Wikipedia warwiki https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Syahan_nga_Pakli MediaWiki 1.46.0-wmf.24 first-letter Medya Pinaurog Hiruhimangraw Gumaramit Hiruhimangaw hiton gumaramit Wikipedia Hiruhimangraw hiton Wikipedia Paypay Hiruhimangraw hiton paypay MedyaWiki Hiruhimangraw hiton MedyaWiki Batakan Hiruhimangraw hiton batakan Bulig Hiruhimangaw hiton bulig Kaarangay Hiruhimangraw hiton kaarangay TimedText TimedText talk Module Module talk Event Event talk 0 7708 7782641 7748424 2026-04-23T12:46:30Z InternetArchiveBot 41587 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 7782641 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox royalty | name = Afonso I | image = D. Afonso Henriques - Compendio de crónicas de reyes (Biblioteca Nacional de España).png | caption = <center>Hi Hadi Afonso dida han ''Compendio de crónicas de reyes del Antiguo Testamento, gentiles, cónsules y emperadores romanos, reyes godos y de los reinos de Castilla, Aragón, Navarra y Portugal'' ({{circa|1312}}–25)</center> | succession = [[Hadi han Portugal]] | reign = {{nowrap|26 Hulyo 1139{{snd}}6 Disyembre 1185}} | coronation = 26 Hulyo 1139 | cor-type = Pag-aklamar | successor = [[Sancho I han Portugal|Sancho I]] | birth_date = Ginkakadelito: 1106, 1109 o 1111 | birth_place = Ginkakadelito: [[Coimbra]], [[Guimarães]] o [[Viseu]], [[Kondado han Portugal|Portugal]]; [[Tierra de Campos]] o [[Sahagún]], [[Ginhadian han León|León]] | death_date = 6 Disyembre 1185 {{nowrap|(pangidaron 73–79)}} | death_place = [[Coimbra]], [[Portugal ha Kapanahonan Kamutngaan|Portugal]] | spouse = [[Mafalda han Saboya, Reyna han Portugal|Mafalda han Saboya]] | issue = [[Urraca of Portugal|Urraca, Reyna han León]]<br />[[Sancho I han Portugal|Sancho I, Hadi han Portugal]]<br />[[Teresa han Portugal, Kondesa han Flandes|Teresa, Kondesa han Flandes]] | issue-link = #Mga sumurunod nga katulinan | issue-pipe = upod hin iba ... | house = [[Portuges nga Panimalay han Borgonya|Borgonya]] | father = [[Enrique, Konde han Portugal]] | mother = [[Teresa, Kondesa han Portugal]] | religion = [[Singbahan Katoliko|Katolisismo Romano]] | succession1 = [[Konde han Portugal]] | reign1 = 24 June 1128{{snd}}25 Hulyo 1139 | predecessor1 = [[Teresa han León, Kondesa han Portugal|Teresa]] | regent1 = | place of burial = [[Monasteryo han Santa Cruz]], [[Coimbra]], Portugal }} Hi '''Alfonso I''' o kun ha Pinortuges '''Afonso I'''<ref group="lower-alpha">O puyde gihapon ''Affonso'' (Kadaan nga [[Pinortuges-Ginalyego]]) o kundi man ''Alphonso'' ([[Pinortuges-Ginalyego nga mga pinulongan|Pinortuges-Ginalyego]]) o kundi man ''Alphonsus'' ([[Linatin]] nga bersyon). Ha Ininggles it ngaran agsob nga ginhahatag nga ''Alphonzo'' o kundi man ''Alphonse'', depende han Kinatsila o kundi man Frinanses nga impluwensya.</ref> ({{IPA-pt|ɐˈfõsu|eu}}; 1106 / 25 Hulyo 1109 / Agosto 1109 / 1111{{snd}}6 Disyembre 1185), nga gin-agnayan "an/nga Malupigon" ({{lang-pt|O Conquistador}}), "an/nga Nagtúkod" ({{lang|pt|O Fundador}}) o "an/nga Harangdon" ({{lang|pt|O Grande}}) han [[Portuges nga katawhan|Portuges]], ngan ''El-Bortukali'' [ha Inarabo البرتقالي] ("an/nga Portuges") ngan ''Ibn-Arrink'' [ha Inarabo ابن الرَّنك o kundi man ابن الرَنْق] ("anak ni Enrique", "Enriquez", "Henriques") han mga [[Moro]] nga iya gin-awayan, amo an syahan nga [[Hadi han Portugal]]. Kilalado gihapon hiyá ha ngaran nga '''Alfonso Enriquez''' o kun ha Pinortuges, '''Afonso Henriques'''. Nakuha niya an paglugaríng han salatan nga bahin han [[Ginhadian han Galicia]], an Kondado han Portugal, tikang han namumuno han Galicia, an [[Hadi han León]], han 1139, nga diin nagtukod hiya hin bag-o nga ginhadian ngan gindoble an kahaluag hini upod han ''[[Reconquista]]'', usá nga panuyo nga iya ginsunod tubtub han iya kamatay han 1185, katapos hin kap-atan-kag-unom ka tuig hin mga gera o pan-gubat patok han mga Moro. ==Tikang ha pagkatawo tubtub han rebelyon: an pagkabata ni Afonso== Hi Afonso amo an anak nira [[Enrique, Konde han Portugal|Enrique han Borgonya]] ngan [[Teresa, Kondesa han Portugal|Teresa]], an anak ha gawas ni Hadi [[Alfonso VI han León ngan Castilla]] ngan han iya kapadis nga hi Jimena Núñez de Lara.<ref name=Portogallo>{{en}} [http://fmg.ac/Projects/MedLands/PORTUGAL.htm#Henriquedied1112#ES Portogallo] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120319081410/http://fmg.ac/Projects/MedLands/PORTUGAL.htm#Henriquedied1112 |date=2012-03-19 }}</ref><ref name="capet">{{en}} [http://genealogy.euweb.cz/capet/capet47.html#ES Capetingi] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171109152410/http://genealogy.euweb.cz/capet/capet47.html#ES |date=2017-11-09 }}</ref><ref name=Enrico>{{de}} [http://www.mittelalter-genealogie.de/mittelalter/koenige/portugal/heinrich_von_burgund_graf_1112.html#ES Enrico di Borgogna genealogie mittelalter]</ref>. Sumala han ''Crónica de Portugal de 1419,'' ni [[Fernão Lopes]], an magigin hadi nga Portuges natawo ha [[Guimarães]], nga hadto nga panahon amo an pinaka-importante nga sentro hin politika han iya mga kag-anak. Ginkarawat ini han kadam'an ha pag-iskolar nga Portuges tubtub han pagproner han 1990 ni Torquato de Sousa Soares nga an Coimbra, an sentro han kondado han Coimbra ngan usá gihapon nga sentro han kan Afonso mga ginikanan, nga amo an lugar nga iya natawhan, nga nagdangat hin dako nga kasina ha Guimarães ngan hin polémico nga barubalyo han hiní nga historyador ngan ni [[José Hermano Saraiva]]. Ha urhe nagproponer hi Almeida Fernandes nga [[Viseu]] an lugar nga natawhan ni Afonso nga ginbase niya didâ han ''[[Chronica Gothorum]]'', nga nagsiring nga natawo hi Afonso han 1109. Iní nga posisyon ginsunod ni [[José Mattoso]] han iya biograpiya han hadì.{{Sfn|Mattoso|2014|pp=26-27}} Hi Abel Estefânio nagsuhestyon hin lain nga petsa ngan thesis, nga diin nagproponer hiyá nga 1106 an pitsa han pagkatawo ngan an rehiyon han [[Tierra de Campos]] o bisan pa man [[Sahagún]] nga posible nga mga lugar nga nataw'han nga ginbase han mga nasabtan nga mga itineraryo han mga konde Enrique ngan Teresa.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Estefânio|first=Abel|date=Hulyo 2010|title=A data de nascimento de Afonso I|url=http://www2.fcsh.unl.pt/iem/medievalista/MEDIEVALISTA8/estefanio8002.html|journal=Medievalista|volume=8|language=PT|pages=|access-date=2018-01-16|archive-date=2017-04-11|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170411011807/http://www2.fcsh.unl.pt/iem/medievalista/MEDIEVALISTA8/estefanio8002.html|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|last=Estefânio|first=Abel|date=Enero 2016|title=De novo a data e o local de nascimento de Afonso I|url=http://www2.fcsh.unl.pt/iem/medievalista/MEDIEVALISTA19/estefanio1906.html|journal=Medievalista|volume=19|language=PT|pages=|access-date=2018-01-16|archive-date=2019-10-25|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191025083524/http://www2.fcsh.unl.pt/iem/medievalista/MEDIEVALISTA19/estefanio1906.html|url-status=dead}}</ref> Naghadî hin dugtong an magpadis nga konde ngan kondesa han Portugal kutub han kamatay ni Enrique han 22 Mayo 1112 han paglikus han [[Astorga, Espanya|Astorga]],{{Sfn|Mattoso|2014|p=34}} ngan katapos hiní nag-usaan paghadì hi Teresa.<ref name="Gerli">[https://books.google.com/books?id=QlpKAgAAQBAJ&pg=PA676&lpg=PA676&dq=afonso+i+of+portugal&source=bl&ots=sWxOTr0U1v&sig=HbyK45MU-hykot9JlUwI7jRwtTU&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0CC0Q6AEwAzgeahUKEwi_xp_5zPvGAhUFWz4KHWWAAh8#v=onepage&q=afonso%20i%20of%20portugal&f=false Gerli, E. Michael. ''Medieval Iberia'', Routledge, 2013] {{ISBN|9781136771613}}</ref> Waray masabtan kun hin-o an magturutdo ni Afonso. Mga urhe nga mga tradisyon, nga posible nagtikáng kan João Soares Coelho (usá nga bastardo nga tulín ni Egas Moniz hin linyea nga binabaye) han mga butnga-nga-ika-13 nga gatostuig ngan ginpahilawig hin mga urhe nga mga susumaton sugad han ''Crónica de Portugal de 1419'', nagsiríng nga an magturutdo hi [[Egas Moniz o Aio|Egas Moniz de Ribadouro]], posible upod hin bulig hin mga ginyakan nga mga paghinumdom nga nagpahanungod han magturutdo han panimalay han Ribadouto. Bisan pa man, mga kontemporaneo nga dokumento, nga tikang han kansilyeriya ni Afonso han iya mga syahan nga tuig nga konde han Portucale, nagpapakita sumala kan José Mattoso nga an posible nga magturutdo ni Afonso Henriques amo an suhag nga bugto nga lalaki ni Egas Moniz nga hi [[Ermígio Moniz]], nga, dugang han pagin maguráng nga bugto han panimalay han Ribadouro, amo an nagin "dapifer" ngan "[[Mayor han Palasyo|majordomus]]" ni Afonso I tikang 1128 tubtub han hiya kamatay han 1135, nga nagpapakita hin pagkahiruhirani niyá ngadto han prinsipe.<ref>{{Cite book|title=João Soares Coelho e a gesta de Egas Moniz. In Portugal Medieval: Novas Interpretações|last=Mattoso|first=José|publisher=Imprensa Nacional - Casa da Moeda|year=1985|isbn=|location=Lisboa|pages=409–435}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|title=D. Afonso Henriques|last=Mattoso|first=José|publisher=Temas e Debates|year=2007|isbn=978-972-759-911-0|location=Lisboa|pages=35–38}}</ref> Hin panuyo nga makakuha hin darudako nga bahin han panurundon nga Leonés, an iya iroy nga hi Teresa nakig-api kan [[Fernando Pérez de Trava]], an gigamhanan nga konde ha [[ginhadian han Galicia|Galicia]].<ref name="Gerli" /> An Portuges nga mga hadianon dinmiri han alyansa han Galicia ngan Portugal ngan dinmaop hirá hin pag-ugop kan Afonso. An [[Katoliko Romano nga Arkidiyosesis han Braga|Arsobispo han Braga]] ginkahulop gihapon han pagkagamhanan han Galicia, ngan nabaraka han mga pag-unat ha pansingbahan han iya bag-o nga katipa, an Galyego nga [[Katoliko Romano nga Arkidiyosesis han Santiago de Compostela|Arsobispo han Santiago de Compostela]], nga hi [[Diego Gelmírez]], nga nag-angkon hin nabilngan kuno nga mga relikya ni [[Santiago, anak ni Sebedeo|Santiago]] ha iya bungto, kumu paagi hin makakuha hin gahom ngan karikohan labaw han iba nga mga katedral ha Rawis Ibérico. Han 1122, inmabot hi Afonso han edad hin napulo-kag-upat, an panuigon hin pagkadumaku-on han ika-12 nga gatostuig. Naghimo hiyá han iya kalugaringon nga [[kabalyero]] ha iya pagbuot didto ha [[Katedral han Zamora]] han 1125, nga gintugotan han iya nanay. Katapos han kampanya militar ni Alfonso VII patok han iya iroy han 1127, nagrebelde hi Afonso patok han iya nanay ngan nagpadayon pagkuha han pagdumara han kondado tikang han reyna. == Konde nga naglulugaríng == Han 1128, harani ha [[Guimarães]], ha [[Pag-awayan han São Mamede]] hi Afonso ngan han iya mga umurogop nanlupig hin mga kasundalohan ha ilarom han iya nanay ngan ni Konde [[Fernando Peres de Trava]] han [[Ginhadian han Galicia|Galicia]]. Ginpa-iwas ni Afonso an iya nanay ngadto ha Galicia, ngan nagkuha han pagdumara han Kondado han Portucale.