ⵡⵉⴽⵉⴱⵉⴷⵢⴰ zghwiki https://zgh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E2%B5%9C%E2%B4%B0%E2%B5%99%E2%B5%8F%E2%B4%B0_%E2%B5%8F_%E2%B5%93%E2%B5%99%E2%B5%8F%E2%B5%93%E2%B4%B1%E2%B4%B3 MediaWiki 1.46.0-wmf.26 first-letter ⵎⵉⴷⵢⴰ ⴰⵎⵥⵍⵉ ⴰⵎⵙⴳⴷⴰⵍ ⴰⵏⵙⵙⵎⵔⵙ ⴰⵎⵙⴳⴷⴰⵍ ⵏ ⵓⵏⵙⵙⵎⵔⵙ ⵡⵉⴽⵉⴱⵉⴷⵢⴰ ⴰⵎⵙⴳⴷⴰⵍ ⵏ ⵡⵉⴽⵉⴱⵉⴷⵢⴰ ⴰⴼⴰⵢⵍⵓ ⴰⵎⵙⴳⴷⴰⵍ ⵏ ⵓⴼⴰⵢⵍⵓ ⵎⵉⴷⵢⴰⵡⵉⴽⵉ ⴰⵎⵙⴳⴷⴰⵍ ⵏ ⵎⵉⴷⵢⴰⵡⵉⴽⵉ ⴰⵍⴱⵓⴹ ⴰⵎⵙⴳⴷⴰⵍ ⵏ ⵓⵍⴱⵓⴹ ⵜⵉⵡⵉⵙⵉ ⴰⵎⵙⴳⴷⴰⵍ ⵏ ⵜⵡⵉⵙⵉ ⴰⵙⵎⵉⵍ ⴰⵎⵙⴳⴷⴰⵍ ⵏ ⵓⵙⵎⵉⵍ TimedText TimedText talk Module Module talk Event Event talk 0 564 176042 153773 2026-05-04T13:52:07Z BihiBot 2406 ⴽⴽⵙⵖ ⴰⵍⴱⵓⴹ ⵏ ⵜⵏⵟⵟⵓⴼⵜ 176042 wikitext text/x-wiki ⵜⴰⵔⴰⴽⴰⵍⵜ ==ⵉⵙⴰⵖⵓⵍⵏ== *'''ⴰⵙⴳⵣⴰⵡⴰⵍ ⵏ [[ⴰⵙⵉⵏⴰⴳ ⴰⴳⵍⴷⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵓⵙⵙⵏⴰ ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵜ]](ⵙ.ⴳ.ⵙ.ⵎ) :''' [[ⵎⵙⵎⵓⵏ ⴰⵡⴰⵍ ⴰⵎⴰⵜⴰⵢ ⴰⵙⵏⵎⴰⵍⴰⵢ ⵏ ⵜⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵜ]] (ⵎ.ⵎ.ⵙ.ⵎ) {{ⵉⵙⴰⵖⵓⵍⵏ}} {{ⴰⴱⴰⴹ ⵓⵏⵜⵉⵎ}} grym37l4s5d9b6cimq2ioccoimlh8ps 0 580 176072 153822 2026-05-04T13:57:23Z BihiBot 2406 ⴽⴽⵙⵖ ⴰⵍⴱⵓⴹ ⵏ ⵜⵏⵟⵟⵓⴼⵜ 176072 wikitext text/x-wiki <center> ⴰⵎⵏⵣⵓ (ⴰⵥⵕⵓ ⵏ ⵓⵙⵎⴹⵍ) ⵏ ⵓⵎⵏⵏⴰⵖ ⴳ ⵜⴰⴽⵔⴼⴰⵍⴰ, [[ⴷⵣⴰⵢⵔ]] </center> ⵜⵉⵖⵔⵉ ⵏ ⵓⵎⵏⵣⵓ ⵙⴳ ⵖⵓⵔ ⵓⵙⵍⵎⴰⴷ ⴷ ⵓⵎⵔⵣⵓ [[ⵄⴱⴷⵍⵍⴰⵀ ⵍⵃⵍⵡⵉ]]:<ref>https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=bpASzeuII5s (1:38:00)</ref> {{ⵜⴰⵏⴹⴹⴰⵎⵜ | ⴰⴹⵕⵉⵚ= ⴰⵀⵍⵍⵓⵛ ⵉⵎⴰⵍⵍ ⴰⴱⵕⵏⵓⵚ ⵉⴱⴰⴱⴰⵍ ⴰⵕⵥⵥⴰⵎ ⵉⵕⵥⵎ ⴰⵏⴱⴱⴰⵛ ⵉⴽⵛⵎ ⵉⴽⴽⵏ ⴰⵎ ⴷ ⵡⴰⵡⵡⵓⴽ ⴰⵏⵀⴱⴰⴹ ⵉⴽⵛⵍ ⵉⴽⴽⵏ ⵓⴷⵎ ⵓⵡⵓⵛⵛ | ⴰⵎⴰⵔⴰ= [[ⵄⴱⴷⵍⵍⴰⵀ ⵍⵃⵍⵡⵉ]] | ⴰⵙⴰⵖⵓⵍ= | ⵓⴳⴳⴰⵔ= }} {{ⵉⵙⴰⵖⵓⵍⵏ}} {{ⴰⴱⴰⴹ ⵓⵏⵜⵉⵎ}} bxe7jjj6f92s5d5j2owp4sl8fbgwgyr 0 582 176074 153826 2026-05-04T14:07:07Z BihiBot 2406 ⴽⴽⵙⵖ ⴰⵍⴱⵓⴹ ⵏ ⵜⵏⵟⵟⵓⴼⵜ 176074 wikitext text/x-wiki ⴰⵎⴷⵢⴰ ⵏ ⵜⵓⵎⴰⵢⵜ ==ⵉⵙⴰⵖⵓⵍⵏ== *'''ⴰⵙⴳⵣⴰⵡⴰⵍ ⵏ [[ⴰⵙⵉⵏⴰⴳ ⴰⴳⵍⴷⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵓⵙⵙⵏⴰ ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵜ]](ⵙ.ⴳ.ⵙ.ⵎ) :''' [[ⵎⵙⵎⵓⵏ ⴰⵡⴰⵍ ⴰⵎⴰⵜⴰⵢ ⴰⵙⵏⵎⴰⵍⴰⵢ ⵏ ⵜⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵜ]] (ⵎ.ⵎ.ⵙ.ⵎ) {{ⵉⵙⴰⵖⵓⵍⵏ}} {{ⴰⴱⴰⴹ ⵓⵏⵜⵉⵎ}} qj6czme6jmifgfrs7n59q2d2pf204ao 0 585 176084 153858 2026-05-04T14:10:21Z BihiBot 2406 ⴽⴽⵙⵖ ⴰⵍⴱⵓⴹ ⵏ ⵜⵏⵟⵟⵓⴼⵜ 176084 wikitext text/x-wiki [[ⴰⴼⴰⵢⵍⵓ:CMAP_-_Centre_de_Math%C3%A9matiques_Appliqu%C3%A9es_de_l%27Ecole_polytechnique.jpg|thumb|220px|ⴰⵥⵖⵥⵏ ⴰⵎⵓⵙⵏⴰⴽ ⵖⴼ ⵜⴼⵍⵡⵉⵜ]] '''ⵜⵓⵙⵏⴰⴽⵜ''' ⴷ ⵜⵓⵙⵙⵏⵉⵡⵉⵏ ⵜⵉⵡⵏⴳⵉⵎⵉⵏ ⴳⴰⵏⵉⵏ ⵜⴰⵢⴰⴼⵓⵜ ⵏ [[ⴰⵥⵖⵥⵏ|ⵉⵥⵖⵥⴰⵏⵏ]] [[ⵜⴰⵎⵥⵍⴰ|ⵉⵎⵥⵥⵓⵍⵏ]] ⵎⵉ ⵜⴻⵜⵜⵓⴳ ⵜⵙⵏⵙⵉ ⵖⴼ ⵜⵖⴰⵡⵙⵉⵡⵉⵏ ⵎⵢⴰⵍⵍⴰⵏⵉⵏ ⵣⵓⵏ ⴷ [[ⴰⵎⴹⴰⵏ|ⵉⵎⴹⴰⵏⵏ]], [[ⵜⴰⵏⵣⴳⴳⵉⵜ|ⵓⵏⵓⵖⵏ]], [[ⵜⵓⵚⴽⵉⵡⵉⵏ]] ⴷ [[ⵉⵙⵎⴰⵜⵜⴰⵢⵏ]]. ⵜⴳⴰ ⵜⵓⵙⵏⴰⴽⵜ, ⴰⵡⴷ, ⵉⴳⵔ ⵏ [[ⴰⵔⵣⵣⵓ|ⵓⵔⵣⵣⵓ]] ⵉⵙⴱⵓⵖⵍⵓⵏ ⵜⵓⵙⵙⵏⵉⵡⵉⵏ ⴰⴷ, ⴷ ⴰⵡⴷ [[ⵉⵥⵍⵉ]] ⵜⵏⵜ ⵉⵙⵙⵍⵎⴰⴷⵏ. ⵜⴱⴹⴰ ⵜⵓⵙⵏⴰⴽⵜ ⵖⴼ ⴽⵉⴳⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵉⵥⵍⴰⵏ ⴰⵎⵎ: [[ⵜⴰⵙⵏⵎⴹⴰⵏⵜ]], [[ⵍⵊⴰⴱⵕ]], [[ⴰⵚⵍⴰⴹ]], [[ⵜⴰⵏⵣⴳⴳⵉⵜ]], [[ⵜⴰⵎⵥⵍⴰ ⵜⴰⵎⵓⵙⵏⴰⴽⵜ]], ⴰⵜⴳ. ⵉⵍⵍⴰ ⴰⵡⴷ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⵙⵏⴳⵉⵔⵉ ⴳⵔ [[ⵜⵓⵙⵏⴰⴽⵜ ⵜⴰⵣⴷⴷⴰⴳⵜ]] ⴷ [[ⵜⵓⵙⵏⴰⴽⵜ ⵜⴰⵎⵙⵏⵙⵉⵜ]]. ⵜⵎⵢⴰⵍⵍⴰ ⵜⵓⵙⵏⴰⴽⵜ ⵖⴼ [[ⵜⵎⴰⵙⵙⴰⵏⵉⵏ]] ⵢⴰⴹⵏⵉⵏ ⵙ ⵏ ⵓⵣⴷⴰⵢ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵉⵥⵍⵉⵏ ⴷ [[ⵜⵉⵍⴰⵡⵜ]] ⴰⵛⴽⵓ ⵓⵔ ⴷⴰ ⴷⵉⴳⵙ ⵜⴻⵜⵜⵓⵙⵎⵔⴰⵙ ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵡⵜ ⴷ ⵡⴰⵔⴰⵎ ⵖⴼ ⵜⵖⴰⵡⵙⵉⵡⵉⵏ ⵜⵉⴳⴰⵎⴰⵏⵉⵏ. ⵜⴳⴰ ⵜⵓⵙⵏⴰⴽⵜ ⵜⴰⵎⴷⵡⴰⵏⵜ (ⵜⵉⵏ ⵜⵡⵏⴳⵉⵎⵜ) ⵙ ⵓⵖⵔⵓⴷ ⵏⵏⵙ, ⵉⴷⴷⵖ ⵜⴱⴷⴷⴰ ⵖⴼ [[ⵉⴳⵊⴷⴰ]] ⵎⵉ ⵏⵜⵜⵉⵏⵉ [[ⵜⵉⵎⴷⴷⴰⵜⵉⵏ]] (ⴰⵏⴰⵎⴽ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵎⴰⵙ ⵓⵔ ⵣⵔⵉⵏⵜ ⵜⴳⵊⴷⴰ ⴰⴷ ⴳ ⵡⴰⵔⴰⵎ, ⵡⴰⵅⵅⴰ ⴰⵀⴰ ⵜⵜⵢⴰⴼⵔⴰⴽⵏⵜ) ⵏⵖ ⵖⴼ [[ⵜⵏⴷⴰⴳⵉⵏ]] ⵉⵜⵜⵡⴰⴷⴳⴳⴰⵏ ⴰⵔ ⴽⵔⴰ ⵏ ⵜⵉⵣⵉ ⵢⴰⴹⵏ. ⴷⴰ ⵜⵣⵔⵔⵉ [[ⵜⵉⵏⴰⵡⵜ]] ⵜⴰⵎⵓⵙⵏⴰⴽⵜ ⵏⵏⴰ ⵎⵉ ⵜⵜⵉⵏⵉⵏ, ⴰⴷⴷⴰⴳ ⵉⵣⵔⵉ, [[Wp/tzm/ⴰⵙⴽⴽⵓⴷ|ⴰⵙⴽⴽⵓⴷ]], ⴰⵙⵓⵎⵔ, [[ⴰⵎⵏⵣⵓ]],… ⴽⵓⴷⵏⵏⴰ ⵉⴹⴼⵕ ⵉⵏⴰⵡ ⵜ ⵉⵙⴱⴷⴷⴰⵏ ⴷ ⵏⵏⴰ ⴷ ⵉⵙⵙⵓⴼⵖⵏ ⵜⵉⴷⵜ ⵏⵏⵙ ⴽⴰ ⵏ ⵜⵓⵚⴽⴰⵡⵜ ⵜⴰⵖⵥⵏⴰⵏⵜ ⵎⵉ ⵏⵜⵜⵉⵏⵉ [[ⴰⵙⵙⵖⵥⵏ]], ⵏⵖ ⴰⵙⴽⴰⵏ ⴰⵎⵥⵥⵓⵍ. ⵜⵉⵏⴰⵡⵜ ⵏⵏⴰ ⵉⴷⵓⵙⵏ , ⵎⴰⵛⴰ ⵓⵔ ⵜⴰ ⴷ ⵉⴼⴼⵉⵖ ⵉⵙ ⵜⴳⴰ ⵜⵉⴷⵜ, ⴰⵔ ⴰⵙ ⵜⵜⵉⵏⵉⵏ [[ⵜⵓⵔⴷⴰ]]. <div class="no print" align="right">'''[[ⵜⵓⵙⵏⴰⴽⵜ|ⵓⴳⴳⴰⵔ ⵖⴼ ⵜⵓⵙⵏⴰⴽⵜ...]]'''</div> {{ⵉⵙⴰⵖⵓⵍⵏ}} {{ⴰⴱⴰⴹ ⵓⵏⵜⵉⵎ}} cu09ve6u567r3fznulpiyxo9v6coo0s 0 1282 175939 175930 2026-05-04T12:05:19Z BihiBot 2406 ⵙⵙⵔⵓⵙ ⵜⵉⵎⵙⵉⵔⵉⵜⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵓⵙⵏⵜⵍ ([[ⵎⴰⵙⵙⴰⴷⵏ:remove_templates_zgh.py|bot]]) 175939 wikitext text/x-wiki {| id="mp-topbanner" style="width:100%; background:#f9f9f9; margin-top:1.2em; border:1px solid #ccc;" | style="width:56%; color:#000;" | {| style="width:100%; border:solid 0px; background:transparent" |- | style="width:100%; text-align:center; white-space:nowrap; color:#000" | [[ⴰⴼⴰⵢⵍⵓ:Math.svg|Math|70px|left]] <div style="font-size:250%; border:0; margin:0; padding:.1em; color:#000"> '''ⴰⵡⵡⵓⵔ ⵏ ⵡⴰⵎⵓⵏ'''</div> |} |} {| id="mp-topbanner" style="width:100%; background:#f9f9f9; margin-top:1.2em; border:1px solid #ccc;" | style="width:56%; color:#000;" | '''ⵜⴰⵣⵡⵓⵔⵜ''' {| width="100%" border="0" style="padding: 0; margin:0; background:transparent;" |} |} {| id="mp-topbanner" style="width:100%; background:#f9f9f9; margin-top:1.2em; border:1px solid #ccc;" | style="width:56%; color:#000;" | <div id="sociology browsebar" style="margin-top:-3px; margin-bottom:0.2em; text-align:center; font-size:95%;"><!--The following may link politics portals:--> ⵉⵡⵡⵓⵔⴰ ⵏ ⵡⴰⵎⵓⵏ: [[ⴰⵡⵡⵓⵔ:ⵜⵉⵥⵓⵕⵉⵡⵉⵏ|ⵜⵉⵥⵓⵕⵉⵡⵉⵏ]] ♦ [[ⴰⵡⵡⵓⵔ:ⵜⴰⵙⵏⴼⴳⴰⵏⵜ|ⵜⴰⵙⵏⴼⴳⴰⵏⵜ]] ♦ [[ⴰⵡⵡⵓⵔ:ⵜⴰⵎⵜⵜⵉ|ⵜⴰⵎⵜⵜⵉ]] ♦ [[ⴰⵡⵡⵓⵔ:ⵜⴰⴷⵍⵙⴰ|ⵜⴰⴷⵍⵙⴰ]] ♦ [[ⴰⵡⵡⵓⵔ:ⵜⴰⴷⵎⵙⴰ|ⵜⴰⴷⵎⵙⴰ]] ♦ [[ⴰⵡⵡⵓⵔ:ⴰⵙⵙⴳⵎⵉ|ⴰⵙⵙⴳⵎⵉ]] ♦ [[ⴰⵡⵡⵓⵔ:ⵜⴰⵔⴰⴽⴰⵍⵜ|ⵜⴰⵔⴰⴽⴰⵍⵜ]] ♦ [[Gender studies]] ♦ [[Globalisation]] ♦ [[ⴰⵡⵡⵓⵔ:ⴰⵎⵣⵔⵓⵢ|ⴰⵎⵣⵔⵓⵢ]] ♦ [[ⴰⵡⵡⵓⵔ:ⵉⵣⵔⴼⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵓⴼⴳⴰⵏ|ⵉⵣⵔⴼⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵓⴼⴳⴰⵏ]] ♦ [[ⴰⵡⵡⵓⵔ:ⴰⵏⵜⵉⵔⵏⵉⵜ|ⴰⵏⵜⵉⵔⵏⵉⵜ]] ♦ [[ⴰⵡⵡⵓⵔ:ⴰⵙⴰⴹⵓⴼ|ⴰⵙⴰⴹⵓⴼ]] ♦ [[ⴰⵡⵡⵓⵔ:ⵜⴰⴼⵍⵙⴰⴼⵜ|ⵜⴰⴼⵍⵙⴰⴼⵜ]] ♦ [[ⴰⵡⵡⵓⵔ:ⵉⵎⵓⵙⵙⵓⵜⵏ ⵉⵏⴰⵎⵓⵏⵏ|ⵉⵎⵓⵙⵙⵓⵜⵏ ⵉⵏⴰⵎⵓⵏⵏ]] ♦ [[ⴰⵡⵡⵓⵔ:ⵜⵉⵎⴰⵙⵙⴰⵏⵉⵏ ⵜⵉⵏⴰⵎⵓⵏⵉⵏ|ⵜⵉⵎⴰⵙⵙⴰⵏⵉⵏ ⵜⵉⵏⴰⵎⵓⵏⵉⵏ]] ♦ [[ⴰⵡⵡⵓⵔ:ⴰⵎⵣⵔⵓⵢ|ⴰⵎⵣⵔⵓⵢ]] ♦ [[ⴰⵡⵡⵓⵔ:ⵜⴰⴽⵙⵙⴰ ⵜⴰⵏⴰⵎⵓⵏⵜ ⴷ ⵜⵡⵓⵔⵉ ⵜⴰⵏⴰⵎⵓⵏⵜ|ⵜⴰⴽⵙⵙⴰ ⵜⴰⵏⴰⵎⵓⵏⵜ ⴷ ⵜⵡⵓⵔⵉ ⵜⴰⵏⴰⵎⵓⵏⵜ]] ♦ [[ⴰⵡⵡⵓⵔ:ⵜⴰⵙⵏⴰⵎⵓⵏⵜ|ⵜⴰⵙⵏⴰⵎⵓⵏⵜ]] </div><noinclude> |} [[en:Portal:Society]] [[fr:Portail:Société]] [[ar:بوابة:مجتمع]] ==ⵉⵙⴰⵖⵓⵍⵏ== {{ⵉⵙⴰⵖⵓⵍⵏ}} {{ⴰⴱⴰⴹ ⵓⵏⵜⵉⵎ}} a0144emx4xmk1uwnbw00c3k13nbi9im 0 1284 175941 175934 2026-05-04T12:16:45Z BihiBot 2406 ⴽⴽⵙⵖ ⴰⵍⴱⵓⴹ ⵏ ⵜⵏⵟⵟⵓⴼⵜ 175941 wikitext text/x-wiki {{ⵉⵙⵕⵥⴰⵎ ⵏ ⵡⴰⴳⴳⵓⵔ |ⴰⵎⵣⵔⵓⵢ}} ==ⵉⵙⴰⵖⵓⵍⵏ== {{ⵉⵙⴰⵖⵓⵍⵏ}} {{ⴰⴱⴰⴹ ⵓⵏⵜⵉⵎ}} 5b7qlgu196ai34wqwmw6jtxakekvqg8 0 1286 175942 164377 2026-05-04T12:17:26Z BihiBot 2406 ⴽⴽⵙⵖ ⴰⵍⴱⵓⴹ ⵏ ⵜⵏⵟⵟⵓⴼⵜ 175942 wikitext text/x-wiki [[ⴰⴼⴰⵢⵍⵓ:Gyzis 006 (Ηistoria).jpeg|Frameless|250px|right]] '''ⴰⵎⵣⵔⵓⵢ''' ⵙⴳ [[ⴰⵎⵢⴰⴳ|ⵓⵎⵢⴰⴳ]] ''ⵣⵔⵢ'', ⵉⴳⴰ ⵜⴰⵖⵓⵔⵉ ⵏ ⵎⴰⵢⴷ ⵉⵣⵔⵉⵏ ⵎⴽ ⵍⵍⵉ ⵙ ⵉⵍⵍⴰ ⴳ ⵡⴰⵔⵔⴰⵜⵏ ⵉⵜⵜⵢⴰⵔⴰⵏ. ⵉⵎⵣⵣⵓⵜⵏ ⵉⵣⵔⵉⵏ ⵓⵔⵜⴰ ⵍⵍⵉⵏ ⵡⴰⵔⵔⴰⵜⵏ ⵇⵇⴰⵔⵏ ⴰⵙⵏ [[ⴰⵣⵔⵎⵣⵔⵓⵢ]]. ⵉⴳⴰ ⵓⵍⴰ ⵢⴰⵜ [[ⵜⴰⴳⵓⵔⵉ ⵜⴰⵔⴰⵏⵥⴰⵔⵜ|ⵜⴳⵓⵔⵉ ⵜⴰⵔⴰⵏⵥⴰⵔⵜ]] ⵉⴽⴽⵏⵏ ⴷ ⵉⵎⵣⵣⵓⵜⵏ ⵉⵣⵔⵉⵏ ⴰⵍⵜⵓ ⴷ ⵜⵎⴽⵜⵜⵉⵜ, ⵜⴰⵏⴰⵣⵓⴼⵜ, ⴰⴳⵔⵓ, ⴰⵙⵓⴷⵙ, ⴷ ⵓⵙⵎⵏⵉⴷ ⵏ ⵉⵏⵖⵎⵉⵙⵏ ⵖⴼ ⵉⵎⵣⵣⵓⵜⵏ ⴰⴷ. ⵉⵎⵔⵣⵓⵜⵏ ⵍⵍⵉ ⵉⵜⵜⴰⵔⴰⵏ ⵖⴼ ⵓⵎⵣⵔⵓⵢ ⵇⵇⴰⵔⵏ ⴰⵙⵏ [[ⴰⵎⵙⵏⵣⵔⵓⵢ|ⵉⵎⵙⵏⵣⵔⵓⵢⵏ]]. ⴰⵎⵣⵔⵓⵢ ⵉⵥⴹⴰⵔ ⵓⵍⴰ ⴰⴷ ⵉⵄⵏⵓ [[ⵉⵥⵍⵉ (ⴰⴽⴰⴷⵉⵎⵢⴰ)|ⵉⵥⵍⵉ ⴰⴽⴰⴷⵉⵎⴰⵏ]] ⵏⵏⴰ ⵉⵙⵙⵎⵔⴰⵙⵏ [[ⴰⵍⵍⴰⵙ]] ⵃⵎⴰ ⴰⴷ ⵉⵖⵔ ⴷ ⴰⴷ ⵉⵙⴼⵙⵉ ⴽⵔⴰ ⵏ ⵜⴰⴳⵣⵣⵓⵎⵜ ⵏ ⵉⵎⵣⵣⵓⵜⵏ ⵉⵣⵔⵉⵏ, ⴷ ⴰⴷ ⵉⵥⵍⵉ ⵙ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⵏⴰⵎⴽ ⴰⵎⵙⵖⴰⵔⵓ ⴰⵏⴰⵡⵏ ⵏ ⵓⵙⵔⴰⴳ ⴷ ⵜⵓⵙⵓⵔⵉⵏ ⵏⵏⴰ ⵜⵏ ⵉⵥⵍⴰⵢⵏ. ⵉⴷⵃⵉⵏⴰ ⴰⵔ ⵜⵎⵙⴳⴷⴰⵍⵏ ⵉⵎⵙⵏⵣⵔⵓⵢⵏ ⵖⴼ [[ⵜⴰⵙⵏⴰⵣⵔⵓⵢ|ⵓⴳⴰⵎⴰ ⵏ ⵓⵎⵣⵔⵓⵢ]] ⴷ ⵓⴱⵖⵉⵔ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵙ ⵓⵎⴹⴽⴰⵔ ⵖⴼ ⵜⵖⵓⵔⵉ ⵏ ⵓⵥⵍⵉ ⵉⵣⴷ ⵏⵜⵜⴰⵜ ⴰⴷ ⵉⴳⴰⵏ ⴰⵡⵜⵜⴰⵙ ⵙ ⵉⵅⴼ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵏⵖⴷ ⴰⵎ ⵜⵖⴰⵔⴰⵙⵜ ⵏⵏⴰ ⵢⴰⴽⴽⴰⵏ "ⴰⵎⵏⴰⴷ" ⵖⴼ ⵉⵎⵓⴽⵔⵉⵙⵏ ⵉⵎⵉⵍⴰⵏⵏ. ⵜⴰⵍⵍⴰⵙⵉⵏ ⵉⵣⴷⵉⵏ ⴷ ⴽⵔⴰ ⵏ ⵜⵓⵙⵙⵏⴰ ⵉⵥⵍⵉⵏ, ⵎⴰⵛ ⵓⵔ ⴷⴰⵔⵙⵏⵜ ⵉⵙⴰⴳⵎⵏ ⵉⴱⵔⵔⴰⵏⵉⵏ (ⴰⵎ ⵜⵉⵏⴼⵓⵙⵉⵏ ⵖⴼ [[ⴰⴳⵍⵍⵉⴷ ⴰⵔⵜⵔ|ⵓⴳⵍⵍⵉⴷ ⴰⵔⵜⵔ]]), ⴰⵔ ⵜⵜⵡⴰⵙⵎⵉⵍⵏⵜ ⴰⵎ [[ⴰⴽⴽⵓⵙⵓ ⵏ ⵜⵓⵙⵙⵏⴰ]] ⵏⵖⴷ [[ⵜⴰⵏⴼⵓⵙⵜ|ⵜⵉⵏⴼⵓⵙⵉⵏ]], ⴰⵛⴽⵓ ⵓⵔ ⵖⵓⵔⵙⵏ ⵉⵍⵍⵉ "ⵓⵙⵓⴳⴳⵓ ⴰⵔⴰⵡⵙⴰⵏ" ⵍⵍⵉ ⵙ ⵉⵙⵖⴰⵡⵙⴰ ⵓⵥⵍⵉ ⵏ ⵓⵎⵣⵔⵓⵢ. [[ⵀⵉⵔⵓⴷⵓⵜⵓⵙ]], ⵉⴳⴰ ⵢⴰⵏ [[ⴰⵎⵙⵏⵣⵔⵓⵢ ⴰⴳⵔⵉⴽ|ⵓⵎⵙⵏⵣⵔⵓⵢ ⴰⴳⵔⵉⴽ]] ⵙⴳ ⵜⴰⵙⵓⵜ ⵜⵉⵙⵙ 5 ⴷⴰⵜ ⵜⴰⵍⴰⵍⵉⵜ ⵏ ⵄⵉⵙⴰ ⵉⵜⵜⵡⵢⵙⵙⴰⵏ ⴳ ⵓⵏⵣⵉⵖ ⵓⵜⵔⵉⵎ ⵎⴰ ⵙ ⵉⴳⴰ "ⴱⴰⴱⴰⵙ ⵏ ⵓⵎⵣⵔⵓⵢ", ⴷ, [[ⵜⵓⵙⵉⴷⵉⴷⵉⵙ]] ⵍⵍⵉ ⵉⴳⴰⵏ ⴰⵜⵔⴰⵔ ⵏⵏⵙ, ⵉⵡⵙⵏ ⴳ ⵓⵙⴱⴷⴷⵉ ⵏ ⵜⵖⵓⵔⵉ ⵜⴰⵜⵔⴰⵔⵜ ⵏ ⵓⵎⵣⵔⵓⵢ ⵏ ⵓⴼⴳⴰⵏ. ⴰⵔ ⵓⴽⴰⵏ ⵙⵓⵍ ⵜⵜⵉⵢⵖⵔⴰⵏ ⵉⴷⵍⵉⵙⵏ ⵏⵏⵙⵏ ⵙ ⵡⴰⵙⵙⴰ ⴰⴷ, ⴷ ⵓⵎⵣⴰⵔⴰⵢ ⵉⵍⵍⴰⵏ ⵏⴳⵔ ⵀⵉⵔⵓⴷⵓⵜⵙ ⵍⵍⵉ ⵉⴱⴷⴷⵏ ⵖⴼ ⵜⵓⵙⵙⵏⴰ ⴷ ⵜⵓⵙⵉⴷⵉⴷⵉⵙ ⵍⵍⵉ ⵉⴱⴷⴷⵏ ⵖⴼ ⵓⵙⵔⴷⴰⵙ ⵉⴳⴰ ⵓⴽⴰⵏ ⵙⵓⵍ ⵜⴰⵏⵇⴹⵜ ⵏ ⵓⵎⵣⴰⵔⴰⵢ ⵏⵖ ⵜⴰⵎⵢⴰⴷⴰⵙⵜ ⴳ ⵡⴰⵔⵔⴰⵜⵏ ⵏ ⵓⵎⵣⵔⵓⵢ ⵉⵜⵔⴰⵔⵏ. ⴳ ⵜⴰⵣⵉⵜ ⵏ ⵓⵙⴰⵎⵎⵔ, ⵢⴰⵜ [[ⵜⴰⵎⵣⵔⴰⵢⵜ|ⵜⵎⵣⵔⴰⵢⵜ]], [[ⵜⵉⵏ ⵉⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙⵏ ⵏ ⵜⴼⵙⵓⵜ ⴷ ⵓⵎⵡⴰⵏ]] ⵜⵜⵉⵢⵙⵙⴰⵏ ⵎⴰ ⵙ ⵜⴳⴰ ⵙⴳ 722 ⴷⴰⵜ ⵜⴰⵍⴰⵍⵉⵜ ⵏ ⵄⵉⵙⴰ ⵎⵇⵇⴰⵔ ⴷ ⵖⴰⵙ ⵉⴹⵕⵉⵚⵏ ⵙⴳ ⵜⴰⵙⵓⵜ ⵜⵉⵙⵙ 2 ⴽⴰ ⴷ ⵙⵓⵍ ⵉⵖⴰⵎⴰⵏ <div class="no print" align="right">'''[[ⴰⵎⵣⵔⵓⵢ|ⵓⴳⴳⴰⵔ ⵖⴼ ⵓⵎⵣⵔⵓⵢ...]]'''</div> pcub9yuht2fufvf2oyqwrx6ht37w1p3 0 1288 175943 153570 2026-05-04T12:17:36Z BihiBot 2406 ⴽⴽⵙⵖ ⴰⵍⴱⵓⴹ ⵏ ⵜⵏⵟⵟⵓⴼⵜ 175943 wikitext text/x-wiki {| id="mp-topbanner" style="width:100%; background:#f9f9f9; margin-top:1.2em; border:1px solid #ccc;" | style="width:56%; color:#000;" | {| style="width:100%; border:solid 0px; background:transparent" | style="width:100%; text-align:center; white-space:nowrap; color:#000" | [[ⴰⴼⴰⵢⵍⵓ:Math.svg|left|70x70px|Math]] <div style="font-size:250%; border:0; margin:0; padding:.1em; color:#000"> '''ⴰⵡⵡⵓⵔ ⵏ ⵡⴰⵏⵜⵉⵔⵏⵉⵜ'''</div> |} |} ==ⵉⵙⴰⵖⵓⵍⵏ== *'''ⴰⵙⴳⵣⴰⵡⴰⵍ ⵏ [[ⴰⵙⵉⵏⴰⴳ ⴰⴳⵍⴷⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵓⵙⵙⵏⴰ ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵜ]](ⵙ.ⴳ.ⵙ.ⵎ) :''' [[ⵎⵙⵎⵓⵏ ⴰⵡⴰⵍ ⴰⵎⴰⵜⴰⵢ ⴰⵙⵏⵎⴰⵍⴰⵢ ⵏ ⵜⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵜ]] (ⵎ.ⵎ.ⵙ.ⵎ) {{ⵉⵙⴰⵖⵓⵍⵏ}} {{ⴰⴱⴰⴹ ⵓⵏⵜⵉⵎ}} g4fbx550qo8036ogtfmm6d759b03p7q 0 1289 175944 153572 2026-05-04T12:17:54Z BihiBot 2406 ⴽⴽⵙⵖ ⴰⵍⴱⵓⴹ ⵏ ⵜⵏⵟⵟⵓⴼⵜ 175944 wikitext text/x-wiki {| id="mp-topbanner" style="width:100%; background:#f9f9f9; margin-top:1.2em; border:1px solid #ccc;" | style="width:56%; color:#000;" | {| style="width:100%; border:solid 0px; background:transparent" | style="width:100%; text-align:center; white-space:nowrap; color:#000" | [[ⴰⴼⴰⵢⵍⵓ:Math.svg|left|70x70px|Math]] <div style="font-size:250%; border:0; margin:0; padding:.1em; color:#000"> '''ⴰⵡⵡⵓⵔ ⵏ ⵓⵙⴰⴹⵓⴼ'''</div> |} |} [[fr:portail:loi]] ==ⵉⵙⴰⵖⵓⵍⵏ== *'''ⴰⵙⴳⵣⴰⵡⴰⵍ ⵏ [[ⴰⵙⵉⵏⴰⴳ ⴰⴳⵍⴷⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵓⵙⵙⵏⴰ ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵜ]](ⵙ.ⴳ.ⵙ.ⵎ) :''' [[ⵎⵙⵎⵓⵏ ⴰⵡⴰⵍ ⴰⵎⴰⵜⴰⵢ ⴰⵙⵏⵎⴰⵍⴰⵢ ⵏ ⵜⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵜ]] (ⵎ.ⵎ.ⵙ.ⵎ) {{ⵉⵙⴰⵖⵓⵍⵏ}} {{ⴰⴱⴰⴹ ⵓⵏⵜⵉⵎ}} 4ud775thvakol7bm4obh44tnsqespx4 0 1291 175945 153576 2026-05-04T12:18:06Z BihiBot 2406 ⴽⴽⵙⵖ ⴰⵍⴱⵓⴹ ⵏ ⵜⵏⵟⵟⵓⴼⵜ 175945 wikitext text/x-wiki {{ⵉⵙⵕⵥⴰⵎ ⵏ ⵡⴰⵡⵡⵓⵔ|ⴰⵙⴳⴷ}} ==ⵉⵙⴰⵖⵓⵍⵏ== {{ⵉⵙⴰⵖⵓⵍⵏ}} {{ⴰⴱⴰⴹ ⵓⵏⵜⵉⵎ}} drqkdopqb8o5j2mg4kifojgkmk9mj70 0 1292 175947 153578 2026-05-04T12:18:26Z BihiBot 2406 ⴽⴽⵙⵖ ⴰⵍⴱⵓⴹ ⵏ ⵜⵏⵟⵟⵓⴼⵜ 175947 wikitext text/x-wiki {| id="mp-topbanner" style="width:100%; background:#f9f9f9; margin-top:1.2em; border:1px solid #ccc;" | style="width:56%; color:#000;" | {| style="width:100%; border:solid 0px; background:transparent" | style="width:100%; text-align:center; white-space:nowrap; color:#000" | [[ⴰⴼⴰⵢⵍⵓ:Math.svg|left|70x70px|Math]] <div style="font-size:250%; border:0; margin:0; padding:.1em; color:#000"> '''ⴰⵡⵡⵓⵔ ⵏ ⵓⵙⵙⴳⵎⵉ'''</div> |} |} ==ⵉⵙⴰⵖⵓⵍⵏ== *'''ⴰⵙⴳⵣⴰⵡⴰⵍ ⵏ [[ⴰⵙⵉⵏⴰⴳ ⴰⴳⵍⴷⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵓⵙⵙⵏⴰ ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵜ]](ⵙ.ⴳ.ⵙ.ⵎ) :''' [[ⵎⵙⵎⵓⵏ ⴰⵡⴰⵍ ⴰⵎⴰⵜⴰⵢ ⴰⵙⵏⵎⴰⵍⴰⵢ ⵏ ⵜⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵜ]] (ⵎ.ⵎ.ⵙ.ⵎ) {{ⵉⵙⴰⵖⵓⵍⵏ}} {{ⴰⴱⴰⴹ ⵓⵏⵜⵉⵎ}} f7hzt6u0l3ebfsii1eq3qwz897pwglv 0 1293 175983 153646 2026-05-04T12:24:27Z BihiBot 2406 ⴽⴽⵙⵖ ⴰⵍⴱⵓⴹ ⵏ ⵜⵏⵟⵟⵓⴼⵜ 175983 wikitext text/x-wiki {| id="mp-topbanner" style="width:100%; background:#f9f9f9; margin-top:1.2em; border:1px solid #ccc;" | style="width:56%; color:#000;" | {| style="width:100%; border:solid 0px; background:transparent" | style="width:100%; text-align:center; white-space:nowrap; color:#000" | [[ⴰⴼⴰⵢⵍⵓ:Math.svg|left|70x70px|Math]] <div style="font-size:250%; border:0; margin:0; padding:.1em; color:#000"> '''ⴰⵡⵡⵓⵔ ⵏ ⵉⵎⵓⵙⵙⵓⵜⵏ ⵉⵏⴰⵎⵓⵏⵏ'''</div> |} |} [[fr:portail:mouvements sociales]] ==ⵉⵙⴰⵖⵓⵍⵏ== *'''ⴰⵙⴳⵣⴰⵡⴰⵍ ⵏ [[ⴰⵙⵉⵏⴰⴳ ⴰⴳⵍⴷⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵓⵙⵙⵏⴰ ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵜ]](ⵙ.ⴳ.ⵙ.ⵎ) :''' [[ⵎⵙⵎⵓⵏ ⴰⵡⴰⵍ ⴰⵎⴰⵜⴰⵢ ⴰⵙⵏⵎⴰⵍⴰⵢ ⵏ ⵜⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵜ]] (ⵎ.ⵎ.ⵙ.ⵎ) {{ⵉⵙⴰⵖⵓⵍⵏ}} {{ⴰⴱⴰⴹ ⵓⵏⵜⵉⵎ}} 9wgzcbyysnyz7mq6juhvjs7qb1uspgv 0 1294 175984 157456 2026-05-04T12:24:38Z BihiBot 2406 ⴽⴽⵙⵖ ⴰⵍⴱⵓⴹ ⵏ ⵜⵏⵟⵟⵓⴼⵜ 175984 wikitext text/x-wiki {{ⵉⵙⵕⵥⴰⵎ ⵏ ⵡⴰⵡⵡⵓⵔ|ⵉⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵏ}} {{ⵜⴰⵣⵡⵓⵔⵜ |ⴰⵡⵡⵓⵔ = ⵉⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵏ |ⵜⴰⵡⵍⴰⴼⵜ = Ya%E1%BA%93.png }} <div style="display: flex; flex-direction: row; flex-wrap: wrap;"> <div style="display: flex; flex-direction: column; flex: 1 1 25em;"><!-- ⵜⴰⴳⵣⵣⵓⵎⵜ ⵜⴰⵥⵍⵎⴰⴹⵜ---> {{ⴰⵎⵏⵏⵉ | ⵜⵓⵎⴰⵢⵜ = {{Template:ⵉⵎⵖⵕⴰⵏ}} | ⴰⵙⵖⵏ = Template:ⵉⵎⵖⵕⴰⵏ | ⴰⵣⵡⵍ = ⵉⵎⵖⵕⴰⵏ | ⴰⵣⵡⵍ ⵎⵥⵥⵉⵢⵏ = | ⴰⴽⵍⵓ ⵏ ⵡⴰⴱⵓⴹ ⵏ ⵓⵣⵡⵍ = #FAD7A0 | ⴰⴽⵍⵓ ⵏ ⵡⴰⴱⵓⴹ ⵏ ⵜⵓⵎⴰⵢⵜ = #F8F9F9 | ⵜⴰⵡⵍⴰⴼⵜ = | ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵎⴽⵜ= flex: 4 4 auto; | ⵖⵔ ⵓⴳⴳⴰⵔ = | ⵜⵉⴷⴷⵉ ⵏ ⵓⴱⴰⴷⵓ = 1px | ⴰⴽⵍⵓ ⵏ ⵓⴱⴰⴷⵓ = #FAD7A0 | ⴰⵎⴰⵍⵓ = 0em | ⴰⴽⵍⵓ ⵏ ⵓⵎⴰⵍⵓ = }} </div> <!-- ⵜⵉⴳⵉⵔⴰ ⵏ ⵜⴳⵣⵣⵓⵎⵜ ⵜⴰⵥⵍⵎⴰⴹⵜ --> <div style="display: flex; flex-direction: column; flex: 1 1 25em;"><!-- ⵜⴰⴳⵣⵣⵓⵎⵜ ⵜⴰⵢⴼⴼⴰⵙⵜ--> {{ⴰⵎⵏⵏⵉ | ⵜⵓⵎⴰⵢⵜ = {{Template:ⵎⵓⵕⵉⵟⴰⵏⵢⴰ}} | ⴰⵙⵖⵏ = Template:ⵎⵓⵕⵉⵟⴰⵏⵢⴰ | ⴰⵣⵡⵍ = ⵎⵓⵕⵉⵟⴰⵏⵢⴰ | ⴰⵣⵡⵍ ⵎⵥⵥⵉⵢⵏ = | ⴰⴽⵍⵓ ⵏ ⵡⴰⴱⵓⴹ ⵏ ⵓⵣⵡⵍ = #FAD7A0 | ⴰⴽⵍⵓ ⵏ ⵡⴰⴱⵓⴹ ⵏ ⵜⵓⵎⴰⵢⵜ = #F8F9F9 | ⵜⴰⵡⵍⴰⴼⵜ = | ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵎⴽⵜ= flex: 4 4 auto; | ⵖⵔ ⵓⴳⴳⴰⵔ = | ⵜⵉⴷⴷⵉ ⵏ ⵓⴱⴰⴷⵓ = 1px | ⴰⴽⵍⵓ ⵏ ⵓⴱⴰⴷⵓ = #FAD7A0 | ⴰⵎⴰⵍⵓ = 0em | ⴰⴽⵍⵓ ⵏ ⵓⵎⴰⵍⵓ = }} </div> <!-- ⵜⵉⴳⵉⵔⴰ ⵏ ⵜⴳⵣⵣⵓⵎⵜ ⵜⴰⵢⴼⴼⴰⵙⵜ--> </div> ==ⵉⵙⴰⵖⵓⵍⵏ== {{ⵉⵙⴰⵖⵓⵍⵏ}} {{ⴰⴱⴰⴹ ⵓⵏⵜⵉⵎ}} {{ⴰⵙⵎⵉⵍ|ⴰⵡⵡⵓⵔ}} irp1kdkfrpun5ohtnyllyyxzsqhpb9l 0 1295 175985 153648 2026-05-04T12:25:00Z BihiBot 2406 ⴽⴽⵙⵖ ⴰⵍⴱⵓⴹ ⵏ ⵜⵏⵟⵟⵓⴼⵜ 175985 wikitext text/x-wiki {{ⵉⵙⵕⵥⴰⵎ ⵏ ⵡⴰⵡⵡⵓⵔ|ⵉⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵏ}} ==ⵉⵙⴰⵖⵓⵍⵏ== {{ⵉⵙⴰⵖⵓⵍⵏ}} {{ⴰⴱⴰⴹ ⵓⵏⵜⵉⵎ}} eq5eclc6zglk6x2grtsb5vwn98arpkt 0 1296 175986 153650 2026-05-04T12:25:09Z BihiBot 2406 ⴽⴽⵙⵖ ⴰⵍⴱⵓⴹ ⵏ ⵜⵏⵟⵟⵓⴼⵜ 175986 wikitext text/x-wiki <categorytree>ⵉⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵏ</categorytree> ==ⵉⵙⴰⵖⵓⵍⵏ== *'''ⴰⵙⴳⵣⴰⵡⴰⵍ ⵏ [[ⴰⵙⵉⵏⴰⴳ ⴰⴳⵍⴷⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵓⵙⵙⵏⴰ ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵜ]](ⵙ.ⴳ.ⵙ.ⵎ) :''' [[ⵎⵙⵎⵓⵏ ⴰⵡⴰⵍ ⴰⵎⴰⵜⴰⵢ ⴰⵙⵏⵎⴰⵍⴰⵢ ⵏ ⵜⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵜ]] (ⵎ.ⵎ.ⵙ.ⵎ) {{ⵉⵙⴰⵖⵓⵍⵏ}} {{ⴰⴱⴰⴹ ⵓⵏⵜⵉⵎ}} 34ydjwyf2a0b2g3a63cjfzgnitzubhl 0 1297 175987 153652 2026-05-04T12:25:18Z BihiBot 2406 ⴽⴽⵙⵖ ⴰⵍⴱⵓⴹ ⵏ ⵜⵏⵟⵟⵓⴼⵜ 175987 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Boutons | cadre = non | bordure boutons = solid 1px #735C70 | fond boutons = white | fond select = #d7eed8 | arrondi = 0px | bouton-1 = <span style="color:#735C70;">ⴰⵡⵡⵓⵔ</span> | url-1 =ⴰⵡⵡⵓⵔ:ⵉⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵏ | image-1 = Logo portail wikip%C3%A9dia.svg | bouton-2 = <span style="color:#735C70;">ⴰⵎⵙⴰⵡⴰⵍ</span> | url-2 = Talk:ⴰⵡⵡⵓⵔ:ⵉⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵏ | image-2 = Circle-icons-chat.svg | bouton-3 = <span style="color:#735C70;">ⵉⵙⵎⵉⵍⵏ</span> | url-3 = :Category:ⵉⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵏ | image-3 = Applications-category-tree-info.svg | bouton-4 = <span style="color:#735C70;">ⴰⵙⴰⵔⵎ</span> | url-4 =ⴰⵡⵡⵓⵔ:ⵉⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵏ/ⴰⵙⴰⵔⵎ | image-4 = Nuvola apps edu science.svg }} == ⵉⵙⴰⵖⵓⵍⵏ == {{ⵉⵙⴰⵖⵓⵍⵏ}} {{ⴰⴱⴰⴹ ⵓⵏⵜⵉⵎ}} aev7r5diad7ksqp96obihjk5xvn6vkm 0 1298 175988 153654 2026-05-04T12:25:27Z BihiBot 2406 ⴽⴽⵙⵖ ⴰⵍⴱⵓⴹ ⵏ ⵜⵏⵟⵟⵓⴼⵜ 175988 wikitext text/x-wiki {| id="mp-topbanner" style="width:100%; background:#f9f9f9; margin-top:1.2em; border:1px solid #ccc;" | style="width:56%; color:#000;" | {| style="width:100%; border:solid 0px; background:transparent" | style="width:100%; text-align:center; white-space:nowrap; color:#000" | [[ⴰⴼⴰⵢⵍⵓ:Math.svg|left|70x70px|Math]] <div style="font-size:250%; border:0; margin:0; padding:.1em; color:#000"> '''ⴰⵡⵡⵓⵔ ⵏ ⵉⵎⵓⵙⵙⵓⵜⵏ ⵉⵏⴰⵎⵓⵏⵏ'''</div> |} |} [[fr:portail:mouvements sociales]] ==ⵉⵙⴰⵖⵓⵍⵏ== *'''ⴰⵙⴳⵣⴰⵡⴰⵍ ⵏ [[ⴰⵙⵉⵏⴰⴳ ⴰⴳⵍⴷⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵓⵙⵙⵏⴰ ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵜ]](ⵙ.ⴳ.ⵙ.ⵎ) :''' [[ⵎⵙⵎⵓⵏ ⴰⵡⴰⵍ ⴰⵎⴰⵜⴰⵢ ⴰⵙⵏⵎⴰⵍⴰⵢ ⵏ ⵜⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵜ]] (ⵎ.ⵎ.ⵙ.ⵎ) {{ⵉⵙⴰⵖⵓⵍⵏ}} {{ⴰⴱⴰⴹ ⵓⵏⵜⵉⵎ}} 9wgzcbyysnyz7mq6juhvjs7qb1uspgv 0 1299 175989 157940 2026-05-04T12:25:40Z BihiBot 2406 ⴽⴽⵙⵖ ⴰⵍⴱⵓⴹ ⵏ ⵜⵏⵟⵟⵓⴼⵜ 175989 wikitext text/x-wiki {{ⵉⵙⵕⵥⴰⵎ ⵏ ⵡⴰⵡⵡⵓⵔ|ⵉⵙⴰⵖⵓⵍⵏ}} {{ⵜⴰⵣⵡⵓⵔⵜ |ⴰⵡⵡⵓⵔ = ⵉⵙⴰⵖⵓⵍⵏ |ⵜⴰⵡⵍⴰⴼⵜ = Crystal128-pipe.svg }} {{ⴰⵎⵏⵏⵉ | ⴰⵙⵖⵏ = Template:Awwur/Tiɣbula/Tazwurt | ⴰⵣⵡⵍ= ⵜⴰⵣⵡⵓⵔⵜ | ⴰⴽⵍⵓ ⵏ ⵡⴰⴱⵓⴹ ⵏ ⵓⵣⵡⵍ = #BDD5EF | ⵜⴰⵡⵍⴰⴼⵜ= Circle-icons-tools.svg | ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵎⴽⵜ= flex: 1 1 auto; | ⵜⵓⵎⴰⵢⵜ= {{Awwur/Tiɣbula/Tazwurt}} | ⴰⴱⴰⴷⵓ ⴰⴽⵍⵓ = #BDD5EF }} <div style="display: flex; flex-direction: row; flex-wrap: wrap;"> <div style="display: flex; flex-direction: column; flex: 1 1 25em;"> <!-- Tuddma n imnnitn n iẓẓlmḍ --> {{ⴰⵎⵏⵏⵉ | ⴰⵙⵖⵏ= Template:Isgzawaln | ⴰⵣⵡⵍ= ⵉⵙⴳⵣⴰⵡⴰⵍⵏ | ⴰⴽⵍⵓ ⵏ ⵡⴰⴱⵓⴹ ⵏ ⵓⵣⵡⵍ = #BDD5EF | ⵜⴰⵡⵍⴰⴼⵜ= 2017-fr.wp-orange-source.svg | ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵎⴽⵜ= flex: 1 1 auto; | ⵜⵓⵎⴰⵢⵜ= {{Template:Isgzawaln}} | ⴰⴱⴰⴷⵓ ⴰⴽⵍⵓ = #BDD5EF }} {{ⴰⵎⵏⵏⵉ | ⴰⵙⵖⵏ= Template:Imawaln | ⴰⵣⵡⵍ= ⵉⵎⴰⵡⴰⵍⵏ | ⴰⴽⵍⵓ ⵏ ⵡⴰⴱⵓⴹ ⵏ ⵓⵣⵡⵍ = #BDD5EF | ⵜⴰⵡⵍⴰⴼⵜ= Comiclogo.svg | ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵎⴽⵜ= flex: 1 1 auto; | ⵜⵓⵎⴰⵢⵜ= {{Template:Imawaln}} | ⴰⴱⴰⴷⵓ ⴰⴽⵍⵓ = #BDD5EF }} {{ⴰⵎⵏⵏⵉ | ⴰⵙⵖⵏ= Template:Tajṛṛumt n tutlayt tamaziɣt tanawayt | ⴰⵣⵡⵍ= ⵜⴰⵊⵕⵕⵓⵎⵜ | ⴰⴽⵍⵓ ⵏ ⵡⴰⴱⵓⴹ ⵏ ⵓⵣⵡⵍ = #BDD5EF | ⵜⴰⵡⵍⴰⴼⵜ= Book3.svg | ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵎⴽⵜ= flex: 1 1 auto; | ⵜⵓⵎⴰⵢⵜ= {{Template:Tajṛṛumt n tutlayt tamaziɣt tanawayt}} | ⴰⴱⴰⴷⵓ ⴰⴽⵍⵓ = #BDD5EF }} {{ⴰⵎⵏⵏⵉ | ⴰⵙⵖⵏ= Template:Awwur/Tiɣbula/Adlis aqqbuṛ | ⴰⵣⵡⵍ= ⵉⴷⵍⵉⵙⵏ ⵉⵇⵇⴱⵓⵕⵏ | ⴰⴽⵍⵓ ⵏ ⵡⴰⴱⵓⴹ ⵏ ⵓⵣⵡⵍ = #BDD5EF | ⵜⴰⵡⵍⴰⴼⵜ= Ac_papyrus.png | ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵎⴽⵜ= flex: 1 1 auto; | ⵜⵓⵎⴰⵢⵜ= {{Template:Awwur/Tiɣbula/Adlis aqqbuṛ}} | ⴰⴱⴰⴷⵓ ⴰⴽⵍⵓ = #BDD5EF }} </div> <!-- Tigira n imnnitn n iẓẓlmḍ --> <div style="display: flex; flex-direction: column; flex: 1 1 25em;"><!-- Tuddma n imnnitn n ufasi --> {{ⴰⵎⵏⵏⵉ | ⴰⵙⵖⵏ= Template:Tasdlist n tmaziɣt | ⴰⵣⵡⵍ= ⵜⴰⵙⴷⵍⵉⵙⵜ | ⴰⴽⵍⵓ ⵏ ⵡⴰⴱⵓⴹ ⵏ ⵓⵣⵡⵍ = #BDD5EF | ⵜⴰⵡⵍⴰⴼⵜ= Nuvola_apps_bookcase.svg | ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵎⴽⵜ= flex: 1 1 auto; | ⵜⵓⵎⴰⵢⵜ= {{Template:Tasdlist n tmaziɣt}} | ⴰⴱⴰⴷⵓ ⴰⴽⵍⵓ = #BDD5EF }} {{ⴰⵎⵏⵏⵉ | ⴰⵙⵖⵏ= Template:Askkil n tmaziɣt | ⴰⵣⵡⵍ= ⴰⵙⴽⴽⵉⵍ ⵏ ⵜⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵜ | ⴰⴽⵍⵓ ⵏ ⵡⴰⴱⵓⴹ ⵏ ⵓⵣⵡⵍ = #BDD5EF | ⵜⴰⵡⵍⴰⴼⵜ= Nuvola_apps_package_wordprocessing.png | ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵎⴽⵜ= flex: 1 1 auto; | ⵜⵓⵎⴰⵢⵜ= {{Template:Askkil n tmaziɣt}} | ⴰⴱⴰⴷⵓ ⴰⴽⵍⵓ = #BDD5EF }} </div> <!-- Tigira n imnnitn n ufasi --> </div><!-- Tigira n tasna ---> {{ⴰⵎⵏⵏⵉ | ⴰⵙⵖⵏ= Template:Tasna Tamzwarut/Amgrad Amaynu | ⴰⵣⵡⵍ= ⵔⵏⵓ ⴰⵎⴳⵔⴰⴷ | ⴰⴽⵍⵓ ⵏ ⵡⴰⴱⵓⴹ ⵏ ⵓⵣⵡⵍ = #BDD5EF | ⵜⴰⵡⵍⴰⴼⵜ= W-circle.svg | ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵎⴽⵜ= flex: 1 1 auto; | ⵜⵓⵎⴰⵢⵜ= {{Template:Tasna Tamzwarut/Amgrad Amaynu}} | ⴰⴱⴰⴷⵓ ⴰⴽⵍⵓ = #BDD5EF }} <div style="column-count:2;-moz-column-count:2;-webkit-column count:"> </div> ==ⵉⵙⴰⵖⵓⵍⵏ== {{ⵉⵙⴰⵖⵓⵍⵏ}} __NOTOC__ __NOEDITSECTION__ {{ⴰⴱⴰⴹ ⵓⵏⵜⵉⵎ}} {{ⴰⵙⵎⵉⵍ|ⴰⵙⴰⵖⵓⵍ|ⵉⵙⴰⵖⵓⵍⵏ}} 0d4u855z3rtk99fuxvivq9i3kuxwetl 0 1300 175990 153656 2026-05-04T12:25:48Z BihiBot 2406 ⴽⴽⵙⵖ ⴰⵍⴱⵓⴹ ⵏ ⵜⵏⵟⵟⵓⴼⵜ 175990 wikitext text/x-wiki {| id="mp-topbanner" style="width:100%; background:#f9f9f9; margin-top:1.2em; border:1px solid #ccc;" | style="width:56%; color:#000;" | {| style="width:100%; border:solid 0px; background:transparent" | style="width:100%; text-align:center; white-space:nowrap; color:#000" | [[ⴰⴼⴰⵢⵍⵓ:Math.svg|left|70x70px|Math]] <div style="font-size:250%; border:0; margin:0; padding:.1em; color:#000"> '''ⴰⵡⵡⵓⵔ ⵏ ⵉⵣⵔⴼⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵓⴼⴳⴰⵏ'''</div> |} |} ==ⵉⵙⴰⵖⵓⵍⵏ== *'''ⴰⵙⴳⵣⴰⵡⴰⵍ ⵏ [[ⴰⵙⵉⵏⴰⴳ ⴰⴳⵍⴷⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵓⵙⵙⵏⴰ ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵜ]](ⵙ.ⴳ.ⵙ.ⵎ) :''' [[ⵎⵙⵎⵓⵏ ⴰⵡⴰⵍ ⴰⵎⴰⵜⴰⵢ ⴰⵙⵏⵎⴰⵍⴰⵢ ⵏ ⵜⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵜ]] (ⵎ.ⵎ.ⵙ.