ⴰⴽⴰⵍ (ⴰⵎⵜⵉⵡⴳ)

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    <title>ⴰⴽⴰⵍ (ⴰⵎⵜⵉⵡⴳ)</title>
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      <comment>([[c:GR|GR]]) [[c:COM:FR|File renamed]]: [[File:Solar System true color ZGH.png]] → [[File:Solar System True Color ZGH.png]] [[c:COM:FR#FR1|Criterion 1]] (original uploader’s request)</comment>
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      <text bytes="24877" sha1="digw3drt3ccpn4znk6n6q291bm4x2gc" xml:space="preserve">{{ⴰⵎⵏⵏⵉ ⴰⴼⴰⵍⴽⴰⵢ}}
{{ⵜⴰⴼⵍⵓⵙⴼⴽⵉⵜ}}
'''ⴰⴽⴰⵍ'''&lt;ref&gt;ⴰⵙⴳⵣⴰⵡⴰⵍ ⵏ [[ⴰⵙⵉⵏⴰⴳ ⴰⴳⵍⴷⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵓⵙⵙⵏⴰ ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵜ]](ⵙ.ⴳ.ⵙ.ⵎ) : [[ⵎⵙⵎⵓⵏ ⴰⵡⴰⵍ ⴰⵎⴰⵜⴰⵢ ⴰⵙⵏⵎⴰⵍⴰⵢ ⵏ ⵜⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵜ]] (ⵎ.ⵎ.ⵙ.ⵎ)&lt;/ref&gt; (ⵉⵏⵉⴳⵍ: [[File:Earth symbol (fixed width).svg|16px|🜨]], [[File:Globus cruciger (fixed width).svg|16px|♁]]) ⴷ [[ⴰⵎⵜⵉⵡⴳ]]  ⴰⵡⵥⵕⵓ ⵡⵉⵙ ⴽⵕⴰⴹ ⴳ ⵓⵏⵎⴰⵍⴰ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵏ ⵜⵓⴳⴳⵓⴳⵜ ⵖⴼ [[ⵜⴰⴼⵓⴽⵜ|ⵜⴰⴼⵓⴽⵜ,]] &lt;ref&gt;[https://mawdoo3.com/%D9%85%D8%B9%D9%84%D9%88%D9%85%D8%A7%D8%AA_%D8%B9%D9%86_%D9%83%D9%88%D9%83%D8%A8_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A3%D8%B1%D8%B6 ⴽⵔⴰ ⵓⵎⵍⴰⵏ ⵖⴼ ⵓⵎⵜⵉⵡⴳ ⵏ ⵡⴰⴽⴰⵍ (ⵙ ⵜⵄⵔⴰⴱⵜ)]. ⵉⵜⵜⵢⵥⵕⴰ ⴰⵙ ⵏ 5/1/2026.&lt;/ref&gt;ⵢⵓⵎⵥ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⴷⵖⴰⵔ ⵉⵥⵍⵉⵏ ⴳ [[ⴰⵏⴳⵔⴰⵡ ⴰⴼⵓⴽⴰⵏ|ⵓⵏⴳⵔⴰⵡ ⴰⴼⵓⴽⴰⵏ]] ⵏⵏⴰ ⵓⵔ ⵉⴱⴷⴷⵏ ⵖⴰⵙ ⵖⴼ ⵓⴷⵖⴰⵔ ⵏⵏⵙ, ⵎⴰⵛⴰ ⴰⵡⴷ ⵙ ⵜⵙⴼⵍⵙⵉⵏ ⵍⵍⵉ ⵜ ⵉⵜⵜⴰⴷⵊⴰⵏ ⴰⴷ ⵉⴳ ⴰⵎⵥⵍⵉ. ⵉⴳⴰ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵙⴳ [[ⴰⵎⵜⵉⵡⴳ|ⵉⵎⵜⵉⵡⴳⵏ]] ⵉⵏⴰⴽⴰⵍⵏ ⵉⵎⵇⵇⵔⴰⵏⵏ ⴳ ⵓⵙⴳⴰ ⵏ ⵜⵙⴰⴽⴰⵢⵜ ⴷ ⵜⵏⵥⵥⵉ, ⴷ ⵏⵜⵜⴰ ⴰⵢⴷ ⵉⴳⴰⵏ ⴰⴽⵏⵎⵜⵉⵡⴳ ⴰⵎⵢⵉⵡⵏ ⵍⵍⵉ ⵉⵜⵜⵢⵓⵙⵙⴰⵏⵏ ⵙ ⵖⵉⵍⴰ ⵙ ⵎⴰⵙ ⴳⵉⵙ ⵜⵍⵍⴰ [[ⵜⵓⴷⵔⵜ]]. ⵓⵔ ⴷ ⴽⴰ ⵢⵓⵛⴽⴰ ⵉⴳ ⴰⵎⵥⵍⵉ ⵖⴰⵙ ⵎⴽⴰⵏⵏ, ⵎⴰⵛⴰ ⴰⵢⴰⵏⵏ ⵉⴳⴰ ⵜⴰⵢⴰⴼⵓⵜ ⵏ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⵎⵢⴰⵙ ⵉⵏⴷⵔⴰⵏ ⴳⵔ ⵜⵓⴳⴷⵜ ⵏ ⵉⵏⵎⵀⴰⵍⵏ, ⴰⵅⴰⵜⴰⵔ ⴳⵉⵙⵏ ⵉⴳⴰ ⵜ ⵜⵉⵍⵉⵜ ⵏⵏⵙ ⴳ ⵓⴳⵏⵙⵓ ⵏ &quot;ⴰⴷⵖⴰⵔ ⵉⴳⴰⵏ ⵉ ⵜⵣⴷⵖⵜ&quot;, ⵉⴳⴰ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⴷⵖⴰⵔ ⴰⵎⵥⵢⴰⵕ ⵍⵍⵉ ⵉⵙⵙⵓⵜⵍⵏ ⵉ ⵜⴰⴼⵓⴽⵜ ⵍⵍⵉ ⴳ ⴷⴰ ⵜⴻⵜⵜⴰⴷⵊⴰ ⵜⵙⴽⵯⴼⵍⵜ ⵏ ⵜⵔⵖⵉ (ⵜⴰⵣⵍⵖⵜ) ⴰⴷ ⵉⵍⵉⵏ ⵡⴰⵎⴰⵏ ⴳ ⵡⴰⴷⴷⴰⴷ ⵏⵏⵙⵏ ⴰⵃⵔⵓⵔⴰⵢ ⵖⴼ ⵓⴳⵏⵉ, ⵍⵍⵉ ⵉⴳⴰⵏ ⵜⴰⴼⴰⴷⴰ ⵜⴰⴷⵙⵍⴰⵏⵜ ⵉ ⵓⵙⴰⵍⴰ ⵏ ⵜⵓⴷⵔⵜ ⵎⴽⵍⵍⵉ ⵜⵜ ⵏⵙⵙⵏ. ⵙⴳ ⵓⵙⵉⵍⵖ ⵏⵏⵙ ⴷⴰⵜ ⵏ 4.54 ⵏ ⵉⵎⵍⵢⴰⵔⵏ ⵏ ⵉⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙⵏ, ⵉⵏⴼⵍ ⵡⴰⴽⴰⵍ ⴰⴼⴰⴷ ⴰⴷ ⵉⴳ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⵏⴳⵔⴰⵡⵏⵏⴰⴹ ⴰⵙⵏⵓⴷⵔⴰⵏ ⵉⵎⵓⵏⵏ/ⴰⵎⵙⵖⵔⴷⴰⵏ, ⴰⵢⵍⵍⵉ ⴰⵙ ⵉⴼⴽⴰⵏ ⴰⴼⵔⵉⵙⵎ ⵏ &quot;ⴰⵎⵜⵉⵡⴳ ⴰⵏⵉⵍⵉ&quot; ⵏⵖ &quot;ⴰⵎⴰⴹⴰⵍ&quot;.&lt;ref&gt;{{ⴱⴷⵔ ⴰⵡⵉⴱ |date=2023-05-30 |title=Facts About Earth |url=https://science.nasa.gov/earth/facts/ |access-date=2026-01-05 |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== ⴰⵙⴰⵍⴰ ⴷ ⵓⵎⵣⵔⵓⵢ ⴰⵎⵏⵣⵓ ⵏ ⵓⵙⵙⵉⵍⵖ ==
ⵜⵙⵙⵏⵜⵉ ⵜⵓⵍⵍⵉⵙⵜ ⵏ ⵡⴰⴽⴰⵍ ⵙⴳ ⵉⵙⴰⴳⵓⵔⵏ ⵏ [[ⵉⵡⵉⵥ ⴰⴼⵓⴽⴰⵏ|ⵢⵉⵡⵉⵥ ⴰⴼⵓⴽⴰⵏ]] ⵍⵍⵉ ⵉⵙⵙⵉⵍⵖⵏ ⵜⴰⴼⵓⴽⵜ, ⵍⵍⵉ ⴳ ⴷ ⵎⵓⵏⵏ ⵉⴼⴽⴽⵉⵡⵏ ⵏ ⵓⴳⴹⵕⵓⵕ ⴷ ⵓⴳⴰⵣ ⵙ ⵜⵣⵉⴳⵣⵜ ⵏ ⵜⴼⵜⴰⵍⵜ/ⵜⴳⵎⵉ (ⴰⵏⵏⵔⵏⵉ) ⴰⴼⴰⴷ ⴰⴷ ⵙⵙⵉⵍⵖⵏ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⵏⵣⴰⴳⵓⵔ (ⴰⵎⵏⵣⵎⵜⵉⵡⴳ protoplanete) ⵉⴼⵙⵉⵏ. ⴳ ⵜⵉⵣⵉ ⴰⴷ ⵜⴰⵎⵔⵡⴰⵢⵜ, ⵉⵣⵔⵉ ⵡⴰⴽⴰⵍ ⴳ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⵎⵙⴰⵔⵜ ⵏ ⵓⵙⵙⵉⵍⵖ ⵜⴰⴱⴰⵔⴰⵔⵜ, ⵍⵍⵉ ⵉⵜⵜⵢⵓⵙⵙⴰⵏⵏ ⵙ &quot;ⵜⵓⵔⴷⴰ ⵏ ⵓⵎⵏⴳⴳⴰⵙ ⴰⵥⵏⵟⴰⵕ (ⴰⴱⵔⴳⵏⴰⵙ)&quot;, ⵍⵍⵉ ⴳ ⵉⵜⵜⵓⵖⴰⵍ ⵎⴰⵙ ⴷ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⴽⵏⵎⵜⵉⵡⴳ ⵉⴳⴰⴷⴷⴰⵏ ⴷ ⵓⵎⵜⵉⵡⴳ ⵏ [[ⵉⵎⵣⵡⵉⵖ|ⵢⵉⵎⵣⵡⵉⵖ]] (ⵎⴰⵕⵚ), ⵉⵜⵜⵓⵙⵎⵎⴰⵏ &quot;ⵜⵢⴰ&quot;, ⵉⵎⵎⴰⴳⴳⴰⵔ/ⵉⵎⵎⵖⵔⴰⴼ ⴷ ⵡⴰⴽⴰⵍ. ⴰⵎⵏⴳⴳⴰⵙ ⴰⴷ ⵓⵔ ⵉⵙⵙⵏⴼⵍ ⵖⴰⵙ ⵜⴰⵙⴰⴽⴰⵢⵜ ⵏ ⵡⴰⴽⴰⵍ ⴷ ⵓⵙⵏⴰⵢ ⵏⵏⵙ, ⵎⴰⵛⴰ ⵉⴳⵔⴰ ⵜⵓⴳⴷⵜ ⵏ ⵜⵙⵎⴽⵜⵉⵡⵉⵏ ⵜⵉⴱⴰⵔⴰⵔⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵜⴰⴽⴽⴰ/ⵉⴼⵔⵓⵔⵔⵓⵢⵏ ⵖⵔ ⵓⵥⵢⴰⵕ, ⵍⵍⵉ ⵙⵓⵔ ⵉⵎⵓⵏⵏ ⴹⴰⵕⴰⵜ ⵏⵏⵙ ⴰⴼⴰⴷ ⴰⴷ ⵉⵜⵜⵙⵉⵍⵖ ⵡⴰⵢⵢⵓⵔ. ⴹⴰⵕⵜ ⵏ ⵓⵢⴰⴷ, ⵉⵙⵙⵏⵜⵉ ⵡⴰⴽⴰⵍ ⴰⵔ ⴷ ⵉⵜⵜⵉⵚⵎⵉⴹ ⵉⵎⵉⴽⴽ ⵙ ⵉⵎⵉⴽⴽ, ⴰⵢⵍⵍⵉ ⵢⵓⴷⵊⴰⵏ ⴰⴷ ⵜⴻⵜⵜⵓⵙⵉⵍⵖ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⴼⵔⴽⵉⵜ ⵜⵓⵏⵜⵉⵎⵜ, ⴷ ⴰⵡⴷ ⵙⵔⴳⵏⵜ ⵜⴼⴼⵖⵉⵡⵉⵏ/ⵜⵙⴳⵉⵍⵉⵏ ⵜⵉⴱⵓⵔⴽⴰⵏⵉⵏ ⴳ ⵓⵙⵉⵍⵖ ⵏ ⵜⴳⵏⵡⵜ ⵜⴰⵣⴰⵢⴽⵓⵜ, ⴷ ⵓⵙⵉⵣⵣⵓⵔ/ⵓⵙⵍⴽⴽⵥ ⵏ ⵢⵉⵔⵉⴳⴳⵯ ⵏ ⵡⴰⵎⴰⵏ ⴰⴼⴰⴷ ⴰⴷ ⵉⵙⵙⵉⵍⵖ ⵉⴳⴰⵔⴰⵡⵏ ⵉⵎⵣⵡⵓⵔⴰ ⵍⵍⵉ ⵉⴷⵍⵏ ⴰⴳⵯⵏⵉ ⵏ ⵓⵎⵜⵉⵡⴳ.&lt;ref&gt;{{ⴱⴷⵔ ⴰⵡⵉⴱ |title=La planète Terre |url=https://cnes.fr/dossiers/planete-terre |archive-url=http://web.archive.org/web/20251122195744/https://cnes.fr/dossiers/planete-terre |archive-date=2025-11-22 |access-date=2026-01-05 |website=cnes.fr |language=fr}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== ⵜⵓⵥⴽⵉⵡⵜ ⵜⴰⴳⵏⵙⴰⵏⵜ: ⴰⵏⵙⵎⴰⵙⵙⵓ ⵓⴼⴼⵉⵔ ⵏ ⵡⴰⴽⴰⵍ ==
ⴷⴷⵓ ⵓⴳⵏⵉ ⵍⵍⵉ ⵖⴼ ⵏⴷⴷⵔ, ⵉⴼⴼⵔ/ⵉⵃⴱⴰ ⵡⴰⴽⴰⵍ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⵓⵥⴽⵉⵡⵜ ⵜⴰⴳⵏⵙⴰⵏⵜ ⵜⴰⴷⵉⵏⴰⵎⵉⴽⵜ ⴷ ⵜⵓⴷⴷⵉⵙⵜ, ⵜⴳⴰ ⴰⵏⵙⵎⴰⵙⵙⵓ ⴰⵎⵙⵜⴳⴳⴰⵔ ⵖⴼ ⵜⵓⴳⴷⵜ ⵏ ⵜⵓⵎⴰⵏⵉⵏ ⵜⵉⵙⵏⴰⴽⴰⵍⵉⵏ. ⴳ ⵡⴰⵎⵎⴰⵙ, ⵉⵍⵍⴰ ⵓⵖⵢⴰⵢ ⵏⵏⴰ ⵉⵜⵜⵓⵙⵙⵉⵍⵖⵏ ⴳ ⵡⵓⵣⵣⴰⵍ ⴷ ⵏⵏⵉⴽⵍ, ⴷ ⴷⴰ ⵉⴱⵟⵟⵓ ⵖⴼ &quot;ⵓⵖⵢⴰⵢ ⴰⴳⵏⵙⴰⵏ ⵓⵏⵜⵉⵎ&quot; ⵙ ⵓⵙⵔⴰⴳ ⵏ ⵡⵓⴷⵓⵣ ⴰⴱⴰⵔⴰⵔ, ⴷ &quot;ⵓⵖⵢⴰⵢ ⴰⴱⵕⵕⴰⵏⵉ ⴰⵃⵔⵓⵔⴰⵢ&quot;. ⴰⵎⵓⵙⵙⵓ ⵏ ⵓⵖⵢⴰⵢ ⴰⴷ ⴰⴱⵕⵕⴰⵏⵉ ⵉⴼⵙⵉⵏ ⴷ ⵓⵎⵣⵣⵔⴰⵢ ⵏ ⵓⵥⴰⵕⵓⵕ ⴰⵢⴷ ⵉⵙⵙⴰⵔⴰⵡⵏ  ⵉⴳⵔ ⴰⵎⵖⵏⴰⵟⵉⵚ ⵏ ⵡⴰⴽⴰⵍ ⵙ ⵓⵢⵍⵍⵉ ⵉⵜⵜⵢⵓⵙⵙⴰⵏⵏ ⵙ &quot;ⵜⴰⵣⵔⵉⵔⵜ ⵏ ⵓⴷⵉⵏⴰⵎⵓ&quot;. ⵉⴳⴳⵉ ⵏ ⵓⵖⵢⴰⵢ, ⵜⵍⵍⴰ ⴳⵉⵙ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⴰⵔⴰⵢⵜ ⵏ ⵓⵖⴰⵎⵓⵙ ⵓⴹⵏⴰⵢ, ⵍⵍⵉ ⵉⴳⴰⵏ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⴰⵔⴰⵢⵜ ⵏ ⵓⵥⵕⵓ ⴰⵣⵏⵓⴼⵙⵉⵢ/ⴰⴽⵏⵓⴼⵙⵉⵢ ⴱⵓ ⵜⵃⵔⵓⵔⵢⵜ (ⵜⴰⵎⴷⵍⴰⵍⴳⵜ Viscosité) ⵢⴰⵜⵜⵓⵢⵏ ⵍⵍⵉ ⵉⵜⵜⵎⵓⵙⵙⵓⵏ ⵙ ⵜⵜⴰⵡⵉⵍ ⴳ ⵉⵎⴰⵣⵣⵍⵏ ⵏ ⵡⴰⵙⴰⵢ/ⵓⴳⴳⴰ ⴰⵏⵔⵖⵉ. ⴳ ⵜⴳⵉⵔⴰ, ⴷⴰ ⵜⴻⵜⵜⴰⵢⵡⵓⵍ ⵜⴼⵔⴽⵉⵜ ⵜⴰⵏⴰⴽⴰⵍⵜ ⵜⵓⵙⴷⵉⴷⵜ ⴷ ⵜⵓⵏⵜⵉⵎⵜ ⵖⴼ ⵓⵖⴰⵎⵓⵙ, ⴷ ⵜⴳⴰ ⵜⴰⵔⴰⵢⵜ ⵍⵍⵉ ⴳ ⵍⵍⴰⵏ ⵉⵎⵏⵥⴰⵡⵏ ⴷ ⵡⴰⵍⵍⴰⵖⵏ ⵏ ⵉⴳⴰⵔⴰⵡⵏ.&lt;ref&gt;{{ⴱⴷⵔ ⴰⵡⵉⴱ |last=@NatGeoFrance |date=2023-03-02 |title=Tout comprendre sur : la planète Terre |url=https://www.nationalgeographic.fr/sciences/tout-comprendre-sur-la-planete-terre |access-date=2026-01-05 |website=National Geographic |language=fr}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== ⵜⵉⴼⵉⵍⵉⵏ ⵜⵉⵜⵉⴽⵜⵓⵏⵉⵢⵏ: ⴰⴳⵯⵏⵉ ⵏ ⵡⴰⴽⴰⵍ ⵉⵜⵜⵎⵓⵙⵙⵓⵏ ==
ⵓⵔ ⵜⴳⵉ ⵜⴼⵔⴽⵉⵜ ⵜⴰⵏⴰⴽⴰⵍⵜ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⴳⵣⵣⵓⵎⵜ ⵜⴰⵎⵣⴷⵓⵢⵜ, ⵎⴰⵛⴰ ⵜⴳⴰ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⴷⴷⵉⵙⵜ ⵏ ⵜⴼⵍⵡⵉⵏ ⵜⵉⴱⴰⵔⴰⵔⵉⵏ ⵉⵜⵜⵢⵓⵙⵙⴰⵏⵏ ⵙ ⵜⴼⵉⵍⵉⵏ ⵜⵉⵜⵉⴽⵜⵓⵏⵉⵜⵏ. ⵜⵉⴼⵉⵍⵉⵏ ⴰⴷ ⵍⵍⴰⵏⵜ ⴳ ⵓⵎⵓⵙⵙⵓ ⵉⵣⴷⵉⵏ ⴷ ⵉⵥⵥⴰⵢⵏ ⴳ ⵢⵉⴳⴳⵉ ⵏ ⵜⴰⵔⴰⵢⵜ ⵏ ⵓⵖⴰⵎⵓⵙ ⵏⵏⴰ ⵉⵍⵖⵡⵉⵏ ⴽⵉⴳⴰⵏ, ⴰⵢⵍⵍⵉ ⵉⵙⵔⵓⴳⵏ ⴳ ⵉⵎⵢⴰⴳⴳⴰⵜⵏ ⵉⵎⴰⵖⵍⵓⵍⵏ ⴳ ⴷⴰⵔ ⵉⵡⵜⵜⴰ ⵏⵏⵙⵏⵜ. ⴽⵓⴷⵏⵏⴰ ⵜⵜⵎⵢⴰⴳⴳⵓⴳⵏⵜ ⵙⵏⴰⵜ ⵜⴼⵉⵍⵉⵏ, ⴷⴰ ⵉⵏⴳⴳⵉ ⵓⵎⴰⴳⵎⴰ (ⴰⵥⵕⵓ ⵉⴼⵙⵉⵏ) ⵙⴳ ⵓⵖⴰⵎⵓⵙ ⴰⴼⴰⴷ ⴰⴷ ⵉⵙⵙⵉⵍⵖ ⵜⴰⴼⵔⴽⵉⵜ ⵜⴰⵎⴳⴰⵔⴰⵡⵜ ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵢⵏⵓⵜ. ⴽⵓⴷⵏⵏⴰ ⵜⴻⵜⵜⵎⵏⴰⵍⴰⵏⵜ, ⵉⵥⴹⴰⵕ ⴰⴷ ⵜⵛⵛⴹ ⵢⴰⵜ ⴷⴷⴰⵡ ⵜⴰⵢⵢⴰⴹ ⴳ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⵣⵉⴳⵣⵜ ⵏⵏⴰ ⵉⵜⵜⵢⵓⵙⵙⴰⵏⵏ ⵙ &quot;ⴰⵃⵍⵍⵓⵜⴼ ⵏ ⵜⴼⵉⵍⵉⵏ&quot;(subduction), ⴰⵢⵍⵍⵉ ⵉⵙⵔⵓⴳⵏ ⴳ ⵓⴼⵙⴰⵢ ⵏ ⵉⵙⵓⵍⵉⵍⵏ ⴷ ⵓⵙⵉⵍⵖ/ⵓⵙⵏⵓⵍⴼⵓ ⵏ ⵉⴱⵓⵔⴽⴰⵏⵏ/ⵉⴽⵙⵡⴰⵔⵏ, ⵏⵖ ⴷ ⴰⴷ ⵎⵎⴰⴳⴳⴰⵔⵏⵜ ⴰⴼⴰⴷ ⴰⴷ ⵙⵙⵉⵍⵖⵏⵜ ⵜⵉⵢⴼⵔⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵉⴷⵔⴰⵔⵏ/ⵜⵉⵔⴰⴼ ⵢⴰⵜⵜⵓⵢⵏⵉⵏ. ⵜⵉⵍⴰⵍⵜ ⴰⴷ ⵜⴰⵜⵉⴽⵜⵓⵏⵉⵜ ⵜⴳⴰ ⵜⴰⵎⵙⵜⴳⴳⴰⵔⵜ ⵜⵓⵙⵔⵉⴷⵜ ⵖⴼ ⵓⵏⴷⵓⴷⵉ ⵏ ⵡⴰⴽⴰⵍ, ⵉⴱⵓⵔⴽⴰⵏⵏ, ⴷ ⵓⴱⵟⵟⵓ ⵏ ⵉⵎⵏⵥⴰⵡⵏ ⴷ ⵉⴳⴰⵔⴰⵡⵏ, ⴷ ⵜⴳⴰ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⵎⵀⵍⵜ ⵉⵣⴷⵉⵏ ⵍⵍⵉ ⵉⵜⵜⴰⵍⵙⵏ ⵖⴼ ⵓⵙⵉⵍⵖ ⵏ ⵡⵓⴷⵎ ⵏ ⵓⵎⵜⵉⵡⴳ ⴳ ⵉⵎⵍⵢⴰⵕⵏ ⵏ ⵉⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙⵏ.&lt;ref&gt;{{ⴱⴷⵔ ⴰⵡⵉⴱ |title=TERRE : Définition de TERRE |url=https://www.cnrtl.fr/definition/terre |access-date=2026-01-05 |website=www.cnrtl.fr}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== ⵜⵉⵣⵉⴱⴱⴰ ⵏ ⵓⴼⵔⴰⴳ: ⵉⴳⵔ ⴰⵎⵖⵏⴰⵟⵉⵚ ⴷ ⵜⴳⵏⵡⵜ ==
ⵉⴱⴷⴷ ⵓⵖⴱⴰⵍ ⵏ ⵡⴰⴽⴰⵍ ⵉ ⵜⵓⴷⵔⵜ ⵙ ⵜⵖⴰⵔⴰⵙⵜ ⵜⴰⵎⵖⵜⴰⵙⵜ ⵖⴼ ⵜⵉⵍⵉⵜ ⵏ ⵙⵏⴰⵜ ⵜⵣⵉⴱⴱⴰ ⵏ ⵓⴼⵔⴰⴳ ⵏⵏⴰ ⵜ ⵉⵜⵜⵇⵇⵉⵍⵏ ⴳ ⵉⵎⵉⵣⵉⵢⵏ ⵉⵎⵖⵔⴰⴷⴰⵏⵏ/ⵉⵖⵣⵓⵔⴰⵏⵏ. ⵜⴰⵣⵉⴱⴱⴰ (ⴰⵖⵔ) ⵜⴰⵎⵣⵡⴰⵔⵓⵜ ⵉⴳⴰ ⵜⵜ ⵉⴳⵔ ⴰⵎⵖⵏⴰⵟⵉⵚ, ⵉⴳⴰ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵢⵉⴳⵔ ⵏⵏⴰ ⵓⵔ ⵉⵜⵜⵓⵥⵕⵕⴰⵏ ⵢⵓⵎⵥ ⵙⴳ ⵓⵖⵢⴰⵢ ⴰⵔ ⴰⵙⴰⵢⵔⴰⵔ ⴰⴱⵕⵕⴰⵏⵉ, ⴷ ⴷⴰ ⵉⵙⵡⵓⵔⵉ ⵖⴼ ⵓⵙⵙⵉⵏⴼ ⴷ ⵓⵙⴰⴳⴳⵓⴳ ⵏ ⵡⴰⴹⵓ ⴰⴼⵓⴽⴰⵏ, ⵍⵍⵉ ⵉⴳⴰⵏ ⴰⵎⴰⵣⵣⵍ ⵉⵣⴷⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵉⴼⴽⴽⵉⵡⵏ ⵉⵜⵜⵓⵙⴽⵜⴰⵔⵏ ⵍⵍⵉ ⴷⴰⵔ ⵜⵍⵍⴰ [[ⵜⴰⵥⴹⴰⵕⵜ (ⵜⴰⵙⵏⴳⴰⵎⴰ)|ⵜⵥⴹⴰⵕⵜ]] ⵢⴰⵜⵜⵓⵢⵏ ⵍⵍⵉ ⴷ ⵉⵜⵜⴽⴽⴰⵏ ⵜⴰⴼⵓⴽⵜ. ⵉⵎⴰ ⵜⴰⵣⵉⴱⴱⴰ ⵜⵉⵙ ⵙⵏⴰⵜ ⵉⴳⴰ ⵜⵜ ⵜⵉⴳⵏⵡⵜ, ⵍⵍⵉ ⵉⵙⴽⴰⵔⵏ ⵜⵓⴳⴷⵜ ⵏ ⵜⵡⵓⵔⵉⵡⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵡⴰⵔⴰⵢ, ⴰⵅⴰⵜⴰⵔ ⴳⵉⵙⵏⵜ ⵉⴳⴰ ⵜⵜ ⵎⴰⵙ ⵜⵍⵍⴰ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⴰⵔⴰⵢⵜ ⵏ ⵡⵓⵥⵓⵏ ⴳ ⵜⴰⵔⴰⵢⵜ ⵏ ⵓⵙⵜⵔⴰⵜⵓⵙⴼⵉⵔ, ⵍⵍⵉ ⵉⵙⵙⵓⵎⵓⵎⵏ ⴰⴳⵣⵣⵓⵎ ⴰⵎⵇⵔⴰⵏ ⵙⴳ ⵓⵥⵏⵥⵕ ⴰⵏⵉⴳⵎⴽⵥⴰⵢ/ⴰⵏⵉⴳⵎⴽⵥⴰⵡ ⴰⵏⵎⵖⵣⴰⴷ. ⵜⵉⵣⵉⴱⴱⴰ ⴰⴷ ⵙ ⵙⵏⴰⵜ ⵉⵜⵙⵏⵜ ⵙⴳⴳⵔⵏⵜ ⴰⵖⵉⵎⵉ  ⵏ ⵡⴰⵎⴰⵏ ⵉⵃⵔⵓⵔⴰⵢⵏ ⴷ ⵜⴳⵏⵡⵜ, ⴷ ⴷⴰ ⴰⴽⴽⴰⵏ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⵡⵏⵏⴰⴹⵜ ⵉⵣⴳⴰⵏ ⴷ ⵍⵍⵉⴳ ⵜⵍⵍⴰ ⵜⵏⴼⵔⵓⵜ ⵖⴼ ⵓⴳⵏⵉ.&lt;ref&gt;[https://www.aletihad.ae/news/%D8%AF%D9%86%D9%8A%D8%A7/4157253/%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%BA%D9%84%D8%A7%D9%81-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AC%D9%88%D9%8A---%D8%AF%D8%B1%D8%B9-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A3%D8%B1%D8%B6 ⵜⵉⵣⵉⴱⴱⴰ ⵏ ⵡⴰⴽⴰⵍ (ⵙ ⵜⵄⵕⴰⴱⵜ)]. ⵉⵜⵜⵢⵓⵥⵕⴰ ⴰⵙⵙ ⵏ 5/1/2025.&lt;/ref&gt;

== ⵜⵉⴷⵉⵏⴰⵎⵉⴽⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵓⵥⵢⴰⵕ ⴷ ⵉⵎⵉⵔⵏ ==
ⴰⵎⵓⵙⵙⵓ ⵏ ⵡⴰⴽⴰⵍ ⴳ ⵓⵙⴰⵢⵔⴰⵔ ⴰⵢⴷ ⵉⵜⵜⵙⵏⴰⵎⵏ ⵜⴰⵏⵉⵅⵜ ⵏ ⵜⵓⴷⵔⵜ ⵜⴰⴽⵓⵢⴰⵙⵙⵜ ⴷ ⵜⴰⵙⴳⵯⵙⴰⵏⵜ. ⴰⵙⵓⵜⵍ/ⵜⵓⵏⵓⴹⵜ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵖⴼ ⵓⴳⵍⵍⵓⵙ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⴽⴽⵍⵜ ⴽⵓ 24 ⵏ ⵜⵙⵔⴰⴳⵜ ⴷⴰ ⵉⵙⵔⵓⴳ ⴳ ⵓⵏⵏⵡⴷⵎ/ⵜⵎⵍⴻⵍⵍⵉⵜ ⵏ ⵢⵉⴹ ⴷ ⵓⵣⴰⵍ. ⵉⵎⴰ ⴰⵙⵓⵜⵍ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵖⴼ ⵜⴰⴼⵓⴽⵜ ⴷⴰ ⵉⵜⵜⴽⴽⴰ ⴰⵜⵜⴰⵢⵏ ⵏ 365 ⵏ ⵡⴰⵙⵙ, ⴰⵢⵍⵍⵉ ⵉⵙⵓⵜⵜⵓⵏ ⵜⵉⵖⵣⵉ ⵏ ⵓⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙ. ⴰⵙⵔⴰⴳ ⴰⵅⴰⵜⴰⵔ ⴰⴽⴽⵯ ⴳ ⵓⵙⵓⵜⵜⵓ ⵏ ⵓⵏⴳⵉⴳⵜ ⵏ ⵡⴰⴽⴰⵍ ⵉⴳⴰ ⴰⵣⵍⵍⴰⴳ ⵏ ⵓⴳⵍⵍⵓⵙ ⵏ ⵡⴰⵏⵏⴰⴹ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵙ ⵜⵖⵎⵔⵜ ⵏ 23.4 ⵏ ⵜⵙⴽⵯⴼⵍⵜ. ⴰⵣⵍⵍⴰⴳ ⴰⴷ ⵉⵙⵏⵓⵎⴽ ⵎⴰⵙ ⴷ ⴳ ⵜⵏⵢⵓⴷⴷⵓⵜ ⵜⴰⵙⴳⵯⵙⴰⵏⵜ ⵏ ⵡⴰⴽⴰⵍ ⵖⴼ ⵜⴰⴼⵓⴽⵜ, ⴷⴰ ⵉⵜⵜⵣⵍⵍⴰⴳ ⵓⵣⴳⵏ ⴰⴳⴰⴼⴰⵢ ⵏ ⵜⵛⴰⵎⵎⴰ ⵖⵔ ⵜⴰⴼⵓⴽⵜ ⴳ ⴽⵔⴰ ⵏ ⵉⵣⵎⴰⵣ (ⴰⵔ ⵉⵙⵔⵓⴳ ⴰⴷ ⵢⵉⵍⵉ [[ⴰⵏⴱⴷⵓ|ⵓⵏⴱⴷⵓ]]), ⴷ ⴰⵡⴷ ⴰⵔ ⵉⵜⵜⵣⵍⵍⴰⴳ ⵓⵣⴳⵏ ⴰⵏⵥⵓⵍⴰⵏ ⵙ ⵡⴰⵀⵍⵉ ⴼⵍⵍⴰⵙ (ⴰⵔ ⵉⵙⵔⵓⴳ ⴰⴷ ⵜⵉⵍⵉ ⵜⴳⵔⵙⵜ), ⴷ ⵓⵎⴳⴰⵍ ⵉⵎⵉⴷⵉ. ⴰⵎⵎⵙⴽⵍ ⴰⴷ ⴰⵣⵎⵣⴰⵏ/ⴰⵡⴰⵍⴰⵏ ⴳ ⵜⵖⵎⵔⵜ ⵏ ⵜⴰⴹⵓⵕⵉ ⵏ ⵉⵥⵏⵥⴰⵕⵏ ⵏ ⵜⴰⴼⵓⴽⵜ ⴰⵢⴷ ⵉⵙⵏⵓⵍⴼⵓⵏ ⵉⵎⵉⵔⵏ ⴰⴷ ⵙ ⴽⴽⵓⵥ, ⴷ ⴷⴰ ⵉⵙⵔⵓⴳ ⴳ ⵓⵎⵢⴰⵏⴰⵡ ⵏ ⵓⵏⴳⵉⴳⵜ ⴰⴱⴰⵔⴰⵔ ⵖⴼ ⵓⴳⵏⵉ ⵏ ⵓⵎⵜⵉⵡⴳ.&lt;ref&gt;[https://www.aljazeera.net/science/2021/11/26/%D9%85%D8%A7-%D9%87%D9%8A-%D9%85%D8%AF%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%AA-%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%83%D9%88%D8%A7%D9%83%D8%A8-%D9%88%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%86%D8%AC%D9%88%D9%85-%D9%88%D9%85%D8%A7 ⵜⵉⴷⵉⵏⴰⵎⴽⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵓⵣⵢⴰⵕ ⴷ ⵉⵎⵉⵔⵏ]. ⵉⵜⵜⵢⵓⵥⵕⴰ ⴰⵙⵙ ⵏ 5/1/2026. &lt;/ref&gt;

== ⵜⵉⵍⴰⵍⵜ ⵏ ⵡⴰⵢⵢⵓⵔ: ⴰⵎⴷⴷⴰⴽⴽⵯⵍ ⴰⴳⵏⵏⴰⵡ ⴰⵎⵙⴱⴷⴷⵉ ==
ⵓⵔ ⵉⴳⵉ ⵡⴰⵢⵢⵓⵔ ⵖⴰⵙ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⴽⵏⵎⵜⵉⵡⴳ ⵉⵙⵙⵛⵏⴰⵏ ⵉⴳⵏⵏⴰ ⵏ ⵢⵉⴹ, ⵎⴰⵛⴰ ⵉⴳⴰ ⴰⵎⴷⴷⴰⴽⴽⵯⵍ ⴰⵙⵏⵓⴷⵔⴰⵏ ⵉⵜⵜⵓⵔⴰⵔⵏ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⵉⵍⴰⵍⵜ ⵜⴰⵎⵖⵜⴰⵙⵜ ⴳ ⵜⵣⴳⵉ ⵏ ⵡⴰⴽⴰⵍ. ⵜⴰⵣⵔⵉⵔⵜ ⵍⵍⵉ ⴰⴽⴽⵯ ⵉⴼⴰⵡⵏ ⵜⴳⴰ ⵜⵜ ⴰⵙⵔⴰⴳ ⵏ ⵡⴰⵢⵢⵓⵔ ⴳ ⵜⵓⵎⴰⵏⵜ ⵏ &quot;ⵜⵉⵏⴷⴼⴼⴰⵔⵉⵏ/[[ⵜⴰⵡⴰⵏⵜ ⴷ ⵜⵢⵙⵙⴰ]]&quot; ⴳ ⵉⴳⴰⵔⴰⵡⵏ. ⵎⴰⵛⴰ ⵜⵉⵍⴰⵍⵜ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵜⴰⵅⴰⵜⴰⵔⵜ ⴷ ⵜⵏⵖⴱⵓⵜ ⵜⴳⴰ ⵜⵜ ⴰⵙⴱⴷⴷⵉ ⵏ ⵓⵣⵍⵍⴰⴳ ⵏ ⵓⴳⵍⵍⵓⵙ ⵏ ⵡⴰⴽⴰⵍ. ⵎⵔⴰ ⴷ ⵓⵔ ⴰⵏⵣⵣⵓⵖ ⵏ ⵡⴰⵢⵢⵓⵔ ⵍⵍⵉ ⵉⴷⵓⵙⵏ, ⵉⴽⵓⵜ ⵉⵏⵏ ⴰⵔ ⵉⵜⵜⵊⴳⵓⴳⵓⵍ ⵓⴳⵍⵍⵓⵙ ⵏ ⵡⴰⵏⵏⴰⴹ ⵏ ⵡⴰⴽⴰⵍ ⵙ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⵖⴰⵔⴰⵙⵜ ⵉⵎⵎⵔⵡⵉⵏ ⵖⴼ ⴽⵉⴳⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵉⵣⵎⴰⵣ ⵖⵣⵣⵉⴼⵏⵉⵏ, ⴰⵢⵍⵍⵉ ⵉⵎⵉⵍ ⵉⵖⵉⵢⵏ ⴰⴷ ⵉⵙⵔⴳ ⴳ ⵉⵎⵙⴽⵉⵍⵏ ⵉⵡⴰⵖⴰⵏⵏ ⴷ ⵓⴽⵕⵉⴹⵏ ⵏ ⵓⵏⴳⵉⴳⵜ, ⵍⵍⵉ ⵔⴰⴷ ⵉⵎⵉⵍ ⵉⵙⵔⴳ ⴰⴷ ⵜⵉⵍⵉ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⵓⴷⵔⵜ ⵉⵎⵔⴰⵏ ⵏⵖ ⴰⴽⴽⵯ ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵔⵉⵍⵉⵜ ⴳ ⵓⵎⵜⵉⵡⴳ ⵏ ⵡⴰⴽⴰⵍ. ⵙ ⵓⵏⴰⵎⴽ ⴰⴷ, ⵜⵉⵍⵉⵜ ⵏ ⵢⴰⵏ [[ⵜⴰⵢⵢⵓⵔⵜ|ⵡⴰⵢⵢⵓⵔ]] ⴰⵎⵇⵔⴰⵏ ⴰⵎⴰⵙⴰⵖ ⵜⴳⴰ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵙⴳ ⵉⵎⵏⵜⵉⵍⵏ ⵉⵅⴰⵜⴰⵔⵏ ⵍⵍⵉ ⵉⵙⴽⵔⵏ ⴳ ⵡⴰⴽⴰⵍ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⵎⵜⵉⵡⴳ ⵉⴳⴰⵏ ⴰⵎⵙⵏⵓⴱⴳ ⵉ ⵜⵓⴷⵔⵜ.&lt;ref&gt;[https://mawdoo3.com/%D8%A3%D9%87%D9%85%D9%8A%D8%A9_%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%82%D9%85%D8%B1_%D8%A8%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%86%D8%B3%D8%A8%D8%A9_%D9%84%D9%83%D9%88%D9%83%D8%A8_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A3%D8%B1%D8%B6_%D9%88%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A5%D9%86%D8%B3%D8%A7%D9%86 ⵜⵉⵍⴰⵍⵜ ⵏ ⵡⴰⵢⵢⵓⵔ] (ⵙ ⵜⵄⵕⴰⴱⵜ), ⵜⴰⵙⵏⴰ ⵏ ⵎⴰⵡⴷⵓⵄ. ⵉⵜⵜⵓⵥⵕⴰ ⴰⵙⵙ ⵏ 5/1/2026. &lt;/ref&gt;

== ⴰⵙⴰⵜⵍ ⴰⵙⵏⵓⴷⵔⴰⵏ ⴷ ⵓⴼⴳⴰⵏ: ⵜⴰⵣⵔⵉⵔⵜ ⵜⴰⵎⵢⴰⵖⵜ/ⵜⴰⵎⵍⴻⵍⵍⴰⵢⵜ ==
[[ⴰⴼⴰⵢⵍⵓ:North America from low orbiting satellite Suomi NPP.jpg|thumb|ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⵡⵍⴰⴼⵜ ⵏ ⵓⵎⵜⵉⵡⴳ ⵏⵏⵖ]]
ⴰⵙⴰⵜⵍ ⴰⵙⵏⵓⴷⵔⴰⵏ &lt;ref&gt;[https://www.marefa.org/%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%BA%D9%84%D8%A7%D9%81_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AD%D9%8A%D9%88%D9%8A ⴰⵙⴰⵜⵍ ⴰⵙⵏⵓⴷⵔⴰⵏ]. ⵉⵜⵜⵢⵓⵥⵕⴰ ⴰⵙⵙ ⵏ 5/1/2026.&lt;/ref&gt;ⵏⵜⵜⴰ ⴰⵢⴷ ⵉⴳⴰⵏ ⴰⵥⵟⵟⴰ ⵓⵙⴷⵉⴷ ⵏ ⵜⵓⴷⵔⵜ ⵍⵍⵉ ⵉⴷⴷⴰⵍⵏ ⴰⴳⵯⵏⵉ ⵏ ⵡⴰⴽⴰⵍ, ⵍⵍⵉ ⵉⵙⵙⵏⵜⵉⵏ ⴰⵙⵙⵉⵍⵖ ⵙⴳ ⵎⴰⴷ ⵉⵜⵜⴳⴳⴰⵏ 3.5 ⵏ ⵉⵎⵍⵢⴰⵔⵏ ⵏ ⵉⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙⵏ ⵙⵓⵔ ⴷ ⵓⴳⴳⴰⵔ. ⵓⵔ ⴰⴷⵍⵍⵉ ⵜⴳⵉ ⵜⵓⴷⵔⵜ ⵖⴰⵙ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⵎⵙⵙⵓⴷⵓ ⵓⵣⴷⵉⵔ ⵖⴼ ⵢⵉⴳⴳⵉ ⵏ ⵓⵎⵜⵉⵡⴳ, ⵎⴰⵛⴰ ⵜⴳⴰ ⵜⴰⴳⴳⴰⵍⵜ ⵏ ⵓⵎⵎⵙⴽⵍ ⴰⴱⴰⵔⴰⵔ. ⵜⴰⴼⵔⴰⵔⴰ ⵏ ⵉⵎⴰⴷⴷⴰⵔⵏ ⵏⵏⴰ ⵉⵣⵎⵔⵏ ⵉ &quot;ⵜⵙⵓⴷⴼⴰⵡⵜ&quot;, ⵜⵙⵔⴳ ⴳ ⵓⵕⵥⵥⵎ ⵏ ⵜⵙⵎⴽⵜⵉⵡⵉⵏ ⵜⵉⴱⴰⵔⴰⵔⵉⵏ ⵏ [[ⵓⴽⵙⵉⵊⵉⵏ]], ⴰⵢⵍⵍⵉ ⵉⵙⵏⴼⵍⵏ ⵓⵙⵏⴰⵢ ⵏ ⵜⴳⵏⵡⵜ ⵙ ⵜⵖⴰⵔⴰⵙⵜ ⵏⵏⴰ ⴱⴰⵀⵔⴰ ⵉⴷⵔⴰⵏ ⴷ ⵉⵙⴳⴰⴷⴷⴰ ⴰⴱⵔⵉⴷ ⵉ ⵜⴼⵔⴰⵔⴰ ⵏ ⵉⵎⴰⴷⴷⴰⵔⵏ ⵏⵏⴰ ⴱⴰⵀⵔⴰ ⵉⴳⴰⵏ ⵓⴷⴷⵉⵙⵏ. ⴳ ⵓⵎⵣⵔⵓⵢ ⴰⴷ ⴰⵖⵣⵣⴰⴼ, ⵜⴳⴰ ⵜⴼⵔⴰⵔⴰ ⵏ ⵓⴼⴳⴰⵏ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⵎⵙⴰⵔⵜ ⵏⵏⴰ ⵉⴳⴰⵏ ⵜⴰⵜⵔⴰⵔⵜ ⵎⴰⵛⴰ ⵜⵍⵍⴰ ⵖⵓⵔⵙ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⵣⵔⵉⵔⵜ ⵉⴷⵔⴰⵏ. ⴷ ⵉⵣⵎⵔ ⵙⵓⵔ ⵓⴼⴳⴰⵏ ⴰⴷ ⵉⵙⵙⵎⵔⵙ ⵉⵖⴱⵓⵍⴰ ⵏⵖ ⵓⵙⵓⴳⴰⵎ ⵏ ⵓⵎⵜⵉⵡⴳ ⵙ ⵜⵕⵡⵉ ⵏⵏⴰ ⴰⴽⴽⵯ ⵓⵔ ⵉⵍⵍⵉⵏ, ⴰⵢⵍⵍⵉ ⵉⵙⵔⴳⵏ ⴳ ⵜⵓⵥⴽⴰ ⵏ ⵜⵖⵔⵎⵉⵡⵉⵏ ⵜⵉⵎⵇⵔⴰⵏⵉⵏ. ⵎⴰⵛⴰ ⴰⵎⵓⵔⵙ ⴰⴷ ⵢⵓⵙⴰ ⴷ ⵙ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵡⴰⵜⵉⴳ, ⵍⵍⵉⴳ ⵜⵙⵔⴳ ⵜⵉⵍⴰⵍⵜ ⵏ ⵓⴼⴳⴰⵏ ⴳ ⵜⵏⵥⴰⵕ ⵜⵉⵡⵏⴹⴰⵏⵉⵏ ⵜⵉⵅⴰⵜⴰⵔⵉⵏ ⵣⵓⵏ ⴷ ⵜⵉⵎⵔⴽⵉⵜ, ⵜⴰⵏⴼⴰⵍⵜ ⵏ ⵓⵏⴳⵉⴳⵜ, ⴷ ⵜⵎⵣⴰⵍⵜ/ⵜⵓⴽⴽⵙⴰ ⵏ ⵓⵎⵢⴰⵏⴰⵡ ⴰⵙⵏⵓⴷⵔⴰⵏ, ⴰⵢⵍⵍⵉ ⵉⵙⵔⵓⵙⵏ ⵉⵎⴰⵍ ⵏ ⵓⵙⴰⵜⵍ ⴰⵙⵏⵓⴷⵔⴰⵏ, ⴷ ⵢⵉⵎⴰⵍ ⵏ ⵜⵏⴼⴰⴳⴰⵏⵜ ⵙ ⵢⵉⵖⴼ ⵏⵏⵙ, ⵎⵏⵉⴷ ⵏ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵢⵉⵔⵉⵎ ⴰⴷⵜⵜⴰⵏ.

== ⵜⵓⵖⵓⵍⵜ ⵜⴰⵎⵥⵕⵉⵎⴰⵍⵜ: ⵜⴰⵎⵥⵕⴰ ⵜⴰⵖⵣⵓⵔⴰⵜ ⵜⴰⵖⵣⵣⴰⴼⵜ ==
ⵎⵇⵇⴰⵔ ⴷ ⴰⴽⴰⵍ ⴷⴰ ⵉⵜⵜⵓⵎⴰⵏ ⵉⵣⴳⴰ, ⵎⴰⵛⴰ ⵜⵓⵖⵓⵍⵜ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵜⵣⴷⵉ ⴱⴰⵀⵔⴰ ⴷ ⵜⵓⵖⵓⵍⵜ ⵏ [[ⵉⵜⵔⵉ|ⵢⵉⵜⵔⵉ]] ⵏⵏⵙ ⵍⵍⵉ ⵉⴳⴰⵏ ⵜⴰⴼⵓⴽⵜ. ⵖⴼ ⵓⵎⵏⵉⴷ ⴰⵖⵣⵣⴰⴼ, ⵔⴰⴷ ⴷ ⵜⵜⵉⴳⵓⵜ ⵜⵔⵖⵉ ⵏ ⵜⴰⴼⵓⴽⵜ ⴷ ⵓⵙⵉⴷⴷ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵉⵎⵉⴽⴽ ⵙ ⵢⵉⵎⵉⴽⴽ. ⴳ ⵉⵡⵏⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵓⵎⵍⵢⴰⵕ ⵏ ⵓⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙ ⵖⵉⴽⴰⵏⵏ, ⵔⴰⴷ ⵜⵙⵔⴳ ⵜⴰⵜⵜⵓⵢⵜ ⴰⴷ ⴳ ⵜⵣⵖⵍⵜ (ⵜⵙⴽⵯⴼⵍⵜ ⵏ ⵜⵔⵖⵉ) ⴳ ⵓⵙⵔⵓⴳⴳⵓ ⵏ ⵉⴳⴰⵔⴰⵡⵏ ⵏ ⵡⴰⴽⴰⵍ, ⴰⵢⵍⵍⵉ ⵔⴰⴷ ⵉⵙⵙⴼⴹ ⵜⵓⴷⵔⵜ ⵙ ⵜⵍⵖⴰ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵏ ⵖⵉⵍⴰ. ⵉⵎⴰ ⵜⵉⴳⵉⵔⴰ ⵍⵍⵉ ⵜ ⵉⴷ ⵉⵇⵇⴰⵏⵏ ⵔⴰⴷ ⴷ ⵜⴰⵙ ⴹⴰⵕⴰⵜ ⵏ 5 ⵏ ⵉⵎⵍⵢⴰⵕⵏ ⵏ ⵉⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙⵏ ⵖⵉⴽⴰⵏⵏ, ⴽⵓⴷⵏⵏⴰ ⵔⴰⴷ ⵜⵙⵙⵎⴷ ⵜⴰⴼⵓⴽⵜ ⴰⵙⵔⵖⵓ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵏ ⵓⵀⵉⴷⵔⵓⵊⵉⵏ ⴷ ⴰⴷ ⵜⴻⵜⵜⵎⵎⵙⴽⵍ ⵖⵔ &quot;ⴰⴱⵔⴳⵔⵣⵓ ⴰⵣⴳⴳⵯⴰⵖ&quot;. ⴳ ⵜⴼⵔⴽⵜ ⴰⴷ, ⵔⴰⴷ ⴷ ⵜⴻⵜⵜⵉⵎⵖⵓⵔ ⵜⴰⴼⵓⴽⵜ ⵙ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⵖⴰⵔⴰⵙⵜ ⵜⴰⴱⴰⵔⴰⵔⵜ ⴰⴼⴰⴷ ⴰⴷ ⵜⵙⵙⵓⵎⵎ/ⵜⵍⵎⵥ ⵉⵎⵜⵉⵡⴳⵏ ⵉⴳⵏⵙⴰⵏⵏ, ⴷ ⵉⵖⵉⵢ ⴰⴷ ⵉⴳ ⵡⴰⴽⴰⵍ ⴳⵔⴰⵜⵙⵏ, ⴰⴼⴰⴷ ⴰⴷ ⵜⵙⵎⴷ ⵙ ⵎⴽⴰⴷ ⵜⵓⵍⵍⵉⵙⵜ ⵏ ⵓⵎⵜⵉⵡⴳ ⴰⵏⵉⵍⵉ ⵍⵍⵉ ⵜ ⵉⴽⴽⴰⵏ ⴰⴷⵍⵍⵉ ⵉⴳⴰ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵢⵉⴷⴷⵓⵢ ⵏ ⵜⵓⴷⵔⵜ ⴷ ⵓⴼⵔⴰⴽ ⴳ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⵖⵎⵔⵜ ⵜⴰⵎⵥⵢⴰⵏⵜ ⵏ ⵢⵉⵖⵣⵡⵔ.&lt;ref&gt;[https://al3omk.com/80747.html ⵜⵓⵖⵓⵍⵜ ⵏ ⵓⵎⵜⵉⵡⴳ ⵏ ⵡⴰⴽⴰⵍ]. ⵉⵜⵜⵢⵓⵥⵕⴰ ⴰⵙⵙ ⵏ 5/1/2026. &lt;/ref&gt;
[[ⴰⴼⴰⵢⵍⵓ:The Mysterious Case of the Disappearing Dust.jpg|thumb|ⵜⵉⵏⵥⵥⵕⵜ ⵏ ⵓⵏⵖⵓⴱⵓ ⵏ ⵓⴳⴹⵕⵓⵕ]]

== ⵜⵉⵙⴼⵍⵉⵙⵏ ⵏ ⵡⴰⴽⴰⵍ ==

=== ⵜⵉⵙⴼⵍⵉⵙⵉⵏ ⵜⵉⵙⵏⴳⴰⵎⵉⵏ ===

* ⴰⵡⵓⵎ : 12,742 ⵏ ⵓⴽⵉⵍⵓⵎⵉⵜⵔ.
* ⴰⴱⴷⴷⵓⵔ : 5,972 × 10²⁴ ⵏ ⵓⴽⵉⵍⵓⴳⵔⴰⵎ.
* ⴰⴽⵙⴰⵢ : 1,08321 × 10¹² ⴽⵎ³.
* ⵜⵉⵥⵥⵉ : 5,515 ⴳ/ⵙⵎ³.
* ⵜⴰⵣⵍⵖⵜ ⵏ ⵓⴳⵯⵏⵉ : 15 °C.
* ⵜⴰⵣⵍⵖⵜ ⵜⴰⴳⵏⵙⴰⵏⵜ : 6 000 °C ⵏ ⵓⵎⵓⵍⵢⵓⵏ ⵏ ⴳ ⵓⵖⵢⴰⵢ.

=== ⴰⵎⵓⵙⵙⵓ ⴷ ⵓⴱⵕⵕⵎ/ⵡⴰⵏⵏⴰⴹ ===

* ⴰⵏⵏⴰⴹ ⵏⵏⵙ : 24 ⵏ ⵜⵙⵔⴰⴳⵜ ⴷⴰⵔ ⵓⵙⴱⴳⵙ/ⵓⴽⵡⴰⵜⵓⵔ.
* ⵖⴼ ⵜⴰⴼⵓⴽⵜ: 365,25 ⵏ ⵡⴰⵙⵙ, ⴷ ⵜⵎⵎⵔⵉ ⵏ 29,78 ⴽⵎ/ⵙ(ⵜⴰⵙⵉⵏⵜ).
* ⴰⵣⵍⵍⵓⴳ ⵏ ⵓⴳⵍⵍⵓⵙ : 23,5 ⵏ ⵜⵙⴽⵯⴼⵍⵜ.
[[ⴰⴼⴰⵢⵍⵓ:Solar System True Color ZGH.png|thumb|[[ⴰⵏⴳⵔⴰⵡ ⴰⴼⵓⴽⴰⵏ]]]]
=== ⴰⵙⵏⴰⵢ ⴰⴽⵔⵓⵔⴰⵏ ===

* ⵓⴽⵙⵉⵊⵉⵏ : ⴰⵜⵜⴰⵢⵏ ⵏ 46.6%.
* ⵙⵉⵍⵉⴽⵓⵏ : ⴰⵜⵜⴰⵢⵏ ⵏ 27,7%.
* ⴰⵍⵓⵎⵉⵏⵢⵓⵎ : 8.1%.
* ⵓⵣⵣⴰⵍ : 5%.
* ⴰⴽⴰⵍⵙⵢⵓⵎ : 3.6%.
* ⵉⴼⵔⴷⵉⵙⵏ ⵢⴰⴹⵏ : 9,6%.

=== ⵜⵉⵍⴰⵍⵜ ⵜⴰⵙⵏⴰⴽⴰⵍⵜ ===

* ⵓⵟⵟⵓⵏ ⵏ ⵉⴽⵙⵡⴰⵔⵏ/ⵉⴱⵓⵔⴽⴰⵏⵏ ⵓⵔⵎⵉⴷⵏ : ⴰⵜⵜⴰⵢⵏ ⵏ 1500 ⵏ ⵉⴱⵓⵔⴽⴰⵏⵏ.
* ⵓⵟⵟⵓⵏ ⵏ ⵉⵏⴷⵓⴷⵉⵢⵏ ⴳ ⵓⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙ : ⴰⵜⵜⴰⵢⵏ ⵏ 50,000.
* ⴰⵎⵙⴰⵖⴷ ⵏ ⵜⴰⵜⵜⵓⵢⵜ ⵏ ⵉⴷⵔⴰⵔⵏ : 1-10 ⵙⵎ/ⴰⵙⴳ.

