 | isbn=0-300-03531-4}} * {{Cite book| last=Sachedina | first=Abdulaziz Abdulhussein | authorlink=Abdulaziz Sachedina | title= The Just Ruler (al-sultān Al-ʻādil) in Shīʻite Islam: The Comprehensive Authority of the Jurist in Imamite Jurisprudence| publisher=Oxford University Press US | year=1988 | isbn=0-19-511915-0}} * {{Cite book| last=Tabatabaei | first=Sayyid Mohammad Hosayn | coauthors=[[Seyyed Hossein Nasr]] (translator) | authorlink=Muhammad Husayn Tabatabaei | title= Shi'ite Islam | url=https://archive.org/details/shiiteislam0000taba | publisher=Suny press| year=1979 | isbn=0-87395-272-3}} == Padugang nga barasahon == * Peter J. Chelkowski (ed.), ''Eternal Performance: Taziyah and Other Shiite Rituals'' (Salt lake City (UT), Seagull Books, 2010) (Seagull Books - Enactments). * {{Cite book| last=Corbin | first=Henry | authorlink=Henry Corbin | title= History of Islamic Philosophy, translated by Liadain Sherrard and [[Philip Sherrard]] | publisher=Kegan Paul International in association with Islamic Publications for The Institute of Ismaili Studies| year=1993 | isbn=0-7103-0416-1}} * {{Cite book| last=Dabashi| first=Hamid | authorlink=Hamid Dabashi | title=[http://www.hup.harvard.edu/catalog.php?isbn=9780674064287 Shi'ism: A Religion of Protest] | publisher=Harvard University Press | year=2011 | isbn= 978-0674-06428-7}} * {{Cite book| last=Halm| first=Heinz | title=Shi'ism | url=https://archive.org/details/shiism0000halm| publisher=Edinburgh University Press | year=2004 | isbn=0-7486-1888-0}} * {{Cite book| last=Halm| first=Heinz | title=The Shi'ites: A Short History | url=https://archive.org/details/shiitesshorthist0000halm| publisher=Markus Wiener Pub | year=2007 | isbn=1-55876-437-2}} * {{Cite book| last=Lalani| first=Arzina R. | title=Early Shi'i Thought: The Teachings of Imam Muhammad Al-Baqir | url=https://archive.org/details/earlyshiithought0000lala| publisher=I.B.Tauris | year=2000 | isbn=1-86064-434-1}} * {{Cite book| last=Momen| first=Moojan | title=An Introduction to Shi'i Islam: The History and Doctrines of Twelver Shi'ism | url=https://archive.org/details/introductiontosh0000unse_d5k7| publisher=Yale University Press | year=1985 | isbn=0-300-03499-7}} * {{Cite book| last = Shirazi | first = Sultanu'l-Wa'izin | authorlink=Sultan al-Wa'izin Shirazi | title = Peshawar Nights, A Transcript of a Dialogue between Shia and Sunni scholars | publisher = [[Ansariyan Publications]] | url = http://www.al-islam.org/peshawar/index.html | isbn = 978-964-438-320-5}} * {{Cite book| last=Nasr| first=Seyyed Hossein |author2=[[Hamid Dabashi]] | authorlink=Seyyed Hossein Nasr | title=Expectation of the Millennium: Shiʻism in History | url=https://archive.org/details/expectationofmil0000unse| publisher=SUNY Press | year=1989 | isbn=0-88706-843-X}} * {{Cite book| last=Rogerson| first=Barnaby | title=The Heirs of Muhammad: Islam's First Century and the Origins of the Sunni Shia split | url=https://archive.org/details/heirsofmuhammadi00roge| publisher=Overlook Press | year=2007 | isbn=1-58567-896-1}} * {{Cite book| last=Wollaston| first=Arthur N. | title=The Sunnis and Shias | publisher=Kessinger Publishing | year=2005 | isbn=1-4254-7916-2}} * {{Cite book| last=Moosa| first=Matti | title=Extremist Shiites: The Ghulat Sects | publisher=Syracuse University Press | year=1988 | isbn=0-8156-2411-5}} ==Mga sumpay ha Gawas== {{NIE Poster|year=1905|Shiites}} * [http://www.shafaqna.com Shafaqna: International Shia News Agency] *[http://www.shafaqna.com/english English language website] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130808131020/http://shafaqna.com/english/ |date=2013-08-08 }} * [http://www.yahusain.com/ YaHusain.com, Shia Website with informative lectures in English & Urdu] * [http://www.roshd.org/ Islamic - Shia Website] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080828171810/http://www.roshd.org/ |date=2008-08-28 }} * [http://www.al-islam.org/ Al-Islam.org, A Digital Islamic Library] * [http://theshiapedia.com/index.php?title=Main_Page The Shiapedia, an online Shia encyclopedia] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120425230239/http://theshiapedia.com/index.php?title=Main_Page |date=2012-04-25 }} * [http://www.al-islam.org/murajaat/index.htm Murajaat - A Shi'i/Sunni debate] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131004024555/http://www.al-islam.org/murajaat/index.htm |date=2013-10-04 }} * [http://www.patheos.com/Library/Shia-Islam.html Patheos Library – Shi'a Islam] * [http://www.shiasource.com/ shiasource.com] * [http://www.al-khoei.org/ Imam Al-Khoei Foundation] (Twelver) * [http://www.theismaili.org/ Official Website of Nizari Ismaili] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170710093655/http://www.theismaili.org/ |date=2017-07-10 }} (Ismaili) * [http://www.alavibohra.org/ Official Website of Alavi Bohra] (Ismaili) * [http://www.mumineen.org/ Dawoodi Bohra] (Ismaili) * [http://www.iis.ac.uk/home.asp?l=en The Institute of Ismaili Studies] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070426030151/http://www.iis.ac.uk/home.asp?l=en |date=2007-04-26 }} (Ismaili) *{{dmoz|Society/Religion_and_Spirituality/Islam/Shia|Shia}} * [http://www.al-shia.org/html/eng/index.php al-shia.org] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120124173517/http://www.al-shia.org/html/eng/index.php |date=2012-01-24 }} Ahlulbayt Global Informations Center {{Commonscat|Shiism}} i7ezok8wdlmesycptzutmcxe93aikxz 0 17657 7782348 7770432 2026-04-07T06:52:03Z InternetArchiveBot 41587 Add 1 book for verifiability (20260407)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 7782348 wikitext text/x-wiki [[File:A_yogi_seated_in_a_garden.jpg|thumb]] An '''yoga''' ([[Sinanskrit]], Pāli: योग yóga) amo an mga tradisyon pisikal ngan mental nga disiplina nga nagtikang ha [[Indya]]. ==Pinanbasaran== {{reflist}} ==Mga pagkukuhaan== {{refbegin}} * {{cite book |last= Bryant |first=Edwin |authorlink= Edwin Bryant (author)|title= The Yoga Sutras of Patañjali: A New Edition, Translation, and Commentary |url= https://archive.org/details/yogastrasofpataj0000brya |year= 2009 |publisher= North Point Press |location= New York, USA |isbn= 978-0865477360 }} * {{Citation | last =Crangle | first =Edward Fitzpatrick | year =1994 | title =The Origin and Development of Early Indian Contemplative Practices | publisher =Otto Harrassowitz Verlag}} * {{cite book |last=Dhillon|first=Dalbir Singh|title=Sikhism, Origin and Development|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=osnkLKPMWykC&pg=PA249|year=1988|publisher=Atlantic Publishers|id=GGKEY:BYKZE4QTGJH }} * {{cite book | last = De Michelis | first = Elizabeth | year = 2004 | title = A History of Modern Yoga | url = https://archive.org/details/historyofmoderny0000demi | publisher = Continuum | location = London | isbn=0-8264-8772-6 }} * {{cite book |last1=Dumoulin|first1=Heinrich|last2=Heisig|first2=James W.|last3=Knitter|first3=Paul F.|title=Zen Buddhism: a History: India and China|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=9CYeWYtYBS4C|year=2005|publisher=World Wisdom, Inc|isbn=978-0-941532-89-1 }} * {{cite book | last = Eliade | first = Mircea | authorlink = Mircea Eliade | year = 1958 | title = Yoga: Immortality and Freedom | url = https://archive.org/details/yogaimmortalityf0000mirc | publisher = Princeton University Press | location = Princeton | isbn=978-0-691-14203-6 }} * {{cite book | last = Feuerstein | first = Georg | authorlink = Georg Feuerstein | year = 1996 | title = The Shambhala Guide to Yoga. 1st ed. | location = Boston & London | publisher = Shambhala Publications }} * {{Citation | last =Flood | first =Gavin D. | year =1996 | title =An Introduction to Hinduism | publisher =Cambridge University Press}} * {{cite book |last=Fowler |first=Jeaneane D. |title=The Bhagavad Gita: A Text and Commentary for Students |url=http://books.google.com/books?id=zU4E5ZidVr0C |year=2012 |publisher=Sussex Academic Press |isbn=978-1-84519-346-1 }}{{Dead link|date=January 2023 |bot=InternetArchiveBot }} * {{cite book | last = Goldberg | first = Philip | year = 2010 | title = American Veda. From Emerson and the Beatles to Yoga and Meditation. How Indian Spirituality Changed the West | url = https://archive.org/details/americanvedafrom00gold | publisher= Harmony Books | location = New York | isbn= 978-0-385-52134-5 }} * {{cite book | last = Flood | first = Gavin | year = 1996 | title = An Introduction to Hinduism| publisher = Cambridge University Press | location = Cambridge | isbn=0-521-43878-0 | url = http://books.google.com/books?id=KpIWhKnYmF0C }} * {{cite book | last = Gambhirananda | first = Swami | year = 1998 | title = Madhusudana Sarasvati Bhagavad_Gita: With the annotation Gūḍhārtha Dīpikā| publisher = [[Advaita Ashrama]] Publication Department| location = Calcutta | isbn=81-7505-194-9 }} * {{cite book |last1=Jacobsen|first1=Knut A.|last2=Larson|first2=Gerald James|title=Theory And Practice of Yoga: Essays in Honour of Gerald James Larson|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=TDGFFNYvrokC|year=2005|publisher=BRILL|isbn=978-90-04-14757-7 }} * {{cite book |last=Larson |first=Gerald James |title=The Encyclopedia of Indian Philosophies: Yoga: India's philosophy of meditation |url=http://books.google.com/books?id=p6pURGdBBmIC |year=2008 |publisher=Motilal Banarsidass |isbn=978-81-208-3349-4 }} * {{cite book |last=Lidell |first=Lucy |title=The Sivananda Companion to Yoga |url=http://selfdefinition.org/yoga/Lucy%20Lidell%20-%20The%20Sivananda%20Companion%20to%20Yoga.pdf |year=1983 |publisher=Gaia Books Limited |location=London |isbn=0-684-87000-2 }} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140722153814/http://selfdefinition.org/yoga/Lucy%20Lidell%20-%20The%20Sivananda%20Companion%20to%20Yoga.pdf |date=2014-07-22 }} * {{cite book |last=McEvilley|first=Thomas|title=The shape of ancient thought|publisher=Allworth Communications|year=2002|isbn=978-1-58115-203-6|url=http://books.google.com/?id=Vpqr1vNWQhUC}} * {{cite book | last = Müller | first = Max | authorlink= Max Müller |year = 1899 | title = Six Systems of Indian Philosophy; Samkhya and Yoga, Naya and Vaiseshika | publisher = Susil Gupta (India) Ltd.| location = Calcutta | isbn=0-7661-4296-5 | url = http://books.google.com/books?id=hiH57a0tGpcC}} Reprint edition; Originally published under the title of "The Six Systems of Indian Philosophy." * {{cite book |last=Possehl |first=Gregory|authorlink=Gregory Possehl |title=The Indus Civilization: A Contemporary Perspective |year=2003 |publisher=AltaMira Press |isbn=978-0-7591-0172-2 |url=http://books.google.com/books?id=pmAuAsi4ePIC}} * {{cite book |last=Radhakrishnan |first=S. |authorlink=Sarvepalli Radhakrishnan |last2=Moore|first2= California |title=A Sourcebook in Indian Philosophy |url=https://archive.org/details/sourcebookinindi00radh |year=1967 |publisher=Princeton |isbn=0-691-01958-4 }} * {{Citation |last=Samuel |first=Geoffrey |title=The Origins of Yoga and Tantra |publisher=Cambridge University Press |year=2008 |isbn=978-0-521-69534-3 |url=http://books.google.com/?id=JAvrTGrbpf4C}} * {{cite book |last=Satyananda |first=Swami |authorlink=Swami Satyananda |title=Asana Pranayama Mudra Bandha |url=http://www.znakovi-vremena.net/en/Swami-Satyananda-Saraswati---Asana-Pranayama-Mudra-Bandha.pdf |year=2008 |publisher=Yoga Publications Trust | location = Munger |isbn=978-81-86336-14-4 }} * {{cite book |last=Taimni |first=I. K. |title=The Science of Yoga |url=https://archive.org/details/scienceofyogayog00unse |year=1961 |publisher=The Theosophical Publishing House |location=Adyar, India |isbn=81-7059-212-7 }} * {{cite book | title=Yoga And Indian Philosophy (1977, Reprinted in 1998) | publisher=Motilal Banarsidass Publ | last=Werner|first= Karel | year=1998 | isbn=81-208-1609-9 }} * {{cite book |last=Whicher |first=Ian |title=The Integrity of the Yoga Darśana: A Reconsideration of Classical Yoga |url=http://books.google.com/books?id=_Qo9K9hPvQgC |year=1998 |publisher=SUNY Press |isbn=978-0-7914-3815-2 }} * {{Citation | last =White | first =David Gordon | year =2011 | title =Yoga, Brief History of an Idea (Chapter 1 of "Yoga in practice") | publisher =Princeton University Press | url =http://press.princeton.edu/chapters/i9565.pdf}} * Worthington, Vivian (1982). ''[http://books.google.com/books?id=5aI9AAAAIAAJ A History of Yoga]''. Routledge. ISBN 0-7100-9258-X. * Wynne, Alexander [http://books.google.com/books?id=ElIupyX_SYAC&pg=PA51 "The Origin of Buddhist Meditation."] Routledge, 2007, ISBN 1-134-09741-7. * {{Citation |last=Zimmer |first=Heinrich |authorlink=Heinrich Zimmer |title=Philosophies of India |year=1951 |publisher=Princeton University Press |location=New York, New York |isbn=0-691-01758-1 | url=http://books.google.com/books?id=bRQ5fpTmwoAC }} Bollingen Series XXVI; Edited by Joseph Cambell. * Zydenbos, Robert. ''Jainism Today and Its Future''. München: Manya Verlag, 2006. p.&nbsp;66 {{refend}} ==Mga sumpay ha gawas== {{wiktionary|योग}} {{Sister project links | wikt= | commons=Yoga | b=Yoga | n=no | q=no | s=no | v=Yoga | voy=no | species=no | d=no}} * {{Dmoz|/Society/Religion_and_Spirituality/Yoga/|Yoga}} aw7y78jhm4yt3lyipjnpdxusfdcxwqg 0 17709 7782417 7645692 2026-04-07T07:59:58Z InternetArchiveBot 41587 Add 1 book for verifiability (20260407)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 7782417 wikitext text/x-wiki :''Para han lain nga kagamit, kitaa an [[Oras (pansayod)]].'' [[Paypay:Wooden hourglass 3.jpg|thumb]] An '''panahon'''<ref>Abuyen, Tomas A. '''Diksyunaryo Waray-Waray [Visaya] English-Tagalog'''. Kalayaan Press Mktg. Ent., Inc. Quezon City. Tuig 2000. ISBN 971-08-6050-X. Pakli Ihap 255. </ref> o '''uras''' (Iningles:Time/Moment) (Pambansa:Oras) in uska sistema han panukol hin oras para masabtan an pagkasunod-sunod nga mga panhitabo ngan mga laktaw ha butnga ngan kun ano kaiha an usa ka panhitabo. ==Pinanbasaran== {{reflist}} ==Padugang nga barasahon== <div style="font-size:90%;"> {{div col|2}} * {{cite book |authorlink=Julian Barbour |last=Barbour |first=Julian |title=The End of Time: The Next Revolution in Our Understanding of the Universe |url=https://archive.org/details/endoftimenextrev00barb |publisher=Oxford University Press |date=1999 |isbn=0-19-514592-5}} * {{cite book |authorlink=David S. Landes |last=Landes |first=David |title=[[Revolution in Time]] |publisher=[[Harvard University Press]] |date=2000 |isbn=0-674-00282-2}} * {{cite book |last=Das |first=Tushar Kanti |title=The Time Dimension: An Interdisciplinary Guide |date=1990 |location=New York |publisher=Praeger |isbn=0-275-92681-8 }}- Research bibliography * {{cite book |authorlink=Paul Davies |last=Davies |first=Paul |title=About Time: Einstein's Unfinished Revolution |url=https://archive.org/details/abouttimeeinstei00davi_0 |date=1996 |isbn=0-684-81822-1 |publisher=Simon & Schuster Paperbacks |location=New York}} * {{cite book |authorlink=Richard Feynman |last=Feynman |first=Richard |title=The Character of Physical Law |date=1994 |origyear=1965 |location=Cambridge (Mass) |publisher=The MIT Press |isbn=0-262-56003-8 |pages=108–126 |url=http://mitpress.mit.edu/catalog/item/default.asp?ttype=2&tid=5277}} * {{cite book |authorlink=Peter Galison |last=Galison |first=Peter |title=Einstein's Clocks and Poincaré's Maps: Empires of Time |url=https://archive.org/details/einsteinsclocksp0000gali |date=1992 |location=New York |publisher=W. W. Norton |isbn=0-393-02001-0}} * {{cite book |last=Highfield |first=Roger |title=Arrow of Time: A Voyage through Science to Solve Time's Greatest Mystery |url=https://archive.org/details/arrowoftimevoy00cove |publisher=Random House |date=1992 |isbn=0-449-90723-6}} * {{cite book |authorlink=Mermin |last=Mermin |first=N. David |title=It's About Time: Understanding Einstein's Relativity |date=2005 |publisher=Princeton University Press |isbn=0-691-12201-6 |url=http://press.princeton.edu/titles/8112.html }} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150716215405/http://press.princeton.edu/titles/8112.html |date=2015-07-16 }} * {{cite book |authorlink=Roger Penrose |last=Penrose |first=Roger |title=The Emperor's New Mind: Concerning Computers, Minds, and the Laws of Physics |date=1999 |origyear=1989 |location=New York |publisher=Oxford University Press |isbn=0-19-286198-0 |pages=391–417 |url=http://ukcatalogue.oup.com/product/9780192861986.do |accessdate=9 Abril 2011 }} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101226155727/http://ukcatalogue.oup.com/product/9780192861986.do |date=26 Disyembre 2010 }} * {{cite book |last=Price |first=Huw |title=Time's Arrow and Archimedes' Point |date=1996 |publisher=Oxford University Press |isbn=0-19-511798-0 |url=http://sydney.edu.au/time/price/TAAP.html|accessdate=9 Abril 2011}} * {{cite book |authorlink=Hans Reichenbach |last=Reichenbach |first=Hans |title=The Direction of Time |date=1999 |origyear=1956 |location=New York |publisher=Dover |isbn=0-486-40926-0 |url=http://store.doverpublications.com/0486409260.html}} * [[Bernard Stiegler|Stiegler, Bernard]], ''[[Technics and Time, 1: The Fault of Epimetheus]]'' * {{cite book |last=Quznetsov |first=Gunn A. |title=Logical Foundation of Theoretical Physics |url=https://archive.org/details/logicalfoundatio0000quzn |publisher=Nova Sci. Publ. |date=2006 |isbn=1-59454-948-6}} * {{cite book |authorlink=Gerald James Whitrow |last=Whitrow |first=Gerald J. |title=The Nature of Time |publisher=Holt, Rinehart and Wilson (New York) |date=1973}} * {{cite book |last=Whitrow |first=Gerald J. |title=The Natural Philosophy of Time |url=https://archive.org/details/naturalphilosoph0000whit_j4t5 |publisher=Clarendon Press (Oxford) |date=1980}} * {{cite book |last=Whitrow |first=Gerald J. |title=Time in History. The evolution of our general awareness of time and temporal perspective |url=https://archive.org/details/timeinhistoryevo00whit |publisher=Oxford University Press |date=1988 |isbn=0-19-285211-6}} * {{cite book |last=Rovelli |first=Carlo |title=What is time? What is space? |publisher=Di Renzo Editore |location=Rome |date=2006 |isbn=88-8323-146-5 |url=http://www.direnzo.it/main.phtml?Language=en&Doc=0001&ISBN=8883231465}} * [[Charlie Gere]], (2005) ''Art, Time and Technology: Histories of the Disappearing Body'', Berg * Craig Callendar, ''Introducing Time'', Icon Books, 2010, ISBN 978-1848311206 * Benjamin Gal-Or, ''Cosmology, Physics and Philosophy'', Springer Verlag, 1981, 1983, 1987, ISBN 0-387-90581-2, ISBN 0-387-96526-2. * Roberto Mangabeira Unger and Lee Smolin, ''The Singular Universe and the Reality of Time'', Cambridge University Press, 2014, ISBN 978-1-107-07406-4. </div> {{div col end}} ==Mga sumpay ha gawas== {{Sister project links|n=no|s=no|v=no}} * [http://exploringtime.org/?page=segments Exploring Time] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150221180700/http://exploringtime.org/?page=segments |date=2015-02-21 }} from Planck Time to the lifespan of the universe * [http://tycho.usno.navy.mil/systime.html Different systems of measuring time] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151016211032/http://tycho.usno.navy.mil/systime.html |date=2015-10-16 }} * {{In Our Time|Time|p005465z|Time}} * {{cite encyclopedia |url=http://www.iep.utm.edu/time/ |title=Time |first=Bradley (California State University, Sacramento) |last=Dowden |date=2007 |encyclopedia=The Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy |editor=James Fieser, PhD, Bradley Dowden, PhD |accessdate=9 Abril 2011}} * {{cite encyclopedia |url=http://plato.stanford.edu/archives/win2004/entries/time-experience |title=The Experience and Perception of Time |last=Le Poidevin |first=Robin |date=Winter 2004 |encyclopedia=The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy |editor=Edward N. Zalta |accessdate=9 Abril 2011}} * [http://www.dmoz.org/Reference/Time/ Time at Open Directory] sh1fwmme2snwtw0om29d722ijha9lwz 0 17742 7782410 7648979 2026-04-07T07:54:32Z InternetArchiveBot 41587 Add 1 book for verifiability (20260407)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 7782410 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Taxobox | name = Fungus | status = | image = Fungi_collage.jpg | image_caption = | range_map = | range_map_caption = | image2 = | image2_caption = | domain = Eukaryota | regnum = Fungi | taxon = Fungi | subdivision_ranks = Divisio | subdivision = *[[Chytridiomycota]] <!-- --> *[[Zygomycota]] <!-- --> *[[Glomeromycota]] *[[Neocallimastigomycota]] *[[Dikarya]] **[[Ascomycota]] <!-- --> **[[Basidiomycota]] }} [[Fayl:Fungi Diversity.jpg|thumb]] An '''fungus''' amo an organismo eukaryotiko nga miyembro han ginhadian ''Fungi'', na nasakop san mga ''microorganisms'' na sugad han ''yeasts'', [[alamag]] ngan mga [[ulaping]]. Buhi ini nga organismo nga nalalain sa mga [[hayop]], [[tanom]], [[protista]], [[bakterya|eubakterya]] ngan [[archaebakterya]]. An usa na pagkakaiba san fungus amo an pagkakamay'ada ''cell wall'' na mayaon ''chitin'', diri pareho san ''cell wall'' san hayop ngan tanaman ngan iba na protista na may ada ''cellulose'', ngan lain liwat san cell wall san bakterya. ==Pinanbasaran== {{reflist}} === Padugang nga barasahon === * {{cite book |author=Ainsworth GC. |title=Introduction to the History of Mycology |publisher=Cambridge University Press |location=Cambridge, UK |year=1976 |isbn=0-521-11295-8}} * {{cite book|author=Alexopoulos CJ, Mims CW, Blackwell M. |title=Introductory Mycology |url=https://archive.org/details/introductorymyco0000alex_q5x1 | year=1996 |publisher=John Wiley and Sons |isbn=0-471-52229-5}} * {{cite book|author=Chandler PJ. |title=A Dipterist's Handbook (2nd Edition)|year=2010|publisher=The Amateur Entomologists' Society|pages=1–525}} * {{cite book |author=Deacon J. |title=Fungal Biology |url=https://archive.org/details/fungalbiology0000deac |publisher=Blackwell Publishers |location=Cambridge, Massachusetts |year=2005 |isbn=1-4051-3066-0}} * {{cite book |author=Hall IR. |title=Edible and Poisonous Mushrooms of the World |url=https://archive.org/details/ediblepoisonousm0000unse |publisher=Timber Press |location=Portland, Oregon |year=2003 |isbn=0-88192-586-1}} * {{cite book|author=Hanson JR.| title=The Chemistry of Fungi |url=https://archive.org/details/chemistryoffungi0000hans| year=2008 |publisher=Royal Society Of Chemistry |isbn=0-85404-136-2}} * {{cite book |author=Jennings DH, Lysek G. |title=Fungal Biology: Understanding the Fungal Lifestyle |year=1996 |publisher=Bios Scientific Publishers Ltd |location=Guildford, UK |isbn=978-1-85996-150-6}} * {{cite book |author=Kirk PM, Cannon PF, Minter DW, Stalpers JA. |title=Dictionary of the Fungi. 10th ed |url=https://archive.org/details/ainsworthbisbysd0000unse_r4s9 |publisher=CAB International |location=Wallingford, UK |year=2008 |isbn=0-85199-826-7}} * {{cite book |author=Taylor EL, Taylor TN. |title=The Biology and Evolution of Fossil Plants |publisher=Prentice Hall |location=Englewood Cliffs, New Jersey |year=1993 |isbn=0-13-651589-4}} ==Mga sumpay ha gawas== {{Wiktionary}} {{Sisterlinks|wikt=fungi|commons=Category:Fungi|species=Fungi}} {{Library resources box |onlinebooks=yes |by=no |lcheading= Fungi |label=Fungus }} * [http://tolweb.org/fungi Tree of Life web project: Fungi] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210125081408/http://tolweb.org/fungi |date=2021-01-25 }} * {{eol|5559}} * [[Mushroom Observer]] ([http://mushroomobserver.org mushroomobserver.org]), a collaborative fungus recording and identification project eihx2d2gkqzh3pijcwjenav3n3ftw2m 0 17756 7782316 7771859 2026-04-07T06:05:59Z InternetArchiveBot 41587 Add 8 books for verifiability (20260407)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 7782316 wikitext text/x-wiki [[File:LampFlowchart.svg|thumb]] Ha matematika, pagihap, lingwistika, an '''algoritmo''' amo an surundan nga naghahatag hin solusyon ha usa ka problema nga agsob gamiton ha pagkalkula ngan pag proseso hin mga datos. == Pinanbasaran == {{Reflist|30em}} == Mga reperensya== {{refbegin|30em}} * Axt, P. (1959) On a Subrecursive Hierarchy and Primitive Recursive Degrees, ''Transactions of the American Mathematical Society'' 92, pp.&nbsp;85–105 * Bell, C. Gordon and Newell, Allen (1971), ''Computer Structures: Readings and Examples'', McGraw-Hill Book Company, New York. ISBN 0-07-004357-4. * {{cite book|last=Bellah|first=Robert Neelly|year=1985|authorlink=Robert N. Bellah|title=Habits of the Heart: Individualism and Commitment in American Life| location=Berkeley| isbn=978-0-520-25419-0|publisher=University of California Press|url= http://books.google.com/books?id=XsUojihVZQcC |ref=harv}} * {{Cite journal|author1-link=Andreas Blass|first1=Andreas|last1=Blass|author2-link=Yuri Gurevich|first2=Yuri|last2=Gurevich|year=2003|url=http://research.microsoft.com/~gurevich/Opera/164.pdf|title=Algorithms: A Quest for Absolute Definitions|journal= Bulletin of European Association for Theoretical Computer Science|volume= 81}} Includes an excellent bibliography of 56 references. * {{cite book| last1 = Boolos| first1 = George| last2 = Jeffrey| first2 = Richard| title = Computability and Logic| url = https://archive.org/details/computabilitylog0000bool_r8y9| edition = 4th| origyear = 1974| year = 1999| publisher = Cambridge University Press, London| isbn = 0-521-20402-X| ref = harv| author1-link = George Boolos| author2-link = Richard Jeffrey }}: cf. Chapter 3 ''Turing machines'' where they discuss "certain enumerable sets not effectively (mechanically) enumerable". * {{cite book| last = Burgin| first = Mark| title = Super-Recursive Algorithms| url = https://archive.org/details/superrecursiveal0000burg| year = 2004| publisher = Springer| isbn = 978-0-387-95569-8 }} * Campagnolo, M.L., [[Cris Moore|Moore, C.]], and Costa, J.F. (2000) An analog characterization of the subrecursive functions. In ''Proc. of the 4th Conference on Real Numbers and Computers'', Odense University, pp.&nbsp;91–109 * {{Cite journal|last=Church|first=Alonzo|authorlink=Alonzo Church|title=An Unsolvable Problem of Elementary Number Theory|journal=The American Journal of Mathematics|volume=58|pages= 345–363|year=1936a|doi=10.2307/2371045|issue=2|jstor=2371045}} Reprinted in ''The Undecidable'', p.&nbsp;89ff. The first expression of "Church's Thesis". See in particular page 100 (''The Undecidable'') where he defines the notion of "effective calculability" in terms of "an algorithm", and he uses the word "terminates", etc. * {{Cite journal|last=Church|first=Alonzo|authorlink=Alonzo Church|title=A Note on the Entscheidungsproblem|journal=The Journal of Symbolic Logic|volume=1|year=1936b|pages=40–41|doi=10.2307/2269326|issue=1|jstor=2269326}} {{cite journal|last=Church|first=Alonzo|title=Correction to a Note on the Entscheidungsproblem|journal=The Journal of Symbolic Logic|volume=1|year=1936|pages=101–102|doi=10.2307/2269030|issue=3|jstor=2269030}} Reprinted in ''The Undecidable'', p.&nbsp;110ff. Church shows that the Entscheidungsproblem is unsolvable in about 3 pages of text and 3 pages of footnotes. * {{cite book| last = Daffa'| first = Ali Abdullah al-| title = The Muslim contribution to mathematics| year = 1977| publisher = Croom Helm| location = London| isbn = 0-85664-464-1 }} * {{cite book| last = Davis| first = Martin| authorlink = Martin Davis| title = The Undecidable: Basic Papers On Undecidable Propositions, Unsolvable Problems and Computable Functions| url = https://archive.org/details/undecidablebasic0000davi| year = 1965| publisher = Raven Press| location = New York| isbn = 0-486-43228-9 }} Davis gives commentary before each article. Papers of [[Gödel]], [[Alonzo Church]], [[Alan Turing|Turing]], [[J. Barkley Rosser|Rosser]], [[Kleene]], and [[Emil Post]] are included; those cited in the article are listed here by author's name. * {{cite book| last = Davis| first = Martin| authorlink = Martin Davis| title = Engines of Logic: Mathematicians and the Origin of the Computer| year = 2000| publisher = W. W. Nortion| location = New York| isbn = 0-393-32229-7 }} Davis offers concise biographies of [[Gottfried Leibniz|Leibniz]], [[George Boole|Boole]], [[Gottlob Frege|Frege]], [[Georg Cantor|Cantor]], [[David Hilbert|Hilbert]], Gödel and Turing with [[John von Neumann|von Neumann]] as the show-stealing villain. Very brief bios of [[Joseph-Marie Jacquard]], [[Babbage]], [[Ada Lovelace]], [[Claude Shannon]], [[Howard Aiken]], etc. * {{DADS|algorithm|algorithm}} * {{cite journal|title= Evolution and moral diversity |author=Dean, Tim |journal=Baltic International Yearbook of Cognition, Logic and Communication|year=2012|volume=7}} * {{cite book| last = Dennett| first = Daniel| authorlink = Daniel Dennett| title = Darwin's Dangerous Idea| url = https://archive.org/details/darwinsdangerous0000denn_c9g4| year = 1995| publisher = Touchstone/Simon & Schuster| location = New York| isbn = 0-684-80290-2 }} * [[Yuri Gurevich]], [http://research.microsoft.com/~gurevich/Opera/141.pdf ''Sequential Abstract State Machines Capture Sequential Algorithms''], ACM Transactions on Computational Logic, Vol 1, no 1 (July 2000), pages 77–111. Includes bibliography of 33 sources. * {{cite book| last1=Hertzke| first1=Allen D.|last2=McRorie|first2=Chris| year=1998|editor1-last=Lawler| editor1-first=Peter Augustine| editor2-last=McConkey|editor2-first=Dale|chapter=The Concept of Moral Ecology|title=Community and Political Thought Today|location =Westort, CT|publisher=[[Praeger]]|ref=harv}} * {{Cite journal|last=Kleene|first=Stephen C.|authorlink=Stephen Kleene|title=General Recursive Functions of Natural Numbers|journal=Mathematische Annalen|volume=112|pages=727–742|url=http://gdz.sub.uni-goettingen.de/index.php?id=11&PPN=GDZPPN002278499&L=1|year=1936|doi=10.1007/BF01565439|issue=5|access-date=2015-01-30|archive-date=2014-09-03|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140903092121/http://gdz.sub.uni-goettingen.de/index.php?id=11&PPN=GDZPPN002278499&L=1|url-status=dead}} Presented to the American Mathematical Society, September 1935. Reprinted in ''The Undecidable'', p.&nbsp;237ff. Kleene's definition of "general recursion" (known now as mu-recursion) was used by Church in his 1935 paper ''An Unsolvable Problem of Elementary Number Theory'' that proved the "decision problem" to be "undecidable" (i.e., a negative result). * {{Cite journal|last=Kleene|first=Stephen C.|authorlink=Stephen Kleene |title= Recursive Predicates and Quantifiers|journal=American Mathematical Society Transactions|volume=54|pages=41–73|year=1943 |doi= 10.2307/1990131|issue=1|jstor=1990131}} Reprinted in ''The Undecidable'', p.&nbsp;255ff. Kleene refined his definition of "general recursion" and proceeded in his chapter "12. Algorithmic theories" to posit "Thesis I" (p.&nbsp;274); he would later repeat this thesis (in Kleene 1952:300) and name it "Church's Thesis"(Kleene 1952:317) (i.e., the [[Church thesis]]). * {{cite book| last = Kleene| first = Stephen C.| authorlink = Kleene| title = Introduction to Metamathematics| edition = Tenth Edition 1991| year = 1952|edition=First| publisher = North-Holland Publishing Company| isbn = 0-7204-2103-9 }} Excellent—accessible, readable—reference source for mathematical "foundations". * {{cite book| last = Knuth| first = Donald| authorlink = Donald Knuth| title = Fundamental Algorithms, Third Edition| year = 1997| publisher = Addison–Wesley| location = Reading, Massachusetts| isbn = 0-201-89683-4 }} * {{Cite book|last=Knuth|first=Donald|authorlink=Donald Knuth|title=Volume 2/Seminumerical Algorithms, The Art of Computer Programming First Edition|publisher=Addison–Wesley|location=Reading, Massachusetts|year=1969|isbn= }} * Kosovsky, N. K. ''Elements of Mathematical Logic and its Application to the theory of Subrecursive Algorithms'', LSU Publ., Leningrad, 1981 * {{Cite journal|last=Kowalski|first=Robert|authorlink=Robert Kowalski|title=Algorithm=Logic+Control|journal=[[Communications of the ACM]]|volume=22|issue=7|pages=424–436|year=1979|doi=10.1145/359131.359136}} * [[A. A. Markov]] (1954) ''Theory of algorithms''. [Translated by Jacques J. Schorr-Kon and PST staff] Imprint Moscow, Academy of Sciences of the USSR, 1954 [i.e., Jerusalem, Israel Program for Scientific Translations, 1961; available from the Office of Technical Services, U.S. Dept. of Commerce, Washington] Description 444 p.&nbsp;28&nbsp;cm. Added t.p. in Russian Translation of Works of the Mathematical Institute, Academy of Sciences of the USSR, v. 42. Original title: Teoriya algerifmov. [QA248.M2943 Dartmouth College library. U.S. Dept. of Commerce, Office of Technical Services, number OTS 60-51085.] * {{cite book| last = Minsky| first = Marvin| authorlink = Marvin Minsky| title = Computation: Finite and Infinite Machines| url = https://archive.org/details/computationfinit0000marv| edition = First| year = 1967| publisher = Prentice-Hall, Englewood Cliffs, NJ| isbn = 0-13-165449-7 }} Minsky expands his "...idea of an algorithm—an effective procedure..." in chapter 5.1 ''Computability, Effective Procedures and Algorithms. Infinite machines.'' * {{Cite journal|last=Post|first=Emil|authorlink=Emil Post|title=Finite Combinatory Processes, Formulation I |journal=The Journal of Symbolic Logic |volume=1 |year=1936 |pages=103–105 |doi=10.2307/2269031 |issue=3 |jstor=2269031}} Reprinted in ''The Undecidable'', p.&nbsp;289ff. Post defines a simple algorithmic-like process of a man writing marks or erasing marks and going from box to box and eventually halting, as he follows a list of simple instructions. This is cited by Kleene as one source of his "Thesis I", the so-called [[Church–Turing thesis]]. * {{Cite book|last=Rogers, Jr|first=Hartley|title=Theory of Recursive Functions and Effective Computability|publisher=The MIT Press|year=1987|isbn=0-262-68052-1}} * {{Cite journal|last=Rosser|first=J.B.|authorlink=J.B. Rosser|title=An Informal Exposition of Proofs of Godel's Theorem and Church's Theorem|journal=Journal of Symbolic Logic|volume= 4 |year=1939}} Reprinted in ''The Undecidable'', p.&nbsp;223ff. Herein is Rosser's famous definition of "effective method": "...a method each step of which is precisely predetermined and which is certain to produce the answer in a finite number of steps... a machine which will then solve any problem of the set with no human intervention beyond inserting the question and (later) reading the answer" (p.&nbsp;225–226, ''The Undecidable'') * {{cite book |last=Santos-Lang |first=Christopher |year=2014 |editor1-first=Simon |editor1-last=van Rysewyk |editor2-first=Matthijs |editor2-last=Pontier |title=Machine Medical Ethics |publisher=Springer |location=Switzerland |pages=111–127 |chapter=Moral Ecology Approaches to Machine Ethics |url=http://grinfree.com/MoralEcology.pdf |format=PDF |doi=10.1007/978-3-319-08108-3_8 }} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150208131430/http://grinfree.com/MoralEcology.pdf |date=2015-02-08 }} * {{Cite book|last=Scott|first=Michael L.|title=Programming Language Pragmatics |url=https://archive.org/details/programminglangu0000scot_i7d2|edition=3rd |publisher=Morgan Kaufmann Publishers/Elsevier|year=2009|isbn=978-0-12-374514-9}} * {{cite book| last = Sipser| first = Michael| title = Introduction to the Theory of Computation| url = https://archive.org/details/introductiontoth00sips| year = 2006| publisher = PWS Publishing Company| isbn = 0-534-94728-X }} * {{cite book |last=Sober |first=Elliott |last2=Wilson |first2=David Sloan |year=1998 |title=Unto Others: The Evolution and Psychology of Unselfish Behavior |url=https://archive.org/details/untoothersevolut00sobe |location=Cambridge |publisher=Harvard University Press}} * {{Cite book|last=Stone|first=Harold S.|title=Introduction to Computer Organization and Data Structures|url=https://archive.org/details/introductiontoco0000ston_s4o5|edition=1972|publisher=McGraw-Hill, New York|isbn=0-07-061726-0|year=1972}} Cf. in particular the first chapter titled: ''Algorithms, Turing Machines, and Programs''. His succinct informal definition: "...any sequence of instructions that can be obeyed by a robot, is called an ''algorithm''" (p.&nbsp;4). * {{cite book| last = Tausworthe| first = Robert C| title = Standardized Development of Computer Software Part 1 Methods| url = https://archive.org/details/standardizeddeve0000taus| year = 1977| publisher = Prentice-Hall, Inc.| location = Englewood Cliffs NJ| isbn = 0-13-842195-1 }} * {{Cite journal|last=Turing|first=Alan M.|authorlink=A. M. Turing|title=On Computable Numbers, With An Application to the Entscheidungsproblem|journal=[[Proceedings of the London Mathematical Society]], Series 2|volume=42|pages= 230–265 |year=1936–37|doi=10.1112/plms/s2-42.1.230 }}. Corrections, ibid, vol. 43(1937) pp.&nbsp;544–546. Reprinted in ''The Undecidable'', p.&nbsp;116ff. Turing's famous paper completed as a Master's dissertation while at King's College Cambridge UK. * {{Cite journal|last=Turing|first=Alan M.|authorlink=A. M. Turing|title=Systems of Logic Based on Ordinals|journal=Proceedings of the London Mathematical Society|volume=45|pages=161–228|year=1939|doi=10.1112/plms/s2-45.1.161}} Reprinted in ''The Undecidable'', p.&nbsp;155ff. Turing's paper that defined "the oracle" was his PhD thesis while at Princeton USA. * {{Cite book | first1 = Wendell | last1 = Wallach | first2 = Colin | last2 = Allen |date=November 2008 | title = Moral Machines: Teaching Robots Right from Wrong | url = https://archive.org/details/moralmachinestea0000wall | isbn = 978-0-19-537404-9 | publisher = Oxford University Press | location = USA | ref = harv}} * [[United States Patent and Trademark Office]] (2006), [http://www.uspto.gov/web/offices/pac/mpep/documents/2100_2106_02.htm ''2106.02 **>Mathematical Algorithms: 2100 Patentability''], Manual of Patent Examining Procedure (MPEP). Latest revision August 2006 === Mga segundarya nga reperensya === * {{cite book| last = Bolter| first = David J.| title = Turing's Man: Western Culture in the Computer Age| url = https://archive.org/details/turingsmanwester0000bolt| edition = 1984| year = 1984| publisher = The University of North Carolina Press, Chapel Hill NC| isbn = 0-8078-1564-0 }}, ISBN 0-8078-4108-0 pbk. * {{cite book| last = Dilson| first = Jesse| authorlink = Dilson| title = The Abacus| url = https://archive.org/details/abacusworldsfirs0000dils| edition = (1968,1994)| year = 2007| publisher = St. Martin's Press, NY| isbn = 0-312-10409-X }}, ISBN 0-312-10409-X (pbk.) * {{cite book| last = van Heijenoort| first = Jean| authorlink = van Heijenoort| title = From Frege to Gödel, A Source Book in Mathematical Logic, 1879–1931| url = https://archive.org/details/fromfregetogdels0000jean| edition = (1967)| year = 2001| publisher = Harvard University Press, Cambridge, MA| isbn = 0-674-32449-8 }}, 3rd edition 1976[?], ISBN 0-674-32449-8 (pbk.) * {{cite book| last = Hodges| first = Andrew| title = Alan Turing: The Enigma| url = https://archive.org/details/alanturingenigma00hodg| edition = (1983)| year = 1983| publisher = Simon and Schuster, New York| isbn = 0-671-49207-1 }}, ISBN 0-671-49207-1. Cf. Chapter "The Spirit of Truth" for a history leading to, and a discussion of, his proof. {{refend}} == Padugang nga barasahon == {{refbegin}} * {{cite book| author = Jean Luc Chabert| title = A History of Algorithms: From the Pebble to the Microchip| url = https://archive.org/details/isbn_0116404090940| year = 1999| publisher = Springer Verlag| isbn = 978-3-540-63369-3 }} * {{cite book| title = Algorithmics.: The Spirit of Computing.| year = 2004| publisher = Addison-Wesley| isbn = 978-0-321-11784-7 }} * [[Donald Knuth|Knuth, Donald E.]] (2000). ''[http://www-cs-faculty.stanford.edu/~uno/aa.html Selected Papers on Analysis of Algorithms] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170701190647/http://www-cs-faculty.stanford.edu/~uno/aa.html |date=2017-07-01 }}''. Stanford, California: Center for the Study of Language and Information. * Knuth, Donald E. (2010). ''[http://www-cs-faculty.stanford.edu/~uno/da.html Selected Papers on Design of Algorithms] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170716225848/http://www-cs-faculty.stanford.edu/~uno/da.html |date=2017-07-16 }}''. Stanford, California: Center for the Study of Language and Information. * {{cite book| last = Berlinski| first = David| title = The Advent of the Algorithm: The 300-Year Journey from an Idea to the Computer| year = 2001| publisher = Harvest Books| isbn = 978-0-15-601391-8 }} * {{cite book|author = Thomas H. Cormen, Charles E. Leiserson, Ronald L. Rivest and Clifford Stein| title = Introduction To Algorithms, Third Edition| year = 2009| publisher = MIT Press | isbn =978-0262033848 }} {{refend}} == Mga sumpay ha gawas == {{wiktionary}} {{wikibooks|Algorithms}} {{WVD}} * {{springer|title=Algorithm|id=p/a011780}} * {{dmoz|Computers/Algorithms/|Algorithms}} * {{MathWorld | urlname=Algorithm | title=Algorithm}} * [http://www.nist.gov/dads/ Dictionary of Algorithms and Data Structures]—[[National Institute of Standards and Technology]] * [http://www.softpanorama.org/Algorithms/index.shtml Algorithms and Data Structures by Dr Nikolai Bezroukov] ; Mga repositoryo han Algorithmo * [http://www.cs.sunysb.edu/~algorith/ The Stony Brook Algorithm Repository]—[[State University of New York at Stony Brook]] * [http://www.netlib.org/ Netlib Repository]—[[University of Tennessee]] and [[Oak Ridge National Laboratory]] * [http://calgo.acm.org/ Collected Algorithms of the ACM]—[[Association for Computing Machinery]] * [http://www-cs-staff.stanford.edu/~knuth/sgb.html The Stanford GraphBase] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151206222112/http://www-cs-staff.stanford.edu/%7Eknuth/sgb.html |date=2015-12-06 }}—[[Stanford University]] * [http://www.combinatorica.com/ Combinatorica]—[[University of Iowa]] and [[State University of New York at Stony Brook]] * [http://www.algorithmic-solutions.com/ Library of Efficient Datastructures and Algorithms (LEDA)]—previously from [[Max-Planck-Institut für Informatik]] * [http://www.keithschwarz.com/interesting/ Archive of Interesting Code] * [http://allmyalgorithms.org A semantic wiki to collect, categorize and relate all algorithms and data structures] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241210083145/http://allmyalgorithms.org/ |date=2024-12-10 }} ; Lecture notes * [http://compgeom.cs.uiuc.edu/~jeffe//teaching/algorithms/ Algorithms Course Materials] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070329060052/http://compgeom.cs.uiuc.edu/~jeffe/teaching/algorithms/ |date=2007-03-29 }}. Jeff Erickson. [[University of Illinois]]. ; Community * [https://plus.google.com/communities/101392274103811461838 Algorithms] on [[Google+]] [[Kaarangay:Mga algoritmo]] tjpqwiezvaccrfe0yejlhgrjnexqni6 0 17760 7782302 7781932 2026-04-07T05:46:51Z InternetArchiveBot 41587 Add 1 book for verifiability (20260407)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 7782302 wikitext text/x-wiki [[File:Bananas.jpg|thumb]] An '''Saging''' <ref>Abuyen, Tomas A. '''Diksyunaryo Waray-Waray [Visaya] English-Tagalog'''. Kalayaan Press Mktg. Ent., Inc. Quezon City. Tuig 2000. ISBN 971-08-6050-X. Pakli Ihap 321.</ref> amo an tawag ha [[prutas]] ngan ha herbaciouas na [[tanum]] han genus [[Musa]]. An sab'a (Eng. plantain), latundan o kosta, lakatan (cavandish), bungoran ngan pakol amo in mga klase han saging. ang puno ni kay gihimoan gina iyot ug mga bisaya pag gi libog sinda kuno. == Pinanbasaran == {{reflist}} ==Bibliograpiya== {{refbegin|30em}} <!--Please don't remove commented out refs; I'm working on this article as of 30 Jan 2013 User:Peter coxhead--> <!--* {{Cite journal | author=Editors | title=Banana fiber rugs | journal=[[Dwell (magazine)|Dwell]] | date=2006 | volume=6 | issue=7 | page= 44 | ref=harv}} Brief mention of banana fiber rugs * {{Cite journal | last1=Leibling |first1=Robert W. |last2=Pepperdine |first2=Donna |title=Natural remedies of Arabia |journal=[[Saudi Aramco World]] |date=2006 |volume=57 |issue=5 |page=14 |lastauthoramp=yes | ref=harv }} (Banana etymology, banana flour)--> * {{Cite book |last=Nelson |first=S.C. |last2=Ploetz |first2=R.C. |last3=Kepler |first3=A.K. |date=2006 |chapter=''Musa'' species (bananas and plantains) |editor-last=Elevitch |editor-first=C.R<!--.--> |title=Species Profiles for Pacific Island Agroforestry |publication-place=Hōlualoa, Hawai'i |publisher=Permanent Agriculture Resources (PAR) |url=http://agroforestry.net/tti/Musa-banana-plantain.pdf |accessdate=2013-01-10 |lastauthoramp=yes |ref=harv }} * {{Cite book|last=Office of the Gene Technology Regulator|date=2008|title=The Biology of ''Musa'' L. (banana)|publisher=Australian Government|url=http://www.ogtr.gov.au/internet/ogtr/publishing.nsf/content/banana-3/$FILE/biologybanana08.pdf|accessdate=2013-01-30|lastauthoramp=yes|ref=harv}} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121203022848/http://www.ogtr.gov.au/internet/ogtr/publishing.nsf/content/banana-3/$FILE/biologybanana08.pdf |date=2012-12-03 }} {{Cite web |title=Archived copy |url=http://www.ogtr.gov.au/internet/ogtr/publishing.nsf/content/banana-3/$FILE/biologybanana08.pdf |access-date=2015-01-30 |archive-date=2012-12-03 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121203022848/http://www.ogtr.gov.au/internet/ogtr/publishing.nsf/content/banana-3/$FILE/biologybanana08.pdf |url-status= }} * {{Cite book |last=Ploetz |first=R.C. |last2=Kepler |first2=A.K. |last3=Daniells |first3=J. |last4=Nelson |first4=S.C. |date=2007 |chapter=Banana and Plantain: An Overview with Emphasis on Pacific Island Cultivars |editor-last=Elevitch |editor-first=C.R<!--.--> |title=Species Profiles for Pacific Island Agroforestry |publication-place=Hōlualoa, Hawai'i |publisher=Permanent Agriculture Resources (PAR) |url=http://agroforestry.net/tti/Banana-plantain-overview.pdf |accessdate=2013-01-10 |lastauthoramp=yes |ref=harv }} <!--* {{Cite book |last1=Skidmore |first1=T. |last2=Smith |first2=P. |title=Modern Latin America |url=https://archive.org/details/modernlatinameri00thom |edition=5th |date=2001 |publication-place=New York |publisher=Oxford University Press |isbn=978-0-19-512995-3 |lastauthoramp=yes |ref=harv }}--> * {{Cite book |last=Stover |first=R.H. |last2=Simmonds |first2=N.W. |date=1987 |title=Bananas |url=https://archive.org/details/bananas0000stov |edition=3rd |publication-place=Harlow, England |publisher=Longman |isbn=978-0-582-46357-8 |lastauthoramp=yes |ref=harv }} * {{Cite book |last=Valmayor |first=Ramón V. |last2=Jamaluddin |first2=S.H. |last3=Silayoi |first3=B. |last4=Kusumo |first4=S. |last5=Danh |first5=L.D. |last6=Pascua |first6=O.C. |last7=Espino |first7=R.R.C. |date=2000 |title=Banana cultivar names and synonyms in Southeast Asia |publication-place=Los Baños, Philippines |publisher=International Network for Improvement of Banana and Plantain – Asia and the Pacific Office |isbn=978-971-91751-2-4 |url=http://kukr.lib.ku.ac.th/Fulltext_kukr/KU0222075c.pdf |accessdate=2013-01-08 |archiveurl=http://www.webcitation.org/6DWPTd1hm |archivedate=2013-01-08 |lastauthoramp=yes |ref=harv }} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130530235053/http://kukr.lib.ku.ac.th/Fulltext_kukr/KU0222075c.pdf |date=2013-05-30 }} {{Cite web |title=Archived copy |url=http://kukr.lib.ku.ac.th/Fulltext_kukr/KU0222075c.pdf |access-date=2015-01-30 |archive-date=2013-05-30 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130530235053/http://kukr.lib.ku.ac.th/Fulltext_kukr/KU0222075c.pdf |url-status=unfit }} {{refend}} ==Padugang nga barasahon== *Dan Koeppel, ''[[The New York Times]]'' article of June 18, 2008, [http://www.nytimes.com/2008/06/18/opinion/18koeppel.html "Yes, We Will Have No Bananas"] * [[Harriet Lamb]], "Fighting The Banana Wars and other Fairtrade Battles", ISBN 978-1-84604-083-2 ==Mga sumpay ha gawas== {{Sister project links |wikt=banana |commons=Banana |b=no |n=no |q=no |s=1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Banana |v=Banana production |voy=no }} *[http://www.kew.org/science-conservation/plants-fungi/musa-acuminata-banana Kew plant profile: ''Musa acuminata'' (banana)] * [http://agritrade.cta.int/Agriculture/Commodities/Bananas Articles on banana trade at ''Agritrade''] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140214090211/http://agritrade.cta.int/Agriculture/Commodities/Bananas |date=2014-02-14 }} * [http://news.msn.com/science-technology/how-the-global-banana-industry-is-killing-the-world%E2%80%99s-favorite-fruit-1 How the global banana industry is killing the world’s favorite fruit] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140813020145/http://news.msn.com/science-technology/how-the-global-banana-industry-is-killing-the-world%E2%80%99s-favorite-fruit-1 |date=2014-08-13 }}, by Gwynn Guilford of Quartz/MSN News, March 3, 2014 2rm6vwxf6sj4gxev48cz37ln2qet2a6 0 17765 7782376 7642710 2026-04-07T07:23:56Z InternetArchiveBot 41587 Add 1 book for verifiability (20260407)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 7782376 wikitext text/x-wiki [[File:Klein River Cheese Maturing.jpg|thumb]] [[File:Cheese platter.jpg|thumb]] An '''Keso'''<ref>Abuyen, Tomas A. '''Diksyunaryo Waray-Waray [Visaya] English-Tagalog'''. Kalayaan Press Mktg. Ent., Inc. Quezon City. Tuig 2000. ISBN 971-08-6050-X. Pakli Ihap 166.</ref> amo an pagkaon nga protina ngan tambok tikang ha [[gatas]]. An Kiseyo usa na klase sin keso na nagtitikang san gatas san karabaw ngan ginhihimo sa Gandara, Samar. ==Pinanbasaran== {{Mga kasarigan|colwidth=30em}} ==Bibliograpiya== {{refbegin}} * {{Cite book|last=Ensrud|first=Barbara|title=The Pocket Guide to Cheese| date = 1981|isbn=0-7018-1483-7|publisher=Lansdowne Press|location=Sydney}} * {{Cite book|last=Jenkins|first=Steven|title=Cheese Primer|url=https://archive.org/details/cheeseprimer00jenk|publisher=Workman Publishing Company| date = 1996|isbn=0-89480-762-5}} * {{Cite book|last=McGee|first=Harold|title=On Food and Cooking|url=https://archive.org/details/onfoodcookingsci0000mcge_e4f3|edition=Revised|publisher=Scribner| date = 2004|isbn=0-684-80001-2|pages=[https://archive.org/details/onfoodcookingsci0000mcge_e4f3/page/51 51]–63|chapter=Cheese}} * {{Cite web|first=James|last=Mellgren| date = 2003|url=http://www.gourmetretailer.com/gourmetretailer/magazine/article_display.jsp?vnu_content_id=1911696|title=2003 Specialty Cheese Manual, Part II: Knowing the Family of Cheese|accessdate=12 Oktubre 2005}} {{refend}} ==Padugang nga barasahon== *Layton, T. A. (1967) ''The ... Guide to Cheese and Cheese Cookery''. London: Wine and Food Society (reissued by the Cookery Book Club, 1971) ==Mga sumpay ha gawas== {{Sister project links}} {{Spoken Wikipedia|Cheese.ogg|2006-08-05}} * [http://biology.clc.uc.edu/fankhauser/Cheese/Cheese_course/Cheese_course.htm Cheese Making Illustrated] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130129100326/http://biology.clc.uc.edu/fankhauser/cheese/cheese_course/cheese_course.htm |date=2013-01-29 }} – The science behind homemade cheese. * {{gutenberg|no=14293|name=The Complete Book of Cheese}} * [http://www.cheese.com/ Cheese.com] – includes an extensive database of different types of cheese. * [http://www.dairyscience.info/cheese-manufacture/114-classification-of-cheese-type.html Classification of cheese] – why is one cheese type different from another? 6ss6m4mptknyvjt79ex2d1al7735cqp 0 17769 7782382 7652451 2026-04-07T07:28:47Z InternetArchiveBot 41587 Add 2 books for verifiability (20260407)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 7782382 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Taxobox | name = ''Elepante'' | status = | image = African_Bush_Elephant.jpg | image_caption = | domain = | regnum = [[Animalia]] | phylum = [[Chordata]] | classis = [[Mammalia]] | ordo = [[Proboscidea]] | familia = [[Elephantidae]] | author = [[Gray (awtor)|Gray]], 1821 | genus = | species = | binomial = | binomial_authority = | range_map = Ареал слонов.png | range_map_caption = lugar nga makikit-an an mga elepante | range legend = [[legend|#00ff7f|''Loxodonta'']] [[legend|#b87333|''Elephas maximus'']] | image2 = | image2_caption = | subphylum = [[Vertebrata]] | infraclassis = [[Eutheria]] | synonyms = }} An '''elepante'''<ref>Abuyen, Tomas A. '''Diksyunaryo Waray-Waray [Visaya] English-Tagalog'''. Kalayaan Press Mktg. Ent., Inc. Quezon City. Tuig 2000. ISBN 971-08-6050-X. Pakli Ihap 88.</ref> o '''gadya'''<ref>Makabenta, Eduardo A. Sr. '''Pagpurulungan nga Binisaya (Waray) ha Leyte ug Samar (Binisaya-English English-Binisaya Dictionary)''' (ika-2 nga edisyon). Adbox Book Distributors and Eduardo A. Makabenta Sr. Foundation. Quezon City Tuig 2004. ISBN 971-92875-1-9 (clothbound) ISBN 971-92875-0-0. Syahan nga pagmantala Quezon City:Emandzsons 1979. Ikaduha nga edisyon gin-editar ni Eduardo T. Makabenta Jr. pakli 51</ref> (alternatibo nga kasurat: '''gadyà''')<ref>Tramp, George Dewey Jr. '''Waray-English Dictionary''' Dunwoody Press Kensington, Maryland USA 1995 pakli 150</ref> amo an [[mamalya]] nga [[hayop]] ha orden [[Proboscidea]] ngan banay [[Elephantidae]]. Mayda yana tulo nga species nga buhi pa: [[Loxodonta africana|elepante nga aprikano]], [[Loxodonta cyclotis|elepante nga aprikano ha kagurangan]], ngan [[Elephas maximus|elepante nga asyano]]. == Etimolohiya han mga ngaran ha Winaray == An pulong nga ''elepante'' tikang han Kinatsila nga ''elefante'' samtang an pulong nga ''gadyà'' han una nangahulogan nga usa nga elepante tikang ha Jolo<ref>Tramp pakli 51</ref>. An pulong nga ''gadyà'' puyde liwat mangahulogan nga usa nga pulong nga ginagamit ha kasahiran hin pagtawag hin dako nga manananap o hayop. == Taksonomiya == May-ada tulo nga species ha ilarom hini nga pamilya: * Loxodonta **L. ''africana'' **L. ''cyclotis'' *Elephas **E. ''maximus'' **: ''E. m. maximus'' **: ''E. m. indicus'' **: ''E. m. sumatranus'' **: ''E. m. borneensis'' === Kladograma han pamilya Elefantidae === {{clade |style=font-size:90%; |label1=Elephantidae |1={{clade |label1='''Elephantinae''' |1={{clade |1={{clade |label1='''Loxodontini''' |sublabel1= &nbsp; (Aprikano nga mga elepante) &nbsp; |1=''[[Elepante nga Aprikano|Loxodonta]]'' (2 ka espesye) [[File:Elephant white background.png|50 px]] }} |label2='''Elephantini''' |2={{clade |1={{clade |label1='''{{extinct}}Palaeoloxodontina''' &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; |1={{extinct}}''[[Palaeoloxodon]]''[[File:Elephas-antiquus.jpg|70 px]] }} |label2='''Elephantina''' |2={{clade |1={{clade |label1=''[[Elepante nga Asyano|Elephas]]'' |sublabel1= &nbsp; (Asyano nga mga elepante) &nbsp; |1=(3~6&nbsp;subspecies) [[File:Indian elephant white background.jpg|55 px]] }} |2={{clade |label1={{extinct}}''[[Mammuthus]]'' |1=[[File:Mammuthus trogontherii122DB.jpg|70 px]] |sublabel1= &nbsp; (Mammoths) &nbsp; }} }} }} }} }} }} == Kinaiya o Paghulagway == === Kadako === An mga elepante an gintatagdon nga gidadakui nga mga hayop o mananap ha bug-os nga katunaan yana. It elepante nga aprikano an gidadakui naman nga species han mga elepante. May-ada ini hiya nga 304–336&nbsp;cm (10&nbsp;ft 0 in–11&nbsp;ft 0 in) nga kahitaas ha may sugbong ngan bug-at nga 5.2–6.9 t (5.7–7.6 short tons) para ha kalalakin-an. An kababayin-an naman hini nga species puydi umabot ha 247–273&nbsp;cm (8&nbsp;ft 1 in–8&nbsp;ft 11 in) nga kahitaas ha may sugbong ngan bug-at nga 2.6–3.5 t (2.9–3.9 short tons). An mga elepante nga asyano naman may-ada 261–289&nbsp;cm (8&nbsp;ft 7 in–9&nbsp;ft 6 in) nga kahitaas ha may sugbong ngan bug-at nga 3.5–4.6 t (3.9–5.1 short tons) para ha kalalakin-an ngan 228–252&nbsp;cm (7&nbsp;ft 6 in–8&nbsp;ft 3 in) nga kahitaas ha may sugbong ngan bug-at nga 2.3–3.1 t (2.5–3.4 short tons) para ha kababayin-an. An gigugutiayi naman nga species an elepante nga aprikano ha kagurangan nga maabot la ha 209–231&nbsp;cm (6&nbsp;ft 10 in–7&nbsp;ft 7 in) kahitaas ha may sugbong ngan bug-at nga 1.7–2.3 t (1.9–2.5 short tons).<ref>Larramendi, Asier (2016) , Shoulder height, body mass and shape of proboscideans. ''Acta Palaeontologica Polonica''. '''61''' (3): 537–574. [http://www.app.pan.pl/article/item/app001362014.html doi:10.4202/app.00136.2014]</ref> === Kaibahan hit mga species ha usa kag usa === [[Paypay:Elefants comparative anatomy.png|thumb|wala, ulo nganhin sugbong han [[Elepante nga Asyano|elepante nga asyano]]: tuo, ulo nganhin sugbong han [[Loxodonta africana|elepante nga aprikano]] ]]Makikit-an nga iba an mga species han mga elepante ha ira ulo. In mga elepante ha Asya may-ada darudako ngan haruhitaas nga agtang kontra hin mga elepante ha Aprika. Ha ubosspecies naman han elepante ha asya may-ada hira batik nga madulaw nga parte ha may irong (bulalay). Mairuitom naman in elepante ha kagurangan kontra hin elepante ha savannah ha Aprika. Agsob naman nga darudamo it mga elepante ha asya nga waray tango kontra hin mga aprikano, kay kasagaran nga iton mga kalalakin-an la nga elepante an may-ada tango ha Asya. Makatirigamnan na ha duha nga species ha Aprika darudako it ira mga talinga kontra hiton ha mga elepante nga aadto ha Asya. Ha may tiil naman, an duha nga species (E. ''maximus'' ngan L. ''cyclotis'') may-ada hira lima nga kulo ha atubangan ngan upat ha luyo. Iba naman an ha elepante ha Savannah (L. ''africana'') nga may-ada la upat ha atubangan ngan tulo ha luyo. == Pinanbasaran == {{reflist}} ===Bibliograpiya=== {{Refbegin|60em}} * {{Cite book|editor=Shoshani, J.|year=2000|title=Elephants: Majestic Creatures of the Wild|url=https://archive.org/details/elephants00shos|publisher=Checkmark Books|isbn=0-87596-143-6}} :--- {{Cite book|author=Shoshani, J.; Shoshani, S. L|title=What is an Elephant?|pages=14–15}} :--- {{Cite book|author=Shoshani, J|title=Comparing the Living Elephants|pages=36–51}} :--- {{Cite book|author=Shoshani, J|title=Anatomy and Physiology|pages=66–80}} :--- {{Cite book|author=Easa, P. S|title=Musth in Asian Elephants|pages=85–86}} :--- {{Cite book|author=Moss, C|title=Elephant Calves: The Story of Two Sexes|pages=106–13}} :--- {{Cite book|author=Payne, K. B.; Langauer, W. B|title=Elephant Communication|pages=116–23}} :--- {{Cite book|author=Eltringham, S. K|title=Ecology and Behavior|pages=124–27}} :--- {{Cite book|author=Wylie, K. C|title=Elephants as War Machines|pages=146–48}} :--- {{Cite book|author=McNeely, J. A|title=Elephants as Beasts of Burden|pages=149–50}} :--- {{Cite book|author=Smith, K. H|title=The Elephant Domestication Centre of Africa|pages=152–54}} :--- {{Cite book|author=McNeely, J. A|title=Elephants in Folklore, Religion and Art|pages=158–65}} :--- {{Cite book|author=Shoshani, S. L|title=Famous Elephants|pages=168–71}} :--- {{Cite book|author=Daniel, J. C|title=The Asian Elephant Population Today|pages=174–77}} :--- {{Cite book|author=Douglas-Hamilton, I|title=The African Elephant Population Today|pages=178–83}} :--- {{Cite book|author=Tuttle, C. D|title=Elephants in Captivity|pages=184–93}} :--- {{Cite book|author=Martin, E. B|title=The Rise and Fall of the Ivory Market|pages=202–07}} :--- {{Cite book|author=Shoshani, J|title=Why Save Elephants?|pages=226–29}} * {{Cite book|author=Sukumar, R.|year=2003|title=The Living Elephants: Evolutionary Ecology, Behaviour, and Conservation|url=https://archive.org/details/livingelephantse00suku_0|publisher=Oxford University Press|isbn=978-0-19-510778-4}} * {{Cite book|author=Kingdon, J.|year=1988|title=East African Mammals: An Atlas of Evolution in Africa, Volume 3, Part B: Large Mammals |url=https://archive.org/details/kingdonfieldguid00jona|publisher=Academic Press|isbn=0-12-408355-2}} * {{Cite book|author=Wylie, D.|year=2009|title=Elephant|url=https://archive.org/details/elephant0000wyli|publisher=Reaktion Books|isbn=978-1-86189-397-0}} {{Refend}} ==Padugang nga barasahon== * [[s:The Blindmen and the Elephant|Wikisource: "The Blindmen and the Elephant"]] by [[John Godfrey Saxe]] * {{cite book |last=Carrington |first=Richard |title=Elephants: A Short Account of their Natural History, Evolution and Influence on Mankind|url=https://archive.org/details/elephantsshortac0000rich | publisher=Chatto & Windus|year=1958|asin=B0007J8A7E}} * Nance, Susan (2013). ''Entertaining Elephants: Animal Agency and the Business of the American Circus.'' Baltimore, MD: Johns Hopkins University Press, 2013. * {{cite book | last=Williams | first=Heathcote |authorlink=Heathcote Williams | title=Sacred Elephant | url=https://archive.org/details/sacredelephant0000will | location=New York | publisher=Harmony Books | year=1989 | isbn=0-517-57320-2}} ==Mga sumpay ha gawas== {{Sister project links |wikt=elephant |commons=Category:Elephants |b=Dichotomous Key/Proboscidea |n=no |q=Elephants |s=Elephant |v=no |species=Proboscidea }} * [https://youtube.com/watch?v=9CHph8N-Jto Pure Nature: Are Elephants Headed Toward Extinction?] YouTube video by AlliantContent * [http://www.elephantvoices.org/ ElephantVoices]—information about elephant communication <!-- [might be used as source, but not as external link] * C. Johnson, [http://www.abc.net.au/science/news/stories/s24742.htm "Elephant trunks were once snorkels"], ''News in Science'' 1999-05-11 --> 2yc6ce7m727o2dvpeylrwb5omf9v6h6 0 17774 7782309 7645700 2026-04-07T05:52:11Z InternetArchiveBot 41587 Add 1 book for verifiability (20260407)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 7782309 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Paypay:Halobacteria.jpg|thumb]] An '''Archaea''' amo an usa ka grupo hin tig-usa ka [[selula]] nga [[kagaw]]. ==Pinanbasaran== {{reflist}} ==Padugang nga barasahon== * {{cite book |author=Howland, John L. |title=The Surprising Archaea: Discovering Another Domain of Life |url=https://archive.org/details/surprisingarchae0000howl |location=Oxford |publisher=Oxford University Press |year=2000 |isbn=0-19-511183-4}} * {{cite book |author=Martinko JM, Madigan MT |title=Brock Biology of Microorganisms |edition=11th |publisher=Prentice Hall |location=Englewood Cliffs, N.J |year=2005 |isbn=0-13-144329-1}} * {{cite book |author=Garrett RA, Klenk H |title=Archaea: Evolution, Physiology and Molecular Biology |publisher=WileyBlackwell |year=2005 |isbn=1-4051-4404-1}} * {{cite book |author=Cavicchioli R |title=Archaea: Molecular and Cellular Biology |publisher=American Society for Microbiology |year=2007 |isbn=1-55581-391-7}} * {{cite book |author =Blum P (editor) |title =Archaea: New Models for Prokaryotic Biology |publisher=Caister Academic Press |year=2008 |isbn=978-1-904455-27-1}} * {{cite book |author=Lipps G |year=2008 |chapter=Archaeal Plasmids|title=Plasmids: Current Research and Future Trends |publisher=Caister Academic Press |isbn=978-1-904455-35-6}} * {{cite book |author=Sapp, Jan |year=2009 |title=The New Foundations of Evolution. On the Tree of Life |url=https://archive.org/details/newfoundationsof0000sapp | location=New York |publisher=Oxford University Press |isbn=0-19-538850-X}} * {{cite book |author=Schaechter, M |year=2009 |title=Archaea (Overview) in The Desk Encyclopedia of Microbiology, 2nd edition |url=https://archive.org/details/deskencyclopedia0000unse_r5n0 | location=San Diego and London|publisher=Elsevier Academic Press |isbn=978-0-12-374980-2}} ==Mga sumpay ha gawas== {{wikispecies}} {{Sisterlinks}} '''General''' * [http://www.ucmp.berkeley.edu/archaea/archaea.html Introduction to the Archaea, ecology, systematics and morphology] * [http://www.microeco.unizh.ch/uni/kurs/mikevol03/scinews/ASM_news_69_2003_503.pdf Oceans of Archaea]{{Dead link|date=January 2021 |bot=InternetArchiveBot }}&nbsp;– E.F. DeLong, ''ASM News'', 2003 '''Classification''' * [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/Taxonomy/Browser/wwwtax.cgi?mode=Info&id=2157&lvl=3&lin=f&keep=1&srchmode=1&unlock NCBI taxonomy page on Archaea] * [http://www.bacterio.cict.fr/archaea.html Genera of the domain Archaea] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081128023142/http://www.bacterio.cict.fr/archaea.html |date=2008-11-28 }}&nbsp;– list of Prokaryotic names with Standing in Nomenclature * [http://tellapallet.com/tree_of_life.htm Tree of Life illustration showing how Archaea relates to other lifeforms] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150210112109/http://www.tellapallet.com/tree_of_life.htm |date=2015-02-10 }} * [http://berkeley.edu/news/media/releases/2006/12/21_microbes.shtml Shotgun sequencing finds nanoorganisms]&nbsp;– discovery of the ARMAN group of archaea '''Genomics''' * [http://archaea.ucsc.edu/ Browse any completed archaeal genome at UCSC] * [http://img.jgi.doe.gov/cgi-bin/pub/main.cgi?section=TaxonList&page=lineageMicrobes&domain=Archaea Comparative Analysis of Archaeal Genomes] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081014223530/http://img.jgi.doe.gov/cgi-bin/pub/main.cgi?section=TaxonList&page=lineageMicrobes&domain=Archaea |date=2008-10-14 }} (at [[United States Department of Energy|DOE's]] [[Integrated Microbial Genomes System|IMG system]]) [[Category:Archaea]] c70muhglxplt0zb1icee7pzsg0ya082 0 17780 7782299 7643053 2026-04-07T05:43:37Z InternetArchiveBot 41587 Add 2 books for verifiability (20260407)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 7782299 wikitext text/x-wiki [[File:Amerigo vespucci 1976 nyc aufgetakelt.jpg|thumb]] An '''Barko'''<ref>Abuyen, Tomas A. '''Diksyunaryo Waray-Waray [Visaya] English-Tagalog'''. Kalayaan Press Mktg. Ent., Inc. Quezon City. Tuig 2000. ISBN 971-08-6050-X. Pakli Ihap 36.