ⵎ) {{ⵉⵙⴰⵖⵓⵍⵏ}} {{ⴰⴱⴰⴹ ⵓⵏⵜⵉⵎ}} egafuvar9pfptwk9n5d9f7kyazqjl0q 0 1302 176026 167853 2026-05-04T12:35:50Z BihiBot 2406 ⴽⴽⵙⵖ ⴰⵍⴱⵓⴹ ⵏ ⵜⵏⵟⵟⵓⴼⵜ 176026 wikitext text/x-wiki {{ⵉⵙⵕⵥⴰⵎ ⵏ ⵡⴰⵡⵡⵓⵔ|ⵜⴰⴷⵍⵙⴰ}} {{ⵜⴰⵣⵡⵓⵔⵜ |ⴰⵡⵡⵓⵔ = ⵜⴰⴷⵍⵙⴰ |ⵜⴰⵡⵍⴰⴼⵜ = Book-enlight.svg }} {{ⴰⵙⴰⵜⵉ |ⴰⵣⵡⵍ = ⵜⴰⵣⵡⵓⵔⵜ |ⵜⴰⵖⵣⵉ ⵏ ⵓⵣⵡⵍ = 45% |ⵜⴰⵢⴽⵓⵏⵜ = |ⴰⴽⵍⵓ ⵏ ⵓⵙⴽⴽⵉⵍ ⵏ ⵓⵣⵡⵍ = ffffff |ⴰⴽⵍⵓ ⵏ ⵜⵖⵔⴷⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵓⵣⵡⵍ = 708238 |ⴰⴽⵍⵓ ⵏ ⵜⵖⵔⴷⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵓⵎⴰⵢⵜ = D0F0C0 |ⴰⵙⵏⴼⵍ =ⴰⵡⵡⵓⵔ:ⵜⴰⴷⵍⵙⴰ/ⵜⴰⵣⵡⵓⵔⵜ |ⵜⵓⵎⴰⵢⵜ = {{:ⴰⵡⵡⵓⵔ:ⵜⴰⴷⵍⵙⴰ/ⵜⴰⵣⵡⵓⵔⵜ}} }} {{ⴰⵙⴰⵜⵉ |ⴰⵣⵡⵍ = ⴰⵎⴳⵔⴰⴷ ⵓⴼⵔⵉⵏ |ⵜⴰⵖⵣⵉ ⵏ ⵓⵣⵡⵍ = 60% |ⵜⴰⵢⴽⵓⵏⵜ = |ⴰⴽⵍⵓ ⵏ ⵓⵙⴽⴽⵉⵍ ⵏ ⵓⵣⵡⵍ = ffffff |ⴰⴽⵍⵓ ⵏ ⵜⵖⵔⴷⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵓⵣⵡⵍ = 708238 |ⴰⴽⵍⵓ ⵏ ⵜⵖⵔⴷⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵓⵎⴰⵢⵜ = D0F0C0 |ⴰⵙⵏⴼⵍ =ⴰⵡⵡⵓⵔ:ⵜⴰⴷⵍⵙⴰ/ⴰⵎⴳⵔⴰⴷ ⵓⴼⵔⵉⵏ |ⵜⵓⵎⴰⵢⵜ = {{:ⴰⵡⵡⵓⵔ:ⵜⴰⴷⵍⵙⴰ/ⴰⵎⴳⵔⴰⴷ ⵓⴼⵔⵉⵏ}} |ⵖⵔ ⵓⴳⴳⴰⵔ = [[ⵍⵄⴰⵎⵎⵜ]] }} {{ⴰⵙⴰⵜⵉ |ⴰⵣⵡⵍ = ⵜⴰⵡⵍⴰⴼⵜ ⵜⵓⴼⵔⵉⵏⵜ |ⵜⴰⵖⵣⵉ ⵏ ⵓⵣⵡⵍ = 65% |ⵜⴰⵢⴽⵓⵏⵜ = |ⴰⴽⵍⵓ ⵏ ⵓⵙⴽⴽⵉⵍ ⵏ ⵓⵣⵡⵍ = ffffff |ⴰⴽⵍⵓ ⵏ ⵜⵖⵔⴷⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵓⵣⵡⵍ = 708238 |ⴰⴽⵍⵓ ⵏ ⵜⵖⵔⴷⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵓⵎⴰⵢⵜ = D0F0C0 |ⴰⵙⵏⴼⵍ =ⴰⵡⵡⵓⵔ:ⵜⴰⴷⵍⵙⴰ/ⵜⴰⵡⵍⴰⴼⵜ ⵜⵓⴼⵔⵉⵏⵜ |ⵜⵓⵎⴰⵢⵜ = {{:ⴰⵡⵡⵓⵔ:ⵜⴰⴷⵍⵙⴰ/ⵜⴰⵡⵍⴰⴼⵜ ⵜⵓⴼⵔⵉⵏⵜ}} }} {{ⴰⵙⴰⵜⵉ |ⴰⵣⵡⵍ = ⵜⴰⵏⴼⵓⵙⵜ ⵜⴰⵎⴰⴹⵍⴰⵏⵜ |ⵜⴰⵖⵣⵉ ⵏ ⵓⵣⵡⵍ = 65% |ⵜⴰⵢⴽⵓⵏⵜ = |ⴰⴽⵍⵓ ⵏ ⵓⵙⴽⴽⵉⵍ ⵏ ⵓⵣⵡⵍ = ffffff |ⴰⴽⵍⵓ ⵏ ⵜⵖⵔⴷⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵓⵣⵡⵍ = 708238 |ⴰⴽⵍⵓ ⵏ ⵜⵖⵔⴷⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵓⵎⴰⵢⵜ = D0F0C0 |ⴰⵙⵏⴼⵍ =ⴰⵡⵡⵓⵔ:ⵜⴰⴷⵍⵙⴰ/ⵜⴰⵏⴼⵓⵙⵜ ⵜⴰⵎⴰⴹⵍⴰⵏⵜ |ⵜⵓⵎⴰⵢⵜ = {{:ⴰⵡⵡⵓⵔ:ⵜⴰⴷⵍⵙⴰ/ⵜⴰⵏⴼⵓⵙⵜ ⵜⴰⵎⴰⴹⵍⴰⵏⵜ}} }} {{ⴰⵙⴰⵜⵉ |ⴰⵣⵡⵍ = ⵉⵙⵎⵉⵍⵏ |ⵜⴰⵖⵣⵉ ⵏ ⵓⵣⵡⵍ = 40% |ⵜⴰⵢⴽⵓⵏⵜ = |ⴰⴽⵍⵓ ⵏ ⵓⵙⴽⴽⵉⵍ ⵏ ⵓⵣⵡⵍ = ffffff |ⴰⴽⵍⵓ ⵏ ⵜⵖⵔⴷⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵓⵣⵡⵍ = 708238 |ⴰⴽⵍⵓ ⵏ ⵜⵖⵔⴷⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵓⵎⴰⵢⵜ = D0F0C0 |ⴰⵙⵏⴼⵍ =ⴰⵡⵡⵓⵔ:ⵜⴰⴷⵍⵙⴰ/ⵉⵙⵎⵉⵍⵏ |ⵜⵓⵎⴰⵢⵜ = {{:ⴰⵡⵡⵓⵔ:ⵜⴰⴷⵍⵙⴰ/ⵉⵙⵎⵉⵍⵏ}} }} {{ⴰⵙⴰⵜⵉ |ⴰⵣⵡⵍ = ⵉⵡⵡⵓⵔⴰ ⴰⵢⵜⵎⴰⵜⵏ |ⵜⴰⵖⵣⵉ ⵏ ⵓⵣⵡⵍ = 60% |ⵜⴰⵢⴽⵓⵏⵜ = |ⴰⴽⵍⵓ ⵏ ⵓⵙⴽⴽⵉⵍ ⵏ ⵓⵣⵡⵍ = ffffff |ⴰⴽⵍⵓ ⵏ ⵜⵖⵔⴷⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵓⵣⵡⵍ = 708238 |ⴰⴽⵍⵓ ⵏ ⵜⵖⵔⴷⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵓⵎⴰⵢⵜ = D0F0C0 |ⴰⵙⵏⴼⵍ =ⴰⵡⵡⵓⵔ:ⵜⴰⴷⵍⵙⴰ/ⵉⵡⵡⵓⵔⴰ ⴰⵢⵜⵎⴰⵜⵏ |ⵜⵓⵎⴰⵢⵜ = {{:ⴰⵡⵡⵓⵔ:ⵜⴰⴷⵍⵙⴰ/ⵉⵡⵡⵓⵔⴰ ⴰⵢⵜⵎⴰⵜⵏ}} }} cpeyrib6wm1lyfb2mmzuvty86axrx3k 0 1303 176027 153729 2026-05-04T12:36:24Z BihiBot 2406 ⴽⴽⵙⵖ ⴰⵍⴱⵓⴹ ⵏ ⵜⵏⵟⵟⵓⴼⵜ 176027 wikitext text/x-wiki {{ⵉⵙⵕⵥⴰⵎ ⵏ ⵡⴰⵡⵡⵓⵔ|ⵜⴰⴷⵍⵙⴰ}} ==ⵉⵙⴰⵖⵓⵍⵏ== {{ⵉⵙⴰⵖⵓⵍⵏ}} {{ⴰⴱⴰⴹ ⵓⵏⵜⵉⵎ}} j8c3eomnhu0b14w6vwt8a3igjyhs01s 0 1305 176029 153734 2026-05-04T13:47:25Z BihiBot 2406 ⴽⴽⵙⵖ ⴰⵍⴱⵓⴹ ⵏ ⵜⵏⵟⵟⵓⴼⵜ 176029 wikitext text/x-wiki {| id="mp-topbanner" style="width:100%; background:#f9f9f9; margin-top:1.2em; border:1px solid #ccc;" | style="width:56%; color:#000;" | {| style="width:100%; border:solid 0px; background:transparent" | style="width:100%; text-align:center; white-space:nowrap; color:#000" | [[ⴰⴼⴰⵢⵍⵓ:Math.svg|left|70x70px|Math]] <div style="font-size:250%; border:0; margin:0; padding:.1em; color:#000"> '''ⴰⵡⵡⵓⵔ ⵏ ⵜⴷⵎⵙⴰ'''</div> |} |} ==ⵉⵙⴰⵖⵓⵍⵏ== *'''ⴰⵙⴳⵣⴰⵡⴰⵍ ⵏ [[ⴰⵙⵉⵏⴰⴳ ⴰⴳⵍⴷⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵓⵙⵙⵏⴰ ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵜ]](ⵙ.ⴳ.ⵙ.ⵎ) :''' [[ⵎⵙⵎⵓⵏ ⴰⵡⴰⵍ ⴰⵎⴰⵜⴰⵢ ⴰⵙⵏⵎⴰⵍⴰⵢ ⵏ ⵜⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵜ]] (ⵎ.ⵎ.ⵙ.ⵎ) {{ⵉⵙⴰⵖⵓⵍⵏ}} {{ⴰⴱⴰⴹ ⵓⵏⵜⵉⵎ}} 5366iqld7cqrlwfrqed2vo1fh1remdi 0 1307 176030 167872 2026-05-04T13:47:36Z BihiBot 2406 ⴽⴽⵙⵖ ⴰⵍⴱⵓⴹ ⵏ ⵜⵏⵟⵟⵓⴼⵜ 176030 wikitext text/x-wiki {{ⵉⵙⵕⵥⴰⵎ ⵏ ⵡⴰⵡⵡⵓⵔ|ⵜⴰⴼⵍⵙⵓⴼⵜ}} {{ⵜⴰⵣⵡⵓⵔⵜ |ⴰⵡⵡⵓⵔ = ⵜⴰⴼⵍⵙⵓⴼⵜ |ⵜⴰⵡⵍⴰⴼⵜ = Avicenna_TajikistanP17-20Somoni-1999_(cropped).png }} {{ⴰⵙⴰⵜⵉ |ⴰⵣⵡⵍ = ⵜⴰⵣⵡⵓⵔⵜ |ⵜⴰⵖⵣⵉ ⵏ ⵓⵣⵡⵍ = 45% |ⵜⴰⵢⴽⵓⵏⵜ = |ⴰⴽⵍⵓ ⵏ ⵓⵙⴽⴽⵉⵍ ⵏ ⵓⵣⵡⵍ = ffffff |ⴰⴽⵍⵓ ⵏ ⵜⵖⵔⴷⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵓⵣⵡⵍ = 708238 |ⴰⴽⵍⵓ ⵏ ⵜⵖⵔⴷⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵓⵎⴰⵢⵜ = D0F0C0 |ⴰⵙⵏⴼⵍ =ⴰⵡⵡⵓⵔ:ⵜⴰⴼⵍⵙⵓⴼⵜ/ⵜⴰⵣⵡⵓⵔⵜ |ⵜⵓⵎⴰⵢⵜ = {{:ⴰⵡⵡⵓⵔ:ⵜⴰⴼⵍⵙⵓⴼⵜ/ⵜⴰⵣⵡⵓⵔⵜ}} }} {{ⴰⵙⴰⵜⵉ |ⴰⵣⵡⵍ = ⴰⵎⴰⴳⵔⴰⴷ ⵓⴼⵔⵉⵏ |ⵜⴰⵖⵣⵉ ⵏ ⵓⵣⵡⵍ = 60% |ⵜⴰⵢⴽⵓⵏⵜ = |ⴰⴽⵍⵓ ⵏ ⵓⵙⴽⴽⵉⵍ ⵏ ⵓⵣⵡⵍ = ffffff |ⴰⴽⵍⵓ ⵏ ⵜⵖⵔⴷⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵓⵣⵡⵍ = 708238 |ⴰⴽⵍⵓ ⵏ ⵜⵖⵔⴷⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵓⵎⴰⵢⵜ = D0F0C0 |ⴰⵙⵏⴼⵍ =ⴰⵡⵡⵓⵔ:ⵜⴰⴼⵍⵙⵓⴼⵜ/ⴰⵎⴳⵔⴰⴷ ⵓⴼⵔⵉⵏ |ⵜⵓⵎⴰⵢⵜ = {{:ⴰⵡⵡⵓⵔ:ⵜⴰⴼⵍⵙⵓⴼⵜ/ⴰⵎⴳⵔⴰⴷ ⵓⴼⵔⵉⵏ}} |ⵖⵔ ⵓⴳⴳⴰⵔ=ⴰⵕⵟⵓⵕ ⵛⵓⴱⵏⵀⴰⵡⵔ }} {{ⴰⵙⴰⵜⵉ |ⴰⵣⵡⵍ = ⵜⴰⵡⵍⴰⴼⵜ ⵜⵓⴼⵔⵉⵏⵜ |ⵜⴰⵖⵣⵉ ⵏ ⵓⵣⵡⵍ = 65% |ⵜⴰⵢⴽⵓⵏⵜ = |ⴰⴽⵍⵓ ⵏ ⵓⵙⴽⴽⵉⵍ ⵏ ⵓⵣⵡⵍ = ffffff |ⴰⴽⵍⵓ ⵏ ⵜⵖⵔⴷⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵓⵣⵡⵍ = 708238 |ⴰⴽⵍⵓ ⵏ ⵜⵖⵔⴷⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵓⵎⴰⵢⵜ = D0F0C0 |ⴰⵙⵏⴼⵍ =ⴰⵡⵡⵓⵔ:ⵜⴰⴼⵍⵙⵓⴼⵜ/ⵜⴰⵡⵍⴰⴼⵜ ⵜⵓⴼⵔⵉⵏⵜ |ⵜⵓⵎⴰⵢⵜ = {{:ⴰⵡⵡⵓⵔ:ⵜⴰⴼⵍⵙⵓⴼⵜ/ⵜⴰⵡⵍⴰⴼⵜ ⵜⵓⴼⵔⵉⵏⵜ}} }} {{ⴰⵙⴰⵜⵉ |ⴰⵣⵡⵍ = ⵉⵙⵎⵉⵍⵏ |ⵜⴰⵖⵣⵉ ⵏ ⵓⵣⵡⵍ = 40% |ⵜⴰⵢⴽⵓⵏⵜ = |ⴰⴽⵍⵓ ⵏ ⵓⵙⴽⴽⵉⵍ ⵏ ⵓⵣⵡⵍ = ffffff |ⴰⴽⵍⵓ ⵏ ⵜⵖⵔⴷⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵓⵣⵡⵍ = 708238 |ⴰⴽⵍⵓ ⵏ ⵜⵖⵔⴷⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵓⵎⴰⵢⵜ = D0F0C0 |ⴰⵙⵏⴼⵍ =ⴰⵡⵡⵓⵔ:ⵜⴰⴼⵍⵙⵓⴼⵜ/ⵉⵙⵎⵉⵍⵏ |ⵜⵓⵎⴰⵢⵜ = {{:ⴰⵡⵡⵓⵔ:ⵜⴰⴼⵍⵙⵓⴼⵜ/ⵉⵙⵎⵉⵍⵏ}} }} {{ⴰⵙⴰⵜⵉ |ⴰⵣⵡⵍ = ⵉⵡⵡⵓⵔⴰ ⴰⵢⵜⵎⴰⵜⵏ |ⵜⴰⵖⵣⵉ ⵏ ⵓⵣⵡⵍ = 60% |ⵜⴰⵢⴽⵓⵏⵜ = |ⴰⴽⵍⵓ ⵏ ⵓⵙⴽⴽⵉⵍ ⵏ ⵓⵣⵡⵍ = ffffff |ⴰⴽⵍⵓ ⵏ ⵜⵖⵔⴷⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵓⵣⵡⵍ = 708238 |ⴰⴽⵍⵓ ⵏ ⵜⵖⵔⴷⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵓⵎⴰⵢⵜ = D0F0C0 |ⴰⵙⵏⴼⵍ =ⴰⵡⵡⵓⵔ:ⵜⴰⴼⵍⵙⵓⴼⵜ/ⵉⵡⵡⵓⵔⴰ ⴰⵢⵜⵎⴰⵜⵏ |ⵜⵓⵎⴰⵢⵜ = {{:ⴰⵡⵡⵓⵔ:ⵜⴰⴼⵍⵙⵓⴼⵜ/ⵉⵡⵡⵓⵔⴰ ⴰⵢⵜⵎⴰⵜⵏ}} }} {{ⴰⴱⴰⴹ ⵓⵏⵜⵉⵎ}} {{ⴰⵙⵎⵉⵍ|ⴰⵡⵡⵓⵔ|ⵜⴰⴼⵍⵙⵓⴼⵜ}} pctjqp9mm1bivrwdamr256xi4ss0vhg 0 1309 176031 153738 2026-05-04T13:47:55Z BihiBot 2406 ⴽⴽⵙⵖ ⴰⵍⴱⵓⴹ ⵏ ⵜⵏⵟⵟⵓⴼⵜ 176031 wikitext text/x-wiki {{ⵉⵙⵕⵥⴰⵎ ⵏ ⵡⴰⵡⵡⵓⵔ|ⵜⴰⴼⵍⵙⵓⴼⵜ}} ==ⵉⵙⴰⵖⵓⵍⵏ== {{ⵉⵙⴰⵖⵓⵍⵏ}} {{ⴰⴱⴰⴹ ⵓⵏⵜⵉⵎ}} dufu7eo53n644zqkby2ixe9vlycnhas 0 1311 176032 153742 2026-05-04T13:48:15Z BihiBot 2406 ⴽⴽⵙⵖ ⴰⵍⴱⵓⴹ ⵏ ⵜⵏⵟⵟⵓⴼⵜ 176032 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Boutons | cadre = non | bordure boutons = solid 1px #735C70 | fond boutons = white | fond select = #d7eed8 | arrondi = 0px | bouton-1 = <font color="#735C70">ⴰⵡⵡⵓⵔ</font> | url-1 =ⴰⵡⵡⵓⵔ:ⵜⴰⴼⵍⵙⵓⴼⵜ | image-1 = Logo_portail_wikip%C3%A9dia.svg | bouton-2 = <font color="#735C70">ⴰⵎⵙⴰⵡⴰⵍ</font> | url-2 = Talk:ⴰⵡⵡⵓⵔ:ⵜⴰⴼⵍⵙⵓⴼⵜ | image-2 = Circle-icons-chat.svg | bouton-3 = <font color="#735C70">ⵉⵙⵎⵉⵍⵏ</font> | url-3 = :Category:ⵜⴰⴼⵍⵙⵓⴼⵜ | image-3 = Applications-category-tree-info.svg | bouton-4 = <font color="#735C70">ⴰⵙⴰⵔⵎ</font> | url-4 =ⴰⵡⵡⵓⵔ:ⵜⴰⴼⵍⵙⵓⴼⵜ/ⴰⵙⴰⵔⵎ | image-4 = Nuvola_apps_edu_science.svg }} ==ⵉⵙⴰⵖⵓⵍⵏ== {{ⵉⵙⴰⵖⵓⵍⵏ}} {{ⴰⴱⴰⴹ ⵓⵏⵜⵉⵎ}} 2gh0zqotgr08rk25ply4ur55hlt03xy 0 1314 176034 153747 2026-05-04T13:49:05Z BihiBot 2406 ⴽⴽⵙⵖ ⴰⵍⴱⵓⴹ ⵏ ⵜⵏⵟⵟⵓⴼⵜ 176034 wikitext text/x-wiki {| id="mp-topbanner" style="width:100%; background:#f9f9f9; margin-top:1.2em; border:1px solid #ccc;" | style="width:56%; color:#000;" | {| class="wikitable" style="width:100%; border:solid 0px; background:transparent" | style="width:100%; text-align:center; white-space:nowrap; color:#000" | [[ⴰⴼⴰⵢⵍⵓ:Math.svg|left|70x70px|Math]] <div style="font-size:150%; border:0; margin:0; padding:.1em; color:#000"> '''ⴰⵡⵡⵓⵔ ⵏ ⵜⴽⵙⵙⴰ ⵜⴰⵏⴰⵎⵓⵏⵜ ⴷ ⵜⵡⵓⵔⵉ ⵜⴰⵏⴰⵎⵓⵏⵜⵏ'''</div> |} |} ==ⵉⵙⴰⵖⵓⵍⵏ== *'''ⴰⵙⴳⵣⴰⵡⴰⵍ ⵏ [[ⴰⵙⵉⵏⴰⴳ ⴰⴳⵍⴷⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵓⵙⵙⵏⴰ ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵜ]](ⵙ.ⴳ.ⵙ.ⵎ) :''' [[ⵎⵙⵎⵓⵏ ⴰⵡⴰⵍ ⴰⵎⴰⵜⴰⵢ ⴰⵙⵏⵎⴰⵍⴰⵢ ⵏ ⵜⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵜ]] (ⵎ.ⵎ.ⵙ.ⵎ) {{ⵉⵙⴰⵖⵓⵍⵏ}} {{ⴰⴱⴰⴹ ⵓⵏⵜⵉⵎ}} 9kqs52yjuy9jvof3fe21rnj3b7z6qb6 0 1316 176035 153749 2026-05-04T13:49:15Z BihiBot 2406 ⴽⴽⵙⵖ ⴰⵍⴱⵓⴹ ⵏ ⵜⵏⵟⵟⵓⴼⵜ 176035 wikitext text/x-wiki {| id="mp-topbanner" style="width:100%; background:#f9f9f9; margin-top:1.2em; border:1px solid #ccc;" | style="width:56%; color:#000;" | {| style="width:100%; border:solid 0px; background:transparent" | style="width:100%; text-align:center; white-space:nowrap; color:#000" | [[ⴰⴼⴰⵢⵍⵓ:Math.svg|left|70x70px|Math]] <div style="font-size:250%; border:0; margin:0; padding:.1em; color:#000"> '''ⴰⵡⵡⵓⵔ ⵏ ⵜⵎⵜⵜⵉ'''</div> |} |} [[fr:portail:communoté]] ==ⵉⵙⴰⵖⵓⵍⵏ== *'''ⴰⵙⴳⵣⴰⵡⴰⵍ ⵏ [[ⴰⵙⵉⵏⴰⴳ ⴰⴳⵍⴷⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵓⵙⵙⵏⴰ ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵜ]](ⵙ.ⴳ.ⵙ.ⵎ) :''' [[ⵎⵙⵎⵓⵏ ⴰⵡⴰⵍ ⴰⵎⴰⵜⴰⵢ ⴰⵙⵏⵎⴰⵍⴰⵢ ⵏ ⵜⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵜ]] (ⵎ.ⵎ.ⵙ.ⵎ) {{ⵉⵙⴰⵖⵓⵍⵏ}} {{ⴰⴱⴰⴹ ⵓⵏⵜⵉⵎ}} 319lvj32n5qcww2ntpipq6knh8o8rvz 0 1317 176036 145516 2026-05-04T13:50:06Z BihiBot 2406 ⴽⴽⵙⵖ ⴰⵍⴱⵓⴹ ⵏ ⵜⵏⵟⵟⵓⴼⵜ 176036 wikitext text/x-wiki {{ⵉⵙⵕⵥⴰⵎ ⵏ ⵡⴰⵡⵡⵓⵔ |ⵜⴰⵎⵥⵍⴰ}} {{ⵜⴰⵣⵡⵓⵔⵜ 2}} {{ⴰⵙⴰⵜⵉ |ⴰⵣⵡⵍ = ⵜⴰⵣⵡⵓⵔⵜ |ⵜⴰⵖⵣⵉ ⵏ ⵓⵣⵡⵍ = 45% |ⵜⴰⵢⴽⵓⵏⵜ = |ⴰⴽⵍⵓ ⵏ ⵓⵙⴽⴽⵉⵍ ⵏ ⵓⵣⵡⵍ = ffffff |ⴰⴽⵍⵓ ⵏ ⵜⵖⵔⴷⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵓⵣⵡⵍ = 339966 |ⴰⴽⵍⵓ ⵏ ⵜⵖⵔⴷⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵓⵎⴰⵢⵜ = d7eed8 |ⴰⵙⵏⴼⵍ =ⴰⵡⵡⵓⵔ:ⵜⴰⵎⵥⵍⴰ/ⵜⴰⵣⵡⵓⵔⵜ |ⵜⵓⵎⴰⵢⵜ = {{:ⴰⵡⵡⵓⵔ:ⵜⴰⵎⵥⵍⴰ/ⵜⴰⵣⵡⵓⵔⵜ}} }} {{ⴰⵙⵎⵉⵍ |ⴰⵡⵡⵓⵔ |ⵜⴰⵎⵥⵍⴰ}} ==ⵉⵙⴰⵖⵓⵍⵏ== {{ⵉⵙⴰⵖⵓⵍⵏ}} {{ⴰⴱⴰⴹ ⵓⵏⵜⵉⵎ}} mfp2bx4f8aa2ypfauo9t65gtiurtoft 0 1318 176037 153751 2026-05-04T13:50:16Z BihiBot 2406 ⴽⴽⵙⵖ ⴰⵍⴱⵓⴹ ⵏ ⵜⵏⵟⵟⵓⴼⵜ 176037 wikitext text/x-wiki ⴰⵡⵡⵓⵔ ⴰⴷ ⵉⵜⵜⵓⵙⴽⴰⵔ ⴰⴼⴰⴷ ⴰⴷ ⵉⵙⵙⵏⴽⴷ [[ⵜⴰⵎⵥⵍⴰ]] ⵏⵏⴰ ⵉⴳⴰⵏ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵙⴳ ⵜⴰⵖⵓⵍⵉⵏ ⵜⵉⴽⵙⵡⴰⵜⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵓⵔⵣⵣⵓ ⴷ ⵜⵓⵙⵙⵏⴰ. ⴰⵡⵜⵜⴰⵙ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵉⴳⴰ ⵜ ⵓⵙⵙⵎⵏⵉⴷ ⵜⵉⴼⵔⵉⵙⵉⵏ ⵎⵢⴰⵍⵍⴰⵏⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵉⵥⵍⵉ ⴰⴷ ⴳ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⵎⵓⵖⵍⵉ ⵜⴰⴳⵜⵥⵍⴰⵢⵜ. ⴰⵛⴽⵓ ⵜⴰⵎⵣⵍⴰ ⵜⴳⴰ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⴼⵔⴷⵉⵙ ⴰⴷⵙⵍⴰⵏ ⴳ [[ⵜⵓⵙⵏⴰⴽⵜ]] ⵎⴽⵏⵏⴰ ⵜ ⵏⵉⴽ ⵜⴳⴰ ⴰⵡⴷ ⴳ ⵜⵙⵏⵙⵍⴽⵉⵎⵜ ⴷ [[ⵜⴰⵙⵏⵉⵍⵙⵜ|ⵜⵙⵏⵉⵍⵙⵜ]] ⴷ ⵜⴼⵍⵙⴰⴼⵜ (ⵙ ⵓⵏⴳⵎⴹ ⴰⴽⴽ [[ⵜⴰⴼⵍⵙⴰⴼⵜ]] ⵜⴰⵚⵍⴹⴰⵏⵜ). ⵙ ⵎⴰⵏ ⴰⵢⴰ, ⵉⵜⵜⵎⵙⴰⵡⴰⵍ ⵡⴰⵡⵡⵓⵔ ⴰⴷ ⴰⴽⴷ ⵉⵎⵓⵙⵏⴰⴽⵜⵏ, ⵉⴼⵍⵙⴰⴼⵏ, ⵡⵉⵏⵏⴰ ⵉⵙⵉⴳⴳⵉⵍⵏ ⴰⴷ ⵙⵙⵎⵖⵔⵏ ⵜⵉⵖⵉⵙⵜ ⵏⵏⵙⵏ ⴷ ⵉ ⵡⵉⵏⵏⴰ ⴰⴽⴽ ⵉⵖⵙⵏ ⴰⴷ ⵙⵎⵔⵏⵉⵏ ⵜⵓⵙⵙⵏⵉⵡⵉⵏ ⵏⵏⵙⵏ ⴳ ⴽⵔⴰ ⵏ ⵉⵥⵍⵉ ⵓⵙⵙⵏⴰⵏ. ==ⵉⵙⴰⵖⵓⵍⵏ== {{ⵉⵙⴰⵖⵓⵍⵏ}} {{ⴰⴱⴰⴹ ⵓⵏⵜⵉⵎ}} 42vh1nw14foqoadcqlxhwpfkqmhnrdp 0 1319 176038 164352 2026-05-04T13:50:27Z BihiBot 2406 ⴽⴽⵙⵖ ⴰⵍⴱⵓⴹ ⵏ ⵜⵏⵟⵟⵓⴼⵜ 176038 wikitext text/x-wiki {{ⵉⵙⵕⵥⴰⵎ ⵏ ⵡⴰⵡⵡⵓⵔ|ⵜⴰⵔⴰⴽⴰⵍⵜ}} {{ⵜⴰⵣⵡⵓⵔⵜ |ⴰⵡⵡⵓⵔ = ⵜⴰⵔⴰⴽⴰⵍⵜ |ⵜⴰⵡⵍⴰⴼⵜ = RoseVents.svg }} {{ⴰⵎⵏⵏⵉ | ⴰⵙⵖⵏ = Template:{{PAGENAME}}/ⵜⴰⵣⵡⵓⵔⵜ | ⴰⵣⵡⵍ= ⵜⴰⵣⵡⵓⵔⵜ | ⴰⴽⵍⵓ ⵏ ⵡⴰⴱⵓⴹ ⵏ ⵓⵣⵡⵍ = #008CB1 | ⴰⴽⵍⵓ ⵏ ⵡⴰⴱⵓⴹ ⵏ ⵜⵓⵎⴰⵢⵜ = #FEFFF4 | ⴰⴽⵍⵓ ⵏ ⵓⵣⵡⵍ = #FEFFF4 | ⵜⴰⵡⵍⴰⴼⵜ= Circle-icons-tools.svg | ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵎⴽⵜ= flex: 1 1 auto; | ⵜⵓⵎⴰⵢⵜ={{Template:{{PAGENAME}}/ⵜⴰⵣⵡⵓⵔⵜ}} | ⴰⴽⵍⵓ ⵏ ⵓⴱⴰⴷⵓ = #008CB1 | ⵜⵉⴷⴷⵉ ⵏ ⵓⴱⴰⴷⵓ = 2px | ⵖⵔ ⵓⴳⴳⴰⵔ =ⵜⴰⵔⴰⴽⴰⵍⵜ }} <div style="display: flex; flex-direction: row; flex-wrap: wrap;"> <div style="display: flex; flex-direction: column; flex: 1 1 25em;"> <!-- Tuddma n imnnitn n iẓẓlmḍ --> {{ⴰⵎⵏⵏⵉ | ⴰⵙⵖⵏ= Template:{{PAGENAME}}/ⵜⴰⵎⵓⵔⵜ ⵜⵓⴼⵔⵉⵏⵜ | ⴰⵣⵡⵍ= ⵜⴰⵎⵓⵔⵜ ⵜⵓⴼⵔⵉⵏⵜ | ⴰⴽⵍⵓ ⵏ ⵡⴰⴱⵓⴹ ⵏ ⵓⵣⵡⵍ = #008CB1 | ⴰⴽⵍⵓ ⵏ ⵡⴰⴱⵓⴹ ⵏ ⵜⵓⵎⴰⵢⵜ = #FEFFF4 | ⴰⴽⵍⵓ ⵏ ⵓⵣⵡⵍ = #FEFFF4 | ⵜⴰⵡⵍⴰⴼⵜ= 2017-fr.wp-orange-source.svg | ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵎⴽⵜ= flex: 1 1 auto; | ⵜⵓⵎⴰⵢⵜ= {{Template:{{PAGENAME}}/ⵜⴰⵎⵓⵔⵜ ⵜⵓⴼⵔⵉⵏⵜ}} | ⴰⴽⵍⵓ ⵏ ⵓⴱⴰⴷⵓ = #008CB1 | ⵜⵉⴷⴷⵉ ⵏ ⵓⴱⴰⴷⵓ = 2px | ⵖⵔ ⵓⴳⴳⴰⵔ = ⵙⵉⵏⵉⴳⴰⵍ }} {{ⴰⵎⵏⵏⵉ | ⴰⵙⵖⵏ= Template:{{PAGENAME}}/ⴰⵎⴳⵔⴰⴷ ⵓⴼⵔⵉⵏ | ⴰⵣⵡⵍ= ⴰⵎⴳⵔⴰⴷ ⵓⴼⵔⵉⵏ | ⴰⴽⵍⵓ ⵏ ⵡⴰⴱⵓⴹ ⵏ ⵓⵣⵡⵍ = #008CB1 | ⴰⴽⵍⵓ ⵏ ⵡⴰⴱⵓⴹ ⵏ ⵜⵓⵎⴰⵢⵜ = #FEFFF4 | ⴰⴽⵍⵓ ⵏ ⵓⵣⵡⵍ = #FEFFF4 | ⵜⴰⵡⵍⴰⴼⵜ= Comiclogo.svg | ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵎⴽⵜ= flex: 1 1 auto; | ⵜⵓⵎⴰⵢⵜ= {{Template:{{PAGENAME}}/ⴰⵎⴳⵔⴰⴷ ⵓⴼⵔⵉⵏ}} | ⴰⴽⵍⵓ ⵏ ⵓⴱⴰⴷⵓ = #008CB1 | ⵜⵉⴷⴷⵉ ⵏ ⵓⴱⴰⴷⵓ = 2px | ⵖⵔ ⵓⴳⴳⴰⵔ= ⴰⵏⵜⴰⵔⴽⵜⵉⴽⴰ }} {{ⴰⵎⵏⵏⵉ | ⴰⵙⵖⵏ= Template:{{PAGENAME}}/ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵥⵓⵏⵜ ⵜⵓⴼⵔⵉⵏⵜ | ⴰⵣⵡⵍ= ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵥⵓⵏⵜ ⵜⵓⴼⵔⵉⵏⵜ | ⴰⴽⵍⵓ ⵏ ⵡⴰⴱⵓⴹ ⵏ ⵓⵣⵡⵍ = #008CB1 | ⴰⴽⵍⵓ ⵏ ⵡⴰⴱⵓⴹ ⵏ ⵜⵓⵎⴰⵢⵜ = #FEFFF4 | ⴰⴽⵍⵓ ⵏ ⵓⵣⵡⵍ = #FEFFF4 | ⵜⴰⵡⵍⴰⴼⵜ= Comiclogo.svg | ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵎⴽⵜ= flex: 1 1 auto; | ⵜⵓⵎⴰⵢⵜ= {{Template:{{PAGENAME}}/ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵥⵓⵏⵜ ⵜⵓⴼⵔⵉⵏⵜ}} | ⴰⴽⵍⵓ ⵏ ⵓⴱⴰⴷⵓ = #008CB1 | ⵜⵉⴷⴷⵉ ⵏ ⵓⴱⴰⴷⵓ = 2px | ⵖⵔ ⵓⴳⴳⴰⵔ= }} {{ⴰⵎⵏⵏⵉ | ⴰⵙⵖⵏ= Template:{{PAGENAME}}/ⵜⴰⵡⵍⴰⴼⵜ ⵜⵓⴼⵔⵉⵏⵜ | ⴰⵣⵡⵍ= ⵜⴰⵡⵍⴰⴼⵜ ⵜⵓⴼⵔⵉⵏⵜ | ⴰⴽⵍⵓ ⵏ ⵡⴰⴱⵓⴹ ⵏ ⵓⵣⵡⵍ = #008CB1 | ⴰⴽⵍⵓ ⵏ ⵡⴰⴱⵓⴹ ⵏ ⵜⵓⵎⴰⵢⵜ = #FEFFF4 | ⴰⴽⵍⵓ ⵏ ⵓⵣⵡⵍ = #FEFFF4 | ⵜⴰⵡⵍⴰⴼⵜ= Book3.svg | ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵎⴽⵜ= flex: 1 1 auto; | ⵜⵓⵎⴰⵢⵜ= {{Template:{{PAGENAME}}/ⵜⴰⵡⵍⴰⴼⵜ ⵜⵓⴼⵔⵉⵏⵜ}} | ⴰⴽⵍⵓ ⵏ ⵓⴱⴰⴷⵓ = #008CB1 | ⵜⵉⴷⴷⵉ ⵏ ⵓⴱⴰⴷⵓ = 2px }} </div> <!-- Tigira n imnnitn n iẓẓlmḍ --> <div style="display: flex; flex-direction: column; flex: 1 1 25em;"><!-- Tuddma n imnnitn n ufasi --> {{ⴰⵎⵏⵏⵉ | ⴰⵙⵖⵏ= Template:{{PAGENAME}}/ⴰⵡⵔⵉⴽ ⵓⴼⵔⵉⵏ | ⴰⵣⵡⵍ= ⴰⵡⵔⵉⴽ ⵓⴼⵔⵉⵏ | ⴰⴽⵍⵓ ⵏ ⵡⴰⴱⵓⴹ ⵏ ⵓⵣⵡⵍ = #008CB1 | ⴰⴽⵍⵓ ⵏ ⵡⴰⴱⵓⴹ ⵏ ⵜⵓⵎⴰⵢⵜ = #FEFFF4 | ⴰⴽⵍⵓ ⵏ ⵓⵣⵡⵍ = #FEFFF4 | ⵜⴰⵡⵍⴰⴼⵜ= Nuvola_apps_bookcase.svg | ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵎⴽⵜ= flex: 1 1 auto; | ⵜⵓⵎⴰⵢⵜ= {{Template:{{PAGENAME}}/ⴰⵡⵔⵉⴽ ⵓⴼⵔⵉⵏ}} | ⴰⴽⵍⵓ ⵏ ⵓⴱⴰⴷⵓ = #008CB1 | ⵜⵉⴷⴷⵉ ⵏ ⵓⴱⴰⴷⵓ = 2px | ⵖⵔ ⵓⴳⴳⴰⵔ= }} {{ⴰⵎⵏⵏⵉ | ⴰⵙⵖⵏ= Template:{{PAGENAME}}/ⵉⵙ ⵜⵙⵙⵏⴷ ? | ⴰⵣⵡⵍ= ⵉⵙ ⵜⵙⵙⵏⴷ ? | ⴰⴽⵍⵓ ⵏ ⵡⴰⴱⵓⴹ ⵏ ⵓⵣⵡⵍ = #008CB1 | ⴰⴽⵍⵓ ⵏ ⵡⴰⴱⵓⴹ ⵏ ⵜⵓⵎⴰⵢⵜ = #FEFFF4 | ⴰⴽⵍⵓ ⵏ ⵓⵣⵡⵍ = #FEFFF4 | ⵜⴰⵡⵍⴰⴼⵜ= Ac_papyrus.png | ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵎⴽⵜ= flex: 1 1 auto; | ⵜⵓⵎⴰⵢⵜ= {{Template:{{PAGENAME}}/ⵉⵙ ⵜⵙⵙⵏⴷ ?}} | ⴰⴽⵍⵓ ⵏ ⵓⴱⴰⴷⵓ = #008CB1 | ⵜⵉⴷⴷⵉ ⵏ ⵓⴱⴰⴷⵓ = 2px }} {{ⴰⵎⵏⵏⵉ | ⴰⵙⵖⵏ= Template:{{PAGENAME}}/ⵉⵡⵡⵓⵔⴰ ⴰⵢⵜⵎⴰⵜⵏ | ⴰⵣⵡⵍ= ⵉⵡⵡⵓⵔⴰ ⴰⵢⵜⵎⴰⵜⵏ | ⴰⴽⵍⵓ ⵏ ⵡⴰⴱⵓⴹ ⵏ ⵓⵣⵡⵍ = #008CB1 | ⴰⴽⵍⵓ ⵏ ⵡⴰⴱⵓⴹ ⵏ ⵜⵓⵎⴰⵢⵜ = #FEFFF4 | ⴰⴽⵍⵓ ⵏ ⵓⵣⵡⵍ = #FEFFF4 | ⵜⴰⵡⵍⴰⴼⵜ= Ac_papyrus.png | ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵎⴽⵜ= flex: 1 1 auto; | ⵜⵓⵎⴰⵢⵜ= {{Template:{{PAGENAME}}/ⵉⵡⵡⵓⵔⴰ ⴰⵢⵜⵎⴰⵜⵏ}} | ⴰⴽⵍⵓ ⵏ ⵓⴱⴰⴷⵓ = #008CB1 | ⵜⵉⴷⴷⵉ ⵏ ⵓⴱⴰⴷⵓ = 2px }} {{ⴰⵎⵏⵏⵉ | ⴰⵙⵖⵏ= Template:{{PAGENAME}}/ⵉⵙⵎⵉⵍⵏ | ⴰⵣⵡⵍ= ⵉⵙⵎⵉⵍⵏ | ⴰⴽⵍⵓ ⵏ ⵡⴰⴱⵓⴹ ⵏ ⵓⵣⵡⵍ = #008CB1 | ⴰⴽⵍⵓ ⵏ ⵡⴰⴱⵓⴹ ⵏ ⵜⵓⵎⴰⵢⵜ = #FEFFF4 | ⴰⴽⵍⵓ ⵏ ⵓⵣⵡⵍ = #FEFFF4 | ⵜⴰⵡⵍⴰⴼⵜ= Nuvola_apps_package_wordprocessing.png | ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵎⴽⵜ= flex: 1 1 auto; | ⵜⵓⵎⴰⵢⵜ= {{Template:{{PAGENAME}}/ⵉⵙⵎⵉⵍⵏ}} | ⴰⴽⵍⵓ ⵏ ⵓⴱⴰⴷⵓ = #008CB1 | ⵜⵉⴷⴷⵉ ⵏ ⵓⴱⴰⴷⵓ = 2px }} </div> <!-- Tigira n imnnitn n ufasi --> </div><!-- Tigira n tasna ---> {{ⴰⵎⵏⵏⵉ | ⴰⵙⵖⵏ= Template:ⴰⵎⴳⵔⴰⴷ ⴰⵎⴰⵢⵏⵓ | ⴰⵣⵡⵍ= ⴰⵎⴳⵔⴰⴷ ⴰⵎⴰⵢⵏⵓ | ⴰⴽⵍⵓ ⵏ ⵡⴰⴱⵓⴹ ⵏ ⵓⵣⵡⵍ = #008CB1 | ⴰⴽⵍⵓ ⵏ ⵡⴰⴱⵓⴹ ⵏ ⵜⵓⵎⴰⵢⵜ = #FEFFF4 | ⴰⴽⵍⵓ ⵏ ⵓⵣⵡⵍ = #FEFFF4 | ⵜⴰⵡⵍⴰⴼⵜ= W-circle.svg | ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵎⴽⵜ= flex: 1 1 auto; | ⵜⵓⵎⴰⵢⵜ= {{Template:ⴰⵎⴳⵔⴰⴷ ⴰⵎⴰⵢⵏⵓ}} | ⴰⴽⵍⵓ ⵏ ⵓⴱⴰⴷⵓ = #008CB1 | ⵜⵉⴷⴷⵉ ⵏ ⵓⴱⴰⴷⵓ = 2px }} {{ⴰⵎⵏⵏⵉ | ⴰⵙⵖⵏ= Template:ⵉⵙⵏⴼⴰⵔⵏ ⴰⵢⵜⵎⴰⵜⵏ ⵏ ⵡⵉⴽⵉⴱⵉⴷⵢⴰ | ⴰⵣⵡⵍ= ⵉⵙⵏⴼⴰⵔⵏ ⴰⵢⵜⵎⴰⵜⵏ | ⴰⴽⵍⵓ ⵏ ⵡⴰⴱⵓⴹ ⵏ ⵓⵣⵡⵍ = #008CB1 | ⴰⴽⵍⵓ ⵏ ⵡⴰⴱⵓⴹ ⵏ ⵜⵓⵎⴰⵢⵜ = #FEFFF4 | ⴰⴽⵍⵓ ⵏ ⵓⵣⵡⵍ = #FEFFF4 | ⵜⴰⵡⵍⴰⴼⵜ= W-circle.svg | ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵎⴽⵜ= flex: 1 1 auto; | ⵜⵓⵎⴰⵢⵜ= {{Template:ⵉⵙⵏⴼⴰⵔⵏ ⴰⵢⵜⵎⴰⵜⵏ ⵏ ⵡⵉⴽⵉⴱⵉⴷⵢⴰ}} | ⴰⴽⵍⵓ ⵏ ⵓⴱⴰⴷⵓ = #008CB1 | ⵜⵉⴷⴷⵉ ⵏ ⵓⴱⴰⴷⵓ = 2px }} __NOTOC__ __NOEDITSECTION__ ==ⵉⵙⴰⵖⵓⵍⵏ== {{ⵉⵙⴰⵖⵓⵍⵏ}} {{ⴰⴱⴰⴹ ⵓⵏⵜⵉⵎ}} kmo3vq6qslecqgmbiqx3y8xz4u6vwl8 0 1320 176039 153757 2026-05-04T13:50:45Z BihiBot 2406 ⴽⴽⵙⵖ ⴰⵍⴱⵓⴹ ⵏ ⵜⵏⵟⵟⵓⴼⵜ 176039 wikitext text/x-wiki {{ⵉⵙⵕⵥⴰⵎ ⵏ ⵡⴰⴳⴳⵓⵔ |ⵜⴰⵔⴰⴽⴰⵍⵜ}} ==ⵉⵙⴰⵖⵓⵍⵏ== {{ⵉⵙⴰⵖⵓⵍⵏ}} {{ⴰⴱⴰⴹ ⵓⵏⵜⵉⵎ}} 4c0bd6mn2de9scibul7903wq55mn3xq 0 1321 176040 153763 2026-05-04T13:51:16Z BihiBot 2406 ⴽⴽⵙⵖ ⴰⵍⴱⵓⴹ ⵏ ⵜⵏⵟⵟⵓⴼⵜ 176040 wikitext text/x-wiki {{ⵥⵕ ⵉⴷⵓⵙⵎⵉⵍⵏ}} <div class="reflist4" style="height: 150px; overflow: auto; padding: 4px" > <categorytree mode=pages showcount="on">ⵜⴰⵔⴰⴽⴰⵍⵜ</categorytree> </div></div > ==ⵉⵙⴰⵖⵓⵍⵏ== *'''ⴰⵙⴳⵣⴰⵡⴰⵍ ⵏ [[ⴰⵙⵉⵏⴰⴳ ⴰⴳⵍⴷⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵓⵙⵙⵏⴰ ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵜ]](ⵙ.ⴳ.ⵙ.ⵎ) :''' [[ⵎⵙⵎⵓⵏ ⴰⵡⴰⵍ ⴰⵎⴰⵜⴰⵢ ⴰⵙⵏⵎⴰⵍⴰⵢ ⵏ ⵜⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵜ]] (ⵎ.ⵎ.ⵙ.ⵎ) {{ⵉⵙⴰⵖⵓⵍⵏ}} {{ⴰⴱⴰⴹ ⵓⵏⵜⵉⵎ}} o2j9qscssil8h2wq8124f27vxw0i5ly 0 1322 176043 153775 2026-05-04T13:52:16Z BihiBot 2406 ⴽⴽⵙⵖ ⴰⵍⴱⵓⴹ ⵏ ⵜⵏⵟⵟⵓⴼⵜ 176043 wikitext text/x-wiki {| id="mp-topbanner" style="width:100%; background:#f9f9f9; margin-top:1.2em; border:1px solid #ccc;" | style="width:56%; color:#000;" | {| style="width:100%; border:solid 0px; background:transparent" | style="width:100%; text-align:center; white-space:nowrap; color:#000" | [[ⴰⴼⴰⵢⵍⵓ:Math.svg|left|70x70px|Math]] <div style="font-size:250%; border:0; margin:0; padding:.1em; color:#000"> '''ⴰⵡⵡⵓⵔ ⵏ ⵜⵔⵉⴷⵉⵔⵜ'''</div> |} |} ==ⵉⵙⴰⵖⵓⵍⵏ== *'''ⴰⵙⴳⵣⴰⵡⴰⵍ ⵏ [[ⴰⵙⵉⵏⴰⴳ ⴰⴳⵍⴷⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵓⵙⵙⵏⴰ ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵜ]](ⵙ.ⴳ.ⵙ.ⵎ) :''' [[ⵎⵙⵎⵓⵏ ⴰⵡⴰⵍ ⴰⵎⴰⵜⴰⵢ ⴰⵙⵏⵎⴰⵍⴰⵢ ⵏ ⵜⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵜ]] (ⵎ.ⵎ.ⵙ.ⵎ) {{ⵉⵙⴰⵖⵓⵍⵏ}} {{ⴰⴱⴰⴹ ⵓⵏⵜⵉⵎ}} juu2v7e011kxp8wczwnfwf0zqfl018b 0 1323 176044 157474 2026-05-04T13:52:26Z BihiBot 2406 ⴽⴽⵙⵖ ⴰⵍⴱⵓⴹ ⵏ ⵜⵏⵟⵟⵓⴼⵜ 176044 wikitext text/x-wiki {{ⵉⵙⵕⵥⴰⵎ ⵏ ⵡⴰⵡⵡⵓⵔ|ⵜⴰⵖⵔⵎⴰ}} {{ⵜⴰⵣⵡⵓⵔⵜ |ⴰⵡⵡⵓⵔ = ⵜⴰⵖⵔⵎⴰ |ⵜⴰⵡⵍⴰⴼⵜ = Map symbol museum.svg }} {{ⴰⵙⴰⵜⵉ |ⴰⵣⵡⵍ = ⵜⴰⵣⵡⵓⵔⵜ |ⵜⴰⵖⵣⵉ ⵏ ⵓⵣⵡⵍ = 45% |ⵜⴰⵢⴽⵓⵏⵜ = |ⴰⴽⵍⵓ ⵏ ⵓⵙⴽⴽⵉⵍ ⵏ ⵓⵣⵡⵍ = ffffff |ⴰⴽⵍⵓ ⵏ ⵜⵖⵔⴷⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵓⵣⵡⵍ = 708238 |ⴰⴽⵍⵓ ⵏ ⵜⵖⵔⴷⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵓⵎⴰⵢⵜ = D0F0C0 |ⴰⵙⵏⴼⵍ =ⴰⵡⵡⵓⵔ:ⵜⴰⵖⵔⵎⴰ/ⵜⴰⵣⵡⵓⵔⵜ |ⵜⵓⵎⴰⵢⵜ = {{:ⴰⵡⵡⵓⵔ:ⵜⴰⵖⵔⵎⴰ/ⵜⴰⵣⵡⵓⵔⵜ}} }} {{ⴰⵙⴰⵜⵉ |ⴰⵣⵡⵍ = ⴰⵎⴳⵔⴰⴷ ⵓⴼⵔⵉⵏ |ⵜⴰⵖⵣⵉ ⵏ ⵓⵣⵡⵍ = 60% |ⵜⴰⵢⴽⵓⵏⵜ = |ⴰⴽⵍⵓ ⵏ ⵓⵙⴽⴽⵉⵍ ⵏ ⵓⵣⵡⵍ = ffffff |ⴰⴽⵍⵓ ⵏ ⵜⵖⵔⴷⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵓⵣⵡⵍ = 708238 |ⴰⴽⵍⵓ ⵏ ⵜⵖⵔⴷⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵓⵎⴰⵢⵜ = D0F0C0 |ⴰⵙⵏⴼⵍ =ⴰⵡⵡⵓⵔ:ⵜⴰⵖⵔⵎⴰ/ⴰⵎⴳⵔⴰⴷ ⵓⴼⵔⵉⵏ |ⵜⵓⵎⴰⵢⵜ = {{:ⴰⵡⵡⵓⵔ:ⵜⴰⵖⵔⵎⴰ/ⴰⵎⴳⵔⴰⴷ ⵓⴼⵔⵉⵏ}} }} {{ⴰⵙⴰⵜⵉ |ⴰⵣⵡⵍ = ⵜⴰⵡⵍⴰⴼⵜ ⵜⵓⴼⵔⵉⵏⵜ |ⵜⴰⵖⵣⵉ ⵏ ⵓⵣⵡⵍ = 65% |ⵜⴰⵢⴽⵓⵏⵜ = |ⴰⴽⵍⵓ ⵏ ⵓⵙⴽⴽⵉⵍ ⵏ ⵓⵣⵡⵍ = ffffff |ⴰⴽⵍⵓ ⵏ ⵜⵖⵔⴷⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵓⵣⵡⵍ = 708238 |ⴰⴽⵍⵓ ⵏ ⵜⵖⵔⴷⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵓⵎⴰⵢⵜ = D0F0C0 |ⴰⵙⵏⴼⵍ =ⴰⵡⵡⵓⵔ:ⵜⴰⵖⵔⵎⴰ/ⵜⴰⵡⵍⴰⴼⵜ ⵜⵓⴼⵔⵉⵏⵜ |ⵜⵓⵎⴰⵢⵜ = {{:ⴰⵡⵡⵓⵔ:ⵜⴰⵖⵔⵎⴰ/ⵜⴰⵡⵍⴰⴼⵜ ⵜⵓⴼⵔⵉⵏⵜ}} }} {{ⴰⵙⴰⵜⵉ |ⴰⵣⵡⵍ = ⵉⵙⵎⵉⵍⵏ |ⵜⴰⵖⵣⵉ ⵏ ⵓⵣⵡⵍ = 40% |ⵜⴰⵢⴽⵓⵏⵜ = |ⴰⴽⵍⵓ ⵏ ⵓⵙⴽⴽⵉⵍ ⵏ ⵓⵣⵡⵍ = ffffff |ⴰⴽⵍⵓ ⵏ ⵜⵖⵔⴷⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵓⵣⵡⵍ = 708238 |ⴰⴽⵍⵓ ⵏ ⵜⵖⵔⴷⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵓⵎⴰⵢⵜ = D0F0C0 |ⴰⵙⵏⴼⵍ =ⴰⵡⵡⵓⵔ:ⵜⴰⵖⵔⵎⴰ/ⵉⵙⵎⵉⵍⵏ |ⵜⵓⵎⴰⵢⵜ = {{:ⴰⵡⵡⵓⵔ:ⵜⴰⵖⵔⵎⴰ/ⵉⵙⵎⵉⵍⵏ}} }} {{ⴰⵙⴰⵜⵉ |ⴰⵣⵡⵍ = ⵉⵡⵡⵓⵔⴰ ⴰⵢⵜⵎⴰⵜⵏ |ⵜⴰⵖⵣⵉ ⵏ ⵓⵣⵡⵍ = 60% |ⵜⴰⵢⴽⵓⵏⵜ = |ⴰⴽⵍⵓ ⵏ ⵓⵙⴽⴽⵉⵍ ⵏ ⵓⵣⵡⵍ = ffffff |ⴰⴽⵍⵓ ⵏ ⵜⵖⵔⴷⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵓⵣⵡⵍ = 708238 |ⴰⴽⵍⵓ ⵏ ⵜⵖⵔⴷⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵓⵎⴰⵢⵜ = D0F0C0 |ⴰⵙⵏⴼⵍ =ⴰⵡⵡⵓⵔ:ⵜⴰⵖⵔⵎⴰ/ⵉⵡⵡⵓⵔⴰ ⴰⵢⵜⵎⴰⵜⵏ |ⵜⵓⵎⴰⵢⵜ = {{:ⴰⵡⵡⵓⵔ:ⵜⴰⵖⵔⵎⴰ/ⵉⵡⵡⵓⵔⴰ ⴰⵢⵜⵎⴰⵜⵏ}} }} ==ⵉⵙⴰⵖⵓⵍⵏ== {{ⵉⵙⴰⵖⵓⵍⵏ}} {{ⴰⴱⴰⴹ ⵓⵏⵜⵉⵎ}} {{ⴰⵙⵎⵉⵍ|ⴰⵡⵡⵓⵔ}} auaii6s50zoi7znpfz6tdmo1yf4lsqe 0 1324 176045 153777 2026-05-04T13:52:36Z BihiBot 2406 ⴽⴽⵙⵖ ⴰⵍⴱⵓⴹ ⵏ ⵜⵏⵟⵟⵓⴼⵜ 176045 wikitext text/x-wiki '''ⵜⴰⵖⵔⵎⴰ ⵜⴰⵎⵖⵔⴰⴱⵉⵢⵜ''' ⵜⴰⵖⵔⵎⴰ ⵜⵎⵖⵔⴰⴱⵉⵢⵜ ⵜⴳⴰ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⵖⵔⵎⴰ ⵉⵙⵎⴰⵏⵏ ⴳⵔ ⵜⵏⴷⵉⵜⵉⵏ ⴷ ⵜⵉⵎⵢⵓⵔⵉⵏ ⵏⵏⵖ ⵣⵓⵏ ⴷ ; ⵜⵜⵍⵖⵏⵊⴰ ⴷ ⴱⵓⵢⵍⵎⴰⵡⵏ, ⵜⵉⴼⵓⴳⵍⵉⵡⵉⵏ. ⴷ ⵉⴷⵔⵉⵣⵏ ⴰⵎ; ⵉⴳⵓⴷⴰⵔ, ⵜⵉⵖⵔⵎⵜ ⵏ ⴰⵢⵜ ⴱⵏⵃⴷⴷⵓ, ⵜⴰⵚⵚⵓⵎⵄⵜ ⵏ ⵃⴰⵙⴰⵏ, ⴽⵓⵜⵓⴱⵉⵢⵢⴰ ⵉⴼⵔⵉ ⵏ ⵉⵔⴽⵍ ⵉⵍⵍⴰⵏ ⴳ ⵜⵎⴰⵣⵉⵔⵜ ⵏ ⵟⴰⵏⵊⴰ. ==ⵉⵙⴰⵖⵓⵍⵏ== *'''ⴰⵙⴳⵣⴰⵡⴰⵍ ⵏ [[ⴰⵙⵉⵏⴰⴳ ⴰⴳⵍⴷⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵓⵙⵙⵏⴰ ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵜ]](ⵙ.ⴳ.ⵙ.ⵎ) :''' [[ⵎⵙⵎⵓⵏ ⴰⵡⴰⵍ ⴰⵎⴰⵜⴰⵢ ⴰⵙⵏⵎⴰⵍⴰⵢ ⵏ ⵜⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵜ]] (ⵎ.ⵎ.ⵙ.ⵎ) {{ⵉⵙⴰⵖⵓⵍⵏ}} {{ⴰⴱⴰⴹ ⵓⵏⵜⵉⵎ}} fia9zue91c8s4cioyk0z0e82hqhpxnw 0 1325 176046 153779 2026-05-04T13:52:45Z BihiBot 2406 ⴽⴽⵙⵖ ⴰⵍⴱⵓⴹ ⵏ ⵜⵏⵟⵟⵓⴼⵜ 176046 wikitext text/x-wiki {{ⵉⵙⵕⵥⴰⵎ ⵏ ⵡⴰⵡⵡⵓⵔ|ⵜⴰⵖⵔⵎⴰ}} ==ⵉⵙⴰⵖⵓⵍⵏ== {{ⵉⵙⴰⵖⵓⵍⵏ}} {{ⴰⴱⴰⴹ ⵓⵏⵜⵉⵎ}} 8jybeik5q5qfmuyewcvhvmes0k36kji 0 1326 176047 153781 2026-05-04T13:52:55Z BihiBot 2406 ⴽⴽⵙⵖ ⴰⵍⴱⵓⴹ ⵏ ⵜⵏⵟⵟⵓⴼⵜ 176047 wikitext text/x-wiki {| id="mp-topbanner" style="width:100%; background:#f9f9f9; margin-top:1.2em; border:1px solid #ccc;" | style="width:56%; color:#000;" | {| style="width:100%; border:solid 0px; background:transparent" | style="width:100%; text-align:center; white-space:nowrap; color:#000" | [[ⴰⴼⴰⵢⵍⵓ:Math.svg|left|70x70px|Math]] <div style="font-size:250%; border:0; margin:0; padding:.1em; color:#000"> '''ⴰⵡⵡⵓⵔ ⵏ ⵜⵙⴽⵍⴰ'''</div> |} |} ==ⵉⵙⴰⵖⵓⵍⵏ== *'''ⴰⵙⴳⵣⴰⵡⴰⵍ ⵏ [[ⴰⵙⵉⵏⴰⴳ ⴰⴳⵍⴷⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵓⵙⵙⵏⴰ ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵜ]](ⵙ.ⴳ.ⵙ.ⵎ) :''' [[ⵎⵙⵎⵓⵏ ⴰⵡⴰⵍ ⴰⵎⴰⵜⴰⵢ ⴰⵙⵏⵎⴰⵍⴰⵢ ⵏ ⵜⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵜ]] (ⵎ.ⵎ.ⵙ.ⵎ) {{ⵉⵙⴰⵖⵓⵍⵏ}} {{ⴰⴱⴰⴹ ⵓⵏⵜⵉⵎ}} 58h7e6bdz2kh28g69z5hnwxd5akdi0a 0 1327 176048 153783 2026-05-04T13:53:05Z BihiBot 2406 ⴽⴽⵙⵖ ⴰⵍⴱⵓⴹ ⵏ ⵜⵏⵟⵟⵓⴼⵜ 176048 wikitext text/x-wiki {| id="mp-topbanner" style="width:100%; background:#f9f9f9; margin-top:1.2em; border:1px solid #ccc;" | style="width:56%; color:#000;" | {| style="width:100%; border:solid 0px; background:transparent" | style="width:100%; text-align:center; white-space:nowrap; color:#000" | [[ⴰⴼⴰⵢⵍⵓ:Math.svg|left|70x70px|Math]] <div style="font-size:250%; border:0; margin:0; padding:.1em; color:#000"> '''ⴰⵡⵡⵓⵔ ⵏ ⵜⵙⵏⴰⵎⵓⵏⵜ'''</div> |} |} ==ⵉⵙⴰⵖⵓⵍⵏ== *'''ⴰⵙⴳⵣⴰⵡⴰⵍ ⵏ [[ⴰⵙⵉⵏⴰⴳ ⴰⴳⵍⴷⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵓⵙⵙⵏⴰ ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵜ]](ⵙ.ⴳ.ⵙ.ⵎ) :''' [[ⵎⵙⵎⵓⵏ ⴰⵡⴰⵍ ⴰⵎⴰⵜⴰⵢ ⴰⵙⵏⵎⴰⵍⴰⵢ ⵏ ⵜⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵜ]] (ⵎ.ⵎ.ⵙ.ⵎ) {{ⵉⵙⴰⵖⵓⵍⵏ}} {{ⴰⴱⴰⴹ ⵓⵏⵜⵉⵎ}} gy6lsjavnut1fn28s9jmiylq2tcnter 0 1328 176049 153785 2026-05-04T13:53:15Z BihiBot 2406 ⴽⴽⵙⵖ ⴰⵍⴱⵓⴹ ⵏ ⵜⵏⵟⵟⵓⴼⵜ 176049 wikitext text/x-wiki {| id="mp-topbanner" style="width:100%; background:#f9f9f9; margin-top:1.2em; border:1px solid #ccc;" | style="width:56%; color:#000;" | {| style="width:100%; border:solid 0px; background:transparent" | style="width:100%; text-align:center; white-space:nowrap; color:#000" | [[ⴰⴼⴰⵢⵍⵓ:Math.svg|left|70x70px|Math]] <div style="font-size:250%; border:0; margin:0; padding:.1em; color:#000"> '''ⴰⵡⵡⵓⵔ ⵏ ⵜⵙⵏⴼⴳⴰⵏⵜ'''</div> |} |} ==ⵉⵙⴰⵖⵓⵍⵏ== *'''ⴰⵙⴳⵣⴰⵡⴰⵍ ⵏ [[ⴰⵙⵉⵏⴰⴳ ⴰⴳⵍⴷⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵓⵙⵙⵏⴰ ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵜ]](ⵙ.ⴳ.ⵙ.ⵎ) :''' [[ⵎⵙⵎⵓⵏ ⴰⵡⴰⵍ ⴰⵎⴰⵜⴰⵢ ⴰⵙⵏⵎⴰⵍⴰⵢ ⵏ ⵜⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵜ]] (ⵎ.ⵎ.ⵙ.