=== ⵉⵙⴼⴽⴰⵜⵏ ⵢⴰⴹⵏ  ===

* ⵜⴰⵥⵓⵏⵜ ⵏ ⵡⴰⵎⴰⵏ : 71% ⴳ ⵓⴳⵯⵏⵉ ⵏ ⵡⴰⴽⴰⵍ.
* ⵜⴰⵥⵓⵏⵜ ⵏ ⵓⴽⵙⵉⵊⵉⵏ ⴳ ⵓⵣⵡⵓ : 21%.
* ⵜⴰⵍⵎⵎⴰⵙⵜ ⵏ ⵜⴰⵜⵜⵓⵢⵜ ⵏ ⵜⴳⵏⵡⵜ : 480 ⴽⵎ.&lt;ref&gt;{{ⴱⴷⵔ ⴰⵡⵉⴱ |last=earthhow |date=2018-09-30 |title=Earth Statistics: Straight-Up Stats of Earth |url=https://earthhow.com/earth-statistics/ |access-date=2026-01-05 |website=Earth How |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== ⵥⵕ ⵓⴳⴳⴰⵔ ==

* [[ⵜⴰⴼⵓⴽⵜ]]
* [[ⴰⴳⵔⵓ]]
* [[ⵉⵖⵣⵡⵔ]]
* [[ⴰⵏⴳⵔⴰⵡ ⴰⴼⵓⴽⴰⵏ]]

==ⵉⵙⴰⵖⵓⵍⵏ==
{{ⵉⵙⴰⵖⵓⵍⵏ}} 
{{ⴰⴱⴰⴹ ⵓⵏⵜⵉⵎ}}
{{ⴰⵙⵎⵉⵍ|ⴰⵙⵉⴼ ⵏ ⵉⴳⵏⵡⴰⵏ|ⴰⵏⴳⵔⴰⵡ ⴰⴼⵓⴽⴰⵏ|ⴰⵙⴰⵢⵔⴰⵔ|ⵉⵎⵜⵉⵡⴳⵏ|ⵉⵖⵣⵡⵔ}}</text>
      <sha1>digw3drt3ccpn4znk6n6q291bm4x2gc</sha1>
    </revision>
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    <title>ⴰⵡⵡⵓⵔ:ⴰⵎⵓⵏ</title>
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      <timestamp>2026-05-04T02:16:30Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>BihiBot</username>
        <id>2406</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>ⴽⴽⵙⵖ ⵉⵍⴱⵓⴹⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵏⵟⵟⵓⴼⵜ</comment>
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'''ⵜⴰⵣⵡⵓⵔⵜ'''
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ⵉⵡⵡⵓⵔⴰ ⵏ ⵡⴰⵎⵓⵏ:
[[ⴰⵡⵡⵓⵔ:ⵜⵉⵥⵓⵕⵉⵡⵉⵏ|ⵜⵉⵥⵓⵕⵉⵡⵉⵏ]] ♦
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[[ⴰⵡⵡⵓⵔ:ⴰⵎⵣⵔⵓⵢ|ⴰⵎⵣⵔⵓⵢ]] ♦
[[ⴰⵡⵡⵓⵔ:ⵉⵣⵔⴼⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵓⴼⴳⴰⵏ|ⵉⵣⵔⴼⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵓⴼⴳⴰⵏ]] ♦
[[ⴰⵡⵡⵓⵔ:ⴰⵏⵜⵉⵔⵏⵉⵜ|ⴰⵏⵜⵉⵔⵏⵉⵜ]] ♦
[[ⴰⵡⵡⵓⵔ:ⴰⵙⴰⴹⵓⴼ|ⴰⵙⴰⴹⵓⴼ]] ♦
[[ⴰⵡⵡⵓⵔ:ⵜⴰⴼⵍⵙⴰⴼⵜ|ⵜⴰⴼⵍⵙⴰⴼⵜ]] ♦
[[ⴰⵡⵡⵓⵔ:ⵉⵎⵓⵙⵙⵓⵜⵏ ⵉⵏⴰⵎⵓⵏⵏ|ⵉⵎⵓⵙⵙⵓⵜⵏ ⵉⵏⴰⵎⵓⵏⵏ]] ♦
[[ⴰⵡⵡⵓⵔ:ⵜⵉⵎⴰⵙⵙⴰⵏⵉⵏ ⵜⵉⵏⴰⵎⵓⵏⵉⵏ|ⵜⵉⵎⴰⵙⵙⴰⵏⵉⵏ ⵜⵉⵏⴰⵎⵓⵏⵉⵏ]] ♦
[[ⴰⵡⵡⵓⵔ:ⴰⵎⵣⵔⵓⵢ|ⴰⵎⵣⵔⵓⵢ]] ♦
[[ⴰⵡⵡⵓⵔ:ⵜⴰⴽⵙⵙⴰ ⵜⴰⵏⴰⵎⵓⵏⵜ ⴷ ⵜⵡⵓⵔⵉ ⵜⴰⵏⴰⵎⵓⵏⵜ|ⵜⴰⴽⵙⵙⴰ ⵜⴰⵏⴰⵎⵓⵏⵜ ⴷ ⵜⵡⵓⵔⵉ ⵜⴰⵏⴰⵎⵓⵏⵜ]] ♦
[[ⴰⵡⵡⵓⵔ:ⵜⴰⵙⵏⴰⵎⵓⵏⵜ|ⵜⴰⵙⵏⴰⵎⵓⵏⵜ]]
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;noinclude&gt;
|}

[[en:Portal:Society]]
[[fr:Portail:Société]]
[[ar:بوابة:مجتمع]]
==ⵉⵙⴰⵖⵓⵍⵏ==
{{ⵉⵙⴰⵖⵓⵍⵏ}}
{{ⴰⴱⴰⴹ ⵓⵏⵜⵉⵎ}}</text>
      <sha1>h2t40g2gdfaluy359ggxfaxh6s1hwqu</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>ⴰⵡⵡⵓⵔ:ⴰⵎⵣⵔⵓⵢ</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>1283</id>
    <revision>
      <id>175932</id>
      <parentid>168016</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-05-04T02:21:53Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>BihiBot</username>
        <id>2406</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>ⴽⴽⵙⵖ ⵉⵍⴱⵓⴹⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵏⵟⵟⵓⴼⵜ</comment>
      <origin>175932</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="4954" sha1="r52o0yyf32kkkspssb4b4mmo0w1md8f" xml:space="preserve">{{ⵉⵙⵕⵥⴰⵎ ⵏ ⵡⴰⵡⵡⵓⵔ |ⴰⵎⵣⵔⵓⵢ}}

{{ⵜⴰⵣⵡⵓⵔⵜ
|ⴰⵡⵡⵓⵔ = ⴰⵎⵣⵔⵓⵢ
|ⵜⴰⵡⵍⴰⴼⵜ = Klepsydra-pt.svg
}}

{{ⴰⵙⴰⵜⵉ
|ⴰⵣⵡⵍ = ⵜⴰⵣⵡⵓⵔⵜ
|ⵜⴰⵖⵣⵉ ⵏ ⵓⵣⵡⵍ = 45%
|ⵜⴰⵢⴽⵓⵏⵜ =
|ⴰⴽⵍⵓ ⵏ ⵓⵙⴽⴽⵉⵍ ⵏ ⵓⵣⵡⵍ = ffffff
|ⴰⴽⵍⵓ ⵏ ⵜⵖⵔⴷⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵓⵣⵡⵍ = DD8F56
|ⴰⴽⵍⵓ ⵏ ⵜⵖⵔⴷⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵓⵎⴰⵢⵜ = fff3c6
|ⴰⵙⵏⴼⵍ =ⴰⵡⵡⵓⵔ:ⴰⵎⵣⵔⵓⵢ/ⵜⴰⵣⵡⵓⵔⵜ
|ⵜⵓⵎⴰⵢⵜ = {{:ⴰⵡⵡⵓⵔ:ⴰⵎⵣⵔⵓⵢ/ⵜⴰⵣⵡⵓⵔⵜ}}
}}

{{ⴰⵙⴰⵜⵉ
 |ⴰⵣⵡⵍ = ⴰⵎⴳⵔⴰⴷ ⵓⴼⵔⵉⵏ
 |ⵜⴰⵖⵣⵉ ⵏ ⵓⵣⵡⵍ = 60%
 |ⵜⴰⵢⴽⵓⵏⵜ =
 |ⴰⴽⵍⵓ ⵏ ⵓⵙⴽⴽⵉⵍ ⵏ ⵓⵣⵡⵍ = ffffff
 |ⴰⴽⵍⵓ ⵏ ⵜⵖⵔⴷⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵓⵣⵡⵍ = DD8F56
 |ⴰⴽⵍⵓ ⵏ ⵜⵖⵔⴷⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵓⵎⴰⵢⵜ = fff3c6
 |ⴰⵙⵏⴼⵍ =ⴰⵡⵡⵓⵔ:ⴰⵎⵣⵔⵓⵢ/ⴰⵎⴳⵔⴰⴷ ⵓⴼⵔⵉⵏ
 |ⵜⵓⵎⴰⵢⵜ = {{:ⴰⵡⵡⵓⵔ:ⴰⵎⵣⵔⵓⵢ/ⴰⵎⴳⵔⴰⴷ ⵓⴼⵔⵉⵏ}}
}}

{{ⴰⵙⴰⵜⵉ
 |ⴰⵣⵡⵍ = ⴰⵡⵔⵉⴽ ⵓⴼⵔⵉⵏ
 |ⵜⴰⵖⵣⵉ ⵏ ⵓⵣⵡⵍ = 60%
 |ⵜⴰⵢⴽⵓⵏⵜ =
 |ⴰⴽⵍⵓ ⵏ ⵓⵙⴽⴽⵉⵍ ⵏ ⵓⵣⵡⵍ = ffffff
 |ⴰⴽⵍⵓ ⵏ ⵜⵖⵔⴷⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵓⵣⵡⵍ = DD8F56
 |ⴰⴽⵍⵓ ⵏ ⵜⵖⵔⴷⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵓⵎⴰⵢⵜ = fff3c6
 |ⴰⵙⵏⴼⵍ =ⴰⵡⵡⵓⵔ:ⴰⵎⵣⵔⵓⵢ/ⴰⵡⵔⵉⴽ ⵓⴼⵔⵉⵏ
 |ⵜⵓⵎⴰⵢⵜ = {{:ⴰⵡⵡⵓⵔ:ⴰⵎⵣⵔⵓⵢ/ⴰⵡⵔⵉⴽ ⵓⴼⵔⵉⵏ}}
}}

{{ⴰⵙⴰⵜⵉ
|ⴰⵣⵡⵍ = ⵜⴰⵡⵍⴰⴼⵜ ⵜⵓⴼⵔⵉⵏⵜ
|ⵜⴰⵖⵣⵉ ⵏ ⵓⵣⵡⵍ = 65%
|ⵜⴰⵢⴽⵓⵏⵜ =
|ⴰⴽⵍⵓ ⵏ ⵓⵙⴽⴽⵉⵍ ⵏ ⵓⵣⵡⵍ = ffffff
|ⴰⴽⵍⵓ ⵏ ⵜⵖⵔⴷⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵓⵣⵡⵍ = DD8F56
|ⴰⴽⵍⵓ ⵏ ⵜⵖⵔⴷⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵓⵎⴰⵢⵜ = fff3c6
|ⴰⵙⵏⴼⵍ =ⴰⵡⵡⵓⵔ:ⴰⵎⵣⵔⵓⵢ/ⵜⴰⵡⵍⴰⴼⵜ ⵜⵓⴼⵔⵉⵏⵜ
|ⵜⵓⵎⴰⵢⵜ = {{:ⴰⵡⵡⵓⵔ:ⴰⵎⵣⵔⵓⵢ/ⵜⴰⵡⵍⴰⴼⵜ ⵜⵓⴼⵔⵉⵏⵜ}}
}}

{{ⴰⵙⴰⵜⵉ
 |ⴰⵣⵡⵍ = ⵉⵙ ⵜⵙⵙⵏⴷ?
 |ⵜⴰⵖⵣⵉ ⵏ ⵓⵣⵡⵍ = 60%
 |ⵜⴰⵢⴽⵓⵏⵜ =
 |ⴰⴽⵍⵓ ⵏ ⵓⵙⴽⴽⵉⵍ ⵏ ⵓⵣⵡⵍ = ffffff
 |ⴰⴽⵍⵓ ⵏ ⵜⵖⵔⴷⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵓⵣⵡⵍ = DD8F56
 |ⴰⴽⵍⵓ ⵏ ⵜⵖⵔⴷⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵓⵎⴰⵢⵜ = fff3c6
 |ⴰⵙⵏⴼⵍ =ⴰⵡⵡⵓⵔ:ⴰⵎⵣⵔⵓⵢ/ⵉⵙ ⵜⵙⵙⵏⴷ?
 |ⵜⵓⵎⴰⵢⵜ = {{:ⴰⵡⵡⵓⵔ:ⴰⵎⵣⵔⵓⵢ/ⵉⵙ ⵜⵙⵙⵏⴷ?}}
}}

{{ⴰⵙⴰⵜⵉ
|ⴰⵣⵡⵍ = ⵉⵙⵎⵉⵍⵏ
|ⵜⴰⵖⵣⵉ ⵏ ⵓⵣⵡⵍ = 40%
|ⵜⴰⵢⴽⵓⵏⵜ =
|ⴰⴽⵍⵓ ⵏ ⵓⵙⴽⴽⵉⵍ ⵏ ⵓⵣⵡⵍ = ffffff
|ⴰⴽⵍⵓ ⵏ ⵜⵖⵔⴷⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵓⵣⵡⵍ = DD8F56
|ⴰⴽⵍⵓ ⵏ ⵜⵖⵔⴷⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵓⵎⴰⵢⵜ = fff3c6
|ⴰⵙⵏⴼⵍ =ⴰⵡⵡⵓⵔ:ⴰⵎⵣⵔⵓⵢ/ⵉⵙⵎⵉⵍⵏ
|ⵜⵓⵎⴰⵢⵜ = {{:ⴰⵡⵡⵓⵔ:ⴰⵎⵣⵔⵓⵢ/ⵉⵙⵎⵉⵍⵏ}}
}}

{{ⴰⵙⴰⵜⵉ
 |ⴰⵣⵡⵍ = ⵉⵡⵡⵓⵔⴰ ⴰⵢⵜⵎⴰⵜⵏ
 |ⵜⴰⵢⴽⵓⵏⵜ =
 |ⵜⴰⵖⵣⵉ ⵏ ⵓⵣⵡⵍ = 60%
 |ⴰⴽⵍⵓ ⵏ ⵓⵙⴽⴽⵉⵍ ⵏ ⵓⵣⵡⵍ = ffff
 |ⴰⴽⵍⵓ ⵏ ⵜⵖⵔⴷⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵓⵣⵡⵍ = DD8F56
 |ⴰⴽⵍⵓ ⵏ ⵜⵖⵔⴷⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵓⵎⴰⵢⵜ = fff3c6
 |ⴰⵙⵏⴼⵍ =ⴰⵡⵡⵓⵔ:ⴰⵎⵣⵔⵓⵢ/ⵉⵡⵡⵓⵔⴰ ⴰⵢⵜⵎⴰⵜⵏ
 |ⵜⵓⵎⴰⵢⵜ = {{:ⴰⵡⵡⵓⵔ:ⴰⵎⵣⵔⵓⵢ/ⵉⵡⵡⵓⵔⴰ ⴰⵢⵜⵎⴰⵜⵏ}}
}}

{{ⴰⵙⴰⵜⵉ
 |ⴰⵣⵡⵍ = ⴰⵎⴳⵔⴰⴷ ⴰⵎⴰⵢⵏⵓ
 |ⵜⴰⵢⴽⵓⵏⵜ =
 |ⵜⴰⵖⵣⵉ ⵏ ⵓⵣⵡⵍ = 60%
 |ⴰⴽⵍⵓ ⵏ ⵓⵙⴽⴽⵉⵍ ⵏ ⵓⵣⵡⵍ = ffff
 |ⴰⴽⵍⵓ ⵏ ⵜⵖⵔⴷⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵓⵣⵡⵍ = DD8F56
 |ⴰⴽⵍⵓ ⵏ ⵜⵖⵔⴷⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵓⵎⴰⵢⵜ = fff3c6
 |ⴰⵙⵏⴼⵍ =ⴰⵡⵡⵓⵔ:ⴰⵎⵣⵔⵓⵢ/ⴰⵎⴳⵔⴰⴷ ⴰⵎⴰⵢⵏⵓ
 |ⵜⵓⵎⴰⵢⵜ = {{:ⴰⵡⵡⵓⵔ:ⴰⵎⵣⵔⵓⵢ/ⴰⵎⴳⵔⴰⴷ ⴰⵎⴰⵢⵏⵓ}}
}}

{{ⴰⵙⴰⵜⵉ
 |ⴰⵣⵡⵍ = ⵉⵙⵏⴼⴰⵔⵏ ⴰⵢⵜⵎⴰⵜⵏ
 |ⵜⴰⵖⵣⵉ ⵏ ⵓⵣⵡⵍ = 60%
 |ⵜⴰⵢⴽⵓⵏⵜ =
 |ⴰⴽⵍⵓ ⵏ ⵓⵙⴽⴽⵉⵍ ⵏ ⵓⵣⵡⵍ = ffffff
 |ⴰⴽⵍⵓ ⵏ ⵜⵖⵔⴷⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵓⵣⵡⵍ = DD8F56
 |ⴰⴽⵍⵓ ⵏ ⵜⵖⵔⴷⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵓⵎⴰⵢⵜ = fff3c6
 |ⴰⵙⵏⴼⵍ =ⴰⵡⵡⵓⵔ:ⴰⵎⵣⵔⵓⵢ/ⵉⵙⵏⴼⴰⵔⵏ ⴰⵢⵜⵎⴰⵜⵏ
 |ⵜⵓⵎⴰⵢⵜ = {{:ⴰⵡⵡⵓⵔ:ⴰⵎⵣⵔⵓⵢ/ⵉⵙⵏⴼⴰⵔⵏ ⴰⵢⵜⵎⴰⵜⵏ}}
}}

==ⵉⵙⴰⵖⵓⵍⵏ==
{{ⵉⵙⴰⵖⵓⵍⵏ}}

{{ⴰⴱⴰⴹ ⵓⵏⵜⵉⵎ}}
{{ⴰⵙⵎⵉⵍ|ⴰⵡⵡⵓⵔ}}</text>
      <sha1>r52o0yyf32kkkspssb4b4mmo0w1md8f</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>ⴰⵡⵡⵓⵔ:ⴰⵎⵣⵔⵓⵢ/ⴰⵙⴰⵔⵎ</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>1284</id>
    <revision>
      <id>175934</id>
      <parentid>153560</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-05-04T02:38:44Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>BihiBot</username>
        <id>2406</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>ⴽⴽⵙⵖ ⵉⵍⴱⵓⴹⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵏⵟⵟⵓⴼⵜ</comment>
      <origin>175934</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="151" sha1="8o8fx1egk52zsszky1k5rv7pa8r1x54" xml:space="preserve">
{{ⵉⵙⵕⵥⴰⵎ ⵏ ⵡⴰⴳⴳⵓⵔ |ⴰⵎⵣⵔⵓⵢ}}
==ⵉⵙⴰⵖⵓⵍⵏ==
{{ⵉⵙⴰⵖⵓⵍⵏ}}
{{ⴰⴱⴰⴹ ⵓⵏⵜⵉⵎ}}</text>
      <sha1>8o8fx1egk52zsszky1k5rv7pa8r1x54</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>ⴰⵡⵡⵓⵔ:ⴰⵎⵣⵔⵓⵢ/ⵉⵙⵎⵉⵍⵏ</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>1285</id>
    <revision>
      <id>175936</id>
      <parentid>168603</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-05-04T02:40:13Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>BihiBot</username>
        <id>2406</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>ⴽⴽⵙⵖ ⵉⵍⴱⵓⴹⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵏⵟⵟⵓⴼⵜ</comment>
      <origin>175936</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="643" sha1="c1l36dy4g4mbeiklae4ew7ti73mmbua" xml:space="preserve">{{ⵥⵕ ⵉⴷⵓⵙⵎⵉⵍⵏ}}
&lt;categorytree&gt;ⴰⵎⵣⵔⵓⵢ&lt;/categorytree&gt;
== ⵉⵙⴰⵖⵓⵍⵏ ==
*'''ⴰⵙⴳⵣⴰⵡⴰⵍ ⵏ [[ⴰⵙⵉⵏⴰⴳ ⴰⴳⵍⴷⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵓⵙⵙⵏⴰ ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵜ]](ⵙ.ⴳ.ⵙ.ⵎ) :''' [[ⵎⵙⵎⵓⵏ ⴰⵡⴰⵍ ⴰⵎⴰⵜⴰⵢ ⴰⵙⵏⵎⴰⵍⴰⵢ ⵏ ⵜⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵜ]] (ⵎ.ⵎ.ⵙ.ⵎ)
*'''ⴰⵙⴳⵣⴰⵡⴰⵍ ⵏ [[ⴰⵙⵉⵏⴰⴳ ⴰⴳⵍⴷⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵓⵙⵙⵏⴰ ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵜ]](ⵙ.ⴳ.ⵙ.ⵎ) :''' [[ⵎⵙⵎⵓⵏ ⴰⵡⴰⵍ ⴰⵎⴰⵜⴰⵢ ⴰⵙⵏⵎⴰⵍⴰⵢ ⵏ ⵜⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵜ]] (ⵎ.ⵎ.ⵙ.ⵎ)</text>
      <sha1>c1l36dy4g4mbeiklae4ew7ti73mmbua</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>ⵎⴰⵙⵉⵏⵏⵙⵏ</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>1728</id>
    <revision>
      <id>175907</id>
      <parentid>151554</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-05-03T14:51:46Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Lhoussine Bentayfaste</username>
        <id>13</id>
      </contributor>
      <origin>175907</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="8431" sha1="eah7uolg9uydd1dbh0d2agchmfz1fu0" xml:space="preserve">{{ⴰⵎⵏⵏⵉ ⵡⴰⵔ ⵉⵙⴰⵖⵓⵍⵏ}}
[[ⴰⴼⴰⵢⵍⵓ:GM Massinissa.png|220px|right|thumb|ⵓⴷⵎ ⵏ ⵎⴰⵙⵉⵏⵏⵙⵏ ⵓⴷⵔⵉⵎ ⴰⵣⴰⵢⴽⵓⴰⴳⵍⵉⴷ ⵏ ⵏⵏⵓⵎⵉⴷⵢⴰ ⵜⵓⴷⵔⵜ 

ⵜⴰⵍⴰⵍⵉⵜ : 238 BCEⵜⴰⵖⵍⴰⵏⵜ  :   ⵏⵓⵎⵉⴷⵢⴰ ⵜⴰⵎⵜⵜⵓⵏⵜ: 148 BCE

ⵜⴰⵡ,ⵊⴰ ⴱⴰⴱⴰⵙ :    ⴳⴰⵢⴰⵉⵜⴰⵀⵍ : :      ⵙⵓⵏⵓⴼⵓⴱⵢⴰ 

ⴰⵔⵔⴰⵡ   ⵏⵏⵙ:     ⴳⵓⵍⵓⵙⴰ  ⵎⵉⵙⴰⵊⵉⵏⵙ ]]
ⵉⴳⴰ ⵎⴰⵙⵉⵏⵉⵙⵙⴰ (ⵙ ⵜⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵜ ⵜⴰⵇⵇⴱⵓⵔⵜ: '''ⵎⴵⵏⴵⵏ''' ''/MSNSN/)'' [[ⵉⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵏ|ⴰⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖ]] ⵙⴳ ⵉⴳⵍⵍⵉⴷⵏ ⵉⵅⴰⵜⴰⵔⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵎⵓⵔⵜ ⵏ ⵏⵓⵎⵉⴷⵢⴰ ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵜ, ⵉⴳⴰ ⵙⴳ ⵡⵉⵏ ⴽⵙⴰⵏⵜⵉⵏⴰ ⵜⴰⵣⵣⴰⵢⵔⵉⵜ ⵏⵏⴰ ⵜ ⵉⵙⵏⴼⵍⵏ ⵖⵔ ⵙⵉⵔⵜⴰ, ⵢⴰⵙⵉ ⵜⵜ ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵥⵓⵏⵜ ⵏ ⵜⵏⴱⴰⴹⵜ ⵏⵏⵙ ⴳ ⵜⵎⵏⴰⴹⵜ ⵏ ⵎⵙⵉⵍⴰ, ⵢⵉⵡⵉ ⵓⴳⵍⵍⵉⴷ ⴰⴷ ⵜⵓⴷⵔⵜ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵉⵖⵣⵣⵉⴼⵏ ⵉ ⵜⵡⵓⵔⵉ ⵏ ⵉⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵏ ⵏⵏⴰ ⴳⵉⵙ ⵉⴽⵛⵎ ⵜⴰⵢⵔⵉ ⵏ ⵜⵉⴷⵜ ⴷ ⵜⵡⵓⵔⵉ ⴷ ⵜⴰⵢⵔⵉ. ⵉⴳⴰ ⵎⴰⵙⵉⵏⵉⵙⵙⴰ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵙⴳ ⵡⵉⵏⵏⴰ ⵢⵉⵡⵙⵏ ⴳ ⵓⵎⵏⵣⴰⵖ [[ⵉⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵏ|ⴰⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖ]] ⵏⵏⴰ ⵉⵙⵎⵓⵏⵏ ⵉⴳⵍⴷⵓⵏⵏ ⵏ ⵉⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵏ, ⴰⴽⴷ ⵙⵉⴼⴰⴽⵙ ⴷ ⵓⵢⵓⴳⵔⵜⴰ ⴷ ⵎⴰⵣⵉⴱⴰ ⴷ ⵉⴷⵎⵓⵏ, ⴳ ⵓⵙⴰⵜⵉ ⵏ ⵓⵎⵏⵣⴰⵖ ⵏ ⵓⴷⵡⴰⵍ ⵏ ⵕⵓⵎⴰⵏ ⵉⴹⴼⴰⵕⵏ ⵉ ⵉⵥⵥⵍⵎⴹ ⵏ ⵉⴼⵔⵉⵇⵢⴰ ⴰⴼⴰⴷ ⴰⴷ ⵢⴰⵛⴽ ⴷ ⴰⴷ ⵢⴰⵎⵥ ⴽⴽⵓⵥⵜ ⵏ ⵜⴳⵣⵣⵓⵎⵉⵏ ⵏⵏⵙ ⴷ ⴰⴷ ⵢⴰⵛⴽ ⴷ ⴰⴷ ⵉⵙⵎⵔⵙⵎⴰⵙⵉⵏⵉⵙⵙⴰ ⵉⴳⴰ ⴰⴳⵍⵍⵉⴷ ⵏ ⵉⴳⵍⵍⵉⴷⵏ ⵏⵏⴰ ⵉⵙⵏⴱⴰⴹⵏ ⵉⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵏ ⵉⵇⴱⵓⵔⵏ, ⵢⵓⵎⵥ ⴰⵏⵙⴰ ⵏ ⵓⴳⵍⵍⵉⴷ ⵏ ⵏⵓⵎⵉⴷⵢⴰ ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵜ, ⵏⵏⴰ ⵉⵍⵍⴰⵏ ⴳ ⵜⵙⴳⴰ ⵏ ⵉⵥⵥⵍⵎⴹ ⵏ ⵍⵣⵣⴰⵢⵔ, ⵉⵍⵓⵍ ⵎⴰⵙⵉⵏⵉⵙⵙⴰ ⴳ ⵓⵙⴳⴳⵡⴰⵙ ⵏ 200 ⴷ ⴽⴽⵓⵥ ⴷ ⴽⵕⴰⴹ ⴷ ⵎⵔⴰⵡ ⴷⴰⵜ ⵜⵍⴰⵍⵉⵜ ⵏ ⵍⵎⴰⵙⵉⵃ, ⵉⵍⵓⵍ ⴳ ⵜⵎⴷⵉⵏⵜ ⵏ ⵅⵏⵛⵍⵃ ⴳ ⵍⵣⵣⴰⵢⵔ, ⴷⴼⴼⵉⵔ ⵏ ⵖⵉⴽⴰⵏⵏ ⵢⵓⵣⵍ ⴷ ⵜⴰⵡⵊⴰ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵖⵔ ⵜⵎⴷⵉⵏⵜ ⵏ ⴽⴰⵙⴰⵏⵜⵉⵏⴰ, ⵏⵏⴰ ⵉⵜⵜⵓⵙⵏⴼⵍⵏ ⴷⴼⴼⵉⵔ ⵏ ⵖⵉⴽⴰⵏⵏ ⵢⵓⵎⵥ ⵙⵉⵔⵜⴰ, ⴷ ⵉⵙⴽⵔ ⵜⴰⵎⴷⵉⵏⵜ ⴰⴷ ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵥⵓⵏⵜ ⵜⵓⵏⵚⵉⴱⵜ ⵏ ⵜⴳⵍⴷⵉⵜ ⵏⵏⵙ, ⴳ ⵜⵙⴳⴰ ⵏ ⵓⴳⴰⴼⴰ ⵏ [[ⵍⵎⵖⵔⵉⴱ]] ⵓⴳⴳⴰⵔⵓ, ⵉⴳⴰ ⵡⴰⵏⵛⴽ ⵏ ⵓⴳⵍⵍⵉⴷ ⴳⴰⵢⴰⵢⴰ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⵎⴷⴰⵍ ⵏ ⴽⵔⴰⵟⴰⵚ ⴷ ⵎⵔⴰⵡ ⵏ ⵉⵙⴳⴳⵡⴰⵙⵏ, ⵍⵍⵉⵖ ⵉⵙⵜⵉⵡⵓⵔⵉⵡⵉⵏ ⵏⵏⵙ: ⵙⴳ ⵜⵉⵡⵓⵔⵉⵡⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵎⴰⵙⵉⵏⵉⵙⵙⴰ ⵉⵙⵎⵓⵏ ⵜⵉⵖⵔⵎⵉⵏ ⵜⵉⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵉⵏ ⴷⴷⴰⵡ ⵏ ⵜⵎⴰⵜⴰⵔⵜ ⵏ &quot; ⴰⴼⵔⵉⵇⵢⴰ ⵉ ⵉⴼⵔⵉⵇⵉⵢⵏ &quot; , ⵙⵍⴰⵡⴰⵏ ⴰⴽⴽⵡ ⵜⵉⵖⵔⵎⵉⵏ ⵏⵏⴰ ⵉⵣⴷⵖⵏ ⴳⵔ ⵜⵙⴳⴰ ⵏ ⵟⵕⴰⴱⵍⵓⵙ ⴳ ⵓⵏⵥⵓⵍ ⴷ ⵡⴰⵙⵉⴼ ⵏ ⵎⵍⵡⵉⵢⴰ ⴳ ⵓⴳⴰⴼⴰ . ⵙ ⵎⴰⵏⴰⵢⴰ, ⵉⵙⴽⵔ ⵜⴳⵍⴷⵉⵜ ⵏ ⵏⵓⵎⵉⴷⵢⴰ ⵜⴰⵅⴰⵜⴰⵔⵜ, ⵜⴰⵙⵉⵎⴰⵏⵜ ⵙⴳ ⵜⵏⴱⴰⴹⵜ ⵏ ⴽⴰⵔⵟⴰⵊⵉⵏ, ⴷ ⵢⴰⵖⵓⵍ ⴰⴳⵍⵍⵉⴷ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵉⵙⵎ ⵏ &quot; ⴰⴽⵍⵉⴷ &quot; (ⴰⴳⵍⵍⵉⴷ ⴳ ⵜⵓⵜⵍⴰⵢⵜ ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵜ), ⴷ ⵜⴱⵓⵖⵍⴰ ⵜⵙⴱⴱⴰⴱⵜ ⴷ ⵜⴽⵔⵣⴰ ⴳ ⵓⵣⵎⵣ ⵏⵏⵙ, ⴷ ⵉⵙⴽⵔ ⵎⴰⵙⵉⵏⵉⵙⵙⴰ ⵜⵉⵡⵓⵔⵉⵡⵉⵏ ⵜⵉⵙⵔⵜⴰⵏⵉⵏ ⴷ ⵜⴷⵎⵙⴰⵏⵉⵏ ⴷ ⵜⴷⵍⵙⴰⵏⵉⵏ ⴷ ⵜⵙⵏⴼⵍⵓⵍⵉⵏ ⵜⵉⵅⴰⵜⴰⵔⵉⵏ ⵉ ⵉⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵏ ⴳ ⵓⵣⵎⵣ ⵏⵏⵙ.ⵉⵙⵎ ⵏⵏⵙ ⴰⴳⵍⵍⵉⴷ ⵏ ⵓⴷⵔⵉⵎ, ⵉⴳⴰ ⴰⵎⵣⵡⴰⵔⵓ ⴳ ⵓⵎⵣⵔⵓⵢ ⵏ ⵉⵎⵙⵙⵉⵅⴼⵏ ⵏ ⵉⵎⵖⵔⴰⴱⵉⵢⵏ. ⵉⵍⵓⵍ ⴳ ⵓⵙⴳⴳⵡⴰⵙ ⵏ 238 ⴷⴰⵜ ⵜⵍⴰⵍⵉⵜ ⵏ ⵄⵉⵙⴰ, ⵉⴳⴰ ⵡⵉⵙⵙ ⵙⵉⵏ ⵙⴳ ⵉⴳⵍⵍⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵊⴰⵢⴰ ⴱⵏ ⵥⵉⵍⴰⵍⵙⴰⵏ ⴱⵏ ⵄⵉⵍⵉⵎⴰⵙ. ⵉⵍⵓⵍ ⴷ ⴳ ⵅⵏⵛⵍⵃⴰ ⵜⴰⵣⵣⴰⵢⵔⵉⵜ, ⵎⴰⵛⴰ ⵉⵎⵎⵓⵜ ⴷ ⵉⴷⴷⵓ ⵖⵔ ⵜⵖⵔⵎⵜ ⵏ ⴽⴰⵙⵜⴰⵏⵟⵉⵏⴰ, ⵏⵏⴰ ⵉⵙⵏⴼⵍⵏ ⴷⴼⴼⵉⵔ ⵏ ⵜⵏⴱⴰⴹⵜ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵖⵔ ⵙⵉⵔⵜⴰ, ⴷ ⵉⵙⴽⵔ ⵜⴰⵎⴷⵉⵏⵜ ⴰⴷ ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵥⵓⵏⵜ ⵏ ⵜⵏⴱⴰⴹⵜ ⵏⵏⵙ ⴳ ⵜⵎⵏⴰⴹⵜ ⵏ ⵓⴳⴰⴼⴰ ⴰⵣⵣⴰⵢⵔⵉ. ⵉⵙⵏⵓⴱⴳ ⵎⴰⵙⵉⵏⵉⵙⴰ ⵜⴰⴳⵍⴷⵉⵜ ⵏ ⵏⵓⵎⵉⴷⵢⴰ ⴷⴼⴼⵉⵔ ⵍⵍⵉⵖ ⵉⵙⵏⵓⴱⴳ ⴰⴳⵍⵍⵉⴷ ⵙⵉⴼⴰⴽⵙ ⵏ ⵎⴰⵙⵉⵏⵉⵙⵓⵍⵉ ⵏⵏⴰ ⵉⴳⴰⵏ ⴰⵎⴷⵔⴰⵡ ⵏ ⴽⴰⵔⵟⵓⴽⴰ, ⴷ ⵉⵙⵏⵓⴱⴳ ⵜⴰⴳⵍⴷⵉⵜ ⵏⵏⵙ ⴰⴼⴰⴷ ⴰⴷ ⵢⴰⵎⵥ ⵜⵉⵍⵉⵜ ⵏ ⵓⴳⵍⵍⵉⴷ ⵏⵏⵙ. ⵉⵜⵜⵡⴰⵙⵙⵏ ⵎⴰⵙ ⵉⴳⴰ ⵎⴰⵙⵉⵏⵉⵙⵙⴰ ⴷⴰⵔⵙ ⵜⵉⵔⵎⵜ ⴳ ⵓⵙⵡⵓⴷⴷⵓ ⵏ ⵉⵎⵏⵖⵉ ⴷ ⵓⵙⵖⵉⵡⵙ ⵏⵏⵙ. ⵉⵙⴽⵔ ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵣⵉⵔⵜ ⵏ ⴱⵉⵔⴱⵉⵔ ⵉⵟⵟⴼⵏ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵣⵉⵔⵜ ⵜⴰⵅⴰⵜⴰⵔⵜ ⴷⴰⵔⵙ ⵜⴰⴳⴷⵓⴷⴰⵏⵜ ⵜⴰⵅⴰⵜⴰⵔⵜ ⴷ ⵉⵙⴷⵓⵙ ⵜⴰⴽⵔⵣⴰ. ⵉⵙⴽⵔ ⵙⵉⵔⵜⴰ ⵜⴰⵎⴷⵉⵏⵜ ⵏⵏⵙ ⴷ ⵉⵎⵎⵓⵜ ⵎⴰⵙⵉⵏⵉⵙⴰ ⴳ ⵓⵙⴳⴳⵡⴰⵙ ⵏ 148 ⴷⴰⵜ ⵜⵍⴰⵍⵉⵜ ⵏ ⵄⵉⵙⴰ ⴷⴼⴼⵉⵔ ⵍⵍⵉⵖ ⵉⵇⵇⵉⵎ ⵖ ⵓⵥⵍⵎⴰⴹ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵓⴳⴳⴰⵔ ⵏ ⵙⵉⵎⵔⴰⵡ ⵏ ⵓⵙⴳⴳⵡⴰⵙ ⵙⴳ ⵓⵙⴳⴳⵡⴰⵙ ⵏ 202 ⴰⵔ 148 ⴷⴰⵜ ⵜⵍⴰⵍⵉⵜ ⵏ ⵄⵉⵙⴰ. ⵎ. ⵉⵍⵍⴰ ⵍⵇⵓⴱⴱⴰⵏ ⵏⵏⵙ ⴰⵔ ⴰⵙⵙⴰ ⴳ ⵜⵎⴷⵉⵏⵜ ⵏ ⵍⵅⵔⵓⴱ ⴳ ⵜⵖⵔⵎⵜ ⵏ ⴽⵓⵙⴰⵏⵟⵉⵏⴰ ⵍⵍⵉ ⵎⵉ ⵜⵜⵉⵏⵉⵏ ⵙⵉⵔⵜⴰ ⵜⴰⵇⴱⵓⵔⵜ.ⵉⴳⴰ ⵎⴰⵙⵉⵏⵉⵙⵙⴰ [[ⵉⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵏ|ⴰⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖ]] ⵙⴳ ⵉⴳⵍⵍⵉⴷⵏ ⵉⵅⴰⵜⴰⵔⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵎⵓⵔⵜ ⵏ ⵏⵓⵎⵉⴷⵢⴰ ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵜ, ⵉⴳⴰ ⵙⴳ ⵡⵉⵏ ⴽⵙⴰⵏⵜⵉⵏⴰ ⵜⴰⵣⵣⴰⵢⵔⵉⵜ ⵏⵏⴰ ⵜ ⵉⵙⵏⴼⵍⵏ ⵖⵔ ⵙⵉⵔⵜⴰ, ⵢⴰⵙⵉ ⵜⵜ ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵥⵓⵏⵜ ⵏ ⵜⵏⴱⴰⴹⵜ ⵏⵏⵙ ⴳ ⵜⵎⵏⴰⴹⵜ ⵏ ⵎⵙⵉⵍⴰ, ⵢⵉⵡⵉ ⵓⴳⵍⵍⵉⴷ ⴰⴷ ⵜⵓⴷⵔⵜ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵉⵖⵣⵣⵉⴼⵏ ⵉ ⵜⵡⵓⵔⵉ ⵏ ⵉⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵏ ⵏⵏⴰ ⴳⵉⵙ ⵉⴽⵛⵎ ⵜⴰⵢⵔⵉ ⵏ ⵜⵉⴷⵜ ⴷ ⵜⵡⵓⵔⵉ ⴷ ⵜⴰⵢⵔⵉ. ⵉⴳⴰ ⵎⴰⵙⵉⵏⵉⵙⵙⴰ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵙⴳ ⵡⵉⵏⵏⴰ ⵢⵉⵡⵙⵏ ⴳ ⵓⵎⵏⵣⴰⵖ [[ⵉⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵏ|ⴰⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖ]] ⵏⵏⴰ ⵉⵙⵎⵓⵏⵏ ⵉⴳⵍⴷⵓⵏⵏ ⵏ ⵉⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵏ, ⴰⴽⴷ ⵙⵉⴼⴰⴽⵙ ⴷ ⵓⵢⵓⴳⵔⵜⴰ ⴷ ⵎⴰⵣⵉⴱⴰ ⴷ ⵉⴷⵎⵓⵏ, ⴳ ⵓⵙⴰⵜⵉ ⵏ ⵓⵎⵏⵣⴰⵖ ⵏ ⵓⴷⵡⴰⵍ ⵏ ⵕⵓⵎⴰⵏ ⵉⴹⴼⴰⵕⵏ ⵉ ⵉⵥⵥⵍⵎⴹ ⵏ ⵉⴼⵔⵉⵇⵢⴰ ⴰⴼⴰⴷ ⴰⴷ ⵢⴰⵛⴽ ⴷ ⴰⴷ ⵢⴰⵎⵥ ⴽⴽⵓⵥⵜ ⵏ ⵜⴳⵣⵣⵓⵎⵉⵏ ⵏⵏⵙ ⴷ ⴰⴷ ⵢⴰⵛⴽ ⴷ ⴰⴷ ⵉⵙⵎⵔⵙ

==ⵜⴰⵔⵉⴷⵉⵔⵜ==
{{ⵉⴳⵍⵍⵉⴷⵏ ⵉⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵏ}}

==ⵉⵙⴰⵖⵓⵍⵏ==
{{ⴰⵙⵎⵉⵍ|ⴰⵎⵣⵔⵓⵢ|ⴰⵎⵣⵔⵓⵢ ⵏ ⵉⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵏ|ⵉⴳⵍⵍⵉⴷⵏ ⵉⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵏ}}
{{ⵉⵙⴰⵖⵓⵍⵏ}}
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      <text bytes="14388" sha1="0i79cg9t9yr3mt7zxr7nsihbeiczrln" xml:space="preserve">{{ⵜⴰⴼⵍⵓⵖⵎⵉⵙⵜ ⵓⴳⴳⵉⴷ}}
'''ⵎⵓⵃⵎⵎⴰⴷ ⵛⴰⴼⵉⵇ'''  (ⵙ [[ⵜⵓⵜⵍⴰⵢⵜ ⵜⴰⴼⵕⴰⵏⵚⵉⵚⵜ|ⵜⴼⵕⴰⵏⵚⵉⵚⵜ]]: Mohamed Chafik) ⵉⴳⴰ ⴰⵙⴰⵜⵉ ⴰⵎⵙⵙⵓⴳⵓⵔ ⴰⵎⵖⵔⵉⴱⵉ, ⴰⵔⴳⴰⵣ ⵏ ⵜⴷⵍⵙⴰ, [[ⴰⵎⴰⵔⴰ]], [[ⴰⵎⵔⵣⵓ]], [[ⴰⵎⵙⵏⵉⵍⵙ]] ⴷ [[ⴰⵡⵏⴳⵉⵎ|ⵓⵎⵙⵡⵉⵏⴳⵉⵎ]] ⴰⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖ. ⵉⵜⵜⵓⵢⵙⵙⴰⵏ ⵙ ⵓⵎⵖⴰⵔ ⴰⵏⵉⵎⴰⵏ ⵏ [[ⴰⵎⵓⵙⵙⵓ ⴰⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖ|ⵓⵎⵓⵙⵙⵓ ⴰⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖ]] ⴳ [[ⵎⵓⵔⴰⴽⵓⵛ|ⵍⵎⵖⵔⵉⴱ]], ⵉⵍⵓⵍ ⴳ ⵓⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙ ⵏ 1926 ⴷⴰⵜ ⵏ ⵜⵍⴰⵍⵉⵜ ⴳ ''[[ⴱⵉⵔ ⵟⴰⵎ ⵟⴰⵎ]]'', [[ⴰⵢⵜ ⵙⴰⴷⴷⵏ]], ⵜⴰⵙⴳⴰ ⵏ [[ⵚⴼⵕⵓ (ⵜⴰⵎⴷⵉⵏⵜ)|ⵚⴼⵕⵓ]].&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;[[ⵕⴰⵛⵉⴷ_ⵏⴰⵊⵉⴱ_ⵙⵉⴼⴰⵡ]] (2006).[http://www.mondeberbere.com/chafik_najib-sifaw.html ⴰⴱⵓⵕⵟⵕⵉ ⵏ ⵎⵓⵃⵎⵎⴰⴷ ⵛⴰⴼⵉⵇ] (&lt;small&gt;ⵜⴰⴼⵕⴰⵏⵙⵉⵙⵜ&lt;/small&gt;).[http://www.mondeberbere.com/ Mondeberbere.com]. ⴰⵙⴰⴽⵓⴷ ⵏ ⵜⵥⵕⵉ: 2025-11-30 &lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:3&quot; /&gt;  

ⵉⴳⴰ ⵎⵓⵃⵎⵎⴰⴷ ⵛⴰⴼⵉⵇ ⴰⴳⵎⴰⵎ ⵏ [[ⵜⴰⴽⴰⴷⵉⵎⵉⵜ ⵏ ⵜⴳⵍⴷⵉⵜ ⵏ ⵍⵎⵖⵔⵉⴱ|ⵜⴽⴰⴷⵉⵎⵉⵜ ⵏ ⵜⴳⵍⴷⵉⵜ ⵏ ⵍⵎⵖⵔⵉⴱ]], ⴰⵎⵙⵖⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵎⴰⵡⴰⵙⵜ ⵏ ⵓⵙⵙⵍⵎⴷ ⴰⵏⴰⵎⵓⵔ, ⵉⵎⵉⵔⵉ ⵏ ⵓⵡⴰⵏⴽ ⴷⴰⵔ ⵓⵎⴰⵡⴰⵙ ⴰⵎⵣⵡⴰⵔⵓ, ⴰⵏⵎⵀⴰⵍ ⵏ ⵜⵉⵏⵎⵍ ⵜⴰⴳⵍⴷⴰⵏⵜ, ⴰⵏⴱⴷⴰⴷ ⵏ ⵓⵙⵉⵏⴰⴳ ⴰⴳⵍⴷⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵓⵙⵙⵏⴰ ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵜ ([[ⴰⵙⵉⵏⴰⴳ ⴰⴳⵍⴷⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵓⵙⵙⵏⴰ ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵜ|ⵙ.ⴳ.ⵙ.ⵎ]]), ⴰⵎⵥⵍⴰⵢ ⵏ ⵜⵓⵜⵍⴰⵢⵜ ⴷ ⵜⵙⴽⵍⴰ ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵜ ⴷ ⵜⵄⵕⴰⴱⵜ ⴳ ⵙ.ⴳ.ⵙ.ⵎ, ⵎⵓⵃⵎⵎⴰⴷ ⵛⴰⴼⵉⵇ ⵉⴳⴰ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵙⴳ ⵓⴷⵎⴰⵡⵏ ⵉⵏⵎⵖⵓⵔⵏ ⵏ ⵓⵎⵓⵙⵙⵓ ⴰⴷⵍⵙⴰⵏ ⴰⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖ.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;  

ⵎⵓⵃⵎⵎⴰⴷ ⵛⴰⴼⵉⵇ ⴷⴰⵔⵙ ⵜⴰⵖⴰⵔⴰⵙⵜ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵜⴰⵎⵥⵍⴰⵢⵜ ⴳ ⵉⵎⵏⵖⵉ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵅⴼ ⵜⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵜ, ⵉⵃⵎⵍ ⵜⴰⵖⴰⵔⴰⵙⵜ ⵜⴰⴷⵍⵙⴰⵏⵜ ⵅⴼ ⵓⵖⴰⵔⴰⵙ ⵏ ⵜⵙⵔⵜⵉⵜ. ⴰⵔ ⵉⵜⵜⵎⴰⵖ ⵎⵓⵃⵎⵎⴰⴷ ⵛⴰⴼⵉⵇ ⵙ ⵓⴷⵍⵉⵙ ⴷ ⵓⵖⴰⵏⵉⴱ ⴷ ⵜⴳⵓⵔⵉ.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot;&gt;{{ⴱⴷⵔ ⴰⵡⵉⴱ|title=TelQuel : Le Maroc tel qu'il est|url=http://www.telquel-online.com/181/sujet2.shtml|website=www.telquel-online.com|access-date=2025-11-30|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070611175236/http://www.telquel-online.com/181/sujet2.shtml|archive-date=2007-06-11}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot;&gt;{{ⴱⴷⵔ ⴰⵡⵉⴱ|title=Amazigh World : Breves informations|url=http://www.amazighworld.org/news/interviews/index_show.php?article=220|website=www.amazighworld.org|access-date=2025-11-30|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160303165545/http://www.amazighworld.org/news/interviews/index_show.php?article=220|archive-date=2016-03-03}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:3&quot;&gt;{{ⴱⴷⵔ ⴰⵡⵉⴱ|title=Amazigh World : Breves informations|url=http://www.amazighworld.org/news/interviews/index_show.php?article=266|website=www.amazighworld.org|access-date=2025-11-30|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070804163055/http://www.amazighworld.org/news/interviews/index_show.php?article=266|archive-date=2007-08-04}}&lt;/ref&gt;

==ⵜⵉⵡⵓⵔⵉⵡⵉⵏ==

ⵎⵓⵃⵎⵎⴰⴷ ⵛⴰⴼⵉⵇ ⵉⴳⴰ ⵙⴳ ⵉⵎⵣⵡⵓⵔⴰ ⵍⵍⵉ ⵉⴼⵔⴽⵏ ⵙ ⵡⵓⴷⵎ ⴰⵎⵏⵏⴰⵡ ⵏ ⵜⵎⴰⴳⵉⵜ ⵜⴰⴷⵍⵙⴰⵏⵜ ⵏ ⵎⵕⵕⵓⴽ. ⵣⵖ ⵜⵉⵣⵡⵓⵔⵉ ⵏ ⵉⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙⵏ 60 ⵖ ⵜⴰⵙⵓⵜ ⴰⴷ ⵉⵣⵔⵉⵏ, ⴰⴷ ⵉⵎⵎⴰⵖ ⴰⴼⴰⴷ ⵉⵜⵜⵓⵢⴰⵙⵙⴰⵏ ⵙ ⵡⵓⴷⵎ ⴰⴷ ⵉⵣⵣⵎⵣⵃⵍⵉⵏ ⵎⵕⵕⵓⴽ ⵏⴳⵔ ⵜⵎⵉⵣⴰⵔ ⵢⴰⴹⵏ. ⴽⵉⴳⴰⵏ ⴷ ⵜⵖⴰⵔⴰⵙⵉⵏ ⴰⵙ ⵉⵎⵎⴰⵖ ⴰⴷ ⵉⵙ ⵉⵎⵍ ⵉ ⵉⵏⴰⵎⵓⵔⵏ ⵎⴰ ⵙ ⴷ ⵓⵔ ⵉⵇⵇⴰⵏ ⴰⴷ ⵜⵜⵓⵏ ⵜⵉⵣⵔⵉⴳⵉⵏ ⵍⵍⵉ ⵅⴼ ⵜⴻⵜⵜⵓⵙⴽⴰ ⵜⵎⴰⴳⵉⵜ ⵏ ⵓⵎⵕⵕⵓⴽ, ⵙⵍⴰⵡⵏⵜ ⴰⴽⴽⵯ ⴰⵙⵎⵙⵉⵍ ⴰⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖ. ⵎⴽ ⴰⵏⵏ ⴰ ⴼ ⵢⵓⵔⴰ ⵖ ⵜⵙⵖⵓⵏⵜ ⵏ ⴰⴼⴰⵇ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵎⵏⵏⴰⵡ ⵉⵎⴰⴳⵔⴰⴷⵏ ⵅⴼ ⵡⴰⵎⵎⴰⴽ ⵉⴷⵔⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵓⵎⴰⵔⴳ ⵏ ⵜⴰⵎⵎⴰⵖⵜ ⵅⴼ ⵜⵎⴰⵣⵉⵔⵜ ⵍⵍⵉ ⵏⵏⴰⵏ ⵉⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵏ ⵉⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙⵏ ⵍⵍⵉ ⴷ ⵜⴽⵛⵎ ⴼⵕⴰⵏⵚⴰ. ⵎⴰⵛⴰ ⴰⵡⴷ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⵔ ⵜⵜ ⵢⵉⵡⵉ ⵖ ⵓⵣⵎⵣ ⴰⵏⵏ ⵖ ⵣⵓⵏ ⴷ ⴰⵡⴰⵍ ⴰⴷ. ⵎⴷⴷⵏ ⵓⵔⵜⴰ ⴷ ⴼⴼⵓⵖⵏ ⵖ ⵜⵏⴰⵏⵉⵡⵉⵏ ⵍⵍⵉ ⵙ ⵉⵥⴹⴰ ⵓⵎⵓⵙⵙⵓ ⴰⵏⴰⵎⵓⵔ ⴰⵙⵉⵡⵍ ⵏⵏⵙ. ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵜ ⵜⴳⴰ ⴰⴳⵯⴷⴰⵍ ⵙ ⵓⵔ ⵉⵙⵏⵎ ⵢⴰⵏ. ⵎⴽ ⴰⵏⵏ ⴰ ⴼ ⴷⴰⵖ ⵉⵙⵡⴰⵏⴳⵎ ⴰⴷ ⵢⴰⵙⵉ ⵉⵎⵉⵙ ⵏ ⵍⵉⵙⵍⴰⵎ ⴰⵎⵏⵏⴰⵡ, ⵍⵉⵙⵍⴰⵎ ⵓⵔ ⵉⵇⵇⵏⵏ ⵅⴼ ⵉⵅⴼ ⵏⵏⵙ. ⴰⵙⵖⴰⵏ ⴰⴷ ⵉⵙⵎⴰⵏⵏ ⵉⵎⵕⵕⵓⴽⵉⵢⵏ, ⵢⵉⵖⵉ ⴰⴷ ⵉⴱⴷⴷ ⵎⵏⵉⴷ ⵏ ⵓⵙⵉⵡⵍ ⵉⵙⵙⵉⵎⵖⵓⵔⵏ ⵙ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵡⵓⴷⵎ ⵉⵙⵙⵉⵡⵉⴷⵏ ⴰⵙⵎⵙⵉⵍ ⴰⵄⵕⴰⴱ ⵏⵖ ⴰⴽⴽⵯ ⴰⵥⵓⵕ ⴰⵄⵕⴰⴱ, ⵉⵍⵓⵍⵏ ⵖ ⵉⵎⵓⵍⴰ ⵏ ⵓⵎⵓⵙⵙⵓ ⴰⵏⴰⵙⵉⵔⵉⵢ ⵖ ⵎⵉⵚⵕ, ⴷ ⵍⴱⴰⵄⵜ ⵖ ⵙⵓⵔⵢⴰ ⴷ ⵍⵄⵉⵔⴰⵇ. ⵎⵇⵇⴰⵔ ⴷ ⵓⵢⴰ ⵏⵏ, ⵉⵎⵕⵕⵓⴽⵉⵢⵏ ⵙⵓⵍ ⵇⵇⵏⵜ ⵡⴰⵍⵍⵏ ⵏⵏⵙⵏ ⵅⴼ ⵜⵓⴳⴳⵜ ⵏ ⵉⵙⵎⵙⵉⵍⵏⵏ ⵍⵍⵉ ⵅⴼ ⵜⴻⵜⵜⵓⵚⴽⴰ ⵜⵖⵙⵙⴰ ⵏⵏⵙⵏ.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;

