Wikipedia zawiki https://za.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yiebdaeuz MediaWiki 1.47.0-wmf.6 first-letter 媒体 特殊 讨论 用户 用户讨论 Wikipedia Wikipedia讨论 文件 文件讨论 MediaWiki MediaWiki讨论 模板 模板讨论 帮助 帮助讨论 分类 分类讨论 TimedText TimedText talk 模块 模块讨论 Event Event talk 0 10233 43024 42776 2026-06-15T00:29:01Z InternetArchiveBot 8820 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 43024 wikitext text/x-wiki [[File:Nobel_Prize_2011-Press_Conference_KVA-DSC_7744.jpg|right|thumb|200px]]'''Saul Perlmutter''', youq 2011 nienz ndaej Nozbeiwj vuzlijyoz ciengj. ==Gyauyuz== Saul Perlmutter was born one of three children in the Jewish family of professor emeritus of chemical and biomolecular engineering at [[University of Pennsylvania]] Daniel D. Perlmutter and professor emerita of [[Temple University]]’s School of Social Administration Felice (Feige) D. Perlmutter (née Davidson).<ref>{{Cite web |title=Daniel D. Perlmutter |url=http://www.cbe.seas.upenn.edu/about-people/faculty/profile-perlmutter.php |access-date=2012-05-06 |archive-date=2018-12-05 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181205041143/http://www.cbe.seas.upenn.edu/about-people/faculty/profile-perlmutter.php |dead-url=yes }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Social Work Honors Its Own at Reunion |url=http://bulletin.brynmawr.edu/archways/gsswsr-august-2011/ |access-date=2012-05-06 |archive-date=2011-09-30 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110930031939/http://bulletin.brynmawr.edu/archways/gsswsr-august-2011/ |dead-url=yes }}</ref> His maternal grandfather, the [[Yiddish]] teacher Samuel Davidson (1903–1989), immigrated to [[Canada]] (and then with his wife Chaika Newman to [[New York]]) from the [[Bessarabia]]n town of [[Floreşti, Moldova|Floreşti]] in 1919.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Samuel Davidson, led Yiddish revival |url=http://articles.philly.com/1989-12-05/news/26157213_1_yiddish-culture-yiddish-language-jewish-cultural-organization |access-date=2012-05-06 |archive-date=2016-03-04 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304042041/http://articles.philly.com/1989-12-05/news/26157213_1_yiddish-culture-yiddish-language-jewish-cultural-organization |dead-url=yes }}</ref> Perlmutter spent his childhood in the Mount Airy neighborhood of Philadelphia attending Greene Street Friends School for the elementary grades, followed by [[Germantown Friends School]] for grades 7 through 12.<ref>{{cite news |title=Astrophysicist with Philly roots awarded Nobel Prize |author=Tom Avril |url=http://articles.philly.com/2011-10-04/news/30242928_1_astrophysicist-adam-riess-elementary-grades |newspaper=The Philadelphia Inquirer |date=October 4, 2011 |accessdate=October 11, 2011 |archive-date=October 1, 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151001213855/http://articles.philly.com/2011-10-04/news/30242928_1_astrophysicist-adam-riess-elementary-grades |dead-url=yes }}</ref> He graduated with an AB in physics from [[Harvard]] ''magna cum laude'' in 1981 and received his PhD in physics from the [[University of California, Berkeley]] in 1986. Perlmutter's PhD thesis titled "An Astrometric Search for a Stellar Companion to the Sun"<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.osti.gov/bridge/servlets/purl/6484337-FA5lVg/6484337.pdf|title=An Astrometric Search for a Stellar Companion to the Sun|author=Saul Perlmutter}}</ref> described the development and use of an automated telescope to search for [[Nemesis (hypothetical star)|Nemesis]] candidates under [[Richard A. Muller]].<ref name="Goldhaber09"/> At the same time, he was using this telescope to search for Nemesis and supernova, which would lead him to his award winning work in cosmology.<ref name="SAprofile">{{cite news|url=http://www.scientificamerican.com/article.cfm?id=discovering-a-dark-universe|publisher=Scientific American|title=Discovering a Dark Universe: A Q&A with Saul Perlmutter|author=David Appell|date=April 21, 2008}}</ref> Perlmutter attributes the idea for an automated supernova search to 1968 Nobel laureate [[Luis Alvarez]], who shared his idea with Perlmutter's research adviser.