<ref name=Gerli/> Sugad man, nawara an posibilidad nga mahibalik hin pagdugtong an Portugal (nga tubtub hiní nga panahon gintawag nga Salatan nga Galicia) ngadto hin Ginhadian han Portugal ngan Galicia sugad han una ngan nagin nag-uusaan nga namumuno hi Afonso pagsunod hin mga hangyo hin paglugaríng tikang han singbahan ngan mga hadianon han kondado. Ginlupig gihapon ni Afonso an umangkon han iya nanay nga hi [[Alfonso VII han León]], nga inmulpot pagbulig ha iya dadâ, ngan sugad man nahitalwas niya an nasod tikang han pagdepende hin politika han korona han iya patod nga kanan León. Han 6 Abril 1129, gindikta ni Afonso Henriques an sinurat nga diin nagsangyaw hiyá han iya kalugaringon nga Prinsipe han Portugal. Sunod, hi Afonso binmalhin han iya pakig-away patok han nagpapabilin nga problema han mga Moro ha salatan. Nagin-malinamposon an iya mga kampanya, ngan han 25 July 1139, nakadaog hiyá hin nakakalupig nga pagdaog ha [[Pag-awayan han Ourique]], ngan dayon katapos posible ginpasangyaw hin waray may natipa nga Hadi han mga Portuges han iya mga kasondalohan, nga gintukod an iya pagkapatas hin ranggo han iba nga mga ginhadian han rawis, bisan man kun an syahan nga pagtawag han iya hadianon nga titulo natikang han 1140. An syahan nga katitirok han [[Portuges nga Cortes]] nga nagtirok ha [[Lamego]] (nga diin hahatagan hiya han korona tikang han Arsobispo han Braga, ha pagkumpirma han iya paglugaring) usá nga hinimohimo han ika-17 nga gatostuig ha Pinortuges nga kasaysayan. == Pagin-hadi == Bisan pa man, an paglugaríng o independensya tikang han [[suseraniya]] ni Alfonso VII han León, dirì la butáng nga iya matatagmtamán pinaagi hin militar. An Kondado han Portugal kinahanglan pa nga makilal-an ha diplomasiya han mga hagrani nga mga nasod nga usá nga ginhadian, ngan labaw ha ngatanan han [[Singbahan Katoliko Romano]] ngan han [[Papa]]. Nag-asawa hi Afonso kan [[Mafalda han Saboya, Reyna han Portugal|Mafalda han Saboya]], anak nga babaye ni [[Amadeo III, Konde han Saboya]], ngan nagpadará hiyá hin mga embahador ngadto ha Roma basi makigsabot han Papa. Nagmalinamposon hiyá han pagsalikway han suseraniya han iya patod nga hi Alfonso VII han León, ngan nagin vasalyo lugod han papado, sugad han mga hadi han Sicilia ngan Aragón ugsa ha iya. Han 1179 an bula nga ''[[Manifestis Probatum]]'' nagkarawat han bag-o nga hadi nga vasalyo là han papa ngan waray iba. [[Image:Siege of Lisbon - Muslim surrender.jpg|thumb|right|300px|Hi Hadi Afonso I ha [[Pagpalibot han Lisboa]].]] Ha Portugal nagpahimo hiyá hin pipira nga mga monasteryo ngan kumbento ngan naghátag hiyá hin mga importante nga mga pribilehiyo hin mga orden nga relihiyoso. Hiyá an nagpatukod han [[Monasteryo han Alcobaça]], nga diin ginpatawag niya an [[Orden han Cister|Orden Cisterciense]] han iya batâ nga hi [[Bernardo han Claraval]] han [[Bourgogne|Borgonya]]. Han 1143, nagsurat hiyá kan [[Papa Inocencio II]] nga nagdeklara hiya han iya kalugaringon ngan han ginhadian nga mga surugoon han singbahan, nga naghurar hin pagpadayon hin pagpa-iwas han mga Moro tikang han Rawis Ibérico. Ha paglaktaw hin bisan hin-o nga hadi han León, nagdeklara hi Afonso han iya kalugaringon nga [[wikt:liege|liege nga tawo]] han papado. Nagpadayon hi Afonso hin paginkilalado pinaagi han iya mga buhat patok han mga Moro, nga naagawan niya an [[Santarém, Portugal|Santarém]] (kitaa an [[Paglupig han Santarém]]) ngan [[Lisboa]] han 1147 (kitaa [[Pagpalibot han Lisboa]]).<ref name="EB1911">{{EB1911|inline=1|wstitle=Alphonso|display=Alphonso s.v. Alphonso I.|first=David|last=Hannay|authorlink=David Hannay (historian)|volume=1|page=733}}</ref> Nalúpig gihapon niya in importante nga bahin han tuna ha salatan han Salog [[Tajo]], bisan pa man, nawad'an iní balik ngadto han mga Moro ha mga sumuronod nga tuig. Ha laín nga bahin, hi Hadi Alfonso VII han León (patod ni Afonso) nagkitâ han naglulugaríng nga namumuno han Portugal nga rebelde là. Masúrong ngan mapaít an pag-awayan ha ira nga duhá ha mga sumurúnod nga túig. Nahibulig hi Afonso hin gyera, nga diin inmúgop hiyá han Aragonés nga hadì, nga kaaway han Castilla. Basi masiguro an alyansa, an iya anak nga hi [[Sancho I han Portugal|Sancho]] ginbalato kan [[Dulce han Aragón|Dulce]], an bugto han [[Konde han Barcelona]] ngan Infanta of Aragon. Ha kataposan, katapos han pagdaog ha [[Pag-awayan ha Valdevez]], nagtukod an [[Tratado han Zamora (1143)]] hin kamuráyaw han duhá nga magpatod ngan hin pagkilala han Ginhadián han León nga soberano nga ginhadi-an an Portugal. Han 1169 an lagas na nga Dom Afonso nahulog tikang han iya kabayo didâ hin pag-atubangay harani ha [[Badajoz]] ngan posible nga napiangan, ngan nabihag han mga kasundalohan han hadì han León nga hi [[Fernando II han León|Fernando II]] nga iya gihapon umágad. Tikang hiní nga panahón, waray na mangabayo an Portuges nga hadì, kundi diri sigurado kun tungod ba han pagkapi-ang: sumalâ han urhe nga nahig-araan nga kasaysayan nga Portuges, nahinabô iní kay makinahanglan daw magsurender hin utro hi Afonso kan Fernando II han León o kundi man magkakaada hin gyera han duha nga mga ginhadi-an kun mangabayo hiyá. Napiritan an Portugal pagsurender hin paglukat para ha iyá an haros tanan nga mga nasakop nga mga katunaan ni Afonso ha Galicia (amihan han [[Salog Minho]]) han mga naglabay nga tuig.<ref name="EB1911"/> [[Image:BatalhaOurique.jpg|thumb|left|341x341px|Hi Afonso ha [[Pag-awayan ha Ourique]] nga nagsaksi han Milagro han Krus (ginpitsahan ha tuig 1793 ni Domigos Sequeira)]] Han 1179 ginbaydan an mga pribilehiyo ngan mga pabor nga ginhatag han [[Singbahan Katoliko|Singbahan Katoliko Romano]]. Ha waray pagluluya nga paningkamot hin pira nga mga api, sugad han [[Primate (bishop)|Primado]] nga [[Katoliko Romano nga Arkidiyosesis han Braga|Arsobispo han Braga]] nga hi [[Paio Mendes]], ha korte han papa, ginpasamwak an [[bula papal]] nga ''[[Manifestis Probatum]]'' nga nagkarawat han bag-o nga hadì nga basalyo la han papa. Didâ han bula, ginkilala gihapon ni [[Papa Alejandro III]] hi Afonso nga Hadì ngan an Portugal nga usá nga naglulugaríng nga korona nga mayda katungod nga sumakop hin mga katunaan tikan ghan mga Moro. Upod hiní nga panalangin han santo papa, nadig-on an Portugal hin pagin ginhadi-an. Han 1184, an Almohad nga kalifa nga hi [[Abu Yaqub Yusuf]] nagtirok hin dako nga puwersa hin [[Almohade nga Kalifato|Almohade]] nga bumulós patok han mg Portuges nga pagsulong nga ginbuhat tikang mahuman in lima-ka-tuig nga kasabotan han 1178 ngan iya ginpalibotan an [[Santarém, Portugal|Santarém]], nga dinadapigan ni [[Sancho I of Portugal|Sancho]] nga anak ni Afonso. Waray magmalinamposon an Almohade nga pagpalibot han pag-ulpot hin mga sumat nga kinmada hin pagdepensa han syudad an [[arsobispo han Compostela]] ngan hi Fernando II han León ngahaw gihapon upod han iya army. An mga Almohade naghunong han ira pagpalibot ngan han ira pag-atras nahimo nga kapirdihan tungod hin pagpanic dida han ira kampo, nga diin nasamaran an Almohade nga kalifa (sumala hin usá nga bersyon, tungod hin bolt hin [[crossbow]]) ngan namatay dida han tikadto ha [[Sevilla]]. Namatay hin diri maiha hi Afonso, posible tungod hin tigda nga nadangat hin kamatayan, dida han 6 Disyembre 1185. Gintatahuran hi Afonso nga bayani han mga Portuges, tungod han iya personal nga pamatasan ngan tungod nga amo an nagtukod han ira nasod.<ref name="EB1911"/> Mayda mga sumat hin mitiko nga kinahanglan hin 10 ka tawo hin pagdara han iya espada, ngan hi Afonso karuyag makig-away hin personal nga kombate han iba nga mga monarka, kundi waray may naruyag pagkarawat han iya pag-ayat. Ginsusumat gihapon, nga bisan man han iya maupay ngan pasidungganon nga batasan, nga maisog hiya hin kasinahon. Mayda mga ginsaysay nga naghatang hin pananglitan hin usá nga legado han santo papa nga nagdara ha iya hin mensahe tikang kan [[Papa Pascual II]] nga dumiri pagkilala han kan Afonso pag-angkon hin pagin-hadi: an nahinabo tungod kay sunod hini nakatalapas o nakasala hin gutiay nga pagtalapas patok han hadi o kundi man katapos la pagbasa han surat, hi Afonso duro hin kasina ngan hapit niya patayon an representante han santo papa, nga diin pipira nga mga Portucalense nga mga noble ngan mga kasundalohan nagkinahanglan nga pugngan an batan-on nga magigin-hadi. ==Mga sumurunod nga katulinan== [[Paypay:AfonsoI-P.jpg |thumbnail|right|200px|Hi Afonso I han Portugal.]] Han 1146,{{efn|Bisan man kun an ''Annales D. Alfonsi Portugallensium Regis'', nagsusumat nga an pagkasal nira Alfonso ngan Mafalda ginsaurog han 1145, waray anay kutub hin usá ka tuig ha urhe, han Mayo 1146, nga hirá nakada han mga hadianon nga mga karta. An historyador nga hi José Mattoso nagdadapig hin lain nga kasarigan, ''Noticia sobre a Conquista de Santarém'' (Sumat han [[Paglúpig han Santarém]]), nga nasiring nga an syudad nalupig han 15 Mayo 1147, mga waray magtuig katapos han ira kasal. Tungod hadto nga panahon waray mahihimo nga seremonyas hin pagkasal han panahon han [[Kwaresma]], siring ni Mattoso nga an kasal puyde nahinabo han Marso o kundi man han Abril han 1146, posible didâ han Dominggo han Pagkabanhaw nga hadto nga tuig dida han 31 han Marso.{{Sfn|Mattoso|2014|p=220}}}} nag-asawa hi Afonso kan [[Mafalda han Saboya, Reyna han Portugal|Mafalda]], anak ni [[Amadeo III, Konde han Saboya]] ngan [[Mahaut han Albon]], ngan an duha nagpakita hin syahan nga mag-upod han Mayo hadto nga tuig nga nagkumpirma hin mga karta nga hadianon.{{Sfn|Mattoso|2014|p=220}} Mayda hira han mga sumurunod nga katulinan:{{Sfn|Mattoso|2014|pp=226-227}} * Enrique (5 Marso 1147{{Sfn|Caetano de Souza|1735|p=60}}{{Sfn|Rodrigues Oliveira|2010|p=71}}{{Sfn|Mattoso|2014|p=226}}{{snd}}1155),{{Sfn|Rodrigues Oliveira|2010|p=71}} gin-ngaranan ha dungog han iya apoy ha amay, hi [[Enrique, Konde han Portugal]], namatay hiya han walo ka tuig pa la an iya edad.{{Sfn|Mattoso|2014|p=226}} Bisan man kun bata pa hiya, nagrepresenta hiyá han iya amay hin konseho ha [[Toledo, Espanya|Toledo]] ha edad hin tulo ka tuig;{{Sfn|Mattoso|2014|p=226}} * [[Urraca han Portugal|Urraca]] (1148{{Sfn|Mattoso|2014|p=226}}{{snd}}1211{{Sfn|Rodrigues Oliveira|2010|p=79}}), nag-asawa kan Hadi [[Fernando II han León]] ngan amo an amay ni Hadi [[Alfonso IX han León|Alfonso IX]]. Gin-anular an pag-asawa didâ han 1171 o kundi man han 1172 ngan nagretiro hiyá ngadto ha [[Zamora, Espanya|Zamora]], usá han mga villa nga nakaráwat niya nga bahin han iya [[Las arras|''arras'']], ngan ha urhe ha Monasteryo han Santa María ha [[Wamba, Valladolid]] nga diin hiyá ginlubong.;{{Sfn|Arco y Garay|1954|p=168}} * [[Teresa han Portugal, Kondesa han Flandes|Teresa]] (1151{{Sfn|Mattoso|2014|p=226}}{{snd}}1218{{Sfn|Rodrigues Oliveira|2010|p=80}}), [[Kondesa han Flandes|Kondesa nga konsorte han Flandes]] tungod han iya pag-asawa kan [[Felipe I, Konde han Flanders|Felipe I]]{{Sfn|Mattoso|2014|pp=372-373}} ngan [[Taramdan hin mga Borgonyahanon nga mga konsorte|Dukesa nga konsorte han Borgonya]] pinaagi han iya ikaduha nga pag-asawa kan [[Odo III, Duke han Borgonya|Odo III]];{{Sfn|Rodrigues Oliveira|2010|p=79}} * [[Mafalda han Portugal (anak ni Afonso Henriques)|Mafalda]](1153{{Sfn|Mattoso|2014|p=226}}{{Sfn|Rodrigues Oliveira|2010|p=71}}{{snd}}katapos han 1162). Han Enero 1160, an iya amay ngan hi [[Ramón Berenguer IV, Konde han Barcelona]], nakigsabot han pagpa-asawa kan Mafalda kan Alfonso, an magigin Hadi [[Alfonso II han Aragon]]{{Sfn|Caetano de Souza|1735|p=60}}{{Sfn|Rodrigues Oliveira|2010|p=78}} nga hadto nga panahon mga tulo o upat ka tuig pa la. Katapos han kamatay ni Ramón Berenguer IV han verano han 1162, ginkumbinsi ni Hadi Fernando II han León an balo niya, hi Reyna [[Petronilla han Aragón|Petronilla]], nga igkanselar an mga plano hin pag-asawa han infante kan Mafalda ngan hi Alfonso mag-asawa lugod kan [[Sancha han Castilla, Reyna han Aragón|Sancha,]] an anak nga babaye ni [[Alfonso VII han León]] ngan an iya ikaduha nga asawa nga hi Reyna [[Riquilda han Poland, Reyna han Castilla|Riquilda han Polonya]].{{Sfn|Mattoso|2014|pp=287-288 and 290}} Namatay hi Mafalda han iya pagkabata hin waray mahisurat nga pitsa. * Sancho, an magigin Hadi [[Sancho I han Portugal]] (11 Nobyembre 1154{{Sfn|Rodrigues Oliveira|2010|p=71}}{{snd}}26 Marso 1211). Ginbunyagan hiyá han ngaran nga Martín kay natawo hiya han adlaw nga pyesta han [[Martin han Tours|santo]].;{{Sfn|Mattoso|2014|p=226}} * Juan (1156–25 Agosto 1164);{{Sfn|Mattoso|2014|p=227}} ngan * Sancha (1157{{snd}}14 Pebrero 1166/67), natawo mga napulo ka adlaw ugsa han kamatay han iya iroy, namatay hi Sancha ugsa umabot hin edad nga napulo ka tuig{{Sfn|Mattoso|2014|pp =227 and 383}}{{Sfn|Rodrigues Oliveira|2010|p=71}} han ika-14 han Pebrero sumala han rehistro hin kamatayan ha Monasteryo han Santa Cruz (Coimbra) nga diin hiyá ginlubóng.