</ref> amo an usa ka sarakyan pandagat. ==Pinanbasaran== {{Mga kasarigan}} ==References== * {{Cite book | first = Steven | last = Anzovin | authorlink = | title = [[Famous First Facts]] (International Edition) | publisher = [[H. W. Wilson Company]] | url = | location= | date = 2000 | isbn = 0-8242-0958-3 }} * {{Cite book | first = Nathaniel | last = Bowditch | authorlink = Nathaniel Bowditch | title = The American Practical Navigator | publisher = [[National Imagery and Mapping Agency]] | url = http://www.irbs.com/bowditch/ | location = Bethesda, MD | date = 2002 | isbn = 0-939837-54-4 }} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070624193729/http://www.irbs.com/bowditch/ |date= 24 Hunyo 2007 }} * {{Cite book | author = Central Intelligence Agency | authorlink = Central Intelligence Agency | editor = | others = | title = CIA World Factbook 2008 | url = https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/index.html | accessdate = 22 Pebrero 2008 | edition = | series = | date = 2007 | publisher = Skyhorse Publishing | isbn = 1-60239-080-0 | oclc = | chapter = | chapterurl = | ref = }} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080812233855/https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/index.html |date= 12 Agosto 2008 }} * {{Cite book |last=Chatterton |first=Edward Keble |authorlink= |editor= |others= |title=Sailing Ships and Their Story: The Story of Their Development from the Earliest Times to the Present Day |url=http://books.google.com/?id=C-cVAAAAMAAJ&printsec=titlepage |accessdate= 2 Oktubre 2008 |edition= |series= |volume= | date = 1915 |publisher=J.B. Lippincott Company |location=Philadelphia |isbn= |oclc= |doi= |pages= |chapter= |chapterurl= |ref= }} *{{Cite book |last=Cotterill |first=Charles Clement |authorlink= |author2=Little, Edward Delanoy |editor= |others= |title=Ships and sailors, ancient and modern |url=http://books.google.com/?id=j1wBAAAAQAAJ&printsec=frontcover |edition= |series= |volume= | date = 1868 |publisher=Seeley, Jackson and Halliday |location=London |isbn= |oclc= }} * {{Cite book |author=Cutler, Thomas J. |title=The Bluejacket's Manual (Bluejacket's Manual, 22nd ed) |publisher=Naval Institute Press |location=Annapolis, Md | date = 1999 |pages= |isbn=1-55750-065-7 |oclc= |doi= |accessdate=}} * {{Cite book | last =Cutler | first = Thomas J. | editor = | others = | title = Dutton's Nautical Navigation | url =https://archive.org/details/duttonsnauticaln0000dutt | edition = 15th | series = |date= Disyembre 2003 | publisher = Naval Institute Press | location = Annapolis, MD | isbn =978-1-55750-248-3 }} * {{Cite web |url=https://exchange.dnv.com/exchange/main.aspx?extool=vessel&subview=summary&vesselid=16864 |title=Knock Nevis |author=Det Norske Veritas |authorlink=Det Norske Veritas | date = 2008 |work=DNV Exchange |publisher=Det Norske Veritas }} * {{Cite encyclopedia | author = Encyclopædia Britannica | authorlink = Encyclopædia Britannica | editor = Chisholm, Hugh | encyclopedia = Encyclopædia Britannica | title = Navigation | url = http://en.wikisource.org/wiki/User:Tim_Starling/ScanSet_TIFF_demo | accessdate = | edition = 11th | date = 1911 | volume =19 | doi = }} * {{Cite encyclopedia | author = Encyclopædia Britannica | authorlink = Encyclopædia Britannica | editor = Chisholm, Hugh | encyclopedia = Encyclopædia Britannica | title = Ship | url = http://en.wikisource.org/w/index.php?title=User:Tim_Starling/ScanSet_TIFF_demo&vol=24&page=ED4A915 | accessdate = | edition = 11th | date = 1911 | volume = 24 | doi = | pages = 881–889 }} * {{Cite book |author=Fisheries and Aquacultures Department |editor= |others= |title=The State of World Fisheries and Aquaculture 2006 |url=http://www.fao.org/docrep/009/a0699e/A0699E00.HTM | date = 2007 |publisher=Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations |location=Rome |isbn= |chapter=The Status of the Fishing Fleet |chapterurl=http://www.fao.org/docrep/009/a0699e/A0699E04.htm#4.1.5 }} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080412024350/http://www.fao.org/docrep/009/A0699e/A0699e00.htm |date= 12 Abril 2008 }} * {{Cite book |last=George| first=William |title=Stability and Trim for the Ship's Officer |url=https://archive.org/details/stabilitytrimfor0000unse| date = 2005|publisher=Cornell Maritime Press |location=Centreville, MD |isbn=978-0-87033-564-8 }} * {{Cite book |last=Hayler |first=William B. |author2=Keever, John M. |title=American Merchant Seaman's Manual |url=https://archive.org/details/americanmerchant0000unse | date = 2003 |publisher= Cornell Maritime Pr |isbn= 0-87033-549-9 }} * {{Cite book |first=Mark| last=Huber |title=Tanker operations: a handbook for the person-in-charge (PIC) |url=https://archive.org/details/tankeroperations04edhube|publisher=Cornell Maritime Press |location=Cambridge, MD | date = 2001 |isbn=0-87033-528-6 |doi=}} * {{Cite book |author=Lavery, Brian |title=Ship: The Epic Story of Maritime Adventure (Smithsonian) |url=https://archive.org/details/shipepicstoryofm0000lave |publisher=DK Publishing Inc |location=New York | date = 2004 |pages= |isbn=0-7566-0496-6}} * {{Cite book | last =Maloney | first = Elbert S. | title = Chapman Piloting and Seamanship | url =https://archive.org/details/chapmanpilotings00elbe_1 | edition = 64th |date= Disyembre 2003 | publisher = Hearst Communications | location = New York | isbn =1-58816-089-0 }} *{{Cite web | url = http://www.marad.dot.gov/MARAD_statistics/2005%20STATISTICS/World%20Merchant%20Fleet%202005.pdf | title = World Merchant Fleet 2001–2005 | accessdate = 13 Marso 2007 | author = Office of Data and Economic Analysis | authorlink = | date= Hulyo 2006 | format = PDF | publisher = United States Maritime Administration | archiveurl = https://web.archive.org/web/20070221134647/http://www.marad.dot.gov/Marad_Statistics/2005%20STATISTICS/World%20Merchant%20Fleet%202005.pdf | archivedate = 21 Pebrero 2007 | url-status = dead }} * {{Cite web |url=http://www.osg.com/uploadedFiles/2222008FleetlistDownload.xls |title=Overseas Shipholding Group Fleet List |author=Overseas Shipholding Group |date= 22 Pebrero 2008 |publisher=Overseas Shipholding Group |access-date= 28 Enero 2015 |archive-date= 9 Disyembre 2008 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081209140827/http://www.osg.com/uploadedFiles/2222008FleetlistDownload.xls |url-status=dead }} * {{Cite book |author=Sawyer, L. A.; Mitchell, W. O. |title=Sailing ship to supertanker: the hundred-year story of British Esso and its ships |publisher=Terence Dalton |location=Lavenham, Suffolk | date = 1987 |isbn=0-86138-055-X |doi=}} * {{Cite journal |last=Singh |first=Baljit |date=11 Hulyo 1999|title=The world's biggest ship |journal=The Times (of India) |url=http://www.tribuneindia.com/1999/99jul11/sunday/head3.htm |accessdate= 7 Abril 2008 }} * {{Cite book | last = Turpin | first = Edward A. |author2=McEwen, William A. | title = Merchant Marine Officers' Handbook | url = https://archive.org/details/merchantmarineof0000edwa | edition = 4th | date = 1980 | publisher =Cornell Maritime Press | location = Centreville, MD | isbn = 0-87033-056-X | chapterurl = }} * {{Cite book |author=United Nations Conference on Trade and Development (UNCTAD) |authorlink=United Nations Conference on Trade and Development |editor= |others= |title=Review of Maritime Transport, 2006 |url=http://www.unctad.org/en/docs/rmt2006_en.pdf | date = 2006 |publisher=United Nations |location=New York and Geneva |format=PDF |isbn= }} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110728143716/http://www.unctad.org/en/docs/rmt2006_en.pdf |date= 28 Hulyo 2011 }} * {{Cite book |author=United Nations Conference on Trade and Development (UNCTAD) |authorlink=United Nations Conference on Trade and Development |editor= |others= |title=Review of Maritime Transport, 2007 |url=http://www.unctad.org/en/docs/rmt2007_en.pdf | date = 2007 |publisher=United Nations |location=New York and Geneva |format=PDF |isbn= }} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171207232134/http://unctad.org/en/docs/rmt2007_en.pdf |date= 7 Disyembre 2017 }} * {{Cite book |last=Stopford|first=Martin|url=http://books.google.com/?id=_R-YB70kly8C&printsec=frontcover |title=Maritime economics |publisher=Routledge |location=New York | date = 1997 |isbn=0-415-15309-3 |doi=}} ==Mga sumpay ha gawas== {{Sisterlinks|Ships|wikt=Ship|b=Ship|q=Ships|s=Ships|commons=Category:Ships|n=Ship|v=Ship}} 4knnjdyxt144phh2pif9xxmkiv8imix 0 17787 7782373 7651208 2026-04-07T07:19:49Z InternetArchiveBot 41587 Add 1 book for verifiability (20260407)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 7782373 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Paypay:Guitar 1.jpg|thumb]] An '''sista''' o '''gitara''' amo an usa ka instrumento ha musika. ==Pinanbasaran== {{Reflist}} ===Mga pagkukuhaan=== *{{Cite book |title=The Guitar Handbook |url=https://archive.org/details/guitarhandbook0000deny_k9a4 |first=Ralph |last=Denyer |others=Special contributors [[Isaac&nbsp;Guillory]] and <!--NOT [[Alastair Crawford]]-->Alastair&nbsp;M.&nbsp;Crawford |pages= |chapter= |isbn=0-330-32750-X |location=London and Sydney |others=[[Robert&nbsp;Fripp]] (foreword) |publisher=Pan Books |edition=Fully revised and updated | date = 1992|ref=harv}} * Gioia, Joe. ''The Guitar and the New World: A Fugitive History'' (Albany: State University of New York Press, 2013) 254 pp. *{{Cite book |title=Technology of the Guitar |first=Richard Mark |last=French |pages= |chapter= |isbn=978-1-4614-1920-4 |location=New York; Heidelberg |others=[[Robert&nbsp;Fripp]] (foreword) |publisher=Springer Verlag | date = 2012}} * {{cite web|title=Alternate tuning guide|first=William&nbsp;A.|last=Sethares|authorlink=William Sethares| date = 2010|url=http://sethares.engr.wisc.edu/alternatetunings/alternatetunings.html|publisher=University of Wisconsin; Department of Electrical Engineering|location=Madison, Wisconsin|ref=harv|accessdate=19 Mayo 2012|id=[http://sethares.engr.wisc.edu/alternatetunings/alltunings.pdf 2010&nbsp;PDF version by Bill&nbsp;Sethares]}} ==Mga sumpay ha gawas== {{Sister project links}} *[http://www.bsmny.org/exploring-music/features/iid/guitar/index.php Instruments In Depth: The Guitar] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170727033734/http://www.bsmny.org/exploring-music/features/iid/guitar/index.php |date=2017-07-27 }} An online feature from Bloomingdale School of Music (October 2007) *[http://www3.uakron.edu/gfaa/stalking.html Stalking the Oldest Six-String Guitar] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120507044440/http://www3.uakron.edu/gfaa/stalking.html |date=2012-05-07 }} *[http://www.bsharp.org/physics/guitar Guitar physics] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101209191707/http://www.bsharp.org/physics/guitar |date=2010-12-09 }} *[http://library.csun.edu/SCA/IGRA International Guitar Research Archive] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230923050422/https://library.csun.edu/SCA/IGRA |date=2023-09-23 }} *[http://www.metmuseum.org/toah/hd/guit/hd_guit.htm The Guitar], Heilbrunn Timeline of Art History, [[The Metropolitan Museum of Art]] featuring many historic guitars from the Museum's collection [[Kaarangay:Musika]] ih1z2zb8ul5gl6h6bfnnpre2um9lmz6 0 17806 7782330 6180748 2026-04-07T06:29:29Z InternetArchiveBot 41587 Add 1 book for verifiability (20260407)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 7782330 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox musical artist | name = Édith Piaf | image = Edith Piaf.jpg | caption = | image_size = | background = solo_singer | birth_name = Édith Giovanna Gassion | alias = La Môme Piaf<br />(<small>''The Kid Sparrow''</small>) | birth_date = {{birth date|1915|12|19|df=y}} |birth_place =[[Belleville, Paris|Belleville]], Paris, [[French Third Republic|France]] | death_date = {{Death date and age|1963|10|11|1915|12|19|df=y}} |death_place =[[Alpes-Maritimes|Plascassier]] | instrument = Voice | genre = [[Cabaret]]<br />[[Torch song]]s<br />[[Modern chanson|Chanson]] | occupation = Singer, songwriter, actress | years_active = 1935–1963 | label = [[Pathé Records]], Pathé-Marconi | associated_acts = }} Hi '''Édith Piaf''' (9 Disyembre 1915 – 11 Oktubre 1963) in usa ka Fransesa nga man-aawit. ==Pinanbasaran== {{Reflist}} == Padugang nga barasahon == * {{Cite book |last=Berteaut |first=Simone |others=Translated by G. Boulanger |title=Au bal de la chance |url=https://archive.org/details/piaf0000bert |editor=Robert Laffont |publisher=Penguin |location=Paris |origyear=1958 |year=1965 (translation) |isbn=978-0-14-003669-5 |language=French, translated into English}} Memoirs, written by stepsister. * ''The Piaf Legend'', by [[David Bret]], Robson Books,1988. * ''Piaf: A Passionate Life'', by David Bret, Robson Books, 1998, revised JR Books, 2007 * "The Sparrow – Edith Piaf", chapter in ''Singers & The Song'' (pp.&nbsp;23–43), by Gene Lees, Oxford University Press, 1987, insightful critique of Piaf's biography and music. * ''Marlene, My Friend'', by David Bret, Robson Books, 1993. Dietrich dedicates a whole chapter to her friendship with Piaf. * ''Oh! Père Lachaise'', by Jim Yates, Édition d'Amèlie 2007, ISBN 978-0-9555836-0-5. Piaf and Oscar Wilde meet in a pink-tinted Parisian Purgatory. * ''No Regrets: The Life of Edith Piaf'', by Carolyn Burke, Alfred A. Knopf 2011, ISBN 978-0-307-26801-3. An in-depth and insightful look at Piaf's life. * ''Piaf'', by [[Margaret Crosland (writer)|Margaret Crosland]]. New York: G. P. Putnam's Sons, 1985, ISBN 0-399-13088-8. A biography. * ''Edith Piaf, secrète et publique'', [by] Denise Gassion (sister of É. Piaf) & Robert Morcet, Ergo Press, 1988; ISBN 2-86957-001-5 ==Mga sumpay ha gawas== {{Commons category|Édith Piaf}} * {{YouTube|V7YVp3KxucE|Newsreel on Edith Piaf's Life}} * {{IMDb name|681191}} * [http://fr.lyrsense.com/edith_piaf?abc Edith Piaf's songs] * [http://gw0.geneanet.org/antoine0667?lang=en;pz=marcelle;nz=dupont;ocz=0;p=edith+giovanna;n=gassion;m=A;t=T;v=5;full=on Genealogy of Edith Piaf], Généalogie magazine, n° 233, pp.&nbsp;30–36 * [http://www.edithpiaf.co.uk Edith Piaf and her Paris] {{turok}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Piaf, Edith}} [[Kaarangay:Mga natawo han 1915]] [[Kaarangay:Mga namatay han 1963]] 3zktcezso2ecq4s0gaknjy7gr3m071x 0 17820 7782361 7772411 2026-04-07T07:04:31Z InternetArchiveBot 41587 Add 1 book for verifiability (20260407)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 7782361 wikitext text/x-wiki [[File:Infinity symbol.svg|thumb|tigaman hit Infinidad]] Ha [[Pilosopiya]], [[matematika]], ngan [[teyolohiya]], an '''infinidad''' (tigaman ∞) amo an konsepto nga nagpapasabot hin "waray undang". ==Mga pabaro== {{Reflist|3}} ==Mga reperensya== * {{citation|first=Michael C.|last=Gemignani|title=Elementary Topology|edition=2nd|publisher=Dover|year=1990|isbn=0-486-66522-4}} * {{citation|first=H. Jerome|last=Keisler|title=Elementary Calculus: An Approach Using Infinitesimals|edition=2nd|year=1986|url=http://www.math.wisc.edu/~keisler/calc.html}} <!-- * H. Jerome Keisler: Elementary Calculus: An Approach Using Infinitesimals. First edition 1976; 2nd edition 1986. This book is now out of print. The publisher has reverted the copyright to the author, who has made available the 2nd edition in .pdf format available for downloading at http://www.math.wisc.edu/~keisler/calc.html --> * {{citation|first=Randall B.|last=Maddox|title=Mathematical Thinking and Writing: A Transition to Abstract Mathematics|publisher=Academic Press|year= 2002|isbn=0-12-464976-9}} * {{citation|first=Earl W.|last=Swokowski|title=Calculus with Analytic Geometry|edition=Alternate|year=1983|publisher=Prindle, Weber & Schmidt|isbn=0-87150-341-7}} * {{citation|first=Angus E.|last=Taylor|title=Advanced Calculus|year=1955|publisher=Blaisdell Publishing Company}} * {{cite book | author=[[David Foster Wallace]] | title=Everything and More: A Compact History of Infinity | url=https://archive.org/details/everythingmore00davi | publisher=Norton, W. W. & Company, Inc. | year=2004 | isbn=0-393-32629-2}} ==Padugang nga barasahon== * {{cite book | author=Amir D. Aczel | title=The Mystery of the Aleph: Mathematics, the Kabbalah, and the Search for Infinity | url=https://archive.org/details/mysteryofalephma0000acze_h9v0 | publisher=Pocket Books|place=New York | year=2001 | isbn=0-7434-2299-6}} * [[D. P. Agrawal]] (2000). ''[http://www.infinityfoundation.com/mandala/t_es/t_es_agraw_jaina.htm Ancient Jaina Mathematics: an Introduction]'', [http://infinityfoundation.com Infinity Foundation]. * Bell, J. L.: Continuity and infinitesimals. Stanford Encyclopedia of philosophy. Revised 2009. * {{cite book | author=L. C. Jain | title=Exact Sciences from Jaina Sources | year=1982}} * L. C. Jain (1973). "Set theory in the Jaina school of mathematics", ''Indian Journal of History of Science''. * {{cite book | author=George G. Joseph | title=The Crest of the Peacock: Non-European Roots of Mathematics | edition=2nd edition | publisher=[[Penguin Books]] | year=2000 | isbn= 0-14-027778-1}} * {{cite book | author=[[Eli Maor]] | title=To Infinity and Beyond | url=https://archive.org/details/toinfinitybeyond0000maor_n5z0 | publisher=Princeton University Press | year=1991 | isbn=0-691-02511-8}} * {{cite book | author=[[Rudy Rucker]] | title=Infinity and the Mind: The Science and Philosophy of the Infinite | publisher=Princeton University Press | year=1995 | isbn=0-691-00172-3}} * {{cite book | author=Navjyoti Singh | title=Jaina Theory of Actual Infinity and Transfinite Numbers | journal=Journal of Asiatic Society | volume=30 | year=1988}}<!-- {{cite book | author=Navjyoti Singh | title=Jaina Theory of Actual Infinity and Transfinite Numbers | journal=Vaishali Institute Research Bulletin| volume=5 | year=1986}}--> ==Mga sumpay ha gawas== {{Wiktionary}} {{Wikibooks|Infinity is not a number}} {{commons category}} * {{IEP|infinite|The Infinite}} *{{In Our Time|Infinity|p0054927|Infinity}} *''[http://www.earlham.edu/~peters/writing/infapp.htm A Crash Course in the Mathematics of Infinite Sets] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100227033849/http://www.earlham.edu/~peters/writing/infapp.htm |date=2010-02-27 }}'', by Peter Suber. From the St. John's Review, XLIV, 2 (1998) 1–59. The stand-alone appendix to ''Infinite Reflections'', below. A concise introduction to Cantor's mathematics of infinite sets. *''[http://www.earlham.edu/~peters/writing/infinity.htm Infinite Reflections] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091105182928/http://www.earlham.edu/~peters/writing/infinity.htm |date=2009-11-05 }}'', by Peter Suber. How Cantor's mathematics of the infinite solves a handful of ancient philosophical problems of the infinite. From the St. John's Review, XLIV, 2 (1998) 1–59. *{{cite web|last=Grime|first=James|title=Infinity is bigger than you think|url=http://www.numberphile.com/videos/countable_infinity.html|work=Numberphile|publisher=[[Brady Haran]]|access-date=2015-02-01|archive-date=2017-10-22|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171022173525/http://www.numberphile.com/videos/countable_infinity.html|url-status=dead}} *[http://pespmc1.vub.ac.be/INFINITY.html ''Infinity'', Principia Cybernetica] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100820164607/http://pespmc1.vub.ac.be/infinity.html |date=2010-08-20 }} *[http://www.c3.lanl.gov/mega-math/workbk/infinity/infinity.html Hotel Infinity] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20040910082530/http://www.c3.lanl.gov/mega-math/workbk/infinity/infinity.html |date=2004-09-10 }} * John J. O'Connor and Edmund F. Robertson (1998). [http://www-groups.dcs.st-and.ac.uk/~history/Biographies/Cantor.html 'Georg Ferdinand Ludwig Philipp Cantor'] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060916095918/http://www-groups.dcs.st-and.ac.uk/~history/Biographies/Cantor.html |date=2006-09-16 }}, ''[[MacTutor History of Mathematics archive]]''. * John J. O'Connor and Edmund F. Robertson (2000). [http://www-groups.dcs.st-and.ac.uk/~history/HistTopics/Jaina_mathematics.html 'Jaina mathematics'] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081220145242/http://www-groups.dcs.st-and.ac.uk/~history/HistTopics/Jaina_mathematics.html |date=2008-12-20 }}, ''MacTutor History of Mathematics archive''. * Ian Pearce (2002). [http://www-history.mcs.st-andrews.ac.uk/history/Projects/Pearce/Chapters/Ch5.html 'Jainism'], ''MacTutor History of Mathematics archive''. *[https://web.archive.org/web/20091027002453/http://uk.geocities.com/frege@btinternet.com/cantor/Phil-Infinity.htm Source page on medieval and modern writing on Infinity] *[http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-srv/style/longterm/books/chap1/mysteryaleph.htm The Mystery Of The Aleph: Mathematics, the Kabbalah, and the Search for Infinity] *[http://dictionary.of-the-infinite.com Dictionary of the Infinite] (compilation of articles about infinity in physics, mathematics, and philosophy) 13s73rvz657rmu31evb0p0jbddkpjny 0 17826 7782335 7646274 2026-04-07T06:36:43Z InternetArchiveBot 41587 Add 1 book for verifiability (20260407)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 7782335 wikitext text/x-wiki [[File:Triple expansion engine animation.gif|thumb]] Ha [[pisika]], an '''Termodinamika''' (tikang ha Griniyego nga θερμ-<θερμότης, therme, kasirigngon "paso" ngan δυναμις, dynamis, kasirigngon "puwersa, kusog") usa nga pag-aram ha pagbalhin han enerhiya para mahimo nga trabaho ngan paso ngan iya relasyon ha makroskopiko nga mga variable sugad han temperatura ngan presyon. ==Kasaysayan== An Termodinamika bilang seyensya nagtikang kan Otto von Guericke na nagdesenyo ngan naghimo han giuunahi nga ''vaccum pump'' sadto 1650. ngan gindemonstrar an ''vacuum'' gamit an iya ''Magdeburg hemispheres''. Ginhimo ni Guericke an ''vacuum'' para pahimuwaan an pagtuo ni Aristotle na ''nature abhors a vacuum''. Naaraman han physicist-chemist na si Robert Boyle an desenyo ni Guericke's ngan ha 1656, sa bulig ni Robert Hooke, ginhimo an ''air pump''. Gamit an ''air pump'', nadiskubre nira Boyle ngan Hooke relasyon ha ''pressure'', temperatura, ngan ''volume''. Kasunod sini, nahimo an ''Boyle's Law'', na nagsisiring na an gas sa ''constant'' na temperatura, an iya ''pressure'' ngan ''volume'' ano in ''inversely proportional''. ==Pinanbasaran== {{Mga kasarigan}} ==Bibliograpiya== *Adkins, C.J. (1968/1975). ''Equilibrium Thermodynamics'', second edition, McGraw-Hill, London, ISBN 0-07-084057-1. *Bailyn, M. (1994). ''A Survey of Thermodynamics'', American Institute of Physics Press, New York, ISBN 0-88318-797-3. *[[Max Born|Born, M.]] (1949). [https://archive.org/details/naturalphilosoph032159mbp ''Natural Philosophy of Cause and Chance''], Oxford University Press, London. *[[George H. Bryan|Bryan, G.H.]] (1907). [https://archive.org/details/ost-physics-thermodynamicsin00bryauoft ''Thermodynamics. An Introductory Treatise dealing mainly with First Principles and their Direct Applications''], B.G. Teubner, Leipzig. *[[Herbert Callen|Callen, H.B.]] (1960/1985). ''Thermodynamics and an Introduction to Thermostatistics'', (1st edition 1960) 2nd edition 1985, Wiley, New York, ISBN 0-471-86256-8. *Eu, B.C. (2002). ''Generalized Thermodynamics. The Thermodynamics of Irreversible Processes and Generalized Hydrodynamics'', Kluwer Academic Publishers, Dordrecht, ISBN 1-4020-0788-4. *[[Ralph H. Fowler|Fowler, R.]], [[Edward A. Guggenheim|Guggenheim, E.A.]] (1939). ''Statistical Thermodynamics'', Cambridge University Press, Cambridge UK. *[[Josiah Willard Gibbs|Gibbs, J.W.]] (1875). On the equilibrium of heterogeneous substances, ''Transactions of the Connecticut Academy of Arts and Sciences'', '''3''': 108–248. *Grandy, W.T., Jr (2008). ''Entropy and the Time Evolution of Macroscopic Systems'', Oxford University Press, Oxford, ISBN 978-0-19-954617-6. *[[Edward A. Guggenheim|Guggenheim, E.A.]] (1949/1967). ''Thermodynamics. An Advanced Treatment for Chemists and Physicists'', (1st edition 1949) 5th edition 1967, North-Holland, Amsterdam. *Haase, R. (1971). Survey of Fundamental Laws, chapter 1 of ''Thermodynamics'', pages 1–97 of volume 1, ed. W. Jost, of ''Physical Chemistry. An Advanced Treatise'', ed. H. Eyring, D. Henderson, W. Jost, Academic Press, New York, lcn 73–117081. *Kondepudi, D., [[Ilya Prigogine|Prigogine]], I. (1998). ''Modern Thermodynamics. From Heat Engines to Dissipative Structures'', [[John Wiley & Sons]], ISBN 0-471-97393-9. *Lebon, G., Jou, D., Casas-Vázquez, J. (2008). ''Understanding Non-equilibrium Thermodynamics'', Springer, Berlin, ISBN 978-3-540-74251-7. *[[J. R. Partington|Partington, J.R.]] (1949). ''An Advanced Treatise on Physical Chemistry'', volume 1, ''Fundamental Principles. The Properties of Gases'', Longmans, Green and Co., London. *[[Brian Pippard|Pippard, A.B.]] (1957). ''The Elements of Classical Thermodynamics'', Cambridge University Press. *[[Max Planck|Planck, M.]](1897/1903). [https://ia700200.us.archive.org/15/items/treatiseonthermo00planrich/treatiseonthermo00planrich.pdf ''Treatise on Thermodynamics'', translated by A. Ogg, Longmans, Green & Co., London.] *[[Max Planck|Planck, M.]] (1923/1926). ''Treatise on Thermodynamics'', third English edition translated by A. Ogg from the seventh German edition, Longmans, Green & Co., London. *[[James Serrin|Serrin, J.]] (1986). ''New Perspectives in Thermodynamics'', edited by J. Serrin, Springer, Berlin, ISBN 3-540-15931-2. *[[Arnold Sommerfeld|Sommerfeld, A.]] (1952/1956). ''Thermodynamics and Statistical Mechanics'', Academic Press, New York. *Tschoegl, N.W. (2000). ''Fundamentals of Equilibrium and Steady-State Thermodynamics'', Elsevier, Amsterdam, ISBN 0-444-50426-5. *[[László Tisza|Tisza, L.]] (1966). ''Generalized Thermodynamics'', M.I.T Press, Cambridge Massachusetts. *[[Clifford Truesdell|Truesdell, C.A.]] (1980). ''The Tragicomical History of Thermodynamics, 1822–1854'', Springer, New York, ISBN 0-387-90403-4. ==Padugang nga barasahon== {{Refbegin}} * {{Cite book | author=Goldstein, Martin, and Inge F. | title=The Refrigerator and the Universe | publisher=Harvard University Press | date = 1993 | isbn=0-674-75325-9 | oclc=32826343}} A nontechnical introduction, good on historical and interpretive matters. *{{Cite journal | last = Kazakov | first = Andrei | title = Web Thermo Tables – an On-Line Version of the TRC Thermodynamic Tables | journal = Journal of Research of the National Institutes of Standards and Technology | volume = 113 | issue = 4 (July–August 2008) | pages = 209–220 | date = 2008 | url = http://nvl-i.nist.gov/pub/nistpubs/jres/113/4/V113.N04.A03.pdf | doi = 10.6028/jres.113.016 }}{{Dead link|date= Enero 2024 |bot=InternetArchiveBot }} * {{Cite book | author=Cengel, Yunus A., & Boles, Michael A. | title=Thermodynamics – an Engineering Approach | url=https://archive.org/details/thermodynamicsen00ceng_0 | publisher=McGraw Hill | date = 2002 | isbn=0-07-238332-1 | oclc=45791449 52263994 57548906}} *Fermi, E. (1956). ''Thermodynamics'', Dover, New York. * {{Cite book | author=Kittel, Charles & Kroemer, Herbert| title=Thermal Physics | url=https://archive.org/details/thermalphysics0000kitt| publisher=W. H. Freeman Company | date = 1980 | isbn=0-7167-1088-9 | oclc=32932988 48236639 5171399}} {{Refend}} ==Mga sumpay ha gawas== {{Wikiquote}} * [http://tigger.uic.edu/~mansoori/Thermodynamic.Data.and.Property_html Thermodynamics Data & Property Calculation Websites] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140211122258/http://tigger.uic.edu/~mansoori/Thermodynamic.Data.and.Property_html |date= 11 Pebrero 2014 }} * [http://ocw.nd.edu/aerospace-and-mechanical-engineering/thermodynamics Thermodynamics OpenCourseWare] from the [[University of Notre Dame]] * [http://scienceworld.wolfram.com/physics/topics/Thermodynamics.html Thermodynamics at ''ScienceWorld''] * [http://www.wiley.com/legacy/college/boyer/0470003790/reviews/thermo/thermo_intro.htm Biochemistry Thermodynamics] * [http://www.ent.ohiou.edu/~thermo/ Engineering Thermodynamics – A Graphical Approach] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090430200028/http://www.ent.ohiou.edu/~thermo/ |date= 30 Abril 2009 }} [[Kaarangay:Termodinamika]] tjv20098gt18kqmn8pvephkn5nu48zw 0 17828 7782362 7781959 2026-04-07T07:04:55Z InternetArchiveBot 41587 Add 1 book for verifiability (20260407)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 7782362 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Paypay:Hanzi.svg|thumb]] An '''Tsino nga agi''' ([[iningles]]: Chinese character) agsob liwat tawagon nga Agi nga Han (yano nga [[Tsino (yinaknan)|Tsino]]: 汉字; tradisyonal nga [[Tsino (yinaknan)|Tsino]]: 漢字; pinyin: Hànzì), usa ka logogramo nga gingagamit pagsurat hin [[Tsino (yinaknan)|Tsino]] (hanzi), [[Hinapon]] (kanji), ngan danay [[Kinoreano nga pinulongan|Kinoryano]] (hanja), ngan an una nga Vinitnames (hán tự), ngan iba pa nga mga pinulongan. ==Pinanbasaran== {{Reflist}} ==Padugang nga barasahon== * {{cite book | title = Orthography of early Chinese writing: evidence from newly excavated manuscripts | first = Imre | last = Galambos | authorlink = Imre Galambos | location = Budapest | publisher = Eötvös Loránd University | year = 2006 | isbn = 978-963-463-811-7 | url = http://shahon.org/wp-content/uploads/2010/02/Galambos-2006-Orthography-of-early-Chinese-writing.pdf }} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120515141505/http://shahon.org/wp-content/uploads/2010/02/Galambos-2006-Orthography-of-early-Chinese-writing.pdf |date=2012-05-15 }} ;Unhan nga mga buhat nga may makasaysayan nga interest * {{cite book|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=djnPbjYGHFIC&printsec=frontcover&source=gbs_ge_summary_r&cad=0#v=onepage&q&f=false|title=Easy lessons in Chinese: or progressive exercises to facilitate the study of that language|author=Samuel Wells Williams|editor=|year=1842|publisher=Printed at the Office of the Chinese Repository|edition=|location=|page=|isbn=|pages=|volume=}} * {{cite book|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=l3EgAQAAMAAJ&printsec=frontcover&source=gbs_ge_summary_r&cad=0#v=onepage&q&f=false|title=A Chinese-English dictionary, Volume 1|author=Herbert Allen Giles|editor=|year=1892|publisher=B. Quaritch|edition=|location=|page=|isbn=|pages=1415|volume=}} * {{cite book|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=f6VBAAAAIAAJ&printsec=frontcover&source=gbs_ge_summary_r&cad=0#v=onepage&q&f=false|title=A Chinese and English dictionary, arranged according to radicals and sub-radicals|author=P. Poletti|editor=|year=1896|publisher=Printed at the American Presbyterian mission press|edition=|location=|page=|isbn=|pages=307|volume=}} * {{cite book|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=8nwuAAAAYAAJ&printsec=frontcover&source=gbs_ge_summary_r&cad=0#v=onepage&q&f=false|title=The student's four thousand [characters] and general pocket dictionary|author=William Edward Soothill|editor=|year=1900|publisher=American Presbyterian Mission Press|edition=2|location=|page=|isbn=|pages=420|volume=}} * {{cite book|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=fBMTAAAAYAAJ&printsec=frontcover&source=gbs_ge_summary_r&cad=0#v=onepage&q&f=false|title=An account of the structure of Chinese characters under 300 primary forms: after the Shwoh-wan, 100 A.D., and the phonetic Shwoh-wan, 1833|author=John Chalmers|editor=|year=1882|publisher=Trübner & co.|edition=|location=|page=|isbn=|pages=199|volume=}} * {{cite book|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=rDQrAAAAYAAJ&printsec=frontcover&source=gbs_ge_summary_r&cad=0#v=onepage&q&f=false|title=Chinese and English dictionary: compiled from reliable authors|author=|editor=|year=1893|publisher=American Tract Society|edition=|location=|page=|isbn=|pages=348|volume=}} * {{cite book|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=_YdBAAAAYAAJ&printsec=frontcover&source=gbs_ge_summary_r&cad=0#v=onepage&q&f=false|title=Introduction to the study of the Chinese characters|author=Joseph Edkins|editor=|year=1876|publisher=Trübner & co.|edition=|location=|page=|isbn=|pages=314|volume=}} *{{cite book|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=h380AQAAIAAJ&printsec=frontcover&source=gbs_ge_summary_r&cad=0#v=onepage&q&f=false|title=Chinese and English dictionary: containing all the words in the Chinese imperial dictionary; arranged according to the radicals, Volume 1|author=Kangxi (Emperor of China)|year=1842|publisher=Printed at Parapattan|location=|page=|isbn=|pages=}} *{{cite book |url=http://books.google.com/books?id=fkc7AAAAIAAJ&printsec=frontcover&source=gbs_ge_summary_r&cad=0#v=onepage&q&f=false |title=The Six Scripts Or the Principles of Chinese Writing |volume= |year=1954 |author=Tai Tung (Dai Tong 戴侗) |editor= |publisher=Cambridge University Press |edition= |location= |isbn=1-107-60515-6 |quote= |page= |pages=114 |date= }}Translated by L. C. Hopkins with a Memoir of the Translator by W. Perceval Yetts *{{PD-old-text | title = The Chinese recorder and missionary journal, Volume 3 | year = 1871 | author = }} * {{cite book | title = A Handbook of Old Chinese Phonology | first = William H. | last = Baxter | authorlink = William H. Baxter | location = Berlin | publisher = Mouton de Gruyter | year = 1992 | isbn = 978-3-11-012324-1 | ref= harv }} * {{cite book | first = William G. | last = Boltz | year = 1994 | title = The origin and early development of the Chinese writing system | location = New Haven | publisher = American Oriental Society | isbn = 978-0-940490-78-9 | ref= harv }} * {{cite book | first = Florian | last = Coulmas | title = The writing systems of the world | url = https://archive.org/details/writingsystemsof0000coul | publisher = Blackwell | year = 1991 | isbn = 978-0-631-18028-9 | ref= harv }} * {{cite book | first = David | last = Keightley | authorlink = David Keightley | year = 1978 | title = Sources of Shang history: the oracle-bone inscriptions of bronze-age China | url = https://archive.org/details/sourcesofshanghi0000keig | location = Berkeley | publisher = University of California Press | isbn = 978-0-520-02969-9 | ref= harv }} * {{cite book | first = Martin | last = Kern | chapter = Early Chinese literature, beginnings through Western Han | pages = 1–115 | title = The Cambridge History of Chinese Literature, vol. 1: To 1375 | editor-first = Stephen | editor-last = Owen | location = Cambridge | publisher = Cambridge University Press | year = 2010 | isbn = 978-0-521-85558-7 | ref= harv }} * {{cite book | first = Jerry | last = Norman | authorlink = Jerry Norman | year = 1988 | title = Chinese | url = https://archive.org/details/chinese0000norm | location = Cambridge | publisher = Cambridge University Press | isbn = 978-0-521-29653-3 | ref= harv }} * {{cite book | title = The reality of compound ideographs | first1 = Geoffrey | last1 = Sampson | first2 = Zhiqun | last2 = Chen | journal = Journal of Chinese Linguistics | volume = 41 | year = 2013 | pages = 255–272 | url = http://www.grsampson.net/ARoc.pdf | ref = harv }} * {{cite book | last = Qiu | first = Xigui | authorlink = Qiu Xigui | others = trans. by Gilbert L. Mattos and Jerry Norman | year = 2000 | title = Chinese writing | location = Berkeley | publisher = Society for the Study of Early China and The Institute of East Asian Studies, University of California | isbn = 978-1-55729-071-7 | ref= harv }} (English translation of ''Wénzìxué Gàiyào'' 文字學概要, Shangwu, 1988.) * {{cite book | last = Ramsey | first = S. Robert | title = The Languages of China | url = https://archive.org/details/languagesofchina0000srob | publisher = Princeton University Press | year = 1987 | isbn = 978-0-691-01468-5 | ref = harv }} ==Mga sumpay ha gawas== {{Commons|Chinese Characters}} ;Kasaysayan nga pagkahimo hin Tsino nga agi * Excerpt from [http://www.pinyin.info/readings/texts/visible/index.html Visible Speech: The Diverse Oneness of Writing Systems] by John DeFrancis, © 1989 by the University of Hawai`i Press. Used by permission of the University of Hawai`i Press. ;Aada-ha-linya nga pagpurulongan ngan reperensya hin agi * [http://ctext.org/dictionary.pl?if=en Chinese Text Project Dictionary] Comprehensive character dictionary including data for all Chinese characters in Unicode, and exemplary usage from early Chinese texts. * [http://www.omniglot.com/writing/chinese_evolution.htm Evolution of Chinese Characters] * [http://zhongwen.com/ Zhongwen.com]: a searchable dictionary with information about character formation * Richard Sears, [http://www.chineseetymology.org/ Chinese Etymology]. ;Chinese characters in computing * [http://www.unicode.org/charts/unihan.html Unihan Database]: Chinese, Japanese, and Korean references, readings, and meanings for all the Chinese and Chinese-derived characters in the [[Unicode]] character set * [http://www.cchar.com/ cchar.com Chinese Character Software] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150508095411/http://www.cchar.com/ |date=2015-05-08 }}: Step by step pictures showing how to write Chinese characters. * [http://www.cymraeg.ru/daoulagad.html Daoulagad Han] — Mobile OCR hanzi dictionary, OCR interface to the UniHan database ;Hadin binuhat nga may makasaysayan nga interest * {{cite book|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=rDQrAAAAYAAJ&printsec=frontcover&source=gbs_ge_summary_r&cad=0#v=onepage&q&f=false|title=Chinese and English dictionary: compiled from reliable authors|author=|year=1893|publisher=American Tract Society|edition=|location=|page=|isbn=|pages=|accessdate=2011-05-15}} * {{cite book|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=h380AQAAIAAJ&printsec=frontcover&source=gbs_ge_summary_r&cad=0#v=onepage&q&f=false|title=Chinese and English dictionary: containing all the words in the Chinese imperial dictionary; arranged according to the radicals, Volume 1|author=Kangxi (Emperor of China)|year=1842|publisher=Printed at Parapattan|location=|page=|isbn=|pages=|accessdate=2011-05-15}} l53txwadya568j9lytss3e6hibjcoak 0 17863 7782338 7771205 2026-04-07T06:40:16Z InternetArchiveBot 41587 Add 5 books for verifiability (20260407)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 7782338 wikitext text/x-wiki [[File:The_Scientific_Universe.png|right|500px]] An '''syensya''' (tikang ha [[Linatin]] ''scientia'', kasirigngon "kaaradman") amo an paghalikwat hin mga batun para madug-ngan an kaaradman, ngan an organisado nga bahin han kaaradman nga nabibilngan ha pamaagi hini. An gintikangan han syensya mababaybay ngadto san ''Ancient Egypt'' ngan Mesopotamia sadton mga 3500 tobtob 3000 BCE. An ira kontribusyon sa mathematics, [[astronomiya]] , ngan pagtaga-medisina nagbug'os san [[philosopiya]] sadton mga sina-una na mga Greyego. ==Mga Sanga san Syensya== An moderno na syensya amo in binabahin sin tulo na sanga; '' natural sciences'' (e.g., biology, chemistry, ngan physics), an pag' aram san mga butang na nakapalibot sa aton; an ''social sciences''(e.g., economics, psychology, ngan sociology), an pag'aram adton mga indibiduwal ngan mga sosyodad; ngan an ''formal sciences'' (e.g., logic, mathematics, ngan theoretical computer science), na hiunung san mga ''abstract concpt''. Lugaring la, may ada argumento kun an ''formal sciences'' matuod ba na syensya tungod kay diri ini ginpapasarig san ''empirical evidence''. Adton mga disciplina na nagamit san ''existing scientific knowledge'' para san praktikal na gamit, sugad san ''engineering'' ngan ''medicine'', amo in gintatawag na '' applied sciences''. ==Pinanbasaran== {{reflist}} ==Mga reperensya== {{refbegin|30em}} * {{Cite book|authorlink=Robert P. Crease|last=Crease|first=Robert P.|title=The Great Equations| date = 2009|isbn=978-0-393-06204-5|location=New York|publisher=W.W. Norton|page=317|ref=harv|postscript=<!-- Bot inserted parameter. Either remove it; or change its value to "." for the cite to end in a ".", as necessary. -->{{inconsistent citations}}}} * {{cite book|last=Crease|first=Robert P.|title=World in the Balance: the historic quest for an absolute system of measurement|url=https://archive.org/details/worldinbalancehi0000crea| date = 2011|isbn=978-0-393-07298-3|location=New York|publisher=W.W. Norton|page=[https://archive.org/details/worldinbalancehi0000crea/page/317 317]|ref=harv}} * {{Cite book| first=Giuliano Toraldo | last=di Francia| title=The Investigation of the Physical World| url=https://archive.org/details/investigationofp0000tora | location=Cambridge| publisher=Cambridge University Press| date = 1976| isbn=0-521-29925-X| ref=harv| postscript=<!-- Bot inserted parameter. Either remove it; or change its value to "." for the cite to end in a ".", as necessary. -->{{inconsistent citations}}}} Originally published in Italian as ''L'Indagine del Mondo Fisico'' by Giulio Einaudi editore 1976; first published in English by Cambridge University Press 1981. * {{cite book|last=Fara| first=Patricia| date = 2009 | title=Science : a four thousand year history|url=https://archive.org/details/sciencefourthous00fara| location=Oxford |publisher=Oxford University Press | isbn=978-0-19-922689-4 | page=[https://archive.org/details/sciencefourthous00fara/page/408 408]|ref=harv}} * {{cite book | last=Feyerabend | first=Paul | authorlink=Paul Feyerabend | date = 1993 | title=Against Method | url=https://archive.org/details/againstmethod0000feye | edition=3rd | publisher=Verso | place=London | isbn=0-86091-646-4 | ref=harv }} * Feyerabend, Paul (2005). ''Science, history of the philosophy'', as cited in {{Cite book|author=Honderich, Ted |title=The Oxford companion to philosophy |url=https://archive.org/details/oxfordcompaniont0000unse_f5n3 |publisher=Oxford University Press |location=Oxford [[Oxfordshire]] | date = 2005 |pages= |isbn=0-19-926479-1 |oclc= 173262485|doi=}} * {{Cite book| authorlink=Peter Godfrey-Smith| last=Godfrey-Smith | first=Peter | date = 2003| title=Theory and Reality| url=https://archive.org/details/theoryrealityint00godf| publisher=University of Chicago| isbn=0-226-30062-5| page=[https://archive.org/details/theoryrealityint00godf/page/272 272] | location= Chicago 60637| ref=harv}} * {{Cite book |author=Feynman, R.P.| date = 1999|title=The Pleasure of Finding Things Out: The Best Short Works of Richard P. Feynman|url=https://archive.org/details/pleasureoffindin00feyn|publisher=Perseus Books Group|isbn=0-465-02395-9 | oclc = 181597764}} *{{cite book| last= Heilbron |first= J. L. (editor-in-chief) | authorlink=J. L. Heilbron| date = 2003 |title= The Oxford Companion to the History of Modern Science | url= https://archive.org/details/oxfordcompaniont0000unse_s7n3 |location= New York |publisher= Oxford University Press. |isbn= 0-19-511229-6 |ref=harv}} *{{cite book| authorlink= David C. Lindberg |last= Lindberg| first= D. C. |title= Theories of Vision from al-Kindi to Kepler | url= https://archive.org/details/theoriesofvision0000lind |location= Chicago |publisher= Univ. of Chicago Pr.| date = 1976| ref= harv}} * {{Cite journal|authorlink=Joseph Needham| last=Needham | first=Joseph | date = 1954 |title=[[Science and Civilisation in China]]: Introductory Orientations|publisher=Cambridge University Press|volume=1|ref=harv}} * {{cite book| last1=Nola | first1=Robert | last2=Irzik | first2=Gürol | date = 2005 | title=Philosophy, science, education and culture | volume=28 | series=Science & technology education library | isbn=1-4020-3769-4 | publisher=Springer | ref=harv | url=http://books.google.com/books?id=HRqDnikufC0C }} * [[David Papineau|Papineau, David]]. (2005). ''Science, problems of the philosophy of.'', as cited in {{Cite book|author=Honderich, Ted |title=The Oxford companion to philosophy |url=https://archive.org/details/oxfordcompaniont0000unse_f5n3 |publisher=Oxford University Press |location=Oxford [[Oxfordshire]] | date = 2005|isbn=0-19-926479-1 |oclc= 173262485}} * {{Cite book | last=Parkin|first=D. | date = 1991|article=Simultaneity and Sequencing in the Oracular Speech of Kenyan Diviners|editor=Philip M. Peek|title=African Divination Systems: Ways of Knowing|location=Indianapolis, IN|publisher=Indiana University Press|ref=harv}}. * {{Cite book| date = 1958|authorlink=Michael Polanyi|last=Polanyi|first=Michael |title=Personal Knowledge: Towards a Post-Critical Philosophy| url = https://archive.org/details/personalknowledg0000pola_k8v7| publisher= University of Chicago Press|isbn=0-226-67288-3|ref=harv|postscript=<!-- Bot inserted parameter. Either remove it; or change its value to "." for the cite to end in a ".", as necessary. -->{{inconsistent citations}}}} * {{cite book | last=Popper | first=Karl Raimund | date = 1996 | origyear=1984 | authorlink=Karl Popper | title=In search of a better world: lectures and essays from thirty years | publisher=Routledge | place=New York, NY | isbn=0-415-13548-6 | url=http://books.google.com/books?id=L33XSZE77OkC | ref=harv }} * {{Cite book | last=Popper | first=Karl R. | date = 2002 | title=[[The Logic of Scientific Discovery]] | origyear=1959 | edition= | publisher=Routledge Classics | location=New York, NY | isbn=0-415-27844-9 | oclc=59377149 | ref=harv }} * {{Cite book |last=Stanovich|first=Keith E.| date = 2007 |title=How to Think Straight About Psychology|url=https://archive.org/details/howtothinkstraig0000stan| location=Boston|publisher=Pearson Education|ref=harv | isbn=978-0-205-68590-5}}<!--Amazon Look inside for 2010 edition reveals that it is the 9th edition&nbsp;— page numbers could be tricky here --> * {{Cite book|authorlink=John Ziman|first=John |last=Ziman |title=Reliable knowledge: An exploration of the grounds for belief in science|location=Cambridge|publisher=Cambridge University Press|isbn=0-521-22087-4| date = 1978|page=197|ref=harv|postscript=<!-- Bot inserted parameter. Either remove it; or change its value to "." for the cite to end in a ".", as necessary. -->{{inconsistent citations}}}} {{refend}} ==Dugang nga barasahon== {{refbegin|30em}} * Augros, Robert M., Stanciu, George N., "The New Story of Science: mind and the universe", Lake Bluff, Ill.: Regnery Gateway, c1984. ISBN 0-89526-833-7 * {{Cite book | last=Becker |first=Ernest | date = 1968 |title=The structure of evil; an essay on the unification of the science of man | url=https://archive.org/details/structureofevila00beck |location=New York|publisher=G. Braziller |authorlink=Ernest Becker}} * Cole, K. C., ''Things your teacher never told you about science: Nine shocking revelations'' [[Newsday]], [[Long Island, New York]], 23 Marso 1986, pg 21+ * Feynman, Richard [http://calteches.library.caltech.edu/51/02/CargoCult.pdf "Cargo Cult Science"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090304000024/http://calteches.library.caltech.edu/51/02/CargoCult.pdf |date=2009-03-04 }} * {{cite book | last=Gaukroger | first=Stephen | date = 2006 | title=The Emergence of a Scientific Culture: Science and the Shaping of Modernity 1210–1685 | url=https://archive.org/details/emergenceofscien0000gauk | publisher=Oxford University Press | place=Oxford | isbn=0-19-929644-8 }} * Gopnik, Alison, [http://www.amacad.org/publications/winter2004/gopnik.pdf "Finding Our Inner Scientist"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160412053853/http://www.amacad.org/publications/winter2004/gopnik.pdf |date=2016-04-12 }}, [[Daedalus (journal)|Daedalus]], Winter 2004. * Krige, John, and Dominique Pestre, eds., ''Science in the Twentieth Century'', Routledge 2003, ISBN 0-415-28606-9 * [[Yuval Levin|Levin, Yuval]] (2008). ''Imagining the Future: Science and American Democracy''. New York, Encounter Books. ISBN 1-59403-209-2 * [[Thomas Samuel Kuhn|Kuhn, Thomas]], ''[[The Structure of Scientific Revolutions]]'', 1962. * {{Cite book |first=McComas |last=William F. |url=http://earthweb.ess.washington.edu/roe/Knowability_590/Week2/Myths%20of%20Science.pdf |chapter=The principal elements of the nature of science: Dispelling the myths |title=The nature of science in science education: rationales and strategies |editor-last=McComas |editor-first=William F. | date = 1998 |publisher=Springer |isbn= 978-0-7923-6168-8 |ref=harv |postscript=<!-- Bot inserted parameter. Either remove it; or change its value to "." for the cite to end in a ".", as necessary. -->{{inconsistent citations}}}} * {{Cite book | last=Obler | first=Paul C.|author2=Estrin, Herman A. |title = The New Scientist: Essays on the Methods and Values of Modern Science | url=https://archive.org/details/newscientistessa00oble | publisher = [[Anchor Books]], Doubleday | date = 1962}} * {{cite book | last=Russell | first=Bertrand | date = 1985 | origyear=1952 | title=The Impact of Science on Society | publisher=Unwin | place=London | isbn=0-04-300090-8 }} * {{cite book | last1= Rutherford | first1=F. James | last2= Ahlgren | first2=Andrew | date = 1990 | title= Science for all Americans | url= https://archive.org/details/scienceforallame0002ruth | publisher=[[American Association for the Advancement of Science]], Oxford University Press | place=New York, NY | isbn=0-19-506771-1 }} * {{Cite book| last=Thurs | first=Daniel Patrick | date = 2007 | title=Science Talk: Changing Notions of Science in American Popular Culture| url=https://archive.org/details/sciencetalkchang00thur | pages=[https://archive.org/details/sciencetalkchang00thur/page/22 22]–52 | publisher=Rutgers University Press | location=New Brunswick, NJ | isbn=978-0-8135-4073-3 }} {{refend}} ==Mga sumpay ha gawas== {{Sister project links|voy=Science tourism}} '''Publications''' * "''[[b:GCSE Science|GCSE Science textbook]]''". [[Wikibooks]].org '''Mga balita''' * [http://www.nature.com/news/ Nature News]. Science news by the journal ''[[Nature (journal)|Nature]]'' * [http://www.newscientist.com/ New Scientist]. An weekly magazine published by [[Reed Business Information]] * [http://www.sciencedaily.com/ ScienceDaily] * [http://www.sciencenewsline.com/ Science Newsline] * [http://sciencia.com/ Sciencia] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111129180040/http://sciencia.com/ |date=2011-11-29 }} * [http://www.discovermagazine.com/ Discover Magazine] * [http://www.science.ie/ Irish Science News] from Discover Science & Engineering '''Resources''' * [http://www.euroscience.org/ Euroscience] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100412080435/http://www.euroscience.org/ |date=2010-04-12 }}: ** {{cite web |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20100610204548/http://www.euroscience.org/esof.html |archivedate=10 Hunyo 2010 |title=ESOF: Euroscience Open Forum|url=http://www.euroscience.org/esof.html}} * [http://www.en.argentina.ar/_en/science-and-education/ Science Development in the ''Latin American docta''] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090504084802/http://www.en.argentina.ar/_en/science-and-education/ |date=2009-05-04 }} * [http://xtf.lib.virginia.edu/xtf/view?docId=DicHist/uvaBook/tei/DicHist1.xml;chunk.id=dv1-57;toc.depth=1;toc.id=dv1-57;brand=default Classification of the Sciences] in ''Dictionary of the History of Ideas''. (Dictionary's new electronic format is badly botched, entries after "Design" are inaccessible. ''Internet Archive'' [https://web.archive.org/web/20080619205103/http://etext.lib.virginia.edu/cgi-local/DHI/dhi.cgi?id=dv1-57 old version]). * [http://evolution.berkeley.edu/evosite/nature/index.shtml "Nature of Science"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20061010084037/http://evolution.berkeley.edu/evosite/nature/index.shtml |date=2006-10-10 }} ''[[University of California Museum of Paleontology]]'' * [http://www.science.gov/ United States Science Initiative] Selected science information provided by US Government agencies, including research & development results * [http://undsci.berkeley.edu/index.php How science works] ''[[University of California Museum of Paleontology]]'' [[category:syensya]] 4j1vm85ou0tzk3kf65d8kgc7ohpahio 0 17874 7782403 7774054 2026-04-07T07:46:55Z InternetArchiveBot 41587 Add 3 books for verifiability (20260407)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 7782403 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox Officeholder |birthname =Franklin Delano Roosevelt |image =Franklin D. Roosevelt TIME Man of the Year 1933 color photo.jpg |caption =Roosevelt in 1933 |office =[[List of Presidents of the United States|32nd]] [[President of the United States]] |vicepresident =[[John Nance Garner|John N. Garner]]<br>[[Henry A. Wallace]]<br>[[Harry S. Truman]] |term_start =March 4, 1933 |term_end =April 12, 1945 |predecessor =[[Herbert Hoover]] |successor =[[Harry S. Truman]] |order2 =[[List of Governors of New York|44th]] [[Governor of New York]] |lieutenant2 =Herbert H. Lehman |term_start2 =January 1, 1929 |term_end2 =December 31, 1932 |predecessor2 =[[Al Smith]] |successor2 =[[Herbert H. Lehman]] |office3 =[[Assistant Secretary of the Navy]] |president3 =[[Woodrow Wilson]] |term_start3 =March 17, 1913 |term_end3 =August 26, 1920 |predecessor3 =[[Beekman Winthrop]] |successor3 =[[Gordon Woodbury]] |office4 =Member of the [[New York State Senate]]<br>for the 26th District |term_start4 =January 1, 1911 |term_end4 =March 17, 1913 |preceded4 =John F. Schlosser |succeeded4 =James E. Towner |birth_date ={{birth date|1882|1|30}} |birth_place =[[Hyde Park, New York]], U.S. |death_date ={{death date and age|1945|4|12|1882|1|30}} |death_place =[[Warm Springs, Georgia]], U.S. |party =[[Democratic Party (United States)|Democratic]] |spouse =[[Eleanor Roosevelt]] |children =[[Anna Roosevelt Halsted|Anna]]<br>[[James Roosevelt|James]]<br>Franklin (I)<br>[[Elliott Roosevelt|Elliott]]<br>[[Franklin Delano Roosevelt, Jr.|Franklin (II)]]<br>[[John Aspinwall Roosevelt|John]] |occupation = [[Corporate lawyer]] |alma_mater = [[Harvard College]]<br>[[Columbia Law School]] |religion = [[Episcopal Church (United States)|Episcopal]] |signature = Franklin Roosevelt Signature.svg |signature_alt = Cursive signature in ink }} Hi '''Franklin Delano Roosevelt''' (Enero 30, 1882 – Abril 12, 1945) amo an ikakatloan kag-duha nga Mangulo han [[Estados Unidos]] (Marso 4, 1933 – Abril 12, 1945). ===Biograpikal=== {{Refbegin}} *[[Conrad Black|Black, Conrad]]. ''Franklin Delano Roosevelt: Champion of Freedom'', 2003, ISBN 978-1-58648-282-4 : interpretive detailed biography *[[H. W. Brands|Brands, H.W.]] ''Traitor to His Class: The Privileged Life and Radical Presidency of Franklin Delano Roosevelt'' (2009), ISBN 978-0-385-51958-8 :despite the title, a favorable biography by scholar *{{Cite book|ref=Burns |last= Burns |first=James MacGregor |title= 'Roosevelt' (vol. 1)|year= 1956 |publisher=Easton Press |isbn=978-0-15-678870-0}} *{{Cite book|ref=Burns2 |last= Burns |first=James MacGregor |title= 'Roosevelt: the soldier of freedom' (vol. 2)|year= 1970 |publisher=Harcourt Brace Jovanovich. |isbn=978-0-15-678870-0}} [http://hdl.handle.net/2027/heb.00626 online edition] *[[Frank Freidel|Freidel, Frank]]. ''Franklin D. Roosevelt: A Rendezvous with Destiny'' (1990), ISBN 978-0-316-29260-3 : One-volume scholarly biography; covers entire life *Freidel, Frank. ''Franklin D. Roosevelt'' (4 vol 1952–73), {{OCLC|459748221}} : the most detailed scholarly biography; ends in 1934. *[[Kenneth S. Davis|Davis, Kenneth S.]] ''FDR: The Beckoning of Destiny, 1882–1928'' (1972), ISBN 978-0-399-10998-0 : well written popular biography *[[Doris Kearns Goodwin|Goodwin, Doris Kearns]]. ''No Ordinary Time: Franklin and Eleanor Roosevelt: The Home Front in World War II'' (1995), ISBN 978-0-684-80448-4 : well written popular joint biography *{{Cite book|ref=Hawley |last=Hawley |first=Ellis |title=The New Deal and the Problem of Monopoly |publisher=Fordham University Press |year=1995 |isbn=0-8232-1609-8}} *[[Roy Jenkins|Jenkins, Roy]]. ''Franklin Delano Roosevelt'' (2003), ISBN 978-0-8050-6959-4 : short bio from British perspective *[[Joseph P. Lash|Lash, Joseph P.]] ''Eleanor and Franklin: The Story of Their Relationship Based on Eleanor Roosevelt's Private Papers'' (1971), ISBN 978-0-393-07459-8 : history of a marriage. *[[Ted Morgan (writer)|Morgan, Ted]], ''FDR: A biography'', (1985), ISBN 978-0-671-45495-1 : well written popular biography * Pederson, William D. ''A Companion to Franklin D. Roosevelt'' (Blackwell Companions to American History) (2011); 35 essays by scholars *{{Cite book|ref=Siracusa |last=Siracusa |first=Joseph M. |coauthors=Coleman, David G. |title=Depression to Cold War: a history of America from Herbert Hoover to Ronald Reagan |url=https://archive.org/details/depressiontocold0000sira |publisher=Greenwood Publishing |year=2002 |isbn= 978-0-275-97555-5}} *{{Cite book|ref=Smith |last=Smith |first=Jean Edward|authorlink=Jean Edward Smith|publisher=Random House|location=New York|title=FDR |url=https://archive.org/details/fdr00smit |year=2007 |isbn=978-1-4000-6121-1}} *{{Cite book|ref=Tully |last=Tully |first=Grace |title= Franklin Delano Roosevelt, My Boss |publisher=Kessinger Publishing |year= 2005 |isbn=978-1-4179-8926-3}} *[[Geoffrey Ward|Ward, Geoffrey C.]] ''Before The Trumpet: Young Franklin Roosevelt, 1882–1905'' (1985), ISBN 978-0-06-015451-6; ''A First Class Temperament: The Emergence of Franklin Roosevelt'', (1992), ISBN 978-0-06-016066-1 : covers 1905–1932; well written popular biography *{{Cite book|ref=Winkler |last=Winkler |first=Allan M. |title=Franklin D. Roosevelt and the Making of Modern America |url=https://archive.org/details/franklindrooseve0000wink |publisher=Longman Publishing |year=2006 |isbn=0-321-41285-0}} {{Refend}} ===Segundarya nga kuruhaan=== {{Refbegin}} *{{Cite book |ref=Adamthwaite |last=Adamthwaite |first=Anthony |title=France and the Coming of the Second World War 1936–1939 |publisher=Frank Cass |year=1977}} *Alter, Jonathan. ''The Defining Moment: FDR's Hundred Days and the Triumph of Hope'' (2006), ISBN 978-0-7432-4600-2, popular history * Badger, Anthony. ''FDR: The First Hundred Days'' (2008) 200pp; overview by leading British scholar ISBN 0-8090-4441-2 * {{Cite book |ref=Ball |last=Ball |first=Howard |title=Hugo L. Black: Cold Steel Warrior |url=https://archive.org/details/hugolblackcoldst00ball |publisher= Oxford University Press |year=2006 |isbn=0-19-507814-4}} *Beasley, Maurine, et al. eds. [http://www.questia.com/PM.qst?a=o&d=101379496 ''The Eleanor Roosevelt Encyclopedia''] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090211070000/http://www.questia.com/PM.qst?a=o&d=101379496 |date=2009-02-11 }} (2001), ISBN 0-313-30181-6 *{{cite book|last=Bellush|first=Bernard|url=http://www.questia.com/PM.qst?a=o&d=99016750|title=Franklin D. Roosevelt as Governor of New York|year=1955|lccn=55006181}} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090211054654/http://www.questia.com/PM.qst?a=o&d=99016750 |date=2009-02-11 }} *{{Cite book |ref=Collins |last=Collins |first=Robert M. |title=More: The Politics of Economic Growth in Postwar America |publisher=Oxford University Press |year=2002 |isbn=0-19-515263-8}} *Graham, Otis L. and Meghan Robinson Wander, eds. ''Franklin D. Roosevelt: His Life and Times.'' (1985). ISBN 978-0-8161-8667-9, encyclopedia * Jordan, David M. ''FDR, Dewey, and the Election of 1944'' (2011) *Kennedy, David M. "What the New Deal Did," ''Political Science Quarterly,'' (Summer 2009) 124#2 pp 251–268 *Kennedy, David M. ''Freedom From Fear: The American People in Depression and War, 1929–1945.'' (1999), ISBN 978-0-19-503834-7, wide-ranging survey of national affairs by leading scholar; Pulitzer Prize *{{Cite book |ref=Leuchtenburg |last=Leuchtenburg |first= William E. |title=Franklin D. Roosevelt and the New Deal, 1932–1940 |url=https://archive.org/details/franklindrooseve0000unse |year=1963 |publisher=Harpers|isbn= 978-0-06-133025-4}} *Leuchtenburg, William E. ''In the Shadow of FDR: From Harry Truman to Barack Obama'' (2009), his long-term influence *Leuchtenburg, William E. "Showdown on the Court." ''Smithsonian'' 2005 36(2): 106–113. {{ISSN|0037-7333}} Fulltext: at Ebsco * {{Cite book |ref=McCullough |last=McCullough |first=David |title=Truman |url=https://archive.org/details/trumanmccu00mccu |year=1992 |publisher=Simon and Schuster |isbn=0-671-86920-5}} *McMahon, Kevin J. ''Reconsidering Roosevelt on Race: How the Presidency Paved the Road to Brown.'' (2004), ISBN 978-0-226-50088-1 *{{Cite book|last=Miscamble|first=Wilson D.|title=From Roosevelt to Truman: Potsdam, Hiroshima, and the Cold War|url=https://archive.org/details/fromroosevelttot0000misc|publisher=Cambridge University Press |year=2007|isbn=0-521-86244-2}} *Parmet, Herbert S. and Marie B. Hecht; ''Never Again: A President Runs for a Third Term'' (1968), on 1940 election [http://www.questia.com/library/book/never-again-a-president-runs-for-a-third-term-by-marie-b-hecht-herbert-s-parmet.jsp online edition] * Pederson, William D. ''A Companion to Franklin D. Roosevelt'' (2011) 768 pages; essays by scholars covering major historiographical themes *Rauchway, Eric. ''The Great Depression and The New Deal; A Very Short Introduction'' (2008), ISBN 978-0-19-532634-5, balanced summary *Ritchie, Donald A. ''Electing FDR: The New Deal Campaign of 1932'' (2007), ISBN 978-0-7006-1687-9 *Rosen, Elliot A. ''Roosevelt, the Great Depression, and the Economics of Recovery.'' (2005), ISBN 978-0-8139-2368-0 *Schlesinger, Arthur M. Jr., ''The Age of Roosevelt'', 3 vols, (1957–1960), {{OCLC|466716}}, the classic narrative history. Strongly supports FDR. * {{Cite book|ref=Schweikart and Allen|last=Schweikart|first=Larry|coauthors=Michael Allen|title=A Patriot's History of the United States|publisher=Easton Press|year=2004}} *Shaw, Stephen K.; Pederson, William D.; and Williams, Frank J., eds. ''Franklin D. Roosevelt and the Transformation of the Supreme Court.'' (2004), ISBN 978-0-7656-1033-1 * {{Cite book |ref=Sitkoff |last=Sitkoff |first=Harvard |title=A New Deal for Blacks |url=https://archive.org/details/newdealforblacks0000sitk |year=1978 |isbn=0-19-502418-4}} *Sitkoff, Harvard, ed. ''Fifty Years Later: The New Deal Evaluated'' (1985). ISBN 978-0-394-33548-3; essays by scholars {{Refend}} ===Polisiya panlangyaw ngan Ikaduha nga Gera Pankalibutan=== {{Refbegin}} *{{Cite book|last1=Berthon|first1=Simon|last2=Potts|first2=Joanna|title=Warlords: An Extraordinary Re-creation of World War II Through the Eyes and Minds of Hitler, Churchill, Roosevelt, and Stalin|publisher=Da Capo Press|year=2007|isbn=0-306-81538-9|ref=harv|postscript=<!