ⵖ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⵣⵎⵣ ⵍⵍⵉⵖ ⵉⵙⴰⵜ ⵓⵙⵉⵡⵍ ⵏ ⵉⵣⵔⴼⴰⵏ ⵓⴼⴳⴰⵏ ⴰⵔ ⴷ ⵉⴽⵛⵛⵎ ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵣⵉⵔⵜ, ⵙⴰⵜⵏ ⵎⴷⴷⵏ ⴰⵔ ⵙⴰⵡⴰⵍⵏ ⵅⴼ ⵓⵣⵔⴼ ⵏ ⵜⵡⵉⵙⵉ ⵖ ⵜⵓⴷⵔⵜ ⵜⴰⵙⵔⵜⴰⵏⵜ, ⵖ ⵜⵓⴷⵔⵜ ⵜⴰⴷⵍⵙⴰⵏⵜ, ⵙⵙⴰⵜⵏ ⵉⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵏ ⴰⵔ ⵙⴰⵡⴰⵍⵏ ⴰⵡⴷ ⵏⵜⵜⵏⵉ ⵅⴼ ⵓⵣⵔⴼ ⵏⵏⵙⵏ ⵖ ⵡⴰⵡⴰⵍ, ⵙ ⵓⵣⵔⴼ ⵏⵏⵙⵏ ⵖ ⵉⵖⵔⵎ. ⵖⵉⵏⵏ ⴰⵖ ⴷ ⵜⵓⴳⴳⴰ ⵜⵡⵓⵔⵉ ⵉⵣⴳⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵎⵓⵃⴰⵎⵎⴰⴷ ⵛⴰⴼⵉⵇ ⴰⴼⴰⴷ ⴰⴷ ⵢⴰⵡⵙ ⵖ ⵜⵏⴽⵔⴰ ⵏ ⵡⴰⵡⴰⵍ ⴷ ⵉⴷⵍⵙ ⴰⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖ. ⵎⴰⴷ ⵢⴰⴷ ⵢⴰⵔⴰ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⴷⵍⵉⵙ ⵉⴳⴳⵣⵣⵓⵍⵏ ⵅⴼ ⵓⵎⵣⵔⵓⵢ ⵏ ⵉⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵏ, ⴰⴷⵍⵉⵙ ⵉⵥⴹⴰⵕⵏ ⴰⴷ ⵉⵙⵙⵉⵎⵉⵎ ⵉ ⵉⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵏ ⴰⵡⴰⵍ ⵏ ⵓⵎⵣⵔⵓⵢ ⵉⵙⵔⴳ ⴰⵙⵏ ⴰⴷ ⴷⴰⵖ ⵛⵛⵏ ⵉⴼⵔⴰⵡⵏ ⵖ ⵜⴰⵙⵖⴰⵔⵜ ⵏ ⵡⴰⵡⴰⵍ ⵉⵍⵍⴰⵏ ⵖ ⴷⵔⵏ, ⵉⵙⵙⵓⴼⵖ ⴷ ⴰⵎⴰⵡⴰⵍ ⵜⴰⵕⴰⴱⵜ ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵜ, ⴷ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⴷⵍⵉⵙ ⵅⴼ ⵜⵊⵕⵕⵓⵎⵜ ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵜ, ⵢⴰⵡⵙ ⴷ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⵔⴰⴱⴱⵓⵜ ⵏ ⵉⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵏ ⵖ ⵓⵙⵓⴼⵖ ⵏ ⵜⵙⵖⵓⵏⵜ ⵜⵉⴼⴰⵡⵜ ⵉⴼⴽⴰⵏ ⴰⵜⵉⴳ ⵉⴳⴳⵓⵜⵏ ⵉ ⵜⵉⵔⵔⴰ ⵙ ⵜⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵜ.
ⴰⵎⵙⴽⴰⵏ [[ⵉⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵏ|ⴰⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖ]] ⴰⴷ ⵉⴳⴰⵏ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵖ ⵉⴹⵕⵉⵚⵏ ⵉⴳⴳⵓⵔⴰⵏ ⵢⴰⵔⴰ ⵎⵓⵃⴰⵎⵎⴰⴷ ⵛⴰⴼⵉⵇ. ⵉⵔⴰ ⴳⵉⵙ, ⵖ ⵜⴼⵔⴽⴰ ⵏ ⴰⵢⵍⵍⵉ ⵎⵓ ⵜⵜⵉⵏⵉⵏ ⴰⵙⵎⵓⵜⵜⵉ ⴰⴳⵎⵓⴽⵔⴰⵜⵉⵢ, ⴰⴷ ⵉⵙⵎⵓⵏ ⵉⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵏ ⴰⴼⴰⴷ ⵇⴷ ⵉⵏⵉⵏ ⴰⵎⵏⴰⴷ ⵏⵏⵙⵏ ⵖ ⵜⵉⵣⵉ ⴰⴷ ⵏ ⵜⵓⴷⵔⵜ ⵜⴰⵙⵔⵜⴰⵏⵜ ⵏ ⵎⵕⵕⵓⴽ.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;

==ⵉⴷⵍⵉⵙⵏ==
* Pensées sous-développées, 1972, Librairie-papeterie des écoles, Rabat.
* Ce que dit le muezzin, 1974, Librairie-papeterie des écoles, Rabat.
* Aperçu sur trente-trois siècles d’histoire des Amazighs, 1989, Alkalam, Mohammedia.
* Dictionnaire bilingue : arabe-amazigh, tome 1 (1990), tome 2 (1996), tome 3 (1999), Publications de l’Académie marocaine.
* Quarante-quatre leçons en langue amazighe, 1991, Édition arabo-africaine, Rabat.
* Le dialecte marocain : un domaine de contacte entre l’amazigh et l’arabe, 1999, publication de l’Académie marocaine, Rabat.
* La langue tamazight et sa structure linguistique, 2000, Le Fennec, Rabat.
* Pour un Maghreb d’abord maghrébin, 2000, Centre Tarik Ibn Zyad, Rabat.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;

==ⵜⵉⵏⴰⵡⵉⵏ==
* L’identité amazighe, discours prononcé à l’occasion de son entrée à l’Académie du royaume du Maroc le 25 novembre 1980.
* Spécificité de la culture marocaine, discours préparé pour la première conférence nationale sur la culture marocaine tenue à Taroudant le 6 juin 1986.
* La nécessité de l’ouverture culturelle, discours préparé pour les travaux de conseil national pour la culture tenu le 18 janvier 1993 à Rabat.
* La préparation d’un dictionnaire réservé à la langue amazighe, discours prononcé lors des journées de la culture amazighe organisées le 16 novembre 1990 par l’Association marocaine pour la recherche et l’échange culturel à Rabat.
* Autour du dictionnaire amazigh, deuxième discours prononcé lors des journées de la culture amazighe organisées le 16 novembre 1990 par l’Association marocaine pour la recherche et l’échange culturel à Rabat.
* Discours d’inauguration de la première session du conseil d’administration de l’Ircam, Inghmisn n usinag, n° 1, mai 2003.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;

==ⵉⵔⵣⵣⵓⵜⵏ==
* « Les relations entre les langues arabe et tamazight », La recherche scientifique, n° 25, juin 1976, Institut universitaire pour la recherche scientifique, Rabat.
* « Déduction de l’amazighe éloquente de l’amazighe vernaculaire », Association de l’Université d’été Agadir, 1982, in La culture populaire, l’unité dans la diversité, Imprimerie Fdala, Mohammedia.
* « Le génie de la langue amazighe », in La culture populaire entre le local et le national, publication de l’Association d’université d’été d’Agadir, Okad, 1988, Rabat.
* « La poésie amazighe et la résistance armée au Moyen et au Haut Atlas entre 1912-1934 », Alakadimiyya, n° 4, novembre 1987.
* « Une lettre à mon ami en Islam », Tifawt, n°6, novembre 1995.
* « Le substrat berbère de la culture maghrébine », Französish Heute, juin 1984.
* « Éléments lexicaux berbères pouvant apporter un éclairage dans la recherche sur les origines préhistoriques des pyramides », Tifinagh, n° 11-12, août 1997.
* « Existe-t-elle une langue amazighe classique », Inghmisn n usinag, Institut royal de la culture amazighe, mars 2004.
* « Le vécu individuel d’une appartenance identitaire pluridimensionnelle », Mouqaddimat, n° 29-30, printemps 2004.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;

==ⵉⵎⴳⵔⴰⴷ==
* « L’amazighe et la question culturelle au Maroc », Afaq, n° 1, janvier 1992.
* « Le Maroc a sa propre identité », Tifawt, n° 5, avril 1995.
* « Premiers éléments pour une charte nationale de patriotisme », Tifawt, n° 7, janvier 1996.
* « C’était à Timahdit », Tifawt, n° 5, mars 1995.
* « Lettre ouverte à moi-même, au Marocain multiple que je suis », Tifawt, n° 9, 1er trimestre 1997.
* « Repus sont les loups. Qu’au moins ils digèrent mal ! », Tifawt, n° 11, hiver 1998.
* « Quel avenir pour le berbère ? », Tifawt, n° 8, printemps 1998.
* « Grand-père, dis-moi la patrie. », Tifawt, n° 4, novembre 1994.
* « L’amazighité et le véritable nationalisme », Tamunt, Amrec, n° 1, janvier 1994.
* « À Madame Marie-France de Paris, Europe des Quinze, Bruxelles », Tifawt, n° 6, novembre 1995.
* « Faisons le bilan : le deuxième du siècle », Le Journal, 24 avril 1999.
* « Et si l’on décolonisait l’Afrique du Nord pour du bon ! » Le monde amazigh, n° 53, novembre 2004.
* « Les berbères, leur contribution à l’élaboration des cultures méditerranéennes », Le monde amazigh,  n° 67, décembre 2005&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;

==ⵉⵏⵎⵓⴳⴳⴰⵔⵏ==
* Entretien avec la revue Tifawt, n° 4, novembre 1994.
* Entretien avec la revue Alfurqan, n° 38, janvier 1997.
* Entretien avec le journal Le monde amazigh, n° 60, mai 2005.
* Entretien avec le journal Le monde amazigh, n° 8, avril 1997.
* Entretient avec le journal Agraw amazigh, n° 80, avril 1996.
* Entretien avec le journal Annachra, n° 60, 8 avril 1996.
* Entretien avec le journal Annachra, n° 223, 29 mai 2000.
* Entretien avec le journal Alharaka, n° 3816, 25 avril 2000.
* Entretien avec la revue Nawafid, n° 17-18, août 2002.
* Entretien avec le magazine Tel Quel, n° 181, 18 juin 2005.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;

==ⵜⴰⵏⴰⴹⵉⵏ==
* Un rapport sur la nécessité de la promotion de la langue amazighe et son enseignement à l’ensemble des Marocains, avril 1978.
* Un manifeste pour la reconnaissance officielle de l’amazighité du Maroc, mars 2000.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;

== ⵥⵕ ⵓⴳⴳⴰⵔ ==
*[[ⴰⵎⴰⵡⴰⵍ ⴰⵄⵕⴰⴱ ⴰⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖ (ⵎⵙⵎⵓⵏ ⴰⵡⴰⵍ)|ⴰⵎⴰⵡⴰⵍ ⴰⵄⵕⴰⴱ ⴰⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖ]]

==ⵉⵙⴰⵖⵓⵍⵏ==
{{ⴰⵙⵎⵉⵍ |ⴰⵎⴰⵔⴰ ⴰⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖ |ⴰⵎⵖⵏⴰⵙ |ⵎⵙⵎⵓⵏ ⴰⵡⴰⵍ ⴰⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖ |ⴰⵎⴰⵡⴰⵍ ⴰⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖ|ⴰⵎⵙⵏⵉⵍⵙ ⴰⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖ}}
{{ⴰⵙⵎⵉⵍ|ⵉⵎⴰⵔⴰⵜⵏ|ⵉⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵏ}}
{{ⵉⵙⴰⵖⵓⵍⵏ}}
{{ⵜⵓⵜⵍⴰⵢⵜ ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵜ ⵜⴰⵏⴰⵡⴰⵢⵜ ⵜⴰⵎⵖⵔⵉⴱⵉⵜ}}
{{ⴰⴱⴰⴹ ⵓⵏⵜⵉⵎ}}</text>
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{{ⴰⵎⵓⴷ}}
{{ⵜⴰⴼⵍⵓⵖⵎⵉⵙⵜ ⵓⴳⴳⵉⴷ}}
'''ⵙⴰⵍⵎ ⵛⴰⴽⵉⵔ'''ⵉⵍⵓⵍ ⴳ ⵓⵙⴳⴳⴰⵙ ⵏ 1950 ⴷⵉ [[ⵉⵄⵣⵣⵓⵣⵏ]], ⵍⴰⵕⴱⵄⴰ ⵏ ⴰⵢⵜ ⵉⵔⴰⵜⵏ, ⴳ ⵜⵖⵔⵎⵜ ⵏ [[ⵜⵉⵣⵉ ⵓⵣⵣⵓ|ⵜⵉⵣⵉ ⵓⵣⵣⵓ]] ⴷ ⴰⵎⵙⵏⵉⵍⵙ (Linguiste) [[ⴷⵣⴰⵢⵔ|ⴰⴷⵣⴰⵢⵔⵉ]], ⴷ ⴰⵙⵍⵎⴰⴷ ⵏ [[ⵜⵓⵜⵍⴰⵢⵜ ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵜ|ⵜⵓⵜⵍⴰⵢⵜ ⵜⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵜ]] ⴷⵉ [[ⵜⵙⴷⴰⵡⵉⵜ ⵏ ⴼⵕⴰⵏⵚⴰ|ⵜⵙⴷⴰⵡⵉⵜ ⵏ ⴼⵕⴰⵏⵚⴰ]] . ⵛⴰⴽⵉⵔ ⵉⵙⵡⵓⵔⵉ ⴳ ⵓⵙⵉⵏⴰⴳ ⴰⵎⴰⴹⵍⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵓⵜⵍⴰⵢⵉⵏ ⴷ ⵜⵖⵔⵎⵉⵡⵉⵏ ⵜⵓⴳⵎⵉⴹⵉⵏ (INALCO) ⴷⵉ [[ⴱⴰⵔⵉⵣ]] ⵙⴳ ⵓⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙ ⵏ [[1989]], ⴳ ⵓⴷⵖⴰⵔ ⵏ [[ⴰⵏⴷⵔⵉ ⴱⴰⵙⵙⵓⵜ]] (André Bassot) ⴷ [[ⵍⵢⵓⵏⵉⵍ ⴳⴰⵍⴰⵏⴷ]] (Liounel Galand]]. ⴷⵉ ⵓⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙ ⵏ 1973 ⵢⵉⵡⵉ ⴷ ⵜⴰⴷⵓⴽⵜⵓⵔⴰ ⴷⵉ ⵜⵙⵏⵉⵍⵙⵜ ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵜⴰⵢⵜ. ⵙ ⴰⴽⴽⵉⵏⵏ, ⵙⴳ 1973 ⴰⵔ 1981 ⴰⴷ ⵉⴳⴰ ⴰⵙⵍⵎⴰⴷ ⴳ ⵜⵙⴷⴰⵡⵉⵜ ⵏ [[ⴷⵣⴰⵢⵔ ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵏⴰⵖⵜ]]. ⴳ 1978, ⵢⵉⵡⵉ ⵜⴰⴷⵓⴽⵜⵓⵔⴰ ⵏⵏⵉⴹⵏ ⴳ ⵜⵙⴽⵍⴰ ⴷ ⵜⵉⵎⴰⵙⵙⴰⵏⵉⵏ ⵜⵉⵏⴼⴳⴰⵏⵉⵏ. ⴳⵔ ⵓⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙ 1981 ⴷ 1989 ⵉⴳⴰ ⴰⵙⵍⵎⴰⴷ ⴷⵉ ⵜⵖⵔⵎⵜ ⵏ Aix-en-Provence ⴳ ⵜⵙⴷⴰⵡⵉⵜ ⵏ Provence ⴰⴽⴷ ⵡⴰⵎⵎⴰⵙ ⴰⵎⴰⴹⵍⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵓⵔⵣⵣⵓ ⴰⴷⵍⵙⴰⵏ [Cnrs]). ⵙ ⴰⴽⴽⵉⵏⵏ, ⴷⵉ 1990, ⵉⵙⵙⴱⴷⴷ ⴰⵎⵎⴰⵙ ⵏ ⵓⵔⵣⵣⵓ [[ⵉⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵏ|ⴰⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖ]] &quot;André Basset&quot; ⴷⵉ ⵜⵙⴷⴰⵡⵉⵜ ⵏ ⵉⵏⴰⵍⴽⵓ (INLACO). ⴳ ⵓⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙ 2008, ⵉⵙⵙⵏⵜⵉ ⵜⴰⵡⵓⵔⵉ ⴳ  ⵓⵙⵡⵓⴷⴷⵓ ⵏ ⵓⵔⵣⵣⵓ ⵅⴼ ⵓⵎⴰⴹⴰⵍ ⴰⵄⵕⴰⴱ ⴷ ⵓⵙⵍⵉⵎ ⵏ Aix-Provence. ⵛⴰⴽⵉⵔ ⵢⵓⵔⴰ ⴰⵟⵟⴰⵚ ⵏ ⵉⴷⵍⵉⵙⵏ ⴷ ⵜⵖⵓⵔⵉⵡⵉⵏ ⵅⴼ ⵜⵙⵏⵉⵍⵙⵜ ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵜ. ⴷⴰⵖ, ⴷ ⵏⵜⵜⴰ ⴰⵢⴷ ⵢⵓⴳⴳⴰⵏ ⵅⴼ ⵜⵙⵏⴰⵢⵜ ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵜ (Encyclopédie Amazigh) ⵏⵏⴰ ⴷ ⵉⵜⵜⴼⴼⵖⵏ ⴷⵉ ⵜⵎⵓⵔⵜ ⵏ [[ⴼⵕⴰⵏⵚⴰ|ⴼⵕⴰⵏⵚⴰ]]. ⴳⵔ ⵉⴷⵍⵉⵙⵏ ⵏⵏⴰ ⴷ ⵉⵙⵙⵓⴼⴼⵖ: [[ⵉⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵏ ⴰⵙⵙ ⴰⴷ]] ⴳ ⵓⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙ ⵏ 1989, ⵎⴰⵏⵡⵉⵍ ⴷ Linguistique Amazigh (ⴰⵡⴼⵓⵙ ⵏ ⵜⵙⵏⵉⵍⵙⵉⵜ ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵜ, ⴳ 1991). 


==ⵉⵣⴷⴰⵢⵏ ⵉⴱⵕⵕⴰⵏⵉⵢⵏ==
* [http://www.centrederechercheberbere.fr/salem-chaker.html Salem CHAKER, INALCO]

{{ⴰⵡⵡⵓⵔ:ⵉⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵏ}}

==ⵉⵙⴰⵖⵓⵍⵏ==
{{ⴰⵙⵎⵉⵍ|ⵉⵎⴰⵔⴰⵜⵏ|ⵉⵎⴰⵔⴰⵜⵏ ⵉⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵏ|ⵉⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵏ ⵏ ⴷⵣⴰⵢⵔ|ⴰⵎⵙⵏⵉⵍⵙ ⴰⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖ}}</text>
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      <comment>([[c:GR|GR]]) [[c:COM:FR|File renamed]]: [[File:Solar System true color ZGH.png]] → [[File:Solar System True Color ZGH.png]] [[c:COM:FR#FR1|Criterion 1]] (original uploader’s request)</comment>
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      <text bytes="17431" sha1="iypdpftg5y1zqd3nep22cizvdk9q6bb" xml:space="preserve">{{ⵜⴰⴼⵍⵓⵙⴼⴽⵉⵜ}}[[ⴰⴼⴰⵢⵍⵓ:The Sun by the Atmospheric Imaging Assembly of NASA's Solar Dynamics Observatory - 20100819.jpg|thumb|ⵜⴰⵡⵍⴰⴼⵜ ⵏ ⵜⴰⴼⵓⴽⵜ]]
'''ⵜⴰⴼⵓⴽⵜ'''&lt;ref&gt;ⴰⵙⴳⵣⴰⵡⴰⵍ ⵏ [[ⴰⵙⵉⵏⴰⴳ ⴰⴳⵍⴷⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵓⵙⵙⵏⴰ ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵜ|ⴰⵙⵉⵏⴰⴳ ⴰⴳⵍⴷⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵜⴷⵍⵙⴰ ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵜ]](ⵙ.ⴳ.ⵙ.ⵎ) : [[ⵎⵙⵎⵓⵏ ⴰⵡⴰⵍ ⴰⵎⴰⵜⴰⵢ ⴰⵙⵏⵎⴰⵍⴰⵢ ⵏ ⵜⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵜ]] (ⵎ.ⵎ.ⵙ.ⵎ).&lt;/ref&gt; (ⴰⵣⴰⵎⵓⵍ: [[File:Sun symbol (fixed width).svg|16px|☉︎]]) ⴷ [[ⵉⵜⵔⵉ]] ⵉⵍⵍⴰⵏ ⴷⴳ ⵡⴰⵎⵎⴰⵙ ⵏ [[ⴰⵏⴳⵔⴰⵡ ⴰⴼⵓⴽⴰⵏ|ⵓⵏⴳⵔⴰⵡ ⴰⴼⵓⴽⴰⵏ]]. ⵜⴳⴰ ⵢⴰⵜ [[ⵜⴰⵡⵊⵊⴰ|ⵜⵡⵊⵊⴰ]] ⵜⴰⴱⴰⵔⴰⵔⵜ ⵉⵔⵖⴰⵏ ⵏ [[ⴱⵍⴰⵥⵎⴰ|ⵓⴱⵍⴰⵥⵎⴰ]],&lt;ref&gt;{{ⴱⴷⵔ ⴰⵡⵉⴱ |title=Solar System Exploration: Planets: Sun: Facts &amp; Figures |url=http://solarsystem.nasa.gov/planets/profile.cfm?Object=Sun&amp;Display=Facts&amp;System=Metric |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080102034758/http://solarsystem.nasa.gov/planets/profile.cfm?Object=Sun&amp;Display=Facts&amp;System=Metric |archive-date=2008-01-02 |access-date=2026-01-05 |website=solarsystem.nasa.gov}}&lt;/ref&gt; ⴰⵔ ⵜⴻⵜⵜⵉⵎⵖⵓⵔ ⴷ ⴰⵔ ⵜⵔⵇⵇⴰ ⵙ ⵓⵙⵎⵔⵙ ⵏ [[ⵜⴰⵥⴹⴰⵕⵜ (ⵜⴰⵙⵏⴳⴰⵎⴰ)|ⵜⵥⴹⴰⵕⵜ]] ⵍⵍⵉ ⵙⵢⴰⴼⵓⵏ ⵉⵏⵎⵢⴰⴳⴳⴰⵢⵏ ⵏ [[ⴰⴷⴰⴼ ⴰⵖⵢⴰⵢⴰⵏ|ⵡⴰⴷⴰⴼ ⴰⵖⵢⴰⵢⴰⵏ]] ⴳ ⵓⴳⵏⵙⵓ ⵏⵏⵙ. ⴷⴰ ⴷ ⵉⴽⴽⴰⵜ ⴽⵔⴰ ⵙⴳ ⵜⵥⴹⴰⵕⵜ ⵜⴰⴳⵯⵏⵙⴰⵏⵜ ⵏⵏⵙ ⴰⵎ [[ⵜⵉⴼⴰⵡⵜ]], [[ⴰⵥⵏⵥⵕ ⴰⵏⵉⴳⵎⴽⵥⴰⵡ|ⵉⵥⵏⵥⵕⵏ ⴰⵏⵉⴳⵎⴽⵥⴰⵡⵏ]] ⴷ [[ⴰⵥⵏⵥⵕ ⴰⴷⵓⵣⴳⴳⵯⴰⵖ|ⵉⵥⵏⵥⵕⵏ ⴰⴷⵓⵣⴳⴳⵯⴰⵖⵏ]], ⴰⵢⵍⵍⵉ ⵢⴰⴽⴽⴰⵏ ⵎⴰ ⵉⴳⴳⵓⵜⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵥⴹⴰⵕⵜ ⵉ ⵜⵓⴷⵔⵜ ⴳ [[ⴰⴽⴰⵍ (ⴰⵎⵜⵉⵡⴳ)|ⵡⴰⴽⴰⵍ]].  ⴰⵡⵓⵎ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵉⵣⵔⵉ ⵡⵉⵏ ⵡⴰⴽⴰⵍ ⵙ 109 ⵏ ⵜⴽⴽⴰⵍ, ⴷ ⵓⴱⴷⴷⵓⵔ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵉⴳⴷⴰ 330,000 ⵏ ⵜⴽⴽⴰⵍ ⵏ ⵓⴱⴷⴷⵓⵔ ⵏ ⵡⴰⴽⴰⵍ, ⴰⵢⵍⵍⵉ ⵜⵜ ⵉⵜⵜⴰⴷⵊⴰⵏ ⴰⴷ ⵜⵙⵙⵉⵍⵖ ⵙ ⵢⵉⵖⴼ ⵏⵏⵙ 99.86% ⵙⴳ ⵓⵎⵙⵎⵓⵏ/ⵓⵖⵔⵓⴷⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵓⵙⵏⵉⴳⵉⵜ ⵏ ⵓⴱⴷⴷⵓⵔ ⵏ ⵓⵏⴳⵔⴰⵡ ⴰⴼⵓⴽⴰⵏ. ⴳ ⵓⵙⴳⴰ ⴰⴽⵔⵓⵔⴰⵏ, ⵜⴻⵜⵜⵓⵙⵉⵍⵖ ⴳ [[ⴰⵀⴷⵔⵓⵊⵉⵏ|ⵓⵀⴷⵔⵓⵊⵉⵏ]] ⴷ [[ⴰⵀⵉⵍⵢⵓⵎ|ⵓⵀⵉⵍⵢⵓⵎ]]. ⴷⴰ ⵜⴻⵜⵜⵓⵙⵉⵙⵎⵍ ⴳ ⵓⵙⴳⴰ ⴰⵥⵢⴰⵕⴰⵏ ⴰⵎⵎ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵢⵉⵜⵔⵉ &quot;ⴰⵅⵎⵓⵛ ⴰⵡⵔⴰⵖ&quot; ⵙⴳ ⵓⵙⵎⵉⵍ ⵏ G2V, ⴷ ⵎⵇⵇⴰⵔ ⴷ ⴰⴽⵍⵓ ⵏⵏⵙ ⴰⴷⵜⵜⴰⵏ ⵉⴳⴰ ⵓⵎⵍⵉⵍ, ⴷⴰ ⴰⵖ ⴷ ⵜⴻⵜⵜⵓⵎⴰⵏ ⵜⴳⴰ ⵜⴰⵡⵔⴰⵖⵜ ⵙ ⵓⵙⵔⴰⴳ ⵏ ⵢⵉⴹⵉⵚ/ⵜⵣⵔⵉⵔⵜ ⵏ ⵜⴳⵏⵡⵜ/ⵜⴳⵏⵉⵡⵜ ⵏ ⵡⴰⴽⴰⵍ. ⴷ ⵎⵇⵇⴰⵔ ⵜⴳⴰ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⴽⵏⵎⵜⵉⵡⴳ ⵏⵏⴰ ⴰⴽⴽⵯ ⵉⵙⵓⴼⵓⵏ ⴳ ⵉⴳⵏⵏⴰ ⵏⵏⵖ, ⵎⴰⵛⴰ ⴷⴰ ⵜⴻⵜⵜⵓⵎⴰⵏ ⵜⴳⴰ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵢⵉⵜⵔⵉ ⴰⵎⵥⵢⴰⵏ ⴱⵓ ⵜⴼⵍⴰⵍⴰ ⵜⴰⵎⵊⴰⵀⴷⵉⵢⵜ/ⵜⴰⵏⴰⵎⵎⴰⵙⵜ ⵙ ⵓⵙⵎⵣⴰⵣⴰⵍ ⴷ ⵜⵓⴳⴷⵜ ⵏ ⵉⵜⵔⴰⵏ ⵢⴰⴹⵏⵉⵏ ⴳ [[ⴰⵎⴰⵣⵍⵍⴰⵡ|ⵓⵎⴰⵣⵍⵍⴰⵡ]] ⵏⵏⵖ.&lt;ref&gt;{{ⴱⴷⵔ ⴰⵡⵉⴱ |date=2023-05-31 |title=Sun - NASA Science |url=https://science.nasa.gov/sun/ |access-date=2026-01-05 |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== ⵜⵓⵥⴽⵉⵡⵜ ⵜⴰⴳⵏⵙⴰⵏⵜ ⴷ ⵓⵙⴰⴳⵎ ⵏ ⵜⵥⴹⴰⵕⵜ ==
ⴷⴰ ⵜⴻⵜⵜⴰⵙⵉ ⵜⴰⴼⵓⴽⵜ ⵜⴰⵥⴹⴰⵕⵜ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵜⴰⴱⴰⵔⴰⵔⵜ ⵙⴳ ⵉⵎⵢⴰⴳⴳⴰⵜⵏ ⵏ ⵡⴰⴷⴰⴼ ⴰⵖⵢⴰⵢⴰⵏ ⵍⵍⵉ ⵉⵜⵜⵎⵙⴰⵔⵏ ⴳ ⵡⴰⵎⵎⴰⵙ ⵏⵏⵙ. ⴳ ⵓⵖⵢⴰⵢ ⵏⵏⵙ, ⴷⴷⴰⵡ ⵜⵣⵔⵉⵔⵜ ⵏ ⵡⵓⴷⵓⵣ ⴷ ⵜⵔⵖⵉ ⵢⴰⵜⵜⵓⵢⵏ ⵉⵜⵜⴰⵡⴹⵏ 15.7 ⵏ ⵓⴳⵏⴷⵉⴷ/ⵓⵎⵉⵍⵢⵓⵏ ⵏ ⴽⵉⵍⴼⵉⵏ, ⴷⴰ ⵉⵜⵜⵓⵙⵏⴼⴰⵍ ⵓⵀⵉⴷⵔⵓⵊⵉⵏ ⵖⵔ ⵓⵀⵉⵍⵢⵓⵎ, ⵜⴳⴰ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⵎⵀⵍⵜ ⵉⵕⵥⵥⵎⵏ ⵉ ⵜⵙⵎⴽⵜⵉⵡⵉⵏ ⵜⵉⴱⴰⵔⴰⵔⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵥⴹⴰⵕⵜ. ⵜⴻⵜⵜⵓⵙⵉⵍⵖ ⵜⵓⵥⴽⵉⵡⵜ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵜⴰⴳⵏⵙⴰⵏⵜ ⵙⴳ ⴽⵕⴰⴹⵜ ⵜⴰⵔⴰⵢⵉⵏ ⵜⵉⵔⵙⵍⴰⵏⵉⵏ/ⵜⵉⴷⵙⵍⴰⵏⵉⵏ: [[ⴰⵖⵢⴰⵢ]] ⵍⵍⵉ ⵉⴳⴰⵏ ⴰⵙⴰⴽⵯⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵥⴹⴰⵕⵜ, ⵉⵡⴰⵍⴰ ⵜ ⵉⴷ ⵓⴷⵖⴰⵔ ⴰⵎⵥⵥⵏⵥⵕ ⵍⵍⵉ ⴳ ⴷⴰ ⵜⴻⵜⵜⵎⵓⵜⵜⵓⵢ ⵜⵥⴹⴰⵕⵜ ⵙ ⵉⴼⵓⵜⵓⵏⵏ, ⴷ ⴳ ⵜⴳⵉⵔⴰ ⴰⴷⵖⴰⵔ ⵏ ⵡⴰⵙⴰⵢ/ⵓⴳⴳⴰ ⴰⵏⵔⵖⵉ ⵍⵍⵉ ⵉⵜⵜⴰⵙⵉⵏ ⵜⵉⵔⵖⵉ ⵖⵔ ⵓⴳⵏⵉ ⵙ ⵉⵎⴰⵣⵣⵍⵏ ⵉⵎⵖⵍⴰⵢⵏ ⴷ ⵉⵎⴳⴳⵉⵣⵏ ⵏ [[ⴰⴱⵍⴰⵥⵎⴰ|ⵓⴱⵍⴰⵥⵎⴰ]].&lt;ref&gt;[https://www.britannica.com/place/Sun ⵎⴰⵢⴷ ⵉⴳⴰⵏ ⴰⵎⵜⵉⵡⴳ ⵜⴰⴼⵓⴽⵜ ( ⵙ ⵜⵏⴳⵍⵉⵣⵜ)]ⵉⵜⵜⵢⵓⵥⵕ ⴰⵙⵙ ⵏ 5/1/2026.&lt;/ref&gt;

== ⵜⵉⴳⵏⵡⵜ ⴷ ⵜⵉⵍⴰⵍⵜ ⵜⴰⴼⵓⴽⴰⵏⵜ ==
ⴰⵢⵍⵍⵉ ⵏⵥⵕⵕⴰ ⵙⴳ ⵜⴰⴼⵓⴽⵜ ⵉⴳⴰ ⴰⴳⵯⵏⵉ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵍⵍⵉ ⵉⵜⵜⵓⵥⵕⵕⴰⵏ, ⵏⵏⴰ ⵉⵜⵜⵢⵓⵙⵙⴰⵏⵏ ⵙ &quot;ⴰⵙⴰⵜⵍ ⴰⵎⴰⴼⴰⵡ/ⴰⴼⵓⵜⵓⵙⴼⵉⵔ&quot;. ⴷ ⵢⵉⴳⴳⵉ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵉⵍⵍⴰ ⴳⵉⵙ ⵓⵙⴰⵜⵍ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵓⴷⴷⵉⵙ ⵍⵍⵉ ⴳ ⵉⵍⵍⴰ ⵓⵙⴰⵜⵍ ⴰⵎⴽⵍⵓ  (ⴰⴽⵔⵓⵎⵓⵙⴼⵉⵔ) ⴷ ⵓⵅⴰⵚⵉⵢ/ⵉⵚⵏⵉ (ⴰⴽⵓⵔⵓⵏⴰ) (couronne/corona), ⵉⴳⴰ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⴽⵓⵍⵉ (Auréole) ⵜⴰⴱⵕⵕⴰⵏⵉⵜ ⵍⵍⵉ ⵎⵉ ⵜⴻⵜⵜⴰⵡⴹ ⵜⵙⴽⵯⴼⵍⵜ ⵏ ⵜⵔⵖⵉ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵉⴳⴷⵏⴷⵉⴷⵏ/ⵉⵎⵍⵢⵓⵏⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵙⴽⵯⴼⴰⵍ ⵍⵍⵉ ⵉⴳⴰⵏ ⴰⵙⴰⴳⵎ ⵏ ⵡⴰⴹⵓ ⴰⴼⵓⴽⴰⵏ. ⵓⵔ ⵉⴳⵉ ⵓⵙⴰⵜⵍ ⴰⴷ ⴰⵎⵣⴳⵓ, ⵎⴰⵛⴰ ⴷⴰ ⵜ ⵙⵎⵓⵙⵙⵓⵏⵜ ⵜⵉⵍⴰⵍ ⵜⵉⵎⵖⵏⴰⵟⵉⵚⵉⵢⵉⵏ/ⵜⵉⴷⴽⵉⵔⴰⵏⵉⵏ ⴷⵓⵙⵏⵉⵏ ⵍⵍⵉ ⵉⵜⵜⵢⵓⵙⵙⴰⵏⵏ ⵙ ⵜⵉⵍⴰⵍⵜ ⵜⴰⴼⵓⴽⴰⵏⵜ. ⵜⵉⵍⴰⵍⵜ ⴰⴷ ⴷⴰ ⴳⵉⵙ ⵜⴻⵜⵜⵉⵍⵉⵏ ⵜⵓⴳⴷⵜ ⵏ ⵜⵓⵎⴰⵏⵉⵏ ⵜⵉⵎⵢⴰⵏⴰⵡⵉⵏ ⵣⵓⵏ ⴷ ⵜⵉⵏⵇⵇⴰⴹ ⵜⵉⵏⴰⴼⵓⴽⵉⵏ, ⵉⴱⴰⵇⵇⴰⵢⵏ ⴷ ⵉⵥⴰⵡⴰⴹⵏ ⵉⵏⴰⴼⵓⴽⵏ, ⴷ ⴰⵡⴷ ⵜⵍⵍⴰ ⴳⵉⵙ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⵙⵓⵜⵍⵜ ⵏ ⵜⵉⵍⴰⵍⵜ ⵍⵍⵉ ⵉⵜⵜⴰⵍⵙⵏ ⴽⵓ 11 ⵏ ⵓⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙ, ⴷ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⵎⴰⵣⵣⵍ ⵉⵣⴷⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵉⴼⴽⴽⵉⵡⵏ ⵉⵜⵜⵓⵙⴽⵜⵔⵏ ⴷ ⵉⵜⵜⵢⵓⵙⵙⴰⵏⵏ ⵙ ⵡⴰⴹⵓ ⴰⴼⵓⴽⴰⵏ ⵍⵍⵉ ⵉⵜⵜⴽⵜⵓⵔⵏ ⴰⵏⴳⵔⴰⵡ ⴰⴼⵓⴽⴰⵏ.&lt;ref&gt;{{ⴱⴷⵔ ⴰⵡⵉⴱ |date=2017-11-14 |title=Sun: Facts - NASA Science |url=https://science.nasa.gov/sun/facts/ |access-date=2026-01-05 |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== ⴰⵣⴰⵣⵓ ⵏ ⵜⵓⴷⵔⵜ ⵏ ⵜⴰⴼⵓⴽⵜ ⴷ ⵓⴷⵖⴰⵔ ⵏⵏⵙ ⴳ ⵓⵎⴰⵣⵍⵍⴰⵡ ==
ⵉⵖⵣⵣⵉⴼ ⵓⵎⵣⵔⵓⵢ ⵏ ⵜⴰⴼⵓⴽⵜ ⴷ ⵉⵜⵜⵓⵖⵜⴰⵙ ⵢⵉⵎⴰⵍ ⵏⵏⵙ. ⴷ ⵜⴻⵜⵜⵓⵙⵉⵍⵖ ⵣⵉⴽ ⵏ 4.6 ⵏ ⵉⵎⵍⵢⴰⵔⵏ ⵏ ⵉⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙⵏ ⵙⴳ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵢⵉⵡⵉⵥ/ⵓⵎⴷⵍⵓ ⴰⵎⵖⵔⴰⴷⴰⵏ, ⴷ ⴷⵖⵉ ⵜⵍⵍⴰ ⴳ ⵓⵣⴳⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵓⴷⵔⵜ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵜⴰⵎⵃⵓⵍⴼⵓⵜ ⴰⵎ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⵎⵣⴷⴰⵖⵜ ⴳ ⵜⴼⵔⴽⵜ ⵏ &quot;ⵓⵏⴳⵔⴰⵡ ⴰⴷⵙⵍⴰⵏ&quot;. ⵎⴰⵛⴰ ⴹⴰⵕⴰⵜ ⵏ 5 ⵏ ⵉⵎⵍⵢⴰⵔⵏ ⵏ ⵉⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙⵏ, ⵔⴰⴷ ⵉⵎⴷ ⵓⵙⵔⵖⵓ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵏ ⵓⵀⴷⵕⵓⵊⵉⵏ ⴷ ⵔⴰⴷ ⵜⴻⵜⵜⵏⴼⵍ ⵖⵔ &quot;ⴰⵥⵏⵟⴰⵕ (ⴰⴳⵕⵓⴹ) ⴰⵣⴳⴳⵯⴰⵖ&quot; ⴰⴱⴰⵔⴰⵔ ⵏⵏⴰ ⵉⵥⴹⴰⵕⵏ ⴰⴷ ⵉⵙⵍⵇⵉ/ⵉⵙⵙⵓⵎⵎ [[ⴰⵎⵜⵉⵡⴳ|ⵉⵎⵜⵉⵡⴳⵏ]] ⵍⵍⵉ ⴰⵙ ⵢⴰⵥⵏ, ⴰⴼⴰⴷ ⴰⴷ ⵜⵙⵎⴷ ⵜⵓⴷⵔⵜ ⵏⵏⵙ ⴳ ⵜⴳⵉⵔⴰ ⴰⵎ &quot;ⴰⴳⵣⵣⴰⵢⵍⵓ/ⴰⵅⵎⵓⵛ ⴰⵎⵍⵍⴰⵍ&quot; ⴰⵎⵍⴽⵓⴽ. ⵉⵎⴰ ⴰⴷⵖⴰⵔ ⵏⵏⵙ, ⵓⵔ ⵜⴳⵉ ⵜⴰⴼⵓⴽⵜ ⵜⵉⵎⵏⵜⵉⵜ, ⵎⴰⵛⴰ ⴷⴰ ⵜⴻⵜⵜⵛⵓⵛⵓⴼ ⴳ ⵓⵙⴰⵢⵔⴰⵔ ⴳ ⵓⴳⵏⵙⵓ ⵏ &quot;[[ⵉⵖⵉⵍ ⵏ ⵓⵎⴰⵏⴰⵔ|ⵉⵖⵉⵍ ⵏ ⵓⵕⵢⵓⵏ/ⵓⵎⴰⵏⴰⵔ]]&quot; ⴳ ⵓⵎⴰⵣⵍⵍⴰⵡ ⵏ [[ⴰⵙⵉⴼ ⵏ ⵉⴳⵏⵡⴰⵏ|ⵡⴰⵙⵉⴼ ⵏ ⵉⴳⵏⵡⴰⵏ]], ⴷ ⴷⴰ ⵜⴻⵜⵜⵙⵓⵜⵓⵍ ⵉ ⵡⴰⵎⵎⴰⵙ ⵏ ⵓⵎⴰⵣⵍⵍⴰⵡ ⴳ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⵏⵢⵓⴷⴷⵓⵜ ⵉⵖⵣⵣⵉⴼⵏ ⵉⵜⵜⴽⴽⴰⵏ ⴳⵔ 225 ⴷ 250 ⵏ ⵓⴳⵏⴷⵉⴷ ⵏ ⵓⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙ.&lt;ref&gt;[https://www.bibalex.org/SCIplanet/ar/Article/Details.aspx?id=16846 ⵜⴰⴼⵓⴽⵜ ⴳ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⵙⵖⵏⵜ (ⵙ ⵜⵄⵕⴰⴱⵜ)]ⵉⵜⵜⵢⵓⵥⵕ ⴰⵙⵙ ⵏ 5/1/2026.&lt;/ref&gt;[[ⴰⴼⴰⵢⵍⵓ:Solar System True Color ZGH.png|right|thumb|ⵜⴰⴼⵓⴽⵜ ⴷ [[ⴰⵎⵜⵉⵡⴳ|ⵉⵎⵜⵉⵡⴳⵏ]] ⴷ [[ⵜⴰⵣⵉⵔⵉ|ⵡⴰⵢⵢⵓⵔⵏ]] ⵏⵙⵏ  ⴷ [[ⴰⵎⵜⵉⵡⴳ ⴰⵅⵎⵓⵛ|ⵉⵎⵜⵉⵡⴳⵏ ⵉⵅⵎⵓⵛⵏ]], ⵉ ⵙⵓⵜⵓⵏ ⵖⵉⴼⵙ ⵙ ⵉⴽⵯⵍⴰⵏ ⵏⵙⵏ ⵉⵎⴰⴷⴷⴰⴷⵏ.]]

== ⴰⵣⴷⴰⵢ ⵏ ⵜⴰⴼⵓⴽⵜ ⴷ ⵡⴰⴽⴰⵍ ⴷ ⵓⵎⵣⵔⵓⵢ ⵏ ⵓⵎⵙⵏⴰⵖⵙ ⵏⵏⵙ ==
ⵜⴳⴰ ⵜⴰⴼⵓⴽⵜ ⵜⵉⵔⵙⵍⵜ ⵏ ⵜⵉⵍⵉⵜ ⵏⵏⵖ ⵖⴼ ⵓⵎⵜⵉⵡⴳ ⵏ ⵡⴰⴽⴰⵍ, ⴷ ⵏⵜⵜⴰⵜ ⴰⵢⴷ ⵉⴳⴰⵏ ⴰⵙⴰⴳⵎ ⴰⴷⵙⵍⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵥⴹⴰⵕⵜ ⵍⵍⵉ ⵉⵙⵙⴷⵓⵙⵏ ⵜⵓⴷⵔⵜ ⵙ ⵜⵎⵀⵍⵜ ⵏ ⵓⵙⵎⴷⵢⴰ ⴰⵏⴰⴼⴰⵡ ⴷ ⵍⵍⵉ ⵉⵜⵜⵏⴱⴰⴹⵏ ⵖⴼ ⵓⵏⵣⵡⵉ ⴷ ⵓⵏⴳⵉⴳⵜ, ⴷ ⴰⵔ ⵜⴻⵜⵜⴽⴽⴰ ⵜⵉⴼⴰⵡⵜ ⵏⵏⵙ ⴰⵜⵜⴰⵢⵏ ⵏ 8 ⵏ ⵜⵓⵙⴷⵉⴷⵉⵏ ⴷ 19 ⵏ ⵜⵙⵉⵏⵜ ⴰⴼⴰⴷ ⴰⴷ ⴰⵏⵖ ⴷ ⵜⴰⵡⴹ. ⵉⵏⴼⵍ ⵓⵔⵎⴰⵙ ⵏ ⵓⴼⴳⴰⵏ ⵖⵉⴼⵙ ⴳ ⵎⴰⵕⵕⴰ ⵉⵣⵎⴰⵣ; ⴷ ⴹⴰⵕⵜ ⵎⴰⴷ ⵜⵜ ⵉⵏⵏ ⵜⴽⴽⴰ ⴷⴰ ⵜⴻⵜⵜⵓⵙⵙⵓⵎⴷ ⴰⵎ ⵢⴰⴽⵓⵛ ⴳ ⵜⵖⵔⵎⵉⵡⵉⵏ ⵜⵉⵇⴱⵓⵔⵉⵏ, ⵜⵙⵙⵏⵜⵉ ⵜⵥⵕⵉ ⵜⵓⵙⵙⵏⴰⵏⵜ ⴰⴷ ⵜⴻⵜⵜⵓⵙⵉⵍⵖ ⴷⴰⵔ ⵉⴼⵍⵙⵓⴼⵏ ⵉⴳⵔⵉⴽⵉⵢⵏ/ⵉⵢⵓⵏⴰⵏⵉⵢⵏ, ⵉⵍⵎⵎⴰ ⵜⵓⵎⵥ ⴰⴷⵖⴰⵔ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵙ ⵜⵥⵕⵉ ⵏ ⵡⴰⵎⵎⴰⵙ ⵏ ⵜⴰⴼⵓⴽⵜ ⵏ ⴽⵓⴱⵉⵔⵏⵉⴽⵓⵙ, ⴰⵔ ⵡⴰⵡⴰⴹ ⵙ ⵓⵔⵎⴰⵙ ⵏ ⵓⵙⴰⴳⵎ ⵏ ⵜⵥⴹⴰⵕⵜ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵜⴰⵖⵢⴰⵢⴰⵏⵜ ⴳ ⵜⵊⵕⵎⴰ ⵜⵉⵙ ⵙⵉⵎⵔⴰⵡ. ⴰⵙⵙ ⴰⴷ, ⴷⴰ ⵜⴻⵜⵜⵓⵣⵔⴰⵡ ⵙ ⵜⵖⴰⵔⴰⵙⵜ ⵉⵏⵖⴷⵏ ⴷ ⵉⵣⴷⵉⵏ ⵙ ⵜⵖⴷⴰⵢⵉⵏ ⵜⵉⵎⵙⴰⵢⵔⴰⵔⵉⵏ ⵉⵜⵜⵓⵙⴱⵓⵖⵍⴰⵏ, ⵏⵏⴰ ⴰⵖ ⵢⴰⴽⴽⴰⵏ ⵉⵙⴼⴽⴰ ⴷ ⵜⵡⵍⴰⴼⵉⵏ ⵏⵏⴰ ⴰⴽⴽⵯ ⴰⴷⵍⵍⵉ ⵓⵔ ⵉⵍⵍⵉⵏ.&lt;ref&gt;[https://mawdoo3.com/%D9%83%D9%8A%D9%81_%D8%AA%D8%AF%D9%88%D8%B1_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A3%D8%B1%D8%B6_%D8%AD%D9%88%D9%84_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B4%D9%85%D8%B3#google_vignette ⴰⵣⴷⴰⵢ ⵏ ⵓⵎⵜⵉⵡⴳ ⵏ ⵜⴰⴼⵓⴽⵜ ⴷ ⵡⴰⴽⴰⵍ (ⵙ ⵜⵄⵕⴰⴱⵜ)]ⵉⵜⵜⵢⵓⵥⵕⴰ ⴰⵙⵙ ⵏ 5/1/2026.&lt;/ref&gt;

== ⵉⵎⵏⵉⴷⵏ ⵉⵙⴳⴷⴰⵏⵏ ⴷ ⵉⴷⵍⵙⴰⵏⵏ ==
[[ⴰⴼⴰⵢⵍⵓ:Magnificent CME Erupts on the Sun - August 31.jpg|thumb|322x322px|ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⵡⵍⴰⴼⵜ ⵏ ⵜⴰⴼⵓⴽⵜ]]
ⵓⵔ ⵜⴳⵉ ⵜⴰⴼⵓⴽⵜ ⵖⴰⵙ ⴰⴽⵏⵎⵜⵉⵡⴳ ⴳ ⵢⵉⵥⵕⵉ ⵏ ⵓⴼⴳⴰⵏ, ⵎⴰⵛⴰ ⵜⴳⴰ ⴰⴳⵍⵍⵓⵙ ⴰⴷⵍⵙⴰⵏ ⴷ ⵓⵙⴳⴷⴰⵏ ⵉⴷⵔⴰⵏ. ⴳ ⵜⵖⵔⵎⵉⵡⵉⵏ ⵜⵉⵇⴱⵓⵔⵉⵏ ⵣⵓⵏ ⴷ ⵜⵉⵎⵉⵚⵕⵉⵢⵉⵏ ⴷ ⵜⵉⵏ ⵢ[[ⵉⵏⴽⴰ]], ⵜⴻⵜⵜⵓⵙⵙⵓⵎⴷ ⴰⵎ ⴽⵔⴰ ⵏ [[ⴰⵍⵍⴰⵀ|ⵡⴰⴽⵓⵛ]] ⴰⵏⴰⵎⵎⴰⵙ ⵍⵍⵉ ⵉⵜⵜⵙⵏⵉⴳⵍⵏ ⵉ ⵜⵓⴷⵔⵜ ⴷ ⵜⴰⴳⴳⴰⵍⵜ ⴷ ⵜⵖⴷⵎⵜ. ⴳ [[ⵉⵙⵍⴰⵎ|ⵓⵙⴳⴷ ⴰⵏⵙⵍⵎ]], ⵉⵍⵍⴰ ⴷⴰⵔ ⵜⴰⴼⵓⴽⵜ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⴷⵖⴰⵔ ⵉⵅⴰⵜⵔⵏ, ⵍⵍⵉⴳ ⵜⴻⵜⵜⵓⴱⴷⴰⵔ ⴳ [[ⴰⵇⵓⵕⴰⵏ|ⵓⵇⵓⵕⴰⵏ]] ⴽⵔⴰ ⵏ 35 ⵏ ⵜⴽⴽⴰⵍ, ⴷ ⵜⴻⵜⵜⵓⴳⵍⴰⵎ ⵙ ⵎⴰⵙ ⵜⴳⴰ &quot;ⴰⵙⴼⵉⵡ ⴰⴼⵍⴰⵍⵍⴰⵢ&quot;, ⴷ ⵜⴳⴰ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⵎⴰⵜⴰⵔⵜ ⵙⴳ ⵜⵎⴰⵜⴰⵔⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵕⴱⴱⵉ ⴷ ⵡⴰⵏⵥⴰ ⵖⴼ ⵜⵣⵎⵔⵜ ⵏⵏⵙ, ⴷ ⴰⵡⴷ ⴰⵎⵓⵙⵙⵓ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵉⵏⵖⴷⵏ ⵉⴳⴰ ⵜⵉⵔⵙⵍⵜ ⵏ ⵓⵙⵉⴹⵏ ⵏ ⵡⴰⴽⵓⴷ. ⵉⵜⵜⵓⵙⵙⴼⵔⴰ ⵓⵎⵓⵙⵙⵓ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵍⵍⵉ ⵉⵜⵜⵓⴱⴷⴰⵔⵏ ⴳ ⵓⵇⵓⵕⴰⵏ ⵎⴰⵙ ⴷ ⴰⵔ ⵜⴻⵜⵜⴰⵣⵣⴰⵍ ⴳ ⵓⵥⵢⴰⵕ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵖⴼ ⵡⴰⵎⵎⴰⵙ ⵏ ⵓⵎⴰⵣⵍⵍⴰⵡ, ⴰⵢⵍⵍⵉ ⵉⵎⵙⴰⵙⴰⵏ ⴷ ⵜⵎⴰⵙⵙⴰⵏⵜ ⵜⴰⵜⵔⴰⵔⵜ.&lt;ref&gt;[https://www.youm7.com/story/2020/12/19/%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B4%D9%85%D8%B3-%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D9%82%D8%AF%D8%B3-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A3%D9%83%D8%A8%D8%B1-%D8%B9%D9%86%D8%AF-%D8%AD%D8%B6%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%AA-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B9%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85-%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%82%D8%AF%D9%8A%D9%85-%D9%83%D9%8A%D9%81-%D8%B1%D8%A2%D9%87%D8%A7-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A2%D9%82%D8%AF%D9%85%D9%88%D9%86/5119413 ⵉⵎⵏⵉⴷⵏ ⵉⵙⴳⴷⴰⵏⵏ ⵖⴼ ⵜⴰⴼⵓⴽⵜ (ⵙ ⵜⵄⵔⴰⴱⵜ)]ⵉⵜⵜⵢⵓⵥⵕⴰ ⴰⵙⵙ ⵏ 5/1/2026.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{ⴱⴷⵔ ⵉⵏⵖⵎⵉⵙⵏ |title=Sun worship {{!}} Origin, History, Symbols, &amp; Facts {{!}} Britannica |url=https://www.britannica.com/topic/sun-worship |archive-url=http://web.archive.org/web/20251129055003/https://www.britannica.com/topic/sun-worship |archive-date=2025-11-29 |access-date=2026-01-05 |work=Encyclopedia Britannica |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== ⵜⵉⵙⴼⵍⵉⵙⵏ ⵏ ⵜⴰⴼⵓⴽⵜ ==

=== ⵜⵉⵙⴼⵍⵉⵙⵉⵏ ⵜⵉⵙⵏⴳⴰⵎⵉⵏ ===

* '''ⴰⵡⵓⵎ:''' 1,392,000 ⵏ ⵓⴳⵏⴷⵉⴷ ⵏ ⵓⴽⵉⵍⵓⵎⵉⵜⵔ.
* '''ⴰⴱⴷⴷⵓⵔ:''' 1.989 × 10³⁰ ⴰⴽⵉⵍⵓⴳⵔⴰⵎ. (330,000 ⵓⴳⴳⴰⵔ/ⴰⵙⵏⵉⴳⵉⵜ ⵏ ⵡⴰⴽⴰⵍ).
* '''ⴰⴽⵙⴰⵢ:''' 1.41 × 10^18 ⴽⵎ³ (1.3 ⵏ ⵓⴳⵏⴷⵉⴷ ⴰⵙⵏⵉⴳⵉⵜ ⵏ ⵡⴰⴽⴰⵍ).
* '''ⵜⵉⵥⵥⵉ:''' 1,408 ⴽⵎ³.
* '''ⵜⴰⵣⵍⵖⵜ ⵏ ⵓⴳⵏⵉ:''' 5 505 °C.
* '''ⵜⴰⵣⵍⵖⵜ ⵜⴰⴳⵏⵙⴰⵏⵜ:''' 15 ⵏ ⵓⵎⵓⵍⵢⵓⵏ ⵏ °C ⴳ ⵓⵖⵢⴰⵢ.

=== ⴰⵎⵓⵙⵙⵓ ⴷ ⵓⴱⵕⵕⵎ/ⵡⴰⵏⵏⴰⴹ ===

* '''ⴰⵏⵏⴰⴹ:''' 25.4 ⵏ ⵡⴰⵙⵙ ⴷⴰⵔ ⵓⵙⴱⴳⵙ/ⵓⴽⵡⴰⵜⵓⵔ.
* '''ⵖⴼ ⵓⵥⵢⴰⵕ ⵏ ⵓⵎⴰⵣⵍⵍⴰⵡ:''' 225-250 ⵏ ⵓⴳⵏⴷⵉⴷ.
* '''ⵜⵉⵎⵎⵔⵉ ⵏ ⵡⴰⵏⵏⴰⴹ ⵖⴼ ⵡⴰⵎⵎⴰⵙ ⵏ ⵓⵎⴰⵣⵍⵍⴰⵡ:'''  220 ⴽⵎ/ⵜⴰⵙⵉⵏⵜ (s).

=== ⴰⵙⵏⴰⵢ ⴰⴽⵔⵓⵔⴰⵏ ===

* '''ⴰⵀⵉⴷⵔⵓⵊⵉⵏ:''' ⴰⵜⵜⴰⵢⵏ ⵏ 74%.
* '''ⴰⵀⵉⵍⵢⵓⵎ:''' ⴰⵜⵜⴰⵢⵏ ⵏ 24% ⵙⴳ ⵓⴱⴷⴷⵓⵔ ⵏ ⵡⴰⴽⴰⵍ. 
* '''ⵉⴼⵔⴷⵉⵙⵏ ⵢⴰⴹⵏ:''' 2% ⵏ (ⵓⴽⵙⵉⵊⵉⵏ ⴷ ⵓⵏⵉⵜⵔⵓⵊⵉⵏ ⴷ ⵓⵣⵣⴰⵍ ⴷ ⵓⴽⴰⵔⴱⵓⵏ).

