Wikipedia xhwiki https://xh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iphepha_Elingundoqo MediaWiki 1.46.0-wmf.21 first-letter iMedia Mahluko Ingxoxo Ilungu Ingxoxo nelungu Wikipedia Ingxoxo ngeWikipedia Ngokweenkcukacha Ingxoxo ngokweenkcukacha iMediaWiki Ingxoxo ngeMediaWiki iThemplethi Ingxoxo yethemplethi Uncedo Ingxoxo ngoncedo Uluhlu Ingxoxo ngoluhlu TimedText TimedText talk Module Module talk Event Event talk 0 4400 40313 39688 2026-03-31T08:18:45Z ~2026-19866-97 15871 40313 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Image:Cholestasis 2 high mag.jpg|thumb|225px|Inyongo (yinto eqanda ngombala) ethe nca apha [[esibewulwe ukuze kwenziwe uphando oluphangaleleyo]] ngokwenzeka kwe stasis senyongo, oko kuththa ukuthi,[[ukungahambi kakuhle kwenyongo xa isuka esibindini isiya kugqongo wethumbu okanye ithumbu elikhulu]]. [[H&E stain]]]] [[File:Lipid and bile salts.svg|right|225px|thumb|Ukusebenza kweetyuwa zenyongo xa kusilwa ukutya esiswini]] [[File:Bile recycling.png|thumb|225px|ukusebenza kwenyongo okungenasiqabu]] '''inyongo''' okanye '''igall''' yinto ekrakrayo, ingamanzi le nto, imbala uluhlaza de ubuhlaza bayo bubengathi bubamnyama iye isiba buqanda bumdaka, le nto iputyuzwa s[[isibindi]] senkoliso [[izilwanyana|yezilwanyana]] ezinethambo lomqolo, inceda [[ekusilweni]] kw[[amafuma]] omzimba [[amathumbu|emathunjini amancinane]]. Ebantwini, inyongo ihlala iputyuzwa sisibindi (isibindi senyongo), igcinwe yaza yafunjwa [[kwisingxobo senyongo]] (isingxobo senyongo), size sithi ke xa sisitya isilwanyana eso, yona ibe iputyuzeka kwithumbu laso elikhulu ekuthiwa y[[iduodenum]]. Inyongo le yenziwe ngamanzi angama-97%, 0.7%<ref name="barrett">{{cite book|last1=Barrett|first1=Kim E. |title=Ganong's review of medical physiology.|date=2012|publisher=McGraw-Hill Medical|location=New York|isbn=978-0-07-178003-2|pages=512|edition=24th }}</ref> [[incindi yenyongo|iityuwa zenyongo]], 0.2% [[yebilirubin]], 0.51% fats (cholesterol, fatty acids and [[lecithin]]),<ref name=barrett /> and 200 meq/l inorganic salts.<ref>{{cite book|last=Guyton and Hall|title=Textbook of Medical Physiology|date=2011|publisher=Saunders Elsevier|location=U.S.|isbn=978-1-4160-4574-8|page=784}}</ref> ==umsebenzi wenyongo== Poes inamaxesha okusebenza njenge[[isurfactant|surfactant]], oko kukuthi inceda [[ukunyibilikisa|ekunyibilikiseni]] amafutha ekutyeni. Ityuwa yenyongo ii[[anion]]s zi[[hydrophilic]] kwelinye icala ziphinde zibe[[hydrophobic]] kwelinye; iziphumo zoko, zidla ngokuqokolelana ngakumaqabaza amafutha ekuthiwa zii([[triglycerides]] nangakwii[[phospholipid]]s) ukuze zenze ii[[micelle]]s, with the hydrophobic sides towards the fat and hydrophilic sides facing outwards. The hydrophilic sides are negatively charged, and this charge prevents fat droplets coated with bile from re-aggregating into larger fat particles. Ordinarily, the micelles in the duodenum have a diameter around 14–33&nbsp;μm. Yebo The dispersion of food fat into micelles thus provides a greatly increased surface area for the action of the enzyme [[pancreatic lipase]], which actually digests the triglycerides, and is able to reach the fatty core through gaps between the bile salts. A triglyceride is broken down into two fatty acids and a [[monoglyceride]], which are absorbed by the [[Intestinal villus|villi]] on the intestine walls. After being transferred across the intestinal membrane, the fatty acids reform into triglycerides, before being absorbed into the lymphatic system through [[lacteal]]s. Without bile salts, most of the lipids in food would be excreted in feces, undigested. Since bile increases the absorption of fats, it is an important part of the absorption of the fat-soluble substances, such as the [[vitamin]]s [[vitamin A|A]], [[vitamin D|D]], [[vitamin E|E]], and [[vitamin K|K]]. Besides its digestive function, bile serves also as the route of excretion for bilirubin, a byproduct of [[erythrocyte|red blood cells]] recycled by the liver. Bilirubin derives from [[hemoglobin]] by [[glucuronidation]]. Bile is alkaline{{Citation needed|date=August 2013}} and also has the function of neutralizing any excess stomach acid before it enters the duodenum, the first section of the small intestine. Bile salts also act as [[bactericide]]s, destroying many of the microbes that may be present in the food. ==Causes of Biliary Obstruction== Biliary obstruction can be caused by a variety of dietary factors. Majority of the time biliary obstruction is caused by the high consumption of sugar, fat and processed foods. These above mentioned foods can cause [[gallstones]]. Primarily biliary obstruction is caused by blockage in the [[bile ducts]]. Bile ducts carry bile from the liver and [[gallbladder]] through the pancreas. A huge amount of the bile is then released into the small intestine [[duodenum]]. The remaining bile is stored in the gallbladder. After food consumption the bile in the gallbladder is released to help with digestion and fat absorption. ==Clinical significance== * In the absence of bile, fats become indigestible and are instead excreted in [[feces]], a condition called [[steatorrhea]]. Feces lack their characteristic brown color and instead are white or gray, and greasy.