--None-->}} * {{Cite book| last = Beschloss | first = Michael | title = The Conquerors: Roosevelt, Truman, and the destruction of Hitler's Germany, 1941–1945 | url = https://archive.org/details/conquerorsroosev0000besc | publisher = Simon & Schuster | location = New York | year = 2002 | isbn = 978-0-684-81027-0 }} * {{cite book | last = Burns | first = James | title = Roosevelt: the Soldier of Freedom | url = https://archive.org/details/rooseveltsoldier0000burn_a1b4 | publisher = Harcourt Brace Jovanovich | location = San Diego | year = 1970 | isbn = 978-0-15-178871-2 }} *{{Cite book |ref=Caputi |last=Caputi |first=Robert |title=Neville Chamberlain and Appeasement |publisher=Associated University Press |year=2000}} *{{Cite book |ref=Churchill |last=Churchill |first=Winston |title=The Grand Alliance |url=https://archive.org/details/grandalliance0000chur |year=1977 |publisher=Houghton Mifflin Harcourt |isbn=0-395-41057-6}} *Cole, Wayne S. "American Entry into World War II: A Historiographical Appraisal," ''The Mississippi Valley Historical Review,'' Vol. 43, No. 4. (Mar. 1957), pp.&nbsp;595–617. [http://www.jstor.org/pss/1902275 in JSTOR] *{{Cite book |ref=Dallek |last=Dallek |first=Robert |title=Franklin D. Roosevelt and American Foreign Policy, 1932–1945 |url=https://archive.org/details/franklindrooseve0000dall_d4a7 |publisher=Oxford University |year=1995 |isbn=0-19-509732-7}} * Glantz, Mary E. ''FDR and the Soviet Union: The President's Battles over Foreign Policy.'' U. Press of Kansas, 2005. 253 pp.&nbsp;ISBN 978-0-7006-1365-6 * Heinrichs, Waldo. ''Threshold of War. Franklin Delano Roosevelt and American Entry into World War II'' (1988). ISBN 978-0-19-504424-9 *{{Cite book |ref=Keylor |last=Keylor |first=William |title=The French Defeat of 1940; Reassessments |publisher=Berghahn Books |year=1998}} * Kimball, Warren. ''The Juggler: Franklin Roosevelt as World Statesman'' (1991) ISBN 978-0-691-04787-4 * Langer, William and S. Everett Gleason. ''The Challenge to Isolation, 1937–1940'' (1952) {{OCLC|1448535}}. ''The Undeclared War, 1940–1941'' (1953) {{OCLC|404227}}. highly influential two-volume semi-official history * Larrabee, Eric. '' Commander in Chief: Franklin Delano Roosevelt, His Lieutenants, and Their War''. ISBN 978-0-06-039050-1 Detailed history of how FDR handled the war * {{cite book |last=Reynolds |first=David |title=From World War to Cold War: Churchill, Roosevelt, and the International History of the 1940s |year=2006 |url=http://www.questia.com/read/115097016?title=From%20World%20War%20to%20Cold%20War%3a%20%20Churchill%2c%20Roosevelt%2c%20and%20the%20International%20History%20of%20the%201940s |isbn=978-0-19-928411-5 }} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100729193109/http://www.questia.com/read/115097016?title=From%20World%20War%20to%20Cold%20War%3A%20%20Churchill%2C%20Roosevelt%2C%20and%20the%20International%20History%20of%20the%201940s |date=2010-07-29 }} *{{Cite book |ref=Sainsbury |last=Sainsbury |first=Keith |title=Churchill and Roosevelt at War: The War They Fought and the Peace They Hoped to Make |url=https://archive.org/details/churchillrooseve0000sain |publisher=New York University Press |year=1994 |isbn=0-8147-7991-3}} * Sherwood, Robert E. ''Roosevelt and Hopkins: an intimate history'' (1950), Pulitzer Prize; [http://hdl.handle.net/2027/heb.00749 online edition] * Weinberg, Gerhard L. ''A World at Arms: A Global History of World War II'' (1994) ISBN 978-0-521-44317-3. Overall history of the war; strong on diplomacy of FDR and other main leaders [http://hdl.handle.net/2027/heb.00331 online edition] * Woods, Randall Bennett. ''A Changing of the Guard: Anglo-American Relations, 1941–1946'' (1990) ISBN 978-0-8078-1877-0 {{Refend}} ===Kritisismo=== {{Refbegin}} * Barnes, Harry Elmer. ''Perpetual War for Perpetual Peace: A Critical Examination of the Foreign Policy of Franklin Delano Roosevelt and Its Aftermath'' (1953). "revisionist" blames FDR for inciting Japan to attack. * Best, Gary Dean. ''The Retreat from Liberalism: Collectivists versus Progressives in the New Deal Years'' (2002) criticizes intellectuals who supported FDR * Best, Gary Dean. ''Pride, Prejudice, and Politics: Roosevelt Versus Recovery, 1933–1938'' Praeger Publishers. 1991; summarizes newspaper editorials * Conkin, Paul K. ''New Deal'' (1975), critique from the left * Doenecke, Justus D. and Stoler, Mark A. ''Debating Franklin D. Roosevelt's Foreign Policies, 1933–1945.'' Rowman & Littlefield, 2005. 248 pp. * [[John T. Flynn|Flynn, John T.]] ''The Roosevelt Myth'' (1948), former FDR supporter condemns all aspects of FDR * Moley, Raymond. ''After Seven Years'' (1939) insider memoir by Brain Truster who became conservative * Russett, Bruce M. ''No Clear and Present Danger: A Skeptical View of the United States Entry into World War II'' 2nd ed. (1997) says U.S. should have let USSR and Germany destroy each other * Plaud, Joseph J. ''Historical Perspectives on Franklin D. Roosevelt, American Foreign Policy, and the Holocaust'' (2005).[http://www.fdrheritage.org/fdr&holocaust.htm Archived at the FDR American Heritage Center Museum Website] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140112085050/http://www.fdrheritage.org/fdr%26holocaust.htm |date=2014-01-12 }} * [[Jim Powell (historian)|Powell, Jim]]. ''FDR's Folly: How Roosevelt and His New Deal Prolonged the Great Depression.'' (2003) ISBN 0-7615-0165-7 * Robinson, Greg. ''By Order of the President: FDR and the Internment of Japanese Americans'' (2001) says FDR's racism was primarily to blame. * Schivelbusch, Wolfgang. ''Three New Deals: Reflections on Roosevelt's America, Mussolini's Italy, and Hitler's Germany, 1933–1939'' (2006) compares populist and paternalist features * Smiley, Gene. ''Rethinking the Great Depression'' (1993) short essay by libertarian economist who blames both Hoover and FDR * Wyman, David S. ''The Abandonment Of The Jews: America and the Holocaust'' Pantheon Books, 1984. Attacks Roosevelt for passive complicity in allowing Holocaust to happen {{Refend}} ===Kan FDR retorika=== {{Refbegin}} * Braden, Waldo W., and Earnest Brandenburg. "Roosevelt's Fireside Chats." ''Communication Monographs''' 22 (1955): 290–302. * Buhite, Russell D. and David W. Levy, eds. ''FDR's Fireside Chats'' (1993) * Craig, Douglas B. ''Fireside Politics: Radio and Political Culture in the United States, 1920–1940'' (2005) * Crowell, Laura. "Building the "Four Freedoms" Speech." ''Communication Monographs'' 22 (1952): 266–283. * Crowell, Laura. "Franklin D. Roosevelt's Audience Persuasion in the 1936 Campaign." ''Communication Monographs'' 17 (1950): 48–64 * Houck, Davis W. ''F. D. R. and Fear Itself: The First Inaugural Address.'' Texas A&M UP, 2002. * Houck, Davis W. ''Rhetoric as Currency: Hoover, Roosevelt, and the Great Depression.'' Texas A&M UP, 2001. * {{Cite book |ref=Roosevelt |last=Roosevelt |first= Franklin D. |title=My Friends |publisher=Kessinger Publishing |year=2005 |isbn=1-4179-9610-2}} * Ryan, Halford Ross. "Roosevelt's First Inaugural: A Study of Technique." ''Quarterly Journal of Speech'' 65 (1979): 137–149. * Ryan, Halford Ross. ''Franklin D. Roosevelt's Rhetorical Presidency.'' Greenwood Press, 1988. * Stelzner, Hermann G. "'War Message,' December 8, 1941: An Approach to Language." ''Communication Monographs'' 33 (1966): 419–437. {{Refend}} ===Panguna nga kuruhaan=== {{Refbegin}} *Bureau of the Census, [http://www2.census.gov/prod2/statcomp/documents/1946-01.pdf ''Statistical Abstract of the United States: 1951''] (1951) full of useful data *Bureau of the Census, ''Historical Statistics of the United States: Colonial Times to 1970'' (1976) *Cantril, Hadley and Mildred Strunk, eds.; ''Public Opinion, 1935–1946'' (1951), massive compilation of many public opinion polls from USA *Gallup, George Horace, ed. ''The Gallup Poll; Public Opinion, 1935–1971'' 3 vol (1972) summarizes results of each poll as reported to newspapers. *Loewenheim, Francis L. and [[Harold D. Langley]], eds; ''Roosevelt and Churchill: Their Secret Wartime Correspondence'' (1975) *Moley, Raymond. ''After Seven Years'' (1939), memoir by key Brain Truster *Nixon, Edgar B. ed. ''Franklin D. Roosevelt and Foreign Affairs'' (3 vol 1969), covers 1933–37. 2nd series 1937–39 available on microfiche and in a 14 vol print edition at some academic libraries. *Roosevelt, Franklin D.; Rosenman, Samuel Irving, ed. ''The Public Papers and Addresses of Franklin D. Roosevelt'' (13 vol, 1938, 1945); public material only (no letters); covers 1928–1945. *Zevin, B. D. ed.; ''Nothing to Fear: The Selected Addresses of Franklin Delano Roosevelt, 1932–1945'' (1946) selected speeches *''Documentary History of the Franklin D. Roosevelt Administration'' 20 vol. available in some large academic libraries. *Roosevelt, Franklin D.; Myron C. Taylor, ed. ''Wartime Correspondence Between President Roosevelt and Pope Pius XII''. Prefaces by [[Pius XII]] and [[Harry Truman]]. Kessinger Publishing (1947, reprinted, 2005). ISBN 1-4191-6654-9 {{Refend}} {{Commonscat|Franklin Delano Roosevelt}} {{Mga Mangulo han Estados Unidos}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Roosevelt, Franklin Delano}} [[Kaarangay:Mga natawo han 1882]] [[Kaarangay:Mga namatay han 1945]] [[Kaarangay:Franklin D. Roosevelt| ]] [[Kaarangay:Biyograpiya|Roosevelt, Franklin D.]] [[Kaarangay:Politika|Roosevelt, Franklin D.]] [[Kaarangay:Mga Mangulo han Estados Unidos|Roosevelt, Franklin D.]] [[Kaarangay:Estados Unidos|Roosevelt, Franklin D.]] ls986ojhd43xuvnxrqdufg2e3sf7c8p 0 17958 7782333 7774130 2026-04-07T06:35:29Z InternetArchiveBot 41587 Add 7 books for verifiability (20260407)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 7782333 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox officeholder |name=Abraham Lincoln |image=Abrahamlincoln.jpg{{!}}border |alt=An iconic black and white photograph of a bearded Abraham Lincoln showing his head and shoulders. |caption=An 1863 nga [[daguerreotype]] ni Lincoln, ha panuigon nga 54. |order=[[List of Presidents of the United States|ika-16]] |office=Mangulo han Estados Unidos |vicepresident=[[Hannibal Hamlin]] <small>(1861–1865)</small> <br />[[Andrew Johnson]] <small>(1865)</small> |term_start=Marso 4, 1861 |term_end=Abril 15, 1865 |predecessor=[[James Buchanan]] |successor=[[Andrew Johnson]] |office2=Member of the [[U.S. House of Representatives]] from [[Illinois]]'s [[Illinois' 7th congressional district|7th]] district |district2= |term_start2=March 4, 1847 |term_end2=March 4, 1849 |predecessor2=[[John Henry (representative)|John Henry]] |successor2=[[Thomas L. Harris|Thomas Harris]] |state_house3=Illinois |office3 = [[Illinois House of Representatives|Member of the Illinois House of Representatives]] |term_start3=December 1, 1834 |term_end3=1842 |birth_date={{birth date|1809|2|12}} |birth_place=[[Hodgenville, Kentucky]], U.S. |death_date={{death date and age|1865|4|15|1809|2|12}} |death_place=[[Petersen House (Washington, D.C.)|Petersen House]],<br />Washington D.C., U.S. |restingplace= [[Lincoln Tomb|Lincoln's Tomb]], [[Oak Ridge Cemetery]]<br />[[Springfield, Illinois]], U.S. |nationality= American |party=[[Whig Party (United States)|Whig]] <small>(1834–1854)</small><br />[[Republican Party (United States)|Republican]] <small>(1854–1865)</small><br />[[National Union Party (United States)|National Union]] <small>(1864–1865)</small> |spouse=[[Mary Todd Lincoln|Mary Todd]] |children=[[Robert Todd Lincoln]]<br />[[Edward Baker Lincoln]]<br />[[William Wallace Lincoln|Willie Lincoln]]<br />[[Tad Lincoln]] |religion=[[Abraham Lincoln and religion|See: Abraham Lincoln and religion]] |profession=[[Lawyer]]<br />[[Politician]] |signature=Abraham Lincoln 1862 signature.svg |signature_alt=Cursive signature in ink |branch=Illinois Militia |serviceyears= 3 months <br> {{small|(April 21, 1832 – July 10, 1832)}} |rank= {{Plainlist}} * [[Captain (United States)|Captain]] <br> {{small|(April 21, 1832 – May 27, 1832)}} * [[Private (United States)|Private]] <br> {{small|(May 28, 1832 – July 10, 1832)}} {{small|OBS:.}} Discharged from his command and re-enlisted as a Private. |battles=[[Black Hawk War]] }} Hi '''Abraham Lincoln''' (Pebrero 12, 1809 – Abril 15, 1865) amo an napulo kag-unom, nga Mangulo han [[Estados Unidos]] (Marso 4, 1861 – Abril 15, 1865). ==Pinanbasaran== {{Mga kasarigan|15em}} ==Bibliograpiya== ===Cited in footnotes=== {{Refbegin|30em}} * {{Cite journal|last=Adams|first=Charles F.|date= Abril 1912|title=The Trent Affair|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_american-historical-review_1912-04_17_3/page/540|journal=The American Historical Review|volume=17|issue=3|pages=540–562|publisher=The University of Chicago Press|jstor=1834388|doi=10.2307/1834388}}<!--|doi=10.2307/1834388}} --> * {{Cite book|isbn=|oclc=1178496|title=Halleck: Lincoln's Chief of Staff|url=https://archive.org/details/hallecklincolnsc0000step|authorlink=Stephen E. Ambrose|last=Ambrose|first=Stephen E.|publisher=Louisiana State University Press| date = 1962}} * {{Cite book|ref=Baker|last=Baker|first=Jean H.|title=Mary Todd Lincoln: A Biography|publisher=W. W. Norton & Company| date = 1989|isbn=978-0-393-30586-9}} * {{Cite book|oclc=518824|title=Abraham Lincoln: His Speeches and Writings|url=https://archive.org/details/abrahamlincolnhi00illinc|editor1-link=Roy Basler|editor1-first=Roy Prentice|editor1-last=Basler|publisher=World Publishing| date = 1946}} * Roy P. Basler, ed. ''The collected works of Abraham Lincoln'' (Rutgers U.P., 1953) vol 5 * {{Cite book|ref=Belz|last=Belz|first=Herman|title=Abraham Lincoln, Constitutionalism, and Equal Rights in the Civil War Era|url=https://archive.org/details/abrahamlincolnco00herm|publisher=Fordham University Press| date = 1998|isbn=978-0-8232-1769-4}} * {{Cite encyclopedia|last=Belz|first=Herman|editor1-first=Bruce|editor1-last=Frohnen|editor2-first=Jeremy|editor2-last=Beer|editor3-first=Jeffrey O|editor3-last=Nelson|encyclopedia=American Conservatism: An Encyclopedia |title=Lincoln, Abraham| date = 2006|publisher=ISI Books|isbn=978-1-932236-43-9|quote=|ref=}} * {{Cite journal|last=Bennett Jr|first=Lerone|authorlink=Lerone Bennett, Jr. |date= Pebrero 1968|title=Was Abe Lincoln a White Supremacist?|journal=Ebony|volume=23|issue=4|publisher=Johnson Publishing|issn=0012-9011|url=http://books.google.com/?id=H84DAAAAMBAJ&pg=PA35#v=onepage&q&f=false}} * {{Cite book|ref=Blue|last=Blue|first=Frederick J.|title=Salmon P. Chase: a life in politics|url=https://archive.org/details/salmonpchaselife0000blue|publisher=The Kent State University Press| date = 1987|isbn=0-87338-340-0}} <!-- NOT CITED IN ARTICLE *{{Cite book|ref=Boritt1997|last=Boritt|first=Gabor S.|title=Why the Civil War Came|url=https://archive.org/details/whycivilwarcame0000unse_m1s6|year=1997|publisher=Oxford University Press|isbn=978-0-19-511376-1}} --> * {{Cite book|isbn=0-252-06445-3|title=Lincoln and the Economics of the American Dream|url=https://archive.org/details/lincolneconomics0000bori|authorlink=Gabor Boritt|ref=Boritt1994|last=Boritt|first=Gabor|publisher=University of Illinois Press| date = 1994|origyear=1978}} * {{Cite book|ref=Bulla|last1=Bulla|first1= David W.|author2=Gregory A. Borchard|title=Journalism in the Civil War Era|url=https://archive.org/details/journalismincivi0008bull| date = 2010|publisher=Peter Lang Publishing Inc.|isbn=1-4331-0722-8}} * {{Cite journal|last=Carwardine|first=Richard J.|authorlink=Richard Carwardine|date=Winter 1997|title=Lincoln, Evangelical Religion, and American Political Culture in the Era of the Civil War|journal=Journal of the Abraham Lincoln Association|volume=18|issue=1|pages=27–55 |publisher=Abraham Lincoln Association|issn=|oclc= |url=http://www.historycooperative.org/journals/jala/18.1/carwardine.html |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20091124091750/http://www.historycooperative.org/journals/jala/18.1/carwardine.html |archivedate= 24 Nobyembre 2009}} * {{Cite book|ref=Carwardine|first=Richard|last=Carwardine|title=Lincoln|url=https://archive.org/details/lincoln0000carw|publisher=Pearson Education Ltd| date = 2003|isbn=978-0-582-03279-8 }} * {{Cite book|isbn=978-0-691-09173-0|title=The War Was You and Me: Civilians in The American Civil War|last=Cashin|first=Joan E.|publisher=Princeton University Press| date = 2002}} * {{Cite book|ref=Chesebrough|last=Chesebrough|first=David B.|title=No Sorrow Like Our Sorrow|url=https://archive.org/details/nosorrowlikeours0000ches|publisher=Kent State University Press| date = 1994|isbn=978-0-87338-491-9}} * {{Cite book|ref=Cox|last=Cox|first=Hank H.|title=Lincoln And The Sioux Uprising of 1862|publisher=Cumberland House Publisher| date = 2005|isbn=978-1-58182-457-5}} * {{Cite book|ref=Cummings|last1=Cummings|first1=William W.|author2=James B. Hatcher|title=Scott Specialized Catalogue of United States Stamps| date = 1982|publisher=Scott Publishing Company|isbn=0-89487-042-4}} * {{Cite book|ref=Dennis|title=Red, White, and Blue Letter Days: an American Calendar|url=https://archive.org/details/redwhitebluelett00denn|last=Dennis|first=Matthew|publisher=Cornell University Press| date = 2002|isbn=978-0-8014-7268-8}} * {{Cite book|ref=Diggins|title=The Lost Soul of American Politics: Virtue, Self-Interest, and the Foundations of Liberalism|url=https://archive.org/details/lostsoulofameric0000digg_j5p6|last=Diggins|first=John P.|publisher=University of Chicago Press| date = 1986|isbn=0-226-14877-7}} * {{Cite book|isbn=978-0-87580-359-3|oclc=|title=Lincoln Emancipated: The President and the Politics of Race|last=Dirck|first=Brian R.|publisher=Northern Illinois University Press| date = 2007}} * {{Cite book|ref=Dirck|last=Dirck|first=Brian|title=Lincoln the Lawyer|publisher=University of Illinois Press| date = 2008|isbn=978-0-252-07614-5}} * {{Cite book|ref=Donald1948|title=Lincoln's Herndon|url=https://archive.org/details/lincolnsherndon00dona|authorlink=David Herbert Donald|first=David Herbert|last=Donald|publisher=A. A. Knopf| date = 1948|oclc=186314258}} * {{Cite book|ref=Donald|first=David Herbert|last=Donald|title=Lincoln|publisher=Simon and Schuster| date = 1996|origyear=1995|isbn=978-0-684-82535-9}} * {{Cite book|ref=Donald2|first=David Herbert|last=Donald|title=Lincoln Reconsidered|url=https://archive.org/details/lincolnreconside00dona_0| date = 2001|publisher=Knopf Doubleday Publishing Group|isbn=978-0-375-72532-6}} * {{Cite book|authorlink=Frederick Douglass|ref=Douglass|first=Frederick|last=Douglass|title=The Life and Times of Frederick Douglass| date = 2008|publisher=Cosimo Classics|isbn=1-60520-399-8}} * {{Cite book|ref=Edgar|first=Walter B.|last=Edgar|title=South Carolina: A History|url=https://archive.org/details/southcarolinahis0000edga| date = 1998|publisher=University of South Carolina Press|isbn=978-1-57003-255-4}} * {{Cite journal|last=Fish|first=Carl Russell|authorlink=Carl Russell Fish |date= Oktubre 1902|title=Lincoln and the Patronage|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_american-historical-review_1902-10_8_1/page/53|journal=American Historical Review|volume=8|issue=1|pages=53–69|publisher=American Historical Association|issn=|oclc=|jstor=1832574|doi=10.2307/1832574}} * {{Cite book|ref=Foner|authorlink=Eric Foner|last=Foner|first=Eric |title=Free Soil, Free Labor, Free Men: The Ideology of the Republican Party before the Civil War| date = 1995|origyear=1970|isbn=978-0-19-509497-8|publisher=Oxford University Press}} * {{Cite book|ref=Foner2|last=Foner|first= Eric|title=[[The Fiery Trial: Abraham Lincoln and American Slavery]]|publisher=W.W. Norton| date = 2010|isbn= 978-0-393-06618-0}} * {{Cite book|ref=Goodwin|first=Doris Kearns|last=Goodwin|authorlink=Doris Kearns Goodwin|title=Team of Rivals: The Political Genius of Abraham Lincoln|url=https://archive.org/details/teamofrivalspoli00good|isbn=0-684-82490-6| date = 2005|publisher=Simon & Schuster}} * {{Cite book|isbn=978-0-253-34567-7|oclc=|title=The Darkest Dawn: Lincoln, Booth, and the Great American Tragedy|url=https://archive.org/details/darkestdawnlinco0000good|last=Goodrich|first=Thomas|publisher=Indiana University Press| date = 2005}} * {{Cite book|oclc=428674|title=The Enduring Lincoln: Lincoln Sesquicentennial Lectures at the University of Illinois|chapter=Abraham Lincoln: Conservative Statesman|last=Graebner|first=Norman|publisher=University of Illinois Press | date = 1959}} * {{Cite book|ref=Grimsley|title=The Collapse of the Confederacy|url=https://archive.org/details/isbn_0803221703|last=Grimsley|first=Mark|publisher=University of Nebraska Press| date = 2001|isbn=0-8032-2170-3}} * {{Cite book|ref=Guelzo1999|authorlink=Allen C. Guelzo|last=Guelzo|first=Allen C.|title=Abraham Lincoln: Redeemer President|url=https://archive.org/details/abrahamlincolnre0000guel|isbn=0-8028-3872-3| date = 1999|publisher=W.B. Eerdmans Publishing}} * {{Cite book|ref=Guelzo2004|isbn=978-0-7432-2182-5|oclc=|title=Lincoln's Emancipation Proclamation: The End of Slavery in America|url=https://archive.org/details/lincolnsemancipa00guel|last=Guelzo|first=Allen C.|publisher=Simon & Schuster| date = 2004}} <!-- NOT CITED IN ARTICLE* {{Cite book|ref=Guelzo2009|last=Guelzo|first=Allen C.|title=Lincoln: A Very Short Introduction|publisher=Oxford University Press|year=2009|isbn=0-19-536780-4}} --> * {{Cite book|ref=Handy|first= James S.|last=Handy|title=Book Review: Abraham Lincoln, the Lawyer-Statesman|publisher=Northwestern University Law Publication Association| date = 1917 }} * {{Cite book|ref=Harrison1935|oclc=3512772|last=Harrison|first=J. Houston|title=Settlers by the Long Grey Trail| date = 1935|publisher=J.K. Reubush}} * {{Cite book|ref=Harrison2000|last=Harrison|first=Lowell Hayes|title=Lincoln of Kentucky|url=https://archive.org/details/lincolnofkentuck0000harr|publisher=University Press of Kentucky| date = 2000 |isbn=0-8131-2156-6}} * {{Cite book|ref=Harris|last=Harris|first=William C.|title=Lincoln's Rise to the Presidency|url=https://archive.org/details/lincolnsrisetopr0000harr|isbn=978-0-7006-1520-9|publisher=University Press of Kansas| date = 2007 }} * {{Cite book|ref=Havers|last=Havers|first=Grant N.|title=Lincoln and the Politics of Christian Love|url=https://archive.org/details/lincolnpoliticso00have|isbn=0-8262-1857-1|publisher=University of Missouri Press| date = 2009 }} * {{Cite book|ref=Heidler2|title=Encyclopedia of the American Civil War: A Political, Social, and Military History|editors=Heidler, David S.; Jeanne T. Heidler| date = 2000|publisher=W. W. Norton & Company, Inc|isbn=978-0-393-04758-5 }} * {{Cite book|ref=Heidler|last=Heidler|first=David Stephen|title=The Mexican War|url=https://archive.org/details/mexicanwar0000heid| date = 2006|publisher=Greenwood Publishing Group|isbn=978-0-313-32792-6}} * {{Cite journal|last=Hofstadter|first=Richard|authorlink=Richard Hofstadter |date= Oktubre 1938|title=The Tariff Issue on the Eve of the Civil War|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_american-historical-review_1938-10_44_1/page/50|journal=American Historical Review|volume=44|issue=1|pages=50–55|publisher=American Historical Association|jstor=1840850|doi=10.2307/1840850}} * {{Cite book|ref=Holzer|first=Harold|last=Holzer|title=Lincoln at Cooper Union: The Speech That Made Abraham Lincoln President| date = 2004|publisher=Simon & Schuster|isbn=978-0-7432-9964-0}} * {{Cite book|ref=Jaffa|first=Harry V.|last=Jaffa|title=A New Birth of Freedom: Abraham Lincoln and the Coming of the Civil War|url=https://archive.org/details/newbirthoffreedo00jaff| date = 2000|isbn=0-8476-9952-8|publisher=Rowman & Littlefield}} * {{Cite book|isbn=978-0-19-804006-4|oclc=|title=To Make Our World Anew: Volume I: A History of African Americans to 1880|authorlink=Robin Kelley|last1=Kelley|first1=Robin D. G.|author2=Lewis, Earl|publisher=Oxford University Press| date = 2005}} * {{Cite book|ref=Lamb|editors=Lamb, Brian; Susan Swain|title=Abraham Lincoln: Great American Historians on Our Sixteenth President|url=https://archive.org/details/abrahamlincolngr0000unse|publisher=PublicAffairs| date = 2008|isbn=978-1-58648-676-1}} * {{Cite journal|last=Lupton|first=John A.|date=Oktubre 2006|title=Abraham Lincoln and the Corwin Amendment|journal=Illinois Heritage|volume=9|issue=5|page=34|publisher=The Illinois State Historical Society|issn=|oclc=|url=http://www.lib.niu.edu/2006/ih060934.html|access-date=2015-01-14|archive-date=2016-08-24|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160824072958/http://www.lib.niu.edu/2006/ih060934.html|url-status=}} <!-- NOT CITED IN ARTICLE *{{Cite book|authorlink=Reinhard H. Luthin|ref=Luthin|first=Reinhard H.|last=Luthin|title=The First Lincoln Campaign|isbn=978-0-8446-1292-8|year=1944|publisher=Harvard University Press }} --> * {{Cite journal|last=Luthin|first=Reinhard H. |date= Hulyo 1994|title=Abraham Lincoln and the Tariff|journal=American Historical Review|volume=49|issue=4|pages=609–629|oclc=|jstor=1850218|doi=10.2307/1850218}} * McClintock, Russell. ''Lincoln and the Decision for War: The Northern Response to Secession'' (2008) [https://www.questia.com/library/117296123/lincoln-and-the-decision-for-war-the-northern-response online] * {{Cite book|ref=Mansch|last=Mansch|first=Larry D.|title=Abraham Lincoln, President-Elect: The Four Critical Months from Election to Inauguration|url=https://archive.org/details/abrahamlincolnpr0000mans|publisher=McFarland| date = 2005|isbn=0-7864-2026-X}} * {{Cite book|authorlink=George McGovern|ref=McGovern|last=McGovern|first=George S.|title=Abraham Lincoln|url=https://archive.org/details/abrahamlincoln00mcgo|publisher=Macmillan| date = 2008|isbn=978-0-8050-8345-3}} * {{Cite book|ref= McKirdy|last= McKirdy|first= Charles Robert|title= Lincoln Apostate: The Matson Slave Case| date = 2011|publisher= Univ. Press of Mississippi|isbn= 978-1-60473-987-9}} * {{Cite book|ref=McPherson1992|last=McPherson|first=James M.|authorlink=James M. McPherson|title=Abraham Lincoln and the Second American Revolution| date = 1992|publisher=Oxford University Press|isbn=978-0-19-507606-6}} * {{Cite book|ref=McPherson2|title=[[Battle Cry of Freedom: The Civil War Era]]|last=McPherson|first=James M.| date = 1993|publisher=Oxford University Press|isbn=978-0-19-516895-2}} * {{Cite book|ref=McPherson5|last=McPherson|first=James M.|title=Abraham Lincoln|url=https://archive.org/details/abrahamlincoln00mcph| date = 2009|publisher=Oxford University Press|isbn=978-0-19-537452-0}} *{{Cite book|authorlink=Mark E. Neely, Jr.|ref=Neely |last=Neely |first=Mark E. |title=The Fate of Liberty: Abraham Lincoln and Civil Liberties |publisher=Oxford University Press | date = 1992|pages=3–31|url=https://www.questia.com/library/79055660/the-fate-of-liberty-abraham-lincoln-and-civil-liberties}} --> * {{Cite journal|last=Neely Jr.|first=Mark E.|date= Disyembre 2004|title=Was the Civil War a Total War?|journal=Civil War History|volume=50 |issue=4|pages=434–458|issn=|oclc= |url=http://muse.jhu.edu/login?auth=0&type=summary&url=/journals/civil_war_history/v050/50.4neely.html |doi=10.1353/cwh.2004.0073}} * {{Cite book|ref=Nevins|last=Nevins|first=Allan|title=Ordeal of the Union; 8 vol|url=https://archive.org/details/ordealofunion0001unse|publisher=Scribner's| date = 1947–71|isbn=978-0-684-10416-4}} ** {{Cite book|ref=Nevins1950|last=Nevins|first=Allan|title=The Emergence of Lincoln: Prologue to Civil War, 1857–1861 2 vol|url=https://archive.org/details/emergenceoflinco02nevi|publisher=Scribner's| date = 1950|isbn=978-0-684-10416-4}}, also published as vol 3–4 of ''Ordeal of the Union'' ** {{Cite book|ref=Nevins1960|last=Nevins|first=Allan|title=The War for the Union; 4 vol 1861–1865|url=https://archive.org/details/warfortheunionvo010196mbp|publisher=Scribner's| date = 1960–1971|isbn=978-1-56852-297-5}}; also published as vol 5–8 of ''Ordeal of the Union'' * {{Cite book|ref=Nichols|last=Nichols|first=David A.|title=Lincoln Looks West: From the Mississippi to the Pacific|editor=Richard W. Etulain|publisher=Southern Illinois University| date = 2010|isbn=0-8093-2961-1}} * {{Cite book|ref=Noll|last=Noll|first=Mark|title=America's God: From Jonathan Edwards to Abraham Lincoln|url=https://archive.org/details/americasgodfromj0000noll|publisher=Oxford University Press| date = 2000|isbn=0-19-515111-9}} * {{Cite book|ref=Oates|last=Oates|first=Stephen B.|authorlink=Stephen B. Oates|title=With Malice Toward None: a Life of Abraham Lincoln|publisher=HarperCollins| date = 1993|isbn=978-0-06-092471-3}} * {{Cite book|ref=Paludan|last=Paludan|first=Phillip Shaw|title=The Presidency of Abraham Lincoln|url=https://archive.org/details/presidencyofabra00palu|isbn=978-0-7006-0671-9| date = 1994|publisher=University Press of Kansas}} * {{Cite journal|last=Parrillo|first=Nicholas |date= Septyembre 2000|title=Lincoln's Calvinist Transformation: Emancipation and War|journal=Civil War History|volume=46|issue=3|pages=227–253|publisher=Kent State University Press|issn=|oclc=|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_civil-war-history_2000-09_46_3/page/227|doi=10.1353/cwh.2000.0073}} * {{Cite book|ref=Pessen|last=Pessen|first=Edward|title=The Log Cabin Myth: The Social Backgrounds of American Presidents|url=https://archive.org/details/logcabinmythsoci0000pess|publisher=Yale University Press| date = 1984|isbn=0-300-03166-1}} * {{Cite book|ref=Peterson|last=Peterson|first=Merrill D.|title=Lincoln in American Memory|publisher=Oxford University Press| date = 1995|isbn=978-0-19-509645-3}} * {{Cite book|ref=Potter|last1=Potter|first1=David M.|author2=Don Edward Fehrenbacher|title=The impending crisis, 1848–1861|url=https://archive.org/details/impendingcrisis00pott|publisher=HarperCollins| date = 1976|isbn=978-0-06-131929-7}} * {{Cite book|ref=Prokopowicz|last=Prokopowicz|first=Gerald J.|title=Did Lincoln Own Slaves?|url=https://archive.org/details/didlincolnownsla0000prok_r9u3|publisher=Vintage Books| date = 2008|isbn=978-0-307-27929-3}} * {{Cite book|oclc=748479|ref=Randall1947|last=Randall|first=James G.|authorlink=James G. Randall|title=Lincoln, the Liberal Statesman| date = 1947|publisher=Dodd, Mead}} * {{Cite book|oclc=5852442|ref=Randall|last1=Randall|first1=J.G.|author2=Current, Richard Nelson|series=Lincoln the President|volume=IV|title=Last Full Measure|publisher=Dodd, Mead| date = 1955}} <!-- NOT CITED IN ARTICLE * {{Cite book|ref=Reinhart|last=Reinhart|first=Mark S.|title=Abraham Lincoln on Screen|publisher=McFarland|year=2008|isbn=978-0-7864-3536-4}} --> * {{Cite book|oclc=6579822|ref=Sandburg|last=Sandburg|first=Carl |title=Abraham Lincoln: The Prairie Years|url=https://archive.org/details/abrahamlincolnpr0002carl| date = 1926|publisher=Harcourt, Brace & Company}} * {{Cite book|ref=SandburgPW2002|last=Sandburg| first=Carl|title=Abraham Lincoln: The Prairie Years and the War Years|publisher=Houghton Mifflin Harcourt| date = 2002|isbn=0-15-602752-6}} * {{Cite book|ref=Schwartz2000|last=Schwartz|first=Barry|title=Abraham Lincoln and the Forge of National Memory|url=https://archive.org/details/abrahamlincolnfo00schw| date = 2000|publisher=University of Chicago Press|isbn=978-0-226-74197-0}} * {{Cite book|ref=Schwartz2009|last=Schwartz|first=Barry|title=Abraham Lincoln in the Post-Heroic Era: History and Memory in Late Twentieth-Century America|url=https://archive.org/details/abrahamlincolnin0000schw|publisher=University of Chicago Press| date = 2009|isbn=978-0-226-74188-8}} * {{Cite journal|last=Scott|first=Kenneth|date= Septyembre 1948|title=Press Opposition to Lincoln in New Hampshire|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_new-england-quarterly_1948-09_21_3/page/326|journal=The New England Quarterly|volume=21|issue=3|pages=326–341|publisher=The New England Quarterly, Inc.|issn=|jstor=361094|doi=10.2307/361094}} <!-- NOT CITED IN ARTICLE * {{Cite book|ref=Scott|last=Scott|title=Scott 2006 Classic Specialized Catalogue|publisher=Scott Pub. Co.|year=2005|isbn=0-89487-358-X}} --> * {{Cite book|ref=Sherman|last=Sherman|first=William T.|title=Memoirs of General W.T. Sherman|publisher=BiblioBazaar| date = 1990|isbn=1-174-63172-4}} * {{Cite book|ref=Simon|last=Simon|first=Paul|title=Lincoln's Preparation for Greatness: The Illinois Legislative Years|url=https://archive.org/details/lincolnspreparat0000simo|publisher=University of Illinois| date = 1990|isbn=0-252-00203-2}} * {{Cite book|ref=Smith|last=Smith|first=Robert C.|title=Conservatism and Racism, and Why in America They Are the Same| date = 2010|publisher=State University of New York Press|isbn=978-1-4384-3233-5}} * {{Cite book|ref=Steers|last=Steers|first=Edward|title=The Lincoln Assassination Encyclopedia|url=https://archive.org/details/lincolnassassina0000stee|publisher=Harper Collins| date = 2010|isbn=0-06-178775-2}} * {{Cite book| last=Striner| first=Richard| title=Father Abraham: Lincoln's Relentless Struggle to End Slavery| url=https://archive.org/details/fatherabrahamlin0000stri| date = 2006|publisher=Oxford University Press| isbn=978-0-19-518306-1}} * {{Cite book|ref=Tagg|title=The Unpopular Mr. Lincoln:The Story of America's Most Reviled President|first=Larry|last=Tagg|publisher=Savas Beatie| date = 2009|isbn=978-1-932714-61-6}} * {{Cite book|ref=Taranto|last1=Taranto|first1=James|author2=Leonard Leo|title=Presidential Leadership: Rating the Best and the Worst in the White House|publisher=Simon and Schuster| date = 2004|isbn=978-0-7432-5433-5}} * {{Cite journal|last=Tegeder|first=Vincent G.|date= Hunyo 1948|title=Lincoln and the Territorial Patronage: The Ascendancy of the Radicals in the West|journal=Mississippi Valley Historical Review|volume=35|issue=1|pages=77–90|publisher=Organization of American Historians|issn=|oclc=|jstor=1895140|doi=10.2307/1895140}} <!-- NOT CITED IN ARTICLE *{{cite book|isbn=978-0-8071-3231-9|oclc=|title=Inside the Confederate Nation: Essays in Honor of Emory M. Thomas|url=|authorlink=Emory M. Thomas|last= Thomas|first=Emory M.|editor1-first=Lesley J.|editor1-last=Gordon|editor2-first=John C.|editor2-last=Inscoe|publisher=Louisiana State University Press|year=2007}} --> * {{Cite book|ref=Thomas|first=Benjamin P.|last=Thomas|title=Abraham Lincoln: A Biography|url=https://archive.org/details/abrahamlincolnbi0000thom_k6f1|publisher=Southern Illinois University| date = 2008|isbn=978-0-8093-2887-1}} * {{Cite book|isbn=978-0-925436-21-4|oclc=|title=The Lincoln Funeral Train: The Final Journey and National Funeral for Abraham Lincoln|url=https://archive.org/details/lincolnfuneraltr0000tros|last=Trostel|first=Scott D.|publisher=Cam-Tech Publishing| date = 2002}} * {{Cite book|ref=Vorenberg|last=Vorenberg|first=Michael|title=Final Freedom: the Civil War, the Abolition of Slavery, and the Thirteenth Amendment|url=https://archive.org/details/finalfreedomcivi0000vore|publisher=Cambridge University Press| date = 2001|isbn=978-0-521-65267-4}} * {{Cite book|ref=White|last=White, Jr.|first=Ronald C.|title=A. Lincoln: A Biography|publisher=Random House, Inc| date = 2009|isbn=978-1-4000-6499-1}} * {{Cite book|ref=Wills|first=Garry|last=Wills|authorlink=Garry Wills|title=[[Lincoln at Gettysburg: The Words That Remade America]]|isbn=0-671-86742-3| date = 1993|publisher=Simon & Schuster }} * {{Cite book|ref=Wilson|first=Douglas L.|last=Wilson|publisher=Knopf Publishing Group|title=Honor's Voice: The Transformation of Abraham Lincoln|url=https://archive.org/details/honorsvoicetrans0000wils_d8n4| date = 1999|isbn=978-0-375-70396-6 }} * {{Cite book|ref=Winkle|last=Winkle|first=Kenneth J.|title=The Young Eagle: The Rise of Abraham Lincoln|url=https://archive.org/details/youngeagleriseof0000wink| date = 2001|publisher=Taylor Trade Publications|isbn=978-0-87833-255-7}} * {{Cite book|ref=Zarefsky|authorlink=David Zarefsky|isbn=978-0-226-97876-5|title=Lincoln, Douglas, and Slavery: In the Crucible of Public Debate|url=https://archive.org/details/lincolndouglassl0000davi|last=Zarefsky|first=David S.|publisher=University of Chicago Press| date = 1993}} * {{Cite journal|last=Zilversmit|first=Arthur| date = 1980|title=Lincoln and the Problem of Race: A Decade of Interpretations|journal=Journal of the Abraham Lincoln Association|volume=2|issue=11|pages=22–24|publisher=Abraham Lincoln Association|url=http://www.historycooperative.org/journals/jala/2/zilversmit.html|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110720234453/http://www.historycooperative.org/journals/jala/2/zilversmit.html|archivedate= 20 Hulyo 2011|ref=}} {{Refend}} <!-- NOT CITED IN ARTICLE *{{Cite book|ref=Miller |first=William Lee |last=Miller |title=Lincoln's Virtues: An Ethical Biography |url=https://archive.org/details/lincolnsvirtuese00mill |year=2002 |isbn=0-375-40158-X |publisher=Alfred A. Knopf }} --> ===Historiograpiya=== * {{Cite book|isbn=978-1-58182-369-1|title=One Hundred Essential Lincoln Books|url=https://archive.org/details/100essentiallinc0000burk|last=Burkhimer|first=Michael|publisher=Cumberland House|location=| date = 2003}} * {{Cite book|isbn=978-0-393-06756-9|title=Our Lincoln: New Perspectives on Lincoln and His World|url=https://archive.org/details/isbn_9780393067569|last=Foner|first=Eric|publisher=W.W. Norton |location=| date = 2008}} * Manning, Chandra, "The Shifting Terrain of Attitudes toward Abraham Lincoln and Emancipation," ''Journal of the Abraham Lincoln Association,'' 34 (Winter 2013), 18–39. * Smith, Adam I.P. "The 'Cult' of Abraham Lincoln and the Strange Survival of Liberal England in the Era of the World Wars," ''Twentieth Century British History,'' (Dec 2010) 21#4 pp 486–509 * Spielberg, Steven; Goodwin, Doris Kearns; Kushner, Tony. "Mr. Lincoln Goes to Hollywood," ''Smithsonian'' (2012) 43#7 pp 46–53. ===Dugang nga reperensya=== {{Refbegin|30em}} * {{Cite book|isbn=978-0-8018-8993-6|title=Abraham Lincoln: A Life ''(2 volumes)''|authorlink=Michael Burlingame (historian)|last=Burlingame|first=Michael|publisher=Johns Hopkins University Press|location=| date = 2008}} * {{Cite book|isbn=978-0-87249-400-8|title=Lincoln and Black Freedom: A Study in Presidential Leadership|url=https://archive.org/details/lincolnblackfree00coxl|authorlink=LaWanda Cox |last=Cox|first=LaWanda|publisher=University of South Carolina Press |location=| date = 1981}} * Green, Michael S. ''Lincoln and the Election of 1860'' (Concise Lincoln Library) [http://www.amazon.com/Lincoln-Election-1860-Concise-Library/dp/0809330350/ excerpt and text search] * {{Cite book|author=Holzer, Harold|title=Lincoln President-Elect: Abraham Lincoln and the Great Secession Winter 1860–1861|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=34cVaFHdgMMC| date = 2008|publisher=Simon and Schuster|isbn=978-0-7432-8947-4}} * {{Cite book|isbn=978-1-59420-191-2|title=Tried by War: Abraham Lincoln as Commander in Chief|url=https://archive.org/details/triedbywarabraha00mcph|last=McPherson|first=James M.|publisher=Penguin Press |location=| date = 2008}} * {{Cite book|author=Miller, Richard Lawrence|title=Lincoln and His World: The Rise to National Prominence, 1843–1853|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=c1odBTiRSJcC| date = 2011|publisher=McFarland|isbn=978-0-7864-5928-5}}, vol 3. of detailed biography * {{Cite book|isbn=978-0-306-80209-6|title=The Abraham Lincoln Encyclopedia|url=https://archive.org/details/abrahamlincolnen0000neel_o4t9|last=Neely|first=Mark E|publisher=Da Capo Press| date = 1984}} * {{Cite book|isbn=978-0-674-51125-5|title=The Last Best Hope of Earth: Abraham Lincoln and the Promise of America |url=https://archive.org/details/lastbesthopeofea0000neel|last=Neely|first=Mark E|publisher=Harvard University Press| date = 1994}} * {{Cite book|isbn=|oclc=4183070|title=Lincoln the President ''(4 volumes)''|last=Randall|first=James G.|publisher=Dodd, Mead |location=| date = 1945–1955}} {{Refend}} ==Mga sumpay ha gawas== {{Sister project links|wikt=no|commons=Abraham Lincoln | b=no | n=no | q=Abraham Lincoln | s=Author:Abraham Lincoln|v=no|voy=no|species=no|d=no|display=Abraham Lincoln}} * [http://quod.lib.umich.edu/l/lincoln/ The Collected Works of Abraham Lincoln] * {{CongBio|L000313}} * [http://memory.loc.gov/ammem/alhtml/alhome.html Mr. Lincoln's Virtual Library] * [http://www.shapell.org/manuscript.aspx?the-government-is-about-to-fall-into-our-hands-1860-abraham-lincoln Abraham Lincoln: Original Letters and Manuscripts] {{Webarchive|url=https://archive.today/20130624231258/http://www.shapell.org/manuscript.aspx?the-government-is-about-to-fall-into-our-hands-1860-abraham-lincoln |date=2013-06-24 }} Shapell Manuscript Foundation * [http://www.loc.gov/rr/program/bib/prespoetry/al.html Poetry written by Abraham Lincoln] * [http://www.alplm.org/AboutUs/AbouttheFoundation.aspx The Abraham Lincoln Presidential Library and Museum] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150319053819/http://www.alplm.org/AboutUs/AbouttheFoundation.aspx |date= 19 Marso 2015 }} Springfield, Illinois * [http://www.papersofabrahamlincoln.org/ The Papers of Abraham Lincoln] documentary editing project * {{US patent |6469 |US PATNo. 6,469}}—''Manner of Buoying Vessels''—A. Lincoln—1849 * [http://edsitement.neh.gov/teaching-abraham-lincoln#node-19470 National Endowment for the Humanities Spotlight&nbsp;– Abraham Lincoln] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171210055506/http://edsitement.neh.gov/teaching-abraham-lincoln#node-19470 |date= 10 Disyembre 2017 }} * [http://www.lincolnbicentennial.org/ The Abraham Lincoln Bicentennial Foundation] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250111050304/http://www.lincolnbicentennial.org/ |date=2025-01-11 }} * [http://lincoln.lib.niu.edu/ Lincoln/Net: Abraham Lincoln Historical Digitization Project, Northern Illinois University Libraries] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/19990508095428/http://lincoln.lib.niu.edu/ |date=1999-05-08 }} * [http://www.loc.gov/rr/program/bib/presidents/lincoln/ Abraham Lincoln: A Resource Guide from the Library of Congress] * [https://web.archive.org/web/20110725003410/http://americanpresidents.org/presidents/president.asp?PresidentNumber=16 Abraham Lincoln] at [[C-SPAN]]'s ''[[American Presidents: Life Portraits]]'' * [http://legacy.c-span.org/Series/Lincoln-200-Years.aspx C-SPAN's ''Lincoln 200 Years''] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110902043119/http://legacy.c-span.org/Series/Lincoln-200-Years.aspx |date= 2 Septyembre 2011 }} * [http://interesting-facts.com/abraham-lincoln-facts/ Facts about Abraham Lincoln] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150304152804/http://interesting-facts.com/abraham-lincoln-facts/ |date=2015-03-04 }} * [http://memory.loc.gov/ammem/collections/stern-lincoln/ The Alfred Whital Stern Collection of Lincolniana] From the Collections at the Library of Congress * [http://www.theeuropeanlibrary.org/tel4/newspapers/search?query=%22abraham%20lincoln%22 References to Lincoln in European historic newspapers] * {{Gutenberg author | id=Lincoln,+Abraham | name=Abraham Lincoln}} * {{Internet Archive author}} * {{Librivox author |id=2233}} {{Mga Mangulo han Estados Unidos}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Lincoln, Abraham}} [[Kaarangay:Mga natawo han 1809]] [[Kaarangay:Mga namatay han 1865]] [[Kaarangay:Abraham Lincoln]] [[Kaarangay:Biyograpiya|Lincoln, Abraham]] [[Kaarangay:Politika|Lincoln, Abraham]] [[Kaarangay:Mga Mangulo han Estados Unidos|Lincoln, Abraham]] [[Kaarangay:Estados Unidos|Lincoln, Abraham]] [[Kaarangay:Illinois|Lincoln, Abraham]] sxf809jrm3b9rpf0iau4re7lrh9s9nc 0 18000 7782337 7770943 2026-04-07T06:39:00Z InternetArchiveBot 41587 Add 1 book for verifiability (20260407)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 7782337 wikitext text/x-wiki [[File:Kurukshetra.jpg|thumb]] An '''Mahabharata''' (Devanāgarī: महाभारत, Mahābhārata) amo an usa ha duha nga dagko nga epiko sinanskrit han hadto nga Indya, an usa amo an Rāmāyaṇa. An epiko usa ka bahin han Hindu itihāsa (literal nga kasirgngon "kaagi o kasaysayan"), ngan upod han importante nga bahin han mitolohiya Hindu. ==Pinanbasaran== {{reflist}} ==Mga reperensya== * Badrinath, Chaturvedi. ''The Mahabharata : An Inquiry in the Human Condition'', New Delhi, Orient Longman (2006) * Bandyopadhyaya, Jayantanuja (2008). ''[http://books.google.com.au/books?id=gwUF11NRyT4C Class and Religion in Ancient India]''. Anthem Press. * {{Cite book|series= |last=Basham |first=A. L. |authorlink= |title=The Wonder That Was India: A Survey of the Culture of the Indian Sub-Continent Before The Coming of the Muslims|url=https://archive.org/details/wonderthatwasind0000alba_i6v2|year=1954 |publisher=Grove Press |location=New York |isbn= }} * Bhasin, R.V. ''"Mahabharata"'' published by National Publications, India, 2007. * J. Brockington. ''[http://books.google.com/books?id=HR-_LK5kl18C The Sanskrit Epics]'', Leiden (1998). * Buitenen, Johannes Adrianus Bernardus (1978). ''[http://books.google.com.au/books?id=wFtXBGNn0aUC The Mahābhārata]''. 3 volumes (translation / publication incomplete due to his death). [[University of Chicago Press]]. * Chaitanya, Krishna (K.K. Nair). ''The Mahabharata, A Literary Study'', Clarion Books, New Delhi 1985. * Gupta, S.P. and Ramachandran, K.S. (ed.). ''Mahabharata: myth and reality''. Agam Prakashan, New Delhi 1976. * Hiltebeitel, Alf. ''The Ritual of Battle, Krishna in the Mahabharata'', SUNY Press, New York 1990. * Hopkins, E. W. ''[http://books.google.com/books?id=hC1d-xN6nzoC The Great Epic of India]'', New York (1901). * Jyotirmayananda, Swami. ''Mysticism of the Mahabharata'', Yoga Research Foundation, Miami 1993. * Katz, Ruth Cecily ''Arjuna in the Mahabharata'', University of South Carolina Press, Columbia 1989. * {{Cite book|series= |last=Keay |first=John |authorlink=John Keay |title=India: A History |year=2000 |publisher=Grove Press |location= |isbn=0-8021-3797-0 |url=http://books.google.com/books?id=Tarbo7OzEO8C }} * {{Cite book|last=Majumdar |first=R. C. (general editor)|authorlink=R. C. Majumdar |title=[[The History and Culture of the Indian People]]: (Volume 1) The Vedic Age |year=1951 |publisher=George Allen & Unwin Ltd. |location=London|isbn=}} * Lerner, Paule. ''Astrological Key in Mahabharata'', David White (trans.) Motilal Banarsidass, New Delhi 1988. * Mallory, J. P (2005). ''In Search of the Indo-Europeans''. [[Thames & Hudson]]. ISBN 0-500-27616-1 * Mehta, M. ''The problem of the double introduction to the Mahabharata'', [[JAOS]] 93 (1973), 547–550. * Minkowski, C.Z. ''Janamehayas ''Sattra'' and Ritual Structure'', JAOS 109 (1989), 410–420. * Minkowski, C.Z. 'Snakes, ''Sattras'' and the Mahabharata', in: ''Essays on the Mahabharata'', ed. A. Sharma, Leiden (1991), 384–400. * [[Hermann Oldenberg|Oldenberg, Hermann]]. ''Zur Geschichte der Altindischen Prosa'', Berlin (1917) * Oberlies, Th. 'The Counsels of the Seer Narada: Ritual on and under the Surface of the Mahabharata', in: ''[http://books.google.com/books?id=-0tcQr3WzqsC New methods in the research of epic]'' (ed. H. L. C. Tristram), Freiburg (1998). * Oldenberg, H. ''Das Mahabharata'', Göttingen (1922). * [[Pāṇini]]. ''Ashtādhyāyī''. [http://www.wilbourhall.org/pdfs/chandravasu/book4.pdf Book 4]. Translated by Chandra Vasu. [[Benares]], 1896. {{sa icon}}{{en icon}} * Pargiter, F.E. ''Ancient Indian Historical Tradition'', London 1922. Repr. Motilal Banarsidass 1997. * {{Cite book|last=Sattar|first=Arshia (transl.)|authorlink=Arshia Sattar|title=The Rāmāyaṇa by Vālmīki|url=https://archive.org/details/liang.rmyaa0001vlmk|publisher=Viking|year=1996|page=[https://archive.org/details/liang.rmyaa0001vlmk/page/696 696]|isbn=978-0-14-029866-6|ref=harv}} * Sukthankar, Vishnu S. and Shrimant Balasaheb Pant Pratinidhi (1933). ''The Mahabharata: for the first time critically edited''. [[Bhandarkar Oriental Research Institute]]. * Sullivan, Bruce M. ''Seer of the Fifth Veda, Krsna Dvaipayana Vyasa in the Mahabharata'', Motilal Banarsidass, New Delhi 1999. * Sutton, Nicholas. ''[http://books.google.com/books?id=rFyUHC-ORp4C Religious Doctrines in the Mahabharata]'', Motilal Banarsidass, New Delhi 2000. * Utgikar, N. B. ''The mention of the Mahabharata in the Ashvalayana Grhya Sutra'', Proceedings and Transactions of the All-India Oriental Conference, Poona (1919), vol. 2, Poona (1922), 46–61. * Vaidya, R.V. ''A Study of Mahabharat; A Research'', Poona, A.V.G. Prakashan, 1967 * [[Michael Witzel|Witzel, Michael]], ''Epics, Khilas and Puranas: Continuities and Ruptures'', Proceedings of the Third Dubrovnik International Conference on the Sanskrit Epics and Puranas, ed. P. Koskiallio, Zagreb (2005), 21–80. ==Mga sumpay ha gawas== {{wikisourcelang|sa|महाभारतम्|Mahabharata}} {{Wikiquote}} {{Wikisource|The Mahabharata}} {{Commons category|Mahabharata}} * [https://web.archive.org/web/20101107222102/http://www.sub.uni-goettingen.de/ebene_1/fiindolo/gretil/1_sanskr/2_epic/mbh/sas/mahabharata.htm Mahābhārata online] * [http://www.holybooks.com/mahabharata-all-volumes-in-12-pdf-files/ All volumes in 12 PDF-files] (Holybooks.com, 181 MB in total) * [http://www.Brown.edu/Departments/Sanskrit_in_Classics_at_Brown/Mahabharata/MBh2Biblio.html#Poona Reading Suggestions, J. L. Fitzgerald, Das Professor of Sanskrit, Department of Classics, Brown University] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210302075559/http://www.brown.edu/Departments/Sanskrit_in_Classics_at_Brown/Mahabharata/MBh2Biblio.html#Poona |date=2021-03-02 }} [[Kaarangay:Mahabharata]] {{Commonscat|Mahabharata}} d8pfur1xw45mk4ge0l2xc3eaxdb4aba 0 18001 7782408 7782109 2026-04-07T07:53:34Z InternetArchiveBot 41587 Add 1 book for verifiability (20260407)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 7782408 wikitext text/x-wiki [[File:504px-Pinguiculagrandiflora1web.jpg|thumb]] An '''Botaniká'''<ref>Abuyen, Tomas A. '''Diksyunaryo Waray-Waray [Visaya] English-Tagalog'''. Kalayaan Press Mktg. Ent., Inc. Quezon City. Tuig 2000. ISBN 971-08-6050-X. 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F. | title = How Green are Biofuels? | url = https://archive.org/details/sim_science_2008-01-04_319_5859/page/42 | date = 2008 | journal = Science | publisher = American Association for the Advancement of Science | volume = 319 | doi = 10.1126/science.1153103 | issue = 5859 | pmid = 18174426 | pages = 43–4 }} * {{Cite journal | ref = {{sfnRef|Schell|Van Montagu|1977}}|last1=Schell |first1=J.|last2=Van Montagu |first2=M.|title= The Ti-plasmid of Agrobacterium tumefaciens, a Natural Vector for the Introduction of Nif Genes in Plants?|journal= Basic Life Sciences| date = 1977|volume=9|pmid=336023 | pages = 159–79 |doi=10.1007/978-1-4684-0880-5_12|isbn=978-1-4684-0882-9 }} * {{Cite web | ref = {{sfnRef|Schoening|2005}} | last = Schoening | first = Steve | url = http://www.cdfa.ca.gov/weedhome/pdfs/noxious_weed_plan.pdf | format = PDF | date = 2005 | title = California Noxious and Invasive Weed Action Plan | publisher = California Department of Food and Agriculture | accessdate = 1 Marso 2012 }} * {{Cite journal|ref=harv |title=Fatty Acid Export from the Chloroplast. 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A.| title = The Herbal of Valerius Cordus | date = 1939| journal = The Journal of the Linnean Society of London | publisher = Linnean Society of London| volume = LII | issue = 341|doi= 10.1111/j.1095-8339.1939.tb01598.x | first2 = M. S. | pages = 1| last2 = Sprague }} * {{Cite journal |last=Stace |first=Clive A. |date=2010a |title=Classification by molecules: What's in it for field botanists? |journal=Watsonia |volume=28 |url=http://www.watsonia.org.uk/Wats28p103.pdf |accessdate=6 Hulyo 2013 |ref=harv |archive-date=26 Hulyo 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110726104027/https://www.watsonia.org.uk/Wats28p103.pdf |url-status=dead }} * {{Cite book| ref = harv |last=Stace |first=Clive | date = 2010b |title=New Flora of the British Isles |edition=3rd |location=Cambridge |publisher=Cambridge University Press |isbn=978-0-521-70772-5}} * {{Cite book|ref=harv|last=Starr|first=Cecie|title=The Unity and Diversity of Life|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=dAyuAgAAQBAJ&pg=PA299|date=2009|edition=AP|publisher=Brooks/Cole, Cenpage Learning|location=Belmomt, California|isbn=978-1-111-58097-1|http://books.google.com/books?id=dAyuAgAAQBAJ&pg=PA299}}{{Dead link|date=Enero 2023 |bot=InternetArchiveBot }} * {{Cite book |ref=harv |last1=Stewart |first1=Wilson Nichols |last2=Rothwell |first2=Gar W. |date=1993 |title=Paleobiology and the Evolution of Plants |url=https://archive.org/details/paleobotanyevolu0000stew |location=Cambridge |publisher=Cambridge University Press |isbn=978-0-521-38294-6 }} * {{Cite book | ref = harv |last1=Stover|first1=R. H.|last2=Simmonds|first2=N. W. |title=Bananas | url = https://archive.org/details/bananas0000stov |edition=3rd |publisher=Longman |location=Harlow, England | date = 1987 |isbn=978-0-582-46357-8}} * {{Cite book|ref=harv|last=Sumner|first=Judith|title=The Natural History of Medicinal Plants|url=https://archive.org/details/naturalhistoryof0000sumn|publisher=Timber Press|location=New York|date=2000|isbn=0-88192-483-0}} * {{Cite journal| ref = harv |last1=Sun|first1=Yuh-Ju|last2=Forouhar|first2=Farhad|last3=Li Hm|first3=Hsou-min|last4=Tu|first4=Shuh-Long|last5=Yeh|first5=Yi-Hong|last6=Kao|first6=Sen|last7=Shr|first7=Hui-Lin|last8=Chou|first8=Chia-Cheng|last9=Chen|first9=Chinpan |last10=Hsiao|first10=Chwan-Deng|title=Crystal Structure of Pea Toc34, a Novel GTPase of the Chloroplast Protein Translocon|journal=Nature Structural Biology| date = 2002|volume=9|issue=2|doi=10.1038/nsb744|pmid=11753431| pages = 95–100}} * {{Cite journal |ref= harv |last= Sussex |first= I. |date= 2008 |title= The Scientific Roots of Modern Plant Biotechnology |journal= The Plant Cell |volume= 20 |issue= 5 |doi= 10.1105/tpc.108.058735 |url= http://www.plantcell.org/content/20/5/1189.full.pdf+html |format= PDF |pmid= 18515500 |pmc= 2438469 |pages= 1189–98 }} * {{Cite book | ref = harv | last1 = Taiz | first1 = Lincoln | last2 = Zeiger | first2 = Eduardo | edition = 3rd | title = Plant Physiology | date = 2002 | isbn = 0-87893-823-0 | publisher = Sinauer Associates | location = Sunderland, MA}} * {{Cite journal|ref=harv|last=Takaichi|first=Shinichi|title=Carotenoids in Algae: Distributions, Biosyntheses and Functions|journal=Marine Drugs|date= Hunyo 2011|volume=9|issue=12|doi=10.3390/md9061101|pmc=3131562|pages=1101–1118}} * {{Cite journal | ref = harv | last1 = Tansley| first1 = A. G.| title =The Use and Abuse of Vegetational Terms and Concepts | journal = Ecology|publisher=Ecological Society of America |location=Washington, D.C. | volume = 16 | issue = 3 | pages = 284| date = 1935|doi = 10.2307/1930070|jstor=1930070}} * {{Cite book |ref=harv |last=Taylor |first=T.N. |last2=Taylor |first2=E.L. |last3=Krings |first3=M. |date=2009 |title=Paleobotany, The Biology and Evolution of Fossil Plants |url=https://archive.org/details/paleobotanybiolo0000tayl |edition=2nd |publication-place=Amsterdam; Boston |publisher=Academic Press |isbn=978-0-12-373972-8 }} * {{Cite journal|ref=harv|last1=Thompson|first1=James E.|last2=Fry|first2=Stephen C.| date = 2001|title=Restructuring of Wall-bound Xyloglucan by Transglycosylation in Living Plant Cells|journal=The Plant Journal |publisher=John Wiley & Sons| location = West Sussex, England|volume=26 |issue=1|doi=10.1046/j.1365-313x.2001.01005.x|pmid=11359607|pages=23–34}} * {{Cite web | ref = {{sfnRef|Waggoner|2001}} | url = http://www.ucmp.berkeley.edu/history/hooke.html | last = Waggoner | first = Ben | date = 2001 | title = University of California Museum of Paleontology | publisher = University of California-Berkeley | accessdate = 27 Pebrero 2012 }} * {{Cite book|ref=harv|last1=Went|first1=F. W.|last2=Thimann|first2=K. V.|date=1937|title=Phytohormones|publisher=Macmillan|location=New York|url=http://ia700408.us.archive.org/33/items/phytohormones00went/phytohormones00went.pdf|format=PDF}} * {{Cite journal | ref = harv | last1 = Willis| first1 = A. J.| title =The Ecosystem: An Evolving Concept Viewed Historically | journal =Functional Ecology|publisher=British Ecological Society|location=London| volume = 11 | issue =2 | date = 1997|doi = 10.1111/j.1365-2435.1997.00081.x | pages = 268}} * {{Cite journal | ref = {{sfnRef|Woese et al.|1977}} | last1 = Woese | first1 = C. R. | last2 = Magrum | first2 = W. E. | last3 = Fox | first3 = L. J. | last4=Wolfe | first4 = G. E. | last5 = Woese | first5 = R. S. | title = An Ancient Divergence Among the Bacteria | journal = Journal of Molecular Evolution | volume = 9 | pages = 305–311 | issue = 4 |date= Agosto 1977 | pmid = 408502 | doi = 10.1007/BF01796092}} * {{Cite book | ref = harv | last1 = Yaniv | first1 = Zohara | last2 = Bachrach | first2 = Uriel | title = Handbook of Medicinal Plants | date = 2005 | isbn = 1-56022-994-2 | publisher = Haworth Press | location = Binghampton, NY}} * {{Cite book | ref = harv | last1 =Yates|first1= F.|last2= Mather|first2= K. | date = 1963|title=Ronald Aylmer Fisher 1890–1962|journal=Biographical Memoirs of Fellows of the Royal Society|volume=9|jstor=769423}} * {{Cite book | ref = harv | last1 = Zohary | first1 = Daniel | last2 = Hopf | first2 = Maria | title = Domestication of Plants in the Old World | url = https://archive.org/details/domesticationofp0003zoha | date = 2000 | edition = 3rd | isbn = 978-0-19-850356-9 | publisher = Oxford University Press | location = Oxford }} * {{Cite journal| ref={{sfnRef|Arabidopsis Genome Initiative|2000}}| author=The Arabidopsis Genome Initiative| title=Analysis of the Genome Sequence of the Flowering Plant Arabidopsis thaliana| url=https://archive.org/details/sim_nature-uk_2000-12-14_408_6814/page/796| journal=Nature| publisher=Nature Publishing Group| location=London| date=2000| volume=408| doi=10.1038/35048692| pmid=11130711| issue=6814| pages=796–815}} * {{Cite web | ref = {{sfnRef|Plant Hormones|2013}} | url = https://agrikaido.com/plant-hormones/auxins/ | title = Auxins | publisher = Plant Hormones, Long Ashton Research Station, Biotechnology and Biological Sciences Research Council | accessdate = 15 Hulyo 2013 }} * {{Cite web | ref = {{sfnRef|National Center for Biotechnology Information|2004}} | url = http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/About/primer/genetics_cell.html | title = A Basic Introduction to the Science Underlying NCBI Resources | date = 30 Marso 2004 | publisher = National Center for Biotechnology Information | accessdate = 5 Marso 2012 }} * {{Cite web | ref = {{sfnRef|Online Etymology Dictionary|2012}} | url = http://www.etymonline.com/index.php?allowed_in_frame=0&search=botany&searchmode=none | title = Botany | publisher = Online Etymology Dictionary | date = 2012 | accessdate = 24 Pebrero 2012 }} * {{Cite web | ref = {{sfnRef|National Museum of Wales|2007}} | url = http://www.museumwales.ac.uk/en/852/?article_id=131 | title = Early Herbals – The German Fathers of Botany | publisher = National Museum of Wales | date = 4 Hulyo 2007 | accessdate = 19 Pebrero 2012 | archive-date = 29 Hunyo 2012 | archive-url = https://archive.today/20120629144256/http://www.museumwales.ac.uk/en/852/?article_id=131 | url-status = dead }} * {{Cite web | ref = {{sfnRef|National Science Foundation|1989}} | url = http://www.nsf.gov/od/nms/recip_details.cfm?recip_id=120 | title = Katherine Esau | publisher = National Science Foundation | date = 1989 | accessdate = 26 Hunyo 2013 }} * {{Cite web|ref={{sfnRef|Botanical Society of America|2013}}|url=http://www.botany.org/bsa/millen/mil-chp1.html#Evolution|title=Evolution and Diversity, Botany for the Next Millennium: I. The Intellectual: Evolution, Development, Ecosystems|publisher=Botanical Society of America|accessdate=25 Hunyo 2013|archive-date=1998-01-31|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/19980131020409/http://www.botany.org/bsa/millen/mil-chp1.html#Evolution|url-status=}} * {{Cite web | ref = {{sfnRef|University of Maryland Medical Center|2011}} | url = http://www.umm.edu/altmed/articles/herbal-medicine-000351.htm | title = Herbal Medicine | publisher = University of Maryland Medical Center | accessdate = 2 Marso 2012 | archive-date = 2 Marso 2012 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20120302205401/http://www.umm.edu/altmed/articles/herbal-medicine-000351.htm | url-status = dead }} * {{Cite web | ref = {{sfnRef|Cleveland Museum of Natural History|2012}} | url = https://www.cmnh.org/discover/science/paleobotany-paleoecology | title = Paleobotany | publisher = Cleveland Museum of Natural History | accessdate = 30 Hulyo 2014 | archive-date = 2014-08-11 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20140811074831/https://www.cmnh.org/discover/science/paleobotany-paleoecology | url-status = }} * {{Cite web | ref = {{sfnRef|University of California-Davis|2012}} | url = http://phymap.ucdavis.edu/brachypodium/phymapintro.jsp | title = Physical Map of ''Brachypodium'' | publisher = University of California-Davis | accessdate = 26 Pebrero 2012 | archive-date = 24 Agosto 2011 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20110824105534/http://phymap.ucdavis.edu/brachypodium/phymapintro.jsp | url-status = dead }} * {{Cite web | ref = {{sfnRef|Missouri Botanical Garden|2009}} | url = http://www.mbgnet.net/bioplants/earth.html | title = Plants and Life on Earth | publisher = Missouri Botanical Garden | date = 2009 | accessdate = 10 Marso 2012 }} {{refend}} ==Mga sumpay ha gawas== {{Wikibooks|Botany}} {{Commons category|Botany}} {{Wikisource portal|Botany}} {{WVD}} {{refbegin|30em}} * {{dmoz|Science/Biology/Botany/|Botany}} * [http://huntbot.andrew.cmu.edu/HIBD/Departments/Databases.shtml Botany databases] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110103035558/http://huntbot.andrew.cmu.edu/HIBD/Departments/Databases.shtml |date=3 Enero 2011 }} at the Hunt Institute for Botanical Documentation * [http://www.kuleuven-kortrijk.be/bioweb/?page=guide&lang=en/ High quality pictures of plants and information about them] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120131150733/http://www.kuleuven-kortrijk.be/bioweb/?page=guide&lang=en%2F |date=31 Enero 2012 }} from Catholic University of Leuven * [http://wildflower.utexas.edu/ Native Plant Information Network] * [http://plants.usda.gov/index.html USDA plant database] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101202091149/http://plants.usda.gov/index.html |date=2010-12-02 }} * [http://www.ou.edu/cas/botany-micro/www-vl/ The Virtual Library of Botany] * [http://ccdl.libraries.claremont.edu/cdm/landingpage/collection/loc Larry Oglesby Collection] in the Claremont Colleges Digital Library {{refend}} [[Kaarangay:Botanika]] j9kv5wxi0vx5vg60t31uavirrgjuk0a 0 18017 7782397 7653304 2026-04-07T07:41:13Z InternetArchiveBot 41587 Add 1 book for verifiability (20260407)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 7782397 wikitext text/x-wiki An '''semikonduktor''' amo an usa ka solido kun diin gindugngan hin iba nga butang para makontrol an pag-agi han elektrisidad. Usa ini na grupo sin mga materyales na an electrikal na ''conductivity'' napabutnga san mga ''conductor'' (sugad san [[copper]]) ngan mga ''insulator''. An Semiconduktor an pundasyon san moderno na ''[[elektronika|electronics]]'', sakob na an mga [[transistor]], ''solar cell'', ''light-emitting diode (LED)'', ''quantum dot'' ngan digital ngan analog na ''integrated circuits''. ==Pinanbasaran== {{reflist}} ==Padugang nga barasahon== *{{cite book| author=A. A. Balandin and K. L. Wang |year=2006|title= Handbook of Semiconductor Nanostructures and Nanodevices (5-Volume Set)|publisher= American Scientific Publishers| isbn= 1-58883-073-X}} *{{cite book|author=[[Simon Sze|Sze, Simon M.]]