=== ⵜⵉⵍⴰⵍⵜ ⵜⴰⵏⴰⴼⵓⴽⵜ ===

* '''ⵜⴰⵙⵓⵜⵍⵜ ⵏ ⵜⵉⵍⴰⵍⵜ ⵜⴰⵏⴰⴼⵓⴽⵜ:''' 11 ⵏ ⵓⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙ.
* '''ⵉⵏⵇⵇⵉⴹⵏ ⵉⵏⴰⴼⵓⴽⵏ:''' ⴰⵜⵜⴰⵢⵏ ⵏ 100-200 ⵏ ⵉⵏⵇⵇⵉⴹⵏ ⵉⵏⴰⴼⵓⴽⵏ ⴳ ⴽⵓ ⵜⴰⵙⵓⵜⵍⵜ.
* '''ⵉⴱⴰⵇⵇⴰⵢⵏ ⵉⵏⴰⴼⵓⴽⵏ:''' ⴰⵔ ⵜⵜⵉⵍⵉⵏⵜ ⵓⴳⴳⴰⵔ ⵏ 100 ⵏ ⵜⴽⴽⵍⵜ ⴳ ⵡⴰⵙⵙ.&lt;ref&gt;{{ⴱⴷⵔ ⴰⵡⵉⴱ |title=The Sun By the Numbers |url=https://solarsystem.nasa.gov/sun-by-the-numbers |access-date=2026-01-05 |website=NASA Solar System Exploration}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== ⵥⵕ ⵓⴳⴳⴰⵔⵏ ==

* [[ⴰⴽⴰⵍ (ⴰⵎⵜⵉⵡⴳ)|ⴰⴽⴰⵍ]]
* [[ⴰⴳⵔⵓ]]
* [[ⴰⵏⴳⵔⴰⵡ ⴰⴼⵓⴽⴰⵏ]]

==ⵉⵙⴰⵖⵓⵍⵏ==
{{ⴰⵙⵎⵉⵍ|ⵜⴰⴼⵓⴽⵜ |ⵉⵎⵜⵉⵡⴳⵏ |ⴰⵙⴰⵢⵔⴰⵔ |ⴰⵙⵉⴼ ⵏ ⵉⴳⵏⵡⴰⵏ |ⵜⵉⵜⵔⵉⵜ |ⵉⵖⵣⵡⵔ }}</text>
      <sha1>iypdpftg5y1zqd3nep22cizvdk9q6bb</sha1>
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  <page>
    <title>ⴰⵙⵎⵉⵍ:ⴰⵎⵙⵏⵉⵍⵙ ⴰⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖ</title>
    <ns>14</ns>
    <id>3510</id>
    <revision>
      <id>175877</id>
      <parentid>27915</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-05-03T13:05:31Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Lhoussine Bentayfaste</username>
        <id>13</id>
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      <origin>175877</origin>
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      <text bytes="326" sha1="rn4vasyxinaw3inwdkcw64326gzcylc" xml:space="preserve">ⴰⵙⵎⵉⵍ ⴰⴷ ⵢⵓⵎⴰ ⵉⵎⵏⵏⵉⵜⵏ ⵏ ⵉⵎⵙⵏⵉⵍⵙⵏ ⵉⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵏ. 
[[ⴰⴼⴰⵢⵍⵓ:Mouloud Mammeri.png|thumb|ⴰⵎⵙⵏⵉⵍⵙ ⴰⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖ ⵎⵓⵍⵓⴷ ⵎⵄⵎⵎⵔⵉ]]
{{ⴰⵙⵎⵉⵍ |ⴰⵥⵓⵕ ⵏ ⵡⵉⴽⵉⴱⵉⴷⵢⴰ ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵜ}}</text>
      <sha1>rn4vasyxinaw3inwdkcw64326gzcylc</sha1>
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    <revision>
      <id>175878</id>
      <parentid>175877</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-05-03T13:05:49Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Lhoussine Bentayfaste</username>
        <id>13</id>
      </contributor>
      <origin>175878</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="331" sha1="ihlrfdime0d0mygc746vm5dx99u6vxw" xml:space="preserve">ⴰⵙⵎⵉⵍ ⴰⴷ ⵢⵓⵎⴰ ⵉⵎⵏⵏⵉⵜⵏ ⵏ ⵉⵎⵙⵏⵉⵍⵙⵏ ⵉⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵏ. 
[[ⴰⴼⴰⵢⵍⵓ:Mouloud Mammeri.png|thumb|ⴰⵎⵙⵏⵉⵍⵙ ⴰⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖ [[ⵎⵓⵍⵓⴷ ⵎⵄⵎⵎⵔⵉ]] ]]
{{ⴰⵙⵎⵉⵍ |ⴰⵥⵓⵕ ⵏ ⵡⵉⴽⵉⴱⵉⴷⵢⴰ ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵜ}}</text>
      <sha1>ihlrfdime0d0mygc746vm5dx99u6vxw</sha1>
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  <page>
    <title>ⴰⵏⴳⵔⴰⵡ ⴰⴼⵓⴽⴰⵏ</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>4594</id>
    <revision>
      <id>175914</id>
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      <timestamp>2026-05-03T15:04:33Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Deltaspace42</username>
        <id>37862</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor />
      <comment>([[c:GR|GR]]) [[c:COM:FR|File renamed]]: [[File:Solar System true color ZGH.png]] → [[File:Solar System True Color ZGH.png]] [[c:COM:FR#FR1|Criterion 1]] (original uploader’s request)</comment>
      <origin>175914</origin>
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      <text bytes="971" sha1="ogdz79b76uly6i0i2wv3djad3ejs9ra" xml:space="preserve">{{ⴰⵎⵏⵏⵉ ⵡⴰⵔ ⵉⵙⴰⵖⵓⵍⵏ}}
{{ⴰⵎⵓⴷ}}
[[ⴰⴼⴰⵢⵍⵓ:Solar System True Color ZGH.png|thumb|500px|ⵜⴰⴼⵓⴽⵜ ⴷ [[ⴰⵎⵜⵉⵡⴳ|ⵉⵎⵜⵉⵡⴳⵏ]] ⴷ [[ⵜⴰⵣⵉⵔⵉ|ⵡⴰⵢⵢⵓⵔⵏ]] ⵏⵏⵙⵏ  ⴷ [[ⴰⵎⵜⵉⵡⴳ ⴰⵅⵎⵓⵛ|ⵉⵎⵜⵉⵡⴳⵏ ⵉⵅⵎⵓⵛⵏ]], ⵉ ⵙⵓⵜⵓⵏ ⵖⵉⴼⵙ ⵙ ⵉⴽⵯⵍⴰⵏ ⵏⵏⵙⵏ ⵉⵎⴰⴷⴷⴰⴷⵏ.]]

'''ⴰⵏⴳⵔⴰⵡ ⴰⴼⵓⴽⴰⵏ''' ⵏⵖ ⴷ '''ⵜⴰⴳⵔⵓⵎⵎⴰ ⵜⴰⴼⵓⴽⴰⵏⵜ''' ⵏⵜⵜⴰⵜ ⴷ ⴰⵏⴳⵔⴰⵡ ⵏ ⵉⵎⵜⵉⵡⴳⵏ ⵏⵏⴰ ⴳ ⵜⵍⵍⴰ ⵜⴼⵓⴽⵜ ⴷ ⴰⴽⴽⵯ ⵉⵙⴽⵉⵏ ⵢⴰⴹⵏ ⵏⵏⴰ  ⵖⵉⴼⵙ ⵉⵙⵓⵜⵓⵍⵏ ([[ⴰⴽⴰⵍ]] ⴷ ⵉⵎⵜⵉⵡⴳⵏ ⵜⵉⵢⵢⴰⴹ...).

==ⵉⵙⴰⵖⵓⵍⵏ==
{{ⵉⵙⴰⵖⵓⵍⵏ}} 
{{ⴰⴱⴰⴹ ⵓⵏⵜⵉⵎ}}
{{ⴰⵙⵎⵉⵍ|ⴰⵏⴳⵔⴰⵡ ⴰⴼⵓⴽⴰⵏ}}</text>
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    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>5212</id>
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        <username>BihiBot</username>
        <id>2406</id>
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      <comment>Removing deprecated templates</comment>
      <origin>175929</origin>
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{{ⵉⵙⵏⴼⴰⵔⵏ ⴰⵢⵜⵎⴰⵜⵏ ⵏ ⵡⵉⴽⵉⴱⵉⴷⵢⴰ}}

==ⵉⵙⴰⵖⵓⵍⵏ==
{{ⵉⵙⴰⵖⵓⵍⵏ}}
 
{{ⴰⴱⴰⴹ ⵓⵏⵜⵉⵎ}}</text>
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        <username>Essaidib2</username>
        <id>15</id>
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      <comment>/* */</comment>
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      <text bytes="167" sha1="1jcljge4vpck3xelo9dm246d5c3wled" xml:space="preserve">{{ⵉⵙⵏⴼⴰⵔⵏ ⴰⵢⵜⵎⴰⵜⵏ ⵏ ⵡⵉⴽⵉⴱⵉⴷⵢⴰ}}

==ⵉⵙⴰⵖⵓⵍⵏ==
{{ⵉⵙⴰⵖⵓⵍⵏ}}
 
{{ⴰⴱⴰⴹ ⵓⵏⵜⵉⵎ}}</text>
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        <username>BihiBot</username>
        <id>2406</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>ⴽⴽⵙⵖ ⵉⵍⴱⵓⴹⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵏⵟⵟⵓⴼⵜ</comment>
      <origin>175937</origin>
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      <text bytes="166" sha1="ev9m39mam5xw3sqn9v60oz2ch2fk31s" xml:space="preserve">{{ⵉⵙⵏⴼⴰⵔⵏ ⴰⵢⵜⵎⴰⵜⵏ ⵏ ⵡⵉⴽⵉⴱⵉⴷⵢⴰ}}

==ⵉⵙⴰⵖⵓⵍⵏ==
{{ⵉⵙⴰⵖⵓⵍⵏ}}

{{ⴰⴱⴰⴹ ⵓⵏⵜⵉⵎ}}</text>
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    <ns>0</ns>
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        <id>2406</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>ⴽⴽⵙⵖ ⵉⵍⴱⵓⴹⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵏⵟⵟⵓⴼⵜ</comment>
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{{ⴰⵎⴳⵔⴰⴷ ⴰⵎⴰⵢⵏⵓ}}

==ⵉⵙⴰⵖⵓⵍⵏ==
{{ⵉⵙⴰⵖⵓⵍⵏ}}

{{ⴰⴱⴰⴹ ⵓⵏⵜⵉⵎ}}</text>
      <sha1>ktrz1732redgc1bgsdkz30bvgnsd9vg</sha1>
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  </page>
  <page>
    <title>ⴰⵡⵡⵓⵔ:ⴰⵎⵣⵔⵓⵢ/ⴰⵡⵔⵉⴽ ⵓⴼⵔⵉⵏ</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>5214</id>
    <revision>
      <id>175935</id>
      <parentid>168017</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-05-04T02:39:41Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>BihiBot</username>
        <id>2406</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>ⴽⴽⵙⵖ ⵉⵍⴱⵓⴹⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵏⵟⵟⵓⴼⵜ</comment>
      <origin>175935</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="3063" sha1="ircoxegw0n3k1nl8k8ioj98bnql2iuv" xml:space="preserve">[[ⴰⴼⴰⵢⵍⵓ:Sayyida-v3a.jpg|frameless|right|200px]]
'''[[ⵎⴰⵙⵙⴰ ⵜⴰⴷⵔⴼⴰⵏⵜ]]''' (ⵙ [[ⵜⵓⵜⵍⴰⵢⵜ ⵜⴰⵏⴳⵍⵉⵣⵜ|ⵜⵏⴳⵍⵉⵣⵜ]]: ''Lalla Aicha al-Alami'') ⵜⴳⴰ ⵜⴰⵎⵖⴰⵔⵜ ⵜⵓⵎⵍⵉⵍⵜ, ⵉⵜⵜⵡⴰⵙⵙⵏⵏ ⴰⵡⴷ ⵙ ⵢⵉⵙⵎ ⵏ ⵜⴰⴳⵍⴷⵓⵏⵜ ⵏ ⵍⵊⵉⵀⴰⴷ ⵏ ⵍⴱⵃⵔⴰⵢ ⵏ ⵉⵥⵥⵍⵎⴹ ⵏ [[ⵍⵎⵖⵔⵉⴱ]] ⵏ ⵓⴳⴰⴼⴰ, ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⴼⴳⵓⵔⵜ ⵜⴰⵎⵣⵔⵓⵢⵜ ⵜⴰⵎⵇⵔⴰⵏⵜ ⵏ ⵜⴰⵙⵓⵜ ⵜⵉⵙⵙ 16.

ⵜⵍⵓⵍ '''ⵎⴰⵙⵙⴰ ⵜⴰⴷⵔⴼⴰⵏⵜ''' ⴳ [[ⵉⵛⵛⴰⵡⵏ (ⵜⴰⵎⴷⵉⵏⵜ)|ⵜⵎⴷⵉⵏⵜ ⵏ ⵉⵛⵛⴰⵡⵏ]] (ⵛⴼⵛⴰⵡⵏ) ⴳ ⵓⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙ ⵏ 1485 ⴷ ⵜⵎⵎⵓⵜ ⴳ [[14 ⵢⵓⵍⵢⵓⵣ]] 1561. ⵜⴳⴰ ⵜⴰⵎⵖⴰⵔⵜ ⵏ ⵓⴳⵍⴷⵓⵏ ⵏ [[ⵜⵉⵟⵟⴰⵡⵉⵏ|ⵜⵉⵟⵡⴰⵏ]] ⴰⵃⵎⴰⴷ ⵎⵏⵣⵓⵔⵉ ⴷ ⵓⵙⵍⵟⴰⵏ ⵏ [[ⵍⵎⵖⵔⵉⴱ]] ⴰⴱⵓ ⵄⴰⴱⴱⴰⵙ ⴰⵡⵟⵟⴰⵙ.
ⵜⴳⴰ ⵜⴰⵔⴱⴰⵜ ⵏ ⵓⵎⴽⴽⵓⵙⵓ ⵎⵓⵍⴰⵢ ⵄⵍⵉ ⴱⵏ ⵎⵓⵙⴰ ⴱⵏ ⵕⴰⵛⵉⴷ ⵍⵄⴰⵍⵉⵎⵉ ⴷ ⵜⵏⵎⵉⵔⵜ ⵏ ⵍⵇⴰⴷⵔ ⴰⵎⵇⵔⴰⵏ ⵉⴱⵕⴰⵀⵉⵎ ⴱⵏ ⵕⴰⵛⵉⴷ. ⵜⵜⵢⴰⵡⵙⵙⴰⵏ ⵙⴳ ⵜⵎⵖⴰⵔⵉⵏ ⵜⵉⵅⴰⵜⴰⵔⵉⵏ ⵏ [[ⵍⵎⵖⵔⵉⴱ]] ⴰⵎⵇⵔⴰⵏ ⴳ ⵓⵣⵎⵣ ⵏⵏⴰⵖ, ⵜⵓⵛⴽⴰ ⴷ ⵙⴳ ⵜⴳⵍⴷⵉⵜ ⵏ ⴳⵔⵏⴰⵟⴰ ⵎⴰⵛⴰ ⵜⴰⵡⵊⴰ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵜⵕⵥⵎ ⵙ [[ⵍⵎⵖⵔⵉⴱ]] ⴷⴼⴼⵉⵔ ⵍⵍⵉⴳ ⵜⴹⴹⵕ ⵍ'[[ⵉⵏⴷⵍⴰⵙ|ⴰⵏⴷⴰⵍⵓⵙ]] ⴳ ⵓⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙ ⵏ 1492. ⵜⵙⵙⵏ ⵜⵍⴰⵍⵉⵜ ⵜⴰⵖⵔⵎⴰⵏⵜ ⵙ ⵜⵉⵥⵉⴹⵕⴰ ⵏⵏⵙ ⴷ ⵜⴰⴷⵓⵙⵉ ⵏ ⵡⴰⵎⵎⴰⴽ ⵏⵏⵙ, ⴷ ⵜⵙⵙⵓⴼⵖ ⵜⵉⵥⵉⴹⵕⴰ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵜⴰⵅⴰⵜⴰⵔⵜ ⴳ ⵓⵙⵡⵓⴷⴷⵓ ⴷ ⵓⵙⵡⵓⴷⴷⵓ ⴰⴷⵎⵙⴰⵏ. ⵜⵙⵙⵓⴷⵓ ⵜⴰⴱⵔⴰⵣⴰ ⵏ ⵢⵉⵍⵍ ⴷ ⵜⴱⴹⴰ ⵜⴰⵏⴱⴹⴰⵢⵜ ⵏ ⵢⵉⵍⵍ ⴰⵎⵣⴳⴰⵔⵓ ⴷ ⵓⵏⴱⴷⴰⴷ ⴰⵟⵓⵏⴰⵏⵉ ⵃⵉⵔⴷⴷⵉⵏ ⴱⴰⵔⴱⴰⵔⵓⵙ. ⵜⴽⴽⴰ ⵜⵜ ⵜⵙⵍⴻⵍⵍⵉⴷⵜ ⵙⴳ ⵉⵡⵔⵉⴽⵏ ⵏⵏⴰ ⵓⵔ ⵉⵜⵜⵓⵙⵙⴰⵏⵏ ⴳ ⵓⵎⵣⵔⵓⵢ, ⴰⵛⴽⵓ ⵉⴷⵔⵓⵙ ⵏ ⵡⴰⵔⵔⴰⵜⵏ ⵅⴼ ⵜⵎⵖⴰⵔⵉⵏ ⵏ ⴱⵕⵕⴰ. ⵜⵜⵢⴰⵡⵙⵙⴰⵏ ⵙ ⵓⵎⵏⵖⵉ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵎⴳⴰⵍ ⵏ ⵉⴱⵔⵜⵇⵇⵉⵣⵏ ⵏⵏⴰ ⵢⵓⵎⵥⵏ ⵜⴰⵎⴷⵉⵏⵜ ⵏ [[ⵙⴰⴱⵜⴰ]], ⵜⵙⵙⵏⴱⴹ ⵜⵉⵟⵡⴰⵏ ⴷ ⵙⴼⵙⴰⵢⵓⵏ ⴳⵔ 1515-1542. ⴷⴼⴼⵉⵔ ⵏ ⵜⵎⵜⵜⴰⵏⵜ ⵏⵏⵙ, ⵜⵜⵓⵎⴹⴰⵍ ⴳ ⵉⵖⵕⵎ ⵏ ⵜⵙⴳⴰ ⵏ ⵔⵉⵜⵙⵓⵏ ⴳ ⵛⴼⵛⴰⵡⵏ, ⴷ ⵉⵙⵎ ⵏⵏⵙ ⴰⵔ ⵉⵜⵜⵡⴰⵙⵙⵏ ⵙⴳ ⵡⴰⵙⵙ ⴰⴷ.</text>
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  <page>
    <title>ⵎⵓⵃⵎⵎⴰⴷ ⵓⵙⵓⵙ</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>5221</id>
    <revision>
      <id>175882</id>
      <parentid>164564</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-05-03T13:45:38Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>ⴰⵏⴰⵙ ⵓⵍⵃⵍⵓ</username>
        <id>10568</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>/* ⵉⵙⴰⵖⵓⵍⵏ */</comment>
      <origin>175882</origin>
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      <text bytes="9409" sha1="nl7x4v0n5ofs7styhs28xtoqqblzaxv" xml:space="preserve">{{ⴰⵎⵏⵏⵉ ⵡⴰⵔ ⵉⵙⴰⵖⵓⵍⵏ}}
{{ⵜⴰⴼⵍⵓⵖⵎⵉⵙⵜ ⴰⵡⵔⵉⴽ
|ⵓⵣⵡⵉⵔ ⵏ ⵡⴰⴷⴷⵓⵔ=
|ⵉⵙⵎ= ⵎⵓⵃⵎⵎⴰⴷ ⵓⵙⵓⵙ
|ⵓⴹⴼⵉⵔ ⵏ ⵡⴰⴷⴷⵓⵔ= 
|ⵜⴰⵡⵍⴰⴼⵜ= ⵎⵓⵃⵎⵎⴰⴷ ⵓⵙⵓⵙ.png
|ⵜⵉⴷⴷⵉ ⵏ ⵜⵡⵍⴰⴼⵜ=
|ⴰⴳⵍⴰⵎ ⵏ ⵜⵡⵍⴰⴼⵜ= ⵎⵓⵃⵎⵎⴰⴷ ⵓⵙⵓⵙ ⴳ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⵉⵏⴰⵡⵜ ⵜⴰⵙⴽⵍⴰⵏⵜ, ⴰⴳⴰⴷⵉⵔ, 2017
|ⴰⵙⴰⴽⵓⴷ ⵏ ⵜⵍⴰⵍⵉⵜ= 1968
|ⴰⴷⵖⴰⵔ ⵏ ⵜⵍⴰⵍⵉⵜ= [[ⵉⵃⴰⵃⴰⵏ]]
|ⴰⵙⴰⴽⵓⴷ ⵏ ⵜⵎⵜⵜⴰⵏⵜ= 
|ⴰⴷⵖⴰⵔ ⵏ ⵜⵎⵜⵜⴰⵏⵜ=
|ⴰⵙⵔⴰⴳ ⵏ ⵜⵎⵜⵜⴰⵏⵜ= 
|ⵜⴰⵖⵍⴰⵏⵜ= {{ⵜⴰⵛⵏⵢⴰⵍⵜ|Morocco|ⵍⵎⵖⵔⵉⴱ|ⴰⵎⵖⵔⵉⴱⵉ}}
|ⵜⴰⵣⴷⵓⵖⵜ= [[ⴰⴳⴰⴷⵉⵔ]]
|ⴰⵙⵍⵎⴷ=
|ⵜⵉⵏⵎⵍ ⵜⴰⵢⵎⵎⴰⵜ=
|ⵉⴳⵔ ⵏ ⵜⵡⵓⵔⵉ= ⴰⵙⵙⵍⵎⴷ &lt;br&gt;ⵜⴰⵙⴽⵍⴰ ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵜ
|ⵜⴰⵣⵣⵓⵍⵜ= ⴰⵙⵍⵎⴰⴷ&lt;br&gt;ⴰⵎⴰⵔⴰ
|ⵉⵙⴳⵯⴰⵙⵏ ⵏ ⵓⵎⵓⵙⵙⵓ = ⵙⴳ 2007
|ⴰⵙⵔⴰⴳ ⵏ ⵜⵙⵓⵙⵏⵜ=
|ⵜⵉⵡⵓⵔⵉⵡⵉⵏ ⵜⵜⵓⵙⵙⴰⵏⵏⵉⵏ= [[ⵉⵅⴼ ⵏ ⵡⴰⵡⵡⵓⴽ (ⵓⵏⴳⴰⵍ)]] &lt;br&gt; [[ⵉⵏⴰⴽⵓⴼⵏ (ⵓⵏⴳⴰⵍ)]]
|ⴰⵎⵓⵍⵍⵉ=
|ⵜⴰⵎⵟⵟⵓⴹⵜ= [[ⵄⴰⵣⵉⵣⴰ ⵏⴰⴼⵉⵄ]]
|ⵜⴰⵔⵡⴰ= 
|ⴰⴳⵍⴰ= 
|ⴰⵙⴳⴷ = 
|ⵜⵉⵙⵎⵖⵓⵔⵉⵏ= 
|ⴰⵙⴳⵎⴹ= 
|ⴰⵙⵉⵜ ⴰⵎⴰⴷⴷⵓⴷ=
|ⵜⴰⵏⵏⴰⵢⵉⵏ= 
}}
'''ⵎⵓⵃⵎⵎⴰⴷ ⵓⵙⵓⵙ''' (ⵙ [[ⵜⵓⵜⵍⴰⵢⵜ ⵜⴰⵄⵕⴰⴱⵜ|ⵜⵄⵕⴰⴱⵜ]]: محمد أسوس) ⵉⵜⵜⵢⴰⵡⵙⵙⴰⵏ ⵙ '''ⵎⵓⵏⴰⵜⴰⵙ ⵓⵙⵓⵙ''' ⵉⴳⴰ ⴰⵎⴰⵔⴰ [[ⵉⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵏ|ⴰⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖ]] [[ⵉⵃⴰⵃⴰⵏ|ⵉⵃⵉⵃⵉ]]. ⵢⵓⵔⴰ ⵜⵓⴳⵜⵜ ⵏ ⵉⴷⵍⵉⵙⵏ ⴳ ⵎⴰ ⵏⵏ 36 ⵏ ⵓⴹⵕⵉⵙ ⵉⵙⵎ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵉⵖⴼⴰⵡⵏ ⴷ ⵉⵙⴰⵙⴰⵏ. ⵉⴼⴼⴰⵖ ⴷ ⵓⴷⵍⵉⵙ ⴰⴷ ⴳ 2006. ⵙ ⵜⵡⵉⵙⵉ ⵏ ⵜⵎⵔⵙⵍⵜ ⵜⴰⵡⴰⵍⵜ, ⵉⵙⵙⵓⴼⵖ ⴷ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵎⵙⵎⵓⵏⴰⵡⴰⵍ ⵉⵥⵍⵉⵏ ⵙ ⵉⵎⵓⴷⴰⵔ ⵙ ⵉⵙⵎ ⵏ [[ⴰⵎⴰⵡⴰⵍ ⵏ ⵉⵎⵓⴷⴰⵔ]], ⴳⵉⵙ 1330 ⵏ ⵜⵓⴽⵛⵉⵎⵜ.

ⵉⵍⵓⵍ ⵎⴰⵙⵙ ⵎⵓⵃⵎⵎⴰⴷ ⵓⵙⵓⵙ ⴳ ⵎⵎⵓ ⵓⴳⴰⴷⵉⵔ/ⵎⵓⴳⴰⴷⵓⵔ/ⵜⴰⵚⵚⵓⵕⵜ ⴳ ⵓⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙ ⵏ 1968, ⵉⴳⴰ ⴰⵎⵙⴷⵍⵙⴰ ⵉⵏⵏⵣⴳⵎⵏ ⵙ ⵜⵓⴳⵜ ⵏ ⵉⴳⵔⴰⵏ, ⵉⵙⵎⵓⵏ ⵏⴳⵔ ⵓⵙⵙⵍⵎⴷ ⴷ ⵜⵡⵉⵙⵉ ⴷ ⵓⵔⵣⵣⵓ ⴰⵎⴰⵙⵙⴰⵏ ⴷ ⵓⵙⵏⴼⵍⵓⵍ.

ⵉⴳⴰ ⴰⵎⵙⴽⴰⵔ ⴳ ⵜⵓⴳⵜ ⵏ ⵜⵎⵙⵎⵓⵏⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵓⵖⵔⵉⵎⵉⵏ ⵙⵍⴰⵡⴰⵏ ⴰⴽⴽⵯ ⵜⵉⵍⵍⵉ ⵏⵏⵣⴳⵎⵏⵉⵏ ⵙ ⵜⵙⴽⵍⴰ ⴷ ⵜⴷⵍⵙⴰ ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵜ. ⵉⵙⵙⵓⵡⵔⵉ ⵓⵍⴰ ⴳ ⵜⵓⴳⵜ ⵏ ⵉⴳⵔⴰⵏ ⵣⵓⵏ ⴷ ⵜⵓⵜⵍⴰⵢⵜ ⴷ ⵜⴷⵍⵙⴰ, ⵜⴰⵙⵓⵙⵢⵓⵍⵓⵊⵜ ⴷ ⵜⴰⵏⵜⵕⵓⴱⴱⵓⵍⵓⵊⵜ. ⴰⵔ ⵜⵜ ⴱⴰⵀⵔⴰ ⵉⵜⵜⴰⵡⵉ ⴳ ⵓⵙⵖⴰⵏ ⴷ ⵓⵙⵡⵉⵏⴳⵎ ⴰⵎⵉⵜⵓⵍⵓⵊⵉ ⴰⵎⵕⵕⵓⴽⵉ.

ⵜⵙⵙⵓⴼⵖ ⴰⵙ ⴷ ⵜⵎⵔⵙⵍⵜ ⵜⴰⴷⵍⵙⴰⵏⵜ ⵏ ⵜⴰⵡⴰⵍⵜ ⴳ ⵓⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙ ⵏ 2007 ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⵎⴰⵡⴰⵏ ⵙ ⵓⵣⵡⵍ &quot;ⴰⵎⴰⵡⴰⵍ ⵏ ⵉⵎⵓⴷⴰⵔ&quot;

ⴳ ⵓⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙ ⵏ 2008 ⵉⵙⵙⵓⴼⵖ ⴰⵙ ⴷ ⵓⵙⵉⵏⴰⴳ ⴰⴳⵍⴷⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵓⵙⵙⵏⴰ ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵜ ⵙⵉⵏ ⵉⴷⵍⵉⵙⵏ ⵉⵎⴰⵙⵙⴰⵏ ⴳ ⵓⵙⵡⵉⵏⴳⵎ ⴰⵎⵉⵜⵓⵍⵓⵊⵉ ⵏ ⵉⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵏ, دراسات في الفكر الميثي الأمازيغي (ⵜⵉⵣⵔⴰⵡⵉⵏ ⴳ ⵓⵙⵡⵉⵏⴳⵎ ⴰⵎⵉⵜⵓⵍⵓⵊⵉ ⴰⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖ) ⴷ كوكرا في الميثولوجيا الامازيغية (ⴽⵓⴽⵔⴰ ⴳ ⵜⵎⵉⵜⵓⵍⵓⵊⵉⵜ ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵜ).

ⵉⴽⵍⵍⵉ ⴷⴰⵔⵙ ⴳ ⵓⵙⵓⵖⵍ ⴰⵡⵉⴳⵉⵎ ⴷ ⵓⴷⵍⵙⴰⵏ ⵍⵍⵉⵖ ⵉⵙⵓⵖⵍ ⴰⴷⵍⵉⵙ ⵏ ⵓⵎⴰⵔⴰ ⵊⴱⵕⴰⵏ ⵅⴰⵍⵉⵍ ⵊⴱⵕⴰⵏ ⵍⵍⵉ ⵉⵍⴰⵏ ⵙ ⵓⵣⵡⵍ &quot;ⵉⵙⵔ&quot; ⵙ ⵜⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵜ ⵜⵙⵙⵓⴼⵖ ⴰⵙ ⵜ ⵉⴷ ⵜⵉⵔⵔⴰ ⵜⴰⵣⵍⵖⴰ ⵏ ⵉⵎⴰⵔⴰⵜⵏ ⵙ ⵜⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵜ ⴳ ⵓⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙ ⵏ 2014, ⵉⵙⵓⵖⵍ ⵙ ⵜⴷⵔⴰⵡⵜ ⴷ ⵎⴰⵙⵙ ⵎⵓⵃⵎⵎⴰⴷ ⴰⴽⵓⵏⴰⴹ ⵓⵏⴳⴰⵍ &quot;ⴰⵖⵢⵓⵍ ⵏ ⵡⵓⵔⵖ&quot; ⵏ ⵓⵎⴰⵔⴰ ⴰⴱⴱⵓⵍⵢⵓⵙ/ⴰⴼⵓⵍⴰⵢ.

ⴳ ⵢⵉⴳⵔ ⵏ ⵜⵖⵓⵔⵉⵡⵉⵏ ⵜⵉⵙⴽⵍⴰⵏⵉⵏ ⴷ ⵓⴼⵔⴰⵏ, ⵢⵓⵔⴰ ⵜⵓⴳⵜ ⵏ ⵉⵎⴰⴳⵔⴰⴷⵏ ⵅⴼ ⵜⵙⴽⵍⴰ ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵜ ⵜⴰⵜⵔⴰⵔⵜ ⵉⵙⵙⵓⴼⵖ ⵜⵓⴳⵜ ⴳⵉⵙⵏ ⴳ ⵜⵙⵖⵓⵏⵉⵏ ⵜⵉⵎⴰⵙⵙⴰⵏⵉⵏ ⴷ ⴰⵔ ⴱⴷⴷⴰ ⵉⵜⵜⴰⵡⵙ ⴳ ⵉⵏⵎⵓⵇⵇⴰⵔⵏ ⵉⴷⵍⵙⴰⵏⵏ. ⵏⵜⵜⴰ ⴰⴷ ⴰⴽⴽⵯ ⵢⵓⵔⴰⵏ ⵜⵓⴳⵜ ⵏ ⵜⵣⵡⵓⵔⵉⵏ ⵉ ⵜⵡⵛⴽⵉⵏⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵎⴷⵢⴰⵣⵉⵏ ⵜⵉⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵉⵏ ⵜⵉⵜⵔⴰⵔⵉⵏ ⵍⵍⵉ ⴼⵙⵔⵏ ⵉⵎⴷⵢⴰⵣⵏ ⵏ ⵉⴼⴼⵓⵙ.

ⵉⴼⴼⵓⵖ ⴰⵙ ⴷ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⴷⵍⵉⵙ ⵙ ⵓⵣⵡⵍ &quot;في رحاب الأنكال&quot; ⵉⴳⴰ ⵜⵉⵖⵓⵔⵉⵣⵉⵏ ⴳ ⵡⵓⵏⴳⴰⵍ [[ⵉⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵏ|ⴰⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖ]] ⴳ ⵢⵉⴼⴼⵓⵙ, ⵜⵙⵙⵓⴼⵖ ⵜ ⵉⴷ ⵜⵣⵍⵖⴰ ⵏ ⵜⵉⵔⵔⴰ ⴳ ⵓⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙ 2022.

ⵓⵔ ⵜⵜ ⵢⵉⵡⵉ ⵎⵓⵃⵎⵎⴰⴷ ⵓⵙⵓⵙ ⵖⴰⵙ ⴳ ⵓⵔⵣⵣⵓ ⴰⴷⵍⵙⴰⵏ, ⵓⵔ ⵉⵥⴹⴰⵕ ⵓⵎⵔⵣⵓ ⴰⴷ ⵏⵏ ⴳⵉⵙ ⵉⵃⴹⵓ ⴰⵎⵙⵏⴼⵍⵓⵍ ⵍⵍⵉⵖ ⵢⵓⵔⴰ ⵙ ⵜⵉⵔⴳⵉⵜ ⵏ ⵓⵙⵏⴼⵍⵓⵍ ⴳ ⵎⵏⵏⴰⵡ ⵉⴳⵔⴰⵏ.

ⵢⵓⵔⴰ ⴳ ⵜⵎⴷⵢⴰⵣⵜ ⵜⵉⵔⵎⵉⵜ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵜⴰⵎⵣⵡⴰⵔⵓⵜ ⵍⵍⵉ ⵎⵓ ⵉⴳⴰ ⵙ ⵓⵣⵡⵍ &quot;ⵜⴰⴳⵍⵉⴷⵜ ⵏ ⵜⵉⴳⴳⴰⵙ&quot; ⴳ ⵓⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙ ⵏ 2009, ⵢⴰⵔⴰ ⵜⴰⵡⵛⴽⵉⵏⵜ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵜⵉⵙ ⵙⵏⴰⵜ ⵙ ⵜⴷⵔⴰⵡⵜ ⴷ ⵎⴰⵙⵙ ⵄⴰⴱⴷⵓⵍⵍⴰⵀ ⵍⵎⵏⵏⴰⵏⵉ ⵙ ⵓⵣⵡⵍ &quot;ⵜⵉⵎⵇⵇⴰ ⵏ ⴼⴰⴷ&quot; ⴳ ⵓⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙ ⵏ 2011.

ⴳ ⵜⵓⵍⵍⵉⵙⵜ, ⵢⵓⵔⴰ ⵎⵓⵃⵎⵎⴰⴷ ⵓⵙⵓⵙ ⴽⵕⴰⴹⵜ ⵜⵡⵛⴽⵉⵏⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵓⵍⵍⵉⵙⵉⵏ, ⵜⴰⵎⵣⵡⴰⵔⵓⵜ ⴳ ⵓⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙ ⵏ 2009 ⵙ ⵓⵣⵡⵍ &quot;ⴰⵢⵜ ⵉⵇⵊⴷⵔ ⴷ ⵓⵅⵙⴰⵢ&quot;, ⵜⵉⵙ ⵙⵏⴰⵜ ⵙ ⵓⵣⵡⵍ &quot;ⴰⴷⵔⵏⵉⵇ ⵏ ⵡⴰⵢⵢⵓⵔ&quot; ⴳ ⵓⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙ ⵏ 2012, ⵜⵉⵙ ⴽⵕⴰⴹⵜ ⵙ ⵓⵣⵡⵍ &quot;ⵜⵓⴳⴰ ⵉⵙⵎⵖⵉ ⵓⵥⴰⵡⴰⴹ&quot; ⴳ ⵓⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙ 2016.

ⴳ ⵓⵏⴳⴰⵍ, ⵢⵓⵔⴰ ⵓⵙⵓⵙ ⴽⴽⵓⵥ ⵉⴷⵍⵉⵙⵏ, ⴰⵎⵣⵡⴰⵔⵓ ⵢⵓⵔⴰ ⵜ ⴳ ⵓⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙ ⵏ 2019 ⵙ ⵓⵣⵡⵍ &quot;ⵉⵏⴰⴽⵓⴼⵏ&quot;.

ⴳ ⵓⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙ ⵏ 2020, ⵉⵙⵙⵓⴼⵖ ⴷ ⵙⵉⵏ ⵡⵓⵏⴳⴰⵍⵏ &quot;ⵜⴰⴹⵓⵕⵉ&quot; ⴷ &quot;ⵛⵎⵃⴹⵉⴹ ⴳⵔ ⵓⵣⵓⴽⵯⵏⵏⵉ ⴷ ⵓⵍⴷⵓⵏ”, ⵓⵏⴳⴰⵍ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵡⵉⵙ ⴽⴽⵓⵥ ⵉⴳⴰ ⴰⵙ ⵙ ⵓⵣⵡⵍ &quot;ⵉⵅⴼ ⵏ ⵡⴰⵡⵡⵓⴽ&quot;, ⵉⴼⴼⵓⵖ ⴷ ⴳ ⵓⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙ 2022.

ⴰⵔ ⵉⵜⵜⴰⵔⴰ ⵓⵙⵓⵙ ⵓⵍⴰ ⵉⵎⴰⴳⴰⵔⴰⴷⵏ ⵉⴷⵍⵙⴰⵏⵏ ⴷ ⵉⴼⵍⵙⴰⴼⵏ ⵙ ⵜⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵜ, ⵉⴼⴼⵖ ⴰⵙ ⴷ ⵓⴷⵍⵉⵙ ⵉⵙⵎⵓⵏⵜⵏ ⴳⵉⵙ ⵙ ⵓⵣⵡⵍ &quot;ⵉⵅⴼⴰⵡⵏ ⴷ ⵉⵙⴰⵙⴰⵏ&quot;

ⵉⴳⴰ ⵎⵓⵃⵎⵎⴰⴷ ⵓⵙⵓⵙ ⴳ ⵉⵎⵙⵏⴼⵍⵓⵍⵏ ⵉⵜⵔⴰⵔⵏ ⵍⵍⵉ ⵎⵎⴰⵖⵏⵉⵏ ⴰⴷ ⵙⴽⵓⵏ ⴰⵖⴰⵔⴰⵙ ⵏⵏⵙⵏ ⴳ ⵜⵙⴽⵍⴰ ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵜ.

==ⵉⴷⵍⵉⵙⵏ ⵏⵏⵙ==
===ⵙ ⵜⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵜ===
*[[ⵉⵖⴼⴰⵡⵏ ⴷ ⵉⵙⴰⵙⴰⵏ]], 2006
*[[ⴰⵢⵜ ⵉⵇⵇⵊⴷⵔ ⴷ ⵓⵅⵙⴰⵢ]], 2009
*[[ⴰⴷⵔⵏⵉⵇ ⵏ ⵡⴰⵢⵢⵓⵔ]], 2012
*'''[[ⵉⵏⴰⴽⵓⴼⵏ (ⵓⵏⴳⴰⵍ)|ⵉⵏⴰⴽⵓⴼⵏ]]''', 2017
*[[ⵉⵅⴼ ⵏ ⵡⴰⵡⵡⵓⴽ (ⵓⵏⴳⴰⵍ)|ⵉⵅⴼ ⵏ ⵡⴰⵡⵡⵓⴽ]], 2022.

===ⵙ ⵜⵄⵕⴰⴱⵜ===
*دراسات في الفكر الميثي الأمازيغي (ⵜⵉⵣⵔⴰⵡⵉⵏ ⴼ ⵓⵙⵡⵉⵏⴳⵎ ⴰⵎⵉⵜⵉⵢ ⴰⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖ)
*كوكرا - في الميثولوجيا الأمازيغية (ⴽⵓⴽⵔⴰ - ⵖ ⵜⵓⵙⵏⵎⵉⵢⵜ ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵜ)

==ⵉⵙⴰⵖⵓⵍⵏ==
{{ⵉⵙⴰⵖⵓⵍⵏ}}
{{ⵜⵓⵜⵍⴰⵢⵜ ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵜ ⵜⴰⵏⴰⵡⴰⵢⵜ ⵜⴰⵎⵖⵔⵉⴱⵉⵜ}}
{{ⴰⵙⵎⵉⵍ |ⴰⵎⴰⵔⴰ |ⴰⵎⴰⵔⴰ ⴰⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖ |ⵉⵃⴰⵃⴰⵏ|ⴰⵎⴰⵔⴰ ⴰⵎⵖⵔⵉⴱⵉ  |ⵜⴰⵙⴽⵍⴰ ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵜ|ⴰⵎⵙⵏⵉⵍⵙ ⴰⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖ}}</text>
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      <text bytes="11606" sha1="ju32pfnpvzjph8pgezozrcg4w5hrztm" xml:space="preserve">{{ⴰⵎⵏⵏⵉ ⵡⴰⵔ ⵉⵙⵎⵉⵍⵏ}}
{{ⴰⵎⵏⵏⵉ ⵡⴰⵔ ⵉⵙⴰⵖⵓⵍⵏ}}
{{ⴰⴳⵓⵊⵉⵍ}}
{{ⵜⴰⴼⵍⵓⵖⵎⵉⵙⵜ ⴰⵡⵔⵉⴽ|ⵉⵙⵎ= ⵇⴰⴹⵉ ⵇⴷⴷⵓⵔ|ⴰⴷⵖⴰⵔ ⵏ ⵜⵎⵜⵜⴰⵏⵜ= |ⵜⵓⵜⵍⴰⵢⵜ ⵜⴰⵢⵎⵎⴰⵜ=ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵜ|ⴰⴷⵖⴰⵔ ⵏ ⵜⵍⴰⵍⵉⵜ=ⴰⵢⵜ ⵙⵉⴷⴰⵍ - ⵏⵏⴰⴹⵓⵕ|ⴰⵙⴰⴽⵓⴷ ⵏ ⵜⵍⴰⵍⵉⵜ=1952|ⴰⵙⴰⴽⵓⴷ ⵏ ⵜⵎⵜⵜⴰⵏⵜ=15 ⵛⵓⵜⴰⵏⴱⵉⵔ 1995|ⵜⴰⵖⵍⴰⵏⵜ= ⵜⴰⵎⵖⵔⵉⴱⵉⵜ|ⵜⴰⵡⵍⴰⴼⵜ=ⵇⴰⴹⵉ ⵇⴷⴷⵓⵔ, ⴰⴷⵓⴽⵜⵓⵔ ⴰⵎⵖⵏⴰⵙ ⴰⵎⵔⵣⵓ ⴳ ⵢⵉⴳⵔ ⵏ ⵜⵙⵏⵉⵍⵙⵜ.jpg }}
ⴰⴷⵓⴽⵜⵓⵔ ⵇⴰⴹⵉ ⵇⴷⴷⵓⵔ ⴷ ⵢⵉⵡⵉⵙ ⵏ ⵜⵇⴱⵉⵍⵜ ⴰⵢⵜ ⵙⵉⴷⴰⵍ, ⵉⵍⵓⵍ ⴳ ⵓⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙ ⵏ 1952, ⵉⴳ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵙⴳ ⵉⵎⴰⵏⴰⵔⵏ ⵏ ⵉⵏⴰⴳⵍⵉⵡⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵙⴳⴰ ⵏ ⵔⵔⵉⴼ ⵉⴳⴰⵏ ⴰⵖⴱⴰⵍⵓ ⵓⵔ ⵉⵜⵜⵇⵇⴰⵔⵏ ⵉⵙⵙⵎⵖⴰⵢⵏ ⵉⵏⴰⴳⵍⵉⵡⵏ ⴳ ⵓⵙⵡⵉⵔ ⵏ ⵇⴰⴹⵉ ⵇⴷⴷⵓⵔ, ⵏⵜⵜⴰ ⴷ ⵢⴰⵏ ⴳ ⵉⵎⴰⵏⴰⵔⵏ ⵏ ⵓⵎⵓⵙⵙⵓ ⴰⴷⵍⵙⴰⵏ [[ⵉⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵏ|ⴰⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖ]] ⴷ ⵉⵎⵣⵡⴰⵔ ⵏⵏⵙ, ⵉⵎⵎⵓⵜ ⴳ 15 ⵛⵓⵜⴰⵏⴱⵉⵔ 1995 ⴹⴰⵕⵜ ⵏ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⵏⴳⴰⵙ ⵉⵅⵛⵏⵏ ⵏⵏⴰ ⵓⴽⴰⵏ ⵙⵓⵍ ⵓⵔ ⵉⴼⴰⵡⵏ ⵉⵍⵉⵏ ⴼⵍⵍⴰⵙ ⵉⵙⵇⵙⵉⵜⵏ.

ⴹⴰⵕⵜ ⵏ ⵜⵖⵔⵉ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵏ ⵓⵙⵉⵏⴰⵏ, ⵢⵓⴷⴼ ⵜⴰⵙⴷⴰⵡⵉⵜ ⵏ ⵎⵓⵃⵎⵎⴰⵙ ⵍⵅⴰⵎⵉⵙ, ⵜⴰⵖⵉⵡⴰⵏⵜ ⵏ ⵜⵙⴽⵍⴰ ⴷ ⵜⵎⴰⵙⵙⴰⵏⵉⵏ ⵜⵉⵏⴼⴳⴰⵏⵉⵏ, ⵖⵉⵏⵏ ⴰⵖ ⵢⵓⵎⵥ ⴰⵙⵍⴽⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵓⵔⴰⴳⵜ ⴳ ⵜⵓⵜⵍⴰⵢⵜ ⵜⴰⴼⵕⴰⵏⵚⵉⵚⵜ ⴷ ⵜⵙⴽⵍⴰ ⵏⵏⵙ ⴰⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙ ⵏ 1974, ⵉⴹⴼⵕ ⴰⵙⵎⵓⵜⵜⴳ ⵏⵏⵙ ⴳ ⵜⵉⵏⵎⵍ ⵜⴰⵏⴰⴼⵍⵍⴰⵜ ⵏ ⵉⵙⵍⵎⴰⴷⵏ, ⴹⴰⵕⵜ ⵢⵓⵎⵥ ⴰⵙⵍⴽⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵎⵙⵉⵔⵉⵏ ⵜⵉⵖⴱⵉⵡⵉⵏ ⴳ ⵜⵙⵏⵉⵍⵙⵜ ⴳ ⵜⵖⵉⵡⴰⵏⵜ ⵏ ⵜⵙⴽⵍⴰ, ⵉⵣⵣⵔⵉ ⴰⵎⵃⵉⵣⵡⴰⵔ ⵏ ⵉⵙⵍⵎⴰⴷⵏ ⵉⵎⴰⵡⴰⵙⵏ, ⵉⴽⵛⵎ ⴷ ⵓⴳⵔⴰⵡ ⵏ ⵓⵙⵍⵎⴷ ⴳ ⵜⵖⵉⵡⴰⵏⵜ ⵏ ⵜⵙⴽⵍⴰ ⴳ ⴼⴰⵙ ⴰⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙ ⵏ 1977 ⵉⵙⵡⵓⵔⵉ ⴳⵉⵙ ⴷ ⴰⵎⴰⵡⴰⵙ. ⴳ ⵓⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙ 1979 ⵢⵓⵎⵥ ⵜⴰⴳⴳⴰⵣⵜ ⵏ ⵓⵙⵉⵔⵎ ⵜⵣⵎⵔ ⴰⵙ ⴰⴷ ⵉⴹⴼⵕ ⴰⵙⵎⵓⵜⵜⴳ ⵏⵏⵙ ⴰⴽⴰⴷⵉⵎⵉ ⴳ ⵜⵙⴷⴰⵡⵉⵜ ⴳ ⵜⵙⴷⴰⵡⵉⵜ ⵏ ⵚⵚⵓⵕⴱⵓⵏ (ⴱⴰⵔⵉⵣ 3) ⵖⵉⵏⵏ ⴰⵖ ⵉⵃⵢⵢⵍ ⵉⵙⴳⴷⵍ ⵜⴰⴱⵔⴰⵜ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵏ ⴷⴷⵓⴽⵜⵓⵔⴰ ⴰⵙⴰⴽⴰ ⵡⵉⵙ ⴽⵕⴰⴹ ⴳ ⵜⵙⵏⵉⵍⵙⵜ ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵜ ⵙ ⵡⵓⵜⵓⵢ ⵏ ⵓⵙⵍⵎⴰⴷ ⵍⵢⵓⵏⵉⵍ ⴽⴰⵍⴰⵏ ⴰⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙ ⵏ 1981, ⴹⴰⵕⵜ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵉⵡⵉⵔⵔⵉ ⴷ ⵙ ⵜⵖⵉⵡⴰⵏⵜ ⵏ ⵜⵙⴽⵍⴰ ⴳ ⴼⴰⵙ ⴰⴷ ⵉⴹⴼⵕ ⵜⴰⵡⵓⵔⵉ ⵏⵏⵙ ⴰⵎ ⵓⵙⵍⵎⴰⴷ ⴰⵎⴰⵡⴰⵙ, ⴳ ⵓⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙ ⵏ 1990 ⵉⵙⴳⴷⵍ ⴷⵓⴽⵜⵓⵔⴰ ⵏ ⵓⵡⴰⵏⴽ ⴳ ⵜⵓⵥⵍⴰⵢⵜ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵏⵉⵜ (ⵜⴰⵙⵏⵉⵍⵙⵜ ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵜ).

ⵉⵎⵢⴰⵔ ⵉⴳⵍⵍⵉⵏ ⵓⵎⵖⵏⴰⵙ ⵇⴰⴹⵉ ⵇⴷⴷⵓⵔ ⴰⴷ ⵉⵙⵎⵓⵏ ⵏⴳⵔ ⵜⴰⵡⵓⵔⵉ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵙⵙⴰⵏⵜ ⴷ ⵏⴳⵔ ⵓⵎⵓⵙⵙⵓ ⵏⵏⵙ ⴰⵎⵖⵏⴰⵙ ⴰⵎⵙⵎⵓⵏ, ⵙ ⵢⵉⵎⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵓⵙⵖⵓⴷⵓ ⴷ ⵓⵙⵓⴼⵓ, ⴷ ⵓⵔ ⵜⵜ ⵉⵏⵏ ⵉⴽⴽⵉ ⵓⵙⵜⴰⵢ ⵏ ⵉⴳⵍⵍⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵓⵔⵣⵣⵓ ⴷ ⵜⵣⵔⴰⵡⵜ ⴰⵎⵙⴰⵎⵎⴰ, ⵎⴰⵛⴰ ⵉⵙ ⴷ ⵉⴼⴼⵖ ⵙⴳ ⵓⵏⵥⵥⵓ ⴷ ⵓⴼⵔⴰⴽ ⵙ ⵓⵏⴱⵣⴰⵣ ⵏ ⵜⴰⵡⵉⵜ ⵅⴼ ⵜⵎⵙⵙⴰⵏⵉⵏ ⵜⵉⵏⴼⴳⴰⵏⵉⵏ ⵙ ⵓⵎⴰⵜⴰ, ⴷ ⵜⵙⵏⵉⵍⵙⵜ ⵜⵓⵥⵍⴰⵢⵜ, ⵍⵍⵉ ⴳⴰⵏⵜ ⵜⵉⵎⴰⵙⵙⴰⵏⵉⵏ ⵉⵜⵜⴰⵡⵙⵏ ⵅⴼ ⵓⵙⴱⵓⵖⵍⵓ ⵏ ⵓⵔⵣⵣⵓ ⴰⴳⵔⵎⵏⴰⴷ ⴳ ⵜⵓⵜⵍⴰⵢⵜ ⴷ ⵜⴷⵍⵙⴰ ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵜ ⴷ ⵓⵣⵓⵣⵣⴼ ⵅⴼ ⵉⴼⵔⴷⵉⵙⵏ ⵉⴷⵙⵍⴰⵏⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵎⴰⴳⵉⵜ ⵜⴰⵏⴰⵎⵓⵔⵜ ⵎⵎⵉ ⵉⵙⴳⴰⵔ ⵉⵎⵏⵏⴰⵡⵏ.

ⵙ ⵜⵥⵓⵥⵜ ⴷ ⵓⴼⴼⵓⵍⵍⵙ ⵏⵏⵙ ⴷⴰ ⵙ ⵉⵜⵜⵡⴰⵙⵙⴰⵏ, ⵓⵊⵊⴰⵏ ⵜ ⴰⴷ ⵉⵍⵜⵖ ⵜⵓⵥⵥⵎⵜ ⵏ ⵏ ⵉⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙⵏ ⵏ 70 ⵏ ⵜⴰⵙⵓⵜ ⴰⴷ ⵉⵣⵔⵉⵏ ⴳ ⵓⵎⵓⵙⵙⵓ ⴰⵎⵙⵎⵓⵏ ⴰⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖ, ⵙⵡⴰ ⴳ [[ⴼⵕⴰⵏⵚⴰ]] ⴷⴰ ⵖ ⵜⵜ ⵉⵏⵏ ⵉⴽⴽⴰ ⵉⴳⴰ ⴳⵉⵙ ⴰⵎⵣⵔⴰⵡ, ⵓⵍⴰ ⴳ [[ⵍⵎⵖⵔⵉⴱ]] ⵖ ⵉⴳⴰ ⴰⵙⵍⵎⴰⴷ ⴰⵎⵙⴷⴰⵡ ⴷ ⵉⵎⵖⵏⴰⵙ ⵉⵜⵜⵎⵓⵙⵙⵓⵏ, ⵉⵣⴷⵉ ⴷⵉⴷⵙ ⵓⵏⵥⵥⵓ ⵉⴷⵓⵙⵏ ⵎⴰⵙ ⴷ ⴰⵙⵙⵎⵖⵔ ⵏ ⵜⵓⵜⵍⴰⵢⵜ ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵜ ⴷ ⵓⵙⴱⵓⵖⵍⵓ ⵏⵏⵙ ⴷ ⵓⵙⵉⴷⴼ ⵏⵏⵙ ⴳ ⵢⵉⴳⵔⴰⵏ ⵉⵎⴰⴷⴷⴰⵔⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵎⵜⵜⵉ ⵉⵇⵇⴰⵏ ⴷ ⴰⴷ ⵉⵣⴷⵉ ⴷ ⵜⵡⵓⵔⵉ ⵜⴰⵙⵓⵍⴰⵏⵜ ⵅⴼ ⵓⵙⴷⵔⵓ ⵏ ⵓⴼⵔⴰⴽ ⵙ ⵜⵏⴽⴽⵉⵜ ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵜ ⴷ ⵜⵖⵏⵙⴰ ⵃⵎⴰ ⴰⴷ ⵏⵉⵡⴹ ⵜⴰⵙⵉⵍⴰⵡⵜ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵙ ⵜⵡⵓⵔⵉ ⵜⴰⴷⵖⵔⵉ ⵉⴳ ⵏⵙⵙⵏⵜⵉ ⵙⴳ ⵢⵉⵎⴰⵏ ⵎⴰⵙ ⴷ ⴰⵙⴽⴽⵉⵏ [[ⵉⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵏ|ⴰⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖ]] ⴷ ⵜⴰⵎⵙⴰⵔⵜ ⵜⴰⵏⴰⵎⵓⵔⵜ ⵜⵀⵎⵎⴰ ⵉⵎⵖⵔⴰⴱⵉⵢⵏ ⴰⴽⴽⵯ ⵙ ⵡⴰⵔ ⵓⵙⵍⵉⴷ.

ⴳ ⵓⵙⴰⵜⵉ ⴰⴷ, ⵉⵙⴽⵔ ⵉⴳⵍⵍⵉⵏ ⵇⴰⴹⵉ ⵇⴷⴷⵓⵔ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⴳⵔⵓⵎⵎⴰ ⵏ ⵓⵔⵣⵣⵓ ⴷ ⵜⵣⵔⴰⵡⵉⵏ ⵜⵉⵙⵏⵉⵍⵙⵉⵏ ⴳ ⵜⵖⵉⵡⴰⵏⵜ ⵏ ⵜⵙⴽⵍⴰ ⴳ ⴼⴰⵙ, ⵢⴰⵙⵉ ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵙⴰⵢⵜ ⵏ ⵓⵙⵎⵓⵙⵙⵓ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵣⵖ ⵓⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙ ⵏ 1981 ⴰⵢⵍⵍⵉⵖ ⵉⵎⵎⵓⵜ ⵜⴰⵎⵍⵍⴰ ⵏ ⵕⴱⴱⵉ ⴼⵍⵍⴰⵙ, ⵙ ⵢⵉⵎⴰⵏ ⴰⵏⵏ ⵏⵉⵜ ⵜⴰⵎⵖⵏⴰⵙⵜ, ⵉⴱⴷⴷ ⵅⴼ ⵓⵙⴱⴷⴷⵉ ⵏ ⵜⵎⵙⵎⵓⵏⵜ ⵏ ⵓⵙⵙⵏⵜⵉ ⴰⴷⵍⵙⴰⵏ ⴳ ⵏⵏⴰⴹⵓⵕ ⵜⵉⴳⴰⵔⵉⵡⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵡⴰⵢⵢⵓⵔ ⵏ ⵢⵉⵏⵏⴰⵔ 1978. ⵉⴳ ⵓⵙⴰⵢⵔⴰⵔ ⴰⴷ ⴰⵎⵙⵎⵓⵏ ⴰⵏⴳⵎⴰⵎ ⴰⵎⵖⵏⴰⵙ [[ⵉⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵏ|ⴰⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖ]] ⴰⵎⵣⵡⴰⵔⵓ ⴳ ⵜⵙⴳⴰ ⵏ ⵔⵔⵉⴼ, ⵉⵡⵙⵏ ⵉⵏⴳⵎⴰⵎ ⵏⵏⵙ ⴳ ⵜⵙⵉⵍⴰⵡⵜ ⵏ ⵜⴷⵍⵙⴰ ⵜⴰⵏⴰⵎⵓⵔⵜ ⵙ ⵡⴰⵢⵢⴰⵡⵏ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵉⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵏ ⴷ ⵓⵏⵏⵓⵕⵥⵎ ⵅⴼ ⵜⴷⵍⵙⴰ ⵜⴰⵎⴰⴹⵍⴰⵏⵜ ⴷ ⵓⵡⵜⵜⴰⵙ ⵏ ⵓⵙⴱⵓⵖⵍⵓ ⵏ ⵜⴷⵍⵙⴰ ⴷ ⵜⴰⵢⵙⵉ ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵜ ⴷ ⵜⵏⴽⵔⴰ ⵙ ⵜⵓⵜⵍⴰⵢⵜ ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵜ ⵙⴳ ⵓⵣⵓⵣⵣⵔ ⵏ ⵓⴼⵔⴰⴽ ⵙ ⵎⴰⵙ ⴷ ⵉⵇⵇⴰⵏ ⴰⴷ ⵜⵜ ⵏⴰⵡⵉ ⵅⴼ ⵜⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵜ ⵏⴼⴽ ⴰⵙ ⵜⵉⵏⴷⵉ ⴷ ⴷⵉⵙ ⵢⵓⵙⴰⵏ ⴳ ⵓⵥⵟⵟⴰ ⴰⴷⵍⵙⴰⵏ ⴰⵏⴰⵎⵓⵔ.