<ref>{{cite journal |author=Barabote RD, Tamang DG, Abeywardena SN, et al. |title=Extra domains in secondary transport carriers and channel proteins |journal=Biochim. Biophys. Acta |volume=1758 |issue=10 |pages=1557–79 |year=2006 |pmid=16905115 |doi=10.1016/j.bbamem.2006.06.018}}</ref> Steatorrhea can lead to deficiencies in [[essential fatty acid]]s and [[fat-soluble vitamins]]. In addition, past the [[small intestine]] (which is normally responsible for absorbing fat from food) the [[gastrointestinal tract]] and [[gut flora]] are not adapted to processing fats, leading to problems in the large intestine. * The [[cholesterol]] contained in bile will occasionally accrete into lumps in the gallbladder, forming [[Cholelithiasis|gallstones]]. Cholesterol gallstones are generally treated through surgical removal of the gallbladder. However, they can sometimes be dissolved by increasing the concentration of certain naturally occurring bile acids, such as [[chenodeoxycholic acid]] and [[ursodeoxycholic acid]]. * On an empty stomach – after repeated [[vomiting]], for example – a person's vomit may be green or dark yellow, and very bitter. The bitter and greenish component may be bile or normal digestive juices originating in the stomach.{{Citation needed|date=November 2008}} The color of bile is often likened to "fresh-cut grass",{{Citation needed|date=February 2012}} unlike components in the stomach that look greenish yellow or dark yellow. Bile may be forced into the stomach secondary to a weakened valve ([[pylorus]]), the presence of certain drugs including alcohol, or powerful muscular contractions and duodenal spasms. ==Intlalo nesiko== In medical theories prevalent in the West from [[Classical Antiquity]] to the [[Middle Ages]], the body's health depended on the equilibrium of [[humorism|four "humors"]], or vital fluids, two of which related to bile: blood, [[phlegm#Phlegm and humourism|phlegm]], "'''yellow bile'''" (choler), and "'''black bile'''". These "humors" are believed to have its roots in the appearance of a blood sedimentation test made in open air, which exhibits a dark clot at the bottom ("black bile"), a layer of unclotted erythrocytes ("blood"), a layer of white blood cells ("phlegm") and a layer of clear yellow serum ("yellow bile"). Excesses of black bile and yellow bile were thought to produce depression and aggression, respectively, and the Greek names for them gave rise to the English words [[cholera]] (from Greek ''kholé'') and [[melancholia]]{{Citation needed|date=April 2014}}. Those same theories explain the derivation of the English word bilious from ''bile'', the meaning of gall in English as "exasperation" or "impudence", and the Latin word ''cholera'', derived from the Greek ''kholé'', which was passed upon several Romance languages in words meaning "anger" such as ''colère'' (French) and ''cólera'' (Spanish). ===Isepha yenyongo=== Bile from deceased mammals can be mixed with soap. This mixture, called bile soap,<ref>{{cite journal|title=The invention of certain improvements in the manufacture of soap, which will be particularly applicable to the felting of woollen cloths.|journal=The London Journal Of Arts And Sciences; And Repertory Of Patent Inventions|year=1837|first=W. |last=Newton|volume=IX|issue=|pages=289 |url=http://www.google.co.uk/books?vid=0MfyvmoTsdK02ZeP86W&id=GhMAAAAAMAAJ&pg=RA19-PA291&lpg=RA19-PA291&dq=bile+soap&as_brr=1|accessdate=2007-02-08}}</ref> can be applied to textiles a few hours before washing and is a traditional and rather effective method for removing various kinds of tough stains. ===Inyongo ekutyeni=== A dish in the Philippines called "Pinapaitan" uses bile as a sort of flavoring for this dish. ==Principal bile acids== <gallery class="center"> Image:Cholic acid.svg|[[Cholic acid]] Image:Chenodeoxycholic acid.svg|[[Chenodeoxycholic acid]] Image:Glycocholsäure.svg|[[Glycocholic acid]] Image:Taurocholic acid.svg|[[Taurocholic acid]] Image:Deoxycholic acid.svg|[[Deoxycholic acid]] Image:Lithocholic_acid_acsv.svg|[[Lithocholic acid]] </gallery> [[Category:Masiguqule]] [[Category:BODY FLUIDS]] fhmr22uxngvnx4ni91gzabuwz2rgjb7 0 9017 40312 2026-03-31T00:26:48Z ~2026-19721-56 15870 nothing 40312 wikitext text/x-wiki hard level iu04iy80jn7kgzwb7co3fnow3lz4vya