ⵎ) {{ⵉⵙⴰⵖⵓⵍⵏ}} {{ⴰⴱⴰⴹ ⵓⵏⵜⵉⵎ}} 8p4b33ivx9ihwfa2q6gmvz7zcdd1osf 0 1329 176050 157478 2026-05-04T13:53:26Z BihiBot 2406 ⴽⴽⵙⵖ ⴰⵍⴱⵓⴹ ⵏ ⵜⵏⵟⵟⵓⴼⵜ 176050 wikitext text/x-wiki {{ⵉⵙⵕⵥⴰⵎ ⵏ ⵡⴰⵡⵡⵓⵔ|ⵜⴰⵙⵏⵉⵊⵊⵉⵜ}} {{ⵜⴰⵣⵡⵓⵔⵜ |ⴰⵡⵡⵓⵔ = ⵜⴰⵙⵏⵉⵊⵊⵉⵜ |ⵜⴰⵡⵍⴰⴼⵜ = Star_of_life2.svg }} {{ⴰⵙⴰⵜⵉ |ⴰⵣⵡⵍ = ⵜⴰⵣⵡⵓⵔⵜ |ⵜⴰⵖⵣⵉ ⵏ ⵓⵣⵡⵍ = 45% |ⵜⴰⵢⴽⵓⵏⵜ = |ⴰⴽⵍⵓ ⵏ ⵓⵙⴽⴽⵉⵍ ⵏ ⵓⵣⵡⵍ = ffffff |ⴰⴽⵍⵓ ⵏ ⵜⵖⵔⴷⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵓⵣⵡⵍ = DD8F56 |ⴰⴽⵍⵓ ⵏ ⵜⵖⵔⴷⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵓⵎⴰⵢⵜ = fff3c6 |ⴰⵙⵏⴼⵍ =ⴰⵡⵡⵓⵔ:ⵜⴰⵙⵏⵉⵊⵊⵉⵜ/ⵜⴰⵣⵡⵓⵔⵜ |ⵜⵓⵎⴰⵢⵜ = {{:ⴰⵡⵡⵓⵔ:ⵜⴰⵙⵏⵉⵊⵊⵉⵜ/ⵜⴰⵣⵡⵓⵔⵜ}} }} {{ⴰⵙⴰⵜⵉ |ⴰⵣⵡⵍ = ⴰⵎⴳⵔⴰⴷ ⵓⴼⵔⵉⵏ |ⵜⴰⵖⵣⵉ ⵏ ⵓⵣⵡⵍ = 60% |ⵜⴰⵢⴽⵓⵏⵜ = |ⴰⴽⵍⵓ ⵏ ⵓⵙⴽⴽⵉⵍ ⵏ ⵓⵣⵡⵍ = ffffff |ⴰⴽⵍⵓ ⵏ ⵜⵖⵔⴷⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵓⵣⵡⵍ = DD8F56 |ⴰⴽⵍⵓ ⵏ ⵜⵖⵔⴷⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵓⵎⴰⵢⵜ = fff3c6 |ⴰⵙⵏⴼⵍ =ⴰⵡⵡⵓⵔ:ⵜⴰⵙⵏⵉⵊⵊⵉⵜ/ⴰⵎⴳⵔⴰⴷ ⵓⴼⵔⵉⵏ |ⵜⵓⵎⴰⵢⵜ = {{:ⴰⵡⵡⵓⵔ:ⵜⴰⵙⵏⵉⵊⵊⵉⵜ/ⴰⵎⴳⵔⴰⴷ ⵓⴼⵔⵉⵏ}} }} {{ⴰⵙⴰⵜⵉ |ⴰⵣⵡⵍ = ⵜⴰⵡⵍⴰⴼⵜ ⵜⵓⴼⵔⵉⵏⵜ |ⵜⴰⵖⵣⵉ ⵏ ⵓⵣⵡⵍ = 65% |ⵜⴰⵢⴽⵓⵏⵜ = |ⴰⴽⵍⵓ ⵏ ⵓⵙⴽⴽⵉⵍ ⵏ ⵓⵣⵡⵍ = ffffff |ⴰⴽⵍⵓ ⵏ ⵜⵖⵔⴷⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵓⵣⵡⵍ = DD8F56 |ⴰⴽⵍⵓ ⵏ ⵜⵖⵔⴷⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵓⵎⴰⵢⵜ = fff3c6 |ⴰⵙⵏⴼⵍ =ⴰⵡⵡⵓⵔ:ⵜⴰⵙⵏⵉⵊⵊⵉⵜ/ⵜⴰⵡⵍⴰⴼⵜ ⵜⵓⴼⵔⵉⵏⵜ |ⵜⵓⵎⴰⵢⵜ = {{:ⴰⵡⵡⵓⵔ:ⵜⴰⵙⵏⵉⵊⵊⵉⵜ/ⵜⴰⵡⵍⴰⴼⵜ ⵜⵓⴼⵔⵉⵏⵜ}} }} {{ⴰⵙⴰⵜⵉ |ⴰⵣⵡⵍ = ⵉⵙⵎⵉⵍⵏ |ⵜⴰⵖⵣⵉ ⵏ ⵓⵣⵡⵍ = 40% |ⵜⴰⵢⴽⵓⵏⵜ = |ⴰⴽⵍⵓ ⵏ ⵓⵙⴽⴽⵉⵍ ⵏ ⵓⵣⵡⵍ = ffffff |ⴰⴽⵍⵓ ⵏ ⵜⵖⵔⴷⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵓⵣⵡⵍ = DD8F56 |ⴰⴽⵍⵓ ⵏ ⵜⵖⵔⴷⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵓⵎⴰⵢⵜ = fff3c6 |ⴰⵙⵏⴼⵍ =ⴰⵡⵡⵓⵔ:ⵜⴰⵙⵏⵉⵊⵊⵉⵜ/ⵉⵙⵎⵉⵍⵏ |ⵜⵓⵎⴰⵢⵜ = {{:ⴰⵡⵡⵓⵔ:ⵜⴰⵙⵏⵉⵊⵊⵉⵜ/ⵉⵙⵎⵉⵍⵏ}} }} {{ⴰⵙⴰⵜⵉ |ⴰⵣⵡⵍ = ⵉⵡⵡⵓⵔⴰ ⴰⵢⵜⵎⴰⵜⵏ |ⵜⴰⵖⵣⵉ ⵏ ⵓⵣⵡⵍ = 60% |ⵜⴰⵢⴽⵓⵏⵜ = |ⴰⴽⵍⵓ ⵏ ⵓⵙⴽⴽⵉⵍ ⵏ ⵓⵣⵡⵍ = ffffff |ⴰⴽⵍⵓ ⵏ ⵜⵖⵔⴷⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵓⵣⵡⵍ = DD8F56 |ⴰⴽⵍⵓ ⵏ ⵜⵖⵔⴷⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵓⵎⴰⵢⵜ = fff3c6 |ⴰⵙⵏⴼⵍ =ⴰⵡⵡⵓⵔ:ⵜⴰⵙⵏⵉⵊⵊⵉⵜ/ⵉⵡⵡⵓⵔⴰ ⴰⵢⵜⵎⴰⵜⵏ |ⵜⵓⵎⴰⵢⵜ = {{:ⴰⵡⵡⵓⵔ:ⵜⴰⵙⵏⵉⵊⵊⵉⵜ/ⵉⵡⵡⵓⵔⴰ ⴰⵢⵜⵎⴰⵜⵏ}} }} ==ⵉⵙⴰⵖⵓⵍⵏ== {{ⵉⵙⴰⵖⵓⵍⵏ}} {{ⴰⴱⴰⴹ ⵓⵏⵜⵉⵎ}} {{ⴰⵙⵎⵉⵍ|ⴰⵡⵡⵓⵔ}} chg27yv1fxy277ycga5htiltu9h58uq 0 1330 176051 153787 2026-05-04T13:53:35Z BihiBot 2406 ⴽⴽⵙⵖ ⴰⵍⴱⵓⴹ ⵏ ⵜⵏⵟⵟⵓⴼⵜ 176051 wikitext text/x-wiki {{ⵉⵙⵕⵥⴰⵎ ⵏ ⵡⴰⵡⵡⵓⵔ|ⵜⴰⵙⵏⵉⵊⵊⵉⵜ}} ==ⵉⵙⴰⵖⵓⵍⵏ== {{ⵉⵙⴰⵖⵓⵍⵏ}} {{ⴰⴱⴰⴹ ⵓⵏⵜⵉⵎ}} kcslquvlvjnce88z3avmcwztxwalv3r 0 1331 176053 157480 2026-05-04T13:53:57Z BihiBot 2406 ⴽⴽⵙⵖ ⴰⵍⴱⵓⴹ ⵏ ⵜⵏⵟⵟⵓⴼⵜ 176053 wikitext text/x-wiki {{ⵉⵙⵕⵥⴰⵎ ⵏ ⵡⴰⵡⵡⵓⵔ|ⵜⴰⵙⵏⵙⵍⴽⵉⵎⵜ}} {{ⵜⴰⵣⵡⵓⵔⵜ |ⴰⵡⵡⵓⵔ = ⵜⴰⵙⵏⵙⵍⴽⵉⵎⵜ |ⵜⴰⵡⵍⴰⴼⵜ = Desktop_computer_clipart_-_Yellow_theme.svg }} {{ⴰⵙⴰⵜⵉ |ⴰⵣⵡⵍ = ⵜⴰⵣⵡⵓⵔⵜ |ⵜⴰⵖⵣⵉ ⵏ ⵓⵣⵡⵍ = 45% |ⵜⴰⵢⴽⵓⵏⵜ = |ⴰⴽⵍⵓ ⵏ ⵓⵙⴽⴽⵉⵍ ⵏ ⵓⵣⵡⵍ = ffffff |ⴰⴽⵍⵓ ⵏ ⵜⵖⵔⴷⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵓⵣⵡⵍ = 708238 |ⴰⴽⵍⵓ ⵏ ⵜⵖⵔⴷⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵓⵎⴰⵢⵜ = D0F0C0 |ⴰⵙⵏⴼⵍ =ⴰⵡⵡⵓⵔ:ⵜⴰⵙⵏⵙⵍⴽⵉⵎⵜ/ⵜⴰⵣⵡⵓⵔⵜ |ⵜⵓⵎⴰⵢⵜ = {{:ⴰⵡⵡⵓⵔ:ⵜⴰⵙⵏⵙⵍⴽⵉⵎⵜ/ⵜⴰⵣⵡⵓⵔⵜ}} }} {{ⴰⵙⴰⵜⵉ |ⴰⵣⵡⵍ = ⴰⵎⴳⵔⴰⴷ ⵓⴼⵔⵉⵏ |ⵜⴰⵖⵣⵉ ⵏ ⵓⵣⵡⵍ = 60% |ⵜⴰⵢⴽⵓⵏⵜ = |ⴰⴽⵍⵓ ⵏ ⵓⵙⴽⴽⵉⵍ ⵏ ⵓⵣⵡⵍ = ffffff |ⴰⴽⵍⵓ ⵏ ⵜⵖⵔⴷⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵓⵣⵡⵍ = 708238 |ⴰⴽⵍⵓ ⵏ ⵜⵖⵔⴷⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵓⵎⴰⵢⵜ = D0F0C0 |ⴰⵙⵏⴼⵍ =ⴰⵡⵡⵓⵔ:ⵜⴰⵙⵏⵙⵍⴽⵉⵎⵜ/ⴰⵎⴳⵔⴰⴷ ⵓⴼⵔⵉⵏ |ⵜⵓⵎⴰⵢⵜ = {{:ⴰⵡⵡⵓⵔ:ⵜⴰⵙⵏⵙⵍⴽⵉⵎⵜ/ⴰⵎⴳⵔⴰⴷ ⵓⴼⵔⵉⵏ}} }} {{ⴰⵙⴰⵜⵉ |ⴰⵣⵡⵍ = ⵜⴰⵡⵍⴰⴼⵜ ⵜⵓⴼⵔⵉⵏⵜ |ⵜⴰⵖⵣⵉ ⵏ ⵓⵣⵡⵍ = 65% |ⵜⴰⵢⴽⵓⵏⵜ = |ⴰⴽⵍⵓ ⵏ ⵓⵙⴽⴽⵉⵍ ⵏ ⵓⵣⵡⵍ = ffffff |ⴰⴽⵍⵓ ⵏ ⵜⵖⵔⴷⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵓⵣⵡⵍ = 708238 |ⴰⴽⵍⵓ ⵏ ⵜⵖⵔⴷⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵓⵎⴰⵢⵜ = D0F0C0 |ⴰⵙⵏⴼⵍ =ⴰⵡⵡⵓⵔ:ⵜⴰⵙⵏⵙⵍⴽⵉⵎⵜ/ⵜⴰⵡⵍⴰⴼⵜ ⵜⵓⴼⵔⵉⵏⵜ |ⵜⵓⵎⴰⵢⵜ = {{:ⴰⵡⵡⵓⵔ:ⵜⴰⵙⵏⵙⵍⴽⵉⵎⵜ/ⵜⴰⵡⵍⴰⴼⵜ ⵜⵓⴼⵔⵉⵏⵜ}} }} {{ⴰⵙⴰⵜⵉ |ⴰⵣⵡⵍ = ⵉⵙⵎⵉⵍⵏ |ⵜⴰⵖⵣⵉ ⵏ ⵓⵣⵡⵍ = 40% |ⵜⴰⵢⴽⵓⵏⵜ = |ⴰⴽⵍⵓ ⵏ ⵓⵙⴽⴽⵉⵍ ⵏ ⵓⵣⵡⵍ = ffffff |ⴰⴽⵍⵓ ⵏ ⵜⵖⵔⴷⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵓⵣⵡⵍ = 708238 |ⴰⴽⵍⵓ ⵏ ⵜⵖⵔⴷⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵓⵎⴰⵢⵜ = D0F0C0 |ⴰⵙⵏⴼⵍ =ⴰⵡⵡⵓⵔ:ⵜⴰⵙⵏⵙⵍⴽⵉⵎⵜ/ⵉⵙⵎⵉⵍⵏ |ⵜⵓⵎⴰⵢⵜ = {{:ⴰⵡⵡⵓⵔ:ⵜⴰⵙⵏⵙⵍⴽⵉⵎⵜ/ⵉⵙⵎⵉⵍⵏ}} }} {{ⴰⵙⴰⵜⵉ |ⴰⵣⵡⵍ = ⵉⵡⵡⵓⵔⴰ ⴰⵢⵜⵎⴰⵜⵏ |ⵜⴰⵖⵣⵉ ⵏ ⵓⵣⵡⵍ = 60% |ⵜⴰⵢⴽⵓⵏⵜ = |ⴰⴽⵍⵓ ⵏ ⵓⵙⴽⴽⵉⵍ ⵏ ⵓⵣⵡⵍ = ffffff |ⴰⴽⵍⵓ ⵏ ⵜⵖⵔⴷⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵓⵣⵡⵍ = 708238 |ⴰⴽⵍⵓ ⵏ ⵜⵖⵔⴷⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵓⵎⴰⵢⵜ = D0F0C0 |ⴰⵙⵏⴼⵍ =ⴰⵡⵡⵓⵔ:ⵜⴰⵙⵏⵙⵍⴽⵉⵎⵜ/ⵉⵡⵡⵓⵔⴰ ⴰⵢⵜⵎⴰⵜⵏ |ⵜⵓⵎⴰⵢⵜ = {{:ⴰⵡⵡⵓⵔ:ⵜⴰⵙⵏⵙⵍⴽⵉⵎⵜ/ⵉⵡⵡⵓⵔⴰ ⴰⵢⵜⵎⴰⵜⵏ}} }} ==ⵉⵙⴰⵖⵓⵍⵏ== {{ⵉⵙⴰⵖⵓⵍⵏ}} {{ⴰⴱⴰⴹ ⵓⵏⵜⵉⵎ}} {{ⴰⵙⵎⵉⵍ|ⴰⵡⵡⵓⵔ}} n1p4etbeapeutvum2y2n76r31v75n4s 0 1332 176054 153789 2026-05-04T13:54:05Z BihiBot 2406 ⴽⴽⵙⵖ ⴰⵍⴱⵓⴹ ⵏ ⵜⵏⵟⵟⵓⴼⵜ 176054 wikitext text/x-wiki {{ⵉⵙⵕⵥⴰⵎ ⵏ ⵡⴰⵡⵡⵓⵔ|ⵜⴰⵙⵏⵙⵍⴽⵉⵎⵜ}} ==ⵉⵙⴰⵖⵓⵍⵏ== {{ⵉⵙⴰⵖⵓⵍⵏ}} {{ⴰⴱⴰⴹ ⵓⵏⵜⵉⵎ}} 5uyx6fw9ojhlkbfbkftu4j7v1douucp 0 1333 176055 158013 2026-05-04T13:54:16Z BihiBot 2406 ⴽⴽⵙⵖ ⴰⵍⴱⵓⴹ ⵏ ⵜⵏⵟⵟⵓⴼⵜ 176055 wikitext text/x-wiki {{ⵉⵙⵕⵥⴰⵎ ⵏ ⵡⴰⵡⵡⵓⵔ|ⵜⴰⵜⵉⴽⵏⵓⵍⵓⵊⵉⵜ}} {{ⵜⴰⵣⵡⵓⵔⵜ |ⴰⵡⵡⵓⵔ = ⵜⴰⵜⵉⴽⵏⵓⵍⵓⵊⵉⵜ |ⵜⴰⵡⵍⴰⴼⵜ = Technologie.png }} {{ⴰⵙⴰⵜⵉ |ⴰⵣⵡⵍ = ⵜⴰⵣⵡⵓⵔⵜ |ⵜⴰⵖⵣⵉ ⵏ ⵓⵣⵡⵍ = 45% |ⵜⴰⵢⴽⵓⵏⵜ = |ⴰⴽⵍⵓ ⵏ ⵓⵙⴽⴽⵉⵍ ⵏ ⵓⵣⵡⵍ = ffffff |ⴰⴽⵍⵓ ⵏ ⵜⵖⵔⴷⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵓⵣⵡⵍ = 008DFF |ⴰⴽⵍⵓ ⵏ ⵜⵖⵔⴷⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵓⵎⴰⵢⵜ = F5FBFF |ⴰⵙⵏⴼⵍ =ⴰⵡⵡⵓⵔ:ⵜⴰⵜⵉⴽⵏⵓⵍⵓⵊⵉⵜ/ⵜⴰⵣⵡⵓⵔⵜ |ⵜⵓⵎⴰⵢⵜ = {{:ⴰⵡⵡⵓⵔ:ⵜⴰⵜⵉⴽⵏⵓⵍⵓⵊⵉⵜ/ⵜⴰⵣⵡⵓⵔⵜ}} }} {{ⴰⵙⴰⵜⵉ |ⴰⵣⵡⵍ = ⴰⵎⴳⵔⴰⴷ ⵓⴼⵔⵉⵏ |ⵜⴰⵖⵣⵉ ⵏ ⵓⵣⵡⵍ = 55% |ⵜⴰⵢⴽⵓⵏⵜ = |ⴰⴽⵍⵓ ⵏ ⵓⵙⴽⴽⵉⵍ ⵏ ⵓⵣⵡⵍ = ffffff |ⴰⴽⵍⵓ ⵏ ⵜⵖⵔⴷⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵓⵣⵡⵍ = 008DFF |ⴰⴽⵍⵓ ⵏ ⵜⵖⵔⴷⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵓⵎⴰⵢⵜ = F5FBFF |ⴰⵙⵏⴼⵍ =ⴰⵡⵡⵓⵔ:ⵜⴰⵜⵉⴽⵏⵓⵍⵓⵊⵉⵜ/ⴰⵎⴳⵔⴰⴷ ⵓⴼⵔⵉⵏ |ⵜⵓⵎⴰⵢⵜ = {{:ⴰⵡⵡⵓⵔ:ⵜⴰⵜⵉⴽⵏⵓⵍⵓⵊⵉⵜ/ⴰⵎⴳⵔⴰⴷ ⵓⴼⵔⵉⵏ}} }} {{ⴰⵙⴰⵜⵉ |ⴰⵣⵡⵍ = ⵜⴰⵎⵙⵙⵓⵔⵜ ⵜⵓⴼⵔⵉⵏⵜ |ⵜⴰⵖⵣⵉ ⵏ ⵓⵣⵡⵍ = 65% |ⵜⴰⵢⴽⵓⵏⵜ = |ⴰⴽⵍⵓ ⵏ ⵓⵙⴽⴽⵉⵍ ⵏ ⵓⵣⵡⵍ = ffffff |ⴰⴽⵍⵓ ⵏ ⵜⵖⵔⴷⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵓⵣⵡⵍ = 008DFF |ⴰⴽⵍⵓ ⵏ ⵜⵖⵔⴷⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵓⵎⴰⵢⵜ = F5FBFF |ⴰⵙⵏⴼⵍ =ⴰⵡⵡⵓⵔ:ⵜⴰⵜⵉⴽⵏⵓⵍⵓⵊⵉⵜ/ⵜⴰⵎⵙⵙⵓⵔⵜ ⵜⵓⴼⵔⵉⵏⵜ |ⵜⵓⵎⴰⵢⵜ = {{:ⴰⵡⵡⵓⵔ:ⵜⴰⵜⵉⴽⵏⵓⵍⵓⵊⵉⵜ/ⵜⴰⵎⵙⵙⵓⵔⵜ ⵜⵓⴼⵔⵉⵏⵜ}} }} {{ⴰⵙⴰⵜⵉ |ⴰⵣⵡⵍ = ⴰⵡⵔⵉⴽ ⵓⴼⵔⵉⵏ |ⵜⴰⵖⵣⵉ ⵏ ⵓⵣⵡⵍ = 50% |ⵜⴰⵢⴽⵓⵏⵜ = |ⴰⴽⵍⵓ ⵏ ⵓⵙⴽⴽⵉⵍ ⵏ ⵓⵣⵡⵍ = ffffff |ⴰⴽⵍⵓ ⵏ ⵜⵖⵔⴷⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵓⵣⵡⵍ = 008DFF |ⴰⴽⵍⵓ ⵏ ⵜⵖⵔⴷⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵓⵎⴰⵢⵜ = F5FBFF |ⴰⵙⵏⴼⵍ =ⴰⵡⵡⵓⵔ:ⵜⴰⵜⵉⴽⵏⵓⵍⵓⵊⵉⵜ/ⴰⵡⵔⵉⴽ ⵓⴼⵔⵉⵏ |ⵜⵓⵎⴰⵢⵜ = {{:ⴰⵡⵡⵓⵔ:ⵜⴰⵜⵉⴽⵏⵓⵍⵓⵊⵉⵜ/ⴰⵡⵔⵉⴽ ⵓⴼⵔⵉⵏ}} }} {{ⴰⵙⴰⵜⵉ |ⴰⵣⵡⵍ = ⵜⴰⵡⵍⴰⴼⵜ ⵜⵓⴼⵔⵉⵏⵜ |ⵜⴰⵖⵣⵉ ⵏ ⵓⵣⵡⵍ = 60% |ⵜⴰⵢⴽⵓⵏⵜ = |ⴰⴽⵍⵓ ⵏ ⵓⵙⴽⴽⵉⵍ ⵏ ⵓⵣⵡⵍ = ffffff |ⴰⴽⵍⵓ ⵏ ⵜⵖⵔⴷⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵓⵣⵡⵍ = 008DFF |ⴰⴽⵍⵓ ⵏ ⵜⵖⵔⴷⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵓⵎⴰⵢⵜ = F5FBFF |ⴰⵙⵏⴼⵍ =ⴰⵡⵡⵓⵔ:ⵜⴰⵜⵉⴽⵏⵓⵍⵓⵊⵉⵜ/ⵜⴰⵡⵍⴰⴼⵜ ⵜⵓⴼⵔⵉⵏⵜ |ⵜⵓⵎⴰⵢⵜ = {{:ⴰⵡⵡⵓⵔ:ⵜⴰⵜⵉⴽⵏⵓⵍⵓⵊⵉⵜ/ⵜⴰⵡⵍⴰⴼⵜ ⵜⵓⴼⵔⵉⵏⵜ}} }} {{ⴰⵙⴰⵜⵉ |ⴰⵣⵡⵍ = ⵉⵙⵎⵉⵍⵏ |ⵜⴰⵖⵣⵉ ⵏ ⵓⵣⵡⵍ = 40% |ⵜⴰⵢⴽⵓⵏⵜ = |ⴰⴽⵍⵓ ⵏ ⵓⵙⴽⴽⵉⵍ ⵏ ⵓⵣⵡⵍ = ffffff |ⴰⴽⵍⵓ ⵏ ⵜⵖⵔⴷⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵓⵣⵡⵍ = 008DFF |ⴰⴽⵍⵓ ⵏ ⵜⵖⵔⴷⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵓⵎⴰⵢⵜ = F5FBFF |ⴰⵙⵏⴼⵍ =ⴰⵡⵡⵓⵔ:ⵜⴰⵜⵉⴽⵏⵓⵍⵓⵊⵉⵜ/ⵉⵙⵎⵉⵍⵏ |ⵜⵓⵎⴰⵢⵜ = {{:ⴰⵡⵡⵓⵔ:ⵜⴰⵜⵉⴽⵏⵓⵍⵓⵊⵉⵜ/ⵉⵙⵎⵉⵍⵏ}} }} {{ⴰⵙⴰⵜⵉ |ⴰⵣⵡⵍ = ⵉⵡⵡⵓⵔⴰ ⴰⵢⵜⵎⴰⵜⵏ |ⵜⴰⵖⵣⵉ ⵏ ⵓⵣⵡⵍ = 55% |ⵜⴰⵢⴽⵓⵏⵜ = |ⴰⴽⵍⵓ ⵏ ⵓⵙⴽⴽⵉⵍ ⵏ ⵓⵣⵡⵍ = ffffff |ⴰⴽⵍⵓ ⵏ ⵜⵖⵔⴷⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵓⵣⵡⵍ = 008DFF |ⴰⴽⵍⵓ ⵏ ⵜⵖⵔⴷⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵓⵎⴰⵢⵜ = F5FBFF |ⴰⵙⵏⴼⵍ =ⴰⵡⵡⵓⵔ:ⵜⴰⵜⵉⴽⵏⵓⵍⵓⵊⵉⵜ/ⵉⵡⵡⵓⵔⴰ ⴰⵢⵜⵎⴰⵜⵏ |ⵜⵓⵎⴰⵢⵜ = {{:ⴰⵡⵡⵓⵔ:ⵜⴰⵜⵉⴽⵏⵓⵍⵓⵊⵉⵜ/ⵉⵡⵡⵓⵔⴰ ⴰⵢⵜⵎⴰⵜⵏ}} }} {{ⴰⵙⴰⵜⵉ |ⴰⵣⵡⵍ = ⴰⵎⴳⵔⴰⴷ ⴰⵎⴰⵢⵏⵓ |ⵜⴰⵖⵣⵉ ⵏ ⵓⵣⵡⵍ = 55% |ⵜⴰⵢⴽⵓⵏⵜ = |ⴰⴽⵍⵓ ⵏ ⵓⵙⴽⴽⵉⵍ ⵏ ⵓⵣⵡⵍ = ffffff |ⴰⴽⵍⵓ ⵏ ⵜⵖⵔⴷⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵓⵣⵡⵍ = 008DFF |ⴰⴽⵍⵓ ⵏ ⵜⵖⵔⴷⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵓⵎⴰⵢⵜ = F5FBFF |ⴰⵙⵏⴼⵍ =ⴰⵡⵡⵓⵔ:ⵜⴰⵜⵉⴽⵏⵓⵍⵓⵊⵉⵜ/ⴰⵎⴳⵔⴰⴷ ⴰⵎⴰⵢⵏⵓ |ⵜⵓⵎⴰⵢⵜ = {{:ⴰⵡⵡⵓⵔ:ⵜⴰⵜⵉⴽⵏⵓⵍⵓⵊⵉⵜ/ⴰⵎⴳⵔⴰⴷ ⴰⵎⴰⵢⵏⵓ}} }} {{ⴰⵙⴰⵜⵉ |ⴰⵣⵡⵍ = ⵉⵙⵏⴼⴰⵔⵏ ⴰⵢⵜⵎⴰⵜⵏ |ⵜⴰⵖⵣⵉ ⵏ ⵓⵣⵡⵍ = 60% |ⵜⴰⵢⴽⵓⵏⵜ = |ⴰⴽⵍⵓ ⵏ ⵓⵙⴽⴽⵉⵍ ⵏ ⵓⵣⵡⵍ = ffffff |ⴰⴽⵍⵓ ⵏ ⵜⵖⵔⴷⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵓⵣⵡⵍ = 008DFF |ⴰⴽⵍⵓ ⵏ ⵜⵖⵔⴷⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵓⵎⴰⵢⵜ = F5FBFF |ⴰⵙⵏⴼⵍ =ⴰⵡⵡⵓⵔ:ⵜⴰⵜⵉⴽⵏⵓⵍⵓⵊⵉⵜ/ⵉⵙⵏⴼⴰⵔⵏ ⴰⵢⵜⵎⴰⵜⵏ ⵏ ⵡⵉⴽⵉⴱⵉⴷⵢⴰ |ⵜⵓⵎⴰⵢⵜ = {{:ⴰⵡⵡⵓⵔ:ⵜⴰⵜⵉⴽⵏⵓⵍⵓⵊⵉⵜ/ⵉⵙⵏⴼⴰⵔⵏ ⴰⵢⵜⵎⴰⵜⵏ ⵏ ⵡⵉⴽⵉⴱⵉⴷⵢⴰ}} }} ==ⵉⵙⴰⵖⵓⵍⵏ== {{ⵉⵙⴰⵖⵓⵍⵏ}} {{ⴰⴱⴰⴹ ⵓⵏⵜⵉⵎ}} {{ⴰⵙⵎⵉⵍ|ⴰⵡⵡⵓⵔ}} 6ym81vzytxa51ldhhk42mc5ykhfuwy7 0 1334 176058 153795 2026-05-04T13:54:46Z BihiBot 2406 ⴽⴽⵙⵖ ⴰⵍⴱⵓⴹ ⵏ ⵜⵏⵟⵟⵓⴼⵜ 176058 wikitext text/x-wiki {{ⵉⵙⵕⵥⴰⵎ ⵏ ⵡⴰⵡⵡⵓⵔ|ⵜⴰⵜⵉⴽⵏⵓⵍⵓⵊⵉⵜ}} ==ⵉⵙⴰⵖⵓⵍⵏ== {{ⵉⵙⴰⵖⵓⵍⵏ}} {{ⴰⴱⴰⴹ ⵓⵏⵜⵉⵎ}} 5wr89dmtcc6kcd184hs0uzff3o9tuw5 0 1335 176062 153803 2026-05-04T13:55:31Z BihiBot 2406 ⴽⴽⵙⵖ ⴰⵍⴱⵓⴹ ⵏ ⵜⵏⵟⵟⵓⴼⵜ 176062 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Boutons | cadre = non | bordure boutons = solid 1px #735C70 | fond boutons = white | fond select = #d7eed8 | arrondi = 0px | bouton-1 = <span style="color:#735C70;">ⴰⵡⵡⵓⵔ</span> | url-1 =ⴰⵡⵡⵓⵔ:ⵜⴰⵜⵉⴽⵏⵓⵍⵓⵊⵉⵜ | image-1 = Logo portail wikip%C3%A9dia.svg | bouton-2 = <span style="color:#735C70;">ⴰⵎⵙⴰⵡⴰⵍ</span> | url-2 = Talk:ⴰⵡⵡⵓⵔ:ⵜⴰⵜⵉⴽⵏⵓⵍⵓⵊⵉⵜ | image-2 = Circle-icons-chat.svg | bouton-3 = <span style="color:#735C70;">ⵉⵙⵎⵉⵍⵏ</span> | url-3 = :Category:ⵜⴰⵜⵉⴽⵏⵓⵍⵓⵊⵉⵜ | image-3 = Applications-category-tree-info.svg | bouton-4 = <span style="color:#735C70;">ⴰⵙⴰⵔⵎ</span> | url-4 =ⴰⵡⵡⵓⵔ:ⵜⴰⵜⵉⴽⵏⵓⵍⵓⵊⵉⵜ/ⴰⵙⴰⵔⵎ | image-4 = Nuvola apps edu science.svg }} ==ⵉⵙⴰⵖⵓⵍⵏ== {{ⵉⵙⴰⵖⵓⵍⵏ}} {{ⴰⴱⴰⴹ ⵓⵏⵜⵉⵎ}} itkzie9ny6r5jbi1xc30bknccfv5bgz 0 1336 176067 157487 2026-05-04T13:56:31Z BihiBot 2406 ⴽⴽⵙⵖ ⴰⵍⴱⵓⴹ ⵏ ⵜⵏⵟⵟⵓⴼⵜ 176067 wikitext text/x-wiki {{ⵉⵙⵕⵥⴰⵎ ⵏ ⵡⴰⵡⵡⵓⵔ|ⵜⴰⵥⵓⵕⵉ}} {{ⵜⴰⵣⵡⵓⵔⵜ |ⴰⵡⵡⵓⵔ = ⵜⴰⵥⵓⵕⵉ |ⵜⴰⵡⵍⴰⴼⵜ = Leonardo_polyhedra.png }} {{ⴰⵙⴰⵜⵉ |ⴰⵣⵡⵍ = ⵜⴰⵣⵡⵓⵔⵜ |ⵜⴰⵖⵣⵉ ⵏ ⵓⵣⵡⵍ = 45% |ⵜⴰⵢⴽⵓⵏⵜ = |ⴰⴽⵍⵓ ⵏ ⵓⵙⴽⴽⵉⵍ ⵏ ⵓⵣⵡⵍ = ffffff |ⴰⴽⵍⵓ ⵏ ⵜⵖⵔⴷⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵓⵣⵡⵍ = 708238 |ⴰⴽⵍⵓ ⵏ ⵜⵖⵔⴷⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵓⵎⴰⵢⵜ = D0F0C0 |ⴰⵙⵏⴼⵍ =ⴰⵡⵡⵓⵔ:ⵜⴰⵥⵓⵕⵉ/ⵜⴰⵣⵡⵓⵔⵜ |ⵜⵓⵎⴰⵢⵜ = {{:ⴰⵡⵡⵓⵔ:ⵜⴰⵥⵓⵕⵉ/ⵜⴰⵣⵡⵓⵔⵜ}} }} {{ⴰⵙⴰⵜⵉ |ⴰⵣⵡⵍ = ⴰⵎⴳⵔⴰⴷ ⵓⴼⵔⵉⵏ |ⵜⴰⵖⵣⵉ ⵏ ⵓⵣⵡⵍ = 60% |ⵜⴰⵢⴽⵓⵏⵜ = |ⴰⴽⵍⵓ ⵏ ⵓⵙⴽⴽⵉⵍ ⵏ ⵓⵣⵡⵍ = ffffff |ⴰⴽⵍⵓ ⵏ ⵜⵖⵔⴷⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵓⵣⵡⵍ = 708238 |ⴰⴽⵍⵓ ⵏ ⵜⵖⵔⴷⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵓⵎⴰⵢⵜ = D0F0C0 |ⴰⵙⵏⴼⵍ =ⴰⵡⵡⵓⵔ:ⵜⴰⵥⵓⵕⵉ/ⴰⵎⴳⵔⴰⴷ ⵓⴼⵔⵉⵏ |ⵜⵓⵎⴰⵢⵜ = {{:ⴰⵡⵡⵓⵔ:ⵜⴰⵥⵓⵕⵉ/ⴰⵎⴳⵔⴰⴷ ⵓⴼⵔⵉⵏ}} }} {{ⴰⵙⴰⵜⵉ |ⴰⵣⵡⵍ = ⵜⴰⵡⵍⴰⴼⵜ ⵜⵓⴼⵔⵉⵏⵜ |ⵜⴰⵖⵣⵉ ⵏ ⵓⵣⵡⵍ = 65% |ⵜⴰⵢⴽⵓⵏⵜ = |ⴰⴽⵍⵓ ⵏ ⵓⵙⴽⴽⵉⵍ ⵏ ⵓⵣⵡⵍ = ffffff |ⴰⴽⵍⵓ ⵏ ⵜⵖⵔⴷⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵓⵣⵡⵍ = 708238 |ⴰⴽⵍⵓ ⵏ ⵜⵖⵔⴷⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵓⵎⴰⵢⵜ = D0F0C0 |ⴰⵙⵏⴼⵍ =ⴰⵡⵡⵓⵔ:ⵜⴰⵥⵓⵕⵉ/ⵜⴰⵡⵍⴰⴼⵜ ⵜⵓⴼⵔⵉⵏⵜ |ⵜⵓⵎⴰⵢⵜ = {{:ⴰⵡⵡⵓⵔ:ⵜⴰⵥⵓⵕⵉ/ⵜⴰⵡⵍⴰⴼⵜ ⵜⵓⴼⵔⵉⵏⵜ}} }} {{ⴰⵙⴰⵜⵉ |ⴰⵣⵡⵍ = ⵉⵙⵎⵉⵍⵏ |ⵜⴰⵖⵣⵉ ⵏ ⵓⵣⵡⵍ = 40% |ⵜⴰⵢⴽⵓⵏⵜ = |ⴰⴽⵍⵓ ⵏ ⵓⵙⴽⴽⵉⵍ ⵏ ⵓⵣⵡⵍ = ffffff |ⴰⴽⵍⵓ ⵏ ⵜⵖⵔⴷⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵓⵣⵡⵍ = 708238 |ⴰⴽⵍⵓ ⵏ ⵜⵖⵔⴷⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵓⵎⴰⵢⵜ = D0F0C0 |ⴰⵙⵏⴼⵍ =ⴰⵡⵡⵓⵔ:ⵜⴰⵥⵓⵕⵉ/ⵉⵙⵎⵉⵍⵏ |ⵜⵓⵎⴰⵢⵜ = {{:ⴰⵡⵡⵓⵔ:ⵜⴰⵥⵓⵕⵉ/ⵉⵙⵎⵉⵍⵏ}} }} {{ⴰⵙⴰⵜⵉ |ⴰⵣⵡⵍ = ⵉⵡⵡⵓⵔⴰ ⴰⵢⵜⵎⴰⵜⵏ |ⵜⴰⵖⵣⵉ ⵏ ⵓⵣⵡⵍ = 60% |ⵜⴰⵢⴽⵓⵏⵜ = |ⴰⴽⵍⵓ ⵏ ⵓⵙⴽⴽⵉⵍ ⵏ ⵓⵣⵡⵍ = ffffff |ⴰⴽⵍⵓ ⵏ ⵜⵖⵔⴷⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵓⵣⵡⵍ = 708238 |ⴰⴽⵍⵓ ⵏ ⵜⵖⵔⴷⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵓⵎⴰⵢⵜ = D0F0C0 |ⴰⵙⵏⴼⵍ =ⴰⵡⵡⵓⵔ:ⵜⴰⵥⵓⵕⵉ/ⵉⵡⵡⵓⵔⴰ ⴰⵢⵜⵎⴰⵜⵏ |ⵜⵓⵎⴰⵢⵜ = {{:ⴰⵡⵡⵓⵔ:ⵜⴰⵥⵓⵕⵉ/ⵉⵡⵡⵓⵔⴰ ⴰⵢⵜⵎⴰⵜⵏ}} }} ==ⵉⵙⴰⵖⵓⵍⵏ== {{ⵉⵙⴰⵖⵓⵍⵏ}} {{ⴰⴱⴰⴹ ⵓⵏⵜⵉⵎ}} {{ⴰⵙⵎⵉⵍ|ⴰⵡⵡⵓⵔ}} 4ci42kctvgqv7abt2i8yg6f6m7zy6q2 0 1337 176068 153814 2026-05-04T13:56:40Z BihiBot 2406 ⴽⴽⵙⵖ ⴰⵍⴱⵓⴹ ⵏ ⵜⵏⵟⵟⵓⴼⵜ 176068 wikitext text/x-wiki {{ⵉⵙⵕⵥⴰⵎ ⵏ ⵡⴰⵡⵡⵓⵔ|ⵜⴰⵥⵓⵕⵉ}} ==ⵉⵙⴰⵖⵓⵍⵏ== {{ⵉⵙⴰⵖⵓⵍⵏ}} {{ⴰⴱⴰⴹ ⵓⵏⵜⵉⵎ}} 1hnnkqo5gnmzmiiq48h0p6o4tdhdkbo 0 1339 176070 153818 2026-05-04T13:57:00Z BihiBot 2406 ⴽⴽⵙⵖ ⴰⵍⴱⵓⴹ ⵏ ⵜⵏⵟⵟⵓⴼⵜ 176070 wikitext text/x-wiki {{ⵉⵙⵕⵥⴰⵎ ⵏ ⵡⴰⵡⵡⵓⵔ|ⵜⴰⵥⵓⵕⵉ ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵜ}} {{ⵜⴰⵣⵡⵓⵔⵜ |ⴰⵡⵡⵓⵔ = ⵜⴰⵥⵓⵕⵉ ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵜ |ⵜⴰⵡⵍⴰⴼⵜ = Video-x-generic.svg }} ==ⵉⵙⴰⵖⵓⵍⵏ== {{ⵉⵙⴰⵖⵓⵍⵏ}} {{ⴰⴱⴰⴹ ⵓⵏⵜⵉⵎ}} qn57seo5kb0kdutydxesgkuy4s5clwb 0 1340 176071 153820 2026-05-04T13:57:11Z BihiBot 2406 ⴽⴽⵙⵖ ⴰⵍⴱⵓⴹ ⵏ ⵜⵏⵟⵟⵓⴼⵜ 176071 wikitext text/x-wiki {{ⵉⵙⵕⵥⴰⵎ ⵏ ⵡⴰⵡⵡⵓⵔ|ⵜⵉⴼⵉⵏⴰⵖ}} {{ⴰⵎⵏⵏⵉ | ⴰⵙⵖⵏ = Template:{{FULLPAGENAME}}/ⵜⴰⵣⵡⵓⵔⵜ | ⴰⵣⵡⵍ= ⵜⴰⵣⵡⵓⵔⵜ | ⴰⴽⵍⵓ ⵏ ⵡⴰⴱⵓⴹ ⵏ ⵓⵣⵡⵍ = #FFD24B | ⴰⴽⵍⵓ ⵏ ⵡⴰⴱⵓⴹ ⵏ ⵜⵓⵎⴰⵢⵜ = #FFF9E7 | ⵜⴰⵡⵍⴰⴼⵜ= Circle-icons-tools.svg | ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵎⴽⵜ= flex: 1 1 auto; | ⵜⵓⵎⴰⵢⵜ={{Template:{{FULLPAGENAME}}/ⵜⴰⵣⵡⵓⵔⵜ}} | ⴰⴽⵍⵓ ⵏ ⵓⴱⴰⴷⵓ = #FFD24B | ⵜⵉⴷⴷⵉ ⵏ ⵓⴱⴰⴷⵓ = 2px | ⵖⵔ ⵓⴳⴳⴰⵔ =ⵜⵉⴼⵉⵏⴰⵖ }} <div style="display: flex; flex-direction: row; flex-wrap: wrap;"> <div style="display: flex; flex-direction: column; flex: 1 1 25em;"> <!-- Tuddma n imnnitn n iẓẓlmḍ --> {{ⴰⵎⵏⵏⵉ | ⴰⵙⵖⵏ= Template:{{FULLPAGENAME}}/ⴰⵥⵕⵓ ⵏ ⵓⵎⵏⵏⴰⵖ | ⴰⵣⵡⵍ= ⴰⵥⵕⵓ ⵏ ⵓⵎⵏⵏⴰⵖ | ⴰⴽⵍⵓ ⵏ ⵡⴰⴱⵓⴹ ⵏ ⵓⵣⵡⵍ = #FFD24B | ⴰⴽⵍⵓ ⵏ ⵡⴰⴱⵓⴹ ⵏ ⵜⵓⵎⴰⵢⵜ = #FFF9E7 | ⵜⴰⵡⵍⴰⴼⵜ= 2017-fr.wp-orange-source.svg | ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵎⴽⵜ= flex: 1 1 auto; | ⵜⵓⵎⴰⵢⵜ= {{Template:{{FULLPAGENAME}}/ⴰⵥⵕⵓ ⵏ ⵓⵎⵏⵏⴰⵖ}} | ⴰⴽⵍⵓ ⵏ ⵓⴱⴰⴷⵓ = #FFD24B | ⵜⵉⴷⴷⵉ ⵏ ⵓⴱⴰⴷⵓ = 2px }} {{ⴰⵎⵏⵏⵉ | ⴰⵙⵖⵏ= Template:{{FULLPAGENAME}}/ⴰⵎⴳⵔⴰⴷ ⵉⴼⵓⵍⴽⵉⵏ | ⴰⵣⵡⵍ= ⴰⵎⴳⵔⴰⴷ ⵉⴼⵓⵍⴽⵉⵏ | ⴰⴽⵍⵓ ⵏ ⵡⴰⴱⵓⴹ ⵏ ⵓⵣⵡⵍ = #FFD24B | ⴰⴽⵍⵓ ⵏ ⵡⴰⴱⵓⴹ ⵏ ⵜⵓⵎⴰⵢⵜ = #FFF9E7 | ⵜⴰⵡⵍⴰⴼⵜ= Comiclogo.svg | ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵎⴽⵜ= flex: 1 1 auto; | ⵜⵓⵎⴰⵢⵜ= {{Template:{{FULLPAGENAME}}/ⴰⵎⴳⵔⴰⴷ ⵉⴼⵓⵍⴽⵉⵏ}} | ⴰⴽⵍⵓ ⵏ ⵓⴱⴰⴷⵓ = #FFD24B | ⵜⵉⴷⴷⵉ ⵏ ⵓⴱⴰⴷⵓ = 2px }} {{ⴰⵎⵏⵏⵉ | ⴰⵙⵖⵏ= Template:{{FULLPAGENAME}}/ⵜⴰⵡⵍⴰⴼⵜ | ⴰⵣⵡⵍ= ⵜⴰⵡⵍⴰⴼⵜ | ⴰⴽⵍⵓ ⵏ ⵡⴰⴱⵓⴹ ⵏ ⵓⵣⵡⵍ = #FFD24B | ⴰⴽⵍⵓ ⵏ ⵡⴰⴱⵓⴹ ⵏ ⵜⵓⵎⴰⵢⵜ = #FFF9E7 | ⵜⴰⵡⵍⴰⴼⵜ= Book3.svg | ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵎⴽⵜ= flex: 1 1 auto; | ⵜⵓⵎⴰⵢⵜ= {{Template:{{FULLPAGENAME}}/ⵜⴰⵡⵍⴰⴼⵜ}} | ⴰⴽⵍⵓ ⵏ ⵓⴱⴰⴷⵓ = #FFD24B | ⵜⵉⴷⴷⵉ ⵏ ⵓⴱⴰⴷⵓ = 2px }} {{ⴰⵎⵏⵏⵉ | ⴰⵙⵖⵏ= Template:{{FULLPAGENAME}}/ⵉⵡⴰⵏⴽⵏ ⵉⵇⵇⴱⵓⵕⵏ | ⴰⵣⵡⵍ= ⵉⵡⴰⵏⴽⵏ ⵉⵇⵇⴱⵓⵕⵏ | ⴰⴽⵍⵓ ⵏ ⵡⴰⴱⵓⴹ ⵏ ⵓⵣⵡⵍ = #FFD24B | ⴰⴽⵍⵓ ⵏ ⵡⴰⴱⵓⴹ ⵏ ⵜⵓⵎⴰⵢⵜ = #FFF9E7 | ⵜⴰⵡⵍⴰⴼⵜ= Ac_papyrus.png | ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵎⴽⵜ= flex: 1 1 auto; | ⵜⵓⵎⴰⵢⵜ= {{Template:{{FULLPAGENAME}}/ⵉⵡⴰⵏⴽⵏ ⵉⵇⵇⴱⵓⵕⵏ}} | ⴰⴽⵍⵓ ⵏ ⵓⴱⴰⴷⵓ = #FFD24B | ⵜⵉⴷⴷⵉ ⵏ ⵓⴱⴰⴷⵓ = 2px }} </div> <!-- Tigira n imnnitn n iẓẓlmḍ --> <div style="display: flex; flex-direction: column; flex: 1 1 25em;"><!-- Tuddma n imnnitn n ufasi --> {{ⴰⵎⵏⵏⵉ | ⴰⵙⵖⵏ= Template:ⴰⵡⵡⵓⵔ:ⵜⵉⴼⵉⵏⴰⵖ/ⵉⵎⵙⵏⵉⵍⵙⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵓⵜⵍⴰⵢⵜ ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵜ | ⴰⵣⵡⵍ= ⵉⵎⵙⵏⵉⵍⵙⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵓⵜⵍⴰⵢⵜ ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵜ | ⴰⴽⵍⵓ ⵏ ⵡⴰⴱⵓⴹ ⵏ ⵓⵣⵡⵍ = #FFD24B | ⴰⴽⵍⵓ ⵏ ⵡⴰⴱⵓⴹ ⵏ ⵜⵓⵎⴰⵢⵜ = #FFF9E7 | ⵜⴰⵡⵍⴰⴼⵜ= Nuvola_apps_bookcase.svg | ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵎⴽⵜ= flex: 1 1 auto; | ⵜⵓⵎⴰⵢⵜ= {{Template:ⴰⵡⵡⵓⵔ:ⵜⵉⴼⵉⵏⴰⵖ/ⵉⵎⵙⵏⵉⵍⵙⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵓⵜⵍⴰⵢⵜ ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵜ}} | ⴰⴽⵍⵓ ⵏ ⵓⴱⴰⴷⵓ = #FFD24B | ⵜⵉⴷⴷⵉ ⵏ ⵓⴱⴰⴷⵓ = 2px }} {{ⴰⵎⵏⵏⵉ | ⴰⵙⵖⵏ= Template:{{FULLPAGENAME}}/ⵜⴰⵎⴷⵉⵏⵜ | ⴰⵣⵡⵍ= ⵜⴰⵎⴷⵉⵏⵜ | ⴰⴽⵍⵓ ⵏ ⵡⴰⴱⵓⴹ ⵏ ⵓⵣⵡⵍ = #FFD24B | ⴰⴽⵍⵓ ⵏ ⵡⴰⴱⵓⴹ ⵏ ⵜⵓⵎⴰⵢⵜ = #FFF9E7 | ⵜⴰⵡⵍⴰⴼⵜ= Nuvola_apps_package_wordprocessing.png | ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵎⴽⵜ= flex: 1 1 auto; | ⵜⵓⵎⴰⵢⵜ= {{Template:{{FULLPAGENAME}}/ⵜⴰⵎⴷⵉⵏⵜ}} | ⴰⴽⵍⵓ ⵏ ⵓⴱⴰⴷⵓ = #FFD24B | ⵜⵉⴷⴷⵉ ⵏ ⵓⴱⴰⴷⵓ = 2px }} </div> <!-- Tigira n imnnitn n ufasi --> </div><!-- Tigira n tasna ---> {{ⴰⵎⵏⵏⵉ | ⴰⵙⵖⵏ= Template:ⴰⵎⴳⵔⴰⴷ ⴰⵎⴰⵢⵏⵓ | ⴰⵣⵡⵍ= ⴰⵎⴳⵔⴰⴷ ⴰⵎⴰⵢⵏⵓ | ⴰⴽⵍⵓ ⵏ ⵡⴰⴱⵓⴹ ⵏ ⵓⵣⵡⵍ = #FFD24B | ⴰⴽⵍⵓ ⵏ ⵡⴰⴱⵓⴹ ⵏ ⵜⵓⵎⴰⵢⵜ = #FFF9E7 | ⵜⴰⵡⵍⴰⴼⵜ= W-circle.svg | ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵎⴽⵜ= flex: 1 1 auto; | ⵜⵓⵎⴰⵢⵜ= {{Template:ⴰⵎⴳⵔⴰⴷ ⴰⵎⴰⵢⵏⵓ}} | ⴰⴽⵍⵓ ⵏ ⵓⴱⴰⴷⵓ = #FFD24B | ⵜⵉⴷⴷⵉ ⵏ ⵓⴱⴰⴷⵓ = 2px }} <div style="column-count:2;-moz-column-count:2;-webkit-column count:"> </div> __NOTOC__ __NOEDITSECTION__ ==ⵉⵙⴰⵖⵓⵍⵏ== {{ⵉⵙⴰⵖⵓⵍⵏ}} {{ⴰⴱⴰⴹ ⵓⵏⵜⵉⵎ}} 0hqreaovmlczkt84umecnpfp7gb8fyq 0 1341 176073 158032 2026-05-04T14:06:58Z BihiBot 2406 ⴽⴽⵙⵖ ⴰⵍⴱⵓⴹ ⵏ ⵜⵏⵟⵟⵓⴼⵜ 176073 wikitext text/x-wiki {{ⵉⵙⵕⵥⴰⵎ ⵏ ⵡⴰⵡⵡⵓⵔ|ⵜⵉⵎⴰⵙⵙⴰⵏⵉⵏ}} {{ⵜⴰⵣⵡⵓⵔⵜ |ⴰⵡⵡⵓⵔ = ⵜⵉⵎⴰⵙⵙⴰⵏⵉⵏ |ⵜⴰⵡⵍⴰⴼⵜ = Science-symbol-2.svg }} {{Tankult n twwuri |tadimt=ⴰⵙⵉⵣⵡⵔ |nnesxa=Template:Aggur:Timassanin/Tazwart |ider_tadimt=#88A06C |ṣṣifa_tadimt=white |ider_nnesxa=#ECF0D4 |ṣṣifa_nnesxa=black }} <div style="display: flex; flex-direction: row; flex-wrap: wrap;"> <div style="display: flex; flex-direction: column; flex: 1 1 25em;"> <!-- Tuddma n imnnitn n iẓẓlmḍ --> <!--Amgrad n wassad -------------------> {{ⴰⵎⵏⵏⵉ | ⴰⵙⵖⵏ = Template:{{FULLPAGENAME}}/ⴰⵎⴳⵔⴰⴷ ⵏ ⵉⵎⴰⵍⴰⵙⵙ | ⴰⵣⵡⵍ = ⴰⵎⴳⵔⴰⴷ ⵏ ⵉⵎⴰⵍⴰⵙⵙ | ⴰⵣⵡⵍ ⵎⵥⵥⵉⵏ = | ⴰⴽⵍⵓ ⵏ ⵡⴰⴱⵓⴹ ⵏ ⵓⵣⵡⵍ = #88A06C | ⵜⴰⵡⵍⴰⴼⵜ = HSutvald2.svg | ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵎⴽⵜ = flex: 1 1 auto; | ⵜⵓⵎⴰⵢⵜ = {{Template:{{FULLPAGENAME}}/ⴰⵎⴳⵔⴰⴷ ⵏ ⵉⵎⴰⵍⴰⵙⵙ}} }} <!-- ⵜⴰⵡⵍⴰⴼⵜ=================================================--> {{ⴰⵎⵏⵏⵉ | ⴰⵙⵖⵏ = Template:{{FULLPAGENAME}}/ⵜⴰⵡⵍⴰⴼⵜ | ⴰⵣⵡⵍ = ⵜⴰⵡⵍⴰⴼⵜ ⵏ ⵡⴰⴳⴳⵓⵔ | ⴰⴽⵍⵓ ⵏ ⵡⴰⴱⵓⴹ ⵏ ⵓⵣⵡⵍ = #88A06C | ⵜⴰⵡⵍⴰⴼⵜ = Camera_font_awesome.svg | ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵎⴽⵜ = flex: 1 1 auto; | ⵜⵓⵎⴰⵢⵜ = {{Template:{{FULLPAGENAME}}/ⵜⴰⵡⵍⴰⴼⵜ}} }} <!-- Amtiwg======================================================--> {{ⴰⵎⵏⵏⵉ | ⴰⵙⵖⵏ = Template:{{FULLPAGENAME}}/ⵜⵉⴼⴰⵡⵜ | ⴰⵣⵡⵍ = ⵜⵉⴼⴰⵡⵜ | ⴰⴽⵍⵓ ⵏ ⵡⴰⴱⵓⴹ ⵏ ⵓⵣⵡⵍ = #88A06C | ⵜⴰⵡⵍⴰⴼⵜ = OOjs_UI_icon_lightbulb.svg | ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵎⴽⵜ = flex: 1 1 auto; | ⵜⵓⵎⴰⵢⵜ = {{Template:{{FULLPAGENAME}}/ⵜⵉⴼⴰⵡⵜ}} }} <!-- Brrk======================================================--> {{ⴰⵎⵏⵏⵉ | ⴰⵙⵖⵏ = Template:{{FULLPAGENAME}}/ⵉⵙ ⵜⵙⵙⵏⴷ ? | ⴰⵣⵡⵍ = ⵉⵙ ⵜⵙⵙⵏⴷ ? | ⴰⴽⵍⵓ ⵏ ⵡⴰⴱⵓⴹ ⵏ ⵓⵣⵡⵍ = #88A06C | ⵜⴰⵡⵍⴰⴼⵜ = OOjs_UI_icon_viewDetails-ltr.svg | ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵎⴽⵜ = flex: 1 1 auto; | ⵜⵓⵎⴰⵢⵜ = {{Template:{{FULLPAGENAME}}/ⵉⵙ ⵜⵙⵙⵏⴷ ?}} }} </div> <!-- Tigira n imnnitn n iẓẓlmḍ --> <div style="display: flex; flex-direction: column; flex: 1 1 25em;"><!-- Tuddma n imnnitn n ufasi --> <!-- Tamassant --------------> {{ⴰⵎⵏⵏⵉ | ⴰⵙⵖⵏ = Template:{{FULLPAGENAME}}/ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵙⵙⴰⵏⵜ | ⴰⵣⵡⵍ = ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵙⵙⴰⵏⵜ | ⴰⴽⵍⵓ ⵏ ⵡⴰⴱⵓⴹ ⵏ ⵓⵣⵡⵍ = #88A06C | ⵜⴰⵡⵍⴰⴼⵜ = HSWPedia.svg | ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵎⴽⵜ = flex: 1 1 auto; | ⵜⵓⵎⴰⵢⵜ = {{Template:{{FULLPAGENAME}}/ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵙⵙⴰⵏⵜ}} }} <!--Tafukt-----------------> {{ⴰⵎⵏⵏⵉ | ⴰⵙⵖⵏ = Template:{{FULLPAGENAME}}/ⴰⵙⵙⴽⵯⵜⵉ | ⴰⵣⵡⵍ = ⴰⵙⵙⴽⵯⵜⵉ | ⴰⴽⵍⵓ ⵏ ⵡⴰⴱⵓⴹ ⵏ ⵓⵣⵡⵍ = #88A06C | ⵜⴰⵡⵍⴰⴼⵜ = HSSamarbete.svg | ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵎⴽⵜ = flex: 1 1 auto; | ⵜⵓⵎⴰⵢⵜ = {{Template:{{FULLPAGENAME}}/ⴰⵙⵙⴽⵯⵜⵉ}} }} <!-- Amassan :-===========================================--> {{ⴰⵎⵏⵏⵉ | ⴰⵙⵖⵏ = Template:{{FULLPAGENAME}}/ⴰⵎⴰⵙⵙⴰⵏ | ⴰⵣⵡⵍ = ⴰⵎⴰⵙⵙⴰⵏ | ⴰⴽⵍⵓ ⵏ ⵡⴰⴱⵓⴹ ⵏ ⵓⵣⵡⵍ = #88A06C | ⵜⴰⵡⵍⴰⴼⵜ = OOjs_UI_icon_newspaper-ltr.svg | ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵎⴽⵜ = flex: 1 1 auto; | ⵜⵓⵎⴰⵢⵜ = {{Template:{{FULLPAGENAME}}/ⴰⵎⴰⵙⵙⴰⵏ}} }} <!----------------------------- Tamassant n wassad -------------------------------> {{ⴰⵎⵏⵏⵉ | ⴰⵙⵖⵏ = Template:{{FULLPAGENAME}}/ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵙⵙⴰⵏⵜ ⵏ ⵡⴰⵙⵙⴰⴷ | ⴰⵣⵡⵍ = ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵙⵙⴰⵏⵜ ⵏ ⵡⴰⵙⵙⴰⴷ | ⴰⴽⵍⵓ ⵏ ⵡⴰⴱⵓⴹ ⵏ ⵓⵣⵡⵍ = #88A06C | ⵜⴰⵡⵍⴰⴼⵜ = OOjs_UI_icon_userAvatar.svg | ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵎⴽⵜ = flex: 1 1 auto; | ⵜⵓⵎⴰⵢⵜ = {{Template:{{FULLPAGENAME}}/ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵙⵙⴰⵏⵜ ⵏ ⵡⴰⵙⵙⴰⴷ}} }} {{ⴰⵎⵏⵏⵉ | ⴰⵙⵖⵏ = Template:{{FULLPAGENAME}}/ⴰⵎⵣⵔⵓⵢ | ⴰⵣⵡⵍ = ⴰⵎⵣⵔⵓⵢ ⵏ ⵜⵎⴰⵙⵙⴰⵏⵜ | ⴰⴽⵍⵓ ⵏ ⵡⴰⴱⵓⴹ ⵏ ⵓⵣⵡⵍ = #88A06C | ⵜⴰⵡⵍⴰⴼⵜ = OOjs_UI_icon_userAvatar.svg | ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵎⴽⵜ = flex: 1 1 auto; | ⵜⵓⵎⴰⵢⵜ = {{Template:{{FULLPAGENAME}}/ⴰⵎⵣⵔⵓⵢ}} }} </div> <!-- Tigira n imnnitn n ufasi --> </div><!-- Tigira n tasna ---> <!-- Taguri --------------> {{ⴰⵎⵏⵏⵉ | ⴰⵙⵖⵏ = Template:{{FULLPAGENAME}}/ⵜⴰⴳⵓⵔⵉ | ⴰⵣⵡⵍ = ⵜⴰⴳⵓⵔⵉ | ⴰⴽⵍⵓ ⵏ ⵡⴰⴱⵓⴹ ⵏ ⵓⵣⵡⵍ = #88A06C | ⵜⴰⵡⵍⴰⴼⵜ = W-circle.svg | ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵎⴽⵜ = flex: 1 1 auto; | ⵜⵓⵎⴰⵢⵜ = {{Template:{{FULLPAGENAME}}/ⵜⴰⴳⵓⵔⵉ}} }} <!-- Rnu amgrad --------------> {{ⴰⵎⵏⵏⵉ | ⴰⵙⵖⵏ = Template:Tasna Tamzwarut/Amgrad Amaynu | ⴰⵣⵡⵍ = ⵔⵏⵓ ⴰⵎⴳⵔⴰⴷ ⴰⵎⴰⵢⵏⵓ | ⴰⴽⵍⵓ ⵏ ⵡⴰⴱⵓⴹ ⵏ ⵓⵣⵡⵍ = #88A06C | ⵜⴰⵡⵍⴰⴼⵜ = W-circle.svg | ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵎⴽⵜ = flex: 1 1 auto; | ⵜⵓⵎⴰⵢⵜ = {{Template:Tasna Tamzwarut/Amgrad Amaynu}} }} __NOTOC__ __NOEDITSECTION__ ==ⵉⵙⴰⵖⵓⵍⵏ== {{ⵉⵙⴰⵖⵓⵍⵏ}} {{ⴰⴱⴰⴹ ⵓⵏⵜⵉⵎ}} b6frtrzbi21kl8wdakdpkdh72yci80g 0 1342 176075 153828 2026-05-04T14:07:17Z BihiBot 2406 ⴽⴽⵙⵖ ⴰⵍⴱⵓⴹ ⵏ ⵜⵏⵟⵟⵓⴼⵜ 176075 wikitext text/x-wiki {{ⵉⵙⵕⵥⴰⵎ ⵏ ⵡⴰⵡⵡⵓⵔ|ⵜⵉⵎⴰⵙⵙⴰⵏⵉⵏ}} ==ⵉⵙⴰⵖⵓⵍⵏ== {{ⵉⵙⴰⵖⵓⵍⵏ}} {{ⴰⴱⴰⴹ ⵓⵏⵜⵉⵎ}} oycdlx823ykir57d3uf5rmijw2hvwp7 0 1343 176076 153830 2026-05-04T14:07:27Z BihiBot 2406 ⴽⴽⵙⵖ ⴰⵍⴱⵓⴹ ⵏ ⵜⵏⵟⵟⵓⴼⵜ 176076 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Boutons | cadre = non | bordure boutons = solid 1px #735C70 | fond boutons = white | fond select = #d7eed8 | arrondi = 0px | bouton-1 = <span style="color:#735C70;">ⴰⵡⵡⵓⵔ</span> | url-1 =ⴰⵡⵡⵓⵔ:ⵜⵉⵎⴰⵙⵙⴰⵏⵉⵏ | image-1 = Logo portail wikip%C3%A9dia.svg | bouton-2 = <span style="color:#735C70;">ⴰⵎⵙⴰⵡⴰⵍ</span> | url-2 = Talk:ⴰⵡⵡⵓⵔ:ⵜⵉⵎⴰⵙⵙⴰⵏⵉⵏ | image-2 = Circle-icons-chat.svg | bouton-3 = <span style="color:#735C70;">ⵉⵙⵎⵉⵍⵏ</span> | url-3 = :Category:ⵜⵉⵎⴰⵙⵙⴰⵏⵉⵏ | image-3 = Applications-category-tree-info.svg | bouton-4 = <span style="color:#735C70;">ⴰⵙⴰⵔⵎ</span> | url-4 =ⴰⵡⵡⵓⵔ:ⵜⵉⵎⴰⵙⵙⴰⵏⵉⵏ/ⴰⵙⴰⵔⵎ | image-4 = Nuvola apps edu science.svg }} == ⵉⵙⴰⵖⵓⵍⵏ == {{ⵉⵙⴰⵖⵓⵍⵏ}} {{ⴰⴱⴰⴹ ⵓⵏⵜⵉⵎ}} a0xiq3v8x1pvfcadtgznj00vw0amxm1 0 1344 176077 153832 2026-05-04T14:07:38Z BihiBot 2406 ⴽⴽⵙⵖ ⴰⵍⴱⵓⴹ ⵏ ⵜⵏⵟⵟⵓⴼⵜ 176077 wikitext text/x-wiki {| id="mp-topbanner" style="width:100%; background:#f9f9f9; margin-top:1.2em; border:1px solid #ccc;" | style="width:56%; color:#000;" | {| style="width:100%; border:solid 0px; background:transparent" | style="width:100%; text-align:center; white-space:nowrap; color:#000" | [[ⴰⴼⴰⵢⵍⵓ:Math.svg|left|70x70px|Math]] <div style="font-size:250%; border:0; margin:0; padding:.1em; color:#000"> '''ⴰⵡⵡⵓⵔ ⵏ ⵜⵎⴰⵙⵙⴰⵏⵉⵏ ⵜⵉⵏⴰⵎⵓⵏⵉⵏ'''</div> |} |} [[fr:sciences socilales]] ==ⵉⵙⴰⵖⵓⵍⵏ== *'''ⴰⵙⴳⵣⴰⵡⴰⵍ ⵏ [[ⴰⵙⵉⵏⴰⴳ ⴰⴳⵍⴷⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵓⵙⵙⵏⴰ ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵜ]](ⵙ.