ⵉⴽⴽⴰ ⵜⵜ ⵉⵏⵏ ⵉⴳⵍⵍⵉⵏ ⵇⴰⴹⵉ ⵇⴷⴷⵓⵔ ⵜⴰⵎⵍⵍⴰ ⵏ ⵕⴱⴱⵉ ⴼⵍⵍⴰⵙ, ⵉⴳⴰ ⴱⴷⴷⴰ ⴰⴽⴰⵢⴰⵢ, ⵢⵉⵍⵉ ⵉⴹⴼⵕ ⴽⵓ ⴰⵎⵓⵙⵙⵓ ⴰⵡⵏⴳⵉⵎ ⴷ ⵓⴷⵍⵙⴰⵏ ⴷ ⵓⵎⵖⵏⵙⴰⵏ ⵉⵣⴷⵉⵏ ⵙ ⵜⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵜ, ⵖ ⴳⴰⵏⵜ ⵜⵉⵏⴰⵡⵉⵏ ⵜⵉⵡⵏⴳⵉⵎⵉⵏ ⵜⵉⵎⵥⵍⴰⵢ, ⵏⵉⵖ ⵉⵏⵎⵓⵇⵇⴰⵔⵏ ⵉⵎⵙⵏⴼⵍⵓⵍⵏ, ⴷ ⵉⵙⴳⵔⴰⵡⵏ ⵉⵎⵖⵏⵙⴰⵏⵏ, ⴳ ⵜⴰⵎⴰ ⵏ ⵜⴷⵔⴰⵡⵜ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵏ ⵜⵉⴷⵜ ⴳ ⵜⵉⵍⴰⵍ ⵜⵉⴷⵍⵙⴰⵏⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵎⵙⵎⵓⵏⵜ ⵏ ⵉⵏⵟⵉⵍⴰⵇⴰ ⵜⴰⴷⵍⵙⴰⵏⵜ ⴳ ⵏⵏⴰⴹⵓⵕ ⴷ ⵜⵙⴳⴳⵉⵡⵉⵏ ⵏⵏⵙ, ⵉⴽⴽⴰ ⵜⵜ ⵉⵏⵏ ⵉⴳⵍⵍⵉⵏ ⴰⵔ ⵉⵜⵜⵎⴰⵜⵜⴰⵢ ⵙ ⵜⵍⵍⵓⴳⵏⴰ ⵃⵎⴰ ⴰⴷ ⵢⵉⵍⵉ ⴳ ⵜⵓⴳⵜ ⵏ ⵜⵉⵏⴰⵡⵉⵏ ⵜⵉⵎⴰⵙⵙⴰⵏⵉⵏ ⵙⵡⴰ ⴳ ⵓⴳⵯⵏⵙ ⵏⵉⵖ ⴱⵕⵔⴰ ⵏ ⵍⵎⵖⵔⵉⴱ, ⵙⵍⴰⵡⴰⵏ ⴰⴽⴽⵯ ⴳ [[ⴼⵕⴰⵏⵚⴰ]] ⴷ ⵀⵓⵍⴰⵏⴹⴰ ⴷ ⵎⵉⵔⵉⴽⴰⵏ ⴷ ⵍⴰⵍⵎⴰⵏ. ⴷ ⵏⵜⵜⴰ ⴳ ⵜⴷⵔⴰⵡⵉⵏ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵜⵉⵎⴰⵙⵙⴰⵏⵉⵏ ⴷ ⵜⴽⵛⵛⵓⵎⵉⵏ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵜⵉⴷⵍⵙⴰⵏⵉⵏ ⴳ ⵉⵏⵎⵓⵇⵇⴰⵔⵏ ⴰⵔ ⵜⵜ ⴱⴷⴷⴰ ⵉⵜⵜⴰⵡⵉ ⴳ ⵓⵎⵣⴰⵖ ⵅⴼ ⵉⵣⵔⴼⴰⵏ ⵉⵙⵏⵉⵍⵙⴰⵏⵏ ⴷ ⵉⴷⵍⵙⴰⵏⵏ ⴳ [[ⵍⵎⵖⵔⵉⴱ]] ⴷ ⵓⵙⵉⵙⵏ ⵙ ⵜⵎⵙⴰⵔⵜ ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵜ ⴷ ⵜⵖⵏⵙⴰ ⴼ ⵜⵏⴽⵔⴰ ⴷ ⵜⴳⵎⵉ ⵏⵏⵙ.

ⵉⴷⵔⴰ ⵉⴳⵍⵍⵉⵏ ⴳ ⵜⵙⵓⵜⵍⵜ ⵜⴰⵎⵣⵡⴰⵔⵓⵜ ⵏ ⵜⵙⴷⴰⵡⵉⵜ ⵏ ⵓⵏⴱⴷⵓ ⴳ ⵓⴳⴰⴷⵉⵔ ⴳ ⵖⵓⵛⵜ 1980 ⴰⴽⴷ ⵜⴰⴳⵔⵓⵎⵎⴰ ⵏ ⵉⵎⵖⵏⴰⵙⵏ ⵏ ⵉⵏⵟⵉⵍⴰⵇⴰ ⵜⴰⴷⵍⵙⴰⵏⵜ, ⵜⴽⴽⵉ ⵜⵜ  ⵉⵏⵏ ⵉ ⵜⴷⵔⴰⵡⵜ ⴰⴷ ⵜⴰⴳⵔⴰⵡⴰⵏⵜ ⵏ ⵜⵓⴳⵜⵜ ⵏ ⵉⵎⴷⵍⴰⵙⵏ ⴷⵉⵎⵖⵏⴰⵙⵏ ⵙⴳ ⵢⵉⵥⵥⵍⵎⴹ ⵏ ⵢⵉⴼⵔⵉⵇⵢⴰ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⴷⵔⵉⵣ ⵎⵇⵇⵓⵔⵏ ⵅⴼ ⵜⵉⵍⴰⵍ ⵏ ⵜⵙⵓⵜⵍⵜ ⴰⴷ ⵍⵍⵉⵖ ⵜⴳⴰ ⵜⴰⵙⵓⵜⵍⵜ ⵜⴰⵎⵖⵜⴰⵙⵜ ⵅⴼ ⵓⵙⴷⴷⵉⴷ ⵏ ⵜⴰⵎⵓⵏⵜ ⵏ ⵉⴼⵔⴷⵉⵙⵏ ⴰⴽⴽⵯ ⵏ ⵜⵎⴰⴳⵉⵜ ⵜⴰⴷⵍⵙⴰⵏⵜ ⵜⴰⵏⴰⵎⵓⵔⵜ ⴳ ⵓⵙⴷⵓⵙ ⵏ ⵜⵡⵏⴳⵉⵎⵜ ⵏ ⵜⵎⵓⵏⵉ ⵏ ⵜⵓⵜⵍⴰⵢⵜ ⴷ ⵜⴷⵍⵙⴰ ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵜ ⴳ ⵓⵙⴰⵜⵉ ⵏ ⵜⵎⴰⴳⵓⵜ ⴷ ⵓⵎⵢⴰⵏⴰⵡ ⵏⵏⵙ.

ⵉⴽⴽⴰ ⵜⵜ ⵉⵏⵏ ⵉⴳⵍⵍⵉⵏ ⵓⵎⵖⵏⴰⵙ ⵇⴰⴹⵉ ⵇⴷⴷⵓⵔ ⴷ ⴰⵎⴷⵢⴰ ⵏ ⵓⵎⴷⵍⴰⵙ ⴰⵎⵙⵓⵖⵏ ⴰⵏⴼⵔⴰⴽ ⵙ ⵜⵎⵍⴰⵍⵜ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵙⵙⴰⵏⵜ ⴷ ⵜⴷⵍⵙⴰⵏⵜ, ⴷ ⵓⵎⵖⵏⴰⵙ ⵢⵓⵙⵉⵏ ⴰⵏⵣⴳⵓⵎ ⵏ ⵜⵓⵙⵙⵏⴰ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵜ, ⴷ ⵜⵎⴰⴳⵉⵜ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵉⴳⴰⵏ ⵢⴰⵜ. ⵉⴽⴽ ⵜⵜ ⵉⵏⵏ ⵜⴰⵎⵍⵍⴰ ⵏ ⵕⴱⴱⵉ ⴼⵍⵍⴰⵙ ⴷ ⴰⵎⴰⵙⵜⴰⵏ ⵉⴷⵓⵙⵏ ⵅⴼ ⵉⵎⵏⴰⴷⵏ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵣⵖ ⵢⵉⵎⴰⵏ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵙ ⵉⵎⵏⵣⴰⵢ ⵉⵏⴰⴼⵍⵍⴰⵜⵏ ⵏⵏⴰ ⵉⵙⴱⴷⴷⵏ ⴰⵙⵡⵉⵏⴳⵎ ⵏⵏⵙ ⴷ ⵓⵙⵎⵓⵜⵜⴳ ⵏⵏⵙ ⴷ ⵓⵏⵥⵥⵓ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵙ ⵎⴰⵙ ⵉⵇⵇⴰⵏ ⴰⴷ ⵢⵉⵍⵉ ⵓⵣⵔⴰⴽ ⵏ ⵓⵎⵣⴰⵔⴰⵢ ⴷ ⵜⵎⴰⴳⵓⵜ ⴷ ⵓⵎⵏⴰⴷ ⵢⴰⴹⵏ.

==ⵉⵙⴰⵖⵓⵍⵏ==
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    <title>ⵄⴱⴷⵍⵍⴰⵀ ⴱⵓⵏⴼⵓⵔ</title>
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        <username>ⴰⵏⴰⵙ ⵓⵍⵃⵍⵓ</username>
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{{ⴰⵎⵓⴷ}}
{{ⵜⴰⴼⵍⵓⵙⴼⴽⵉⵜ}}'''ⵄⴱⴷⵍⵍⴰⵀ ⴱⵓⵏⴼⵓⵔ''' (ⵉⵍⵓⵍ ⴳ 1946) ⴷ ⵉⵊⵊ ⵏ [[ⵜⴰⵙⵏⵉⵍⵙⵜ|ⵓⵎⵙⵏⵉⵍⵙ]] ⴷ [[ⵜⴰⴼⵉⵍⵓⵍⵓⴳⵉⵜ|ⵓⴼⵉⵍⵓⵍⵓⴳ]] ⴰⵎⵥⵍⴰⵢ ⴳ ⵜⵙⴽⵍⴰ, ⵜⴰⴷⵍⵙⴰ ⴷ [[ⵜⵓⵜⵍⴰⵢⵜ ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵜ|ⵜⵓⵜⵍⴰⵢⵉⵏ ⵜⵉⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵉⵏ]]. ⵉⴳⴰ ⴰⵙⵍⵎⴰⴷ ⴰⵙⴷⴰⵡⴰⵏ ⴰⴳⵓⵔⴰⵙ (Emeritus) ⴳ [[ⴰⵙⵉⵏⴰⴳ ⴰⵏⴰⵎⵓⵔ ⵏ ⵜⵓⵜⵍⴰⵢⵉⵏ ⴷ ⵜⵖⵔⵎⵉⵡⵉⵏ ⵜⵉⴳⵎⵓⴹⴰⵏⵉⵏ|ⵓⵙⵉⵏⴰⴳ ⴰⵏⴰⵎⵓⵔ ⵏ ⵜⵓⵜⵍⴰⵢⵉⵏ ⴷ ⵜⵖⵔⵎⵉⵡⵉⵏ ⵜⵉⴳⵎⵓⴹⴰⵏⵉⵏ]] (INALCO) ⴳ [[ⴱⴰⵔⵉⵣ]].&lt;ref name=&quot;EB27783&quot;&gt;{{ⴱⴷⵔ ⴰⵡⵉⴱ|url=https://journals.openedition.org/encyclopedieberbere/2778|title=Abdellah Bounfour|language=fr}}&lt;/ref&gt;

==ⵜⴰⵔⵉⴷⵉⵔⵜ==
ⵉⵍⵓⵍ ⴱⵓⵏⴼⵓⵔ ⴳ 1946, ⵉⴳ ⴰⴳⵍⴰⵡⵡⵓ, ⵎⴻⵎⵎⵉⵙ ⵏ ⵜⵇⴱⵉⵍⵜ ⵏ ⵉⴳⵍⵉⵡⴰ ⵏⵏⴰ ⵉⵍⵍⴰⵏ ⴳ [[ⴰⴷⵔⴰⵔ ⵏ ⴷⵔⵏ|ⵓⴷⵔⴰⵔ ⵏ ⴷⵔⵏ]] (ⴰⵟⵍⴰⵙ ⵎⵇⵇⵓⵔⵏ) ⴳ ⵜⴰⵎⴰ ⵏ [[ⵎⵕⵕⴰⴽⵛ]]. ⵉⵖⵔⴰ ⴳ [[ⵜⴰⵙⴷⴰⵡⵉⵜ ⵏ ⴱⴰⵔⵉⵣ 3: ⵙⵓⵔⴱⵓⵏ ⴰⵎⴰⵢⵏⵓ|ⵜⵙⴷⴰⵡⵉⵜ ⵏ ⴱⴰⵔⵉⵣ 3: ⵙⵓⵔⴱⵓⵏ ⴰⵎⴰⵢⵏⵓ]], ⵢⴰⵎⵥ ⴳⵉⵙ [[ⵜⴰⴹⵓⴽⵟⵓⵕⴰⵜ ⵏ ⵉⵎⵉⵔ ⵡⵉⵙ ⴽⵕⴰⴹ]] ⴳ 1976, ⵢⴰⵎⵥ [[ⵜⴰⴹⵓⴽⵟⵓⵕⴰⵜ ⵏ ⵓⵡⴰⵏⴽ]] ⴳ 1984. ⵢⵓⵎⵥ [[ⴰⵙⵙⵓⴳⵔ]] ⵏ ⵜⵄⵕⴰⴱⵜ ⴳ 1986. ⵉⵙⵡⵓⵔⵉ ⵡⴰⵏ [[ⴰⵙⵍⵎⴰⴷ ⵏ ⵜⵉⵏⴰⵡⵉⵏ|ⵓⵙⵍⵎⴰⴷ ⵏ ⵜⵉⵏⴰⵡⵉⵏ]] ⴳ [[ⵜⵙⴷⴰⵡⵉⵜ ⵏ ⵎⵓⵃⴰⵎⵎⴰⴷ ⵡⵉⵙ ⵙⵎⵎⵓⵙ]] ⴳ [[ⵕⵕⴱⴰⵟ]] ⵣⴳ 1976 ⴰⵔ 1984, ⵉⵙⵏⴰⵔ ⵡⴰⵏ ⵢⵉⵅⴼ ⵏ ⵜⵣⵓⵏⵉ ⵏ ⵜⵓⵜⵍⴰⵢⵜ ⴷ ⵜⵙⴽⵍⴰ ⵜⴰⴼⵕⴰⵏⵚⵉⵚⵜ ⵣⴳ 1979 ⴰⵔ 1981, ⵉⴳ ⵉⵎⵃⴹⵉ ⵏ ⵜⵙⴷⵍⵉⵙⵜ ⵏ ⵜⵖⵉⵡⴰⵏⵜ ⵏ ⵜⵥⵓⵔⵉⵡⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵕⵕⴱⴰⵟ ⵣⴳ 1981 ⴰⵔ 1983. ⵉⴳ ⵉⵍⵎⵎⴰ ⴰⵙⵍⵎⴰⴷ ⵏ ⵜⵉⵏⴰⵡⵉⵏ ⴳ [[ⵜⴰⵙⴷⴰⵡⵉⵜ ⵏ ⴱⵓⵕⴹⵓ ⵎⵓⵏⵜⵉⵏ|ⵜⵙⴷⴰⵡⵉⵜ ⵏ ⴱⵓⵕⴹⵓ ⵎⵓⵏⵜⵉⵏ]]. ⵉⴳⴰ ⴰⵏⵎⵀⴰⵍ ⵏ LACNAD (ⵜⵓⵜⵍⴰⵢⵉⵏ ⴷ ⵜⴷⵍⵙⵉⵡⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵓⴳⴰⴼⴰ ⵏ ⵜⴼⵔⵉⵇⵜ ⴷ ⵜⴷⵢⴰⵙⴱⵓⵔⴰⵜⵉⵏ) ⴷ LACNAD-CRB ([[ⴰⵎⵎⴰⵙ ⵏ ⵓⵔⵣⵣⵓ ⴰⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖ]]) ⵣⴳ ⵢⴰⵏⴰⵢⵔ 2010. ⵉⴳⴰ ⴰⴳⵯⵎⴰⵎ ⴳ ⵓⴳⵔⴰⵡ ⵏ ⵜⵉⵔⵔⴰ ⵏ [[ⴰⵙⴰⵎⵓ ⴰⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖ|ⵓⵙⴰⵎⵓ ⴰⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖ]] ⵣⴳ 2002 ⵙ ⵜⵖⵓⵔⵉ ⵏ [[ⵙⴰⵍⵎ ⵛⴰⴽⵉⵔ|ⵙⴰⵍⵎ ⵛⴰⴽⵔ]].&lt;ref name=&quot;EB27783&quot;&gt;{{ⴱⴷⵔ ⴰⵡⵉⴱ|url=https://journals.openedition.org/encyclopedieberbere/2778|title=Abdellah Bounfour|language=fr}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{ⴱⴷⵔ ⴰⵡⵉⴱ|url=https://www.centrederechercheberbere.fr/abdellah-bounfour.html|title=Abdellah BOUNFOUR}}&lt;/ref&gt;

==ⵜⵉⵡⵓⵔⵉⵡⵉⵏ ⵙⵜⴰⵡⵀⵎⵎⴰⵏⵉⵏ==

* {{ⴱⴷⵔ ⴰⴷⵍⵉⵙ|title=Poésie populaire berbère. Textes recueillis par A. Roux, transcrits, traduits et annotés par A. Bounfour|publisher=Editions du CNRS|year=1990|location=Paris}}
* {{ⴱⴷⵔ ⴰⴷⵍⵉⵙ|title=Le nœud de la langue. Langue, littérature et société au Maghreb|publisher=Edisud|year=1994|location=Aix-en-Provence}}
* {{ⴱⴷⵔ ⴰⴷⵍⵉⵙ|title=De l'enfant au fils. Essai sur la filiation dans les Mille et une nuits|publisher=[[Brill Publishers|Brill]]|year=1995|location=Leiden}}
* {{ⴱⴷⵔ ⴰⴷⵍⵉⵙ|title=Langue et littérature berbères|publisher=L'Harmattan}}
* {{ⴱⴷⵔ ⴰⴷⵍⵉⵙ|title=Introduction à la littérature berbère : 1. La poésie|publisher=[[Peeters Publishers|Peeters]]|year=1999|location=Louvain/Paris}}
* {{ⴱⴷⵔ ⴰⴷⵍⵉⵙ|title=Panorama des littératures africaines. État des lieux et perspectives|publisher=L'Harmattan/Inalco|year=2000|location=Paris}}
* {{ⴱⴷⵔ ⴰⴷⵍⵉⵙ|title=Introduction à la littérature berbère : 2. Le récit hagiologique|publisher=[[Peeters Publishers|Peeters]]|year=2005|location=Louvain/Paris}}
* {{ⴱⴷⵔ ⴰⴷⵍⵉⵙ|title=Subjectivités marocaines du présent|publisher=Editions Ghani|year=2011|location=Rabat}}
* {{ⴱⴷⵔ ⴰⴷⵍⵉⵙ|title=Malaise dans la transmission: La crise de l'autorité familiale, scolaire et politique au Maghreb|publisher=Editions L'Harmattan|year=2016}}

==ⵜⵉⵙⵓⵖⴰⵍ==
&lt;references responsive=&quot;1&quot;&gt;&lt;/references&gt;
{{ⴰⵙⵎⵉⵍ|ⵉⵎⴰⵙⵙⴰⵏⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵜ|ⵉⵎⵙⵏⵉⵍⵙⵏ|ⴰⵎⵙⵏⵉⵍⵙ ⴰⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖ}}
{{ⵉⵙⴰⵖⵓⵍⵏ}}
{{ⴰⴱⴰⴹ ⵓⵏⵜⵉⵎ}}</text>
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{{ⵜⴰⴼⵍⵓⵖⵎⵉⵙⵜ ⵓⴳⴳⵉⴷ}}
ⵉⴳⴰ '''ⵎⵓⵃⴰ ⵏⵏⴰⵊⵉ''' (ⵙ ⵜⵄⵕⴰⴱⵜ: موحى الناجي) ⵢⴰⵏ [[ⴰⵎⵙⵏⵉⵍⵙ|ⵓⵎⵙⵏⵉⵍⵙ]] ⴰⵎⵖⵔⵉⴱⵉ, ⴷ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⵎⴰⵔⴰ, ⴰⵎⵣⵖⴰⵏ ⴰⵙⵔⵜⴰⵏ, ⴷ ⵓⵎⵖⵏⴰⵙ ⵖ ⵡⴰⵎⵓⵏ ⵓⵖⵔⵉⵎ. ⵉⴳⴰ ⴰⵙⵍⵎⴰⴷ ⴰⵎⵙⴷⴰⵡ ⵖ ⵜⵣⵓⵏⵉ ⵏ ⵜⵓⵜⵍⴰⵢⵜ ⴷ ⵜⵙⴽⵍⴰ ⵜⵉⵏⴳⵍⵉⵣⵜ ⵖ [[ⵜⴰⵙⴷⴰⵡⵉⵜ ⵏ ⵙⵉⴷⵉ ⴱⵏ ⵄⴱⴷⵍⵍⴰⵀ|ⵜⵙⴷⴰⵡⵉⵜ ⵏ ⵙⵉⴷⵉ ⴱⵏ ⵄⴱⴷⵍⵍⴰⵀ]] ⵖ [[ⴼⴰⵙ]] ⴷⴰ ⵖ ⵉⵅⴷⵎ ⵓⴳⴳⴰⵔ ⵏ 30 ⵏ ⵓⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙ. ⵖ ⵉⴳⴳⵉ ⵏ ⵜⵥⵔⵉⴳⵉⵏ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵖ ⵜⵙⵏⵉⵙⵍⵜ, ⵢⵓⵔⴰ ⴼ [[ⵜⵓⵜⵍⴰⵢⵜ]], [[ⴰⵙⴳⵎⵉ]], [[ⵜⴰⵎⵣⵡⴰⴳⵜ]], [[ⵜⴰⵙⵔⵜⵉⵜ]] ⴷ ⵓⵙⴰⵔⵜⵓ, ⵉⴳ ⴰⵎⴰⵔⴰ ⵏⵖ ⴰⵎⵥⵕⴰⴳ ⵏ ⵡⵓⴳⴳⴰⵔ ⵏ 20 ⵏ ⵓⴷⵍⵉⵙ.

ⵉⵙⴰⵡⵍ ⵓⵔⵣⵣⵓ ⴷⴰ ⵉⵙⴽⵔ ⵏⵏⴰⵊⵉ ⵖ ⵓⵙⵉⵏⴰⴳ ⵏ ⵓⴳⵎⵓⴹ ⴰⵏⴰⵎⵎⴰⵙ ⴼ ⵉⵙⵇⵙⵉⵜⵏ ⵏ ⵓⵙⴰⵔⵜⵓ, ⵜⵓⵜⵍⴰⵢⵜ ⴷ ⵜⵎⵣⵡⴰⴳⵜ.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.mohaennaji.on.ma|title=Moha Ennaji|publisher=Middle East Institute|access-date=27 August 2013}}&lt;/ref&gt;

ⵣⴳ ⵜⵎⵔⴰⵡⵜ ⵜⵉⵙ ⵜⴰⵎⵜ ⵏ ⵜⴰⵙⵓⵜ ⵉⵣⵔⵉⵏ, ⴰⵔ ⵉⵙⵡⵓⵔⵓⵢ ⵏⵏⴰⵊⵉ ⴼ ⵓⵙⵓⴷⵔ ⵏ ⵜⵓⵜⵍⴰⵢⵜ ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵜ ⵖ ⵍⵎⵖⵔⵉⴱ ⴷ ⵡⴰⵔⴰⵢ ⵏ ⵉⵣⵔⴼⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵓⴼⴳⴰⵏ, ⵙⵍⴰⵡⴰⵏⵜ ⴰⴽⴽⵯ ⵉⵣⵔⴼⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵎⵖⴰⵔⵉⵏ ⵖ ⵜⵎⵏⴰⴹⵜ ⵏ ⵓⴳⵎⵓⴹ ⴰⵏⴰⵎⵎⴰⵙ ⴷ ⵜⴼⵔⵉⵇⵜ ⵏ ⵓⴳⴰⴼⴰ. ⵉⵙⵡⵓⵔⵉ ⵖ ⵢⵉⴳⵔⴰⵏ ⵢⴰⴹⵏⵉⵏ, ⵣⵓⵏ ⴷ ⵜⴰⵙⵏⵉⵍⵙⵜ ⵜⴰⵄⵕⴰⴱⵜ ⴷ ⵜⵙⵏⵉⵙⵍⵜ ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵜ ⴷ ⵜⴰⵙⵏⴰⵎⵓⵏⵜ ⵏ ⵜⵓⵜⴰⵍⵢⵜ.

ⴱⴰⴱⴰⵙ ⴷ ⵎⴰⵙ ⵏ ⵏⵏⴰⵊⵉ ⵙ ⵙⵉⵏ ⵉⵜⵙⵏ ⴳⴰⵏ ⵉⵎⵙⵙⵉⵡⵍⵏ ⵙ ⵜⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵜ. ⴷⴰⵔⵙ ⵙⴰ ⵏ ⴰⵢⵜⵎⴰⵙ ⴷ ⵉⵙⵜⵎⴰⵙ. ⵍⵍⵉⵖ ⵍⴽⵎⵏ ⵉⵅⴼⴷⴷⴰ ⴰⵡⵜⴰⵢ ⵏ ⵜⵉⵏⵎⵍ, ⵖⵜⵙⵏ ⴰⵢⵜ ⴷⴰⵔⵙⵏ ⴰⴷ ⵎⵎⴰⵜⵜⵉⵏ ⵣⵖ ⵓⵙⵓⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵉⵎⵓⵍⵉⵍⵜ ⵙ ⵜⵎⴷⵉⵏⵜ ⵢⴰⵥⵏ ⵏ ⴱⵏⵉ ⵎⵍⵍⴰⵍ.

ⵉⵍⵓⵍ ⵎⵓⵃⴰ ⵏⵏⴰⵊⵉ ⵖ [[ⵜⵉⵎⵓⵍⵉⵍⵜ]] ⵖ [[ⵡⴰⵟⵍⴰⵙ ⴰⵏⴰⵎⵎⴰⵙ]] ⵖ 1 ⵢⴰⵏⴰⵢⵔ 1953.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Moha Ennaji's website - Redirigé; par www.on.ma |url=http://www.mohaennaji.on.ma/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160930185051if_/http://www.mohaennaji.on.ma:80/ |archive-date=30 September 2016 |access-date=2025-10-16}}&lt;/ref&gt; ⵉⵖⵔⴰ ⵖ ⵜⵉⵏⵎⵍ ⵜⴰⵎⵏⵣⵓⵜ ⵏ ⵜⵉⵎⵓⵍⵉⵍⵜ ⴳⵔ 1962 ⴷ 1965, ⵢⴰⵎⵥ ⵉⵍⵎⵎⴰ ⴰⵙⵍⴽⵉⵏ ⵏⵏⵙ. ⵉⵙⵎⴷ ⵜⵉⵖⵔⵉ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵏ ⵓⵙⵡⵉⵔ ⴰⵙⵉⵏⴰⵏ ⵖ ⵓⵙⵉⵏⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵓⵙⵎⴷⵉ ⵉⴱⵏ ⵙⵉⵏⴰ ⵖ ⴱⵏⵉ ⵎⵍⵍⴰⵍ.  

== ⵜⵉⵥⵔⵉⴳⵉⵏ ==

* '' Multilingualism, Cultural Identity and Education in Morocco ''(2005). New York: Springer
* ''Language and Gender in the Mediterranean Region'' (ed.), IJSL Issue 190. 2008. Mouton de Gruyter
* Co-author, ''Migration and Gender in Morocco'' (2008). Co-authored. Renton, NJ: Red Sea Press
* ''Multiculturalisme et démocratie dans le monde musulman'' (ed.), (2010),  Fès :  Imagerie Pub.
* Co-edited ''Women in the Middle East and North Africa.''(2010) London: Routledge
* ''Gender and Violence in the Middle East''. Co-edited (2011) London: Routledge

'''ⵉⴷⵍⵉⵙⵏ'''
'''ⵉⴷⵍⵉⵙⵏ ⴷⴰ ⵢⵓⵔⴰ:'''
* L'olivier de la sagesse (2017), Paris: Karthala.
* Muslim Moroccan Migrants in Europe (2014):.
* Langue, Gender and Migration (in co-authorship with F.Sadiqi) (2008). Trenton:.
* Multilingualism, Cultural Identity and Education in Morocco (2005). New York: Springer.
* A Grammar of Moroccan Arabic (2004a). Fès: University of Fès Publications (in co-authorship with A. Makhoukh, H. Es-saiydy, M. Moubtassime, S. Slaoui.
* A Grammar of Amazigh (Berber) (2004b). Fès: University of Fès Publications (in co-authorship with Fatima Sadiqi).
* Applications of Modern Linguistics (1994), in co-authorship with F.  Sadiqi, Casablanca: Afrique Orient.
* Introduction to Modern Linguistics (1992), in co-authorship with F. Sadiqi, Casablanca: Afrique Orient.
* Contrastive Analysis (1985), Wurzburg: Konigshausen  &amp; Neumann.

'''ⵉⴷⵍⵉⵙⵏ ⵎⵉ ⵉⴳⴰ ⴰⵎⵥⵕⴰⴳ'''

* New Horizons of Muslim Diaspora in North America and Europe (2016), New York: Palgrave.
* Moroccan Feminisms (2016), Trenton: Africa World Press (co-edited).
* Minorities, Women, and the State in North Africa (2015), Trenton; Red Sea Press.
* Multiculturalism and Democracy in North Africa (2014), London: Routledge.
* La Langue Amazighe dans l’Education et les Médias. Fès : Publications of the CSN.(2013)
* Gender and Violence in the Middle East. London: Routledge (2011)
* Women in the Middle East and North Africa : Agents of Change. London: Routledge (2010). Edited in collaboration with F. Sadiqi
* Modern Trends in Arabic Dialectology, in collaboration with M. Embarki. (2010). Red Sea Press.
* Le Brassage de la Culture Amazighe et de la Culture Arabe. Rabat : Ircam Publications (2009) .
* Women Writing Africa : The Northern Region (2009), in collaboration with F. Sadiqi, A. Noaira, A. Elkholy. New York: The Feminist Press (2009).
* Le Brassage de la Culture Amazighe et de la Culture Arabe. Rabat. Publication de l’IRCAM.(2008)
* Language and Gender in the Mediterranean Region (2008). Special Issue of International Journal of the Sociology of Language No 190, The Hague, Mouton de Gruyter.
* La Culture Amazighe et le Développement Humain (2007). Fès : University of Fès Publications.
* Femmes et Education (2007), edited in collaboration with F. Sadiqi. University of Fes publications
* La Culture Populaire et les Défis de la Mondialisation. (2008). Rabat : Publication of IRCAM.
* Aspects of Amazigh (Berber) Linguistics (2007). Special Issue of Languages and Linguistics. Issue 20.
* Le Substrat Amazigh de la Culture Marocaine.(2006). Fès : University of Fès P
* Publications
* Civil Society, Gender and Sustainable Development (ed) (2004). Fès: Fès-Saiss Publications.
* Linguistic Studies and Language Teaching (ed.) (2003). Issue 12 of the International Journal ‘Languages and Linguistics’.
* Issues in Arabic Phonetics and Language Learning (ed) (2001). Issue 7 of the International Journal ‘Languages and Linguistics’.
* Linguistic Variation: From Facts to Theories (ed). (2000). Publications of the Faculty of Arts, Fès.
* Elements of Arabic Linguistics (ed) (1999). Issue 4 of the International Journal ‘Languages and Linguistics’.
* Berber Sociolinguistics (editor), Special Issue of International Journal of the Sociology of Language 123, The Hague, Mouton, 1997
* Sociolinguistics in Morocco (editor), Special Issue of International Journal of the Sociology of Language112, The Hague:Mouton, 1995.
* Sociolinguistics of the Maghreb (editor), Special Issue of International Journal of the Sociology of Language 87, The Hague: Mouton, 1991.
* Linguistics and English Literature at Maghreb Universities (ed). (1998. Publications of the Faculty of Arts, Fès
* Comparative Linguistics (ed). (1998). Issue 1 of the International Journal ‘Languages and Linguistics’.

=== Imnnitn d imarrn f tɣuriwin n usartu d wamun uɣrim ===

* Women and Political Participation in Morocco and North African States. Chapter published in Gender and Power, Edited by Mino Vianello and Mary Hawkesworth, pages 35–52. New York:Palgrave. 2016.
* Recruitment of Foreign Male and Female Fighters to Jihad. In  International Review of Sociology. Vol. 26, Number 3. November 2016, pp.&amp;nbsp;546–557.
* Women, Gender, and Politics in Morocco. In Social Sciences. Vol 5, Number 75. November 2016, pp.&amp;nbsp;2–8.
* Violence Against Underage Domestic Girls in Morocco, In  Salhi, Z. (Ed.). Gender and Violence in Muslim Societies. London: I.B.Tauris. 2013. Pages: 132-160
* Arab Women’s Unfinished Revolution. The Project Syndicate. 2013.
* “Women’s Activism and the New Family Code Reforms in Morocco” The IUP Journal of History and Culture, Vol. VI, No. 1, January 2012, pp.&amp;nbsp;52–70
* Ennaji, M. (2012). Media and Moroccan Migrants. Journal of New Media Studies at MENA. Issue 1: 9-21.
* Ennaji, M. (2012). Undocumented Labor Migration from Morocco to Europe: An African Perspective.  In  Okome, M.O. and Vaughan, O. (Eds.).  Transnational Africa and Globalization. New York: Palgrave Macmillan.
* The Modern Islamists of the Maghreb. The Project Syndicate. 2012.
* Ennaji, M. (2010). Moroccan Migrants in Europe and Islamophobia. In Comparative Studies of South Asia, Africa and the Middle East. Vol.30, No 1: 14-20.
* Ennaji, M. (2010). Migration marocaine et co-développement à l’heure de la crise financière. In Migration, Droits de l’Homme et Développement. Coordination : M. Lahlou &amp; M. Zouiten. Rabat: Faculté de Droit, Souissi. Pages 197-209.
* Reform without  Regime Change. Common Ground News. 2010
* Civil Society Transforms Morocco. Common Ground News. 2010.
* “Multilinguisme, Genre et Participation Politique au Maroc. », in Diogène No 225, pages 56–69. 2009.
* “Multilingualism, Citizenship and Berber Education” (2009). Mediterranean Journal of Education Studies.
* “Women’s NGOs and Social Change in Morocco”, in Women in the Middle East and North Africa, Edited by F.Sadiqi and M. Ennaji (2010). London: Routledge.
* “Steps to the Integration of Moroccan Women in Development” (2008). In The British Journal of Middle Eastern Studies 35:3, 339-348
* “Representations of women in Moroccan Proverbs” (2008). In Language and Gender in the Mediterranean Region (M. Ennaji, Editor). IJSL Issue. The Hague: Mouton de Gruyter.
* “ Women’s Activism, Social Change and the Feminization of Public Space in Morocco”  in co-authorship with F. Sadiqi (in JMEWS, Vol 2, No 2: 86-114, 2006)
* “Social Policy in Morocco : A Historical and Analytical Approach” (2006).  In V.Moghadam and Massoud, K. (Editors). Social Policy in the Middle East. London:  Palgrave.
* “Women’s NGOs and Civil Society in Morocco”(2006). In Femmes Méditerranéennes et leurs Droits (F.Sadiqi, Editor). Fès : Publications of the University of Fès. Pages :81-92.
* « La Femme Marocaine et la Mondialisation, in  L’Europe : Une Chance pour la Femme Musulmane ? », La Pensée et les hommes, (2004), pp.&amp;nbsp;57–74.
* “Women and Development in Morocco”. Mediterranean Women, F. Sadiqi (ed) (2004). Fès: Fès-Saiss Publications.
* “Civil Society, Gender and Social Cohesion”. In M. Ennaji (ed), Civil Society, Gender and Sustainable Development (2004b). Fès: Fès-Saiss Publications.
* “Human Rights and Cultural Relativism in North Africa”. Dahesh Voice, (2006).
* “ What Role Can English Departments Play in their Socio-economic Environment?”(1998). In Linguistics and English Literature in Maghreb Universities, pp.&amp;nbsp;235–240. Fès: Publication of the Faculty of Letters.
* &quot;The Moroccan University: Is there an alternative?&quot; in Interdisciplinarity and the University, publications of the   Faculty of Letters, Rabat,1997
* &quot;The Role of Education in the Socio-economic Context of the Maghreb&quot;, in Proceedings of the 9th Mate Conference, Agadir  1989c.

=== ⵉⵎⵏⵏⵉⵜⵏ ⴷ ⵉⵎⴰⵔⵔⵏ ⴼ ⵜⵙⵏⵎⵓⵏⵉⵍⵙⵜ ===

* “Urbanization and Changes in Arabic: The Case of Casablanca. In David Singleton, Joshua A. Fishman, Larissa Aronin &amp; Muiris Ó Laoire (Eds.). Current Multilingualism: A New Linguistic Dispensation (2013).
* « Berber in Contact with Maghrebi Colloquial Arabic : A Case of Language Revitalization.” In Languages and Linguistics (2013), 32: 39-58.
* “Language and Nationalism in Morocco” (in co-authorship with F.Sadiqi). (2008).
* “Arabic Sociolinguistics and Cultural Diversity in Morocco” (2008).
* “Representations of women in Moroccan Proverbs” (2008). In Language and Gender in the Mediterranean Region (M. Ennaji, Editor). IJSL Issue. The Hague: Mouton de Gruyter.
* “Amazigh Language: Facts and Prospects”, (2006). In a Fetscherift to Dean Mohamed Chad. Fès: Publications of the University of Fès.
* “Multilinguisme et Genre au Maroc” (2004a). In Languages and Linguistics 14: 105-119.
* “Standardisation du Lexique Amazighe : Le Cas des Néologismes” (2004b). In Standardisation de l’Amazighe.
* “Attitudes to  Berber and Tifinagh Script” (2003a).
* “Reflections on Arabisation and Education in Morocco (2003b).
* “Berber Language and the Consolidation of Democracy” (2003c) (in Arabic).
* “Education et Langues Maternelles: l’Exemple de l’Amazighe” (2003d), In Proceedings of the Conference by Fondation BMCE, 17 juin 2003, pp.&amp;nbsp;91–100.
* “L’Amazigh Composante Incontournable de la Culture Marocaine” (2003e). Edition du Samedi, 15 November 2003
* “Language Contact, Arabization Policy and Education in Morocco” (2002a).
* “ Comment on Hudson’s Outline of a Theory of Diglossia” (2002b).
* “ Arabisation (2002c). In Francophone Studies. Edited by Margaret A. Majumdar (2002), 14. London: Arnold.
* “ On the Main Differences between Standard and Moroccan Arabic Complex Sentences&quot; (2002d). In Aspects of the Dialects of Arabic Today. Edited by Abderrahim Youssi et al. Rabat: Amapatril.
* “Writing Berber: Towards a Unified Orthography” (2002e).
* “North Africa” (2002f). In Encyclopedia of Twentieth-Century African History (2002f). Edited by Zeleza, P. (2002). London: Routledge.
* “De la Diglossie à la Quadriglossie&quot;. In Languages and Linguistics (2001) 8: 49-64.
* “On Preserving Arabic and Berber Oral Tradition in North Africa” (2000). In Languages and Linguistics 6, 79-87.
* “Language and Ethnic Identity, The Arab World (Maghreb and Near East) (1999a). In Handbook of Language and Ethnic Identity, ed. By Joshua, A. Fishman, 382-395, Oxford: Oxford University Press.
* “Language and Ideology: Evidence from Media Discourse in Morocco” (1999b). In Social Dynamics Vol. 25, No. 1: 150-161.
* “The Sociology of Berber: Change and Continuity” (1997). In Berber Sociolinguistics. Special Issue. International Journal of the Sociology of Language 123, 23-40.
* “Arabic Varieties in North Africa” (1998). In Notes and Records 7: 10. Cape Town: CASAS Publications.
* “A Syntactico-semantic study of the Language of News in Morocco” (1995). In Sociolinguistics in Morocco. Special Issue. International Journal of the Sociology of Language 112, 97-111.
* “On the Differences between American and British English”(1992). In 
* “ Aspects of Multilingualism in the Maghreb” (1991). In Sociolinguistics of the Maghreb. Special Issue. International Journal of the Sociology of Language 87, 7-25.
* “ An Evaluative Report on the ELT Objectives at the University : A Focus on the Learner” (1990)., in The Proceedings of the XIth MATE Conference on English Language Teaching in the Maghreb: Current Issues in Evaluation, pp:29-42.
* “On Fishman’s Language Planning Policies” (1989). In Revue de la Faculté des Lettres 10:85-92.
* “Language Planning in Morocco and Changes in Arabic” (1988a). In International Journal of the Sociology of Language 74: 9-39.
* &quot;The Impact of Nationalism and Nationism on the Languages in Contact in Morocco&quot; (1988b), in Langues et Littératues VI: 37-48.

=== ⵉⵎⵏⵏⵉⵜⵏ ⴼ ⵜⵍⵖⴰⵙⵏⴰⵢⵜ ===

* “La Structure Morphologique du Causatif en Amazigh” (2005). In La Structure Morpologique de l’Amazigh. Edited by Ameur, M. et al.  Rabat : Ircam publications.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://www.ircam.ma/fr/index.php?soc=centre&amp;centr=3&amp;rd=5|title=Institut Royal de la Culture Amazighe}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* “The Structure of Clitics in Berber” (2003). In Languages and Linguistics 11: 71-82.
* “Clitics in Berber” (2002a) (in co-authorship with F.Sadiqi). In Languages and Linguistics 10: 97-116.
* “The Construct State in Berber” (2001), in Studies in the Linguistic Sciences, Vol 31, No 2: 55-72. University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign Publication.
* “Negation, Tense and the Licensing of N-Words in Standard Arabic (in co-authorship with F.Sadiqi). In Languages and Linguistics (1999) 4:19-44.
* “Aspects of Cliticization in Arabic” (2000). In Linguistic Variation: From Facts to Theories, pp.&amp;nbsp;119–151. Edited by M. Ennaji.
* “The Construct State in Arabic and Berber” (1998). In The Proceedings of the First Chamito-semitic Conference, pp.&amp;nbsp;121–134.
* “Pronominal Elements and Binding” (1997). In Voisinage, pp.&amp;nbsp;247–266. Fès : Faculty of Letters Publication.
* “Pronouns vs. Clitics” (1995).. In Etudes Linguistiques, Revue de la Faculté des Lettres, Fès, pp.&amp;nbsp;37–52.  Fès : Faculty of Letters Publication.
* “AGR and Clitics : The Morpho-Syntax Interface, ms. Faculty of Letters, Fès.
* &quot;A Copulative Approach to Verbless Sentences in Moroccan Arabic&quot; (1990),   in La Linguistique au Maghreb, edited by J. Pleines, Rabat: Okad,.
* &quot;WH-Questions and Focus in Tamazight&quot; (1989), in Linguistica Communicatio 1:17-30.
* “Analyse des Questions-ma en Tamazight”, (1989), in Maknasat 3: 43-53.
* &quot;Non-Verbal Predicates in Moroccan Arabic&quot;(1988), in Proceedings of  the  First International Conference of the Linguistic Society of  Morocco. Rabat: Editions Okad.
* &quot;The Syntax of Free Relatives in English, Moroccan Arabic and   Berber&quot;(1986a), in Revue de la Faculté des Lettres. Fès: Publication of the Faculty of Letters, pp.&amp;nbsp;8:87-94
* &quot;The Syntax of Cleft Sentences in Berber&quot; (1986b), in co-authorship with F.Sadiqi, Studies of Language 10,1.

=== ⵉⵎⵏⵏⵉⵜⵏ ⵖⴼ ⵓⵙⵙⵍⵎⴷ ⵏ ⵜⵓⵜⵍⴰⵢⵉⵏ ===

* “On the Teaching of Amazigh Language”, (2006). In Le Substrat Amazigh de la Culture Marocaine (M. Ennaji, Editor). Fès: University of Fès Publications.
* “Teaching Human Rights in the Classroom” (2004).
* “The Role of Technology as a Teaching Material.” (2002).
* &quot;Reinforcing Communicative Writing&quot;(1994), in Proceedings of the National ELT Symposium, pp.&amp;nbsp;95–100. Fès: Publication of the Faculty of Letters ...
* &quot;On Fishman's Language Planning Policies&quot;, in Revue de la Faculté des Lettres de Fès 10, 1989b.
* &quot;The Role of Linguistics in the Socio-economic Context of the Maghreb&quot;,
* &quot;Towards a Moroccan Model of English Language Teaching&quot; (1988),
* &quot;Strategies and Techniques for Scoring compositions&quot; (1987).
* “The Relevance of Contrastive Analysis to Foreign Language Teaching” (1986).