{{Sfn|Caetano de Souza|1735|p=60}} Ugsa han iya pag-asawa kan Mafalda, hi Hadi Afonso nakapaburod kan Chamoa Gómez,{{Sfn|Rodrigues Oliveira|2010|p=71}} anak nga babaye ni Konde [[Gómez Núñez]] ngan Elvira Pérez, bugto nira [[Fernando Pérez de Traba|Fernando]] ngan [[Bermudo Pérez de Traba]]:{{Sfn|Calderón Medina|2008|pp=42, n. 11}}{{Sfn|Mattoso|2014|pp=98, 228 and 320}} han iya suhag nga anak nga lalake. * [[Fernando Afonso han Portugal|Afonso]] (1140{{snd}}1207). Natawo han mga 1140,{{Sfn|Mattoso|2014|p=228}} sumala hin mga diri pa la maiha nga mga pag-imbestiga, hiyá an amo la gihapon nga tawo nga agsob tinatawag nga Fernando Afonso nga amo an [[Alférez|''alferes-mor'']] han hadi ngan ha urhe Gran Maestro han [[Kabalyeros Hospitalaryos]]. An iya presensya ha korte syahan nga gintalaan dida han 1159. Han 1169 sinmunod hiyá nga alferes-mor han iya bugto-nga-tunga, hi Pedro Pais da Maia, an lehitimo nga anak han iya nanay ngan Paio Soares da Maia.{{Sfn|Mattoso|2014|pp=227-229}}{{Sfn|Calderón Medina|2008|pp=42-43, and notes}} An iya mga anak-ha-gawas kan Elvira Gálter amo hira: * [[Urraca Afonso, Dama han Aveiro|Urraca Afonso]].{{Sfn|Caetano de Souza|1735|pp=28 and 64}} Han 1185, gitagaan hiya han an iya amay an villa han [[Avô]], nga diin gintugon nga ini nga villa puyde la ma-ereder han mga anak niya ha iya bana nga hi Pedro Afonso de Ribadouro (nga kilalado gihapon nga Pedro Afonso Viegas), nga apo ni [[Egas Moniz, Aio|Egas Moniz]],{{Sfn|Caetano de Souza|1735|p=64}} nga posible nagpapakita hin lain nga na-una o nagsunod nga pag-asawa. Han 1187, nakigbalyo hiya ngan han iya bugto-nga-tunga, hi Hadi Sancho hiní nga villa para han [[Aveiro, Portugal|Aveiro]]. Namatay hiyá katapos han 1216, an tuig nga naghimo hiyá hin hatag ngadto han Monasteryo han Tarouca. {{Sfn|Sotto Mayor Pizarro|1997|p=457, n. 9 ngan 10, Vol. I}} * Teresa Afonso. Ha pipira nga mga talaan hin katulinan, aada hiyá nga anak ni Elvira Gálter,{{Sfn|Caetano de Souza|1735|pp=28, 63}} ngan ha iba nga anak ni Chamoa Gómez. An iya syahan nga pag-asawa kan Sancho Nunes de Barbosa nga diin nagkaada hiyá hin anak nga babaye, hi daughter, Urraca Sanches, nga nag-asawa kan Gonçalo Mendes de Sousa, an amay ni Mendo Gonçalves de Sousa nga kilalado nga "Sousaõ".{{Sfn|Caetano de Souza|1735|p=63}} An iya ikaduhá nga bana hi Fernando Martins Bravo, Ginoó han [[Braganza, Portugal|Bragança]] ngan [[Chaves, Portugal|Chaves]], nga waray mga anak tikang hiní nga pag-asawa.{{Sfn|Caetano de Souza|1735|p=63}} Hi Hadi Afonso amo gihapon an amay ni: * [[Pedro Afonso, Maestro han Aviz|Pedro Afonso]] (namatay han 1183), Ginoó han [[Arega]] ngan Pedrógão, alkalde han [[Abrantes]] han 1179, ''alferes'' ni Hadi Afonso I han mga butnga han 1181 ngan 1183, ngan Maestro han [[Orden han Aviz]].{{Sfn|Mattoso|2014|pp=103, 229 ngan 388}}{{Sfn|Caetano de Souza|1735|p=28}} ==Mga tigaman== {{notelist}} ==Mga kasarigan== {{reflist|30em}} ==Bibliograpiya== {{refbegin}} * {{cite book|title = Sepulcros de la Casa Real de Castilla|last =Arco y Garay|first= Ricardo del|publisher = Instituto Jerónimo Zurita. Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas|year = 1954|location = Madrid|language=ES|oclc = 11366237|ref=harv}} * {{cite book|title = Astúrias e Portugal. Relações históricas e culturais. Actas do Colóquio 5 a 7 de Dezembro de 2005|last=Baquero Moreno|first= Humberto|publisher= Academia Portuguesa da História|year =2006|isbn= 972-624-164-2|location= Lisbon|pages= 115–141|language=pt|chapter = Portugal e o reino das Astúrias no período de formação|ref=harv}} *{{Cite book|url = http://purl.pt/776/4/hg-2593-v/hg-2593-v_item4/hg-2593-v_PDF/hg-2593-v_PDF_24-C-R0150/hg-2593-v_0000_1-800_t24-C-R0150.pdf|title=Historia Genealógica de la Real Casa Portuguesa|last= Caetano de Souza|first=Antonio|publisher= Lisboa Occidental, na oficina de Joseph Antonio da Sylva|year= 1735|isbn= 978-84-8109-908-9|volume = Vol. I|location=Lisbon|language=pt|ref = harv}} *{{Cite book|url=http://jovenesmedievalistas.net/archivo/lorca2008/IVSIMPOSIO.pdf|title = Actas IV Simposio Internacional de Jóvenes Medievalistas, Lorca 2008|last = Calderón Medina|first = Inés|publisher= Universidad de Murcia, Sociedad Española de Estudios Medievales, Ayuntamiento de Lorca, et al|year= 2004|isbn= 978-84-8371-801-8|pages = 39–50|language= es|chapter = La nobleza portuguesa al servicio del rey de León 1157–1187. Pero Pais de Maia y Vasco Fernandes de Soverosa|ref = harv}} * {{cite book|title = D. Afonso Henriques|url = https://archive.org/details/dafonsohenriques0000amar|last=Freitas do Amaral|first =Diogo|publisher = Bertrand|year = 2000|isbn=972-25-1157-2|location=Lisbon|language =pt|ref=harv|authorlink =Diogo de Freitas do Amaral}} * {{cite book|title = D. Afonso Henriques|last=Mattoso|first = José|publisher = Temas e Debates|year = 2014|isbn= 978-972-759-911-0|location=Lisbon|language =pt|ref=harv|orig-year=2007|authorlink =José Mattoso}} * {{cite book|title=The Early History of the House of Savoy: 1000–1233|last=Previte-Orton|first=C.W.|publisher=Cambridge University Press|year=1912|ref=harv}} * {{cite book|title= Rainhas medievais de Portugal. Dezassete mulheres, duas dinastias, quatro séculos de História|last=Rodrigues Oliveira|first= Ana|publisher= A esfera dos livros|year= 2010|isbn= 978-989-626-261-7|location = Lisbon|language= PT|ref=harv}} * {{cite book|title = Castilla y León en el siglo XI, estudio del reinado de Fernando I|last = Sánchez Candeira|first = Alfonso|publisher = Real Academia de la Historia|year = 1999|isbn =978-84-8951241-2|editors = Rosa Montero Tejada (edition sponsored by Fundación BBV, Fundación Ramón Areces, Caja Madrid Fundación)|location = Madrid|language=ES|ref=harv}} * {{Cite book|url=http://hdl.handle.net/10216/18023|title = Linhagens Medievais Portuguesas: Genealogias e Estratégias (1279–1325)|last = Sotto Mayor Pizarro|first = José Augusto|publisher=Doctorate thesis, author’s edition|year= 1997|volume= Vol. I|location =Oporto|language = pt|ref=harv}} * {{cite book|title = Linajes nobiliarios de León y Castilla: Siglos IX-XIII|last = Torres Sevilla-Quiñones de León|first=Margarita Cecilia|publisher = Junta de Castilla y León, Consejería de educación y cultura|year = 1999|isbn = 84-7846-781-5|location= Salamanca|language=es|ref=harv}} {{refend}} {{s-pagtikang}} {{s-hou|[[Portuges nga Panimalay han Borgonya|Panimalay han Borgonya]]||1106, 1109 o kundi man 1111|6 Disyembre|1185|[[Panimalay han Capet]]}} {{s-reg}} {{s-bag-o|rason=Paglugaring tikang han [[Ginhadian han León|León]]}} {{s-ttl|titulo=[[Hadi han Portugal]]|mga tuig=1139–1185}} {{s-aft|sunod=[[Sancho I han Portugal|Sancho I]]}} {{s-reg|iba}} {{s-bef|ugsa=[[Enrique, Konde han Portugal|Enrique]] ngan [[Teresa, Kondesa han Portugal|Teresa]]}} {{s-ttl|titulo=[[Konde han Portugal]]|mga tuig=1112–1139|rehente1=[[Teresa, Kondesa han Portugal|Teresa]] |mga tuig1=1112–1126}} {{s-non|rason=Paglugaring}} {{s-pagtapos}} {{Commonscat|Afonso I of Portugal}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Afonso 01}} [[Kaarangay:Biyograpiya]] [[Kaarangay:Politika]] [[Kaarangay:Portugal]] [[Kaarangay:Mga namatay han 1185]] promckviw77hup21v8u23jjpr6s062i 0 15188 7782645 7782056 2026-04-23T15:31:59Z InternetArchiveBot 41587 Rescuing 4 sources and tagging 1 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 7782645 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox scientist | birth_name = Alan Mathison Turing | image =Alan Turing az 1930-as években.jpg | image_size = 200px | caption = Turing at the time of his election to Fellowship of the [[Royal Society]]. | birth_date = {{Birth date|1912|6|23|df=yes}} | birth_place = [[Maida Vale]], London, England,<br/> Reino Unido | death_date = {{Death date and age|1954|6|7|1912|6|23|df=yes}} | death_place = [[Wilmslow]], Cheshire, England,<br/> United Kingdom | residence = Reino Unido | nationality = British | field = [[Matematika]], [[Cryptanalysis]], [[Computer science]] | work_institutions = [[Unibersidad han Cambridge]]<br />[[Government Code and Cypher School]]<br />[[National Physical Laboratory, UK|National Physical Laboratory]]<br />[[University of Manchester]] | alma_mater = [[King's College, Cambridge]]<br />[[Unibersidad han Princeton]] | doctoral_advisor = [[Alonzo Church]] | doctoral_students = [[Robin Gandy]] | known_for = [[Halting problem]]<br />[[Turing machine]]<br />[[Cryptanalysis of the Enigma]]<br />[[Automatic Computing Engine]]<br />[[Turing Award]]<br />[[Turing test]]<br />[[Turing pattern]]s | prizes = [[Officer of the Order of the British Empire]]<br />[[Fellow of the Royal Society]] }} Hi '''Alan Mathison Turing''' (23 Hunyo, 1912 – 7 Hunyo, 1954) hya an usa ka Briton nga [[matematika|matematiko]], [[lohika|lohiko]], [[cryptanalista]], ngan syentipiko ha [[kompyuter]]. Ginkikilala hiya nga amay han teyorya han syensya han kompyuter ngan [[artificial intelligence|artipisyal nga kinaadman]]. Durante han [[Girra ha Kalibotan II]], an Turing may-ada importante nga papel ha pag-break han Aleman nga Enigma code, nga nakabulig gud ha kadaogan han mga Alyado. Makasurubo, gintimaraot hiya tungod han iya [[homoseksuwalidad]] ngan namatay han 1954 ha edad nga 41. An buhat ni Turing amo an nagpatikang han moderno nga kompyuter, ngan usa pa gihapon hiya nga importante nga tawo ha kasaysayan han syensya ngan [[teknolohiya]]. ==Pinanbasaran== {{Mga kasarigan}} ==Mga reperensrya== {{Refbegin|30em}} * {{Cite book | last = Agar | first = Jon | title = The government machine: a revolutionary history of the computer | url = https://archive.org/details/governmentmachin0000agar | publisher=MIT Press | date = 2003 | location = Cambridge, Massachusetts | isbn = 978-0-262-01202-7 }} * {{Cite journal | last = Alexander | first = C. Hugh O'D. | author-link = Conel Hugh O'Donel Alexander | year = c. 1945 | title = Cryptographic History of Work on the German Naval Enigma | url = http://www.ellsbury.com/gne/gne-000.htm | publisher=The National Archives, Kew, Reference HW 25/1 | ref = {{harvid|Alexander|circa 1945}}}} * {{Cite book | last = Beniger | first = James | authorlink = James R. Beniger | title = [[The control revolution: technological and economic origins of the information society]] | publisher=Harvard University Press | date = 1986 | location = Cambridge, Massachusetts | isbn = 0-674-16986-7 }} * {{Cite book | last = Babbage | first = Charles | author-link = Charles Babbage | date = 1864 | publication-date = 2008 | editor-last = Campbell-Kelly | editor-first = Martin | editor-link = Martin Campbell-Kelly | title = Passages from the life of a philosopher | publisher=Rough Draft Printing | isbn = 978-1-60386-092-5 | ref = harv}} * {{Cite book |last=Beavers |first=Anthony |editor1-first=S. Barry |editor1-last=Cooper|editor2-first=Jan |editor2-last=van Leeuwen |title=Alan Turing: His Work and Impact |publisher=Elsevier |location=Waltham | date = 2013 |pages=481–485 |chapter=Alan Turing: Mathematical Mechanist |isbn=978-0-12-386980-7 |url=http://books.google.co.nz/books?id=C9WQbm4ovFoC&pg=PA481&dq=alan+turing+father+of+computer+science&hl=en&sa=X&ei=eUC5Usn0LoWfkwWHkIDAAg&ved=0CEYQ6AEwBQ#v=onepage&q&f=false |ref=harv}} * {{Cite book | last = Bodanis | first = David | author-link = David Bodanis | title = Electric Universe: How Electricity Switched on the Modern World | url = https://archive.org/details/electricuniverse0000boda_a1q6 | date = 2005 |publisher=Three Rivers Press | location = New York | isbn = 0-307-33598-4 | oclc = 61684223}} * Bruderer, Herbert: [http://www.oldenbourg-verlag.de/wissenschaftsverlag/konrad-zuse-und-schweiz/9783486713664 ''Konrad Zuse und die Schweiz. Wer hat den Computer erfunden? Charles Babbage, Alan Turing und John von Neumann''] Oldenbourg Verlag, München 2012, XXVI, 224 Seiten, ISBN 978-3-486-71366-4 * {{Cite book | last = Campbell-Kelly | first = Martin | authorlink = Martin Campbell-Kelly | last2 = Aspray | first2 = William | title = Computer: A History of the Information Machine | url = https://archive.org/details/isbn_9780465029907 | publisher=Basic Books | date = 1996 | location = New York | isbn = 0-465-02989-2 }} * {{Cite book | last = Ceruzzi | first = Paul | authorlink = Paul Ceruzzi | title = A History of Modern Computing | url = https://archive.org/details/historyofmodernc00ceru | publisher=MIT Press | date = 1998 | location = Cambridge, Massachusetts, and London | isbn = 0-262-53169-0}} * {{Cite book | last = Chandler | first = Alfred | authorlink = Alfred Chandler | title = The Visible Hand: The Managerial Revolution in American Business | url = https://archive.org/details/visiblehand02chan | publisher=Belknap Press | date = 1977 | location = Cambridge, Massachusetts | isbn = 0-674-94052-0 }} * {{Cite journal|last1=Church|first1=Alonzo|authorlink=Alonzo Church|title=An Unsolvable Problem of Elementary Number Theory|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_american-journal-of-mathematics_1936-04_58_2/page/345|journal=[[American Journal of Mathematics]]|volume=58|issue=2| date = 1936|pages=345|issn=00029327|doi=10.2307/2371045|ref=harv}} * {{Cite journal | last = Copeland | first = B. Jack | authorlink = B. Jack Copeland | title = Colossus: Its Origins and Originators | journal=[[IEEE Annals of the History of Computing]] | volume = 26 | issue = 4 | pages = 38–45 | date = 2004a |doi = 10.1109/MAHC.2004.26 | ref = harv }} * {{Cite book | last = Copeland | first = B. Jack (ed.) | authorlink = B. Jack Copeland | title = The Essential Turing | date = 2004b | publisher=Oxford University Press | location = Oxford | isbn = 0-19-825079-7 | oclc = 156728127 224173329 48931664 57434580 57530137 59399569 | ref = harv }} * {{Cite book | last = Copeland (ed.) | first = B. Jack | authorlink = B. Jack Copeland | title = Alan Turing's Automatic Computing Engine | url = https://archive.org/details/alanturingsautom0000unse_k5v2 | date = 2005 | publisher=Oxford University Press | location = Oxford | isbn = 0-19-856593-3 | oclc = 224640979 56539230}} * {{Cite book | last = Copeland | first = B. Jack | authorlink = B. Jack Copeland | title = Colossus: The secrets of Bletchley Park's code-breaking computers | url = https://archive.org/details/colossussecretso0000unse | date = 2006 | publisher=Oxford University Press | isbn = 978-0-19-284055-4 | ref = harv }} ** {{Cite book | last = Hilton | first = Peter | author-link = Peter Hilton | date = 2006 | chapter = Living with Fish: Breaking Tunny in the Newmanry and Testery | ref = harv |title=Colussus}} in {{Harvnb|Copeland|2006|pp=189–203}} * {{Cite book | last = Edwards | first = Paul N | title = The closed world: computers and the politics of discourse in Cold War America | url = https://archive.org/details/closedworldcompu00edwa | publisher=MIT Press | date = 1996 | location = Cambridge, Massachusetts | isbn = 0-262-55028-8 }} * {{Cite book | last = Gannon | first = Paul | title = Colossus: Bletchley Park's Greatest Secret | url = https://archive.org/details/colossusbletchle0000gann | place = London | publisher=Atlantic Books | origyear = 2006 | date = 2007 | isbn = 978-1-84354-331-2 | ref = harv }} * {{Cite book | last = Hodges | first = Andrew| authorlink = Hodges, Andrew | title = Alan Turing : the enigma|location = London | publisher=Burnett Books | isbn = 0-04-510060-8 | date = 1983 | ref = harv}} * {{Cite book | last = Hochhuth | first = Rolf | authorlink = Rolf Hochhuth | title = Alan Turing: en berättelse | publisher=Symposion | date = 1988 | isbn = 978-91-7868-109-9 }} * {{Cite book | last = Leavitt | first = David | authorlink = David Leavitt | date = 2007 | title = The man who knew too much: Alan Turing and the invention of the computer | url = https://archive.org/details/manwhoknewtoomuc0000leav | publisher=Phoenix | isbn = 978-0-7538-2200-5 | ref = harv }} * {{Cite book | last = Levin | first = Janna | authorlink = Janna Levin | title = A Madman Dreams of Turing Machines | url = https://archive.org/details/madmandreamsoftu00levi | publisher=Knopf | date = 2006 | location = New York | isbn = 978-1-4000-3240-2 }} * {{Cite book | last = Lewin | first = Ronald | authorlink = Ronald Lewin | title = Ultra Goes to War: The Secret Story | url = https://archive.org/details/ultragoestowarse0000lewi | edition = Classic Penguin | series = Classic Military History | date = 1978 | publication-date = 2001 | publisher=Hutchinson & Co | location = London, England | isbn = 978-1-56649-231-7 | ref = harv }} * {{Cite book| last = Lubar | first = Steven | date = 1993 | title = Infoculture | url = https://archive.org/details/infoculturesmith00luba | location = Boston, Massachusetts and New York | publisher=Houghton Mifflin | isbn = 0-395-57042-5}} * {{Cite journal | last = Mahon | first = A.P. | title = The History of Hut Eight 1939–1945 | publisher=UK National Archives Reference HW 25/2 | date = 1945 | url = http://www.ellsbury.com/hut8/hut8-000.htm | accessdate =10 Disyembre 2009 | ref = harv }} * {{Cite book | editor-last = Oakley | editor-first = Brian | editor-link = Brian Oakley | title = The Bletchley Park War Diaries: July 1939&nbsp;— August 1945 | publisher=Wynne Press | date = 2006 | edition = 2.6 | ref = harv }} * {{Cite journal | last = O'Connell | first = H | last2 = Fitzgerald | first2 = M | title = Did Alan Turing have Asperger's syndrome? | journal=Irish Journal of Psychological Medicine | volume = 20 | pages = 28–31 | publisher=Irish Institute of Psychological Medicine | date = 2003 | issn = 0790-9667 | ref = harv }} * {{MacTutor Biography|id=Turing|title=Alan Mathison Turing}} * Petzold, Charles (2008). "[[The Annotated Turing]]: A Guided Tour through Alan Turing's Historic Paper on Computability and the Turing Machine". [[Indianapolis]]: Wiley Publishing. ISBN 978-0-470-22905-7 * Smith, Roger (1997). ''Fontana History of the Human Sciences''. London: Fontana. * {{Cite book | last = Sipser | first = Michael | title = Introduction to the Theory of Computation | publisher=PWS Publishing | isbn = 0-534-95097-3 | date = 2006 | ref = harv }} * Weizenbaum, Joseph (1976). ''Computer Power and Human Reason''. London: W.H. Freeman. ISBN 0-7167-0463-3 * {{Cite news | last= Turing | first= A. M. | date = 1937 | title = On Computable Numbers, with an Application to the Entscheidungsproblem | origyear = Delivered to the Society November 1936 | periodical = Proceedings of the London Mathematical Society | series = 2 | volume = 42 | pages = 230–65 | doi= 10.1112/plms/s2-42.1.230 | url = http://www.comlab.ox.ac.uk/activities/ieg/e-library/sources/tp2-ie.pdf | ref= harv }} and {{Cite news| last = Turing | first = A.M. | publication-date = 1937 | title = On Computable Numbers, with an Application to the Entscheidungsproblem: A correction | periodical = Proceedings of the London Mathematical Society | series = 2 | volume = 43 | pages = 544–6 | doi = 10.1112/plms/s2-43.6.544 | date = 1938 }} * {{Cite book | last = Turing | first = Sara Stoney | title = Alan M Turing | publisher=W Heffer | date = 1959}} Turing's mother, who survived him by many years, wrote this 157-page biography of her son, glorifying his life. It was published in 1959, and so could not cover his war work. Scarcely 300 copies were sold (Sara Turing to Lyn Newman, 1967, Library of [[St John's College, Cambridge]]). The six-page foreword by [[Lyn Irvine]] includes reminiscences and is more frequently quoted. It was re-published by Cambridge University Press in 2012, to honour the centenary of his birth, and included a new foreword by [[Martin Davis]], as well as a never-before-published memoir by Turing's older brother John F. Turing. * {{Cite book | last = Whitemore | first = Hugh | authorlink = Hugh Whitemore | last2 = Hodges | first2 = Andrew | authorlink2 = Andrew Hodges | title = Breaking the code | url = https://archive.org/details/breakingcodeplay0000whit | publisher=S. French | date = 1988}} This 1986 Hugh Whitemore play tells the story of Turing's life and death. In the original West End and Broadway runs, [[Derek Jacobi]] played Turing and he recreated the role in a 1997 television film based on the play made jointly by the BBC and [[WGBH-TV|WGBH, Boston]]. The play is published by Amber Lane Press, [[Oxford]], ASIN: B000B7TM0Q * Williams, Michael R. (1985) ''A History of Computing Technology'', [[Englewood Cliffs]], [[New Jersey]]: [[Prentice-Hall]], ISBN 0-8186-7739-2 * {{Cite book|last=Yates |first=David M. |title=Turing's Legacy: A history of computing at the National Physical Laboratory 1945–1995 | date = 1997 |publisher=[[Science Museum, London|London Science Museum]] |location=London |isbn=0-901805-94-7 |oclc=123794619 40624091 }} {{Refend}} ==Padugang nga barasahon== * Agar, Jon, ''Turing and the Universal Machine'', Icon, 2001. * Cooper, S. Barry; van Leeuwen, Jan (eds), ''[https://store.elsevier.com/product.jsp?isbn=9780123869807 Alan Turing – His Work and Impact]'', New York: [[Elsevier]], 2013, ISBN 978-0-12-386980-7 * {{Cite journal| title=The Mind and the Computing Machine: Alan Turing and others|journal=[[The Rutherford Journal]] |url=http://www.rutherfordjournal.org/article010111.html |editor-first=B. Jack | editor-last=Copeland | ref=harv}} * {{Cite journal| title=Alan Turing: Father of the Modern Computer|journal=[[The Rutherford Journal]] |url=http://www.rutherfordjournal.org/article040101.html |editor-first=B. Jack | editor-last=Copeland | ref=harv}} * {{Cite encyclopaedia |last=Hodges |first=Andrew |editor=Edward N. Zalta (ed.) |encyclopedia=[[Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy]] |title=Alan Turing |url=http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/turing/ |accessdate=10 Enero 2011 |edition=Winter 2009 |date=27 Agosto 2007 |publisher=[[Stanford University]] |ref=harv}} * {{Cite journal | last = Hodges | first = Andrew | authorlink = Hodges, Andrew | date = 1992 | title = Review: Alan Turing: the enigma | ref = harv | bibcode = 1984PhT....37k.107H | last2 = Sayre | first2 = David | volume = 37 | page = 107 | journal = Physics Today | doi = 10.1063/1.2915935 | issue = 11 }} * {{Cite journal|last=Gray|first=Paul|date=29 Marso 1999|title=Computer Scientist: Alan Turing|journal=TIME|url=http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,990624,00.html|ref=harv|access-date=31 Hulyo 2012|archive-date=19 Enero 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110119181237/http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,990624,00.html|url-status=dead}} * [[James Gleick|Gleick, James]], ''[[The Information: A History, a Theory, a Flood]]'', New York: Pantheon, 2011, ISBN 978-0-375-42372-7 * Leavitt, David, ''The Man Who Knew Too Much: Alan Turing and the Invention of the Computer'', W. W. Norton, 2006 * Turing, Sara, ''[http://www.cambridge.org/asia/catalogue/catalogue.asp?isbn=9781107020580 Alan M. Turing]'', Centenary Edition, [[Cambridge University Press]], 2012, ISBN 978-1-107-02058-0 ===Mga papel=== * {{AcademicSearch|2612734}} * {{GoogleScholar|VWCHlwkAAAAJ}} * {{Turing 1950}} * [http://purl.umn.edu/107493 Oral history interview with Nicholas C. Metropolis], [[Charles Babbage Institute]], University of Minnesota. Metropolis was the first director of computing services at [[Los Alamos National Laboratory]]; topics include the relationship between Alan Turing and [[John von Neumann]] ==Mga sumpay ha gawas== {{Commons category}} {{Wikiquote}} {{Wikinews|Alan Turing given posthumous pardon}} * [http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/home/stoi/deep-focus/A-House-for-Mr-Nilekani/articleshow/28420199.cms/ Turing family house in Coonoor, India] * [http://www.radiolab.org/blogs/radiolab-blog/2012/mar/19/turing-problem/ A podcast program about Turing made by] [[Radio Lab]]. * [http://www.rkbexplorer.com/explorer/#display=person%2D{http://dblp.rkbexplorer.com/id/people-a27f18ebafc0d76ddb05173ce7b9873d-e0b388b7c1e0985b1371d73ee1fae8b5} Alan Turing] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080828060019/http://www.rkbexplorer.com/explorer/#display=person%2D{http://dblp.rkbexplorer.com/id/people-a27f18ebafc0d76ddb05173ce7b9873d-e0b388b7c1e0985b1371d73ee1fae8b5} |date= 