ⴳ.ⵙ.ⵎ) :''' [[ⵎⵙⵎⵓⵏ ⴰⵡⴰⵍ ⴰⵎⴰⵜⴰⵢ ⴰⵙⵏⵎⴰⵍⴰⵢ ⵏ ⵜⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵜ]] (ⵎ.ⵎ.ⵙ.ⵎ) {{ⵉⵙⴰⵖⵓⵍⵏ}} {{ⴰⴱⴰⴹ ⵓⵏⵜⵉⵎ}} rilk7mpsn9flli1m9vsg1gvdqxkcc3v 0 1345 176078 153834 2026-05-04T14:07:47Z BihiBot 2406 ⴽⴽⵙⵖ ⴰⵍⴱⵓⴹ ⵏ ⵜⵏⵟⵟⵓⴼⵜ 176078 wikitext text/x-wiki {{ⵜⴰⵣⵡⵓⵔⵜ |ⴰⵡⵡⵓⵔ = ⵜⵉⵡⵉⵙⵉ |ⵜⴰⵡⵍⴰⴼⵜ = Wikipedia_help.png }} {{ⴰⴽⵍⵓ ⵏ ⵜⴰⵙⵏⴰ |orange|fond=#eeeeff}} ==ⵉⵙⵇⵇⵙⵉⵜⵏ== ⵉⴳ ⵓⵔ ⵜⵓⴼⵉⵎ ⵜⵉⵡⵉⵙⵉ ⵏⵏⴰ ⵜⵔⵣⵣⵓⵎ ⴳ [[ⵜⵉⵡⵉⵙⵉ:ⵜⵓⵎⴰⵢⵉⵏ|ⵜⴰⵙⵏⵉⵡⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵡⵉⵙⵉ]], ⵜⵙⵇⵙⴰⵎ ⴷⴰ: {{ⵉⵙⴰⵖⵓⵍⵏ}} {{ⴰⴱⴰⴹ ⵓⵏⵜⵉⵎ}} cw69cx15m56ixbj9d95fz2cl9dg4ck8 0 1347 176079 153836 2026-05-04T14:07:57Z BihiBot 2406 ⴽⴽⵙⵖ ⴰⵍⴱⵓⴹ ⵏ ⵜⵏⵟⵟⵓⴼⵜ 176079 wikitext text/x-wiki =='''ⴰⵡⵡⵓⵔ:ⵜⵓⵎⴰⵢⵉⵏ/ⵉⵡⵡⵓⵔⴰ'''== *[[ⴰⵡⵡⵓⵔ:ⵜⴰⵙⴽⵍⴰ|ⵜⴰⵙⴽⵍⴰ]] [[en:Portal:Contents/Portals]] ==ⵉⵙⴰⵖⵓⵍⵏ== {{ⵉⵙⴰⵖⵓⵍⵏ}} {{ⴰⴱⴰⴹ ⵓⵏⵜⵉⵎ}} dor936ay98vl1h7vrmhhg022r4yaamw 0 1349 176080 153844 2026-05-04T14:08:44Z BihiBot 2406 ⴽⴽⵙⵖ ⴰⵍⴱⵓⴹ ⵏ ⵜⵏⵟⵟⵓⴼⵜ 176080 wikitext text/x-wiki {{ⵉⵙⵕⵥⴰⵎ ⵏ ⵡⴰⵡⵡⵓⵔ|ⵜⵓⵏⵏⵓⵏⵜ}} ==ⵉⵙⴰⵖⵓⵍⵏ== {{ⵉⵙⴰⵖⵓⵍⵏ}} {{ⴰⴱⴰⴹ ⵓⵏⵜⵉⵎ}} 951ev1gajyz088vzknttzxpqu8zvwrb 0 1350 176081 153850 2026-05-04T14:09:15Z BihiBot 2406 ⴽⴽⵙⵖ ⴰⵍⴱⵓⴹ ⵏ ⵜⵏⵟⵟⵓⴼⵜ 176081 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Boutons | cadre = non | bordure boutons = solid 1px #735C70 | fond boutons = white | fond select = #d7eed8 | arrondi = 0px | bouton-1 = <span style="color:#735C70;">ⴰⵡⵡⵓⵔ</span> | url-1 =ⴰⵡⵡⵓⵔ:ⵜⵓⵏⵏⵓⵏⵜ | image-1 = Logo portail wikip%C3%A9dia.svg | bouton-2 = <span style="color:#735C70;">ⴰⵎⵙⴰⵡⴰⵍ</span> | url-2 = Talk:ⴰⵡⵡⵓⵔ:ⵜⵓⵏⵏⵓⵏⵜ | image-2 = Circle-icons-chat.svg | bouton-3 = <span style="color:#735C70;">ⵉⵙⵎⵉⵍⵏ</span> | url-3 = :Category:ⵜⵓⵏⵏⵓⵏⵜ | image-3 = Applications-category-tree-info.svg | bouton-4 = <span style="color:#735C70;">ⴰⵙⴰⵔⵎ</span> | url-4 =ⴰⵡⵡⵓⵔ:ⵜⵓⵏⵏⵓⵏⵜ/ⴰⵙⴰⵔⵎ | image-4 = Nuvola apps edu science.svg }} == ⵉⵙⴰⵖⵓⵍⵏ == {{ⵉⵙⴰⵖⵓⵍⵏ}} {{ⴰⴱⴰⴹ ⵓⵏⵜⵉⵎ}} 7mw9o0ru66ywbkja3b4ydmyobg0k4vi 0 1351 176083 158048 2026-05-04T14:10:07Z BihiBot 2406 ⴽⴽⵙⵖ ⴰⵍⴱⵓⴹ ⵏ ⵜⵏⵟⵟⵓⴼⵜ 176083 wikitext text/x-wiki {{ⵉⵙⵕⵥⴰⵎ ⵏ ⵡⴰⵡⵡⵓⵔ|ⵜⵓⵙⵏⴰⴽⵜ}} {{ⵜⴰⵣⵡⵓⵔⵜ |ⴰⵡⵡⵓⵔ = ⵜⵓⵙⵏⴰⴽⵜ |ⵜⴰⵡⵍⴰⴼⵜ = Circle-icons-calculator.svg }} {{ⴰⵎⴰⵙⴰⵢ |tailletour=3px |fondext=#C2B280 |tourext=#C2B280 |fondint=#C2B280 |tourint=#C2B280 |titre= ⵜⴰⵣⵡⵓⵔⵜ |logo= |contenu=:ⴰⵡⵡⵓⵔ:ⵜⵓⵙⵏⴰⴽⵜ/ⵜⴰⵣⵡⵓⵔⵜ |ⵖⵔ ⵓⴳⴳⴰⵔ = ⵜⵓⵙⵏⴰⴽⵜ }} <div style="width:50%; float:left; background:transparent;"> {{ⴰⵎⴰⵙⴰⵢ |tailletour=3px |fondext=#C2B280 |tourext=#C2B280 |fondint=#C2B280 |tourint=#C2B280 |titre= ⴰⵎⵏⵏⵉ ⵓⴼⵔⵉⵏ |logo= |contenu=:ⴰⵡⵡⵓⵔ:ⵜⵓⵙⵏⴰⴽⵜ/ⴰⵎⴳⵔⴰⴷ ⵓⴼⵔⵉⵏ |ⵖⵔ ⵓⴳⴳⴰⵔ = }} </div> <div style="width:49%; float:right; background:transparent;"> {{ⴰⵎⴰⵙⴰⵢ |tailletour=3px |fondext=#C2B280 |tourext=#C2B280 |fondint=#C2B280 |tourint=#C2B280 |titre= ⴰⵎⴰⵡⴰⵍ ⵏ ⵉⵏⴰⴳⵍⵉⵡⵏ ⵉⵎⵓⵙⵏⴰⴽⵏ |logo= |contenu=Template:{{FULLPAGENAME}}/ⴰⵎⴰⵡⴰⵍ ⵏ ⵉⵏⴰⴳⵍⵉⵡⵏ ⵉⵎⵓⵙⵏⴰⴽⵏ |ⵖⵔ ⵓⴳⴳⴰⵔ = }} {{ⴰⵎⴰⵙⴰⵢ |tailletour=3px |fondext=#C2B280 |tourext=#C2B280 |fondint=#C2B280 |tourint=#C2B280 |titre= ⵜⴰⵡⵍⴰⴼⵜ ⵜⵓⴼⵔⵉⵏⵜ |logo= |contenu=:ⴰⵡⵡⵓⵔ:ⵜⵓⵙⵏⴰⴽⵜ/ⵜⴰⵡⵍⴰⴼⵜ ⵜⵓⴼⵔⵉⵏⵜ |ⵖⵔ ⵓⴳⴳⴰⵔ = ⵢⵓⵙⴼ ⵓ ⵜⴰⵛⴼⵉⵏ }} {{ⴰⵎⴰⵙⴰⵢ |tailletour=3px |fondext=#C2B280 |tourext=#C2B280 |fondint=#C2B280 |tourint=#C2B280 |titre= ⵉⵙⵎⵉⵍⵏ |logo= P history yellow.png |contenu=:ⴰⵡⵡⵓⵔ:ⵜⵓⵙⵏⴰⴽⵜ/ⵉⵙⵎⵉⵍⵏ |ⵖⵔ ⵓⴳⴳⴰⵔ = }} {{ⴰⵎⴰⵙⴰⵢ |tailletour=3px |fondext=#C2B280 |tourext=#C2B280 |fondint=#C2B280 |tourint=#C2B280 |titre= ⵉⵡⵡⵓⵔⴰ ⴰⵢⵜⵎⴰⵜⵏ |logo= |contenu= :ⴰⵡⵡⵓⵔ:ⵜⵓⵙⵏⴰⴽⵜ/ⵉⵡⵡⵓⵔⴰ ⴰⵢⵜⵎⴰⵜⵏ |ⵖⵔ ⵓⴳⴳⴰⵔ = }} </div> ==ⵉⵙⴰⵖⵓⵍⵏ== {{ⵉⵙⴰⵖⵓⵍⵏ}} {{ⴰⴱⴰⴹ ⵓⵏⵜⵉⵎ}} {{ⴰⵙⵎⵉⵍ|ⴰⵡⵡⵓⵔ|ⵜⵓⵙⵏⴰⴽⵜ}} rkkjbhmy46d9sq3iroepmf43x333umx 0 1353 176085 153860 2026-05-04T14:10:31Z BihiBot 2406 ⴽⴽⵙⵖ ⴰⵍⴱⵓⴹ ⵏ ⵜⵏⵟⵟⵓⴼⵜ 176085 wikitext text/x-wiki [[ⴰⴼⴰⵢⵍⵓ:Artgate Fondazione Cariplo - Cifrondi Antonio, Euclide.jpg|thumb|220px|[[ⵓⴽⵍⵉⴷ]]]] ⵏⵥⴹⴰⵔ ⴰⴷ ⵏⵉⵏⵉ ⵎⴰⵙ ⵉⵙⴱⵓⵖⵍⴰ ⵓⴼⴳⴰⵏ ⵜⵓⵙⵏⴰⴽⵜ ⵓⵔ ⵜⴰ ⵜⵜⵢⴰⴼⴰⵏⵜ ⵜⵉⵔⵔⴰ. ⵜⵉⵖⴰⵡⵙⵉⵡⵉⵏ ⵜⵉⵎⵣⵡⵓⵔⴰ ⵉⴳⴰⵏ ⵜⵓⴳⴳⴰ ⵖⴼ ⵜⵙⵓⴳⴰⵔ ⵏ ⵓⵙⵙⵉⴹⵏ ⴳⴰⵏ ⵜⵏⵜ [[ⵉⵖⵔⵢⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵓⵙⵙⵉⴹⵏ]], ⴰⵎⵎ [[ⵉⵖⵙⵙ ⵏ ⵉⵛⴰⵏⴳⵓ]] (ⴳ [[ⵜⴰⴼⵔⵉⴽⵜ|ⵜⴼⵔⵉⴽⵜ]]) ⵏⵏⴰ ⵎⵉ ⵢⴰⵖⵓⵍ ⵓⵙⴰⴽⵓⴷ ⴰⵔ 20,000 ⵏ ⵓⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙ. ⵉⵜⵜⵢⴰⵖⴰⵏ ⵓⵙⴱⵓⵖⵍⵓ ⵏ ⵜⵓⵙⵏⴰⴽⵜ ⵏⵏⴰ ⵉⴳⴰⵏ ⵜⵓⵙⵙⵏⵉⵡⵉⵏ ⵉⵜⵜⵓⵙⵏⴽⴰⴷⵏ ⴳ [[ⵜⵖⵔⵎⵉⵡⵉⵏ]] ⵜⵉⵎⵣⵡⵓⵔⴰ ⵙ ⵓⵙⵏⴰⵙ ⵏⵏⵙ ⴰⴽⵎⴰⵎ: [[ⴰⵙⵖⵏⵣⵉ]], ⴰⵙⵡⵓⴷⴷⵓ ⵏ ⵜⵢⴰⴼⵓⵜⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵜⴽⵔⵣⴰ, ⴰⵙⵖⵉⵍ ⵏ ⵜⵊⵓⵎⵎⵉⵡⵉⵏ, ⵉⵏⵖⵎⵉⵙⵏ ⵅⴼ ⵜⵎⵙⴰⵔⵉⵏ ⵏ [[ⵜⵙⵏⴰⵢⵔⴰⵔⵜ]], ⴷ ⵉⴷⵙⵏⵜ ⵜⵉⴽⴽⴰⵍ ⴰⵙⵏⴰⵙ ⵏ ⵉⵣⵔⴼⴰⵏ ⵉⵙⴳⴷⴰⵏⵏ. ⵉⵙⴱⵓⵖⵍⵓⵜⵏ ⵉⵎⵣⵡⵓⵔⴰ ⵏⵏⴰ ⵜⵙⵙⵏ ⵜⵓⵙⵏⴰⴽⵜ ⵉⵣⴷⵉⵏ ⵙ ⵓⵙⵙⵓⴼⵖ ⵏ [[ⴰⵥⵓⵔ ⵉⵎⴽⴽⵓⵥ|ⵉⵥⵓⵔⴰⵏ ⵉⵎⴽⴽⵓⵥⵏ]], [[ⵉⵥⵓⵔⴰⵏ ⵉⴳⴰⵙⴰⵙⴰⵏ]], ⴰⴼⵙⵙⴰⵢ ⵏ [[ⵜⴰⴳⴷⵉⵡⵉⵏ ⵜⵉⴳⵜⴼⵓⵍⵉⵏ]], [[ⵜⴰⴽⵜⴽⵔⴷⵉⵙⵜ]], [[ⴰⵙⵙⵉⴹⵏ ⵉⵎⵔⵥⵉ]], ⵜⴰⵙⵏⵎⴹⴰⵏⵜ ⵏ [[ⵓⵎⵎⵉⴷ ⴰⴳⴰⵎⴰⵏ|ⵓⵎⵎⵉⴷⵏ ⵉⴳⴰⵎⴰⵏⵏ]]...ⵜⵜⵡⴰⵙⴽⴰⵔⵏ ⴳ ⵜⵖⵔⵎⵉⵡⵉⵏ ⵏ [[ⵉⴽⴰⴷⵢⴰⵏⵏ]], [[ⵉⴱⴰⴱⵉⵍⵏ]], [[ⵉⵊⵉⴱⵜⵉⵢⵏ]], [[ⵉⵛⵉⵏⵡⵉⵜⵏ]] ⵏⵖ ⴰⵡⴷ ⴳ [[ⵡⴰⵙⵉⴼ ⵏ ⵀⵉⵏⴷⵓⵙ]]. ⴳ [[ⵜⵖⵔⵎⵉⵡⵉⵏ ⵜⵉⴳⵔⵉⴽⴰⵏⵉⵏ]], ⴰⵔ ⵜⵔⵣⵣⵓ ⵜⵓⵙⵏⴰⴽⵜ, ⵏⵏⴰ ⴹⵓⵙⵏⵜ ⵜⵡⵓⵔⵉⵡⵉⵏ ⵉⵣⵡⴰⵔⵏ ⴷ ⵉⵙⵡⵉⵏⴳⵎⵏ ⵉⴼⵍⵙⴰⴼⵏ, ⴰⴷ ⵜⴰⵡⴹ ⵓⴳⴳⴰⵔ ⵏ ⵜⵎⴰⴷⵡⴰⵏⵜ. ⵓⵏⴳⵉⵎⵏ ⵏ ⵓⵙⵉⵙⴽⵏ ⴷ ⵓⵙⵏⵎⵍ ⴰⴳⵊⴷⴰⵏ ⵜⵜⵢⴰⵙⵔⴰⵙⵏ. ⴼⴼⵖⵏ ⴷ ⵙⵉⵏ ⵉⵥⵍⴰⵏ ⵉⵎⵢⴰⵍⵍⴰⵏ, [[ⵜⴰⵙⵏⵎⴹⴰⵏⵜ]] ⴷ [[Wp/tzm/ⵜⴰⵏⵣⴳⴳⵉⵜ|ⵜⵏⵣⴳⴳⵉⵜ]]. ⴳ ⵜⵙⵓⵜⴰ ⵜⵉⵙⵙ III ⵓⵔ ⵜⴰ ⵉⵍⵓⵍ ⵄ., ⴳⴰⵏ [[ⵉⴳⵎⴰⵎⵏ ⵏ ⵓⴽⵍⵉⴷ]] ⵜⴰⴳⴹⵡⵉⵜ ⵉ ⵜⵓⵙⵙⵏⵉⵡⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵓⵙⵏⴰⴽⵜ ⵏ ⵓⴳⵔⵉⴽ ⵙⵙⴰⴷⵙⵏ ⵜⵏⵜ. [[ⴰⴼⴰⵢⵍⵓ:Image-Al-Kitāb al-muḫtaṣar fī ḥisāb al-ğabr wa-l-muqābala.jpg|thumb|left|ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⵙⵏⴰ ⵙⴳ ⵡⴰⵔⵔⴰⵜⵏ ⵏ [[ⵍ-ⵅⴰⵡⴰⵔⵉⵣⵎⵉ]]]] ⵜⵉⵡⵙ [[ⵜⵖⵔⵎⴰ ⵜⴰⵏⵙⵍⵎⵜ]] ⴳ ⵡⵓⴹⵓⴼ ⵏ ⵓⴽⴽⵓⵙⵓ ⴰⴳⵔⵉⴽⵉ ⴷ ⵓⵙⵎⵔⴽⵙ ⵏⵏⵙ ⴰⴽⴷ ⵜⵢⴰⴼⵓⵜⵉⵏ ⵜⵉⵛⵉⵏⵡⵉⵢⵉⵏ ⴷ ⵜⵀⵉⵏⴷⵉⵢⵉⵏ, ⵙ ⵍⴰⵡⴰⵏ ⴰⴽⴽⵯ ⴳ ⵜⵎⵜⵜⴰ ⵏ [[ⵓⵙⵏⴽⴷ ⵏ ⵉⵎⴹⴰⵏⵏ]]. ⵜⵜⵓⵙⵎⵖⵔⵏⵜ ⵜⵡⵓⵔⵉⵡⵉⵏ ⵜⵉⵎⵓⵙⵏⴰⴽⵉⵏ ⴰⵡⴷ ⴳ [[ⵓⵎⴽⵕⴰⴹⴰⴽⵜ|ⵓⵎⴽⵔⴰⴹⴰⴽⵜ]] (ⴰⵙⵏⴽⴷ ⵏ ⵜⵙⵖⵓⵏⵉⵏ ⵜⵉⵎⴽⵔⴰⴹⴰⴽⵜⴰⵏⵉⵏ) ⵓⴳⴳⴰⵔ ⵏ [[ⵜⵙⵏⵎⴹⴰⵏⵜ]]. ⵜⴻⵜⵜⵓⵙⵏⵓⵍⴼⴰ ⴷⴰⵢ ⵜⴻⵜⵜⵓⵙⵎⵖⵔ [[ⵜⵙⵍⴹⵜ ⵜⴰⵎⵙⵓⴷⴷⵙⵜ]], [[ⵜⴰⵙⵍⴹⵜ ⵜⴰⵣⵡⵉⵍⴰⵏ]] ⴷ [[ⵍⵊⴰⴱⵕ ⴰⴳⵜⴼⵓⵍ|ⵍⵊⴰⴱⵔ ⴰⴳⵜⴼⵓⵍ]]. ⴳ «[[ⵜⵍⴰⵍⵉⵜ ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵢⵏⵓⵜ ⵏ ⵜⵙⵓⵜⴰ ⵜⵉⵙⵙ XII]]», ⵉⵜⵜⵢⴰⵙⴽⴰⵔ ⵓⵣⵔⴰⵡ ⴷ ⵓⵙⵓⵖⵍ ⵉ ⴽⵔⴰ ⵏ ⵉⴹⵕⵉⵙⵏ ⵉⴳⵔⵉⴽⵉⵜⵏ ⴷ ⵡⴰⵄⵔⴰⴱⵏ ⵙ [[ⵜⵍⴰⵜⵜⴰⵏⵜ]]. ⴰⵙⵉⴳⴳⵍ ⴰⵎⵓⵙⵏⴰ ⵉⵏⵏⵓⵎⵎⵙ ⵏⵏ ⴳ ⵜⵓⵔⵓⴼⵜ. ⴳ ⵜⵙⵓⵜⴰ ⵜⵉⵙⵙ XVI ⵜⴻⵜⵜⵓⵙⴱⵓⵖⵍⴰ, ⵙ ⵓⵏⴳⵎⴹ ⴷ [[ⴱⵢⵉⵔ ⵏ ⵍⴰ ⵕⴰⵎⵉ|ⴱⵢⵉⵔ ⵏ ⵍⴰ ⵔⴰⵎⵉ]] (Pierre de La Ramée), ⵜⵙⵡⵉⵏⴳⵎⵜ ⵏ ⵉⵙ ⵜⵍⵍⴰ ⵢⴰⵜ [[ⵜⵎⴰⵙⵙⴰⵏⵜ ⵜⴰⵎⴰⴹⵍⴰⵏⵜ]] ⵏⵏⴰ ⵙ ⵏⵓⴼⴰ ⴰⴷ ⵖⵉⴼⵙ ⵏⵙⴱⴷⴷ ⵜⵓⵙⵙⵏⵉⵡⵉⵏ. ⵢⴰⵏⵏⴰⵢ ⵏⵏ [[ⴷⵉⴽⴰⵕⵜ|ⴷⵉⴽⴰⵔⵜ]] ⵙⴳ [[1629]], ⴳ [[ⵉⵍⵓⴳⴰⵏ ⵉ ⵓⵙⵡⴰⵍⴰ ⵏ ⵓⵏⵍⵍⵉ]], ⴰⵍⵍⴼⵓⵙⵏ ⵏⵏⴰ ⵜⴻⵜⵜⴰⴽⴽⴰ ⵜⵓⵙⵏⴰⴽⵜ ⴰⴼⴰⴷ ⴰⴷ ⵜⵓⵔⴰⵔ ⵜⵉⵍⴰⵍⵜ ⴰⵏⵏ. ⵢⵓⵡⵉ ⴷ ⴷⵉⴽⴰⵔⵜ, ⴳ [[ⵉⵏⴰⵡ ⵏ ⵜⵖⴰⵔⴰⵙⵜ]], ⴰⵍⴷⴰⵢ ⵏ ⵜⵓⵙⵏⴰⴽⵜ, «ⵙ ⵓⵙⵔⴰⴳ ⵏ ⵡⴰⵔ ⵜⵓⵔⴷⴰ ⴷ ⵓⵎⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵖⵥⵉⵏⵉⵏ ⵏⵏⵙ ». ⴰⵔ ⵉⵜⵜⵉⵎⵖⵓⵔ [[ⵓⵙⵉⴹⵏ ⵏ ⵍⵊⴰⵕ|ⵓⵙⵉⴹⵏ ⵏ ⵍⵊⴰⵔ]] ⴹⴼⵔⵏ ⵜⵜ ⵙ ⵓⵙⵔⵉⴷ ⵜⵡⵓⵔⵉⵡⵉⵏ ⵏ [[ⴱⵢⵉⵜⵜ]] ⴷ ⵜⵉⵏ [[ⴷⵉⴽⴰⵕⵜ|ⴷⵉⴽⴰⵔⵜ]]. ⴷⴰⵢ ⵉⵙⵏⵓⵍⴼⴰ [[ⵏⵢⵓⵟⵓⵏ]] ⴷ [[ⵍⵉⴱⵏⵉⵣ]] [[ⴰⵙⵉⴹⵏ ⴰⵎⵣⵉⵔⵢⴰⵏ ⴰⵔⴳⴰⵔⴰⵏ]]. [[ⴰⴼⴰⵢⵍⵓ:Hilbert.jpg|thumb|[[ⴷⴰⴼⵉⴷ ⵀⵉⵍⴱⵉⵔⵜ]], ⴰⴽⴰⵜⵓⵙⵏⴰⵏ ⵓⴳⴳⴰⵍⵉⵎⴰⵏ]] ⴳ [[ⵜⵙⵓⵜⴰ ⵜⵉⵙⵙ 17]], ⵉⵖⴹⴼ [[ⴳⴰⵍⵉⵍⵉ]] ⵎⴰⵙ ⵜⴳⴰ ⵜⵓⵙⵏⴰⴽⵜ ⵉⵎⵉⵙⵙ ⵉⵔⵡⴰⵏ ⵉ ⵓⴳⵍⴰⵎ ⵏ ⵓⵎⴰⴹⴰⵍ ⴰⴳⴰⵎⴰⵏ, ⴰⵢⴰ ⵏⵓⴼⴰ ⴰⴷ ⵜⵜ ⵏⵙⵙⴳⵣⵍ ⴷ ⵎⴰⵙ ⵜⵜⵢⴰⵔⴰⵏ ⵉⵍⴳⴰⵎⵏ ⵏ ⵓⴳⴰⵎⴰ ⵙ ⵢⴰⵜ [[ⵜⵓⵜⵍⴰⵢⵜ ⵜⴰⵎⵓⵙⵏⴰⴽⵜ]]. ⵉⵀⵉ ⵜⵙⴽⵔ ⵜⵓⵙⵏⴰⴽⵜ ⴰⴽⴷ [[ⵜⵡⴰⴷⴰ ⵜⴰⵏⴰⵔⴰⵎⵜ]], ⵢⴰⵏ ⵙⴳ ⵙⵉⵏ ⵉⵖⵣⴷⵉⵙⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵎⵔⵏⵉⵡⵜ ⵏ [[ⵜⵓⵙⵙⵏⵉⵡⵉⵏ ⵜⵉⵜⵔⴰⵔⵉⵏ]]. ⴳ ⵜⴰⵖⵣⵉ [[ⵜⴰⵙⵓⵜ ⵜⵉⵙⵙ XVIII|ⵜⴰⵙⵓⵜ ⵜⵉⵙⵙ 18]] ⴷ [[ⵜⵉⵙⵙ XIX]], ⵜⵙⵙⵏ ⵜⵓⵙⵏⴰⴽⵜ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⴱⵓⵖⵍⵓ ⴹⴰⵔⵜ ⵓⵣⵔⴰⵡ ⴰⵏⴰⴳⵔⴰⵡ ⵏ [[ⵜⵓⵙⴽⵉⵡⵉⵏ]], ⵜⵙⵙⵏⵜⵉ ⵙ [[ⵜⴳⵔⵓⵎⵎⴰ]] ⵉⴳⴰⵏ ⵜⴰⵢⴰⴼⵓⵜ ⵏ ⵜⵡⵓⵔⵉⵡⵉⵏ ⵏ [[ⴳⴰⵍⵡⴰ]] ⵅⴼ ⵜⵉⴳⴷⴰ ⵜⵉⴳⵜⴼⵓⵍⵉⵏ, ⴷ [[ⵉⵣⴱⴳⴰⵏ]] ⵏⵏⴰ ⵉⵙⵙⵏⴽⴷ [[ⴷⵉⴷⴽⵉⵏⴷ]]. ⵜⵙⵙⵏ ⵜⵙⵓⵜⴰ ⵜⵉⵙⵙ XIX ⴰⵙⴱⵓⵖⵍⵓ ⵏ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⵥⵔⵉ ⵜⴰⴳⵊⴷⴰⵏⵜ, ⵖⴼ ⵜⵖⴰⵡⵙⵉⵡⵉⵏ ⴰⴽⴽ ⵜⵜⵓⵣⵔⴰⵡⵏⵉⵏ, ⵙ ⵜⵡⵓⵔⵉ ⵏ [[ⴽⴰⵏⵜⵓⵕ|ⴽⴰⵏⵜⵓⵔ]] ⴷ [[ⵀⵉⵍⴱⵉⵕⵜ|ⵀⵉⵍⴱⵉⵔⵜ]], ⵉⴳⴰ ⵜⵜ ⵓⵙⵉⴳⴳⵍ ⵏ [[ⵉⵙⴽⵓⵜⵜⵓⵢⵏ ⵉⵎⵓⵙⵏⴰⴽⵏ]]. ⵜⴳⴰ ⵜⴳⵊⴷⴰⵏⵜ ⴰⴷ ⴰⴱⵔⵉⴷ ⵏⵏⴰ ⴹⴼⴼⵔⵏ ⵜⵓⴳⵜ ⵏ ⵉⵎⵓⵙⵏⴰⴽⵏ ⵏ [[ⵜⴰⵙⵓⵜⴰ ⵜⵉⵙⵙ 20|ⵜⵙⵓⵜⴰ ⵜⵉⵙⵙ 20]] ⴼⴰⵔⴰ ⴰⴷ ⵔⵣⵓⵏ ⴰⴷ ⵙⵏⵎⵍⵏ ⵜⵓⵙⵏⴰⴽⵉⵏ ⴰⴽⴽⵯ ⵙ ⵉⵡⵙ ⵏ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⵎⵙⵍⴰⵢⵜ, ⴰⴷ ⵜⵜ ⵉⴳⴰⵏ ⴷ [[ⵜⵎⵥⵍⴰ ⵜⴰⵎⵓⵙⵏⴰⴽⵜ]]. ⵜⵙⵙⵏ ⵜⵙⵓⵜⴰ ⵜⵉⵙⵙ XX ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⴱⵓⵖⵍⵓ ⴰⵎⵇⵔⴰⵏ ⴳ ⵜⵓⵙⵏⴰⴽⵜ ⵙ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⵥⵍⴰⵢ ⵏ ⵜⴰⵖⵓⵍⵉⵏ, ⴷ ⵜⵍⴰⵍⵉⵜ ⴷ ⵓⵙⵎⵖⵔ ⵏ ⴽⵉⴳⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵉⵥⵍⴰⵏ ⵉⵎⴰⵢⵏⵓⵜⵏ (ⵣⵓⵏ ⴷ : [[ⵜⵉⵥⵕⵉ ⵏ ⵡⴰⴽⴰⵜ|ⵜⵉⵥⵔⵉ ⵏ ⵡⴰⴽⴰⵜ]], [[ⵜⵉⵥⵔⵉ ⵜⴰⵏⵡⵍⴰⴼⵜ]], [[ⵜⵓⵙⵏⴷⵖⴰⵔⵜ ⵏ ⵍⵊⴰⴱⵕ|ⵜⵓⵙⵏⴷⵖⴰⵔⵜ ⵏ ⵍⵊⴰⴱⵔ]] ⴷ [[ⵜⴰⵏⵣⴳⴳⵉⵜ ⵏ ⵍⵊⴰⴱⵔ|ⵜⵏⵣⴳⴳⵉⵜ ⵏ ⵍⵊⴰⴱⵔ]]). ⴰⵡⴷ ⵜⴰⵙⵏⵙⵍⴽⵉⵎⵜ ⵉⵍⵍⴰ ⵖⵓⵔⵙ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵢⵉⴹⵉⵚ ⵖⴼ ⵓⵙⵉⴳⴳⵍ. ⴳ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⵙⴳⴰ, ⵉⵙⵙⵔⵅⴰ ⴰⵎⵢⴰⵡⴰⴹ ⴷ ⵓⴷⵔⴰⵡ ⵏ ⵜⵓⵙⵙⵏⵉⵡⵉⵏ, ⴳ ⵜⵙⴳⴰ ⵢⴰⴹⵏⵉⵏ ⵜⴼⴽⴰ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵉⵎⵉⵙⵙ ⵉ ⵓⵙⵙⵎⵏⵉⴷ ⵙ ⵉⵎⴷⵢⴰⵜⵏ. ⴰⵎⵓⵙⵙⵓ ⴰⴷ ⵢⵉⵡⵉ ⴷ [[ⴰⵙⵎⵓⴷⵎ]] ⴷ [[ⵓⵙⵣⵡⵍ]]. {{ⵉⵙⴰⵖⵓⵍⵏ}} {{ⴰⴱⴰⴹ ⵓⵏⵜⵉⵎ}} 9opvac2logvrocxv7gkl54dvccz83y8 0 1354 176086 153862 2026-05-04T14:10:40Z BihiBot 2406 ⴽⴽⵙⵖ ⴰⵍⴱⵓⴹ ⵏ ⵜⵏⵟⵟⵓⴼⵜ 176086 wikitext text/x-wiki {{ⵉⵙⵕⵥⴰⵎ ⵏ ⵡⴰⵡⵡⵓⵔ |ⵜⵓⵙⵏⴰⴽⵜ}} ==ⵉⵙⴰⵖⵓⵍⵏ== {{ⵉⵙⴰⵖⵓⵍⵏ}} {{ⴰⴱⴰⴹ ⵓⵏⵜⵉⵎ}} 5jqfm6l93aeaqhotg4mophsotha8bsd 0 1355 176087 153864 2026-05-04T14:10:49Z BihiBot 2406 ⴽⴽⵙⵖ ⴰⵍⴱⵓⴹ ⵏ ⵜⵏⵟⵟⵓⴼⵜ 176087 wikitext text/x-wiki <categorytree>ⵜⵓⵙⵏⴰⴽⵜ</categorytree> ==ⵉⵙⴰⵖⵓⵍⵏ== *'''ⴰⵙⴳⵣⴰⵡⴰⵍ ⵏ [[ⴰⵙⵉⵏⴰⴳ ⴰⴳⵍⴷⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵓⵙⵙⵏⴰ ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵜ]](ⵙ.ⴳ.ⵙ.ⵎ) :''' [[ⵎⵙⵎⵓⵏ ⴰⵡⴰⵍ ⴰⵎⴰⵜⴰⵢ ⴰⵙⵏⵎⴰⵍⴰⵢ ⵏ ⵜⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵜ]] (ⵎ.ⵎ.ⵙ.ⵎ) {{ⵉⵙⴰⵖⵓⵍⵏ}} {{ⴰⴱⴰⴹ ⵓⵏⵜⵉⵎ}} 9xm57u1kux7cdn9l2lmm2vtjffv377m 0 1356 176088 153866 2026-05-04T14:10:58Z BihiBot 2406 ⴽⴽⵙⵖ ⴰⵍⴱⵓⴹ ⵏ ⵜⵏⵟⵟⵓⴼⵜ 176088 wikitext text/x-wiki {{ⴰⵥⵟⵟⴰ|nombre=3|interligne=2em|*[[ⴰⴼⴰⵢⵍⵓ:Arithmetic symbols.svg|30px]] [[ⴰⵡⵡⵓⵔ:ⴰⵍⵊⵉⴱⵔ|ⴰⵍⵊⵉⴱⵔ]] *[[ⴰⴼⴰⵢⵍⵓ:Nuvola apps kmplot.svg|30px]] [[ⴰⵡⵡⵓⵔ:ⵜⴰⵚⵍⴹⵜ|ⵜⴰⵚⵍⴹⵜ]] *[[ⴰⴼⴰⵢⵍⵓ:Commutative diagram for morphism.svg|30px]] [[ⴰⵡⵡⵓⵔ:Category theory|Category theory]] *[[ⴰⴼⴰⵢⵍⵓ:Crystal mycomputer.png|30px]] [[ⴰⵡⵡⵓⵔ:ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵙⵙⴰⵏⵜ ⵏ ⵓⵎⵙⵙⵓⴷⵙ|ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵙⵙⴰⵏⵜ ⵏ ⵓⵎⵙⵙⵓⴷⵙ]] *[[ⴰⴼⴰⵢⵍⵓ:Crypto key.svg|30px]] [[ⴰⵡⵡⵓⵔ:Cryptography|Cryptography]] *[[ⴰⴼⴰⵢⵍⵓ:Nuvola apps atlantik.png|30px]] [[ⴰⵡⵡⵓⵔ:Discrete mathematics|Discrete mathematics]] *[[ⴰⴼⴰⵢⵍⵓ:Crystal_Clear_app_3d.png|30px]] [[ⴰⵡⵡⵓⵔ:ⵜⴰⵏⵣⴳⴳⵉⵜ|ⵜⴰⵏⵣⴳⴳⵉⵜ]] *[[ⴰⴼⴰⵢⵍⵓ:Logic portal.svg|30px]] [[ⴰⵡⵡⵓⵔ:ⵜⴰⵎⵥⵍⴰ|ⵜⴰⵎⵥⵍⴰ]] *[[ⴰⴼⴰⵢⵍⵓ:Nuvola apps edu mathematics-p.svg|30px]] [[ⴰⵡⵡⵓⵔ:ⵜⵓⵙⵏⴰⴽⵜ|ⵜⵓⵙⵏⴰⴽⵜ]] *[[ⴰⴼⴰⵢⵍⵓ:Number theory symbol.svg|30px]] [[ⴰⵡⵡⵓⵔ:ⵜⵉⵣ̣ⵔ̣ⵉ ⵏ ⵉⵎⴹⴰⵏⵏ|ⵜⵉⵥⵕⵉⵏ ⵉⵎⴹⴰⵏⵏ]] *[[ⴰⴼⴰⵢⵍⵓ:Stylised atom with three Bohr model orbits and stylised nucleus.svg|30px]] [[ⴰⵡⵡⵓⵔ:ⵜⴰⴼⵉⵣⵉⴽⵜ|ⵜⴰⴼⵉⵣⵉⴽⵜ]] *[[ⴰⴼⴰⵢⵍⵓ:Nuvola apps kalzium.svg|30px]] [[ⴰⵡⵡⵓⵔ:ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵙⵙⴰⵏⵜ|ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵙⵙⴰⵏⵜ]] *[[ⴰⴼⴰⵢⵍⵓ:Venn0001.svg|30px]] [[ⴰⵡⵡⵓⵔ:ⵜⵉⵥⵕⵉ ⵏ ⵜⴳⵔⵓⵎⵎⵉⵡⵉⵏ|ⵜⵉⵥⵕⵉ ⵏ ⵜⴳⵔⵓⵎⵎⵉⵡⵉⵏ]] *[[ⴰⴼⴰⵢⵍⵓ:Fisher_iris_versicolor_sepalwidth.svg|30px]] [[ⴰⵡⵡⵓⵔ:ⵜⴰⵙⵏⵎⴽⵜⴰ|ⵜⴰⵙⵏⵎⴽⵜⴰ]] *[[ⴰⴼⴰⵢⵍⵓ:TrefoilKnot 02.svg|30px]] [[ⴰⵡⵡⵓⵔ:ⵜⴰⵙⵏⴰⴷⴳⵜ|ⵜⴰⵙⵏⴰⴷⴳⵜ]] }} {{ⵉⵙⴰⵖⵓⵍⵏ}} {{ⴰⴱⴰⴹ ⵓⵏⵜⵉⵎ}} pdnyubopbhn46xtfuh9nuea6h86427y 0 1357 176089 153868 2026-05-04T14:11:08Z BihiBot 2406 ⴽⴽⵙⵖ ⴰⵍⴱⵓⴹ ⵏ ⵜⵏⵟⵟⵓⴼⵜ 176089 wikitext text/x-wiki [[ⴰⴼⴰⵢⵍⵓ:PascalTriangleAnimated2.gif|250px|center]] [[ⴰⵎⴽⵕⴰⴹ ⵏ ⴱⴰⵙⴽⴰⵍ]] ⵉⴳⴰ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⵏⴳⵔⴰⵡ ⴰⵏⵣⴳⴳⵉ ⵏ ⵓⵏⵉⵛⵜ ⴰⵙⵉⵏⵔⴰⵏ ⴳ ⵓⵎⴽⵕⴰⴹ. ⵉⵜⵜⵓⵙⵎⵎⴰ ⴼ ⵉⵙⵎ ⵏ [[ⴱⵍⵉⵣ ⴱⴰⵙⴽⴰⵍ]] ⵎⵇⵇⴰⵔ ⴼⵍⵍⴰⵙ ⵙⵡⵡⵓⵔⵉⵏ ⵜⵓⴳⵜ ⵏⵉⵎⵔⵣⵓⵜⵏ ⴷ ⵉⵎⴰⵙⵙⴰⵏⵏ ⴹⴰⵕⵜ ⵏ ⴱⴰⵙⴽⴰⵍ ⴳ ⵜⵎⵉⵣⴰⵔ ⵏ [[ⵀⵉⵏⴷⵓⵙⵜⴰⵏ|ⵍⵀⵉⵏⴷ]], [[ⴼⴰⵔⵉⵙ]] ( ⵉⵜⵜⵡⴰⵙⵙⴰⵏ ⵙ ⵉⵙⵎ: [[ⴰⵎⴽⵕⴰⴹ ⵏ ⵅⴰⵢⵢⴰⵎ]]), [[ⵚⵚⵉⵏ]] (ⵉⵜⵜⵡⴰⵙⴰⵏ ⵙ ⵉⵙⵎ: [[ⴰⵎⴽⵕⴰⴹ ⵏ ⵢⴰⵏⴳ ⵣⵀⵓ]]) ⴷ [[ⵟⴰⵍⵢⴰⵏ|ⵟⵟⴰⵍⵢⴰⵏ]] (ⵙⵙⵉⵏ-ⴰⵜ ⵙ ⵉⵙⵎ: [[ⴰⵎⴽⵕⴰⴹ ⵏ ⵜⴰⵔⵜⴰⴳⵍⵉⵢⴰ]]) . ⴳ ⵓⵎⴽⵕⴰⴹ ⵏ ⴱⴰⵙⴽⴰⵍ, ⴰⵔ ⵏⵙⵙⵏⵜⴰⵢ ⴳ ⵉⵅⴼⴰⵡⵏ ⵏ ⴽⵓ ⴰⴷⵓⵔ ⵙ [[ⵢⴰⵏ]], ⵉⵍⵎⵎⴰ ⴰⵔ ⵏⵙⵎⵓⵏⵓ ⴽⵓ ⵙⵉⵏ ⵉⵎⴹⴰⵏⵏ ⵉⵏⵎⴰⵍⴰⵏ ⴰⴼⴰⴷ ⴰⴷ ⵏⵚⴽⵓ ⴰⴷⵓⵔ ⴰⵣⴷⴷⴰⵔ, ⵜⴰⵖⴰⵔⴰⵙⵜ ⴰⴷ ⵉⵙⵎ ⵏⵙ ⵜⵙⵖⵓⵏⵜ ⵏ ⴱⴰⵙⴽⴰⵍ ⵏⵖ [[ⵜⴰⵙⵇⵇⵏⵜ ⵏ ⴱⴰⵙⴽⴰⵍ]]. <center> [[ⵜⴰⵙⵇⵇⵏⵜ ⵏ ⴱⴰⵙⴽⴰⵍ]]: <math> {n \choose k} = {n-1 \choose k-1} + {n-1 \choose k}</math> </center> ⵉ ⴽⵓ [[ⴰⵎⴹⴰⵏ ⴰⴳⴰⵎⴰⵏ|ⵓⵎⴹⴰⵏ ⴰⴳⴰⵎⴰⵏ]] {{Mvar|n}} ⴷ {{Mvar|k}} ⴷ ⵉⴳ ⴷⴰⵔⵖ {{Math||§=0 < ''k'' < ''n''}} ==ⵉⵙⴰⵖⵓⵍⵏ== {{ⵉⵙⴰⵖⵓⵍⵏ}} {{ⴰⴱⴰⴹ ⵓⵏⵜⵉⵎ}} 3x0e3jideercafwzubemdup2iq7k0v4 0 1358 176090 153870 2026-05-04T14:11:19Z BihiBot 2406 ⴽⴽⵙⵖ ⴰⵍⴱⵓⴹ ⵏ ⵜⵏⵟⵟⵓⴼⵜ 176090 wikitext text/x-wiki [[ⴰⴼⴰⵢⵍⵓ:CMAP_-_Centre_de_Math%C3%A9matiques_Appliqu%C3%A9es_de_l%27Ecole_polytechnique.jpg|thumb|220px|ⴰⵥⵖⵥⵏ ⴰⵎⵓⵙⵏⴰⴽ ⵖⴼ ⵜⴼⵍⵡⵉⵜ]] '''ⵜⵓⵙⵏⴰⴽⵜ''' ⴷ ⵜⵓⵙⵙⵏⵉⵡⵉⵏ ⵜⵉⵡⵏⴳⵉⵎⵉⵏ ⴳⴰⵏⵉⵏ ⵜⴰⵢⴰⴼⵓⵜ ⵏ [[ⴰⵥⵖⵥⵏ|ⵉⵥⵖⵥⴰⵏⵏ]] [[ⵜⴰⵎⵥⵍⴰ|ⵉⵎⵥⵥⵓⵍⵏ]] ⵎⵉ ⵜⴻⵜⵜⵓⴳ ⵜⵙⵏⵙⵉ ⵖⴼ ⵜⵖⴰⵡⵙⵉⵡⵉⵏ ⵎⵢⴰⵍⵍⴰⵏⵉⵏ ⵣⵓⵏ ⴷ [[ⴰⵎⴹⴰⵏ|ⵉⵎⴹⴰⵏⵏ]], [[ⵜⴰⵏⵣⴳⴳⵉⵜ|ⵓⵏⵓⵖⵏ]], [[ⵜⵓⵚⴽⵉⵡⵉⵏ]] ⴷ [[ⵉⵙⵎⴰⵜⵜⴰⵢⵏ]]. ⵜⴳⴰ ⵜⵓⵙⵏⴰⴽⵜ, ⴰⵡⴷ, ⵉⴳⵔ ⵏ [[ⴰⵔⵣⵣⵓ|ⵓⵔⵣⵣⵓ]] ⵉⵙⴱⵓⵖⵍⵓⵏ ⵜⵓⵙⵙⵏⵉⵡⵉⵏ ⴰⴷ, ⴷ ⴰⵡⴷ [[ⵉⵥⵍⵉ]] ⵜⵏⵜ ⵉⵙⵙⵍⵎⴰⴷⵏ. ⵜⴱⴹⴰ ⵜⵓⵙⵏⴰⴽⵜ ⵖⴼ ⴽⵉⴳⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵉⵥⵍⴰⵏ ⴰⵎⵎ: [[ⵜⴰⵙⵏⵎⴹⴰⵏⵜ]], [[ⵍⵊⴰⴱⵕ]], [[ⴰⵚⵍⴰⴹ]], [[ⵜⴰⵏⵣⴳⴳⵉⵜ]], [[ⵜⴰⵎⵥⵍⴰ ⵜⴰⵎⵓⵙⵏⴰⴽⵜ]], ⴰⵜⴳ. ⵉⵍⵍⴰ ⴰⵡⴷ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⵙⵏⴳⵉⵔⵉ ⴳⵔ [[ⵜⵓⵙⵏⴰⴽⵜ ⵜⴰⵣⴷⴷⴰⴳⵜ]] ⴷ [[ⵜⵓⵙⵏⴰⴽⵜ ⵜⴰⵎⵙⵏⵙⵉⵜ]]. ⵜⵎⵢⴰⵍⵍⴰ ⵜⵓⵙⵏⴰⴽⵜ ⵖⴼ [[ⵜⵎⴰⵙⵙⴰⵏⵉⵏ]] ⵢⴰⴹⵏⵉⵏ ⵙ ⵏ ⵓⵣⴷⴰⵢ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵉⵥⵍⵉⵏ ⴷ [[ⵜⵉⵍⴰⵡⵜ]] ⴰⵛⴽⵓ ⵓⵔ ⴷⴰ ⴷⵉⴳⵙ ⵜⴻⵜⵜⵓⵙⵎⵔⴰⵙ ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵡⵜ ⴷ ⵡⴰⵔⴰⵎ ⵖⴼ ⵜⵖⴰⵡⵙⵉⵡⵉⵏ ⵜⵉⴳⴰⵎⴰⵏⵉⵏ. ⵜⴳⴰ ⵜⵓⵙⵏⴰⴽⵜ ⵜⴰⵎⴷⵡⴰⵏⵜ (ⵜⵉⵏ ⵜⵡⵏⴳⵉⵎⵜ) ⵙ ⵓⵖⵔⵓⴷ ⵏⵏⵙ, ⵉⴷⴷⵖ ⵜⴱⴷⴷⴰ ⵖⴼ [[ⵉⴳⵊⴷⴰ]] ⵎⵉ ⵏⵜⵜⵉⵏⵉ [[ⵜⵉⵎⴷⴷⴰⵜⵉⵏ]] (ⴰⵏⴰⵎⴽ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵎⴰⵙ ⵓⵔ ⵣⵔⵉⵏⵜ ⵜⴳⵊⴷⴰ ⴰⴷ ⴳ ⵡⴰⵔⴰⵎ, ⵡⴰⵅⵅⴰ ⴰⵀⴰ ⵜⵜⵢⴰⴼⵔⴰⴽⵏⵜ) ⵏⵖ ⵖⴼ [[ⵜⵏⴷⴰⴳⵉⵏ]] ⵉⵜⵜⵡⴰⴷⴳⴳⴰⵏ ⴰⵔ ⴽⵔⴰ ⵏ ⵜⵉⵣⵉ ⵢⴰⴹⵏ. ⴷⴰ ⵜⵣⵔⵔⵉ [[ⵜⵉⵏⴰⵡⵜ]] ⵜⴰⵎⵓⵙⵏⴰⴽⵜ ⵏⵏⴰ ⵎⵉ ⵜⵜⵉⵏⵉⵏ, ⴰⴷⴷⴰⴳ ⵉⵣⵔⵉ, [[ⴰⵙⴽⴽⵓⴷ]], ⴰⵙⵓⵎⵔ, [[ⴰⵎⵏⵣⵓ]],… ⴽⵓⴷⵏⵏⴰ ⵉⴹⴼⵕ ⵉⵏⴰⵡ ⵜ ⵉⵙⴱⴷⴷⴰⵏ ⴷ ⵏⵏⴰ ⴷ ⵉⵙⵙⵓⴼⵖⵏ ⵜⵉⴷⵜ ⵏⵏⵙ ⴽⴰ ⵏ ⵜⵓⵚⴽⴰⵡⵜ ⵜⴰⵖⵥⵏⴰⵏⵜ ⵎⵉ ⵏⵜⵜⵉⵏⵉ [[ⴰⵙⵙⵖⵥⵏ]], ⵏⵖ ⴰⵙⴽⴰⵏ ⴰⵎⵥⵥⵓⵍ. ⵜⵉⵏⴰⵡⵜ ⵏⵏⴰ ⵉⴷⵓⵙⵏ , ⵎⴰⵛⴰ ⵓⵔ ⵜⴰ ⴷ ⵉⴼⴼⵉⵖ ⵉⵙ ⵜⴳⴰ ⵜⵉⴷⵜ, ⴰⵔ ⴰⵙ ⵜⵜⵉⵏⵉⵏ [[ⵜⵓⵔⴷⴰ]]. {{ⵉⵙⴰⵖⵓⵍⵏ}} {{ⴰⴱⴰⴹ ⵓⵏⵜⵉⵎ}} jwge2wwob2a2as6ef3b4b61pa7q9xr3 0 1359 176091 157493 2026-05-04T14:11:29Z BihiBot 2406 ⴽⴽⵙⵖ ⴰⵍⴱⵓⴹ ⵏ ⵜⵏⵟⵟⵓⴼⵜ 176091 wikitext text/x-wiki {{ⵉⵙⵕⵥⴰⵎ ⵏ ⵡⴰⵡⵡⵓⵔ|ⵜⵓⵜⵍⴰⵢⵜ}} {{ⵜⴰⵣⵡⵓⵔⵜ |ⴰⵡⵡⵓⵔ = ⵜⵓⵜⵍⴰⵢⵜ |ⵜⴰⵡⵍⴰⴼⵜ = ZGH.language-icon.svg }} {{ⴰⵎⵏⵏⵉ | ⴰⵙⵖⵏ = ⴰⵡⵡⵓⵔ:ⵜⵓⵜⵍⴰⵢⵜ/ⵜⴰⵣⵡⵓⵔⵜ | ⴰⵣⵡⵍ = ⵜⴰⵣⵡⵓⵔⵜ | ⴰⵣⵡⵍ ⵎⵥⵥⵉⵏ = | ⴰⴽⵍⵓ ⵏ ⵡⴰⴱⵓⴹ ⵏ ⵓⵣⵡⵍ = #E8BEA2 | ⴰⴽⵍⵓ ⵏ ⵡⴰⴱⵓⴹ ⵏ ⵜⵓⵎⴰⵢⵜ = #fdf5e6 | ⴰⴽⵍⵓ ⵏ ⵓⴱⴰⴷⵓ = #FFFDFD | ⵜⵉⴷⴷⵉ ⵏ ⵓⴱⴰⴷⵓ = 3px | ⵜⴰⵡⵍⴰⴼⵜ = HSutvald2.svg | ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵎⴽⵜ = flex: 1 1 auto; | ⵜⵓⵎⴰⵢⵜ = {{:ⴰⵡⵡⵓⵔ:ⵜⵓⵜⵍⴰⵢⵜ/ⵜⴰⵣⵡⵓⵔⵜ}} | ⵖⵔ ⵓⴳⴳⴰⵔ = ⵜⵓⵜⵍⴰⵢⵜ }} <div style="display: flex; flex-direction: row; flex-wrap: wrap;"> <div style="display: flex; flex-direction: column; flex: 1 1 25em;"> <!-- Tuddma n imnnitn n iẓẓlmḍ --> {{ⴰⵎⵏⵏⵉ | ⴰⵙⵖⵏ = ⴰⵡⵡⵓⵔ:ⵜⵓⵜⵍⴰⵢⵜ/ⴰⵎⴳⵔⴰⴷ ⵓⴼⵔⵉⵏ | ⴰⵣⵡⵍ = ⴰⵎⴳⵔⴰⴷ ⵓⴼⵔⵉⵏ | ⴰⵣⵡⵍ ⵎⵥⵥⵉⵏ = | ⴰⴽⵍⵓ ⵏ ⵡⴰⴱⵓⴹ ⵏ ⵓⵣⵡⵍ = #E8BEA2 | ⴰⴽⵍⵓ ⵏ ⵡⴰⴱⵓⴹ ⵏ ⵜⵓⵎⴰⵢⵜ = #fdf5e6 | ⴰⴽⵍⵓ ⵏ ⵓⴱⴰⴷⵓ = #FFFDFD | ⵜⴰⵡⵍⴰⴼⵜ = HSutvald2.svg | ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵎⴽⵜ = flex: 1 1 auto; | ⵜⵓⵎⴰⵢⵜ = {{:ⴰⵡⵡⵓⵔ:ⵜⵓⵜⵍⴰⵢⵜ/ⴰⵎⴳⵔⴰⴷ ⵓⴼⵔⵉⵏ}} | ⵖⵔ ⵓⴳⴳⴰⵔ =ⵜⵓⵜⵍⴰⵢⵜ ⵜⴰⵛⵉⵏⵡⵉⵜ }} {{ⴰⵎⵏⵏⵉ | ⴰⵙⵖⵏ = ⴰⵡⵡⵓⵔ:ⵜⵓⵜⵍⴰⵢⵜ/ⵜⴰⵡⵍⴰⴼⵜ ⵜⵓⴼⵔⵉⵏⵜ | ⴰⵣⵡⵍ = ⵜⴰⵡⵍⴰⴼⵜ ⵜⵓⴼⵔⵉⵏⵜ | ⴰⵣⵡⵍ ⵎⵥⵥⵉⵏ = | ⴰⴽⵍⵓ ⵏ ⵡⴰⴱⵓⴹ ⵏ ⵓⵣⵡⵍ = #E8BEA2 | ⴰⴽⵍⵓ ⵏ ⵡⴰⴱⵓⴹ ⵏ ⵜⵓⵎⴰⵢⵜ = #fdf5e6 | ⴰⴽⵍⵓ ⵏ ⵓⴱⴰⴷⵓ = #FFFDFD | ⵜⴰⵡⵍⴰⴼⵜ = HSutvald2.svg | ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵎⴽⵜ = flex: 1 1 auto; | ⵜⵓⵎⴰⵢⵜ = {{:ⴰⵡⵡⵓⵔ:ⵜⵓⵜⵍⴰⵢⵜ/ⵜⴰⵡⵍⴰⴼⵜ ⵜⵓⴼⵔⵉⵏⵜ}} | ⵖⵔ ⵓⴳⴳⴰⵔ = }} {{ⴰⵎⵏⵏⵉ | ⴰⵙⵖⵏ = ⴰⵡⵡⵓⵔ:ⵜⵓⵜⵍⴰⵢⵜ/ⵜⴰⵏⵜⴰⵍⴰ ⵜⵓⴼⵔⵉⵏⵜ | ⴰⵣⵡⵍ = ⵜⴰⵏⵜⴰⵍⴰ ⵜⵓⴼⵔⵉⵏⵜ | ⴰⵣⵡⵍ ⵎⵥⵥⵉⵏ = | ⴰⴽⵍⵓ ⵏ ⵡⴰⴱⵓⴹ ⵏ ⵓⵣⵡⵍ = #E8BEA2 | ⴰⴽⵍⵓ ⵏ ⵡⴰⴱⵓⴹ ⵏ ⵜⵓⵎⴰⵢⵜ = #fdf5e6 | ⴰⴽⵍⵓ ⵏ ⵓⴱⴰⴷⵓ = #FFFDFD | ⵜⴰⵡⵍⴰⴼⵜ = HSutvald2.svg | ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵎⴽⵜ = flex: 1 1 auto; | ⵜⵓⵎⴰⵢⵜ = {{:ⴰⵡⵡⵓⵔ:ⵜⵓⵜⵍⴰⵢⵜ/ⵜⴰⵏⵜⴰⵍⴰ ⵜⵓⴼⵔⵉⵏⵜ}} | ⵖⵔ ⵓⴳⴳⴰⵔ = }} </div> <!-- Tigira n imnnitn n iẓẓlmḍ --> <div style="display: flex; flex-direction: column; flex: 1 1 25em;"><!-- Tuddma n imnnitn n ufasi --> {{ⴰⵎⵏⵏⵉ | ⴰⵙⵖⵏ = ⴰⵡⵡⵓⵔ:ⵜⵓⵜⵍⴰⵢⵜ/ⵉⵡⵡⵓⵔⴰ ⴰⵢⵜⵎⴰⵜⵏ | ⴰⵣⵡⵍ = ⵉⵡⵡⵓⵔⴰ ⴰⵢⵜⵎⴰⵜⵏ | ⴰⵣⵡⵍ ⵎⵥⵥⵉⵏ = | ⴰⴽⵍⵓ ⵏ ⵡⴰⴱⵓⴹ ⵏ ⵓⵣⵡⵍ = #E8BEA2 | ⴰⴽⵍⵓ ⵏ ⵡⴰⴱⵓⴹ ⵏ ⵜⵓⵎⴰⵢⵜ = #fdf5e6 | ⴰⴽⵍⵓ ⵏ ⵓⴱⴰⴷⵓ = #FFFDFD | ⵜⴰⵡⵍⴰⴼⵜ = HSutvald2.svg | ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵎⴽⵜ = flex: 1 1 auto; | ⵜⵓⵎⴰⵢⵜ = {{:ⴰⵡⵡⵓⵔ:ⵜⵓⵜⵍⴰⵢⵜ/ⵉⵡⵡⵓⵔⴰ ⴰⵢⵜⵎⴰⵜⵏ}} | ⵖⵔ ⵓⴳⴳⴰⵔ = }} {{ⴰⵎⵏⵏⵉ | ⴰⵙⵖⵏ = ⴰⵡⵡⵓⵔ:ⵜⵓⵜⵍⴰⵢⵜ/ⵉⵙⵎⵉⵍⵏ | ⴰⵣⵡⵍ = ⵉⵙⵎⵉⵍⵏ | ⴰⵣⵡⵍ ⵎⵥⵥⵉⵏ = | ⴰⴽⵍⵓ ⵏ ⵡⴰⴱⵓⴹ ⵏ ⵓⵣⵡⵍ = #E8BEA2 | ⴰⴽⵍⵓ ⵏ ⵡⴰⴱⵓⴹ ⵏ ⵜⵓⵎⴰⵢⵜ = #fdf5e6 | ⴰⴽⵍⵓ ⵏ ⵓⴱⴰⴷⵓ = #FFFDFD | ⵜⴰⵡⵍⴰⴼⵜ = HSutvald2.svg | ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵎⴽⵜ = flex: 1 1 auto; | ⵜⵓⵎⴰⵢⵜ = {{:ⴰⵡⵡⵓⵔ:ⵜⵓⵜⵍⴰⵢⵜ/ⵉⵙⵎⵉⵍⵏ}} | ⵖⵔ ⵓⴳⴳⴰⵔ = }} {{ⴰⵎⵏⵏⵉ | ⴰⵙⵖⵏ = ⴰⵡⵡⵓⵔ:ⵜⵓⵜⵍⴰⵢⵜ/ⴰⵎⴳⵔⴰⴷ ⴰⵎⴰⵢⵏⵓ | ⴰⵣⵡⵍ = ⴰⵎⴳⵔⴰⴷ ⴰⵎⴰⵢⵏⵓ | ⴰⵣⵡⵍ ⵎⵥⵥⵉⵏ = | ⴰⴽⵍⵓ ⵏ ⵡⴰⴱⵓⴹ ⵏ ⵓⵣⵡⵍ = #E8BEA2 | ⴰⴽⵍⵓ ⵏ ⵡⴰⴱⵓⴹ ⵏ ⵜⵓⵎⴰⵢⵜ = #fdf5e6 | ⴰⴽⵍⵓ ⵏ ⵓⴱⴰⴷⵓ = #FFFDFD | ⵜⴰⵡⵍⴰⴼⵜ = HSutvald2.svg | ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵎⴽⵜ = flex: 1 1 auto; | ⵜⵓⵎⴰⵢⵜ = {{:ⴰⵡⵡⵓⵔ:ⵜⵓⵜⵍⴰⵢⵜ/ⴰⵎⴳⵔⴰⴷ ⴰⵎⴰⵢⵏⵓ}} | ⵖⵔ ⵓⴳⴳⴰⵔ = }} </div> <!-- Tigira n imnnitn n ufasi --> </div><!-- Tigira n tasna ---> {{ⴰⵎⵏⵏⵉ | ⴰⵙⵖⵏ = ⴰⵡⵡⵓⵔ:ⵜⵓⵜⵍⴰⵢⵜ/ⵉⵙⵏⴼⴰⵔⵏ ⴰⵢⵜⵎⴰⵜⵏ ⵏ ⵡⵉⴽⵉⴱⵉⴷⵢⴰ | ⴰⵣⵡⵍ = ⵉⵙⵏⴼⴰⵔⵏ ⴰⵢⵜⵎⴰⵜⵏ | ⴰⵣⵡⵍ ⵎⵥⵥⵉⵏ = | ⴰⴽⵍⵓ ⵏ ⵡⴰⴱⵓⴹ ⵏ ⵓⵣⵡⵍ = #E8BEA2 | ⴰⴽⵍⵓ ⵏ ⵡⴰⴱⵓⴹ ⵏ ⵜⵓⵎⴰⵢⵜ = #fdf5e6 | ⴰⴽⵍⵓ ⵏ ⵓⴱⴰⴷⵓ = #FFFDFD | ⵜⴰⵡⵍⴰⴼⵜ = HSutvald2.svg | ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵎⴽⵜ = flex: 1 1 auto; | ⵜⵓⵎⴰⵢⵜ = {{:ⴰⵡⵡⵓⵔ:ⵜⵓⵜⵍⴰⵢⵜ/ⵉⵙⵏⴼⴰⵔⵏ ⴰⵢⵜⵎⴰⵜⵏ ⵏ ⵡⵉⴽⵉⴱⵉⴷⵢⴰ}} | ⵖⵔ ⵓⴳⴳⴰⵔ = }} {{ⵉⵙⴰⵖⵓⵍⵏ}} {{ⴰⴱⴰⴹ ⵓⵏⵜⵉⵎ}} {{ⴰⵙⵎⵉⵍ|ⴰⵡⵡⵓⵔ}} 869b5dupcmk2vmr3pkid5rzq2xqjwsy 0 1360 176094 153877 2026-05-04T14:11:59Z BihiBot 2406 ⴽⴽⵙⵖ ⴰⵍⴱⵓⴹ ⵏ ⵜⵏⵟⵟⵓⴼⵜ 176094 wikitext text/x-wiki {{ⵉⵙⵕⵥⴰⵎ ⵏ ⵡⴰⵡⵡⵓⵔ|ⵜⵓⵜⵍⴰⵢⵜ}} ==ⵉⵙⴰⵖⵓⵍⵏ== {{ⵉⵙⴰⵖⵓⵍⵏ}} {{ⴰⴱⴰⴹ ⵓⵏⵜⵉⵎ}} 12p0khhbbez2d9bis8k2jvwepbfgbz5 0 1361 176100 153889 2026-05-04T14:12:58Z BihiBot 2406 ⴽⴽⵙⵖ ⴰⵍⴱⵓⴹ ⵏ ⵜⵏⵟⵟⵓⴼⵜ 176100 wikitext text/x-wiki [[ⴰⴼⴰⵢⵍⵓ:Les familles de langues sans legende.png|400px|thumb|ⵜⴰⵡⵊⵉⵡⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵓⵜⵍⴰⵢⵜ ⴳ ⵓⵎⴰⴹⴰⵍ]] '''ⵜⵓⵜⵍⴰⵢⵜ''' ⴷ ⴰⵏⴳⵔⴰⵡ ⵉⵜⵜⵎⵔⵏⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵎⴰⵜⴰⵔⵉⵏ ⵜⵉⵙⵏⵉⵍⵙⴰⵏⵉⵏ, ⵜⵉⵏⵎⵙⵍⵉⵢⵉⵏ, ⵜⵉⵎⵉⵔⴰⵢⵉⵏ ⴷ ⵜⵙⵉⵍⵍⴼⴰⵏⵉⵏ, ⵉⵜⵜⴰⵡⵙⵏ ⴳ ⵓⵎⵢⴰⵡⴰⴹ ⴳⵔ ⵉⵎⴷⴰⵏⴻⵏ. ⵓⵔ ⵍⵍⵉⵏ ⴽⵔⴰ ⵏ ⵉⵙⴼⵔⴰⵏⴻⵏ ⵉⴳⴰⵏ ⵉⵙⵏⵉⵍⵙⴰⵏⴻⵏ ⵙ ⵓⵙⵏⵖⴷ ⵉⵜⵜⴰⵡⵙⵏ ⴳ ⵓⵙⵎⵣⵉⵔⵢ ⴳⵔ ⵜⵓⵜⵍⴰⵢⵜ ⴷ ⵜⵏⵜⴰⵍⴰ. ⴳ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⵙⵎⵎⴰⵇⵇⵍ ⴰⵙⵏⵉⵍⵙⵎⵓⵏⴰⵏ (ⴰⵣⵔⴰⵡ ⵏ ⵜⵓⵜⵍⴰⵢⵉⵏ ⴳ ⵡⴰⵙⵙⴰⵖ ⵏⵏⵙⵏⵜ ⴰⴽⴷ ⵡⴰⵎⵓⵏⴻⵏ), ⵉⵔⵎ « ⵜⵓⵜⵍⴰⵢⵜ » ⵉⵜⵜⴰⵡⵢ ⵖⵔ ⵢⴰⵍ ⵉⵍⵙ ⵉⵜⵜⴳⴳⴰⵏ ⵙⵏⴰⵜ ⵜⵡⵓⵔⵉⵡⵉⵏ ⵜⵉⵏⴰⵎⵓⵏⵉⵏ ⵜⵉⵔⵙⵍⴰⵏⵉⵏ: « ⴰⵎⵙⴰⵡⴰⴹ » (ⵙ ⵓⵙⵙⵎⵔⵙ ⵏ ⵜⵓⵜⵍⴰⵢⵜ ⴰⵢⴷ ⵜⵜⵎⵙⵏⴼⴰⵍⵏ ⵉⵎⴳⴳⴰⵢⵏ ⵉⵏⴰⵎⵓⵏⴻⵏ ⴷⵔⵓⵏ ⵜⵉⴽⵜⵉⵡⵉⵏ ⵏⵏⵙⵏ, ⵜⵓⴼⵔⴰⵢⵉⵏ ⵏⵏⵙⵏ, ⵉⵙⵡⵉⵏⴳⵉⵎⵏ ⵏⵏⵙⵏ, ⴰⵜⴳ.) ⴷ « ⵓⵙⵎⴰⴳⵉ » (ⵙ ⵜⴼⵔⵉⵙⵜ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵜⴰⵎⵙⵍⴰⴳⵜ ⵜⴰⵎⵢⵓⵡⵏⵜ ⴷ ⵜⵓⴳⵔⵉⵡⵜ, ⵜⴻⵜⵜⵓⵔⴰⵔ ⵜⵓⵜⵍⴰⵢⵜ ⵜⴰⵎⵍⵉⵍⵜ ⵏ ⵓⵎⵙⵍⴰⴳ ⴰⵎⵙⵎⴰⴳⵉ ⵏ ⵜⵖⴰⵔⵉⵡⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵡⵓⴳⴳⵉⴷ ⴷ ⵜⵓⵎⵓⵜⵉⵏ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵜⵉⵏⴰⵎⵓⵏⵉⵏ). ⵙ ⵎⴽⴰ, ⴳⴰⵏⵜ « ⵜⵓⵜⵍⴰⵢⵉⵏ » ⵜⵉⵖⴰⵡⵙⵉⵡⵉⵏ ⵉⴷⴷⵔⵏ, ⵖⴼ ⵜⵜⵉⵍⵉⵏⵜ ⴽⵉⴳⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵓⵎⴰⵏⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵓⵎⵎⵙⴽⵍ. ==ⵉⵙⴰⵖⵓⵍⵏ== *'''ⴰⵙⴳⵣⴰⵡⴰⵍ ⵏ [[ⴰⵙⵉⵏⴰⴳ ⴰⴳⵍⴷⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵓⵙⵙⵏⴰ ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵜ]](ⵙ.ⴳ.ⵙ.ⵎ) :''' [[ⵎⵙⵎⵓⵏ ⴰⵡⴰⵍ ⴰⵎⴰⵜⴰⵢ ⴰⵙⵏⵎⴰⵍⴰⵢ ⵏ ⵜⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵜ]] (ⵎ.ⵎ.ⵙ.ⵎ) {{ⵉⵙⴰⵖⵓⵍⵏ}} {{ⴰⴱⴰⴹ ⵓⵏⵜⵉⵎ}} obqs5xf06fqmjkq3jzpubffsqo9uweb 0 1754 176119 164736 2026-05-05T00:37:19Z Mouh23 37982 Off picture fake picture not real nobody in earth knows how the prophet صلى الله عليه و سلم look like 176119 wikitext text/x-wiki {{ⴰⵎⵏⵏⵉ ⵡⴰⵔ ⵉⵙⴰⵖⵓⵍⵏ}} '''ⵎⵓⵃⵎⵎⴰⴷ''' (ⵙ [[ⵜⵓⵜⵍⴰⵢⵜ ⵜⴰⵄⵕⴰⴱⵜ]] : '''محمد''') (ⵉⵙⵎ ⵏⵏⵙ: '''ⴰⴱⵓ ⵍⵇⴰⵙⵉⵎ ⵎⵓⵃⴰⵎⵎⴰⴷ ⴱⵏⵓ ⵄⴰⴱⴷⵉ ⴰⵍⵍⴰⵀ ⴱⵏ ⵄⴰⴱⴷ ⴰⵍⵎⵓⵟⴰⵍⵉⴱ''' {{saw}}) ⵉⵍⵓⵍ ⴰⵙⵙ ⴰⵢⵏⴰⵙ ⵏ 22 ⴰⴱⵔⵉⵍ ⴳ ⵓⵙⴳⴳⴰⵙ 571 ⴳ ⵜⵖⵔⵎⵜ ⵏ [[ⵎⴰⴽⴽⴰ]], ⵉⵎⵎⵓⵜ ⴳ ⵡⴰⵙⵙ ⵏ 8 ⵢⵓⵏⵢⵓ 632 , ⵉⴳⴰ ⴰⵎⴰⵣⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵔⴱⴱⵉ, ⵢⵓⵣⵏⵜ ⵉⴷ ⴱⴰⵛ ⴰⴷ ⵉⵙⵙⴰⵡⴹ ⵜⴰⴱⵔⴰⵜ [[ⵍⵉⵙⵍⴰⵎ]] ⵉ ⵎⴰⵕⵕⴰ ⴰⴼⴳⴰⵏ ⴷ ⵍⵊⵉⵏⵏ , ⴰⵎ ⵎⴰⵕⵕⴰ ⵉⵏⴰⴱⵉⵢⵏ ⴷ ⵉⵎⵣⴰⵏⵏ ⵉⵎⵣⵡⵓⵔⴰ, ⵏⵜⵜⴰ ⴷ ⵏⴱⵉ ⴰⵏⴳⴳⵔⵓ , ⴷ ⵙⵉⴷⵉⵙ ⵏ ⵓⴼⴳⴰⵏ, ⴷⴰ ⵜⵜⵉⵏⵉⵏ ⵉⵎⵓⵙⵍⵎⵏ ⴷ ⵉⵎⵓⵎⵏⴻⵏ ⵜⴰⵡⴰⵍⵜ ⵏ : «‌ⵚⴰⵍⴰ ⴰⵍⵍⴰⵀ ⵄⴰⵍⴰⵢⵀⵉ ⵡⴰⵙⴰⵍⵍⴰⵎ» ⴷⴼⴼⵉⵔ ⵎⴰ ⴱⴷⵔⵏ ⵉⵙⵎ ⵏⵏⵙ , ⵓⵢⴰ ⵉⴷⴷⴰⴷ ⴳ [[ⴰⵇⵓⵕⴰⵏ]]<ref>[https://www.noor-book.com/%D9%83%D8%AA%D8%A7%D8%A8-%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%82%D8%B1%D8%A2%D9%86-%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%83%D8%B1%D9%8A%D9%85-%D9%88%D8%AA%D8%B1%D8%AC%D9%85%D8%A9-%D9%85%D8%B9%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%8A%D9%87-%D8%A5%D9%84%D9%89-%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%84%D8%BA%D8%A9-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A3%D9%85%D8%A7%D8%B2%D9%8A%D8%BA%D9%8A%D8%A9-%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%84%D9%87%D8%AC%D8%A9-%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%82%D8%A8%D8%A7%D8%A6%D9%84%D9%8A%D8%A9-tamazight-pdf ⴰⵇⵓⵕⴰⵏ ⵙ ⵜⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵜ].</ref> ⴷ [[ⵙⵙⵓⵏⵜ ⵜⴰⵏⴰⴱⴰⵡⵉⵜ]] .ⵢⵓⵊⵊⴰⴷ ⵓⵎⴰⵣⴰⵏ '''ⵎⵓⵃⴰⵎⵎⴰⴷ''' ({{saw}}) ⵜⴰⵢⵔⵉ ⵜⴰⵎⵇⵇⵔⴰⵏⵜ ⴳ ⵓⵍⴰⵡⵏ ⵏ ⵉⵎⵓⵙⵍⵎⵏ ⵎⴰⵕⵕⴰ, ⵓⵎⵥⵏ ⴰⴱⵔⵉⴷ ⵏⵏⵙ , ⵃⵙⴰⵏ ⵉⵡⴰⵍⵉⵡⵏ ⵏⵏⵙ, ⵉⴳⴰ '''ⵎⵓⵃⴰⵎⵎⴰⴷ''' ({{saw}}) ⴰⵎⴷⴰⵏ ⴰⵅⴰⵜⴰⵔ ⴳ ⵓⵎⵣⵔⵓⵢ ⵏ ⵓⴼⴳⴰⵏ ⴰⵛⴽⵓ ⵉⵏⵊⴰⵃ ⴳ ⵓⵙⵡⵉⵔ ⵏ ⴰⵙⴳⴷⴰⵏ ⴷ ⵓⵙⵡⵉⵔ ⵏ ⴷⴷⵓⵏⵉⵜ . [[ⴰⴼⴰⵢⵍⵓ:Muhammad2.png|thumb|300px|ⵉⵙⵎ ⵏ ⵏⴱⵉ ⵎⵓⵃⴰⵎⵎⴰⴷ ({{saw}})]] ==ⵜⵉⵄⵓⵔⵎⴰ ⵏ ⵏⴱⵉ== ⴳ ⵜⵉⵄⵓⵔⵎⴰ ⵏ ⵏⴱⵉ ⵜⴳⴰ ⵜⵡⵓⵔⵉ ⵏⵏⵙ ⴰⵎⴽⵙⴰ ⵍ ⵎⴰⵍ ⵜⴼⵉⵔⴰⵙ ⵉⵏⵍⵎⴰⴷ ⵜⴰⴳⵓⵔⵉ ⵏ ⵓⵙⵖⵏⵣⵉ ⵉⵜⵓⵙⴰⵏ ⴷⴰⵔ ⴰⵢⵜ ⵜⵖⵔⴰⵎⵜ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵙ ⵜⵖⵍⴰⵍⵜ ⵏ ⵓⵖⵣⴰⵏ ⴷ ⵍⴰⵎⵉⵏ ⴰⵎⴰ ⵉⵜⵉⵀⵍ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵉⵜⴰⵀⵍ ⴳ ⵓⵡⵜⴰⵢ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵏ ⵙⵉⵎⵔⴰⵡ ⴷ ⵙⵎⵎⵓⵙ ⵉⵜⴰⵀⵍ ⴷⵉⴷⵙ ⵅⴰⴷⵉⵊⴰ ⵉⵍⵉⵙ ⵏ ⵅⵓⵡⴰⵢⵍⵉⴷ ⴷⴰⵔⵙ ⵏⵜⵜⴰⵜ ⴽⴽⵓ ⵎⵔⴰⵡ ⵓⵙⴳⴰⵙ.