== ⵉⵙⴰⵖⵓⵍⵏ ==
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|style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;{{!}}&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; [[ⴰⵙⵎⵖⵔ ⵏ ⵎⴰⵙⵙⵏⵏⵙⵏ]] (ⵙ ⵜⵍⴰⵜⵉⵏⵜ: Massinissa) ⵉⵜⵜⵢⴰⵔⴰ ⵙ ⵜⴼⵉⵏⴰⵖ ⵜⴰⵇⵇⴱⵓⵔⵜ, ⵉⴳⴰ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⵙⵎⵖⵔ ⵉ ⵓⴳⵍⵍⵉⴷ ⴰⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖ [[ⵎⴰⵙⵙⵏⵏⵙⵏ]]. ⵜⵜⵢⴰⴼⴰ ⵜⵉⵔⵔⴰ ⴰⴷ ⴳ ⵉⵙⴰⴳⵓⵔⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵎⴷⵉⵏⵜ ⵏ [[ⵜⵓⴳⴳⴰ]] ⴳ [[ⵜⵓⵏⵙ]].
|}
{{ⵜⵓⵣⴷⵉⵔⵜ |[[ⵡⵉⴽⵉⴱⵉⴷⵢⴰ:ⵜⵉⵔⵔⴰ ⵙ ⵜⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵜ/5|ⵙⵙⵏⴼⵍ]] {{ⵜⴰⵏⵇⵇⵉⴹⵜ ⵜⴰⵎⵇⵇⵔⴰⵏⵜ}} [[:commons:Category:Tamazight|ⵥⵕ ⵓⴳⴳⴰⵔ]]}}</text>
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      <timestamp>2026-05-03T14:47:51Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Lhoussine Bentayfaste</username>
        <id>13</id>
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      <text bytes="974" sha1="qa7iv738dv0pojpcqnacohmoiv56jlz" xml:space="preserve">{|style = &quot;margin:auto;border:0;&quot;
| style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;|[[File:Inscription bilingue de Thugga.jpg|frameless|center|500px]]
|-
|style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;{{!}}&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; [[ⴰⵙⵎⵖⵔ ⵏ ⵎⴰⵙⵙⵏⵏⵙⵏ]] (ⵙ ⵜⵍⴰⵜⵉⵏⵜ: Massinissa) ⵉⵜⵜⵢⴰⵔⴰ ⵙ ⵜⴼⵉⵏⴰⵖ ⵜⴰⵇⵇⴱⵓⵔⵜ, ⵉⴳⴰ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⵙⵎⵖⵔ ⵉ ⵓⴳⵍⵍⵉⴷ ⴰⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖ [[ⵎⴰⵙⵙⵏⵏⵙⵏ]]. ⵜⵜⵢⴰⴼⴰ ⵜⵉⵔⵔⴰ ⴰⴷ ⴳ ⵉⵙⴰⴳⵓⵔⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵎⴷⵉⵏⵜ ⵏ [[ⵜⵓⴳⴳⴰ]] ⴳ [[ⵜⵓⵏⵙ]]. ⵢⵓⵎⴰ ⵓⵥⵕⵓ ⴰⴷ ⵜⵉⵔⵔⴰ ⵙ ⵜⴼⵉⵏⴰⵖ ⴷ ⵓⵙⵓⵖⵍ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵙ [[ⵜⴰⴱⵓⵏⵉⵇⵜ|ⵜⴱⵓⵏⵉⵇⵜ]].
|}
{{ⵜⵓⵣⴷⵉⵔⵜ |[[ⵡⵉⴽⵉⴱⵉⴷⵢⴰ:ⵜⵉⵔⵔⴰ ⵙ ⵜⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵜ/5|ⵙⵙⵏⴼⵍ]] {{ⵜⴰⵏⵇⵇⵉⴹⵜ ⵜⴰⵎⵇⵇⵔⴰⵏⵜ}} [[:commons:Category:Tamazight|ⵥⵕ ⵓⴳⴳⴰⵔ]]}}</text>
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      <timestamp>2026-05-03T14:58:39Z</timestamp>
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        <username>Lhoussine Bentayfaste</username>
        <id>13</id>
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      <origin>175911</origin>
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      <text bytes="1074" sha1="55m0mjjahnmu34thpzb22uybvimt1cy" xml:space="preserve">{|style = &quot;margin:auto;border:0;&quot;
| style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;|[[File:Inscription bilingue de Thugga.jpg|frameless|center|500px]]
|-
|style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;{{!}}&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; [[ⴰⵙⵎⵖⵔ ⵏ ⵎⴰⵙⵙⵏⵏⵙⵏ]] (ⵙ ⵜⵍⴰⵜⵉⵏⵜ: Massinissa) ⵉⵜⵜⵢⴰⵔⴰ ⵙ ⵜⴼⵉⵏⴰⵖ ⵜⴰⵇⵇⴱⵓⵔⵜ, ⵉⴳⴰ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⵙⵎⵖⵔ ⵉ ⵓⴳⵍⵍⵉⴷ ⴰⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖ [[ⵎⴰⵙⵙⵏⵏⵙⵏ]] ⵉⵏⴳⵔ ⵉⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙⵏ 100-200 [[ⴷⴰⵜ ⵏ ⵜⵍⴰⵍⵉⵜ ⵏ ⵄⵉⵙⴰ]]. ⵜⵜⵢⴰⴼⴰ ⵜⵉⵔⵔⴰ ⴰⴷ ⴳ ⵉⵙⴰⴳⵓⵔⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵎⴷⵉⵏⵜ ⵏ [[ⵜⵓⴳⴳⴰ]] ⴳ [[ⵜⵓⵏⵙ]]. ⵢⵓⵎⴰ ⵓⵥⵕⵓ ⴰⴷ ⵜⵉⵔⵔⴰ ⵙ ⵜⴼⵉⵏⴰⵖ ⴷ ⵓⵙⵓⵖⵍ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵙ [[ⵜⴰⴱⵓⵏⵉⵇⵜ|ⵜⴱⵓⵏⵉⵇⵜ]].
|}
{{ⵜⵓⵣⴷⵉⵔⵜ |[[ⵡⵉⴽⵉⴱⵉⴷⵢⴰ:ⵜⵉⵔⵔⴰ ⵙ ⵜⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵜ/5|ⵙⵙⵏⴼⵍ]] {{ⵜⴰⵏⵇⵇⵉⴹⵜ ⵜⴰⵎⵇⵇⵔⴰⵏⵜ}} [[:commons:Category:Tamazight|ⵥⵕ ⵓⴳⴳⴰⵔ]]}}</text>
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  <page>
    <title>ⵡⵉⴽⵉⴱⵉⴷⵢⴰ:ⴰⵎⵙⵏⵉⵍⵙ ⴰⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖ/5</title>
    <ns>4</ns>
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    <revision>
      <id>175876</id>
      <timestamp>2026-05-03T13:02:19Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Lhoussine Bentayfaste</username>
        <id>13</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Created page with &quot;{|style = &quot;margin:auto;border:0;&quot; | style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;|[[ⴰⴼⴰⵢⵍⵓ:Mouloud Mammeri.png|frameless|center|200px]] |- |style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;{{!}}&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; [[ⵎⵓⵍⵓⴷ ⵎⵄⵎⵎⵔⵉ]] (1917 - 1987) ⵢⴰⵏ ⵙⴳ ⵉⵎⵙⵏⵉⵍⵙⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵜ ⵉⵎⵣⵡⵓⵔⴰ |} {{ⵜⵓⵣⴷⵉⵔⵜ |[[ⵡⵉⴽⵉⴱⵉⴷⵢⴰ:ⴰⵎⵙⵏⵉⵍⵙ ⴰⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖ/5|ⵙⵙⵏⴼⵍ]] {{ⵜⴰⵏⵇⵇⵉⴹⵜ ⵜⴰⵎ...&quot;</comment>
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      <text bytes="593" sha1="mmlkxwwwt265j1j2htojjcxhy1ceu23" xml:space="preserve">{|style = &quot;margin:auto;border:0;&quot;
| style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;|[[ⴰⴼⴰⵢⵍⵓ:Mouloud Mammeri.png|frameless|center|200px]]
|-
|style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;{{!}}&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; [[ⵎⵓⵍⵓⴷ ⵎⵄⵎⵎⵔⵉ]] (1917 - 1987) ⵢⴰⵏ ⵙⴳ ⵉⵎⵙⵏⵉⵍⵙⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵜ ⵉⵎⵣⵡⵓⵔⴰ
|}
{{ⵜⵓⵣⴷⵉⵔⵜ |[[ⵡⵉⴽⵉⴱⵉⴷⵢⴰ:ⴰⵎⵙⵏⵉⵍⵙ ⴰⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖ/5|ⵙⵙⵏⴼⵍ]] {{ⵜⴰⵏⵇⵇⵉⴹⵜ ⵜⴰⵎⵇⵇⵔⴰⵏⵜ}} [[:Category:ⴰⵎⵙⵏⵉⵍⵙ ⴰⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖ|ⴰⵎⵙⵏⵉⵍⵙ ⴰⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖ]]}}</text>
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  <page>
    <title>ⵄⴱⴷⵓⵍⵍⴰⵀ ⴱⵓⵎⴰⵍⴽ</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>52656</id>
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      <timestamp>2026-05-03T13:55:44Z</timestamp>
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        <username>ⴰⵏⴰⵙ ⵓⵍⵃⵍⵓ</username>
        <id>10568</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Created page with &quot;'''ⵄⴱⴷ ⵍⵍⴰⵀ ⴱⵓⵎⴰⵍⴽ''' ⴷ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⵎⵔⵣⵓ ⴰⵎⵖⵉⴱⵉ ⵏⵏⴰ ⴱⴰⵀⵔⴰ ⵉⵜⵜⵢⵓⵙⵙⴰⵏⵏ ⴷ ⵉⴳ ⵢⴰⵏ  ⵓⵙⵍⵎⴰⴷ ⴰⵎⵥⵍⴰⵢ ⴳ [[ⵜⴰⵙⵏⵉⵍⵙⵜ|ⵜⵙⵏⵉⵍⵙⵜⵏ]], ⴷ ⵉⴳ ⵙⴳ [[ⴰⵎⵙⵏⵉⵍⵙ ⴰⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖ|ⵉⵎⵙⵏⵉⵍⵙⵏ]] ⵏⵏⴰ ⴱⴰⵀⵔⴰ ⵉⵜⵜⵢⵓⵙⵙⴰⵏⵏ ⴷⴳ ⵢⵉⴳⵔ ⵏ ⵜⵓⵜⵍⴰⵢⵜ ⵜⴰⵎ...&quot;</comment>
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      <text bytes="550" sha1="f3mnwvw9ivbp0le50zpd4ay5knd8v4y" xml:space="preserve">'''ⵄⴱⴷ ⵍⵍⴰⵀ ⴱⵓⵎⴰⵍⴽ''' ⴷ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⵎⵔⵣⵓ ⴰⵎⵖⵉⴱⵉ ⵏⵏⴰ ⴱⴰⵀⵔⴰ ⵉⵜⵜⵢⵓⵙⵙⴰⵏⵏ ⴷ ⵉⴳ ⵢⴰⵏ  ⵓⵙⵍⵎⴰⴷ ⴰⵎⵥⵍⴰⵢ ⴳ [[ⵜⴰⵙⵏⵉⵍⵙⵜ|ⵜⵙⵏⵉⵍⵙⵜⵏ]], ⴷ ⵉⴳ ⵙⴳ [[ⴰⵎⵙⵏⵉⵍⵙ ⴰⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖ|ⵉⵎⵙⵏⵉⵍⵙⵏ]] ⵏⵏⴰ ⴱⴰⵀⵔⴰ ⵉⵜⵜⵢⵓⵙⵙⴰⵏⵏ ⴷⴳ ⵢⵉⴳⵔ ⵏ [[ⵜⵓⵜⵍⴰⵢⵜ ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵜ]].
== ⵥⵕ ⵓⴳⴳⴰⵔ ==
== ⵉⵙⴰⵖⵓⵍⵏ ==</text>
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        <username>ⴰⵏⴰⵙ ⵓⵍⵃⵍⵓ</username>
        <id>10568</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>/* ⵉⵙⴰⵖⵓⵍⵏ */</comment>
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      <text bytes="656" sha1="qgowndl76b4xm472ajankownlvszqnz" xml:space="preserve">'''ⵄⴱⴷ ⵍⵍⴰⵀ ⴱⵓⵎⴰⵍⴽ''' ⴷ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⵎⵔⵣⵓ ⴰⵎⵖⵉⴱⵉ ⵏⵏⴰ ⴱⴰⵀⵔⴰ ⵉⵜⵜⵢⵓⵙⵙⴰⵏⵏ ⴷ ⵉⴳ ⵢⴰⵏ  ⵓⵙⵍⵎⴰⴷ ⴰⵎⵥⵍⴰⵢ ⴳ [[ⵜⴰⵙⵏⵉⵍⵙⵜ|ⵜⵙⵏⵉⵍⵙⵜⵏ]], ⴷ ⵉⴳ ⵙⴳ [[ⴰⵎⵙⵏⵉⵍⵙ ⴰⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖ|ⵉⵎⵙⵏⵉⵍⵙⵏ]] ⵏⵏⴰ ⴱⴰⵀⵔⴰ ⵉⵜⵜⵢⵓⵙⵙⴰⵏⵏ ⴷⴳ ⵢⵉⴳⵔ ⵏ [[ⵜⵓⵜⵍⴰⵢⵜ ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵜ]].
== ⵥⵕ ⵓⴳⴳⴰⵔ ==
== ⵉⵙⴰⵖⵓⵍⵏ ==
{{ⵉⵙⴰⵖⵓⵍⵏ}}
{{ⴰⵙⵎⵉⵍ|ⴰⵎⵙⵏⵉⵍⵙ ⴰⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖ|ⴰⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖ}}</text>
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  <page>
    <title>ⴱⵏⵏⴰⵚⵕ ⵓⵙⵙⵉⴽⵓⵎ</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>52657</id>
    <revision>
      <id>175887</id>
      <timestamp>2026-05-03T14:05:08Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>ⴰⵏⴰⵙ ⵓⵍⵃⵍⵓ</username>
        <id>10568</id>
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      <comment>Created page with &quot;'''ⴱⵏⵏⴰⵚⵕ ⵓⵙⵙⵉⴽⵓⵎ''' ⴷ ⵢⴰⵏ [[ⴰⵎⵙⵏⵉⵍⵙ ⴰⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖ|ⵓⵎⵙⵏⵉⵍⵙ ⴰⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖ ⴰⵎⵖⵔⵉⴱⵉ]], ⴷ ⵉⵙⵙⵓⴼⵖ ⴷ ⴰⵟⵟⴰⵚ ⵏ ⵉⴳⵉⵜⵏ ⵏⵏⴰ ⵉⵥⵍⵉⵏ ⵙ ⵢⵉⴳⵔ ⵏ [[ⵜⵓⵜⵍⴰⵢⵜ ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵜ]] ⴰⵎ ⵓⵎⴰⵡⴰⵍ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵏ &quot;ⴰⵎⴰⵡⴰⵍ ⴰⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖ - ⴰⴼⵕⴰⵏⵚⵉⵚ (ⵜⴰⵏⵜⴰⵍⴰ ⵏ ⴰⵢⵜ...&quot;</comment>
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      <text bytes="759" sha1="73pywq8yfyng3jrmbw6klyqalas0ysb" xml:space="preserve">'''ⴱⵏⵏⴰⵚⵕ ⵓⵙⵙⵉⴽⵓⵎ''' ⴷ ⵢⴰⵏ [[ⴰⵎⵙⵏⵉⵍⵙ ⴰⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖ|ⵓⵎⵙⵏⵉⵍⵙ ⴰⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖ ⴰⵎⵖⵔⵉⴱⵉ]], ⴷ ⵉⵙⵙⵓⴼⵖ ⴷ ⴰⵟⵟⴰⵚ ⵏ ⵉⴳⵉⵜⵏ ⵏⵏⴰ ⵉⵥⵍⵉⵏ ⵙ ⵢⵉⴳⵔ ⵏ [[ⵜⵓⵜⵍⴰⵢⵜ ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵜ]] ⴰⵎ ⵓⵎⴰⵡⴰⵍ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵏ &quot;ⴰⵎⴰⵡⴰⵍ ⴰⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖ - ⴰⴼⵕⴰⵏⵚⵉⵚ (ⵜⴰⵏⵜⴰⵍⴰ ⵏ ⴰⵢⵜ ⵡⵉⵔⴰ - ⴰⵟⵍⴰⵚ ⴰⵏⴰⵎⵎⴰⵙ) ⵏⵏⴰ ⴷ ⵉⴼⴼⵓⵖⵏ ⴰⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙ ⵏ 2013. 
== ⵥⵕ ⵓⴳⴳⴰⵔ ==
== ⵉⵙⴰⵖⵓⵍⵏ ==
{{ⵉⵙⴰⵖⵓⵍⵏ}}
{{ⴰⵙⵎⵉⵍ|ⴰⵎⵙⵏⵉⵍⵙ ⴰⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖ|ⵉⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵏ}}</text>
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  <page>
    <title>ⵙⵙⵉ ⵄⵓⵎⴰⵕ ⵓ ⵙⵄⴰⵢⴷ ⴱⵓⵍⵉⴼⵢⴰ</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>52658</id>
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      <timestamp>2026-05-03T14:16:00Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>ⴰⵏⴰⵙ ⵓⵍⵃⵍⵓ</username>
        <id>10568</id>
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      <comment>Created page with &quot;'''ⵄⵓⵎⴰⵕ  ⵓ ⵙⵄⴰⵢⴷ ⴱⵓⵍⵉⴼⵢⴰ''' ⴷ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⵎⵖⵏⴰⵙ ⴰⵅⴰⵜⴰⵔ ⴳ ⵓⵎⵓⵙⵙⵓ ⴰⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖ ⵏ ⴷ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⵔⴳⴰⵣ ⵏ ⵜⵙⴽⵍⴰ ⵜⴰⵏⴷⵣⴰⵢⵔⵜ, ⵉⵍⵓⵍ ⴷⴳ ⵓⵙⴳⴳⴰⵙ ⵏ 1863 ⴳ ⵓⵙⵓⵏ ⵏ ⵡⴰⴷⵏⵉ ⵏⵏⴰ ⵉⴹⴼⵕⵏ ⵉ ⵜⵖⵔⵎⵜ ⵏ ⵉⵔⴳⵏ ⴳ ⵜⵡⵉⵍⴰⵜ ⵏ ⵜⵉⵣⵉ ⵓⵣⵣⵓ|ⵜⵉⵣⵉ ⵏ ⵡⵓⵣⵣ...&quot;</comment>
      <origin>175888</origin>
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      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="1058" sha1="mnl3hntekfcbow33br4j7hqrq0iekih" xml:space="preserve">'''ⵄⵓⵎⴰⵕ  ⵓ ⵙⵄⴰⵢⴷ ⴱⵓⵍⵉⴼⵢⴰ''' ⴷ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⵎⵖⵏⴰⵙ ⴰⵅⴰⵜⴰⵔ ⴳ ⵓⵎⵓⵙⵙⵓ ⴰⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖ ⵏ ⴷ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⵔⴳⴰⵣ ⵏ ⵜⵙⴽⵍⴰ ⵜⴰⵏⴷⵣⴰⵢⵔⵜ, ⵉⵍⵓⵍ ⴷⴳ ⵓⵙⴳⴳⴰⵙ ⵏ 1863 ⴳ ⵓⵙⵓⵏ ⵏ ⵡⴰⴷⵏⵉ ⵏⵏⴰ ⵉⴹⴼⵕⵏ ⵉ ⵜⵖⵔⵎⵜ ⵏ ⵉⵔⴳⵏ ⴳ ⵜⵡⵉⵍⴰⵜ ⵏ [[ⵜⵉⵣⵉ ⵓⵣⵣⵓ|ⵜⵉⵣⵉ ⵏ ⵡⵓⵣⵣⵓ]], ⵉⴳⴰ ⵙⵙⵉ ⵄⵓⵎⴰⵕ ⴰⵙⵍⵎⴰⴷ ⴷ [[ⴰⵎⵙⵏⵉⵍⵙ ⴰⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖ|ⵓⵎⵙⵏⵉⵍⵙ]] ⴷ [[ⵜⴰⵙⵏⴰⵎⵓⵏⵜ|ⵓⵎⵙⵏⴰⵎⵓⵏ]] ⴷ ⵓⵎⵙⵏⵎⵣⵔⵓⵢ. ⴷ ⵉⵎⵎⵜ ⴷⴳ ⵓⵙⴳⴳⴰⵙ ⵏ 1931 ⴳ ⵓⵙⴳⵏⴰⴼ ⵏ ⴱⴰⵛⴰ ⴷ ⵉⵜⵜⵓⵎⴹⴰⵍ ⴷⴳ [[ⵜⴰⵎⴷⵉⵏⵜ ⵏ ⴷⵣⴰⵢⵔ|ⵜⵎⴷⵉⵏⵜ ⵏ ⴷⵣⴰⵢⵔ]].
== ⵥⵕ ⵓⴳⴳⴰⵔ ==
== ⵉⵙⴰⵖⵓⵍⵏ ==
{{ⵉⵙⴰⵖⵓⵍⵏ}}
{{ⴰⵙⵎⵉⵍ|ⴰⵎⵙⵏⵉⵍⵙ ⴰⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖ}}</text>
      <sha1>mnl3hntekfcbow33br4j7hqrq0iekih</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>175889</id>
      <parentid>175888</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-05-03T14:16:42Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>ⴰⵏⴰⵙ ⵓⵍⵃⵍⵓ</username>
        <id>10568</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor />
      <comment>ⴰⵏⴰⵙ ⵓⵍⵃⵍⵓ ⵉⵙⵎⵓⵜⵜⵉ ⵜⴰⵙⵏⴰ ⵙⴳ [[ⵄⵓⵎⴰⵕ ⵓ ⵙⵄⴰⵢⴷ ⴱⵓⵍⵉⴼⵢⴰ]] ⵖⵔ [[ⵙⵙⵉ ⵄⵓⵎⴰⵕ ⵓ ⵙⵄⴰⵢⴷ ⴱⵓⵍⵉⴼⵢⴰ]]</comment>
      <origin>175888</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="1058" sha1="mnl3hntekfcbow33br4j7hqrq0iekih" xml:space="preserve">'''ⵄⵓⵎⴰⵕ  ⵓ ⵙⵄⴰⵢⴷ ⴱⵓⵍⵉⴼⵢⴰ''' ⴷ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⵎⵖⵏⴰⵙ ⴰⵅⴰⵜⴰⵔ ⴳ ⵓⵎⵓⵙⵙⵓ ⴰⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖ ⵏ ⴷ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⵔⴳⴰⵣ ⵏ ⵜⵙⴽⵍⴰ ⵜⴰⵏⴷⵣⴰⵢⵔⵜ, ⵉⵍⵓⵍ ⴷⴳ ⵓⵙⴳⴳⴰⵙ ⵏ 1863 ⴳ ⵓⵙⵓⵏ ⵏ ⵡⴰⴷⵏⵉ ⵏⵏⴰ ⵉⴹⴼⵕⵏ ⵉ ⵜⵖⵔⵎⵜ ⵏ ⵉⵔⴳⵏ ⴳ ⵜⵡⵉⵍⴰⵜ ⵏ [[ⵜⵉⵣⵉ ⵓⵣⵣⵓ|ⵜⵉⵣⵉ ⵏ ⵡⵓⵣⵣⵓ]], ⵉⴳⴰ ⵙⵙⵉ ⵄⵓⵎⴰⵕ ⴰⵙⵍⵎⴰⴷ ⴷ [[ⴰⵎⵙⵏⵉⵍⵙ ⴰⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖ|ⵓⵎⵙⵏⵉⵍⵙ]] ⴷ [[ⵜⴰⵙⵏⴰⵎⵓⵏⵜ|ⵓⵎⵙⵏⴰⵎⵓⵏ]] ⴷ ⵓⵎⵙⵏⵎⵣⵔⵓⵢ. ⴷ ⵉⵎⵎⵜ ⴷⴳ ⵓⵙⴳⴳⴰⵙ ⵏ 1931 ⴳ ⵓⵙⴳⵏⴰⴼ ⵏ ⴱⴰⵛⴰ ⴷ ⵉⵜⵜⵓⵎⴹⴰⵍ ⴷⴳ [[ⵜⴰⵎⴷⵉⵏⵜ ⵏ ⴷⵣⴰⵢⵔ|ⵜⵎⴷⵉⵏⵜ ⵏ ⴷⵣⴰⵢⵔ]].
== ⵥⵕ ⵓⴳⴳⴰⵔ ==
== ⵉⵙⴰⵖⵓⵍⵏ ==
{{ⵉⵙⴰⵖⵓⵍⵏ}}
{{ⴰⵙⵎⵉⵍ|ⴰⵎⵙⵏⵉⵍⵙ ⴰⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖ}}</text>
      <sha1>mnl3hntekfcbow33br4j7hqrq0iekih</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>175891</id>
      <parentid>175889</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-05-03T14:19:44Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>ⴰⵏⴰⵙ ⵓⵍⵃⵍⵓ</username>
        <id>10568</id>
      </contributor>
      <origin>175891</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="6319" sha1="22dy36jgba9z4xw7jvrkuaglpz6nqd6" xml:space="preserve">'''ⵄⵓⵎⴰⵕ  ⵓ ⵙⵄⴰⵢⴷ ⴱⵓⵍⵉⴼⵢⴰ''' ⴷ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⵎⵖⵏⴰⵙ ⴰⵅⴰⵜⴰⵔ ⴳ ⵓⵎⵓⵙⵙⵓ ⴰⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖ ⵏ ⴷ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⵔⴳⴰⵣ ⵏ ⵜⵙⴽⵍⴰ ⵜⴰⵏⴷⵣⴰⵢⵔⵜ, ⵉⵍⵓⵍ ⴷⴳ ⵓⵙⴳⴳⴰⵙ ⵏ 1863 ⴳ ⵓⵙⵓⵏ ⵏ ⵡⴰⴷⵏⵉ ⵏⵏⴰ ⵉⴹⴼⵕⵏ ⵉ ⵜⵖⵔⵎⵜ ⵏ ⵉⵔⵊⵏ ⴳ ⵜⵡⵉⵍⴰⵜ ⵏ [[ⵜⵉⵣⵉ ⵓⵣⵣⵓ|ⵜⵉⵣⵉ ⵏ ⵡⵓⵣⵣⵓ]], ⵉⴳⴰ ⵙⵙⵉ ⵄⵓⵎⴰⵕ ⴰⵙⵍⵎⴰⴷ ⴷ [[ⴰⵎⵙⵏⵉⵍⵙ ⴰⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖ|ⵓⵎⵙⵏⵉⵍⵙ]] ⴷ [[ⵜⴰⵙⵏⴰⵎⵓⵏⵜ|ⵓⵎⵙⵏⴰⵎⵓⵏ]] ⴷ ⵓⵎⵙⵏⵎⵣⵔⵓⵢ. ⴷ ⵉⵎⵎⵜ ⴷⴳ ⵓⵙⴳⴳⴰⵙ ⵏ 1931 ⴳ ⵓⵙⴳⵏⴰⴼ ⵏ ⴱⴰⵛⴰ ⴷ ⵉⵜⵜⵓⵎⴹⴰⵍ ⴷⴳ [[ⵜⴰⵎⴷⵉⵏⵜ ⵏ ⴷⵣⴰⵢⵔ|ⵜⵎⴷⵉⵏⵜ ⵏ ⴷⵣⴰⵢⵔ]].

== ⵜⵓⴷⵔⵜ ⵏⵏⵙ ==
ⵉⵍⵓⵍ ⴱⵓⵍⵉⴼⴰ ⴳ ⵡⴰⵜⵜⴰⵢⵏ ⵏ 1865 ⴳ ⵓⵙⵓⵏ ⵏ ⴰⴷⵏⵉ ⴳ ⵜⵇⴱⵉⵍⵜ ⵏ ⵉⵔⵊⵏ ⵏⵏⴰ ⵢⴰⵎⵓⵏ ⴳ ⵓⵎⵇⵇⵓⵏ ⵏ ⵓⵇⴱⵉⵍ ⵏ ⴰⵜ ⵉⵔⴰⵜⵏ ⵖ ⵜⵎⴰⵣⵉⵔⵜ ⵏ ⵍⵇⴱⴰⵢⵍ ⵉⵎⵇⵇⵓⵔⵏ. ⵉⴳⴰ ⵢⵉⵙⵎ ⵏ ⵜⵡⵊⴰ ⵏⵏⵙ ⴰⵢⵜ ⴱⵍⵇⴰⵙⵎ ⵓ ⴰⵄⵎⵔ, ⴳⵉⵏ ⴰⵢⵜ ⴷⴰⵔⵙ ⵉⵎⵕⴰⴱⴹⵏ ⴳⴰⵏⵉⵏ ⴷⴷⵔⴰⵡⵛ (ⴰⵢⴰⵏⵏ ⴰ ⴼ ⵜⵍⵍⴰ &quot;ⵙⵙⵉ&quot; ⵖ ⵢⵉⵙⵎ ⵏⵏⵙ). ⴱⵓⵍⵉⴼⴰ ⴰⴷ ⵉⴳⴰⵏ ⵉⵙⵎ ⵏ ⴱⴰⴱⴰⵙ ⵖ ⵡⴰⴷⴷⴰⴷ ⵓⵖⵔⵉⵎ ⴰⴼⵕⴰⵏⵙⵉⵙ. ⵉⵎⵎⵓⵜ ⴱⴰⴱⴰⵙ, ⵉⴼⵍ ⵜ ⵉⴷ ⵉⴳⴰ ⵉⴳⵉⴳⵍ ⵉⵎⵥⵥⵉⵢ ⵏⵉⵜ ⵙⵓⵍ, ⵎⴰⵛⵛⴰⵏ ⵉⵍⵍⴰ ⴷⴰⵔⵙ ⵓⵏⴰⵔⵓⵣ ⴰⵛⴽⵓ ⵜⴰⵡⵊⴰ ⵏ ⵜⵙⴳⴰ ⵏ ⵎⴰⵙ ⴳⴰⵏ ⴰⵢⵜ ⴰⵄⵎⵔ (ⴰⵜ ⴰⵄⵎⵔ) ⵍⵍⵉ ⵉⴳⴰⵏ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⵡⵊⴰ ⵏ ⵉⵎⵖⴰⵔⵏ ⴷⵓⵙⵏⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵎⴰⵣⵉⵔⵜ (ⵜⴰⵎⴷⵉⵏⵜ).[1][2] ⵢⵓⵣⵏ ⵜ ⵙⵙⵉ ⵎⵓⵍⴰ, ⵄⵎⵎⵉⵙ ⵙⵖ ⵜⵙⴳⴰ ⵏ ⵎⴰⵙ, ⵙ ⵜⵉⵏⵎⵍ ⵜⴰⵄⵕⴰⴱⵜ-ⵜⴰⴼⵕⴰⵏⵙⵉⵙⵜ ⵜⴰⵎⵣⵡⴰⵔⵓⵜ ⵉⵙ ⵜⵕⵥⵎ ⵖ ⵜⵎⴰⵣⵉⵔⵜ ⵏ ⵍⵇⴱⴰⵢⵍ (ⵖ ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵣⵉⵔⵜ ⵖ 1873), ⵏⵏⴰ ⵎⵉ ⴱⴰⵀⵔⴰ ⴷⵔⵓⵙⵏ ⵉⵎⵏⴽⴰⴷⵏ.[1][3][4] ⵜⴰⵎⵓⵏⵉ ⵏ ⵜⵎⵙⵓⵜⴰⵍ ⴰⴷ ⵔⴰⴷ ⵓⵔⴰⵔⵏⵜ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⴰⵍⵉⵍⵜ ⵜⴰⵎⵖⵜⴰⵙⵜ ⵉ ⴰⵢⵍⵍⵉ ⴷ ⵢⴰⴳⵓⵔⵏ ⵖ ⵜⵓⴷⵔⵜ ⵏⵏⵙ, ⵢⴰⵎⵥ ⵖ ⵓⴱⵔⵉⴷ ⵏ ⵜⴰⵣⵣⵓⵍⵜ ⵏ ⵓⵙⵍⵎⴷ, ⴰⵛⴽⵓ ⵙⵍⴰⵖ ⵏⵜⵜⴰⵏ ⴰⴷ ⵉⵍⵍⴰⵏ ⵉⵏⵏⵓⵕⵥⵎⵏ ⵖ ⵡⵓⴷⵎ ⵏ ⵓⴼⴷⴷⴰⵎ ⴰⵇⴱⴰⵢⵍⵉ ⵉⴳⴰⵏ ⴷⴷⵔⵉⵡⵛ.[1] ⴷⴰⵕⴰⵜ ⵏ ⴽⵔⴰ ⵉⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙⵏ, ⵉⵎⴰⴳⵍ ⵙ ⵜⵔⵙⵓⵜ ⵏ ⵓⵎⵙⵙⴰⵏⵓⵏ ⴰⵎⴰⴳⴳⴰⵙ (ⵎoⵏⵉⵜⴻⵓⵔ ⴰⴷⵊoⵉⵏⵜ) ⵖ ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵣⵉⵔⵜ (ⵜⴰⵎⴷⵉⵏⵜ). ⵣⵖ 1890, ⵉⴱⴷⴰ ⵜⵉⵎⵙⵙⵉⵔⴷⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵓⵙⵙⵍⵎⴷ ⵏ ⵜⵇⴱⴰⵢⵍⵉⵜ ⵖ ⵜⵉⵏⵎⵍ ⵜⴰⵏⴰⴼⵍⵍⴰⵜ ⵏ ⴱⵓⵣⵔⵉⵄⴰ (éⵛoⵍⴻ ⵏoⵔⵎⴰⵍⴻ ⵙⵓⵒéⵔⵉⴻⵓⵔⴻ ⴷⴻ ⴱoⵓⵣⴰⵔéⴰⵀ), ⵉⵍⵎⵎⴰ ⴹⴰⵕⴰⵜ ⵏ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⵙⴰⵏⵓⵏ ⵖ ⵜⵎⵔⵙⵍⵜ ⴰⵏⵏ ⵏⵉⵜ, ⵢⴰⵖⵓⵍ ⵉⴳⴰ ⴰⵙⵍⵎⴰⴷ ⴰⵎⴰⴳⴳⴰⵙ.[1] ⵖ 1901, ⵉⵎⴰⴳⵍ ⵙ ⵜⵔⵙⵓⵜ ⵏ ⵔéⵒéⵜⵉⵜⴻⵓⵔ ⵏ ⵜⵇⴱⴰⵢⵍⵉⵜ ⵖ ⵜⵉⵏⵎⵍ ⵏ ⵜⵙⴽⵍⴰ ⵏ ⴷⴷⵣⴰⵢⵔ. ⵖ ⵜⴳⵉⵔⴰ ⵏ 1904/1905, ⵉⴷⵔⴰ ⵖ ⵜⵙⵎⵉⴳⵍⵜ ⵏ &quot;ⵙⴻⴳoⵏⵣⴰⵛ&quot; ⵖ ⵍⵎⵖⵔⵉⴱ ⵏⵏⴰ ⵖ ⴷⵉⴷⵙ ⵢⵉⵡⵉ ⴰⴷⵍⵉⵙ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵜⴻⵅⵜⴻⵙ ⴱⴻⵔⴱèⵔⴻⵙ ⴷⴻ ⵍ’ⴰⵜⵍⴰⵙ.[1][3] ⵖ 1905, ⵉⴷⵔⴰ ⵖ ⵓⴳⵔⴰⵡ ⴰⴳⵔⴰⵖⵍⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵉⵏⵙⴳⵎⵓⴹⵏ ⵖ ⴷⴷⵣⴰⵢⵔ ⵙ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⵏⵢⴰⵍⴽⵎⵜ ⴼ ⵓⵣⵔⴼ ⵏ ⴰⴷⵏⵉ.[3]

ⵖ ⵜⵖⵍⴰⴼⵜ ⵏⵏⵙ, ⵙ ⵡⴰⴽⵓⴷ ⵏ 20 ⴽⵟⵓⴱⵕ 1914, ⵉⵙⵎⵏⵉⴷ ⴱⵓⵍⵉⴼⴰ ⵉⵅⴼ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵡⴰⵏ &quot;ⵓⵙⵍⵎⴰⴷ ⵏ ⵜⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵜ&quot; ⵖ ⵜⵉⵏⵎⵍ ⵜⴰⵏⴰⴼⵍⵍⴰⵜ ⴷ ⵜⵖⵉⵡⴰⵏⵜ ⵏ ⵜⵙⴽⵍⴰ ⵏ ⴷⴷⵣⴰⵢⵔ, ⴰⵢⴷ ⵉⵜⵜⵙⴽⴰⵏⵏ ⵉⵙ ⵉⵍⴽⵎ ⵜⴰⴼⵙⵏⴰ ⵏ ⵓⵙⵍⵎⴰⴷ ⵏ ⵜⵉⵏⴰⵡⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵙⴷⴰⵡⵉⵜ. ⵢⵓⵎⵥ ⵜⴰⵏⴰⴼⵜ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵖ 1929, ⵉⵎⵎⵜ ⵖ 8 ⵢⵓⵏⵢⵓ 1931 ⵖ ⵓⵙⴳⵏⴰⴼ ⵏ ⵎⵓⵙⵟⴰⴼⴰ ⴱⴰⵛⴰ ⵖ ⴷⴷⵣⴰⵢⵔ ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵥⵓⵏⵜ. ⵉⵜⵜⵓⵎⴹⴰⵍ ⵖ ⵓⵙⵎⴹⵍ ⵏ ⴱⴰⴱ ⵍⵡⴰⴷ ⵖ ⴷⴷⵣⴰⵢⵔ.[1]

== ⵉⴹⵉⵚ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵖⴼ ⵜⴱⵉⴷⴰⴳⵓⵊⵉⵜ ⵏ ⵜⵇⴱⴰⵢⵍⵉⵜ ==
ⵏⵜⵜⴰ ⵉⴽⴽⴰ ⵜⵜ ⵉⵏⵏ ⵉⵙⵔⵙ ⴱⴰⵀⵔⴰ ⵜⴰⵢⵏⵉⵜ ⴼ ⵜⵓⵜⵍⴰⵢⵜ, ⴰⵔ ⴱⴷⴷⴰ ⵢⴰⵇⵇⵔⴰ ⴼ ⵜⵙⴽⵍⴰ ⴷ ⵓⵎⵣⵔⵓⵢ ⵏ ⵜⵎⵏⴰⴹⵜ ⵏⵏⵙ. ⵜⵓⵡⵉⵜ ⵜⵙⵖⵍⵜ ⵜⴰⴱⵉⴷⴰⵖⵓⵊⵉⵜ ⵏⵏⵙ, ⵏⵏⴰ ⴼ ⵉⵙⵡⵓⵔⵉ ⵙ ⵡⵓⵍ, ⵙ ⵓⵙⴱⵓⵖⵍⵓ ⵏ ⵜⴱⵉⴷⴰⵖⵓⵊⵉⵜ ⵜⴰⵎⵣⵡⴰⵔⵓⵜ ⵏ ⵓⵙⵍⵎⴷ ⵏ ⵜⵇⴱⴰⵢⵍⵉⵜ. ⵜⴰⴱⵉⴷⴰⵖⵓⵊⵉⵜ ⴰⴷ ⵏⵏⵙ, ⵏⵏⴰ ⵎⵉ ⵢⴰⴷ ⵉⵙⵔⵙ ⵜⵉⵔⵙⴰⵍ ⵎⵏⵏⴰⵡⵜ ⵜⵎⵔⴰⵡⵉⵏ ⴷⴰⵜ, ⵜⴱⴷⴷ ⴼ ⵜⴱⵉⴷⴰⵖⵓⵊⵉⵜ ⵜⵓⵙⵔⵉⴷⵜ ⵏ ⵜⵓⵜⵍⴰⵢⵜ. ⴷⴰⵜ ⴱⵓⵍⵉⴼⴰ, ⴽⴽⴰⵏ ⵜⵜ ⵉⵏⵏ ⵍⵍⴰⵏⵜ ⵖⴰⵔ ⴽⵔⴰ ⵏ ⵜⵊⵕⵕⵓⵎⵉⵏⵜ ⵜⵉⴽⵍⴰⵙⵉⴽⵉⵢⵉⵏ, ⵙ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⵙⵖⵉⵡⵙ ⴰⴱⵉⴷⴰⵖⵓⵊⵉ ⵉⵙⴷⵉⴷⵏ

== ⵥⵕ ⵓⴳⴳⴰⵔ ==
== ⵉⵙⴰⵖⵓⵍⵏ ==
{{ⵉⵙⴰⵖⵓⵍⵏ}}
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'''ⵄⵓⵎⴰⵕ  ⵓ ⵙⵄⴰⵢⴷ ⴱⵓⵍⵉⴼⵢⴰ''' ⴷ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⵎⵖⵏⴰⵙ ⴰⵅⴰⵜⴰⵔ ⴳ ⵓⵎⵓⵙⵙⵓ ⴰⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖ ⵏ ⴷ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⵔⴳⴰⵣ ⵏ ⵜⵙⴽⵍⴰ ⵜⴰⵏⴷⵣⴰⵢⵔⵜ, ⵉⵍⵓⵍ ⴷⴳ ⵓⵙⴳⴳⴰⵙ ⵏ 1863 ⴳ ⵓⵙⵓⵏ ⵏ ⵡⴰⴷⵏⵉ ⵏⵏⴰ ⵉⴹⴼⵕⵏ ⵉ ⵜⵖⵔⵎⵜ ⵏ ⵉⵔⵊⵏ ⴳ ⵜⵡⵉⵍⴰⵜ ⵏ [[ⵜⵉⵣⵉ ⵓⵣⵣⵓ|ⵜⵉⵣⵉ ⵏ ⵡⵓⵣⵣⵓ]], ⵉⴳⴰ ⵙⵙⵉ ⵄⵓⵎⴰⵕ ⴰⵙⵍⵎⴰⴷ ⴷ [[ⴰⵎⵙⵏⵉⵍⵙ ⴰⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖ|ⵓⵎⵙⵏⵉⵍⵙ]] ⴷ [[ⵜⴰⵙⵏⴰⵎⵓⵏⵜ|ⵓⵎⵙⵏⴰⵎⵓⵏ]] ⴷ ⵓⵎⵙⵏⵎⵣⵔⵓⵢ. ⴷ ⵉⵎⵎⵜ ⴷⴳ ⵓⵙⴳⴳⴰⵙ ⵏ 1931 ⴳ ⵓⵙⴳⵏⴰⴼ ⵏ ⴱⴰⵛⴰ ⴷ ⵉⵜⵜⵓⵎⴹⴰⵍ ⴷⴳ [[ⵜⴰⵎⴷⵉⵏⵜ ⵏ ⴷⵣⴰⵢⵔ|ⵜⵎⴷⵉⵏⵜ ⵏ ⴷⵣⴰⵢⵔ]].

== ⵜⵓⴷⵔⵜ ⵏⵏⵙ ==
ⵉⵍⵓⵍ ⴱⵓⵍⵉⴼⴰ ⴳ ⵡⴰⵜⵜⴰⵢⵏ ⵏ 1865 ⴳ ⵓⵙⵓⵏ ⵏ ⴰⴷⵏⵉ ⴳ ⵜⵇⴱⵉⵍⵜ ⵏ ⵉⵔⵊⵏ ⵏⵏⴰ ⵢⴰⵎⵓⵏ ⴳ ⵓⵎⵇⵇⵓⵏ ⵏ ⵓⵇⴱⵉⵍ ⵏ ⴰⵜ ⵉⵔⴰⵜⵏ ⵖ ⵜⵎⴰⵣⵉⵔⵜ ⵏ ⵍⵇⴱⴰⵢⵍ ⵉⵎⵇⵇⵓⵔⵏ. ⵉⴳⴰ ⵢⵉⵙⵎ ⵏ ⵜⵡⵊⴰ ⵏⵏⵙ ⴰⵢⵜ ⴱⵍⵇⴰⵙⵎ ⵓ ⴰⵄⵎⵔ, ⴳⵉⵏ ⴰⵢⵜ ⴷⴰⵔⵙ ⵉⵎⵕⴰⴱⴹⵏ ⴳⴰⵏⵉⵏ ⴷⴷⵔⴰⵡⵛ (ⴰⵢⴰⵏⵏ ⴰ ⴼ ⵜⵍⵍⴰ &quot;ⵙⵙⵉ&quot; ⵖ ⵢⵉⵙⵎ ⵏⵏⵙ). ⴱⵓⵍⵉⴼⴰ ⴰⴷ ⵉⴳⴰⵏ ⵉⵙⵎ ⵏ ⴱⴰⴱⴰⵙ ⵖ ⵡⴰⴷⴷⴰⴷ ⵓⵖⵔⵉⵎ ⴰⴼⵕⴰⵏⵙⵉⵙ. ⵉⵎⵎⵓⵜ ⴱⴰⴱⴰⵙ, ⵉⴼⵍ ⵜ ⵉⴷ ⵉⴳⴰ ⵉⴳⵉⴳⵍ ⵉⵎⵥⵥⵉⵢ ⵏⵉⵜ ⵙⵓⵍ, ⵎⴰⵛⵛⴰⵏ ⵉⵍⵍⴰ ⴷⴰⵔⵙ ⵓⵏⴰⵔⵓⵣ ⴰⵛⴽⵓ ⵜⴰⵡⵊⴰ ⵏ ⵜⵙⴳⴰ ⵏ ⵎⴰⵙ ⴳⴰⵏ ⴰⵢⵜ ⴰⵄⵎⵔ (ⴰⵜ ⴰⵄⵎⵔ) ⵍⵍⵉ ⵉⴳⴰⵏ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⵡⵊⴰ ⵏ ⵉⵎⵖⴰⵔⵏ ⴷⵓⵙⵏⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵎⴰⵣⵉⵔⵜ (ⵜⴰⵎⴷⵉⵏⵜ).[1][2] ⵢⵓⵣⵏ ⵜ ⵙⵙⵉ ⵎⵓⵍⴰ, ⵄⵎⵎⵉⵙ ⵙⵖ ⵜⵙⴳⴰ ⵏ ⵎⴰⵙ, ⵙ ⵜⵉⵏⵎⵍ ⵜⴰⵄⵕⴰⴱⵜ-ⵜⴰⴼⵕⴰⵏⵙⵉⵙⵜ ⵜⴰⵎⵣⵡⴰⵔⵓⵜ ⵉⵙ ⵜⵕⵥⵎ ⵖ ⵜⵎⴰⵣⵉⵔⵜ ⵏ ⵍⵇⴱⴰⵢⵍ (ⵖ ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵣⵉⵔⵜ ⵖ 1873), ⵏⵏⴰ ⵎⵉ ⴱⴰⵀⵔⴰ ⴷⵔⵓⵙⵏ ⵉⵎⵏⴽⴰⴷⵏ.[1][3][4] ⵜⴰⵎⵓⵏⵉ ⵏ ⵜⵎⵙⵓⵜⴰⵍ ⴰⴷ ⵔⴰⴷ ⵓⵔⴰⵔⵏⵜ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⴰⵍⵉⵍⵜ ⵜⴰⵎⵖⵜⴰⵙⵜ ⵉ ⴰⵢⵍⵍⵉ ⴷ ⵢⴰⴳⵓⵔⵏ ⵖ ⵜⵓⴷⵔⵜ ⵏⵏⵙ, ⵢⴰⵎⵥ ⵖ ⵓⴱⵔⵉⴷ ⵏ ⵜⴰⵣⵣⵓⵍⵜ ⵏ ⵓⵙⵍⵎⴷ, ⴰⵛⴽⵓ ⵙⵍⴰⵖ ⵏⵜⵜⴰⵏ ⴰⴷ ⵉⵍⵍⴰⵏ ⵉⵏⵏⵓⵕⵥⵎⵏ ⵖ ⵡⵓⴷⵎ ⵏ ⵓⴼⴷⴷⴰⵎ ⴰⵇⴱⴰⵢⵍⵉ ⵉⴳⴰⵏ ⴷⴷⵔⵉⵡⵛ.[1] ⴷⴰⵕⴰⵜ ⵏ ⴽⵔⴰ ⵉⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙⵏ, ⵉⵎⴰⴳⵍ ⵙ ⵜⵔⵙⵓⵜ ⵏ ⵓⵎⵙⵙⴰⵏⵓⵏ ⴰⵎⴰⴳⴳⴰⵙ (ⵎoⵏⵉⵜⴻⵓⵔ ⴰⴷⵊoⵉⵏⵜ) ⵖ ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵣⵉⵔⵜ (ⵜⴰⵎⴷⵉⵏⵜ). ⵣⵖ 1890, ⵉⴱⴷⴰ ⵜⵉⵎⵙⵙⵉⵔⴷⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵓⵙⵙⵍⵎⴷ ⵏ ⵜⵇⴱⴰⵢⵍⵉⵜ ⵖ ⵜⵉⵏⵎⵍ ⵜⴰⵏⴰⴼⵍⵍⴰⵜ ⵏ ⴱⵓⵣⵔⵉⵄⴰ (éⵛoⵍⴻ ⵏoⵔⵎⴰⵍⴻ ⵙⵓⵒéⵔⵉⴻⵓⵔⴻ ⴷⴻ ⴱoⵓⵣⴰⵔéⴰⵀ), ⵉⵍⵎⵎⴰ ⴹⴰⵕⴰⵜ ⵏ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⵙⴰⵏⵓⵏ ⵖ ⵜⵎⵔⵙⵍⵜ ⴰⵏⵏ ⵏⵉⵜ, ⵢⴰⵖⵓⵍ ⵉⴳⴰ ⴰⵙⵍⵎⴰⴷ ⴰⵎⴰⴳⴳⴰⵙ.[1] ⵖ 1901, ⵉⵎⴰⴳⵍ ⵙ ⵜⵔⵙⵓⵜ ⵏ ⵔéⵒéⵜⵉⵜⴻⵓⵔ ⵏ ⵜⵇⴱⴰⵢⵍⵉⵜ ⵖ ⵜⵉⵏⵎⵍ ⵏ ⵜⵙⴽⵍⴰ ⵏ ⴷⴷⵣⴰⵢⵔ. ⵖ ⵜⴳⵉⵔⴰ ⵏ 1904/1905, ⵉⴷⵔⴰ ⵖ ⵜⵙⵎⵉⴳⵍⵜ ⵏ &quot;ⵙⴻⴳoⵏⵣⴰⵛ&quot; ⵖ ⵍⵎⵖⵔⵉⴱ ⵏⵏⴰ ⵖ ⴷⵉⴷⵙ ⵢⵉⵡⵉ ⴰⴷⵍⵉⵙ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵜⴻⵅⵜⴻⵙ ⴱⴻⵔⴱèⵔⴻⵙ ⴷⴻ ⵍ’ⴰⵜⵍⴰⵙ.[1][3] ⵖ 1905, ⵉⴷⵔⴰ ⵖ ⵓⴳⵔⴰⵡ ⴰⴳⵔⴰⵖⵍⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵉⵏⵙⴳⵎⵓⴹⵏ ⵖ ⴷⴷⵣⴰⵢⵔ ⵙ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⵏⵢⴰⵍⴽⵎⵜ ⴼ ⵓⵣⵔⴼ ⵏ ⴰⴷⵏⵉ.[3]

ⵖ ⵜⵖⵍⴰⴼⵜ ⵏⵏⵙ, ⵙ ⵡⴰⴽⵓⴷ ⵏ 20 ⴽⵟⵓⴱⵕ 1914, ⵉⵙⵎⵏⵉⴷ ⴱⵓⵍⵉⴼⴰ ⵉⵅⴼ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵡⴰⵏ &quot;ⵓⵙⵍⵎⴰⴷ ⵏ ⵜⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵜ&quot; ⵖ ⵜⵉⵏⵎⵍ ⵜⴰⵏⴰⴼⵍⵍⴰⵜ ⴷ ⵜⵖⵉⵡⴰⵏⵜ ⵏ ⵜⵙⴽⵍⴰ ⵏ ⴷⴷⵣⴰⵢⵔ, ⴰⵢⴷ ⵉⵜⵜⵙⴽⴰⵏⵏ ⵉⵙ ⵉⵍⴽⵎ ⵜⴰⴼⵙⵏⴰ ⵏ ⵓⵙⵍⵎⴰⴷ ⵏ ⵜⵉⵏⴰⵡⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵙⴷⴰⵡⵉⵜ. ⵢⵓⵎⵥ ⵜⴰⵏⴰⴼⵜ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵖ 1929, ⵉⵎⵎⵜ ⵖ 8 ⵢⵓⵏⵢⵓ 1931 ⵖ ⵓⵙⴳⵏⴰⴼ ⵏ ⵎⵓⵙⵟⴰⴼⴰ ⴱⴰⵛⴰ ⵖ ⴷⴷⵣⴰⵢⵔ ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵥⵓⵏⵜ. ⵉⵜⵜⵓⵎⴹⴰⵍ ⵖ ⵓⵙⵎⴹⵍ ⵏ ⴱⴰⴱ ⵍⵡⴰⴷ ⵖ ⴷⴷⵣⴰⵢⵔ.[1]

== ⵉⴹⵉⵚ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵖⴼ ⵜⴱⵉⴷⴰⴳⵓⵊⵉⵜ ⵏ ⵜⵇⴱⴰⵢⵍⵉⵜ ==
ⵏⵜⵜⴰ ⵉⴽⴽⴰ ⵜⵜ ⵉⵏⵏ ⵉⵙⵔⵙ ⴱⴰⵀⵔⴰ ⵜⴰⵢⵏⵉⵜ ⴼ ⵜⵓⵜⵍⴰⵢⵜ, ⴰⵔ ⴱⴷⴷⴰ ⵢⴰⵇⵇⵔⴰ ⴼ ⵜⵙⴽⵍⴰ ⴷ ⵓⵎⵣⵔⵓⵢ ⵏ ⵜⵎⵏⴰⴹⵜ ⵏⵏⵙ. ⵜⵓⵡⵉⵜ ⵜⵙⵖⵍⵜ ⵜⴰⴱⵉⴷⴰⵖⵓⵊⵉⵜ ⵏⵏⵙ, ⵏⵏⴰ ⴼ ⵉⵙⵡⵓⵔⵉ ⵙ ⵡⵓⵍ, ⵙ ⵓⵙⴱⵓⵖⵍⵓ ⵏ ⵜⴱⵉⴷⴰⵖⵓⵊⵉⵜ ⵜⴰⵎⵣⵡⴰⵔⵓⵜ ⵏ ⵓⵙⵍⵎⴷ ⵏ ⵜⵇⴱⴰⵢⵍⵉⵜ. ⵜⴰⴱⵉⴷⴰⵖⵓⵊⵉⵜ ⴰⴷ ⵏⵏⵙ, ⵏⵏⴰ ⵎⵉ ⵢⴰⴷ ⵉⵙⵔⵙ ⵜⵉⵔⵙⴰⵍ ⵎⵏⵏⴰⵡⵜ ⵜⵎⵔⴰⵡⵉⵏ ⴷⴰⵜ, ⵜⴱⴷⴷ ⴼ ⵜⴱⵉⴷⴰⵖⵓⵊⵉⵜ ⵜⵓⵙⵔⵉⴷⵜ ⵏ ⵜⵓⵜⵍⴰⵢⵜ. ⴷⴰⵜ ⴱⵓⵍⵉⴼⴰ, ⴽⴽⴰⵏ ⵜⵜ ⵉⵏⵏ ⵍⵍⴰⵏⵜ ⵖⴰⵔ ⴽⵔⴰ ⵏ ⵜⵊⵕⵕⵓⵎⵉⵏⵜ ⵜⵉⴽⵍⴰⵙⵉⴽⵉⵢⵉⵏ, ⵙ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⵙⵖⵉⵡⵙ ⴰⴱⵉⴷⴰⵖⵓⵊⵉ ⵉⵙⴷⵉⴷⵏ

== ⵥⵕ ⵓⴳⴳⴰⵔ ==
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      <text bytes="6228" sha1="pqn82hy7l12q6pnire1d93qh444he6y" xml:space="preserve">{{ⵜⴰⴼⵍⵓⵖⵎⵉⵙⵜ ⵓⴳⴳⵉⴷ}}
'''ⵄⵓⵎⴰⵕ  ⵓ ⵙⵄⴰⵢⴷ ⴱⵓⵍⵉⴼⵢⴰ''' ⴷ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⵎⵖⵏⴰⵙ ⴰⵅⴰⵜⴰⵔ ⴳ ⵓⵎⵓⵙⵙⵓ ⴰⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖ ⵏ ⴷ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⵔⴳⴰⵣ ⵏ ⵜⵙⴽⵍⴰ ⵜⴰⵏⴷⵣⴰⵢⵔⵜ, ⵉⵍⵓⵍ ⴷⴳ ⵓⵙⴳⴳⴰⵙ ⵏ 1861 ⵏⵖ 1865 ⴳ ⵓⵙⵓⵏ ⵏ ⵡⴰⴷⵏⵉ ⵏⵏⴰ ⵉⴹⴼⵕⵏ ⵉ ⵜⵖⵔⵎⵜ ⵏ ⵉⵔⵊⵏ ⴳ ⵜⵡⵉⵍⴰⵜ ⵏ [[ⵜⵉⵣⵉ ⵓⵣⵣⵓ|ⵜⵉⵣⵉ ⵏ ⵡⵓⵣⵣⵓ]], ⵉⴳⴰ ⵙⵙⵉ ⵄⵓⵎⴰⵕ ⴰⵙⵍⵎⴰⴷ ⴷ [[ⴰⵎⵙⵏⵉⵍⵙ ⴰⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖ|ⵓⵎⵙⵏⵉⵍⵙ]] ⴷ [[ⵜⴰⵙⵏⴰⵎⵓⵏⵜ|ⵓⵎⵙⵏⴰⵎⵓⵏ]] ⴷ ⵓⵎⵙⵏⵎⵣⵔⵓⵢ. ⴷ ⵉⵎⵎⵜ ⴷⴳ ⵓⵙⴳⴳⴰⵙ ⵏ 1931 ⴳ ⵓⵙⴳⵏⴰⴼ ⵏ ⴱⴰⵛⴰ ⴷ ⵉⵜⵜⵓⵎⴹⴰⵍ ⴷⴳ [[ⵜⴰⵎⴷⵉⵏⵜ ⵏ ⴷⵣⴰⵢⵔ|ⵜⵎⴷⵉⵏⵜ ⵏ ⴷⵣⴰⵢⵔ]].

== ⵜⵓⴷⵔⵜ ⵏⵏⵙ ==
ⵉⵍⵓⵍ ⴱⵓⵍⵉⴼⴰ ⴳ ⵡⴰⵜⵜⴰⵢⵏ ⵏ 1865 ⴳ ⵓⵙⵓⵏ ⵏ ⴰⴷⵏⵉ ⴳ ⵜⵇⴱⵉⵍⵜ ⵏ ⵉⵔⵊⵏ ⵏⵏⴰ ⵢⴰⵎⵓⵏ ⴳ ⵓⵎⵇⵇⵓⵏ ⵏ ⵓⵇⴱⵉⵍ ⵏ ⴰⵜ ⵉⵔⴰⵜⵏ ⵖ ⵜⵎⴰⵣⵉⵔⵜ ⵏ ⵍⵇⴱⴰⵢⵍ ⵉⵎⵇⵇⵓⵔⵏ. ⵉⴳⴰ ⵢⵉⵙⵎ ⵏ ⵜⵡⵊⴰ ⵏⵏⵙ ⴰⵢⵜ ⴱⵍⵇⴰⵙⵎ ⵓ ⴰⵄⵎⵔ, ⴳⵉⵏ ⴰⵢⵜ ⴷⴰⵔⵙ ⵉⵎⵕⴰⴱⴹⵏ ⴳⴰⵏⵉⵏ ⴷⴷⵔⴰⵡⵛ (ⴰⵢⴰⵏⵏ ⴰ ⴼ ⵜⵍⵍⴰ &quot;ⵙⵙⵉ&quot; ⵖ ⵢⵉⵙⵎ ⵏⵏⵙ). ⴱⵓⵍⵉⴼⴰ ⴰⴷ ⵉⴳⴰⵏ ⵉⵙⵎ ⵏ ⴱⴰⴱⴰⵙ ⵖ ⵡⴰⴷⴷⴰⴷ ⵓⵖⵔⵉⵎ ⴰⴼⵕⴰⵏⵙⵉⵙ. ⵉⵎⵎⵓⵜ ⴱⴰⴱⴰⵙ, ⵉⴼⵍ ⵜ ⵉⴷ ⵉⴳⴰ ⵉⴳⵉⴳⵍ ⵉⵎⵥⵥⵉⵢ ⵏⵉⵜ ⵙⵓⵍ, ⵎⴰⵛⵛⴰⵏ ⵉⵍⵍⴰ ⴷⴰⵔⵙ ⵓⵏⴰⵔⵓⵣ ⴰⵛⴽⵓ ⵜⴰⵡⵊⴰ ⵏ ⵜⵙⴳⴰ ⵏ ⵎⴰⵙ ⴳⴰⵏ ⴰⵢⵜ ⴰⵄⵎⵔ (ⴰⵜ ⴰⵄⵎⵔ) ⵍⵍⵉ ⵉⴳⴰⵏ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⵡⵊⴰ ⵏ ⵉⵎⵖⴰⵔⵏ ⴷⵓⵙⵏⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵎⴰⵣⵉⵔⵜ (ⵜⴰⵎⴷⵉⵏⵜ).[1][2] ⵢⵓⵣⵏ ⵜ ⵙⵙⵉ ⵎⵓⵍⴰ, ⵄⵎⵎⵉⵙ ⵙⵖ ⵜⵙⴳⴰ ⵏ ⵎⴰⵙ, ⵙ ⵜⵉⵏⵎⵍ ⵜⴰⵄⵕⴰⴱⵜ-ⵜⴰⴼⵕⴰⵏⵙⵉⵙⵜ ⵜⴰⵎⵣⵡⴰⵔⵓⵜ ⵉⵙ ⵜⵕⵥⵎ ⵖ ⵜⵎⴰⵣⵉⵔⵜ ⵏ ⵍⵇⴱⴰⵢⵍ (ⵖ ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵣⵉⵔⵜ ⵖ 1873), ⵏⵏⴰ ⵎⵉ ⴱⴰⵀⵔⴰ ⴷⵔⵓⵙⵏ ⵉⵎⵏⴽⴰⴷⵏ.[1][3][4] ⵜⴰⵎⵓⵏⵉ ⵏ ⵜⵎⵙⵓⵜⴰⵍ ⴰⴷ ⵔⴰⴷ ⵓⵔⴰⵔⵏⵜ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⴰⵍⵉⵍⵜ ⵜⴰⵎⵖⵜⴰⵙⵜ ⵉ ⴰⵢⵍⵍⵉ ⴷ ⵢⴰⴳⵓⵔⵏ ⵖ ⵜⵓⴷⵔⵜ ⵏⵏⵙ, ⵢⴰⵎⵥ ⵖ ⵓⴱⵔⵉⴷ ⵏ ⵜⴰⵣⵣⵓⵍⵜ ⵏ ⵓⵙⵍⵎⴷ, ⴰⵛⴽⵓ ⵙⵍⴰⵖ ⵏⵜⵜⴰⵏ ⴰⴷ ⵉⵍⵍⴰⵏ ⵉⵏⵏⵓⵕⵥⵎⵏ ⵖ ⵡⵓⴷⵎ ⵏ ⵓⴼⴷⴷⴰⵎ ⴰⵇⴱⴰⵢⵍⵉ ⵉⴳⴰⵏ ⴷⴷⵔⵉⵡⵛ.[1] ⴷⴰⵕⴰⵜ ⵏ ⴽⵔⴰ ⵉⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙⵏ, ⵉⵎⴰⴳⵍ ⵙ ⵜⵔⵙⵓⵜ ⵏ ⵓⵎⵙⵙⴰⵏⵓⵏ ⴰⵎⴰⴳⴳⴰⵙ (ⵎoⵏⵉⵜⴻⵓⵔ ⴰⴷⵊoⵉⵏⵜ) ⵖ ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵣⵉⵔⵜ (ⵜⴰⵎⴷⵉⵏⵜ). ⵙⴳ 1890, ⵉⴱⴷⴰ ⵜⵉⵎⵙⵙⵉⵔⴷⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵓⵙⵙⵍⵎⴷ ⵏ ⵜⵇⴱⴰⵢⵍⵉⵜ ⵖ ⵜⵉⵏⵎⵍ ⵜⴰⵏⴰⴼⵍⵍⴰⵜ ⵏ ⴱⵓⵣⵔⵉⵄⴰ, ⵉⵍⵎⵎⴰ ⴹⴰⵕⴰⵜ ⵏ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⵙⴰⵏⵓⵏ ⵖ ⵜⵎⵔⵙⵍⵜ ⴰⵏⵏ ⵏⵉⵜ, ⵢⴰⵖⵓⵍ ⵉⴳⴰ ⴰⵙⵍⵎⴰⴷ ⴰⵎⴰⴳⴳⴰⵙ. ⴳ 1901, ⵉⵎⴰⴳⵍ ⵙ ⵜⵔⵙⵓⵜ ⵏ ⵔⵉⵒⵉⵜⵉⵜⵔ ⵏ ⵜⵇⴱⴰⵢⵍⵉⵜ ⴳ ⵜⵉⵏⵎⵍ ⵏ ⵜⵙⴽⵍⴰ ⵏ ⴷⴷⵣⴰⵢⵔ. ⵖ ⵜⴳⵉⵔⴰ ⵏ 1904/1905, ⵉⴷⵔⴰ ⵖ ⵜⵙⵎⵉⴳⵍⵜ ⵏ &quot;ⵙⴻⴳoⵏⵣⴰⵛ&quot; ⵖ ⵍⵎⵖⵔⵉⴱ ⵏⵏⴰ ⵖ ⴷⵉⴷⵙ ⵢⵉⵡⵉ ⴰⴷⵍⵉⵙ ⵏⵏⵙ ''Textes berbères de l’Atlas''. ⴳ 1905, ⵉⴷⵔⴰ ⵖ ⵓⴳⵔⴰⵡ ⴰⴳⵔⴰⵖⵍⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵉⵏⵙⴳⵎⵓⴹⵏ ⵖ ⴷⴷⵣⴰⵢⵔ ⵙ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⵏⵢⴰⵍⴽⵎⵜ ⴼ ⵓⵣⵔⴼ ⵏ ⴰⴷⵏⵉ.

ⵖ ⵜⵖⵍⴰⴼⵜ ⵏⵏⵙ, ⵙ ⵡⴰⴽⵓⴷ ⵏ 20 ⴽⵟⵓⴱⵕ 1914, ⵉⵙⵎⵏⵉⴷ ⴱⵓⵍⵉⴼⴰ ⵉⵅⴼ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵡⴰⵏ &quot;ⵓⵙⵍⵎⴰⴷ ⵏ ⵜⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵜ&quot; ⵖ ⵜⵉⵏⵎⵍ ⵜⴰⵏⴰⴼⵍⵍⴰⵜ ⴷ ⵜⵖⵉⵡⴰⵏⵜ ⵏ ⵜⵙⴽⵍⴰ ⵏ ⴷⴷⵣⴰⵢⵔ, ⴰⵢⴷ ⵉⵜⵜⵙⴽⴰⵏⵏ ⵉⵙ ⵉⵍⴽⵎ ⵜⴰⴼⵙⵏⴰ ⵏ ⵓⵙⵍⵎⴰⴷ ⵏ ⵜⵉⵏⴰⵡⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵙⴷⴰⵡⵉⵜ. ⵢⵓⵎⵥ ⵜⴰⵏⴰⴼⵜ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵖ 1929, ⵉⵎⵎⵜ ⵖ 8 ⵢⵓⵏⵢⵓ 1931 ⵖ ⵓⵙⴳⵏⴰⴼ ⵏ ⵎⵓⵙⵟⴰⴼⴰ ⴱⴰⵛⴰ ⵖ ⴷⴷⵣⴰⵢⵔ ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵥⵓⵏⵜ. ⵉⵜⵜⵓⵎⴹⴰⵍ ⵖ ⵓⵙⵎⴹⵍ ⵏ ⴱⴰⴱ ⵍⵡⴰⴷ ⵖ ⴷⴷⵣⴰⵢⵔ.