|title=Physics of Semiconductor Devices (2nd ed.)|publisher=John Wiley and Sons (WIE)|year=1981| isbn=0-471-05661-8}} *{{cite book|author=Turley, Jim|title=The Essential Guide to Semiconductors|url=https://archive.org/details/essentialguideto00turl_0|publisher=Prentice Hall PTR|year=2002|isbn=0-13-046404-X}} *{{cite book|author=Yu, Peter Y.; Cardona, Manuel|title=Fundamentals of Semiconductors : Physics and Materials Properties|publisher=Springer|year=2004|isbn=3-540-41323-5}} *{{cite book| author= Sadao Adachi |year=2012|title= The Handbook on Optical Constants of Semiconductors: In Tables and Figures |publisher= World Scientific Publishing| isbn= 9-789-81440597-3}} ==Mga sumpay ha gawas== *[http://science.howstuffworks.com/diode.htm Howstuffworks' semiconductor page] *[http://hyperphysics.phy-astr.gsu.edu/hbase/solids/semcn.html Semiconductor Concepts at Hyperphysics] *Calculator for the [http://www.stevesque.com/calculators/intrinsic-carrier-concentration/ intrinsic carrier concentration] in silicon *Semiconductor OneSource [http://www.semi1source.com/shof/ Hall of Fame] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091009135303/http://www.semi1source.com/shof/ |date=2009-10-09 }}, [http://www.semiconductorglossary.com/ Glossary] *[http://ece-www.colorado.edu/~bart/book/book/ Principles of Semiconductor Devices] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090213122751/http://ece-www.colorado.edu/~bart/book/book/ |date=2009-02-13 }} by Bart Van Zeghbroeck, [[University of Colorado at Boulder|University of Colorado]]. An online textbook] *[http://www.tpub.com/content/neets/14179/index.htm US Navy Electrical Engineering Training Series] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20040606111842/http://www.tpub.com/content/neets/14179/index.htm |date=2004-06-06 }} *[http://www.ioffe.rssi.ru/SVA/NSM/Semicond/index.html NSM-Archive] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090306114230/http://www.ioffe.rssi.ru/SVA/NSM/Semicond/index.html |date=2009-03-06 }} Physical Properties of Semiconductors] *[http://www.semiconductor-scout.com/manufacturer/semiconductor-manufacturer.html Semiconductor Manufacturer List] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090826143426/http://www.semiconductor-scout.com/manufacturer/semiconductor-manufacturer.html |date=2009-08-26 }} *[http://nanohub.org/topics/EduSemiconductor ABACUS] : Introduction to Semiconductor Devices – by [[Gerhard Klimeck]] and Dragica Vasileska, online learning resource with simulation tools on [[nanoHUB]] *[http://www.organicsemiconductors.com Organic Semiconductor page] *[http://www.doitpoms.ac.uk/tlplib/semiconductors/index.php DoITPoMS Teaching and Learning Package- "Introduction to Semiconductors"] *[http://www.etsp-engineering.com/1330022518orv_Semiconductor_Hubs_2012.pdf Semiconductor R&D Talent Locations report] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150718024529/http://www.etsp-engineering.com/1330022518orv_Semiconductor_Hubs_2012.pdf |date=2015-07-18 }} c230lrwfyv0fsynastdvlky8cbmad25 0 18134 7782418 7773252 2026-04-07T08:00:31Z InternetArchiveBot 41587 Add 1 book for verifiability (20260407)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 7782418 wikitext text/x-wiki [[File:Brillanten.jpg|thumb]] An '''diamante''' hinimo tikang ha tim-os nga karbon, pareho nga elemento kimikal han uring, pero matig-a ngan kristal it itsura. An diamamte amo an usa ha gititig-ahi nga butang nga nakilala han tawo. ==Pinanbasaran== {{Reflist}} ==Mga libro== * {{cite book |author=C. Even-Zohar |year=2007 |title=From Mine to Mistress: Corporate Strategies and Government Policies in the International Diamond Industry |edition=2nd |publisher=Mining Journal Press |url=http://www.mine2mistress.com }} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200310081831/http://www.mine2mistress.com/ |date=2020-03-10 }} * {{cite book |author=G. Davies |year=1994 |title=Properties and growth of diamond |publisher=INSPEC |isbn=0-85296-875-2}} * {{cite book |author=M. O'Donoghue, M |title=Gems |url=https://archive.org/details/isbn_9780750658560 |publisher=Elsevier |year=2006 |isbn=0-7506-5856-8}} * {{cite book |author=M. O'Donoghue and L. Joyner |year=2003 |title=Identification of gemstones |publisher=Butterworth-Heinemann |location=Great Britain |isbn=0-7506-5512-7}} * {{cite book |author=A. Feldman and L.H. Robins |year=1991 |title=Applications of Diamond Films and Related Materials |publisher=Elsevier}} * {{cite book |author=J.E. Field |year=1979 |title=The Properties of Diamond |url=https://archive.org/details/propertiesofdiam0000unse_t9y1 |publisher=Academic Press |location=London |isbn=0-12-255350-0}} * {{cite book |author=J.E. Field |year=1992 |title=The Properties of Natural and Synthetic Diamond |publisher=Academic Press |location=London |isbn=0-12-255352-7}} * {{cite book |author=W. Hershey |year=1940 |title=The Book of Diamonds |publisher=Hearthside Press New York |url=http://www.farlang.com/diamonds/hershey-diamond-chapters/page_001 |isbn=1-4179-7715-9 }} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140820053011/http://www.farlang.com/diamonds/hershey-diamond-chapters/page_001 |date=2014-08-20 }} * {{cite book |author=S. Koizumi, C.E. Nebel and M. Nesladek |year=2008 |title=Physics and Applications of CVD Diamond |publisher=Wiley VCH |isbn=3-527-40801-0 |url=http://books.google.com/?id=pRFUZdHb688C}} * {{cite book |author=L.S. Pan and D.R. Kani |year=1995 |title=Diamond: Electronic Properties and Applications |publisher=Kluwer Academic Publishers |url=http://books.google.com/?id=ZtfFEoXkU8wC&pg=PP1 |isbn=0-7923-9524-7}} * {{cite book |author=Pagel-Theisen, Verena |year=2001 |title=Diamond Grading ABC: the Manual |publisher=Rubin & Son |location=Antwerp |isbn=3-9800434-6-0}} * {{cite book |author=R.L. Radovic, P.M. Walker and [[Peter Thrower|P.A. Thrower]] |year=1965 |title=Chemistry and physics of carbon: a series of advances |url=https://archive.org/details/chemistryphysics0028unse |publisher=Marcel Dekker |location=New York |isbn=0-8247-0987-X}} * {{cite book |author=M. Tolkowsky |year=1919 |title=Diamond Design: A Study of the Reflection and Refraction of Light in a Diamond |publisher=E. & F.N. Spon |location=London |url=http://www.folds.net/diamond/index.html}} * {{cite book |author=R.W. Wise |year=2003 |title=Secrets of the Gem Trade: The Connoisseur's Guide to Precious Gemstones |publisher=Brunswick House Press |url=http://www.secretsofthegemtrade.com}} * {{cite book |author=A.M. Zaitsev |year=2001 |title=Optical Properties of Diamond: A Data Handbook |publisher=Springer |url=http://books.google.com/?id=msU4jkdCEhIC&pg=PP1 |isbn=3-540-66582-X}} ==Mga sumpay ha gawas== {{Wiktionary}} {{Wikiquote}} {{Commons|Diamond}} * [http://www.ioffe.ru/SVA/NSM/Semicond/Diamond/index.html Properties of diamond: Ioffe database] * [http://lgdl.gia.edu/pdfs/W97_fluoresce.pdf "A Contribution to the Understanding of Blue Fluorescence on the Appearance of Diamonds"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090304201838/http://lgdl.gia.edu/pdfs/W97_fluoresce.pdf |date=2009-03-04 }}. (2007) Gemological Institute of America (GIA) * Tyson, Peter (November 2000). [http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/nova/diamond/sky.html "Diamonds in the Sky"]. Retrieved March 10, 2005. * [http://www.theatlantic.com/doc/198202/diamond Have You Ever Tried to Sell a Diamond?] acirxrtfx7zoswwko2ib4h4f4ck8p5o 0 18138 7782354 7651728 2026-04-07T06:55:39Z InternetArchiveBot 41587 Add 1 book for verifiability (20260407)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 7782354 wikitext text/x-wiki [[File:Bob-Marley-in-Concert Zurich 05-30-80.jpg|thumb|Bob Marley han 1980]] An '''reggae''' usa ka musika nga nagtikang ha Jamaica han urhi nga mga 1960. ==Pinanbasaran== {{Reflist}} ==Bibliograpiya== * Jérémie Kroubo Dagnini (2008). ''Les origines du reggae: retour aux sources. Mento, ska, rocksteady, early reggae'', L'Harmattan, coll. Univers musical. ISBN 978-2-296-06252-8 {{fr icon}} * Jérémie Kroubo Dagnini (2011). ''Vibrations jamaïcaines. L'Histoire des musiques populaires jamaïcaines au XXe siècle'', Camion Blanc. ISBN 978-2-35779-157-2 {{fr icon}} * {{cite book|author=Manuel, Peter, with Kenneth Bilby and Michael Largey|title=Caribbean Currents: Caribbean Music from Rumba to Reggae (2nd edition). Temple University Press, 2006|isbn=1-59213-463-7|year=2006|publisher=Temple University Press|location=Philadelphia, PA }} *{{cite book | author=O'Brien Chang, Kevin & Chen, Wayne | title=Reggae Routes: The Story of Jamaican Music | publisher=Ian Randle Publishers | year=1998 | isbn=976-8100-67-2}} * {{cite book |last=Leymarie |first=Isabelle |authorlink=Isabelle Leymarie |title = Du tango au reggae: musiques noires d’Amérique latine et des Caraïbes |url=https://archive.org/details/dutangoaureggaem0000leym |publisher = Flammarion |year = 1996 |location = Paris |isbn = 2082108139}} *{{cite book |last=Leymarie |first=Isabelle |authorlink=Isabelle Leymarie |title = Músicas del Caribe |url=https://archive.org/details/musicasdelcaribe0000leym |publisher = Akal |year = 1998 |location = Madrid |isbn = 8440677057}} *{{cite book | author=Larkin, Colin (ed.) | title=The Virgin Encyclopedia of Reggae | url=https://archive.org/details/virginencycloped0000lark | publisher=Virgin | year= 1998| isbn=0-7535-0242-9}} *{{cite book | author=[[Steve Barrow|Barrow, Steve]] & Dalton, Peter | title=The Rough Guide to Reggae | url=https://archive.org/details/roughguidetoregg00barr| publisher=Rough Guides | year=2004 for the 3rd edition | isbn=1-84353-329-4 }} *{{cite book | author=Morrow, Chris | title=Stir It Up: Reggae Cover Art | publisher=Thames & Hudson | year= 1999| isbn=0-500-28154-8}} *{{cite book | author=Jahn, Brian & Weber, Tom | title=Reggae Island: Jamaican Music in the Digital Age | publisher=Da Capo Press | year= 1998| isbn=0-306-80853-6}} *{{cite book | author=Hurford, Ray (ed.) | title=More Axe | url=https://archive.org/details/moreaxe00blac | publisher=Erikoispaino Oy | year= 1987| isbn=951-99841-4-3}} *{{cite book | author=Potash, Chris (ed.) | title=Reggae, Rasta, Revolution: Jamaican Music from Ska to Dub | publisher=Schirmer Books | year= 1997| isbn=0-8256-7212-0}} *{{cite book | author=Baek, Henrik & Hedegard, Hans | title=Dancehall Explosion, Reggae Music Into the Next Millennium | publisher=Samler Borsen Publishing, Denmark | year=1999 | isbn=87-981684-3-6}} *{{cite book | author=Katz, David | title=People Funny Boy: The Genius of Lee Scratch Perry | url=https://archive.org/details/peoplefunnyboy0000katz | publisher=Payback Press, UK | year=2000 | isbn=0-86241-854-2 | authorlink=David Katz (author)}} *{{cite book | author=Lesser, Beth | title=King Jammy's | url=https://archive.org/details/kingjammys00less | publisher=ECW Press | year=2002 | isbn=1-55022-525-1}} *{{cite book | author=Stolzoff, Norman C. | title=Wake The Town And Tell The People | url=https://archive.org/details/waketowntellpeop00stol | publisher=[[Duke University Press]], USA | year=2000 | isbn=0-8223-2514-4}} *{{cite book | author=Davis, Stephen & Simon, Peter | title=Reggae Bloodlines: In Search of the Music and Culture of Jamaica | publisher=Da Capo Press | year=1979 | isbn=0-306-80496-4}} *{{cite book | author=Katz, David | title=Solid Foundation - An Oral history of Reggae | url=https://archive.org/details/solidfoundation00davi | publisher=Bloomsburry, UK | year=2003 | isbn=1-58234-143-5}} *{{cite book | author=[[Michael de Koningh|de Koningh, Michael]] & [[Laurence Cane-Honeysett|Cane-Honeysett, Laurence]] | title=Young Gifted and Black - The Story of Trojan Records | url=https://archive.org/details/younggiftedblack00deko| publisher=Sanctuary Publishing, UK | year=2003 | isbn=1-86074-464-8}} *{{cite book | author=de Koningh, Michael & Griffiths, Marc | title=Tighten Up - The History of Reggae in the UK | publisher=Sanctuary Publishing, UK | year=2003 | isbn=1-86074-559-8}} *{{cite book | author=Bradley, Lloyd | title=Bass Culture. When Reggae Was King | url=https://archive.org/details/bassculturewhenr0000brad | publisher=Penguin Books Ltd, UK | year=2001 | isbn=0-14-023763-1 | authorlink=Lloyd Bradley}} *{{cite book | author=Bradley, Lloyd | title=This Is Reggae Music. The Story of Jamaica's Music | publisher= Penguin Books Ltd, UK | year=2000 | isbn=0-802-13828-4 | authorlink= Lloyd Bradley}} * {{cite book | author= Chang, Jeff | title=[[Can't Stop, Won't Stop: A History of the Hip-Hop Generation]] | publisher= St. Martin's Press, 2005 |isbn=0-312-30143-X | year= 2005 | authorlink= Jeff Chang (journalist) }} ==Padugang nga barasahon== * Bradley, Lloyd (1996). ''Reggae on CD: the Essential Collection''. London: Kyle-Cathie. 368 p. ISBN 1-85636-577-8. The ISBN is from the back cover; the ISBN on the verso of the t.p. is incomplete. ==External links== {{sisterlinks|d=Q9794|commons=Category:Reggae|mw=no|voy=no|species=no|wikt=reggae|b=Music_Theory/Reggae|s=no|n=no|v=no|q=no}} *{{DMOZ|Arts/Music/Styles/R/Regional_and_Ethnic/Reggae/}} * [http://www.reggaezon.com/ When Dancehall was Nice - In the 80s Dancehall Reggae Reggae Recall] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150316021518/http://www.reggaezon.com/ |date=2015-03-16 }} * [http://www.reggae.today/ Reggae.Today] English/Italian web portal about Reggae Music. Exclusive interviews, events, news * [http://www.reggaeonline.es/ Reggae Online] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141213160554/http://www.reggaeonline.es/ |date=2014-12-13 }} Spanish Reggae bands * [http://www.reggae-releases.com/ Reggae Releases] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150121095113/http://www.reggae-releases.com/ |date=2015-01-21 }} The best and future releases in reggae (Reggae albums database) [[Kaarangay:Reggae| ]] c7mxhdnju3suzg634hml18u5zqiq4ul 0 18141 7782346 7643112 2026-04-07T06:49:14Z InternetArchiveBot 41587 Add 3 books for verifiability (20260407)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 7782346 wikitext text/x-wiki [[File:Davey D interviews KRS-One.jpg|thumb]] An '''hip hop''' usa nga gios kultura nga naguswag ha Syudad han [[New York]] han uruunhan han mga [[1970]] labi na ha mga [[Aprikano]]-Amerikano ngan Latino [[Amerikano]]. ==Mga reperensya== ;Pinanbasaran {{Mga kasarigan|30em}} ;Bibliograpiya {{Refbegin}} * {{Cite book | editor-last = Ahearn | editor-first = Charlie| editor-link = Charlie Ahearn (director)| editor2-last = Fricke | editor2-first = Jim |title = Yes Yes Y'All: The Experience Music Project Oral History of Hip Hop's First Decade| url = https://archive.org/details/yesyesyallexperi0000fric | publisher=[[Da Capo Press]]| date = 2002| location = New York City, New York | isbn = 0-306-81184-7}} * {{Cite book | last = Campbell| first = Clive| authorlink = DJ Kool Herc| last2 = Chang| first2 = Jeff | authorlink2 = Jeff Chang (journalist)| title = [[Can't Stop Won't Stop (book)|Can't Stop Won't Stop: A History of the Hip-Hop Generation]]| publisher=[[Picador (imprint)|Picador]]| date = 2005| location = New York City, New York| isbn = 0-312-42579-1}} * {{Cite journal| last = Chang| first = Jeff| title = It's a Hip-hop World| journal = [[Foreign Policy]]| issue = 163| pages = 58–65| date = 2007| url = http://www.foreignpolicy.com/story/cms.php?story_id=3994| ref = harv| access-date = 29 Enero 2015| archive-date = 2 Nobyembre 2007| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20071102045611/http://www.foreignpolicy.com/story/cms.php?story_id=3994| url-status = dead}} * {{Cite book| last = Corvino| first = Daniel| last2 = Livernoche| first2 = Shawn| title = A Brief History of Rhyme and Bass: Growing Up With Hip Hop| publisher=[[Xlibris Corporation]]| date = 2000| location = Tinicum, Pennsylvania| isbn = 1-4010-2851-9}} * {{Cite book| last = Diawara| first = Manthia| authorlink = Manthia Diawara| title = In Search of Africa| url = https://archive.org/details/insearchofafrica00diaw| publisher=[[Harvard University Press]]| date = 1998| location = Cambridge, Massachusetts| isbn = 0-674-44611-9}} * {{Cite journal| last = Gordon| first = Lewis R.| authorlink = Lewis Gordon| title = The Problem of Maturity in Hip Hop| journal=Review of Education, Pedagogy and Cultural Studies| volume = 27| issue = 4 October–December|pages = 367–389| date =2005| doi = 10.1080/10714410500339020| ref = harv}} * {{Cite book| last = Hager| first = Steven| authorlink = Steven Hager| title = Hip Hop: The Illustrated History of Breaking Dancing, Rap Music and Graffiti| url = https://archive.org/details/hiphopillustrate00hage| publisher = [[St. Martin's Press]]| date = 1984| location = New York City, New York | isbn = 0312373171}} * {{Cite book| last = Kelly| first = Robin D. G.| authorlink = Robin D. G. Kelley| title = [[Race Rebels: Culture, Politics, and the Black Working Class]]| publisher=[[Free Press (publisher)|Free Press]]| date = 1994| location = New York City, New York | isbn = 0-684-82639-9}} * {{Cite book| last = Kitwana| first = Bakari| title = The Hip-Hop Generation: Young Blacks and the Crisis in African American Culture| publisher=[[Perseus Books Group]]| date = 2002| location = New York City, New York| isbn = 0-465-02979-5}} * {{Cite book| last = Kitwana| first = Bakari | title = Why White Kids Love Hip Hop: Wankstas, Wiggers, Wannabes and the New Reality of Race in America| url = https://archive.org/details/whywhitekidslove00kitw_0| publisher=Basic Civitas Books| date = 2005| location = New York City, New York| isbn = 0-465-03746-1}} * {{Cite journal| last = Kolbowski | first = Silvia| title = Homeboy Cosmopolitan | url = https://archive.org/details/sim_october_winter-1998_83/page/51 | journal=[[October (journal)|October]]| issue = 83| page = 51| date = Winter 1998| ref = harv}} * {{Cite book| editor-last = Light| editor-first = Alan| editor-link = Alan Light (journalist)| title = The VIBE History of Hip-Hop| url = https://archive.org/details/vibehistoryofhip00ligh| publisher=[[Three Rivers Press]]| date = 1999 | edition = 1st| location = New York City, New York | isbn = 0-609-80503-7}} * {{Cite journal| doi = 10.1111/j.1460-2466.1999.tb02821.x| last = McLeod| first = Kembrew| authorlink = Kembrew McLeod| title = Authenticity Within Hip-Hop and Other Cultures Threatened with Assimilation| journal = Journal of Communication| volume = 49| issue = 4| pages = 134–150| date = Autumn 1999| url = http://kembrew.com/documents/Publications-pdfs/McLeod-Authenticity.pdf| format = PDF 1448.9&nbsp;[[Kilobyte|KB]]| ref = harv| access-date = 29 Enero 2015| archive-date = 18 Marso 2009| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20090318162622/http://kembrew.com/documents/Publications-pdfs/McLeod-Authenticity.pdf| url-status = dead}} * {{Cite book| last = Nelson | first = George | title = Hip-Hop America| url = https://archive.org/details/hiphopamerica00geor_0 | publisher=[[Penguin Books]] | date = 2005| edition = 2nd | location = St. Louis, Missouri| isbn = 0-14-028022-7}} * {{Cite book| last = Ogbar| first = Jeffrey O. G. | title = Hip-Hop Revolution: The Culture and Politics of Rap | url = https://archive.org/details/hiphoprevolution0000ogba| publisher=[[University Press of Kansas]]| date = 2007 | location = Lawrence, Kansas | isbn = 978-0-7006-1547-6}} * {{Cite book | last = Perkins | first = William E.| title = Droppin' Science: Critical Essays on Rap Music and Hip Hop Culture| publisher=[[Temple University Press]] | date = 1995| location = Philadelphia, Pennsylvania| isbn = 1-56639-362-0}} * {{Cite book | last = Ro| first = Ronin | title = Bad Boy: The Influence of Sean "Puffy" Combs on the Music Industry| url = https://archive.org/details/badboyinfluenceo0000roro| publisher=[[Pocket Books]] | date = 2001 | location = New York City, New York | isbn = 0-7434-2823-4}} * {{Cite book | last = Rose | first = Tricia | title = Black Noise: Rap Music and Black Culture in Contemporary America| publisher=[[Wesleyan University Press]]| date = 1994 | location = Middletown, Connecticut| isbn = 0-8195-6275-0}} * {{Cite book | last = Shapiro| first = Peter | authorlink = Peter Shapiro (journalist)| title = Rough Guide to Hip Hop| url = https://archive.org/details/roughguidetohiph0002shap| publisher=[[Rough Guides]] | date = 2007 | edition = 2nd | location = London, UK | isbn = 1-84353-263-8}} * {{Cite journal | last = Steingo | first = Gavin | title = South African Music after Apartheid: Kwaito, the "Party Politic," and the Appropriation of Gold as a Sign of Success | url = https://archive.org/details/sim_popular-music-and-society_2005-07_28_3/page/333 | journal=Popular Music and Society | volume = 28 | issue = 3 | pages = 333–357 |date= Hulyo 2005| doi = 10.1080/03007760500105172 | ref = harv}} * {{Cite book| last = Toop| first = David| authorlink = David Toop | title = Rap Attack 2: African Rap to Global Hip Hop| url = https://archive.org/details/rapattack2africa0000toop| publisher=[[Serpent's Tail]]| date = 1991 | edition = 2nd | location = New York City, New York | isbn = 1-85242-243-2}} <!-- verify * Gueraseva, Stacy. ''Def Jam Inc.'' New York: Random House, 2005 * Brown, Jake. ''Suge Knight: The Rise, fall, and Rise of Death Row Records''. Phoenix: Colossus Books, 2002. * Huntington, Carla Stalling. ''Hip Hop Dance; Meanings and Messages''. Jefferson, North Carolina: McFarland & Company Publishers, Inc. --> {{Refend}} ==Mga sumpay ha gawas== {{Commons category|Hip hop music}} {{Wikiquote|Hip hop music}} * {{dmoz|Society/Subcultures/Hip-Hop}} 6chgixg5f0tp8j7jmiigur9fztijyn7 0 19796 7782414 7747900 2026-04-07T07:58:44Z InternetArchiveBot 41587 Add 1 book for verifiability (20260407)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 7782414 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Paypay:Handicapped Accessible sign.svg|thumb|Kanasodnon Tigaman han Pagpa-agi]] An '''Kaulangan''' amo an aspeto han tawo may deperensya ha pisikal nga panlawas, sugad han mga diri nakakalakat, ngan puydi liwat an mga may deperensya han panhunahuna. ==Pinanbasaran== {{Mga kasarigan}} ==Mga pagkukuhaan== {{refbegin|35em}} * {{Cite conference |last1=Arditi |first1=A. |last2=Rosenthal |first2=B. | date = 1998 |title=Developing an objective definition of visual impairment |conference=Vision '96: Proceedings of the International Low Vision Conference |pages=331–334 |location=Madrid, Spain: [[ONCE]] |ref=harv}} * {{Cite journal |last1=Burkhauser |first1=Richard V. |last2=Schmeiser |first2=Maximilian D.|last3=Weathers II |first3=Robert R.|date= Enero 2012 |title=The Importance of Anti-Discrimination and Workers' Compensation Laws on the Provision of Workplace Accommodations Following the Onset of a Disability |journal=Industrial & Labor Relations Review |volume=65 |issue=1 |ref=harv}} * {{Cite journal |last=Darling |first=Peter |date= Agosto 2007 |title=Disabilities and the Workplace |journal=Business NH Magazine |volume=24 |issue=8 |ref=harv}} * {{Cite book |last1=DePoy |first1=Elizabeth |last2=Gilson |first2=Stephen French | date = 2004 |title=Rethinking Disability: Principles for Professional and Social Change |url=https://archive.org/details/rethinkingdisabi0000depo |location=Pacific Grove, California |publisher=Brooks Cole |isbn=978-0-534-54929-9 |ref=harv}} * {{Cite web |last=Donovan |first=Rich |date=1 Marso 2012 |title=The Global Economics of Disability |url=http://www.returnondisability.com/pdf-docs/The_Global_Economics_of_Disability_2012.pdf |publisher=Return on Disability |accessdate=11 Agosto 2012 |ref=harv |archive-date=13 Septyembre 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120913222254/http://www.returnondisability.com/pdf-docs/The_Global_Economics_of_Disability_2012.pdf |url-status=dead }} * {{Cite encyclopedia |last1=Ducy |first1=Elizabeth McAdams |last2=Stough |first2=Laura M. |last3=Clark |first3=M. Carolyn | date = 2012 |title=Choosing Agency in the Midst of Vulnerability: Using Critical Disability Theory to Examine a Disaster Narrative |work=Critical Qualitative Research Reader |editor1-last=Steinberg |editor1-first=Shirley R. |editor2-last=Cannella |editor2-first=Gaile S. |location=New York |publisher=Peter Lang |isbn=978-1-4331-0688-0 |ref=harv}} * {{Cite journal |last=Miles |first=Albert S | date = 1994 |title=Brown v. Board of Education and the American with Disabilities Act: Vistas of equal educational opportunities for African Americans |journal=Journal of Negro Education |volume=63 |issue=3 |ref=harv}} * {{Cite web |last1=Nikora |first1=Linda Waimari |last2=Karapu |first2=Rolinda |last3=Hickey |first3=Huhana |last4=Te Awekotuku |first4=Ngahuia | date = 2004 |title=Disabled Maori and Disability Support Options |url=http://waikato.researchgateway.ac.nz/bitstream/10289/460/1/content.pdf |publisher=Maori&nbsp;& Psychology Research Unit, University of Waikato |accessdate=11 Agosto 2012 |ref=harv |archive-date=13 Mayo 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200513220653/https://researchcommons.waikato.ac.nz/bitstream/handle/10289/460/content.pdf;jsessionid=CC679321B8E56B193727B2B489F9B94F?sequence=1 |url-status=dead }} * {{Cite encyclopedia |last=Stough |first=Laura M. | date = 2009 |title=The Effects of Disaster on the Mental Health of Individuals With Disabilities |work=Mental Health and Disasters |editor1-last=Neria |editor1-first=Yuval |editor2-last=Galea |editor2-first=Sandro |editor3-last=Norris |editor3-first=Fran H. |publisher=Cambridge University Press |isbn=978-1-107-41282-8 |ref=harv}} * {{Cite web |last=Yeo |first=Rebecca | date = 2005 |title=Disability, poverty, and the new development agenda |publisher=Disability Knowledge and Research Programme |url=http://www.dfid.gov.uk/r4d/PDF/Outputs/Disability/RedPov_agenda.pdf |accessdate=19 Hunyo 2013 |ref=harv}} * {{Cite book |editor-last=Albrecht |editor-first=Gary L. | date = 2005 |title=Encyclopedia of disability |location=Thousand Oaks, California |publisher=[[SAGE Publications]] |isbn=978-0-7619-2565-1}} * {{Cite book |last=Bowe |first=Frank | date = 1978 |title=Handicapping America: Barriers to disabled people |url=https://archive.org/details/handicappingamer00bowe |location=New York |publisher=Harper & Row |isbn=978-0-06-010422-1}} * {{Cite book |last=Charlton |first=James I. |title=Nothing about us without us : disability oppression and empowerment | date = 2004 |publisher=Univ. of California Press |location=Berkeley, Calif. [u.a.] |isbn=9780520224810 |edition=[3. Dr]}} * {{Cite encyclopedia |last=Glenn |first=Eddie | date = 1995 |title=African American Women with Disabilities: An Overview |url=http://www.dinf.ne.jp/doc/english/Us_Eu/ada_e/pres_com/pres-dd/glenn.html |encyclopedia=[http://www.dinf.ne.jp/doc/english/Us_Eu/ada_e/pres_com/pres-dd/glenn.html Disability and diversity: New leadership for a new era] |editor1-last=Walker |editor1-first=S. |editor2-last=Turner |editor2-first=K. A. |editor3-last=Haile-Michael |editor3-first=M.|editor4-last=Vincent |editor4-first=A. |editor5-last=Miles |editor5-first=M. D. |location=Washington, DC |publisher=President’s Committee on Employment of People with Disabilities and Howard University Research and Training Center for Access to Rehabilitation and Economic Opportunity}} * {{Cite book |last=Johnstone |first=David | date = 2001 |edition=2nd |title=An Introduction to Disability Studies |url=https://archive.org/details/introductiontodi0000john_k7w3 |location= |publisher=Fulton |isbn=978-1-85346-726-4}} * {{Cite book |last1=Masala |first1=Carmelo |last2=Petretto |first2=Donatella Rita | date = 2008 |title=Psicologia dell'Handicap e della Riabilitazione |trans_title=The Psychology of Handicap and Rehabilitation |language=Italian |location=Rome |publisher=Kappa |isbn=978-88-15-06226-0}} * {{Cite book |last=Oliver |first=Michael | date = 1997 |title=The Politics of Disablement |location=London |publisher=[[St. Martin's Press]] |isbn=978-0-333-43293-8}} * {{Cite book |last=Pearson |first=Charlotte | date = 2006 |title=Direct Payments and Personalisation of Care |url=https://archive.org/details/directpaymentspe0000unse |location=Edinburgh |publisher=Dunedin Academic Press |isbn=978-1-903765-62-3}} * {{Cite book |last=Shakespeare |first=Tom |author2=with Anne Kerr | date = 1999 |title=Genetic Politics: from Eugenics to Genome |url=https://archive.org/details/geneticpoliticsf0000kerr |location=Cheltenham |publisher=New Clarion Press |isbn=978-1-873797-25-9}} * {{Cite journal |last=Burch |first=Susan |date= Hulyo 2009 |title=(Extraordinary) Bodies of Knowledge: Recent Scholarship in American Disability History |journal=OAH Magazine of History |volume=23 |pages=29–34 |issn=0882-228X |doi=10.1093/maghis/23.3.29 |issue=3}} * {{Cite journal |last=Kaushik |first=R. | date = 1999 |title=Access Denied: Can we overcome disabling attitudes |journal=Museum International |volume=51 |issue=3 |pages=48–52 |publisher=UNESCO |issn=1468-0033 |doi=10.1111/1468-0033.00217}} * {{Cite journal |last=Lansing |first=Michael J. |date= Enero 2009 |title='Salvaging the Man Power of America': Conservation, Manhood, and Disabled Veterans during World War I |pages=32–57 |journal=Environmental History |volume=14 |location= |publisher= |issn=1084-5453 |doi=10.1093/envhis/14.1.32}} * {{Cite journal |last=Longmore |first=Paul |date= Hulyo 2009 |title=Making Disability an Essential Part of American History |journal=OAH Magazine of History |volume=23 |pages=11–15 |isbn= |issn=0882-228X |doi=10.1093/maghis/23.3.11 |issue=3}} * {{Cite journal | author = Masala C, Petretto DR | title = From disablement to enablement: conceptual models of disability in the 20th century | journal = Disability and Rehabilitation | volume = 30 | issue = 17 | pages = 1233–1244 | date = 2008 | pmid = 18821191 | doi = 10.1080/09638280701602418 | issn = 0963-8288 }} {{refend}} ==Mga sumpay ha gawas== * {{dmoz|Society/Disabled}} * {{Wiktionary-inline|disability}} * {{Wikiquote-inline}} * {{Commons category-inline|Disabled people}} owxjhubnibg9dn6rzoyvm1n09ywi0qe 0 25496 7782364 6259348 2026-04-07T07:06:53Z InternetArchiveBot 41587 Add 1 book for verifiability (20260407)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 7782364 wikitext text/x-wiki An '''Gulfo han Leyte''' (puyde liwat '''Luok han Leyte''', '''Kasuguran han Leyte''' o '''Suong han Leyte''') usa nga gulfo ha rehiyon Sinirangan Bisayas ha Pilipinas. Ini nga dagat kalakip han Dagat Pilipinas han Kalawdan Pacifico, ngan ini in ginsasapitan han duha nga isla; Samar ha norte ngan Leyte ha katundan. Ha salatan hinin nga dagat amo an isla han Mindanao, nabubulag tikang ha Leyte pinaagi han Estrecho han Surigao.<ref>''Merriam-Webster's Geographic Dictionary'', Third Edition, p. 647.</ref><ref name="geography" /> An Dinagat Island bahin nga nagsasarado han gulfo ha salatan-sinirangan ngan an gutiay nga Homonhon Island ngan Suluan Island aada ha sinirangan nga dapit pasulod ha Gulfo. Ginbabanabanahan nga 130 km (80 mi) norte-salatan, ngan 60 km (40 mi) sirangan-katundan.<ref name="geography">{{cite book|last=Woodward|first=C. Vann|author2=Evan Thomas |title=The Battle for Leyte Gulf: The Incredible Story of World War II's Largest Naval Battle|url=https://archive.org/details/battleforleytegu0000wood|publisher=Skyhorse Publishing Inc|date=1997|pages=[https://archive.org/details/battleforleytegu0000wood/page/2 3]–7|isbn=1-60239-194-7}}</ref> Pipira nga mga bungto in namumutang ha baybayon han gulfo: [[Balangiga]], [[Giporlos]], [[Guiuan]], [[Lawaan]], [[Mercedes, Eastern Samar|Mercedes]], [[Quinapondan]] ngan [[Salcedo, Eastern Samar|Salcedo]]. Mayda liwat onse nga mga marine reserve ha rehiyon han gulfo. ==Pinanbasaran== {{reflist}} {{turok}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Leyte}} [[Kaarangay:Heyograpiya]] [[Kaarangay:Mga kadagatan]] [[Kaarangay:Sinirangan nga Kabisay-an]] [[Kaarangay:Kabisay-an]] e3j2vy37p2pduhhhhiir742sm9w4tfg 10 127844 7782287 6237846 2026-04-07T00:38:24Z CommonsDelinker 126 Replacing Flag_of_the_Cayman_Islands_(pre-1999).svg with [[File:Flag_of_the_Cayman_Islands_(1959—1999).svg]] (by [[:c:User:CommonsDelinker|CommonsDelinker]] because: [[:c:COM:FR|File renamed]]: [[:c:COM:FR#FR4|Criterion 4]] (harmonizing names of file set) 7782287 wikitext text/x-wiki {{ {{{1<noinclude>|country showdata</noinclude>}}} | alias = Cayman Islands | flag alias = | flag alias-old = Flag of the Cayman Islands (1959—1999).svg | flag alias-civil = Civil Ensign of the Cayman Islands.svg | size = {{{size|}}} | name = {{{name|}}} | altlink = {{{altlink|}}} | variant = {{{variant|}}} <noinclude> | var1 = old | var2 = civil | redir1 = CYM | redir2 = CAY </noinclude> }} etif9akkh63sbcw25g9vtwm9g3ju85j 0 130167 7782384 6328378 2026-04-07T07:31:50Z InternetArchiveBot 41587 Add 1 book for verifiability (20260407)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 7782384 wikitext text/x-wiki [[File:Ybc7289-bw.jpg|thumb]] An '''Ihapnon nga analisis''' in pag-aram han algoritmo nga nagamit hin pag-aproksimar hin mga ihap para han mga problema han [[analisis matematika]]. ==Pinanbasaran== {{reflist}} ==Mga reperensya== *{{cite book|author=[[Gene H. Golub|Golub, Gene H.]] and [[Charles F. Van Loan]]|title=Matrix Computations, Third Edition (Johns Hopkins University Press, ISBN 0-8018-5413-X)|year=1986}} *{{cite book |first=Nicholas J.|last=Higham | authorlink=Nicholas Higham|title=Accuracy and Stability of Numerical Algorithms (Society for Industrial and Applied Mathematics, ISBN 0-89871-355-2)|year=1996}} *{{cite book |last=Hildebrand |first=F. B. | authorlink=Francis B. Hildebrand | title=Introduction to Numerical Analysis |url=https://archive.org/details/introductiontonu0000hild | edition=2nd edition |year=1974 |publisher=McGraw-Hill |location= |isbn= 0-07-028761-9}} *{{cite book |last=Leader |first=Jeffery J. | authorlink=Jeffery J. Leader|title=Numerical Analysis and Scientific Computation |url=https://archive.org/details/numericalanalysi0000lead |year=2004 |publisher=Addison Wesley |location= |isbn= 0-201-73499-0 }} *{{cite book|last= Wilkinson |first =J.H.| authorlink=James H. Wilkinson| title=The Algebraic Eigenvalue Problem (Clarendon Press)|year=1965}} *{{cite journal | author=Kahan, W. | authorlink= William Kahan| title= "A survey of error-analysis," in Info. Processing 71 (Proc. IFIP Congress 71 in Ljubljana), vol. 2, pp. 1214–39, North-Holland Publishing, Amsterdam|year=1972}} (examples of the importance of accurate arithmetic). * [[Lloyd N. Trefethen|Trefethen, Lloyd N.]] (2006). [http://people.maths.ox.ac.uk/trefethen/NAessay.pdf "Numerical analysis"], 20 pages. In: Timothy Gowers and June Barrow-Green (editors), ''Princeton Companion of Mathematics'', Princeton University Press. == Mga sumpay ha gawas == {{Wikibooks}} '''Mga journal''' *[http://www-gdz.sub.uni-goettingen.de/cgi-bin/digbib.cgi?PPN362160546 Numerische Mathematik], volumes 1-66, Springer, 1959-1994 (searchable; pages are images). {{en icon}} {{de icon}} *[http://www.springerlink.com/content/0029-599X Numerische Mathematik at SpringerLink] {{Webarchive|url=https://archive.today/20121208202239/http://www.springerlink.com/content/0029-599X |date=2012-12-08 }}, volumes 1-112, Springer, 1959–2009 *[http://siamdl.aip.org/dbt/dbt.jsp?KEY=SJNAAM SIAM Journal on Numerical Analysis]{{Dead link|date=December 2020 |bot=InternetArchiveBot }}, volumes 1-47, SIAM, 1964–2009 '''Aada-ha-linya nga mga teksto''' *{{springer|title=Numerical analysis|id=p/n120130}} *[http://www.nr.com/oldverswitcher.html ''Numerical Recipes''], William H. Press (free, downloadable previous editions) *[https://web.archive.org/web/20120225082123/http://kr.cs.ait.ac.th/~radok/math/mat7/stepsa.htm ''First Steps in Numerical Analysis''] ([[internet archive|archived]]), R.J.Hosking, S.Joe, D.C.Joyce, and J.C.Turner *[http://ece.uwaterloo.ca/~dwharder/NumericalAnalysis/ ''Numerical Analysis for Engineering''], D. W. Harder *[http://www.phy.ornl.gov/csep/CSEP/TEXTOC.html ''CSEP'' (Computational Science Education Project)] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170801213333/http://www.phy.ornl.gov/csep/CSEP/TEXTOC.html |date=2017-08-01 }}, [[U.S. Department of Energy]] '''Aada-ha-linya nga panutduan nga materyales''' *[http://www.damtp.cam.ac.uk/user/fdl/people/sd103/lectures/nummeth98/index.htm#L_1_Title_Page Numerical Methods], Stuart Dalziel [[University of Cambridge]] *[http://www.math.upenn.edu/~wilf/DeturckWilf.pdf Lectures on Numerical Analysis], Dennis Deturck and Herbert S. Wilf [[University of Pennsylvania]] *[http://johndfenton.com/Lectures/Numerical-Methods/Numerical-Methods.pdf Numerical methods], John D. Fenton [[University of Karlsruhe]] *[http://numericalmethods.eng.usf.edu/ Numerical Methods for Science, Technology, Engineering and Mathematics], Autar Kaw [[University of South Florida]] *[http://math.fullerton.edu/mathews/numerical.html Numerical Analysis Project], John H. Mathews [[California State University, Fullerton]] *[http://www.math.jct.ac.il/~naiman/nm/ Numerical Methods - Online Course] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070428010420/http://math.jct.ac.il/~naiman/nm/ |date=2007-04-28 }}, Aaron Naiman [[Jerusalem College of Technology]] *[http://www-teaching.physics.ox.ac.uk/computing/NumericalMethods/NMfP.pdf Numerical Methods for Physicists], Anthony O’Hare [[Oxford University]] *[https://web.archive.org/web/20120225082123/http://kr.cs.ait.ac.th/~radok/math/mat7/stepsa.htm Lectures in Numerical Analysis] ([[internet archive|archived]]), R. Radok [[Mahidol University]] *[http://ocw.mit.edu/courses/mechanical-engineering/2-993j-introduction-to-numerical-analysis-for-engineering-13-002j-spring-2005/ Introduction to Numerical Analysis for Engineering], Henrik Schmidt [[Massachusetts Institute of Technology]] *[http://jwhaverkort.net23.net/documents/NumMethPDEs.pdf Numerical Methods for time-dependent Partial Differential Equations] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141026111531/http://jwhaverkort.net23.net/documents/NumMethPDEs.pdf |date=2014-10-26 }}, J.W. Haverkort, based on a course by P.A. Zegeling [[Utrecht_University]] [[kaarangay:Ihapnon nga analisis]] sag187qiuk8rny1972kd43sn5imdza9 0 150926 7782334 6340738 2026-04-07T06:36:06Z InternetArchiveBot 41587 Add 1 book for verifiability (20260407)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 7782334 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Paypay:Trimurti ellora.jpg|thumb|250px|right|Trimurti]] [[Paypay:Brahma Vishnu Mahesh.jpg|thumb|right|250px|Trimurti]] [[Paypay:Halebid3.JPG|thumb|right|250px|Trimurti]] An '''Trimurti''' in usa nga konsepto ha Hinduismo kun diin an cosmic function han paghimo, pagmintinar ngan pagruba in ginpersonifica pinaagi ha [[Brahmā]] nga maghirimo, [[Vishnu]] nga magmirintinar o magprereservar ngan [[Shiva]] an magguruba. ==Pinanbasaran== {{reflist}} ==Mga pagkukuhaan== *{{cite book|last=Basham|first=A. L.|title=The Wonder That Was India: A Survey of the Culture of the Indian Sub-Continent Before The Coming of the Muslims|url=https://archive.org/details/wonderthatwasind0000alba_i6v2|publisher=Grove Press, Inc.,|location=New York|year=1954}} *{{cite book |last=Courtright |first=Paul B. |authorlink= |coauthors= |title={{IAST|Gaṇeśa}}: Lord of Obstacles, Lord of Beginnings |year=1985 |publisher=Oxford University Press |location=New York |isbn=0-19-505742-2 }} *{{cite book |last=Flood |first=Gavin |authorlink= |coauthors= |title=An Introduction to Hinduism |url=https://archive.org/details/introductiontohi0000floo |year=1996 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |location=Cambridge |isbn= 0-521-43878-0}} *{{cite book |last=Flood |first=Gavin (Editor)|authorlink= |coauthors= |title=The Blackwell Companion to Hinduism|year=2003 |publisher=Blackwell Publishing Ltd.|location=Malden, MA|isbn=1-4051-3251-5 }} *{{cite book |series=SUNY Series in Religious Studies |last=Grimes |first=John A. |authorlink= |coauthors= |title=Ganapati: Song of the Self |url=https://archive.org/details/ganapatisongofse0000grim |year=1995 |publisher=State University of New York Press |location=Albany |isbn=0-7914-2440-5 }} *{{cite book |last=Jansen |first=Eva Rudy|authorlink= |coauthors= |title=The Book of Hindu Imagery|url=https://archive.org/details/bookofhinduimage00unse |year=2003 |publisher=Binkey Kok Publications BV|location=Havelte, Holland|isbn=90-74597-07-6 }} Eighth printing; First published 1993. *{{cite book |last=Radhakrishnan |first=Sarvepalli (Editorial Chairman)|authorlink=Sarvepalli Radhakrishnan |coauthors= |title=The Cultural Heritage of India |year=1956 |publisher=The Ramakrishna Mission Institute of Culture |location=Calcutta |isbn= }} Second edition, four volumes, revised and enlarged, 1956 (volume IV). *{{cite book |series= |last=Winternitz |first=Maurice |authorlink= |coauthors= |title=History of Indian Literature |year=1972 |publisher=Oriental Books Reprint Corporation |location=New Delhi |isbn= }} Second revised reprint edition. Two volumes. First published 1927 by the University of Calcutta. *{{cite book |last=Zimmer |first=Heinrich|authorlink= |coauthors= |title=Myths and Symbols in Indian Art and Civilization |url=https://archive.org/details/mythssymbolsinin00zimm |year=1972 |publisher=Princeton University Press |location=Princeton, New Jersey |isbn=0-691-01778-6 }} ==Mga sumpay ha gawas== * {{commons category inline|Trimurti}} c4m1v4gcg86p27lpmab4mj7sifz2t7y 0 155961 7782319 7772369 2026-04-07T06:10:56Z InternetArchiveBot 41587 Add 1 book for verifiability (20260407)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 7782319 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Image:Tito drzi govor2 (retouched).jpg|thumb|200px|Tito 1965]] Hi '''Josip Broz''' ({{Cyrl|Јосип Броз}}, {{IPA-sh|jǒsip brôːz|pron}}; 7 Mayo 1892 – 4 Mayo 1980), nga agsob nga tinatawag nga '''Tito''' (<small>pagluwás ha Ininglis</small>{{IPAc-en|ˈ|t|iː|t|oʊ}};<ref>[http://www.dictionary.com/browse/tito "Tito"]. ''[[Random House Webster's Unabridged Dictionary]]''.</ref> {{Cyrl|Тито}}, {{IPA-sh|tîto|pron}}), usá nga Yugoslav nga [[Komunismo|komunista]] nga [[rebolusyonaryo]] ngan tawo hin estado, nga nag-alagad ha dirudilain nga mga papel tikang han 1943 kutob han iya kamatay han 1980.<ref name=britannica>{{Cite encyclopedia|url=http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/597295/Josip-Broz-Tito|title=Josip Broz Tito|encyclopedia=Encyclopædia Britannica Online|accessdate=27 Abril 2010}}</ref> Dida han [[Ikaduha nga Gera han Kalibotan]], hiyá an namuno han [[Yugoslav nga mga Partisan|mga Partisan]], nga agsob nga kinikita nga amo an pinaka-epektibo nga [[pangiwa hin resistensya]] ha [[Europa nga gin-okupa han mga Aleman|gin-okupa nga Europa]].<ref name="JJR2013_OxfordPress">{{Cite book|author=Rhodri Jeffreys-Jones|title=In Spies We Trust: The Story of Western Intelligence|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=3gK7e8LpXvcC&pg=PA87|date=13 Hunyo 2013|publisher=OUP Oxford|isbn=978-0-19-958097-2|page=87}}</ref> Bisan man kun an iya pagmangulo ginkikita nga [[awtoritaryano]]<ref name=Andjelic>{{Cite book|last=Andjelic|first=Neven|title=Bosnia-Herzegovina: The End of a Legacy|publisher=Frank Cass| date = 2003|page=36|isbn=978-0-7146-5485-0}}</ref>{{sfn|McGoldrick|2000|p=17}} ngan mga concern mahitungod han pag-repremir han mga kabangga ha politika ginpahayag, hi Tito ginkikita hin minat-an nga usá nga [[benevolente nga diktador]].<ref>{{Cite book|last1=Shapiro|first1=Susan|last2=Shapiro|first2=Ronald|title=The Curtain Rises: Oral Histories of the Fall of Communism in Eastern Europe|publisher=McFarland| date = 2004|isbn=978-0-7864-1672-1|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=oCqWFQ1WKlkC&pg=PA180|ref=Shapiro_2004}}<br />"...Tanan nga mga Yugoslav mayda mga kahigayonan hin edukasyon, mga trabaho, pagkaon, ngan pagbalayan bisan kun ano man an ira nasyonalidad. Hi Tito, nga ginkikita han kadam-an nga usá nga benevolente nga diktador, nagdara hin mamurayaw nga co-existensya ha Balkan nga rehiyon, usá nga rehiyon nga ha kaagi ginkikila nga lugar hin faksyonalismo."</ref> ==Mga tigaman== {{Mga kasarigan|group=lower-alpha}} ==Mga footnote== {{Mga kasarigan|20em|refs= <ref name="springer">{{Cite book |title = Dictionary of Minor Planet Names – (1550) Tito |url = https://archive.org/details/dictionaryofmino0000schm_k0v7 |last = Schmadel | first = Lutz D. |publisher = Springer Berlin Heidelberg |page = [https://archive.org/details/dictionaryofmino0000schm_k0v7/page/122 123] |date = 2007 |isbn = 978-3-540-00238-3 |doi = 10.1007/978-3-540-29925-7_1551 |chapter = (1550) Tito }}</ref> }} <!-- end of reflist --> ==Bibliography== {{refbegin|2}} * {{Cite book | last = Auty | first = Phyllis | title = Tito: A Biography | url = https://archive.org/details/titobiography00auty | date = 1970 | location = New York, New York | publisher = McGraw-Hill | oclc = 100536 | ref = harv }} * {{Cite book | last = Banac | first = Ivo | title = With Stalin against Tito: Cominformist splits in Yugoslav Communism | url = https://archive.org/details/withstalinagains00bana | date = 1988 | location = Ithaca, New York | publisher = Cornell University Press | isbn = 978-0-8014-2186-0 | ref = harv }} * {{Cite book | last = Barnett | first = Neil | title = Tito | url = https://archive.org/details/tito0000barn | date = 2006 | publisher = Haus | location = London, England | isbn = 978-1-904950-31-8 | ref = harv }} * {{Cite book | last=Belaj | first=Marijana | title= 'I'm not religious, but Tito is a God': Tito, Kumrovec, and the New Pilgrims | pages=71–94 | work= Shrines and Pilgrimage in the Modern World: New Itineraries into the Sacred | editor= Peter Jan Margry | date = 2008 | publisher= Amsterdam University Press | location= Amsterdam | isbn= 978-90-485-0224-0 }} * {{Cite book | last = Borneman | first = John | title = Death of the Father: An Anthropology of End in Political Authority | url = https://archive.org/details/deathoffatherant0000unse | date = 2004 | publisher = Berghahn Books | isbn = 978-1-57181-111-0 | ref = refBorneman2004 }} * {{Cite book | last = Cook | first = Bernard A. | title = Europe Since 1945: An Encyclopedia, Volume 2 K-Z | date = 2001 | publisher = Garland Publishing Inc. | url =https://books.google.com/?id=hafLHZgZtt4C&pg=PA1391&dq=tito+secret+police#v=onepage&q=tito%20secret%20police&f=false | location = New York, New York | ref = harv | isbn = 9780815340584 }} * {{Cite book | last = Corbel | first = Josef | title = Tito's Communism | date = 1951 | publisher = The University of Denver Press | location = Denver, Colorado | url = https://archive.org/details/titoscommunism00korb | ref = harv }} * {{Cite book | last = Dedijer | first = Vladimir | title = Tito | date = 1952 | publisher = Simon and Schuster | location = New York, New York | isbn = 978-0-405-04565-3 | ref = harv }} * {{Cite book | last = Dedijer | first = Vladimir | title = Tito Speaks: His Self Portrait and Struggle with Stalin | date = 1953 | publisher = Weidenfeld and Nicolson | location = London, England | ref = refDedijer1953 }} * {{Cite journal|ref=harv|last=Dimić|first=Ljubodrag|authorlink=Ljubodrag Dimić|title=Tito and Krushchev 1953-1956: Coming together, reconciliation, disappointment|journal=Journal of Central and East European Studies| date = 2003|volume=5|issue=2|pages=423–456}} * {{Cite book|ref=harv|last=Dimić|first=Ljubodrag|authorlink=Ljubodrag Dimić|chapter=Josip Broz Tito, Yugoslav policy and the formation of the concept of European security, 1968-1975|title=From Helsinki to Belgrade: the First CSCE follow-up meeting and the crisis of détente| date = 2012|location=Bonn|publisher=Bonn University Press|pages=59–81|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Vo-iCMAqjIsC|isbn=9783899719383}} * {{Cite journal|ref=harv|last=Dimić|first=Ljubodrag|authorlink=Ljubodrag Dimić|title=Yugoslavia and Security in Europe during the 1960s (Views, Attitudes, Initiatives)|journal=Токови историје| date = 2016|issue=3|pages=9–42|url=http://tokovi.istorije.rs/cir/uploaded/3%202016/Dimic%20(1).pdf}} * {{Cite book | editor-last = Forsythe | editor-first = David P. | title = Encyclopedia of Human Rights | url = https://books.google.com/books?id=1QbX90fmCVUC&pg=RA4-PA47 | volume = 5 | date = 2009 | publisher = Oxford University Press | location = Oxford, England | isbn = 978-0-19-533402-9 | ref = harv }} * {{Cite book | last = Frankel | first = Benjamin | title = The Cold War, 1945–1991: Leaders and Other Important Figures in the Soviet Union, Eastern Europe, China, and the Third World | volume = 2 | publisher = Gale Research | location = London, England | date = 1992 | isbn = 978-0-8103-8928-1 | ref = harv }} * {{Cite book | last = Finlan | first = Alastair | title = The Collapse of Yugoslavia 1991–1999 | url = https://books.google.com/?id=sZuHCwAAQBAJ&pg=PT13&dq=tito+economy+collapse#v=onepage&q=tito%20economy%20collapse&f=false2004 | date = 2004 | publisher = Osprey Publishing | location = New York, USA | isbn =978-1-4728-1027-4 | ref = harv }} * {{Cite book | last = Gilbert | first = Martin | title = The First World War: A Complete History | date = 2004 | publisher = Henry Holt and Company | location = New York | isbn = 978-0-8050-7617-2 | ref = harv }} *{{Cite journal | last= Granville | first= Johanna | title= Hungary, 1956: The Yugoslav Connection | url= https://archive.org/details/sim_europe-asia-studies_1998-05_50_3/page/493 | journal= Europe-Asia Studies | volume= 50 | issue= 3 | date= Mayo 1998 | pages= 493–505 }} * {{Cite book | last = Jeffreys-Jones | first = Rhodri | title = In Spies We Trust: The Story of Western Intelligence | url = https://books.google.com/books?id=3gK7e8LpXvcC | date = 2013 | publisher = OUP Oxford | isbn=978-0-19-958097-2 | ref = }} * {{Cite book | last1 = Kocon | first1 = Ivan | last2 = Jeličić | first2 = Matej | last3 = Škunca | first3 = Ivan | title = Stvaranje Titove Jugoslavije | trans-title = The Creation of Tito's Yugoslavia | language = Serbo-Croatian | date = 1988 | location = Opatija, Yugoslavia | publisher = Otokar Keršovani | isbn = 978-86-385-0091-8 | ref = refKocon1988 }} * {{Cite book | last = Laqueur | first = Walter | title = Guerrilla Warfare: A Historical & Critical Study | url = https://books.google.com/books?id=iQS-1jqgeScC | publisher = Transaction Publishers | location = New Brunswick, New Jersey | date = 1976 | isbn = 978-1-4128-2488-0 | ref = harv }} * {{Cite book | last = Lee | first = Khoon Choy | title = Diplomacy of a Tiny State | url = https://books.google.com/books?id=oaiO6COY9ysC | publisher = World Scientific | location = Singapore | date = 1993 | isbn = 978-981-02-1219-3 | ref = harv }} * {{Cite book | last = Lees | first = Lorraine M. | title = Keeping Tito Afloat: The United States, Yugoslavia, and the Cold War | date = 2006 | publisher = Pennsylvania State University Press | isbn = 978-0-253-34656-8 | ref = refLees1993 }} * {{Cite book | last = Maclean | first = Fitzroy | title = The Heretic: the life and times of Josip Broz-Tito | date = 1957 | publisher = Harper & Bro; Library of Congress No 57-6130 | url= https://archive.org/details/FitzroyMacleanTheHereticTheLifeAndTimesbOk.xyz/page/n2 | ref = harv }} * {{Cite book | last = Matas | first = David | title = No More: The Battle Against Human Rights Violations | date = 1994 | isbn = 978-1-55002-221-6 | url = https://books.google.com/?id=Iz6pvc3YSr0C&pg=PA37&dq=tito+regime+human+rights#v=onepage&q=tito%20regime%20human%20rights&f=false | ref = harv }} * {{Cite book | last = McGoldrick | first = Dominic | editor = Stephen Tierney | title = Accommodating National Identity: New Approaches in International and Domestic Law | chapter-url = https://books.google.com/books?id=SAyizpsg-Z8C | date = 2000 | publisher = Martinus Nijhoff Publishers | isbn = 978-90-411-1400-6 | chapter = Accommodating National Identity in National Law and International Law | ref = harv }} *{{Cite journal | last= McKee Irwin | first= Robert | title= Mexican Golden Age Cinema in Tito's Yugoslavia | journal= The Global South | volume=4 | issue= 1 | date= Spring 2010 | pages= 151–166 }} * {{Cite book | last = Minahan | first = James | title = Miniature Empires: A Historical Dictionary of the Newly Independent States | url = https://books.google.com/books?id=RSxt-JB-PDkC | date = 1998 | publisher = Greenwood Publishing Group | location = Westport, Connecticut | isbn = 978-0-313-30610-5 | ref = harv }} * Pavlowitch, Stevan K. ''The improbable survivor: Yugoslavia and its problems, 1918-1988'' (1988). [https://archive.org/details/improbablesurviv0000pavl online free to borrow] * Pavlowitch, Stevan K. ''Tito--Yugoslavia's great dictator : a reassessment'' (1992) [https://archive.org/details/titoyugoslaviasg00pavl online free to borrow] * Pavlowitch, Steven. ''Hitler's New Disorder: The Second World War in Yugoslavia'' (2008) [https://www.amazon.com/Hitlers-New-Disorder-Yugoslavia-Columbia/dp/0231700504/ excerpt and text search] * {{Cite book | last = Ramet | first = Sabrina Petra | authorlink = Sabrina Petra Ramet | date = 2006 | title = The Three Yugoslavias: State-Building and Legitimation, 1918–2005 | publisher = Indiana University Press | location = Bloomington, Indiana | isbn = 978-0-253-34656-8 | url = https://books.google.com/books?id=FTw3lEqi2-oC | ref = harv }} * {{Cite book | last=Ridley | first =Jasper | title = Tito: A Biography | date = 1994 | publisher = Constable and Company | location = London, England | isbn = 978-0-09-475610-6 | ref = harv }} * {{Cite book | last = Roberts | first = Walter R. | author-link = Walter Roberts (writer) | date = 1987 | title = Tito, Mihailović and the Allies: 1941–1945 | publisher = Duke University Press | location = New Brunswick, New Jersey | isbn = 978-0-8223-0773-0 | url = https://books.google.com/books?id=43CbLU8FgFsC | ref = refRobert1987 }} * {{Cite book | last = Swain | first = Geoffrey | title = Tito: A Biography | date = 2010 | publisher = I.B. Tauris | location = London, England | isbn = 978-1-84511-727-6 | url = https://books.google.com/books?id=BFgBAwAAQBAJ | ref = harv }} * {{Cite book | last = Sherwood | first = Timothy H. | title = The Rhetorical Leadership of Fulton J. Sheen, Norman Vincent Peale, and Billy Graham in the Age of Extremes | url = https://books.google.com/books?id=LcodAAAAQBAJ | date = 2013 | publisher = Lexington Books | isbn = 978-0-7391-7431-9 | ref = refSherwood2013 }} * {{Cite book |last=Tomasevich |first=Jozo |last2=Vucinich |first2=Wayne S. |title=Contemporary Yugoslavia: Twenty Years of Socialist Experiment |url=https://archive.org/details/contemporaryyugo0008vuci | date = 1969 |publisher=University of California Press}} * {{Cite book | last = Tomasevich | first = Jozo | authorlink = Jozo Tomasevich | date = 1975 | title = War and Revolution in Yugoslavia, 1941–1945: The Chetniks | publisher = Stanford University Press | location = Stanford, California | isbn = 978-0-8047-0857-9 | url = https://books.google.com/books?id=yoCaAAAAIAAJ | ref = refTomasevich1975 }} * {{Cite book | last = Tomasevich | first = Jozo | date = 2001 | title = War and Revolution in Yugoslavia, 1941–1945: Occupation and Collaboration | publisher = Stanford University Press | location = Stanford, California | isbn = 978-0-8047-3615-2 | url = https://books.google.com/books?id=fqUSGevFe5MC | ref = refTomasevich2001 }} * {{Cite book | last = Trbovich | first = Ana S. | title = A Legal Geography of Yugoslavia's Disintegration | url = https://archive.org/details/legalgeographyof0000trbo | date = 2008 | publisher = Oxford University Press | location = Oxford, England | isbn = 978-0-19-533343-5 | ref = harv }} * {{Cite book | last = Vinterhalter | first = Vilko | title = In the Path of Tito... | date = 1972 | publisher = Abacus Press | location = Tunbridge Wells, England | isbn = 978-0-85626-011-7 | ref = harv }} * {{Cite book | last = Vucinich | first = Wayne S. | date = 1969 | title = Contemporary Yugoslavia: Twenty Years of Socialist Experiment | chapter = Interwar Yugoslavia | publisher = University of California Press | location = [[Berkeley, California]] | oclc = 652337606 | chapter-url = https://books.google.com/books?id=a--6hauBIb4C | ref = harv }} * {{Cite book | last = West | first = Richard | title = Tito and the Rise and Fall of Yugoslavia | url = https://archive.org/details/titorisefallofyu00rich | date = 1995 | publisher = Carroll & Graf | location = New York, New York | isbn =978-0-7867-0191-9 | ref = harv }} {{refend}} {{Turók}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Tito, Josip Broz}} [[Kaarangay:Josip Broz Tito| ]] [[Kaarangay:Mga natawo han 1892]] [[Kaarangay:Mga namatay han 1980]] 6zzeq2w9mfzdvblmk4vy7e3u97as2uq 0 156981 7782303 6275815 2026-04-07T05:47:54Z InternetArchiveBot 41587 Add 1 book for verifiability (20260407)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 7782303 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Geobox|Salog <!-- *** Name section *** --> | name = Tajo | native_name = | other_name = Tagus | other_name1 = Tejo <!-- *** Image *** ---> | image = Tagus River Panorama - Toledo, Spain - Dec 2006.jpg | image_size = | image_caption = Lantaw han Salog Tajo ha [[Toledo, Espanya|Toledo]], [[Espanya]] <!-- *** Country etc. *** --> | country = Espanya | country1 = Portugal | state = | state1 = | region = | region1 = | district = | district1 = | city = | city1 = <!-- *** Geography *** --> | length = 1038 | watershed = 80100 | discharge_location = | discharge_average = 500 | discharge_max = | discharge_min = | discharge1_location = | discharge1_average = <!-- *** Source *** --> | source_name = Fuente de García | source_location = Kabugkiran han [[Albarracín]] | source_district = | source_region = [[Provincia de Teruel|Teruel]] | source_state = | source_country = Espanya | source_lat_d = | source_lat_m = | source_lat_s = | source_lat_NS = | source_long_d = | source_long_m = | source_long_s = | source_long_EW = | source_elevation = 1593 | source_length = <!-- *** Mouth *** --> | mouth_name = Estuaryo han Tajo | mouth_location = [[Kalawdan Atlantico]] harani han [[Lisboa]] | mouth_district = | mouth_region = | mouth_state = | mouth_country = Portugal | mouth_lat_d = | mouth_lat_m = | mouth_lat_s = | mouth_lat_NS = | mouth_long_d = | mouth_long_m = | mouth_long_s = | mouth_long_EW = | mouth_elevation = 0 <!-- *** Tributaries *** --> | tributary_left = Guadiela | tributary_left1 = Algodor | tributary_left2 = Gévalo | tributary_left3 = Ibor | tributary_left4 = Almonte | tributary_left5 = Salor | tributary_left6 = Sever | tributary_left7 = Sorraia | tributary_right = Jarama | tributary_right1 = Guadarrama | tributary_right2 = Alberche | tributary_right3 = Tiétar | tributary_right4 = Alagón | tributary_right5 = Zêzere <!-- *** Free free fields *** --> | free_name = | free_value = <!-- *** Map section *** --> | map = Rio tejo.svg | map_size = 150px | map_caption = Pagsulog han Tajo ha Península Ibérica <!-- *** Website *** --> | website = [http://www.chtajo.es/ Confederación Hidrográfica del Tajo] | commons = Tagus <!-- *** Footnotes *** --> | footnotes = }} An '''Tajo''' ({{lang-es|Tajo}} {{IPA-es|ˈtaxo|}}; {{lang-pt|Tejo}} {{IPA-pt|ˈtɛʒu|}}; [[Linatin]] ngan [[Iningles]]: ''Tagus''; [[Kahadto nga Griniyego]]: Τάγος ''Tagos'') amo an gihalaba-i nga [[salog]] han [[Península Ibérica]]. Ha Espanya {{convert|1038|km|mi|0|abbr=on|sp=us}} an kahalaba hini, {{convert|716|km|mi|0|abbr=on|sp=us}}, {{convert|47|km|mi|0|abbr=on|sp=us}} ha daplin han katubtuban han Portugal ngan Espanya ngan {{convert|275|km|mi|0|abbr=on|sp=us}} ha [[Portugal]], nga diin nasulog ini ngadto han [[Kalawdan Atlantico]] harani ha [[Lisboa]]. An kahaluag han kwenka hini {{convert|80100|sqkm|sqmi|0|sp=us}} (an ikaduha nga gidakoi ha Peninsula Iberica sunod han [[Duero]]). Gin-gagamit an Tajo han dako nga bahin han pagsulog hini. Damo nga mga dam ngan mga pag-diversyon naghahatag hin maiinom nga tubig ha kadam-an han butnga nga Espanya, upod han [[Madrid]], ngan ha Portugal, samtang mga dinosena ka mga estasyon hidroelektriko naghihimo hin koryente elektrika. Ha mga butnga han mga dam, nasunod ini hin nahuhuot nga pagsulog, kundi katapos han [[Castillo de Almourol|Almourol]] nasulog ini ngadto hin haluag nga alluvial nga siong nga masurong magbaha. Ha ganghaan hini mayda dako nga estuaryo nga diin an syudad han Lisboa nahamutang. An gintitikangan han Tajo amo an Fuente de García, didto ha [[Montes Universales]], [[Sistema Ibérico]], [[Sierra de Albarracín Comarca]]. An tanan nga mga salog nga nadugtong hini nadugtong han Tajo tikang han tu-o (amihanan) nga pangpang. An dagko nga mga syudad nga gin-aagi-an han sulog han Tajo amo an [[Aranjuez]], [[Toledo, Espanya|Toledo]], [[Talavera de la Reina]] ngan [[Alcántara]] ha Espanya, ngan an [[Abrantes (munisipyo)|Abrantes]], [[Santarém, Portugal|Santarém]], [[Almada]] ngan Lisboa ha Portugal. ==Sulog== ===Ha Espanya=== An syahan nga kilalado nga bungto dida han Tajo amo an [[Sacedón]]. Unhan han [[Aranjuez]] nahadugtong dinhi an gin-kombina nga pagsulog han [[Henares]] ngan han [[Tajuña]]. Unhan han [[Toledo, Espanya|Toledo]] nahadugtong an salog han Guadarrama. Ha iraya han [[Talavera de la Reina]] nahadugtong dinhi han [[Alberche]]. Ha [[Valdeverdeja]] amo an iraya nga dapit han halaba nga iraya nga reservoir nga amo an ''[[Alcantara nga Dam|Embalse de Valdecañas]]'', nga diin unhan hini amo an ''[[Torrejon nga Dam|Embalse de Torrejon]]'', nga diin ngadto an pagsulog han [[Tiétar]], ngan han padagat o ubos nga reservoir, an ''[[Alcantara nga Dam|Embalse de Alcántara]]'' ngadto diin an pagsulog han [[Alagón]] ha ubos nga bahin. ===Ha Portugal=== Katapos han paghimo han katubtuban han nasod, nasakob an sulog ha Portugal, nga naagi ha [[Vila Velha de Ródão]], [[Abrantes]], [[Constância]], [[Entroncamento|Entroncamento]], [[Santarém, Portugal|Santarém]] ngan ha an[[Vila Franca de Xira]] ha igbaw hin halaba nga suok nga estuary nga diin an syudad han [[Lisboa]] nahamutang dida han ganghaan. Nasalipdan an estuary han [[Reserva Natural do Estuário do Tejo]]. Ada gihapon an gihalaba-i nga tulay nga natabok han salog, an [[Tulay Vasco da Gama]], nga mayda bug-os nga kahaluag hin 17.2 ka km ((10.7 ka mi) nga amo an gihalaba-i nga tulay ha [[Europa]]. An mga Portuges nga rehiyon han [[Alentejo (rehiyon)|Alentejo]] ngan [[Ribatejo (rehiyon)|Ribatejo]] gin-ngaranan tikang han salog. Alentejo, tikang han ''Além-Tejo'' ("Unhan han Tajo"), ngan Ribatejo, tikang han ''Arriba-Tejo'' (daan nga paagi han pagsiring nga "Igbaw nga Tajo" o "Iraya nga Tajo"). Mayda kanal ngan [[aqueduct]] ha butnga han Tajo ngan han [[Salog Segura]]. ==Heyolohiya== An padagat o ubos nga Tajo nahamutang hin ''[[fault line]]''. In ''slippage'' ha daplin hini nakadangat hin damo nga mga [[linog]], nga an mga dagko hini amo an mga linog han 1309, 1531 ngan [[1755 nga linog ha Lisboa|1755]].