<ref name="SAprofile"/> ==Hung== Perlmutter heads the [[Supernova Cosmology Project]] at Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory. It was this team along with the competing [[High-z Supernova Search Team]] led by Riess and Schmidt, which found evidence of the [[accelerating universe|accelerating expansion of the universe]] based on observing [[Type Ia supernova]] in the distant universe. Type Ia supernova occurs whenever a [[white dwarf star]] gains enough additional mass to pass above the [[Chandrasekhar limit]], usually by stealing additional mass from a [[companion star]]. Since all Type Ia supernovae are believed to occur in essentially the same way, they form a [[standard candle]] whose intrinsic [[luminosity]] can be assumed to be approximately the same in all cases. By measuring the apparent luminosity of the explosion from Earth, researchers can then infer the distance to supernova. Comparing this inferred distance to the apparent [[redshift]] of the explosion allows the observer to measure both the distance and relative velocity of the supernova. The Supernova Cosmology Project concluded that these distant supernovae were not receding as quickly as would be expected due to the [[Hubble expansion]] alone, and, by inference, the expansion of the universe must have been accelerated over the billions of years since the supernovae occurred. The High-z Team also came to a similar conclusion. The two teams' reports were published within weeks of each other, and their conclusions were readily accepted by the scientific community due to corroborating theories.<ref name="bbc nobel">{{cite web | url = http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/science-environment-15165371 | title = Nobel physics prize honours accelerating Universe find | first =Jason | last = Palmer | date = 2011-10-04 | accessdate = 2011-10-05 | publisher = [[BBC]] }}</ref> This conclusion has subsequently been supported by other lines of evidence. These findings initiated new lines of research to understand the nature of the universe, including the exploration of [[dark matter]].<ref name="bbc nobel"/> For this work Perlmutter was awarded the 2011 [[Nobel Prize in Physics]], shared jointly with Riess and Schmidt.<ref name="bbc nobel"/> Perlmutter is also a lead investigator in the [[Supernova/Acceleration Probe]] project, which aims to build<ref>{{Cite web |title=Build |url=https://gaskar.group/ru/ |access-date=2021-07-19 |archive-date=2021-07-19 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210719122305/https://gaskar.group/ru/ |dead-url=yes }}</ref> a satellite dedicated to finding and studying more supernovae in the distant universe. This will help to better constrain the rate at which the universe is accelerating. He is also a participant in the [[Berkeley Earth Surface Temperature]] project, which aims to increase our understanding of recent [[global warming]] through improved analyses of climate data. Perlmutter is a professor and currently teaches at UC Berkeley. ==Ciengj== [[Image:Shaw2006astro.jpg|thumb|200px|Perlmutter, [[Adam Riess]], and [[Brian P. Schmidt]] being awarded the 2006 [[Shaw Prize]] in Astronomy. The trio would later be awarded the 2011 [[Nobel Prize in Physics]].]] [[File:Nobel Prize 2011-Nobel lectures KVA-DSC 7973.jpg|thumb|Perlmutter presenting his Nobel lecture at Aula Magna]] In 2002, Perlmutter won the [[United States Department of Energy|Department of Energy]]'s E. O. Lawrence Award in Physics. In 2003, he was awarded the California Scientist of the Year Award, and, in 2005, he won the John Scott Award and the Padua Prize. In 2006, he shared the [[Shaw Prize]] in [[Astronomy]] with [[Adam Riess]] and [[Brian P. Schmidt]].<ref name="BBC">{{cite news|url=http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/science-environment-15165371|title=Nobel physics prize honours accelerating Universe find|publisher=[[BBC News]]|date=October 4, 2011}}</ref> The same year, Perlmutter won the Antonio Feltrinelli International Prize. Perlmutter and his team shared the 2007 [[Gruber Prize in Cosmology|Gruber Cosmology Prize]] (a $500,000 award) with Schmidt and the High-Z Team for discovering the accelerating expansion of the universe. In 2011, Perlmutter and Riess were named co-recipients of the [[Albert Einstein Medal]]. Perlmutter shared the 2011 [[Nobel Prize in Physics]] with Riess and Schmidt.<ref name="BBC" /> The Nobel Prize includes a SEK 10 million cash award (approximately USD 1.5 million). Perlmutter will receive one-half of the cash prize, while Riess and Schmidt will split the other half.<ref name="BBC" /> == Vunz ndaw ranz == Saul Perlmutter has two sisters: Shira Perlmutter (b. 1956), a lawyer, and [[Tova Perlmutter]] (b. 1967), a nonprofit executive. He is married to [[Laura Nelson (anthropologist)|Laura Nelson]], an anthropologist at [[Cal State East Bay]], and has one daughter, Noa.<ref name="Berkeley06">{{cite web|url=http://physics.berkeley.edu/index.php?option=com_dept_management&act=news&Itemid=419&task=view&id=78|title=Scientist Discovers The Genuine Dark Side|publisher=Contra Costa Times}}</ref> ==Canhgauj== {{reflist}} 9zzl2yjjiitik2vajv8tg0wbnzomwn3