== ⵉⴹⵉⵚ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵖⴼ ⵜⴱⵉⴷⴰⴳⵓⵊⵉⵜ ⵏ ⵜⵇⴱⴰⵢⵍⵉⵜ ==
ⵏⵜⵜⴰ ⵉⴽⴽⴰ ⵜⵜ ⵉⵏⵏ ⵉⵙⵔⵙ ⴱⴰⵀⵔⴰ ⵜⴰⵢⵏⵉⵜ ⴼ ⵜⵓⵜⵍⴰⵢⵜ, ⴰⵔ ⴱⴷⴷⴰ ⵢⴰⵇⵇⵔⴰ ⴼ ⵜⵙⴽⵍⴰ ⴷ ⵓⵎⵣⵔⵓⵢ ⵏ ⵜⵎⵏⴰⴹⵜ ⵏⵏⵙ. ⵜⵓⵡⵉⵜ ⵜⵙⵖⵍⵜ ⵜⴰⴱⵉⴷⴰⵖⵓⵊⵉⵜ ⵏⵏⵙ, ⵏⵏⴰ ⴼ ⵉⵙⵡⵓⵔⵉ ⵙ ⵡⵓⵍ, ⵙ ⵓⵙⴱⵓⵖⵍⵓ ⵏ ⵜⴱⵉⴷⴰⵖⵓⵊⵉⵜ ⵜⴰⵎⵣⵡⴰⵔⵓⵜ ⵏ ⵓⵙⵍⵎⴷ ⵏ ⵜⵇⴱⴰⵢⵍⵉⵜ. ⵜⴰⴱⵉⴷⴰⵖⵓⵊⵉⵜ ⴰⴷ ⵏⵏⵙ, ⵏⵏⴰ ⵎⵉ ⵢⴰⴷ ⵉⵙⵔⵙ ⵜⵉⵔⵙⴰⵍ ⵎⵏⵏⴰⵡⵜ ⵜⵎⵔⴰⵡⵉⵏ ⴷⴰⵜ, ⵜⴱⴷⴷ ⴼ ⵜⴱⵉⴷⴰⵖⵓⵊⵉⵜ ⵜⵓⵙⵔⵉⴷⵜ ⵏ ⵜⵓⵜⵍⴰⵢⵜ. ⴷⴰⵜ ⴱⵓⵍⵉⴼⴰ, ⴽⴽⴰⵏ ⵜⵜ ⵉⵏⵏ ⵍⵍⴰⵏⵜ ⵖⴰⵔ ⴽⵔⴰ ⵏ ⵜⵊⵕⵕⵓⵎⵉⵏⵜ ⵜⵉⴽⵍⴰⵙⵉⴽⵉⵢⵉⵏ, ⵙ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⵙⵖⵉⵡⵙ ⴰⴱⵉⴷⴰⵖⵓⵊⵉ ⵉⵙⴷⵉⴷⵏ

== ⵥⵕ ⵓⴳⴳⴰⵔ ==
== ⵉⵙⴰⵖⵓⵍⵏ ==
{{ⵉⵙⴰⵖⵓⵍⵏ}}
{{ⴰⵙⵎⵉⵍ|ⴰⵎⵙⵏⵉⵍⵙ ⴰⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖ}}</text>
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      <id>175894</id>
      <parentid>175893</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-05-03T14:25:37Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>ⴰⵏⴰⵙ ⵓⵍⵃⵍⵓ</username>
        <id>10568</id>
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      <origin>175894</origin>
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      <text bytes="6207" sha1="gvqs2x0k52dzr2bk15vlzfo9j4lmxtq" xml:space="preserve">{{ⵜⴰⴼⵍⵓⵖⵎⵉⵙⵜ ⵓⴳⴳⵉⴷ}}
'''ⵄⵓⵎⴰⵕ  ⵓ ⵙⵄⴰⵢⴷ ⴱⵓⵍⵉⴼⵢⴰ''' ⴷ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⵎⵖⵏⴰⵙ ⴰⵅⴰⵜⴰⵔ ⴳ ⵓⵎⵓⵙⵙⵓ ⴰⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖ ⵏ ⴷ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⵔⴳⴰⵣ ⵏ ⵜⵙⴽⵍⴰ ⵜⴰⵏⴷⵣⴰⵢⵔⵜ, ⵉⵍⵓⵍ ⴷⴳ ⵓⵙⴳⴳⴰⵙ ⵏ 1861 ⵏⵖ 1865 ⴳ ⵓⵙⵓⵏ ⵏ ⵡⴰⴷⵏⵉ ⵏⵏⴰ ⵉⴹⴼⵕⵏ ⵉ ⵜⵖⵔⵎⵜ ⵏ ⵉⵔⵊⵏ ⴳ ⵜⵡⵉⵍⴰⵜ ⵏ [[ⵜⵉⵣⵉ ⵓⵣⵣⵓ|ⵜⵉⵣⵉ ⵏ ⵡⵓⵣⵣⵓ]], ⵉⴳⴰ ⵙⵙⵉ ⵄⵓⵎⴰⵕ ⴰⵙⵍⵎⴰⴷ ⴷ [[ⴰⵎⵙⵏⵉⵍⵙ ⴰⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖ|ⵓⵎⵙⵏⵉⵍⵙ]] ⴷ [[ⵜⴰⵙⵏⴰⵎⵓⵏⵜ|ⵓⵎⵙⵏⴰⵎⵓⵏ]] ⴷ ⵓⵎⵙⵏⵎⵣⵔⵓⵢ. ⴷ ⵉⵎⵎⵜ ⴷⴳ ⵓⵙⴳⴳⴰⵙ ⵏ 1931 ⴳ ⵓⵙⴳⵏⴰⴼ ⵏ ⴱⴰⵛⴰ ⴷ ⵉⵜⵜⵓⵎⴹⴰⵍ ⴷⴳ [[ⵜⴰⵎⴷⵉⵏⵜ ⵏ ⴷⵣⴰⵢⵔ|ⵜⵎⴷⵉⵏⵜ ⵏ ⴷⵣⴰⵢⵔ]].

== ⵜⵓⴷⵔⵜ ⵏⵏⵙ ==
ⵉⵍⵓⵍ ⴱⵓⵍⵉⴼⴰ ⴳ ⵡⴰⵜⵜⴰⵢⵏ ⵏ 1865 ⴳ ⵓⵙⵓⵏ ⵏ ⴰⴷⵏⵉ ⴳ ⵜⵇⴱⵉⵍⵜ ⵏ ⵉⵔⵊⵏ ⵏⵏⴰ ⵢⴰⵎⵓⵏ ⴳ ⵓⵎⵇⵇⵓⵏ ⵏ ⵓⵇⴱⵉⵍ ⵏ ⴰⵜ ⵉⵔⴰⵜⵏ ⵖ ⵜⵎⴰⵣⵉⵔⵜ ⵏ ⵍⵇⴱⴰⵢⵍ ⵉⵎⵇⵇⵓⵔⵏ. ⵉⴳⴰ ⵢⵉⵙⵎ ⵏ ⵜⵡⵊⴰ ⵏⵏⵙ ⴰⵢⵜ ⴱⵍⵇⴰⵙⵎ ⵓ ⴰⵄⵎⵔ, ⴳⵉⵏ ⴰⵢⵜ ⴷⴰⵔⵙ ⵉⵎⵕⴰⴱⴹⵏ ⴳⴰⵏⵉⵏ ⴷⴷⵔⴰⵡⵛ (ⴰⵢⴰⵏⵏ ⴰ ⴼ ⵜⵍⵍⴰ &quot;ⵙⵙⵉ&quot; ⵖ ⵢⵉⵙⵎ ⵏⵏⵙ). ⴱⵓⵍⵉⴼⴰ ⴰⴷ ⵉⴳⴰⵏ ⵉⵙⵎ ⵏ ⴱⴰⴱⴰⵙ ⵖ ⵡⴰⴷⴷⴰⴷ ⵓⵖⵔⵉⵎ ⴰⴼⵕⴰⵏⵙⵉⵙ. ⵉⵎⵎⵓⵜ ⴱⴰⴱⴰⵙ, ⵉⴼⵍ ⵜ ⵉⴷ ⵉⴳⴰ ⵉⴳⵉⴳⵍ ⵉⵎⵥⵥⵉⵢ ⵏⵉⵜ ⵙⵓⵍ, ⵎⴰⵛⵛⴰⵏ ⵉⵍⵍⴰ ⴷⴰⵔⵙ ⵓⵏⴰⵔⵓⵣ ⴰⵛⴽⵓ ⵜⴰⵡⵊⴰ ⵏ ⵜⵙⴳⴰ ⵏ ⵎⴰⵙ ⴳⴰⵏ ⴰⵢⵜ ⴰⵄⵎⵔ (ⴰⵜ ⴰⵄⵎⵔ) ⵍⵍⵉ ⵉⴳⴰⵏ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⵡⵊⴰ ⵏ ⵉⵎⵖⴰⵔⵏ ⴷⵓⵙⵏⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵎⴰⵣⵉⵔⵜ (ⵜⴰⵎⴷⵉⵏⵜ). ⵢⵓⵣⵏ ⵜ ⵙⵙⵉ ⵎⵓⵍⴰ, ⵄⵎⵎⵉⵙ ⵙⵖ ⵜⵙⴳⴰ ⵏ ⵎⴰⵙ, ⵙ ⵜⵉⵏⵎⵍ ⵜⴰⵄⵕⴰⴱⵜ-ⵜⴰⴼⵕⴰⵏⵙⵉⵙⵜ ⵜⴰⵎⵣⵡⴰⵔⵓⵜ ⵉⵙ ⵜⵕⵥⵎ ⵖ ⵜⵎⴰⵣⵉⵔⵜ ⵏ ⵍⵇⴱⴰⵢⵍ (ⵖ ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵣⵉⵔⵜ ⵖ 1873), ⵏⵏⴰ ⵎⵉ ⴱⴰⵀⵔⴰ ⴷⵔⵓⵙⵏ ⵉⵎⵏⴽⴰⴷⵏ. ⵜⴰⵎⵓⵏⵉ ⵏ ⵜⵎⵙⵓⵜⴰⵍ ⴰⴷ ⵔⴰⴷ ⵓⵔⴰⵔⵏⵜ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⴰⵍⵉⵍⵜ ⵜⴰⵎⵖⵜⴰⵙⵜ ⵉ ⴰⵢⵍⵍⵉ ⴷ ⵢⴰⴳⵓⵔⵏ ⵖ ⵜⵓⴷⵔⵜ ⵏⵏⵙ, ⵢⴰⵎⵥ ⵖ ⵓⴱⵔⵉⴷ ⵏ ⵜⴰⵣⵣⵓⵍⵜ ⵏ ⵓⵙⵍⵎⴷ, ⴰⵛⴽⵓ ⵙⵍⴰⵖ ⵏⵜⵜⴰⵏ ⴰⴷ ⵉⵍⵍⴰⵏ ⵉⵏⵏⵓⵕⵥⵎⵏ ⵖ ⵡⵓⴷⵎ ⵏ ⵓⴼⴷⴷⴰⵎ ⴰⵇⴱⴰⵢⵍⵉ ⵉⴳⴰⵏ ⴷⴷⵔⵉⵡⵛ. ⴹⴰⵕⴰⵜ ⵏ ⴽⵔⴰ ⵉⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙⵏ, ⵉⵎⴰⴳⵍ ⵙ ⵜⵔⵙⵓⵜ ⵏ ⵓⵎⵙⵙⴰⵏⵓⵏ ⴰⵎⴰⴳⴳⴰⵙ (ⵎoⵏⵉⵜⴻⵓⵔ ⴰⴷⵊoⵉⵏⵜ) ⵖ ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵣⵉⵔⵜ (ⵜⴰⵎⴷⵉⵏⵜ). ⵙⴳ 1890, ⵉⴱⴷⴰ ⵜⵉⵎⵙⵙⵉⵔⴷⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵓⵙⵙⵍⵎⴷ ⵏ ⵜⵇⴱⴰⵢⵍⵉⵜ ⵖ ⵜⵉⵏⵎⵍ ⵜⴰⵏⴰⴼⵍⵍⴰⵜ ⵏ ⴱⵓⵣⵔⵉⵄⴰ, ⵉⵍⵎⵎⴰ ⴹⴰⵕⴰⵜ ⵏ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⵙⴰⵏⵓⵏ ⵖ ⵜⵎⵔⵙⵍⵜ ⴰⵏⵏ ⵏⵉⵜ, ⵢⴰⵖⵓⵍ ⵉⴳⴰ ⴰⵙⵍⵎⴰⴷ ⴰⵎⴰⴳⴳⴰⵙ. ⴳ 1901, ⵉⵎⴰⴳⵍ ⵙ ⵜⵔⵙⵓⵜ ⵏ ⵓⵎⴰⵍⵍⴰⵙ ⵏ ⵜⵇⴱⴰⵢⵍⵉⵜ ⴳ ⵜⵉⵏⵎⵍ ⵏ ⵜⵙⴽⵍⴰ ⵏ ⴷⴷⵣⴰⵢⵔ. ⵖ ⵜⴳⵉⵔⴰ ⵏ 1904/1905, ⵉⴷⵔⴰ ⵖ ⵜⵙⵎⵉⴳⵍⵜ ⵏ &quot;ⵙⴻⴳoⵏⵣⴰⵛ&quot; ⵖ ⵍⵎⵖⵔⵉⴱ ⵏⵏⴰ ⵖ ⴷⵉⴷⵙ ⵢⵉⵡⵉ ⴰⴷⵍⵉⵙ ⵏⵏⵙ ''Textes berbères de l’Atlas''. ⴳ 1905, ⵉⴷⵔⴰ ⵖ ⵓⴳⵔⴰⵡ ⴰⴳⵔⴰⵖⵍⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵉⵏⵙⴳⵎⵓⴹⵏ ⵖ ⴷⴷⵣⴰⵢⵔ ⵙ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⵏⵢⴰⵍⴽⵎⵜ ⴼ ⵓⵣⵔⴼ ⵏ ⴰⴷⵏⵉ.

ⵖ ⵜⵖⵍⴰⴼⵜ ⵏⵏⵙ, ⵙ ⵡⴰⴽⵓⴷ ⵏ 20 ⴽⵟⵓⴱⵕ 1914, ⵉⵙⵎⵏⵉⴷ ⴱⵓⵍⵉⴼⴰ ⵉⵅⴼ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵡⴰⵏ &quot;ⵓⵙⵍⵎⴰⴷ ⵏ ⵜⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵜ&quot; ⵖ ⵜⵉⵏⵎⵍ ⵜⴰⵏⴰⴼⵍⵍⴰⵜ ⴷ ⵜⵖⵉⵡⴰⵏⵜ ⵏ ⵜⵙⴽⵍⴰ ⵏ ⴷⴷⵣⴰⵢⵔ, ⴰⵢⴷ ⵉⵜⵜⵙⴽⴰⵏⵏ ⵉⵙ ⵉⵍⴽⵎ ⵜⴰⴼⵙⵏⴰ ⵏ ⵓⵙⵍⵎⴰⴷ ⵏ ⵜⵉⵏⴰⵡⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵙⴷⴰⵡⵉⵜ. ⵢⵓⵎⵥ ⵜⴰⵏⴰⴼⵜ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵖ 1929, ⵉⵎⵎⵜ ⵖ 8 ⵢⵓⵏⵢⵓ 1931 ⵖ ⵓⵙⴳⵏⴰⴼ ⵏ ⵎⵓⵙⵟⴰⴼⴰ ⴱⴰⵛⴰ ⵖ ⴷⴷⵣⴰⵢⵔ ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵥⵓⵏⵜ. ⵉⵜⵜⵓⵎⴹⴰⵍ ⵖ ⵓⵙⵎⴹⵍ ⵏ ⴱⴰⴱ ⵍⵡⴰⴷ ⵖ ⴷⴷⵣⴰⵢⵔ.

== ⵉⴹⵉⵚ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵖⴼ ⵜⴱⵉⴷⴰⴳⵓⵊⵉⵜ ⵏ ⵜⵇⴱⴰⵢⵍⵉⵜ ==
ⵏⵜⵜⴰ ⵉⴽⴽⴰ ⵜⵜ ⵉⵏⵏ ⵉⵙⵔⵙ ⴱⴰⵀⵔⴰ ⵜⴰⵢⵏⵉⵜ ⴼ ⵜⵓⵜⵍⴰⵢⵜ, ⴰⵔ ⴱⴷⴷⴰ ⵢⴰⵇⵇⵔⴰ ⴼ ⵜⵙⴽⵍⴰ ⴷ ⵓⵎⵣⵔⵓⵢ ⵏ ⵜⵎⵏⴰⴹⵜ ⵏⵏⵙ. ⵜⵓⵡⵉⵜ ⵜⵙⵖⵍⵜ ⵜⴰⴱⵉⴷⴰⵖⵓⵊⵉⵜ ⵏⵏⵙ, ⵏⵏⴰ ⴼ ⵉⵙⵡⵓⵔⵉ ⵙ ⵡⵓⵍ, ⵙ ⵓⵙⴱⵓⵖⵍⵓ ⵏ ⵜⴱⵉⴷⴰⵖⵓⵊⵉⵜ ⵜⴰⵎⵣⵡⴰⵔⵓⵜ ⵏ ⵓⵙⵍⵎⴷ ⵏ ⵜⵇⴱⴰⵢⵍⵉⵜ. ⵜⴰⴱⵉⴷⴰⵖⵓⵊⵉⵜ ⴰⴷ ⵏⵏⵙ, ⵏⵏⴰ ⵎⵉ ⵢⴰⴷ ⵉⵙⵔⵙ ⵜⵉⵔⵙⴰⵍ ⵎⵏⵏⴰⵡⵜ ⵜⵎⵔⴰⵡⵉⵏ ⴷⴰⵜ, ⵜⴱⴷⴷ ⴼ ⵜⴱⵉⴷⴰⵖⵓⵊⵉⵜ ⵜⵓⵙⵔⵉⴷⵜ ⵏ ⵜⵓⵜⵍⴰⵢⵜ. ⴷⴰⵜ ⴱⵓⵍⵉⴼⴰ, ⴽⴽⴰⵏ ⵜⵜ ⵉⵏⵏ ⵍⵍⴰⵏⵜ ⵖⴰⵔ ⴽⵔⴰ ⵏ ⵜⵊⵕⵕⵓⵎⵉⵏⵜ ⵜⵉⴽⵍⴰⵙⵉⴽⵉⵢⵉⵏ, ⵙ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⵙⵖⵉⵡⵙ ⴰⴱⵉⴷⴰⵖⵓⵊⵉ ⵉⵙⴷⵉⴷⵏ

== ⵥⵕ ⵓⴳⴳⴰⵔ ==
== ⵉⵙⴰⵖⵓⵍⵏ ==
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'''ⵄⵓⵎⴰⵕ  ⵓ ⵙⵄⴰⵢⴷ ⴱⵓⵍⵉⴼⵢⴰ''' ⴷ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⵎⵖⵏⴰⵙ ⴰⵅⴰⵜⴰⵔ ⴳ ⵓⵎⵓⵙⵙⵓ ⴰⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖ ⵏ ⴷ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⵔⴳⴰⵣ ⵏ ⵜⵙⴽⵍⴰ ⵜⴰⵏⴷⵣⴰⵢⵔⵜ, ⵉⵍⵓⵍ ⴷⴳ ⵓⵙⴳⴳⴰⵙ ⵏ 1861 ⵏⵖ 1865 ⴳ ⵓⵙⵓⵏ ⵏ ⵡⴰⴷⵏⵉ ⵏⵏⴰ ⵉⴹⴼⵕⵏ ⵉ ⵜⵖⵔⵎⵜ ⵏ ⵉⵔⵊⵏ ⴳ ⵜⵡⵉⵍⴰⵜ ⵏ [[ⵜⵉⵣⵉ ⵓⵣⵣⵓ|ⵜⵉⵣⵉ ⵏ ⵡⵓⵣⵣⵓ]], ⵉⴳⴰ ⵙⵙⵉ ⵄⵓⵎⴰⵕ ⴰⵙⵍⵎⴰⴷ ⴷ [[ⴰⵎⵙⵏⵉⵍⵙ ⴰⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖ|ⵓⵎⵙⵏⵉⵍⵙ]] ⴷ [[ⵜⴰⵙⵏⴰⵎⵓⵏⵜ|ⵓⵎⵙⵏⴰⵎⵓⵏ]] ⴷ ⵓⵎⵙⵏⵎⵣⵔⵓⵢ. ⴷ ⵉⵎⵎⵜ ⴷⴳ ⵓⵙⴳⴳⴰⵙ ⵏ 1931 ⴳ ⵓⵙⴳⵏⴰⴼ ⵏ ⴱⴰⵛⴰ ⴷ ⵉⵜⵜⵓⵎⴹⴰⵍ ⴷⴳ [[ⵜⴰⵎⴷⵉⵏⵜ ⵏ ⴷⵣⴰⵢⵔ|ⵜⵎⴷⵉⵏⵜ ⵏ ⴷⵣⴰⵢⵔ]].

== ⵜⵓⴷⵔⵜ ⵏⵏⵙ ==
ⵉⵍⵓⵍ ⴱⵓⵍⵉⴼⴰ ⴳ ⵡⴰⵜⵜⴰⵢⵏ ⵏ 1865 ⴳ ⵓⵙⵓⵏ ⵏ ⴰⴷⵏⵉ ⴳ ⵜⵇⴱⵉⵍⵜ ⵏ ⵉⵔⵊⵏ ⵏⵏⴰ ⵢⴰⵎⵓⵏ ⴳ ⵓⵎⵇⵇⵓⵏ ⵏ ⵓⵇⴱⵉⵍ ⵏ ⴰⵜ ⵉⵔⴰⵜⵏ ⵖ ⵜⵎⴰⵣⵉⵔⵜ ⵏ ⵍⵇⴱⴰⵢⵍ ⵉⵎⵇⵇⵓⵔⵏ. ⵉⴳⴰ ⵢⵉⵙⵎ ⵏ ⵜⵡⵊⴰ ⵏⵏⵙ ⴰⵢⵜ ⴱⵍⵇⴰⵙⵎ ⵓ ⴰⵄⵎⵔ, ⴳⵉⵏ ⴰⵢⵜ ⴷⴰⵔⵙ ⵉⵎⵕⴰⴱⴹⵏ ⴳⴰⵏⵉⵏ ⴷⴷⵔⴰⵡⵛ (ⴰⵢⴰⵏⵏ ⴰ ⴼ ⵜⵍⵍⴰ &quot;ⵙⵙⵉ&quot; ⵖ ⵢⵉⵙⵎ ⵏⵏⵙ). ⴱⵓⵍⵉⴼⴰ ⴰⴷ ⵉⴳⴰⵏ ⵉⵙⵎ ⵏ ⴱⴰⴱⴰⵙ ⵖ ⵡⴰⴷⴷⴰⴷ ⵓⵖⵔⵉⵎ ⴰⴼⵕⴰⵏⵙⵉⵙ. ⵉⵎⵎⵓⵜ ⴱⴰⴱⴰⵙ, ⵉⴼⵍ ⵜ ⵉⴷ ⵉⴳⴰ ⵉⴳⵉⴳⵍ ⵉⵎⵥⵥⵉⵢ ⵏⵉⵜ ⵙⵓⵍ, ⵎⴰⵛⵛⴰⵏ ⵉⵍⵍⴰ ⴷⴰⵔⵙ ⵓⵏⴰⵔⵓⵣ ⴰⵛⴽⵓ ⵜⴰⵡⵊⴰ ⵏ ⵜⵙⴳⴰ ⵏ ⵎⴰⵙ ⴳⴰⵏ ⴰⵢⵜ ⴰⵄⵎⵔ (ⴰⵜ ⴰⵄⵎⵔ) ⵍⵍⵉ ⵉⴳⴰⵏ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⵡⵊⴰ ⵏ ⵉⵎⵖⴰⵔⵏ ⴷⵓⵙⵏⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵎⴰⵣⵉⵔⵜ (ⵜⴰⵎⴷⵉⵏⵜ). ⵢⵓⵣⵏ ⵜ ⵙⵙⵉ ⵎⵓⵍⴰ, ⵄⵎⵎⵉⵙ ⵙⵖ ⵜⵙⴳⴰ ⵏ ⵎⴰⵙ, ⵙ ⵜⵉⵏⵎⵍ ⵜⴰⵄⵕⴰⴱⵜ-ⵜⴰⴼⵕⴰⵏⵙⵉⵙⵜ ⵜⴰⵎⵣⵡⴰⵔⵓⵜ ⵉⵙ ⵜⵕⵥⵎ ⵖ ⵜⵎⴰⵣⵉⵔⵜ ⵏ ⵍⵇⴱⴰⵢⵍ (ⵖ ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵣⵉⵔⵜ ⵖ 1873), ⵏⵏⴰ ⵎⵉ ⴱⴰⵀⵔⴰ ⴷⵔⵓⵙⵏ ⵉⵎⵏⴽⴰⴷⵏ. ⵜⴰⵎⵓⵏⵉ ⵏ ⵜⵎⵙⵓⵜⴰⵍ ⴰⴷ ⵔⴰⴷ ⵓⵔⴰⵔⵏⵜ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⴰⵍⵉⵍⵜ ⵜⴰⵎⵖⵜⴰⵙⵜ ⵉ ⴰⵢⵍⵍⵉ ⴷ ⵢⴰⴳⵓⵔⵏ ⵖ ⵜⵓⴷⵔⵜ ⵏⵏⵙ, ⵢⴰⵎⵥ ⴳ ⵓⴱⵔⵉⴷ ⵏ ⵜⴰⵣⵣⵓⵍⵜ ⵏ ⵓⵙⵍⵎⴷ, ⴰⵛⴽⵓ ⵙⵍⴰⵖ ⵏⵜⵜⴰⵏ ⴰⴷ ⵉⵍⵍⴰⵏ ⵉⵏⵏⵓⵕⵥⵎⵏ ⵖ ⵡⵓⴷⵎ ⵏ ⵓⴼⴷⴷⴰⵎ ⴰⵇⴱⴰⵢⵍⵉ ⵉⴳⴰⵏ ⴷⴷⵔⵉⵡⵛ. ⴹⴰⵕⴰⵜ ⵏ ⴽⵔⴰ ⵉⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙⵏ, ⵉⵎⴰⴳⵍ ⵙ ⵜⵔⵙⵓⵜ ⵏ ⵓⵎⵙⵙⴰⵏⵓⵏ ⴰⵎⴰⴳⴳⴰⵙ (''Moniteur adjoint'') ⴳ ⵜⵎⴰⵣⵉⵔⵜ (ⵜⴰⵎⴷⵉⵏⵜ). ⵙⴳ 1890, ⵉⴱⴷⴰ ⵜⵉⵎⵙⵙⵉⵔⴷⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵓⵙⵙⵍⵎⴷ ⵏ ⵜⵇⴱⴰⵢⵍⵉⵜ ⵖ ⵜⵉⵏⵎⵍ ⵜⴰⵏⴰⴼⵍⵍⴰⵜ ⵏ ⴱⵓⵣⵔⵉⵄⴰ, ⵉⵍⵎⵎⴰ ⴹⴰⵕⴰⵜ ⵏ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⵙⴰⵏⵓⵏ ⴳ ⵜⵎⵔⵙⵍⵜ ⴰⵏⵏ ⵏⵉⵜ, ⵢⴰⵖⵓⵍ ⵉⴳⴰ ⴰⵙⵍⵎⴰⴷ ⴰⵎⴰⴳⴳⴰⵙ. ⴳ 1901, ⵉⵎⴰⴳⵍ ⵙ ⵜⵔⵙⵓⵜ ⵏ ⵓⵎⴰⵍⵍⴰⵙ ⵏ ⵜⵇⴱⴰⵢⵍⵉⵜ ⴳ ⵜⵉⵏⵎⵍ ⵏ ⵜⵙⴽⵍⴰ ⵏ ⴷⴷⵣⴰⵢⵔ. ⵖ ⵜⴳⵉⵔⴰ ⵏ 1904/1905, ⵉⴷⵔⴰ ⵖ ⵜⵙⵎⵉⴳⵍⵜ ⵏ &quot;ⵙⴻⴳoⵏⵣⴰⵛ&quot; ⵖ ⵍⵎⵖⵔⵉⴱ ⵏⵏⴰ ⵖ ⴷⵉⴷⵙ ⵢⵉⵡⵉ ⴰⴷⵍⵉⵙ ⵏⵏⵙ ''Textes berbères de l’Atlas''. ⴳ 1905, ⵉⴷⵔⴰ ⵖ ⵓⴳⵔⴰⵡ ⴰⴳⵔⴰⵖⵍⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵉⵏⵙⴳⵎⵓⴹⵏ ⵖ ⴷⴷⵣⴰⵢⵔ ⵙ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⵏⵢⴰⵍⴽⵎⵜ ⴼ ⵓⵣⵔⴼ ⵏ ⴰⴷⵏⵉ.

ⵖ ⵜⵖⵍⴰⴼⵜ ⵏⵏⵙ, ⵙ ⵡⴰⴽⵓⴷ ⵏ 20 ⴽⵟⵓⴱⵕ 1914, ⵉⵙⵎⵏⵉⴷ ⴱⵓⵍⵉⴼⴰ ⵉⵅⴼ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵡⴰⵏ &quot;ⵓⵙⵍⵎⴰⴷ ⵏ ⵜⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵜ&quot; ⵖ ⵜⵉⵏⵎⵍ ⵜⴰⵏⴰⴼⵍⵍⴰⵜ ⴷ ⵜⵖⵉⵡⴰⵏⵜ ⵏ ⵜⵙⴽⵍⴰ ⵏ ⴷⴷⵣⴰⵢⵔ, ⴰⵢⴷ ⵉⵜⵜⵙⴽⴰⵏⵏ ⵉⵙ ⵉⵍⴽⵎ ⵜⴰⴼⵙⵏⴰ ⵏ ⵓⵙⵍⵎⴰⴷ ⵏ ⵜⵉⵏⴰⵡⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵙⴷⴰⵡⵉⵜ. ⵢⵓⵎⵥ ⵜⴰⵏⴰⴼⵜ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵖ 1929, ⵉⵎⵎⵜ ⵖ 8 ⵢⵓⵏⵢⵓ 1931 ⵖ ⵓⵙⴳⵏⴰⴼ ⵏ ⵎⵓⵙⵟⴰⴼⴰ ⴱⴰⵛⴰ ⵖ ⴷⴷⵣⴰⵢⵔ ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵥⵓⵏⵜ. ⵉⵜⵜⵓⵎⴹⴰⵍ ⵖ ⵓⵙⵎⴹⵍ ⵏ ⴱⴰⴱ ⵍⵡⴰⴷ ⵖ ⴷⴷⵣⴰⵢⵔ.

== ⵉⴹⵉⵚ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵖⴼ ⵜⴱⵉⴷⴰⴳⵓⵊⵉⵜ ⵏ ⵜⵇⴱⴰⵢⵍⵉⵜ ==
ⵏⵜⵜⴰ ⵉⴽⴽⴰ ⵜⵜ ⵉⵏⵏ ⵉⵙⵔⵙ ⴱⴰⵀⵔⴰ ⵜⴰⵢⵏⵉⵜ ⴼ ⵜⵓⵜⵍⴰⵢⵜ, ⴰⵔ ⴱⴷⴷⴰ ⵢⴰⵇⵇⵔⴰ ⴼ ⵜⵙⴽⵍⴰ ⴷ ⵓⵎⵣⵔⵓⵢ ⵏ ⵜⵎⵏⴰⴹⵜ ⵏⵏⵙ. ⵜⵓⵡⵉⵜ ⵜⵙⵖⵍⵜ ⵜⴰⴱⵉⴷⴰⵖⵓⵊⵉⵜ ⵏⵏⵙ, ⵏⵏⴰ ⴼ ⵉⵙⵡⵓⵔⵉ ⵙ ⵡⵓⵍ, ⵙ ⵓⵙⴱⵓⵖⵍⵓ ⵏ ⵜⴱⵉⴷⴰⵖⵓⵊⵉⵜ ⵜⴰⵎⵣⵡⴰⵔⵓⵜ ⵏ ⵓⵙⵍⵎⴷ ⵏ ⵜⵇⴱⴰⵢⵍⵉⵜ. ⵜⴰⴱⵉⴷⴰⵖⵓⵊⵉⵜ ⴰⴷ ⵏⵏⵙ, ⵏⵏⴰ ⵎⵉ ⵢⴰⴷ ⵉⵙⵔⵙ ⵜⵉⵔⵙⴰⵍ ⵎⵏⵏⴰⵡⵜ ⵜⵎⵔⴰⵡⵉⵏ ⴷⴰⵜ, ⵜⴱⴷⴷ ⴼ ⵜⴱⵉⴷⴰⵖⵓⵊⵉⵜ ⵜⵓⵙⵔⵉⴷⵜ ⵏ ⵜⵓⵜⵍⴰⵢⵜ. ⴷⴰⵜ ⴱⵓⵍⵉⴼⴰ, ⴽⴽⴰⵏ ⵜⵜ ⵉⵏⵏ ⵍⵍⴰⵏⵜ ⵖⴰⵔ ⴽⵔⴰ ⵏ ⵜⵊⵕⵕⵓⵎⵉⵏⵜ ⵜⵉⴽⵍⴰⵙⵉⴽⵉⵢⵉⵏ, ⵙ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⵙⵖⵉⵡⵙ ⴰⴱⵉⴷⴰⵖⵓⵊⵉ ⵉⵙⴷⵉⴷⵏ

== ⵥⵕ ⵓⴳⴳⴰⵔ ==
== ⵉⵙⴰⵖⵓⵍⵏ ==
{{ⵉⵙⴰⵖⵓⵍⵏ}}
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      <comment>ⴰⵏⴰⵙ ⵓⵍⵃⵍⵓ ⵉⵙⵎⵓⵜⵜⵉ ⵜⴰⵙⵏⴰ ⵙⴳ [[ⵄⵓⵎⴰⵕ ⵓ ⵙⵄⴰⵢⴷ ⴱⵓⵍⵉⴼⵢⴰ]] ⵖⵔ [[ⵙⵙⵉ ⵄⵓⵎⴰⵕ ⵓ ⵙⵄⴰⵢⴷ ⴱⵓⵍⵉⴼⵢⴰ]]</comment>
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      <comment>Created page with &quot;'''ⴽⴰⵎⴰⵍ ⵏ ⴰⵢⵜ ⵣⵔⵔⴰⴷ''' ⴷ ⵓⵎⵙⵏⵉⵍⵙ ⴰⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖ ⴰⵏⴷⵣⴰⵢⵔ ⴷ ⵉⴳ ⵙⴳ ⵡⵉⵏⵏⵉ ⵥⵍⵉⵏⵉⵏ ⵙ ⵢⵉⴳⵔ ⵜⵓⵜⵍⴰⵢⵜ ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵜ, ⴷ ⵉⴳ ⵙⴳ ⵉⵙⴰⵖⵓⵍⵏ ⵓⵙⵙⵏⴰⵏⵏ ⴳ ⵜⵣⵔⴰⵡⵉⵏ ⵜⵉⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵉⵏ ⵜⵉⵜⵔⴰⵔⵉⵏ. ⴷ ⴷⴳ ⵉⴳⵉⵜⵏ ⵏⵏⵙ ⴰⵎⴰⵡⴰⵍ ⵏ ⵉⴼⴳⴳⴰⴳⵏ ⵉⵎⴰⵣ...&quot;</comment>
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      <text bytes="542" sha1="ig4ebtfahuobfmx02z3jiq62d2un8fv" xml:space="preserve">'''ⴽⴰⵎⴰⵍ ⵏ ⴰⵢⵜ ⵣⵔⵔⴰⴷ''' ⴷ ⵓⵎⵙⵏⵉⵍⵙ ⴰⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖ ⴰⵏⴷⵣⴰⵢⵔ ⴷ ⵉⴳ ⵙⴳ ⵡⵉⵏⵏⵉ ⵥⵍⵉⵏⵉⵏ ⵙ ⵢⵉⴳⵔ ⵜⵓⵜⵍⴰⵢⵜ ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵜ, ⴷ ⵉⴳ ⵙⴳ ⵉⵙⴰⵖⵓⵍⵏ ⵓⵙⵙⵏⴰⵏⵏ ⴳ ⵜⵣⵔⴰⵡⵉⵏ ⵜⵉⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵉⵏ ⵜⵉⵜⵔⴰⵔⵉⵏ. ⴷ ⴷⴳ ⵉⴳⵉⵜⵏ ⵏⵏⵙ ⴰⵎⴰⵡⴰⵍ ⵏ ⵉⴼⴳⴳⴰⴳⵏ ⵉⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵏ.

== ⵥⵕ ⵓⴳⴳⴰⵔ ==

== ⵉⵙⴰⵖⵓⵍⵏ ==</text>
      <sha1>ig4ebtfahuobfmx02z3jiq62d2un8fv</sha1>
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      <text bytes="542" sha1="9qdzikeduxcs3wvtlyyqxtvkpbbljsr" xml:space="preserve">'''ⴽⴰⵎⴰⵍ ⵏ ⴰⵢⵜ ⵣⵔⵔⴰⴷ''' ⴷ ⵓⵎⵙⵏⵉⵍⵙ ⴰⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖ ⴰⵏⴷⵣⴰⵢⵔ ⴷ ⵉⴳ ⵙⴳ ⵡⵉⵏⵏⵉ ⵥⵍⵉⵏⵉⵏ ⵙ ⵢⵉⴳⵔ ⵜⵓⵜⵍⴰⵢⵜ ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵜ, ⴷ ⵉⴳ ⵙⴳ ⵉⵙⴰⵖⵓⵍⵏ ⵓⵙⵙⵏⴰⵏⵏ ⴳ ⵜⵣⵔⴰⵡⵉⵏ ⵜⵉⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵉⵏ ⵜⵉⵜⵔⴰⵔⵉⵏ. ⴷ ⵙⴳ ⵉⴳⵉⵜⵏ ⵏⵏⵙ ⴰⵎⴰⵡⴰⵍ ⵏ ⵉⴼⴳⴳⴰⴳⵏ ⵉⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵏ.

== ⵥⵕ ⵓⴳⴳⴰⵔ ==

== ⵉⵙⴰⵖⵓⵍⵏ ==</text>
      <sha1>9qdzikeduxcs3wvtlyyqxtvkpbbljsr</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>175898</id>
      <parentid>175897</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-05-03T14:34:53Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>ⴰⵏⴰⵙ ⵓⵍⵃⵍⵓ</username>
        <id>10568</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>/* ⵉⵙⴰⵖⵓⵍⵏ */</comment>
      <origin>175898</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="667" sha1="h93csug7g0i7f1q4gvd5s9enl0kknhz" xml:space="preserve">'''ⴽⴰⵎⴰⵍ ⵏ ⴰⵢⵜ ⵣⵔⵔⴰⴷ''' ⴷ ⵓⵎⵙⵏⵉⵍⵙ ⴰⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖ ⴰⵏⴷⵣⴰⵢⵔ ⴷ ⵉⴳ ⵙⴳ ⵡⵉⵏⵏⵉ ⵥⵍⵉⵏⵉⵏ ⵙ ⵢⵉⴳⵔ ⵜⵓⵜⵍⴰⵢⵜ ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵜ, ⴷ ⵉⴳ ⵙⴳ ⵉⵙⴰⵖⵓⵍⵏ ⵓⵙⵙⵏⴰⵏⵏ ⴳ ⵜⵣⵔⴰⵡⵉⵏ ⵜⵉⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵉⵏ ⵜⵉⵜⵔⴰⵔⵉⵏ. ⴷ ⵙⴳ ⵉⴳⵉⵜⵏ ⵏⵏⵙ ⴰⵎⴰⵡⴰⵍ ⵏ ⵉⴼⴳⴳⴰⴳⵏ ⵉⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵏ.

== ⵥⵕ ⵓⴳⴳⴰⵔ ==

== ⵉⵙⴰⵖⵓⵍⵏ ==
{{ⵉⵙⴰⵖⵓⵍⵏ}}
{{ⴰⵙⵎⵉⵍ|ⴰⵎⵙⵏⵉⵍⵙ ⴰⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖ|ⵉⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵏ|ⴷⵣⴰⵢⵔ}}</text>
      <sha1>h93csug7g0i7f1q4gvd5s9enl0kknhz</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>ⵎⵉⵍⵓⴷ ⵟⴰⵢⴼⵉ</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>52661</id>
    <revision>
      <id>175899</id>
      <timestamp>2026-05-03T14:44:54Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>ⴰⵏⴰⵙ ⵓⵍⵃⵍⵓ</username>
        <id>10568</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Created page with &quot;'''ⵎⵉⵍⵓⴷ ⵟⴰⵢⴼⵉ''' ⴷ ⵢⴰⵏ [[ⴰⵎⵙⵏⵉⵍⵙ ⴰⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖ|ⵓⵎⵙⵏⵉⵍⵙ ⴰⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖ]] ⵏⵏⴰ ⴱⴰⵀⵔⴰ ⵉⵥⵍⵉⵏ ⵙ ⵢⵉⴳⵔ ⵏ [[ⵜⵓⵜⵍⴰⵢⵜ ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵜ]], ⴷ ⵉⵜⵜⵢⵓⵙⵙⴰⵏ ⴽⵉⴳⴰⵏ ⵙ ⵜⴱⵣⴰⵔⵉⵏ ⵏⵏⵙ ⴳ ⵢⵉⴳⵔ ⵏ ⵜⵏⵎⴰⵡⴰⵍⵜ ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵜ ⵏ ⵓⵏⵜⴰⵎ ⵏ ⵜⵏⵜⴰⵍⵉⵡⵉⵏ ⵏⵏⵙ, ⴷ...&quot;</comment>
      <origin>175899</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="808" sha1="qpy2adapzjjzde92ehujknyc8w3o5dg" xml:space="preserve">'''ⵎⵉⵍⵓⴷ ⵟⴰⵢⴼⵉ''' ⴷ ⵢⴰⵏ [[ⴰⵎⵙⵏⵉⵍⵙ ⴰⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖ|ⵓⵎⵙⵏⵉⵍⵙ ⴰⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖ]] ⵏⵏⴰ ⴱⴰⵀⵔⴰ ⵉⵥⵍⵉⵏ ⵙ ⵢⵉⴳⵔ ⵏ [[ⵜⵓⵜⵍⴰⵢⵜ ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵜ]], ⴷ ⵉⵜⵜⵢⵓⵙⵙⴰⵏ ⴽⵉⴳⴰⵏ ⵙ ⵜⴱⵣⴰⵔⵉⵏ ⵏⵏⵙ ⴳ ⵢⵉⴳⵔ ⵏ ⵜⵏⵎⴰⵡⴰⵍⵜ ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵜ ⵏ ⵓⵏⵜⴰⵎ ⵏ ⵜⵏⵜⴰⵍⵉⵡⵉⵏ ⵏⵏⵙ, ⴷ ⵙⴳ ⵉⴳⵉⵜⵏ ⵏⵏⵙ 'ⴰⵎⴰⵡⴰⵍ ⴰⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖ - ⴰⴼⵕⴰⵏⵚⵉⵚ&quot; 1991, ⴷ ⵓⵎⴰⵡⴰⵍ ⵉⴳⴰ ⵙⴳ ⵉⵎⴰⵡⴰⵍⵏ ⵉⵎⵇⵔⴰⵏⵏ ⴰⴽⴽⵯ ⴳ ⵢⵉⴳⵔ ⵏ ⵜⵏⵎⴰⵡⴰⵍⵜ ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵜ.

== ⵥⵕ ⵓⴳⴳⴰⵔ ==

== ⵉⵙⴰⵖⵓⵍⵏ ==</text>
      <sha1>qpy2adapzjjzde92ehujknyc8w3o5dg</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>175900</id>
      <parentid>175899</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-05-03T14:45:14Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>ⴰⵏⴰⵙ ⵓⵍⵃⵍⵓ</username>
        <id>10568</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>/* ⵉⵙⴰⵖⵓⵍⵏ */</comment>
      <origin>175900</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="895" sha1="cq5uuyzd97p0ac3jixy94ukdc2lxyeo" xml:space="preserve">'''ⵎⵉⵍⵓⴷ ⵟⴰⵢⴼⵉ''' ⴷ ⵢⴰⵏ [[ⴰⵎⵙⵏⵉⵍⵙ ⴰⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖ|ⵓⵎⵙⵏⵉⵍⵙ ⴰⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖ]] ⵏⵏⴰ ⴱⴰⵀⵔⴰ ⵉⵥⵍⵉⵏ ⵙ ⵢⵉⴳⵔ ⵏ [[ⵜⵓⵜⵍⴰⵢⵜ ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵜ]], ⴷ ⵉⵜⵜⵢⵓⵙⵙⴰⵏ ⴽⵉⴳⴰⵏ ⵙ ⵜⴱⵣⴰⵔⵉⵏ ⵏⵏⵙ ⴳ ⵢⵉⴳⵔ ⵏ ⵜⵏⵎⴰⵡⴰⵍⵜ ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵜ ⵏ ⵓⵏⵜⴰⵎ ⵏ ⵜⵏⵜⴰⵍⵉⵡⵉⵏ ⵏⵏⵙ, ⴷ ⵙⴳ ⵉⴳⵉⵜⵏ ⵏⵏⵙ 'ⴰⵎⴰⵡⴰⵍ ⴰⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖ - ⴰⴼⵕⴰⵏⵚⵉⵚ&quot; 1991, ⴷ ⵓⵎⴰⵡⴰⵍ ⵉⴳⴰ ⵙⴳ ⵉⵎⴰⵡⴰⵍⵏ ⵉⵎⵇⵔⴰⵏⵏ ⴰⴽⴽⵯ ⴳ ⵢⵉⴳⵔ ⵏ ⵜⵏⵎⴰⵡⴰⵍⵜ ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵜ.

== ⵥⵕ ⵓⴳⴳⴰⵔ ==

== ⵉⵙⴰⵖⵓⵍⵏ ==
{{ⵉⵙⴰⵖⵓⵍⵏ}}
{{ⴰⵙⵎⵉⵍ|ⴰⵎⵙⵏⵉⵍⵙ ⴰⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖ}}</text>
      <sha1>cq5uuyzd97p0ac3jixy94ukdc2lxyeo</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>ⵃⴰⵎⵉⴷ ⵙⵡⵉⴼⵉ</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>52662</id>
    <revision>
      <id>175905</id>
      <timestamp>2026-05-03T14:51:27Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>ⴰⵏⴰⵙ ⵓⵍⵃⵍⵓ</username>
        <id>10568</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Created page with &quot; '''ⵃⴰⵎⵉⴷ ⵙⵡⵉⴼⵉ''' ⴷ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⵎⵔⵣⵓ [[ⵉⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵏ|ⴰⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖ]] ⴰⵎⵖⵔⵉⴱⵉ ⴷ ⴰⵡⴷ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵙⴳ [[ⴰⵎⵙⵏⵉⵍⵙ ⴰⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖ|ⵉⵎⵙⵏⵉⵍⵙⵏ]] ⵉⵅⴰⵜⴰⵔⵏ ⴳ ⵢⵉⴳⵔ ⵏ [[ⵜⵓⵜⵍⴰⵢⵜ ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵜ]], ⴷ ⵉⴳⴰ ⵙⴳ ⵡⵉⵏⵏⵉ ⴷⵔⴰⵏⵉⵏ ⴳ ⵓⵙⵏⵓⵍⴼⵓ ⵏ ⵓⴷⵍⵉⵙ ⵏ ⵜⴰⵊⵕⵕⵓⵎⵜ ⵏ ⵜⵎ...&quot;</comment>
      <origin>175905</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="725" sha1="f36yt0xh84ng3hgbuxb96oprfo6wlua" xml:space="preserve"> '''ⵃⴰⵎⵉⴷ ⵙⵡⵉⴼⵉ''' ⴷ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⵎⵔⵣⵓ [[ⵉⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵏ|ⴰⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖ]] ⴰⵎⵖⵔⵉⴱⵉ ⴷ ⴰⵡⴷ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵙⴳ [[ⴰⵎⵙⵏⵉⵍⵙ ⴰⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖ|ⵉⵎⵙⵏⵉⵍⵙⵏ]] ⵉⵅⴰⵜⴰⵔⵏ ⴳ ⵢⵉⴳⵔ ⵏ [[ⵜⵓⵜⵍⴰⵢⵜ ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵜ]], ⴷ ⵉⴳⴰ ⵙⴳ ⵡⵉⵏⵏⵉ ⴷⵔⴰⵏⵉⵏ ⴳ ⵓⵙⵏⵓⵍⴼⵓ ⵏ ⵓⴷⵍⵉⵙ ⵏ [[ⵜⴰⵊⵕⵕⵓⵎⵜ ⵏ ⵜⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵜ (ⴰⴷⵍⵉⵙ)|ⵜⵊⵕⵕⵓⵎⵜ ⵏ ⵜⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵜ]].
== ⵥⵕ ⵓⴳⴳⴰⵔ ==
== ⵉⵙⴰⵖⵓⵍⵏ ==
{{ⵉⵙⴰⵖⵓⵍⵏ}}
{{ⴰⵙⵎⵉⵍ|ⴰⵎⵙⵏⵉⵍⵙ ⴰⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖ|ⵉⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵏ}}</text>
      <sha1>f36yt0xh84ng3hgbuxb96oprfo6wlua</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>175906</id>
      <parentid>175905</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-05-03T14:51:38Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>ⴰⵏⴰⵙ ⵓⵍⵃⵍⵓ</username>
        <id>10568</id>
      </contributor>
      <origin>175906</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="724" sha1="pungjigd9wn3y9g08f0j3v1byamrx3s" xml:space="preserve">'''ⵃⴰⵎⵉⴷ ⵙⵡⵉⴼⵉ''' ⴷ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⵎⵔⵣⵓ [[ⵉⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵏ|ⴰⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖ]] ⴰⵎⵖⵔⵉⴱⵉ ⴷ ⴰⵡⴷ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵙⴳ [[ⴰⵎⵙⵏⵉⵍⵙ ⴰⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖ|ⵉⵎⵙⵏⵉⵍⵙⵏ]] ⵉⵅⴰⵜⴰⵔⵏ ⴳ ⵢⵉⴳⵔ ⵏ [[ⵜⵓⵜⵍⴰⵢⵜ ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵜ]], ⴷ ⵉⴳⴰ ⵙⴳ ⵡⵉⵏⵏⵉ ⴷⵔⴰⵏⵉⵏ ⴳ ⵓⵙⵏⵓⵍⴼⵓ ⵏ ⵓⴷⵍⵉⵙ ⵏ [[ⵜⴰⵊⵕⵕⵓⵎⵜ ⵏ ⵜⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵜ (ⴰⴷⵍⵉⵙ)|ⵜⵊⵕⵕⵓⵎⵜ ⵏ ⵜⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵜ]].
== ⵥⵕ ⵓⴳⴳⴰⵔ ==
== ⵉⵙⴰⵖⵓⵍⵏ ==
{{ⵉⵙⴰⵖⵓⵍⵏ}}
{{ⴰⵙⵎⵉⵍ|ⴰⵎⵙⵏⵉⵍⵙ ⴰⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖ|ⵉⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵏ}}</text>
      <sha1>pungjigd9wn3y9g08f0j3v1byamrx3s</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>ⵎⴰⵙⵙⵏⵏⵙⵏ</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>52663</id>
    <redirect title="ⵎⴰⵙⵉⵏⵏⵙⵏ" />
    <revision>
      <id>175908</id>
      <timestamp>2026-05-03T14:52:51Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Lhoussine Bentayfaste</username>
        <id>13</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Redirected page to [[ⵎⴰⵙⵉⵏⵏⵙⵏ]]</comment>
      <origin>175908</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="38" sha1="sazdxd43en6pixpz9sv72gfg40wdnnc" xml:space="preserve">#REDIRECT [[ⵎⴰⵙⵉⵏⵏⵙⵏ]]</text>
      <sha1>sazdxd43en6pixpz9sv72gfg40wdnnc</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>ⵍⵎⵀⴷⵉ ⵉⵄⵣⵣⵉ</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>52664</id>
    <revision>
      <id>175909</id>
      <timestamp>2026-05-03T14:56:19Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>ⴰⵏⴰⵙ ⵓⵍⵃⵍⵓ</username>
        <id>10568</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Created page with &quot;'''ⵍⵎⵀⴷⵉ ⵉⵄⵣⵣⵉ''' ⴷ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⵎⵙⴷⴰⵡ ⴷ ⵓⵎⵔⵣⵓ [[ⵉⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵏ|ⴰⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖ]] [[ⵍⵎⵖⵔⵉⴱ|ⴰⵎⵖⵔⵉⴱⵉ]], ⴷ ⵉⴳ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵙⴳ [[ⴰⵎⵙⵏⵉⵍⵙ ⴰⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖ|ⵉⵎⵙⵏⵉⵍⵙⵏ ⵉⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵏ]] ⵏⵏⴰ ⴱⴰⵀⵔⴰ ⵉⵜⵜⵢⵓⵙⵙⴰⵏⵏ ⴳ ⵢⵉⴳⵔ ⵏ [[ⵜⵓⵜⵍⴰⵢⵜ ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵜ]], ⵢⵓⵡⵉ ⵜⴰⴷⵓⴽⵜⵓⵔⴰⵜ...&quot;</comment>
      <origin>175909</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="719" sha1="eg78jbjwueb45dmeg38p4pj16ai1wbe" xml:space="preserve">'''ⵍⵎⵀⴷⵉ ⵉⵄⵣⵣⵉ''' ⴷ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⵎⵙⴷⴰⵡ ⴷ ⵓⵎⵔⵣⵓ [[ⵉⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵏ|ⴰⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖ]] [[ⵍⵎⵖⵔⵉⴱ|ⴰⵎⵖⵔⵉⴱⵉ]], ⴷ ⵉⴳ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵙⴳ [[ⴰⵎⵙⵏⵉⵍⵙ ⴰⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖ|ⵉⵎⵙⵏⵉⵍⵙⵏ ⵉⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵏ]] ⵏⵏⴰ ⴱⴰⵀⵔⴰ ⵉⵜⵜⵢⵓⵙⵙⴰⵏⵏ ⴳ ⵢⵉⴳⵔ ⵏ [[ⵜⵓⵜⵍⴰⵢⵜ ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵜ]], ⵢⵓⵡⵉ ⵜⴰⴷⵓⴽⵜⵓⵔⴰⵜ ⵏⵏⵙ ⴳ ⵓⵙⴳⴳⴰⵙ ⵏ 2018 ⵏⵏⴰ ⵉⴷⵔⴰⵏ ⵉⵎⵔⵙⵉ ⵏ ⵓⵙⵎⵙⴰⵙⴰ ⵏ ⵜⵓⵜⵍⴰⵢⵜ ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵜ ⴳ ⵍⵎⵖⵔⵉⴱ.

== ⵥⵕ ⵓⴳⴳⴰⵔ ==

== ⵉⵙⴰⵖⵓⵍⵏ ==</text>
      <sha1>eg78jbjwueb45dmeg38p4pj16ai1wbe</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>175910</id>
      <parentid>175909</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-05-03T14:56:50Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>ⴰⵏⴰⵙ ⵓⵍⵃⵍⵓ</username>
        <id>10568</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>/* ⵉⵙⴰⵖⵓⵍⵏ */</comment>
      <origin>175910</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="828" sha1="9bo1j02alz33mjxkq8119g651lj9vzl" xml:space="preserve">'''ⵍⵎⵀⴷⵉ ⵉⵄⵣⵣⵉ''' ⴷ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⵎⵙⴷⴰⵡ ⴷ ⵓⵎⵔⵣⵓ [[ⵉⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵏ|ⴰⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖ]] [[ⵍⵎⵖⵔⵉⴱ|ⴰⵎⵖⵔⵉⴱⵉ]], ⴷ ⵉⴳ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵙⴳ [[ⴰⵎⵙⵏⵉⵍⵙ ⴰⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖ|ⵉⵎⵙⵏⵉⵍⵙⵏ ⵉⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵏ]] ⵏⵏⴰ ⴱⴰⵀⵔⴰ ⵉⵜⵜⵢⵓⵙⵙⴰⵏⵏ ⴳ ⵢⵉⴳⵔ ⵏ [[ⵜⵓⵜⵍⴰⵢⵜ ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵜ]], ⵢⵓⵡⵉ ⵜⴰⴷⵓⴽⵜⵓⵔⴰⵜ ⵏⵏⵙ ⴳ ⵓⵙⴳⴳⴰⵙ ⵏ 2018 ⵏⵏⴰ ⵉⴷⵔⴰⵏ ⵉⵎⵔⵙⵉ ⵏ ⵓⵙⵎⵙⴰⵙⴰ ⵏ ⵜⵓⵜⵍⴰⵢⵜ ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵜ ⴳ ⵍⵎⵖⵔⵉⴱ.