<ref>{{ⴱⴷⵔ ⴰⵡⵉⴱ |title=كتب السيرة النبوية - المكتبة الشاملة |url=https://shamela.ws/category/24 |access-date=2025-12-18 |website=shamela.ws}}</ref> ==ⵜⵉⵎⵣⵡⵓⵔⴰ ⵏ ⵜⵖⵓⵔⵉ ⵏ ⵏⴱⵉ== [[File:Muhammad Masjid an-Nabawi Calligraphy.svg|thumb|left|ⵉⵙⵎ ⵏ ⵓⵎⴰⵣⴰⵏ ⵎⵓⵃⵎⵎⴰⴷ]] ⵍⵉⴳ ⵜⴱⴷⴰ ⵜⵖⵓⵔⵉ ⴳ ⵏ ⵏⴱⵉ ⵉⵡⴰⵍⴼ ⵏⴱⵉ ⴷⴰ ⵉⵣⵉⴳⵉⵣ ⴳ ⵅⴱⵓ ⵏ ⵃⵉⵔⴰ ⴰⵔ ⵉⵜⵄⴱⴰⴷ ⵔⴱⵉ ⴰⵔ ⴰⵍⵉⴳ ⴰⵍⵉⴳ ⵢⵉⵡⴷ ⴳ ⵓⵙⴳⴰⵙ ⵙⵉⵏ ⵉⴳⵏⴰⵔⵏ ⵉⴷⴷⴰⴷ ⴷⴰⵔⵙ ⵍⵡⴰⵃⵢ ⵜⴳⴰ ⵜⵉⴽⵍⵉⵜ ⵜⴰⵎⵣⵡⴰⵔⵓⵜ ⵜⴷⴰⵔⴷ ⴷⵉⴷⵙ ⵍⴰⵢⴰ ⵏ "ⵉⵇⵔⴰ" ⵉⴷⵓⵎ ⵓⴳⵓⵣ ⵍⵡⴰⵃⵢ ⵙⵉⵎⵔⴰⵡ ⴷ ⴽⵔⴰⴷ ⵓⵙⴳⴰⵙ ⴷ ⵜⴷⵓⵎ ⴰⵡⴷ ⵜⵖⵓⵔⵉ ⵙ ⵉⴼⵙⵜⵉ ⴰⵔ ⴰⵍⵉⴳ ⵣⵔⵉⵏ ⴽⵔⴰⴷ ⵉⵙⴳⴰ ⵙⵏ ⵜⴼⵉⵔⴰⵙ ⵉⴷⴷⴰⴷ ⵍⵡⴰⵃⵢ ⵢⴰⴰⵔ ⵉⵙⴽⴰⵔ ⵜⴰⵖⵓⵔⵉ ⴰⵜⵉⵍⵉ ⴷⴰⵜ ⵡⴰⵍⵏ ⴷⴰⴷⵖ ⴱⴷⴰⵏⵜ ⵜⵎⵓⴽⵔⵉⵙⵉⵏ ⴳⴰⵔ ⵉⵏⵙⵍⵎⴰⵏ ⴷ ⵓⴷⴰⵢⵏ ⵜⴷⵓⵢⴰⵣⴷ ⵜⵡⵉⵏⴳⵉⵎⵜ ⵉⵏⴱⵉ ⴳⵓ ⴳⴰⵢⵓ ⵏⵏⵙ ⴱⴰⵛⴰⴷ ⴰⴷⵉⵅⵡⵓ ⵜⴰⵇⴱⵉⵍⵜ ⵉⴷⵓ ⵙ ⵢⴰⵜⵔⵉⴱ ⵏⴰⵢⵜⵓⵙⵎⴰⵏ ⵙ. ⵜⵖⵔⴰⵎⵜ ⵏⵜⵜⴰ ⴷⵉⵎⴷⵓ ⴽⵍⴰ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵙ ⵓⵖⵉⵍⵓⴼ ⴷ ⵜⵖⵓⴼⵉ ⴰⵔ ⴰⵍⵉⴳ ⵏⵉⵡⴷⴰⵏ ⵢⴰⵜⵔⵉⴱ ⵔⵃⴱⴰⵏ ⴷⵉⴷⵙ ⴱⴰⵀⵔⴰ ⵙ ⵜⴰⵙⵙⴰ ⵡⵓⵍⴰⵡⵏ ⴰⵔ ⵜⵓⵙⵎⴰⵏ 'ⵍⴰⵏⵚⴰⵔ'ⵉⴷⵖ ⵄⴰⵡⵏ ⵏⴱⵉ ⵙ ⵜⵓⵎⵔⵜ ⴰⵔ ⵉⵜⴽⵎⴰⵍ ⵉⴼⵙⴰⵔ ⵏ ⵜⴰⵖⵓⵔⵉ ⴰⵍⵉⴳ ⵔⵣⵎⴰⵏ ⵎⴰⴽⴽⴰ ⴳ ⵜⵎⵛⴰⴱⴰⴽⵜ ⵏ "ⴱⴰⴷⵔ" ⵙⴳ ⴷⵉⵙ ⴳⵓⴷⵉⵏⵜ ⵜⵖⵔⵎⴰⵜⵉⵏ ⵓⵎⵣⵏⵉⵏ ⴰⴱⵔⵉⴷ ,ⵜⴷⵓⵎ ⵜⵖⵓⵔⵉ ⵏ ⵏⴱⵉ ⵙⵉⵎⵔⴰⵡ ⴷ ⴽⵔⴰⴷ ⵉⴷⴷⵔⴷ ⴷⵉⵢⵙ ⵍⵇⵓⵔⴰⵏ ⵜⴳ ⵍⴰⵢⴰ ⵜⴰⵎⴳⴰⵔⵓⵜ ⵜⵉⵏ ⵃⵓⵊⴰⵜ ⵍⵡⴰⴷⴰⵄ ==ⵜⵉⴼⵔⴰⵙⵉⵏ ⵉⵙⴹⵀⴰⵔ ⵉⵙⵉⵊⴰⵡⵔ ⵡⴰⵙⵙ ⵏ ⵏⵏⴱⵉ== "ⴰⵙⴰ ⴼⵓⴽⴰⵖⴰⴳⴽⵏ ⴷⵉⵏ ⵏⵓⵏ ⵔⴷⵓⵖⴰⴽⵏ ⵍⵉⵙⵍⴰⵎ ⴷⵉⵏ " ⵜⴳⴰ ⵍⴰⵢⴰ ⵢⴰⴷⵖ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵏⵜⵎⵉⵜⵔⵜ ⵉⵙⴷⵀⴰⵔⵏ ⵅⴼ ⵍⵇⵓⵔⴱ ⵏ ⵜⵉⵣⵉ ⵏ ⵏⴱⵉ ⵉⴷⵖ ⵓⵔⵉⵇⵉⵎⵉ ⵜⴼⵉⵔⴰⵙ ⵛⵉⴳⴰⵏ ⵜⴼⵉⵔ ⵏⴰⵜⵉⵏⴰ ⵓⵔ ⵉⵏⵎⴰⵜⵍ ⵉⴷⵖ ⵉⵡⴰⵜ ⵉⵖⵏⵛⴰ ⵉⴷⴰⵔⴷ ⵖⵓⵔⵙ ⴰⵏⵉⵔ ⵉⵏⴰⵢⴰⵙ ⴰⴷⴰⵜⵃⵢⵓⴷ ⵎⴰⴷ ⴰⵙⵎⴰⴷ ⵉⵏⴰⵢⴰⵙ " ⴰⵙⵎⵓⵏ ⴰⵏⴼⵍⴰ " ⵉⵎⵓⵜ ⵏⴱⵉ ⵏ ⵔⴱⵉ ⵜⵉⵍⵉ ⴷⴰⵔⵙ ⵚⴹⵉⵎⵔⴰⵡ ⵓⵙⴳⴰⵙ ⵡⵉⵙ ⵚⴹⵉⵎⵔⴰⵡ ⴷ ⴽⵔⴰⴷ ⴷⴰⴷⵖ ⵉⵏⴰⵢⴰⵙ ⴰⴱⵓ ⴱⴰⴽⵔ. ⵓⵏⴰⴷⴰⵢⵜⴰⵎⵏ ⵙ ⵏⴱⵉ ⵀⴰⵜ ⵉⵎⵓⵜ ⵓⵏⴰ ⴷⴰⵢⵜⴰⵎⵏ ⵙ ⵔⴱⵉ ⵀⴰⵜ ⵉⵃⵢⴰ.<ref>{{ⴱⴷⵔ ⴰⵡⵉⴱ |last=نور |first=مكتبة |title=تحميل كتاب وأظلمت المدينة وفاة النبي صلى الله عليه وسلم pdf |url=https://www.noor-book.com/%D9%83%D8%AA%D8%A7%D8%A8-%D9%88%D8%A3%D8%B8%D9%84%D9%85%D8%AA-%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D8%AF%D9%8A%D9%86%D8%A9-%D9%88%D9%81%D8%A7%D8%A9-%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%86%D8%A8%D9%8A-%D8%B5%D9%84%D9%89-%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%84%D9%87-%D8%B9%D9%84%D9%8A%D9%87-%D9%88%D8%B3%D9%84%D9%85-pdf |archive-url=http://web.archive.org/web/20220314160732/https://www.noor-book.com/%D9%83%D8%AA%D8%A7%D8%A8-%D9%88%D8%A3%D8%B8%D9%84%D9%85%D8%AA-%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D8%AF%D9%8A%D9%86%D8%A9-%D9%88%D9%81%D8%A7%D8%A9-%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%86%D8%A8%D9%8A-%D8%B5%D9%84%D9%89-%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%84%D9%87-%D8%B9%D9%84%D9%8A%D9%87-%D9%88%D8%B3%D9%84%D9%85-pdf |archive-date=2022-03-14 |access-date=2025-12-18 |website=www.noor-book.com |language=ar}}</ref> ==ⵉⵙⴰⵖⵓⵍⵏ== {{ⵉⵙⴰⵖⵓⵍⵏ}} {{ⴰⴱⴰⴹ ⵓⵏⵜⵉⵎ}} {{ⵉⵏⴰⴱⵉⵢⵏ}} {{ⴰⵙⵎⵉⵍ |ⵉⵔⵇⵇⴰⵙⵏ |ⴰⵙⴳⴷ |ⵉⵎⴰⵣⴰⵏⵏ}} {{ⴰⵡⵡⵓⵔ |ⴰⵙⴳⴷ}} 3e0yitq9ml4nljvhzve5xlo93t6pmph 0 2504 176069 153816 2026-05-04T13:56:51Z BihiBot 2406 ⴽⴽⵙⵖ ⴰⵍⴱⵓⴹ ⵏ ⵜⵏⵟⵟⵓⴼⵜ 176069 wikitext text/x-wiki <categorytree>ⵉⵏⴰⵥⵓⵕⵏ</categorytree> <categorytree>ⵓⵏⵓⵖⵏ ⵉⵜⵎⵓⵙⵙⵓⵏ</categorytree> ==ⵉⵙⴰⵖⵓⵍⵏ== ==ⵉⵙⴰⵖⵓⵍⵏ== *'''ⴰⵙⴳⵣⴰⵡⴰⵍ ⵏ [[ⴰⵙⵉⵏⴰⴳ ⴰⴳⵍⴷⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵓⵙⵙⵏⴰ ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵜ]](ⵙ.ⴳ.ⵙ.ⵎ) :''' [[ⵎⵙⵎⵓⵏ ⴰⵡⴰⵍ ⴰⵎⴰⵜⴰⵢ ⴰⵙⵏⵎⴰⵍⴰⵢ ⵏ ⵜⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵜ]] (ⵎ.ⵎ.ⵙ.ⵎ) {{ⵉⵙⴰⵖⵓⵍⵏ}} {{ⴰⴱⴰⴹ ⵓⵏⵜⵉⵎ}} tqt557vui0mb6h68uvo1cz1rbl0qww4 0 2506 176028 168605 2026-05-04T13:47:16Z BihiBot 2406 ⴽⴽⵙⵖ ⴰⵍⴱⵓⴹ ⵏ ⵜⵏⵟⵟⵓⴼⵜ 176028 wikitext text/x-wiki ⴰⴳⴳⵯⴰ ⵍⵙⵉⵖ ⴰⵥⵏⵏⴰⵕ ⵔⴱⵉⵖ ⴰⵛⴽⴽⴰⵕ ⵔⵉⵖ ⴰⴷ ⵍⵎⴷⵖ ⵉ ⵓⵥⴱⴰⵕ ⵎⴰⵔ ⴰⴷ ⵓⵔ ⵉ ⵢⴰⵖ ⵓⵥⴱⴱⴰⵕ ⵜⴰⴼ ⴰⴷ ⴰⵜⵎⵖ ⵉ ⵓⵛⴼⴼⴰⵕ ⴼⴰⵔ ⴰⴷ ⴰⵜⵎⵖ ⵉ ⵓⵎⵅⵅⴰⵕ ⴰⴼⴰⴷ ⴰⴷ ⵉⵍⵉⵖ ⴰⵛⵏⵢⴰⵕ ⴰⴼⴰⴷ ⴰⴷ ⴳⵖ ⴰⵥⵏⵟⴰⵕ ⴱⴰⵛ ⴰⴷ ⵏⵖ ⴰⴼⵉⵖⴰⵕ ⴱⴰⵛ ⴰⴷ ⵉⵍⵉⵖ ⴰⴼⵉⵏⴰⵕ ⵖ ⵓⴷⵔⴰⵔ ⴷ ⵓⵥⴰⵖⴰⵕ ⵅ ⵓⴼⵔⴰⵡ ⴷ ⵓⵎⵥⵕⴰⵕ ⴰⴽⴰ ⴰⴷ ⵃⵓⴼⵖ ⴰⵀⴰⵇⵇⴰⵕ ⴰⴽⴰ ⴰⴷ ⴰⵏⴼⵖ ⵉ ⵓⴱⴰⵇⵇⴰⵕ -- ⴰⵣⴳⵣⵓ ⵏ ⵉⵜⵙⵏⵜ ⵜⵡⴰⵍⵉⵡⵉⵏ : -ⴰⵛⵏⵢⴰⵕ :ⴰⵢ ⵏⵏⴰ ⵉⵜⵜⴱⴹⴰⵢⵏ -ⴰⵥⵏⵟⴰⵕ :ⵡⴰ ⵏⵏⴰ ⵉⵣⵓⵔⵏ ⴰⵀⴰ ⵉⵖⵣⵣⵉⴼ -ⴰⴼⵉⵏⴰⵕ :ⴰⵏⵙⴰ ⵏ ⵡⴰⵍⵉⵎ -ⴰⵀⴰⵇⵇⴰⵕ :ⴰⴳⴰⵢⵡⴰⵕ -ⴰⴱⴰⵇⵇⴰⵕ :ⵜⵓⵏⴰⵏⵜ,ⵜⴰⴳⴰⵜ ⴰⵖⴰⵣⴰⴼ ⵀⵎⵎⵓⵏ (ⵎⵓⵃⵎⵎⴰⴷ) == ⵉⵙⴰⵖⵓⵍⵏ == *'''ⴰⵙⴳⵣⴰⵡⴰⵍ ⵏ [[ⴰⵙⵉⵏⴰⴳ ⴰⴳⵍⴷⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵓⵙⵙⵏⴰ ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵜ]](ⵙ.ⴳ.ⵙ.ⵎ) :''' [[ⵎⵙⵎⵓⵏ ⴰⵡⴰⵍ ⴰⵎⴰⵜⴰⵢ ⴰⵙⵏⵎⴰⵍⴰⵢ ⵏ ⵜⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵜ]] (ⵎ.ⵎ.ⵙ.ⵎ) *'''ⴰⵙⴳⵣⴰⵡⴰⵍ ⵏ [[ⴰⵙⵉⵏⴰⴳ ⴰⴳⵍⴷⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵓⵙⵙⵏⴰ ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵜ]](ⵙ.ⴳ.ⵙ.ⵎ) :''' [[ⵎⵙⵎⵓⵏ ⴰⵡⴰⵍ ⴰⵎⴰⵜⴰⵢ ⴰⵙⵏⵎⴰⵍⴰⵢ ⵏ ⵜⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵜ]] (ⵎ.ⵎ.ⵙ.ⵎ) saohbcbtilorp5aa2pbvg2rmzc3b87e 0 2820 176117 175549 2026-05-04T19:13:05Z ⴰⵢⵢⵓⴱ 438 176117 wikitext text/x-wiki {{ⴰⵎⵏⵏⵉ ⵡⴰⵔ ⵉⵙⴰⵖⵓⵍⵏ}} {{ⵜⴰⴼⵍⵓⵖⵎⵉⵙⵜ ⵜⴰⵎⵓⵔⵜ}} '''ⴽⵓⵔⵢⴰ ⵏ ⵉⴼⴼⵓⵙ'''<ref>'''ⴰⵙⴳⵣⴰⵡⴰⵍ ⵏ [[ⴰⵙⵉⵏⴰⴳ ⴰⴳⵍⴷⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵓⵙⵙⵏⴰ ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵜ]] (ⵙ.ⴳ.ⵙ.ⵎ) :''' [[ⵎⵙⵎⵓⵏ ⴰⵡⴰⵍ ⴰⵎⴰⵜⴰⵢ ⴰⵙⵏⵎⴰⵍⴰⵢ ⵏ ⵜⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵜ]] (ⵎ.ⵎ.ⵙ.ⵎ)</ref> (ⵙ [[ⵜⵓⵜⵍⴰⵢⵜ ⵜⴰⴽⵓⵔⵉⵜ|ⵜⴽⵓⵔⵉⵜ]]: 대한민국) ⴰⵙⵙⴰⵖ ⵏⵏⵙ ⴰⵎⴰⴷⴷⵓⴷ '''ⵜⴰⴳⴷⵓⴷⴰ ⵏ ⴽⵓⵔⵢⴰ''', ⵜⴳⴰ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⵎⵓⵔⵜ ⴷⴳ ⵓⴳⵎⵎⵓⴹ ⵏ ⵓⵎⵏⵥⴰⵡ ⴰⵙⵢⴰⵡⵉ. ⴰⴽⴰⵍ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵢⵓⵎⵥ ⴰⴳⵣⵣⵓⵎ ⴰⵏⵣⵓⵍⵉ ⵏ ⵜⴰⴽⵏⴳⵓⵎⴰⵎⵜ ⵜⴰⴽⵓⵔⵉⵜ. ⴳ ⵉⵥⵍⵎⴹ, ⴷⴰ ⵜⵜ ⵜⵙⵡⵓⵜⵜⵓ ⴽⵓⵔⵢⴰ ⵏ ⵓⴳⴰⴼⴰ; ⵉⴽⴽ ⴳⵔⴰⵜⵙⵏⵜ ⵓⴷⵖⴰⵔ ⴰⵏⴽⴽⵙⴰⴷⴼⵔⵉⵔ (DMZ). ⴳ ⵓⴳⵎⵎⵓⴹ ⵉⵇⵇⵏ ⵜⵜ ⵉⴷ ⵉⵍⵍ ⵏ ⵏⵉⵀⵓⵏ, ⵜⴰⵙⴳⴰ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵜⴰⵜⵔⴰⵎⵜ ⵢⵓⵥ ⵜⵜ ⵉⵍⵍ ⴰⵡⵔⴰⵖ. ⵜⴰⴳⴷⵓⴷⴰ ⵏ ⴽⵓⵔⵢⴰ ⵣⴷⵖⵏ ⴳⵉⵙ 51,96 ⵉⴷ ⵎⵍⵢⵓⵏ ⵏ ⵉⵎⵣⴷⴰⵖ, ⵄⵍⴰⵢⵏ ⴰⵣⴳⵏ ⵏⵏⵙⵏ ⵉⵣⴷⵖ ⴳ ⵜⵎⴰⵥⵓⵏⵜ '''ⵙⵓⵡⵓⵍ'''. ==ⵜⴰⵜⵉⵎⵓⵍⵓⵊⵉⵜ== [[ⴰⴼⴰⵢⵍⵓ:Map of Goguryeo (476).png|thumb|left|''ⵜⴰⴽⴰⵕⴹⴰ ⵏ ⵓⵡⴰⵏⴽ ⵏ ⴳⵓⴳⵓⵔⵉⵢⵓ (37ⴹⵜ ⴰⵔ 668ⵎⵜ) ⴰⵡⴰⵏⴽ ⴰⴷ ⴰⵔ ⵢⴰⵇⵇⵕ ⵉ ⵉⵅⴼ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵙ ⴳⵓⵔⵢⵓ , ⵎⴰⵛⵛ ⵍⵍⵉⵖ ⴷⴰⵖ ⵉⵜⵜⴰⵡⵙⴽⴰⵔ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⵏⴰⵡⴽ ⵎⵓ ⵉⵙⵎ ⴳⵓⵔⵢⵓ ⵉⵙⵎⴷ ⵉ ⵉⵙⵎ ⵏ ⴳⵓⵔⵢⵓ ⴰⵇⵇⴱⵓⵔ ⴰⵙⴽⴽⵉⵍ ⵏ ⴳⵓ ⴰⵏⴰⵎⴽ ⵏⵏⵙ ⴰⵇⵇⴱⵓⵔ '']] ⴰⵙⵙⴰⵖ ⵏ ⴽⵓⵔⵢⴰ ⵉⴳⴰ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵉⴽⴽⵙⵓⵏⵉⵎ ⵏⵖⴷⴷ ⴰⵙⵙⴰⵖ ⵏⵏⴰ ⴷ ⵉⴽⴽⴰⵏ ⴱⵕⵕⴰ ⵏ ⴽⵓⵔⵢⴰ ⵉⴽⵓⵔⵉⵢⵏ ⵓⵔ ⴳⵉⵏ ⵉⵙⵎ ⴰⴷ ⵉ ⵜⵎⴰⵣⵉⵔⵜ ⵏⵏⵙⵏ, ⵉⵙⵎ ⴰⴷ ⵎⵇⵇⴰⵕ ⵉⴳⴰ ⵉⴽⴽⵙⵓⵏⵉⵎ ⵎⴰⵛⵛ ⴰⵥⵓⵕ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵓⵔ ⵉⴳⵉ ⴰⴱⵕⵕⴰⵏ ⵢⵓⵛⴽⴰⴷ ⵖ ⵜⴳⵓⵔⵉ ⵏ "ⴳⵓⵔⵢⵓ" ⵉⵙⵎ ⴰⴳⵣⵣⵓⵍ ⵍⵍⵉ ⵉⴼⴽⴰ ⵓⵡⴰⵏⴽ ⵏ ⴳⵓⴳⵓⵔⵉⵢⵓ (ⴳⵔ 37ⴷⵜ - 668ⵎⵜ) ⵉ ⵉⵅⴼ ⵏⵏⵙ ⴽⵔⴰ ⵏ ⵜⵉⵣⵉ ⵖ ⵜⴰⵙⵓⵜ ⵜⵉⵙⵙ ⵙⵎⵎⵓⵙⵜ ⵎⵏⵉⴷ ⵏ ⵜⵍⴰⵍⵉⵜ, ⵉⵙⵎ ⴰⴷ ⵏ "ⴳⵓⵔⵢⵓ" ⵢⵓⵙⵉ ⵜ ⴷⴰⵖ ⵓⵡⴰⵏⴽ ⵏⵏⵉ ⵉⵜⵜⴰⵏⴰⵢⵏ ⵉⵙ ⵉⴳⴰ ⵏⵜⵜⴰⵏ ⴰⵎⴽⴽⴰⵙⵓ ⵏ ⵓⵡⴰⵏⴽ ⵏ "ⴳⵓⴳⵓⵔⵉⵢⵓ" ⵖ ⵜⴰⵙⵓⵜ ⵜⵉⵙⵙ ⵎⵔⴰⵡⵜ ⵎⵏⵉⴷ ⵏ ⵜⵍⴰⵍⵉⵜ. ⵓⴽⴰⵏ ⵖ ⵓⵣⵎⵣ ⵏ ⵓⵡⵏⴰⴽ ⴰⴷ ⵏ ⴳⵓⵔⵢⵓ ⴰⵎⴳⴳⴰⵔⵓ ⵉⵔⴼⴼⴰⴽⵏ ⵉⴼⴰⵔⵉⵙⵉⵢⵏ ⴷ ⵡⴰⵄⵔⴰⴱⵏ ⵍⵍⵉ ⴷ ⵢⴰⴷⵍⵍⵉ ⵜⵜⴽⴽⴰⵏⵉⵏ ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵣⵉⵔⵜ ⵏ ⴳⵓⵔⵢⵓ ⴰⵔ ⵜⵜⵉⵏⵉⵏ ⵉⵙⵎ ⴰⴷ ⵙ ⵣⵏⵓⴷ "ⴽⵓⵔⵢⴰ". ⵓⵍⴰ ⵉ ⵏⵓⴹⴰ ⵙ ⵜⴽⴰⵕⴹⵉⵡⵏ ⵏ ⵓⴱⵔⵜⵇⵇⵉⵣ ⵊⵡⴰⵡ ⵠⴰⵣ ⴷⵓⵔⴰⴷⵓ ⵍⵍⵉ ⵉⵜⵜⴰⵡⵙⴽⴰⵔⵏ ⴰⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙ ⵏ 1568 ⵎⵜ ⵉⵙⵎ ⵏ ⴽⵓⵔⵢⴰ ⴰⵔ ⵜ ⵉⵏⵏ ⵜⵜⴰⴼⴰ ⵉⵜⵜⵢⴰⵔⴰ ⴰⵎ "ⴽⵓⵏⵔⴰⵢ" Conrai , ⵉⵎⵎⴰ ⴳ ⵜⴽⴰⵕⴹⵉⵡⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵉⴽⵙⵉⵔⴰ ⴰⵍⴱⵉⵏⴰⵣ ⵜⵉⴷ ⵏ ⵓⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙ 1680 ⵎⵜ  ⴷⴰ ⵏⵏ ⵏⵜⵜⴰⴼⴰ ⵉⵙⵎ ⵏ ⴽⵓⵔⵢⴰ ⵉⵜⵜⴰⵡⴱⴷⴰⵔ ⴰⵎ "ⴽⵓⵔⵉⵢⴰ" ⵜⴰⴳⵍⴷⵉⵜ ⵏ ⴳⵓⵔⵢⵓ ⵜⵜⵢⴰⵡⵙⵙⴰⵏ ⴷⴰⵔ ⵉⵔⵓⵎⵉⵢⵏ ⴳ ⵜⵉⴽⴽⵍⵜ ⵣⵡⴰⵔⵏ ⵖ 1411 ⵎⵜ ⵜⵉⵣⵉ ⵍⵍⵉ ⵉⵙⴷⵓⵔⵔⵢ ⴰⵍⴼⵓⵏⵚⵓ ⴷⵉ ⴰⵍⴱⵓⴽⵉⵔⴽⵉ ⵜⴰⵎⵏⴰⴹⵜ ⵏ ⵎⴰⵍⴰⴽⴰ, ⵉⵍⵎⵎⴰ ⵉⵙⴰⵡⵍ ⵅⴼ ⵉⵡⴷⴰⵏ ⵏⵏⴰ ⵙⴽⴰⵔⵏⵉⵏ ⵜⴰⵙⴱⴱⴰⴱⵜ ⵖ ⵜⵎⵏⴰⴹⵜ ⵏ ⵎⴰⵍⴰⴽⴰ ⵉⴱⴷⵔ ⵜⵏ ⵙ ⵉⵙⵎ ⵏ ⴳⵓⵔⵉⵙ Gores ⴳ ⵜⴰⵙⵓⵜ ⵜⵉⵙⵙ 19 ⵎⵜⵜⴰⵙⵓⵜ ⵜⵉⵙⵙ 19 <ref>'''ⵎⵜ''' ⵏⵖⴷⴷ '''"ⵎⵏⵉⴷ ⵏ ⵜⵍⴰⵍⵉⵜ"'''</ref> ⵍⴰ ⵜⵜⵢⴰⵔⴰ ⵜⴳⵓⵔⵉ ⵏ ⴽⵓⵔⵢⴰ ⴳ ⵓⵙⴽⴽⵉⵍ ⴰⵍⴰⵜⵉⵏ ⵙ ⵙⵏⴰⵜ ⵜⵖⴰⵔⴰⵙⵉⵏ ⴰⵎ Korea ⴷ ⴰⵎ Corea, ⵜⵓⴳⵜⵜ ⵏ ⵉⴽⵓⵔⵉⵢⵏ ⴷⴰ ⵜⵜⵉⵏⵉⵏ ⵎⴰⵙⴷⴷ ⵜⴰⵏⴱⴰⴹⵜ ⵏ ⵜⴰⵏⵉⵀⵓⵏⵜ ⵖ ⵓⵣⵎⵣ ⵏ ⵓⵙⴷⵓⵔⵔⵉ ⵏⵏⵙ ⴳ ⴽⵓⵔⵢⴰ ⵡⵉⵏ ⵜⴰⵙⵓⵜ ⵜⵉⵙⵙ 20ⵎⵜ ⵏⵜⵜⴰⵜ ⴰⴷ ⵉⵙⵙⵉⵏ ⵜⴰⵖⴰⵔⴰⵙⵜ ⵏ ⵜⵉⵔⵔⴰ ⵜⵉⵙⵙ ⵙⵏⴰⵜ "Korea" ⵜⵙⴽⵔ ⴳⵉⵣ ⵜⴰⴷ ⵉⴳⴰⵏ ⵜⴰⵏⴰⵡⴰⵢⵜ ⴱⴰⵛ ⴰⴷ ⵜⵣⵡⵓⵔ Japan ⵖ ⵓⵏⵏⴹⴼⵔ ⴰⵍⴼⴰⴱⵉⵜⵉⵢ ⵜⵉⵍⵢ ⴰⴼⵍⵍⴰ ⵏ Korea, ⴰⵛⴽⵓ ⵖ ⵓⵏⵏⴹⴼⵔ ⴰⵍⴼⴰⴱⵉⵜⵉⵢ ⵏ ⵓⴳⵯⵎⵎⴰⵢ ⴰⵍⴰⵜⵉⵏⵉ J ⵉⵣⵡⴰⵔ ⴱⴷⴷⴰ K ==ⴰⵎⵣⵔⵓⵢ== === ⴽⵓⵔⵢⴰ ⵜⴰⵣⴰⵢⴽⵓⵜ === [[ⴰⴼⴰⵢⵍⵓ:Korean book-Jikji-Selected Teachings of Buddhist Sages and Seon Masters-1377.jpg|thumb|ⴰⴷⵍⵉⵙ ⵉⵜⵜⴰⵡⵙⴽⴰⵔⵏ ⵙ ⵜⵖⴰⵔⴰⵙⵜ ⵏ ⵓⵙⵉⴳⴳⵣ ⵏ ⵡⵓⵣⵣⴰⵍ]]​ⵜⴽⴽⴰ ⵜⵜ ⵉⵏⵏ ⵜⴰⴽⵏⴳⵓⵎⴰⵎⵜ ⵜⴰⴽⵓⵔⵉⵜ ⵜⵣⴷⵖ ⵣⴳ ⵓⵣⵎⵣ ⴰⵥⵔⵓⵢⴰⵏ ⴰⵣⴰⵢⴽⵓ (Lower Paleolithic). ​ⵙ ⵓⵙⴽⴽⵉⵔ ⵏ ⵜⵎⵢⵓⵔⵉⵏ ⵜⵉⵎⵣⵔⵓⵢⵉⵏ ⵏ ⴽⵓⵔⵢⴰ, ⴰⵎⵣⵔⵓⵢ ⵏ ⵜⵎⵓⵔⵜ ⴰⴷ ⵉⵙⵙⵏⵜⴰ ⴷ ⵓⵙⵏⵓⵍⴼⵓ ⵏ "ⵊⵓⵙⵓⵏ" (ⵍⵍⵉ ⵎⵉ ⵜⵜⵉⵏⵉⵏ "ⴳⵓ-ⵊⵓⵙⵓⵏ" ⵏⵖ ⵊⵓⵙⵓⵏ ⵜⴰⵇⴱⵓⵔⵜ, ⴰⴼⴰⴷ ⴰⴷ ⵜⵏⴼⵉⵍ ⴼ ⵜⵡⵊⴰ ⵏ ⵜⴰⵙⵓⵜ ⵜⵉⵙⵙ 14) ⴳ ⵓⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙ ⵏ 2333 ⴷⴰⵜ ⵏ ⵜⵍⴰⵍⵉⵜ ⵙ ⵓⴼⵓⵙ ⵏ "ⴷⴰⵏⴳⵓⵏ". ⵜⵜⵢⴰⵡⴱⴷⵔ ⴳⵓ-ⵊⵓⵙⵓⵏ ⴳ ⵉⵣⵎⵎⴻⵎⵏ ⵉⵛⵉⵏⵡⵉⵢⵏ ⴳ ⵜⴰⵙⵓⵜ ⵜⵉⵙⵙ ⵙⴰⵜ ⴷⴰⵜ ⵏ ⵜⵍⴰⵍⵉⵜ. ⵜⵙⵎⵔⵉ ⵜⴳⵍⴷⵉⵜ ⴰⴷ ⴰⵔ ⵜⵓⵎⵥ ⵉⵥⵍⵎⴹ ⵏ ⵜⴳⵣⵉⵔⵜ ⴷ ⵉⴳⵣⵣⵓⵎⵏ ⵙⴳ ⵎⴰⵏⵛⵓⵔⵢⴰ. ⴳ ⵓⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙ ⵏ 108 ⴷⴰⵜ ⵏ ⵜⵍⴰⵍⵉⵜ, ⵜⵡⵊⴰ ⵏ "ⵀⴰⵏ" ⵜⴰⵛⵉⵏⵡⵉⵜ ⵜⵔⵏⴰ "ⵡⵉⵎⴰⵏ ⵊⵓⵙⵓⵏ", ⵜⵙⵔⵙ ⴽⴽⵓⵥⵜ ⵏ ⵜⵎⵏⴰⴹⵉⵏ ⵜⵉⵏⴱⴱⴰⴹⵉⵏ ⴳ ⵉⵥⵍⵎⴹ ⵏ ⴽⵓⵔⵢⴰ. ⵜⴰⵎⵏⴰⴹⵜ ⵏ "ⵍⵉⵍⴰⵏⴳ" ⵜⴳⴰ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵡⴰⵎⵎⴰⵙ ⵏ ⵓⵎⵢⴰⴳⴰ ⴰⴷⵍⵙⴰⵏ ⴷ ⵓⴷⴰⵎⵙⴰⵏ ⴷ ⵜⵡⵊⵉⵡⵉⵏ ⵜⵉⵛⵉⵏⵡⵉⵢⵉⵏ ⵉⵏⴱⴹⵏ ⴽⴽⵓⵥⵜ ⵜⴰⵙⵓⵜⵉⵏ, ⴰⵔ ⵍⵍⵉⵖ ⵜⵜ ⵜⵓⵎⵥ ⵜⴳⵍⴷⵉⵜ ⵏ "ⴳⵓⴳⵓⵔⵢⵓ" ⴳ ⵓⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙ ⵏ 313. ​ⴰⵥⵓⵕ ⴰⵜⵓⵜⵍⴰⵢⵜ ⵏ ⵉⴽⵓⵔⵉⵢⵏ ⵉⵣⵡⴰⵔⵏ ⵉⵍⵍⴰ ⴳ ⵉⴼⴼⵓⵙ ⵏ ⵙⵉⴱⵉⵔⵢⴰ ⵏⵖ ⵎⴰⵏⵛⵓⵔⵢⴰ, ⵣⵓⵏⴷ ⵜⴰⵎⵏⴰⴹⵜ ⵏ ⵡⴰⵙⵉⴼ ⵏ "ⵍⵢⴰⵡ" ⵏⵖ "ⴰⵎⵓⵔ". ⵉⴽⵓⵔⵉⵢⵏ ⵉⵣⵡⴰⵔⵏ ⵍⴽⵎⵏ ⵙ ⵉⴼⴼⵓⵙ ⵏ ⵜⴰⴽⵏⴳⵓⵎⴰⵎⵜ ⵜⴰⴽⵓⵔⵉⵜ ⴳ ⵓⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙ ⵏ 300 ⴷⴰⵜ ⵏ ⵜⵍⴰⵍⵉⵜ, ⵓⵎⵥⵏ ⴰⴷⵖⴰⵔ ⵏ ⵡⴰⵔⵔⴰⵡⵏ ⵏ "ⵢⴰⵢⵓⵢ" ⵍⵍⵉ ⵙⴰⵡⴰⵍⵏⵉⵏ ⵜⵓⵜⵍⴰⵢⵜ ⵜⴰⵊⴰⴱⵓⵏⵉⵜ, ⵎⴰⵢⴰⴷ ⴰⴷ ⵢⵉⵡⵉⵏ ⵙ ⵓⵣⵡⴰⴳ ⵏⵏⵙⵏ ⵙ ⵜⴳⵣⵉⵔⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵏⵉⵀⵓⵏ. === ⴰⵣⵎⵣ ⵏ ⴽⵕⴰⴹⵜ ⵜⴳⵍⴷⴰⵜⵉⵏ === ​ⴳ ⵓⵣⵎⵣ ⵏ "ⴽⵔⴰⴹⵜ ⵜⴳⵍⴷⵉⵢⵉⵏ ⵜⵉⵣⵡⴰⵔⵉⵏ", ⵜⵓⵎⵥ ⵜⵎⵓⵔⵜ ⵏ ⴱⵓⵢⵓ, ⵓⴽⵊⵓ, ⴷⵓⵏⴳⵢⵉ ⴷ ⵙⴰⵎⵀⴰⵏ ⵜⴰⴽⵏⴳⵓⵎⴰⵎⵜ ⵜⴰⴽⵓⵔⵉⵜ ⴷ ⵉⴼⴼⵓⵙ ⵏ ⵎⴰⵏⵛⵓⵔⵢⴰ. ⵙⴳ ⵜⵎⵓⵔⴰ ⴰⴷ ⴰⴷ ⴷ ⴼⴼⵓⵖⵏⵜ ⴽⵔⴰⴹⵜ ⵜⴳⵍⴷⵉⵢⵉⵏ ⵏ ⴽⵓⵔⵢⴰ: ⴳⵓⴳⵓⵔⵢⵓ, ⴱⴰⵢⴽⵊⵉ ⴷ ⵙⵉⵍⵍⴰ. ​ⴳⵓⴳⵓⵔⵢⵓ ⵜⴳⴰ ⵜⴰⴳⵍⴷⵉⵜ ⵜⴰⵎⵇⵔⴰⵏⵜ ⵜⴳ ⵜⴰⵏⴰⴼⵔⴰⵔⵜ ⴳⵉⵙⵏ, ⵜⴳⴰ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⵡⴰⵏⴽ ⴰⵄⵙⴽⵕⵉ ⵉⵎⵓⵏⵏ ⴷ ⵜⵡⵊⵉⵡⵉⵏ ⵜⵉⵛⵉⵏⵡⵉⵢⵉⵏ ⴳ 700 ⵏ ⵉⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙⵏ ⵏ ⵓⵎⵣⵔⵓⵢ. ⵜⴽⴽⴰ ⵜⵜ ⵉⵏⵏ ⴳⵓⴳⵓⵔⵢⵓ ⴳ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⵣⵎⵣ ⵏ ⵓⵔⵖ ⴷⴷⵓ ⵓⴼⵓⵙ ⵏ "ⴳⵡⴰⵏⴳⴰⵢⵜⵓ ⴰⵎⵇⵔⴰⵏ" ⴷ ⵢⵉⵡⵉⵙ "ⵊⴰⵏⴳⵙⵓ", ⵍⵍⵉ ⵉⵔⵏⴰⵏ ⴱⴰⵢⴽⵊⵉ ⴷ ⵙⵉⵍⵍⴰ, ⵎⴰⵢⴰⴷ ⵢⵓⴷⴷⵔ ⵜⴰⴽⵏⴳⵓⵎⴰⵎⵜ ⵜⴰⴽⵓⵔⵉⵜ ⴷⴷⵓ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⵏⴱⴱⴰⴹ. ​ⴱⴰⵢⴽⵊⵉ ⵜⴳⴰ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⵡⴰⵏⴽ ⵏ ⵢⵉⵍⵍ, ⴰⵔ ⴰⵙ ⵜⵜⵉⵏⵉⵏ ⵜⵉⴽⴽⴰⵍ "ⴼⵉⵏⵉⵇⵢⴰ ⵏ ⵓⴳⵎⵎⵓⴹ ⵏ ⴰⵙⵢⴰ". ⵜⴰⵥⵉⴹⵕⴰ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵍⵍⴰⵢⵜ ⵜⴰⵡⵙ ⴳ ⵓⵙⵙⵉⴼⴹ ⵏ ⵜⵓⴷⴷⵉⵜ (Buddhism) ⴳ ⵓⴳⵎⵎⵓⴹ ⵏ ⴰⵙⵢⴰ ⴷ ⵜⵓⵙⵙⵏⴰ ⵜⴰⵎⵏⵥⴰⵡⵜ ⵙ ⵏⵉⵀⵓⵏ. ⵙⵉⵍⵍⴰ ⵜⴳⴰ ⵜⴰⵎⵥⵢⴰⵏⵜ ⴳⵉⵙⵏⵜ, ⵎⴰⵛⴰ ⵜⵙⵙⵎⵔⵙ ⵜⵓⵇⵇⵏⵉⵏ ⴷ ⵜⵡⵉⵣⵉ ⴷ ⵜⴳⵍⴷⵉⵢⵉⵏ ⵢⴰⴹⵏ ⴷ ⵜⵡⵊⴰ ⵏ "ⵜⴰⵏⴳ" ⵜⴰⵛⵉⵏⵡⵉⵜ ⴰⴼⴰⴷ ⴰⴷ ⵜⵔⵏⵓ. ​ⴳ ⵓⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙ ⵏ 676, ⵜⵓⴷⴷⵔⵜ ⵏ ⴽⵔⴰⴹⵜ ⵜⴳⵍⴷⵉⵢⵉⵏ ⴷⴷⵓ ⵓⴼⵓⵙ ⵏ ⵙⵉⵍⵍⴰ ⵢⵉⵡⵉ ⴷ ⵓⵣⵎⵣ ⵏ "ⵉⵡⴰⵏⴽⵏ ⵏ ⵓⴳⴰⴼⴰ ⴷ ⵉⴼⴼⵓⵙ". ⵜⴰⵎⵓⵔⵜ ⵏ ⴱⴰⵍⵀⴰⵢ, ⵍⵍⵉ ⵉⴳⴰⵏ ⵜⴰⵢⵢⴰⵡⵜ ⵏ ⴳⵓⴳⵓⵔⵢⵓ, ⵜⵏⴱⴹ ⵎⴰⵏⵛⵓⵔⵢⴰ ⴷ ⵉⴳⵣⵣⵓⵎⵏ ⵙⴳ ⵔⵓⵙⵢⴰ, ⴰⵔ ⴰⵙ ⵜⵜⵉⵏⵉⵏ "ⵜⴰⵎⵓⵔⵜ ⵜⴰⵏⴼⵍⴰⵍⵜ ⴳ ⵓⴳⵎⵎⵓⴹ". ​ⵙⵉⵍⵍⴰ ⵜⴰⵎⴳⴳⴰⵔⵓⵜ ⵜⴽⴽⴰ ⵜⵜ ⵉⵏⵏ ⵜⴳⴰ ⵜⴰⵎⵓⵔⵜ ⵜⴰⵎⵔⴽⴰⵏⵜ, ⵜⴳ ⵜⵎⴰⵥⵓⵏⵜ ⵏⵏⵙ ⴳⵢⵓⵏⴳⵊⵓ ⵜⵉⵖⵔⵎⵜ ⵜⵉⵙⵙ ⴽⴽⵓⵥⵜ ⴳ ⵓⵎⴰⴹⴰⵍ. ⵜⴽⴽⴰ ⵜⵜ ⵉⵏⵏ ⴳ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⵣⵎⵣ ⵏ ⵓⵔⵖ ⵏ ⵜⵥⵓⵔⵉ ⴷ ⵜⵓⵙⵙⵏⴰ. ⵎⴰⵛⴰ, ⵜⴹⵄⴼ ⵙⵉⵍⵍⴰ ⵙⴳ ⵓⴳⵏⵙⵓ ⴷ ⵓⵙⵙⵉⴷⵔ ⵏ ⵜⴳⵍⴷⵉⵢⵉⵏ ⵏ ⴱⴰⵢⴽⵊⵉ ⴷ ⴳⵓⴳⵓⵔⵢⵓ, ⵎⴰⵢⴰⴷ ⵢⵉⵡⵉⵏ ⵙ ⵓⵣⵎⵣ ⵏ "ⴽⵔⴰⴹⵜ ⵜⴳⵍⴷⵉⵢⵉⵏ ⵜⵉⵎⴳⴳⴰⵔⵓⵜⵉⵏ" ⴳ ⵜⴳⵉⵔⴰ ⵏ ⵜⴰⵙⵓⵜ ⵜⵉⵙⵙ 9. ​ⵜⴼⵍⵓⵍⵍⴰ ⵜⵓⴷⴷⵉⵜ (Buddhism) ⴳ ⵓⵣⵎⵣ ⴰⴷ, ⵜⴳ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⵎⴰⵜⴰⵔⵜ ⵎⵇⵇⵓⵔⵏ ⴳ ⵜⴷⵍⵙⴰ ⵏ ⴽⵓⵔⵢⴰ ⴷ ⵜⵛⵉⵏⵡⴰ. ​ⵜⴰⵏⵏⴰⵢⵜ: ​Ha (ⵀⴰ): ⵙⵙⵎⵔⵙⵖ "ⵀⴰ" ⴳ ⵜⵣⵡⵓⵔⵜ ⴰⴼⴰⴷ ⴰⴷ ⵜⴳ ⵜⵓⵜⵍⴰⵢⵜ ⵜⴰⴷⴼⵔⴰⵔⵜ ⵣⵓⵏⴷ ⵓⵙⵙⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵓⴷⵔⵜ. ​ⵜⴰⴽⵏⴳⵓⵎⴰⵎⵜ: ⵜⵓⵎⵥ ⴰⴷⵖⴰⵔ ⵏ "Peninsula" ⵙ ⵓⵙⵎⵓⵏ ⵏ "ⵉⴽⵏⵉ" ⴷ "ⴰⴳⵓⵎⴰⵎ". === ⵜⵉⵎⵍⵉⵍⵉⵏ ⵜⵉⵎⵙⵢⵉⵡⵏⵉⵏ === ​ⴳ ⵓⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙ ⵏ 936, ⵜⵎⵓⵏ ⴽⵓⵔⵢⴰ ⴷⴷⵓ ⵓⴼⵓⵙ ⵏ "ⵡⴰⵏⴳ ⴳⵢⵓⵏ", ⵍⵍⵉ ⵉⵙⵔⵙⵏ ⵜⴰⴳⵍⴷⵉⵜ ⵏ ⴳⵓⵔⵢⵓ (Goryeo) ⴰⴼⴰⴷ ⴰⴷ ⵜⴳ ⵜⴰⵢⵢⴰⵡⵜ ⵏ ⴳⵓⴳⵓⵔⵢⵓ. ⵣⵓⵏⴷ ⵙⵉⵍⵍⴰ, ⴳⵓⵔⵢⵓ ⵜⴽⴽⴰ ⵜⵜ ⵉⵏⵏ ⵜⴳⴰ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⵡⴰⵏⴽ ⴰⴷⵍⵙⴰⵏ, ⵜⵙⵏⵓⵍⴼⴰ ⵓⵍⴰ ⵜⴰⵎⴰⴽⵉⵏⵜ ⵜⴰⵎⵣⵡⴰⵔⵓⵜ ⵏ ⵜⵉⵔⵔⴰ ⵙ ⵓⵣⵣⴰⵍ. ⵜⴽⴽⴰ ⵜⵜ ⵉⵏⵏ ⴳⵓⵔⵢⵓ ⴳ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⵣⵎⵣ ⵏ ⵓⵔⵖ ⵍⵍⵉⵖ ⵜⵙⵎⴷ ⵜⴰⴷⵍⵉⵙⵜ ⵏ "ⵜⵔⵉⴱⵉⵜⴰⴽⴰ ⴽⵓⵔⵢⴰⵏⴰ" ⴷ ⵓⵙⵎⵓⴷ ⵏ ⵜⵓⵙⵙⵏⴰ ⴳ ⵜⴼⵉⵍⵓⵙⵓⴼⵜ, ⵜⴰⵙⴽⵍⴰ ⴷ ⵜⵎⴰⵙⵙⴰⵏⵉⵏ. ⴰⵔ ⵓⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙ ⵏ 1100, ⵍⵍⴰⵏⵜ 12 ⵏ ⵜⵙⴷⴰⵡⵉⵢⵉⵏ ⵍⵍⵉ ⴷ-ⵉⴼⴼⵓⵖⵏ ⵉⵎⵓⵙⵏⴰⵡⵏ ⵎⵇⵇⵓⵔⵏ. ​ⵎⴰⵛⴰ, ⴰⵣⴱⴰⵖ ⵏ ⵉⵎⵓⵏⴳⵓⵍⵉⵢⵏ ⴳ ⵜⴰⵙⵓⵜ ⵜⵉⵙⵙ 13 ⵢⵓⴷⴷⵔ ⵜⴰⴳⵍⴷⵉⵜ. ⵡⴰⵅⵅⴰ ⵉⴽⵓⵔⵉⵢⵏ ⵓⵔ ⵜⵏ ⵔⵏⴰⵏ ⵉⵎⵓⵏⴳⵓⵍⵉⵢⵏ ⴳ ⵡⵉⵢⵢⴰⴹ, ⵎⴰⵛⴰ ⵜⴹⵄⴼ ⵜⵎⵓⵔⵜ ⵙ ⵓⵎⵏⵖⵉ, ⵎⴰⵢⴰⴷ ⵢⵉⵡⵉⵏ ⵙ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⵓⵇⵇⵏⴰ ⴷ ⵉⵎⵓⵏⴳⵓⵍⵉⵢⵏ ⵍⵍⵉ ⵢⵓⵎⵥⵏ 86 ⵏ ⵓⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙ. ⴳ ⵜⴰⵙⵓⵜ ⵜⵉⵙⵙ 14, ⵜⵥⴹⴰⵔ ⴳⵓⵔⵢⵓ ⴰⴷ ⵜⴼⴼⵓⵖ ⵙⴳ ⵓⴼⵓⵙ ⵏ ⵉⵎⵓⵏⴳⵓⵍⵉⵢⵏ, ⵎⴰⵛⴰ ⴳ ⵓⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙ ⵏ 1392, ⵊⵉⵏⵉⵔⴰⵍ "ⵢⵉ ⵙⵢⵓⵏⴳ-ⴳⵢⵉ" ⵉⵙⴽⵔ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⵙⵍⴱⴰⴹ (coup) ⵉⵏⵓⴼⵍⴰ. ​ⵉⵙⵔⵙ ⵢⵉ ⵙⵢⵓⵏⴳ-ⴳⵢⵉ ⵜⴰⵡⵊⴰ ⵏ "ⵢⵉ", ⵉⵙⵏⴼⵍ ⵉⵙⵎ ⵏ ⵜⵎⵓⵔⵜ ⵙ ⵊⵓⵙⵓⵏ (Joseon), ⵉⵙⵏⴼⵍ ⵓⵍⴰ ⵜⵎⴰⵥⵓⵏⵜ ⵙ "ⵀⴰⵏⵙⵢⵓⵏⴳ" (ⵙⵉⵢⵓⵍ ⵏ ⵖⵉⵍⴰⴷ). 200 ⵏ ⵓⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙ ⵉⵣⵡⴰⵔⵏ ⴳ ⵊⵓⵙⵓⵏ ⵜⴽⴽⴰ ⵜⵜ ⵉⵏⵏ ⵜⴳⴰ ⵜⴰⴼⵔⴰ ⴷ ⵓⵙⵎⵓⴷ ⵏ ⵜⵎⴰⵙⵙⴰⵏⵉⵏ ⴷ ⵓⵙⴳⵎⵉ. ⴳ ⵓⵣⵎⵣ ⴰⴷ ⴰ ⴳ ⵉⵙⵏⵓⵍⴼⴰ ⵓⴳⵍⵍⵉⴷ ⵙⵉⵊⵓⵏ ⴰⵎⵇⵇⵔⴰⵏ ⴰⴳⵎⵎⴰⵢ ⵏ ⵀⴰⵏⴳⵓⵍ ⴰⴼⴰⴷ ⴰⴷ ⵉⵙⵙⵉⴷⵔ ⵜⵉⵔⵔⴰ ⴷ ⵜⵖⵔⵉ ⴳ ⵓⴳⴷⵓⴷ. ⴳⵔ 1592 ⴷ 1598, ⵜⵣⴱⵖ ⵏⵉⵀⵓⵏ ⴼ ⴽⵓⵔⵢⴰ, ⵎⴰⵛⴰ ⵉⴽⵓⵔⵉⵢⵏ ⵙ ⵜⵡⵉⵣⵉ ⵏ ⵜⵛⵉⵏⵡⴰ ⵔⵏⴰⵏ ⴰⵣⴱⴰⵖ ⴰⴷ, ⵙⵍⴰⵡⴰⵏ ⴰⴽⴽⵯ ⵙ ⵜⵡⵉⵣⵉ ⵏ ⵓⵏⴼⵍⵓⵙ "ⵢⵉ ⵙⵓⵏ-ⵙⵉⵏ" ⴷ "ⵜⴰⵖⵔⴰⴱⵜ ⵏ ⵉⴼⵉⵙ" (turtle ship). ⴷⴼⴼⵉⵔ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⵣⵎⵣ ⵏ ⵜⴼⵔⴰ, ⵜⴽⴽⴰ ⵜⵜ ⵉⵏⵏ ⵊⵓⵙⵓⵏ ⴳ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⵔⵖ ⴰⵎⴰⵢⵏⵓ ⴳ ⵜⴰⵙⵓⵜ ⵜⵉⵙⵙ 18 ⴷⴷⵓ ⵓⴼⵓⵙ ⵏ ⵉⴳⵍⵍⵉⴷⵏ "ⵢⵓⵏⴳⵊⵓ" ⴷ "ⵊⵓⵏⴳⵊⵓ". ​ⴳ ⵜⴰⵙⵓⵜ ⵜⵉⵙⵙ 19, ⵜⵙⵙⵏⵜⴰ ⵊⵓⵙⵓⵏ ⴰⴷ ⵜⵜⴰⴼⴰ ⵜⵉⵎⵓⴽⵔⵉⵙⵉⵏ ⵜⵉⴷⴰⵎⵙⴰⵏⵉⵏ ⴷ ⵜⵉⴳⵔⴰⵡⵍⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵉⴼⵍⵍⴰⵃⵏ. ⵜⴰⴳⵍⴷⵉⵜ ⵍⵍⵉ ⵎⵉ ⵜⵜⵉⵏⵉⵏ "ⵜⴰⴳⵍⴷⵉⵜ ⵜⴰⵎⵉⵡⴰⵏⵜ" (hermit kingdom) ⵜⴹⵄⴼ ⵙⴳ ⵓⵣⴱⴰⵖ ⵏ ⵏⵉⵀⵓⵏ, ⵔⵓⵙⵢⴰ ⴷ ⵉⵡⴰⵏⴽⵏ ⵉⵎⵓⵏⵏ. ⴳ ⵓⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙ ⵏ 1882, ⵜⵜⵢⴰⵡⵙⴽⵔ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⵎⵙⴰⵙⴰ ⴷ ⵉⵡⴰⵏⴽⵏ ⵉⵎⵓⵏⵏ ⵍⵍⵉ ⵢⵓⵊⵊⴰⵏ ⵊⵓⵙⵓⵏ ⴰⴷ ⵜⵏⵏⵓⵔⵥⵎ ⴼ ⵓⵎⴰⴹⴰⵍ. === ⴰⵙⴷⵓⵔⵔⵉ ⴰⵏⵉⵀⵓⵏ ⴷ ⵉⵎⵏⵖⵉ ⴰⵎⴰⴹⵍⴰⵏ ⵡⵉⵙⵙ ⵙⵉⵏ === ⴳ ⵜⴳⵉⵔⴰ ⵏ ⵜⴰⵙⵓⵜ ⵜⵉⵙⵙ 19, ⵜⴳⴰ ⵏⵉⵀⵓⵏ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⵎⵓⵔⵜ ⵜⴰⵏⴰⴼⵔⴰⵔⵜ ⴳ ⵜⵎⵏⴰⴹⵜ ⴷⴼⴼⵉⵔ ⵍⵍⵉⵖ ⵜⵔⵏⴰ ⵜⵛⵉⵏⵡⴰ ⴷ ⵔⵓⵙⵢⴰ. ⴳ ⵓⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙ ⵏ 1897, ⵉⵙⵔⵙ ⵓⴳⵍⵍⵉⴷ "ⴳⵓⵊⵓⵏⴳ", ⴰⴳⵍⵍⵉⴷ ⴰⵎⴳⴳⴰⵔⵓ ⵏ ⵊⵓⵙⵓⵏ, ⵜⴰⵎⵏⴽⴰⴷⵜ ⵜⴰⴽⵓⵔⵉⵜ. ⵎⴰⵛⴰ, ⵜⵙⴱⵣⵣⵉⵣ ⵏⵉⵀⵓⵏ ⴼ ⴽⵓⵔⵢⴰ ⴰⴷ ⵜⴳ ⴷⴷⵓ ⵜⵏⴱⴰⴹⵜ ⵏⵏⵙ ⴳ 1905, ⵜⵓⵎⵥ ⵜⵜ ⵓⵏⵚⵉⴱ ⴳ 1910. ⵉⴹⴼⴰⵕ ⵜ ⵉⴷ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⵣⵎⵣ ⵏ ⵓⵙⵉⴷⴷⵔ ⵏ ⵜⵓⵜⵍⴰⵢⵜ, ⵜⴰⴷⵍⵙⴰ ⴷ ⵓⵎⵣⵔⵓⵢ ⴰⴽⵓⵔⵉⵢ. ​ⴰⵢⴰⴷ ⴰⵢ ⵢⵉⵡⵉⵏ ⵙ ⵜⴳⵔⴰⵡⵍⴰ ⵏ "ⵢⴰⵏ ⵎⴰⵕⵚ" ⴳ 1919 ⴷ ⵓⵙⵏⵓⵍⴼⵓ ⵏ ⵜⵔⵓⴱⴱⴰ ⵏ ⵓⵣⴱⴱⵓ (resistance) ⴳ ⵓⵣⵡⴰⴳ, ⵙⵍⴰⵡⴰⵏ ⴰⴽⴽⵯ ⴳ ⵜⵛⵉⵏⵡⴰ. ⴳⵔ ⵜⵔⵓⴱⴱⴰ ⴰⴷ, ⵜⵍⵍⴰ ⵜⵏⴱⴰⴹⵜ ⵜⴰⵎⴰⴷⴷⴰⵙⵜ ⵏ ⵜⴳⴷⵓⴷⴰ ⵏ ⴽⵓⵔⵢⴰ. === ⴰⵣⵎⵣ ⴰⴷ === === '''ⴰⴱⵟⵟⵓ ⵏ ⴽⵓⵔⵢⴰ''' === ⵓⴱⵟⵟⵓ ⵏ ⴽⵓⵔⵢⴰ ⴷ ⵓⵙⵏⵓⵍⴼⵓ ⵏ ⵙⵏⴰⵜ ⵜⴳⴷⵓⴷⴰⵏⵉⵏ ​ⴳ ⵜⴳⵉⵔⴰ ⵏ ⵉⵎⵏⵖⵉ ⴰⵎⴰⴹⵍⴰⵏ ⵡⵉⵙⵙ ⵙⵉⵏ, ⵜⵙⵓⵎⵔ ⵎⵉⵔⵉⴽⴰⵏ ⴰⴷ ⵜⴱⴹⵓ ⵜⴰⴽⵏⴳⵓⵎⴰⵎⵜ ⵜⴰⴽⵓⵔⵉⵜ ⴼ ⵙⵏⴰⵜ ⵜⵎⵏⴰⴹⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵓⵙⴷⵓⵔⵔⵉ: ⵜⴰⵎⵏⴰⴹⵜ ⵜⴰⵎⵉⵔⵉⴽⴰⵏⵉⵜ ⴷ ⵜⵉⵏ ⵓⵙⵓⴼⵢⵉⵜ. "ⴷⵉⵏ ⵔⵓⵙⴽ" ⴷ "ⵛⴰⵔⵍⵣ ⴱⵓⵏⵙⵜⵉⵍ" ⵙⵓⵎⵔⵏ ⴰⴷ ⵉⴳ ⵓⵏⵉⵔ ⵡⵉⵙⵙ 38 (38th parallel) ⴰⴷⴷⵉⵙ ⵏ ⵓⴱⵟⵟⵓ, ⴰⴼⴰⴷ ⴰⴷ ⵜⴳ ⵙⵉⵢⵓⵍ ⴷⴷⵓ ⵜⵏⴱⴰⴹⵜ ⵏ ⵎⵉⵔⵉⴽⴰⵏ. ⵙ ⵜⵓⵜⵔⴰⵡⵜ ⵏⵏⵙⵏ, ⵓⴳⵏ ⵉⵙⵓⴼⵢⵉⵜⵏ ⴰⵙⵓⵎⵔ ⴰⴷ. ​ⵡⴰⵅⵅⴰ ⵜⵍⵍⴰ ⵜⵉⵔⴰⵜ ⴰⴷ ⵜⵏⵏⵓⵔⵥⵎ ⴽⵓⵔⵢⴰ ⵜⵎⵓⵏ ⴳ ⵓⵏⴱⵔⵓⵣ ⵏ "ⴽⴰⵢⵔⵓ" 1943, ⵎⴰⵛⴰ ⴰⵎⵏⵏⵉⴹ ⴳⵔ ⵎⵉⵔⵉⴽⴰⵏ ⴷ ⵓⵙⵓⴼⵢⵉⵜ ⵢⵉⵡⵉ ⴷ ⵓⴱⵟⵟⵓ ⵏ ⵜⵎⵓⵔⵜ ⴳ 1948 ⴼ ⵙⵏⴰⵜ ⵜⵎⵏⴰⴹⵉⵏ: ⴽⵓⵔⵢⴰ ⵏ ⵓⴳⴰⴼⴰ ⴷ ⴽⵓⵔⵢⴰ ⵏ ⵉⴼⴼⵓⵙ. ​ⴳ ⵉⴼⴼⵓⵙ, ⵜⵙⵏⴱⴹ ⵎⵉⵔⵉⴽⴰⵏ "ⵙⵉⵏⴳⵎⴰⵏ ⵔⵉ", ⵍⵍⵉ ⵉⴳⴰⵏ ⴰⵏⵙⵙⵉⵅⴼ ⵏ ⵜⵏⴱⴰⴹⵜ ⵜⴰⵎⴰⴷⴷⴰⵙⵜ, ⵉⵔⵏⵓ ⴳ ⵉⵙⵜⴰⵢⵏ ⵉⵏⵙⵙⵉⵅⴼⵏ ⵉⵎⵣⵡⵓⵔⴰ ⴳ ⵎⴰⵢⵢⵓ 1948. ⴳ ⵓⴳⴰⴼⴰ, ⵉⵙⵏⴱⴹ ⵓⵙⵓⴼⵢⵉⵜ "ⴽⵉⵎ ⵉⵍ ⵙⵓⵏⴳ", ⵍⵍⵉ ⵉⴳⴰⵏ ⴰⵎⵏⴰⵣⵉⵖ ⴰⴽⵓⵎⵓⵏⵉⵙⵜ ⴷⴼⴼⵉⵔ ⵍⵍⵉⵖ ⵉⴼⴼⵓⵖ ⵓⵙⴷⵓⵔⵔⵉ ⴰⵏⵉⵀⵓⵏⵉ, ⵉⴳ ⴰⵏⵙⵙⵉⵅⴼ ⵏ ⵜⴳⴷⵓⴷⴰ ⵜⴰⵎⴰⴳⴷⴰⵢⵜ ⵜⴰⴳⴷⵓⴷⴰⵏⵜ ⵏ ⴽⵓⵔⵢⴰ ⴳ ⵛⵓⵜⴰⵏⴱⵉⵔ. ​ⴳ ⴽⵜⵓⴱⵔ, ⵜⴼⵔⴰ ⵜⴰⵎⵓⵏⵜ ⵜⴰⵙⵓⴼⵢⵉⵜⵉⵜ ⵎⴰⵙ ⵜⴳⴰ ⵜⵏⴱⴰⴹⵜ ⵏ "ⴽⵉⵎ ⵉⵍ ⵙⵓⵏⴳ" ⵜⴰⵎⴰⴷⴷⵓⴷⵜ ⴼ ⵓⴳⴰⴼⴰ ⴷ ⵉⴼⴼⵓⵙ. ⵎⴰⵛⴰ ⵜⴰⵎⵓⵏⵜ ⵏ ⵉⵡⴰⵏⴽⵏ (UN) ⵜⴼⵔⴰ ⵎⴰⵙ ⵜⴳⴰ ⵜⵏⴱⴰⴹⵜ ⵏ "ⵔⵉ" ⵜⴰⵎⴰⴷⴷⵓⴷⵜ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⴳⵣⵣⵓⵎ ⵏ ⵜⵎⵓⵔⵜ ⵍⵍⵉⵖ ⵜⵍⵍⴰ ⵜⵏⴱⴰⴹⵜ ⵏⵏⵙ. ⵙⵏⴰⵜ ⵜⵎⵏⴰⴹⵉⵏ ⴰⴷ ⴷⴷⵔⵏⵜ ⴷⴷⵓ ⵓⵙⵉⴷⴷⵔ ⴰⵙⵔⵜⴰⵏ ⴼ ⵉⵏⴱⴱⴰⴹⵏ ⵏⵏⵙⵏ. ⵜⵓⵜⵔ ⴽⵓⵔⵢⴰ ⵏ ⵉⴼⴼⵓⵙ ⵜⴰⵡⵉⵣⵉ ⵜⴰⵄⵙⴽⵕⵉⵜ ⵙⴳ ⵎⵉⵔⵉⴽⴰⵏ ⵎⴰⵛⴰ ⵜⵓⴳⵉ ⴰⵙ, ⵉⵎⵎⴰ ⴽⵓⵔⵢⴰ ⵏ ⵓⴳⴰⴼⴰ ⵜⵢⴰⵡⵙⵎⵓⴷ ⵜⴰⵄⵙⴽⵕⵉⵜ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵙ ⵓⴼⵓⵙ ⵏ ⵜⴰⵎⵓⵏⵜ ⵜⴰⵙⵓⴼⵢⵉⵜⵉⵜ. === '''ⵉⵎⵏⵖⵉ ⴰⴽⵓⵔⵉ (1950–1953)''' === ⴳ 25 ⵢⵓⵏⵢⵓ 1950, ⵜⵣⴱⵖ ⴽⵓⵔⵢⴰ ⵏ ⵓⴳⴰⴼⴰ ⴼ ⴽⵓⵔⵢⴰ ⵏ ⵉⴼⴼⵓⵙ, ⵎⴰⵢⴰⴷ ⴰⵢ ⵢⵉⵔⵖⴰⵏ ⵜⴰⵎⵙⵙⵉ ⵏ ⵉⵎⵏⵖⵉ ⴰⴽⵓⵔⵉⵢ. ⵉⴳⴰ ⵉⵎⵏⵖⵉ ⴰⴷ ⴰⵎⵏⵏⵉⴹ ⴰⵎⵇⵔⴰⵏ ⵉⵣⵡⴰⵔⵏ ⴳ ⵓⵣⵎⵣ ⵏ "ⵉⵎⵏⵖⵉ ⴰⵚⵎⵎⴰⴹ", ⵉⴷⵓⵎ ⴰⵔ ⵓⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙ ⵏ 1953. ⴳ ⵓⵣⵎⵣ ⴰⵏⵏ, ⵜⴽⴽⴰ ⵜⵜ ⵉⵏⵏ ⵜⴰⵎⵓⵏⵜ ⵜⴰⵙⵓⴼⵢⵉⵜⵉⵜ ⵜⴳⴷⵍ (boycott) ⵜⴰⵎⵓⵏⵜ ⵏ ⵉⵡⴰⵏⴽⵏ (UN), ⵎⴰⵢⴰⴷ ⵢⵓⵊⵊⴰⵏ ⵜⴰⵎⵓⵏⵜ ⴰⴷ ⴰⴷ ⵜⴽⵛⵎ ⵏⵏ ⴳ ⵉⵎⵏⵖⵉ ⴰⴼⴰⴷ ⴰⴷ ⵜⵉⵡⵙ ⵉ ⵉⴼⴼⵓⵙ. ⵜⴰⵎⵓⵏⵜ ⵜⴰⵙⵓⴼⵢⵉⵜⵉⵜ ⴷ ⵜⵛⵉⵏⵡⴰ ⵙⵏⴰⵍⵏ (backed) ⴽⵓⵔⵢⴰ ⵏ ⵓⴳⴰⴼⴰ, ⵍⵍⵉⵖ ⴷ ⴷⵔⴰⵏ ⵎⵍⵢⵓⵏⵏ ⵏ ⵉⵄⵙⴽⵕⵉⵢⵏ ⵉⵛⵉⵏⵡⵉⵢⵏ. ⴷⴼⴼⵉⵔ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⵎⵏⵖⵉ ⵉⵛⵛⴰⵔⵏ ⵍⵍⵉⵖ ⵜⵜⵢⴰⵡⵔⵏⴰⵏ ⵙⵏⴰⵜ ⵜⵙⴳⵉⵡⵉⵏ ⵙ ⵓⵏⴳⴰⵙ ⵎⵇⵇⵓⵔⵏ ⴳ ⵉⵎⵣⴷⴰⵖ, ⵉⴱⴷⴷ ⵉⵎⵏⵖⵉ ⴳ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⴷⵖⴰⵔ ⵡⴰⵔ ⴰⵔⵏⴰⵢ. ⴳ ⵓⵣⵎⵣ ⵏ ⵉⵎⵏⵖⵉ, ⵉⵙⵎⵔⵙ ⵓⴳⵍⵍⵉⴷ "ⵔⵉ" ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⵎⵏⵣⴰⵢ ⵏ "ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⴳⴷⵓⴷ" ⴰⴼⴰⴷ ⴰⴷ ⵉⵙⵎⵓⵏ ⵉⵎⵣⴷⴰⵖ ⴷⴷⵓ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⵏⴱⴰⴹⵜ ⵜⵓⵏⵚⵉⴱⵜ. ⴳ 1953, ⵜⵜⵢⴰⵡⵙⴽⵔ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⵓⴳⴳⵣⴰ ⵏ ⵉⵎⵏⵖⵉ (armistice), ⵍⵍⵉ ⵓⵔ ⵜⵙⴳⵎⴹ ⴽⵓⵔⵢⴰ ⵏ ⵉⴼⴼⵓⵙ, ⵜⴱⴹⴰ ⵜⴰⴽⵏⴳⵓⵎⴰⵎⵜ ⴼ ⵙⵏⴰⵜ ⵜⵙⴳⵉⵡⵉⵏ ⵙ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⴷⵖⴰⵔ ⵡⴰⵔ ⴰⵄⵙⴽⵕ (DMZ). ⵓⵔ ⵊⵊⵓ ⵜⵜⵢⴰⵡⵙⴳⵎⴹ ⴽⵔⴰ ⵏ ⵓⵎⵙⴰⵙⴰ ⵏ ⵜⴼⵔⴰ (peace treaty), ⵎⴰⵢⴰⴷ ⵢⵓⵊⵊⴰⵏ ⵙⵏⴰⵜ ⵜⵎⵓⵔⴰ ⴰⴷ ⴰⴷ ⵇⵇⵉⵎⵏⵜ ⴳ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⴷⵖⴰⵔ ⵏ ⵉⵎⵏⵖⵉ ⵙ ⵜⵓⵙⵏⴰ. ⵄⵍⴰⵢⵏ 3 ⵏ ⵎⵍⵢⵓⵏ ⵏ ⵎⴷⴷⵏ ⴰⵢ ⵉⵎⵎⵓⵜⵏ ⴳ ⵉⵎⵏⵖⵉ ⴰⴷ, ⵢⵉⵍⵉ ⵓⵏⴳⴰⵙ ⵏ ⵉⵎⵣⴷⴰⵖ ⵢⴰⵜⵜⵓⵢⵏ ⴱⴰⵀⵔⴰ ⴼ ⵉⵎⵏⵖⵉ ⴰⵎⴰⴹⵍⴰⵏ ⵡⵉⵙⵙ ⵙⵉⵏ, ⵎⴰⵢⴰⴷ ⵜ ⵢⵓⵊⵊⴰⵏ ⴰⴷ ⵉⴳ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵙⴳ ⵉⵎⵏⵖⵉⵢⵏ ⵉⵅⵛⵏⵏ ⴳ ⵓⵎⵣⵔⵓⵢ. ⵓⵍⴰ ⵜⵉⵖⵔⵎⵉⵏ ⵜⵉⵎⵇⵔⴰⵏⵉⵏ ⵏ ⴽⵓⵔⵢⴰ ⵜⵜⵢⴰⵡⵔⵣⴰⵏⵜ ⴰⴽⴽⵯ ⵙ ⵓⵙⵔⴰⴳ ⵏ ⵉⵎⵏⵖⵉ ⴰⴷ. === '''ⵜⴰⵎⴳⵔⵉⵡⵜ ⵉⴳⴳⵉ ⵏ ⵡⴰⵙⵉⴼ ⵏ ⵀⴰⵏ''' === ⴳⵔ ⵉⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙⵏ ⵏ 1962 ⴷ 1994, ⵜⴰⴷⴰⵎⵙⴰ ⵏ ⴽⵓⵔⵢⴰ ⵏ ⵉⴼⴼⵓⵙ ⵜⵙⵙⵏ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⵙⵎⴰⵢⵏⵓ ⵎⵇⵇⵓⵔⵏ ⵙ 10% ⵏ ⵜⴳⵎⵉ ⵓⵏⵚⵉⴱ ⴳ ⵓⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙ, ⵎⴰⵢⴰⴷ ⴰⵢ ⵎⵉ ⵜⵜⵉⵏⵉⵏ "ⵜⴰⵎⴳⵔⴰⵡⵜ ⴼ ⵡⴰⵙⵉⴼ ⵏ ⵀⴰⵏ". ⴳ 1960, ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⴳⵔⴰⵡⵍⴰ ⵏ ⵉⵎⵃⴹⴰⵔⵏ ("ⵜⴰⴳⵔⴰⵡⵍⴰ ⵏ ⵉⴱⵔⵉⵔ") ⵜⵢⵉⵡⵉ ⴷ ⵓⵙⵜⵉⴼⵓ ⵏ ⵓⵏⵙⵙⵉⵅⴼ "ⵙⵉⵏⴳⵎⴰⵏ ⵔⵉ". ⴷⴼⴼⵉⵔ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⵣⵎⵣ ⵏ ⵓⵔⴳⴳⵉⴳ ⴰⵙⵔⵜⴰⵏ, ⵉⵙⴽⵔ ⵊⵉⵏⵉⵔⴰⵍ "ⴱⴰⵔⴽ ⵜⵛⵓⵏⴳ ⵀⵉ" ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⵙⵍⴱⴰⴹ ⴳ 16 ⵎⴰⵢⵢⵓ 1961. ⴳ ⵓⵣⵎⵣ ⵏⵏⵙ, ⵉⵙⵙⵏⵜⴰ ⴱⴰⵔⴽ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⵙⵎⴰⵢⵏⵓ ⴰⴷⴰⵎⵙⴰⵏ ⵉⴱⵏⴰⵏ ⴼ ⵓⵙⵉⴼⴹ ⵏ ⵜⵓⴳⵏⴰⵡⵉⵏ, ⵎⴰⵛⴰ ⵙ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⵙⵉⴷⴷⵔ ⴰⵙⵔⵜⴰⵏ ⵉⵛⵛⵉⵔⵏ. ⴷⴷⵓ ⵜⵏⴱⴰⴹⵜ ⵏ ⴱⴰⵔⴽ, ⵜⴷⵔⴰ ⴽⵓⵔⵢⴰ ⵏ ⵉⴼⴼⵓⵙ ⴳ ⵉⵎⵏⵖⵉ ⵏ ⴼⵢⵉⵜⵏⴰⵎ. ⴱⴰⵔⴽ ⵉⵜⵜⵢⴰⵡⵙⵙⵏ ⵙ ⵓⴷⵉⴽⵜⴰⵜⵓⵔ ⴰⵄⵙⴽⵕⵉ ⵉⵅⵛⵏⵏ, ⵍⵍⵉ ⵉⵙⵏⴼⵍⵏ ⵜⴰⴷⵓⵙⵜⵓⵔⵜ ⴳ 1972 ⴰⴼⴰⴷ ⴰⴷ ⵉⵎⵔ ⵜⴰⵏⴱⴰⴹⵜ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵡⴰⵔ ⵉⵡⵜⵜⴰ. ⵡⴰⵅⵅⴰ ⴰⵎⵎⴰⴽ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵉⵛⵛⵓⵔ, ⵜⴰⴷⴰⵎⵙⴰ ⵜⴷⵓⵙ ⴱⴰⵀⵔⴰ ⵙ ⵓⵙⵔⴰⴳ ⵏ ⵓⵙⵙⴰⵔⵓ ⴳ ⵜⵔⵓⴱⴱⴰ ⵜⵉⴷⴰⵎⵙⴰⵏⵉⵏ ⵜⵉⵎⵇⵔⴰⵏⵉⵏ. ⵜⴱⵏⴰ ⵜⵏⴱⴰⴹⵜ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵉⴱⵔⵉⴷⵏ ⵉⵎⵇⵔⴰⵏⵏ ⴷ ⵎⵉⵜⵔⵓ ⵏ ⵙⵉⵢⵓⵍ, ⴰⵔ ⵍⵍⵉⵖ ⵉⵜⵜⵢⴰⵡⵏⵖⴰ ⴱⴰⵔⴽ ⴳ 26 ⴽⵜⵓⴱⵔ 1979. ⴷⴼⴼⵉⵔ ⵜⵎⵜⵜⴰⵏⵜ ⵏ ⴱⴰⵔⴽ, ⵜⴷⴷⵔ ⵜⵎⵓⵔⵜ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⵣⵎⵣ ⵏ ⵓⵔⴳⴳⵉⴳ ⵢⴰⴹⵏ, ⴰⵔ ⵍⵍⵉⵖ ⵉⵙⴽⵔ ⵊⵉⵏⵉⵔⴰⵍ "ⵜⵛⵓⵏ ⴷⵓ-ⵀⵡⴰⵏ" ⴰⵙⵍⴱⴰⴹ ⵏ 12 ⴷⵓⵊⴰⵏⴱⵉⵔ 1979. ⴳ 17 ⵎⴰⵢⵢⵓ 1980, ⵜⵙⴱⵣⵣⵉⵣ ⵜⵏⴱⴰⴹⵜ ⴰⵣⵣⵔⴰⴼ ⴰⵄⵙⴽⵕⵉ ⴼ ⵜⵎⵓⵔⵜ ⴰⴽⴽⵯ. ⴰⵢⴰⴷ ⵢⵉⵡⵉ ⴷ ⵜⴳⵔⴰⵡⵍⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵓⵙⵎⵔⵙ ⵏ ⵜⴷⵉⵎⵓⵇⵔⴰⵟⵉⵜ, ⵙⵍⴰⵡⴰⵏ ⴰⴽⴽⵯ ⴳ ⵜⵖⵔⵎⵜ ⵏ ⴳⵡⴰⵏⴳⵊⵓ, ⵍⵍⵉⵖ ⵉⵙⵙⵏⵜⴰ ⵓⵎⵏⵖⵉ ⴳⵔ ⵉⵄⵙⴽⵕⵉⵢⵏ ⴷ ⵉⵎⵣⴷⴰⵖ, ⵎⴰⵢⴰⴷ ⵢⵉⵡⵉⵏ ⵙ ⵜⵎⵜⵜⴰⵏⵜ ⵏ 500 ⴰⵔ 2,000 ⵏ ⵓⴼⴳⴰⵏ. ⵉⵏⴱⴹ "ⵜⵛⵓⵏ" ⵜⴰⵎⵓⵔⵜ ⵙ ⵓⴼⵓⵙ ⵏ ⵓⵣⵣⴰⵍ ⴰⵔ 1987. ⴳ ⵓⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙ ⴰⵏⵏ, ⵜⵎⵜⵜⴰⵏⵜ ⵏ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⵎⵃⴹⴰⵔ ⴷⴷⵓ ⵓⵄⵔⵔⵉⵎ ⵜⵙⵔⵖ ⵜⴰⵎⵙⵙⵉ ⵏ ⵜⴳⵔⴰⵡⵍⴰ ⴳ ⵜⵎⵓⵔⵜ ⴰⴽⴽⵯ. ⴳ ⵜⴳⵉⵔⴰ, ⵜⴱⵔⵔⵃ ⵜⵏⴱⴰⴹⵜ ⵎⴰⵙ ⵔⴰⴷ ⵜⵙⴽⵔ ⵉⵙⵜⴰⵢⵏ ⵉⴷⵉⵎⵓⵇⵔⴰⵟⵉⵢⵏ ⵉ ⵓⵏⵙⵙⵉⵅⴼ, ⵎⴰⵢⴰⴷ ⵢⵓⵊⵊⴰⵏ ⴽⵓⵔⵢⴰ ⵏ ⵉⴼⴼⵓⵙ ⴰⴷ ⵜⴽⵛⵎ ⴳ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⵣⵎⵣ ⴰⵎⴰⵢⵏⵓ ⵏ ⵜⴷⵉⵎⵓⵇⵔⴰⵟⵉⵜ. ==ⵉⵙⴰⵖⵓⵍⵏ== {{ⴰⵙⵎⵉⵍ |ⵜⴰⵎⵓⵔⵜ |ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵣⵉⵔⵜ |ⵜⴰⵣⵉⵜ |ⵜⴰⵔⴰⴽⴰⵍⵜ}} {{ⵉⵙⴰⵖⵓⵍⵏ}} {{ⴰⴱⴰⴹ ⵓⵏⵜⵉⵎ}} 12sf8cbelx0l05406dry1hqo9pivqvx 0 2838 176060 153799 2026-05-04T13:55:07Z BihiBot 2406 ⴽⴽⵙⵖ ⴰⵍⴱⵓⴹ ⵏ ⵜⵏⵟⵟⵓⴼⵜ 176060 wikitext text/x-wiki *{{ⵥⵕ ⵉⴷⵓⵙⵎⵉⵍⵏ}} <div class="reflist4" style="height: 150px; overflow: auto; padding: 4px" > <categorytree mode=pages showcount="off">ⵜⴰⵜⵉⴽⵏⵓⵍⵓⵊⵉⵜ</categorytree> </div></div > ==ⵉⵙⴰⵖⵓⵍⵏ== *'''ⴰⵙⴳⵣⴰⵡⴰⵍ ⵏ [[ⴰⵙⵉⵏⴰⴳ ⴰⴳⵍⴷⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵓⵙⵙⵏⴰ ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵜ]](ⵙ.ⴳ.ⵙ.ⵎ) :''' [[ⵎⵙⵎⵓⵏ ⴰⵡⴰⵍ ⴰⵎⴰⵜⴰⵢ ⴰⵙⵏⵎⴰⵍⴰⵢ ⵏ ⵜⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵜ]] (ⵎ.ⵎ.ⵙ.