<ref>{{cite book|first=William Herbert|last=Hobbs|authorlink=William Herbert Hobbs|title=Earthquakes: An Introduction to Seismic Geology|url=https://archive.org/details/earthquakesanin02hobbgoog|publisher=D. Appleton and Company|location=NewYork|year=1907|pages=[https://archive.org/details/earthquakesanin02hobbgoog/page/n199 142]–144}} [http://books.google.com/books?id=TmAJAAAAIAAJ&pg=PA142&dq=Tagus&lr=&as_brr=3&ei=nogySYy7MIjcygTRy4X8Bw#PPR3,M1 Downloadable Google Books]</ref> ==Kaagi== An [[Pepper Wreck]] ngaran hin nalunod nga barko nga natad-an ngan gin-ukab dida han ganghaan han Salog Tajo tikang han 1996 tubtob 2001. Mayda gihapon ini pagkabalor ha estratehiya han mga imperyo Espanyol ngan Portuges, kay amo ini an nabantay han tikadto ha [[Lisboa]]. Pananglitan, han 1587, hi Sir [[Francis Drake]] hinmarani hin diri la maiha han salog katapos han iya malinamposon nga pagsalakay ha Cadiz.<ref>Garrett Mattingly, ''The Armada'', 118-119</ref> ==An Tajo ha awit ngan sumat== An Tajo usa nga dako nga salog, ngan nahihinumdoman ini ha mga awit ngan sumat han mga Portuges. Usa nga sikat nga [[fado]] nga kanta ha Lisboa nasiring nga samtang an mga tawo nalalagas, bata la gihapon an Tajo ("An ak buhok nabusag, batan-on pirmi an Tajo"). An magsusurat nga hi [[Fernando Pessoa]], nagsurat hin siday nga natikang: "Mahuruhusay an Tajo kaysa han salog nga nasulog han ak barrio...."<ref>{{cite book |last=Pessoa |first=Fernando |authorlink=Fernando Pessoa |coauthors=Richard Zenith, Translator |title=Fernando Pessoa and Co.: Selected Poems |url=https://archive.org/details/fernandopessoaco0000pess |year=1999 |publisher= Grove Press|isbn= 0-8021-3627-3, 9780802136275 |pages= [https://archive.org/details/fernandopessoaco0000pess/page/54 55] }}</ref> An siday ni [[Richard Crashaw]] nga "''Saint Mary Magdalene, or the Weeper''" (Santa Magdalena o an Nagtatangis) nagyayakan han "Bulawan" nga Tajo nga naruruyag han luha nga daw salapi ni Maria Magdalena. Ha klasikal nga siday, an Tajo kilalado tungod han mga baras nga nagdadara hin bulawan ([[Catullus]] 29.19, [[Ovid]], Amores, 1.15.34, [[Juvenal]], Satires, 3.55, etc. == Kitaa gihapon == *[[Talaan hin mga salog han Espanya]] *[[Talaan hin mga salog han Portugal]] {{commonscat|Tajo}} ==Mga tigaman== {{Reflist}} {{coord|40|19|11|N|1|41|51|W|display=title|region:ES_type:landmark_source:dewiki}} [[Kaarangay:Mga salog]] [[Kaarangay:Heyograpiya]] [[Kaarangay:Mga salog han Espanya]] [[Kaarangay:Mga salog han Portugal]] [[Kaarangay:Basin han Tajo| ]] [[Kaarangay:Heyograpiya han Lisboa]] [[Kaarangay:Mga salog nga internasyonal han Europa]] [[Kaarangay:Portugal–Espanya nga katubtoban]] [[Kaarangay:Espanya]] [[Kaarangay:Portugal]] j8vrphmyzfd0crz8dkeq1q4knzce994 0 166258 7782317 7775679 2026-04-07T06:08:08Z InternetArchiveBot 41587 Add 3 books for verifiability (20260407)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 7782317 wikitext text/x-wiki [[File:Joseph Haydn.jpg|thumb]] Hi '''Franz Joseph Haydn''' (31 Marso 1732 – 31 Mayo 1809), kilala komo Joseph Haydn, in usa nga Austriano nga kompositor. ==Pinanbasaran== {{Reflist}} == Mga reperensya == '''Biographical sources''' * {{cite book|title=Haydn: Two Contemporary Portraits|editor-last=Gotwals|editor-first=Vernon, translator and editor | place=Milwaukee | year= 1963 | publisher=University of Wisconsin Press|isbn=0-299-02791-0 | last=Dies | first=Albert Christoph | authorlink=Albert Christoph Dies | chapter=Biographical Accounts of Joseph Haydn |ref=harv }} A translation from the original German: "Biographische Nachrichten von Joseph Haydn nach mündlichen Erzählungen desselben entworfen und herausgegeben" ("Biographical accounts of Joseph Haydn, written and edited from his own spoken narratives") (1810). Camesinaische Buchhandlung, Vienna. One of the first biographies of Haydn, written on the basis of 30 interviews carried out during the composer's old age. * {{cite book |last=[[Ludwig Finscher|Finscher]] | first= Ludwig | year=2000|title=Joseph Haydn und seine Zeit|publisher=Laaber-Verlag |place=Laaber|isbn=3-921518-94-6 |ref=harv }} Highly detailed discussion of life and work; in German. * {{cite book|last= Geiringer|first=Karl|authorlink=Karl Geiringer|last2=Geiringer|first2=Irene|title=Haydn: A Creative Life in Music|url= https://archive.org/details/haydncreativelif00geir_0|publisher=University of California|edition=3rd|year=1982|isbn=0-520-04316-2|ref=CITEREFGeiringer1982}} The first edition was published in 1946 with Karl Geiringer as the sole author. * {{cite book|title=Haydn: Two Contemporary Portraits|url=https://archive.org/details/josephhaydneight0000grie|editor-last=Gotwals|editor-first=Vernon, translator and editor | place=Milwaukee | year= 1963 | publisher=University of Wisconsin Press|isbn=0-299-02791-0 | last=Griesinger| first=Georg August| authorlink=Georg August Griesinger| chapter=Biographical Notes Concerning Joseph Haydn |ref=harv }} A translation from the original German: "Biographische Notizen über Joseph Haydn" (1810). Leipzig. Like Dies's, a biography produced from interviews with the elderly Haydn. * {{cite book| last=Hadden | first=James Cuthbert | year=2010| title= Haydn|place=London|publisher=Cambridge University Press|edition=Reissue| isbn=1-108-01987-0|url = http://books.google.com/books?id=0IXbsEBrSK0C&pg=PA106|ref=harv }} * {{cite book| last=Hughes | first=Rosemary | year=1970| title= Haydn|place=New York|publisher=[[Farrar, Straus and Giroux]]|edition=Revised| isbn=0-460-02281-4 |ref=harv }} Originally published in 1950. Gives a sympathetic and witty account of Haydn's life, along with a survey of the music. *Jones, David Wyn (2009a) ''The Life of Haydn''. Oxford University Press. Focuses on biography rather than musical works; an up-to-date study benefiting from recent scholarly research on Haydn's life and times. *Jones, David Wyn (2009b) ''Oxford Composer Companions: Haydn''. Oxford University Press. A one-volume encyclopedia with detailed contributions from many Haydn scholars. * {{cite book|last=Landon | first= H.C. Robbins | year=1976–1980|title=Haydn: Chronicle and Works |url=https://archive.org/details/haydnchroniclewo0002land |place= Bloomington, IN|publisher=Indiana University Press|isbn=0-253-37003-5}} An extensive compilation of original sources in five volumes. * {{cite book|last= Landon |first= H. C. Robbins |authorlink= H. C. Robbins Landon | last2=Jones | first2= David Wyn |title= Haydn: His Life and Music |url= https://archive.org/details/haydnhislifemusi00land |publisher=Indiana University Press |year= 1988 |isbn= 978-0-253-37265-9 |ref=harv }} Biography chapters by Robbins Landon, excerpted from Robbins Landon (1976–1980) and rich in original source documents. Analysis and appreciation of the works by Jones. * {{cite encyclopedia | last=Larsen | first=Jens Peter | year=1980 | encyclopedia=[[New Grove Dictionary of Music and Musicians]] | title=Joseph Haydn |ref=harv }} Published separately as {{cite book | title=The New Grove: Haydn | year=1982 | publisher=Norton | place= New York | isbn=0-393-01681-1 |ref=harv }} * {{cite encyclopedia | last=Webster | first=James | last2=Feder | first2=Georg | year=2001 |title=Joseph Haydn | encyclopedia=[[The New Grove Dictionary of Music and Musicians]] }} Published separately as a book: {{cite book | title=The New Grove Haydn| place=New York | publisher=Macmillan| year=2002| isbn=0-19-516904-2 | ref= CITEREFWebster2002 }} Careful scholarship with little subjective interpretation; covers both life and music, and includes a very detailed list of works. '''Criticism and analysis sources''' * {{cite book | last=Brendel | first=Alfred | author-link=Alfred Brendel | year=2001 | chapter=Does classical music have to be entirely serious? | editor-last=Margalit | editor-first=Edna| editor2-last=Margalit | editor2-first=Avishai | title=Isaiah Berlin: A Celebration | url=https://archive.org/details/isaiahberlincele00 | pages=[https://archive.org/details/isaiahberlincele00/page/192 193]–204| publisher=University of Chicago Press | place=Chicago | isbn=0-226-84096-4 |ref=harv }} On jokes in Haydn and Beethoven. * {{cite book | last=Celestini | first=Federico | year=2010 | chapter=Aspekte des Erhabenen in Haydns Spätwerk | editor-last=Celestini | editor-first=Federico | editor2-last=Dorschel | editor2-first=Andreas | title=Arbeit am Kanon | pages=16–41 | publisher=Universal Edition | place=Vienna | isbn=978-3-7024-6967-2 |ref=harv }} On the sublime in Haydn's later works; in German. * {{cite book | editor-last=Clark | editor-first=Caryl | year=2005 | title=The Cambridge Companion to Haydn | publisher=Cambridge University Press | place=Cambridge | isbn=0-521-83347-7 }} Covers each of the genres Haydn composed in as well as stylistic and interpretive contexts and performance and reception. * {{cite book | last=Griffiths | first=Paul | year=1983 | title=The String Quartet | url=https://archive.org/details/stringquartet0000grif_u7c6 | publisher=Thames and Hudson | place=New York | isbn=0-500-01311-X }} * {{cite book | last=Hughes | first=Rosemary | year=1966 | title=Haydn String Quartets |publisher=BBC | place=London }} A brief (55 page) introduction to Haydn's string quartets. * {{cite book |last=Rosen | first=Charles | author-link=Charles Rosen |title=The classical style: Haydn, Mozart, Beethoven |url=https://archive.org/details/classicalstyleha00rose |publisher=Norton |location=New York |year=1997 |isbn=0-393-31712-9 | edition=2nd |ref=harv }} First edition published in 1971. Covers much of Haydn's output and seeks to explicate Haydn's central role in the creation of the classical style. The work has been influential, provoking both positive citation and work (e.g., Webster 1991) written in reaction. *Sisman, Elaine (1993) ''Haydn and the classical variation''. Cambridge: Harvard University Press. ISBN 0-674-38315-X. * {{cite journal|doi=10.2307/966030|last=Sutcliffe|first=W. Dean|title=Haydn's Musical Personality|journal=[[The Musical Times]]|year=1989|volume=130|issue=1756|pages=341–344|jstor=966030|ref=harv}} * {{cite book |last=Sutcliffe | first=W. Dean |title=Haydn, string quartets, op. 50 |url=https://archive.org/details/haydnstringquart0000sutc |publisher=Cambridge University Press |location=Cambridge |year=1992 |isbn=0-521-39103-2 }} Covers not just Op. 50 but also its relevance to Haydn's other output as well as his earlier quartets. * {{cite book | last=Webster | first=James | year=1991| title= Haydn's "Farewell" symphony and the idea of classical style: through-composition and cyclic integration in his instrumental music | publisher=Cambridge University Press | place=Cambridge | isbn=0-521-38520-2 |ref=harv }} This book focuses on a single work, but contains many observations and opinions about Haydn in general. == Mga sumpay ha gawas == {{Commons category|Joseph Haydn}} {{wikiquote}} {{EB9 Poster|Haydn, Joseph|Joseph Haydn}} * {{BBC composer page|haydn|Haydn}} * [http://www.haydnfestival.at Haydn Festival Eisenstadt] * Albert Christoph Dies: (German) ''[http://www.donjuanarchiv.at/archiv/bestaende/ernestea-sezzatense/oesterreich/wien/biographische-nachrichten-von-joseph-haydn.html Biographische Nachrichten von Joseph Haydn. Wien: Camesinaische Buchhandlung] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090817104156/http://www.donjuanarchiv.at/archiv/bestaende/ernestea-sezzatense/oesterreich/wien/biographische-nachrichten-von-joseph-haydn.html |date=2009-08-17 }}'', 1810. * [http://www.earlymusicworld.com/id26.html Haydn's Late Oratorios: The Creation and The Seasons by Brian Robins] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160603205521/http://www.earlymusicworld.com/id26.html |date=2016-06-03 }} * Full text of the biography ''[http://www.gutenberg.net/etext/3788 Haydn]'' by J. Cuthbert Hadden, 1902, from [[Project Gutenberg]]. The end of book contains documentary material including a number of Haydn's letters. Alternatively scanned copy ''[https://archive.org/details/haydn00haddgoog Haydn]'' at archive.org. * {{worldcat id|id=lccn-n79-91193}} * [http://www.classical.net/music/comp.lst/articles/haydnfj/noroyal.html No Royal Directive: Joseph Haydn and the String Quartet] by [[Ron Drummond]] * [http://www.musicologie.org/Biographies/h/haydn.html ''musicologie.org''], with biography {{fr icon}} * [http://www.gresham.ac.uk/event.asp?PageId=45&EventId=683 'Haydn – Quartet in F minor, Op.20 No.5'] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071010110015/http://www.gresham.ac.uk/event.asp?PageId=45&EventId=683 |date=2007-10-10 }}, Lecture by Professor [[Roger Parker]], with the Badke Quartet, [[Gresham College]], 8 April 2008 (available for video, audio and text download). *[http://www.bachtrack.com/anniversary-200th-haydn Haydn anniversary page on Bachtrack, includes lists of live performances] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140820121616/http://www.bachtrack.com/anniversary-200th-haydn |date=2014-08-20 }} *{{IMDb name|0370817|Joseph Haydn}} *{{IMDb character|0044823|Joseph Haydn (character)}} ===Scores and recordings=== * {{IMSLP|id=Haydn, Joseph}} * {{ChoralWiki|Franz Joseph Haydn}} * [http://kreusch-sheet-music.net/eng/?page=show&query=Joseph%20Haydn&order=op www.kreusch-sheet-music.net] – Free Scores by Haydn *[http://www.mutopiaproject.org/cgibin/make-table.cgi?Composer=HaydnFJ Free scores] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210308143257/http://www.mutopiaproject.org/cgibin/make-table.cgi?Composer=HaydnFJ |date=2021-03-08 }} at the [[Mutopia Project]] * {{gutenberg author| id=Haydn+Joseph | name=Joseph Haydn}} * Kunst der Fuge: [http://www.kunstderfuge.com/haydn.htm Franz Joseph Haydn – Hundreds of MIDI files] * [http://www.classicalarchives.com/haydn.html Haydn's page] at [[Classical Archives]] * [http://sounds.bl.uk/Browse.aspx?category=Classical-music&collection=Haydn Haydn Symphonies] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120206134307/http://sounds.bl.uk/Browse.aspx?category=Classical-music&collection=Haydn |date=2012-02-06 }} from the British Library Sound Archive * [http://www.sf-media.12hp.de/index.php?option=com_content&view=category&id=19%3Ahaydn-complete-pianosonatas&Itemid=6&layout=default&lang=en/ Complete recording of Joseph Haydns Pianosonatas on a sampled Walther Pianoforte] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170329184926/http://www.sf-media.12hp.de/index.php?option=com_content&view=category&id=19%3Ahaydn-complete-pianosonatas&Itemid=6&layout=default&lang=en%2F |date=2017-03-29 }} * [http://www.sf-media.12hp.de/index.php?option=com_content&view=category&id=18%3Ahaydn-complete-pianosonatas&Itemid=5&layout=default&lang=en/ Complete recording of Joseph Haydns Pianosonatas on a sampled Steinway D] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160412161313/http://www.sf-media.12hp.de/index.php?option=com_content&view=category&id=18%3Ahaydn-complete-pianosonatas&Itemid=5&layout=default&lang=en%2F |date=2016-04-12 }} {{DEFAULTSORT:Haydn, Joseph}} [[Kaarangay:Joseph Haydn| ]] [[Kaarangay:Mga natawo han 1732]] [[Kaarangay:Mga namatay han 1809]] e3ery4rcqrf7t27r4n8r5fkc1bee09v 0 2211949 7782282 7570406 2026-04-06T20:36:15Z Oronsay 44169 added image 7782282 wikitext text/x-wiki {{botmade|Lsjbot|Liliopsida|date=2014-06}} {{Taxobox | name = ''Thysanotus sparteus'' | status = | image = Thysanotus sparteus.jpg | image_caption = | domain = | regnum = [[Plantae]] | divisio = [[Tracheophyta]] | classis = [[Liliopsida]] | ordo = [[Asparagales]] | familia = [[Asparagaceae]] | genus = [[Thysanotus]] | species = '''Thysanotus sparteus''' | binomial = Thysanotus sparteus | binomial_authority = [[Robert Brown botaniker |R.Br.]] | range_map = | range_map_caption = | image2 = | image2_caption = | synonyms = ''Thysanotus deformis'' <small>[[Robert Brown botaniker |R.Br.]]</small> }} An '''''Thysanotus sparteus'''''<ref name = "C132"/> in uska species han [[Liliopsida]] nga ginhulagway ni [[Robert Brown botaniker |Robert Brown]]. An ''Thysanotus sparteus'' in nahilalakip ha [[genus]] nga ''[[Thysanotus]]'', ngan [[familia]] nga [[Asparagaceae]].<ref name = "COL"/><ref name = "source"/> Waray hini subspecies nga nakalista.<ref name = "COL"/> ==Mga kasarigan== <references> <ref name = "COL">{{cite web |url= https://catalogueoflife.org/annual-checklist/2014/details/species/id/9762052|title= Species 2000 & ITIS Catalogue of Life: 2014 Annual Checklist.|author= Roskov Y., Kunze T., Orrell T., Abucay L., Paglinawan L., Culham A., Bailly N., Kirk P., Bourgoin T., Baillargeon G., Decock W., De Wever A., Didžiulis V. (ed)| date = 2014|publisher= Species 2000: Reading, UK.|accessdate= 26 Mayo 2014}}</ref> <ref name = "C132">R.Br., 1810 ''In: Prodr. Fl. Nov. Holl. : 283''</ref> <ref name = "source">[http://apps.kew.org/wcsp/home.do WCSP: World Checklist of Selected Plant Families]</ref> </references> [[Kaarangay:Thysanotus]] 1x9s6ymtn8rifubsjddzleox7716d60 0 2854151 7782318 7720389 2026-04-07T06:10:19Z InternetArchiveBot 41587 Add 1 book for verifiability (20260407)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 7782318 wikitext text/x-wiki {{botmade|Lsjbot|Magnoliopsida|date=2014-10}} {{Taxobox | name = ''Piper nigrum'' | status = | image = Piper nigrum drawing 1832.jpg | image_caption = | domain = | regnum = [[Plantae]] | divisio = [[Tracheophyta]] | classis = [[Magnoliopsida]] | ordo = [[Piperales]] | familia = [[Piperaceae]] | genus = [[Piper]] | species = '''Piper nigrum''' | binomial = Piper nigrum | binomial_authority = [[Carl von Linné|L.]] | range_map = | range_map_caption = | image2 = | image2_caption = | synonyms = ''Piper rotundum'' <small>Noronha</small><br>''Piper malabarense'' <small>C. DC.</small><br>''Piper glyphicum'' <small>Hoffmgg. ex [[Carl Sigismund Kunth|Kunth]]</small><br>''Piper colonum'' <small>Presl</small><br>''Piper aromaticum'' <small>[[Jean-Baptiste de Lamarck|Lam.]]</small><br>''Muldera multinervis'' <small>[[Friedrich Anton Wilhelm Miquel|Miq.]]</small> }} An '''''Piper nigrum'''''<ref name = "C132"/> in uska species han [[Magnoliopsida]] nga ginhulagway ni [[Carl von Linné]]. An ''Piper nigrum'' in nahilalakip ha [[genus]] nga ''[[Piper]]'', ngan [[familia]] nga [[Piperaceae]].<ref name = "COL"/><ref name = "source"/> ==Subspecies== Ini nga species ginbahin ha masunod nga subspecies:<ref name = "COL"/> * ''P. n. hirtellosum'' * ''P. n. trioicum'' ==Pinanbasaran== <references> <ref name = "C132">L., 1753 ''In: Sp. Pl. 1: 28''</ref> <ref name = "COL">{{cite web |url= https://catalogueoflife.org/annual-checklist/2014/details/species/id/16720740|title= Species 2000 & ITIS Catalogue of Life: 2014 Annual Checklist.|author= Roskov Y., Kunze T., Orrell T., Abucay L., Paglinawan L., Culham A., Bailly N., Kirk P., Bourgoin T., Baillargeon G., Decock W., De Wever A., Didžiulis V. (ed)| date = 2014|publisher= Species 2000: Reading, UK.|accessdate= 26 Mayo 2014}}</ref> <ref name = "source">{{Cite web |title=World Plants: Synonymic Checklists of the Vascular Plants of the World |url=http://worldplants.webarchiv.kit.edu/ |access-date=2014-10-23 |archive-date=2019-03-18 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190318221109/http://worldplants.webarchiv.kit.edu/ |url-status= }}</ref> </references> {{reflist}} ==Bibliograpiya== {{Refbegin}} * {{cite book | last = Dalby | first = Andrew | title = Dangerous Tastes | publisher = University of California Press | location = Berkeley | date = 2002 | isbn = 0-520-23674-2|url=http://books.google.com/?id=7IHcZ21dyjwC}} * {{cite book | last = Davidson | first = Alan | title = Wilder Shores of Gastronomy: Twenty Years of the Best Food Writing from the Journal Petits Propos Culinaires | url = https://archive.org/details/wildershoresofga00davi | publisher = Ten Speed Press | location = Berkeley | date = 2002 | isbn = 978-1-58008-417-8 }} * {{cite journal|last=Jaffee|first=Steven | date = 2004|title=Delivering and Taking the Heat: Indian Spices and Evolving Process Standards|journal=An Agriculture and Rural Development Discussion Paper|publisher=World Bank|location=Washington|url=http://siteresources.worldbank.org/INTRANETTRADE/Resources/Topics/Standards/IndiaSpices.pdf|format=PDF}} * {{cite book | author=McGee, Harold|chapter=Black Pepper and Relatives | title=On Food and Cooking (Revised Edition) | url=https://archive.org/details/onfoodcookingsci0000mcge_e4f3| publisher=Scribner | date = 2004 | isbn=0-684-80001-2 | pages=[https://archive.org/details/onfoodcookingsci0000mcge_e4f3/page/427 427]–429 | oclc=56590708}} * {{cite book | author=Turner, Jack | title=Spice: The History of a Temptation | url=https://archive.org/details/spicehistoryofte00turn | publisher=Vintage Books | location = London| date = 2004 | isbn=0-375-70705-0 | oclc=61213802}} {{Refend}} ==Padugang nga barasahon== * [http://sun.ars-grin.gov:8080/npgspub/xsql/duke/plantdisp.xsql?taxon=755 Black Pepper Chemical List (Dr. Duke's Databases)] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130218201820/http://sun.ars-grin.gov:8080/npgspub/xsql/duke/plantdisp.xsql?taxon=755 |date=2013-02-18 }} * [http://www.plantcultures.org/plants/black_pepper_landing.html "Black Pepper" from Plant Cultures] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090324052030/http://www.plantcultures.org/plants/black_pepper_landing.html |date=2009-03-24 }}, a collaboration between NYKRIS and Kew Gardens * Ravindran, P.N. (2000). ''Black pepper: piper nigrum.'' Amsterdam: Harwood Academic, CRC. ISBN 978-90-5702-453-5 ==Mga sumpay ha gawas== * {{Commonscat-inline|Piper nigrum}} * {{Wikispecies-inline|Piper nigrum}} * {{cookbook-inline|Pepper}} [[Kaarangay:Piper]] 8jmlu8cs9r0oomf8d4p798fh4ipfytb 0 2869422 7782300 7773315 2026-04-07T05:45:32Z InternetArchiveBot 41587 Add 3 books for verifiability (20260407)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 7782300 wikitext text/x-wiki [[File:Lightning.0257.jpg|thumb]] An '''Interaksyon han electromagnetico''' in usa ha upat nga yano nga interaksyon han nature. ==Pinanbasaran== {{Mga kasarigan}} ==Padugang nga barasahon== ===Mga pagkukuhaan ha web === {{Refbegin}} * {{Cite web | last = Nave | first = R. | title = Electricity and magnetism | url = http://hyperphysics.phy-astr.gsu.edu/hbase/emcon.html#emcon | work=HyperPhysics | publisher=Georgia State University | accessdate = 12 Nobyembre 2013 | postscript = <!--None--> }} {{Refend}} ===Lecture notes=== {{Refbegin}} *{{Cite web |last=Lewin |first=Walter |first2=John |last2=Belcher |first3=Peter |last3=Dourmashkin |title=8.02SC Physics II: Electricity and Magnetism |date=Fall 2010 |url=http://ocw.mit.edu/courses/physics/8-02sc-physics-ii-electricity-and-magnetism-fall-2010 |work=MIT OpenCourseWare |publisher=Massachusetts Institute of Technology |accessdate=12 Nobyembre 2013 |archive-date=4 Nobyembre 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131104124102/http://ocw.mit.edu/courses/physics/8-02sc-physics-ii-electricity-and-magnetism-fall-2010/ |url-status=dead }} * {{Cite web |first=Robert |last=Littlejohn |url=http://bohr.physics.berkeley.edu/classes/221/1011/notes/radnmatt.pdf |title=Emission and absorption of radiation |work=Physics 221B: Quantum mechanics |publisher=University of California Berkeley |date=Spring 2011 |accessdate=2013-11-12 |archive-date=2013-11-12 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131112061551/http://bohr.physics.berkeley.edu/classes/221/1011/notes/radnmatt.pdf |url-status= }} * {{Cite web |first=Robert |last=Littlejohn |url=http://bohr.physics.berkeley.edu/classes/221/1011/notes/hamclassemf.pdf |title=The Classical Electromagnetic Field Hamiltonian |work=Physics 221B: Quantum mechanics |publisher=University of California Berkeley |date=Spring 2011 |accessdate=2013-11-12 |archive-date=2013-11-12 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131112061548/http://bohr.physics.berkeley.edu/classes/221/1011/notes/hamclassemf.pdf |url-status= }} {{Refend}} ===Mga textbook=== {{Refbegin}} * {{Cite book|title=Electricity and Modern Physics |url=https://archive.org/details/introductiontofi0000benn |edition=2nd|author=G.A.G. Bennet|publisher=Edward Arnold (UK)| date = 1974|isbn=0-7131-2459-8}} * {{Cite book | last = Dibner | first = Bern | title = Oersted and the discovery of electromagnetism | publisher = Literary Licensing, LLC | date = 2012 | isbn =9781258335557}} * {{Cite book | author=Durney, Carl H. and Johnson, Curtis C. | title=Introduction to modern electromagnetics | url=https://archive.org/details/introductiontomo0000durn | publisher=[[McGraw-Hill]] | date = 1969 |isbn=0-07-018388-0}} * {{Cite book|last=Fleisch|first=Daniel|title=A Student's Guide to Maxwell's Equations|url=https://archive.org/details/studentsguidetom0000flei| date = 2008|publisher=Cambridge University Press|location=Cambridge, UK|isbn=978-0-521-70147-1}} * {{Cite book|title=Electromagnetism|edition=2nd|author=I.S. Grant, W.R. Phillips, Manchester Physics|publisher=John Wiley & Sons| date = 2008|isbn=978-0-471-92712-9}} * {{Cite book | last = Griffiths | first = David J. | title = Introduction to Electrodynamics | url = https://archive.org/details/introductiontoel0ed3grif | edition = 3rd | publisher = Prentice Hall | date = 1998 | isbn = 0-13-805326-X | authorlink = David J. Griffiths}} * {{Cite book | last = Jackson | first = John D. | title = Classical Electrodynamics | url = https://archive.org/details/classicalelectro0000jack_e8g9 |author-link=John David Jackson (physicist) |edition = 3rd | publisher = Wiley | date = 1998 | isbn = 0-471-30932-X}} * {{Cite book| last =Moliton| first =André| title = Basic electromagnetism and materials| publisher =Springer-Verlag New York, LLC| date = 2007| location = New York City| work =430 pages| url =http://books.google.com/?id=2kPAIlxjDJwC&printsec=copyright&q=fundamental | isbn =978-0-387-30284-3}} * {{Cite book | author=Purcell, Edward M. | authorlink = Edward Mills Purcell | title=Electricity and Magnetism Berkeley Physics Course Volume 2 (2nd ed.) | publisher=McGraw-Hill | date = 1985 | isbn=0-07-004908-4}} * {{Cite book | author=Rao, Nannapaneni N. | title=Elements of engineering electromagnetics (4th ed.)| publisher=[[Prentice Hall]] | date = 1994 |isbn=0-13-948746-8}} * {{Cite book | last = Rothwell | first = Edward J. | last2 = Cloud |first2=Michael J. | title = Electromagnetics | publisher = CRC Press | date = 2001 | isbn = 0-8493-1397-X}} * {{Cite book | last = Tipler | first = Paul | title = Physics for Scientists and Engineers: Vol. 2: Light, Electricity and Magnetism | edition = 4th | publisher = W. H. Freeman | date = 1998 | isbn = 1-57259-492-6}} * {{Cite book | last = Wangsness | first = Roald K. | last2 = Cloud |first2=Michael J. | title = Electromagnetic Fields (2nd Edition) | url = https://archive.org/details/electromagneticf0000wang | publisher = Wiley | date = 1986 | isbn = 0-471-81186-6}} {{Refend}} ===Mga pankasahiran nga reperensya=== {{Refbegin}} * {{Cite book|title=Concepts of Modern Physics|url=https://archive.org/details/conceptsofmodern00unse|edition=4th|author=A. Beiser|publisher=McGraw-Hill (International)| date = 1987|isbn=0-07-100144-1}} * {{Cite book|title=Physics with Modern Applications|url=https://archive.org/details/physicswithmoder0000gree|author=L.H. Greenberg|publisher=Holt-Saunders International W.B. Saunders and Co| date = 1978|isbn=0-7216-4247-0}} * {{Cite book|pages=12–13| author=R.G. Lerner, G.L. Trigg| title=Encyclopaedia of Physics| publisher=VHC Publishers, Hans Warlimont, Springer|edition=2nd| date = 2005| isbn=978-0-07-025734-4}} * {{Cite book|title=Principles of Physics|author=J.B. Marion, W.F. Hornyak|publisher=Holt-Saunders International Saunders College| date = 1984|isbn=4-8337-0195-2}} * {{Cite book|title=The Physics of Vibrations and Waves|url=https://archive.org/details/physicsofvibrati0003pain|edition=3rd|author=H.J. Pain|publisher=John Wiley & Sons, | date = 1983|isbn=0-471-90182-2}} * {{Cite book|page=| author=C.B. Parker| title=McGraw Hill Encyclopaedia of Physics|url=https://archive.org/details/mcgrawhillencycl1993park| publisher=McGraw Hill|edition=2nd| date = 1994| isbn=0-07-051400-3}} * {{Cite book |author=R. Penrose| title=[[The Road to Reality]]| publisher= Vintage books| date = 2007 | isbn=0-679-77631-1}} * {{Cite book|page=| author=P.A. Tipler, G. Mosca| title=Physics for Scientists and Engineers: With Modern Physics|url=https://archive.org/details/physicsforscient0000tipl| publisher=W.H. Freeman and Co|edition=6th| date = 2008| isbn=9-781429-202657}} * {{Cite book| author=P.M. Whelan, M.J. Hodgeson| title=Essential Principles of Physics| url=https://archive.org/details/essentialprincip0000patr| publisher=John Murray|edition=2nd| date = 1978 | isbn=0-7195-3382-1}} {{Refend}} ==Mga sumpay ha gawas== {{Library resources box |by=no |onlinebooks=no |others=no |about=yes |label=Electromagnetism}} * {{Cite web | last = Oppelt | first = Arnulf | date = 2 Nobyembre 2006 | title = magnetic field strength | url = http://searchcio-midmarket.techtarget.com/definition/magnetic-field-strength | accessdate = 4 Hunyo 2007 | postscript = <!--None--> | archive-date = 7 Agosto 2011 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20110807061805/http://searchcio-midmarket.techtarget.com/definition/magnetic-field-strength | url-status = }} * {{Cite web | title = magnetic field strength converter | url = http://www.unitconversion.org/unit_converter/magnetic-field-strength.html | accessdate = 4 Hunyo 2007 | postscript = <!--None--> }} * [http://scienceworld.wolfram.com/physics/ElectromagneticForce.html Electromagnetic Force] - from Eric Weisstein's World of Physics * {{Cite news|url=http://www.livescience.com/976-ties-bind-atoms-weaker-thought.html |title=Ties That Bind Atoms Weaker Than Thought |newspaper=LiveScience.com |first=Sara |last=Goudarzi |date=2006-08-15 |accessdate=2013-11-12}} * [http://www.quarked.org/askmarks/answer5a.html Quarked Electromagnetic force] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131226032456/http://www.quarked.org/askmarks/answer5a.html |date=2013-12-26 }} - A good introduction for kids * {{YouTube|HcPDc23ZLEs|The Deflection of a Magnetic Compass Needle by a Current in a Wire (video)}} * [http://www.gcsescience.com/pme.htm Electromagnetism abridged] ezwsgnzqxhzwy9t4pduz5icli3sfyor 0 2879741 7782413 7649765 2026-04-07T07:57:49Z InternetArchiveBot 41587 Add 2 books for verifiability (20260407)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 7782413 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox tawo|name=John Fitzgerald Kennedy Jr.|image=JFKJr2.jpg|caption=Kennedy greets invited guests at the [[HBO]] <br>and [[Imagine Entertainment]] premiere held <br>at the [[Kennedy Space Center]] in 1998.|birth name=John Fitzgerald Kennedy Jr.|birth_name=John Fitzgerald Kennedy Jr.|birth date={{birth date|1960|11|25}}|birth_date={{birth date|1960|11|25}}|birth place=[[Washington, D.C.]], U.S.|birth_place=[[Washington, D.C.]], U.S.|death date={{death date and age|1999|7|16|1960|11|25}}|death_date={{death date and age|1999|7|16|1960|11|25}}|death_place=[[Atlantic Ocean]], off the coast of [[Martha's Vineyard]], [[Massachusetts]], U.S.|death cause=[[John F. Kennedy Jr. plane crash|Plane crash]]|death_cause=[[John F. Kennedy Jr. plane crash|Plane crash]]|alma mater=[[Brown University]] <small>([[A.B.]])</small><br>[[New York University]] <small>([[Juris Doctor|J.D.]])</small>|alma_mater=[[Brown University]] <small>([[A.B.]])</small><br>[[New York University]] <small>([[Juris Doctor|J.D.]])</small>|occupation=Journalist, lawyer, magazine publisher|religion=[[Roman Catholic]]|spouse={{marriage|[[Carolyn Bessette-Kennedy]]<br>|1996}}|parents=[[John F. Kennedy]]<br>[[Jacqueline Kennedy Onassis]]|relations=''See [[Kennedy family]]''|relatives=''See [[Kennedy family]]''|signature=John_Kennedy_Jr._Signature.svg}}'''John Fitzgerald Kennedy Jr.''' (Nobyembre 25, 1960 – Julyo 16, 1999), ginkikilalan gihapon nga hi '''JFK Jr. '''o hi '''John John''', usa nga abogado, journalist, and magazine publisher. Hiya nala an nasasalin nga lalaki na anak ni [[Mangulo han Estados Unidos|President]] [[John Fitzgerald Kennedy]] ngan First Lady Jacqueline Kennedy, ngan burubata nga bugto ni Caroline Kennedy. Pinatay an iya tatay ugsa hiya magtulo ka-anyos. Tikang han iya pagkabata, hi Kennedy daan na hiya tisirikat, ngan nasikat hiya bilang usa nga pigura han Manhattan. Nag-iskwela ha pagka-abogado, nagtrabaho ha New York City Assistant District Attorney ha sakob han upat ka-anyos. Han 1995, gin-abrihan niya an ''George'' magazine, gamit han iya political ngan celebrity status para sumikat ini. Namatay hi Kennedy upod an iya asawa nga hi Carolyn Bessette-Kennedy ngan iya magurang na hi Lauren ha the crash han guti-ay nga eroplano nga iya gin-drive-an. Unta, ig-bibilin ni Kennedy hi Lauren ha Martha's Vineyard ugsa kumadto han kasal han iya patod Rory Kennedy ha Hyannis Port. ==White House nga mga Tu-ig== John Fitzgerald Kennedy Jr. gin anak ha Georgetown University Hospital han Nobyambre 25, 1960, duha kasimana katapos maging elected president an iya tatay. May-ada hiya bugto na upat ka-anyos nga burubata ha iya na hi  Arabella. Mayada hia ate na hi Caroline, ngan namatay na bugto na hi Patrick. An iya agnay na "John-John", kay tikang ha usa nga reporter nga nagkamali han bati han iya ngaran bilang "John-John", pero diri ini ginagamit han iya pamilya.<ref name="CNN">[http://www.cnn.com/interactive/specials/9912/yearinreview.passages/content/politics/kennedy.html Kennedy Year in Review] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060513233029/http://www.cnn.com/interactive/specials/9912/yearinreview.passages/content/politics/kennedy.html |date=2006-05-13 }} [//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CNN CNN].</ref> Umukoy hi John Jr. ha [[Busag nga Balay|White House]] ugsa hiya mamatay, ngan naging sikat kutob han iya kamatay. Ginpatay an iya tatay mgada han Nobyembre 22, 1963, nga an state funeral kay gin kada han iya kaadlawan ha sakob han tulo ka-adlaw. An naging iconic na pigura han 1960s, an iya pag-salute ha iya tatay habang ginbabaktas an iya kaba-ong tikang St. Matthew's Cathedral.<ref name="FamousPictures">{{Cite web|date=2007-07-22|url=http://www.famouspictures.org/jfk-jr-salutes-jfk/|title=Famous Pictures Magazine – JFK Jr salutes JFK|publisher=Famous Pictures Magazine|accessdate=2013-05-21|last=Lucas|first=Dean}}</ref> Nagpadayon la gehapon an pamilya nga mag-celebrete han kaadlawan ni John Jr., para ipakita na bisan namatay an ira padre de pamilya mabubuhi la gihapon hira han tahimik.<ref>Leamer, p. 1.</ref> ==Pagpapakasal utro han iya Nanay== Pagkatapos patay-a han iya tatay, bumalin hira ha Upper East Side han [[Manhattan]] sakob New York City upod an iya nanay nga kabugto-an. Han 1967, gin-dara hira han ira na nanay ha Ireland, kun ngain nakikilala han iya nanay hi President [[Éamon de Valera]] ngan gin-bisita an  ancestral home ni Kennedy ha Dunganstown.<ref name="Heymann145146">Heymann, pp. 145-146.</ref> Katapos patay-a an iya uncle na hi Robert  han 1968, gumawas hira han United States, nayakan na: "If they're killing Kennedys, then my children are targets ..... I want to get out of this country."<ref name="NYT obit">{{Cite news|last=Seely, Katherine|author=Seely, Katherine|date=19 Hulyo 1999|work=[[The New York Times]]|title=John F. Kennedy Jr., Heir to a Formidable Dynasty|url=https://www.nytimes.com/1999/07/19/us/john-f-kennedy-jr-heir-to-a-formidable-dynasty.html?pagewanted=all|accessdate=8 Nobyembre 2009}}</ref> Ha pareho nga tu-ig, inasawa han iya nanay an usa nga Greek shipping tycoon Aristotle Onassis, ngan umukoy hira han pribado nga isla han Skorpios. Nayakan na gin-consider ni Kennedy an iya ikaduha nga amay bilang usa nga tuyaw.<ref>Davis, p. 690.</ref> han 1971, bumalik an pamilya ha white house. an anak ni President [[Richard Nixon]] naghatag han  tour ha mga Kennedy upod an iya dati nga kwarto, gin-pakita ni Nixon an Resolute desk kun ngain hiya nagmumulay han una. Kamatay han iy ikaduha nga tatay han 1975, ginbaya-an niya hi Kennedy han $25,000,pero na-ayos hadto han ira nanay para makakuha han $ 20 million ka dolyar para ha iya ngan ha iya mga anak.<ref name="BaltimoreSun">{{Cite news|last=Shane|first=Scott|date=18 Hulyo 1999|title=A life lived in celebrity|url=http://articles.baltimoresun.com/1999-07-18/news/9907180015_1_barlow-john-fitzgerald-kennedy-jacqueline-kennedy-onassis/2|publisher=Baltimore Sun|access-date=2017-03-10|archive-date=2015-05-05|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150505034513/http://articles.baltimoresun.com/1999-07-18/news/9907180015_1_barlow-john-fitzgerald-kennedy-jacqueline-kennedy-onassis/2|url-status=dead}}</ref> Han 1976, hi Kennedy nga an iya kapaturan bumisita han gin-lindol ha Rabinal in Guatemala, nagbulig hira han pangayad nga makasaradang han pagka-on. Nayakan an ira padre ngadto nga "they ate what the people of Rabinal ate and dressed in Guatemalan clothes and slept in tents like most of the earthquake victims", dugang pa "did more for their country's image" ha Guatemala "than a roomful of ambassadors."<ref name="Leigh195">Leigh, pp. 195-196.</ref> Pagtung-tung niya han 16 nagtapos an iya Secret Service protection.<ref name="Leigh137">Leigh, p. 137.</ref> Han summer han 1978, nag trabaho hiya ha wrangler ha Wyoming.<ref>Landau, p. 77.</ref> Ugsa kumadto ha [[Unibersidad Brown|Brown University]], ginupdan niya an iya nanay ha Africa. Ha usa nga pioneering course, gin-sagib niya an usa ka-grupo, nga nawara ha sakob han duha ka adlaw nga waray dara nga pagla-on o tubig, nagda-og han point para leadership.<ref>Leigh, p. 235.</ref> han 1979, an John F. Kennedy Presidential Library and Museum gin-dedicated, ngan ha kauna-unahan nga beses ng speech hi Kennedy, gin-recite niya an poem ni Stephen Spender na "I Think Continually of Those Who Were Truly Great".<ref>Leigh, p. 251.</ref> ==Edukasyon== Nag-attendar hi Kennedy ha damu nga private nga eskwelahan ha New York, una ha Saint David's School tapos ha Collegiate, kun nga-in niya gin tapos an iya tenth-grade, ngan nagtapos han highschool ha Phillips Academy Andover, Massachusetts. Pagkatapos paka-graduate, kumadto hiya ha [[Unibersidad Brown|Brown University]] kun ngain nag-major hiya han American studies.<ref>Leigh, pp. 236-237.</ref> Dinhi bumulig hiya han pag-tindog han usa ka discussion group nga nag-fofocuse ha contemporary issues sugad han [[apartheid]] ha South Africa, gun control, ngan civil rights. Ginbisita an South Africa han usa ka summer break, ginharangan hiya han apartheid, ngan gin-arrange niya para an U.N. Ambassador Andrew Young nga magyakan tunkol hini nga nahihitabo ha Brown.<ref>Landau, p. 78.</ref> Han iya Junior year ha Brown, Bumalin hiya ha usa ka balay nga gawas han campus kun diin mayaada hiya kalungon,<ref>Landau, p. 82.</ref> Ngan tumambay ha usa ka-bar na tagiya ni Howard Stein. Bumulig hi Kennedy ha usa nga fraternity na Phi Psi,  an Rhode Island Alpha Chapter of national Phi Kappa Psi fraternity kutob 1978.<ref>Robert T. Littell, ''The Men We Became: My Friendship With John F. Kennedy, Jr.'' (St. Martin's Press 2004), [https://books.google.com/books?id=8lfKFx22v7UC&pg=PA4&dq=Kennedy+%22Phi+Psi%22&hl=en&ei=uCl7TvDWGeP50gHri_3kAg&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=3&ved=0CDsQ6AEwAg#v=onepage&q=%22Phi%20Psi%22&f=false passim].</ref> nakagraduate han 1983 nga may bachelor's degree ha American studies, ngan nagtrabaho ha India nga umukoy hiya ha University of Delhi, kun nga-in niya nakilala hi [[Nanay Teresa|Mother Teresa]]. Nagtrabaho gihapon hiya ha mga Kennedy special interest projects, upod an the East Harlem School ha Exodus House ngan Reaching Up. ==Uro-aga na Karera== Pagkatapos han 1984 Democratic Convention ha San Francisco, bumalik hi Kennedy ha New York ngan nakakakuha han $20,000 kadatu-ig ha position ha Office of Business Development, kun nga-in an iya agaron natuod na "in the same crummy cubbyhole as everybody else. I heaped on the work and was always pleased."<ref name="mgross.com">{{Cite web|url=http://mgross.com/writing/profiles/jfk1/|title=Favorite Son|date=20 Marso 1989|publisher=New York Magazine|first=Michael|last=Gross|access-date=2017-03-10|archive-date=2020-09-19|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200919195904/https://mgross.com/writing/profiles/jfk1/|url-status=}}</ref> Tikang1984 tikadto 1986, nagtrabaho hiya ha New York City Office of Business Development ngan nagsilbi nga deputy director han 42nd Street Development Corporation han 1986, nag-nenegotiate han mga developers ngan city agencies. Han 1988, naging summer associate ha Manatt, Phelps, Rothenberg & Phillips, usa nga Los Angeles law firm nga mayada madig-on na pagkaurugpod ha Democratic part. Dinhi nagtrabaho hiya para kan Charlie Manatt, kan iya uncle Ted Kennedy roommate han eskwela pa ==Pag-arte== Usa ha iya mga passions ang pag-arte (bumulig hiya ha mga plays ha Brown.) I gin-himu nga karera ang pag-aarte, pero na diri an iya nanay.<ref name="A&E Biography">A&E Biography</ref>Ha Augusto 4, 1985, Um-arte hiya ha usa nga invitation-only audience ha Irish Theater ngadto ha west side han Manhattan. Executive director han the Irish Arts Center, Nye Heron,nagyakan na hi Kennedy "one of the best young actors I've seen in years".<ref name="Bly279">Bly, p. 279.</ref> Director ni Kennedy, Robin Saex nagyakan na "He has an earnestness that just shines through." An iya pinakadako na role kay usa nga fictionalized version han iya sarili ha the season eight episode of sitcom ''Murphy Brown'', gintawag na 'Altered States'. hini nga episode binisita ni Kennedy hi Brown ha iya office para i-promote an magazine na iya pinapublish. ==Activity han Pamilya== Gin-adress ni Kennedy an 1988 Democratic National Convention, upod an iya uncle na hi Senator Ted Kennedy. Ginamit niya an inaugural address han iya tatay, tinatawag niya nga "a generation to public service", ngan naka-receive han two-minute standing ovation.<ref name="NYTimesDeath">{{Cite news|last=Selye|first=Katherine Q.|date=19 Hulyo 1999|title=John F. Kennedy Jr., Heir To a Formidable Dynasty|url=https://www.nytimes.com/1999/07/19/us/john-f-kennedy-jr-heir-to-a-formidable-dynasty.html?module=Search&mabReward=relbias%3As|publisher=New York Times}}</ref> Yakan han Republican consultant na hi Richard Viguerie, diri niya nahihinumduman bisan usa han speech pero maupay kuno an ka-deliver, yakan pa niya "I think it was a plus for the Democrats and the boy. He is strikingly handsome."<ref name="Wadler1988">{{Cite news|last=Wadler|first=Joyce|date=12 Septyembre 1988|title=The Sexiest Kennedy|url=http://www.people.com/people/archive/article/0,,20099904,00.html}}</ref> Binuligan ni Kennedy an iya patod na hi Patrick J. Kennedy ha iya campanya para ha usa ka posisyon ha Rhode Island House of Representatives pa-agi han pagbibisita han opisina.<ref>Bly, p. 297.</ref> Lumingkod hiya ha gawas han usa ka polling booth ngan nagpapictuce upod han mga "would-be" voters. Gumana han duro an polaroid ploy nga campanya asya ginamit utro ni Patrick J. Kennedy han 1994. ==Nonprofit work, graduation tikang ha law school== Tikang han 1989, ginbuligan ni Kennedy an Reaching up, usa ka nonprofit group nga nag-proprovide han educational ngan iba nga opurtunidad para ha mga workers nga nabulig han mga tawo nga may kapansanan. William Ebenstein, executive director han Reaching Up, nagyakan na, "He was always concerned with the working poor, and his family always had an interest in helping them." Han 1989, nakakuha han J.D. degree tikang ha New York University School of Law hi Kennedy.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Heymann|first=Clemens David| date = 2007|title=American Legacy: The Story of John & Caroline Kennedy|pages=323|publisher=Simon and Schuster|isbn=0-7434-9738-4|ISBN=0-7434-9738-4}}</ref> Bumagsak hiya han bar exam makaduha,ugsa makapasar han Julyo 1990.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Blow|last2=Bradley, Richard|author2=Bradley, Richard|first=Richard| date = 2002|title=American Son: A Portrait of John F. Kennedy, Jr.|url=https://archive.org/details/americansonportr00blow|pages=[https://archive.org/details/americansonportr00blow/page/16 17]|publisher=Macmillan|isbn=0-312-98899-0|ISBN=0-312-98899-0}}</ref> Nagsaad hi Kennedy pagkatapos han ikaduha nga makapasar na hiya bisan pa mag-95 ka-anyos pa hiya, pero bisan man waray hiya pakapasar ha ikatulo magging prosecutor man la gihapon hiya ha Manhattan district attorney's office, kun ngain hiya makagtrabaho ha sakob han upat ka-anyos<ref>{{Cite news|date=4 Nobyembre 1990|title=John F. Kennedy Jr. Passes Bar Exam|url=http://articles.latimes.com/1990-11-04/news/mn-5683_1_john-f-kennedy-jr|publisher=Los Angeles Times}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|last=Spoto|first=Donald| date = 2000|title=Jacqueline Bouvier Kennedy Onassis: A Life|url=https://archive.org/details/jacquelinebouvie00spot_0|pages=[https://archive.org/details/jacquelinebouvie00spot_0/page/329 330]|publisher=Macmillan|isbn=0-312-97707-7|ISBN=0-312-97707-7}}</ref> hann Augusto 29, 1991, Nagdaog hiya han iya syahan nga kaso.<ref>{{Cite news|last=Sullivan|first=Ronald|date=30 Agosto 1991|title=Prosecutor Kennedy Wins First Trial, Easily|url=https://www.nytimes.com/1991/08/30/nyregion/prosecutor-kennedy-wins-first-trial-easily.html|publisher=The New York Times}}</ref> Han summer 1992, nagtrabaho hiya bilang usa ka journalist ha ''The New York Times'' para magsurat ha articolo tungkol han iya kayaking expedition tikadto ha Aland Archipelago, kun nga-in iya gin sagib an iya sankay han nag-capsized an iya kayak.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Andersen|first=Christopher| date = 2014|title=The Good Son: JFK Jr. and the Mother He Loved|url=https://archive.org/details/isbn_9781476775562|pages=[https://archive.org/details/isbn_9781476775562/page/266 266]–267.|publisher=Gallery Books|isbn=978-1476775562|ISBN=978-1476775562}}</ref> Naisipan niya magtindog han magazine upon an iya sakay, public relations magnate Michael J. Berman - plano nga yakan han iya nanay ng delikado. Ngada han libro han 2001 ''The Day John Died'', ginsurat ni Christopher Andersen na hi Jacqueline kay nahadlok namamatay an iya anak ha eroplano, ngan nagpakiana kan Maurice Tempelsman "to do whatever it took to keep John from becoming a pilot".<ref>{{Cite news|date=11 Hulyo 2000 <!-- year per pub date of "new" book mentioned in source -->|title=Book: JFK. Jr's Death Foretold|url=http://abcnews.go.com/US/story?id=91891&page=1|publisher=ABC News}}</ref> ==Politics== Ginpakianahan hi Kennedy kun naruyag hiya magkandidato pero yakan niya diri. Natuod hi Ted Kennedy nga politics an kan Johon Destiny, Ngan pinirit hiya nga kumandidato makadamo. Ha usa nga burutusay nayakan na hi John Kennedy Jr. an pinakasikat na democrat ha New York. Nayakan na  makarida unta hi John ha Senate han 2000 para balyuan an usa ka retiring Senator Daniel Patrick Moynihan.{{Citation needed|reason=Citation needed|date=March 2017}} Pero pagtika-iha nayakan liwat hira nga kandidato hiya para ka governor para makalaban hi George Pataki. {{Citation needed|reason=Citation needed|date=March 2017}} ==''George'' magazine== Han 1995, gintindug ni Kennedy ngan Michael Berman an ''George'', usa ka glossy, politics-as-lifestyle ngan fashion monthly,kun ngain 50 porsyento han share kay hiya an nakapot. Kennedy officially launched the magazine at a news conference in Manhattan on September 8, and joked that he had not seen so many reporters in one place since he failed his first bar exam. Kada issue nga aadto kay sinurat ni Kennedy,<ref name="Sumner">{{Cite book|last=Sumner|first=David E.| date = 2010|title=The Magazine Century: American Magazines Since 1900|url=https://archive.org/details/magazinecenturya0000sumn|pages=[https://archive.org/details/magazinecenturya0000sumn/page/201 201]|publisher=Peter Lang International Academic Publishers|isbn=978-1433104930|ISBN=978-1433104930}}</ref> nga natuod nga it politics "accessible by covering it in an entertaining and compelling way" Nga magpapa-agi "popular interest and involvement" nga sumunod. Na-interview na ni Kennedy hira Louis Farrakhan, [[Billy Graham]], Garth Brooks ngan damo pa nga iba.<ref name="Landau100-102">Landau, pp. 100-102.</ref> Nagyakan an Conservative commentator na hi Ann Coulter na ''George'' kay "truly a political magazine, not a Democratic magazine". Nayakan an Coulter nga na hanga adto hi Kennedy ha iya kayt tungod han iya gisurat nga articolo laban ha usa ka congressman han fourth district of Columbia, nayakan gihapon an babaye nga gintuyaw kuno hira ni Kennedy nga "predictable bore" ngada han katungod na waray hiya ebidensya.<ref>Coulter, pp. 317-318.</ref> An syahan nga isue ka litrato ni Cindy Crawford Kunuhay hi [[George Washington]] nakasulot han wig ngan ruffled shirt. Depensa ni Kennedy para han cover "political magazines should look like Mirabella."<ref name="Landau99">Landau, p. 99.</ref> In July 1997, ''Vanity Fair'' had published a profile of Mayor of New York City Rudy Giuliani claiming that the mayor was sleeping with his press secretary (which both parties denied). Although tempted to follow up on this story, Kennedy decided against it.<ref>Blow, pp. 174-175.</ref> The same month, Kennedy wrote about meeting [[Nanay Teresa|Mother Teresa]], declaring that the "three days I spent in her presence was the strongest evidence this struggling Catholic has ever had that God exists."<ref name="Sumner"/> Han Septyembre 1997 an issue han ''George'' kay nag-cento ha mga temptation, upod nganhi an kapaturan ni Kennedy na hira, Michael LeMoyne Kennedy Ngan Joseph P. Kennedy II. Hi Michael ka gin acusahan nga may relasyon han bata nga yaya han anak, habang hi Joe kay gin acusahan nga nangastigo han iya dati nga asawa. Yakan ni John nga an iya kapaturan kay naging "poster boys for bad behaviour" - Damu an natuog nga ini an syahan na gumawas nga isue nga usa ka Kennedy gin labtan an usa pa ka Kennedy. Igintry ini pagpakita na an mga yakan han media kay diri patas kay mga Kennedy hira.<ref name="Andersen, p. 316">Andersen, p. 316.</ref> Pero iniba niya an yakan han tatay ni John, "Ask not what you can do for your cousin, but what you can do for his magazine."<ref>Leigh, pp. 322-323.</ref> === Magazine decline === Uru-aga han 1997, naka-ada han dako nga problema hi Kennedy and Berman, Nga nagresulta ha mas damo nga mga problema. Waray pag-iha gin baligya ni Berman an iya share han companya, ngan inako ni Kennedy an mga responsibilidad ni Berman. Bisan an companya nalulugi na, an pag lakat ni Berman kay nagresulta ha malaksi nga paghabubo han ira mga baligya.. David Pecker, CEO han Hachette Filipacchi Magazines, Nga partner han ''George'', nayakan na kan Kennedy kuno sala kay na diri hiya mag "take risks as an editor, despite the fact that he was an extraordinary risk taker in other areas of his life." yakan ni Pecker, "He understood that the target audience for ''George'' was the eighteen-to-thirty-four-year-old demographic, yet he would routinely turn down interviews that would appeal to this age group, like [[Diana, Prinsesa han Wales|Princess Diana]] or John Gotti, Jr., to interview subjects like Dan Rostenkowski or [[Vo Nguyen Giap]], an obscure North Vietnamese general."<ref name="Heymann438">Heymann, p. 438.</ref> Di pala naiha ugsa hiya mamatay, Plano hadto ni Kennedy nga magset-up han series of online chats para ha 2000 nga presidential candidates. Tumugot an [[Microsoft]] Nga hira an ma hatag han technolohiya ngan kwarta kabalyo han pag-advertise ha ''George''.<ref name="Blow274">Blow, p. 274.</ref> Katapos niya kamatay, gin palit ni Hachette an ''George'',<ref name="media">Bercovici, Jeff (2001). </ref> pero nagsara gihapon in han 2001.<ref name="cnn">[http://transcripts.cnn.com/TRANSCRIPTS/0101/06/rs.00.html "Reliable Sources: 'George' Folds"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160418152349/http://transcripts.cnn.com/TRANSCRIPTS/0101/06/rs.00.html |date=2016-04-18 }}.</ref> ==Personal Nga Kinabuhi== Han namatay an nanay ni Kennedy na hi Jacqueline ngadto han Mayo 19, 1994, sinuportahan niya an iya bugto na hi Caroline, nga mas gusto han pribado nga lamay, na diri ha iya Uncle Ted, Ngan naruyag han respeto tikang publico han ira mga pribado nga kinabuhi. Asawa ni Caroline na hi Edwin Schlossberg ngan Maurice Tempelsman ( sangkay ni Jackie) kay sinusuportahan hiya.<ref>Heymann, p. 387.</ref> Katapos han lubong ha  Arlington National Cemetery, Hiya ngan an iya bugto nagsagawa han mga guti nga mga yakan. Binisita niya an iya tatay nga aniya uncle Bobby ugsa lumakat upod han iya bugto.<ref>Leigh, p. 351.</ref> Masnaging close hiya ngan an iya bugto katapos ka matay han ira nanay; an iraskim, with Kennedy telling his worrying sister that he planned to live to "a ripe old age."<ref name="Andersen4-5">Andersen, pp. 4-5.</ref> ==Relationships== Usa ka lama an gin da-os para kan Kennedy han 23 Hulyo 1999 ha Church of St. Thomas More, usa ka church  nga pirmi gin-aatendaran han pamilya Kennedy. An invitation-only service kay gin attenderan han damu nga tawo, upod hi Presidente Bill Clinton, nga nagpresentar han mga litrato han mag asawa han ira pagbisita han usa katu-ig.<ref>Landau, p. 23.</ref> Ngada han last will and testament ni Kennedy nayakan nga tanan nga iya gamit kamakukuha ni Caroline nga iya bugto, Dapat kuno nga parantay an makukuha han mga anak ni Caroline, 14 hira ng magtuturunga. ==Legacia== John F. Kennedy Jr. kauna-unaha nga anak han President-elect of the United States. Han ika-50th annibersaryo han assassination han tatay ni John Jr. Nobyebre 22, 1963, an ''New York Daily News'' kay nagpakita han mga sikat na picture han three-year-old Kennedy nga nag-salute ha iya tatay ha kaba-ong. Photographer Dan Farrell, nga kumuha han litrato, tinawag niya nga "the saddest thing I've ever seen in my whole life".<ref>{{Cite news|date=17 Nobyembre 2013|title=Daily News' iconic photo of JFK Jr.'s salute to dad's coffin still haunts|url=http://www.nydailynews.com/new-york/daily-news-photo-jfk-jr-s-salute-dad-haunts-article-1.1520240|publisher=New York Daily News}}</ref> Han 2000, Reaching Up, usa ka organisasyon nga gin tindog ni Kennedy han 1989, nakipagtrabaho ha City University of New York para itindog an John F. Kennedy, Jr. Institute.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.cuny.edu/about/administration/offices/hhs/jfkjrinstitute.html|title=JFK, JR. INSTITUTE FOR WORKER EDUCATION|access-date=2017-03-10|archive-date=2015-05-22|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150522065830/http://www.cuny.edu/about/administration/offices/hhs/jfkjrinstitute.html|url-status=dead}}</ref> han Septyembre 19, 2003, an ARCO Forum ha Harvard University's Kennedy School of Government kay gin-ngaranan nga the John F. Kennedy Jr. Forum of Public Affairs. usa ka-actibo na membro han mga Forum events, membro gihapon hi Kennedy han IOP's Senior Advisory Committee sakob han kinsi ka-anyos. An uncle ni Kennedy na hi Senator Ted Kennedy, nagyakan na nga magsisimbolo ini nga koneksyon ni Kennedy ngada is tatay ngan kabugtuan.<ref>{{Cite news|last=Kicenuik|first=Kimberly A.|date=22 Septyembre 2003|title=ARCO Forum at IOP Renamed In Honor of John F. Kennedy Jr.|url=http://www.thecrimson.com/article/2003/9/22/arco-forum-at-iop-renamed-in/|publisher=The Harvard Crimson}}</ref> ==References== {{Mga kasarigan|30em}} [[Kaarangay:Mga natawo han 1960]] [[Kaarangay:Mga namatay han 1999]] co9up0ahz614qucnt8tvxfl75irbbmb 10 2882400 7782420 6234159 2026-04-07T08:01:23Z Danny Benjafield (WMDE) 58179 + update to optimised template code per [[phab:T416825]] 7782420 wikitext text/x-wiki {{ #if:{{NAMESPACE}}|| {{ #if:{{{1|}}} | | {{ #if:{{{2|}}} | | {{ #if:{{#property:P18}} | [[Category:No local image but image on Wikidata]] | }} }} }} }}<noinclude> {{doc}} </noinclude> cjfafizm8gxcwz6s173sfpq6f21m2b4 0 2884786 7782339 6283924 2026-04-07T06:42:00Z InternetArchiveBot 41587 Add 1 book for verifiability (20260407)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 7782339 wikitext text/x-wiki :''Iní nga barasahon mahitungod han emirato. Para han syudad, pakadto ha [[Ras al-Khaimah]]''. {{Infobox settlement | name = Emirato han Ras al-Khaimah | official_name = Emirato han Ras Al Khaimah | native_name = {{lang|ar|إِمَارَة رَأْس ٱلْخَيْمَة|Imārat Raʾs Al-Khaymah}} | native_name_lang = ar | other_name = Ra's al-Khaymah, Ras Al-Khaimah, Ras al-Khaimah o RAK | settlement_type = [[Emirato]] | image_skyline = {{Photomontage | photo1a = Aerial view of RAK City from Al Qawasim Corniche flagpole.jpg | photo2a = H. H. Sheikh Zayed Masjed By Eng. Fadi Fayyadh Al Toubeh - panoramio.jpg | photo2b = Ras Al Khaimah sunset.jpg | photo3a = Ras Al Khaimah Fort.jpg | photo3b = The Cove Rotana Resort. - panoramio.jpg | size = 280 | spacing = 2 | color = transparent | border = 0 }} | image_caption = Tipatuo tikang ha igba: Mga mangrove nga nakikit-an tikang han Al Qawasim corniche nga poste hin bandera, Ras Al Khaimah nga sapa, Rotana nga resort Ras Al Khaimah, Ras Al Khaimah nga museo hin fort, Sheikh Zayed Mosque ha Ras Al Khaimah | image_flag = Flag of Ras al-Khaimah.svg | image_shield = Ae rak-escudo.png | image_map = Ras al-Khaimah in United Arab Emirates.svg | map_alt = | map_caption = Kahamutang han Ras Al Khaimah ha EAU | coordinates = | subdivision_type = Nasod | subdivision_name = {{flag|Emiratos Arabes Unidos}} | subdivision_type1 = [[Emirato]] | subdivision_name1 = {{flagu|Ras Al Khaimah}} | government_type = [[Absoluta nga monarkiya]] | leader_title1 = Namumuno | leader_name1 = [[Saud bin Saqr al Qasimi]] | area_magnitude = | area_total_km2 = 2486 | area_total_sq_mi = 960 <!-- Do not remove per [[WP:MOSNUM]] --> | area_rank = ika-4 | population_total = 416,600 | population_as_of = 2018 | population_rank = ika-5 | leader_title2 = [[Prinsipe han korona|Prinsipe han Korona]] | leader_name2 = [[Mohammed bin Saud al Qasimi]] }} An '''Emirato han Ras Al Khaimah''' ('''RAK''') ({{lang-ar|رَأْس ٱلْخَيْمَة}}; {{IPA-ar|raʔs lˈxajma|IPA}}) usá nga emirato ha nasod han [[Emiratos Arabes Unidos]]. Agsob gihapon ginsusurat it ngaran nga '''Ras al Khaimah'''<ref>{{cite book |last1=Hawley |first1=Donald |title=The Trucial States |date=1971 |publisher=Allen & Unwin|year=|isbn=0049530054|location=London|page=17 |url=https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=OnhCBuXmeWYC&printsec=frontcover&source=gbs_ge_summary_r&cad=0#v=onepage&q&f=false |accessdate=24 Nobyembre 2018}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last1=Heard-Bey |first1=Frauke |title=From Trucial States to United Arab Emirates: A Society in Transition |url=https://archive.org/details/fromtrucialstate0000hear |date=1982 |publisher=Longman |location=London |isbn=9780582780323 |page=[https://archive.org/details/fromtrucialstate0000hear/page/84 84]}}</ref> ngan '''Ras al-Khaimah'''.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Zahlan |first1=Rosemarie |title=The origins of the United Arab Emirates: a political and social history of the Trucial States |url=https://archive.org/details/originsofuniteda0000zahl |date=1978 |publisher=MacMillan |location=London |isbn=9781317244653 |page=[https://archive.org/details/originsofuniteda0000zahl/page/50 50]}}</ref> An pamunuan hiní an [[Ras al-Khaimah|syudad han Ras al-Khaimah]] nga panalagsa ginpapahalipot nga '''Syudad han RAK''' o '''RAK nga Syudad''',<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.lonelyplanet.com/united-arab-emirates/the-northern-emirates/ras-al-khaimah|title=Ras Al Khaimah|website=Lonely Planet}}</ref> ngan amo an urukyan han kadam-an nga mga molupyo han emirato. ==Mga pinambasaran== {{reflist}} {{turok}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Ras al-Khaimah}} [[Kaarangay:Emiratos Arabes Unidos]] bpyr5qzpgr3xggfvvk7unlg1ri8oh2h 0 2886546 7782391 7775412 2026-04-07T07:36:19Z InternetArchiveBot 41587 Add 1 book for verifiability (20260407)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 7782391 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox person |name=Floria Sigismondi |image=Image Floria Sigismondi.jpg |image_size= |caption=Hi Sigismondi han 2011 |birth_date={{Birth year and age|1965}} |birth_place=[[Pescara]], [[Abruzzo (rehiyon)|Abruzzo]], [[Italya]] |death_date= |death_place= |education=[[Ontario College of Art]] |occupation=Film director, screenwriter, music video director, artist, photographer |years_active=1992–yanâ |spouse=[[Lawrence Rothman]] |children=1 |parents= |relatives= |website={{URL|www.floriasigismondi.com|floriasigismondi.com}} }} Hi '''Floria Sigismondi''' (natawo 1965) usá nga Italyana-Kanadyense nga direktor hin pelikula, manunurat-para-hin-screen, direktor hin video hin musika, artista, ngan paragritrato. Kilalado hiyá tungod han pagsurat ngan pagdirekta han ''[[The Runaways (2010 film)|The Runaways]]'', pagdirekta hin mga [[video hin musika]] para hin mga nagpapasundayag sugad kanda [[Christina Aguilera]], [[Justin Timberlake]], [[Rihanna]], [[Leonard Cohen]], [[Katy Perry]] ngan [[David Bowie]], ngan mga patalastas para hin mga brand sugad han [[Gucci]], [[Make-up Art Cosmetics|MAC]], [[Target Corporation|Target]] ngan [[Nike, Inc.|Nike]]. Nagdirekta gihapon hi Sigismondi ha telebisyon upod in duhá nga episodyo han ''[[The Handmaid's Tale (serye hin TV)|The Handmaid's Tale]]'' ngan ''[[American Gods (serye hin TV)|American Gods]]''. ==Pilmograpiya== * ''[https://www.imdb.com/title/tt0881943 Postmortem Bliss]'' (short film, 2006) * ''[[The Runaways (2010 film)|The Runaways]]'' (2010) * ''[[Valtari|Leaning Towards Solace]]'' (short film, 2012) * ''[[Hemlock Grove (TV series)|Hemlock Grove]]'' (TV series, episode "Bodily Fluids", 2014) * ''[[Daredevil (TV series)|Daredevil]]'' (TV series, episode "Kinbaku", 2016) * ''[[The Handmaid's Tale (TV series)|The Handmaid's Tale]]'' (TV series, 2017) * ''[[American Gods (TV series)|American Gods]]'' (TV series, 2017) * ''[[The Turning (2020 film)|The Turning]]'' (2020) ==Mga music video==<!--[[Music video director]] links directly here.