== ⵥⵕ ⵓⴳⴳⴰⵔ ==

== ⵉⵙⴰⵖⵓⵍⵏ ==
{{ⵉⵙⴰⵖⵓⵍⵏ}}
{{ⴰⵙⵎⵉⵍ|ⴰⵎⵙⵏⵉⵍⵙ ⴰⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖ|ⵉⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵏ}}</text>
      <sha1>9bo1j02alz33mjxkq8119g651lj9vzl</sha1>
    </revision>
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  <page>
    <title>ⴼⴰⵟⵉⵎⴰ ⴱⵓⵅⵕⵉⵚ</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>52665</id>
    <revision>
      <id>175915</id>
      <timestamp>2026-05-03T15:05:36Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>ⴰⵏⴰⵙ ⵓⵍⵃⵍⵓ</username>
        <id>10568</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Created page with &quot;'''ⴼⴰⵟⵉⵎⴰ ⴱⵓⵅⵔⵉⵚ''' ⴷ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⵎⵙⴷⴰⵡⵜ ⴷ ⵜⵎⵔⵣⵓⵜ [[ⵉⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵏ|ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵜ]] [[ⵍⵎⵖⵔⵉⴱ|ⵜⴰⵎⵖⵔⵉⴱⵉⵜ]] ⴷ ⵢⴰⵜ [[ⴰⵎⵙⵏⵉⵍⵙ ⴰⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖ|ⵜⵎⵙⵏⵉⵍⵙⵜ]] ⵏⵏⴰ ⵉⵥⵍⵉⵏ ⴽⵉⴳⴰⵏ ⵙ ⵢⵉⴳⵔ ⵏ [[ⵜⵓⵜⵍⴰⵢⵜ ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵜ|ⵜⵓⵜⵍⴰⵢⵜ ⵜⴰⵎⵣⵉⵖⵜ]], ⴷ ⵜⵓⵡⵉ ⵜⴰⵙ...&quot;</comment>
      <origin>175915</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="1183" sha1="ozd5sj9zu5i2wl4c39r92h8kxdjda4c" xml:space="preserve">'''ⴼⴰⵟⵉⵎⴰ ⴱⵓⵅⵔⵉⵚ''' ⴷ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⵎⵙⴷⴰⵡⵜ ⴷ ⵜⵎⵔⵣⵓⵜ [[ⵉⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵏ|ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵜ]] [[ⵍⵎⵖⵔⵉⴱ|ⵜⴰⵎⵖⵔⵉⴱⵉⵜ]] ⴷ ⵢⴰⵜ [[ⴰⵎⵙⵏⵉⵍⵙ ⴰⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖ|ⵜⵎⵙⵏⵉⵍⵙⵜ]] ⵏⵏⴰ ⵉⵥⵍⵉⵏ ⴽⵉⴳⴰⵏ ⵙ ⵢⵉⴳⵔ ⵏ [[ⵜⵓⵜⵍⴰⵢⵜ ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵜ|ⵜⵓⵜⵍⴰⵢⵜ ⵜⴰⵎⵣⵉⵖⵜ]], ⴷ ⵜⵓⵡⵉ ⵜⴰⵙⵎⵖⵓⵔⵜ ⵏ ⵓⵙⵓⵜⴳ ⵙⴳ ⵖⵓⵔ [[ⴰⵙⵉⵏⴰⴳ ⴰⴳⵍⴷⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵓⵙⵙⵏⴰ ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵜ|ⵓⵙⵏⵉⴰⴳ ⴰⴳⵍⴷⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵓⵙⵙⵏⴰ ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵜ]] ⴳ ⵓⵙⴳⴳⴰⵙ ⵏ 2015, ⴷ ⵜⵓⵔⴰ ⴷ ⵜⵓⵡⵙ ⴳ ⵡⴰⵟⵟⵚ ⵏ ⵉⴳⵉⵜⵏ ⵉⵙⵏⵉⵍⵙⴰⵏⵏ ⴰⵎ ⵓⴷⵍⵉⵙ ⵏ ⵜⵊⵕⵕⵓⵎⵜ ⵏ ⵜⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵜ ⴷ ⴰⵡⴷ ⴰⴷⵍⵉⵙ ⵏ ⴰⵙⴰⴷⴼ ⵖⵔ ⵜⵓⵜⵍⴰⵢⵜ ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵜ.
== ⵥⵕ ⵓⴳⴳⴰⵔ ==
== ⵉⵙⴰⵖⵓⵍⵏ ==
{{ⵉⵙⴰⵖⵓⵍⵏ}}
{{ⴰⵙⵎⵉⵍ|ⴰⵎⵙⵏⵉⵍⵙ ⴰⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖ|ⵉⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵏ}}</text>
      <sha1>ozd5sj9zu5i2wl4c39r92h8kxdjda4c</sha1>
    </revision>
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  <page>
    <title>ⵙⵓⵄⴰⴷ ⵎⵓⴷⵢⴰⵏ</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>52666</id>
    <revision>
      <id>175916</id>
      <timestamp>2026-05-03T15:10:05Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>ⴰⵏⴰⵙ ⵓⵍⵃⵍⵓ</username>
        <id>10568</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Created page with &quot;'''ⵙⵓⵄⴰⴷ ⵎⵓⴷⵢⴰⵏ''' ⴷ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⵎⵔⵣⵓⵜ ⴷ ⵜⵎⵙⴷⴰⵡⵜ [[ⵉⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵏ|ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵜ]] [[ⵍⵎⵖⵔⵉⴱ|ⵜⴰⵎⵖⵔⵉⴱⵜ]], ⴷ ⵜⴳ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵙⴳ [[ⴰⵎⵙⵏⵉⵍⵙ ⴰⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖ|ⵜⵎⵙⵏⵉⵍⵙⵉⵏ]] ⵏⵏⴰ ⴱⴰⵀⵔⴰ ⵉⴼⴽⴰⵏ ⴽⵉⴳⴰⵏ ⴷⴳ ⵢⵉⴳⵔ ⵏ [[ⵜⵓⵜⵍⴰⵢⵜ ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵜ]]. == ⵥⵕ ⵓⴳⴳⴰⵔ == == ⵉⵙ...&quot;</comment>
      <origin>175916</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="600" sha1="kl2zhu0b2i6g2ph6iduco6vlkyy1wag" xml:space="preserve">'''ⵙⵓⵄⴰⴷ ⵎⵓⴷⵢⴰⵏ''' ⴷ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⵎⵔⵣⵓⵜ ⴷ ⵜⵎⵙⴷⴰⵡⵜ [[ⵉⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵏ|ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵜ]] [[ⵍⵎⵖⵔⵉⴱ|ⵜⴰⵎⵖⵔⵉⴱⵜ]], ⴷ ⵜⴳ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵙⴳ [[ⴰⵎⵙⵏⵉⵍⵙ ⴰⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖ|ⵜⵎⵙⵏⵉⵍⵙⵉⵏ]] ⵏⵏⴰ ⴱⴰⵀⵔⴰ ⵉⴼⴽⴰⵏ ⴽⵉⴳⴰⵏ ⴷⴳ ⵢⵉⴳⵔ ⵏ [[ⵜⵓⵜⵍⴰⵢⵜ ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵜ]].
== ⵥⵕ ⵓⴳⴳⴰⵔ ==
== ⵉⵙⴰⵖⵓⵍⵏ ==
{{ⵉⵙⴰⵖⵓⵍⵏ}}
{{ⴰⵙⵎⵉⵍ|ⴰⵎⵙⵏⵉⵍⵙ ⴰⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖ|ⵉⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵏ}}</text>
      <sha1>kl2zhu0b2i6g2ph6iduco6vlkyy1wag</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>ⵄⵉⵛⴰ ⴱⵓⵃⵊⵔ</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>52667</id>
    <revision>
      <id>175917</id>
      <timestamp>2026-05-03T15:28:50Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>ⴰⵏⴰⵙ ⵓⵍⵃⵍⵓ</username>
        <id>10568</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Created page with &quot;'''ⵄⵉⵛⴰ ⴱⵓⵃⵊⵕ''' ⴷ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⵎⵔⵣⵓⵜ ⴷ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⵎⵙⴷⴰⵡⵜ [[ⵉⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵏ|ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵜ]] [[ⵍⵎⵖⵔⵉⴱ|ⵜⴰⵎⵖⵔⵉⴱⵉⵜ]], ⴷ ⵜⵥⵍⵉ ⵓⴳⴳⴰⵔ ⵙ ⵢⵉⴳⵔ ⵏ ⵜⵙⵏⵉⵍⵙⵜ ⵜⴰⵏⴰⵎⵓⵏⵜ ⵜⵓⵙⵙⵏⴰⵏⵜ ⴷ ⵜⴳ ⵙⴳ [[ⴰⵎⵙⵏⵉⵍⵙ ⴰⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖ|ⵜⵎⵙⵏⵉⵍⵙⵉⵏ]] ⵜⵉⵅⴰⵜⴰⵔⵉⵏ ⴷⴳ ⵢⵉⴳⵔ ⵏ...&quot;</comment>
      <origin>175917</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="1597" sha1="5nnxtph0h0hat11yfv8lrzjblb0u1so" xml:space="preserve">'''ⵄⵉⵛⴰ ⴱⵓⵃⵊⵕ''' ⴷ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⵎⵔⵣⵓⵜ ⴷ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⵎⵙⴷⴰⵡⵜ [[ⵉⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵏ|ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵜ]] [[ⵍⵎⵖⵔⵉⴱ|ⵜⴰⵎⵖⵔⵉⴱⵉⵜ]], ⴷ ⵜⵥⵍⵉ ⵓⴳⴳⴰⵔ ⵙ ⵢⵉⴳⵔ ⵏ ⵜⵙⵏⵉⵍⵙⵜ ⵜⴰⵏⴰⵎⵓⵏⵜ ⵜⵓⵙⵙⵏⴰⵏⵜ ⴷ ⵜⴳ ⵙⴳ [[ⴰⵎⵙⵏⵉⵍⵙ ⴰⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖ|ⵜⵎⵙⵏⵉⵍⵙⵉⵏ]] ⵜⵉⵅⴰⵜⴰⵔⵉⵏ ⴷⴳ ⵢⵉⴳⵔ ⵏ [[ⵜⵓⵜⵍⴰⵢⵜ ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵜ]]. ⴷ ⵜⵙⵡⵓⵔⵉ ⴳ ⵜⵔⵙⵓⵜ ⵏ ⵜⵏⵙⵙⵉⵅⴼⵜ ⵏ ⵜⴷⴰⵍⴰ ⵏ ⵓⵎⵢⴰⵡⴰⴹ ⴳ [[ⴰⵙⵉⵏⴰⴳ ⴰⴳⵍⴷⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵓⵙⵙⵏⴰ ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵜ|ⵓⵙⵉⵏⴰⴳ ⴰⴳⴰⵍⴷⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵓⵙⵙⵏⴰ ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵜ]], ⴷ ⵜⴽⴽⴰ ⵜⵜ ⵉⵏⵏ ⵜⵙⵡⵓⵔⵉ ⴳ ⵜⵎⵙⵙⵓⴳⵓⵔⵜ ⵏ ⵓⵙⵎⵙⴰⵙⴰ ⵏ ⵜⵓⵜⵍⴰⵢⵜ ⴳ ⵢⵉⵔⴽⴰⵎ, ⴷ ⵙⴳ ⵉⴳⵉⵜⵏ ⵏⵏⵙ ⴷ ⵜⴷⵔⴰⵡⵉⵏ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵔⴰⴷ ⵏⴱⴷⵔ ⴰⴷⵍⵉⵙ ⵏ &quot;ⴰⵙⴰⴷⴼ ⵖⵔ ⵜⵓⵜⵍⴰⵢⵜ ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵜ&quot;  ⴷ &quot;ⴰⵎⴰⵡⴰⵍ ⵏ ⵉⵔⵎⴰⵏ ⵓⵍⴳⵉⵏⵏ&quot; ⴷ ⵖⵓⵔⵙ ⴽⵉⴳⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵉⵎⴰⴳⵔⴰⴷⵏ ⵓⵙⵙⵏⴰⵏⵏ ⴳ ⴽⵔⴰ ⵏ ⵜⵙⵖⵓⵏⵉⵏ ⵜⵉⴳⵔⴰⵖⵍⴰⵏⵉⵏ ⴷ ⵜⴷⵖⵔⴰⵏⵉⵏ.
== ⵥⵕ ⵓⴳⴳⴰⵔ ==
== ⵉⵙⴰⵖⵓⵍⵏ ==
{{ⵉⵙⴰⵖⵓⵍⵏ}}
{{ⴰⵙⵎⵉⵍ|ⴰⵎⵙⵏⵉⵍⵙ ⴰⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖ|ⵉⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵏ}}</text>
      <sha1>5nnxtph0h0hat11yfv8lrzjblb0u1so</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>175923</id>
      <parentid>175917</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-05-03T16:58:11Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Lhoussine Bentayfaste</username>
        <id>13</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor />
      <comment>Lhoussine Bentayfaste ⵉⵙⵎⵓⵜⵜⵉ ⵜⴰⵙⵏⴰ ⵙⴳ [[ⵄⴰⵉⵛⴰ ⴱⵓⵃⵊⵔ]] ⵖⵔ [[ⵄⵉⵛⴰ ⴱⵓⵃⵊⵔ]]</comment>
      <origin>175917</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="1597" sha1="5nnxtph0h0hat11yfv8lrzjblb0u1so" xml:space="preserve">'''ⵄⵉⵛⴰ ⴱⵓⵃⵊⵕ''' ⴷ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⵎⵔⵣⵓⵜ ⴷ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⵎⵙⴷⴰⵡⵜ [[ⵉⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵏ|ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵜ]] [[ⵍⵎⵖⵔⵉⴱ|ⵜⴰⵎⵖⵔⵉⴱⵉⵜ]], ⴷ ⵜⵥⵍⵉ ⵓⴳⴳⴰⵔ ⵙ ⵢⵉⴳⵔ ⵏ ⵜⵙⵏⵉⵍⵙⵜ ⵜⴰⵏⴰⵎⵓⵏⵜ ⵜⵓⵙⵙⵏⴰⵏⵜ ⴷ ⵜⴳ ⵙⴳ [[ⴰⵎⵙⵏⵉⵍⵙ ⴰⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖ|ⵜⵎⵙⵏⵉⵍⵙⵉⵏ]] ⵜⵉⵅⴰⵜⴰⵔⵉⵏ ⴷⴳ ⵢⵉⴳⵔ ⵏ [[ⵜⵓⵜⵍⴰⵢⵜ ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵜ]]. ⴷ ⵜⵙⵡⵓⵔⵉ ⴳ ⵜⵔⵙⵓⵜ ⵏ ⵜⵏⵙⵙⵉⵅⴼⵜ ⵏ ⵜⴷⴰⵍⴰ ⵏ ⵓⵎⵢⴰⵡⴰⴹ ⴳ [[ⴰⵙⵉⵏⴰⴳ ⴰⴳⵍⴷⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵓⵙⵙⵏⴰ ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵜ|ⵓⵙⵉⵏⴰⴳ ⴰⴳⴰⵍⴷⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵓⵙⵙⵏⴰ ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵜ]], ⴷ ⵜⴽⴽⴰ ⵜⵜ ⵉⵏⵏ ⵜⵙⵡⵓⵔⵉ ⴳ ⵜⵎⵙⵙⵓⴳⵓⵔⵜ ⵏ ⵓⵙⵎⵙⴰⵙⴰ ⵏ ⵜⵓⵜⵍⴰⵢⵜ ⴳ ⵢⵉⵔⴽⴰⵎ, ⴷ ⵙⴳ ⵉⴳⵉⵜⵏ ⵏⵏⵙ ⴷ ⵜⴷⵔⴰⵡⵉⵏ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵔⴰⴷ ⵏⴱⴷⵔ ⴰⴷⵍⵉⵙ ⵏ &quot;ⴰⵙⴰⴷⴼ ⵖⵔ ⵜⵓⵜⵍⴰⵢⵜ ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵜ&quot;  ⴷ &quot;ⴰⵎⴰⵡⴰⵍ ⵏ ⵉⵔⵎⴰⵏ ⵓⵍⴳⵉⵏⵏ&quot; ⴷ ⵖⵓⵔⵙ ⴽⵉⴳⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵉⵎⴰⴳⵔⴰⴷⵏ ⵓⵙⵙⵏⴰⵏⵏ ⴳ ⴽⵔⴰ ⵏ ⵜⵙⵖⵓⵏⵉⵏ ⵜⵉⴳⵔⴰⵖⵍⴰⵏⵉⵏ ⴷ ⵜⴷⵖⵔⴰⵏⵉⵏ.
== ⵥⵕ ⵓⴳⴳⴰⵔ ==
== ⵉⵙⴰⵖⵓⵍⵏ ==
{{ⵉⵙⴰⵖⵓⵍⵏ}}
{{ⴰⵙⵎⵉⵍ|ⴰⵎⵙⵏⵉⵍⵙ ⴰⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖ|ⵉⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵏ}}</text>
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  <page>
    <title>ⵏⵓⵕⴰ ⵍⴰⵥⵕⴰⵇ</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>52668</id>
    <revision>
      <id>175918</id>
      <timestamp>2026-05-03T15:36:24Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>ⴰⵏⴰⵙ ⵓⵍⵃⵍⵓ</username>
        <id>10568</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Created page with &quot;'''ⵏⵓⵕⴰ ⵍⴰⵥⵕⴰⵇ''' ⴷ ⵢⴰⵜ [[ⴰⵎⵙⵏⵉⵍⵙ ⴰⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖ|ⵜⵎⵙⵏⵉⵍⵙⵜ]] ⴷ ⵜⵎⵔⵣⵓⵜ [[ⵉⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵏ|ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵜ]] [[ⵍⵎⵖⵔⵉⴱ|ⵜⴰⵎⵖⵔⵉⴱⵉⵜ]], ⴷ ⵜⴼⴽⴰ ⴽⵉⴳⴰⵏ ⴳ ⵢⵉⴳⵔ ⵏ [[ⵜⵓⵜⵍⴰⵢⵜ ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵜ]] ⴷ [[ⵜⴰⵙⵏⵉⵍⵙⵜ|ⵜⵙⵏⵉⵍⵙⵜ]] ⵏⵏⵙ, ⴷ ⵜⴷⵔⴰ ⴳ ⵡⴰⵟⵟⴰⵚ ⵏ ⵉⵎⴰⵡ...&quot;</comment>
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      <text bytes="837" sha1="2y6wou3af8bs4l20ukkhstwzskuk4w1" xml:space="preserve">'''ⵏⵓⵕⴰ ⵍⴰⵥⵕⴰⵇ''' ⴷ ⵢⴰⵜ [[ⴰⵎⵙⵏⵉⵍⵙ ⴰⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖ|ⵜⵎⵙⵏⵉⵍⵙⵜ]] ⴷ ⵜⵎⵔⵣⵓⵜ [[ⵉⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵏ|ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵜ]] [[ⵍⵎⵖⵔⵉⴱ|ⵜⴰⵎⵖⵔⵉⴱⵉⵜ]], ⴷ ⵜⴼⴽⴰ ⴽⵉⴳⴰⵏ ⴳ ⵢⵉⴳⵔ ⵏ [[ⵜⵓⵜⵍⴰⵢⵜ ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵜ]] ⴷ [[ⵜⴰⵙⵏⵉⵍⵙⵜ|ⵜⵙⵏⵉⵍⵙⵜ]] ⵏⵏⵙ, ⴷ ⵜⴷⵔⴰ ⴳ ⵡⴰⵟⵟⴰⵚ ⵏ ⵉⵎⴰⵡⴰⵍⵏ ⴰⵎ &quot;ⴰⵎⴰⵡⴰⵍ ⵏ ⵜⴷⵓⵙⵉ&quot;, ⴷ ⵓⵎⴰⵡⴰⵍ ⵏ  &quot;ⵜⴰⵎⵢⴰⵣⴰⵏⵜ ⵜⴰⵎⵙⵙⵓⴳⵓⵔⵜ&quot; ⴷ &quot;ⴰⵎⴰⵡⴰⵍ ⵏ ⵓⵙⵏⵖⵎⵙ&quot;.
== ⵥⵕ ⵓⴳⴳⴰⵔ ==
== ⵉⵙⴰⵖⵓⵍⵏ ==
{{ⵉⵙⴰⵖⵓⵍⵏ}}
{{ⴰⵙⵎⵉⵍ|ⴰⵎⵙⵏⵉⵍⵙ ⴰⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖ|ⵉⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵏ}}</text>
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  <page>
    <title>ⵙⴰⵎⵉⵔⴰ ⵎⵓⴽⵔⵉⵎ</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>52669</id>
    <revision>
      <id>175919</id>
      <timestamp>2026-05-03T16:02:00Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>ⴰⵏⴰⵙ ⵓⵍⵃⵍⵓ</username>
        <id>10568</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Created page with &quot;'''ⵙⴰⵎⵉⵔⴰ ⵎⵓⴽⵔⵉⵎ''' ⴷ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⵙⵍⵎⴰⴷⵜ ⴷ ⵜⵎⵔⵣⵓⵜ ⴷ [[ⴰⵎⵙⵏⵉⵍⵙ ⴰⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖ|ⵜⵎⵙⵏⵉⵍⵙⵜ]] ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵜ ⵜⴰⵎⵖⵔⵉⴱⵉⵜ, ⵜⴻⵜⵜⵢⵓⵙⵙⴰⵏ ⴽⵉⴳⴰⵏ ⵙ ⵜⴱⵣⴰⵔⵉⵏ ⴳ ⵢⵉⴳⵔ ⵏ ⵜⵙⵏⵉⵍⵙⵜ ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵜ. ⴷ ⵜⴳⴰ ⵙⴳ ⵡⵉⴷⴰ ⵣⵡⴰⵔⵏⵉⵏ ⵙ ⵉⴳ ⵙⴽⵔⵏ ⴰⵎⴰⵡⴰⵍ ⴰ...&quot;</comment>
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      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="624" sha1="du4zcnkiblj1zmpi212z4vkrd3eufgi" xml:space="preserve">'''ⵙⴰⵎⵉⵔⴰ ⵎⵓⴽⵔⵉⵎ''' ⴷ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⵙⵍⵎⴰⴷⵜ ⴷ ⵜⵎⵔⵣⵓⵜ ⴷ [[ⴰⵎⵙⵏⵉⵍⵙ ⴰⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖ|ⵜⵎⵙⵏⵉⵍⵙⵜ]] ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵜ ⵜⴰⵎⵖⵔⵉⴱⵉⵜ, ⵜⴻⵜⵜⵢⵓⵙⵙⴰⵏ ⴽⵉⴳⴰⵏ ⵙ ⵜⴱⵣⴰⵔⵉⵏ ⴳ ⵢⵉⴳⵔ ⵏ ⵜⵙⵏⵉⵍⵙⵜ ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵜ. ⴷ ⵜⴳⴰ ⵙⴳ ⵡⵉⴷⴰ ⵣⵡⴰⵔⵏⵉⵏ ⵙ ⵉⴳ ⵙⴽⵔⵏ ⴰⵎⴰⵡⴰⵍ ⴰⵍⵉⴽⵟⵕⵓⵏ ⴰⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖ ⴰⴼⵕⴰⵏⵚⵉⵚ.
== ⵥⵕ ⵓⴳⴳⴰⵔ ==
== ⵉⵙⴰⵖⵓⵍⵏ ==
{{ⵉⵙⴰⵖⵓⵍⵏ}}</text>
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  <page>
    <title>ⵔⵇⵉⵢⴰ ⴷⵓⵛⴰⵢⵏⴰ ⵓⵄⵎⵎⵓ</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>52670</id>
    <revision>
      <id>175920</id>
      <timestamp>2026-05-03T16:28:15Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>ⴰⵏⴰⵙ ⵓⵍⵃⵍⵓ</username>
        <id>10568</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Created page with &quot;رقية دوشينا أوعمو هي باحثة مغربية متخصصة في اللغة والثقافة الأمازيغية، وتعمل في المعهد الجامعي للبحث العلمي التابع لجامعة محمد الخامس بالرباط.تعد من المساهمين البارزين في توثيق التراث اللغوي الأمازيغي، ومن أهم أعمالها:قاموس العالم البحري لمنطقة سوس (Dictionnaire du...&quot;</comment>
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      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="1357" sha1="2nygdrw6i1lubkjuw1uomr2hgek1vld" xml:space="preserve">رقية دوشينا أوعمو هي باحثة مغربية متخصصة في اللغة والثقافة الأمازيغية، وتعمل في المعهد الجامعي للبحث العلمي التابع لجامعة محمد الخامس بالرباط.تعد من المساهمين البارزين في توثيق التراث اللغوي الأمازيغي، ومن أهم أعمالها:قاموس العالم البحري لمنطقة سوس (Dictionnaire du monde marin de la région du Souss): صدر عام 2014 عن المعهد الجامعي للبحث العلمي.
ⵔⵇⵉⵢⵢⴰ ⴷⵓⵛⴰⵢⵏⴰ ⵓⵄⵎⵎⵓ ⴷ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⵎⵔⵣⵓⵜ ⴷ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⵎⵙⵏⵉⵍⵙⵜ ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵜ ⵜⴰⵎⵖⵔⵉⴱⵉⵜ ⵏⵏⴰ ⵉⵥⵍⵉⵏ ⴽⵉⴳⴰⵏ ⵙ ⵢⵉⴳⵔ ⵏ ⵜⵓⵜⵍⴰⵢⵜ ⴷ ⵜⴷⵍⵙⴰ ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵜ, ⴷ ⵜⴳⴰ ⵙⴳ ⵜⵎⵙⵏⵉⵍⵙⵉⵏ ⵏⵏⴰ ⵢⵓⵡⵙⵏ ⴳ ⵓⵏⵜⴰⵎ ⵏ ⵜⴰⵢⵙⴰ ⵜⴰⵙⵏⵉⵍⵙⴰⵏⵜ ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵜ, ⴷ ⵖⵓⵔⵙ ⴽⵉⴳⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵉⴳⵉⵜⵏ ⴰⵎ &quot;ⴰⵎⴰⵡⴰⵍ ⵏ ⵜⴳⵎⵔⵜ ⴳ ⵙⵓⵙ&quot;.
== ⵥⵕ ⵓⴳⴳⴰⵔ ==
== ⵉⵙⴰⵖⵓⵍⵏ == 
{{ⵉⵙⴰⵖⵓⵍⵏ}}
{{ⴰⵙⵎⵉⵍ|ⴰⵎⵙⵏⵉⵍⵙ ⴰⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖ|ⵉⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵏ}}</text>
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    <revision>
      <id>175921</id>
      <parentid>175920</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-05-03T16:28:30Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>ⴰⵏⴰⵙ ⵓⵍⵃⵍⵓ</username>
        <id>10568</id>
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      <origin>175921</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
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      <text bytes="767" sha1="ipgjmo3yw24dtum9f3alo50ehnx993d" xml:space="preserve">ⵔⵇⵉⵢⵢⴰ ⴷⵓⵛⴰⵢⵏⴰ ⵓⵄⵎⵎⵓ ⴷ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⵎⵔⵣⵓⵜ ⴷ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⵎⵙⵏⵉⵍⵙⵜ ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵜ ⵜⴰⵎⵖⵔⵉⴱⵉⵜ ⵏⵏⴰ ⵉⵥⵍⵉⵏ ⴽⵉⴳⴰⵏ ⵙ ⵢⵉⴳⵔ ⵏ ⵜⵓⵜⵍⴰⵢⵜ ⴷ ⵜⴷⵍⵙⴰ ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵜ, ⴷ ⵜⴳⴰ ⵙⴳ ⵜⵎⵙⵏⵉⵍⵙⵉⵏ ⵏⵏⴰ ⵢⵓⵡⵙⵏ ⴳ ⵓⵏⵜⴰⵎ ⵏ ⵜⴰⵢⵙⴰ ⵜⴰⵙⵏⵉⵍⵙⴰⵏⵜ ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵜ, ⴷ ⵖⵓⵔⵙ ⴽⵉⴳⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵉⴳⵉⵜⵏ ⴰⵎ &quot;ⴰⵎⴰⵡⴰⵍ ⵏ ⵜⴳⵎⵔⵜ ⴳ ⵙⵓⵙ&quot;.
== ⵥⵕ ⵓⴳⴳⴰⵔ ==
== ⵉⵙⴰⵖⵓⵍⵏ == 
{{ⵉⵙⴰⵖⵓⵍⵏ}}
{{ⴰⵙⵎⵉⵍ|ⴰⵎⵙⵏⵉⵍⵙ ⴰⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖ|ⵉⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵏ}}</text>
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    <revision>
      <id>175922</id>
      <parentid>175921</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-05-03T16:29:13Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>ⴰⵏⴰⵙ ⵓⵍⵃⵍⵓ</username>
        <id>10568</id>
      </contributor>
      <origin>175922</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="841" sha1="by6a82yxm69dv0p1x3jid5ko3cyqkx8" xml:space="preserve">'''ⵔⵇⵉⵢⵢⴰ ⴷⵓⵛⴰⵢⵏⴰ ⵓⵄⵎⵎⵓ''' ⴷ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⵎⵔⵣⵓⵜ ⴷ ⵢⴰⵜ [[ⴰⵎⵙⵏⵉⵍⵙ ⴰⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖ|ⵜⵎⵙⵏⵉⵍⵙⵜ]] ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵜ [[ⵍⵎⵖⵔⵉⴱ|ⵜⴰⵎⵖⵔⵉⴱⵉⵜ]] ⵏⵏⴰ ⵉⵥⵍⵉⵏ ⴽⵉⴳⴰⵏ ⵙ ⵢⵉⴳⵔ ⵏ ⵜⵓⵜⵍⴰⵢⵜ ⴷ ⵜⴷⵍⵙⴰ ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵜ, ⴷ ⵜⴳⴰ ⵙⴳ ⵜⵎⵙⵏⵉⵍⵙⵉⵏ ⵏⵏⴰ ⵢⵓⵡⵙⵏ ⴳ ⵓⵏⵜⴰⵎ ⵏ ⵜⴰⵢⵙⴰ ⵜⴰⵙⵏⵉⵍⵙⴰⵏⵜ ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵜ, ⴷ ⵖⵓⵔⵙ ⴽⵉⴳⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵉⴳⵉⵜⵏ ⴰⵎ &quot;ⴰⵎⴰⵡⴰⵍ ⵏ ⵜⴳⵎⵔⵜ ⴳ ⵙⵓⵙ&quot;.
== ⵥⵕ ⵓⴳⴳⴰⵔ ==
== ⵉⵙⴰⵖⵓⵍⵏ == 
{{ⵉⵙⴰⵖⵓⵍⵏ}}
{{ⴰⵙⵎⵉⵍ|ⴰⵎⵙⵏⵉⵍⵙ ⴰⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖ|ⵉⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵏ}}</text>
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    <revision>
      <id>175925</id>
      <parentid>175922</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-05-03T17:23:07Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>ⴰⵏⴰⵙ ⵓⵍⵃⵍⵓ</username>
        <id>10568</id>
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      <origin>175925</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="841" sha1="qonsnqhnlnky2vawsl86s94e5e83r95" xml:space="preserve">'''ⵔⵇⵉⵢⵢⴰ ⴷⵓⵛⴰⵢⵏⴰ ⵓⵄⵎⵎⵓ''' ⴷ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⵎⵔⵣⵓⵜ ⴷ ⵢⴰⵜ [[ⴰⵎⵙⵏⵉⵍⵙ ⴰⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖ|ⵜⵎⵙⵏⵉⵍⵙⵜ]] ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵜ [[ⵍⵎⵖⵔⵉⴱ|ⵜⴰⵎⵖⵔⵉⴱⵉⵜ]] ⵏⵏⴰ ⵉⵥⵍⵉⵏ ⴽⵉⴳⴰⵏ ⵙ ⵢⵉⴳⵔ ⵏ ⵜⵓⵜⵍⴰⵢⵜ ⴷ ⵜⴷⵍⵙⴰ ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵜ, ⴷ ⵜⴳⴰ ⵙⴳ ⵜⵎⵙⵏⵉⵍⵙⵉⵏ ⵏⵏⴰ ⵢⵓⵡⵙⵏ ⴳ ⵓⵏⵜⴰⵎ ⵏ ⵜⴰⵢⵙⵉ ⵜⴰⵙⵏⵉⵍⵙⴰⵏⵜ ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵜ, ⴷ ⵖⵓⵔⵙ ⴽⵉⴳⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵉⴳⵉⵜⵏ ⴰⵎ &quot;ⴰⵎⴰⵡⴰⵍ ⵏ ⵜⴳⵎⵔⵜ ⴳ ⵙⵓⵙ&quot;.
== ⵥⵕ ⵓⴳⴳⴰⵔ ==
== ⵉⵙⴰⵖⵓⵍⵏ == 
{{ⵉⵙⴰⵖⵓⵍⵏ}}
{{ⴰⵙⵎⵉⵍ|ⴰⵎⵙⵏⵉⵍⵙ ⴰⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖ|ⵉⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵏ}}</text>
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      <timestamp>2026-05-03T17:24:42Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>ⴰⵏⴰⵙ ⵓⵍⵃⵍⵓ</username>
        <id>10568</id>
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      <text bytes="847" sha1="gk969h8fc1b1mxbnla8d3n2d0865vuz" xml:space="preserve">'''ⵔⵇⵉⵢⵢⴰ ⴷⵓⵛⴰⵢⵏⴰ ⵓⵄⵎⵎⵓ''' ⴷ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⵎⵔⵣⵓⵜ ⴷ ⵢⴰⵜ [[ⴰⵎⵙⵏⵉⵍⵙ ⴰⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖ|ⵜⵎⵙⵏⵉⵍⵙⵜ]] ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵜ [[ⵍⵎⵖⵔⵉⴱ|ⵜⴰⵎⵖⵔⵉⴱⵉⵜ]] ⵏⵏⴰ ⵉⵥⵍⵉⵏ ⴽⵉⴳⴰⵏ ⵙ ⵢⵉⴳⵔ ⵏ ⵜⵓⵜⵍⴰⵢⵜ ⴷ ⵜⴷⵍⵙⴰ ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵜ, ⴷ ⵜⴳⴰ ⵙⴳ ⵜⵎⵙⵏⵉⵍⵙⵉⵏ ⵏⵏⴰ ⵢⵓⵡⵙⵏ ⴳ ⵓⵏⵜⴰⵎ ⵏ ⵜⴰⵢⵙⵉ ⵜⴰⵙⵏⵉⵍⵙⴰⵏⵜ ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵜ, ⴷ ⵖⵓⵔⵙ ⴽⵉⴳⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵉⴳⵉⵜⵏ ⴰⵎ &quot;ⴰⵎⴰⵡⴰⵍ ⵏ ⵜⵏⴳⵯⵎⵔⵜ ⴳ ⵙⵓⵙ&quot;.
== ⵥⵕ ⵓⴳⴳⴰⵔ ==
== ⵉⵙⴰⵖⵓⵍⵏ == 
{{ⵉⵙⴰⵖⵓⵍⵏ}}
{{ⴰⵙⵎⵉⵍ|ⴰⵎⵙⵏⵉⵍⵙ ⴰⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖ|ⵉⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵏ}}</text>
      <sha1>gk969h8fc1b1mxbnla8d3n2d0865vuz</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>ⵄⴰⵉⵛⴰ ⴱⵓⵃⵊⵔ</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>52671</id>
    <redirect title="ⵄⵉⵛⴰ ⴱⵓⵃⵊⵔ" />
    <revision>
      <id>175924</id>
      <timestamp>2026-05-03T16:58:11Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Lhoussine Bentayfaste</username>
        <id>13</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Lhoussine Bentayfaste ⵉⵙⵎⵓⵜⵜⵉ ⵜⴰⵙⵏⴰ ⵙⴳ [[ⵄⴰⵉⵛⴰ ⴱⵓⵃⵊⵔ]] ⵖⵔ [[ⵄⵉⵛⴰ ⴱⵓⵃⵊⵔ]]</comment>
      <origin>175924</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="42" sha1="tfmarqc39tqrvy0lgz7ln2rjast6whn" xml:space="preserve">#REDIRECT [[ⵄⵉⵛⴰ ⴱⵓⵃⵊⵔ]]</text>
      <sha1>tfmarqc39tqrvy0lgz7ln2rjast6whn</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>ⵜⴰⵖⵏⴰⵏⵜ ⵜⵓⵍⴳⵉⵏⵜ</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>52672</id>
    <revision>
      <id>175927</id>
      <timestamp>2026-05-03T23:07:47Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>ABDELATIF ANADJAR</username>
        <id>14</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>ⴰⵙⵏⴼⵍⵓⵍ ⵏ ⵓⵎⴰⴳⵔⴰⴷ ⴰⵎⴰⵢⵏⵓ ⵙⴳ ⵜⴼⵏⵉⵇⵜ ⵏ ⵓⵙⵏⴼⵍⵓⵍ ⵏ ⵜⵙⵏⴰ ⵏ ⵓⵙⵏⵓⴱⴳ.</comment>
      <origin>175927</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="4712" sha1="gmbioykwp5hddcy6s9lv620gb686grs" xml:space="preserve">{{ⵜⴰⴼⵍⵓⵙⴼⴽⵉⵜ}}
'''ⵜⴰⵖⵏⴰⵏⵜ ⵜⵓⵍⴳⵉⵏⵜ'''&lt;ref&gt;ⴰⵎⴰⵡⴰⵍ ⴰⵣⵔⴼⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵉⵔⴽⴰⵎ ⵜⴰⵙⵏⴰ113.&lt;/ref&gt; ⵜⴳⴰ ⵜ ⵓⵎⴹⴰⴽⴰⵕ ⵏⵏⴰ ⵉⵜⵉⵍⵉⵏ ⵏⴳⵔ [[ⴰⵎⵙⵜⴰⵏ|ⵓⵎⵙⵜⴰⵏ]] ⴷ ⵉⵙⵔⵜⴰⵏ ⴷ ⵉⴽⴰⴷⵉⵎⵉⵢⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵓⵣⵔⴼ, ⴷ ⵡⵉⵢⵢⴰⴹ ⵏⵏⴰ ⵇⵇⵏ ⵙ ⵓⵣⵔⴼ ⵙ ⵓⵎⴰⵜⴰ; ⵅⴼ ⴽⵔⴰ ⵏ ⵓⵙⵏⵜⵍ ⵏ ⵓⵙⵍⴳⵏ ⵙ ⵡⴰⵙⵙⴰⵖ ⵏ '''ⵜⵖⵏⴰⵏⵜ ⵜⴰⵣⵔⴼⴰⵏⵜ ⵏⵖ ⵜⴰⵖⵏⴰⵏⵜ ⵜⴰⵙⵍⴳⴰⵏⵜ'''.
== ⴰⵙⵎⵎⴰⵇⵍ ⴰⵎⴰⵜⴰⵢ == 
ⵜⵣⵎⵔ '''ⵜⵖⵏⴰⵏⵜ ⵜⵓⵍⴳⵉⵏⵜ''' ⴰⴷ ⵜⵉⵍⵉ ⴳ ⵜⵓⴳⴷⵜ ⵏ ⵜⵡⵉⵍⴰⵜⵉⵏ, ⵓⵔ ⴷ ⵉⵇⵇⴰⵏ ⴷ ⴰⴷ ⵜⴳ ⴰⵎⴹⴰⴽⴰⵕ ⵓⴷⵎ ⵉ ⵓⴷⵎ. ⵜⵓⴳⴷⵜ ⵏ ⵜⵉⵖⵏⴰⵏⵉⵏ ⴷⴰ ⵜⴳⴰⵏⵜ ⴳ ⵜⵡⵉⵍⴰ ⵏ ⵜⵉⵥⵉⵕⵜ, ⴰⵎ ⵉⵏⴱⴹⴰ ⵏⴳⵔⴰⵜⵙⵏ ⵊⴰⵊ ⵏ [[ⵜⴰⵙⵏⴱⴹⴰⵢⵜ|ⵜⵙⵏⴱⴹⴰⵢⵜ]], ⵙ ⵜⵉⴷⵜ ⴰⵎⴹⴰⴽⴰⵕ ⵏⵏⵙⵏ ⴷⴰ ⵢⴰⴽⴽⴰ ⵜⵢⴰⴼⵓⵜ ⴹⴰⵕⵜ ⵏ ⵓⴼⵙⵔ ⵏ ⴽⵔⴰ ⵏ ⵜⵖⵜⵙⵜ. ⴷ ⵍⵍⴰⵏ ⵜⵡⵉⵍⴰⵜⵉⵏ ⵢⴰⴹⵏⵉⵏ ⵉ '''ⵜⵖⵏⴰⵏⵜ ⵜⵓⵍⴳⵉⵏⵜ''' ⴰ ⴳⵉⵙⵏ ⵏⴱⴷⵔ:
* ⴰⵎⴹⴰⴽⴰⵕ ⵏⴳⵔ ⵉⴽⴰⴷⵉⵎⵉⵢⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵓⵣⵔⴼ, ⴷⴰ ⵜⵉⵍⵉ ⴳ ⵉⵙⵖⵏⵓⵜⵏ  ⵏ ⵓⵣⵔⴼ ⵓⴳⴳⴰⵔ ⵎⴰⴷ ⵜⵉⵍⵉ ⴳ ⵜⵏⵎⴰⴳⴰⵍⵜ ⵓⵙⵔⵉⴷ ⴳ ⵉⴳⵔⴰⵡⵏ. ⵙ ⵓⵎⴷⵢⴰ ⴰⵔ ⵉⵜⵜⴼⵙⵔ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵙⴳ ⵉⵙⵍⵎⴰⴷⵏ ⵏ ⵓⵣⵔⴼ ⴳ ⴽⵔⴰ ⵏ ⵜⴰⵙⵖⵏⵓⵜ, ⵉⵔⴰⵔ ⴷ ⵖⵉⴼⵙ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⵙⵍⵎⴰⴷ ⵢⴰⴹⵏⵉⵏ ⵙ ⴽⵔⴰ ⵜⵎⵔⴰⵔⵓⵜ ⵉⴷⵡⴰⵙⵏ. ⵏⵖ ⴰⵔ ⵉⵙⵏⴽⴰⵔ ⴽⵔⴰ ⴳ ⵉⵎⵔⵣⵣⵓⵜⵏ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵉⵎⵔⵙⵉ ⵉⵍⵎⵎⴰ ⴰⵔ ⴼⵍⵍⴰⵙ ⵎⴹⴰⴽⴰⵕⵏ ⵏⴳⵔ ⵎⴰⵕⵕⴰ ⵉⴷ ⴱⵓ ⵓⵣⵔⴼ.
* ⵜⴰⵖⵏⴰⵏⵜ ⵏⴳⵔ ⵉⵏⴱⴹⴰ:  ⴷⴰ ⵉⵜⵉⵍⵍⵉ ⴰⵏⴰⵡ ⴰⴷ ⴱⴰⵀⵔⴰ ⴳ ⵓⵎⵏⴰⵍⴰ ⵏ ⵉⴳⵔⴰⵡⵏ ⵜⴰⵏⵣⵔⴰⴼⵜ, ⵎⴰⵛⵛ ⴰⵏⵓⵃⵢⵓ ⵏ ⵓⵙⵡⵉⵏⴳⵎ ⴷⴰ ⵜⵜ ⵏⵜⴰⵎ ⵛⵉⴳⴰⵏ ⴳ ⵉⵙⵡⵉⵏⴳⵎⵏ ⵉⵜⵜⵢⵓⵔⵔⴰⵏ. ⴳⴰⵏ ⵜⵉⵖⵜⴰⵙⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵙⵏⴱⴹⴰⵢⵜ ⵜⴰⵏⴰⴼⵍⴰⵜ ⵍⵍⵉ ⵓⵔ ⵎⵙⴰⵙⴰⵏ ⵏⴳⵔⴰⵜⵙⵏ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⴷⵎ ⵉ ⵜⴰⵖⵏⴰⵏⵜ ⴰⴷ . ⴰⵛⴽⵓ ⵉⵙⵏⵓⵃⵢⵓⵜⵏ '''ⴰⵏⵜⵓⵏⵉⵏ ⵙⴽⴰⵍⵢⴰ (Antonin Scalia)''' ⴷ ⵜⵓⴳⴷⵜ ⵏ ⵜⵙⴳⵣⵍ ⵜⵖⵏⴰⵏⵜ ⵜⴰⵣⵔⴼⴰⵏⵜ ⵏ ⵓⵙⵏⴱⴹⵓ ⵏⵏⴰ ⵉⵜⴳⴳⴰ ⴱⴰⵀⵔⴰ ⴳ ⵉⵎⴰⵙⵙⵏ ⴳ ⵓⵙⴼⵔⵓ ⵏ ⵓⵙⵍⴳⵏ ⵏ ⵜⴰⵎⵓⵏⵜ ⴷ ⵓⴷⵓⵙⵜⵓⵔ ⵍⵍⵉ ⴷ ⵢⵓⵙⴰⵏ.
* ⵜⴰⵖⵏⴰⵏⵜ ⵏⴳⵔ ⵉⵙⵔⵜⴰⵏ: ⵙⴳ ⵉⵎⴷⵢⴰⵜⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵖⵏⴰⵏⵜ ⴰⴷ ⵎⴰⴷ ⵉⵊⵕⴰⵏ ⵏⴳⵔ ⵓⵏⵙⵙⵉⵅⴼ ⵏ ⵎⵉⵔⵉⴽⴰⵏ ⴷ [[ⴽⵓⵏⴳⵔⵉⵙ ⴰⵎⵉⵔⵉⴽⵉ]] ⴳ ⵎⴰⴷ ⵉⵇⵇⵏ ⵙ [[ⵜⴰⴱⴰⴹⴰ ⵜⴰⵎⵣⵣⴳⴰⵔⵜ ]] ⵉ ⵓⵙⵏⵓⵏⵏⵛ ⵅⴼ ⵉⵎⵙⴰⵡⴰⵍⵏ ⵙ ⵜⵏⵜⵍⴰ ⵡⴰⵔ ⵜⵖⵜⵙⵜ ⵜⵓⵣⵔⴼⴰⵏⵜ. ⴷ ⵍⵍⴰⵏⵜ ⵜⵓⴳⴷⵜ ⵏ ⵉⵎⴷⵢⴰⵜⵏ ⵢⴰⴹⵏⵉⵏ ⴷⴰⵔⵙ ⵜⵣⴷⴰⵢⵜ ⴷ ⵓⴳⵓⵙ&lt;ref&gt;ⴰⵎⴰⵡⴰⵍ ⴰⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖ ⵎⵓⵃⵎⵎⴰⴷ ⵛⴰⴼⵉⵇ( نطاق)&lt;/ref&gt; ⵏ '''[[ⵜⴰⴱⴰⴹⴰ ⵜⴰⵎⵣⵣⴳⴰⵔⵜ|ⵜⴱⴰⴹⴰ ⵜⴰⵎⵣⵣⴳⴰⵔⵜ]]''' ⵎⴳⴰⵍ ⵏ ⵜⵎⵔⵙⴰⵍⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵏⴱⴰⴹⵜ ⵢⴰⴹⵏⵉⵏ.
* ⵜⴰⵖⵏⴰⵏⵜ ⵜⴰⴳⴷⵓⴷⴰⵏⵜ ⴰⴳⵏⵙⵓ ⵏ ⵡⴰⵎⵓⵏ. ⴷⵉⵎⴰ ⴰⵔ ⵉⴽⵛⵛⵎ ⵡⴰⵎⵓⵏ ⴳ ⵜⵖⵏⴰⵏⵜ ⵜⴰⵣⵔⴼⴰⵏⵜ ⴰⴳⵏⵙⵓ ⵏ ⵓⵙⵓⴷⵙ. ⴰⵛⴽⵓ ⵉⵙⵜⴰⵢⵏ ⵏ ⵉⵙⵔⵜⴰⵏⵏ ⴷ  ⵓⴷⵓⵣ ⵜⴳⴰ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⵡⵉⵍⴰ ⵙⴳ ⵜⵡⵉⵍⴰⵜⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵖⵏⴰⵏⵜ ⵜⴰⵣⵔⴼⴰⵏⵜ; ⵜⵓⴳⴷⵜ ⴰⵔ ⵜⵎⵓⵏⴰ ⴰⴷ ⵜⴳ ⴰⴳⵣⵣⵓⵎ ⵙⴳ ⵓⴽⴰⴱⴰⵔ ⵏⵖ ⴰⴷ ⵜⴱⵉⴷ ⴷ ⵓⴽⴰⴱⴰⵔ ⵢⴰⴹⵏⵉⵏ ⵍⵍⵉ ⵉⴼⴽⴰ ⴰⵡⴰⵍ  ⵏ ⵜⴰⵎⵣⵣⴳⴰⵔⵜ ⵏ ⵉⵙⵍⴳⴰⵏⵏ.
==ⵉⵙⴰⵖⵓⵍⵏ==</text>
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    <revision>
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      <timestamp>2026-05-03T23:08:29Z</timestamp>
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        <username>ABDELATIF ANADJAR</username>
        <id>14</id>
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      <text bytes="4760" sha1="8bdgdoda8gi9bc4x4m4abtga6qdxjd0" xml:space="preserve">{{ⵜⴰⴼⵍⵓⵙⴼⴽⵉⵜ}}
'''ⵜⴰⵖⵏⴰⵏⵜ ⵜⵓⵍⴳⵉⵏⵜ'''&lt;ref&gt;ⴰⵎⴰⵡⴰⵍ ⴰⵣⵔⴼⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵉⵔⴽⴰⵎ ⵜⴰⵙⵏⴰ113.&lt;/ref&gt; ⵜⴳⴰ ⵜ ⵓⵎⴹⴰⴽⴰⵕ ⵏⵏⴰ ⵉⵜⵉⵍⵉⵏ ⵏⴳⵔ [[ⴰⵎⵙⵜⴰⵏ|ⵓⵎⵙⵜⴰⵏ]] ⴷ ⵉⵙⵔⵜⴰⵏ ⴷ ⵉⴽⴰⴷⵉⵎⵉⵢⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵓⵣⵔⴼ, ⴷ ⵡⵉⵢⵢⴰⴹ ⵏⵏⴰ ⵇⵇⵏ ⵙ ⵓⵣⵔⴼ ⵙ ⵓⵎⴰⵜⴰ; ⵅⴼ ⴽⵔⴰ ⵏ ⵓⵙⵏⵜⵍ ⵏ ⵓⵙⵍⴳⵏ ⵙ ⵡⴰⵙⵙⴰⵖ ⵏ '''ⵜⵖⵏⴰⵏⵜ ⵜⴰⵣⵔⴼⴰⵏⵜ ⵏⵖ ⵜⴰⵖⵏⴰⵏⵜ ⵜⴰⵙⵍⴳⴰⵏⵜ'''.
== ⴰⵙⵎⵎⴰⵇⵍ ⴰⵎⴰⵜⴰⵢ == 
ⵜⵣⵎⵔ '''ⵜⵖⵏⴰⵏⵜ ⵜⵓⵍⴳⵉⵏⵜ''' ⴰⴷ ⵜⵉⵍⵉ ⴳ ⵜⵓⴳⴷⵜ ⵏ ⵜⵡⵉⵍⴰⵜⵉⵏ, ⵓⵔ ⴷ ⵉⵇⵇⴰⵏ ⴷ ⴰⴷ ⵜⴳ ⴰⵎⴹⴰⴽⴰⵕ ⵓⴷⵎ ⵉ ⵓⴷⵎ. ⵜⵓⴳⴷⵜ ⵏ ⵜⵉⵖⵏⴰⵏⵉⵏ ⴷⴰ ⵜⴳⴰⵏⵜ ⴳ ⵜⵡⵉⵍⴰ ⵏ ⵜⵉⵥⵉⵕⵜ, ⴰⵎ ⵉⵏⴱⴹⴰ ⵏⴳⵔⴰⵜⵙⵏ ⵊⴰⵊ ⵏ [[ⵜⴰⵙⵏⴱⴹⴰⵢⵜ|ⵜⵙⵏⴱⴹⴰⵢⵜ]], ⵙ ⵜⵉⴷⵜ ⴰⵎⴹⴰⴽⴰⵕ ⵏⵏⵙⵏ ⴷⴰ ⵢⴰⴽⴽⴰ ⵜⵢⴰⴼⵓⵜ ⴹⴰⵕⵜ ⵏ ⵓⴼⵙⵔ ⵏ ⴽⵔⴰ ⵏ ⵜⵖⵜⵙⵜ. ⴷ ⵍⵍⴰⵏ ⵜⵡⵉⵍⴰⵜⵉⵏ ⵢⴰⴹⵏⵉⵏ ⵉ '''ⵜⵖⵏⴰⵏⵜ ⵜⵓⵍⴳⵉⵏⵜ''' ⴰ ⴳⵉⵙⵏ ⵏⴱⴷⵔ:
* ⴰⵎⴹⴰⴽⴰⵕ ⵏⴳⵔ ⵉⴽⴰⴷⵉⵎⵉⵢⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵓⵣⵔⴼ, ⴷⴰ ⵜⵉⵍⵉ ⴳ ⵉⵙⵖⵏⵓⵜⵏ  ⵏ ⵓⵣⵔⴼ ⵓⴳⴳⴰⵔ ⵎⴰⴷ ⵜⵉⵍⵉ ⴳ ⵜⵏⵎⴰⴳⴰⵍⵜ ⵓⵙⵔⵉⴷ ⴳ ⵉⴳⵔⴰⵡⵏ. ⵙ ⵓⵎⴷⵢⴰ ⴰⵔ ⵉⵜⵜⴼⵙⵔ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵙⴳ ⵉⵙⵍⵎⴰⴷⵏ ⵏ ⵓⵣⵔⴼ ⴳ ⴽⵔⴰ ⵏ ⵜⴰⵙⵖⵏⵓⵜ, ⵉⵔⴰⵔ ⴷ ⵖⵉⴼⵙ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⵙⵍⵎⴰⴷ ⵢⴰⴹⵏⵉⵏ ⵙ ⴽⵔⴰ ⵜⵎⵔⴰⵔⵓⵜ ⵉⴷⵡⴰⵙⵏ. ⵏⵖ ⴰⵔ ⵉⵙⵏⴽⴰⵔ ⴽⵔⴰ ⴳ ⵉⵎⵔⵣⵣⵓⵜⵏ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵉⵎⵔⵙⵉ ⵉⵍⵎⵎⴰ ⴰⵔ ⴼⵍⵍⴰⵙ ⵎⴹⴰⴽⴰⵕⵏ ⵏⴳⵔ ⵎⴰⵕⵕⴰ ⵉⴷ ⴱⵓ ⵓⵣⵔⴼ.
* ⵜⴰⵖⵏⴰⵏⵜ ⵏⴳⵔ ⵉⵏⴱⴹⴰ:  ⴷⴰ ⵉⵜⵉⵍⵍⵉ ⴰⵏⴰⵡ ⴰⴷ ⴱⴰⵀⵔⴰ ⴳ ⵓⵎⵏⴰⵍⴰ ⵏ ⵉⴳⵔⴰⵡⵏ ⵜⴰⵏⵣⵔⴰⴼⵜ, ⵎⴰⵛⵛ ⴰⵏⵓⵃⵢⵓ ⵏ ⵓⵙⵡⵉⵏⴳⵎ ⴷⴰ ⵜⵜ ⵏⵜⴰⵎ ⵛⵉⴳⴰⵏ ⴳ ⵉⵙⵡⵉⵏⴳⵎⵏ ⵉⵜⵜⵢⵓⵔⵔⴰⵏ. ⴳⴰⵏ ⵜⵉⵖⵜⴰⵙⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵙⵏⴱⴹⴰⵢⵜ ⵜⴰⵏⴰⴼⵍⴰⵜ ⵍⵍⵉ ⵓⵔ ⵎⵙⴰⵙⴰⵏ ⵏⴳⵔⴰⵜⵙⵏ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⴷⵎ ⵉ ⵜⴰⵖⵏⴰⵏⵜ ⴰⴷ . ⴰⵛⴽⵓ ⵉⵙⵏⵓⵃⵢⵓⵜⵏ '''ⴰⵏⵜⵓⵏⵉⵏ ⵙⴽⴰⵍⵢⴰ (Antonin Scalia)''' ⴷ ⵜⵓⴳⴷⵜ ⵏ ⵜⵙⴳⵣⵍ ⵜⵖⵏⴰⵏⵜ ⵜⴰⵣⵔⴼⴰⵏⵜ ⵏ ⵓⵙⵏⴱⴹⵓ ⵏⵏⴰ ⵉⵜⴳⴳⴰ ⴱⴰⵀⵔⴰ ⴳ ⵉⵎⴰⵙⵙⵏ ⴳ ⵓⵙⴼⵔⵓ ⵏ ⵓⵙⵍⴳⵏ ⵏ ⵜⴰⵎⵓⵏⵜ ⴷ ⵓⴷⵓⵙⵜⵓⵔ ⵍⵍⵉ ⴷ ⵢⵓⵙⴰⵏ.
* ⵜⴰⵖⵏⴰⵏⵜ ⵏⴳⵔ ⵉⵙⵔⵜⴰⵏ: ⵙⴳ ⵉⵎⴷⵢⴰⵜⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵖⵏⴰⵏⵜ ⴰⴷ ⵎⴰⴷ ⵉⵊⵕⴰⵏ ⵏⴳⵔ ⵓⵏⵙⵙⵉⵅⴼ ⵏ ⵎⵉⵔⵉⴽⴰⵏ ⴷ [[ⴽⵓⵏⴳⵔⵉⵙ ⴰⵎⵉⵔⵉⴽⵉ]] ⴳ ⵎⴰⴷ ⵉⵇⵇⵏ ⵙ [[ⵜⴰⴱⴰⴹⴰ ⵜⴰⵎⵣⵣⴳⴰⵔⵜ ]] ⵉ ⵓⵙⵏⵓⵏⵏⵛ ⵅⴼ ⵉⵎⵙⴰⵡⴰⵍⵏ ⵙ ⵜⵏⵜⵍⴰ ⵡⴰⵔ ⵜⵖⵜⵙⵜ ⵜⵓⵣⵔⴼⴰⵏⵜ. ⴷ ⵍⵍⴰⵏⵜ ⵜⵓⴳⴷⵜ ⵏ ⵉⵎⴷⵢⴰⵜⵏ ⵢⴰⴹⵏⵉⵏ ⴷⴰⵔⵙ ⵜⵣⴷⴰⵢⵜ ⴷ ⵓⴳⵓⵙ&lt;ref&gt;ⴰⵎⴰⵡⴰⵍ ⴰⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖ ⵎⵓⵃⵎⵎⴰⴷ ⵛⴰⴼⵉⵇ( نطاق)&lt;/ref&gt; ⵏ '''[[ⵜⴰⴱⴰⴹⴰ ⵜⴰⵎⵣⵣⴳⴰⵔⵜ|ⵜⴱⴰⴹⴰ ⵜⴰⵎⵣⵣⴳⴰⵔⵜ]]''' ⵎⴳⴰⵍ ⵏ ⵜⵎⵔⵙⴰⵍⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵏⴱⴰⴹⵜ ⵢⴰⴹⵏⵉⵏ.
* ⵜⴰⵖⵏⴰⵏⵜ ⵜⴰⴳⴷⵓⴷⴰⵏⵜ ⴰⴳⵏⵙⵓ ⵏ ⵡⴰⵎⵓⵏ. ⴷⵉⵎⴰ ⴰⵔ ⵉⴽⵛⵛⵎ ⵡⴰⵎⵓⵏ ⴳ ⵜⵖⵏⴰⵏⵜ ⵜⴰⵣⵔⴼⴰⵏⵜ ⴰⴳⵏⵙⵓ ⵏ ⵓⵙⵓⴷⵙ. ⴰⵛⴽⵓ ⵉⵙⵜⴰⵢⵏ ⵏ ⵉⵙⵔⵜⴰⵏⵏ ⴷ  ⵓⴷⵓⵣ ⵜⴳⴰ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⵡⵉⵍⴰ ⵙⴳ ⵜⵡⵉⵍⴰⵜⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵖⵏⴰⵏⵜ ⵜⴰⵣⵔⴼⴰⵏⵜ; ⵜⵓⴳⴷⵜ ⴰⵔ ⵜⵎⵓⵏⴰ ⴰⴷ ⵜⴳ ⴰⴳⵣⵣⵓⵎ ⵙⴳ ⵓⴽⴰⴱⴰⵔ ⵏⵖ ⴰⴷ ⵜⴱⵉⴷ ⴷ ⵓⴽⴰⴱⴰⵔ ⵢⴰⴹⵏⵉⵏ ⵍⵍⵉ ⵉⴼⴽⴰ ⴰⵡⴰⵍ  ⵏ ⵜⴰⵎⵣⵣⴳⴰⵔⵜ ⵏ ⵉⵙⵍⴳⴰⵏⵏ.
==ⵉⵙⴰⵖⵓⵍⵏ==
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