ⵎ) {{ⵉⵙⴰⵖⵓⵍⵏ}} {{ⴰⴱⴰⴹ ⵓⵏⵜⵉⵎ}} bmp6fmndgf7wrb7g4xhjep0njshq24h 0 3001 176052 145538 2026-05-04T13:53:49Z BihiBot 2406 ⴽⴽⵙⵖ ⴰⵍⴱⵓⴹ ⵏ ⵜⵏⵟⵟⵓⴼⵜ 176052 wikitext text/x-wiki <div id="anixf">{{ⴰⵏⵉⵅⴼ}}</div> {| style="margin:4px 0px 0px 0px; background:none" | class="MainPageBG" class="border-radius4" style="width:50%; border:1px solid #cedff2; background:#ffffff; vertical-align:top; color:#000; -moz-border-radius:4px" | {| style="padding: 2px; width: 100%; vertical-align:top; background:#ffffff" ! style="background-color:#cedff2; font-family:Verdana, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 100%; border: 1px solid #D8BFD8; text-align: center; padding-left: 7px; -moz-border-radius:10px" | <div style="float:right;">[[Image:Wbar blue.jpg]]</div> <div style="font-size:120%">ⵉⵎⵏⵏⵉⵜⵏ ⵏ ⵡⵉⴽⵉⴱⵉⴷⵢⴰ</div> |- | style="font-family:Verdana, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 90%; -moz-border-radius:10px" | {{ⴰⵎⵏⵏⵉ ⴰⵎⴰⵢⵏⵓ}} <div style="text-align:center">ⵍⵍⴰⵏ {{Wp/rif/NUMBEROFARTICLES}} ⵉⵎⵏⵏⵉⵜⵏ ⵙ ⵜⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵜ<br /> <div style="text-align:center">[[Special:PrefixIndex/Wp/rif|ⵎⴰⵕⵕⴰ ⵉⵎⵏⵏⵉⵜⵏ ⵏ ⵡⵉⴽⵉⴱⵉⴷⵢⴰ]]<br /> |} {| style="padding: 2px; width: 100%; vertical-align:top; background:#ffffff" ! style="background-color:#cedff2; font-family:Verdana, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 100%; border: 1px solid #FAEBD7; text-align: center; padding-left: 7px; -moz-border-radius:10px" | <div style="float:right;">[[Image:Wbar blue.jpg]]</div> <div style="font-size:120%">ⵜⵉⴳⴳⵓⵔⴰ</div> |- | style="font-family:Verdana, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 90%; -moz-border-radius:10px" | {{ⵜⵉⵡⵡⵓⵔⴰ}} |} {| style="padding: 2px; width: 100%; vertical-align:top; background:#ffffff" ! style="background-color:#cedff2; font-family:Verdana, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 100%; border: 1px solid #FAEBD7; text-align: center; padding-left: 7px; -moz-border-radius:10px" | <div style="float:right;">[[Image:Wbar blue.jpg]]</div> <div style="font-size:120%">ⵜⴰⵡⵍⴰⴼⵜ ⵏ ⵡⴰⵙⵙ</div> |- | style="font-family:Verdana, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 90%; -moz-border-radius:10px" | {{ⵜⴰⵡⵍⴰⴼⵜ ⵏ ⵡⴰⵙⵙ/12 ⵎⴰⵢⵓ 2010}} |} {| style="padding: 2px; width: 100%; vertical-align:top; background:#ffffff" ! style="background-color:#cedff2; font-family:Verdana, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 100%; border: 1px solid #FAEBD7; text-align: center; padding-left: 7px; -moz-border-radius:10px" | <div style="float:right;">[[Image:Wbar blue.jpg]]</div> <div style="font-size:120%">ⵉⴷ ⵡⵉⴽⵉⴱⵉⴷⵢⴰ ⵙ ⵜⵓⵜⵍⴰⵢⵉⵏ ⵏⵏⵉⴹⵏ</div> |- | style="font-family:Verdana, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 90%; -moz-border-radius:10px" | {{ⵡⵉⴽⵉⴱⵉⴷⵢⴰ ⵙ ⵜⵓⵜⵍⴰⵢⵉⵏ ⵏⵏⵉⴹⵏ}} |} | style="border:1px solid transparent" | | class="MainPageBG" class="border-radius4" style="width:50%; border:1px solid #cedff2; background:#ffffff; vertical-align:top; color:#000; -moz-border-radius:4px" | {| style="padding: 2px; width: 100%; vertical-align:top; background:#ffffff" ! style="background-color:#cedff2; font-family:Verdana, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 100%; border: 1px solid #FAEBD7; text-align: center; padding-left: 7px; -moz-border-radius:10px" | <div style="float:right;">[[Image:Wbar blue.jpg]]</div> <div style="font-size:120%">ⵎⴰ ⵍⵍⴰ ⵜⵙⵏⵎ ⵜ ?</div> |- | style="font-family:Verdana, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 90%; -moz-border-radius:10px" | {{ⵎⴰ ⵍⵍⴰ ⵜⵏⵙⵎ ⵜ}} |} {| style="padding: 2px; width: 100%; vertical-align:top; background:#ffffff" ! style="background-color:#cedff2; font-family:Verdana, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 100%; border: 1px solid #FAEBD7; text-align: center; padding-left: 7px; -moz-border-radius:10px" | <div style="float:right;">[[Image:Wbar blue.jpg]]</div> <div style="font-size:120%">ⵉⵏⵖⵎⵉⵙⵏ</div> |- | style="font-family:Verdana, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 90%; -moz-border-radius:10px" | {{ⵉⵏⵖⵎⵉⵙⵏ}} |} {| style="padding: 2px; width: 100%; vertical-align:top; background:#ffffff" ! style="background-color:#cedff2; font-family:Verdana, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 100%; border: 1px solid #FAEBD7; text-align: center; padding-left: 7px; -moz-border-radius:10px" | <div style="float:right;">[[Image:Wbar blue.jpg]]</div> <div style="font-size:120%">ⴰⵡⴰⵍ ⵏ ⵡⴰⵙⵙ</div> |- | style="font-family:Verdana, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 90%; -moz-border-radius:10px" | {{ⴰⵡⴰⵍ ⵏ ⵡⴰⵙⵙ/12 ⵎⴰⵢⵓ 2010}} |} {| style="padding: 2px; width: 100%; vertical-align:top; background:#ffffff" ! style="background-color:#cedff2; font-family:Verdana, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 100%; border: 1px solid #FAEBD7; text-align: center; padding-left: 7px; -moz-border-radius:10px" | <div style="float:right;">[[Image:Wbar blue.jpg]]</div> <div style="font-size:120%">ⴰⴳⵎⵎⴰⵢ ⵏ ⵜⴼⵉⵏⴰⵖ</div> |- | style="font-family:Verdana, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 90%; -moz-border-radius:10px" | {{ⴰⴳⵎⵎⴰⵢ ⵏ ⵜⴼⵉⵏⴰⵖ}} |} {| style="padding: 2px; width: 100%; vertical-align:top; background:#ffffff" ! style="background-color:#cedff2; font-family:Verdana, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 100%; border: 1px solid #FAEBD7; text-align: center; padding-left: 7px; -moz-border-radius:10px" | <div style="float:right;">[[Image:Wbar blue.jpg]]</div> <div style="font-size:120%">ⵉⵙⵜⵎⴰⵙ ⵏ ⵡⵉⴽⵉⴱⵉⴷⵢⴰ</div> |- | style="font-family:Verdana, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 90%; -moz-border-radius:10px" | {{ⵉⵙⵜⵎⴰⵙ ⵏ ⵡⵉⴽⵉⴱⵉⴷⵢⴰ}} |} |} [[Category:ⴰⵡⵡⵓⵔ]] ==ⵉⵙⴰⵖⵓⵍⵏ== {{ⵉⵙⴰⵖⵓⵍⵏ}} {{ⴰⴱⴰⴹ ⵓⵏⵜⵉⵎ}} i6jrwmen5webpi63v7cbbxtcmcko897 0 3052 176082 158043 2026-05-04T14:09:33Z BihiBot 2406 ⴽⴽⵙⵖ ⴰⵍⴱⵓⴹ ⵏ ⵜⵏⵟⵟⵓⴼⵜ 176082 wikitext text/x-wiki [[ⴰⴼⴰⵢⵍⵓ:2018-10-11 Gymnastics at 2018 Summer Youth Olympics – Boys' Artistic Gymnastics – All-around final – Rings (Martin Rulsch) 236.jpg|right|200px|frameless]] '''ⵜⵓⵏⵏⵓⵏⵜ''' (ⵙ [[ⵜⵓⵜⵍⴰⵢⵜ ⵜⴰⵏⴳⵍⵉⵣⵜ|ⵜⴰⵏⴳⵍⵉⵣⵜ]]: ''Sport'') ⵜⴳⴰ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⵓⴳⴳⵣⵜ ⵜⴰⴼⴳⴳⴰⵏⵜ ⵏⵉⵖ ⴰⴼⵓⴽⵙ ⵍⵍⵉ ⵜⵙⴽⴰⵔⵜ ⵙ ⴽⵔⴰ ⵏ ⵉⵍⵓⴳⵏ ⴼ ⵉⵍⵍⴰ ⵓⵎⵛⴰⵛⴽⴰ ⵢ ⵜⵏⵓⴼⵍⴰⵢⵜ ⵏⵉⵖ ⴰⴱⵓⵔⵣ ⵏⵖ ⴰⵙⵖⵓⴷⵓ ⵏ ⵜⴼⵓⴽⵙⵜ ⴷ ⵜⵎⵢⵉⵎⴰⵏⵜ ⴳ ⵉⵎⴰⵏ ⴷ ⵜⴼⴳⴳⴰ. ⴷ ⵜⵓⵏⵏⵓⵏⵜ ⵜⵙⵎⵓⵏⴰ ⵜⵓⴳⵜ ⵏ ⵜⵓⵏⵏⵓⵏⵉⵏ ⵢⴰⴹⵏ ⵍⵍⵉ ⵎⵓ ⵍⵍⴰⵏ ⵉⵙⵏⵓⵃⵢⵓⵜⵏ ⴳ ⵜⵙⴽⴰⵔⵜ ⵏⵏⵙⵏⵜ ⴳⵔ ⵓⴷⵡⴰⵙ ⴷ ⵓⴼⵓⵍⵍⵙ, ⴷ ⵜⵓⵏⵏⵓⵏⵜ ⵓⵔ ⵜⵥⵍⵉ ⵖⴰⵔ ⵙ ⵉⵎⴰⵏⵓⵏⵏ ⵉⵏⴼⴳⴰⵏⵏ ⴷ ⵜⵔⵓⴱⴱⴰ ⴷ ⵉⵙⵔⵉⵔⵏ ⴰⵡⴷ ⵍⵍⴰⵏ ⵜ ⵜⵓⵏⵏⵓⵏⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵉⵎⵓⴷⴰⵔ ⴷ ⵉⵕⵓⴱⵓⵜⵏ ⵣⵓⴷ ⵜⴰⵣⵣⵍⴰ ⵏ ⵉⴹⴰⵏ ⴷ ⵉⵕⵄⵎⴰⵏ ⵏⵉⵖ ⵜⴰⴳⵯⵎⵔⵜ ⵙ ⵡⴰⵢⵍⴰⵍⵏ..! ==ⵉⵙⴰⵖⵓⵍⵏ== {{ⵉⵙⴰⵖⵓⵍⵏ}} {{ⴰⴱⴰⴹ ⵓⵏⵜⵉⵎ}} 6v0q4qflrpp54hx3h2iow0wsu8byj3f 0 3217 176003 157950 2026-05-04T12:29:29Z BihiBot 2406 ⴽⴽⵙⵖ ⴰⵍⴱⵓⴹ ⵏ ⵜⵏⵟⵟⵓⴼⵜ 176003 wikitext text/x-wiki {{ⵉⵙⵕⵥⴰⵎ ⵏ ⵡⴰⵡⵡⵓⵔ |ⵙⵓⵙ ⵎⴰⵙⵙⵜ}} {{ⵜⴰⵣⵡⵓⵔⵜ |ⴰⵡⵡⵓⵔ = ⵙⵓⵙ ⵎⴰⵙⵙⵜ |ⵜⴰⵡⵍⴰⴼⵜ = Flag of Agadir province (1976-1997).svg }} {{ⴰⵙⴰⵜⵉ |ⴰⵣⵡⵍ = ⵜⴰⵣⵡⵓⵔⵜ |ⵜⴰⵖⵣⵉ ⵏ ⵓⵣⵡⵍ = 60% |ⵜⴰⵢⴽⵓⵏⵜ = |ⴰⴽⵍⵓ ⵏ ⵓⵙⴽⴽⵉⵍ ⵏ ⵓⵣⵡⵍ = ffffff |ⴰⴽⵍⵓ ⵏ ⵜⵖⵔⴷⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵓⵣⵡⵍ = BA2B60 |ⴰⴽⵍⵓ ⵏ ⵜⵖⵔⴷⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵓⵎⴰⵢⵜ = F5F5F5 |ⴰⵙⵏⴼⵍ =ⴰⵡⵡⵓⵔ:ⵙⵓⵙ ⵎⴰⵙⵙⵜ/ⵜⴰⵣⵡⵓⵔⵜ |ⵜⵓⵎⴰⵢⵜ = {{:ⴰⵡⵡⵓⵔ:ⵙⵓⵙ ⵎⴰⵙⵙⵜ/ⵜⴰⵣⵡⵓⵔⵜ}} }} {{ⴰⵙⴰⵜⵉ |ⴰⵣⵡⵍ = ⴰⵎⴳⵔⴰⴷ ⵓⴼⵔⵉⵏ |ⵜⴰⵖⵣⵉ ⵏ ⵓⵣⵡⵍ = 60% |ⵜⴰⵢⴽⵓⵏⵜ = |ⴰⴽⵍⵓ ⵏ ⵓⵙⴽⴽⵉⵍ ⵏ ⵓⵣⵡⵍ = ffffff |ⴰⴽⵍⵓ ⵏ ⵜⵖⵔⴷⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵓⵣⵡⵍ = BA2B60 |ⴰⴽⵍⵓ ⵏ ⵜⵖⵔⴷⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵓⵎⴰⵢⵜ = F5F5F5 |ⴰⵙⵏⴼⵍ =ⴰⵡⵡⵓⵔ:ⵙⵓⵙ ⵎⴰⵙⵙⵜ/ⴰⵎⴳⵔⴰⴷ ⵓⴼⵔⵉⵏ |ⵜⵓⵎⴰⵢⵜ = {{:ⴰⵡⵡⵓⵔ:ⵙⵓⵙ ⵎⴰⵙⵙⵜ/ⴰⵎⴳⵔⴰⴷ ⵓⴼⵔⵉⵏ}} }} {{ⴰⵙⴰⵜⵉ |ⴰⵣⵡⵍ = ⵜⴰⵎⴷⵉⵏⵜ ⵜⵓⴼⵔⵉⵏⵜ |ⵜⴰⵖⵣⵉ ⵏ ⵓⵣⵡⵍ = 60% |ⵜⴰⵢⴽⵓⵏⵜ = |ⴰⴽⵍⵓ ⵏ ⵓⵙⴽⴽⵉⵍ ⵏ ⵓⵣⵡⵍ = ffffff |ⴰⴽⵍⵓ ⵏ ⵜⵖⵔⴷⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵓⵣⵡⵍ = BA2B60 |ⴰⴽⵍⵓ ⵏ ⵜⵖⵔⴷⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵓⵎⴰⵢⵜ = F5F5F5 |ⴰⵙⵏⴼⵍ =ⴰⵡⵡⵓⵔ:ⵙⵓⵙ ⵎⴰⵙⵙⵜ/ⵜⴰⵎⴷⵉⵏⵜ ⵜⵓⴼⵔⵉⵏⵜ |ⵜⵓⵎⴰⵢⵜ = {{:ⴰⵡⵡⵓⵔ:ⵙⵓⵙ ⵎⴰⵙⵙⵜ/ⵜⴰⵎⴷⵉⵏⵜ ⵜⵓⴼⵔⵉⵏⵜ}} }} {{ⴰⵙⴰⵜⵉ |ⴰⵣⵡⵍ = ⴰⵡⵔⵉⴽ ⵓⴼⵔⵉⵏ |ⵜⴰⵖⵣⵉ ⵏ ⵓⵣⵡⵍ = 60% |ⵜⴰⵢⴽⵓⵏⵜ = |ⴰⴽⵍⵓ ⵏ ⵓⵙⴽⴽⵉⵍ ⵏ ⵓⵣⵡⵍ = ffffff |ⴰⴽⵍⵓ ⵏ ⵜⵖⵔⴷⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵓⵣⵡⵍ = BA2B60 |ⴰⴽⵍⵓ ⵏ ⵜⵖⵔⴷⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵓⵎⴰⵢⵜ = F5F5F5 |ⴰⵙⵏⴼⵍ =ⴰⵡⵡⵓⵔ:ⵙⵓⵙ ⵎⴰⵙⵙⵜ/ⴰⵡⵔⵉⴽ ⵓⴼⵔⵉⵏ |ⵜⵓⵎⴰⵢⵜ = {{:ⴰⵡⵡⵓⵔ:ⵙⵓⵙ ⵎⴰⵙⵙⵜ/ⴰⵡⵔⵉⴽ ⵓⴼⵔⵉⵏ}} }} {{ⴰⵙⴰⵜⵉ |ⴰⵣⵡⵍ = ⵜⴰⵡⵍⴰⴼⵜ ⵜⵓⴼⵔⵉⵏⵜ |ⵜⴰⵖⵣⵉ ⵏ ⵓⵣⵡⵍ = 60% |ⵜⴰⵢⴽⵓⵏⵜ = |ⴰⴽⵍⵓ ⵏ ⵓⵙⴽⴽⵉⵍ ⵏ ⵓⵣⵡⵍ = ffffff |ⴰⴽⵍⵓ ⵏ ⵜⵖⵔⴷⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵓⵣⵡⵍ = BA2B60 |ⴰⴽⵍⵓ ⵏ ⵜⵖⵔⴷⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵓⵎⴰⵢⵜ = F5F5F5 |ⴰⵙⵏⴼⵍ =ⴰⵡⵡⵓⵔ:ⵙⵓⵙ ⵎⴰⵙⵙⵜ/ⵜⴰⵡⵍⴰⴼⵜ ⵜⵓⴼⵔⵉⵏⵜ |ⵜⵓⵎⴰⵢⵜ = {{:ⴰⵡⵡⵓⵔ:ⵙⵓⵙ ⵎⴰⵙⵙⵜ/ⵜⴰⵡⵍⴰⴼⵜ ⵜⵓⴼⵔⵉⵏⵜ}} }} {{ⴰⵙⴰⵜⵉ |ⴰⵣⵡⵍ = ⵉⵙ ⵜⵙⵙⵏⴷ? |ⵜⴰⵖⵣⵉ ⵏ ⵓⵣⵡⵍ = 60% |ⵜⴰⵢⴽⵓⵏⵜ = |ⴰⴽⵍⵓ ⵏ ⵓⵙⴽⴽⵉⵍ ⵏ ⵓⵣⵡⵍ = ffffff |ⴰⴽⵍⵓ ⵏ ⵜⵖⵔⴷⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵓⵣⵡⵍ = BA2B60 |ⴰⴽⵍⵓ ⵏ ⵜⵖⵔⴷⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵓⵎⴰⵢⵜ = F5F5F5 |ⴰⵙⵏⴼⵍ =ⴰⵡⵡⵓⵔ:ⵙⵓⵙ ⵎⴰⵙⵙⵜ/ⵉⵙ ⵜⵙⵙⵏⴷ? |ⵜⵓⵎⴰⵢⵜ = {{:ⴰⵡⵡⵓⵔ:ⵙⵓⵙ ⵎⴰⵙⵙⵜ/ⵉⵙ ⵜⵙⵙⵏⴷ?}} }} {{ⴰⵙⴰⵜⵉ |ⴰⵣⵡⵍ = ⵉⵙⵎⵉⵍⵏ |ⵜⴰⵖⵣⵉ ⵏ ⵓⵣⵡⵍ = 60% |ⵜⴰⵢⴽⵓⵏⵜ = |ⴰⴽⵍⵓ ⵏ ⵓⵙⴽⴽⵉⵍ ⵏ ⵓⵣⵡⵍ = ffffff |ⴰⴽⵍⵓ ⵏ ⵜⵖⵔⴷⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵓⵣⵡⵍ = BA2B60 |ⴰⴽⵍⵓ ⵏ ⵜⵖⵔⴷⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵓⵎⴰⵢⵜ = F5F5F5 |ⴰⵙⵏⴼⵍ =ⴰⵡⵡⵓⵔ:ⵙⵓⵙ ⵎⴰⵙⵙⵜ/ⵉⵙⵎⵉⵍⵏ |ⵜⵓⵎⴰⵢⵜ = {{:ⴰⵡⵡⵓⵔ:ⵙⵓⵙ ⵎⴰⵙⵙⵜ/ⵉⵙⵎⵉⵍⵏ}} }} {{ⴰⵙⴰⵜⵉ |ⴰⵣⵡⵍ = ⵉⵡⵡⵓⵔⴰ ⴰⵢⵜⵎⴰⵜⵏ |ⵜⴰⵢⴽⵓⵏⵜ = |ⵜⴰⵖⵣⵉ ⵏ ⵓⵣⵡⵍ = 60% |ⴰⴽⵍⵓ ⵏ ⵓⵙⴽⴽⵉⵍ ⵏ ⵓⵣⵡⵍ = ffffff |ⴰⴽⵍⵓ ⵏ ⵜⵖⵔⴷⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵓⵣⵡⵍ = BA2B60 |ⴰⴽⵍⵓ ⵏ ⵜⵖⵔⴷⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵓⵎⴰⵢⵜ = F5F5F5 |ⴰⵙⵏⴼⵍ =ⴰⵡⵡⵓⵔ:ⵙⵓⵙ ⵎⴰⵙⵙⵜ/ⵉⵡⵡⵓⵔⴰ ⴰⵢⵜⵎⴰⵜⵏ |ⵜⵓⵎⴰⵢⵜ = {{:ⴰⵡⵡⵓⵔ:ⵙⵓⵙ ⵎⴰⵙⵙⵜ/ⵉⵡⵡⵓⵔⴰ ⴰⵢⵜⵎⴰⵜⵏ}} }} {{ⴰⵙⴰⵜⵉ |ⴰⵣⵡⵍ = ⴰⵎⴳⵔⴰⴷ ⴰⵎⴰⵢⵏⵓ |ⵜⴰⵢⴽⵓⵏⵜ = |ⵜⴰⵖⵣⵉ ⵏ ⵓⵣⵡⵍ = 60% |ⴰⴽⵍⵓ ⵏ ⵓⵙⴽⴽⵉⵍ ⵏ ⵓⵣⵡⵍ = ffffff |ⴰⴽⵍⵓ ⵏ ⵜⵖⵔⴷⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵓⵣⵡⵍ = BA2B60 |ⴰⴽⵍⵓ ⵏ ⵜⵖⵔⴷⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵓⵎⴰⵢⵜ = F5F5F5 |ⴰⵙⵏⴼⵍ =ⴰⵡⵡⵓⵔ:ⵙⵓⵙ ⵎⴰⵙⵙⵜ/ⴰⵎⴳⵔⴰⴷ ⴰⵎⴰⵢⵏⵓ |ⵜⵓⵎⴰⵢⵜ = {{:ⴰⵡⵡⵓⵔ:ⵙⵓⵙ ⵎⴰⵙⵙⵜ/ⴰⵎⴳⵔⴰⴷ ⴰⵎⴰⵢⵏⵓ}} }} {{ⴰⵙⴰⵜⵉ |ⴰⵣⵡⵍ = ⵉⵙⵏⴼⴰⵔⵏ ⴰⵢⵜⵎⴰⵜⵏ |ⵜⴰⵢⴽⵓⵏⵜ = |ⵜⴰⵖⵣⵉ ⵏ ⵓⵣⵡⵍ = 60% |ⴰⴽⵍⵓ ⵏ ⵓⵙⴽⴽⵉⵍ ⵏ ⵓⵣⵡⵍ = ffffff |ⴰⴽⵍⵓ ⵏ ⵜⵖⵔⴷⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵓⵣⵡⵍ = BA2B60 |ⴰⴽⵍⵓ ⵏ ⵜⵖⵔⴷⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵓⵎⴰⵢⵜ = F5F5F5 |ⴰⵙⵏⴼⵍ =ⴰⵡⵡⵓⵔ:ⵙⵓⵙ ⵎⴰⵙⵙⵜ/ⵉⵙⵏⴼⴰⵔⵏ ⴰⵢⵜⵎⴰⵜⵏ ⵏ ⵡⵉⴽⵉⴱⵉⴷⵢⴰ |ⵜⵓⵎⴰⵢⵜ = {{:ⴰⵡⵡⵓⵔ:ⵙⵓⵙ ⵎⴰⵙⵙⵜ/ⵉⵙⵏⴼⴰⵔⵏ ⴰⵢⵜⵎⴰⵜⵏ ⵏ ⵡⵉⴽⵉⴱⵉⴷⵢⴰ}} }} ==ⵉⵙⴰⵖⵓⵍⵏ== {{ⵉⵙⴰⵖⵓⵍⵏ}} {{ⴰⴱⴰⴹ ⵓⵏⵜⵉⵎ}} {{ⴰⵙⵎⵉⵍ|ⴰⵡⵡⵓⵔ}} eu49857m1npnswrh5ew1d4ltciuxo8x 0 3218 176002 153684 2026-05-04T12:29:16Z BihiBot 2406 ⴽⴽⵙⵖ ⴰⵍⴱⵓⴹ ⵏ ⵜⵏⵟⵟⵓⴼⵜ 176002 wikitext text/x-wiki ==ⵉⵙⴰⵖⵓⵍⵏ== *'''ⴰⵙⴳⵣⴰⵡⴰⵍ ⵏ [[ⴰⵙⵉⵏⴰⴳ ⴰⴳⵍⴷⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵓⵙⵙⵏⴰ ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵜ]](ⵙ.ⴳ.ⵙ.ⵎ) :''' [[ⵎⵙⵎⵓⵏ ⴰⵡⴰⵍ ⴰⵎⴰⵜⴰⵢ ⴰⵙⵏⵎⴰⵍⴰⵢ ⵏ ⵜⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵜ]] (ⵎ.ⵎ.ⵙ.ⵎ) {{ⵉⵙⴰⵖⵓⵍⵏ}} {{ⴰⴱⴰⴹ ⵓⵏⵜⵉⵎ}} l7wqft48aq884z6rvp743l2p6j3vn1h 0 3230 176000 153679 2026-05-04T12:28:56Z BihiBot 2406 ⴽⴽⵙⵖ ⴰⵍⴱⵓⴹ ⵏ ⵜⵏⵟⵟⵓⴼⵜ 176000 wikitext text/x-wiki ==ⵉⵙⴰⵖⵓⵍⵏ== *'''ⴰⵙⴳⵣⴰⵡⴰⵍ ⵏ [[ⴰⵙⵉⵏⴰⴳ ⴰⴳⵍⴷⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵓⵙⵙⵏⴰ ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵜ]](ⵙ.ⴳ.ⵙ.ⵎ) :''' [[ⵎⵙⵎⵓⵏ ⴰⵡⴰⵍ ⴰⵎⴰⵜⴰⵢ ⴰⵙⵏⵎⴰⵍⴰⵢ ⵏ ⵜⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵜ]] (ⵎ.ⵎ.ⵙ.ⵎ) {{ⵉⵙⴰⵖⵓⵍⵏ}} {{ⴰⴱⴰⴹ ⵓⵏⵜⵉⵎ}} l7wqft48aq884z6rvp743l2p6j3vn1h 0 3231 176001 153681 2026-05-04T12:29:06Z BihiBot 2406 ⴽⴽⵙⵖ ⴰⵍⴱⵓⴹ ⵏ ⵜⵏⵟⵟⵓⴼⵜ 176001 wikitext text/x-wiki ==ⵉⵙⴰⵖⵓⵍⵏ== *'''ⴰⵙⴳⵣⴰⵡⴰⵍ ⵏ [[ⴰⵙⵉⵏⴰⴳ ⴰⴳⵍⴷⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵓⵙⵙⵏⴰ ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵜ]](ⵙ.ⴳ.ⵙ.ⵎ) :''' [[ⵎⵙⵎⵓⵏ ⴰⵡⴰⵍ ⴰⵎⴰⵜⴰⵢ ⴰⵙⵏⵎⴰⵍⴰⵢ ⵏ ⵜⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵜ]] (ⵎ.ⵎ.ⵙ.ⵎ) {{ⵉⵙⴰⵖⵓⵍⵏ}} {{ⴰⴱⴰⴹ ⵓⵏⵜⵉⵎ}} l7wqft48aq884z6rvp743l2p6j3vn1h 0 3233 175998 153674 2026-05-04T12:28:37Z BihiBot 2406 ⴽⴽⵙⵖ ⴰⵍⴱⵓⴹ ⵏ ⵜⵏⵟⵟⵓⴼⵜ 175998 wikitext text/x-wiki ==ⵉⵙⴰⵖⵓⵍⵏ== *'''ⴰⵙⴳⵣⴰⵡⴰⵍ ⵏ [[ⴰⵙⵉⵏⴰⴳ ⴰⴳⵍⴷⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵓⵙⵙⵏⴰ ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵜ]](ⵙ.ⴳ.ⵙ.ⵎ) :''' [[ⵎⵙⵎⵓⵏ ⴰⵡⴰⵍ ⴰⵎⴰⵜⴰⵢ ⴰⵙⵏⵎⴰⵍⴰⵢ ⵏ ⵜⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵜ]] (ⵎ.ⵎ.ⵙ.ⵎ) {{ⵉⵙⴰⵖⵓⵍⵏ}} {{ⴰⴱⴰⴹ ⵓⵏⵜⵉⵎ}} l7wqft48aq884z6rvp743l2p6j3vn1h 0 3235 176006 153690 2026-05-04T12:29:57Z BihiBot 2406 ⴽⴽⵙⵖ ⴰⵍⴱⵓⴹ ⵏ ⵜⵏⵟⵟⵓⴼⵜ 176006 wikitext text/x-wiki ==ⵉⵙⴰⵖⵓⵍⵏ== *'''ⴰⵙⴳⵣⴰⵡⴰⵍ ⵏ [[ⴰⵙⵉⵏⴰⴳ ⴰⴳⵍⴷⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵓⵙⵙⵏⴰ ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵜ]](ⵙ.ⴳ.ⵙ.ⵎ) :''' [[ⵎⵙⵎⵓⵏ ⴰⵡⴰⵍ ⴰⵎⴰⵜⴰⵢ ⴰⵙⵏⵎⴰⵍⴰⵢ ⵏ ⵜⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵜ]] (ⵎ.ⵎ.ⵙ.ⵎ) {{ⵉⵙⴰⵖⵓⵍⵏ}} {{ⴰⴱⴰⴹ ⵓⵏⵜⵉⵎ}} l7wqft48aq884z6rvp743l2p6j3vn1h 0 3237 175999 153677 2026-05-04T12:28:46Z BihiBot 2406 ⴽⴽⵙⵖ ⴰⵍⴱⵓⴹ ⵏ ⵜⵏⵟⵟⵓⴼⵜ 175999 wikitext text/x-wiki ==ⵉⵙⴰⵖⵓⵍⵏ== *'''ⴰⵙⴳⵣⴰⵡⴰⵍ ⵏ [[ⴰⵙⵉⵏⴰⴳ ⴰⴳⵍⴷⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵓⵙⵙⵏⴰ ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵜ]](ⵙ.ⴳ.ⵙ.ⵎ) :''' [[ⵎⵙⵎⵓⵏ ⴰⵡⴰⵍ ⴰⵎⴰⵜⴰⵢ ⴰⵙⵏⵎⴰⵍⴰⵢ ⵏ ⵜⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵜ]] (ⵎ.ⵎ.ⵙ.ⵎ) {{ⵉⵙⴰⵖⵓⵍⵏ}} {{ⴰⴱⴰⴹ ⵓⵏⵜⵉⵎ}} l7wqft48aq884z6rvp743l2p6j3vn1h 0 3238 175997 153672 2026-05-04T12:28:27Z BihiBot 2406 ⴽⴽⵙⵖ ⴰⵍⴱⵓⴹ ⵏ ⵜⵏⵟⵟⵓⴼⵜ 175997 wikitext text/x-wiki ==ⵉⵙⴰⵖⵓⵍⵏ== *'''ⴰⵙⴳⵣⴰⵡⴰⵍ ⵏ [[ⴰⵙⵉⵏⴰⴳ ⴰⴳⵍⴷⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵓⵙⵙⵏⴰ ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵜ]](ⵙ.ⴳ.ⵙ.ⵎ) :''' [[ⵎⵙⵎⵓⵏ ⴰⵡⴰⵍ ⴰⵎⴰⵜⴰⵢ ⴰⵙⵏⵎⴰⵍⴰⵢ ⵏ ⵜⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵜ]] (ⵎ.ⵎ.ⵙ.ⵎ) {{ⵉⵙⴰⵖⵓⵍⵏ}} {{ⴰⴱⴰⴹ ⵓⵏⵜⵉⵎ}} l7wqft48aq884z6rvp743l2p6j3vn1h 0 3242 175946 157875 2026-05-04T12:18:16Z BihiBot 2406 ⴽⴽⵙⵖ ⴰⵍⴱⵓⴹ ⵏ ⵜⵏⵟⵟⵓⴼⵜ 175946 wikitext text/x-wiki __NOEDITSECTION__ __NOTOC__ <templatestyles src="Portail:Accueil/styles.css" /> {{ⴰⵎⴰⴳⵔⴰⴷ ⵡⴰⵔ ⴰⵣⵡⵍ | contenu = {{ⴰⵡⵡⵓⵔ:ⴰⵙⵏⵓⴱⴳ/ⵜⴰⵣⵡⵓⵔⵜ}} | lien = ⴰⵍⴱⵓⴹ:ⴰⵡⵡⵓⵔ:ⴰⵙⵏⵓⴱⴳ/ⵜⴰⵣⵡⵓⵔⵜ | icone = | couleur-fond = #FFFFFF | couleur-bordure = | couleur-ombre = #7E8787 | taille-ombre = 0.3rem | couleur-barre-du-titre = | taille-barre-du-titre = 0.2rem | couleur-titre = | arrondi-boite = | arrondi-bordure = | taille-bordure = 0px | marge-interieure = | flex = }} <div style="display: flex; flex-direction: row; flex-wrap: wrap;"> <div style="display: flex; flex-direction: column; flex: 1 1 25em;"> <!-- Tuddma n imnnitn n iẓẓlmḍ --> {{ⴰⵎⴰⴳⵔⴰⴷ ⵡⴰⵔ ⴰⵣⵡⵍ | contenu = {{ⴰⵡⵡⵓⵔ:ⴰⵙⵏⵓⴱⴳ/ⵜⵉⵎⴰⵙⵙⴰⵏⵉⵏ}} | lien = ⴰⵍⴱⵓⴹ:ⴰⵡⵡⵓⵔ:ⴰⵙⵏⵓⴱⴳ/ⵜⵉⵎⴰⵙⵙⴰⵏⵉⵏ | icone = | couleur-fond = #FFFFFF | couleur-bordure = | couleur-ombre = #7E8787 | taille-ombre = 0.3rem | couleur-barre-du-titre = | taille-barre-du-titre = 0.2rem | couleur-titre = | arrondi-boite = | arrondi-bordure = | taille-bordure = 0px | marge-interieure = | flex = }} </div> <!-- Tigira n imnnitn n iẓẓlmḍ --> <div style="display: flex; flex-direction: column; flex: 1 1 25em;"><!-- Tuddma n imnnitn n ufasi --> {{ⴰⵎⴰⴳⵔⴰⴷ ⵡⴰⵔ ⴰⵣⵡⵍ | contenu = {{ⴰⵡⵡⵓⵔ:ⴰⵙⵏⵓⴱⴳ/ⵜⴰⵜⵉⴽⵏⵓⵍⵓⵊⵉⵜ}} | lien = ⴰⵍⴱⵓⴹ:ⴰⵡⵡⵓⵔ:ⴰⵙⵏⵓⴱⴳ/ⵜⴰⵜⵉⴽⵏⵓⵍⵓⵊⵉⵜ | icone = | couleur-fond = #FFFFFF | couleur-bordure = | couleur-ombre = #7E8787 | taille-ombre = 0.3rem | couleur-barre-du-titre = | taille-barre-du-titre = 0.2rem | couleur-titre = | arrondi-boite = | arrondi-bordure = | taille-bordure = 0px | marge-interieure = | flex = }} </div> <!-- Tigira n imnnitn n ufasi --> </div><!-- Tigira n tasna ---> {{ⴰⵎⴰⴳⵔⴰⴷ ⵡⴰⵔ ⴰⵣⵡⵍ | contenu = {{ⴰⵡⵡⵓⵔ:ⴰⵙⵏⵓⴱⴳ/ⵜⴰⵔⴰⴽⴰⵍⵜ}} | lien = ⴰⵍⴱⵓⴹ:ⴰⵡⵡⵓⵔ:ⴰⵙⵏⵓⴱⴳ/ⵜⴰⵔⴰⴽⴰⵍⵜ | icone = | couleur-fond = #FFFFFF | couleur-bordure = | couleur-ombre = #7E8787 | taille-ombre = 0.3rem | couleur-barre-du-titre = | taille-barre-du-titre = 0.2rem | couleur-titre = | arrondi-boite = | arrondi-bordure = | taille-bordure = 0px | marge-interieure = | flex = }} <div style="display: flex; flex-direction: row; flex-wrap: wrap;"> <div style="display: flex; flex-direction: column; flex: 1 1 25em;"> <!-- Tuddma n imnnitn n iẓẓlmḍ --> {{ⴰⵎⴰⴳⵔⴰⴷ ⵡⴰⵔ ⴰⵣⵡⵍ | contenu = {{ⴰⵡⵡⵓⵔ:ⴰⵙⵏⵓⴱⴳ/ⵜⵉⵥⵓⵕⵉⵡⵉⵏ}} | lien = ⴰⵍⴱⵓⴹ:ⴰⵡⵡⵓⵔ:ⴰⵙⵏⵓⴱⴳ/ⵜⵉⵥⵓⵕⵉⵡⵉⵏ | icone = | couleur-fond = #FFFFFF | couleur-bordure = | couleur-ombre = #7E8787 | taille-ombre = 0.3rem | couleur-barre-du-titre = | taille-barre-du-titre = 0.2rem | couleur-titre = | arrondi-boite = | arrondi-bordure = | taille-bordure = 0px | marge-interieure = | flex = }} {{ⴰⵎⴰⴳⵔⴰⴷ ⵡⴰⵔ ⴰⵣⵡⵍ | contenu = {{ⴰⵡⵡⵓⵔ:ⴰⵙⵏⵓⴱⴳ/ⵜⵓⵏⵏⵓⵏⵜ}} | lien = ⴰⵍⴱⵓⴹ:ⴰⵡⵡⵓⵔ:ⴰⵙⵏⵓⴱⴳ/ⵜⵓⵏⵏⵓⵏⵜ | icone = | couleur-fond = #FFFFFF | couleur-bordure = | couleur-ombre = #7E8787 | taille-ombre = 0.3rem | couleur-barre-du-titre = | taille-barre-du-titre = 0.2rem | couleur-titre = | arrondi-boite = | arrondi-bordure = | taille-bordure = 0px | marge-interieure = | flex = }} {{ⴰⵎⴰⴳⵔⴰⴷ ⵡⴰⵔ ⴰⵣⵡⵍ | contenu = {{ⴰⵡⵡⵓⵔ:ⴰⵙⵏⵓⴱⴳ/ⴰⵎⵓⵏ}} | lien = ⴰⵍⴱⵓⴹ:ⴰⵡⵡⵓⵔ:ⴰⵙⵏⵓⴱⴳ/ⴰⵎⵓⵏ | icone = | couleur-fond = #FFFFFF | couleur-bordure = | couleur-ombre = #7E8787 | taille-ombre = 0.3rem | couleur-barre-du-titre = | taille-barre-du-titre = 0.2rem | couleur-titre = | arrondi-boite = | arrondi-bordure = | taille-bordure = 0px | marge-interieure = | flex = }} </div> <!-- Tigira n imnnitn n iẓẓlmḍ --> <div style="display: flex; flex-direction: column; flex: 1 1 25em;"><!-- Tuddma n imnnitn n ufasi --> {{ⴰⵎⴰⴳⵔⴰⴷ ⵡⴰⵔ ⴰⵣⵡⵍ | contenu = {{ⴰⵡⵡⵓⵔ:ⴰⵙⵏⵓⴱⴳ/ⵜⴰⵙⵔⵜⵉⵜ}} | lien = ⴰⵍⴱⵓⴹ:ⴰⵡⵡⵓⵔ:ⴰⵙⵏⵓⴱⴳ/ⵜⴰⵙⵔⵜⵉⵜ | icone = | couleur-fond = #FFFFFF | couleur-bordure = | couleur-ombre = #7E8787 | taille-ombre = 0.3rem | couleur-barre-du-titre = | taille-barre-du-titre = 0.2rem | couleur-titre = | arrondi-boite = | arrondi-bordure = | taille-bordure = 0px | marge-interieure = | flex = }} {{ⴰⵎⴰⴳⵔⴰⴷ ⵡⴰⵔ ⴰⵣⵡⵍ | contenu = {{ⴰⵡⵡⵓⵔ:ⴰⵙⵏⵓⴱⴳ/ⴰⵙⴳⴷ}} | lien = ⴰⵍⴱⵓⴹ:ⴰⵡⵡⵓⵔ:ⴰⵙⵏⵓⴱⴳ/ⴰⵙⴳⴷ | icone = | couleur-fond = #FFFFFF | couleur-bordure = | couleur-ombre = #7E8787 | taille-ombre = 0.3rem | couleur-barre-du-titre = | taille-barre-du-titre = 0.2rem | couleur-titre = | arrondi-boite = | arrondi-bordure = | taille-bordure = 0px | marge-interieure = | flex = }} </div> <!-- Tigira n imnnitn n ufasi --> </div><!-- Tigira n tasna ---> {{ⴰⵎⴰⴳⵔⴰⴷ ⵡⴰⵔ ⴰⵣⵡⵍ | contenu = {{ⴰⵡⵡⵓⵔ:ⴰⵙⵏⵓⴱⴳ/ⴰⵎⵣⵔⵓⵢ}} | lien = ⴰⵍⴱⵓⴹ:ⴰⵡⵡⵓⵔ:ⴰⵙⵏⵓⴱⴳ/ⴰⵎⵣⵔⵓⵢ | icone = | couleur-fond = #FFFFFF | couleur-bordure = | couleur-ombre = #7E8787 | taille-ombre = 0.3rem | couleur-barre-du-titre = | taille-barre-du-titre = 0.2rem | couleur-titre = | arrondi-boite = | arrondi-bordure = | taille-bordure = 0px | marge-interieure = | flex = }} {{ⴰⵙⵎⵉⵍ |ⴰⵡⵡⵓⵔ |ⴰⵙⵏⵓⴱⴳ}} ==ⵉⵙⴰⵖⵓⵍⵏ== {{ⵉⵙⴰⵖⵓⵍⵏ}} {{ⴰⴱⴰⴹ ⵓⵏⵜⵉⵎ}} 98u5sju359ntqshgkcjbflrg8hba3o8 0 3255 176014 157969 2026-05-04T12:32:31Z BihiBot 2406 ⴽⴽⵙⵖ ⴰⵍⴱⵓⴹ ⵏ ⵜⵏⵟⵟⵓⴼⵜ 176014 wikitext text/x-wiki '''ⵙⵓⵙ ⵎⴰⵙⵙⵜ''' ⵜⴳⴰ ⵜⴰⵙⴳⴰ ⴳ 12 ⵜⴰⵙⴳⵉⵡⵉⵏ ⵏ [[ⵍⵎⵖⵔⵉⴱ|ⵡⴰⵎⵓⵔ ⵏ ⵡⴰⴽⵓⵛ]] ⴳ ⵓⴱⵟⵟⵓ ⴰⵙⴳⴰⵡⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵓⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙ 2975/2015, ⵜⵙⵎⵓⵏ ⵙⵏⴰⵜ ⵜⵎⵏⴱⴰⴹⵉⵏ ⴷ 4 ⵜⵙⴳⵉⵡⵉⵏ ⵜⵍⴽⵎ ⵜⵊⵓⵎⵎⴰ ⵏⵏⵙ 53.789ⴽⵎ² ⵍⵍⵉ ⴰⴽⴽⵯ ⵢⵓⵎⵥⵏ 7.6% ⴳ ⵜⵊⵓⵎⵎⴰ ⵏ ⵜⴳⵍⴷⵉⵜ. ⵜⵡⴰⵍⴰ ⵜⵜ ⵉⴷ ⴳ ⵓⴳⴰⴼⴰ ⵜⴰⵙⴳⴰ ⵏ [[ⵎⵕⵕⴰⴽⵛ ⴰⵙⴼⵉ]] , ⴷ [[ⵜⴰⵎⵏⴰⴹⵜ ⵏ ⴷⵔⴰ ⵜⴰⴼⵉⵍⴰⵍⵜ|ⵜⴰⵙⴳⴰ ⵏ ⴷⵔⴰ ⵜⴰⴼⵉⵍⴰⵍⵜ]] ⴳ ⵓⴳⵎⵓⴹ, ⴷ [[ⵜⴰⵎⵏⴰⴹⵜ ⵏ ⴳⵍⵎⵉⵎ ⵡⴰⴷ ⵏⵓⵏ|ⵜⴰⵙⴳⴰ ⵏ ⴳⵍⵎⵉⵎ ⵡⴰⴷ ⵏⵓⵏ]] ⴳ ⵉⴼⴼⵓⵙ ⴷ ⴳ ⵜⴰⴳⵓⵜ [[ⴰⴳⴰⵔⴰⵡ ⴰⵟⵍⴰⵙⵉ]]. ⴳ ⵓⵙⵉⴹⵏ ⴰⵎⴰⵜⴰⵢ ⴰⵏⴰⵎⵓⵔ ⵏ ⵉⵎⵣⴷⴰⵖ ⴳ 2014 ⵍⵍⴰⵏ ⵙⵉⵏ ⵉⵍⵓⵢⵏ ⴷ 676 ⴼⴹ ⴳ ⵙⵓⵙ ⵎⴰⵙⵙⵜ ⵍⵍⵉ ⵉⴳⴰⵏ 7.9% ⴳ ⵓⵟⵟⵓⵏ ⵏ ⵉⵎⵣⴷⴰⵖ ⴳ ⵡⴰⵎⵓⵔ ⵏ ⵡⴰⴽⵓⵛ. ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵥⵓⵏⵜ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵜⴳⴰ ⵜⵜ ⵜⵎⴷⵉⵏⵜ ⵏ [[ⴰⴳⴰⴷⵉⵔ]] ⴷ ⵉⵍⵙ [[ⵜⴰⵛⵍⵃⵉⵜ|ⴰⵛⵍⵃⵉ]]. ==ⵉⵙⴰⵖⵓⵍⵏ== {{ⵉⵙⴰⵖⵓⵍⵏ}} {{ⴰⴱⴰⴹ ⵓⵏⵜⵉⵎ}} scxghsxn7iq2r5xemlu64ecwb44zpg7 0 3256 176005 157954 2026-05-04T12:29:47Z BihiBot 2406 ⴽⴽⵙⵖ ⴰⵍⴱⵓⴹ ⵏ ⵜⵏⵟⵟⵓⴼⵜ 176005 wikitext text/x-wiki '''[[ⵜⴰⵎⴷⴷⵓⵍⵜ]]''' ⵏⵖ '''[[ⵜⴰⵎⴷⴷⵓⵍⵜ|ⵜⴰⵎⴷⵓⵍⵜ]]''' ⵏⵖ '''[[ⵜⴰⵎⴷⴷⵓⵍⵜ|ⵜⴰⵎⴷⴷⵓⵍⵜ ⵏ ⵡⴰⵇⵇⴰ]]''', (ⴰⵙⵓⵙⵔⵓ ⴰⴷⵖⴰⵔⴰⵏ: [ⵜⴰⵎⴷⵓⵍⵜ ⵓⵡⴰⵇⵇⴰ] ⵏⵖ [ⵜⴰⵎⴷⴷⵓⵍⵜ ⵓⵡⴰⵇⵇⴰ]) ⵜⴳⴰ ⵜⵉⵖⵔⵎⵜ ⵜⴰⵎⵖⵔⵉⴱⵜ ⵜⴰⵇⵇⴱⵓⵔⵜ ⵉⵜⵜⵓⵢⵙⵙⴰⵏⵏ ⵖⵓⵔ ⵉⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵏ ⵎⴰⵙ ⵜⵏⵖⵓⴱⴰ ⴷⴷⴰⵡ ⵓⴼⵓⵙ ⵏ [[ⵎⵃⵏⵏⴷ ⵓ ⵄⵍⵉ ⴰⵎⵏⵚⴰⴳ]]. ⵜⵍⵍⴰ ⵜⵖⵔⵎⵜ ⵏ ⵜⵎⴷⴷⵓⵍⵜ ⴳ ⵜⴰⵎⴰ ⵏ ⵜⵖⵔⵎⵜ ⵏ [[ⴰⵇⵇⴰ|ⵡⴰⵇⵇⴰ]], ⵜⴰⴳⴳⵓⴳ ⵖⵉⴼⵙ ⵙ 13 ⵉⴽⵉⵍⵓⵎⵉⵜⵔⵏ. ⵉⵙⴰⴳⵓⵔⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵎⴷⴷⵓⵍⵜ ⵙⵓⵍⵏ ⴳ ⵉⴳⴳⵉ ⵏ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⵓⴽⴰⵔⵜ ⵉⵎⵥⵥⵉⵢⵏ ⴳ ⵡⴰⵎⵎⴰⵙ ⵏ ⵓⵣⴰⵖⴰⵔ ⵏ [[ⵜⴰⴳⵔⴰⵡⵜ ⵏ ⵜⵓⵣⵓⵏⵉⵏ|ⵜⴳⵔⴰⵡⵜ ⵏ ⵜⵓⵣⵓⵏⵉⵏ]]. ⵜⵓⴳⵜ ⵏ ⵉⴷ ⴱⵓⵎⵣⵔⵓⵢ ⵣⵓⵏ ⴷ [[ⵍⴱⴽⵔⵉ]], [[ⵍⵢⴰⵄⵇⵓⴱⵉ]] ⴷ [[ⵉⵣⵎ ⴰⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖ]] (ⵍⵃⴰⵙⴰⵏ ⵍⵡⴰⵣⵣⴰⵏ) ⴰⵔ ⵜⵜⵉⵏⵉⵏ ⵎⴰⵙ ⵜⴻⵜⵜⵓⵚⴽⴰ ⵜⵎⴷⴷⵓⵍⵜ ⴳ ⵜⴰⵙⵓⵜ ⵜⵉⵙ 9 ⵏ ⵜⵍⴰⵍⵉⵜ, ⵜⴷⴷⵔ ⴰⵔ ⵜⴰⵙⵓⵜ ⵜⵉⵙ 16 ⵏ ⵜⵍⴰⵍⵉⵜ ⵍⵍⵉⴳ ⵜⵜ ⵉⵅⵍⴰ [[ⵎⵃⵏⵏⴷ ⵓ ⵄⵍⵉ ⴰⵎⵏⵚⴰⴳ]] ⴳ ⵓⵣⵎⵣ ⵏ [[ⵉⵙⴰⵄⴷⵉⵢⵏ]]. '''[[ⵜⴰⵎⴷⴷⵓⵍⵜ|ⵖⵔ ⵓⴳⴳⴰⵔ ...]]''' ==ⵉⵙⴰⵖⵓⵍⵏ== {{ⵉⵙⴰⵖⵓⵍⵏ}} {{ⴰⴱⴰⴹ ⵓⵏⵜⵉⵎ}} rz1lwu3jl968whdwdpkp12v5o5nc4ky 0 3257 176007 157956 2026-05-04T12:30:07Z BihiBot 2406 ⴽⴽⵙⵖ ⴰⵍⴱⵓⴹ ⵏ ⵜⵏⵟⵟⵓⴼⵜ 176007 wikitext text/x-wiki [[ⴰⴼⴰⵢⵍⵓ:Mohammed Khaïr-Eddine.jpg|350px|right|frameless]] ⵉⵍⵓⵍ '''[[ⵎⵓⵃⵎⵎⴰⴷ ⵅⴰⵢⵔ ⴷⴷⵉⵏ]]''' ⴳ ⵓⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙ ⵏ 1941 ⴳ ⵜⵖⵔⵎⵜ ⵏ [[ⵜⴰⴼⵔⴰⵡⵜ]], ⴳ ⵜⵎⵏⴰⴹⵜ ⵏ [[ⵜⴰⵎⵏⴰⴹⵜ ⵏ ⵙⵓⵙ ⵎⴰⵙⵙⵜ|ⵙⵓⵙ ⵎⴰⵙⵙⵜ]], ⵉⵎⵎⵓⵜ ⴳ [[17 ⵏⵓⵡⴰⵏⴱⵉⵔ]] 1995 ⴳ ⵜⵖⵔⵎⵜ ⵏ [[ⵕⵕⴱⴰⵟ]] ⴳ ⵜⵎⵓⵔⵜ ⵏ [[ⴰⵎⵓⵔ ⵏ ⵡⴰⴽⵓⵛ|ⵡⴰⵎⵓⵔ ⵏ ⵡⴰⴽⵓⵛ]]. '''ⵎⵓⵃⵎⵎⴰⴷ ⵅⴰⵢⵔ ⴷⴷⵉⵏ''' ⵉⴳⴰ ⴰⵎⴰⵔⴰ ⴷ ⵓⵎⵙⴽⵍⴰ [[ⵉⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵏ|ⴰⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖ]] ⴰⵥⵓⵕ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵙⴳ ⵡⵓⵙⵓⵏ ⴰⵥⵕⵓ ⵏ ⵡⴰⴹⵓ ⴳ ⵜⴼⵔⴰⵡⵜ، ⵜⵣⵡⴰⴳ ⵜⵡⴰⵛⵓⵍⵜ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵜⴳⴳⴰ ⴰⵣⵣⵏⵣⵉ ⴳ [[ⵜⴰⴷⴷⴰⵔⵜ ⵜⴰⵎⵍⵍⴰⵍⵜ]] ⵉⵏⴽⵔ ⵖⵉⵏ ⵅⴰⵢⵔ ⴷⴷⵉⵏ ⴷ ⵉⵎⵖⴰⵔ، ⵉⴼⵍ ⵜⵉⵖⵔⵉ ⵣⵉⴽ ⵉⴽⵛⵎ ⵖⵔ ⵜⵡⵓⵔⵉ ⴰⵛⴽⵓ ⵉⵙⵡⵓⵔⵉ ⴰⵟⵟⴰⵙ ⵏ ⵜⵡⵓⵔⵉⵡⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵏⴱⴰⴹⵜ ⴰⵎ ⴰⵢⵜ ⵙⵓⵙ ⵏⵏⴰ ⵉⵃⵎⵍⵏ ⵜⴰⵡⵓⵔⵉ ⵜⴰⴷⵔⴼⴰⵏⵜ ⵎⴰⵛⴰ ⵓⵔ ⵉⵎⴰⵟⴰⵍ ⵎⴰ ⵉⵣⵡⴰⴳ ⵖⵔ [[ⵍⵎⵖⵔⵉⴱ]] ⵉⵔⵡⴰⵍ ⵙⴳ ⵉⵎⴹⴼⴰⵔⵏ ⵉⵙⴰⴹⴼⴰⵏⵏ ⵙ ⵓⵙⵔⴰⴳ ⵏ ⵓⴷⵔⴰⵡ ⴳ [[ⵜⴰⵏⴽⵔⴰ ⵏ 1965]] ⴷ ⵓⵔ ⵉⴱⴷⴷ ⵅⴼ ⵓⴱⴷⴷⵉ ⵏⵏⵙ ⴰⴳⵔⴰⵡⵍⴰⵏ ⴰⵛⴽⵓ ⵉⴷⵔⴰ ⴳ ⵜⵉⴽⵍⵉⵜ ⵜⵉⵙⵙ ⵙⵏⴰⵜ ⵏ ⵉⵎⵃⴹⴰⵔⵏ ⴳ [[ⴼⵕⴰⵏⵚⴰ]] ⴰⵙⴳⴳⴰⵙ 1968 ⴳ ⵢⵓⵎⵥⵏ ⴰⵎⵣⴳⵓⵏ ⵏ ⵓⴷⵢⵓⵏ ⵉⵜⵡⴰⵙⵙⵏ. ⵉⵙⵙⵏⵜⵉ ⵜⵓⴷⵔⵜ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵜⴰⵙⴽⵍⴰⵏⵜ ⴳ ⵣⵉⴽⴽ ⵉⵍⵍⴰ ⵓⵢⴰ ⵙ ⵜⵉⵔⵔⴰ ⵏ ⵓⵙⴼⵔⵓ ⴷ ⵓⴼⵙⴰⵔ ⴳ ⵉⵖⵎⵉⵙⵏ ⵉⵜⵜⴰⵔⵔⴰⵏ ⵙ [[ⵜⵓⵜⵍⴰⵢⵜ ⵜⴰⴼⵕⴰⵏⵚⵉⵚⵜ]] ⴳ ⵓⵣⵎⵣ ⴰⵏⵏ ⵎⴰⵛⴰ ⵓⵔ ⵉⵙⵓⵍ ⵎⴰ ⵉⴱⴷⴰ ⴷⴳ ⵜⵉⵔⵔⴰ ⵏ ⵜⵙⴽⵍⴰ ⵉⵙⵙⵓⴼⵖ [[ⴰⴷⵍⵉⵙ]] ⵏⵏⵙ ⴰⵎⵣⵡⴰⵔⵓ ⵙⴳ [[ⵍⵓⵏⴹⵓⵏ|ⵍⵓⵏⴷⵓⵏ]] ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵥⵓⵏⵜ ⵏ ⵓⵙⴳⵏⴰⵡ ⵙ ⵓⵣⵡⵉⵍ (ⵖⴰⵜⴰⵢⴰⵏ ⴰⵙⵡⴰⴷ) ⴰⵙⴳⴳⴰⵙ 1964 ⴰⵡⴷ ⴰⴷⵍⵉⵙ ⵏⵏⵙ (ⴰⴳⴰⴷⵉⵔ) ⴷⴼⴼⵉⵔ ⴰⵔⴳⴰⴳⴰ ⵏⵏⴰ ⵢⵓⵡⵜⵏ ⵜⵉⵖⵔⵎⵜ. ==ⵉⵙⴰⵖⵓⵍⵏ== {{ⵉⵙⴰⵖⵓⵍⵏ}} {{ⴰⴱⴰⴹ ⵓⵏⵜⵉⵎ}} ogktnruli6ph1c46jzmnencp853lmez 0 3258 176008 157958 2026-05-04T12:30:17Z BihiBot 2406 ⴽⴽⵙⵖ ⴰⵍⴱⵓⴹ ⵏ ⵜⵏⵟⵟⵓⴼⵜ 176008 wikitext text/x-wiki [[File:Waldrapp Geronticus eremita.jpg|150px|right]] *'''ⵉⵙ ⵜⵙⵙⵏⵜⴷ''' ⵎⴰⵙⴷ [[ⵜⴰⵣⵢⴰⵣⵣⴰⵍⵜ ⵜⴰⵏⴰⵎⵓⵔⵜ ⵏ ⵙⵓⵙ ⵎⴰⵙⵙⵜ]] ⵜⴳⴰ ⵜⴰⵎⵙⴷⵓⵔⵔⵓⵢⵜ ⵏ "ⵡⴰⵢⵍⴰⵍ ⴰⵎⵊⵊⵓⴹ ⴱⵓ ⵓⵙⵎⵎⴰⵡⴷ ⴰⴳⴰⴼⴰⵏ" ⵍⵍⵉ ⴰⴽⴽⵯ ⵉⵎⵇⵇⵓⵔⵏ ⴳ ⵓⵎⴰⴹⴰⵍ. *'''ⵉⵙ ⵜⵙⵙⵏⵜⴷ''' ⵉⵙ ⵉⴳⴰ ⵓⴳⴰⴷⴰⵣ ⵏ ⵓⵙⴰⵎⴰⵙ ⵏ [[ⵉⵏⵣⴳⴳⴰⵏ]] ⴰⴳⴰⴷⴰⵣ ⴰⵖⵔⵎⴰⵏ ⵍⵍⵉ ⴰⴽⴽⵯ ⵉⵎⵇⵇⵓⵔⵏ ⴳ [[ⵉⴼⵔⵉⵇⵢⴰ]]. *'''ⵉⵙ ⵜⵙⵙⵏⵜⴷ''' ⵎⴰⵙⴷ [[ⵜⴰⵍⵉⵡⵉⵏ]] ⴷ ⵜⵎⵏⴰⴹⵉⵏ ⵏⵏⵙ ⴳ [[ⵜⴰⵎⵏⴰⴹⵜ ⵏ ⵙⵓⵙ ⵎⴰⵙⵙⵜ|ⵙⵓⵙ ⵎⴰⵙⵙⵜ]] ⴰⴷ ⵉⴳⴰⵏ ⵜⴰⵎⵙⵢⴰⴼⵓⵜ ⵜⴰⵎⵣⵡⴰⵔⵓⵜ ⵏ ⵜⵏⵖⵎⵉⵜ "ⵥⵥⵄⴼⵕⴰⵏ" ⴳ ⵉⴼⵔⵉⵇⵢⴰ ⴷ ⵜⵜⵢⴰⵡⵙⵙⴰⵏ ⵙⵉⵙ ⴳ ⵓⵎⴰⴹⴰⵍ. *'''ⵉⵙ ⵜⵙⵙⵏⵜⴷ''' ⵎⴰⵙⴷ "[[ⵜⴰⵍⵃⴰⵙⴰⵏⵜ ⵏ ⵓⴳⴰⴷⵉⵔ]]" ⵜⵔⵏⴰ ⵜⴰⴱⵔⵣⴰ ⵜⴰⵏⴰⵎⵓⵔⵜ ⵜⴰⵎⵖⵔⵉⴱⵉⵜ ⴳ ⵓⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙ ⵏ 2001/2002 ⴱⵍⴰ ⴰⴷ ⴳⵉⵙ ⵜⴽⵛⵎ ⵜⵜⴰ ⴽⵔⴰ ⵏ ⵜⵎⵙⵙⵡⵉⵜ ⴳ ⵓⵙⵓⵔⴰⵔ ⵏⵏⵙ (ⴰⵙⵓⵔⴰⵔ ⵏ ⵍⵉⵏⴱⵉⵄⴰⵜ) , [[9|ⵜⵥⴰ]] ⵏ ⵜⵎⵙⵙⵡⵉⵜⵉⵏ ⴽⴰ ⴰⴷ ⵉⴽⵛⵎⵏ ⵜⴰⵔⴰⵜⵙⴰ ⵏⵏⵙ ⴷ ⵙⵙⵡⴰⵏⵜ ⴰⴽⴽⵯ ⴷⵉⴳⵙ ⴳ ⴱⵕⵕⴰ ⵏ ⵓⵙⵓⵔⴰⵔ ⵏⵏⵙ. ==ⵉⵙⴰⵖⵓⵍⵏ== {{ⵉⵙⴰⵖⵓⵍⵏ}} {{ⴰⴱⴰⴹ ⵓⵏⵜⵉⵎ}} bvwbmaf4rm1w4ylq0mdy5hd7mpme41a 0 3259 176012 157965 2026-05-04T12:32:15Z BihiBot 2406 ⴽⴽⵙⵖ ⴰⵍⴱⵓⴹ ⵏ ⵜⵏⵟⵟⵓⴼⵜ 176012 wikitext text/x-wiki [[ⴰⴼⴰⵢⵍⵓ:Tiznit 85000, Morocco - panoramio (2).jpg|thumb|center|400px]] <center>[[ⵜⵉⵣⵏⵉⵜ]] ⵜⴳⴰ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⵎⴷⵉⵏⵜ ⵉⵍⵍⴰⵏ ⴳ ⵓⵏⵥⵓⵍ ⵓⵜⵔⵉⵎ ⵏ ⵡⴰⵎⵓⵔ ⵏ ⵡⴰⴽⵓⵛ, ⵜⴳⴰ ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵥⵓⵏⵜ ⵏ ⵜⵖⵉⵡⴰⵏⵜ ⵏ ⵜⵣⵏⵉⵜ ⵉⴹⴼⴰⵕⵏ [[ⵜⴰⵎⵏⴰⴹⵜ ⵏ ⵙⵓⵙ ⵎⴰⵙⵙⵜ]]. ⵜⵣⴳⴰⴷ 15ⴽⵎ ⵙⴳ ⴰⴳⴰⵔⴰⵡ ⴰⵟⵍⴰⵙⵉ ⴷ ⵜⴰⴳⴳⵓⴳ ⵙ 99ⴽⵎ ⵢ [[ⴰⴳⴰⴷⵉⵔ|ⵓⴳⴰⴷⵉⵔ]], ⴷ 203ⴽⵎ ⵉ ⵓⵏⵥⵓⵍ ⵏ [[ⵎⵓⴳⴰⴷⵓⵔ]], ⴷ 271ⴽⵎ ⵉ ⴰⵏⵥⵓⵍ ⵓⵜⵔⵉⵎ ⵏ ⴰⵎⵓⵔⴰⴽⵓⵛ ⴷ ⴳ 553ⴽⵎ ⵉ ⴰⵏⵥⵓⵍ ⵏ [[ⵕⵕⴱⴰⵟ|ⵜⴰⵎⵙⵏⴰ]]. ⵉⵎⵣⴷⴰⵖ ⵏ ⵜⵣⵏⵉⵜ ⴰⵔ ⵙⴰⵡⴰⵍⵏ ⵙ ⵜⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵜ ⵜⴰⵛⵍⵃⵉⵜ. ⵓⴳⴳⴰⵔ ⵏ 74.699 ⵏ ⵎⴷⴷⵏ ⵣⴷⵖⵏ ⴷⵉⴳⵙ. ⴰⵔ ⵏⵜⵜⵉⵏⵉ ⵉ ⵉⵎⵣⴷⴰⵖⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵣⵏⵉⵜ "ⴰⵢⵜ ⵜⵣⵏⵉⵜ" ⵙ ⵜⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵜ.</center> ==ⵉⵙⴰⵖⵓⵍⵏ== {{ⵉⵙⴰⵖⵓⵍⵏ}} {{ⴰⴱⴰⴹ ⵓⵏⵜⵉⵎ}} 38357pkjcrm4sl6ts7f8zfljlrijvjm 0 3260 176013 157966 2026-05-04T12:32:20Z BihiBot 2406 ⴽⴽⵙⵖ ⴰⵍⴱⵓⴹ ⵏ ⵜⵏⵟⵟⵓⴼⵜ 176013 wikitext text/x-wiki [[ⴰⴼⴰⵢⵍⵓ:Taliouine Kasbah 06.JPG|thumb|center|400px]] <center>ⵉⵖⵔⵎ ⵏ ⵜⵜⵀⴰⵎⵉ ⴰⴳⵍⴰⵡⵡⵓ ⴳ [[ⵜⴰⵍⵉⵡⵉⵏ]]</center> ==ⵉⵙⴰⵖⵓⵍⵏ== {{ⵉⵙⴰⵖⵓⵍⵏ}} {{ⴰⴱⴰⴹ ⵓⵏⵜⵉⵎ}} dqrqag1mtm0p1wmdp5m5bv43vh3rww5 0 3261 176010 157960 2026-05-04T12:30:36Z BihiBot 2406 ⴽⴽⵙⵖ ⴰⵍⴱⵓⴹ ⵏ ⵜⵏⵟⵟⵓⴼⵜ 176010 wikitext text/x-wiki {{ⵉⵙⵏⴼⴰⵔⵏ ⴰⵢⵜⵎⴰⵜⵏ ⵏ ⵡⵉⴽⵉⴱⵉⴷⵢⴰ}} ==ⵉⵙⴰⵖⵓⵍⵏ== {{ⵉⵙⴰⵖⵓⵍⵏ}} {{ⴰⴱⴰⴹ ⵓⵏⵜⵉⵎ}} 1jcljge4vpck3xelo9dm246d5c3wled 0 3262 176004 157952 2026-05-04T12:29:36Z BihiBot 2406 ⴽⴽⵙⵖ ⴰⵍⴱⵓⴹ ⵏ ⵜⵏⵟⵟⵓⴼⵜ 176004 wikitext text/x-wiki <center><div style="font-family:Linux Libertine, Georgia, serif; font-size: 1.1em;padding:10px 0 5px 0;" class="plainlinks">ⴰⵡⵙ ⴳ ⵓⵙⴱⵓⵖⵍⵓ ⵏ ⵡⵉⴽⵉⴱⴷⵉⴰ ⵙ [[ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵜ ⵜⴰⵏⴰⵡⴰⵢⵜ|ⵜⵓⵜⵍⴰⵢⵜ ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵜ ⵜⴰⵏⴰⵡⴰⵢⵜ]], ⵎⴰⵛⴰ ⵣⵔⴽ ⵙ ⵓⵢⵏⵏⴰ ⵎⵉ ⵜⵓⴼⵉⴷ ⵉⵍⵓⴳⴰⵏ ⵏ [[ⴰⵙⵉⵏⴰⴳ ⴰⴳⵍⴷⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵓⵙⵙⵏⴰ ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵜ|ⵓⵙⵉⵏⴰⴳ ⴰⴳⵍⴷⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵓⵙⵙⵏⴰ ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵜ]]. ⵎⴽ ⵜⵓⴼⵉⴷ, ⵜⵜⴰⵔⴰ ⵙ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⵓⵜⵍⴰⵢⵜ ⵉⵙⵎⴰⵏⵏ ⴳⵔ ⵜⵎⵣⴰⵔⴰⵢⵉⵏ ⵜⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵉⵏ ⴰⴽⴽⵯ ⵏ [[ⴰⵎⵓⵔ ⵏ ⵡⴰⴽⵓⵛ]].<br/> ⵎⴽ ⵓⵔ ⵜⵙⵙⵉⵏⴷ ⴽⵔⴰ ⵏ ⵜⵖⴰⵡⵙⴰ ⵏⵖ ⵜⵓⵙⵔⴷ ⵜⵉⵡⵉⵙⵉ, ⵥⵕ [[ⵜⵉⵡⵉⵙⵉ:ⵜⵓⵎⴰⵢⵉⵏ|ⵜⴰⵙⵏⴰ ⵏ ⵜⵡⵉⵙⵉ]] ⵏⵖ ⵜⵙⵇⵙⴰⴷ ⵉⵏⵙⵙⵎⵔⵙⵏ ⵢⴰⴹⵏⵉⵏ ⴳ [[ⴰⵡⵡⵓⵔ:ⵜⵉⵡⵉⵙⵉ|ⵡⴰⵡⵡⵓⵔ ⵏ ⵜⵡⵉⵙⵉ]]</div> {{#tag:inputbox | type=create width=20 bgcolor= brcolor=#333 break=yes preload=Template:Standard content for new page editintro=Template:Instructions default= buttonlabel = ⵔⵏⵓ ⴰⵎⴳⵔⴰⴷ ⴰⵎⴰⵢⵏⵓ ✓ }}</center> </div> ==ⵉⵙⴰⵖⵓⵍⵏ== {{ⵉⵙⴰⵖⵓⵍⵏ}} {{ⴰⴱⴰⴹ ⵓⵏⵜⵉⵎ}} h5awippk24qwdo0eni4e5vbiq9gumfk 0 3263 176009 153695 2026-05-04T12:30:26Z BihiBot 2406 ⴽⴽⵙⵖ ⴰⵍⴱⵓⴹ ⵏ ⵜⵏⵟⵟⵓⴼⵜ 176009 wikitext text/x-wiki <div class="reflist4" style="height: 150px; overflow: auto; padding: 4px" > <categorytree mode=pages showcount="on">ⵜⴰⵎⵏⴰⴹⵜ ⵏ ⵙⵓⵙ ⵎⴰⵙⵙⵜ</categorytree> </div></div > ==ⵉⵙⴰⵖⵓⵍⵏ== *'''ⴰⵙⴳⵣⴰⵡⴰⵍ ⵏ [[ⴰⵙⵉⵏⴰⴳ ⴰⴳⵍⴷⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵓⵙⵙⵏⴰ ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵜ]](ⵙ.ⴳ.ⵙ.ⵎ) :''' [[ⵎⵙⵎⵓⵏ ⴰⵡⴰⵍ ⴰⵎⴰⵜⴰⵢ ⴰⵙⵏⵎⴰⵍⴰⵢ ⵏ ⵜⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵜ]] (ⵎ.ⵎ.ⵙ.ⵎ) {{ⵉⵙⴰⵖⵓⵍⵏ}} {{ⴰⴱⴰⴹ ⵓⵏⵜⵉⵎ}} 8ufcg6dr48llzxivz5m9lopz0din0iu 0 3264 175959 157895 2026-05-04T12:20:28Z BihiBot 2406 ⴽⴽⵙⵖ ⴰⵍⴱⵓⴹ ⵏ ⵜⵏⵟⵟⵓⴼⵜ 175959 wikitext text/x-wiki {{ⵉⵙⵕⵥⴰⵎ ⵏ ⵡⴰⵡⵡⵓⵔ |ⴷⵔⴰ ⵜⴰⴼⵉⵍⴰⵍⵜ}} {{ⵜⴰⵣⵡⵓⵔⵜ |ⴰⵡⵡⵓⵔ = ⴷⵔⴰ ⵜⴰⴼⵉⵍⴰⵍⵜ |ⵜⴰⵡⵍⴰⴼⵜ = Flag of Er Rachidia province (1976-1997).svg }} {{ⴰⵙⴰⵜⵉ |ⴰⵣⵡⵍ = ⵜⴰⵣⵡⵓⵔⵜ |ⵜⴰⵖⵣⵉ ⵏ ⵓⵣⵡⵍ = 60% |ⵜⴰⵢⴽⵓⵏⵜ = |ⴰⴽⵍⵓ ⵏ ⵓⵙⴽⴽⵉⵍ ⵏ ⵓⵣⵡⵍ = ffffff |ⴰⴽⵍⵓ ⵏ ⵜⵖⵔⴷⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵓⵣⵡⵍ = 009A00 |ⴰⴽⵍⵓ ⵏ ⵜⵖⵔⴷⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵓⵎⴰⵢⵜ = FFBE92 |ⴰⵙⵏⴼⵍ =ⴰⵡⵡⵓⵔ:ⴷⵔⴰ ⵜⴰⴼⵉⵍⴰⵍⵜ/ⵜⴰⵣⵡⵓⵔⵜ |ⵜⵓⵎⴰⵢⵜ = {{:ⴰⵡⵡⵓⵔ:ⴷⵔⴰ ⵜⴰⴼⵉⵍⴰⵍⵜ/ⵜⴰⵣⵡⵓⵔⵜ}} }} {{ⴰⵙⴰⵜⵉ |ⴰⵣⵡⵍ = ⴰⵎⴳⵔⴰⴷ ⵓⴼⵔⵉⵏ |ⵜⴰⵖⵣⵉ ⵏ ⵓⵣⵡⵍ = 60% |ⵜⴰⵢⴽⵓⵏⵜ = |ⴰⴽⵍⵓ ⵏ ⵓⵙⴽⴽⵉⵍ ⵏ ⵓⵣⵡⵍ = ffffff |ⴰⴽⵍⵓ ⵏ ⵜⵖⵔⴷⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵓⵣⵡⵍ = 009A00 |ⴰⴽⵍⵓ ⵏ ⵜⵖⵔⴷⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵓⵎⴰⵢⵜ = FFBE92 |ⴰⵙⵏⴼⵍ =ⴰⵡⵡⵓⵔ:ⴷⵔⴰ ⵜⴰⴼⵉⵍⴰⵍⵜ/ⴰⵎⴳⵔⴰⴷ ⵓⴼⵔⵉⵏ |ⵜⵓⵎⴰⵢⵜ = {{:ⴰⵡⵡⵓⵔ:ⴷⵔⴰ ⵜⴰⴼⵉⵍⴰⵍⵜ/ⴰⵎⴳⵔⴰⴷ ⵓⴼⵔⵉⵏ}} }} {{ⴰⵙⴰⵜⵉ |ⴰⵣⵡⵍ = ⵜⴰⵎⴷⵉⵏⵜ ⵜⵓⴼⵔⵉⵏⵜ |ⵜⴰⵖⵣⵉ ⵏ ⵓⵣⵡⵍ = 60% |ⵜⴰⵢⴽⵓⵏⵜ = |ⴰⴽⵍⵓ ⵏ ⵓⵙⴽⴽⵉⵍ ⵏ ⵓⵣⵡⵍ = ffffff |ⴰⴽⵍⵓ ⵏ ⵜⵖⵔⴷⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵓⵣⵡⵍ = 009A00 |ⴰⴽⵍⵓ ⵏ ⵜⵖⵔⴷⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵓⵎⴰⵢⵜ = FFBE92 |ⴰⵙⵏⴼⵍ =ⴰⵡⵡⵓⵔ:ⴷⵔⴰ ⵜⴰⴼⵉⵍⴰⵍⵜ/ⵜⴰⵎⴷⵉⵏⵜ ⵜⵓⴼⵔⵉⵏⵜ |ⵜⵓⵎⴰⵢⵜ = {{:ⴰⵡⵡⵓⵔ:ⴷⵔⴰ ⵜⴰⴼⵉⵍⴰⵍⵜ/ⵜⴰⵎⴷⵉⵏⵜ ⵜⵓⴼⵔⵉⵏⵜ}} }} {{ⴰⵙⴰⵜⵉ |ⴰⵣⵡⵍ = ⴰⵡⵔⵉⴽ ⵓⴼⵔⵉⵏ |ⵜⴰⵖⵣⵉ ⵏ ⵓⵣⵡⵍ = 60% |ⵜⴰⵢⴽⵓⵏⵜ = |ⴰⴽⵍⵓ ⵏ ⵓⵙⴽⴽⵉⵍ ⵏ ⵓⵣⵡⵍ = ffffff |ⴰⴽⵍⵓ ⵏ ⵜⵖⵔⴷⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵓⵣⵡⵍ = 009A00 |ⴰⴽⵍⵓ ⵏ ⵜⵖⵔⴷⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵓⵎⴰⵢⵜ = FFBE92 |ⴰⵙⵏⴼⵍ =ⴰⵡⵡⵓⵔ:ⴷⵔⴰ ⵜⴰⴼⵉⵍⴰⵍⵜ/ⴰⵡⵔⵉⴽ ⵓⴼⵔⵉⵏ |ⵜⵓⵎⴰⵢⵜ = {{:ⴰⵡⵡⵓⵔ:ⴷⵔⴰ ⵜⴰⴼⵉⵍⴰⵍⵜ/ⴰⵡⵔⵉⴽ ⵓⴼⵔⵉⵏ}} }} {{ⴰⵙⴰⵜⵉ |ⴰⵣⵡⵍ = ⵜⴰⵡⵍⴰⴼⵜ ⵜⵓⴼⵔⵉⵏⵜ |ⵜⴰⵖⵣⵉ ⵏ ⵓⵣⵡⵍ = 60% |ⵜⴰⵢⴽⵓⵏⵜ = |ⴰⴽⵍⵓ ⵏ ⵓⵙⴽⴽⵉⵍ ⵏ ⵓⵣⵡⵍ = ffffff |ⴰⴽⵍⵓ ⵏ ⵜⵖⵔⴷⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵓⵣⵡⵍ = 009A00 |ⴰⴽⵍⵓ ⵏ ⵜⵖⵔⴷⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵓⵎⴰⵢⵜ = FFBE92 |ⴰⵙⵏⴼⵍ =ⴰⵡⵡⵓⵔ:ⴷⵔⴰ ⵜⴰⴼⵉⵍⴰⵍⵜ/ⵜⴰⵡⵍⴰⴼⵜ ⵜⵓⴼⵔⵉⵏⵜ |ⵜⵓⵎⴰⵢⵜ = {{:ⴰⵡⵡⵓⵔ:ⴷⵔⴰ ⵜⴰⴼⵉⵍⴰⵍⵜ/ⵜⴰⵡⵍⴰⴼⵜ ⵜⵓⴼⵔⵉⵏⵜ}} }} {{ⴰⵙⴰⵜⵉ |ⴰⵣⵡⵍ = ⵉⵙ ⵜⵙⵙⵏⴷ? |ⵜⴰⵖⵣⵉ ⵏ ⵓⵣⵡⵍ = 60% |ⵜⴰⵢⴽⵓⵏⵜ = |ⴰⴽⵍⵓ ⵏ ⵓⵙⴽⴽⵉⵍ ⵏ ⵓⵣⵡⵍ = ffffff |ⴰⴽⵍⵓ ⵏ ⵜⵖⵔⴷⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵓⵣⵡⵍ = 009A00 |ⴰⴽⵍⵓ ⵏ ⵜⵖⵔⴷⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵓⵎⴰⵢⵜ = FFBE92 |ⴰⵙⵏⴼⵍ =ⴰⵡⵡⵓⵔ:ⴷⵔⴰ ⵜⴰⴼⵉⵍⴰⵍⵜ/ⵉⵙ ⵜⵙⵙⵏⴷ? |ⵜⵓⵎⴰⵢⵜ = {{:ⴰⵡⵡⵓⵔ:ⴷⵔⴰ ⵜⴰⴼⵉⵍⴰⵍⵜ/ⵉⵙ ⵜⵙⵙⵏⴷ?}} }} {{ⴰⵙⴰⵜⵉ |ⴰⵣⵡⵍ = ⵉⵙⵎⵉⵍⵏ |ⵜⴰⵖⵣⵉ ⵏ ⵓⵣⵡⵍ = 60% |ⵜⴰⵢⴽⵓⵏⵜ = |ⴰⴽⵍⵓ ⵏ ⵓⵙⴽⴽⵉⵍ ⵏ ⵓⵣⵡⵍ = ffffff |ⴰⴽⵍⵓ ⵏ ⵜⵖⵔⴷⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵓⵣⵡⵍ = 009A00 |ⴰⴽⵍⵓ ⵏ ⵜⵖⵔⴷⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵓⵎⴰⵢⵜ = FFBE92 |ⴰⵙⵏⴼⵍ =ⴰⵡⵡⵓⵔ:ⴷⵔⴰ ⵜⴰⴼⵉⵍⴰⵍⵜ/ⵉⵙⵎⵉⵍⵏ |ⵜⵓⵎⴰⵢⵜ = {{:ⴰⵡⵡⵓⵔ:ⴷⵔⴰ ⵜⴰⴼⵉⵍⴰⵍⵜ/ⵉⵙⵎⵉⵍⵏ}} }} {{ⴰⵙⴰⵜⵉ |ⴰⵣⵡⵍ = ⵉⵡⵡⵓⵔⴰ ⴰⵢⵜⵎⴰⵜⵏ |ⵜⴰⵢⴽⵓⵏⵜ = |ⵜⴰⵖⵣⵉ ⵏ ⵓⵣⵡⵍ = 60% |ⴰⴽⵍⵓ ⵏ ⵓⵙⴽⴽⵉⵍ ⵏ ⵓⵣⵡⵍ = ffffff |ⴰⴽⵍⵓ ⵏ ⵜⵖⵔⴷⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵓⵣⵡⵍ = 009A00 |ⴰⴽⵍⵓ ⵏ ⵜⵖⵔⴷⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵓⵎⴰⵢⵜ = FFBE92 |ⴰⵙⵏⴼⵍ =ⴰⵡⵡⵓⵔ:ⴷⵔⴰ ⵜⴰⴼⵉⵍⴰⵍⵜ/ⵉⵡⵡⵓⵔⴰ ⴰⵢⵜⵎⴰⵜⵏ |ⵜⵓⵎⴰⵢⵜ = {{:ⴰⵡⵡⵓⵔ:ⴷⵔⴰ ⵜⴰⴼⵉⵍⴰⵍⵜ/ⵉⵡⵡⵓⵔⴰ ⴰⵢⵜⵎⴰⵜⵏ}} }} {{ⴰⵙⴰⵜⵉ |ⴰⵣⵡⵍ = ⴰⵎⴳⵔⴰⴷ ⴰⵎⴰⵢⵏⵓ |ⵜⴰⵢⴽⵓⵏⵜ = |ⵜⴰⵖⵣⵉ ⵏ ⵓⵣⵡⵍ = 60% |ⴰⴽⵍⵓ ⵏ ⵓⵙⴽⴽⵉⵍ ⵏ ⵓⵣⵡⵍ = ffffff |ⴰⴽⵍⵓ ⵏ ⵜⵖⵔⴷⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵓⵣⵡⵍ = 009A00 |ⴰⴽⵍⵓ ⵏ ⵜⵖⵔⴷⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵓⵎⴰⵢⵜ = FFBE92 |ⴰⵙⵏⴼⵍ =ⴰⵡⵡⵓⵔ:ⴷⵔⴰ ⵜⴰⴼⵉⵍⴰⵍⵜ/ⴰⵎⴳⵔⴰⴷ ⴰⵎⴰⵢⵏⵓ |ⵜⵓⵎⴰⵢⵜ = {{:ⴰⵡⵡⵓⵔ:ⴷⵔⴰ ⵜⴰⴼⵉⵍⴰⵍⵜ/ⴰⵎⴳⵔⴰⴷ ⴰⵎⴰⵢⵏⵓ}} }} {{ⴰⵙⴰⵜⵉ |ⴰⵣⵡⵍ = ⵉⵙⵏⴼⴰⵔⵏ ⴰⵢⵜⵎⴰⵜⵏ |ⵜⴰⵢⴽⵓⵏⵜ = |ⵜⴰⵖⵣⵉ ⵏ ⵓⵣⵡⵍ = 60% |ⴰⴽⵍⵓ ⵏ ⵓⵙⴽⴽⵉⵍ ⵏ ⵓⵣⵡⵍ = ffffff |ⴰⴽⵍⵓ ⵏ ⵜⵖⵔⴷⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵓⵣⵡⵍ = 009A00 |ⴰⴽⵍⵓ ⵏ ⵜⵖⵔⴷⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵓⵎⴰⵢⵜ = FFBE92 |ⴰⵙⵏⴼⵍ =ⴰⵡⵡⵓⵔ:ⴷⵔⴰ ⵜⴰⴼⵉⵍⴰⵍⵜ/ⵉⵙⵏⴼⴰⵔⵏ ⴰⵢⵜⵎⴰⵜⵏ ⵏ ⵡⵉⴽⵉⴱⵉⴷⵢⴰ |ⵜⵓⵎⴰⵢⵜ = {{:ⴰⵡⵡⵓⵔ:ⴷⵔⴰ ⵜⴰⴼⵉⵍⴰⵍⵜ/ⵉⵙⵏⴼⴰⵔⵏ ⴰⵢⵜⵎⴰⵜⵏ ⵏ ⵡⵉⴽⵉⴱⵉⴷⵢⴰ}} }} ==ⵉⵙⴰⵖⵓⵍⵏ== {{ⵉⵙⴰⵖⵓⵍⵏ}} {{ⴰⴱⴰⴹ ⵓⵏⵜⵉⵎ}} {{ⴰⵙⵎⵉⵍ|ⴰⵡⵡⵓⵔ}} c8pi2aqnsmqwwwe7zppnfziav63nl8l 0 3265 175966 157905 2026-05-04T12:21:36Z BihiBot 2406 ⴽⴽⵙⵖ ⴰⵍⴱⵓⴹ ⵏ ⵜⵏⵟⵟⵓⴼⵜ 175966 wikitext text/x-wiki {{ⵉⵙⵏⴼⴰⵔⵏ ⴰⵢⵜⵎⴰⵜⵏ ⵏ ⵡⵉⴽⵉⴱⵉⴷⵢⴰ}} ==ⵉⵙⴰⵖⵓⵍⵏ== {{ⵉⵙⴰⵖⵓⵍⵏ}} {{ⴰⴱⴰⴹ ⵓⵏⵜⵉⵎ}} 1jcljge4vpck3xelo9dm246d5c3wled 0 3266 175960 157897 2026-05-04T12:20:36Z BihiBot 2406 ⴽⴽⵙⵖ ⴰⵍⴱⵓⴹ ⵏ ⵜⵏⵟⵟⵓⴼⵜ 175960 wikitext text/x-wiki <center><div style="font-family:Linux Libertine, Georgia, serif; font-size: 1.1em;padding:10px 0 5px 0;" class="plainlinks">ⴰⵡⵙ ⴳ ⵓⵙⴱⵓⵖⵍⵓ ⵏ ⵡⵉⴽⵉⴱⴷⵉⴰ ⵙ [[ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵜ ⵜⴰⵏⴰⵡⴰⵢⵜ|ⵜⵓⵜⵍⴰⵢⵜ ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵜ ⵜⴰⵏⴰⵡⴰⵢⵜ]], ⵎⴰⵛⴰ ⵣⵔⴽ ⵙ ⵓⵢⵏⵏⴰ ⵎⵉ ⵜⵓⴼⵉⴷ ⵉⵍⵓⴳⴰⵏ ⵏ [[ⴰⵙⵉⵏⴰⴳ ⴰⴳⵍⴷⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵓⵙⵙⵏⴰ ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵜ|ⵓⵙⵉⵏⴰⴳ ⴰⴳⵍⴷⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵓⵙⵙⵏⴰ ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵜ]]. ⵎⴽ ⵜⵓⴼⵉⴷ, ⵜⵜⴰⵔⴰ ⵙ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⵓⵜⵍⴰⵢⵜ ⵉⵙⵎⴰⵏⵏ ⴳⵔ ⵜⵎⵣⴰⵔⴰⵢⵉⵏ ⵜⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵉⵏ ⴰⴽⴽⵯ ⵏ [[ⴰⵎⵓⵔ ⵏ ⵡⴰⴽⵓⵛ]].<br/> ⵎⴽ ⵓⵔ ⵜⵙⵙⵉⵏⴷ ⴽⵔⴰ ⵏ ⵜⵖⴰⵡⵙⴰ ⵏⵖ ⵜⵓⵙⵔⴷ ⵜⵉⵡⵉⵙⵉ, ⵥⵕ [[ⵜⵉⵡⵉⵙⵉ:ⵜⵓⵎⴰⵢⵉⵏ|ⵜⴰⵙⵏⴰ ⵏ ⵜⵡⵉⵙⵉ]] ⵏⵖ ⵜⵙⵇⵙⴰⴷ ⵉⵏⵙⵙⵎⵔⵙⵏ ⵢⴰⴹⵏⵉⵏ ⴳ [[ⴰⵡⵡⵓⵔ:ⵜⵉⵡⵉⵙⵉ|ⵡⴰⵡⵡⵓⵔ ⵏ ⵜⵡⵉⵙⵉ]]</div> {{#tag:inputbox | type=create width=20 bgcolor= brcolor=#333 break=yes preload=Template:Standard content for new page editintro=Template:Instructions default= buttonlabel = ⵔⵏⵓ ⴰⵎⴳⵔⴰⴷ ⴰⵎⴰⵢⵏⵓ ✓ }}</center> </div> ==ⵉⵙⴰⵖⵓⵍⵏ== {{ⵉⵙⴰⵖⵓⵍⵏ}} {{ⴰⴱⴰⴹ ⵓⵏⵜⵉⵎ}} h5awippk24qwdo0eni4e5vbiq9gumfk 0 3267 175962 153604 2026-05-04T12:21:03Z BihiBot 2406 ⴽⴽⵙⵖ ⴰⵍⴱⵓⴹ ⵏ ⵜⵏⵟⵟⵓⴼⵜ 175962 wikitext text/x-wiki ==ⵉⵙⴰⵖⵓⵍⵏ== *'''ⴰⵙⴳⵣⴰⵡⴰⵍ ⵏ [[ⴰⵙⵉⵏⴰⴳ ⴰⴳⵍⴷⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵓⵙⵙⵏⴰ ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵜ]](ⵙ.ⴳ.ⵙ.ⵎ) :''' [[ⵎⵙⵎⵓⵏ ⴰⵡⴰⵍ ⴰⵎⴰⵜⴰⵢ ⴰⵙⵏⵎⴰⵍⴰⵢ ⵏ ⵜⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵜ]] (ⵎ.ⵎ.ⵙ.ⵎ) {{ⵉⵙⴰⵖⵓⵍⵏ}} {{ⴰⴱⴰⴹ ⵓⵏⵜⵉⵎ}} l7wqft48aq884z6rvp743l2p6j3vn1h 0 3268 175968 157910 2026-05-04T12:21:56Z BihiBot 2406 ⴽⴽⵙⵖ ⴰⵍⴱⵓⴹ ⵏ ⵜⵏⵟⵟⵓⴼⵜ 175968 wikitext text/x-wiki [[File:Kasbah Taourirt in Ouarzazate 2011.jpg|thumb|center|400px]] <center>'''[[ⵡⴰⵔⵣⴰⵣⴰⵜ]]''' (ⵙ ⵜⵄⵕⴰⴱⵜ: ''ورزازات'') (ⵙ ⵜⴼⵕⴰⵏⵚⵉⵚⵜ: ''Ouarzazate'') ⵜⴳⴰ ⵜⴰⵎⴷⵉⵏⵜ ⵉⵍⵍⴰⵏ ⴳ ⵓⵏⵥⵓⵍ ⴰⴳⵎⵓⴹⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵡⴰⵎⵓⵔ ⵏ ⵡⴰⴽⵓⵛ ([[ⴰⵙⴰⵎⵎⵔ]]). ⵜⴻⵜⵜⵡⴰⵙⵙⵏ ⴽⵉⴳⴰⵏ ⵙ ⵉⵙⵜⵓⴷⵢⵓⵜⵏ ⵏ ⵙⵉⵏⵉⵎⴰ, ⵉⵖⵔⵎⴰⵏ ⴷ ⵜⵉⴼⴼⵓⵍⵜⵓⵜ. ⵇⵇⴰⵔⵏ ⴰⵙ ⵜⴰⵡⵡⵓⵔⵜ ⵏ ⵜⵏⵣⵔⵓⴼⵜ. ⴰⵏⴰⵎⴽ ⵏ ⵡⴰⵔⵣⴰⵣⴰⵜ ⴳ ⵜⵓⵜⵍⴰⵢⵜ ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵜ ⵉⴳⴰ ⵜ ⴷⵉⵏⵏⴰ ⴳ ⵓⵔ ⵉⵍⵍⵉ ⵡⴰⵇⵇⵓⵔ. ⵙ ⵜⵉⴷⵜ ⵜⴳⴰ ⵜⵖⵔⵎⵜ ⴰ ⵜⴰⴼⴰⵍⴽⴰⵢⵜ ⵙ ⵎⴷⴷⵏ ⵏⵏⵙ ⴷ ⵉⵙⴰⵏⴰⵢⵏ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵏⵏⴰ ⴷ ⵉⵍⴷⴷⵉⵏ ⴽⵉⴳⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵉⵎⴰⵍⵍⴰⵢⵏ ⴽⵓ ⴰⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙ.</center> ==ⵉⵙⴰⵖⵓⵍⵏ== {{ⵉⵙⴰⵖⵓⵍⵏ}} {{ⴰⴱⴰⴹ ⵓⵏⵜⵉⵎ}} 7trrgnxk3vd27gvsswdkpcf5zf4gexj 0 3277 176011 157963 2026-05-04T12:31:59Z BihiBot 2406 ⴽⴽⵙⵖ ⴰⵍⴱⵓⴹ ⵏ ⵜⵏⵟⵟⵓⴼⵜ 176011 wikitext text/x-wiki <center></center> {| width="100%" style="background:none;" | valign="top" width="20%" | '''ⵉⵡⵡⵓⵔⴰ ⵏ ⵜⵎⵏⴰⴹⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵓⴳⴰⴼⴰⵢ''' [[ⴰⴼⴰⵢⵍⵓ:Flag of Tanger province (1976-1997).svg|border|20px|link=]] [[ⴰⵡⵡⵓⵔ:ⵟⴰⵏⵊⴰ ⵜⵉⵟⵟⴰⵡⵉⵏ ⵍⵃⵓⵙⵉⵎⴰ|ⵟⴰⵏⵊⴰ ⵜⵉⵟⵟⴰⵡⵉⵏ ⵍⵃⵓⵙⵉⵎⴰ]] [[ⴰⴼⴰⵢⵍⵓ:Flag of Oujda province.svg|border|20px|link=]] [[ⴰⵡⵡⵓⵔ:ⴰⴳⵎⵓⴹ ⴰⵎⵖⵔⵉⴱⵉ|ⴰⴳⵎⵓⴹ ⴰⵎⵖⵔⵉⴱⵉ]] [[ⴰⴼⴰⵢⵍⵓ:Flag of Fes province.svg|border|20px|link=]] [[ⴰⵡⵡⵓⵔ:ⴼⴰⵙ ⵎⴽⵏⴰⵙ|ⴼⴰⵙ ⵎⴽⵏⴰⵙ]] [[ⴰⴼⴰⵢⵍⵓ:Flag of Rabat Sale province.svg|border|20px|link=]] [[ⴰⵡⵡⵓⵔ: ⵕⵕⴱⴰⵟ ⵙⵍⴰ ⵇⵏⵉⵟⵔⴰ|ⵕⵕⴱⴰⵟ ⵙⵍⴰ ⵇⵏⵉⵟⵔⴰ]] | valign="top" width="20%" | '''ⵉⵡⵡⵓⵔⴰ ⵏ ⵜⵎⵏⴰⴹⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵡⴰⵎⵎⴰⵙ''' [[ⴰⴼⴰⵢⵍⵓ:Flag of Beni Mellal province (1976-1997).svg|border|20px|link=]] [[ⴰⵡⵡⵓⵔ:ⴱⵏⵉ ⵎⵍⵍⴰⵍ ⵅⵏⵉⴼⵔⴰ|ⴱⵏⵉ ⵎⵍⵍⴰⵍ ⵅⵏⵉⴼⵔⴰ]] [[ⴰⴼⴰⵢⵍⵓ:Flag of Casablanca province.svg|border|20px|link=]] [[ⴰⵡⵡⵓⵔ:ⵜⴰⴷⴷⴰⵔⵜ ⵜⵓⵎⵍⵉⵍⵜ ⵥⵟⵟⴰⵜ|ⵜⴰⴷⴷⴰⵔⵜ ⵜⵓⵎⵍⵉⵍⵜ ⵥⵟⵟⴰⵜ]] [[ⴰⴼⴰⵢⵍⵓ:Flag of Marrakech-Safi Region.svg|border|20px|link=]] [[ⴰⵡⵡⵓⵔ:ⵎⵕⵕⴰⴽⵛ ⴰⵙⴼⵉ|ⵎⵕⵕⴰⴽⵛ ⴰⵙⴼⵉ]] [[ⴰⴼⴰⵢⵍⵓ:Flag of Er Rachidia province (1976-1997).svg|border|20px|link=]] [[ⴰⵡⵡⵓⵔ:ⴷⵔⴰ ⵜⴰⴼⵉⵍⴰⵍⵜ|ⴷⵔⴰ ⵜⴰⴼⵉⵍⴰⵍⵜ]] | valign="top" width="20%" | '''ⵉⵡⵡⵓⵔⴰ ⵏ ⵜⵎⵏⴰⴹⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵉⴼⴼⵓⵙ''' [[ⴰⴼⴰⵢⵍⵓ:Flag of Agadir province (1976-1997).svg|border|20px|link=]] [[ⴰⵡⵡⵓⵔ:ⵙⵓⵙ ⵎⴰⵙⵙⵜ|ⵙⵓⵙ ⵎⴰⵙⵙⵜ]] [[ⴰⴼⴰⵢⵍⵓ:Flag of Guelmim province.svg|border|20px|link=]] [[ⴰⵡⵡⵓⵔ:ⴳⵍⵎⵉⵎ ⵡⴰⴷ ⵏⵓⵏ|ⴳⵍⵎⵉⵎ ⵡⴰⴷ ⵏⵓⵏ]] [[ⴰⴼⴰⵢⵍⵓ:Flag of Laayoune province.svg|border|20px|link=]] [[ⴰⵡⵡⵓⵔ:ⵍⵄⵢⵓⵏ ⵜⴰⵔⴳⴰ ⵜⴰⵣⴳⴳⵯⴰⵖⵜ|ⵍⵄⵢⵓⵏ ⵜⴰⵔⴳⴰ ⵜⴰⵣⴳⴳⵯⴰⵖⵜ]] [[ⴰⴼⴰⵢⵍⵓ:Flag of Dakhla province (1976-1997).svg|border|20px|link=]] [[ⴰⵡⵡⵓⵔ:ⴷⴷⴰⵅⵍⴰ ⵡⴰⴷ ⴷⴷⴰⵀⴰⴱ|ⴷⴷⴰⵅⵍⴰ ⵡⴰⴷ ⴷⴷⴰⵀⴰⴱ]] |} ==ⵉⵙⴰⵖⵓⵍⵏ== {{ⵉⵙⴰⵖⵓⵍⵏ}} {{ⴰⴱⴰⴹ ⵓⵏⵜⵉⵎ}} 9qd8trnoqsdktjqxsav48j1ld8khomf 0 3278 175967 157907 2026-05-04T12:21:53Z BihiBot 2406 ⴽⴽⵙⵖ ⴰⵍⴱⵓⴹ ⵏ ⵜⵏⵟⵟⵓⴼⵜ 175967 wikitext text/x-wiki <center></center> {| width="100%" style="background:none;" | valign="top" width="20%" | '''ⵉⵡⵡⵓⵔⴰ ⵏ ⵜⵎⵏⴰⴹⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵓⴳⴰⴼⴰⵢ''' [[ⴰⴼⴰⵢⵍⵓ:Flag of Tanger province (1976-1997).svg|border|20px|link=]] [[ⴰⵡⵡⵓⵔ:ⵟⴰⵏⵊⴰ ⵜⵉⵟⵟⴰⵡⵉⵏ ⵍⵃⵓⵙⵉⵎⴰ|ⵟⴰⵏⵊⴰ ⵜⵉⵟⵟⴰⵡⵉⵏ ⵍⵃⵓⵙⵉⵎⴰ]] [[ⴰⴼⴰⵢⵍⵓ:Flag of Oujda province.svg|border|20px|link=]] [[ⴰⵡⵡⵓⵔ:ⴰⴳⵎⵓⴹ ⴰⵎⵖⵔⵉⴱⵉ|ⴰⴳⵎⵓⴹ ⴰⵎⵖⵔⵉⴱⵉ]] [[ⴰⴼⴰⵢⵍⵓ:Flag of Fes province.svg|border|20px|link=]] [[ⴰⵡⵡⵓⵔ:ⴼⴰⵙ ⵎⴽⵏⴰⵙ|ⴼⴰⵙ ⵎⴽⵏⴰⵙ]] [[ⴰⴼⴰⵢⵍⵓ:Flag of Rabat Sale province.svg|border|20px|link=]] [[ⴰⵡⵡⵓⵔ: ⵕⵕⴱⴰⵟ ⵙⵍⴰ ⵇⵏⵉⵟⵔⴰ|ⵕⵕⴱⴰⵟ ⵙⵍⴰ ⵇⵏⵉⵟⵔⴰ]] | valign="top" width="20%" | '''ⵉⵡⵡⵓⵔⴰ ⵏ ⵜⵎⵏⴰⴹⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵡⴰⵎⵎⴰⵙ''' [[ⴰⴼⴰⵢⵍⵓ:Flag of Beni Mellal province (1976-1997).svg|border|20px|link=]] [[ⴰⵡⵡⵓⵔ:ⴱⵏⵉ ⵎⵍⵍⴰⵍ ⵅⵏⵉⴼⵔⴰ|ⴱⵏⵉ ⵎⵍⵍⴰⵍ ⵅⵏⵉⴼⵔⴰ]] [[ⴰⴼⴰⵢⵍⵓ:Flag of Casablanca province.svg|border|20px|link=]] [[ⴰⵡⵡⵓⵔ:ⵜⴰⴷⴷⴰⵔⵜ ⵜⵓⵎⵍⵉⵍⵜ ⵥⵟⵟⴰⵜ|ⵜⴰⴷⴷⴰⵔⵜ ⵜⵓⵎⵍⵉⵍⵜ ⵥⵟⵟⴰⵜ]] [[ⴰⴼⴰⵢⵍⵓ:Flag of Marrakech-Safi Region.svg|border|20px|link=]] [[ⴰⵡⵡⵓⵔ:ⵎⵕⵕⴰⴽⵛ ⴰⵙⴼⵉ|ⵎⵕⵕⴰⴽⵛ ⴰⵙⴼⵉ]] [[ⴰⴼⴰⵢⵍⵓ:Flag of Er Rachidia province (1976-1997).svg|border|20px|link=]] [[ⴰⵡⵡⵓⵔ:ⴷⵔⴰ ⵜⴰⴼⵉⵍⴰⵍⵜ|ⴷⵔⴰ ⵜⴰⴼⵉⵍⴰⵍⵜ]] | valign="top" width="20%" | '''ⵉⵡⵡⵓⵔⴰ ⵏ ⵜⵎⵏⴰⴹⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵉⴼⴼⵓⵙ''' [[ⴰⴼⴰⵢⵍⵓ:Flag of Agadir province (1976-1997).svg|border|20px|link=]] [[ⴰⵡⵡⵓⵔ:ⵙⵓⵙ ⵎⴰⵙⵙⵜ|ⵙⵓⵙ ⵎⴰⵙⵙⵜ]] [[ⴰⴼⴰⵢⵍⵓ:Flag of Guelmim province.svg|border|20px|link=]] [[ⴰⵡⵡⵓⵔ:ⴳⵍⵎⵉⵎ ⵡⴰⴷ ⵏⵓⵏ|ⴳⵍⵎⵉⵎ ⵡⴰⴷ ⵏⵓⵏ]] [[ⴰⴼⴰⵢⵍⵓ:Flag of Laayoune province.svg|border|20px|link=]] [[ⴰⵡⵡⵓⵔ:ⵍⵄⵢⵓⵏ ⵜⴰⵔⴳⴰ ⵜⴰⵣⴳⴳⵯⴰⵖⵜ|ⵍⵄⵢⵓⵏ ⵜⴰⵔⴳⴰ ⵜⴰⵣⴳⴳⵯⴰⵖⵜ]] [[ⴰⴼⴰⵢⵍⵓ:Flag of Dakhla province (1976-1997).svg|border|20px|link=]] [[ⴰⵡⵡⵓⵔ:ⴷⴷⴰⵅⵍⴰ ⵡⴰⴷ ⴷⴷⴰⵀⴰⴱ|ⴷⴷⴰⵅⵍⴰ ⵡⴰⴷ ⴷⴷⴰⵀⴰⴱ]] |} ==ⵉⵙⴰⵖⵓⵍⵏ== {{ⵉⵙⴰⵖⵓⵍⵏ}} {{ⴰⴱⴰⴹ ⵓⵏⵜⵉⵎ}} 9qd8trnoqsdktjqxsav48j1ld8khomf 0 3279 175970 157914 2026-05-04T12:22:16Z BihiBot 2406 ⴽⴽⵙⵖ ⴰⵍⴱⵓⴹ ⵏ ⵜⵏⵟⵟⵓⴼⵜ 175970 wikitext text/x-wiki '''[[ⵜⴰⵎⵏⴰⴹⵜ ⵏ ⴷⵔⴰ ⵜⴰⴼⵉⵍⴰⵍⵜ|ⴷⵔⴰ ⵜⴰⴼⵉⵍⴰⵍⵜ]]''' ⵜⴳⴰ ⵜⴰⵙⴳⴰ ⴳ 12 ⵜⴰⵙⴳⵉⵡⵉⵏ ⵏ [[ⵍⵎⵖⵔⵉⴱ|ⵡⴰⵎⵓⵔ ⵏ ⵡⴰⴽⵓⵛ]] ⴳ ⵓⴱⵟⵟⵓ ⴰⵙⴳⴰⵡⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵓⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙ 2975/2015, ⵜⵓⵎⴰ ⵜⵉⵙⴳⴳⵯⵉⵏ ⵏ ⴷⵔⴰ ⵏ ⵜⵎⵏⴰⴹⵜ ⵜⴰⵣⴰⵢⴽⵓⵜ ⵏ ⵙⵓⵙ ⵎⴰⵙⵙⵜ ⴷⵔⴰ, ⴷ ⵜⵙⴳⴳⵯⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵜⴼⵉⵍⴰⵍⵜ ⵏ ⵜⵎⵏⴰⴹⵜ ⵜⴰⵣⴰⵢⴽⵓⵜ ⵎⴽⵏⴰⵙ ⵜⴰⴼⵉⵍⴰⵍⵜ. ⵜⵍⵍⴰ ⴳ ⵉⴼⴼⵓⵙ ⵏ ⵡⴰⵟⵍⴰⵚ, ⵜⴻⵜⵜⵡⴰⵙⵙⵏ ⵜⵎⵏⴰⴹⵜ ⴷⴷⵖ ⵙ ⵜⴱⴱⴰⵢⴹⴰⵕⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵡⵏⵏⴰⴹⵜ ⵜⵉⵅⴰⵜⴰⵔⵉⵏ, ⴷⵉⴽⵙ ⵜⴰⴷⵔⵙⵉ ⵏ ⵉⵙⵓⴳⴰⵎ ⵉⴳⴰⵎⴰⵜⵏ (ⵉⴳⴰⵎⵉⵡⵏ), ⴳ ⵉⴷⵖⴰⵔⵏ ⵉⵎⵉⵔⵉⵡⵏ ⴳ ⵜⵙⴳⴳⵯⵉⵏ ⴳ ⴷⵔⵓⵙⵏ ⵉⵎⴷⴰⵏⵏ. ⵜⵓⵎⴰ ⵜⵎⵏⴰⴹⵜ ⵉⴷⵔⴰⵔⵏ ⵏ ⵡⴰⵟⵍⴰⵚ ⴷ ⵡⵓⴳⴳⴰⵔ ⵏⵖ ⴷ ⵉⵎⵉⴽⴽ ⵏ ⵡⵓⵔⵜⴰⵏ ⴷ ⵉⴷⵖⴰⵔⵏ ⵉⵎⵙⴽⵓⵔⵏ. ==ⵉⵙⴰⵖⵓⵍⵏ== {{ⵉⵙⴰⵖⵓⵍⵏ}} {{ⴰⴱⴰⴹ ⵓⵏⵜⵉⵎ}} k8trlkvbg8p8zxdy5jq136aabd3ceb8 0 3320 175963 157900 2026-05-04T12:21:06Z BihiBot 2406 ⴽⴽⵙⵖ ⴰⵍⴱⵓⴹ ⵏ ⵜⵏⵟⵟⵓⴼⵜ 175963 wikitext text/x-wiki '''[[ⵄⵓⵎⴰⵔ ⵣⴰⵏⵉⴼⵉ]]''' ⵉⵍⵓⵍ ⴳ ⵡⴰⵙⵙ ⵏ [[18 ⵢⵓⵏⵢⵓ]] 1976 ⴷⵉ ⵜⵎⴰⵣⵉⵔⵜ ⵏ [[ⵜⵉⵏⵎⵉⵡⵍ]], [[ⴰⵙⵉⴼ ⵏ ⴷⴰⴷⵙ]], [[ⵡⴰⵔⵣⴰⵣⴰⵜ]] ⴳ ⵉⴼⴼⵓⵙ ⴰⴳⵎⵓⴹⴰⵏ ([[ⴰⵎⵓⵔ ⵏ ⵡⴰⴽⵓⵛ|ⴰⵎⵖⵔⵉⴱⵉ]]). ⵉⴳⴰ ⴰⵎⵖⵏⴰⵙ ⴰⵎⵇⵔⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵜⴷⵍⵙⴰ ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵜ, ⴰⵎⴷⵢⴰⵣ, ⴰⵎⴰⵔⵓ, ⴰⵏⵖⵎⴰⵙ ⴷ ⵍⵎⴰⵏⴰⴳⵉⵔ ⵏ ⵉⵎⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵙⴰⵖⵔⵓ ⵏⵖ [[ⵙⴰⵖⵔⵓ ⴱⴰⵏⴷ]], ⵡⵉⵏ ⵜⵔⴰⴱⴱⵓⵜ ⵏ [[ⵎⴰⵍⵍⴰⵍ]] . ⵉⴳⴰ ⴰⵡⴷ ⵍⵎⴰⵏⴰⵊⵉⵔ ⴳ ⵜⴰⵎⵓⵔⵜ ⵏ [[ⵍⵎⵖⵔⵉⴱ]] ⵉ «ⵎⴰⵍⵉⴽ ⵎⵉ/Malek mé» ⴷ «ⵊⴰⵏⵉⵙ ⵀⴰⵔⵉⵏⴳⵜⵓⵏ/Janice Harrington». ⵄⵓⵎⴰⵔ ⵣⴰⵏⵉⴼⵉ ⵉⴳⴰ ⴰⵡⴷ ⴰⵏⵖⵎⴰⵙ ⴷⴰ ⵉⵜⵜⴰⵔⴰ ⴳ ⵡⴰⵟⵟⴰⵙ ⵏ ⴰⵖⵎⵉⵙⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵜ ⴰⵎ [[ⴰⵖⵎⵉⵙ ⵏ ⵜⴰⵡⵉⵣⴰ]], ⴰⵎⴰⴹⴰⵍ ⴰⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖ, ⴰⴳⵔⴰⵡ ⴰⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖ, Amazigh Voice, ⵜⴰⵣⵉⵔⵉ, ⴰⵔ ⵉⵜⵜⴰⵔⴰ ⵉⵏⵖⵎⵉⵙⵏ, ⵉⵎⴳⵔⴰⴷⵏ ⵙ ⴽⴽⵓⵣ ⵏ ⵜⵓⵜⵍⴰⵢⵉⵏ ⵙⴳ ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵜ ,ⴷ ⵜⴰⵄⵕⴰⴱⵜ ⴰⵡⴰⵍ ⵏ ⵜⵉⵏⵎⵎⵍ ⴳ ⵜⴰⵎⵓⵔⵜ ⵏ ⵍⵎⵖⵔⵉⴱ, [[ⵜⵓⵜⵍⴰⵢⵜ ⵜⴰⴼⵕⴰⵏⵚⵉⵚⵜ]] ⴷ [[ⵜⵓⵜⵍⴰⵢⵜ ⵜⴰⵏⴳⵍⵉⵣⵜ]] ⵏⵏⴰ ⵙ ⵉⵖⵔⴰ ⴳ ⵜⵙⴷⴰⵡⵉⵜ ⴷ ⵓⵙⵉⵏⴰⵏ. ⵢⴰⵔⴰ ⴰⵟⵟⴰⵙ ⵏ ⵉⴷⵍⵉⵙⵏ ⵏⵏⴰ ⵉⵙⵓⵍⵏ ⵓⵔ ⵜⴰ ⴼⴼⵓⵖⵏ ⵖⵔ ⵓⴳⴰⴷⴰⵣ. ⵢⴰⵔⴰ ⴰⵡⴷ ⴰⵟⵟⴰⵙ ⵏ ⵉⵎⴳⵔⴰⴷⵏ ⴳ ⵉⵏⵙⴰⵜⵏ ⵏ ⵓⵏⵜⵉⵔⵏⵉⵜ ⴰⵎ ==ⵉⵙⴰⵖⵓⵍⵏ== {{ⵉⵙⴰⵖⵓⵍⵏ}} {{ⴰⴱⴰⴹ ⵓⵏⵜⵉⵎ}} j42c2xdl9rup5r58lp8r518ecgysd8e 0 3321 175965 153610 2026-05-04T12:21:26Z BihiBot 2406 ⴽⴽⵙⵖ ⴰⵍⴱⵓⴹ ⵏ ⵜⵏⵟⵟⵓⴼⵜ 175965 wikitext text/x-wiki <div class="reflist4" style="height: 150px; overflow: auto; padding: 4px" > <categorytree mode=pages showcount="off">ⵜⴰⵎⵏⴰⴹⵜ ⵏ ⴷⵔⴰ ⵜⴰⴼⵉⵍⴰⵍⵜ</categorytree> </div></div > ==ⵉⵙⴰⵖⵓⵍⵏ== *'''ⴰⵙⴳⵣⴰⵡⴰⵍ ⵏ [[ⴰⵙⵉⵏⴰⴳ ⴰⴳⵍⴷⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵓⵙⵙⵏⴰ ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵜ]](ⵙ.ⴳ.ⵙ.ⵎ) :''' [[ⵎⵙⵎⵓⵏ ⴰⵡⴰⵍ ⴰⵎⴰⵜⴰⵢ ⴰⵙⵏⵎⴰⵍⴰⵢ ⵏ ⵜⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵜ]] (ⵎ.ⵎ.ⵙ.ⵎ) {{ⵉⵙⴰⵖⵓⵍⵏ}} {{ⴰⴱⴰⴹ ⵓⵏⵜⵉⵎ}} sr1x2c8wx3ix7c9cwe9kegnyh7sidap 0 3324 175964 157903 2026-05-04T12:21:16Z BihiBot 2406 ⴽⴽⵙⵖ ⴰⵍⴱⵓⴹ ⵏ ⵜⵏⵟⵟⵓⴼⵜ 175964 wikitext text/x-wiki [[File:Atlas Studio columns set (17690883312).jpg|250px|right]] *'''ⵉⵙ ⵜⵙⵙⵏⴷ ''' ⵎⴰⵙ ⵜⴳⴰ '''[[ⵉⵎⵜⵖⵔⵏ]]''' ⵜⴰⵎⴷⵉⵏⵜ ⵜⴰⵎⵙⵢⴰⴼⵓⵜ ⵜⴰⵎⵣⵡⴰⵔⵓⵜ ⵏ [[ⵜⵉⵢⵏⵉ]] ⴳ [[ⴰⵎⵓⵔ ⵏ ⵡⴰⴽⵓⵛ|ⵡⴰⵎⵓⵔ ⵏ ⵡⴰⴽⵓⵛ]] *'''ⵉⵙ ⵜⵙⵙⵏⴷ ''' ⵎⴰⵙ'ⴷ ⴰⵙⵜⵓⴷⵢⵓ ⴰⴳⴰⵎⴰⵏ ⵍⵍⵉ ⴰⴽⴽⵯ ⵉⵎⵇⵇⵓⵔⵏ ⴳ [[ⵉⴼⵔⵉⵇⵢⴰ]] ⵉⵍⵍⴰ ⴳ ⵜⵎⴷⵉⵏⵜ ⵏ [[ⵡⴰⵔⵣⴰⵣⴰⵜ]] ⴷ ⵉⴳⴰ ⵡⵉⵙⵙ [[4|ⴽⴽⵓⵥ]] ⴳ ⵓⵎⴰⴹⴰⵍ, ⵡⴰⵔⵣⴰⵣⴰⵜ ⵖⵓⵔⵙ ⵉⵙⵎ ⵢⴰⴹⵏ ⵉⵥⵍⵉⵏ ⵙ ⵎⴰⵢⴰ ⵍⵍⵉ ⵜ ⵉⴳⴰⵏ «ⵀⵓⵍⵉⵢⵓⴷ ⵏ ⵉⴼⵔⵉⵇⵢⴰ» ==ⵉⵙⴰⵖⵓⵍⵏ== {{ⵉⵙⴰⵖⵓⵍⵏ}} {{ⴰⴱⴰⴹ ⵓⵏⵜⵉⵎ}} dno4lk14seiel302tsg4790machl8hy 0 3325 175969 157912 2026-05-04T12:22:06Z BihiBot 2406 ⴽⴽⵙⵖ ⴰⵍⴱⵓⴹ ⵏ ⵜⵏⵟⵟⵓⴼⵜ 175969 wikitext text/x-wiki [[File:Sunset33.jpg|thumb|400px]] <div class="center">«ⵜⴰⵡⵍⴰⴼⵜ ⵏ ⵓⵖⵍⵍⵓⵢ ⵏ ⵜⴰⴼⵓⵢⵜ ⵙⴳ ⵜⵎⴷⵉⵏⵜ ⵏ '''[[ⵉⵎⵜⵖⵔⵏ]]'''»</div> ==ⵉⵙⴰⵖⵓⵍⵏ== {{ⵉⵙⴰⵖⵓⵍⵏ}} {{ⴰⴱⴰⴹ ⵓⵏⵜⵉⵎ}} dxo0jjdyh208y3utok7nrxexwm7wt8v 0 3327 175961 157898 2026-05-04T12:20:46Z BihiBot 2406 ⴽⴽⵙⵖ ⴰⵍⴱⵓⴹ ⵏ ⵜⵏⵟⵟⵓⴼⵜ 175961 wikitext text/x-wiki [[ⴰⴼⴰⵢⵍⵓ:Vallee-des-roses.jpg|thumb|center|350px|ⵓⵙⵓⵏ ⵏ ⴱⵓⵜⵖⵔⴰⵔ ⵉⵍⵍⴰⵏ ⴳ ⵡⴰⵙⵉⴼ ⵏ ⵉⵊⴷⴷⵉⴳⵏ]] '''[[ⴰⵙⵉⴼ ⵏ ⵉⵊⴷⴷⵉⴳⵏ]]''' ⵏⵖ '''ⴰⵙⵉⴼ ⴰⵎⴳⵓⵏ''' (ⵙ [[ⵜⵓⵜⵍⴰⵢⵜ ⵜⴰⴼⵔⴰⵏⵙⵉⵙⵜ|ⵜⴼⵕⴰⵏⵚⵉⵚⵜ]]: ''vallé des roses''), ⴷ ⴰⵙⵉⴼ ⵉⵍⵍⴰⵏ ⴷⵉ ⵜⵎⵓⵔⵜ ⵏ [[ⴰⵎⵔⵔⵓⴽ|ⵓⵎⵔⵔⵓⴽ]] ⴳ ⵜⵎⵏⴰⴹⵜ ⵏ [[ⴷⵔⴰ ⵜⴰⴼⵉⵍⴰⵍⵜ]] ⴷⵉ [[ⵜⴰⵙⴳⴰ ⵏ ⵜⵉⵏⵖⵉⵔ]]. ⵉⵣⵔⵉ ⴳ [[3|ⴽⵕⴰⴹⵜ]] ⵜⵖⵉⵡⴰⵏⵉⵏ: "[[ⵉⵖⵉⵍ ⵏ ⵓⵎⴳⵓⵏ]]", "[[ⴰⵢⵜ ⵡⴰⵙⵉⴼ]]" ⴷ [[ⵜⴰⵎⴷⵉⵏⵜ ⵏ ⵉⵎⴳⵓⵏⵏ|ⵜⵖⵔⵎⵜ ⵏ ⵉⵎⴳⵓⵏⵏ]]. ⴳⴰⵏ ⴰⵙ ⵉⵙⵎ ⴰⴷ ⴰⵛⴽⵓ ⴰⵙⵉⴼ ⴰⴷ ⵉⵜⵜⵢⵙⵙⵏ ⵙ ⵉⵊⴷⴷⵉⴳⵏ ⵏⵏⴰ ⴳ ⵜⵜⵢⵉⵙⴽⵉⵔⵏⵜ ⵜⵓⴳⵜⵜ ⵏ ⵜⵖⴰⵡⵙⵉⵡⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵓⵙⵖⵓⵙ ⴷ ⵓⵙⵉⵊⵊⵉ. ⴽⵓ ⴰⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙ, ⴳ ⵡⴰⵢⵢⵓⵔ ⵏ [[ⵎⴰⵢⵢⵓ]], ⴷⴰ ⵜⵙⵏⵎⵉⵍⵉ ⵜⵖⵔⵎⵜ ⵏ ⵉⵎⴳⵓⵏⵏ ⴰⴳⴷⵓⴷ ⵏ ⵉⵊⴷⴷⵉⴳⵏ,ⵏⵏⴰ ⴳ ⵉⵜⵜⵉⵍⵉ ⵓⵥⴰⵡⴰⵏ ⴷ ⵉⵙⴼⵙⴰⵔⵏ ⵏⵏⴰ ⵉⵣⴷⵉⵏ ⵙ ⵉⵊⴷⴷⵉⴳⵏ. ==ⵉⵙⴰⵖⵓⵍⵏ== {{ⵉⵙⴰⵖⵓⵍⵏ}} {{ⴰⴱⴰⴹ ⵓⵏⵜⵉⵎ}} fbhbkqg4ksz5lpimasxq12x7d8g24g3 0 3351 175948 157877 2026-05-04T12:18:36Z BihiBot 2406 ⴽⴽⵙⵖ ⴰⵍⴱⵓⴹ ⵏ ⵜⵏⵟⵟⵓⴼⵜ 175948 wikitext text/x-wiki {{ⵉⵙⵕⵥⴰⵎ ⵏ ⵡⴰⵡⵡⵓⵔ |ⴱⵏⵉ ⵎⵍⵍⴰⵍ ⵅⵏⵉⴼⵔⴰ}} {{ⵜⴰⵣⵡⵓⵔⵜ |ⴰⵡⵡⵓⵔ = ⴱⵏⵉ ⵎⵍⵍⴰⵍ ⵅⵏⵉⴼⵔⴰ |ⵜⴰⵡⵍⴰⴼⵜ = Flag of Beni Mellal province (1976-1997).svg }} {{ⴰⵙⴰⵜⵉ |ⴰⵣⵡⵍ = ⵜⴰⵣⵡⵓⵔⵜ |ⵜⴰⵖⵣⵉ ⵏ ⵓⵣⵡⵍ = 60% |ⵜⴰⵢⴽⵓⵏⵜ = |ⴰⴽⵍⵓ ⵏ ⵓⵙⴽⴽⵉⵍ ⵏ ⵓⵣⵡⵍ = 333 |ⴰⴽⵍⵓ ⵏ ⵜⵖⵔⴷⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵓⵣⵡⵍ = F8E931 |ⴰⴽⵍⵓ ⵏ ⵜⵖⵔⴷⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵓⵎⴰⵢⵜ = C1F6C2 |ⴰⵙⵏⴼⵍ =ⴰⵡⵡⵓⵔ:ⴱⵏⵉ ⵎⵍⵍⴰⵍ ⵅⵏⵉⴼⵔⴰ/ⵜⴰⵣⵡⵓⵔⵜ |ⵜⵓⵎⴰⵢⵜ = {{:ⴰⵡⵡⵓⵔ:ⴱⵏⵉ ⵎⵍⵍⴰⵍ ⵅⵏⵉⴼⵔⴰ/ⵜⴰⵣⵡⵓⵔⵜ}} }} {{ⴰⵙⴰⵜⵉ |ⴰⵣⵡⵍ = ⴰⵎⴳⵔⴰⴷ ⵓⴼⵔⵉⵏ |ⵜⴰⵖⵣⵉ ⵏ ⵓⵣⵡⵍ = 60% |ⵜⴰⵢⴽⵓⵏⵜ = |ⴰⴽⵍⵓ ⵏ ⵓⵙⴽⴽⵉⵍ ⵏ ⵓⵣⵡⵍ = 333 |ⴰⴽⵍⵓ ⵏ ⵜⵖⵔⴷⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵓⵣⵡⵍ = F8E931 |ⴰⴽⵍⵓ ⵏ ⵜⵖⵔⴷⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵓⵎⴰⵢⵜ = C1F6C2 |ⴰⵙⵏⴼⵍ =ⴰⵡⵡⵓⵔ:ⴱⵏⵉ ⵎⵍⵍⴰⵍ ⵅⵏⵉⴼⵔⴰ/ⴰⵎⴳⵔⴰⴷ ⵓⴼⵔⵉⵏ |ⵜⵓⵎⴰⵢⵜ = {{:ⴰⵡⵡⵓⵔ:ⴱⵏⵉ ⵎⵍⵍⴰⵍ ⵅⵏⵉⴼⵔⴰ/ⴰⵎⴳⵔⴰⴷ ⵓⴼⵔⵉⵏ}} }} {{ⴰⵙⴰⵜⵉ |ⴰⵣⵡⵍ = ⵜⴰⵎⴷⵉⵏⵜ ⵜⵓⴼⵔⵉⵏⵜ |ⵜⴰⵖⵣⵉ ⵏ ⵓⵣⵡⵍ = 60% |ⵜⴰⵢⴽⵓⵏⵜ = |ⴰⴽⵍⵓ ⵏ ⵓⵙⴽⴽⵉⵍ ⵏ ⵓⵣⵡⵍ = 333 |ⴰⴽⵍⵓ ⵏ ⵜⵖⵔⴷⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵓⵣⵡⵍ = F8E931 |ⴰⴽⵍⵓ ⵏ ⵜⵖⵔⴷⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵓⵎⴰⵢⵜ = C1F6C2 |ⴰⵙⵏⴼⵍ =ⴰⵡⵡⵓⵔ:ⴱⵏⵉ ⵎⵍⵍⴰⵍ ⵅⵏⵉⴼⵔⴰ/ⵜⴰⵎⴷⵉⵏⵜ ⵜⵓⴼⵔⵉⵏⵜ |ⵜⵓⵎⴰⵢⵜ = {{:ⴰⵡⵡⵓⵔ:ⴱⵏⵉ ⵎⵍⵍⴰⵍ ⵅⵏⵉⴼⵔⴰ/ⵜⴰⵎⴷⵉⵏⵜ ⵜⵓⴼⵔⵉⵏⵜ}} }} {{ⴰⵙⴰⵜⵉ |ⴰⵣⵡⵍ = ⴰⵡⵔⵉⴽ ⵓⴼⵔⵉⵏ |ⵜⴰⵖⵣⵉ ⵏ ⵓⵣⵡⵍ = 60% |ⵜⴰⵢⴽⵓⵏⵜ = |ⴰⴽⵍⵓ ⵏ ⵓⵙⴽⴽⵉⵍ ⵏ ⵓⵣⵡⵍ = 333 |ⴰⴽⵍⵓ ⵏ ⵜⵖⵔⴷⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵓⵣⵡⵍ = F8E931 |ⴰⴽⵍⵓ ⵏ ⵜⵖⵔⴷⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵓⵎⴰⵢⵜ = C1F6C2 |ⴰⵙⵏⴼⵍ =ⴰⵡⵡⵓⵔ:ⴱⵏⵉ ⵎⵍⵍⴰⵍ ⵅⵏⵉⴼⵔⴰ/ⴰⵡⵔⵉⴽ ⵓⴼⵔⵉⵏ |ⵜⵓⵎⴰⵢⵜ = {{:ⴰⵡⵡⵓⵔ:ⴱⵏⵉ ⵎⵍⵍⴰⵍ ⵅⵏⵉⴼⵔⴰ/ⴰⵡⵔⵉⴽ ⵓⴼⵔⵉⵏ}} }} {{ⴰⵙⴰⵜⵉ |ⴰⵣⵡⵍ = ⵜⴰⵡⵍⴰⴼⵜ ⵜⵓⴼⵔⵉⵏⵜ |ⵜⴰⵖⵣⵉ ⵏ ⵓⵣⵡⵍ = 60% |ⵜⴰⵢⴽⵓⵏⵜ = |ⴰⴽⵍⵓ ⵏ ⵓⵙⴽⴽⵉⵍ ⵏ ⵓⵣⵡⵍ = 333 |ⴰⴽⵍⵓ ⵏ ⵜⵖⵔⴷⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵓⵣⵡⵍ = F8E931 |ⴰⴽⵍⵓ ⵏ ⵜⵖⵔⴷⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵓⵎⴰⵢⵜ = C1F6C2 |ⴰⵙⵏⴼⵍ =ⴰⵡⵡⵓⵔ:ⴱⵏⵉ ⵎⵍⵍⴰⵍ ⵅⵏⵉⴼⵔⴰ/ⵜⴰⵡⵍⴰⴼⵜ ⵜⵓⴼⵔⵉⵏⵜ |ⵜⵓⵎⴰⵢⵜ = {{:ⴰⵡⵡⵓⵔ:ⴱⵏⵉ ⵎⵍⵍⴰⵍ ⵅⵏⵉⴼⵔⴰ/ⵜⴰⵡⵍⴰⴼⵜ ⵜⵓⴼⵔⵉⵏⵜ}} }} {{ⴰⵙⴰⵜⵉ |ⴰⵣⵡⵍ = ⵉⵙ ⵜⵙⵙⵏⴷ? |ⵜⴰⵖⵣⵉ ⵏ ⵓⵣⵡⵍ = 60% |ⵜⴰⵢⴽⵓⵏⵜ = |ⴰⴽⵍⵓ ⵏ ⵓⵙⴽⴽⵉⵍ ⵏ ⵓⵣⵡⵍ = 333 |ⴰⴽⵍⵓ ⵏ ⵜⵖⵔⴷⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵓⵣⵡⵍ = F8E931 |ⴰⴽⵍⵓ ⵏ ⵜⵖⵔⴷⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵓⵎⴰⵢⵜ = C1F6C2 |ⴰⵙⵏⴼⵍ =ⴰⵡⵡⵓⵔ:ⴱⵏⵉ ⵎⵍⵍⴰⵍ ⵅⵏⵉⴼⵔⴰ/ⵉⵙ ⵜⵙⵙⵏⴷ? |ⵜⵓⵎⴰⵢⵜ = {{:ⴰⵡⵡⵓⵔ:ⴱⵏⵉ ⵎⵍⵍⴰⵍ ⵅⵏⵉⴼⵔⴰ/ⵉⵙ ⵜⵙⵙⵏⴷ?