28 Agosto 2008 }} RKBExplorer * [http://www.turingcentenary.eu/ Alan Turing Year] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190818065459/http://www.turingcentenary.eu/ |date=2019-08-18 }} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190818065459/http://turingcentenary.eu/ |date=2019-08-18 }} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190818065459/http://turingcentenary.eu/ |date=2019-08-18 }} * [http://cie2012.eu/ CiE 2012: Turing Centenary Conference] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210815101903/http://cie2012.eu/ |date=2021-08-15 }} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210815101903/http://cie2012.eu/ |date=2021-08-15 }} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210815101903/http://cie2012.eu/ |date=2021-08-15 }} * {{findagrave|12651680}} * [http://www.turing.org.uk/ Alan Turing] site maintained by [[Andrew Hodges]] including a [http://www.turing.org.uk/bio/part1.html short biography] * [http://www.alanturing.net/ AlanTuring.net&nbsp;– Turing Archive for the History of Computing] by [[Jack Copeland]] * [http://www.turingarchive.org/ The Turing Archive]{{Dead link|date=April 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot }}{{Dead link|date=March 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot }}{{Dead link|date=March 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot }}{{Dead link|date=February 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot }}{{Dead link|date=February 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot }}{{Dead link|date=January 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot }}{{Dead link|date=December 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot }}{{Dead link|date=December 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot }}{{Dead link|date=November 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot }}{{Dead link|date=October 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot }}{{Dead link|date=September 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot }}{{Dead link|date=August 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot }}{{Dead link|date=July 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot }}{{Dead link|date=June 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot }}{{Dead link|date=May 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot }}{{Dead link|date=May 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot }}{{Dead link|date=April 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot }}{{Dead link|date=April 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot }}{{Dead link|date=March 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot }}{{Dead link|date=March 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot }}{{Dead link|date=February 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot }}{{Dead link|date=January 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot }}{{Dead link|date=January 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot }}{{Dead link|date=December 2024 |bot=InternetArchiveBot }}{{Dead link|date=November 2024 |bot=InternetArchiveBot }}{{Dead link|date=October 2024 |bot=InternetArchiveBot }}{{Dead link|date=September 2024 |bot=InternetArchiveBot }}{{Dead link|date=August 2024 |bot=InternetArchiveBot }}{{Dead link|date=August 2024 |bot=InternetArchiveBot }}{{Dead link|date=June 2024 |bot=InternetArchiveBot }}{{Dead link|date=April 2024 |bot=InternetArchiveBot }}{{Dead link|date=February 2024 |bot=InternetArchiveBot }}{{Dead link|date= Pebrero 2022}}&nbsp;– contains scans of some unpublished documents and material from the King's College, Cambridge archive * {{Cite journal|last=Jones|first=G. James|date=11 Disyembre 2001|title=Alan Turing&nbsp;– Towards a Digital Mind: Part 1|journal=System Toolbox|publisher=The Binary Freedom Project|url=http://www.systemtoolbox.com/article.php?history_id=3|ref=harv|access-date=31 Hulyo 2012|archive-date=3 Agosto 2007|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070803163318/http://www.systemtoolbox.com/article.php?history_id=3|url-status=dead}} * [http://oldshirburnian.org.uk/wp-content/uploads/2014/08/Complete-list-of-Turing-Archives-held-at-Sherborne-School-14-August-2014.pdf Sherborne School Archives] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141228052226/http://oldshirburnian.org.uk/wp-content/uploads/2014/08/Complete-list-of-Turing-Archives-held-at-Sherborne-School-14-August-2014.pdf |date=2014-12-28 }} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141228052226/http://oldshirburnian.org.uk/wp-content/uploads/2014/08/Complete-list-of-Turing-Archives-held-at-Sherborne-School-14-August-2014.pdf |date=2014-12-28 }} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141228052226/http://oldshirburnian.org.uk/wp-content/uploads/2014/08/Complete-list-of-Turing-Archives-held-at-Sherborne-School-14-August-2014.pdf |date=2014-12-28 }} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141228052226/http://oldshirburnian.org.uk/wp-content/uploads/2014/08/Complete-list-of-Turing-Archives-held-at-Sherborne-School-14-August-2014.pdf |date=2014-12-28 }} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141228052226/http://oldshirburnian.org.uk/wp-content/uploads/2014/08/Complete-list-of-Turing-Archives-held-at-Sherborne-School-14-August-2014.pdf |date=2014-12-28 }} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141228052226/http://oldshirburnian.org.uk/wp-content/uploads/2014/08/Complete-list-of-Turing-Archives-held-at-Sherborne-School-14-August-2014.pdf |date=2014-12-28 }} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141228052226/http://oldshirburnian.org.uk/wp-content/uploads/2014/08/Complete-list-of-Turing-Archives-held-at-Sherborne-School-14-August-2014.pdf |date=2014-12-28 }} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141228052226/http://oldshirburnian.org.uk/wp-content/uploads/2014/08/Complete-list-of-Turing-Archives-held-at-Sherborne-School-14-August-2014.pdf |date=2014-12-28 }} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141228052226/http://oldshirburnian.org.uk/wp-content/uploads/2014/08/Complete-list-of-Turing-Archives-held-at-Sherborne-School-14-August-2014.pdf |date=2014-12-28 }} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141228052226/http://oldshirburnian.org.uk/wp-content/uploads/2014/08/Complete-list-of-Turing-Archives-held-at-Sherborne-School-14-August-2014.pdf |date=2014-12-28 }} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141228052226/http://oldshirburnian.org.uk/wp-content/uploads/2014/08/Complete-list-of-Turing-Archives-held-at-Sherborne-School-14-August-2014.pdf |date=2014-12-28 }} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141228052226/http://oldshirburnian.org.uk/wp-content/uploads/2014/08/Complete-list-of-Turing-Archives-held-at-Sherborne-School-14-August-2014.pdf |date=2014-12-28 }} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141228052226/http://oldshirburnian.org.uk/wp-content/uploads/2014/08/Complete-list-of-Turing-Archives-held-at-Sherborne-School-14-August-2014.pdf |date=2014-12-28 }} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141228052226/http://oldshirburnian.org.uk/wp-content/uploads/2014/08/Complete-list-of-Turing-Archives-held-at-Sherborne-School-14-August-2014.pdf |date=2014-12-28 }} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141228052226/http://oldshirburnian.org.uk/wp-content/uploads/2014/08/Complete-list-of-Turing-Archives-held-at-Sherborne-School-14-August-2014.pdf |date=2014-12-28 }} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141228052226/http://oldshirburnian.org.uk/wp-content/uploads/2014/08/Complete-list-of-Turing-Archives-held-at-Sherborne-School-14-August-2014.pdf |date=2014-12-28 }} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141228052226/http://oldshirburnian.org.uk/wp-content/uploads/2014/08/Complete-list-of-Turing-Archives-held-at-Sherborne-School-14-August-2014.pdf |date=2014-12-28 }} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141228052226/http://oldshirburnian.org.uk/wp-content/uploads/2014/08/Complete-list-of-Turing-Archives-held-at-Sherborne-School-14-August-2014.pdf |date=2014-12-28 }} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141228052226/http://oldshirburnian.org.uk/wp-content/uploads/2014/08/Complete-list-of-Turing-Archives-held-at-Sherborne-School-14-August-2014.pdf |date=2014-12-28 }} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141228052226/http://oldshirburnian.org.uk/wp-content/uploads/2014/08/Complete-list-of-Turing-Archives-held-at-Sherborne-School-14-August-2014.pdf |date=2014-12-28 }} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141228052226/http://oldshirburnian.org.uk/wp-content/uploads/2014/08/Complete-list-of-Turing-Archives-held-at-Sherborne-School-14-August-2014.pdf |date=2014-12-28 }} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141228052226/http://oldshirburnian.org.uk/wp-content/uploads/2014/08/Complete-list-of-Turing-Archives-held-at-Sherborne-School-14-August-2014.pdf |date=2014-12-28 }} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141228052226/http://oldshirburnian.org.uk/wp-content/uploads/2014/08/Complete-list-of-Turing-Archives-held-at-Sherborne-School-14-August-2014.pdf |date=2014-12-28 }} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141228052226/http://oldshirburnian.org.uk/wp-content/uploads/2014/08/Complete-list-of-Turing-Archives-held-at-Sherborne-School-14-August-2014.pdf |date=2014-12-28 }} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141228052226/http://oldshirburnian.org.uk/wp-content/uploads/2014/08/Complete-list-of-Turing-Archives-held-at-Sherborne-School-14-August-2014.pdf |date=2014-12-28 }} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141228052226/http://oldshirburnian.org.uk/wp-content/uploads/2014/08/Complete-list-of-Turing-Archives-held-at-Sherborne-School-14-August-2014.pdf |date=2014-12-28 }} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141228052226/http://oldshirburnian.org.uk/wp-content/uploads/2014/08/Complete-list-of-Turing-Archives-held-at-Sherborne-School-14-August-2014.pdf |date=2014-12-28 }} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141228052226/http://oldshirburnian.org.uk/wp-content/uploads/2014/08/Complete-list-of-Turing-Archives-held-at-Sherborne-School-14-August-2014.pdf |date=2014-12-28 }} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141228052226/http://oldshirburnian.org.uk/wp-content/uploads/2014/08/Complete-list-of-Turing-Archives-held-at-Sherborne-School-14-August-2014.pdf |date=2014-12-28 }} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141228052226/http://oldshirburnian.org.uk/wp-content/uploads/2014/08/Complete-list-of-Turing-Archives-held-at-Sherborne-School-14-August-2014.pdf |date=2014-12-28 }} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141228052226/http://oldshirburnian.org.uk/wp-content/uploads/2014/08/Complete-list-of-Turing-Archives-held-at-Sherborne-School-14-August-2014.pdf |date=2014-12-28 }} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141228052226/http://oldshirburnian.org.uk/wp-content/uploads/2014/08/Complete-list-of-Turing-Archives-held-at-Sherborne-School-14-August-2014.pdf |date=2014-12-28 }} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141228052226/http://oldshirburnian.org.uk/wp-content/uploads/2014/08/Complete-list-of-Turing-Archives-held-at-Sherborne-School-14-August-2014.pdf |date=2014-12-28 }} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141228052226/http://oldshirburnian.org.uk/wp-content/uploads/2014/08/Complete-list-of-Turing-Archives-held-at-Sherborne-School-14-August-2014.pdf |date=2014-12-28 }} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141228052226/http://oldshirburnian.org.uk/wp-content/uploads/2014/08/Complete-list-of-Turing-Archives-held-at-Sherborne-School-14-August-2014.pdf |date=2014-12-28 }} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141228052226/http://oldshirburnian.org.uk/wp-content/uploads/2014/08/Complete-list-of-Turing-Archives-held-at-Sherborne-School-14-August-2014.pdf |date=2014-12-28 }} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141228052226/http://oldshirburnian.org.uk/wp-content/uploads/2014/08/Complete-list-of-Turing-Archives-held-at-Sherborne-School-14-August-2014.pdf |date=2014-12-28 }} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141228052226/http://oldshirburnian.org.uk/wp-content/uploads/2014/08/Complete-list-of-Turing-Archives-held-at-Sherborne-School-14-August-2014.pdf |date=2014-12-28 }} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141228052226/http://oldshirburnian.org.uk/wp-content/uploads/2014/08/Complete-list-of-Turing-Archives-held-at-Sherborne-School-14-August-2014.pdf |date=2014-12-28 }} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141228052226/http://oldshirburnian.org.uk/wp-content/uploads/2014/08/Complete-list-of-Turing-Archives-held-at-Sherborne-School-14-August-2014.pdf |date=2014-12-28 }} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141228052226/http://oldshirburnian.org.uk/wp-content/uploads/2014/08/Complete-list-of-Turing-Archives-held-at-Sherborne-School-14-August-2014.pdf |date= 28 Disyembre 2014 }}&nbsp;– holds papers relating to Alan Turing's time at Sherborne School * [http://openplaques.org/people/368 Alan Turing plaques] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120324025236/http://openplaques.org/people/368 |date=2012-03-24 }} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120324025236/http://openplaques.org/people/368 |date=2012-03-24 }} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120324025236/http://openplaques.org/people/368 |date=2012-03-24 }} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120324025236/http://openplaques.org/people/368 |date=2012-03-24 }} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120324025236/http://openplaques.org/people/368 |date=2012-03-24 }} recorded on openplaques.org * [http://cryptocellar.org/Turing/ Turing's treatise on Enigma (The Prof's Book)] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110910054444/http://www.cryptocellar.org/Turing/ |date=2011-09-10 }} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110910054444/http://www.cryptocellar.org/Turing/ |date=2011-09-10 }} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110910054444/http://www.cryptocellar.org/Turing/ |date=2011-09-10 }} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110910054444/http://www.cryptocellar.org/Turing/ |date=2011-09-10 }} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110910054444/http://www.cryptocellar.org/Turing/ |date=2011-09-10 }} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110910054444/http://www.cryptocellar.org/Turing/ |date=2011-09-10 }} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110910054444/http://www.cryptocellar.org/Turing/ |date=2011-09-10 }} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110910054444/http://www.cryptocellar.org/Turing/ |date=2011-09-10 }} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110910054444/http://www.cryptocellar.org/Turing/ |date=2011-09-10 }} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110910054444/http://www.cryptocellar.org/Turing/ |date=2011-09-10 }} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110910054444/http://www.cryptocellar.org/Turing/ |date=2011-09-10 }} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110910054444/http://www.cryptocellar.org/Turing/ |date=2011-09-10 }} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110910054444/http://www.cryptocellar.org/Turing/ |date=2011-09-10 }} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110910054444/http://www.cryptocellar.org/Turing/ |date=2011-09-10 }} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110910054444/http://www.cryptocellar.org/Turing/ |date=2011-09-10 }} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110910054444/http://www.cryptocellar.org/Turing/ |date=2011-09-10 }} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110910054444/http://www.cryptocellar.org/Turing/ |date=2011-09-10 }} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110910054444/http://www.cryptocellar.org/Turing/ |date=2011-09-10 }} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110910054444/http://www.cryptocellar.org/Turing/ |date=2011-09-10 }} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110910054444/http://www.cryptocellar.org/Turing/ |date=2011-09-10 }} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110910054444/http://www.cryptocellar.org/Turing/ |date=2011-09-10 }} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110910054444/http://www.cryptocellar.org/Turing/ |date=2011-09-10 }} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110910054444/http://www.cryptocellar.org/Turing/ |date=2011-09-10 }} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110910054444/http://www.cryptocellar.org/Turing/ |date=2011-09-10 }} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110910054444/http://www.cryptocellar.org/Turing/ |date=2011-09-10 }} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110910054444/http://www.cryptocellar.org/Turing/ |date=2011-09-10 }} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110910054444/http://www.cryptocellar.org/Turing/ |date=2011-09-10 }} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110910054444/http://www.cryptocellar.org/Turing/ |date=2011-09-10 }} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110910054444/http://www.cryptocellar.org/Turing/ |date=2011-09-10 }} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110910054444/http://www.cryptocellar.org/Turing/ |date=2011-09-10 }} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110910054444/http://www.cryptocellar.org/Turing/ |date=2011-09-10 }} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110910054444/http://www.cryptocellar.org/Turing/ |date=2011-09-10 }} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110910054444/http://www.cryptocellar.org/Turing/ |date=2011-09-10 }} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110910054444/http://www.cryptocellar.org/Turing/ |date=2011-09-10 }} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110910054444/http://www.cryptocellar.org/Turing/ |date=2011-09-10 }} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110910054444/http://www.cryptocellar.org/Turing/ |date=2011-09-10 }} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110910054444/http://www.cryptocellar.org/Turing/ |date=2011-09-10 }} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110910054444/http://www.cryptocellar.org/Turing/ |date=2011-09-10 }} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110910054444/http://www.cryptocellar.org/Turing/ |date=2011-09-10 }} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110910054444/http://www.cryptocellar.org/Turing/ |date=2011-09-10 }} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110910054444/http://www.cryptocellar.org/Turing/ |date=2011-09-10 }} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110910054444/http://www.cryptocellar.org/Turing/ |date= 10 Septyembre 2011 }} * [http://turingfilm.com/ Codebreaker film, official site] * [http://turing.pilosopiya.com/conference Turing 2012] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131219005930/http://turing.pilosopiya.com/conference |date=2013-12-19 }} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131219005930/http://turing.pilosopiya.com/conference |date=2013-12-19 }} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131219005930/http://turing.pilosopiya.com/conference |date=2013-12-19 }} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131219005930/http://turing.pilosopiya.com/conference |date=2013-12-19 }} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131219005930/http://turing.pilosopiya.com/conference |date=2013-12-19 }} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131219005930/http://turing.pilosopiya.com/conference |date=2013-12-19 }} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131219005930/http://turing.pilosopiya.com/conference |date=2013-12-19 }} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131219005930/http://turing.pilosopiya.com/conference |date=2013-12-19 }} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131219005930/http://turing.pilosopiya.com/conference |date=2013-12-19 }} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131219005930/http://turing.pilosopiya.com/conference |date=2013-12-19 }} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131219005930/http://turing.pilosopiya.com/conference |date=2013-12-19 }} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131219005930/http://turing.pilosopiya.com/conference |date=2013-12-19 }} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131219005930/http://turing.pilosopiya.com/conference |date=2013-12-19 }} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131219005930/http://turing.pilosopiya.com/conference |date=2013-12-19 }} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131219005930/http://turing.pilosopiya.com/conference |date=2013-12-19 }} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131219005930/http://turing.pilosopiya.com/conference |date=2013-12-19 }} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131219005930/http://turing.pilosopiya.com/conference |date=2013-12-19 }} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131219005930/http://turing.pilosopiya.com/conference |date=2013-12-19 }} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131219005930/http://turing.pilosopiya.com/conference |date=2013-12-19 }} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131219005930/http://turing.pilosopiya.com/conference |date=2013-12-19 }} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131219005930/http://turing.pilosopiya.com/conference |date=2013-12-19 }} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131219005930/http://turing.pilosopiya.com/conference |date=2013-12-19 }} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131219005930/http://turing.pilosopiya.com/conference |date=2013-12-19 }} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131219005930/http://turing.pilosopiya.com/conference |date=2013-12-19 }} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131219005930/http://turing.pilosopiya.com/conference |date=2013-12-19 }} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131219005930/http://turing.pilosopiya.com/conference |date=2013-12-19 }} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131219005930/http://turing.pilosopiya.com/conference |date=2013-12-19 }} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131219005930/http://turing.pilosopiya.com/conference |date=2013-12-19 }} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131219005930/http://turing.pilosopiya.com/conference |date=2013-12-19 }} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131219005930/http://turing.pilosopiya.com/conference |date=2013-12-19 }} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131219005930/http://turing.pilosopiya.com/conference |date=2013-12-19 }} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131219005930/http://turing.pilosopiya.com/conference |date=2013-12-19 }} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131219005930/http://turing.pilosopiya.com/conference |date=2013-12-19 }} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131219005930/http://turing.pilosopiya.com/conference |date= 19 Disyembre 2013 }} * {{YouTube|SRMNi4_th-0|Codebreaker choral work}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Turing, Alan}} [[Kaarangay:Alan Turing| ]] [[Kaarangay:Mga natawo han 1912]] [[Kaarangay:Mga namatay han 1954]] qsqciav837aumwuxu744ztfpoqpcekr 0 463391 7782643 6868799 2026-04-23T14:01:00Z Hector Bottai 19109 7782643 wikitext text/x-wiki {{botmade|Lsjbot|Aves|date=2013-03}} {{Taxobox | name = ''Hirundo fuliginosa'' | status = LC | image = Atronanus fuliginosus - abcdefgewing - 629689032 (cropped).jpeg | image_caption = | domain = | regnum = [[Animalia]] | phylum = [[Chordata]] | classis = [[Aves]] | ordo = [[Passeriformes]] | familia = [[Hirundinidae]] | genus = [[Hirundo]] | species = '''Hirundo fuliginosa''' | binomial = Hirundo fuliginosa | binomial_authority = ([[Chapin (awtor)|Chapin]], 1925) | range_map = Petrochelidon fuliginosa distribution map.png | range_map_caption = | image2 = | image2_caption = | subphylum = [[Vertebrata]] | synonyms = | status_ref = <ref name = "iucn"/> | status_system = iucn3.1 }} An '''''Hirundo fuliginosa'''''<ref name = "col400"/> in uska species han [[Aves]] nga syahan ginhulagway ni [[Chapin (awtor)|Chapin]] hadton 1925. An ''Hirundo fuliginosa'' in nahilalakip ha [[genus]] nga ''[[Hirundo]]'', ngan [[familia]] nga [[Hirundinidae]].