--> {{BLP sources section|date= Hulyo 2013}} '''Direktor''' {| class="wikitable sortable plainrowheaders" ! scope="col" style="text-align:center;" |Titulo ! scope="col" style="text-align:center;" |Tuig ! scope="col" style="text-align:center;" |Artista ! scope="col" class="unsortable" style="text-align:center;" |Mga Tigaman |- |"This is My Life" | style="text-align:center;" |1992 |[[Rita Chiarelli]] |<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.imdb.com/title/tt6829166/|title=Rita Chiarelli: This Is My Life (Video 1992) - IMDb|access-date=29 Mayo 2018}}</ref> |- |"[[A Certain Slant of Light]]" | style="text-align:center;" |1993 |[[The Tea Party]] |<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.imdb.com/title/tt6829154/|title=The Tea Party: A Certain Slant of Light (Video 1993) - IMDb|access-date=29 Mayo 2018}}</ref> |- |"[[Save Me (The Tea Party song)|Save Me]]" | style="text-align:center;" |1993 |[[The Tea Party]] |<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.imdb.com/title/tt6829160/|title=The Tea Party: Save Me (Video 1993) - IMDb|access-date=29 Mayo 2018}}</ref> |- |"[[The River (The Tea Party song)|The River]]" | style="text-align:center;" |1993 |[[The Tea Party]] |<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.imdb.com/title/tt6829146/|title=The Tea Party: The River (Video 1993) - IMDb|access-date=29 Mayo 2018}}</ref> |- |"[[The Birdman (song)|The Birdman]]" | style="text-align:center;" |1994 |[[Our Lady Peace]] |version 1<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.imdb.com/title/tt6829138/|title=Our Lady Peace: The Birdman (Video 1994) - IMDb|date= Marso 1994}}</ref> |- |"Blue" | style="text-align:center;" |1995 |[[Harem Scarem]] |<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.imdb.com/title/tt6829132/|title=Blue: Harem Scarem (Video 1995) - IMDb|access-date=29 Mayo 2018}}</ref> |- |"Four Leaf Clover" | style="text-align:center;" |1996 |[[Catherine (alternative rock band)|Catherine]] |<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.imdb.com/title/tt6829112/|title=Catherine: Four Leaf Clover (Video 1996) - IMDb|date= Hulyo 1996}}</ref> |- |"[[The Beautiful People (Marilyn Manson song)|The Beautiful People]]" | style="text-align:center;" |1996 |[[Marilyn Manson (band)|Marilyn Manson]] |<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|url=http://www.mtv.com/news/2578114/the-runaways-music-videos/|title='The Runaways' Director Floria Sigismondi's 10 Best Music Videos - MTV|date=19 Marso 2010|access-date=2020-04-08|archive-date=2020-04-08|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200408014417/http://www.mtv.com/news/2578114/the-runaways-music-videos/|url-status=}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.imdb.com/title/tt6760866/|title=Marilyn Manson: The Beautiful People (Video 1996) - IMDb|date=22 Septyembre 1996}}</ref> |- |"Anna Is a Speed Freak" | style="text-align:center;" |1996 |[[Pure (Canadian band)|Pure]] |<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.imdb.com/title/tt6829122/|title=Pure: Anna Is a Speed Freak (Video 1996) - IMDb|date= Oktubre 1996}}</ref> |- |"[[Tourniquet (Marilyn Manson song)|Tourniquet]]" | style="text-align:center;" |1996 |[[Marilyn Manson (band)|Marilyn Manson]] |<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.imdb.com/title/tt6829094/|title=Marilyn Manson: Tourniquet (Video 1996) - IMDb|date= Disyembre 1996}}</ref> |- |"[[Little Wonder (song)|Little Wonder]]" | style="text-align:center;" |1996 |[[David Bowie]] |<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.moma.org/collection/works/118127|title=David Bowie, Floria Sigismondi. Little Wonder. 1997|publisher=MoMA|access-date=29 Mayo 2018}}</ref><ref name=":1">{{Cite web|url=http://www.floriasigismondi.com/film/|title=Film|website=Floria Sigismondi|access-date= 25 Pebrero 2016|archive-date= 3 Marso 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160303234437/http://www.floriasigismondi.com/film/|url-status=}}</ref> |- |"Black Eye" | style="text-align:center;" |1997 |[[Fluffy (band)|Fluffy]] |<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.imdb.com/title/tt6829080/|title=Fluffy: Black Eye (Video 1997) - IMDb|date= Marso 1997}}</ref> |- |"[[Dead Man Walking (song)|Dead Man Walking]]" | style="text-align:center;" |1997 |[[David Bowie]] |<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.imdb.com/title/tt6761508/|title=David Bowie: Dead Man Walking (Video 1997) - IMDb|date=14 Abril 1997}}</ref> |- |"Makes Me Wanna Die" | style="text-align:center;" |1997 |[[Tricky (musician)|Tricky]] |<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.imdb.com/title/tt6829068/|title=Tricky: Makes Me Wanna Die (Video 1997) - IMDb|date=14 Abril 1997}}</ref> |- |"[[(Can't You) Trip Like I Do]]" | style="text-align:center;" |1997 |[[Filter (band)|Filter]] & [[The Crystal Method]] |<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.imdb.com/title/tt6829010/|title=Filter Feat. The Crystal Method: Can't You - Trip Like I Do (Video 1997) - IMDb|date=29 Hulyo 1997}}</ref> |- |"[[Anything but Down]]" | style="text-align:center;" |1998 |[[Sheryl Crow]] |<ref name=":0" /> |- |"[[Sweet Surrender (Sarah McLachlan song)|Sweet Surrender]]" | style="text-align:center;" |1998 |[[Sarah McLachlan]] |<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://ew.com/article/1998/02/13/hear-and-now-feb-13-1998/|title=Hear and Now: Feb. 13, 1998|publisher=Entertainment Weekly|date=13 Pebrero 1998|access-date=2020-04-08|archive-date=2020-04-07|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200407174250/https://ew.com/article/1998/02/13/hear-and-now-feb-13-1998/|url-status=}}</ref> |- |"Most High" | style="text-align:center;" |1998 |[[Robert Plant]] & [[Jimmy Page]] |<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.imdb.com/title/tt6828958/|title=Jimmy Page & Robert Plant: Most High (Video 1998) - IMDb|date= Marso 1998}}</ref> |- |"Chinese Burn" | style="text-align:center;" |1998 |[[Curve (band)|Curve]] |<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.imdb.com/title/tt6828844/|title=Curve: Chinese Burn (Video 1998) - IMDb|access-date=31 Mayo 2018}}</ref> |- |"Can't Get Loose" | style="text-align:center;" |1998 |[[Barry Adamson]] |<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.imdb.com/title/tt6828776/|title=Barry Adamson: Can't Get Loose (Video 1998) - IMDb|date=4 Abril 1998}}</ref> |- |"Get Up" | style="text-align:center;" |1999 |[[Amel Larrieux]] |<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.imdb.com/title/tt6828728/|title=Amel Larrieux: Get Up (Video 1999) - IMDb|date= Nobyembre 1999}}</ref> |- |"[[I've Seen It All]]" | style="text-align:center;" |2000 |[[Björk]] |interactive "webeo" version<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.imdb.com/title/tt6828638/|title=Björk: I've Seen It All, Webeo Version (Video 2000) - IMDb|access-date=31 Mayo 2018}}</ref> |- |"4 Ton Mantis" | style="text-align:center;" |2000 |[[Amon Tobin]] |<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.cultframe.com/2006/12/4-ton-mantis-videoclip-di-amon-tobin/|title=4 Ton Mantis. Videoclip di Amon Tobin diretto da Floria Sigismondi - CultFrame - Arti Visive|language=it|date= Disyembre 2006}}</ref> |- |"In My Secret Life" | style="text-align:center;" |2001 |[[Leonard Cohen]] |<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://junoawards.ca/nomination/2002-best-video-floria-sigismondi-leonard-cohen/|title=2002 - Best Video - Floria Sigismondi, Leonard Cohen - The JUNO Awards|access-date=31 Mayo 2018}}</ref><ref name=":1" /> |- |"Black Amour" | style="text-align:center;" |2002 |[[Barry Adamson]] |<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.imdb.com/title/tt6828206/|title=Barry Adamson: Black Amour (Video 2002) - IMDb|date=26 Agosto 2002}}</ref> |- |"She Said" | style="text-align:center;" |2002 |[[Jon Spencer Blues Explosion]] |version 2<ref name=":4">{{Cite web|url=https://www.billboard.com/articles/news/71593/2003-music-video-production-association-awards|title=2003 Music Video Production Association Awards|publisher=Billboard|date=10 Marso 2003}}</ref> |- |"John, 2/14" | style="text-align:center;" |2002 |[[Shivaree (band)|Shivaree]] |<ref name=":4" /> |- |"[[Untitled 1 (a.k.a. "Vaka")|Untitled #1 (Vaka)]]" | style="text-align:center;" |2003 |[[Sigur Rós]] |MTV Europe Music Award [[2003 MTV Europe Music Awards#Best Video|2003 Best Video]]<ref name=":2">{{Cite web|url=http://revolutionartmagazine.com/artist-profile-interview-with-floria-sigismondi/|title=Artist Profile: Interview with Floria Sigismondi|website=revolutionartmagazine.com|date=3 Hunyo 2010|access-date=2020-04-08|archive-date=2020-04-07|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200407174246/http://revolutionartmagazine.com/artist-profile-interview-with-floria-sigismondi/|url-status=}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://junoawards.ca/nomination/2004-video-of-the-year-sponsored-by-muchfact-exclusively-funded-by-bell-media-sigur-ros-floria-sigismondi/|title=2004 - Video of the Year - Sigur Ros, Floria Sigismondi - The JUNO Awards|access-date=31 Mayo 2018}}</ref> |- |"[[Obstacle 1]]" | style="text-align:center;" |2003 |[[Interpol (band)|Interpol]] |<ref name=":0" /> |- |"Anything" | style="text-align:center;" |2003 |[[Martina Topley-Bird]] |<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.imdb.com/title/tt6828102/|title=Martina Topley-Bird: Anything (Video 2003) - IMDb|access-date=31 Mayo 2018}}</ref> |- |"Bombs Below" | style="text-align:center;" |2003 |[[Living Things (band)|Living Things]] |version 1<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.imdb.com/title/tt6827864/|title=Living Things: Bombs Below, Version 1 (Video 2003) - IMDb|access-date=31 Mayo 2018}}</ref> |- |"[[Fighter (Christina Aguilera song)|Fighter]]" | style="text-align:center;" |2003 |[[Christina Aguilera]] |JUNO Award [[Juno Awards of 2004#Video of the Year|2004 Video of the Year]]<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":1" /><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://junoawards.ca/nomination/2004-video-of-the-year-sponsored-by-muchfact-exclusively-funded-by-bell-media-christina-aguilera-floria-sigismondi/|title=2004 - Video of the Year - Christina Aguilera, Floria Sigismondi - The JUNO Awards|access-date=31 Mayo 2018}}</ref> |- |"[[Megalomaniac (Incubus song)|Megalomaniac]]" | style="text-align:center;" |2004 |[[Incubus (band)|Incubus]] |<ref name=":0" /> |- |"[[End of the World (The Cure song)|The End of The World]]" | style="text-align:center;" |2004 |[[The Cure]] |<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://junoawards.ca/nomination/2005-video-of-the-year-sponsored-by-muchfact-exclusively-funded-by-bell-media-floria-sigismondi/|title=2005 - Video of the Year - Floria Sigismondi - The JUNO Awards|access-date=31 Mayo 2018}}</ref><ref name=":1" /> |- |"I Owe..." | style="text-align:center;" |2004 |[[Living Things (band)|Living Things]] |<ref name=":1" /> |- |"[[Talk Shows on Mute]]" | style="text-align:center;" |2004 |[[Incubus (band)|Incubus]] |<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.imdb.com/title/tt6828060/|title=Incubus: Talk Shows on Mute (Video 2004) - IMDb|date=10 Mayo 2004}}</ref> |- |"Bombs Below" | style="text-align:center;" |2004 |[[Living Things (band)|Living Things]] |version 2<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.imdb.com/title/tt6827870/|title=Living Things: Bombs Below, Version 2 (Video 2004) - IMDb|access-date=31 Mayo 2018}}</ref><ref name=":0" /> |- |"[[Blue Orchid]]" | style="text-align:center;" |2005 |[[The White Stripes]] |<ref name=":0" /> |- |"Bom Bom Bom" | style="text-align:center;" |2005 |[[Living Things (band)|Living Things]] |<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://junoawards.ca/nomination/2006-video-of-the-year-sponsored-by-muchfact-exclusively-funded-by-bell-media-living-things-floria-sigismondi/|title=2006 - Video of the Year - Living Things, Floria Sigismondi - The JUNO Awards|access-date=31 Mayo 2018}}</ref><ref name=":1" /> |- |"[[O' Sailor]]" | style="text-align:center;" |2005 |[[Fiona Apple]] |<ref name=":0" /> |- |"[[Supermassive Black Hole (song)|Supermassive Black Hole]]" | style="text-align:center;" |2006 |[[Muse (band)|Muse]] |<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://videos.antville.org/stories/1397656/|title=Muse "Supermassive Black Hole" (Dir: Floria Sigismondi)|website=videos.antville.org|date=22 Mayo 2006}}</ref><ref name=":0" /> |- |"[[Red Flag (song)|Red Flag]]" | style="text-align:center;" |2006 |[[Billy Talent]] |<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.discogs.com/de/Billy-Talent-Red-Flag/release/6813630|title=Billy Talent - Red Flag (CD) at Discogs|access-date=31 Mayo 2018}}</ref> |- |"[[Hurt (Christina Aguilera song)|Hurt]]" | style="text-align:center;" |2006 |[[Christina Aguilera]] |<ref name=":2" /><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://junoawards.ca/nomination/2007-video-of-the-year-sponsored-by-muchfact-exclusively-funded-by-bell-media-christina-aguilera-floria-sigismondi/|title=2007 - Video of the Year - Christina Aguilera, Floria Sigismondi - The JUNO Awards|access-date=31 Mayo 2018}}</ref><ref name=":1" /> |- |"[[Broken Boy Soldier (Raconteurs song)|Broken Boy Soldier]]" | style="text-align:center;" |2006 |[[The Raconteurs]] |<ref name=":2" /> |- |"Let It Rain" | style="text-align:center;" |2009 |[[Living Things (band)|Living Things]] |<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.promonews.tv/videos/2009/01/22/living-things-let-it-rain-floria-sigismondi|title=Living Things' Let It Rain by Floria Sigismondi|publisher=Promo News|date=22 Enero 2009}}</ref> |- |"[[Die by the Drop]]" | style="text-align:center;" |2010 |[[The Dead Weather]] |<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.rollingstone.com/music/news/the-dead-weathers-dark-die-by-the-drop-video-surfaces-20100323|title=The Dead Weather's Dark "Die By the Drop" Video Surfaces|publisher=Rolling Stone|date=23 Marso 2010|access-date=8 Abril 2020|archive-date=3 Pebrero 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130203071938/http://www.rollingstone.com/music/news/the-dead-weathers-dark-die-by-the-drop-video-surfaces-20100323|url-status=}}</ref> |- |"[[The Runaways (2010 film)|Cherry Bomb]]" | style="text-align:center;" |2010 |[[Dakota Fanning]] & [[Kristen Stewart]] |<ref name=":1" /><ref name=":0" /> |- |"[[E.T. (song)|E.T.]]" | style="text-align:center;" |2011 |[[Katy Perry]] |<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.promonews.tv/videos/2011/04/01/katy-perrys-et-feat-kanye-west-floria-sigismondi|title=Katy Perry's ET (feat. Kanye West) by Floria Sigismondi|publisher=Promo News|date=1 Abril 2011|access-date=8 Abril 2020|archive-date=30 Mayo 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180530034938/http://www.promonews.tv/videos/2011/04/01/katy-perrys-et-feat-kanye-west-floria-sigismondi|url-status=}}</ref><ref name=":1" /> |- |"[[The One That Got Away (Katy Perry song)|The One That Got Away]]" | style="text-align:center;" |2011 |[[Katy Perry]] |<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.promonews.tv/videos/2011/11/16/katy-perry-one-got-away-floria-sigismondi|title=Katy Perry 'The One That Got Away' by Floria Sigismondi|publisher=Promo News|date=16 Nobyembre 2011}}</ref><ref name=":1" /> |- |"Har Megiddo" | style="text-align:center;" |2011 |[[Living Things (band)|Living Things]] |<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.imdb.com/title/tt6827660/|title=Living Things: Har Megiddo (Video 2011) - IMDb|date=11 Nobyembre 2011}}</ref> |- |"Fake It Baby, Fake It (La Dame Nature)" | style="text-align:center;" |2012 |[[Living Things (band)|Living Things]] |<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.imdb.com/title/tt6827646/|title=Living Things: Fake It Baby, Fake It - La Dame Nature (Video 2012) - IMDb|date=20 Abril 2012}}</ref> |- |"[[Anything Could Happen]]" | style="text-align:center;" |2012 |[[Ellie Goulding]] |<ref name=":1" /><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.promonews.tv/videos/2012/09/11/ellie-goulding-anything-can-happen-floria-sigismondi|title=Ellie Goulding 'Anything Can Happen' by Floria Sigismondi|publisher=Promo News|date=11 Septyembre 2012|access-date=8 Abril 2020|archive-date=30 Mayo 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180530035251/http://www.promonews.tv/videos/2012/09/11/ellie-goulding-anything-can-happen-floria-sigismondi|url-status=}}</ref> |- |"[[Try (Pink song)|Try]]" | style="text-align:center;" |2012 |[[P!nk]] |<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.billboard.com/articles/news/474721/pinks-try-video-daring-choreography-and-sexy-paint|title=Pink's 'Try' Video: Daring Choreography and Sexy Paint|publisher=Billboard|date=10 Oktubre 2012}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.imdb.com/title/tt6697054/|title=Pink: Try (Video 2012) - IMDb|date=10 Oktubre 2012}}</ref><ref name=":1" /> |- |"Leaning Towards Solace" | style="text-align:center;" |2012 |[[Sigur Rós]] |<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.promonews.tv/videos/2012/12/14/sigur-ros-leaning-towards-solace-floria-sigismondi|title=Sigur Ros 'Leaning Towards Solace' by Floria Sigismondi|publisher=Promo News|date=14 Disyembre 2012|access-date=8 Abril 2020|archive-date=30 Mayo 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180530035211/http://www.promonews.tv/videos/2012/12/14/sigur-ros-leaning-towards-solace-floria-sigismondi|url-status=}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.imdb.com/title/tt2567290/|title=Sigur Rós: Leaning Towards Solace (Video 2012) - IMDb|date=6 Disyembre 2012}}</ref> |- |"[[The Stars (Are Out Tonight)]]" | style="text-align:center;" |2013 |[[David Bowie]] |<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.promonews.tv/videos/2013/02/26/david-bowie-stars-are-out-tonight-floria-sigismondi|title=David Bowie 'The Stars (Are Out Tonight)' by Floria Sigismondi|publisher=Promo News|date=26 Pebrero 2013|access-date=8 Abril 2020|archive-date=30 Mayo 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180530035042/http://www.promonews.tv/videos/2013/02/26/david-bowie-stars-are-out-tonight-floria-sigismondi|url-status=}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.imdb.com/title/tt2891510/|title=David Bowie: The Stars (Are Out Tonight) (Video 2013) - IMDb|date=27 Pebrero 2013}}</ref> |- |"[[Mirrors (Justin Timberlake song)|Mirrors]]" | style="text-align:center;" |2013 |[[Justin Timberlake]] |MTV Video Music Award [[2013 MTV Video Music Awards#Video of the Year|2013 Video of the Year]]<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.promonews.tv/videos/2013/03/21/justin-timberlake-mirrors-floria-sigismondi|title=Justin Timberlake 'Mirrors' by Floria Sigismondi|publisher=Promo News|date=21 Marso 2013|access-date=8 Abril 2020|archive-date=22 Agosto 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160822044123/http://www.promonews.tv/videos/2013/03/21/justin-timberlake-mirrors-floria-sigismondi|url-status=}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.imdb.com/title/tt2924718/|title=Justin Timberlake: Mirrors (Video 2013) - IMDb|date=19 Marso 2013}}</ref> |- |"[[The Next Day (song)|The Next Day]]" | style="text-align:center;" |2013 |[[David Bowie]] |<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.promonews.tv/videos/2013/05/14/david-bowie-%E2%80%98-next-day%E2%80%99-floria-sigismondi|title=David Bowie ‘The Next Day’ by Floria Sigismondi|publisher=Promo News|date=14 Mayo 2013|access-date=8 Abril 2020|archive-date=10 Marso 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170310152207/http://www.promonews.tv/videos/2013/05/14/david-bowie-%E2%80%98-next-day%E2%80%99-floria-sigismondi|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.imdb.com/title/tt3038760/|title=David Bowie: The Next Day (Video 2013) - IMDb|date=30 Abril 2013}}</ref> |- |"Montauk Fling" | style="text-align:center;" |2013 |[[Lawrence Rothman]] |<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.promonews.tv/videos/2013/06/20/lawrence-rothman-montauk-fling-floria-sigismondi|title=Lawrence Rothman 'Montauk Fling' by Floria Sigismondi|publisher=Promo News|date=20 Hunyo 2013|access-date=8 Abril 2020|archive-date=30 Mayo 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180530035430/http://www.promonews.tv/videos/2013/06/20/lawrence-rothman-montauk-fling-floria-sigismondi|url-status=}}</ref> |- |"#1 All Time Low" | style="text-align:center;" |2013 |[[Lawrence Rothman]] |<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.huffingtonpost.com/2013/09/16/lawrence-rothman-1-all-time-low-video_n_3934495.html|title=Lawrence Rothman's '#1 All Time Low' Video Is The Creepiest Thing You'll See Today|publisher=HuffPost|date=16 Septyembre 2013}}</ref> |- |"Fatal Attraction" | style="text-align:center;" |2013 |[[Lawrence Rothman]] |<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.theguardian.com/music/musicblog/2013/oct/17/lawrence-rothman-fatal-attraction-new-music|title=Lawrence Rothman – Fatal Attraction: New music|publisher=The Guardian|date=17 Oktubre 2013}}</ref> |- |"California Paranoia" | style="text-align:center;" |2015 |[[Lawrence Rothman]] ft. [[Angel Olsen]] |<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.promonews.tv/videos/2015/10/20/lawrence-rothman-ft-angel-olsen-california-paranoia-floria-sigismondi|title=Lawrence Rothman ft. Angel Olsen 'California Paranoia' by Floria Sigismondi|publisher=Promo News|date=20 Oktubre 2015|access-date=8 Abril 2020|archive-date=30 Mayo 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180530034927/http://www.promonews.tv/videos/2015/10/20/lawrence-rothman-ft-angel-olsen-california-paranoia-floria-sigismondi|url-status=}}</ref> |- |"Oz vs. Eden" | style="text-align:center;" |2015 |[[Lawrence Rothman]] |<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.hungertv.com/feature/lawrence-rothman-ft-charli-xcx-oz-vs-eden/|title=Lawrence Rothman – Oz vs. Eden|publisher=HUNGER TV|date=29 Oktubre 2015|access-date=8 Abril 2020|archive-date=22 Marso 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160322173912/http://www.hungertv.com/feature/lawrence-rothman-ft-charli-xcx-oz-vs-eden/|url-status=dead}}</ref> |- |"Users" | style="text-align:center;" |2015 |[[Lawrence Rothman]] |<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.imdb.com/title/tt6827368/|title=Lawrence Rothman: Users (Video 2015) - IMDb|date=9 Disyembre 2015}}</ref> |- |"H" | style="text-align:center;" |2016 |[[Lawrence Rothman]] |<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.thelineofbestfit.com/new-music/discovery/lawrence-rothman-reveals-new-h-video-by-bowie-director-floria-sigismondi|title=Lawrence Rothman reveals new "H" video by Bowie director Floria Sigismondi|website=thelineofbestfit.com|date=15 Enero 2016}}</ref> |- |"[[Sledgehammer (Rihanna song)|Sledgehammer]]" | style="text-align:center;" |2016 |[[Rihanna]] |<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.promonews.tv/videos/2016/07/03/rihanna-sledgehammer-floria-sigismondi|title=Rihanna 'Sledgehammer' by Floria Sigismondi|publisher=Promo News|date=3 Hulyo 2016|access-date=8 Abril 2020|archive-date=10 Marso 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170310180419/http://www.promonews.tv/videos/2016/07/03/rihanna-sledgehammer-floria-sigismondi|url-status=}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.imdb.com/title/tt6697038/|title=Rihanna: Sledgehammer (Video 2016) - IMDb|date=30 Hunyo 2016}}</ref> |- |"Die 4 You" | style="text-align:center;" |2017 |[[Perfume Genius]] |<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.promonews.tv/videos/2017/05/11/perfume-genius-die-4-you-floria-sigismondi|title=Perfume Genius 'Die 4 You' by Floria Sigismondi|publisher=Promo News|date=11 Mayo 2017|access-date=8 Abril 2020|archive-date=25 Septyembre 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180925175132/http://www.promonews.tv/videos/2017/05/11/perfume-genius-die-4-you-floria-sigismondi|url-status=}}</ref> |- |"Without Love" | style="text-align:center;" |2017 |[[Alice Glass]] |<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.videostatic.com/watch-it/2017/08/10/alice-glass-without-love-floria-sigismondi-dir|title=Alice Glass "Without Love" (Floria Sigismondi, dir.)|publisher=Videostatic|date=10 Agosto 2017}}</ref> |- |"Ain't Afraid Of Dying" | style="text-align:center;" |2017 |[[Lawrence Rothman]] ft. [[Marissa Nadler]] |<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.thefader.com/2017/08/16/lawrence-rothman-aint-afraid-of-dying-video|title=Watch Lawrence Rothman’s Heartbreaking "Ain’t Afraid Of Dying"|publisher=The FADER|date=16 Agosto 2017}}</ref> |- |"Designer Babies" | style="text-align:center;" |2017 |[[Lawrence Rothman]] ft. [[Kim Gordon]] |<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.videostatic.com/watch-it/2017/09/05/lawrence-rothman-f-kim-gordon-designer-babies-floria-sigismondi-dir|title=Lawrence Rothman f/ Kim Gordon "Designer Babies" (Floria Sigismondi, dir.)|publisher=Videostatic|date=5 Septyembre 2017}}</ref> |- |"Jordan" | style="text-align:center;" |2017 |[[Lawrence Rothman]] ft. [[Kristin Kontrol]] |<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://noisey.vice.com/en_us/article/vb7dvd/lawrence-rothmans-new-video-for-jordan-is-a-tender-sci-fi-dreamscape|title=Lawrence Rothman's New Video for "Jordan" Is a Tender Sci-Fi Dreamscape|publisher=Noisey|date=19 Septyembre 2017|access-date=2020-04-08|archive-date=2020-06-09|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200609084103/https://www.vice.com/en_us/article/vb7dvd/lawrence-rothmans-new-video-for-jordan-is-a-tender-sci-fi-dreamscape|url-status=}}</ref> |- |"[[Swan Song (song)|Swan Song]]" | style="text-align:center;" |2019 |[[Dua Lipa]] |From ''[[Alita: Battle Angel]]'' |- |"Lifetime" | style="text-align:center;" |2019 |[[Yves Tumor]] | |} '''Cinematographer''' * 2000 "4 Ton Mantis", [[Amon Tobin]] ==Mga pasidungog== * 2013 MTV Music Video Award, USA - Winner for Video of The Year, for ''Mirrors'' ([[Justin Timberlake]]) * 2004 [[Juno Awards of 2004|Juno Awards]], Canada - Best Music Video, for ''"Fighter"'' ([[Christina Aguilera]]) * 2003 MTV European Awards - Best International Video Award, for ''Untitled'' ([[Sigur Rós]]) * 2003 New York Underground Film Festival - Audio/Visual Award, for ''Untitled'' (Sigur Rós) * 2003 Advertising and Design Awards, Toronto, Ontario, Canada - Special Merit Award for Music Video, for ''"Fighter"'' (Christina Aguilera) * 1999 German Kodak Photobook Award, for her book ''Redemption'' * 1998 British Music Video Awards, UK - Nomination for Best Video: ''"Little Wonder"'' ([[David Bowie]]) * 1997 MTV Music Video Awards, USA - Nomination for Best Rock Video: ''"Beautiful People"'' ([[Marilyn Manson (band)|Marilyn Manson]]) ==Mga pinambasarán== {{Mga kasarigan}} * {{Cite book|title=Redemption|url=https://archive.org/details/redemption0000sigi|author=Sigismondi, Floria|publisher=Gestalten Verlag| date = 1999|isbn=3-931126-18-8}} * {{Cite book|title=Immune|author=Sigismondi, Floria|publisher=Gestalten Verlag| date = 2005|isbn=3-89955-069-2}} ==Mga sumpay ha gawás== * {{Official website|http://www.floriasigismondi.com}} * {{IMDb name|0797455}} * [http://revolutionart.publicistas.org/ Interview in Revolutionart International Magazine 4] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240918134802/http://revolutionart.publicistas.org/ |date=2024-09-18 }} * [https://web.archive.org/web/20070928031547/http://www.videology-tv.com/viewclip.php?id=38#info The Raconteurs' video for 'Broken Boy Soldier' + interview with director Floria Sigismondi.] * [https://web.archive.org/web/20060905163619/http://www.coolhunting.com/video/archives/2006/03/fiora_sigismondi_1.php CoolHunting.com Video Interview] * [https://web.archive.org/web/20061030090250/http://www.hermes.com/behindthescenes/indextcm.html A Short Film directed by Floria also with a brief interview] * [https://web.archive.org/web/20120216004744/http://www.believemedia.com/director.php?director_id=32%2F Commercials, select music videos and a biography at Believe Media] * [http://www.flickerflicker.com/ Official site for the feature documentary 'FLicKeR'] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220722213611/http://flickerflicker.com/ |date= 22 Hulyo 2022 }} * [https://www.nytimes.com/interactive/2017/12/07/magazine/great-performers-horror-show-photos.html Fright Club - The New York Times Magazine] {{Authority control}} 49qh3zau5ht11h8dbkjbhqauxn2jeu5 0 2886549 7782367 7652426 2026-04-07T07:11:12Z InternetArchiveBot 41587 Add 2 books for verifiability (20260407)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 7782367 wikitext text/x-wiki ==Mga music video== {| class="wikitable sortable plainrowheaders" style="text-align: center;" ! scope="col" style="width: 18em;" |Titulo ! scope="col" style="width: 2em;" |Taon ! scope="col" style="width: 11em;" |Other performer(s) credited ! scope="col" style="width: 11em;" |Direktor ! scope="col" style="width: 30em;" class="unsortable" |Deskripsyon ! scope="col" style="width: 2em;" class="unsortable" |{{Abbr|Ref.|Reference}} |- ! scope="row" |"The Box" |{{n/a|None}} |{{Sort|Ballard, Glen|[[Glen Ballard]]}} | style="text-align:left;" |Promotional music video filmed for an unreleased album that Perry worked on with Ballard. | style="text-align:center;" |<ref name="other">{{harvnb|Friedlander|2012|p=39}}</ref> |- ! scope="row" |"Simple" |{{n/a|None}} |{{Sort|Ballard, Glen|[[Glen Ballard]]}} | style="text-align:left;" |Promotional music video filmed for an unreleased album that Perry worked on with Ballard. | style="text-align:center;" |<ref name="other" /> |- ! scope="row" |"Long Shot" |{{n/a|None}} |{{Sort|Ballard, Glen|[[Glen Ballard]]}} | style="text-align:left;" |Promotional music video filmed for an unreleased album that Perry worked on with Ballard. | style="text-align:center;" |<ref name="other" /> |- ! scope="row" |"A Cup of Coffee" |{{n/a|None}} |{{Sort|Ballard, Glen|[[Glen Ballard]]}} | style="text-align:left;" |Promotional music video filmed for an unreleased album that Perry worked on with Ballard. | style="text-align:center;" |<ref name="other" /> |- ! scope="row" |"It's Okay to Believe" |{{n/a|None}} |{{Sort|Ballard, Glen|[[Glen Ballard]]}} | style="text-align:left;" |Promotional music video filmed for an unreleased album that Perry worked on with Ballard. | style="text-align:center;" |<ref name="other" /> |- ! scope="row" |"Diamonds" |{{n/a|None}} |{{Sort|Ballard, Glen|[[Glen Ballard]]}} | style="text-align:left;" |Promotional music video filmed for an unreleased album that Perry worked on with Ballard. | style="text-align:center;" |<ref name="other" /> |- ! scope="row" |"Thinking of You" (Original version) |{{n/a|None}} |{{Sort|May, Walter|Walter May}} | style="text-align:left;" |Uses a cross-cutting technique to compare two relationships. |<ref name="Jo2011">{{harvnb|Berry|2011|pp=14–20}}</ref> |- ! scope="row" |"[[Ur So Gay]]" |{{n/a|None}} |{{Sort|May, Walter|Walter May}} | style="text-align:left;" |A low-budget video in which two dolls play the roles of Perry and her boyfriend during the video. |<ref name="Jo2011" /> |- ! scope="row" |"[[I Kissed a Girl]]" |{{n/a|None}} |{{Sort|Burza, Kinga|[[Kinga Burza]]}} | style="text-align:left;" |Features Perry and various flamboyantly-dressed women dancing to the song. [[DJ Skeet Skeet]] and a then-unknown [[Kesha]] appear in the music video. |<ref>{{harvnb|Montgomery|2011|pp=33}}</ref> |- ! scope="row" |"[[Hot n Cold]]" |{{n/a|None}} |{{Sort|Ferguson, Alan|[[Alan Ferguson (director)|Alan Ferguson]]}} | style="text-align:left;" |Stars Perry as a bride about to get married to her fiancé, Alexander, who flees the altar before saying his vows. Perry's parents Keith Hudson and Mary Perry appear in the video, as well as [[Shannon Woodward]] and [[Jadyn Maria]] who play bridesmaids. |<ref>{{harvnb|Montgomery|2011|pp=113}}</ref> |- ! scope="row" |"[[Thinking of You (Katy Perry song)|Thinking of You]]" (Commercial version) |{{n/a|None}} |{{Sort|Matsoukas, Melina|[[Melina Matsoukas]]}} | style="text-align:left;" |Perry portrays a young woman whose lover was killed in France during [[World War II]] and reminisces of times with her deceased lover. [[Matt Dallas]] plays Perry's soldier boyfriend. |<ref>{{cite news|last1=Greenblatt|first1=Leah|title=Music video roundup|url=https://www.ew.com/article/2009/01/16/music-video-roundup|accessdate=8 Agosto 2015|work=[[Entertainment Weekly]]|date=16 Enero 2009|url-status=live|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20151108081749/http://www.ew.com/article/2009/01/16/music-video-roundup|archivedate=8 Nobyembre 2015}}</ref> |- ! scope="row" |"[[Waking Up in Vegas]]" |{{n/a|None}} |{{Sort|Kahn, Joseph|[[Joseph Kahn]]}} | style="text-align:left;" |Follows Perry and her love interest while they are in [[Las Vegas]], [[Nevada]]. Through gambling, they win a large amount of money, only to lose it all and argue. [[Joel David Moore]] stars as Perry's lover. [[Penn and Teller]], [[Daniel Negreanu]], Gavin, and [[George J. Maloof, Jr.]] make cameos in the video. |<ref>{{cite news|last1=Dowling|first1=Kristian|title=The Complete Guide to Katy Perry's Music Videos|url=https://www.rollingstone.com/music/pictures/the-complete-guide-to-katy-perrys-music-videos-20110622/waking-up-in-vegas-2009-0664045|accessdate=19 Hulyo 2015|work=[[Rolling Stone]]|date=22 Hunyo 2011|url-status=live|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150728010110/http://www.rollingstone.com/music/pictures/the-complete-guide-to-katy-perrys-music-videos-20110622/waking-up-in-vegas-2009-0664045|archivedate=28 Hulyo 2015}}</ref> |- ! scope="row" |"[[Starstrukk]]" |2009 |[[3OH!3]] |{{Sort|Klasfeld, Marc|[[Marc Klasfeld]] and [[Steve Jocz]]}} | style="text-align:left;" |3OH!3 sit at a fountain and retrieve coins that have been thrown in, causing women to begin pursuing them. In other scenes, Perry and 3OH!3 sing together in front of the fountain. During her verse, Perry dances underneath the fountain at night. |<ref>{{cite news|last1=Kreps|first1=Daniel|title=Behind 3OH!3's "Starstrukk" Video|url=https://www.rollingstone.com/rockdaily/index.php/2009/06/04/behind-3oh3s-starstrukk-video|accessdate=20 Hulyo 2015|work=Rolling Stone|date=6 Abril 2009|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20090611172341/http://www.rollingstone.com/rockdaily/index.php/2009/06/04/behind-3oh3s-starstrukk-video|archivedate=11 Hunyo 2009}}</ref> |- ! scope="row" |"[[If We Ever Meet Again]]" |2010 |[[Timbaland]] |{{Sort|Allen, Paul "Coy"|[[Paul "Coy" Allen]]}} | style="text-align:left;" |Follows an art thief and a jewellery thief. Perry and Timbaland sing and dance together in a black room. Both thieves are arrested by police. At the end of the video, the thieves retrieve the stolen items. |<ref>{{cite web|last1=Vena|first1=Jocelyn|title=Katy Perry, Timbaland Watch Crime Spree Unfold In New Video|url=http://www.mtv.com/news/1629950/katy-perry-timbaland-watch-crime-spree-unfold-in-new-video/|publisher=[[MTV News]]|accessdate=20 Hulyo 2015|date=19 Enero 2010|archive-date=2017-06-22|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170622155651/http://www.mtv.com/news/1629950/katy-perry-timbaland-watch-crime-spree-unfold-in-new-video/|url-status=}}</ref> |- ! scope="row" |"[[California Gurls]]" |2010 |[[Snoop Dogg]] |{{Sort|Cullen, Mathew|[[Mathew Cullen]]}} | style="text-align:left;" |Takes place in the fictional land of Candyfornia. Perry frees various women held in candy-related traps. She defeats Snoop Dogg's army of [[gummy bears]] using a whipped-cream bra. |<ref>{{cite web|last1=Montgomery|first1=James|title=Katy Perry's 'California Gurls' Video: So Sweet It Hurts|url=http://www.mtv.com/news/1641591/katy-perrys-california-gurls-video-so-sweet-it-hurts/|publisher=MTV News|accessdate=17 Hulyo 2015|date=15 Hunyo 2010|url-status=live|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150813042138/http://www.mtv.com/news/1641591/katy-perrys-california-gurls-video-so-sweet-it-hurts/|archivedate=13 Agosto 2015}}</ref> |- ! scope="row" |"[[Teenage Dream (Katy Perry song)|Teenage Dream]]" |{{n/a|None}} |{{Sort|Lemoine, Yoann|[[Yoann Lemoine]]}} | style="text-align:left;" |Filmed in Perry's hometown of [[Santa Barbara, California]] and features her friends. She drives in a car with a boyfriend before going to the beach. At the end of the video, the couple swim in a pool and kiss underwater. |<ref>{{cite web|last1=Dinh|first1=James|title=Katy Perry's 'Teenage Dream' Video: Watch A Steamy Sneak Peek!|url=http://www.mtv.com/news/1645192/katy-perrys-teenage-dream-video-watch-a-steamy-sneak-peek/|publisher=MTV News|accessdate=17 Hulyo 2015|date=5 Hulyo 2010|url-status=live|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150813033608/http://www.mtv.com/news/1645192/katy-perrys-teenage-dream-video-watch-a-steamy-sneak-peek/|archivedate=13 Agosto 2015}}</ref> |- ! scope="row" |"[[Firework (song)|Firework]]" |{{n/a|None}} |{{Sort|Meyers, Dave|[[Dave Meyers (director)|Dave Meyers]]}} | style="text-align:left;" |Filmed in [[Budapest]]. There are various shots of young people from around the city tackling their insecurities. At the end, Perry and the youth of the city dance in the courtyard of [[Buda Castle]] as fireworks burst from their chests. Perry dedicated the video to the [[It Gets Better Project]]. |<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Mapes|first1=Jillian|title=Katy Perry Dedicates Leaked 'Firework' Video to LGBT Campaign|url=https://www.billboard.com/articles/columns/viral-videos/952410/katy-perry-dedicates-leaked-firework-video-to-lgbt-campaign|accessdate=17 Hulyo 2015|magazine=[[Billboard (magazine)|Billboard]]|date=28 Oktubre 2010|url-status=live|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150719045440/http://www.billboard.com/articles/columns/viral-videos/952410/katy-perry-dedicates-leaked-firework-video-to-lgbt-campaign|archivedate=19 Hulyo 2015}}</ref> |- ! scope="row" |"[[E.T. (song)|E.T.]]" |2011 |[[Kanye West]] |{{Sort|Sigismondi, Floria|[[Floria Sigismondi]]}} | style="text-align:left;" |West floats around in a spacecraft, while Perry portrays an alien who lands on an abandoned planet [[Earth]]. She approaches a robot which turns into a human male, with whom Perry walks into the distance with. Perry's love interest in the video is played by [[Shaun Ross (model)|Shaun Ross]]. |<ref>{{cite news|last1=Goodman|first1=William|title=Katy Perry Debuts Otherworldly Video ft. Kanye|url=https://www.spin.com/2011/03/katy-perry-debuts-otherworldly-video-ft-kanye/|accessdate=17 Hulyo 2015|work=[[Spin (magazine)|Spin]]|date=31 Marso 2011|url-status=live|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150721065047/https://www.spin.com/2011/03/katy-perry-debuts-otherworldly-video-ft-kanye/|archivedate=21 Hulyo 2015}}</ref> |- ! scope="row" |"[[Last Friday Night (T.G.I.F.)]]" |{{n/a|None}} |{{Sort|Klasfeld, Marc|[[Marc Klasfeld]] and Danny Lockwood}} | style="text-align:left;" |Perry portrays nerdy teenager Kathy Beth Terry. In a flashback, Kathy Beth Terry hears a party going on from [[Rebecca Black]]'s house. Black pulls her inside and gives her a makeover. The entire gathering eventually moves to Terry's house. Stars Rebecca Black as herself, [[Darren Criss]] as Aaron Christopherson, [[Kevin McHale (actor)|Kevin McHale]] as Everett McDonald, [[Corey Feldman]] and [[Debbie Gibson]] as Kathy Beth Terry's parents, Kirk and Tiffany Terry, [[Kenny G]] as Uncle Kenny, and [[Hanson (band)|Hanson]] as themselves. |<ref>{{cite news|last1=Anderson|first1=Kyle|title=Katy Perry's 'Last Friday Night (T.G.I.F.)' video welcomes Rebecca Black, Corey Feldman, Hanson to the party of the year: Watch it here|url=https://www.ew.com/article/2011/06/13/katy-perry-last-friday-night-video|accessdate=17 Hulyo 2015|work=Entertainment Weekly|date=13 Hunyo 2011|url-status=live|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150723082030/http://www.ew.com/article/2011/06/13/katy-perry-last-friday-night-video|archivedate=23 Hulyo 2015}}</ref> |- ! scope="row" |"[[The One That Got Away (Katy Perry song)|The One That Got Away]]" |{{n/a|None}} |{{Sort|Sigismondi, Floria|[[Floria Sigismondi]]}} | style="text-align:left;" |Begins with Perry as an elderly woman who reminisces of her former lover and the couple's argument, resulting in her boyfriend leaving. Her old boyfriend is seen driving away, before accidentally driving off a cliff. Perry's older self approaches the cliff and holds hands with a vision of him, before he disappears and she sadly walks away. Stars [[Diego Luna]] as Perry's deceased former lover. |<ref>{{cite news|title=Katy Perry grows prematurely old in new video|url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/celebritynews/8885897/Katy-Perry-grows-prematurely-old-in-new-video.html|accessdate=17 Hulyo 2015|work=[[The Daily Telegraph]]|date=12 Nobyembre 2011|url-status=live|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150820001550/http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/celebritynews/8885897/Katy-Perry-grows-prematurely-old-in-new-video.html|archivedate=20 Agosto 2015}}</ref> |- ! scope="row" |"[[Part of Me (Katy Perry song)|Part of Me]]" |{{n/a|None}} |{{Sort|Mor, Ben|Ben Mor}} | style="text-align:left;" |Perry witnesses her boyfriend cheating on her with a co-worker. She sees a sign encouraging women to become [[Marines]]. She enlists in the Marine Corps, and goes through vigorous training. |<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Schillaci|first1=Sophie|title=Katy Perry Joins the Marines in 'Part of Me' Music Video|url=https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/earshot/katy-perry-part-of-me-music-video-marines-303014|accessdate=17 Hulyo 2015|magazine=The Hollywood Reporter|date=21 Marso 2012|url-status=live|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150704145539/http://www.hollywoodreporter.com/earshot/katy-perry-part-of-me-music-video-marines-303014|archivedate=4 Hulyo 2015}}</ref> |- ! scope="row" |"[[Wide Awake (Katy Perry song)|Wide Awake]]" |{{n/a|None}} |{{Sort|Datis, Tony T.|Tony T. Datis}} | style="text-align:left;" |Starts with Perry going to her dressing room, which changes into a labyrinth with various obstacles. She eventually reaches the exit and escapes. The setting changes back to Perry's dressing room, before she rises on stage to perform. |<ref>{{cite web|last1=Montgomery|first1=James|title=Katy Perry’s ‘Wide Awake’ Video: Five Key Scenes|url=http://www.mtv.com/news/1687787/katy-perry-wide-awake-scenes/|publisher=MTV News|accessdate=17 Hulyo 2015|date=19 Hunyo 2012|url-status=live|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150813042136/http://www.mtv.com/news/1687787/katy-perry-wide-awake-scenes/|archivedate=13 Agosto 2015}}</ref> |- ! scope="row" |"[[Roar (song)|Roar]]" |{{n/a|None}} |{{Sort|Hall, Grady|Grady Hall and Mark Kudsi}} | style="text-align:left;" |Perry plays a woman whose plane crashes into a deserted island. Her boyfriend is attacked by a tiger which Perry tames at the end of the video. |<ref>{{cite web|last=Montgomery|first=James|title=Katy Perry Was 'Game for Anything' on 'Roar' Video|url=http://www.mtv.com/news/1713628/katy-perry-roar-directors-interview/|publisher=MTV News|accessdate=25 Pebrero 2014|url-status=live|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150206070358/http://www.mtv.com/news/1713628/katy-perry-roar-directors-interview/|archivedate=6 Pebrero 2015}}</ref> |- ! scope="row" |"[[Unconditionally]]" |{{n/a|None}} |{{Sort|Bonacorso, Brent|Brent Bonacorso}} | style="text-align:left;" |Features scenes of Perry singing in the snow, as well as being hit by a car and on fire which are used to symbolize the feeling of [[unconditional love]]. |<ref>{{cite journal|last=Rutherford|first=Kevin|title=Katy Perry is Indestructible in 'Unconditionally' Video|url=https://www.billboard.com/articles/columns/pop-shop/5793326/katy-perry-is-indestructible-in-unconditionally-video-watch|magazine=Billboard|accessdate=25 Pebrero 2014|date=20 Nobyembre 2013|url-status=live|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140223004053/http://www.billboard.com/articles/columns/pop-shop/5793326/katy-perry-is-indestructible-in-unconditionally-video-watch|archivedate=23 Pebrero 2014}}</ref> |- ! scope="row" |"[[Who You Love]]" |2013 |[[John Mayer]] |{{Sort|Muller, Sophie|[[Sophie Muller]]}} | style="text-align:left;" |Features scenes of various couples riding a mechanical bull as Perry and Mayer sing together, before they ride it themselves with fireworks raining down behind them. |<ref>{{cite news|last=Strecker|first=Erin|title=John Mayer and Katy Perry debut video for 'Who You Love'|url=https://www.ew.com/article/2013/12/17/john-mayer-katy-perry-who-you-love-video|work=Entertainment Weekly|date=17 Disyembre 2013|accessdate=17 Hulyo 2015|url-status=live|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150924132352/http://www.ew.com/article/2013/12/17/john-mayer-katy-perry-who-you-love-video|archivedate=24 Septyembre 2015}}</ref> |- ! scope="row" |"[[Dark Horse (Katy Perry song)|Dark Horse]]" |2014 |[[Juicy J]] |{{Sort|Cullen, Mathew|Mathew Cullen}} | style="text-align:left;" |Set in [[Memphis, Egypt]] in [[Ancient Egypt]]. Stars Perry as Katy Pätra (inspired by Egyptian pharaoh [[Cleopatra]]) who is approached by multiple suitors attempting to win her heart, all of whom she turns into dust or otherwise eradicates. Perry dances on a stripper pole during Juicy J's verse. |<ref>{{cite news|last=Rothman|first=Lily|title=There’s a Very Good Reason Why Katy Perry’s "Dark Horse" Video Is Set in Ancient Egypt|url=http://time.com/9233/katy-perry-dark-horse-egypt/|date=21 Pebrero 2014|work=[[Time (magazine)|Time]]|accessdate=25 Pebrero 2014|url-status=live|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140307111435/http://time.com/9233/katy-perry-dark-horse-egypt/|archivedate=7 Marso 2014}}</ref> |- ! scope="row" |"[[Birthday (Katy Perry song)|Birthday]]" |{{n/a|None}} |Mark Klasfeld and Danny Lockwood | style="text-align:left;" |Perry portrays five characters (an elderly woman named Goldie, a Jewish [[Master of ceremonies|MC]] named Yosef Shulem, a clown named Kriss, an animal trainer named Ace, and a face-painter named Princess Mandee) at several birthday parties, whose guests are oblivious to her real identity. Stunts are then staged (such as a car crash outside a party and Perry dropping a cake on a man) to elicit reactions and Perry takes off her disguise at a young girl's party. |<ref>{{cite news|last1=Cosman|first1=Ben|title=Katy Perry's 'Birthday,' or Time for a Music Video Intervention|url=http://www.thewire.com/entertainment/2014/04/after-birthday-katy-perry-needs-a-music-video-intervention/361185/|accessdate=17 Hulyo 2015|work=[[The Wire (magazine)|The Wire]]|date=24 Abril 2014|url-status=live|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150722011948/http://www.thewire.com/entertainment/2014/04/after-birthday-katy-perry-needs-a-music-video-intervention/361185/|archivedate=22 Hulyo 2015}}</ref> |- ! scope="row" |"[[This Is How We Do]]" |{{n/a|None}} |Joel Kefali | style="text-align:left;" |Features [[Minimalism (visual arts)|minimalistic]] scenes of Perry enacting many of the activities described in the song, integrated with scenes of Perry and dancers relaxing by the pool and wearing outfits inspired by [[Piet Mondrian]]. |<ref>{{cite web|last1=Ehrlich|first1=Brenna|title=Katy Perry's 'This Is How We Do' Video is Here and -- Wait, is That Pee-Wee Herman?|url=http://www.mtv.com/news/1884962/katy-perry-this-is-how-we-do-video/|publisher=MTV News|accessdate=2 Agosto 2014|date=31 Hulyo 2014|url-status=live|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140802195403/http://www.mtv.com/news/1884962/katy-perry-this-is-how-we-do-video/|archivedate=2 Agosto 2014}}</ref> |- ! scope="row" |"[[Rise (Katy Perry song)|Rise]]" |{{n/a|None}} |Paul Gore | style="text-align:left;" |Perry is shown struggling to get a parachute to fly as she travels through canyons and water. |<ref>{{cite news|last1=Legaspi|first1=Althea|title=Watch Katy Perry's Empowering 'Rise' Video|url=https://www.rollingstone.com/music/news/watch-katy-perrys-empowering-rise-video-w432073|accessdate=5 Agosto 2016|work=Rolling Stone|date=4 Agosto 2016|url-status=live|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160807024501/http://www.rollingstone.com/music/news/watch-katy-perrys-empowering-rise-video-w432073|archivedate=7 Agosto 2016}}</ref> |- ! scope="row" |"[[Chained to the Rhythm]]" |2017 |[[Skip Marley]] |{{Sort|Cullen, Mathew|[[Mathew Cullen]]}} | style="text-align:left;" |Filmed at [[Six Flags Magic Mountain]] in [[California]], Perry and the other attendees dance their way through the seemingly perfect amusement park, oblivious to the world around them. The video alludes to political climate within the United States. |<ref>{{cite journal|url=https://www.billboard.com/articles/columns/pop/7694364/katy-perry-trippy-futuristic-chained-to-the-rhythm-video-watch|title=Katy Perry Goes Back to the Future in Trippy 'Chained to the Rhythm' Video: Watch|magazine=Billboard|date=21 Pebrero 2017|accessdate=21 Pebrero 2017}}</ref> |- ! scope="row" |"[[Bon Appétit (song)|Bon Appétit]]" |2017 |[[Migos]] |{{Sort|De Cuir, Dent|Dent De Cuir}} | style="text-align:left;" |Perry is prepared and served by chefs including [[Roy Choi]] as a meal while singing her lyrics and Migos watches while rapping their verses. At the end of the video, Perry kidnaps the dinner guests instead. |<ref>{{cite news|last1=Hautman|first1=Nicholas|title=Katy Perry Is the Main Course in Eerie New 'Bon Appetit' Video With Migos: Watch|url=https://www.billboard.com/articles/columns/pop/7793006/katy-perry-bon-appetit-video-migos|accessdate=18 Mayo 2017|work=Billboard|date=12 Mayo 2017|url-status=live|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20170516000942/http://www.billboard.com/articles/columns/pop/7793006/katy-perry-bon-appetit-video-migos|archivedate=16 Mayo 2017}}</ref> |- ! scope="row" |"[[Feels (song)|Feels]]" |2017 |[[Calvin Harris]], [[Pharrell Williams]], and [[Big Sean]] |{{Sort|Nava, Emil|[[Emil Nava]]}} | style="text-align:left;" |Perry is shown on an island with Harris, Williams, and Sean and sings her lyrics while relaxing in a meadow. |<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Logan|first1=Elizabeth|title=Katy Perry, Calvin Harris, Pharrell, and Big Sean Are Deserted Together in New Video for 'Feels'|journal=[[W (magazine)|W]]|date=27 Hunyo 2017|url=https://www.wmagazine.com/story/katy-perry-video-feels|accessdate=27 Hunyo 2017}}</ref> |- ! scope="row" |"[[Swish Swish]]" |2017 |[[Nicki Minaj]] |{{Sort|Meyers, Dave|[[Dave Meyers (director)|Dave Meyers]]}} | style="text-align:left;" |Perry plays on a basketball team called "The Tigers" competing against the opposing team called "The Sheep", while Minaj performs during the game's halftime show. |<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Bell|first1=Sadie|title=Here Are All the Cameos From Katy Perry's 'Swish Swish' Music Video|url=https://www.billboard.com/articles/columns/pop/7941788/katy-perry-swish-swish-video-cameos|magazine=Billboard|accessdate=24 Agosto 2017|date=24 Agosto 2017}}</ref> |- ! scope="row" |"Feels" (Second video) |2017 |Calvin Harris, Pharrell Williams, and Big Sean |Emil Nava | style="text-align:left;" |Perry, Harris, Williams, and Sean are featured as a band playing the song in front of a live audience. |<ref>{{cite journal|url=http://www.rap-up.com/2017/08/27/calvin-harris-pharrell-katy-perry-big-sean-feels-video-2/|magazine=Rap-Up|date=27 Agosto 2017|accessdate=27 Agosto 2017|title=Video: Calvin Harris feat. Pharrell, Katy Perry, & Big Sean – 'Feels (Version 2)'}}</ref> |- ! scope="row" |"[[Hey Hey Hey]]" |{{n/a|None}} |{{Sort|Rentz, Isaac|[[Isaac Rentz]]}} | style="text-align:left;" |Perry plays a woman resembling [[Marie Antoinette]] who seeks to escape her obligations and chosen suitor, and daydreams of herself as [[Joan of Arc]]. Perry's character is executed at the end of the video, while her Joan of Arc persona returns to exact her revenge. |<ref>{{cite web|last1=Wass|first1=Mike|title=Katy Perry's "Hey Hey Hey" Video Is An Outrageous Blockbuster|url=https://www.idolator.com/7672761/katy-perry-hey-hey-hey-video-review|publisher=Idolator|date=20 Disyembre 2017|accessdate=20 Disyembre 2017}}{{Dead link|date=August 2024 |bot=InternetArchiveBot }}</ref> |- ! scope="row" |"[[365 (Zedd and Katy Perry song)|365]]" |2019 |[[Zedd]] |[[Warren Fu]] | style="text-align:left;" |Zedd is featured as a human test subject used for an experiment where lives with Perry, who portrays a robot that falls in love with him. |<ref>Details on "365" * {{cite magazine|url=http://www.papermag.com/katy-perry-zedd-365-2628962513.html?rebelltitem=3|title=Watch Katy Perry and Zedd's "365" Video for Valentine's Day|magazine=[[Paper (magazine)|Paper]]|last=Love Michael|first=Michael|date=14 Pebrero 2019|accessdate=15 Pebrero 2019}} * {{cite web|url=https://www.nme.com/news/music/katy-perry-zedd-365-video-single-2447890|title=Watch Katy Perry star as an android in new sci-fi video for Zedd collaboration '365'|work=[[NME]]|last=Moore|first=Sam|date=14 Pebrero 2019|accessdate=15 Pebrero 2019}}</ref> |- ! scope="row" |"[[Never Really Over]]" |{{N/A|None}} |Philipp Price | style="text-align:left;" |Perry plays a woman who goes to a New Age retreat after the break up of a relationship and participates in activities such as dancing, acupuncture and tree-hugging. As she leaves, she sees her former partner entering the same retreat. |<ref>{{cite web|url=https://youtube.com/watch?v=IwB7b9h24tA|title=Katy Perry - Making Of “Never Really Over” Music Video|date=17 Hunyo 2019|accessdate=18 Hunyo 2019}}</ref> |- ! scope="row" |"[[Small Talk (song)|Small Talk]]" |{{N/A|None}} |Tanu Muino | style="text-align:left;" |Perry and her pet dog Nugget attend a dog show where they win the top prize. She sees another competitor and immediately falls for him. Perry's attention is shifted to the man and she ignores her dog. Eventually he moves with Perry and brings his dog. Perry, the man and their two dogs are seen all together at the end. |<ref>{{cite web|url=https://youtube.com/watch?v=YqunQaPQumk|title=Katy Perry - Small Talk (Official)|date=30 Agosto 2019|accessdate=30 Agosto 2019}}</ref> |- ! scope="row" |"[[Harleys in Hawaii]]" |{{N/A|None}} |Pau Lopez, Gerardo del Hierro and Tomas Pena | style="text-align:left;" |Perry is seen riding a motorbike, singing in a bar and dancing on the beach as she pursues a man who also rides a motorbike. The two are seen kissing and they ride off on his motorbike. |<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.stereogum.com/2061654/katy-perry-harleys-in-hawaii/video/|title=Katy Perry – "Harleys In Hawaii" Video|website=[[Stereogum]]|accessdate=22 Oktubre 2019}}</ref> |- ! scope="row" |"[[Never Worn White]]" |{{N/A|None}} |J.A.C.K. | style="text-align:left;" |Perry sings about her relationship with her fiancé Orlando Bloom in a white dress and later a rose dress and also reveals she is pregnant in the video. |<ref>{{cite web|url=Perry sings about her relationship with her fiancé Orlando Bloom in a white dress and later a rose dress and also reveals she is pregnant in the video.|website=Katy Perry Is Pregnant, Music Video Confirms|publisher=[[Variety (magazine)|Variety]]|accessdate=25 Marso 2020}}</ref> |} === Guest appearances === {| class="wikitable sortable plainrowheaders" style="text-align: center;" ! scope="col" style="width: 18em;" |Titulo ! scope="col" style="width: 2em;" |Taon ! scope="col" style="width: 11em;" |Performer(s) ! scope="col" style="width: 30em;" class="unsortable" |Deskripsyon ! scope="col" style="width: 2em;" class="unsortable" |{{Abbr|Ref.|Reference}} |- ! scope="row" |"Broken" |2004 |[[The Matrix (production team)|The Matrix]] | style="text-align:left;" |Perry is seen singing the song's lyrics along with Adam Longlands. | style="text-align:center;" |<ref>{{cite web|last1=Kaufman|first1=Gil|title=The Matrix Drop Long-Lost Album Featuring Katy Perry|url=http://www.mtv.com/news/1603622/the-matrix-drop-long-lost-album-featuring-katy-perry/|publisher=MTV News|accessdate=6 Agosto 2015|date=27 Enero 2009|url-status=live|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20151027032958/http://www.mtv.com/news/1603622/the-matrix-drop-long-lost-album-featuring-katy-perry/|archivedate=27 Oktubre 2015}}</ref> |- ! scope="row" |"[[Goodbye for Now (song)|Goodbye for Now]]" |2006 |[[P.O.D.]] | style="text-align:left;" |Perry sings background vocals during the final chorus and appears at the end of the music video. | style="text-align:center;" |<ref>{{cite web|last1=Montgomery|first1=James|title=Katy Perry's 'Dark Horse' Video: Is 'Katy-Patra' Her Greatest Role?|url=http://www.mtv.com/news/1722742/katy-perry-dark-horse-greatest-video-roles/|publisher=MTV News|accessdate=18 Hulyo 2015|date=21 Pebrero 2014|url-status=live|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150818110733/http://www.mtv.com/news/1722742/katy-perry-dark-horse-greatest-video-roles/|archivedate=18 Agosto 2015}}</ref> |- ! scope="row" |"Learn to Fly" |2006 |[[Carbon Leaf]] | style="text-align:left;" |Perry stars as a girl who goes to see the band during a show. | style="text-align:center;" |<ref name="guestvid">{{harvnb|Friedlander|2012|p=46}}{{cite web|last=Rosen|first=Craig|title=Katy Perry's Best Moments Undercover|url=https://www.yahoo.com/music/bp/katy-perry-best-moments-undercover-150523486.html|publisher=[[Yahoo! Music]]|accessdate=22 Agosto 2014|date=18 Oktubre 2013|url-status=live|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150722035422/https://www.yahoo.com/music/bp/katy-perry-best-moments-undercover-150523486.html|archivedate=22 Hulyo 2015}}</ref> |- ! scope="row" |"[[Cupid's Chokehold]]" |2006 |[[Gym Class Heroes]](featuring [[Patrick Stump]]) | style="text-align:left;" |Perry plays the love interest of [[Gym Class Heroes]] singer [[Travie McCoy]]. | style="text-align:center;" |<ref name="guestvid" /> |- ! scope="row" |"[[Bitch I'm Madonna]]" |2015 |[[Madonna (entertainer)|Madonna]](featuring [[Nicki Minaj]]) | style="text-align:left;" |Perry is featured miming the lyric "Bitch I'm Madonna" in the video. | style="text-align:center;" |<ref>{{cite news|last1=Groves|first1=Nancy|title=Bitch I'm Madonna: new video on Tidal features Beyoncé, Kanye West|url=https://www.theguardian.com/music/2015/jun/18/bitch-im-madonna-new-video-on-tidal-features-beyonce-kanye-west|accessdate=21 Hulyo 2015|work=[[The Guardian]]|date=18 Hunyo 2015|url-status=live|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150702054413/http://www.theguardian.com/music/2015/jun/18/bitch-im-madonna-new-video-on-tidal-features-beyonce-kanye-west|archivedate=2 Hulyo 2015}}</ref> |- ! scope="row" |"[[You Need to Calm Down]]" |2019 |[[Taylor Swift]] | style="text-align:left;" |Perry appears dressed in a hamburger costume towards the end of the video. | style="text-align:center;" |<ref>{{cite magazine|title=Watch Taylor Swift Reunite With Katy Perry in 'You Need to Calm Down' Video|last=Zemler|first=Emily|url=https://www.rollingstone.com/music/music-news/watch-taylor-swift-katy-perry-you-need-to-calm-down-video-848857/|date=17 Hunyo 2019|accessdate=18 Hunyo 2019|magazine=Rolling Stone}}</ref> |- ! scope="row" |"[[Never Worn White]]" |2020 |} ==Mga Video Album== {| class="wikitable plainrowheaders" style="text-align:center;" ! scope="col" style="width:16em;" |Titulo ! scope="col" style="width:20em;" |Detalye nin Album ! scope="col" |Deskripsyon |- ! scope="row" |''[[MTV Unplugged (Katy Perry EP)|MTV Unplugged]]'' | * Released: 13 Nobyembre 2009<ref>{{cite web|title=MTV Unplugged: Katy Perry|url=https://itunes.apple.com/us/album/mtv-unplugged-katy-perry/id716650460|publisher=[[iTunes Store]]|accessdate=18 Hulyo 2015|url-status=live|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150713111718/https://itunes.apple.com/us/album/mtv-unplugged-katy-perry/id716650460|archivedate=13 Hulyo 2015}}</ref> * Label: [[Capitol Records|Capitol]] * Formats: [[CD]], [[DVD]], [[Music download|digital download]] |Physical release contains a DVD of Perry performing [[Acoustic music|acoustic]] renditions of tracks from ''One of the Boys'' plus a new song, "Brick by Brick", and [[Fountains of Wayne]] cover "Hackensack".<ref>{{cite AV media notes|title=MTV Unplugged|others=Katy Perry| date = 2009|chapter=|first=Katy|last=Perry|type=Compact Disc|publisher=[[Capitol Records]]|location=New York City, New York|ref=}}</ref> |- ! scope="row" |''[[The Prismatic World Tour Live]]'' | * Released: 30 Oktubre 2015<ref name="PrismaticLive">{{cite web|url=http://www.eagle-rock.com/2015/09/katy-perry-the-prismatic-tour-live/#.V0xTSeW-P20|title=Katy Perry – The Prismatic Tour Live|publisher=[[Eagle Rock Entertainment]]|date=1 Septyembre 2015|accessdate=30 Mayo 2016|url-status=dead|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160528182735/http://www.eagle-rock.com/2015/09/katy-perry-the-prismatic-tour-live/#.V0xTSeW-P20|archivedate=28 Mayo 2016}}</ref> * Label: [[Capitol Records|Capitol]] * Formats: [[DVD]], [[Blu-ray]], [[Music download|digital download]] |Contains a DVD of Perry performing during her [[The Prismatic World Tour|tour of the same name]] plus 30 minutes of exclusive extras.<ref name="PrismaticLive" /> |} ==Pilmograpiya== === Pelikula === {| class="wikitable plainrowheaders sortable" style="text-align: center;" ! scope="col" style="width: 17em;" |Titulo ! scope="col" style="width: 2em;" |Taon ! scope="col" style="width: 15em;" |Role ! scope="col" style="width: 30em;" class="unsortable" |Mga Nota ! scope="col" style="width: 2em;" class="unsortable" |{{Abbr|Ref.|Reference}} |- ! scope="row" |''[[The Smurfs (film)|The Smurfs]]'' |2011 |[[Smurfette]] | style="text-align:left;" |Voice role |<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Rechtshaffen|first1=Michael|title=The Smurfs: Film review|url=https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/review/smurfs-film-review-216564|accessdate=28 Hulyo 2015|magazine=The Hollywood Reporter|date=28 Hulyo 2011|url-status=live|archiveurl=https://www.webcitation.org/60WjXJblP?url=http://www.hollywoodreporter.com/review/smurfs-film-review-216564|archivedate=29 Hulyo 2011}}</ref> |- ! scope="row" |''[[Katy Perry: Part of Me]]'' |2012 |Herself | style="text-align:left;" |Documentary |<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Lowe|first1=Justin|title=Katy Perry: Part of Me: Film Review|url=https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/movie/katy-perry-part-me/review/344394|accessdate=18 Hulyo 2015|magazine=The Hollywood Reporter|date=3 Hulyo 2012|url-status=live|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150726101039/http://www.hollywoodreporter.com/movie/katy-perry-part-me/review/344394|archivedate=26 Hulyo 2015}}</ref> |- ! scope="row" |''[[The Smurfs 2]]'' |2013 |Smurfette | style="text-align:left;" |Voice role |<ref>{{cite news|last1=Foundas|first1=Scott|title=Film Review: 'The Smurfs 2'|url=https://variety.com/2013/film/reviews/the-smurfs-2-review-1200569098/|accessdate=18 Hulyo 2015|work=[[Variety (magazine)|Variety]]|date=28 Hulyo 2013|url-status=live|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150723055440/http://variety.com/2013/film/reviews/the-smurfs-2-review-1200569098/|archivedate=23 Hulyo 2015}}</ref> |- ! scope="row" |''[[Brand: A Second Coming]]'' |2015 |Herself | style="text-align:left;" |Documentary |<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.smh.com.au/lifestyle/celebrity/documentary-reveals-russell-brand-and-katy-perry-split-caused-by-singers-rising-fame-20150315-1lzwqb|title=Documentary reveals Russell Brand and Katy Perry split caused by singer's rising fame|author=Mary Ward|newspaper=[[The Sydney Morning Herald]]|date=16 Marso 2015|accessdate=16 Marso 2015|url-status=live|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150804085448/http://www.smh.com.au/lifestyle/celebrity/documentary-reveals-russell-brand-and-katy-perry-split-caused-by-singers-rising-fame-20150315-1lzwqb|archivedate=4 Agosto 2015}}</ref> |- ! scope="row" |''Katy Perry: The Prismatic World Tour'' |2015 |Herself | style="text-align:left;" |Concert film |<ref name="Prismatic">{{cite journal|last1=Zemler|first1=Emily|title=Katy Perry Premieres Concert TV Special, Explains Why Pop Stars Should Always Play Their Hits|magazine=Billboard|date=27 Marso 2015|url=https://www.billboard.com/articles/news/6516742/katy-perry-epix-prismatic-tour-special|accessdate=19 Hulyo 2015|url-status=live|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150711004722/http://www.billboard.com/articles/news/6516742/katy-perry-epix-prismatic-tour-special|archivedate=11 Hulyo 2015}}</ref> |- ! scope="row" |''Katy Perry: Making of the Pepsi Super Bowl Halftime Show'' |2015 |Herself | style="text-align:left;" |Documentary |<ref name="SuperBowl">{{cite web|last1=Hipes|first1=Patrick|title='Katy Perry: Making Of The Pepsi Super Bowl Halftime Show' Trailer: What 118.5 Million Viewers Didn't See|url=https://deadline.com/2015/09/katy-perry-making-of-the-pepsi-super-bowl-halftime-show-trailer-first-look-documentary-1201522029/|website=[[Deadline Hollywood]]|date=11 Septyembre 2015|accessdate=12 Septyembre 2015|url-status=live|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150912203425/http://deadline.com/2015/09/katy-perry-making-of-the-pepsi-super-bowl-halftime-show-trailer-first-look-documentary-1201522029/|archivedate=12 Septyembre 2015}}</ref> |- ! scope="row" |''[[Jeremy Scott: The People's Designer]]'' |2015 |Herself | style="text-align:left;" |Documentary |<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Scheck|first1=Frank|title='Jeremy Scott: The People's Designer': Film Review|journal=The Hollywood Reporter|date=17 Septyembre 2015|url=https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/review/jeremy-scott-peoples-designer-film-824139|accessdate=25 Oktubre 2015|url-status=live|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150921020627/http://www.hollywoodreporter.com/review/jeremy-scott-peoples-designer-film-824139|archivedate=21 Septyembre 2015}}</ref> |- ! scope="row" |''[[Zoolander 2]]'' |2016 |Herself | style="text-align:left;" |Cameo appearance |<ref>{{cite web|last1=Doty|first1=Meriah|title=From Amanpour to Zane: All the Celebrity Cameos in 'Zoolander 2' (Spoilers!)