<ref name = "COL"/><ref name = "source"/> Ginklasipika han [[IUCN]] an species komo [[diri gud kababarak-an]].<ref name = "iucn"/> Waray hini subspecies nga nakalista.<ref name = "COL"/> ==Mga kasarigan== <references> <ref name = "COL">{{cite web |url= https://catalogueoflife.org/annual-checklist/2011/search/all/key/hirundo+fuliginosa/match/1|title= Species 2000 & ITIS Catalogue of Life: 2011 Annual Checklist.|author= Bisby F.A., Roskov Y.R., Orrell T.M., Nicolson D., Paglinawan L.E., Bailly N., Kirk P.M., Bourgoin T., Baillargeon G., Ouvrard D. (ed.)| date = 2011|publisher= Species 2000: Reading, UK.|accessdate= 24 Septyembre 2012}}</ref> <ref name = "col400"> (1998) , website, Zoonomen - Zoological Nomenclature Resource</ref> <ref name = "source">''ITIS: The Integrated Taxonomic Information System''. Orrell T. (custodian), 26 Abril 2011</ref> <ref name = "iucn">{{IUCN2012.2|assessors= | date = 2012|id= 106007149|title= Hirundo fuliginosa|downloaded= 24 Oktubre 2012}}</ref> </references> ==Mga sumpay ha gawas== {{Wikispecies|Hirundo fuliginosa|''Hirundo fuliginosa''}} [[Kaarangay:Hirundo]] qxmqucivmpmf6y283f8olfe2k07og6r 0 1167533 7782647 6795312 2026-04-24T04:43:02Z Lhikan634 39451 7782647 wikitext text/x-wiki {{botmade|Lsjbot|Hymenoptera|date=2013-08}} {{Taxobox | name = ''Eumacrocentrus'' | status = | image = Eumacrocentrus americanus BIOUG12469-F04.jpg | image_caption = | domain = | regnum = [[Animalia]] | phylum = [[Arthropoda]] | classis = [[Insecta]] | ordo = [[Hymenoptera]] | familia = [[Braconidae]] | genus = '''Eumacrocentrus''' | species = | binomial = Eumacrocentrus | binomial_authority = | range_map = | range_map_caption = | image2 = | image2_caption = | subphylum = [[Hexapoda]] | superfamilia = [[Ichneumonoidea]] | synonyms = }} An '''''Eumacrocentrus'''''<ref name = "COL"/> in uska [[genus]] han [[Hymenoptera]]. An ''Eumacrocentrus'' in nahilalakip ha [[familia]] nga [[Braconidae]].<ref name = "COL"/> An [[kladograma]] hini sumala ha [[Catalogue of Life]]<ref name = "COL"/>: {{Clade | label1 = '''''Eumacrocentrus&nbsp;''''' | 1={{Clade | 1=''[[Eumacrocentrus americanus]]'' | 2=''[[Eumacrocentrus similis]]'' }} }} ==Mga kasarigan== <references> <ref name = "COL">{{cite web |url= https://catalogueoflife.org/annual-checklist/2011/search/all/key/eumacrocentrus/match/1|title= Species 2000 & ITIS Catalogue of Life: 2011 Annual Checklist.|author= Bisby F.A., Roskov Y.R., Orrell T.M., Nicolson D., Paglinawan L.E., Bailly N., Kirk P.M., Bourgoin T., Baillargeon G., Ouvrard D. (ed.)| date = 2011|publisher= Species 2000: Reading, UK.|accessdate= 24 Septyembre 2012}}</ref> </references> ==Mga sumpay ha gawas== {{Wikispecies|Eumacrocentrus|''Eumacrocentrus''}} [[Kaarangay:Eumacrocentrus]] 4or7fxvugqsa2chumd8fawgzpogagns 0 1167535 7782646 6795313 2026-04-24T04:42:05Z Lhikan634 39451 7782646 wikitext text/x-wiki {{botmade|Lsjbot|Hymenoptera|date=2013-08}} {{Taxobox | name = ''Eumacrocentrus americanus'' | status = | image = Eumacrocentrus americanus BIOUG11450-E03.jpg | image_caption = | domain = | regnum = [[Animalia]] | phylum = [[Arthropoda]] | classis = [[Insecta]] | ordo = [[Hymenoptera]] | familia = [[Braconidae]] | genus = [[Eumacrocentrus]] | species = '''Eumacrocentrus americanus''' | binomial = Eumacrocentrus americanus | binomial_authority = ([[Cresson (awtor)|Cresson]], 1873) | range_map = | range_map_caption = | image2 = | image2_caption = | subphylum = [[Hexapoda]] | superfamilia = [[Ichneumonoidea]] | synonyms = ''Eumacrocentrus politus'' <small>([[William Harris Ashmead|Ashmead]], 1889)</small><ref name = "col314505"/> }} An '''''Eumacrocentrus americanus'''''<ref name = "col314946"/> in uska species han [[Hymenoptera]] nga syahan ginhulagway ni [[Cresson (awtor)|Cresson]] hadton 1873. An ''Eumacrocentrus americanus'' in nahilalakip ha [[genus]] nga ''[[Eumacrocentrus]]'', ngan [[familia]] nga [[Braconidae]].<ref name = "COL"/><ref name = "source"/> Waray hini subspecies nga nakalista.<ref name = "COL"/> ==Mga kasarigan== <references> <ref name = "COL">{{cite web |url= https://catalogueoflife.org/annual-checklist/2011/search/all/key/eumacrocentrus+americanus/match/1|title= Species 2000 & ITIS Catalogue of Life: 2011 Annual Checklist.|author= Bisby F.A., Roskov Y.R., Orrell T.M., Nicolson D., Paglinawan L.E., Bailly N., Kirk P.M., Bourgoin T., Baillargeon G., Ouvrard D. (ed.)| date = 2011|publisher= Species 2000: Reading, UK.|accessdate= 24 Septyembre 2012}}</ref> <ref name = "col314946">Cresson, E.T. (1873) Descriptions of North American Hymenoptera, No. 7., Canadian Entomologist. 5(5):82-85.</ref> <ref name = "source">''Taxapad Ichneumonoidea''. Yu D.S.K., 4 Mayo 2009</ref> <ref name = "col314505">Ashmead, W.H. (1889) Descriptions of new Braconidae in the collection of the U.S. National Museum., Proceedings of the United States National Museum. 11(1888):611-671.</ref> </references> [[Kaarangay:Eumacrocentrus]] ccoairdatyj8b7ced00wzci0lizd5gn 0 1867696 7782642 7766947 2026-04-23T12:48:06Z ~2026-24980-45 67045 gintikagan -> gintikangan 7782642 wikitext text/x-wiki [[File:Frankenstein.1831.inside-cover.jpg|thumb]] An '''''Frankenstein; or, The Modern Prometheus''''' ([[Waray (pinulungan)|Winaray]]: ''Frankenstein, o an Moderno nga Prometeo''), kilala gihapon ha pinahalipot nga ulohan nga '''''Frankenstein''''', in usa ka [[nobela]] nga sinurat ni [[Mary Shelley]] ug iginpatik hadton tuig 1818 ha [[London]], [[Reino Unido]]. Ini nga nobela in naghihinabi han istorya ni Victor Frankenstein, usa nga siyentista nga naglarang hin pagtuha hin buhi nga butang pinaagi hin eksperimento nga pagtarampo hin magkadirudilain nga mga parte hin lawas han tawo. Gintikangan ni Shelley an pagsurat han ''Frankenstein'' hadton 18 anyos pala an iya pangedaron. Ini nga nobela in nahimugso durante hin usa nga biyahe hadton 1816 ngadto ha [[Geneva]], [[Swiza]], kun diin an paragsiday nga hi [[George Byron]] in nagpatikang hin paisan-isan hin pagsurat hin makaharadlok nga istorya. Naimpluwensiyahan hi Shelly ha paghimo han istorya tungod han mga ideya han okultismo ug Galvanismo (an kinadaan nga pag-aradman mahitungod han pagkaada elektrisidad ha mga buhi nga butang); an mga siday nga ''Paradise Lost'' (Naanaw nga Paraiso) ni [[John Milton]] ug ''The Rime of the Ancient Mariner'' (An Siday han Edaran nga Paragdagat) ni Samuel Taylor Coleridge; ngan an mga kasurub-an ha personal nga kinabuhi niya. Waray niya iginpabutang an iya ngaran dida han siyahan nga pagpatik han nobela hadton Enero 1, 1818 kun san-o 20 anyos hiya. Promero nga iginbutang an iya ngaran dida han libro hadton 1821 para han ikaduha nga pagpatik hini didto ha [[Paris]], [[Fransya|Fransiya]]. An ''Frankenstein'' in usa han mga kilala nga nobela ha [[panuratan]] han [[Inglaterra]], ngan usa gihapon ini han mga kinadaan nga mga istorya ha larang han ''horror'' (makaharadlok nga [[Isturya|istorya]]) ug ''science fiction'' (istorya nga naghihinabi hin mga kabag-ohan nga siyensiya, teknolohiya ug han tidaraon nga kapanahunan). Nakaimpluwensiya ini ha kasamtangan nga ''popular [[Kultura|culture]]'' ngan ginhimoan (o nagin inspirasyon) hin damo nga mga istorya ug nobela, pelikula, ug mga drama. == Istorya == Magtitikang an nobela pinaagi hin mga surat tikang kan Kapitan Robert Walton, usa nga eksplorador tikang ha Inglaterra, nga iya ginpadara ngadto ha iya bugto nga hi Margaret Saville. Ginhulagway ni Kapitan Walton an iya ginpapangunahan nga ekspedisyon tikadto ha Amihanan nga Katungtungan (''North Pole''). Han nagtitikahirani na hira didto, waray hira makapadayon ha paglayag kay napalibotan hira hin dagko nga mga tipak hin yelo. Hadto nga takna, hinkit-an nira in tikamatay na nga tawo: hi Victor Frankenstein. Ginpasakay hiya han mga tripulante ha ira barko, ngan igin-istorya niya kan Kapitan Walton an iya kinabuhi. Hi Victor Frankenstein in tikang ha usa ka rikohanon nga pamilya ha Geneva. Ha iya pag-ulitawo, nagkaada hiya hin interes ha alkemiya. Han natikalagas hiya, nagka-interes na gihapon hiya ha moderno nga kimika ug biyolohiya. Kataliwan han kamatayon han iya iroy nga hi Caroline tungod hin iskarlatina, binmaya hiya tikang ha Geneva ug nag-eskuyla ha Unibersidad han Ingolstadt kun diin nagkaada hiya hin hilarom nga interes ha pagsabot han mga sikreto han kinabuhi. Niyan, nadiskubrehan ni Frankenstein an pamaagi hin paghatag hin kinabuhi ha mga butang nga patay o waray kinabuhi. Nagtirok hiya hin magkadirudilain nga mga parte hin lawas han tawo, gintarampo ini, ngan ginbuhat an eksperimento hin pagtuha hin buhi nga butang. Pero, han nagmata an iya Tinuha, inalpan hiya hin dako nga kahadlok tungod han makangingirhat nga dagway hini; iya ini ginpabay-an ngan hiya in pinmalagiw. Binmaya an Tinuha tikang han laboratoryo, pero nagkasakit hi Frankenstein dara han kalisang han iya binuhat nga eksperimento. Ginbuligan hi Frankenstein han iya sangkay nga hi Henry Clerval hangtod han hiulii ha iya. Niyan, nahibaroan ni Frankenstein nga pinatay an iya manghod nga hi William. Tugob hin kasubo, binmalik hi Frankenstein ha Geneva. Han hikit-an niya an iya Tinuha didto han kagurangan, nasantop niya nga an Tinuha amo an pumatay kan William. Pero, an ira batan-on nga suruguon nga hi Justine Moritz an gin-akusaran han krimen ug ginsirotan hin kamatayon. Samtang inaabat an iya pagkasalaan, sinmaka hin bukid hi Frankenstein. Didto, iya ginkatapo an iya Tinuha nga naghulagway mahitungod han mga nagin eksperyensya niya tikang han iya pagmata. Kataliwan han pagbayai ha iya ni Frankenstein, pinmalagiaw ngan naglalakaton hin mag-usahan an Tinuha. Samtang ginugutom ngan ginhahagkotan, nahibaro hiya pamiling hin mga makaraon ha kagurangan ug nakaagi hin ginpabay-an nga tap-ong. Tungod han makadamo ka beses nga hiya ginsalikway ngan ginpaiwas hin mga tawo nga nagkakahahadlok han iya dagway, napuno hiya hin kasina ngan naglarang hin pagbulos ha iya magturuha. Kinmadto hiya ha Geneva kun diin ginpatay niya hi William ngan ginbutang-butangan hin sala hi Justine. Kahuman niya pagsumat han iya mga eksperyensya, nangaro an Tinuha hin babaye nga kaupod. Sinmugot hi Frankenstein, ngan kinmadto hiya ha Orkney, Inglaterra kaupod hi Henry samtang waray sasabot nga ginsinunuran hiya han iya Tinuha. Didto ha Orkney, gintikangan ni Frankenstein an paghimo hin babaye. Niyan, nagkaada hiya hin kabaraka han magigin konsekwensya kun maghimo hiya hin usa pa nga pareho han iya siyahan nga Tinuha. Han pakakita niya han Tinuha nga nasilip ha bintana, ginruba ni Frankenstein an iya ginhihimo nga babaye. Tugob hin paghikabulos, ginpatay han Tinuha hi Henry ngan nagtarhog hiya kan Frankenstein, "Uupdan ta ikaw ha gab-i han imo kasal." Inmuli hi Frankenstein ha Geneva nga puno hin kalisang. Niyan, ginpakaslan niya an iya sangkay ha pagkabata nga hi Elizabeth Lavenza. Pero, ha gab-i han ira kasal, inmabot an Tinuha ngan ginpatay gihapon hi Elizabeth. Pira ka adlaw an naglabay, namatay an amay ni Frankenstein tungod hin sobra nga kasurob-on. Waray na nahibilin nga pamilya hi Frankenstein ngan napuno hiya hin kasubo ug paghikabulos, amo nga ginpinamiling niya an Tinuha ha magkalain-lain nga dapit han Europa hangtod nga dumangat hiya didto ha Arktiko. Naghihikamatay na hiya dara han kagul-anan ug han kahagkot hin duro. Didto na hiya hiagii han mga tripulante ni Kapitan Walton. Katima niya pag-istoryahan hini ngatanan, gin-aghat ni Frankenstein hi Kapitan Walton ug an mga tripulante hin pagpadayon han ira paglayag tikadto ha Amihanan nga Katungtungan. Pero, tungod han kapeligroso han ira kahimtang, nagdesisyon hira hin paglayag tipa-Salatanan ngan umuli nala. Nagsaad hi Frankenstein nga ipapadayon la gihapon niya an pagbulos kontra ha iya Tinuha, pero waray na hiya pakakabuhat ha kama tungod nga nag-iikamaratay na hiya. Kataliwan han iya katapusan nga mga pulong, nabunosan hiya han iya kinabuhi. Dire mag-iiha, inmabot ha barko an Tinuha ngan sinakob ha kwarto han patay na nga Frankenstein. Tugob hin kasurob-on ngan pagbasol, nanamilit hiya ha iya magturuha ug kan Kapitan Walton, upod an saad hin pagsunog han iya kalugaringon basi mamatay man gihapon hiya. Linmukso hiya ha bintana ngadto han mga balod han mahagkot nga kadagatan ngan waray na hikit-i pa tikang hadto.{{turok}} ojw63spriqdju0k5d14t6tzbmo7394d 0 2110887 7782640 7653132 2026-04-23T12:07:12Z Ziv 62318 ([[c:GR|GR]]) [[c:COM:Duplicate|Duplicate]]: [[File:Achyranthes.splendens.var.s.jpg]] → [[File:Starr 020112-0029 Achyranthes splendens var. splendens.jpg]] Exact or scaled-down duplicate: [[c::File:Starr 020112-0029 Achyranthes splendens var. splendens.jpg]] 7782640 wikitext text/x-wiki {{botmade|Lsjbot|Magnoliopsida|date=2014-06}} {{Taxobox | name = ''Achyranthes splendens'' | status = VU | image = A splendens.jpg | image_caption = | domain = | regnum = [[Plantae]] | divisio = [[Tracheophyta]] | classis = [[Magnoliopsida]] | ordo = [[Caryophyllales]] | familia = [[Amaranthaceae]] | genus = [[Achyranthes]] | species = '''Achyranthes splendens''' | binomial = Achyranthes splendens | binomial_authority = [[Carl Friedrich Philipp von Martius|Mart.]] ex [[Horace Bénédict Alfred Moquin-Tandon|Moq.]] | range_map = | range_map_caption = | image2 = | image2_caption = | synonyms = | status_ref = <ref name = "iucn"/> | status_system = iucn3.1 }} <!-- infobox here --> An '''''Achyranthes splendens'''''<ref name = "C132"/> in uska species han [[Magnoliopsida]] nga ginhulagway ni [[Carl Friedrich Philipp von Martius]] ngan [[Horace Bénédict Alfred Moquin-Tandon]]. An ''Achyranthes splendens'' in nahilalakip ha [[genus]] nga ''[[Achyranthes]]'', ngan [[familia]] nga [[Amaranthaceae]].<ref name = "COL"/><ref name = "source"/> Ginklasipika han [[IUCN]] an species komo [[nadudultan]].<ref name = "iucn"/> Nag-uusahan nga subspecies: ''A. s. atollensis''.<ref name="COL"/> ==Mga kasarigan== <references> <ref name = "COL">{{cite web |url= https://catalogueoflife.org/annual-checklist/2014/details/species/id/16326937| work = [[Catalogue of Life]] | title= Species 2000 & ITIS Catalogue of Life: 2014 Annual Checklist.|author= Roskov Y., Kunze T., Orrell T., Abucay L., Paglinawan L., Culham A., Bailly N., Kirk P., Bourgoin T., Baillargeon G., Decock W., De Wever A., Didžiulis V. (ed)| date = 2014|publisher= Species 2000: Reading, UK.|accessdate= 26 Mayo 2014}}</ref> <ref name = "C132">Moquin-Tandon, C. H. B. A., 1849-05-05Amaranthaceae.</ref> <ref name = "source">''ITIS: The Integrated Taxonomic Information System''. Orrell T. (custodian), 26 Abril 2011</ref> <ref name = "iucn">{{IUCN2012.2|assessors= | date = 2003|id= 44145|title= Achyranthes splendens|downloaded= 24 Oktubre 2012}}</ref> </references> ==Mga sumpay ha gawas== {{Commons category|Achyranthes splendens}} {{Wikispecies|Achyranthes splendens|''Achyranthes splendens''}} ==Image gallery== <gallery> File:Achyranthes splendens var. rotundata (5209380795).jpg File:Achyranthes splendens var. rotundata (5209381665).jpg File:Achyranthes splendens var. rotundata (5209979414).jpg File:Achyranthes splendens var. rotundata (5209980760).jpg File:Achyranthes splendens var. rotundata (5209985226).jpg File:Starr 020112-0029 Achyranthes splendens var. splendens.jpg </gallery> [[Kaarangay:Achyranthes]] isv666ide5t9vgy6wbwu572prt11a4l 0 2128041 7782648 7658831 2026-04-24T05:33:20Z Juan Carlos Fonseca Mata 42372 7782648 wikitext text/x-wiki {{botmade|Lsjbot|Magnoliopsida|date=2014-06}} {{Taxobox | name = ''Boerhavia coccinea'' | status = | image = Abrojo (Boerhavia coccinea) II.jpg | image_caption = | domain = | regnum = [[Plantae]] | divisio = [[Tracheophyta]] | classis = [[Magnoliopsida]] | ordo = [[Caryophyllales]] | familia = [[Nyctaginaceae]] | genus = [[Boerhavia]] | species = '''Boerhavia coccinea''' | binomial = Boerhavia coccinea | binomial_authority = [[Philip Miller|Mill.]] | range_map = | range_map_caption = | image2 = | image2_caption = | synonyms = ''Boerhavia viscosa oligadena'' <small>[[Anton Heimerl|Heimerl]]</small><br>''Boerhavia viscosa apiculata'' <small>[[Paul Carpenter Standley|Standl.]]</small><br>''Boerhavia viscosa'' <small>[[Mariano Lagasca y Segura|Lag.]] & [[José Demetrio Rodríguez|Rodr.]]</small><br>''Boerhavia repens viscosa'' <small>([[Mariano Lagasca y Segura|Lag.]] & [[José Demetrio Rodríguez|Rodr.]]) [[René Charles Maire|Maire]]</small><br>''Boerhavia repens viscosa'' <small>([[Mariano Lagasca y Segura|Lag.]] & [[José Demetrio Rodríguez|Rodr.]]) [[Jacques Denys Denis Choisy|Choisy]]</small><br>''Boerhavia repens undulata'' <small>[[Paul Friedrich August Ascherson|Asch.]] & [[Georg August Schweinfurth|Schweinf.]]</small><br>''Boerhavia reboudiana'' <small>[[Auguste Nicolas Pomel|Pomel]]</small><br>''Boerhavia marlothii'' <small>[[Anton Heimerl|Heimerl]]</small><br>''Boerhavia laxa'' <small>[[Christiaan Hendrik Persoon|Pers.]]</small><br>''Boerhavia ixodes'' <small>[[Paul Carpenter Standley|Standl.]]</small><br>''Boerhavia diffusa xerophila'' <small>[[Karel Domin|Domin]]</small><br>''Boerhavia diffusa viscosa'' <small>([[Mariano Lagasca y Segura|Lag.]] & [[José Demetrio Rodríguez|Rodr.]]) [[Anton Heimerl|Heimerl]]</small><br>''Boerhavia diffusa mutabilis'' <small>([[Robert Brown botaniker|R.Br.]]) [[Anton Heimerl|Heimerl]]</small><br>''Boerhavia diffusa hirta'' <small>[[Simone Balle|Balle]]</small><br>''Boerhavia diffusa hirsuta'' <small>[[Anton Heimerl|Heimerl]]</small><br>''Boerhavia diffusa crassifolia'' <small>[[Karel Domin|Domin]]</small><br>''Boerhavia decumbens'' <small>[[Vahl (awtor)|Vahl]]</small><br>''Boerhavia coccinea viscosa'' <small>([[Mariano Lagasca y Segura|Lag.]] & [[José Demetrio Rodríguez|Rodr.]]) [[Rafael M. Moscoso|Moscoso]]</small><br>''Boerhavia coccinea parcehirsuta'' <small>[[Anton Heimerl|Heimerl]]</small><br>''Boerhavia caribaea'' <small>[[Nikolaus Joseph von Jacquin|Jacq.]]</small><br>''Boerhavia bracteata'' <small>[[Theodore Cooke|T.Cooke]]</small><br>''Boerhavia agglutinans'' <small>[[Jules Aimé Battandier|Batt.]] & [[Louis Charles Trabut|Trab.]]</small><br>''Boerhavia adscendens pubescens'' <small>[[Jacques Denys Denis Choisy|Choisy]]</small> }} An '''''Boerhavia coccinea'''''<ref name = "C132"/> in uska species han [[Magnoliopsida]] nga ginhulagway ni [[Philip Miller]]. An ''Boerhavia coccinea'' in nahilalakip ha [[genus]] nga ''[[Boerhavia]]'', ngan [[familia]] nga [[Nyctaginaceae]].<ref name = "COL"/><ref name = "source"/> ==Subspecies== Ini nga species ginbahin ha masunod nga subspecies:<ref name = "COL"/> * ''B. c. leiocarpa'' * ''B. c. paniculata'' ==Mga kasarigan== <references> <ref name = "COL">{{cite web |url= https://catalogueoflife.org/annual-checklist/2014/details/species/id/15302526| work = [[Catalogue of Life]] | title= Species 2000 & ITIS Catalogue of Life: 2014 Annual Checklist.|author= Roskov Y., Kunze T., Orrell T., Abucay L., Paglinawan L., Culham A., Bailly N., Kirk P., Bourgoin T., Baillargeon G., Decock W., De Wever A., Didžiulis V. (ed)| date = 2014|publisher= Species 2000: Reading, UK.|accessdate= 26 Mayo 2014}}</ref> <ref name = "C132">Mill., 1768 ''In: Gard. Dict., ed. 8., [unpaged] Boerhavia no. 4''</ref> <ref name = "source">''ITIS: The Integrated Taxonomic Information System''. Orrell T. (custodian), 26 Abril 2011</ref> </references> ==Mga sumpay ha gawas== {{Commons category|Boerhavia coccinea}} {{Wikispecies|Boerhavia coccinea|''Boerhavia coccinea''}} ==Image gallery== <gallery> Boerhavia coccinea flowers.jpg </gallery> [[Kaarangay:Boerhavia]] br9oldnay71tssradc4pi22goru20gf 0 2868697 7782644 6274585 2026-04-23T15:25:36Z InternetArchiveBot 41587 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 7782644 wikitext text/x-wiki [[File:Acetic_acid.jpg|thumb]] An '''Aksido Asetico''' in usa nga kompwesto organiko nga may chemical formula nga CH₃COOH (ginsusurat liwat nga CH₃CO₂H o C₂H₄O₂). ==Pinanbasaran== {{Reflist}} ==Mga sumpay ha gawas== {{wiktionary|acetic}} {{commons}} *{{ICSC|0363|03}} *[http://www.npi.gov.au/substances/acetic-acid/index.html National Pollutant Inventory - Acetic acid fact sheet] *[http://www.cdc.gov/niosh/npg/npgd0002.html NIOSH Pocket Guide to Chemical Hazards] *[http://www.cdc.gov/niosh/docs/2003-154/pdfs/1603.pdf Method for sampling and analysis] *[http://www.osha.gov/pls/oshaweb/owadisp.show_document?p_table=STANDARDS&p_id=9992 29 CFR 1910.1000, Table Z-1] (Kanan US pagtugot han kadamo han exposure) *[http://chemsub.online.fr/name/Acetic_acid.html ChemSub Online: Acetic acid] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110721015424/http://chemsub.online.fr/name/Acetic_acid.html |date=2011-07-21 }} *Paggamit han aksido asetico ha [http://www.orgsyn.org/orgsyn/chemname.asp?nameID=32786 Organic Syntheses] *Kalkulasyon han [http://ddbonline.ddbst.de/AntoineCalculation/AntoineCalculationCGI.exe?component=Acetic+acid vapor pressure], [http://ddbonline.ddbst.de/DIPPR105DensityCalculation/DIPPR105CalculationCGI.exe?component=Acetic+acid liquid density], [http://ddbonline.ddbst.de/VogelCalculation/VogelCalculationCGI.exe?component=Acetic+acid dynamic liquid viscosity], [http://ddbonline.ddbst.de/DIPPR106SFTCalculation/DIPPR106SFTCalculationCGI.exe?component=Acetic+acid surface tension] han aksido asetico * [http://www.ebi.ac.uk/pdbe-srv/PDBeXplore/ligand/?ligand=ACT Acetic acid bound to proteins] ha [[Protein Data Bank|PDB]] *[http://apps.kemi.se/flodessok/floden/kemamne_eng/attiksyra_eng.htm Swedish Chemicals Agency. Information sheet - Acetic Acid] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150207065434/http://apps.kemi.se/flodessok/floden/kemamne_eng/attiksyra_eng.htm |date=2015-02-07 }} *[http://www.tmr.qld.gov.au/business-industry/Technical-standards-publications/Laboratory-Chemical-Handling-Manual/Glacial-Acetic-Acid.aspx Storage and handling of Glacial Acetic Acid] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140628205144/http://www.tmr.qld.gov.au/business-industry/Technical-standards-publications/Laboratory-Chemical-Handling-Manual/Glacial-Acetic-Acid.aspx |date=2014-06-28 }} tikang ha Queensland Government laboratory manual * Process Flow sheet han paghimo han Aksido Asetico pinaagi han [http://www.inclusive-science-engineering.com/processes-for-manufacturing-acetic-acid/acetic-acid/ Carbonylation of Methanol] kdv06xj4g9gkwza2mz3s3j0sn4ttqmv 2 2906371 7782649 2026-04-24T08:55:54Z Maris Dreshmanis 67055 Creating user page 7782649 wikitext text/x-wiki {{#babel:lv|ru-4}} == Maris Dreshmanis == Open data researcher. Contributor to [[d:Wikidata:WikiProject Occupations|WikiProject Occupations]] on Wikidata. * '''[[d:User:Maris Dreshmanis|Wikidata contributions]]''' — 37,000+ edits * '''GSCO''' — Global Standard Classification of Occupations (140 national registries, 245,000+ entries) * '''[[d:Wikidata:WikiProject Occupations|WikiProject Occupations]]''' — coordinating occupation label enrichment in 21 languages [[Category:Wikipedians]] bhwbuqpk2yn05lbwnfuckwjwbrdzu54