|url=https://www.yahoo.com/movies/from-amanpour-to-zane-all-the-celebrity-cameos-in-180126212.html|publisher=[[Yahoo! Movies]]|accessdate=13 Pebrero 2016|url-status=live|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160223100130/https://www.yahoo.com/movies/from-amanpour-to-zane-all-the-celebrity-cameos-in-180126212.html|archivedate=23 Pebrero 2016}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|last1=Ryan|first1=Patrick|title=Ben Stiller, Owen Wilson put 'Zoolander' back in fashion|url=https://www.usatoday.com/story/life/movies/2016/02/10/zoolander-2-ben-stiller-owen-wilson/80036316/#|accessdate=13 Pebrero 2016|newspaper=USA Today|date=10 Pebrero 2016|url-status=live|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160213045505/http://www.usatoday.com/story/life/movies/2016/02/10/zoolander-2-ben-stiller-owen-wilson/80036316/|archivedate=13 Pebrero 2016}}</ref> |} === Telebisyon === {| class="wikitable plainrowheaders sortable" style="text-align: center;" ! scope="col" style="width: 17em;" |Titulo ! scope="col" style="width: 2em;" |Taon ! scope="col" style="width: 10em;" |Role(s) ! scope="col" style="width: 5em;" |Istasyon ! scope="col" class="unsortable" style="width: 27em;" |Mga Nota ! scope="col" class="unsortable" style="width: 2em;" |{{Abbr|Ref.|Reference}} |- ! scope="row" |''[[Wildfire (TV series)|Wildfire]]'' |2008 |Club singer |[[ABC Family]] | style="text-align:left;" |Episode: "Life's Too Short" |<ref>{{harvnb|Summers|2012|p=61}}</ref> |- ! scope="row" |''[[The Young and the Restless]]'' |2008 |Herself |[[CBS]] | style="text-align:left;" |Episode 8,914 |<ref>{{cite web|last=De Leon|first=Kris|title=Katy Perry Guest Stars on 'The Young and the Restless'|url=http://www.buddytv.com/articles/the-young-and-the-restless/katy-perry-guest-stars-on-the-20190.aspx|publisher=[[BuddyTV]]|date=5 Hunyo 2008|accessdate=25 Pebrero 2014|url-status=live|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20131024034332/http://www.buddytv.com/articles/the-young-and-the-restless/katy-perry-guest-stars-on-the-20190.aspx|archivedate=24 Oktubre 2013}}</ref> |- ! scope="row" |''[[American Idol]]'' |2010 |Guest Judge |[[Fox Broadcasting Company|Fox]] | style="text-align:left;" |[[American Idol (season 9)|Season 9]], Episode 5 |<ref>{{cite web|last=Barrett|first=Annie|title='American Idol': The Kara vs. Katy Lifetime movie|url=https://www.ew.com/article/2010/01/27/american-idol-the-kara-vs-katy-perry-lifetime-movie|work=Entertainment Weekly|date=27 Enero 2010|accessdate=18 Hulyo 2015|url-status=live|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150629042647/http://www.ew.com/article/2010/01/27/american-idol-the-kara-vs-katy-perry-lifetime-movie|archivedate=29 Hunyo 2015}}</ref> |- ! scope="row" |''[[The X Factor (British TV series)|The X Factor]]'' |2010 |Guest Judge |[[ITV (TV network)|ITV]] | style="text-align:left;" |[[The X Factor (UK series 7)|Series 7]], Episode 2 |<ref>{{cite news|title=Katy Perry to stand in for Dannii Minogue on X Factor|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/10298391|accessdate=18 Hulyo 2015|publisher=[[BBC News]]|date=11 Hunyo 2010|url-status=live|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150912173507/http://www.bbc.com/news/10298391|archivedate=12 Septyembre 2015}}</ref> |- ! scope="row" |''[[Saturday Night Live]]'' |2010 |Musical guest |[[NBC]] | style="text-align:left;" |Episode: "[[Amy Poehler]]/Katy Perry" |<ref>{{cite journal|last1=McDermott|first1=Tyler K.|title=Katy Perry's 5 Most Awesome Performances|url=https://www.billboard.com/articles/columns/viral-videos/482586/katy-perrys-5-most-awesome-performances|accessdate=18 Hulyo 2015|magazine=Billboard|date=26 Hunyo 2012|url-status=live|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150713115541/http://www.billboard.com/articles/columns/viral-videos/482586/katy-perrys-5-most-awesome-performances|archivedate=13 Hulyo 2015}}</ref> |- ! scope="row" |''[[Extreme Makeover: Home Edition]]'' |2010 |Herself |[[American Broadcasting Company|ABC]] | style="text-align:left;" |Episode: "Boys Hope/Girls Hope" |<ref>{{cite web|title=Boys Hope/Girls Hope|publisher=[[American Broadcasting Company]]|url=http://abc.go.com/shows/extreme-makeover-home-edition/episode-guide/episode-801-boys-hope-girls-hope|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140314091916/http://abc.go.com/shows/extreme-makeover-home-edition/episode-guide/episode-801-boys-hope-girls-hope|archivedate=14 Marso 2014|accessdate=18 Hulyo 2015}}</ref> |- ! scope="row" |''[[The Simpsons]]'' |2010 |Herself |[[Fox Broadcasting Company|Fox]] | style="text-align:left;" |Episode: "[[The Fight Before Christmas (The Simpsons)|The Fight Before Christmas]]", Live-Action scene |<ref name="Kaufman">{{cite news|last=Kaufman|first=Gil|title=Katy Perry to appear on 'The Simpsons' in December|url=http://www.mtv.com/news/1648733/katy-perry-to-appear-on-the-simpsons-in-december/|accessdate=19 Agosto 2011|date=27 Septyembre 2010|publisher=MTV News|url-status=live|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140908065553/http://www.mtv.com/news/1648733/katy-perry-to-appear-on-the-simpsons-in-december/|archivedate=8 Septyembre 2014}}</ref> |- ! scope="row" |''[[How I Met Your Mother]]'' |2011 |Honey |[[CBS]] | style="text-align:left;" |Episode: "[[Oh Honey]]" |<ref>{{cite news|last1=Tucker|first1=Ken|title='How I Met Your Mother' review: Katy Perry was a Honey, and Jennifer Morrison just as sweet|url=https://www.ew.com/article/2011/02/07/how-i-met-your-mother-katy-perry|accessdate=19 Hulyo 2015|work=Entertainment Weekly|date=7 Pebrero 2011|url-status=live|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150627110453/http://www.ew.com/article/2011/02/07/how-i-met-your-mother-katy-perry|archivedate=27 Hunyo 2015}}</ref> |- ! scope="row" |''Saturday Night Live'' |2011 |Host, various roles |[[NBC]] | style="text-align:left;" |Episode: "Katy Perry/[[Robyn]]" |<ref>{{cite journal|last=Rutherford|first=Keith|url=https://www.billboard.com/articles/columns/viral-videos/464781/katy-perry-hosts-snl-the-hits-misses-including-a-florence-welch|title=Katy Perry Hosts 'SNL': The Hits & Misses, Including a Florence Welch Spoof|magazine=Billboard|date=11 Disyembre 2011|accessdate=8 Agosto 2013|url-status=live|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20130821024331/http://www.billboard.com/articles/columns/viral-videos/464781/katy-perry-hosts-snl-the-hits-misses-including-a-florence-welch|archivedate=21 Agosto 2013}}</ref> |- ! scope="row" |''[[Raising Hope]]'' |2012 |{{Sort|Hargrove, Rikki|Rikki Hargrove}} |[[Fox Broadcasting Company|Fox]] | style="text-align:left;" |Episode: "Single White Female Role-Model" |<ref>{{cite news|last1=Fretts|first1=Bruce|title=Cheers & Jeers: Katy Perry Can't Keep Hope Alive|url=https://www.tvguide.com/news/katy-perry-raising-hope-1044534/|accessdate=19 Hulyo 2015|work=[[TV Guide]]|date=7 Marso 2012|url-status=live|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150722044248/http://www.tvguide.com/news/katy-perry-raising-hope-1044534/|archivedate=22 Hulyo 2015}}</ref> |- ! scope="row" |''Saturday Night Live'' |2013 |Musical guest |[[NBC]] | style="text-align:left;" |Episode: "[[Bruce Willis]]/Katy Perry" |<ref>{{cite web|last=McGee|first=Ryan|title=Recap: Saturday Night Live - Bruce Willis and Katy Perry|url=http://www.hitfix.com/monkeys-as-critics/recap-saturday-night-live-nil-bruce-willis-and-katy-perry|date=12 Oktubre 2013|publisher=[[HitFix]]|accessdate=25 Pebrero 2014|url-status=live|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140225233042/http://www.hitfix.com/monkeys-as-critics/recap-saturday-night-live-nil-bruce-willis-and-katy-perry|archivedate=25 Pebrero 2014}}</ref> |- ! scope="row" |''David Blaine: Real or Magic'' |2013 |Herself |[[American Broadcasting Company|ABC]] | style="text-align:left;" |Television special |<ref>{{cite news|last1=Blaine|first1=David|title=Exclusive: David Blaine Freaks Katy Perry Out|url=http://www.etonline.com/tv/140863_David_Blaine_Real_of_Magic_Exclusive_Katy_Perry_Clip/|accessdate=19 Hulyo 2015|work=[[Entertainment Tonight]]|date=15 Nobyembre 2013|url-status=live|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150801085340/http://www.etonline.com/tv/140863_David_Blaine_Real_of_Magic_Exclusive_Katy_Perry_Clip/|archivedate=1 Agosto 2015}}</ref> |- ! scope="row" |''[[Kroll Show]]'' |2014 |Herself |[[Comedy Central]] | style="text-align:left;" |Episode: "Blisteritos Presents Dad Academy Graduation Congraduritos Red Carpet Viewing Party" |<ref>{{cite journal|title=Katy Perry Makes Hilarious Cameo on Kroll Show|url=http://www.maxim.com/entertainment/tv/article/katy-perry-makes-hilarious-cameo-kroll-show|magazine=[[Maxim (magazine)|Maxim]]|date=26 Marso 2014|accessdate=25 Hulyo 2014|url-status=live|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150222193430/http://www.maxim.com/entertainment/tv/article/katy-perry-makes-hilarious-cameo-kroll-show|archivedate=22 Pebrero 2015}}</ref> |- ! scope="row" |''[[CMT Crossroads]]'' |2014 |Herself |[[CMT (U.S. TV channel)|CMT]] | style="text-align:left;" |Episode: "Katy Perry and [[Kacey Musgraves]]" |<ref>{{cite web|title=CMT Crossroads: Katy Perry and Kacey Musgraves Debuts Friday|url=http://www.cmt.com/news/1728313/cmt-crossroads-katy-perry-and-kacey-musgraves-debuts-friday/|date=13 Hunyo 2014|publisher=CMT|accessdate=15 Hunyo 2014|url-status=live|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150923234715/http://www.cmt.com/news/1728313/cmt-crossroads-katy-perry-and-kacey-musgraves-debuts-friday/|archivedate=23 Septyembre 2015}}</ref> |- ! scope="row" |''Saturday Night Live'' |2017 |Musical guest |[[NBC]] | style="text-align:left;" |Episode: "[[Dwayne Johnson]]/Katy Perry" |<ref>{{cite web|last=Tarnoff|first=Brooke|title=Watch Katy Perry Sing 'Bon Appétit' and 'Swish Swish' on 'Saturday Night Live'|url=https://www.billboard.com/articles/columns/pop/7801131/katy-perry-saturday-night-live|date=21 Mayo 2017|publisher=[[Billboard (magazine)|Billboard]]|accessdate=29 Abril 2019|url-status=live|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20170523030705/https://www.billboard.com/articles/columns/pop/7801131/katy-perry-saturday-night-live|archivedate=23 Mayo 2017}}</ref> |- ! scope="row" |''[[American Idol]]'' |2018–present |Judge |[[American Broadcasting Company|ABC]] | style="text-align:left;" |[[American Idol (season 16)|Season 16]]–present |<ref>{{cite web|first=Vlada|last=Gelman|url=https://www.yahoo.com/music/american-idol-taps-lionel-richie-193208918.html|title=American Idol Taps Lionel Richie as Third Judge for ABC Revival|publisher=Yahoo! Music|date=29 Septyembre 2017|accessdate=25 Oktubre 2017}}</ref> |- ! scope="row" |''[[Jeopardy! The Greatest of All Time]]'' |2020 |Herself - Video Clue Presenter |[[American Broadcasting Company|ABC]] | style="text-align:left;" |1 episode | |} === Komersyal === {| class="wikitable sortable plainrowheaders" style="text-align: center;" ! scope="col" |Kompanya o Produkto ! scope="col" |Taon ! scope="col" class="unsortable" |Titulo ! scope="col" class="unsortable" |{{Abbr|Ref.|Reference}} |- ! scope="row" |[[ProSieben]] |2010 | style="text-align:left;" |Perry performs "Teenage Dream" in the commercial, wearing a red dress similar to [[White dress of Marilyn Monroe|the one]] [[Marilyn Monroe]] wore in ''[[The Seven Year Itch]]''. |<ref>{{cite web|last=Dinh|first=James|title=Katy Perry Goes Futuristic in 'Teenage Dream' German TV Spot|url=http://www.mtv.com/news/1647070/katy-perry-goes-futuristic-in-teenage-dream-german-tv-spot/|publisher=MTV News|accessdate=25 Pebrero 2014|date=9 Pebrero 2010|url-status=live|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140821061920/http://www.mtv.com/news/1647070/katy-perry-goes-futuristic-in-teenage-dream-german-tv-spot/|archivedate=21 Agosto 2014}}</ref> |- ! scope="row" |[[Proactiv]] |2010 | style="text-align:left;" |Perry promotes Proactiv and speaks about her experience with [[acne]] problems and using the product. |<ref>{{cite news|last1=Sweney|first1=Mark|title=Katy Perry and Justin Bieber zit ad campaign banned|url=https://www.theguardian.com/media/2012/jul/18/katy-perry-justin-bieber|accessdate=19 Hulyo 2015|work=The Guardian|date=18 Hulyo 2012|url-status=live|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150611105552/http://www.theguardian.com/media/2012/jul/18/katy-perry-justin-bieber|archivedate=11 Hunyo 2015}}</ref> |- ! scope="row" |[[Adidas]] |2011 | style="text-align:left;" |Perry appears in a series of commercials for Adidas as part of the company's "All Adidas" campaign. |<ref>{{cite news|last=Whitworth|first=Melissa|title=David Beckham and Katy Perry star in latest Adidas commercial|url=http://fashion.telegraph.co.uk/news-features/TMG8385975/David-Beckham-and-Katy-Perry-star-in-latest-Adidas-commercial.html|work=The Daily Telegraph|accessdate=25 Pebrero 2014|date=16 Marso 2011|url-status=dead|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140302013122/http://fashion.telegraph.co.uk/news-features/TMG8385975/David-Beckham-and-Katy-Perry-star-in-latest-Adidas-commercial.html|archivedate=2 Marso 2014}}</ref> |- ! scope="row" |[[Adidas]] |2012 | style="text-align:left;" |Perry's second advertisement for Adidas, also featuring [[David Beckham]], [[Leo Messi]], and [[Derrick Rose]]. Used as part of the "All In" campaign. |<ref>{{cite news|last=Nika|first=Colleen|title=Katy Perry Stars Alongside David Beckham for New Adidas Ad|url=https://www.rollingstone.com/culture/news/katy-perry-stars-alongside-david-beckham-for-new-adidas-ad-20120330|date=30 Marso 2012|work=Rolling Stone|accessdate=25 Pebrero 2014|url-status=live|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150728040254/http://www.rollingstone.com/culture/news/katy-perry-stars-alongside-david-beckham-for-new-adidas-ad-20120330|archivedate=28 Hulyo 2015}}</ref> |- ! scope="row" |[[Pepsi]] |2012 | style="text-align:left;" |Shows clips from ''Katy Perry: Part of Me''; used as part of Pepsi's "Live for Now" campaign. |<ref>{{cite web|last=Vena|first=Jocelyn|title=Joe Jonas Hopes to Work with Nicki Minaj, Katy Perry in Pepsi Ads|url=http://www.mtv.com/news/1684910/joe-jonas-nicki-minaj-katy-perry-pepsi-ad/|date=10 Mayo 2012|publisher=MTV News|accessdate=25 Pebrero 2014|url-status=live|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150818133927/http://www.mtv.com/news/1684910/joe-jonas-nicki-minaj-katy-perry-pepsi-ad/|archivedate=18 Agosto 2015}}</ref> |- ! scope="row" |[[Capital (radio network)|Capital FM]] |2012 | style="text-align:left;" |Perry appears alongside other celebrities including [[Rihanna]] and [[Cheryl Cole]] in an advertisement for Capital FM. |<ref>{{cite web|title=Cheryl Cole, Rihanna and Katy Perry Star in Brand New Capital FM TV Advert|url=http://www.capitalfm.com/artists/cheryl-cole/news/rihanna-katy-perry-capital-fm-tv-advert/|date=17 Agosto 2012|publisher=[[Capital (radio network)|Capital FM]]|accessdate=25 Pebrero 2014|url-status=live|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140302101307/http://www.capitalfm.com/artists/cheryl-cole/news/rihanna-katy-perry-capital-fm-tv-advert/|archivedate=2 Marso 2014}}</ref> |- ! scope="row" |[[Popchips]] |2013 | style="text-align:left;" |Appears in a digital commercial as part of the superhero team "Katy and the PopCats". With the help of the cats, Perry defeats the enemy potato chip manufacturer "Fat Cat" in the clip. |<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Halperin|first1=Shirley|title=Katy Perry Gets Sassy in Popchips Ad Campaign (Photos)|url=https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/news/katy-perry-popchips-pics-ad-campaign-366612|accessdate=19 Hulyo 2015|magazine=The Hollywood Reporter|date=29 Agosto 2012|url-status=live|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150726162224/http://www.hollywoodreporter.com/news/katy-perry-popchips-pics-ad-campaign-366612|archivedate=26 Hulyo 2015}}</ref> |- ! scope="row" |[[Killer Queen by Katy Perry]] |2013 | style="text-align:left;" |Perry appears in the commercial for her third fragrance, Killer Queen. In the commercial she stars as a queen who knocks away her assistants and kicks over a throne. |<ref>{{cite web|last1=Keirans|first1=Maeve|title=Katy Perry's Full-Length Killer Queen Commercial Is Here (Plus Behind-The-Scenes Photos!)|url=http://style.mtv.com/2013/08/20/katy-perry-killer-queen-commercial/|publisher=MTV|accessdate=19 Hulyo 2015|date=20 Agosto 2013|url-status=dead|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150905080822/http://style.mtv.com/2013/08/20/katy-perry-killer-queen-commercial/|archivedate=2015-09-05}}</ref> |- ! scope="row" |[[2013 MTV Video Music Awards]] |2013 | style="text-align:left;" |The commercial was used to promote Perry's performance of "Roar" at the 2013 MTV Video Music Awards. |<ref>{{cite web|title=VMA 2013: Katy is Coming for You|url=http://www.mtv.com/videos/misc/945659/vma-2013-katy-is-coming-for-you.jhtml|publisher=MTV|accessdate=25 Pebrero 2014|url-status=live|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140302141249/http://www.mtv.com/videos/misc/945659/vma-2013-katy-is-coming-for-you.jhtml|archivedate=2 Marso 2014}}</ref> |- ! scope="row" |[[Walmart]] |2013 | style="text-align:left;" |Used to promote Walmart and Perry's fourth album ''Prism''. In the commercial, some of Perry's fans buy the record and are surprised to find her working at the checkout. |<ref>{{cite news|last1=Bump|first1=Philip|title=You might recognize Hillary Clinton’s songs from those Walmart, Lowe’s, Target, Toyota, Fiat and Microsoft ads|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/the-fix/wp/2015/06/15/you-might-recognize-hillary-clintons-playlist-from-those-ubiquitous-walmart-lowes-target-toyota-fiat-and-microsoft-ads/|accessdate=19 Hulyo 2015|work=[[The Washington Post]]|date=15 Hunyo 2013|url-status=live|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150819192701/http://www.washingtonpost.com/news/the-fix/wp/2015/06/15/you-might-recognize-hillary-clintons-playlist-from-those-ubiquitous-walmart-lowes-target-toyota-fiat-and-microsoft-ads/|archivedate=19 Agosto 2015}}</ref> |- ! scope="row" |[[CoverGirl]] |2014 | style="text-align:left;" |"This Is How We Do" plays as Perry promotes the newest CoverGirl products. Also featured in other commercials as part of the company's 2014 campaign. |<ref>{{cite web|last1=Muller|first1=Marissa G.|title=Katy Perry’s Latest Covergirl Ad Is Her Boldest Yet|url=http://www.mtv.com/news/2136510/katy-perry-covergirl/|publisher=MTV News|accessdate=19 Hulyo 2015|date=17 Abril 2015|url-status=live|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150803100413/http://www.mtv.com/news/2136510/katy-perry-covergirl/|archivedate=3 Agosto 2015}}</ref> |- ! scope="row" |[[Toyota Yaris]] |2015 | style="text-align:left;" |The commercial was used to promote Toyota Yaris Thailand. Perry performed as four different character to drive Yaris. In addition, "This Is How We Do" was used in this commercial. |<ref>{{cite web|title=โตโยต้า ยาริส คว้าศิลปินหญิงชื่อก้องโลก "Katy Perry" เป็นพรีเซนเตอร์ 'YARIS That's Right!'|url=http://www.toyota.co.th/news-detail.php?cont_id=721|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150722074725/http://www.toyota.co.th/news-detail.php?cont_id=721|archivedate=22 Hulyo 2015|language=Thai|accessdate=14 Hulyo 2015|publisher=[[Toyota]]}}</ref> |- ! scope="row" |[[H&M]] |2015 | style="text-align:left;" |"[[Every Day Is a Holiday]]" plays as Perry sports various holiday-themed clothes from H&M. It was part of the clothing store's 2015 holiday campaign. |<ref>{{cite web|title=Katy Perry brings fashion, fantasy and fun to H&M's spectacular holiday campaign|url=http://about.hm.com/en/news/newsroom/news.html/en/hmholiday2015.html|publisher=H&M|accessdate=23 Nobyembre 2015|url-status=dead|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20151124175153/http://about.hm.com/en/news/newsroom/news.html/en/hmholiday2015.html|archivedate=24 Nobyembre 2015}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|last1=Menyes|first1=Carolyn|title=Katy Perry Debuts Christmas Single 'Every Day Is a Holiday' for H&M Campaign [WATCH]|url=http://www.musictimes.com/articles/55650/20151123/katy-perry-every-day-is-a-holiday-hm-commercial-christmas-watch.htm|work=Music Times|date=23 Nobyembre 2015|accessdate=23 Nobyembre 2015|url-status=live|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20151124191838/http://www.musictimes.com/articles/55650/20151123/katy-perry-every-day-is-a-holiday-hm-commercial-christmas-watch.htm|archivedate=24 Nobyembre 2015}}</ref> |- ! scope="row" |[[Citigroup|Citi]] |2017 | style="text-align:left;" |Perry appears in a commercial alongside her pet dog Nugget for [[Citigroup|Citi]]'s Double Cash card "Means What It Says" campaign. |<ref>{{cite web|title=Katy Perry's Micro Teacup Poodle Makes Her National TV Debut in Citi's Double Cash Card Campaign|url=https://www.billboard.com/articles/news/lifestyle/7785020/katy-perry-micro-teacup-poodle-tv-debut-citi|publisher=Billboard|accessdate=28 Disyembre 2017|url-status=live|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20170508195020/https://www.billboard.com/articles/news/lifestyle/7785020/katy-perry-micro-teacup-poodle-tv-debut-citi|archivedate=8 Mayo 2017}}</ref> |} === Web === {| class="wikitable plainrowheaders sortable" style="text-align: center;" ! scope="col" style="width: 17em;" |Titulo ! scope="col" style="width: 2em;" |Taon ! scope="col" style="width: 15em;" |Role ! scope="col" style="width: 30em;" class="unsortable" |Mga Nota ! scope="col" style="width: 2em;" class="unsortable" |{{Abbr|Ref.|Reference}} |- ! scope="row" |[[Katy Perry Live: Witness World Wide]] |2017 |Herself | style="text-align:left;" |Four-day livestream event on [[YouTube]] featuring guests, interviews, and a concert |<ref>{{cite news|last1=Stutz|first1=Colin|title=Katy Perry YouTube Live Stream Wraps Monday With Live Concert; James Corden, Sia & More Guests to Pop In|url=https://www.billboard.com/articles/columns/pop/7825739/katy-perry-live-stream-monday-live-concert-james-corden-sia|accessdate=12 Hunyo 2017|magazine=Billboard|date=9 Hunyo 2017|url-status=live|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20170610120848/http://www.billboard.com/articles/columns/pop/7825739/katy-perry-live-stream-monday-live-concert-james-corden-sia|archivedate=10 Hunyo 2017}}</ref> |- ! scope="row" |Will You Be My Witness? |2017 |Herself | style="text-align:left;" |Behind-the-scenes [[YouTube Red]] special for "Katy Perry Live: Witness World Wide" |<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Reed|first1=Ryan|title=Watch Katy Perry Sob During Therapy Session in YouTube Red Special Trailer|magazine=Rolling Stone|date=27 Septyembre 2017|url=https://www.rollingstone.com/music/news/katy-perry-sobs-in-therapy-see-youtube-special-trailer-w505762|accessdate=27 Septyembre 2017|archive-date=2 Pebrero 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180202140455/https://www.rollingstone.com/music/news/katy-perry-sobs-in-therapy-see-youtube-special-trailer-w505762|url-status=}}</ref> |} ==Mga toltolan== === Talababa === {{reflist|30em}} === Hinalean === {{refbegin}} * {{cite book|title=Katy Perry: California Gurl|last=Berry|first=Jo|publisher=[[Hachette (publisher)|Hachette]]| date = 2011|isbn=978-1-4091-3362-9|ref=harv}} * {{cite book|url=https://archive.org/details/katyperry0000frie|title=Katy Perry|last=Friedlander|first=Noam|publisher=[[Sterling Publishing]]| date = 2012|isbn=978-1-4549-0364-2|ref=harv|url-access=registration}} * {{cite book|title=Katy Perry: The Unofficial Biography|url=https://archive.org/details/katyperryunoffic0000mont|last=Montgomery|first=Alice|publisher=[[Penguin Books]]| date = 2011|isbn=978-0-7181-5824-8|ref=harv}} * {{cite book|title=Katy Perry: A Biography|url=https://archive.org/details/katyperrybiograp0000summ|last=Summers|first=Kimberly Dillon|publisher=[[ABC-CLIO]]| date = 2012|isbn=978-1-4408-0100-6|ref=harv}} {{refend}} ==Panluwas na takod== {{Wikipedia books|Katy Perry}} * [https://youtube.com/user/KatyPerryVEVO Katy Perry's official Vevo channel] on [[YouTube]] {{Katy Perry}} c8tfongzdro6181k81om4bppmimvon0 0 2886552 7782307 7652427 2026-04-07T05:49:56Z InternetArchiveBot 41587 Add 1 book for verifiability (20260407)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 7782307 wikitext text/x-wiki ==Mga Music video==<!--Do ''not'' use rowspans per WP:FILMOGRAPHY and accessibility concerns--> {| class="wikitable" |+Key | style="background:#bdf;" |{{*|alt=Music videos directed by Lady Gaga}} |Si Lady Gaga an direktor kan video |} {| class="wikitable sortable plainrowheaders" style="text-align:center;" ! scope="col" style="width:18em;" |Titulo ! scope="col" style="width:2em;" |Taon ! scope="col" style="width:10em;" |Other performer(s) credited ! scope="col" style="width:10em;" |Direktor ! scope="col" style="width:45em;" class="unsortable" |Deskripsyon ! scope="col" style="width:2em;" class="unsortable" |{{Abbr|Ref.|References}} |- ! scope="row" |"[[Magnetic Baby (song)|Magnetic Baby]]" |2007 |{{sort|Semi Precious Weapons}} |{{sort|Romanowsky, Pamela|[[Pamela Romanowsky]]}} | style="text-align:left;" |Original version of "Magnetic Baby". The video showing Gaga with her Brunette hair dance and pour the drink into person who punched the sack. |<ref>https://youtube.com/watch?v=4s3AR4cEdqE</ref> |- ! scope="row" |"[[Just Dance (song)|Just Dance]]" |2008 |{{sort|O'Donis, Colby|[[Colby O'Donis]]}} |{{sort|Matsoukas, Melina|[[Melina Matsoukas]]}} | style="text-align:left;" |The video begins with Gaga and her dancers arriving at an already ended house party, and starts playing the song prompting the asleep party-goers to wake up and start dancing to the music. The video features Gaga in her early fashion and incorporation of [[David Bowie]]'s Ziggy Stardust character, her primary inspiration. [[Akon]] and [[Space Cowboy (musician)|Space Cowboy]] make cameos. |<ref name="Pheonix2010">{{harvnb|Phoenix|2010|pp=89–90}}</ref> |- ! scope="row" |"[[Beautiful, Dirty, Rich]]" |{{n/a|None}} |{{sort|Matsoukas, Melina|[[Melina Matsoukas]]}} | style="text-align:left;" |Shot in a mansion, the music video has two versions, one intercut with clips from the [[American Broadcasting Company|ABC]] channel's TV series ''[[Dirty Sexy Money]]'' and the other without them. Gaga and her dancers walk and dance through various parts of the building, while also [[Money burning|burning money]]. Matsoukas employed heavy use of frontal lighting and low camera angles. |<ref>{{harvnb|Guiltenane|2013|p=73}}</ref> |- ! scope="row" |"[[Poker Face (Lady Gaga song)|Poker Face]]" |{{n/a|None}} |{{sort|Kay, Ray|[[Ray Kay]]}} | style="text-align:left;" |Filmed in a luxury villa sponsored by [[Bwin.Party Digital Entertainment|Bwin]], the music video portrays Gaga's fashion adopted for ''[[The Fame]]'' era and her ideas behind pop culture. It shows Gaga coming out of a pool in a mirror [[Masquerade ball|masquerade]] mask and a black full-body leotard. She then attends a party and plays [[strip poker]]. The imagery used in "Poker Face" shows futuristic [[science-fiction]] stylings and Gaga provoking the men to strip at the poker game rather than herself. |<ref name="Pheonix2010" /> |- ! scope="row" |"[[Don't Give Up (Peter Gabriel and Kate Bush song)#Other artists who have covered this song|Don't Give Up]]" |2009|{{n/a|Unknown}} | style="text-align:left;" |The video is a remake of the original version by [[Peter Gabriel]] and [[Kate Bush]], and features Gaga and Ferraro singing the song, all the while remaining in an embrace with each other. |<ref>{{cite web|last1=Bliss|first1=Karen|title=Lady GaGa Covers Kate Bush/Peter Gabriel With Canadian Rockers|url=http://www.spinner.com/2009/06/23/lady-gaga-covers-kate-bush-peter-gabriel-with-canadian-rockers/|publisher=[[Spinner (website)|Spinner]]|accessdate=15 Agosto 2015|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20120222030941/http://www.spinner.com/2009/06/23/lady-gaga-covers-kate-bush-peter-gabriel-with-canadian-rockers/|archivedate=22 Pebrero 2012|date=23 Hunyo 2009}}</ref> |- ! scope="row" |"[[Eh, Eh (Nothing Else I Can Say)]]" |{{n/a|None}} |{{sort|Kahn, Joseph|[[Joseph Kahn]]}} | style="text-align:left;" |The Italian-American 1950s-inspired music video was shot back-to-back with the video for "LoveGame" at [[Arthur Avenue|Little Italy]]. A contrast from her earlier releases, "Eh, Eh" finds Gaga and her friends roaming around the streets of an Italian neighborhood; Gaga riding a [[Vespa]] and also singing the song while at home with her boyfriend. The visuals portray stereotypical male personas like mustached chefs and macho men in [[A-shirt|wife beaters]]. |<ref>{{harvnb|Guiltenane|2013|p=93}}</ref> |- ! scope="row" |"[[LoveGame]]" |{{n/a|None}} |{{sort|Kahn, Joseph|[[Joseph Kahn]]}} | style="text-align:left;" |Inspired by the New York underground, the music video portrays Gaga dancing at an underground subway station and in a parking lot. It is a tribute from the singer to the New York lifestyle, including its glamour, fans and fashion. The video takes several influences from [[Michael Jackson]]'s "[[Bad (Michael Jackson song)|Bad]]" music video, which also took place in a subway station. |<ref>{{harvnb|Phoenix|2010|p=149}}</ref> |- ! scope="row" |"[[Chillin (Wale song)|Chillin]]" |2009 |[[Wale (rapper)|Wale]] |{{sort|Robinson, Chris|[[Chris Robinson (director)|Chris Robinson]]}} | style="text-align:left;" |The music video features Wale and Gaga at the [[District of Columbia]]'s [[Cardozo Senior High School]] and Wale in various venues and streets in the District. In the United States, the video was added to [[Black Entertainment Television|BET]]'s TV rotation. |<ref>{{cite news|url=http://thephoenix.com/boston/music/82393-photos-chillin-with-gaga-and-wale/|title=Photos: Chillin with Gaga and Wale|last=Slater|first=Alex|date=7 Mayo 2009|accessdate=10 Agosto 2015|work=[[The Phoenix (newspaper)|The Phoenix]]|page=2|url-status=dead|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20121025142040/http://thephoenix.com/boston/music/82393-photos-chillin-with-gaga-and-wale/|archivedate=25 Oktubre 2012}}</ref> |- ! scope="row" |"[[Paparazzi (Lady Gaga song)|Paparazzi]]" |{{n/a|None}} |{{sort|Åkerlund, Jonas|[[Jonas Åkerlund]]}} | style="text-align:left;" |The music video portrays Gaga as a doomed starlet, who is followed by photographers everywhere. She is almost killed by her boyfriend, but survives and poisons him to revenge herself. It finishes with Gaga being arrested. Gaga's inspirations for the video ranged from classic films and fashion photography, while the visuals portray dead [[Model (person)|models]], newspaper reports for the plot, as well as a number of encoded meanings. |<ref>{{harvnb|Phoenix|2010|p=159}}</ref> |- ! scope="row" |"[[Bad Romance]]" |{{n/a|None}} |{{sort|Lawrence, Francis|[[Francis Lawrence]]}} | style="text-align:left;" |The video features Gaga inside a surreal white [[Public bathing|bathhouse]]. There, she gets kidnapped by a group of supermodels who drug her and sell her to the [[Russian mafia]] for [[sexual slavery]]. The music video ends with Gaga killing the man who bought her by setting him on fire. |<ref>{{harvnb|Heller-Nicholas|2011|pp=60–61}}</ref> |- ! scope="row" |"[[Video Phone (song)|Video Phone]]" |2009 |[[Beyoncé]] |{{sort|Williams, Hype|[[Hype Williams]]}} | style="text-align:left;" |The video portrays Gaga and Beyoncé in a number of costumes, brandishing colorful guns towards men and paying homage to the film ''[[Reservoir Dogs]]'' and pin-up legend [[Bettie Page]]. It won a [[BET Award for Video of the Year]] and various nominations at the [[2010 MTV Video Music Awards]]. |<ref>{{harvnb|Gray II|2012|p=98}}</ref> |- ! scope="row" |"[[Telephone (song)|Telephone]]" |2010 |[[Beyoncé]] |{{sort|Åkerlund, Jonas|[[Jonas Åkerlund]]}} | style="text-align:left;" |The music video is a continuation of the plot from the "Paparazzi" video and was shot as a short film. After Gaga gets bailed out of prison by Beyoncé, they go to a diner to get revenge on Beyoncé's boyfriend, but accidentally end up killing all the guests having breakfast. Upon escape from the crime scene, the two end up in a high-speed police chase. The video referenced [[Quentin Tarantino]]'s films ''[[Kill Bill: Volume 1]]'' (2003) and ''[[Pulp Fiction]]'' (1994). |<ref>{{harvnb|Gray II|2012|p=4}}</ref> |- ! scope="row" |"[[Alejandro (song)|Alejandro]]" |{{n/a|None}} |{{sort|Klein, Steven|[[Steven Klein (photographer)|Steven Klein]]}} | style="text-align:left;" |Inspired by Gaga's love for the gay community, the video showed the singer dancing with a group of soldiers in a cabaret, interspersed with scenes of Gaga as a nun swallowing a rosary and near-naked men holding machine guns. Critics complimented its idea and dark nature while the [[Catholic League (U.S.)|Catholic League]] criticized Gaga for blasphemy. |<ref>{{harvnb|Gray II|2012|p=125}}</ref> |- ! scope="row" |"[[Born This Way (song)|Born This Way]]" |{{n/a|None}} |{{sort|Knight, Nick|[[Nick Knight (photographer)|Nick Knight]]}} | style="text-align:left;" |Inspired by painters like [[Salvador Dalí]] and [[Francis Bacon (artist)|Francis Bacon]] and their [[Surrealism|surrealistic]] images, Gaga is depicted as giving birth to a new human race free of prejudice during the video's prologue. The scenes alternate between various dance sequences and Gaga singing on a throne in space. |<ref>{{cite web|last=Herrera|first=Monica|url=http://www.billboard.com/articles/news/472976/lady-gaga-born-this-way-cover-story|title=Lady Gaga 'Born This Way' Cover Story|work=Billboard|date=15 Pebrero 2011|accessdate=18 Pebrero 2011|url-status=live|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20130529075821/http://www.billboard.com/articles/news/472976/lady-gaga-born-this-way-cover-story|archivedate=29 Mayo 2013}}</ref> |- ! style="background:#bdf;" scope="row" |"[[Judas (Lady Gaga song)|Judas]]"{{*|alt=Music videos directed by Lady Gaga}} |{{n/a|None}} |{{sort|Gaga, Lady|[[Lady Gaga]]<br>[[Laurieann Gibson]]}} | style="text-align:left;" |Co-starring [[Norman Reedus]], the video has a Biblical storyline where Reedus plays [[Judas Iscariot]] and Gaga plays [[Mary Magdalene]]. The video portrays them as modern day missionaries, representing the [[Apostle (Christian)|Twelve Apostles]] going with [[Jesus]] to Jerusalem. It includes the Biblical story of Judas [[Kiss of Judas|betraying]] Jesus, and ends with Gaga as Magdalene getting stoned to death. |<ref name="MTV.com">{{cite web|last=Dinh|first=James|title=Lady Gaga To Direct 'Judas' Video With Laurieann Gibson|url=http://www.mtv.com/news/1660468/lady-gaga-judas-video/|accessdate=23 Marso 2011|date=22 Marso 2011|publisher=MTV News|url-status=live|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140519033109/http://www.mtv.com/news/1660468/lady-gaga-judas-video/|archivedate=19 Mayo 2014}}</ref> |- ! scope="row" |"{{sortname|The|Edge of Glory}}" |{{n/a|None}} |[[Haus of Gaga]] | style="text-align:left;" |A simple video in contrast to much of Gaga's previous work, it portrays her dancing on an apartment building's [[fire escape]] and walking on a lonely street in New York City. Differences to Gaga's previous videos include the lack of intricate choreography and back-up dancers, as well as using only one outfit, which was designed by [[Versace]]. Aside from Gaga herself, [[Clarence Clemons]] is the only other person to appear in the video. |<ref>{{cite news|last=Vena|first=Jocelyn|date=17 Hunyo 2011|accessdate=17 Hunyo 2011|publisher=MTV News|title=Lady GaGa 'Had Issues' With New Video Director|url=http://www.mtv.co.uk/lady-gaga/news/lady-gaga-had-issues-with-new-video-director|url-status=live|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20141112063855/http://www.mtv.co.uk/lady-gaga/news/lady-gaga-had-issues-with-new-video-director|archivedate=12 Nobyembre 2014}}</ref> |- ! scope="row" |"[[3-Way (The Golden Rule)]]" |2011 |{{sort|Lonely, Island|[[The Lonely Island]]<br>[[Justin Timberlake]]}} |{{sort|Schaffer, Akiva|[[Akiva Schaffer]]<br>[[Jorma Taccone]]}} | style="text-align:left;" |The video features shots of Timberlake and [[Andy Samberg]] singing around town. Timberlake tells his plan to have a sexual encounter with a girl he met, while Samberg reveals a similar plan. They both meet outside of Gaga's apartment, where it is revealed that both of them met the same girl, without each other knowing. Gaga explains that she invited them both so that they could have a [[threesome]], which they agree to do, citing "the golden rule". The music video aired as part of the [[SNL Digital Short]] series. |<ref>{{cite news|last1=Couch|first1=Aaron|title=Justin Timberlake and Lady Gaga on SNL: The Best Sketches (Video)|url=http://www.hollywoodreporter.com/news/justin-timberlake-lady-gaga-snl-191023|accessdate=27 Agosto 2015|work=[[The Hollywood Reporter]]|date=22 Mayo 2011|url-status=live|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110525063753/http://www.hollywoodreporter.com/news/justin-timberlake-lady-gaga-snl-191023|archivedate=25 Mayo 2011}}</ref> |- ! scope="row" |"[[You and I (Lady Gaga song)|You and I]]" |{{n/a|None}} |{{sort|Gibson, Laurieann|[[Laurieann Gibson]]}} | style="text-align:left;" |Shot in [[Springfield, Nebraska]], the video features Jo Calderone, Gaga's male alter ego, and Yüyi, her [[mermaid]] alter ego. The main concept behind the video is Gaga's journey to be with her beloved one. |<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.mtv.com/news/1669175/lady-gaga-laurieann-gibson-you-and-i-video/|title=Lady Gaga And Laurieann Gibson's Path To 'Yoü And I'|date=4 Agosto 2011|accessdate=8 Agosto 2011|publisher=MTV News|first=Jocelyn|last=Vena|url-status=live|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140903232850/http://www.mtv.com/news/1669175/lady-gaga-laurieann-gibson-you-and-i-video/|archivedate=3 Septyembre 2014}}</ref> |- ! scope="row" |"{{sortname|The|Lady Is a Tramp}}" |2011 |{{sort|Bennett, Tony|[[Tony Bennett]]}} |{{sort|Moon, Unjo|Unjoo Moon}} | style="text-align:left;" |The video shows Bennett and Gaga singing together in a studio in front of music stands. |<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.newyorker.com/magazine/2011/09/19/high-notes-gay-talese|title=Tony Bennett in the studio|date=19 Septyembre 2011|work=The New Yorker|first=Gay|last=Talese|accessdate=3 Oktubre 2011|url-status=live|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150320013859/http://www.newyorker.com/magazine/2011/09/19/high-notes-gay-talese|archivedate=20 Marso 2015}}</ref> |- ! style="background:#bdf;" scope="row" |"[[Marry the Night]]"{{*|alt=Music videos directed by Lady Gaga}} |{{n/a|None}} |{{sort|Gaga, Lady|[[Lady Gaga]]}} | style="text-align:left;" |Filmed in [[New York City]], it tells the story of Gaga getting signed by her record label [[Interscope Records]] after being dropped from her former label, [[Def Jam Recordings]]. Alternates between scenes in a clinic, a dance studio, her own New York apartment and on a car's rooftop at a parking lot. |<ref>{{cite web|last=Vena|first=Jocelyn|title=Lady Gaga 'Marries The Night' In India Singer performs her latest Born This Way track, reveals video details in India|url=http://www.mtv.com/news/1673417/lady-gaga-marry-the-night-india/|publisher=MTV News|date=31 Oktubre 2011|accessdate=31 Oktubre 2011|url-status=live|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20141202005214/http://www.mtv.com/news/1673417/lady-gaga-marry-the-night-india/|archivedate=2 Disyembre 2014}}</ref> |- ! scope="row" |"[[Applause (Lady Gaga song)|Applause]]" |{{n/a|None}} |{{sort|Lamsweerde, Inez van|[[Inez and Vinoodh]]}} | style="text-align:left;" |The video draws inspiration from the arts, including [[Sandro Botticelli]]'s ''[[Birth of Venus (Botticelli)|Birth of Venus]]'', [[Andy Warhol]]'s depiction of [[Marilyn Monroe]] and [[John Galliano]]'s fall 2009 fashion show. Alternating between color and black-and-white, it shows artistic and complex scenes such as Gaga's head on a swan, a scene in a bird cage, and the singer seated in a large top hat. Gaga also wears hand-shaped lingerie and a seashell bra with matching shell bikini. Near the climax, the singer features in a violet, crystal-like scene, and at the end, the name of her album ''[[Artpop]]'' is spelled using hand gestures. |<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.out.com/entertainment/music/2013/08/20/art-history-guide-lady-gagas-applause-music-video?page=full|title=An Art History Guide to Lady Gaga's 'Applause' music video|first=John|last=Hutt|date=20 Agosto 2013|accessdate=9 Septyembre 2013|work=[[Out (magazine)|Out]]|url-status=live|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20130827125400/http://www.out.com/entertainment/music/2013/08/20/art-history-guide-lady-gagas-applause-music-video?page=full|archivedate=27 Agosto 2013}}</ref><ref name="BB reveals more artpop applause">{{cite web|url=http://www.billboard.com/articles/columns/pop-shop/5350094/lady-gaga-reveals-more-artpop-details-music-video-app-possible|title=Lady Gaga Reveals More 'ARTPOP' Details: Music Video, App, Possible 'Applause' Lyrics|first=Jason|last=Lipshutz|work=Billboard|date=31 Hulyo 2013|accessdate=6 Agosto 2013|url-status=live|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20130906023245/http://www.billboard.com/articles/columns/pop-shop/5350094/lady-gaga-reveals-more-artpop-details-music-video-app-possible|archivedate=6 Septyembre 2013}}</ref> |- ! style="background:#bdf;" scope="row" |"[[G.U.Y.|G.U.Y.&nbsp;– An ''Artpop'' Film]]"{{*|alt=Music videos directed by Lady Gaga}} |{{n/a|None}} |{{sort|Gaga, Lady|[[Lady Gaga]]}} | style="text-align:left;" |The music video was shot at [[Hearst Castle]], near [[San Simeon, California]]. The video featured reality television show actors like ''[[The Real Housewives of Beverly Hills]]'', and art works of artist [[Nathan Sawaya]] and YouTube's ''[[Minecraft]]'' entertainer SkyDoesMinecraft. Running for over eleven minutes, the video shows Gaga as a fallen and wounded angel, who is revived by her followers in a pool. Once rejuvenated, she takes revenge on the men who hunted her and replaces them with clones known as G.U.Y. |<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.hollywoodreporter.com/earshot/lady-gagas-guy-features-ladies-690447|title=Lady Gaga's 'G.U.Y.' Features Ladies of 'Real Housewives Of Beverly Hills' (Video)|date=22 Marso 2014|accessdate=23 Marso 2014|work=The Hollywood Reporter|first=Kevin|last=Rutherford|url-status=live|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140324173223/http://www.hollywoodreporter.com/earshot/lady-gagas-guy-features-ladies-690447|archivedate=24 Marso 2014}}</ref> |- ! scope="row" |"[[Anything Goes (Cole Porter song)#Tony Bennett and Lady Gaga version|Anything Goes]]" |2014 |{{sort|Bennett, Tony|[[Tony Bennett]]}} |{{sort|Ehrlich, Nicole|[[Nicole Ehrlich]]<br>Harvey White}} | style="text-align:left;" |A studio video, featuring Gaga and Bennett recording songs for ''[[Cheek to Cheek (album)|Cheek to Cheek]]''. |<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.billboard.com/articles/news/6193205/lady-gaga-tony-bennett-cheek-to-cheek-anything-goes|title=It's Official: Lady Gaga & Tony Bennett Announce Album, Premiere 'Anything Goes' Video|work=Billboard|date=29 Hulyo 2014|accessdate=30 Hulyo 2014|last=Strecker|first=Erin|url-status=live|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140801062914/http://www.billboard.com/articles/news/6193205/lady-gaga-tony-bennett-cheek-to-cheek-anything-goes|archivedate=1 Agosto 2014}}</ref> |- ! scope="row" |"[[I Can't Give You Anything but Love, Baby#Tony Bennett and Lady Gaga version|I Can't Give You Anything but Love]]" |2014 |{{sort|Bennett, Tony|[[Tony Bennett]]}} |{{sort|Ehrlich, Nicole|[[Nicole Ehrlich]]<br>Harvey White}} | style="text-align:left;" |A studio video, featuring Gaga and Bennett recording songs for ''Cheek to Cheek''. |<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.rollingstone.com/music/videos/lady-gaga-tony-bennett-video-i-cant-give-you-anything-but-love-20140826|title=See Lady Gaga and Tony Bennett's Chemistry at Work in the Duo's New Video|last=Blistein|first=John|date=26 Agosto 2014|accessdate=28 Agosto 2014|work=Rolling Stone|url-status=live|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140828193657/http://www.rollingstone.com/music/videos/lady-gaga-tony-bennett-video-i-cant-give-you-anything-but-love-20140826|archivedate=28 Agosto 2014}}</ref> |- ! scope="row" |"[[But Beautiful (song)|But Beautiful]]" |2014 |{{sort|Bennett, Tony|[[Tony Bennett]]}} |{{sort|Ehrlich, Nicole|[[Nicole Ehrlich]]<br>Harvey White}} | style="text-align:left;" |A studio video, featuring Gaga and Bennett recording songs for ''Cheek to Cheek''. |<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.billboard.com/articles/news/6281620/lady-gaga-tony-bennett-but-beautiful-video|title=Watch Lady Gaga & Tony Bennett's 'But Beautiful' Studio Video|last=Strecker|first=Erin|date=13 Oktubre 2014|accessdate=26 Pebrero 2015|work=Billboard|url-status=live|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150124043301/http://www.billboard.com/articles/news/6281620/lady-gaga-tony-bennett-but-beautiful-video|archivedate=24 Enero 2015}}</ref> |- ! scope="row" |"[[It Don't Mean a Thing (If It Ain't Got That Swing)]]" |2014 |{{sort|Bennett, Tony|[[Tony Bennett]]}} |{{sort|Ehrlich, Nicole|[[Nicole Ehrlich]]<br>Harvey White}} | style="text-align:left;" |A studio video, featuring Gaga and Bennett recording songs for ''Cheek to Cheek''. |<ref>{{cite news|last1=Blistein|first1=Jon|title=See Lady Gaga and Tony Bennett Sing Swinging Standards on 'The Tonight Show'|url=https://www.rollingstone.com/music/news/lady-gaga-tony-bennett-swing-by-tonight-show-cheek-to-cheek-20141218|accessdate=31 Agosto 2015|work=Rolling Stone|date=18 Disyembre 2014|url-status=live|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150917133515/http://www.rollingstone.com/music/news/lady-gaga-tony-bennett-swing-by-tonight-show-cheek-to-cheek-20141218|archivedate=17 Septyembre 2015}}</ref> |- ! scope="row" |"[[Til It Happens to You]]" |{{n/a|None}} |{{sort|Hardwicke, Catherine|[[Catherine Hardwicke]]}} | style="text-align:left;" |Shot in black-and-white for the 2015 documentary film ''[[The Hunting Ground]]'', and part of a [[public service announcement]] video, it depicts various instances of [[violence against women]], as well as sexual assaults. It ends with a cautionary note on their effects, and the victims finding solace with their close friends and relatives. Gaga is not featured in the video. |<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.billboard.com/articles/columns/pop-shop/6700427/lady-gaga-til-it-happens-to-you|title=Lady Gaga Shares Distressing Video for Sexual Assault Song 'Til It Happens To You'|last=Brandle|first=Lars|date=18 Septyembre 2015|accessdate=19 Septyembre 2015|work=Billboard|url-status=live|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150920172132/http://www.billboard.com/articles/columns/pop-shop/6700427/lady-gaga-til-it-happens-to-you|archivedate=20 Septyembre 2015}}</ref> |- ! scope="row" |"[[I Want Your Love (Chic song)#Covers, remixes and sampling|I Want Your Love]]" |{{n/a|None}} |{{sort|Knight, Nick|[[Nick Knight (photographer)|Nick Knight]]}} | style="text-align:left;" |A fashion film for [[Tom Ford]]'s 2016 spring/summer campaign, which depicts Gaga among several models dancing around a catwalk. |<ref>{{cite news|last=Piere|first=Kerry|title=Tom Ford Debuts Spring 2016 With Lady Gaga|url=http://www.harpersbazaar.com/fashion/fashion-week/news/a12382/tom-ford-spring-2016-fashion-show/|accessdate=2 Oktubre 2015|work=[[Harper's Bazaar]]|date=2 Oktubre 2015|url-status=live|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20151002194713/http://www.harpersbazaar.com/fashion/fashion-week/news/a12382/tom-ford-spring-2016-fashion-show/|archivedate=2 Oktubre 2015}}</ref> |- ! scope="row" |"[[Perfect Illusion]]" |{{n/a|None}} |{{sort|Hogben, Ruth|Ruth Hogben<br>Andrea Gelardin}} | style="text-align:left;" |Gaga is seen performing in a crowd in the desert, including the song's producers [[Kevin Parker (musician)|Kevin Parker]], [[Mark Ronson]], and [[BloodPop]]. |<ref>{{cite news|url=http://pitchfork.com/news/68131-watch-lady-gagas-new-music-video-for-perfect-illusion/|title=Watch Lady Gaga's New Music Video for "Perfect Illusion"|last=Lozano|first=Kevin|date=20 Septyembre 2016|accessdate=20 Septyembre 2016|publisher=Pitchfork|url-status=live|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160923194043/http://pitchfork.com/news/68131-watch-lady-gagas-new-music-video-for-perfect-illusion/|archivedate=23 Septyembre 2016}}</ref> |- ! style="background:#bdf;" scope="row" |"[[Million Reasons]]"{{*|alt=Music videos directed by Lady Gaga}} |{{n/a|None}} |{{sort|Gaga, Lady|[[Lady Gaga]]<br>Ruth Hogben<br>Andrea Gelardin}} | style="text-align:left;" |A continuation from the music video for "Perfect Illusion", it shows Gaga being picked up from the desert by her friends and workmates. Afterwards, she goes into a studio to film a music video for the song. |<ref>{{cite web|url=http://vmagazine.com/article/lady-gaga-releases-new-music-video-million-reasons/|title=Lady Gaga's 'Million Reasons' Video Is a Meditation on Her Healing Journey|date=14 Disyembre 2016|accessdate=14 Disyembre 2016|work=[[V (American magazine)|V]]|last=Monroe|first=Ian David|url-status=dead|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20161220184402/http://vmagazine.com/article/lady-gaga-releases-new-music-video-million-reasons/|archivedate=20 Disyembre 2016}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.vevo.com/watch/lady-gaga/Million-Reasons/USUV71603712|title=Million Reasons – Lady Gaga – Vevo (Details tab)|date=14 Disyembre 2016|accessdate=20 Disyembre 2016|publisher=[[Vevo]]|url-status=live|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20170119030042/http://www.vevo.com/watch/lady-gaga/million-reasons/USUV71603712|archivedate=19 Enero 2017}}</ref> |- ! scope="row" |"[[John Wayne (song)|John Wayne]]" |{{n/a|None}} |{{sort|Åkerlund, Jonas|[[Jonas Åkerlund]]}} | style="text-align:left;" |A continuation from the music video for "Million Reasons", it features Gaga riding a horse and getting involved in a dangerous motorcycle chase. The video intercuts with scenes of Gaga dancing under neon lights and gun shoots. |<ref>{{cite magazine|url=https://www.ew.com/music/2017/02/08/lady-gaga-john-wayne-music-video/|title=Lady Gaga Debuts Rollicking 'John Wayne' Music Video|date=8 Pebrero 2017|accessdate=8 Pebrero 2017|magazine=Entertainment Weekly|last=Nolfi|first=Joey|url-status=live|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20170209114938/http://ew.com/music/2017/02/08/lady-gaga-john-wayne-music-video/|archivedate=9 Pebrero 2017}}</ref> |- ! scope="row" |"[[Joanne (Lady Gaga song)|Joanne (Where Do You Think You're Goin'?)]]" |{{n/a|None}} |{{sort|Hogben, Ruth|Ruth Hogben<br>Andrea Gelardin<br>[[Haus of Gaga]]}} | style="text-align:left;" |The video depicts Gaga playing instruments and walking outdoors in a backyard, along with images of her at a bar with friends. The clip is a mixture of black and white and colored scenes. |<ref>{{cite web|url=http://ew.com/music/2018/01/26/lady-gaga-joanne-music-video/|title=Lady Gaga debuts radiant 'Joanne' music video|last=Nolfi|first=Joey|date=26 Enero 2018|work=Entertainment Weekly|accessdate=28 Enero 2018|df=}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.vevo.com/watch/lady-gaga/joanne-(where-do-you-think-youre-goin)-(piano-version)/USUV71705236|title=Lady Gaga's Vevo. "Joanne" detail card.|date=26 Enero 2018|work=Vevo|accessdate=22 Mayo 2018|df=}}</ref> |- ! scope="row" |"[[Shallow (Lady Gaga and Bradley Cooper song)|Shallow]]" |2018 |[[Bradley Cooper]]<nowiki>| </nowiki>{{n/a|Unknown}} | style="text-align:left;" |The video is composed of various clips from Gaga's film ''[[A Star Is Born (2018 film)|A Star Is Born]]'' (2018). Gaga's character, Ally, and Jackson Maine, played by [[Bradley Cooper]], perform the song for the first time at a sold-out venue. |<ref>{{cite magazine|url=https://www.rollingstone.com/music/music-news/lady-gaga-bradley-coopers-striking-star-is-born-duet-shallow-729894/|title=Watch Lady Gaga, Bradley Cooper Perform Striking 'A Star is Born' Duet 'Shallow'|last=Blistein|first=Jon|date=27 Septyembre 2018|accessdate=10 Oktubre 2018|magazine=Rolling Stone}}</ref> |- ! scope="row" |"[[Look What I Found]]" |{{n/a|None}}<nowiki>| </nowiki>{{n/a|Unknown}} | style="text-align:left;" |The video is composed of various clips from ''A Star Is Born'' (2018). Gaga's character, Ally, records "Look What I Found" in a recording studio. |<ref>{{cite magazine|url=http://www.papermag.com/lady-gaga-look-what-i-found-2610926056.html|title=Look What Lady Gaga Found!|last=Michael|first=Michael Love|date=8 Oktubre 2018|accessdate=18 Oktubre 2018|magazine=[[Paper (magazine)|Paper]]}}</ref> |- ! scope="row" |"[[I'll Never Love Again]]" |{{n/a|None}}<nowiki>| </nowiki>{{n/a|Unknown}} | style="text-align:left;" |The video is composed of various clips from ''A Star Is Born'' (2018). Features Gaga's character singing a tribute to her late husband Jackson (played by Cooper). |<ref>{{cite web|url=https://people.com/movies/lady-gaga-ill-never-love-again-music-video-a-star-is-born/|title=Lady Gaga Releases 'I'll Never Love Again' Music Video|accessdate=26 Oktubre 2018|work=People|date=14 Oktubre 2018}}</ref> |- ! scope="row" |"[[Always Remember Us This Way]]" |{{n/a|None}}<nowiki>| </nowiki>{{n/a|Unknown}} | style="text-align:left;" |The video is composed of various clips from ''A Star Is Born'' (2018). Features Gaga's character going onstage to sing the song, introduced by Cooper's character Jackson. A vertical video was also released to [[Spotify]]. |<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.billboard.com/articles/columns/pop/8482946/lady-gaga-vertical-video-always-remember-us-this-way|title=Lady Gaga Shares Spotify Vertical Video For 'A Star Is Born' Track 'Always Remember Us This Way'|last=Pedrosa|first=Marina|accessdate=12 Nobyembre 2018|work=Billboard|date=2 Nobyembre 2018}}</ref> |- ! scope="row" |"[[Stupid Love (Lady Gaga song)|Stupid Love]]" |{{n/a|None}} |[[Daniel Askill]] |Gaga dances on a planet resembling Venus alongside other dancers in bright coloured outfits and sings about wanting love. | |- |} ==Video albums== {| class="wikitable plainrowheaders" style="text-align:center;" ! scope="col" style="width:18em;" |Titulo ! scope="col" style="width:18em;" |Detalye kan Album ! scope="col" style="width:18em;" |Deskripsyon |- ! scope="row" |''The Fame Monster: Video EP'' | * Released: 7 Mayo 2010<ref>{{cite web|url=https://itunes.apple.com/au/album/the-fame-monster-videos/id371449747|title=The Fame Monster Videos by Lady Gaga|publisher=[[iTunes Store]]|accessdate=6 Enero 2011|url-status=live|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110529070918/http://itunes.apple.com/au/album/the-fame-monster-videos/id371449747|archivedate=29 Mayo 2011}}</ref> * Label: Streamline, [[Interscope Records|Interscope]], [[Cherrytree Records|Cherrytree]], [[KonLive Distribution|KonLive]] * Format: Download | style="text-align:left;" |Contains the music videos for Gaga's first seven singles as lead artist. |- ! scope="row" |''[[Lady Gaga Presents the Monster Ball Tour: At Madison Square Garden#Video release|Lady Gaga Presents the Monster Ball Tour: At Madison Square Garden]]'' | * Released: 21 Nobyembre 2011<ref>{{cite web|title=Lady Gaga Presents: The Monster Ball Tour At Madison Square Garden|url=https://itunes.apple.com/us/movie/lady-gaga-presents-monster/id485046378|publisher=iTunes Store|accessdate=5 Agosto 2015|url-status=live|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20151122190703/https://itunes.apple.com/us/movie/lady-gaga-presents-monster/id485046378|archivedate=22 Nobyembre 2015}}</ref> * Label: Streamline, Interscope, Kon Live * Formats: [[DVD]], [[Blu-ray Disc|Blu-ray]], download | style="text-align:left;" |Contains the concert special as it originally aired on [[Home Box Office|HBO]] in May 2011 along with new content. |- ! scope="row" |''[[Tony Bennett and Lady Gaga: Cheek to Cheek Live!]]'' | * Released: 20 Enero 2015<ref>{{cite news|title=Lady Gaga and Tony Bennett Detail 'Magnificent' Collection of Duets|url=https://www.rollingstone.com/music/news/lady-gaga-and-tony-bennett-detail-magnificent-collection-of-duets-20140729|last=Grow|first=Kory|date=29 Hulyo 2014|accessdate=5 Agosto 2015|work=Rolling Stone|url-status=live|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150717214951/http://www.rollingstone.com/music/news/lady-gaga-and-tony-bennett-detail-magnificent-collection-of-duets-20140729|archivedate=17 Hulyo 2015}}</ref> * Label: Streamline, Interscope, [[Columbia Records|Columbia]] * Formats: DVD, Blu-ray, download | style="text-align:left;" |Contains the concert television special featuring live performances by Tony Bennett and Lady Gaga, originally filmed on 28 Hulyo 2014 and aired on [[PBS]] on 24 Oktubre 2014. |} ==Pilmograpiya== {| class="wikitable sortable plainrowheaders" style="text-align:center;" ! scope="col" style="width:250px;" |Titulo ! scope="col" style="width:5px;;" |Taon ! scope="col" style="width:200px;" |Role ! scope="col" style="width:500px;" class="unsortable" |Mga Nota ! scope="col" style="width: 2em;" class="unsortable" |{{Abbr|Ref.|References}} |- ! scope="row" |''[[The Zen of Bennett]]'' |2012 |Herself | style="text-align:left;" |[[Documentary film|Documentary]] | style="text-align:center;" |<ref>{{cite web|last=Hasty|first=Katie|title=Tony Bennett talks Britney Spears, Lady Gaga and 'The Zen of Bennett'|url=http://www.hitfix.com/blogs/immaculate-noise/posts/tony-bennett-talks-britney-spears-lady-gaga-and-the-zen-of-bennett|accessdate=11 Agosto 2015|publisher=[[HitFix]]|date=27 Abril 2012|url-status=live|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150731051355/http://www.hitfix.com/blogs/immaculate-noise/posts/tony-bennett-talks-britney-spears-lady-gaga-and-the-zen-of-bennett|archivedate=31 Hulyo 2015}}</ref> |- ! scope="row" |''[[Katy Perry: Part of Me]]'' |2012 |Herself | style="text-align:left;" |Documentary | style="text-align:center;" |<ref>{{cite web|title=Katy Perry: Part Of Me 3D Review – Ten Key Scenes To Watch Out For|url=http://www.capitalfm.com/artists/katy-perry/news/part-of-me-3d-review-key-scenes/|accessdate=4 Agosto 2017|publisher=[[Capital (radio network)|Capital]]|date=2 Hulyo 2012}}</ref> |- ! scope="row" |''[[Machete Kills]]'' |2013 |La Chameleón | style="text-align:left;" |[[Feature film]], supporting role | style="text-align:center;" |<ref>{{cite web|last1=Malec|first1=Brett|title=First Look! See Lady Gaga as La Chameleón in New Machete Kills Trailer|url=http://www.eonline.com/news/422276/first-look-see-lady-gaga-as-la-chameleon-in-new-machete-kills-trailer|publisher=[[E!]]|date=23 Mayo 2013|accessdate=20 Nobyembre 2014|url-status=live|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20141129081910/http://www.eonline.com/news/422276/first-look-see-lady-gaga-as-la-chameleon-in-new-machete-kills-trailer|archivedate=29 Nobyembre 2014}}</ref> |- ! scope="row" |''[[Muppets Most Wanted]]'' |2014 |Herself | style="text-align:left;" |Cameo appearance | style="text-align:center;" |<ref>{{cite news|last=Alexander|first=Bryan|title=Exclusive: Stars shine in 'Muppets' cameos|url=https://www.usatoday.com/story/life/movies/2014/03/28/tom-hiddleston-muppets-most-wanted-cameo-lady-gaga/7007819/|accessdate=11 Nobyembre 2014|work=[[USA Today]]|date=28 Marso 2014|url-status=live|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140418024002/http://www.usatoday.com/story/life/movies/2014/03/28/tom-hiddleston-muppets-most-wanted-cameo-lady-gaga/7007819/|archivedate=18 Abril 2014}}</ref> |- ! scope="row" |''[[Sin City: A Dame to Kill For]]'' |2014 |Bertha | style="text-align:left;" |Cameo appearance | style="text-align:center;" |<ref>{{cite web|last1=Finbow|first1=Katy|title=Sin City's Robert Rodriguez "blown away" by Lady Gaga's acting ability|url=http://www.digitalspy.co.uk/movies/news/a592300/sin-citys-robert-rodriguez-blown-away-by-lady-gagas-acting-ability.html#~pmEjA9JRvLSX65|publisher=[[Digital Spy]]|accessdate=28 Agosto 2015|date=24 Agosto 2015|url-status=live|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150924124955/http://www.digitalspy.co.uk/movies/news/a592300/sin-citys-robert-rodriguez-blown-away-by-lady-gagas-acting-ability.html|archivedate=24 Septyembre 2015}}</ref> |- ! scope="row" |''[[Jeremy Scott: The People's Designer]]'' |2015 |Herself | style="text-align:left;" |Documentary | style="text-align:center;" |<ref>{{cite news|last=Chestang|first=Raphael|title=Meet the Man Behind Katy Perry, Miley Cyrus & Rihanna's Hottest Looks|url=http://www.etonline.com/fashion/168212_meet_the_man_behind_katy_perry_miley_cyrus_rihanna_hottest_looks/|accessdate=11 Septyembre 2015|work=[[Entertainment Tonight]]|date=17 Hulyo 2015|url-status=dead|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150918013115/http://www.etonline.com/fashion/168212_meet_the_man_behind_katy_perry_miley_cyrus_rihanna_hottest_looks/|archivedate=18 Septyembre 2015}}</ref> |- ! scope="row" |''[[Risk (2016 film)|Risk]]'' |2016 |Herself | style="text-align:left;" |Documentary | style="text-align:center;" |<ref>{{cite magazine|last=Nolfi|first=Joey|title=Watch Lady Gaga grill Julian Assange in scene from documentary ''Risk''|url=https://ew.com/movies/2017/05/05/lady-gaga-julian-assange-laura-poitras-risk/|date=5 Mayo 2017|magazine=Entertainment Weekly|accessdate=15 Hunyo 2018}}</ref> |- ! scope="row" |''[[Gaga: Five Foot Two]]'' |2017 |Herself | style="text-align:left;" |Documentary | style="text-align:center;" |<ref>{{cite web|last=Moniuszko|first=Sara|title=Lady Gaga is teasing a new Netflix documentary and it looks... Intense|url=https://www.usatoday.com/story/life/entertainthis/2017/08/24/lady-gaga-teasing-five-foot-two/596662001/|work=USA Today|date=24 Agosto 2017|accessdate=24 Agosto 2017}}</ref> |- ! scope="row" |''[[A Star Is Born (2018 film)|A Star Is Born]]'' |2018 |Ally Maine | style="text-align:left;" |Feature film, Lead role | style="text-align:center;" |<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Kroll|first1=Justin|title=Bradley Cooper-Lady Gaga's 'Star Is Born' Moves to May 2018|magazine=Variety|date=22 Septyembre 2017|url=https://variety.com/2017/film/news/bradley-cooper-lady-gaga-a-star-is-born-1202566359/|accessdate=23 Septyembre 2017}}</ref> |- |}<!--Do NOT add entries that have not yet begun filming per WP:CRYSTAL since details could change before then--> ==Telebisyon== {| class="wikitable sortable plainrowheaders" style="text-align:center;" ! scope="col" style="width: 18em;" |Titulo ! scope="col" style="width: 2em;" |Taon ! scope="col" style="width: 16em;" |Role ! scope="col" style="width: 2em;" |Istasyon ! scope="col" style="width: 25em;" class="unsortable" |Mga Nota ! scope="col" style="width: 2em;" class="unsortable" |{{Abbr|Ref.|References}} |- ! scope="row" |''{{sortname|The|Sopranos}}'' |2001 |Classmate |[[HBO]] | style="text-align:left;" |Episode: "[[The Telltale Moozadell]]" Uncredited |<ref>{{harvnb|Johanson|2012|p=162}}</ref> |- ! scope="row" |''[[Boiling Points]]'' |2005 |Herself |[[MTV]] | style="text-align:left;" |Uncredited |<ref>{{harvnb|Bercken|2011|p=12}}</ref> |- ! scope="row" |''[[Gossip Girl]]'' |2009 |Herself |[[The CW]] | style="text-align:left;" |Episode: "[[The Last Days of Disco Stick]]" Cameo appearance |<ref name="Johanson 2012 88">{{harvnb|Johanson|2012|p=88}}</ref> |- ! scope="row" |''[[Saturday Night Live]]'' |2009 |Musical Guest |[[NBC]] | style="text-align:left;" |Episode: "[[Saturday Night Live (season 35)#ep660|Ryan Reynolds / Lady Gaga]]" |<ref name="Johanson 2012 88" /> |- ! scope="row" |''[[Double Exposure (American TV series)|Double Exposure]]'' |2010 |Herself |[[Bravo (U.S. TV network)|Bravo]] | style="text-align:left;" |Episode: "No One Can Work Like This" |<ref>{{cite journal|title=Double Exposure Episode: "No One Can Work Like This"|magazine=[[TV Guide]]|url=http://www.tvguide.com/tvshows/double-exposure-2010/episode-5-season-1/no-one-can-work-like-this/302735|accessdate=11 Nobyembre 2014|url-status=live|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20141113160936/http://www.tvguide.com/tvshows/double-exposure-2010/episode-5-season-1/no-one-can-work-like-this/302735|archivedate=13 Nobyembre 2014}}</ref> |- ! scope="row" |''[[Lady Gaga Presents the Monster Ball Tour: At Madison Square Garden]]'' |2011 |Herself |HBO | style="text-align:left;" |Television special |<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.hbo.com/lady-gaga-presents-the-monster-ball-tour-at-madison-square-garden|title=Lady Gaga Presents the Monster Ball Tour: At Madison Square Garden|publisher=[[HBO|Home Box Office Special]]|accessdate=12 Agosto 2014|url-status=live|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140713045816/http://www.hbo.com/lady-gaga-presents-the-monster-ball-tour-at-madison-square-garden|archivedate=13 Hulyo 2014}}</ref> |- ! scope="row" |''[[American Idol]]'' |2011 |Mentor |[[Fox Broadcasting Company|Fox]] | style="text-align:left;" |[[American Idol (season 10)|Season 10]] |<ref>{{cite journal|last=Herrera|first=Monica|title='American Idol': Lady Gaga Mentors the Top 4, Haley Gets 'Reinharted'|magazine=Billboard|date=12 Mayo 2011|url=http://www.billboard.com/articles/news/471611/american-idol-lady-gaga-mentors-the-top-4-haley-gets-reinharted|accessdate=11 Nobyembre 2014|url-status=live|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140919041154/http://www.billboard.com/articles/news/471611/american-idol-lady-gaga-mentors-the-top-4-haley-gets-reinharted|archivedate=19 Septyembre 2014}}</ref> |- ! scope="row" |''Saturday Night Live'' |2011 |Musical Guest |NBC | style="text-align:left;" |Episode: "[[Saturday Night Live (season 36)#ep702|Justin Timberlake / Lady Gaga]]" |<ref>{{cite journal|last=Tucker|first=Ken|title='Saturday Night Live' season finale recap: Justin Timberlake and Lady Gaga, a formidable team|magazine=[[Entertainment Weekly]]|date=22 Mayo 2011|url=http://www.ew.com/article/2011/05/22/saturday-night-live-season-justin-timberlake-lady-gaga-finale|accessdate=11 Nobyembre 2014|url-status=live|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150714105034/http://www.ew.com/article/2011/05/22/saturday-night-live-season-justin-timberlake-lady-gaga-finale|archivedate=14 Hulyo 2015}}</ref> |- ! scope="row" |''Inside the Outside'' |2011 |Herself |MTV | style="text-align:left;" |Documentary |<ref>{{cite news|last1=Gallo|first1=Phil|title=Lady Gaga Reflects on Springsteen Influence for 'Inside the Outside' Doc|url=http://www.billboard.com/articles/news/471502/lady-gaga-reflects-on-springsteen-influence-for-inside-the-outside-doc|accessdate=30 Agosto 2015|work=Billboard|date=18 Mayo 2011|url-status=live|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150913032609/http://www.billboard.com/articles/news/471502/lady-gaga-reflects-on-springsteen-influence-for-inside-the-outside-doc|archivedate=13 Septyembre 2015}}</ref> |- ! scope="row" |''[[So You Think You Can Dance]]'' |2011 |Guest Judge |Fox | style="text-align:left;" |[[So You Think You Can Dance (U.S. season 8)|Season 8]], episode 3 |<ref>{{cite news|last=Derschowitz|first=Jessica|title="So You Think You Can Dance": Lady Gaga judges, the Top 8 perform|url=http://www.cbsnews.com/news/so-you-think-you-can-dance-lady-gaga-judges-the-top-8-perform/|accessdate=11 Nobyembre 2014|publisher=[[CBS News]]|date=28 Hulyo 2011|url-status=live|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20141112062933/http://www.cbsnews.com/news/so-you-think-you-can-dance-lady-gaga-judges-the-top-8-perform/|archivedate=12 Nobyembre 2014}}</ref> |- ! scope="row" |''{{sortname|A|Very Gaga Thanksgiving}}'' |2011 |Herself |[[American Broadcasting Company|ABC]] | style="text-align:left;" |Television special |<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/blogs/celebritology/post/lady-gaga-to-celebrate-thanksgiving-with-abc-special/2011/11/04/gIQAfu2vlM_blog.html|first=Sarah Anne|last=Hughes|title=Lady Gaga will celebrate Thanksgiving on ABC special|work=[[The Washington Post]]|date=4 Nobyembre 2011|accessdate=22 Nobyembre 2011|url-status=live|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20120112085300/http://www.washingtonpost.com/blogs/celebritology/post/lady-gaga-to-celebrate-thanksgiving-with-abc-special/2011/11/04/gIQAfu2vlM_blog.html|archivedate=12 Enero 2012}}</ref> |- ! scope="row" |''[[Dick Clark's New Year's Rockin' Eve]]'' |2011 |Herself |ABC | style="text-align:left;" |Television special |<ref>{{cite journal|title=Dick Clark's New Year's Rockin' Eve|magazine=Rolling Stone|url=https://www.rollingstone.com/music/pictures/lady-gagas-wild-looks-00040401/dick-clarks-new-years-rockin-eve-0580007|accessdate=11 Nobyembre 2014|date=12 Hunyo 2012|url-status=live|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20141117093815/http://www.rollingstone.com/music/pictures/lady-gagas-wild-looks-00040401/dick-clarks-new-years-rockin-eve-0580007|archivedate=17 Nobyembre 2014}}</ref> |- ! scope="row" |''{{sortname|The|Simpsons}}'' |2012 |Herself (voice) |Fox | style="text-align:left;" |Episode: "[[Lisa Goes Gaga]]" |<ref>{{cite journal|url=http://www.ew.com/article/2011/08/23/lady-gaga-the-simpsons-exclusive-photo?iid=rcfooter-tv-%2527simpsons%2527+goes+gaga%253A+first+pic!|title=Lady Gaga to guest on 'The Simpsons'&nbsp;— Exclusive Photo|last=Snierson|first=Dan|magazine=Entertainment Weekly|date=23 Agosto 2011|accessdate=23 Agosto 2011}}</ref> |- ! scope="row" |''[[Opening Act]]'' |2012 |Herself |[[E!]] | style="text-align:left;" |Episode: "Von & Lady Gaga" |<ref>{{cite news|title=Season 1, Episode 8 Von & Lady Gaga|url=http://www.tvguide.com/tvshows/opening-act/episode-8-season-1/von-lady-gaga/376638/|accessdate=28 Agosto 2015|work=TV Guide|url-status=live|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304105651/http://www.tvguide.com/tvshows/opening-act/episode-8-season-1/von-lady-gaga/376638/|archivedate=4 Marso 2016}}</ref> |- ! scope="row" |''Who the F–k is Arthur Fogel?'' |2013 |Herself |[[Epix (TV network)|ePiX]] | style="text-align:left;" |Documentary |<ref>{{cite journal|last=Gachman|first=Dina|title=Arthur Fogel: The Man Behind Lady Gaga and U2's Mega–Million ToursArthur Fogel: The Man Behind Lady Gaga and U2's Mega–Million Tours|url=https://www.forbes.com/sites/dinagachman/2014/03/18/arthur-fogel-the-man-behind-lady-gaga-and-u2s-mega-million-tours/|magazine=[[Forbes]]|accessdate=11 Agosto 2015|date=18 Marso 2014|url-status=live|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150804020930/http://www.forbes.com/sites/dinagachman/2014/03/18/arthur-fogel-the-man-behind-lady-gaga-and-u2s-mega-million-tours/|archivedate=4 Agosto 2015}}</ref> |- ! scope="row" |''Saturday Night Live'' |2013 |Host / Musical Guest |NBC | style="text-align:left;" |Episode: "[[Saturday Night Live (season 39)#ep751|Lady Gaga]]" |<ref>{{cite web|last1=Ossad|first1=Jordana|title=Lady Gaga Hosts and Performs on Saturday Night Live, Has No Problem Poking Fun at Herself|url=http://www.eonline.com/news/481988/lady-gaga-hosts-and-performs-on-saturday-night-live-has-no-problem-poking-fun-at-herself|publisher=E!|accessdate=11 Nobyembre 2014|date=17 Nobyembre 2013|url-status=live|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160710185020/http://www.eonline.com/news/481988/lady-gaga-hosts-and-performs-on-saturday-night-live-has-no-problem-poking-fun-at-herself|archivedate=10 Hulyo 2016}}</ref> |- ! scope="row" |''[[Lady Gaga and the Muppets Holiday Spectacular]]'' |2013 |Herself |ABC | style="text-align:left;" |Television special |<ref>{{cite journal|last=Marechal|first=AJ|title=ABC Sets Holiday Special with Lady Gaga and the Muppets|url=https://variety.com/2013/tv/news/abc-sets-holiday-special-with-lady-gaga-and-the-muppets-1200735249/#article-comments|accessdate=17 Oktubre 2013|magazine=[[Variety (magazine)|Variety]]|date=17 Oktubre 2013|url-status=live|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20131017223449/http://variety.com/2013/tv/news/abc-sets-holiday-special-with-lady-gaga-and-the-muppets-1200735249/|archivedate=17 Oktubre 2013}}</ref> |- ! scope="row" |''[[Tony Bennett and Lady Gaga: Cheek to Cheek Live!]]'' |2014 |Herself |[[PBS]] | style="text-align:left;" |Television special |<ref>{{cite news|url=http://popcultureblog.dallasnews.com/2014/10/5-reasons-why-you-shouldnt-miss-tony-bennett-and-lady-gagas-pbs-special.html/|title=5 reasons why you shouldn't miss Tony Bennett and Lady Gaga's PBS special|last=Duren|first=Rand|date=22 Oktubre 2014|accessdate=27 Oktubre 2014|work=[[The Dallas Morning News]]|url-status=dead|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20141025033557/http://popcultureblog.dallasnews.com/2014/10/5-reasons-why-you-shouldnt-miss-tony-bennett-and-lady-gagas-pbs-special.html/|archivedate=25 Oktubre 2014}}</ref> |- ! scope="row" |''[[American Horror Story: Hotel]]'' |2015–2016 |Elizabeth Johnson / The Countess{{efn|Gaga plays a single character who has two different names.<ref>{{cite news|title=Lady Gaga in American Horror Story: Hotel: is she any good?|url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/culture/tvandradio/11915078/American-Horror-Story-Hotel-review-of-reviews.html|accessdate=13 Nobyembre 2015|work=[[The Daily Telegraph]]|date=7 Oktubre 2015|url-status=live|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20151114150633/http://www.telegraph.co.uk/culture/tvandradio/11915078/American-Horror-Story-Hotel-review-of-reviews.html|archivedate=14 Nobyembre 2015}}</ref> For her performance in the role, she won a [[Golden Globe Award for Best Actress – Miniseries or Television Film]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.goldenglobes.com/winners-nominees/2016|title=Winners & Nominees 2016|accessdate=11 Enero 2016|publisher=[[Hollywood Foreign Press Association]]|url-status=live|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160623150406/http://www.goldenglobes.com/winners-nominees/2016|archivedate=23 Hunyo 2016}}</ref>}} |[[FX (TV channel)|FX]] | style="text-align:left;" |Season 5 of ''[[American Horror Story]]'' |<ref>{{cite news|last1=Goldberg|first1=Lesley|title=Watch the first trailer for 'American Horror Story: Hotel'|url=http://www.cnn.com/2015/09/10/entertainment/american-horror-story-hotel-trailer-feat-thr/|accessdate=11 Septyembre 2015|publisher=[[CNN]]|date=10 Septyembre 2015|url-status=live|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150914025840/http://www.cnn.com/2015/09/10/entertainment/american-horror-story-hotel-trailer-feat-thr|archivedate=14 Septyembre 2015}}</ref> |- ! scope="row" |''[[Variety Studio: Actors on Actors]]'' |2016 |Herself |PBS | style="text-align:left;" |Season 4 |<ref>{{cite news|url=https://variety.com/2016/tv/news/actors-on-actors-season-4-lineup-1201743491/|title=Variety Announces Fourth Season of 'Actors on Actors' on PBS|last=Sage|first=Alyssa|date=1 Abril 2016|accessdate=5 Hunyo 2016|work=Variety|url-status=live|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160606002809/http://variety.com/2016/tv/news/actors-on-actors-season-4-lineup-1201743491/|archivedate=6 Hunyo 2016}}</ref> |- ! scope="row" |''[[American Horror Story: Roanoke]]'' |2016 |[[Scáthach]] |FX | style="text-align:left;" |Season 6 of ''American Horror Story'' |<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.harpersbazaar.com/culture/film-tv/reviews/a18107/american-horror-story-season-6-episode-4-recap/|title=8 Things We Learned From 'American Horror Story: Roanoke' Chapter 4|last=Diblin|first=Emma|date=6 Oktubre 2016|accessdate=13 Oktubre 2016|work=Harper's Bazaar|url-status=live|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20161013224158/http://www.harpersbazaar.com/culture/film-tv/reviews/a18107/american-horror-story-season-6-episode-4-recap/|archivedate=13 Oktubre 2016}}</ref> |- ! scope="row" |''Saturday Night Live'' |2016 |Musical Guest |NBC | style="text-align:left;" |Episode: "[[Saturday Night Live (season 42)#ep812|Tom Hanks / Lady Gaga]]" |<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.mtv.com/news/2946448/lady-gaga-a-yo-million-reasons-snl/|title=Lady Gaga performs on Saturday Night Live two songs from album Joanne|last=Hughes|first=Hilary|date=23 Oktubre 2016|publisher=MTV News|accessdate=23 Oktubre 2016|url-status=live|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20161024090421/http://www.mtv.com/news/2946448/lady-gaga-a-yo-million-reasons-snl/|archivedate=24 Oktubre 2016}}</ref> |- ! scope="row" |''[[The Late Late Show with James Corden]]'' |2016 |Herself |[[CBS]] | style="text-align:left;" |[[Carpool Karaoke]] |<ref>{{cite news|url=https://variety.com/2016/tv/news/lady-gaga-carpool-karaoke-james-corden-2-1201899185/|title=Lady Gaga Joins James Corden for 'Carpool Karaoke' (Watch)|last=Birnbaum|first=Debra|date=24 Oktubre 2016|work=Variety|accessdate=24 Oktubre 2016|url-status=live|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20161025112836/http://variety.com/2016/tv/news/lady-gaga-carpool-karaoke-james-corden-2-1201899185/|archivedate=25 Oktubre 2016}}</ref> |- ! scope="row" |''[[Tony Bennett Celebrates 90: The Best Is Yet to Come]]'' |2016 |Herself |NBC | style="text-align:left;" |Television special |<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.yahoo.com/tv/5-reasons-to-watch-tony-bennett-celebrates-90-154732390.html|title=5 Reasons to Watch 'Tony Bennett Celebrates 90'|last=Bierly|first=Mandi|date=20 Disyembre 2016|publisher=[[Yahoo! TV]]|accessdate=20 Disyembre 2016|url-status=live|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20161221134842/https://www.yahoo.com/tv/5-reasons-to-watch-tony-bennett-celebrates-90-154732390.html|archivedate=21 Disyembre 2016}}</ref> |- ! scope="row" |[[Super Bowl LI halftime show]] |2017 |Herself / Headliner |[[Fox NFL|Fox]] | style="text-align:left;" |[[Super Bowl LI]] |<ref>{{cite web|url=http://livedesignonline.com/super-bowl-li-2017-halftime-show/super-bowl-li-halftime-show-credits-and-staff|title=Super Bowl LI Halftime Show Credits And Staff|work=[[Live Design]]|accessdate=21 Pebrero 2017|url-status=dead|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20170221005701/http://livedesignonline.com/super-bowl-li-2017-halftime-show/super-bowl-li-halftime-show-credits-and-staff|archivedate=21 Pebrero 2017}}</ref> |- ! scope="row" |''[[RuPaul's Drag Race]]'' |2017 |Herself / Guest Judge |[[VH1]] | style="text-align:left;" |Episode: "[[RuPaul's Drag Race (season 9)#Episodes|Oh My Gaga]]" |<ref>{{cite news|url=https://variety.com/2016/tv/news/lady-gaga-carpool-karaoke-james-corden-2-1201899185/|title=Lady Gaga Joins James Corden for 'Carpool Karaoke' (Watch)|last=Birnbaum|first=Debra|date=24 Oktubre 2016|work=Variety|accessdate=24 Oktubre 2016}}</ref> |- ! scope="row" |''The Defiant Ones'' |2017 |Herself |HBO | style="text-align:left;" |Documentary |<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.nbcnews.com/news/nbcblk/defiant-ones-music-titans-dr-dre-jimmy-iovine-n781166|title='The Defiant Ones' Shows Music Titans Dr. Dre and Jimmy Iovine Like Never Before|date=10 Hulyo 2017|publisher=NBC News|accessdate=17 Hulyo 2017}}</ref> |}<!--Do NOT add credits WITHOUT OFFICIALLY CONFIRMED ROLES AND PROVIDING A RELIABLE REFERENCE--> ==Mga komersyal== {| class="wikitable sortable plainrowheaders" style="text-align:center;" ! scope="col" style="width:200px;" |Kompanya asin produkto ! scope="col" style="width:5px;;" |Taon ! scope="col" style="width:150px;" |Direktor ! scope="col" style="width:150px;" |Featured song(s) ! scope="col" style="width:600px;" class="unsortable" |Deskripsyon ! scope="col" style="width: 2em;" class="unsortable" |{{Abbr|Ref.|References}} |- ! scope="row" |[[RTL Television]] |2011 |{{sort|Wimmer, Stephanie|Stephanie Wimmer}} |"{{sortname|The|Edge of Glory}}" | style="text-align:left;" |A series of television commercials for RTL, a [[German television|German commercial television station]], inspired by films, such as ''[[Metropolis (1927 film)|Metropolis]]'' (1927), ''[[2046 (film)|2046]]'' (2004) and ''[[Sin City (film)|Sin City]]'' (2005), and feature Gaga interacting with the new 3D logo of RTL II. |<ref>{{cite web|work=Live Production|title=Lady Gaga Shoots for RTL II at the Coloneum|url=http://www.live-production.tv/news/shows/lady-gaga-shoots-rtl-ii-coloneum.html|date=15 Nobyembre 2011|accessdate=28 Agosto 2015|url-status=dead|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20120621225631/http://www.live-production.tv/news/shows/lady-gaga-shoots-rtl-ii-coloneum.html|archivedate=21 Hunyo 2012}}</ref> |- ! scope="row" |[[MAC Cosmetics]] |2011|{{n/a|None}} | style="text-align:left;" |In the video, she is completely silent and can be seen putting on the lipstick from the campaign. |<ref>{{cite news|title=Lady Gaga Named MAC Spokesperson – Again!|url=http://www.seventeen.com/beauty/celeb-beauty/news/a13089/lady-gaga-mac-cosmetics-spokesperson-2011/|accessdate=31 Agosto 2015|work=[[Seventeen (American magazine)|Seventeen]]|date=17 Disyembre 2010|url-status=dead|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150924100700/http://www.seventeen.com/beauty/celeb-beauty/news/a13089/lady-gaga-mac-cosmetics-spokesperson-2011/|archivedate=24 Septyembre 2015}}</ref> |- ! scope="row" |[[Google Chrome]] |2011 |{{sort|Gibson, Laurieann|[[Laurieann Gibson]]}} |"{{sortname|The|Edge of Glory}}" | style="text-align:left;" |The commercial premiered during her appearance on ''Saturday Night Live'', featuring Gaga running over the Brooklyn Bridge, rehearsing her dancing, and interacting with her fans over the internet. |<ref>{{cite web|last=Lipshutz|first=Jason|date=23 Mayo 2011|title=Lady Gaga Fans Go for 'Glory' in Google Chrome Commercial: Watch|url=http://www.billboard.com/articles/columns/viral-videos/471206/lady-gaga-fans-go-for-glory-in-google-chrome-commercial-watch|work=Billboard|accessdate=28 Hulyo 2015|url-status=live|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150917232220/http://www.billboard.com/articles/columns/viral-videos/471206/lady-gaga-fans-go-for-glory-in-google-chrome-commercial-watch|archivedate=17 Septyembre 2015}}</ref> |- ! scope="row" |[[MTV Video Music Awards]] |{{n/a|Unknown}} |"[[Government Hooker]]" "Heavy Metal Lover" | style="text-align:left;" |The video features Gaga drinking and dancing with her crew. [[Semi Precious Weapons]], The Dirty Pearls, [[Lady Starlight]] and Darian Darling make cameo. |<ref>{{cite web|last=Vena|first=Jocelyn|date=18 Agosto 2011|title=Lady Gaga's VMA Promo: Go Behind The Scenes!|url=http://www.mtv.com/news/1669343/lady-gaga-video-music-awards-promo/|publisher=MTV News|accessdate=28 Hulyo 2015|url-status=live|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150622205903/http://www.mtv.com/news/1669343/lady-gaga-video-music-awards-promo/|archivedate=22 Hunyo 2015}}</ref> |- ! scope="row" |[[Lady Gaga Fame|Fame]] |2012 |{{sort|Klein, Steven|[[Steven Klein (photographer)|Steven Klein]]}} |"[[Scheiße (song)|Scheiße]]" | style="text-align:left;" |The video features Gaga scratching off black ooze, representing her black eau de parfum, from the male model's face. At the end of the commercial, Lady Gaga's "Gulliver pose" is transformed into a golden statue similar to the cap of the bottle. |<ref>{{cite web|last=Strecker|first=Erin|date=14 Agosto 2012|title=Lady Gaga is a swamp monster in new perfume ad: Video|url=http://www.ew.com/article/2012/08/14/lady-gaga-perfume-ad-video|work=Entertainment Weekly|accessdate=28 Hulyo 2015|url-status=live|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150924122536/http://www.ew.com/article/2012/08/14/lady-gaga-perfume-ad-video|archivedate=24 Septyembre 2015}}</ref> |- ! scope="row" |[[O2 (United Kingdom)|O₂ Tracks]] |2013 |{{sort|Wilson, David|[[David Wilson (director)|David Wilson]]}} |"[[Do What U Want]]" | style="text-align:left;" |Used to promote O₂'s app music, which customers would listen to ''[[Artpop]]'' six days earlier its official release date. It features Gaga in many shots in a big blue balloon room. |<ref>{{cite web|title=Hear Lady Gaga's New Album ARTPOP First!|url=http://www.officialcharts.com/chart-news/hear-lady-gaga-s-new-album-artpop-first-__3288/|date=28 Oktubre 2013|accessdate=28 Agosto 2015|publisher=[[Official Charts Company]]|url-status=live|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150924172219/http://www.officialcharts.com/chart-news/hear-lady-gaga-s-new-album-artpop-first-__3288/|archivedate=24 Septyembre 2015}}</ref> |- ! scope="row" |{{sort|O2 Arena|[[The O2 Arena|The O₂ Arena]]}} |2014 |{{sort|Wilson, David|[[David Wilson (director)|David Wilson]]}} |"[[Applause (Lady Gaga song)|Applause]]" | style="text-align:left;" |Used to promote the European leg of [[ArtRave: The Artpop Ball]], it begins with a giant silver balloon explodes from which Gaga emerges. Then she starts walking to the front of the arena while the music and cheers get louder. |<ref>{{cite web|title=Lady Gaga Announces European Dates + O2 TV Promo|url=http://onenation.livenation.com/blog/lady-gaga-announces-european-dates-plus-o2-tv-promo|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171007115825/http://onenation.livenation.com/blog/lady-gaga-announces-european-dates-plus-o2-tv-promo|url-status=dead|archive-date=7 Oktubre 2017|date=28 Enero 2014|accessdate=28 Agosto 2015|publisher=[[Live Nation (events promoter)|Live Nation]]}}</ref> |- ! scope="row" |[[Eau de Gaga]] |2014 |{{sort|Klein, Steven|[[Steven Klein (photographer)|Steven Klein]]}} |"[[I Can't Give You Anything but Love, Baby#Tony Bennett and Lady Gaga version|I Can't Give You Anything but Love]]" | style="text-align:left;" |The commercial features her atop a pile of shirtless male models, rolling around them. |<ref>{{cite web|last=Kaufman|first=Gil|title=Lady Gaga Rolls Around On A Pile Of Naked Guys In Her New Perfume Commercial|url=http://www.mtv.com/news/1935932/lady-gaga-naked-male-models-perfume-commercial/|publisher=MTV News|date=19 Septyembre 2014|accessdate=19 Septyembre 2014|url-status=live|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140923012925/http://www.mtv.com/news/1935932/lady-gaga-naked-male-models-perfume-commercial/|archivedate=23 Septyembre 2014}}</ref> |- ! scope="row" |[[H&M]] |2014 |{{sort|Renck, Johan|[[Bo Johan Renck|Johan Renck]]}} |"[[It Don't Mean a Thing (If It Ain't Got That Swing)|It Don't Mean a Thing]]" | style="text-align:left;" |Titled "Magical Holidays", Gaga and Tony Bennett appear as hosts of beautiful models, who enjoy a glamorous 1940's style bash. |<ref>{{cite web|last=Chan|first=Stephanie|date=25 Nobyembre 2014|title=Watch Lady Gaga, Tony Bennett Get Festive For The Holidays|url=http://www.hollywoodreporter.com/news/video-lady-gaga-tony-bennett-752345|work=The Hollywood Reporter|accessdate=28 Hulyo 2015|url-status=live|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150707110746/http://www.hollywoodreporter.com/news/video-lady-gaga-tony-bennett-752345|archivedate=7 Hulyo 2015}}</ref> |- ! scope="row" |[[Shiseido]] |2015 |{{sort|von Unwerth, Ellen|[[Ellen von Unwerth]]}} |"[[Cheek to Cheek]]" | style="text-align:left;" |Multiple clips of Gaga at her own New York City apartment with her dog. Some scenes feature Gaga with some friends in a party. |<ref>{{cite web|last=Mychaskiw|first=Marianne|date=28 Hulyo 2015|title=Lady Gaga's Shiseido Campaign Video Will Give You Beauty Inspo for Days|url=http://www.instyle.com/news/lady-gaga-shiseido-campaign-video|work=[[InStyle]]|accessdate=28 Hulyo 2015|url-status=dead|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20151011211411/http://www.instyle.com/news/lady-gaga-shiseido-campaign-video|archivedate=11 Oktubre 2015}}</ref> |- ! scope="row" |[[Tom Ford]] |2015 |{{sort|Knight, Nick|[[Nick Knight (photographer)|Nick Knight]]}} |"[[I Want Your Love (Chic song)|I Want Your Love]]" | style="text-align:left;" |A fashion film for Tom Ford's 2016 spring campaign, which depicts Gaga among several models dancing around a catwalk. |<ref>{{cite news|last=Piere|first=Kerry|title=Tom Ford Debuts Spring 2016 With Lady Gaga|url=http://www.harpersbazaar.com/fashion/fashion-week/news/a12382/tom-ford-spring-2016-fashion-show/|accessdate=2 Oktubre 2015|work=[[Harper's Bazaar]]|date=2 Oktubre 2015|url-status=live|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20151002194713/http://www.harpersbazaar.com/fashion/fashion-week/news/a12382/tom-ford-spring-2016-fashion-show/|archivedate=2 Oktubre 2015}}</ref> |- ! scope="row" |[[Barnes & Noble]] |2015 |{{sort|von Åkerlund, Jonas|[[Jonas Åkerlund]]}} |"[[Baby, It's Cold Outside]]" | style="text-align:left;" |Gaga and Tony Bennett feature in the bookstore chain's holiday television ad, where they walk the aisles of a Barnes & Noble store while looking for a gift for each other. |<ref>{{cite web|date=12 Nobyembre 2015|title=Barnes & Noble Chairman Creates TV Ad With Tony Bennett and Lady Gaga|url=https://www.wsj.com/articles/barnes-noble-chairman-creates-tv-ad-with-tony-bennett-and-lady-gaga-1447357812|work=[[The Wall Street Journal]]|accessdate=13 Nobyembre 2015|url-status=live|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20151113001833/http://www.wsj.com/articles/barnes-noble-chairman-creates-tv-ad-with-tony-bennett-and-lady-gaga-1447357812|archivedate=13 Nobyembre 2015}}</ref> |- ! scope="row" |[[Tiffany & Co.]] |2017|{{n/a|None}} | style="text-align:left;" |In the video, she talks about growing up in New York and what it means to be creative. It was officially aired before [[Super Bowl LI halftime show|Gaga's performance at the halftime show]] on [[Super Bowl 51]]. |<ref>{{cite web|title=Exclusive: Lady Gaga Is the New Face of Tiffany's Legendary Style Campaign|url=http://www.vanityfair.com/style/2017/01/lady-gaga-tiffany-legendary-style-campaign|accessdate=6 Pebrero 2017|work=[[Vanity Fair (magazine)|Vanity Fair]]|date=31 Enero 2017}}</ref> |- ! scope="row" |[[Revlon]] |2017 |{{sort|Ratner, Brett|[[Brett Ratner]]}} |"[[Million Reasons]]" | style="text-align:left;" |Titled "The Love Project", Gaga, [[Pharrell Williams]] and [[Ellen DeGeneres]] share what love means to them. The campaign was intended to raise money for charities, such as the [[Born This Way Foundation]], From One Hand to Another and [[The Trevor Project]]. |<ref>{{cite web|title=The Inspiring Reason Lady Gaga, Pharrell Williams and Ellen DeGeneres Are Teaming Up|url=http://www.people.com/style/lady-gaga-ellen-degeneres-pharrell-revlon-commercial|accessdate=27 Pebrero 2017|work=[[People (magazine)|People]]|date=26 Pebrero 2017|url-status=live|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20170227044139/http://people.com/style/lady-gaga-ellen-degeneres-pharrell-revlon-commercial/|archivedate=27 Pebrero 2017}}</ref> |- ! scope="row" |[[Staples Inc.]] |{{n/a|Unknown}} |"[[Born This Way (song)|Born This Way]]" | style="text-align:left;" |In partnership with [[DonorsChoose.org]] and Born This Way Foundation, Gaga plays a substitute teacher and asks students what they want to be in the future in the video. |<ref>{{cite web|title=Lady Gaga Surprises Students as Substitute Teacher, Launches New Campaign to Support Schools|url=http://www.billboard.com/articles/columns/pop/7849361/lady-gaga-substitute-teacher-staples-commercial-video|accessdate=17 Hulyo 2017|work=Billboard|date=28 Hunyo 2017}}</ref> |} ==Nota== {{notelist}} ==Mga toltolan== === Talababa === {{Mga kasarigan}} === Mga hinalean === {{refbegin}} * {{cite book|title=Lady Gaga|last=Bercken|first=Wil van den|date=7 Oktubre 2011|publisher=[[J.M. Meulenhoff]]|isbn=978-9-4609-2935-9|language=Dutch|ref=harv}} * {{cite book|title=The Performance Identities of Lady Gaga: Critical Essays|last=Gray II|first=Richard J.|date=21 Mayo 2012|publisher=[[McFarland & Company|McFarland]]|isbn=978-0-7864-9252-7|ref=harv}} * {{cite book|title=Lady Gaga: The Unauthorized Biography|url=https://archive.org/details/ladygagaunauthor0000guil|last=Guiltenane|first=Christian|date=14 Marso 2013|publisher=Michael OMara|isbn=978-1-78243-051-3|ref=harv}} * {{cite book|title=Rape-Revenge Films: A Critical Study|last=Heller-Nicholas|first=Alexandra|date=14 Hunyo 2011|publisher=McFarland|isbn=978-0-7864-8692-2|ref=harv}} * {{cite book|title=Lady Gaga: A Biography|url=https://archive.org/details/ladygagabiograph0000joha|last=Johanson|first=Paula|date=22 Pebrero 2012|publisher=[[ABC-CLIO]]|isbn=978-1-4408-0110-5|ref=harv}} * {{cite book|url=https://archive.org/details/ladygagajustdanc0000phoe|title=Lady Gaga: Just Dance: The Biography|last=Phoenix|first=Helia|date=8 Abril 2010|publisher=[[Orion Publishing Group|Orion]]|isbn=978-1-4091-1570-0|ref=harv|url-access=registration}} {{refend}} ==Panluwas na takod== * [https://youtube.com/user/LadyGagaVEVO Lady Gaga's official Vevo channel] on [[YouTube]] * [{{Allmusic|class=artist|id=lady-gaga-p1055684/discography/main/label-asc|pure_url=yes}}<nowiki> Discography and videography of Lady Gaga] at </nowiki>[[Allmusic]] {{Lady Gaga}} {{featured list}} 1sn4vuxtbv1dyt21fjk6rptffy9jn2d 0 2905785 7782423 7775626 2026-04-07T08:04:04Z InternetArchiveBot 41587 Add 3 books for verifiability (20260407)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 7782423 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Paypay:Filippine,_provincia_di_agusan,_immagine_hindu,_statuetta_in_oro_massiccio,_xiii_secolo.jpg|right|thumb|An ladawan han Agusan (900–950 AD) nga nadiskubrehan han tuig 1917 ha pangpang han Salog Wawa hirani ha [[Esperanza, Agusan del Sur|Esperanza]], [[Agusan del Sur]], [[Mindanao]] ha [[Pilipinas]] . Bisan kun may-ada Hindu ngan Budhista nga mga elemento, ginsisingba ini han mga lokal nga Diwata ]] An '''Divata''' (usahay nasusurat nga Duwata, Dewata, Ruwata, Diya, Dewa, ngan iba pa nga kaurugan) usa nga daan nga termino para ha '''Diwata''', usa nga pangkalahatan nga pulong nga ginagamit ha Pilipinas para ha mga diyos, diyosa, espiritu han kinaiyahan, nympha, ngan mga fairies. An iba nga espiritu nga waray pa nahimo nga tawo lahi an pagtawag ha pipira nga etnolinguistic nga grupo sugad nga '''diwata''', nga puydi magtikang ha yano nga mga espiritu nga nagbabantay hin mga butang, tanum, hayop, o lugar, tubtob ha mga diyos nga nagrerepresentar han abstrakto nga konsepto ngan natural nga mga panghitabo, pati na gihapon an mga banal nga binuhat nga kabahin han pantheon.<ref name="Scott1994">{{cite book |last=Scott |first=William Henry |title=Barangay: Sixteenth-Century Philippine Culture and Society |url=https://archive.org/details/barangaysixteent0000scot |publisher=Ateneo de Manila University Press |year=1994 |isbn=978-9715501354 |pages=[https://archive.org/details/barangaysixteent0000scot/page/202 203]–207}}</ref><ref name="Jocano1969">{{cite book |last=Jocano |first=F. Landa |title=Philippine Mythology |publisher=Centro Escolar University Research and Development Center |year=1969 |pages=115–120}}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url=https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/diwata | title=diwata – Wiktionary | accessdate=2025-10-05}}</ref> <ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.tagalog.com/dictionary/diwata | title=Diwata – Tagalog.com Dictionary | accessdate=2025-10-05}}</ref><ref>Perdon, Renato (2012). Pocket Tagalog Dictionary: Tagalog-English English-Tagalog. Tuttle Publishing, 2012. {{ISBN|978-1-4629-0983-4}}</ref> <ref>{{cite web | url=https://lingvanex.com/dictionary/meaning/tagalog/diwata/ | title=Diwata – Lingvanex Dictionary | accessdate=2025-10-05}}</ref> == Etimolohiya == An pulong nga ''divata'' (ngan an mga katugbang hini sugad han ''dewatu'', ''duwata'', ''diya'', ''dwata'' ) ginkuha tikang han sinanskrit nga pulong nga ''devatā'' (देवता) o ''deva'' (देव), nga nangangahulogan "kadiyosan" o "diyosnon nga pagkatawo". Ini nga lingguwistiko nga panurundon gin-aatribwir ha diri diretso nga pagbalyuay hin kultura ha butnga han Pilipinas ngan Salatan nga Asya, nga ginpatunga pinaagi hin mga palisiya hin Hindu-Budhista ha kadagatan Salatan-Sinirangan nga Asya sugad han Imperyo Srivijaya ngan Imperyo Majapahit . <ref name="Junker1999">{{Cite book|last=Junker|first=Laura L.|title=Raiding, Trading, and Feasting: The Political Economy of Philippine Chiefdoms|url=https://archive.org/details/raidingtradingfe0000junk|publisher=University of Hawaii Press|year=1999|isbn=978-0824820341|pages=[https://archive.org/details/raidingtradingfe0000junk/page/320 321]–325}}</ref> Ha Tinag-alog, an may kalabutan nga pulong ''nga diwa'' nangangahulogan nga "espiritu" o "esensya", nga nagpapabug-at han espirituhanon nga konotasyon. <ref name="Demetrio1991">{{Cite book|last=Demetrio|first=Francisco R.|title=Encyclopedia of Philippine Folk Beliefs and Customs|publisher=Giraffe Books|year=1991|pages=278–280}}</ref><ref name="Scott1994"/>[[Paypay:JfMountArayat716PHeritagePampangafvf.JPG|thumb|Popular nga paghulagway hin usa nga Diwata, ni Maria Sinukuan usa nga sikat nga diwata ha mga Pilipino nga mitolohiya ngan folklore]] == Mga Kinaiya == An mga ''Divata'' tinotoohan nga nag-uokoy ha iba-iba nga mga kalibutan ngan dapit han natural ngan espirituhanon nga kalibutan. An ira mga katungdanan ngan mga kinaiya nagkakalain-lain: *Mga espiritu han kinaiyahan: mga magtitimaan o magbabantay han mga kahoy, salog, kabugkiran, o mga hayop.<ref name="Eugenio1994">{{cite book |last=Eugenio |first=Damitila Ramos |title=Philippine Folk Literature: The Myths |publisher=University of the Philippines Press |year=1994 |isbn=9789715420617 |pages=55–60}}</ref> *Mga engkantada engkantado: Ha moderno nga [[Tagalog]], an ''diwata'' nangangahulogan hin engkantada o engkantado o nimfa. Nagtutudlok ini labi na ha mga espiritu han kinaiyahan ngan mga engkanto nga may talagsaon nga kapawa o katahom, sugad kan [[Maria Makiling]].<ref>Perdon, Renato (2012). Pocket Tagalog Dictionary: Tagalog-English English-Tagalog. Tuttle Publishing, 2012. {{ISBN|978-1-4629-0983-4}}</ref><ref>Lanuza, Michelle, The Legend of Maria Makiling, archived from the original on 2007-10-02, retrieved September 30, 2007</ref> *Mga diyos han mga abstract nga konsepto: sugad han pagkamabungahon, girra, o kahimsog.<ref name="Jocano1969" /> *Mga sakop han pantheon — mas hitaas nga mga diyos nga ginkikilala han pipira nga mga etniko nga grupo, nga kadam-an may mas komplikado nga mga ritwal ngan mga halad.<ref name="Scott1994" /> Samtang an iba nga ''divata'' mapinaura ngan ginhahagad para ha panalipod ngan bendisyon, an iba mga waray kasiguroan o maraot, ngan kinahanglan pasagopon pinaagi hin mga ritwal nga halad.<ref name="Demetrio1991" /> == Ha Mitolohiya han Pilipinas == Ha [[Philippine mythology]], an mga Diwata nagtutudlok ha mga engkantada, engkantado, mga espiritu han kinaiyahan, mga langitnon nga binuhat, ngan mga diyos ha mitolohiya. Ha relihiyong-bayan, nagtutudlok ini ha mga langitnon nga espiritu ngan mga espiritu han kinaiyahan nga diri pa tawo. Ini nga mga espiritu mahimo nga mga magbabantay han mga butang, tanom, hayop, o mga diyos nga nagsus representara han mga natural nga pwersa, mga abstract nga konsepto, o mga diyos ha pantheon.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Eslit |first=Edgar R. |date=2023-06-20 |title=Illuminating Shadows: Decoding Three Mythological Veil of Mindanao's Cultural Tapestry |doi=10.20944/preprints202306.1412.v1 |doi-access=free }}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |date=2025-01-06 |title=People: January/February 2025 |url=https://doi.org/10.1044/leader.ppl.30012025.members-news-january.14 |access-date=2025-01-24 |website=Default Digital Object Group|doi=10.1044/leader.ppl.30012025.members-news-january.14 |url-access=subscription }}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last=Owen |first=Norman G. |date=February 1998 |title=Historical Dictionary of the Philippines. By Artemio R. Guillermo and May Kyi Win . Lanham, Md.: The Scarecrow Press, 1997. xi, 363 pp. $62.00. |url=https://read.dukeupress.edu/journal-of-asian-studies/article/57/1/273/336734 |journal=The Journal of Asian Studies |language=en |volume=57 |issue=1 |pages=273–275 |doi=10.2307/2659094 |jstor=2659094 |issn=0021-9118|url-access=subscription }}</ref><ref name=":3">{{Cite journal |last=Tilman |first=Robert O. |date=February 1971 |title=The Philippines in 1970: A Difficult Decade Begins |url=http://caliber.ucpress.net/doi/abs/10.1525/as.1971.11.2.01p0079e |journal=Asian Survey |language=en |volume=11 |issue=2 |pages=139–148 |doi=10.2307/2642713 |jstor=2642713 |issn=0004-4687|url-access=subscription }}</ref> An '''Pag-Diwata''' amo an ritwal han pagdayeg, pagtahod, ngan pagsingba ha mga diyos ngan mga espiritu han kinaiyahan.<ref name=":4">{{Cite book |last=Scott |first=William Henry |title=Barangay: sixteenth century Philippine culture and society |date=2004 |publisher=Ateneo de Manila Univ. Pr |isbn=978-971-550-135-4 |edition=5. pr |location=Manila}}</ref> An moderno nga pagsabot han mga Filipino bahin han “diwata” naglalakip hin mga kahulugan sugad han engkantada o engkantado, musa, nimfa, o bisan diyos (lalaki o babaye).<ref name="Andrews 1916">{{Cite book |last=Andrews |first=Roy Chapman |url=https://doi.org/10.5962/bhl.title.147302 |title=[Mammal field catalog] |date=1916 |publisher=[s.n.]|doi=10.5962/bhl.title.147302 }}</ref><ref name="Afanasyeva 170–172">{{Cite journal |last=Afanasyeva |first=N. D. |date=2022-03-28 |title=The Third Skvortsov Readings |journal=Concept: Philosophy, Religion, Culture |volume=6 |issue=1 |pages=170–172 |doi=10.24833/2541-8831-2022-1-21-170-172 |issn=2619-0540|doi-access=free }}</ref> An pulong gintuohan nga tikang ha Sanskrit nga “devata” (diyos).<ref name="Daniélou 1991">{{Cite book |last=Daniélou |first=Alain |title=The Myths and Gods of India: The Classic Work on Hindu Polytheism from the Princeton Bollingen Series |date=1991 |publisher=Inner Traditions International, Limited |isbn=978-0-89281-354-4 |location=Rochester}}</ref> Ha mga sugilanon ngan mitolohiya, an mga Diwata kasagaran nga may kabug-osan o ginhihimo nga pareho han mga [[Fairy|engkanto]] nga gintatawag nga lambana.<ref name="admin">{{Cite web |last=admin |date=2019-10-05 |title=Entering Lambana's mythical realm |url=https://peopleasia.ph/entering-lambanas-mythical-realm/ |access-date=2025-03-15 |website=PeopleAsia |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Clark |first=Jordan |date=2016-03-03 |title=The Diwata of Philippine Mythology {{!}} Ancestors, Spirits, & Deities|url=https://www.aswangproject.com/diwata/ |access-date=2025-03-15 |website=The Aswang Project |language=en-US}}</ref><ref name="www.wisdomlib.org">{{Cite web |last=www.wisdomlib.org |date=1970-01-01 |title=Lambana: Significance and symbolism |url=https://www.wisdomlib.org/concept/lambana |access-date=2025-03-15 |website=www.wisdomlib.org |language=en}}</ref> Ha moderno nga Tagalog, an ''diwata'' nangangahulogan hin engkantada o nimfa. Nagtutudlok ini labi na ha mga espiritu han kinaiyahan nga may talagsaon nga katahom, sugad kan [[Maria Makiling]].<ref name="Perdon, Renato 2012">Perdon, Renato (2012). Pocket Tagalog Dictionary: Tagalog-English English-Tagalog. Tuttle Publishing, 2012. {{ISBN|978-1-4629-0983-4}}</ref><ref name="ReferenceB">Lanuza, Michelle, The Legend of Maria Makiling, archived from the original on 2007-10-02, retrieved September 30, 2007</ref> An mga espiritu nga diri pa tawo ginkikilala ha iba nga mga etniko nga grupo nga ''diwata''. Ini nga mga espiritu mahimo nga simple nga espiritu han mga butang, tanom, hayop, o lugar,<ref group="note">pananglitan, ''[[Nuno sa punso]]'', usa nga gamay nga ''anito'' nga naukoy ha mga punso; ngan [[Maria Makiling|Dayang Masalanta]], an Tagalog nga ''diwata'' han [[Mount Makiling]]</ref> ngadto ha mga diyos nga [[Anthropomorphism|nagpapakatawo]] han mga abstract nga konsepto ngan mga natural nga hitabo,<ref group="note">pananglitan, [[Mayari]], an Tagalog nga diyosa han bulan; [[Barangaw]], an Bisaya nga diyos han rainbow; ngan [[Makapatag]], an Bisaya nga diyos han panimalos</ref> ngadto ha mga diyos nga sakop han tinuod nga [[Pantheon (religion)|pantheon]].<ref group="note">pananglitan, [[Bathala]], an puno nga diyos han mga Tagalog; [[Magbabaya]], an gihahataasan nga magburuhat han [[Lumad]]; ngan [[Pilandok]], an [[trickster spirit]] han [[Maranao people|Maranao]]</ref> Ginkikilala liwat hira nga ''dewatu'', ''divata'', ''duwata'', ''ruwata'', ''dewa'', ''dwata'', ''diya'', ngan iba pa, ha lain-lain nga mga pinulongan han Pilipinas (upod an [[Tagalog language|Tagalog]] ''diwa'', “espiritu” o “esensya”); nga tanan tikang ha [[Sanskrit]] ''[[devata]]'' ({{Lang|sa|देवता}}) o ''[[wiktionary:deva#Etymology|devá]]'' ({{Lang|sa|देव}}), nga nangangahulogan “diyos”. Ini nga mga ngaran resulta han [[Religious syncretism|pagsagol]] han mga Hindu-Budista nga tinuohan tungod han diri direkta nga kultura nga pagbayloay (pinaagi ha [[Srivijaya]] ngan [[Majapahit]]) tali han Pilipinas ngan [[South Asia]].<ref name="Scott1994"/><ref name="hislop"/> Kundi, an mga entidad nga gintotoohan nga ''diwata'' nagkakalain depende han etniko nga grupo. Ha pipira sugad han [[B'laan people|B'laan]], [[Cuyonon people|Cuyonon]], [[Visayans]], ngan [[Tagalog people|Tagalog]], an ''Diwata'' nagtutudlok han [[Creator deity|labing hataas nga magburuhat]] ha ira pantheon,<ref group="note">An mga Tagalog naglalain han Diwata, an unibersal nga labaw nga binuhat, ngan hi [[Bathala]], an ira kalugaringon nga diyos han kinabuhi (Hislop, 1971)</ref> ngan may lain nga mga termino para ha mga diri-tawo nga espiritu.<ref name="Scott1994"/><ref name="hislop"/><ref group="note">An mga pinakakilalado nga ngaran hini nga mga espiritu ha lain-lain nga etniko nga grupo ha Pilipinas amo an ''diwata'' o ''anito''. An iba nga ngaran o espesipiko nga klase han ''diwata'' amo an ''fieu awas'', ''kahoynon'' ([[B'laan people|B'laan]]); ''mahomanay'', ''tahamaling'' (Bagobo); ''panya'en'' ([[Batak people (Philippines)|Batak]]); ''tawong lipod'', ''magindara'' ([[Bikol people|Bikol]]); ''magtitima'', ''tawo sa talonan'' ([[Bukidnon people|Bukidnon]]); ''aled'' ([[Gaddang people|Gaddang]]); ''annani'' ([[Ibanag people|Ibanag]]); ''bakayauwan'', ''monduntug'', ''palasekan'', ''pili'', ''pinading'' ([[Ifugao people|Ifugao]]); ''mangmangkit'', ''katataoan''/''katawtaw-an'', ''kibaan'', ''litao'' ([[Ilocano people|Ilocano]]); ''apdel'', ''sasailo'' ([[Itneg people|Itneg]]); ''tumungaw'' ([[Kankana-ey people|Kankana-ey]]); ''laman labuad'', ''manglilili'' ([[Kapampangan people|Kapampangan]]); ''kama-kama''/''kamakaon'' ([[Karay-a people|Karay-a]]); ''tuglinsau'', ''tagbusau'', ''mandangum'' ([[Mandaya people|Mandaya]]); ''andagaw'' ([[Mangyan people|Mangyan]]); ''tawagenen'', ''manaog'' ([[Manobo people|Manobo]]); ''karibang'' ([[Maranao people|Maranao]]); ''kaybaan'' ([[Pangasinan people|Pangasinan]]); ''kamanan-daplak'' ([[Sambal people|Sambal]]); ''dayamdam'', ''piritay'' ([[Tagalog people|Tagalog]]); ''tawo sa talonan'' ([[Tagbanwa people|Tagbanwa]]); ''lewenri'', ''bawa'', ''katao''/''kataw'', ''tumawo''/''tamawo'', ''tawong lupa'' (Visayan); ngan ''guban-on'', ''digkusanon'', ''dalaketnon'' ([[Waray people|Waray]]).</ref> Sugad han mga espiritu han mga kaapoy-apoyan, an ''diwata'' gintatawag ha magtahuron nga mga pulong ha [[Kinship terminology|pagka-paryente]] kon tinatawag diretso, sugad han ''apo'' (“tigulang”) o ''nuno'' (“apoyan”).<ref name="hislop"/><ref name="kroeber"/> == Bago nga Paggamit == An moderno nga panhunahuna han mga Pilipino mahitungod han diwata nagsasakob hin mga kahulogan sugad han musa, enkantada, nimpa, diyosa han kaguguban, o bisan diyos o diyosa.<ref name="Andrews 1916"/><ref name="Afanasyeva 170–172"/> Tinutuoan nga an pulong nagtikang ha yinaknan nga Sanskrit nga devata (diyos o diyosa).<ref name="Daniélou 1991"/> Ha mga alamat ngan mitolohiya, an mga diwata agsob nga ginhihisumpay o ginpapantay ha mga [[Diwata (Ada)|enkantada]] nga gintatawag nga lambana.<ref name="admin"/><ref>{{Cite web |last=Clark |first=Jordan |date=2016-03-03 |title=The DIWATA of Philippine Mythology {{!}} Ancestors, Spirits, & Deities |url=https://www.aswangproject.com/diwata/ |access-date=2025-03-15 |website=The Aswang Project |language=en-US}}</ref><ref name="www.wisdomlib.org"/> Ha moderno nga Tagalog, an ''diwata'' nangangahulogan hin enkantada o nimpa. Nagtutudlok ini labi na ha mga espiritu han kinaiyahan nga may talagsaon nga kapawa, sugad kan [[Maria Makiling]].<ref name="Perdon, Renato 2012"/><ref name="ReferenceB"/> Tungod kay an mga diwata amo an mga espiritu han kinaiyahan o mga diyos, mas sayon hira nga naisumpay ha mga ideya han Katolisismo mahitungod han mga santo o anghel. An ira mga buruhaton ha pag-ayad, pagkamabungahon, ngan kinaiyahan naghatag hin impresyon nga diri hira peligro ha simbahan. Ha urhi, ginromantisa hira sugad nga mga mahiwagang linalang (enkantada) nga may Europeo nga hitsura, nga angay ha kolonyal nga pamantayan han kaanyag ngan kaopayan.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=McCoy |first=Alfred W. |date=1982-06-30 |title=Culture and Consciousness in a Philippine City |url=https://doi.org/10.13185/2244-1638.1654 |journal=Philippine Studies: Historical and Ethnographic Viewpoints |volume=30 |issue=2 |doi=10.13185/2244-1638.1654 |issn=2244-1638}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last=Demetrio |first=Francisco R. |date=1986 |title=On Human Values in Philippine Epics |url=https://doi.org/10.2307/1178618 |journal=Asian Folklore Studies |volume=45 |issue=2 |pages=205 |doi=10.2307/1178618 |issn=0385-2342}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Aguilar |first=Filomeno V. |title=Clash of spirits: the history of power and sugar planter hegemony on a Visayan island |url=https://archive.org/details/clashofspiritshi00agui |date=1998 |publisher=University of Hawai'i Press |isbn=978-0-8248-1992-7 |location=Honolulu}}</ref> Ha kontemporaryo nga paggamit, agsob nga gintutudlok an ''divata'' ngan ''diwata'' nga pareho han “enkantada” ha popular nga imahinasyon. Han panahon han mga misyonerong Kastila ngan mga manunurat ha kolonyal nga panahon, agsob nga ginbinisaya an pulong sugad nga “duwende” o “fairy” nga katumbas ha mga alamat han Europa.<ref name="Rafael1988">{{cite book |last=Rafael |first=Vicente L. |title=Contracting Colonialism: Translation and Christian Conversion in Tagalog Society Under Early Spanish Rule |publisher=Duke University Press |year=1988 |isbn=978-0822310264 |pages=144–150}}</ref> Ginpalig-on pa ini han ika-19 ngan ika-20 nga siglo pinaagi han panitikan, mga kolonyal nga kasuratan, ngan ha urhi han midya nga naghulagway han mga diwata sugad hin mahigugmaon, may mga pakpak, ngan pareho han mga enkantada ha Europa, imbes nga an ira mas komplikado nga papel sugad nga mga diyos ngan espiritu han kinaiyahan ha katutubong kosmolohiya.<ref name="Manuel1973">{{cite book |last=Manuel |first=E. Arsenio |title=Philippine Folklore, A Handbook |publisher=Greenwood Press |year=1973 |pages=64–68}}</ref> Ginsaysay han antropolohista nga hi Alicia Magos nga an pagtawag ha ira nga “fairy” usa nga Kanluranon nga pag-imponer nga sobra an pagpayano han papel han diwata ha katutubong panan-aw sugad nga mga tig-agtang nga tagapamagitan han tawo ngan han kalibotan han mga espiritu.<ref name="Magos1992">{{cite book |last=Magos |first=Alicia P. |title=The Enduring Ma-aram Tradition: An Ethnography of a Kinaray-a Village in Antique |publisher=New Day Publishers |year=1992 |pages=55–57}}</ref> == Rehiyonal nga mga baryasyon == An konsepto han ''divata'' may kalabotan ha mas haluag nga tradisyon ha Timugan nga Asya bahin han mga espiritu han kinaiyahan ngan mga diyos nga may mga ngaran tikang ha Sanskrit: * Ha [[Indonesia]], an mga ''Dewata'' amo an mga diyos ngan espiritu ha Balinese Hinduismo, gin-aampo ha mga ritwal ngan may koneksyon ha natural nga mga lugar.<ref name="Covarrubias1937">{{cite book |last=Covarrubias |first=Miguel |title=Island of Bali |publisher=Alfred A. Knopf |year=1937 |pages=220–225}}</ref> * Ha [[Java]] an mga ''Dewi'' amo an mga diyosa (pananglitan hi Dewi Sri, an diyosa han humay) nga may kalabotan ha abunda ngan agrikultura.<ref name="Geertz1960">{{cite book |last=Geertz |first=Clifford |title=The Religion of Java |publisher=University of Chicago Press |year=1960 |pages=30–35}}</ref> * Ha [[Malaysia]] ngan Brunei, an pulong nga ''Dewa'' nagtutudlok ha mga diyos ngan sobrenatural nga mga linalang, agsob nga may kalabotan ha pre-Islamiko nga animismo ngan impluwensya han Hindu-Budismo.<ref name="Endicott1992">{{cite book |last=Endicott |first=Kirk |title=An Analysis of Malay Magic |publisher=Oxford University Press |year=1992 |pages=55–60}}</ref> Ini nga mga kapareho nagpapakita han pan-uring Austronesian ngan Indic nga mga ugat han kosmolohiya han Pilipino nga ''divata'', samtang ginpapasundayag an ira kalugaringon nga pag-uswag ha lokal nga mga mitolohiya. == Sincretismo == Han pag-abot han mga ideya han Hindu-Budismo ha prekolonyal nga Pilipinas, an pulong ''divata'' nag-angkon han mga impluwensya han kosmolohiya han Timugan ngan Timog-Sidlangan nga Asya.<ref name="Junker1999" /> Katapos han pag-abot han Islam ha Mindanao ngan han Kristiyanismo han panahon han mga Katsila, damo nga ''diwata/divata'' an ginbag-o an kahulogan, ginpaka-demonyo, o gin-usa ha mga Katoliko nga santos ngan katawhanon nga mga pagtoo.<ref name="Rafael1988" /> Han panahon han mga Katsila, an mga ''diwata'' [[Religious syncretism|gin-usa]] ha mga [[elf|duwende]] ngan [[fairy|engkanto]] han mitolohiya ngan folklore ha Europa, ngan gintawag hin mga ngaran sugad han ''[[duende]]'' (demonyito o diwende), ''encantador'' o ''[[Engkantada|encanto]]'' ("[[Spell (paranormal)|mga magikero]]"), ''hechicero'' ("mangkukulam"), ''sirena'' ("[[mermaid]]"), o ''maligno'' ("maraot nga espiritu").<ref name="Scott1994"/><ref name="tan">{{cite book|author=Michael L. Tan|title =Revisiting Usog, Pasma, Kulam|publisher =University of the Philippines Press|year =2008|isbn =9789715425704|url =https://books.google.com/books?id=EktzHrfup1UC}}</ref><ref name="strong">{{cite book|author=Cynthia A. Strong & David K. Strong|editor =Gailyn Van Rheenen|title =Contextualization and Syncretism: Navigating Cultural Currents|chapter =Dwarves, Elves, and Vampires: An Exploration of Syncretism in Metro Manila|publisher =William Carey Library|series =Evangelical Missiological Society No. 13|year =2006|isbn =9780878083879|chapter-url =https://books.google.com/books?id=E84GB2f2a9QC}}</ref> Ha mga [[Moro people|Islamisado nga mga grupo etniko]] han Pilipinas, ini nga mga espiritu han kinaiyahan agsob nga gintatawag nga ''[[jinn]]'' o ''[[shaitan|saitan]]'', tungod han impluwensya han [[Islamic mythology]].<ref name="tan"/><ref name="sather">{{cite book|author=Clifford Sather|editor1=Peter Bellwood |editor2=James J. Fox |editor3=Darrell Tryon |title =The Austronesians: Historical and Comparative Perspectives|chapter =Sea Nomads and Rainforest Hunter-Gatherers: Foraging Adaptations in the Indo-Malaysian Archipelago – The Sama-Bajau|publisher =ANU E Press|year =2006|pages=257–264|isbn = 9781920942854|chapter-url =http://press.anu.edu.au/austronesians/austronesians/mobile_devices/ch13s04.html}}</ref><ref name="oceans">{{cite book|author =Hanafi Hussin|editor1 =Birgit Abels|editor2 =Morag Josephine Grant|editor3 =Andreas Waczkat|title =Oceans of Sound: Sama Dilaut Performing Arts|chapter =Balancing the Spiritual and Physical Worlds: Memory, Responsibility, and Survival in the Rituals of the Sama Dilaut (Bajau laut) in Sitangkai, Tawi-Tawi, Southern Philippines and Semporna, Sabah, Malaysia|series =Göttinger Studien zur Musikwissenschaft Volume 3|year =2010|chapter-url =http://eprints.um.edu.my/11446/1/balancing_th_the_spiritual.pdf}} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250904012021/https://eprints.um.edu.my/11446/1/balancing_th_the_spiritual.pdf |date=2025-09-04 }}</ref> == Ha sikat nga kultura . == * ''Sige Ka, Engkanto Ko!'', ( <abbr>hubad.</abbr> okay ka la, akon engkanto!) usa nga pantasya ha telebisyon nga sitwasyonal nga komedya nga serye (nga may mga adaptasyon ha pelikula) nga naglilibot ha usa nga mortal nga lalaki nga inasaw-an hin ''diwata'' . * ''Amaya'', usa ka makasaysayan nga serye ha telebisyon mahitungod han ugsa-kolonyal nga Pilipinas. Ginhuhulagway hini ''an mga diwata'' sugad nga mga diosa. * ''One Day Isang Araw ,'' fantasy anthology series episode titled "Ang Huling Diwata" (The last fairy) mahitungod hin usa nga engkanto komo diyos-diyosan hin usa nga salog ngan linaw * An Encatadia, usa nga [[Pilipinas|Pilipino]] nga pantasya nga prangkisa hin mga serye ha tv naghuhulagway han mga diwatas komo usa nga lahi hin matriarkal nga mahusay nga mga engkanto * Elemento, television docudrama horror anthology series nagpakita hin usa nga diwata hin usa nga salog nga ginsumpa tungod han paghigugma hin usa nga mortal nga tawo * ''Diwata'' (1987), usa nga pelikula nga gindirehir ni Tata Esteban ngan ginsurat ni Rei Nicandro nagpakita han mitolohiya nga kinabuhi han mga diyosdiyos. An aktres nga hi Olga Miranda an nag-play han panguna nga papel, upod han iba nga cast nga hi Lala Montelibano, hi Dick Israel ngan hi George Estregan. * ''Indio'', usa ka serye ha telebisyon nga mayda bida nga anak hin mortal nga lalaki ngan usa nga ''diwata'' nga babaye. * '''''An Super Ma'am''''' (internasyonal nga titulo: ''Akon Magturutdo, Akon Bayani'' ) in usa ka Pilipinas nga telebisyon nga drama hin aksyon nga pantasya nga serye nga nagpapakita hin usa ka diwata han usa ka diosa nga gindemote komo usa ka engkanto ngan komo usa nga espiritu nga giya para han nangunguna nga bayani . *Juan Dela Cruz (2013) nga serye ha telebisyon Pilipino nagpakita han mga anito komo mga maraot nga diyos, ngan han mga diwata komo mga maupay nga enkantada == Mga reperensya == {{Mga kasarigan}} [[Kaarangay:Pages with unreviewed translations]] 7vovrmpbna69lwc8b8ua86uczgtahtd 0 2906342 7782280 2026-04-06T18:55:30Z 陳鴻毅 66836 Bag-o nga pakli: {{Infobox person|name=Chen Yongzheng|native_name=陳勇正|birth_date=1994|birth_place=Taiwan|occupation=Self-defense instructor|nickname=Xiao Zheng}}'''Chen Yongzheng''' (Chinese: 陳勇正; born 1994) is a self-defense instructor from Taiwan. He has been involved in public safety education and self-defense training. His activities have been reported by media sources.<ref name="setn1">{{cite news|author=SETN|title=Self-defense instructor involved in public incidents|url=h... 7782280 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox person|name=Chen Yongzheng|native_name=陳勇正|birth_date=1994|birth_place=Taiwan|occupation=Self-defense instructor|nickname=Xiao Zheng}}'''Chen Yongzheng''' (Chinese: 陳勇正; born 1994) is a self-defense instructor from Taiwan. He has been involved in public safety education and self-defense training. His activities have been reported by media sources.<ref name="setn1">{{cite news|author=SETN|title=Self-defense instructor involved in public incidents|url=https://www.setn.com/News.aspx?NewsID=1781494}}</ref> == Career == Chen was born in Taichung, Taiwan, and later moved to Tainan. Since 2025, he has participated in activities related to public safety and education: * He was invited to provide self-defense training for volunteer fire units in Tainan.<ref name="yahoo_fire">{{cite news|author=Yahoo News|title=Instructor invited to fire unit training|url=https://tw.news.yahoo.com/%E6%9B%BE%E5%88%B6%E6%AD%A2%E6%8C%81%E5%88%80%E7%94%B7%E5%8F%97%E7%9F%9A%E7%9B%AE-%E9%99%B3%E5%8B%87%E6%AD%A3%E5%8F%97%E9%82%80%E5%8F%B0%E5%8D%97%E6%B6%88%E9%98%B2%E5%B1%80%E7%BE%A9%E6%B6%88%E9%AB%98%E6%95%91%E9%9A%8A%E9%96%8B%E8%AC%9B-%E9%98%B2%E8%BA%AB%E6%87%89%E8%AE%8A-143908119.html}}</ref> * He took part in martial arts exchanges with MMA practitioners.<ref name="yahoo_mma">{{cite news|author=Yahoo News|title=Martial arts exchange and education|url=https://tw.news.yahoo.com/%E9%99%B3%E5%8B%87%E6%AD%A3%E5%8C%97%E4%B8%8A%E9%96%8B%E5%8D%97%E5%A4%A7%E5%AD%B8%E6%8B%9C%E8%A8%AA%E5%90%B3%E4%BB%B2%E5%87%B1-%E4%BB%A5%E6%A0%BC%E9%AC%A5%E7%B5%90%E5%90%88%E6%95%99%E8%82%B2%E5%85%AC%E7%9B%8A%E9%98%B2%E8%BA%AB-172448523.html}}</ref> * He appeared in a music video.<ref name="yahoo_mv">{{cite news|author=Yahoo News|title=Participation in music video|url=https://tw.stock.yahoo.com/news/%E7%87%92%E6%89%93%E9%9B%9E%E7%89%BD%E7%B7%9A%E9%BB%83%E6%98%8E%E5%BF%97mv%E5%85%B6%E4%B8%AD-%E9%99%B3%E5%8B%87%E6%AD%A3%E6%89%8D%E8%83%BD%E6%9C%89%E6%A9%9F%E6%9C%83%E4%BA%AE%E7%9B%B8-090003520.html}}</ref> * He shares self-defense knowledge through online videos and public activities.<ref name="watchmedia">{{cite news|author=Watch Media|title=Self-defense demonstration and teaching|url=https://www.watchmedia01.com/archives/451269}}</ref> == Incidents == * He has assisted in handling public disturbances involving weapons, which were reported by the media.<ref name="setn1" /> * He was involved in a personal incident where he responded to an attack using self-defense techniques.<ref name="yahoo_stick">{{cite news|author=Yahoo News|title=Incident involving personal defense response|url=https://tw.stock.yahoo.com/news/%E6%A8%A1%E7%89%B9%E5%85%92%E9%99%B3%E5%8B%87%E6%AD%A3%E6%8E%A2%E6%9C%9B%E5%A4%96%E5%A9%86%E9%81%AD%E7%AA%81%E8%A5%B2-%E8%A6%AA%E8%88%85%E6%8C%81%E9%90%B5%E6%A3%8D%E8%BF%BD%E6%89%93%E5%8F%8D%E9%81%AD%E5%A3%93%E5%88%B6-080633621.html}}</ref> == References == <references><ref name="setn1" /> <ref name="yahoo_fire" /> <ref name="yahoo_mma" /> <ref name="yahoo_mv" /> <ref name="yahoo_stick" /> <ref name="watchmedia" /></references> c3w85nm4bmius5np7s5iua9b9rq4yf1 7782281 7782280 2026-04-06T19:01:22Z 陳鴻毅 66836 7782281 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox person|name=Chen Yongzheng|native_name=陳勇正|birth_date=1994|birth_place=Taiwan|occupation=Self-defense instructor|nickname=Xiao Zheng}}'''Chen Yongzheng''' (born 1994) is a self-defense instructor from Taiwan. He has been involved in public safety education and self-defense training. His activities have been reported by media sources.<ref name="setn1">{{cite news|author=SETN|title=Self-defense instructor involved in public incidents|url=https://www.setn.com/News.aspx?NewsID=1781494}}</ref> == Career == Chen was born in Taichung, Taiwan, and later moved to Tainan. Since 2025, he has participated in activities related to public safety and education: * He was invited to provide self-defense training for volunteer fire units in Tainan.<ref name="yahoo_fire">{{cite news|author=Yahoo News|title=Instructor invited to fire unit training|url=https://tw.news.yahoo.com/%E6%9B%BE%E5%88%B6%E6%AD%A2%E6%8C%81%E5%88%80%E7%94%B7%E5%8F%97%E7%9F%9A%E7%9B%AE-%E9%99%B3%E5%8B%87%E6%AD%A3%E5%8F%97%E9%82%80%E5%8F%B0%E5%8D%97%E6%B6%88%E9%98%B2%E5%B1%80%E7%BE%A9%E6%B6%88%E9%AB%98%E6%95%91%E9%9A%8A%E9%96%8B%E8%AC%9B-%E9%98%B2%E8%BA%AB%E6%87%89%E8%AE%8A-143908119.html}}</ref> * He took part in martial arts exchanges with MMA practitioners.<ref name="yahoo_mma">{{cite news|author=Yahoo News|title=Martial arts exchange and education|url=https://tw.news.yahoo.com/%E9%99%B3%E5%8B%87%E6%AD%A3%E5%8C%97%E4%B8%8A%E9%96%8B%E5%8D%97%E5%A4%A7%E5%AD%B8%E6%8B%9C%E8%A8%AA%E5%90%B3%E4%BB%B2%E5%87%B1-%E4%BB%A5%E6%A0%BC%E9%AC%A5%E7%B5%90%E5%90%88%E6%95%99%E8%82%B2%E5%85%AC%E7%9B%8A%E9%98%B2%E8%BA%AB-172448523.html}}</ref> * He appeared in a music video.<ref name="yahoo_mv">{{cite news|author=Yahoo News|title=Participation in music video|url=https://tw.stock.yahoo.com/news/%E7%87%92%E6%89%93%E9%9B%9E%E7%89%BD%E7%B7%9A%E9%BB%83%E6%98%8E%E5%BF%97mv%E5%85%B6%E4%B8%AD-%E9%99%B3%E5%8B%87%E6%AD%A3%E6%89%8D%E8%83%BD%E6%9C%89%E6%A9%9F%E6%9C%83%E4%BA%AE%E7%9B%B8-090003520.html}}</ref> * He shares self-defense knowledge through online videos and public activities.<ref name="watchmedia">{{cite news|author=Watch Media|title=Self-defense demonstration and teaching|url=https://www.watchmedia01.com/archives/451269}}</ref> == Incidents == * He has assisted in handling public disturbances involving weapons, which were reported by the media.<ref name="setn1" /> * He was involved in a personal incident where he responded to an attack using self-defense techniques.<ref name="yahoo_stick">{{cite news|author=Yahoo News|title=Incident involving personal defense response|url=https://tw.stock.yahoo.com/news/%E6%A8%A1%E7%89%B9%E5%85%92%E9%99%B3%E5%8B%87%E6%AD%A3%E6%8E%A2%E6%9C%9B%E5%A4%96%E5%A9%86%E9%81%AD%E7%AA%81%E8%A5%B2-%E8%A6%AA%E8%88%85%E6%8C%81%E9%90%B5%E6%A3%8D%E8%BF%BD%E6%89%93%E5%8F%8D%E9%81%AD%E5%A3%93%E5%88%B6-080633621.html}}</ref> == References == <references><ref name="setn1" /> <ref name="yahoo_fire" /> <ref name="yahoo_mma" /> <ref name="yahoo_mv" /> <ref name="yahoo_stick" /> <ref name="watchmedia" /></references> sue17j0odoobo5206fvkcdjdxy2p8ar