}} }} {{ⴰⵙⴰⵜⵉ |ⴰⵣⵡⵍ = ⵉⵙⵎⵉⵍⵏ |ⵜⴰⵖⵣⵉ ⵏ ⵓⵣⵡⵍ = 60% |ⵜⴰⵢⴽⵓⵏⵜ = |ⴰⴽⵍⵓ ⵏ ⵓⵙⴽⴽⵉⵍ ⵏ ⵓⵣⵡⵍ = 333 |ⴰⴽⵍⵓ ⵏ ⵜⵖⵔⴷⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵓⵣⵡⵍ = F8E931 |ⴰⴽⵍⵓ ⵏ ⵜⵖⵔⴷⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵓⵎⴰⵢⵜ = C1F6C2 |ⴰⵙⵏⴼⵍ =ⴰⵡⵡⵓⵔ:ⴱⵏⵉ ⵎⵍⵍⴰⵍ ⵅⵏⵉⴼⵔⴰ/ⵉⵙⵎⵉⵍⵏ |ⵜⵓⵎⴰⵢⵜ = {{:ⴰⵡⵡⵓⵔ:ⴱⵏⵉ ⵎⵍⵍⴰⵍ ⵅⵏⵉⴼⵔⴰ/ⵉⵙⵎⵉⵍⵏ}} }} {{ⴰⵙⴰⵜⵉ |ⴰⵣⵡⵍ = ⵉⵡⵡⵓⵔⴰ ⴰⵢⵜⵎⴰⵜⵏ |ⵜⴰⵢⴽⵓⵏⵜ = |ⵜⴰⵖⵣⵉ ⵏ ⵓⵣⵡⵍ = 60% |ⴰⴽⵍⵓ ⵏ ⵓⵙⴽⴽⵉⵍ ⵏ ⵓⵣⵡⵍ = 333 |ⴰⴽⵍⵓ ⵏ ⵜⵖⵔⴷⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵓⵣⵡⵍ = F8E931 |ⴰⴽⵍⵓ ⵏ ⵜⵖⵔⴷⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵓⵎⴰⵢⵜ = C1F6C2 |ⴰⵙⵏⴼⵍ =ⴰⵡⵡⵓⵔ:ⴱⵏⵉ ⵎⵍⵍⴰⵍ ⵅⵏⵉⴼⵔⴰ/ⵉⵡⵡⵓⵔⴰ ⴰⵢⵜⵎⴰⵜⵏ |ⵜⵓⵎⴰⵢⵜ = {{:ⴰⵡⵡⵓⵔ:ⴱⵏⵉ ⵎⵍⵍⴰⵍ ⵅⵏⵉⴼⵔⴰ/ⵉⵡⵡⵓⵔⴰ ⴰⵢⵜⵎⴰⵜⵏ}} }} {{ⴰⵙⴰⵜⵉ |ⴰⵣⵡⵍ = ⴰⵎⴳⵔⴰⴷ ⴰⵎⴰⵢⵏⵓ |ⵜⴰⵢⴽⵓⵏⵜ = |ⵜⴰⵖⵣⵉ ⵏ ⵓⵣⵡⵍ = 60% |ⴰⴽⵍⵓ ⵏ ⵓⵙⴽⴽⵉⵍ ⵏ ⵓⵣⵡⵍ = 333 |ⴰⴽⵍⵓ ⵏ ⵜⵖⵔⴷⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵓⵣⵡⵍ = F8E931 |ⴰⴽⵍⵓ ⵏ ⵜⵖⵔⴷⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵓⵎⴰⵢⵜ = C1F6C2 |ⴰⵙⵏⴼⵍ =ⴰⵡⵡⵓⵔ:ⴱⵏⵉ ⵎⵍⵍⴰⵍ ⵅⵏⵉⴼⵔⴰ/ⴰⵎⴳⵔⴰⴷ ⴰⵎⴰⵢⵏⵓ |ⵜⵓⵎⴰⵢⵜ = {{:ⴰⵡⵡⵓⵔ:ⴱⵏⵉ ⵎⵍⵍⴰⵍ ⵅⵏⵉⴼⵔⴰ/ⴰⵎⴳⵔⴰⴷ ⴰⵎⴰⵢⵏⵓ}} }} {{ⴰⵙⴰⵜⵉ |ⴰⵣⵡⵍ = ⵉⵙⵏⴼⴰⵔⵏ ⴰⵢⵜⵎⴰⵜⵏ |ⵜⴰⵢⴽⵓⵏⵜ = |ⵜⴰⵖⵣⵉ ⵏ ⵓⵣⵡⵍ = 60% |ⴰⴽⵍⵓ ⵏ ⵓⵙⴽⴽⵉⵍ ⵏ ⵓⵣⵡⵍ = 333 |ⴰⴽⵍⵓ ⵏ ⵜⵖⵔⴷⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵓⵣⵡⵍ = F8E931 |ⴰⴽⵍⵓ ⵏ ⵜⵖⵔⴷⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵓⵎⴰⵢⵜ = C1F6C2 |ⴰⵙⵏⴼⵍ =ⴰⵡⵡⵓⵔ:ⴱⵏⵉ ⵎⵍⵍⴰⵍ ⵅⵏⵉⴼⵔⴰ/ⵉⵙⵏⴼⴰⵔⵏ ⴰⵢⵜⵎⴰⵜⵏ ⵏ ⵡⵉⴽⵉⴱⵉⴷⵢⴰ |ⵜⵓⵎⴰⵢⵜ = {{:ⴰⵡⵡⵓⵔ:ⴱⵏⵉ ⵎⵍⵍⴰⵍ ⵅⵏⵉⴼⵔⴰ/ⵉⵙⵏⴼⴰⵔⵏ ⴰⵢⵜⵎⴰⵜⵏ ⵏ ⵡⵉⴽⵉⴱⵉⴷⵢⴰ}} }} ==[[ⴰⵡⵡⵓⵔ:ⵉⵙⴰⵖⵓⵍⵏ|ⵉⵙⴰⵖⵓⵍⵏ]]== <references responsive="" /> ==ⵉⵙⴰⵖⵓⵍⵏ== {{ⵉⵙⴰⵖⵓⵍⵏ}} {{ⴰⴱⴰⴹ ⵓⵏⵜⵉⵎ}} {{ⴰⵙⵎⵉⵍ|ⴰⵡⵡⵓⵔ}} tppfxu0srxtwf6yk3gu5hjhevbz9f2v 0 3354 175954 157884 2026-05-04T12:19:36Z BihiBot 2406 ⴽⴽⵙⵖ ⴰⵍⴱⵓⴹ ⵏ ⵜⵏⵟⵟⵓⴼⵜ 175954 wikitext text/x-wiki {{ⵉⵙⵏⴼⴰⵔⵏ ⴰⵢⵜⵎⴰⵜⵏ ⵏ ⵡⵉⴽⵉⴱⵉⴷⵢⴰ}} ==ⵉⵙⴰⵖⵓⵍⵏ== {{ⵉⵙⴰⵖⵓⵍⵏ}} {{ⴰⴱⴰⴹ ⵓⵏⵜⵉⵎ}} 1jcljge4vpck3xelo9dm246d5c3wled 0 3355 175955 157887 2026-05-04T12:19:46Z BihiBot 2406 ⴽⴽⵙⵖ ⴰⵍⴱⵓⴹ ⵏ ⵜⵏⵟⵟⵓⴼⵜ 175955 wikitext text/x-wiki {{ⵉⵡⵡⵓⵔⴰ ⵏ ⵜⵎⵏⴰⴹⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵍⵎⵖⵔⵉⴱ}} ==ⵉⵙⴰⵖⵓⵍⵏ== {{ⵉⵙⴰⵖⵓⵍⵏ}} {{ⴰⴱⴰⴹ ⵓⵏⵜⵉⵎ}} 3u34ij2wn5vzx6ed465xzycvnokjj8j 0 3356 175949 157879 2026-05-04T12:18:46Z BihiBot 2406 ⴽⴽⵙⵖ ⴰⵍⴱⵓⴹ ⵏ ⵜⵏⵟⵟⵓⴼⵜ 175949 wikitext text/x-wiki {{ⴰⵎⴳⵔⴰⴷ ⴰⵎⴰⵢⵏⵓ}} ==ⵉⵙⴰⵖⵓⵍⵏ== {{ⵉⵙⴰⵖⵓⵍⵏ}} {{ⴰⴱⴰⴹ ⵓⵏⵜⵉⵎ}} sirghr5b3xf9woxqrsip3xohy9566s1 0 3359 175951 157880 2026-05-04T12:19:07Z BihiBot 2406 ⴽⴽⵙⵖ ⴰⵍⴱⵓⴹ ⵏ ⵜⵏⵟⵟⵓⴼⵜ 175951 wikitext text/x-wiki [[ⴰⴼⴰⵢⵍⵓ:Rouichamoh.JPG|150px|right|frameless]] '''[[ⵔⵡⵉⵛⴰ|ⵎⵓⵃⵎⵎⴷ ⵔⵡⵉⵛⴰ]]''', ⵉⵙⵎ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵏ ⵜⵉⴷⵜ '''ⵎⵓⵃⵎⵎⴰⴷ ⵀⵡⵡⴰⵔⵉ''', ⴷ ⴰⵎⵖⵏⵏⵊ ⴰⵎⵇⵔⴰⵏ ⴷⵉ ⵡ'ⴰⵟⵍⴰⵙ ⴰⵏⴰⵎⵎⴰⵙ. ⵉⵍⵓⵍ ⴰⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙ ⵏ 1950 ⴳ ⵜⵎⴷⵉⵏⵜ ⵏ [[ⵎⵔⵉⵔⵜ]], ⵉⵎⵎⵓⵜ ⴰⵙⵙ ⵏ [[17 ⵉⵏⵏⴰⵢⵔ]] 2012 ⴳ ⵜⵎⴷⵉⵏⵜ ⵏ [[ⵅⵏⵉⴼⵔⴰ]]. ⵜⵉⵣⵡⵉⵔⵉ ⴳ ⵜⴰⵎⵣⴳⵉⴷⴰ,ⴼⵉⵔ ⴰⵙ ⵉⴷⴷⴰ ⵖⵔ ⵜⵉⵏⵎⵍ. ⴳ ⵓⵡⵜⴰⵢ ⵏ 11 ⵏ ⵉⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙⵏ, ⵉⴼⴼⵖ ⵙⴳ ⵜⵉⵏⵎⵍ ⴷⵢⵓⵕ ⵛⵛⵢⵓⵅ ⴳ [[ⵅⵏⵉⴼⵔⴰ]] ⴳ 1964, ⵉⵏⵜⴰ ⵍⴰ ⵉⵜⵜⵓⵔⴰⵔ ⵙ ⵍⵓⵟⴰⵕ. ==ⵉⵙⴰⵖⵓⵍⵏ== {{ⵉⵙⴰⵖⵓⵍⵏ}} {{ⴰⴱⴰⴹ ⵓⵏⵜⵉⵎ}} e87qqz0gw9ypiqivtshkwbrgm1duvil 0 3360 175953 153588 2026-05-04T12:19:26Z BihiBot 2406 ⴽⴽⵙⵖ ⴰⵍⴱⵓⴹ ⵏ ⵜⵏⵟⵟⵓⴼⵜ 175953 wikitext text/x-wiki <div class="reflist4" style="height: 150px; overflow: auto; padding: 10px" > <categorytree mode=pages showcount="of">ⵜⴰⵎⵏⴰⴹⵜ ⵏ ⴱⵏⵉ ⵎⵍⵍⴰⵍ ⵅⵏⵉⴼⵔⴰ</categorytree> </div></div > ==ⵉⵙⴰⵖⵓⵍⵏ== *'''ⴰⵙⴳⵣⴰⵡⴰⵍ ⵏ [[ⴰⵙⵉⵏⴰⴳ ⴰⴳⵍⴷⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵓⵙⵙⵏⴰ ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵜ]](ⵙ.ⴳ.ⵙ.ⵎ) :''' [[ⵎⵙⵎⵓⵏ ⴰⵡⴰⵍ ⴰⵎⴰⵜⴰⵢ ⴰⵙⵏⵎⴰⵍⴰⵢ ⵏ ⵜⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵜ]] (ⵎ.ⵎ.ⵙ.ⵎ) {{ⵉⵙⴰⵖⵓⵍⵏ}} {{ⴰⴱⴰⴹ ⵓⵏⵜⵉⵎ}} jnfjy2ecjnjpujvzeu97t07sckf6wm6 0 3413 175957 157891 2026-05-04T12:20:06Z BihiBot 2406 ⴽⴽⵙⵖ ⴰⵍⴱⵓⴹ ⵏ ⵜⵏⵟⵟⵓⴼⵜ 175957 wikitext text/x-wiki [[ⴰⴼⴰⵢⵍⵓ:ⴰⴳⵍⵎⴰⵎ ⴰⵣⴳⵣⴰ.jpg|thumb|center|400px]] <center>[[ⴰⴳⵍⵎⴰⵎ ⴰⵣⴳⵣⴰ]] ⵉⴳⴰ ⵙⴳ ⵉⴳⵍⵎⴰⵎⵏ ⵉⵍⵍⴰⵏ ⵣⴰⵜ ⵏ [[ⵅⵏⵉⴼⵔⴰ]], ⵉⴳ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵙⴳ ⵡⴰⵏⵙⵉⵡⵏ ⵖⵔ ⵜⵜⴷⴷⵓⵏ ⵉⵎⵣⴷⴰⵖ ⵏ ⵅⵏⵉⴼⵔⴰ ⴷ ⵉⵎⴰⵍⵍⴰⵢⵏ ⵙⴳ ⵜⵎⴰⵣⵉⵔⵜ ⵏ ⵍⵎⵖⵔⵉⴱ.</center> ==ⵉⵙⴰⵖⵓⵍⵏ== {{ⵉⵙⴰⵖⵓⵍⵏ}} {{ⴰⴱⴰⴹ ⵓⵏⵜⵉⵎ}} juzk7voqv194ekpkoybkp0nlb63ozek 0 3414 175956 157888 2026-05-04T12:19:56Z BihiBot 2406 ⴽⴽⵙⵖ ⴰⵍⴱⵓⴹ ⵏ ⵜⵏⵟⵟⵓⴼⵜ 175956 wikitext text/x-wiki [[File:Azilal (28269934640).jpg|thumb|center|400px]] <center>'''[[ⴰⵣⵉⵍⴰⵍ]]''' (ⵙ [[ⵜⵓⵜⵍⴰⵢⵜ ⵜⴰⵏⴳⵍⵉⵣⵜ|ⵜⴳⵍⵉⵣⵉⵜ]]: ''Azilal'') ⵜⴳⴰ ⵜⴰⵎⴷⵉⵏⵜ ⴳ [[ⵜⴰⵎⵏⴰⴹⵜ ⵏ ⴱⵏⵉ ⵎⵍⵍⴰⵍ ⵅⵏⵉⴼⵔⴰ|ⵜⵎⵏⴰⴹⵜ ⵏ ⴰⵢⵜ ⵎⵍⵍⴰⵍ ⵅⵏⵉⴼⵔⴰ]], ⴳⵔ [[ⴰⵢⵜ ⵓⵎⵍⵍⴰⵍ]] ⴷ [[ⵎⵕⵕⴰⴽⵛ]], ⴳ ⵡⴰⵟⵍⴰⵙ ⴰⵏⴰⵎⵎⴰⵙ, ⵜⵣⴳⴰ ⵊⴰⵔ ⵉⴷⵓⵔⴰⵔ ⴳ ⵡⴰⵎⵎⴰⵙ ⵏⵏⵙⵏ ⵍⵍⴰⵏ ⵜⵉⵟⵟⴰⵡⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵡⴰⵎⴰⵏ ⴷ ⵉⵙⴰⴼⴼⵏ. ⵉⵍⵍⴰ ⴳ [[ⴰⵣⵉⵍⴰⵍ|ⵓⵣⵉⵍⴰⵍ]] ⴰⵟⵟⴰⵙ ⵏ ⵜⵎⵏⴰⴹⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵎⴰⵍⵍⴰⵢⵜ ⴰⵎⵎ ⵉⵖⵣⵔⴰⵏ ⵏ "ⵓⵥⵓⴷ" ⵉⵜⵡⴰⵙⵙⵏ ⴰⵟⵟⴰⵙ, ⴷ ⵉⵎⵉⵏⵉⴼⵔⵉ ⴳ [[ⴷⵎⵏⴰⵜ]] 70ⴽⵎ ⴳ ⵓⵜⴰⵔⴰⵎ ⵏ ⵓⵣⵉⵍⴰⵍ, ⵜⵡⴰⵙⵙⵏ ⵜⵎⵏⴰⴹⵜ ⵙ ⵜⵎⴳⵓⵔⵉ ⵜⴰⵇⴱⵓⵔⵜ ⴷ ⵜⴽⵔⵣⴰ.</center> ==ⵉⵙⴰⵖⵓⵍⵏ== {{ⵉⵙⴰⵖⵓⵍⵏ}} {{ⴰⴱⴰⴹ ⵓⵏⵜⵉⵎ}} n7hmreczomy7v8dq42pypcwok0hovnw 0 3415 175952 157883 2026-05-04T12:19:16Z BihiBot 2406 ⴽⴽⵙⵖ ⴰⵍⴱⵓⴹ ⵏ ⵜⵏⵟⵟⵓⴼⵜ 175952 wikitext text/x-wiki [[File:شلالات أوزود.JPG|150px|right]] *'''ⵉⵙ ⵜⵙⵙⵏⵜⴷ''' ⴰⵎⴰⵣⵣⵔ ⵏ ⵓⵥⵓⴹ ⵉⵍⵍⴰⵏ ⴳ [[ⵜⴰⵎⵏⴰⴹⵜ ⵏ ⴱⵏⵉ ⵎⵍⵍⴰⵍ ⵅⵏⵉⴼⵔⴰ|ⵜⵎⵏⴰⴹⵜ ⵏ ⴱⵏⵉ ⵎⵍⵍⴰⵍ ⵅⵏⵉⴼⵔⴰ]] ⵉⵙ ⵉⴳⴰ ⵙⴳ ⵉⵎⵓⵣⵣⴰⵔ ⵍⵍⵉ ⴰⴽⴽⵯ ⵢⴰⵜⵜⵓⵢⵏ ⴳ ⵉⵥⵥⵍⵎⴹ ⵏ ⵉⴼⵔⵉⵇⵢⴰ, ⵜⴰⵜⵜⵓⵢⵜ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵜⵍⴽⵎ 104ⵎ. *'''ⵉⵙ ⵜⵙⵙⵏⵜⴷ''' ⵉⴼⵔⵉ ⵏ "ⵉⵎⵉ ⵏ ⵉⴼⵔⵉ" ⴳ [[ⴷⵎⵏⴰⵜ]] ⵉⵙ ⵉⴳⴰ ⵙⴳ ⵉⴷⵖⴰⵔⵏ ⵉⵜⵜⵡⴰⵙⵙⵏⵏ ⵎⴰ'ⵙ ⵉⴳⴰ ⴰⵡⵏⴰⴹ ⵍⵍⵉ ⴳ ⴷⴷⵔⵏ ⵉⴷⵉⵏⴰⵚⵓⵕⵏ ⵣⵉⴽⴽ ⴳ ⵓⵎⴰⴹⴰⵍ, ⴷ ⵅⵜⴰⴷ ⵜⴳⴰ ⵜⵓⴳⴳⴰ ⵏ ⵉⵎⴰⵙⵙⴰⵏⵏ ⵏ ⵉⴽⵓⴽⵍⵏ ⵍⵍⵉ ⵙⴽⵔⵏⵉⵏ ⵉⵔⵣⵣⵓⵜⵏ ⵏⵏⵙⵏ ⴳ ⵜⵎⵏⴰⴹⵜ. ==ⵉⵙⴰⵖⵓⵍⵏ== {{ⵉⵙⴰⵖⵓⵍⵏ}} {{ⴰⴱⴰⴹ ⵓⵏⵜⵉⵎ}} k5bl327zsh8pbpet91ej0duvz7zcsvj 0 3416 175958 157893 2026-05-04T12:20:16Z BihiBot 2406 ⴽⴽⵙⵖ ⴰⵍⴱⵓⴹ ⵏ ⵜⵏⵟⵟⵓⴼⵜ 175958 wikitext text/x-wiki '''[[ⵜⴰⵎⵏⴰⴹⵜ ⵏ ⴱⵏⵉ ⵎⵍⵍⴰⵍ ⵅⵏⵉⴼⵔⴰ]]''' (ⵙ [[ⵜⵓⵜⵍⴰⵢⵜ ⵜⴰⵏⴳⵍⵉⵣⵜ|ⵜⵏⴳⵍⵉⵣⵜ]]: ''Béni Mellal-Khénifra'') ⵜⴳⴰ ⵜⴰⵙⴳⴰ ⴳ 12 ⵜⴰⵙⴳⵉⵡⵉⵏ ⵏ [[ⵍⵎⵖⵔⵉⴱ|ⵡⴰⵎⵓⵔ ⵏ ⵡⴰⴽⵓⵛ]] ⴳ ⵓⴱⵟⵟⵓ ⴰⵙⴳⴰⵡⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵓⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙ 2975/2015, ⵜⵙⵎⵓⵏⴰ [[5|ⵙⵎⵎⵓⵙⵜ]] ⵜⴰⵙⵏⵉⵡⵉⵏ ⵍⵍⵉ ⵉⴳⴰⵏ [[ⵜⴰⵙⴳⴰ ⵏ ⴰⵢⵜ ⵎⵍⵍⴰⵍ]], [[ⵜⴰⵙⴳⴰ ⵏ ⵅⵔⵉⴱⴳⴰ]], [[ⵜⴰⵙⴳⴰ ⵏ ⵅⵏⵉⴼⵔⴰ]], [[ⵜⴰⵙⴳⴰ ⵏ ⴰⵣⵉⵍⴰⵍ]] ⴷ [[ⵜⴰⵙⴳⴰ ⵏ ⵍⴼⵇⵉⵀ ⴱⵏ ⵚⴰⵍⵃ]]. ⵜⵡⴰⵍⴰ ⵜⵜ ⵉⴷ ⴳ ⵓⴳⴰⴼⴰ [[ⵜⴰⵎⵏⴰⴹⵜ ⵏ ⴼⴰⵙ ⵎⴽⵏⴰⵙ]] ⴷ [[ⵜⴰⵎⵏⴰⴹⵜ ⵏ ⵕⵕⴱⴰⵟ ⵙⵍⴰ ⵇⵏⵉⵟⵔⴰ]], ⴷ ⴳ ⵜⴰⴳⵓⵜ [[ⵜⴰⵎⵏⴰⴹⵜ ⵏ ⵜⴰⴷⴷⴰⵔⵜ ⵜⵓⵎⵍⵉⵍⵜ ⵥⵟⵟⴰⵜ]] ⴷ [[ⵜⴰⵎⵏⴰⴹⵜ ⵏ ⵎⵕⵕⴰⴽⵛ ⴰⵙⴼⵉ]], ⴳ ⵉⴼⴼⵓⵙ ⴷ ⵓⴳⵎⵓⴹ ⵜⵡⴰⵍⴰ ⵜⵜ ⵉⴷ [[ⵜⴰⵎⵏⴰⴹⵜ ⵏ ⴷⵔⴰ ⵜⴰⴼⵉⵍⴰⵍⵜ]]. ⵜⴰⵊⵓⵎⵎⴰ ⵏⵏⵙ 36.258ⴽⵎ² ⴷ ⵓⵟⵟⵓⵏ ⵏ ⵉⵎⵣⴷⴰⵖ 2.520.776 [[ⵎⵍⵢⵓⵏ]] (ⴳ ⵡⴰⵙⵉⴹⵏ ⴰⵎⴳⴳⴰⵔⵓ ⵏ 2014), ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵥⵓⵏⵜ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵜⴳⴰ ⵜⵜ [[ⴰⵢⵜ ⵎⵍⵍⴰⵍ]] ⴷ ⵡⴰⵏⵥⴰⵍ ⵏⵏⵙ ⴳⵔ ⵜⴰⵙⴳⵉⵡⵉⵏ ⵢⴰⴹⵏ ⵉⴳⴰ'ⵜ ([[5]]). ==ⵉⵙⴰⵖⵓⵍⵏ== {{ⵉⵙⴰⵖⵓⵍⵏ}} {{ⴰⴱⴰⴹ ⵓⵏⵜⵉⵎ}} jv9sh78lyg67rsehmrbfpqt60lnp0zy 0 3417 175950 153582 2026-05-04T12:18:57Z BihiBot 2406 ⴽⴽⵙⵖ ⴰⵍⴱⵓⴹ ⵏ ⵜⵏⵟⵟⵓⴼⵜ 175950 wikitext text/x-wiki ⵜⴰⴳⵯⴹⵉⴼⵜ ⵏ ⴱⵊⵊⴰⵄⴷ, ⵜⴰⵢⵙⵉ ⵜⴰⵖⵔⵎⴰⵏⵜ ⵉⵜⵜⵓⴽⴽⵓⵙⴰⵏ ⴳ ⵜⵙⴳⴰ ⵏ ⴱⵏⵉ ⵎⵍⵍⴰⵍ ⵅⵏⵉⴼⵔⴰ. ⴰⵙⵏⴼⵍⵓⵍ ⴰⴷ ⵏ ⵜⴳⵯⴹⵉⴼⵜ ⴰⵔ ⵉⵎⵎⴰⵍⴰ ⴰⵎⵢⴰⵎⴰⵥ ⴳⵔ ⵜⵓⵙⵙⵏⵉⵡⵉⵏ ⵜⵉⵎⵖⵔⵉⴱⵉⵢⵢⵉⵏ ⴷ ⵜⴰⵢⵙⵉ ⵏⵏⴰ ⴽⴽⵓⵙⴰⵏ ⵉⵎⴰⵔⴰⵡⵏ ⵙⴳ ⵉⵎⵣⵡⵓⵔⴰ,ⵎⴽⵍⵍⵉ ⵜⵎⵎⴰⵍⴰ ⵜⵉⵣⵎⵎⴰⵔ ⵏⵏⴰ ⵉⵍⵍⴰⵏ ⴷⴰⵔ ⵉⵎⴳⵓⵔⴰⵢ ⵏⵏⴰ ⴷⴰⵔ ⴰⵎⵣⵔⵓⵢ ⵉⴷⵓⵙⵏ ⵏ ⵓⵙⵏⴼⵍⵓⵍ ⵏ ⴰⵢⵜ ⴱⵊⵊⵄⴷ. ⴰⵔ ⵜⵜⵓⵙⴽⴰⵔ ⵜⴳⵯⴹⵉⴼⵜ ⴷⴷⵅ ⵙ ⵜⵙⵙⵎⵉ ⴷ ⵉⴼⵉⵍⵉ ⵙⴳ ⴷⴰⵔ ⵜⵡⵡⵓⵔⴰⵏⵉⵏ ⴳ ⵜⵖⵔⵎⵜ ⵏ ⴱⵊⵊⵄⴷ ⵍⵍⵉⵖ ⴰⵔ ⵙⴽⴰⵔⵏⵜ ⴰⵙⵏⴼⵍⵓⵍ ⵏⵏⵙⵏⵜ ⵙ ⵓⴽⵯⵍⴰⵏ ⵉⵖⵓⴷⴰⵏ ⵛⵉⴳⴰⵏ. ⵓⵔ ⵜⵏⴼⵍ ⵜⴳⵯⴹⵉⴼⵜ ⵏ ⴱⵊⵊⵄⴷ ⵅⴼ ⵜⵥⵕⴱⴰⵢ ⵢⴰⴹⵏ ⵜⵉⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵉⵏ, ⵍⵍⴰⵏ ⴳⵉⵙ ⵜⴰⵍⵖⵉⵡⵉⵏ ⴷ ⵓⴽⵯⵍⴰⵏ ⵉⵖⵓⴷⴰⵏ ,ⵎⴽⵍⵍⵉ ⴳⵉⵙ ⵎⵎⵔⴽⵙⵏⵜ ⵜⵎⵜⵜⵉⵡⵉⵏ ⵜⵉⵎⵣⵡⵓⵔⴰ ⵙ ⵓⴽⵯⵍⴰⵏ ⵉⴷⵓⵙⵏ ⵉⴳⴰⵏ ⵡⴰⵥ ⵏⵏⴰ ⵉⵎⵎⴰⵍⴰⵏ ⵉⵜⴳⴰⵔⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵓⴷⵔⵜ. ⵓⵔ ⴳⵉⵙ ⴰⵎⵓⴽⵔⵉⵙ ⵉⵖ ⵜⵜⵓⵙⵎⴰⵢⵏⵓ ⵜⴳⵯⴹⵉⴼⵜ ⵙ ⵓⴽⵯⵍⴰⵏ ⴷ ⵜⵎⵜⵜⵉⵡⵉⵏ ⵏⵏⴰ ⵉⴳⴰⵏ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⵓⵥⵍⴰⵢⵜ ⵏ ⵡⴰⵎⵎⴰⵙ ⵏ ⵜⴳⵍⴷⵉⵜ ⵏⵏⵖ , ⵎⴽⵍⵍⵉ ⵉⴳⴰ ⵓⵖⵓⴷⵓ ⵏ ⵜⴰⴹⵓⵜⵜ ⴷ ⵜⵎⴰⵎⴽⵜ ⵏⵏⴰ ⵙ ⴰⵔ ⵜⵜⵓⵙⴽⴰⵔ ⵜⴳ ⴰⵡⴷ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⵎⴰⵜⴰⵔⵜ ⵏ ⵜⴰⵢⵙⵉ ⵏ ⵜⴳⵍⴷⵉⵜ ⵏⵏⵖ. ⵉⴽⴽⴰ ⵓⴽⵯⵍⵓ ⴰⵣⴳⴳⵯⴰⵖ ⴼ ⵜⴳⵯⴷⵉⴼⵜ ⴷⴷⵖ ⴷ ⵓⵍⵉⵜⵛⵉⵏⵉ,ⴳⵉⵙ ⴰⵡⴷ ⵜⴰⵍⵖⵉⵡⵉⵏ ⵜⵉⵎⴽⴽⵓⵥⵉⵏ ⴷ ⵓⵏⵣⵉⵖⵏⵜⵜⵓⵙⴽⵍⴰⵔⵏ ⴳ ⵜⴰⴹⵓⵜⵜ ⵏ ⵜⵉⵍⵉ, ⵎⴽⵍⵍⵉ ⴳⵉⵙ ⵜⵓⵍⴰⴼⵉⵏ ⴷ ⵜⵎⵙⴷⴰⴳⵜ ⵜⴰⵇⵇⴱⵓⵔⵜ ⴷ ⵓⵙⵎⵔⵙ ⵏ ⵓⴽⵯⵍⴰⵏ ⵉⵇⵇⴱⵓⵔⵏ. ⴳ ⵜⵖⵉⵡⴰⵏⵜ ⵏ ⴱⵊⵊⵄⴷ ⴰⵔ ⵙⴽⴰⵔⵏⵜ ⵜⵎⴳⵓⵔⴰⵢ ⵜⴰⵡⵓⵔⵉ ⵏ ⵓⵙⵏⴼⵍⵓⵍ ⵏⵏⵙⵏⵜ ⴳ ⵡⴰⵎⵎⴰⵙ ⴰⵡⵡⵓⵔⴰⵏ ⴰⵔ ⴳⵉⵙ ⵙⴽⴰⵔⵏⵜ ⴰⵙⴳⴷⵣ ⴰⴼⴰⴷ ⴰⴷ ⴳⵉⵏⵜ ⵜⵉⵏⵙⵉⵎⴰⵏⵉⵏ ⴳ ⵎⴰⴷ ⵉⵥⵍⵉⵏ ⵙ ⵜⴷⵔⵉⵎⵜ ⵏⵏⵙⵏⵜ. ⵉⵏⵏⴰ ⵎⴰⵙⵙ ⵃⵎⴰⴷ ⵍⵖⵣⵣⴰⵡⵉ, ⴰⵏⵙⵙⵉⵅⴼ ⵏ ⵜⵎⵙⵎⵓⵏⵜ ⵏ ⴱⵏⵉⵣⵎⵎⵓⵔ ⵏ ⵜⴳⵯⴹⵉⴼⵜ ⵏ ⴱⵊⵊⵄⴷ, ⴳ ⵓⵎⵔⴰⵔⴰ ⵏ ⵡⴰⵡⴰⵍ ⵏⵏⵙ ⴷ ⵜⴱⴰⴷⵓⵜ ⵏ ⵓⵙⵏⵖⵎⵙ ⵎ24 ⵎⴰⵙⴷ ⵜⴰⵎⵙⴷⴰⴳⵜ ⵏ ⵜⴳⵯⴷⵉⴼⵜ ⴰⴷ ⵜⵔⵡⴰⵙ ⵜⵉⵏ ⵅⵏⵉⴼⵔⴰ ⵙⴳ ⵓⴽⵯⵍⴰⵏ ⵏⵏⵙ ⴷ ⵜⴰⵍⵖⵉⵡⵉⵏ ⵉⵏⵏⴰ ⴰⵡⴷ ⵎⴰⵙ ⵜⵙⵎⵓⵏ ⵜⴳⵯⴹⵉⴼⵜ ⴷⴷⵅ ⴳⵔ ⵓⴽⵯⵍⴰⵏ ⴷ ⵓⵙⵎⵓⵏ ⵏ ⵜⴰⴹⵓⵜⵜ ⴷ ⵜⵥⵓⵔⵉ ⵜⴰⵎⵙⵏⴼⵍⵓⵍⵜ. ⴳ ⵜⵙⴳⴰ ⵏⵏⵙ, ⵉⵏⵏⴰ ⵓⵙⵎⵉⵔⵉ ⵏ ⵜⴷⵍⵙⴰ ⵜⴰⵇⵇⴱⵓⵔⵜ ⴳ ⵜⵏⵉⵍⴰ ⵏ ⵅⵔⵉⴱⴳⴰ, ⵃⵎⵎⵓ ⵚⴰⵍⴰⵃ ⵙⵓⵇⵕⴰⵜ ⵎⴰⵙⴷ ⵜⴰⴳⵯⴹⵉⴼⵜ ⵏ ⴱⵊⵊⵄⴷ ⵜⵥⵍⵉ ⵙ ⵓⴽⵯⵍⴰⵏ ⵏⵏⵙ ⴰⵥⴳⴳⵯⴰⵖ ⴷ ⴽⵉⴳⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵓⵥⵍⴰⵢⵉⵏ ⵢⴰⴹⵏ ⵏⵏⴰ ⵉⵎⵎⴰⵍⴰⵏ ⵜⴰⵥⵓⵕⵉ ⵉⴷⵓⵙⵏ ⴷ ⵓⵙⵏⴼⵍⵓⵍ ⵉⴳⴰⵏ ⵡⴰⵥ, ⵉⵏⵏⴰ ⴰⵡⴷ ⵎⴰⵙⴷ ⴽⵉⴳⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵎⵢⴰⵡⴰⵙⵉⵏ ⴰⵔ ⵙⴽⴰⵔⵏⵜ ⴰⴼⵙⴰⵔ ⴳ ⵡⴰⵎⵎⴰⵙ ⵏ ⵓⵙⵎⵓⵜⵜⴳ ⴰⵡⵡⵓⵔⴰⵏ ⴳ ⵜⵥⵓⵕⵉⵡⵉⵏ ⵜⵉⵇⵇⴱⵓⵔⵉⵏ ⴷ ⴰⵡⴷ ⴽⵉⴳⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵉⴼⵙⴰⵔⵏ ⴳ ⴽⵉⴳⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵙⴳⴳⵉⵡⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵜⴳⵍⴷⵉⵜ ⵏⵏⵖ . ⵜⵜⵓⴼⴽⴰ ⵜⵎⴰⵜⴰⵔⵜ ⵏ ⵓⵖⵓⴷⵓ ⵏ ⵜⴳⵯⴹⵉⴼⵜ ⵏ ⴱⵊⵊⵄⴷ ⵉ ⵜⵎⵢⴰⵡⴰⵙⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵖⵉⵡⴰⵏⵜ ⵜⴳ ⴰⵡⴷ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⵙⵎⵖⵕ ⵅⴼ ⵜⵡⵡⵓⵔⵉ ⵏⵏⵙⵏⵜ ⵉⴷⵓⵙⵏ ⵉ ⵜⴰⵙⵓⵜⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵎⴳⵓⵔⴰⵢ ⵏⵏⴰ ⵉⴽⴽⵓⵙⴰⵏ ⵙⴳ ⵜⵉⵢⵢⴰⴹ ⴳ ⵜⵖⵔⵎⵜ ⵏ ⴱⵊⵊⴰⵄⴷ. ⵜⵜⵓⵙⴽⴰⵔ ⵜⵎⴰⵜⴰⵔⵜ ⴷⴷⵅ ⵙⴳ ⴽⵉⴳⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵉⵙⵔⴰⴳⵏ,ⵣⵓⵏⴷ ⴰⴹⴼⵓⵕ ⵏ ⵓⵏⵙⵎⵓⵔ ⴷ ⵓⵙⴷⴷⵉⴷ ⵏ ⵓⵖⵓⴷⵓ ⴷ ⵜⵏⴼⵔⵓⵜ ⵏ ⵜⴳⵯⴹⵉⴼⵜ ⵏ ⴱⵊⵊⵄⴷ.<ref>https://www.mapnews.ma/am/actualites/%E2%B5%9C%E2%B4%B0%E2%B4%B7%E2%B5%8D%E2%B5%99%E2%B4%B0/%E2%B5%9C%E2%B4%B0%E2%B4%B3%E2%B5%AF%E2%B4%B9%E2%B5%89%E2%B4%BC%E2%B5%9C-%E2%B5%8F-%E2%B4%B1%E2%B5%8A%E2%B5%8A%E2%B4%B0%E2%B5%84%E2%B4%B7%E2%B5%9C%E2%B4%B0%E2%B5%A2%E2%B5%99%E2%B5%89-%E2%B5%9C%E2%B4%B0%E2%B5%96%E2%B5%94%E2%B5%8E%E2%B4%B0%E2%B5%8F%E2%B5%9C-%E2%B5%89%E2%B5%9C%E2%B5%9C%E2%B5%93%E2%B4%BD%E2%B4%BD%E2%B5%93%E2%B5%99%E2%B4%B0%E2%B5%8F-%E2%B4%B3-%E2%B5%9C%E2%B5%99%E2%B4%B3%E2%B4%B0-%E2%B5%8F-%E2%B4%B1%E2%B5%8F%E2%B5%89%E2%B5%8E%E2%B5%8D%E2%B5%8D%E2%B4%B0%E2%B5%8D-%E2%B5%85%E2%B5%8F%E2%B5%89%E2%B4%BC%E2%B5%94%E2%B4%B0</ref> ==ⵉⵙⴰⵖⵓⵍⵏ== *'''ⴰⵙⴳⵣⴰⵡⴰⵍ ⵏ [[ⴰⵙⵉⵏⴰⴳ ⴰⴳⵍⴷⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵓⵙⵙⵏⴰ ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵜ]](ⵙ.ⴳ.ⵙ.ⵎ) :''' [[ⵎⵙⵎⵓⵏ ⴰⵡⴰⵍ ⴰⵎⴰⵜⴰⵢ ⴰⵙⵏⵎⴰⵍⴰⵢ ⵏ ⵜⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵜ]] (ⵎ.ⵎ.ⵙ.ⵎ) {{ⵉⵙⴰⵖⵓⵍⵏ}} {{ⴰⴱⴰⴹ ⵓⵏⵜⵉⵎ}} q0kx7bko2xyhiba2apdlbjsim33a5z9 0 3418 176101 157496 2026-05-04T14:13:35Z BihiBot 2406 ⴽⴽⵙⵖ ⴰⵍⴱⵓⴹ ⵏ ⵜⵏⵟⵟⵓⴼⵜ 176101 wikitext text/x-wiki {{ⵉⵙⵕⵥⴰⵎ ⵏ ⵡⴰⵡⵡⵓⵔ |ⵟⴰⵏⵊⴰ ⵜⵉⵟⵟⴰⵡⵉⵏ ⵍⵃⵓⵙⵉⵎⴰ}} {{ⵜⴰⵣⵡⵓⵔⵜ |ⴰⵡⵡⵓⵔ = ⵟⴰⵏⵊⴰ ⵜⵉⵟⵟⴰⵡⵉⵏ ⵍⵃⵓⵙⵉⵎⴰ |ⵜⴰⵡⵍⴰⴼⵜ = Flag of Tanger province (1976-1997).svg }} {{ⴰⵙⴰⵜⵉ |ⴰⵣⵡⵍ = ⵜⴰⵣⵡⵓⵔⵜ |ⵜⴰⵖⵣⵉ ⵏ ⵓⵣⵡⵍ = 60% |ⵜⴰⵢⴽⵓⵏⵜ = |ⴰⴽⵍⵓ ⵏ ⵓⵙⴽⴽⵉⵍ ⵏ ⵓⵣⵡⵍ = ffffff |ⴰⴽⵍⵓ ⵏ ⵜⵖⵔⴷⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵓⵣⵡⵍ = 0058DF |ⴰⴽⵍⵓ ⵏ ⵜⵖⵔⴷⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵓⵎⴰⵢⵜ = F5F5F5 |ⴰⵙⵏⴼⵍ =ⴰⵡⵡⵓⵔ:ⵟⴰⵏⵊⴰ ⵜⵉⵟⵟⴰⵡⵉⵏ ⵍⵃⵓⵙⵉⵎⴰ/ⵜⴰⵣⵡⵓⵔⵜ |ⵜⵓⵎⴰⵢⵜ = {{:ⴰⵡⵡⵓⵔ:ⵟⴰⵏⵊⴰ ⵜⵉⵟⵟⴰⵡⵉⵏ ⵍⵃⵓⵙⵉⵎⴰ/ⵜⴰⵣⵡⵓⵔⵜ}} }} {{ⴰⵙⴰⵜⵉ |ⴰⵣⵡⵍ = ⴰⵎⴳⵔⴰⴷ ⵓⴼⵔⵉⵏ |ⵜⴰⵖⵣⵉ ⵏ ⵓⵣⵡⵍ = 60% |ⵜⴰⵢⴽⵓⵏⵜ = |ⴰⴽⵍⵓ ⵏ ⵓⵙⴽⴽⵉⵍ ⵏ ⵓⵣⵡⵍ = ffffff |ⴰⴽⵍⵓ ⵏ ⵜⵖⵔⴷⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵓⵣⵡⵍ = 0058DF |ⴰⴽⵍⵓ ⵏ ⵜⵖⵔⴷⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵓⵎⴰⵢⵜ = F5F5F5 |ⴰⵙⵏⴼⵍ =ⴰⵡⵡⵓⵔ:ⵟⴰⵏⵊⴰ ⵜⵉⵟⵟⴰⵡⵉⵏ ⵍⵃⵓⵙⵉⵎⴰ/ⴰⵎⴳⵔⴰⴷ ⵓⴼⵔⵉⵏ |ⵜⵓⵎⴰⵢⵜ = {{:ⴰⵡⵡⵓⵔ:ⵟⴰⵏⵊⴰ ⵜⵉⵟⵟⴰⵡⵉⵏ ⵍⵃⵓⵙⵉⵎⴰ/ⴰⵎⴳⵔⴰⴷ ⵓⴼⵔⵉⵏ}} }} {{ⴰⵙⴰⵜⵉ |ⴰⵣⵡⵍ = ⵜⴰⵎⴷⵉⵏⵜ ⵜⵓⴼⵔⵉⵏⵜ |ⵜⴰⵖⵣⵉ ⵏ ⵓⵣⵡⵍ = 60% |ⵜⴰⵢⴽⵓⵏⵜ = |ⴰⴽⵍⵓ ⵏ ⵓⵙⴽⴽⵉⵍ ⵏ ⵓⵣⵡⵍ = ffffff |ⴰⴽⵍⵓ ⵏ ⵜⵖⵔⴷⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵓⵣⵡⵍ = 0058DF |ⴰⴽⵍⵓ ⵏ ⵜⵖⵔⴷⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵓⵎⴰⵢⵜ = F5F5F5 |ⴰⵙⵏⴼⵍ =ⴰⵡⵡⵓⵔ:ⵟⴰⵏⵊⴰ ⵜⵉⵟⵟⴰⵡⵉⵏ ⵍⵃⵓⵙⵉⵎⴰ/ⵜⴰⵎⴷⵉⵏⵜ ⵜⵓⴼⵔⵉⵏⵜ |ⵜⵓⵎⴰⵢⵜ = {{:ⴰⵡⵡⵓⵔ:ⵟⴰⵏⵊⴰ ⵜⵉⵟⵟⴰⵡⵉⵏ ⵍⵃⵓⵙⵉⵎⴰ/ⵜⴰⵎⴷⵉⵏⵜ ⵜⵓⴼⵔⵉⵏⵜ}} }} {{ⴰⵙⴰⵜⵉ |ⴰⵣⵡⵍ = ⴰⵡⵔⵉⴽ ⵓⴼⵔⵉⵏ |ⵜⴰⵖⵣⵉ ⵏ ⵓⵣⵡⵍ = 60% |ⵜⴰⵢⴽⵓⵏⵜ = |ⴰⴽⵍⵓ ⵏ ⵓⵙⴽⴽⵉⵍ ⵏ ⵓⵣⵡⵍ = ffffff |ⴰⴽⵍⵓ ⵏ ⵜⵖⵔⴷⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵓⵣⵡⵍ = 0058DF |ⴰⴽⵍⵓ ⵏ ⵜⵖⵔⴷⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵓⵎⴰⵢⵜ = F5F5F5 |ⴰⵙⵏⴼⵍ =ⴰⵡⵡⵓⵔ:ⵟⴰⵏⵊⴰ ⵜⵉⵟⵟⴰⵡⵉⵏ ⵍⵃⵓⵙⵉⵎⴰ/ⴰⵡⵔⵉⴽ ⵓⴼⵔⵉⵏ |ⵜⵓⵎⴰⵢⵜ = {{:ⴰⵡⵡⵓⵔ:ⵟⴰⵏⵊⴰ ⵜⵉⵟⵟⴰⵡⵉⵏ ⵍⵃⵓⵙⵉⵎⴰ/ⴰⵡⵔⵉⴽ ⵓⴼⵔⵉⵏ}} }} {{ⴰⵙⴰⵜⵉ |ⴰⵣⵡⵍ = ⵜⴰⵡⵍⴰⴼⵜ ⵜⵓⴼⵔⵉⵏⵜ |ⵜⴰⵖⵣⵉ ⵏ ⵓⵣⵡⵍ = 60% |ⵜⴰⵢⴽⵓⵏⵜ = |ⴰⴽⵍⵓ ⵏ ⵓⵙⴽⴽⵉⵍ ⵏ ⵓⵣⵡⵍ = ffffff |ⴰⴽⵍⵓ ⵏ ⵜⵖⵔⴷⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵓⵣⵡⵍ = 0058DF |ⴰⴽⵍⵓ ⵏ ⵜⵖⵔⴷⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵓⵎⴰⵢⵜ = F5F5F5 |ⴰⵙⵏⴼⵍ =ⴰⵡⵡⵓⵔ:ⵟⴰⵏⵊⴰ ⵜⵉⵟⵟⴰⵡⵉⵏ ⵍⵃⵓⵙⵉⵎⴰ/ⵜⴰⵡⵍⴰⴼⵜ ⵜⵓⴼⵔⵉⵏⵜ |ⵜⵓⵎⴰⵢⵜ = {{:ⴰⵡⵡⵓⵔ:ⵟⴰⵏⵊⴰ ⵜⵉⵟⵟⴰⵡⵉⵏ ⵍⵃⵓⵙⵉⵎⴰ/ⵜⴰⵡⵍⴰⴼⵜ ⵜⵓⴼⵔⵉⵏⵜ}} }} {{ⴰⵙⴰⵜⵉ |ⴰⵣⵡⵍ = ⵉⵙ ⵜⵙⵙⵏⴷ? |ⵜⴰⵖⵣⵉ ⵏ ⵓⵣⵡⵍ = 60% |ⵜⴰⵢⴽⵓⵏⵜ = |ⴰⴽⵍⵓ ⵏ ⵓⵙⴽⴽⵉⵍ ⵏ ⵓⵣⵡⵍ = ffffff |ⴰⴽⵍⵓ ⵏ ⵜⵖⵔⴷⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵓⵣⵡⵍ = 0058DF |ⴰⴽⵍⵓ ⵏ ⵜⵖⵔⴷⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵓⵎⴰⵢⵜ = F5F5F5 |ⴰⵙⵏⴼⵍ =ⴰⵡⵡⵓⵔ:ⵟⴰⵏⵊⴰ ⵜⵉⵟⵟⴰⵡⵉⵏ ⵍⵃⵓⵙⵉⵎⴰ/ⵉⵙ ⵜⵙⵙⵏⴷ? |ⵜⵓⵎⴰⵢⵜ = {{:ⴰⵡⵡⵓⵔ:ⵟⴰⵏⵊⴰ ⵜⵉⵟⵟⴰⵡⵉⵏ ⵍⵃⵓⵙⵉⵎⴰ/ⵉⵙ ⵜⵙⵙⵏⴷ?}} }} {{ⴰⵙⴰⵜⵉ |ⴰⵣⵡⵍ = ⵉⵙⵎⵉⵍⵏ |ⵜⴰⵖⵣⵉ ⵏ ⵓⵣⵡⵍ = 60% |ⵜⴰⵢⴽⵓⵏⵜ = |ⴰⴽⵍⵓ ⵏ ⵓⵙⴽⴽⵉⵍ ⵏ ⵓⵣⵡⵍ = ffffff |ⴰⴽⵍⵓ ⵏ ⵜⵖⵔⴷⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵓⵣⵡⵍ = 0058DF |ⴰⴽⵍⵓ ⵏ ⵜⵖⵔⴷⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵓⵎⴰⵢⵜ = F5F5F5 |ⴰⵙⵏⴼⵍ =ⴰⵡⵡⵓⵔ:ⵟⴰⵏⵊⴰ ⵜⵉⵟⵟⴰⵡⵉⵏ ⵍⵃⵓⵙⵉⵎⴰ/ⵉⵙⵎⵉⵍⵏ |ⵜⵓⵎⴰⵢⵜ = {{:ⴰⵡⵡⵓⵔ:ⵟⴰⵏⵊⴰ ⵜⵉⵟⵟⴰⵡⵉⵏ ⵍⵃⵓⵙⵉⵎⴰ/ⵉⵙⵎⵉⵍⵏ}} }} {{ⴰⵙⴰⵜⵉ |ⴰⵣⵡⵍ = ⵉⵡⵡⵓⵔⴰ ⴰⵢⵜⵎⴰⵜⵏ |ⵜⴰⵢⴽⵓⵏⵜ = |ⵜⴰⵖⵣⵉ ⵏ ⵓⵣⵡⵍ = 60% |ⴰⴽⵍⵓ ⵏ ⵓⵙⴽⴽⵉⵍ ⵏ ⵓⵣⵡⵍ = ffffff |ⴰⴽⵍⵓ ⵏ ⵜⵖⵔⴷⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵓⵣⵡⵍ = 0058DF |ⴰⴽⵍⵓ ⵏ ⵜⵖⵔⴷⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵓⵎⴰⵢⵜ = F5F5F5 |ⴰⵙⵏⴼⵍ =ⴰⵡⵡⵓⵔ:ⵟⴰⵏⵊⴰ ⵜⵉⵟⵟⴰⵡⵉⵏ ⵍⵃⵓⵙⵉⵎⴰ/ⵉⵡⵡⵓⵔⴰ ⴰⵢⵜⵎⴰⵜⵏ |ⵜⵓⵎⴰⵢⵜ = {{:ⴰⵡⵡⵓⵔ:ⵟⴰⵏⵊⴰ ⵜⵉⵟⵟⴰⵡⵉⵏ ⵍⵃⵓⵙⵉⵎⴰ/ⵉⵡⵡⵓⵔⴰ ⴰⵢⵜⵎⴰⵜⵏ}} }} {{ⴰⵙⴰⵜⵉ |ⴰⵣⵡⵍ = ⴰⵎⴳⵔⴰⴷ ⴰⵎⴰⵢⵏⵓ |ⵜⴰⵢⴽⵓⵏⵜ = |ⵜⴰⵖⵣⵉ ⵏ ⵓⵣⵡⵍ = 60% |ⴰⴽⵍⵓ ⵏ ⵓⵙⴽⴽⵉⵍ ⵏ ⵓⵣⵡⵍ = ffffff |ⴰⴽⵍⵓ ⵏ ⵜⵖⵔⴷⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵓⵣⵡⵍ = 0058DF |ⴰⴽⵍⵓ ⵏ ⵜⵖⵔⴷⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵓⵎⴰⵢⵜ = F5F5F5 |ⴰⵙⵏⴼⵍ =ⴰⵡⵡⵓⵔ:ⵟⴰⵏⵊⴰ ⵜⵉⵟⵟⴰⵡⵉⵏ ⵍⵃⵓⵙⵉⵎⴰ/ⴰⵎⴳⵔⴰⴷ ⴰⵎⴰⵢⵏⵓ |ⵜⵓⵎⴰⵢⵜ = {{:ⴰⵡⵡⵓⵔ:ⵟⴰⵏⵊⴰ ⵜⵉⵟⵟⴰⵡⵉⵏ ⵍⵃⵓⵙⵉⵎⴰ/ⴰⵎⴳⵔⴰⴷ ⴰⵎⴰⵢⵏⵓ}} }} {{ⴰⵙⴰⵜⵉ |ⴰⵣⵡⵍ = ⵉⵙⵏⴼⴰⵔⵏ ⴰⵢⵜⵎⴰⵜⵏ |ⵜⴰⵢⴽⵓⵏⵜ = |ⵜⴰⵖⵣⵉ ⵏ ⵓⵣⵡⵍ = 60% |ⴰⴽⵍⵓ ⵏ ⵓⵙⴽⴽⵉⵍ ⵏ ⵓⵣⵡⵍ = ffffff |ⴰⴽⵍⵓ ⵏ ⵜⵖⵔⴷⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵓⵣⵡⵍ = 0058DF |ⴰⴽⵍⵓ ⵏ ⵜⵖⵔⴷⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵓⵎⴰⵢⵜ = F5F5F5 |ⴰⵙⵏⴼⵍ =ⴰⵡⵡⵓⵔ:ⵟⴰⵏⵊⴰ ⵜⵉⵟⵟⴰⵡⵉⵏ ⵍⵃⵓⵙⵉⵎⴰ/ⵉⵙⵏⴼⴰⵔⵏ ⴰⵢⵜⵎⴰⵜⵏ ⵏ ⵡⵉⴽⵉⴱⵉⴷⵢⴰ |ⵜⵓⵎⴰⵢⵜ = {{:ⴰⵡⵡⵓⵔ:ⵟⴰⵏⵊⴰ ⵜⵉⵟⵟⴰⵡⵉⵏ ⵍⵃⵓⵙⵉⵎⴰ/ⵉⵙⵏⴼⴰⵔⵏ ⴰⵢⵜⵎⴰⵜⵏ ⵏ ⵡⵉⴽⵉⴱⵉⴷⵢⴰ}} }} {{ⵉⵙⴰⵖⵓⵍⵏ}} {{ⴰⴱⴰⴹ ⵓⵏⵜⵉⵎ}} {{ⴰⵙⵎⵉⵍ|ⴰⵡⵡⵓⵔ}} t35yh58vq8bm6ouegye02pnl6yzrkwu 0 3419 176107 153899 2026-05-04T14:14:29Z BihiBot 2406 ⴽⴽⵙⵖ ⴰⵍⴱⵓⴹ ⵏ ⵜⵏⵟⵟⵓⴼⵜ 176107 wikitext text/x-wiki {{ⵉⵙⵏⴼⴰⵔⵏ ⴰⵢⵜⵎⴰⵜⵏ ⵏ ⵡⵉⴽⵉⴱⵉⴷⵢⴰ}} {{ⵉⵙⴰⵖⵓⵍⵏ}} {{ⴰⴱⴰⴹ ⵓⵏⵜⵉⵎ}} stksabvqb9ray9t6cqtlmg6e2b4rf7j 0 3420 176102 153890 2026-05-04T14:13:38Z BihiBot 2406 ⴽⴽⵙⵖ ⴰⵍⴱⵓⴹ ⵏ ⵜⵏⵟⵟⵓⴼⵜ 176102 wikitext text/x-wiki {{ⴰⵎⴳⵔⴰⴷ ⴰⵎⴰⵢⵏⵓ}} {{ⵉⵙⴰⵖⵓⵍⵏ}} {{ⴰⴱⴰⴹ ⵓⵏⵜⵉⵎ}} bb7kcxixh6hl65bhwh2qk4wwpo183g5 0 3421 176108 153900 2026-05-04T14:14:39Z BihiBot 2406 ⴽⴽⵙⵖ ⴰⵍⴱⵓⴹ ⵏ ⵜⵏⵟⵟⵓⴼⵜ 176108 wikitext text/x-wiki {{ⵉⵡⵡⵓⵔⴰ ⵏ ⵜⵎⵏⴰⴹⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵍⵎⵖⵔⵉⴱ}} {{ⵉⵙⴰⵖⵓⵍⵏ}} {{ⴰⴱⴰⴹ ⵓⵏⵜⵉⵎ}} t60bpgtjn1mo3roq5oidbxmb6v4ava2 0 3422 176106 153897 2026-05-04T14:14:18Z BihiBot 2406 ⴽⴽⵙⵖ ⴰⵍⴱⵓⴹ ⵏ ⵜⵏⵟⵟⵓⴼⵜ 176106 wikitext text/x-wiki <div class="reflist4" style="height: 150px; overflow: auto; padding: 4px" > <categorytree mode=pages showcount="on">ⵜⴰⵎⵏⴰⴹⵜ ⵏ ⵟⴰⵏⵊⴰ ⵜⵉⵟⵟⴰⵡⵉⵏ ⵍⵃⵓⵙⵉⵎⴰ</categorytree> </div></div > ==ⵉⵙⴰⵖⵓⵍⵏ== *'''ⴰⵙⴳⵣⴰⵡⴰⵍ ⵏ [[ⴰⵙⵉⵏⴰⴳ ⴰⴳⵍⴷⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵓⵙⵙⵏⴰ ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵜ]](ⵙ.ⴳ.ⵙ.ⵎ) :''' [[ⵎⵙⵎⵓⵏ ⴰⵡⴰⵍ ⴰⵎⴰⵜⴰⵢ ⴰⵙⵏⵎⴰⵍⴰⵢ ⵏ ⵜⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵜ]] (ⵎ.ⵎ.ⵙ.ⵎ) {{ⵉⵙⴰⵖⵓⵍⵏ}} {{ⴰⴱⴰⴹ ⵓⵏⵜⵉⵎ}} frcz36ds6rrodkj37r3pw6chwb0su35 0 3426 176111 153905 2026-05-04T14:15:09Z BihiBot 2406 ⴽⴽⵙⵖ ⴰⵍⴱⵓⴹ ⵏ ⵜⵏⵟⵟⵓⴼⵜ 176111 wikitext text/x-wiki [[File:ⵟⴰⵏⵊⴰ ⵜⵉⵟⵟⴰⵡⵉⵏ ⵍⵃⵓⵙⵉⵎⴰ.png|right|250px|frameless]] '''[[ⵜⴰⵎⵏⴰⴹⵜ ⵏ ⵟⴰⵏⵊⴰ ⵜⵉⵟⵟⴰⵡⵉⵏ ⵍⵃⵓⵙⵉⵎⴰ|ⵟⴰⵏⵊⴰ ⵜⵉⵟⵟⴰⵡⵉⵏ ⵍⵃⵓⵙⵉⵎⴰ]]''' ⵜⴳⴰ ⵜⴰⵎⵏⴰⴹⵜ ⴳ 12 ⵜⵎⵏⴰⴹⵉⵏ ⵜⵉⵏⴷⴱⴰⵍⵉⵏ ⵏ [[ⵍⵎⵖⵔⵉⴱ|ⵡⴰⵎⵓⵔ ⵏ ⵡⴰⴽⵓⵛ]] ⴳ ⵓⴱⵟⵟⵓ ⴰⵙⴳⴰⵡⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵓⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙ 2975/2015, ⵖⵓⵔⵙ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵡⴰⵏⵙⴰ ⴰⵔⴰⴽⴰⵍ ⴰⵙⵜⵔⴰⵜⵉⵊⵉ ⵉⴷⴷⵖ ⵜⵍⵍⴰ ⴳ ⵜⴰⵖⵢⴰ ⵏ ⵓⴷⵔⴰⵔ ⵏ ⵟⴰⵔⵉⵇ ⵜⵓⴳⴳⵓⴳ ⵖⴼ ⵙⴱⵏⵢⵓⵍ ⵙ 15 ⴽⵉⵍⵓⵎⵉⵜⵔ, ⵢⵉⵍⵉ ⵖⵓⵔⵙ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⴼⵜⴰⵙ ⴰⵏⵙⴱⴰⵖⵓⵔ ⵙ [[ⴰⴳⴰⵔⴰⵡ ⴰⵟⵍⴰⵙⵉ|ⵓⴳⴰⵔⴰⵡ ⴰⵟⵍⴰⵙⵉ]] ⴷ ⵢⵉⵍⵍ ⴰⵎⵍⵍⴰⵍ ⴰⵏⴰⵎⵎⴰⵙ ⴷ ⵢⵉⴷⵖⴰⵔⵏ ⵏ ⵓⴼⴰⵔⵙ ⵏ ⵓⵣⴰⵜⵉⵎ ⵏ ⵓⵣⵎⵎⵓⵔ ⴷ ⵜⵖⴰⵡⵙⵉⵡⵉⵏ ⵢⴰⴹⵏ, ⵢⵉⵍⵉ ⴷⵉⴳⵙ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⵙⵍⴰⵍⵍⵓ ⵏ ⵉⵏⵎⵎⵓⴷⴷⴰ ⴷ ⵉⵍⴰⵍⵍⵏ ⵉⴳⴰ ⴰⵎⵣⵡⴰⵔⵓ ⴳ ⵜⴼⵔⵉⴽⵜ, ⵜⴰⵎⵏⴰⴹⵜ ⴷⴳⵙ ⵢⵓⵜ ⵜⴷⵓⵙⴽⵉⵡⵜ ⵜⴻⵜⵜⴰⵊⵊⴰ ⵜⵜ ⴰⴷ ⵜⵉⵍⵉ ⴷⴰⴼⴰⵢⵍⵓ ⵏ ⵜⴷⵎⵙⴰ ⵡⵉⵙⵙ ⵙⵉⵏ ⴳ ⵓⵎⵔⵔⵓⴽ ⴷⴼⴼⵉⵔ [[ⵜⴰⵎⵏⴰⴹⵜ ⵏ ⵜⴰⴷⴷⴰⵔⵜ ⵜⵓⵎⵍⵉⵍⵜ ⵥⵟⵟⴰⵜ]]. {{ⵉⵙⴰⵖⵓⵍⵏ}} {{ⴰⴱⴰⴹ ⵓⵏⵜⵉⵎ}} 50sy8kh452uinxmh3hu3cgt7t5nusd0 0 3427 176104 153894 2026-05-04T14:13:58Z BihiBot 2406 ⴽⴽⵙⵖ ⴰⵍⴱⵓⴹ ⵏ ⵜⵏⵟⵟⵓⴼⵜ 176104 wikitext text/x-wiki [[File:Nasser Zefzafi.jpg|150px|right|ⵏⴰⵚⵕ ⵣⵣⴼⵣⴰⴼⵉ]] '''ⵏⴰⵚⵕ ⵣⵣⴼⵣⴰⴼⵉ''' ⵏⵖ '''ⵏⴰⵚⵔ ⴰⵣⴼⵣⴰⴼ''' (ⵙ [[ⵜⵓⵜⵍⴰⵢⵜ ⵜⴰⵏⴳⵍⵉⵣⵜ|ⵜⵏⴳⵍⵉⵣⵜ]]: ''Nasser Zefzafi'') ⵉⵍⵓⵍ ⴳ 1979 ⴳ ⵜⵎⴷⵉⵏⵜ ⵏ [[ⵍⵃⵓⵙⵉⵎⴰ]] ⵉⵍⵍⴰⵏ ⴷⵉ [[ⴰⵔⵔⵉⴼ]], ⵉⴳⴰ ⴰⵎⵖⵏⴰⵙ ⴰⵔⵉⴼⵉ ⴰⵎⵖⵔⵉⴱⵉ. ⵉⴷⵔⴰ ⵙⴳ [[ⴽⵟⵓⴱⵕ]] ⵏ 2016 ⴳ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⵎⵓⵙⵙⵓ ⵏ ⵓⵙⵎⵓⵎⵎⵢ ⴳ ⵍⵃⵓⵙⵉⵎⴰ ⴷ ⵔⵔⵉⴼ ⵙ ⵓⵎⴰⵜⴰ, ⴰⵎⵓⵙⵙⵓ ⴰⴷ ⴰⵖⵔⴼⴰⵏ ⵉⵎⵎⵔⵏⵉ ⴳ [[ⵎⴰⵢⵢⵓ]] ⵏ 2017 ⵙ ⵓⵙⵙⵓⵜⵔ ⵏ ⵓⵙⴱⵓⵖⵍⵓ ⵏ ⵡⴰⴷⴷⴰⴷ ⴰⵏⴰⵎⵓⵏⴷⵎⵙⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵎⴷⵉⵏⵜ ⵏ [[ⵍⵃⵓⵙⵉⵎⴰ]] ⴷ ⵜⵎⵏⴰⴹⵜ ⵏ ⵔⵔⵉⴼ ⵙ ⵓⵎⴰⵜⴰ. ⴷⵉ [[29 ⵎⴰⵢⵢⵓ]] 2017, ⵉⵜⵜⵡⴰⵎⵥ ⵓⵣⴼⵣⴰⴼ. {{ⵉⵙⴰⵖⵓⵍⵏ}} {{ⴰⴱⴰⴹ ⵓⵏⵜⵉⵎ}} 10fmsd3iwa2z49ggn9qhqge4rpb456r 0 3428 176110 153904 2026-05-04T14:14:58Z BihiBot 2406 ⴽⴽⵙⵖ ⴰⵍⴱⵓⴹ ⵏ ⵜⵏⵟⵟⵓⴼⵜ 176110 wikitext text/x-wiki [[File:Ibn Batouta Stadium of Tangier.jpg|thumb|center|400px]] <center>ⵜⴰⵡⵍⴰⴼⵜ ⵏ ⵓⵙⵓⵔⴰⵔ ⵏ ⵉⴱⵏ ⴱⴰⵟⵓⵟⵟⴰ ⴳ ⵜⵎⴷⵉⵏⵜ ⵏ [[ⵟⴰⵏⵊⴰ]].</center> {{ⵉⵙⴰⵖⵓⵍⵏ}} {{ⴰⴱⴰⴹ ⵓⵏⵜⵉⵎ}} mc8drgnx57hq8byfcpwgnoa3r1376v9 0 3441 176103 153892 2026-05-04T14:13:48Z BihiBot 2406 ⴽⴽⵙⵖ ⴰⵍⴱⵓⴹ ⵏ ⵜⵏⵟⵟⵓⴼⵜ 176103 wikitext text/x-wiki [[ⴰⴼⴰⵢⵍⵓ:Plage Quemado Al-Hoceima.jpeg|thumb|350px|ⵜⴰⵖⴰⵔⵜ ⵏ ⴽⵉⵎⴰⴷⵓ ⴳ ⵜⵎⴷⵉⵏⵜ ⵏ ⵍⵃⵓⵙⵉⵎⴰ ⴷ ⵢⵉⵍ ⴰⵎⵍⵍⴰⵍ ⴰⵏⴰⵎⵎⴰⵙ]] '''ⵔⵔⵉⴼ''' ⵏⵉⵖ '''ⴰⵔⵔⵉⴼ''' ⴷ ⵜⴰⵎⵏⴰⴹⵜ ⴷⵉ ⵓⴳⴰⴼⴰ ⵏ ⵎⵓⵔⴰⴽⵓⵛ, ⵜⵙⵙⴰⵊⵊⴰ ⵅⴼ ⵢⵉⵍⵍ ⴰⴳⵔⴰⴽⴰⵍ, ⵣⴷⴷⵖⵏ ⴷⵉⵙ ⴳⵔ 3 ⴰⵔ 5 ⵎⵍⵢⵓⵏ ⵏ ⵉⵎⵣⴷⴰⵖ. ⵜⴰⵎⵓⵔⵜ ⵏ ⴰⵔⵉⴼ ⵍⵍⴰⵏ ⴷⵉⵙ ⵉⴷⵓⵔⴰⵔ,ⴷ ⵉⵣⴰⵖⴰⵔⵏ, ⴷ ⵢⵉⴼⵜⵉⵙⵏ ⵅⴼ ⵢⵉⵍⵍ ⴰⴳⵔⴰⴽⴰⵍ. ⵉⴷⵓⵔⴰⵔ ⴷ ⵜⵎⵓⵔⵜ ⵏ ⴰⵔⵉⴼ ⵙⵙⵏⵜⴰ ⵙⴳ ⵉⵅⴼ ⵏ ⵙⴱⴰⵔⵜⵉⵍ (Cape Spartel) ⴷ ⵜⴰⵏⵊⴰ ⴷⵉ ⵓⵜⴰⵔⴰⵎ ⴰⵔ ⵉⵅⴼ ⵉⴽⴱⴷⴰⵏⵏ (Ras Kebdana) ⴷ ⵢⵉⵖⵥⵔ ⴰⵎⵍⵡⵉ (Meřwect) ⴳ ⵓⴳⵎⵓⴹ, ⵙⴳ ⵉⵍⵍ ⴰⴳⵔⴰⴽⴰⵍ ⴷⵉ ⵓⴳⴰⴼⴰ ⴰⵔ ⵉⵖⵥⵔ ⵏ ⵓⵔⵖⴰ ⴷⴳ ⵡⴰⵏⵥⵓⵍ. ⵙⴳ ⵉⵖⵔⵎⴰⵏ ⵉⵎⵇⵇⵔⴰⵏⵏ ⵉⵍⵍⴰⵏ ⴷⵉ ⵜⵎⵏⴰⴹⵜ ⵏ ⴰⵔⵉⴼ ⴰⵎⵇⵇⵔⴰⵏ ⵖⵔ ⵏⵖ: [[ⵏⵏⴰⴹⵓⵔ]], [[ⵍⵃⵓⵙⵉⵎⴰ]], ⵜⴰⵏⵊⴰ, [[ⵜⵉⵟⵟⴰⵡⵉⵏ]], ⴰⵛⵛⴰⵡⵏ, ⴱⵔⴽⴰⵏ, ⵜⴰⵣⴰ, ⵜⴰⵔⴳⵉⵙⵜ, ⴰⵣⵖⵏⵖⴰⵏ, ⵙⵕⵡⴰⵏ, ⵎⵉⴹⴰⵔ, ⵣⴰⵢⵢⵓ, ⴰⵄⴰⵔⵡⵉ, ⴷⴷⵔⵉⵡⵛ, [[ⴰⵢⵜ ⴱⵓⵄⵢⵢⴰⵛ]], [[ⵉⵎⵣⵓⵔⵏ]], [[ⵍⵄⵔⴰⵢⵛ]], [[ⴰⵊⴷⵉⵔ]], ⵜⴰⵡⵔⵉⵔⵜ, [[ⴼⵏⵉⴷⵇ]], ⴷ ⵍⵊⴱⵀⴰ. ⵉⴷⵓⵔⴰⵔ ⵏ ⴰⵔⵉⴼ ⵓⴷⵙⵏ ⵉⴷⵓⵔⴰⵔ ⵏ “Cordillera Bética” ⴷⵉ ⵙⴱⴰⵏⵢⴰ. ⵉⴷⵓⵔⴰⵔ ⵏ ⴰⵔⵉⴼ ⵓⴷⵙⵏ ⵎⴰⵛⴰ ⵓⵔ ⵇⵇⵉⵏⵏ ⵛⴰ ⵖⵔ ⵉⴷⵓⵔⴰⵔ ⵏ ⵡⴰⵜⵍⴰⵙ. ⵊⴰⵔ ⴰⵙⵏ ⵜⵍⵍⴰ ⵜⴰⵣⴰ. ⵎⴰⵛⵉ ⵎⴰⵔⵔⴰ ⵉⵎⵣⴷⴰⵖ ⵏ ⵜⵎⵏⴰⴹⵜ ⵏ ⴰⵔⵉⴼ ⴰⵎⵇⵇⵔⴰⵏ ⵙⵙⴰⵡⴰⵍⵏ ⵜⵓⵜⵍⴰⵢⵜ ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵜ. ⵉⵎⵣⴷⴰⵖ ⵏ ⵜⴰⵏⵊⴰ ⴷ ⵜⵉⵟⵟⴰⵡⵉⵏ ⵇⵇⴰⵔⵏ ⵉ ⵢⵉⵅⴼ ⵏⵏⵙⵏ “ⵊⴱⴰⵍⴰ” (ⵉⵊⴱⵍⵉⵢⵏ) ⵏⵉⵜⵏⵉ ⵙⵙⴰⵡⴰⵍⵏ ⵜⴰⵄⵕⴰⴱⵜ ⵜⴰⵊⴱⵍⵉⵜ. ⵜⴰⵎⵏⴰⴹⵜ ⵏ “ⵊⴱⴰⵍⴰ” ⴷ ⵜⴰⴼⵓⵍⵜ ⵣⵉ ⵜⵎⵏⴰⴹⵜ ⵏ ⴰⵔⵉⴼ ⴰⵎⵇⵇⵔⴰⵏ. ⵉⵡⴷⴰⵏ ⵉⵙⵙⴰⵡⴰⵍⵏ ⵜⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵜ ⴷⵉ ⴰⵔⵉⴼ ⵇⵇⴰⵔⵏ ⵉ ⵢⵉⵅⴼ ⵏⵏⵙⵏ “[[ⵉⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵏ]]” ⵏⵉⵖ “ⵉⵔⵉⴼⵉⵢⵏ”, ⵜⵓⵜⵍⴰⵢⵜ ⵏⵙⵏ ⵇⵇⴰⵔⵏ ⴰⵙ ⵍⴱⴷⴰ “ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵜ” ⵎⴰⵛⵉ "ⵜⴰⵔⵉⴼⵉⵜ". ⵉⵡⴷⴰⵏ ⵏ ⴱⵔⵔⴰ ⵉ ⴰⵔⵉⴼ ⴷ ⵏⵉⵜⵏⵉ ⵉⵙⵙⵇⴷⴰⵛⵏ ⵜⴰⵡⴰⵍⵜ ⵏ “[[ⵜⴰⵔⵉⴼⵉⵜ]]” (ⵉ ⵜⵓⵜⵍⴰⵢⵜ), ⵎⴰⵛⵉ ⴷ ⵉⵔⵉⴼⵉⵢⵏ ⵙ ⵉⵎⴰⵏⵜ ⵏⵙⵏ. '''[[ⴰⵔⵔⵉⴼ|ⵖⵔ ⵓⴳⴳⴰⵔ ...]]''' {{ⵉⵙⴰⵖⵓⵍⵏ}} {{ⴰⴱⴰⴹ ⵓⵏⵜⵉⵎ}} cp4d2fft4tiveias5cy407i6nx2l967 0 3507 176109 153902 2026-05-04T14:14:53Z BihiBot 2406 ⴽⴽⵙⵖ ⴰⵍⴱⵓⴹ ⵏ ⵜⵏⵟⵟⵓⴼⵜ 176109 wikitext text/x-wiki [[ⴰⴼⴰⵢⵍⵓ:View of Moulay el Mehdi - panoramio.jpg|thumb|center|400px]] <center>'''ⵜⵉⵟⵟⴰⵡⵉⵏ''' ⵏⵉⵖ '''ⵜⵉⵟⵟⴰⵡⴰⵏ''' ⵏⵉⵖ '''ⵜⵉⵟⵡⴰⵏ''' (ⵙ [[ⵜⵓⵜⵍⴰⵢⵜ ⵜⴰⵙⴱⵍⵢⵓⵏⵜ|ⵜⵚⴱⵍⵢⵓⵏⵜ]]: ''Tetuán'') ⵜⴳⴰ ⵜⴰⵎⴷⵉⵏⵜ ⵜⴰⵎⵖⵔⵉⴱⵉⵜ, ⵇⵇⴰⵔⵏ ⴰⵙ "ⵜⴰⵜⴱⵉⵔⵜ ⵜⴰⵎⵍⵍⴰⵍⵜ" ⵜⵉⵟⵟⴰⵡⵉⵏ ⵎⵎ ⵉⵙⵓⵏⵏ ⵉⵜⵜⵓⵚⴽⴰⵏ ⵙ ⵜⵎⵙⴷⴰⴳⵜ ⵜⴰⵎⵓⵔⵉⵢⵜ, ⵜⵍⵍⴰ ⴳ ⵜⵎⵏⴰⴹⵜ ⵏ [[ⴰⵔⵔⵉⴼ]] ⴰⵎⵇⵔⴰⵏ ⵉⴳⴰⵏ ⵜⴰⵎⵏⴰⴹⵜ ⵜⴰⵏⴼⵍⴰⵃⵜ ⵏⵏ ⵉⵍⵍⴰⵏ ⴼ ⵢⵉⵍ ⴰⵎⵍⵍⴰⵍ ⴰⵏⴰⵎⵎⴰⵙ.</center> {{ⵉⵙⴰⵖⵓⵍⵏ}} {{ⴰⴱⴰⴹ ⵓⵏⵜⵉⵎ}} r306809e5y8r7m1qpy22klgudka3evi 0 3648 176105 153895 2026-05-04T14:14:14Z BihiBot 2406 ⴽⴽⵙⵖ ⴰⵍⴱⵓⴹ ⵏ ⵜⵏⵟⵟⵓⴼⵜ 176105 wikitext text/x-wiki [[File:Hicham El Guerrouj cropped.jpg|150px|right]] *ⵉⵙ ⵜⵙⵙⵏⴷ ?: ⵉⵡⵉⵙ ⵏ ⵜⵎⴷⵉⵏⵜ ⵏ [[ⴱⵔⴽⴰⵏ]], [[ⵀⵉⵛⴰⵎ ⵍⴳⵔⵔⵓⵊ]] ⵉⵙ ⵙⵓⵍ ⵖⵓⵔⵙ ⵜⵍⵍⴰ ⵜⵎⴽⵔⵔⴰ ⵏ ⵜⵖⵉⴷⴰ 1500ⵎ ⵙⴳ [[14 ⵢⵓⵍⵢⵓⵣ]] 1998 ⴳ [[ⵔⵓⵎⴰ]] ⵙ ⵡⴰⴽⵓⴷ ⵏ 03:26:00. *ⵉⵙ ⵜⵙⵙⵏⴷ ?: ⴰⴼⵜⴰⵙ ⵏ ⵟⴰⵏⵊⴰ ⴰⵏⴰⵎⵎⴰⵙ ⵉⵙ ⵉⴳⴰ ⴰⴼⵜⴰⵙ ⵍⵍⵉ ⴰⴽⴽⵯ ⵉⵎⵇⵇⵓⵔⵏ ⴳ ⵉⴼⵔⵉⵇⵢⴰ ⴷ ⵜⵎⵏⴰⴹⵜ ⵏ ⵓⵎⴷⴰ ⴰⵏⴰⵎⵎⴰⵙ. {{ⵉⵙⴰⵖⵓⵍⵏ}} {{ⴰⴱⴰⴹ ⵓⵏⵜⵉⵎ}} lvojmvzhnf5osyeze3yaalho1rcjv5h 0 3842 175991 157942 2026-05-04T12:26:18Z BihiBot 2406 ⴽⴽⵙⵖ ⴰⵍⴱⵓⴹ ⵏ ⵜⵏⵟⵟⵓⴼⵜ 175991 wikitext text/x-wiki {{ⵉⵙⵕⵥⴰⵎ ⵏ ⵡⴰⵡⵡⵓⵔ|ⵓⵏⵓⵖⵏ ⵉⵜⵎⵓⵙⵙⵓⵏ}} {{ⵜⴰⵣⵡⵓⵔⵜ |ⴰⵡⵡⵓⵔ = ⵓⵏⵓⵖⵏ ⵉⵜⵎⵓⵙⵙⵓⵏ |ⵜⴰⵡⵍⴰⴼⵜ = Animation disc.svg }} {{ⴰⵙⴰⵜⵉ |ⴰⵣⵡⵍ = ⵜⴰⵣⵡⵓⵔⵜ |ⵜⴰⵖⵣⵉ ⵏ ⵓⵣⵡⵍ = 45% |ⵜⴰⵢⴽⵓⵏⵜ = |ⴰⴽⵍⵓ ⵏ ⵓⵙⴽⴽⵉⵍ ⵏ ⵓⵣⵡⵍ = 000000 |ⴰⴽⵍⵓ ⵏ ⵜⵖⵔⴷⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵓⵣⵡⵍ = 839ED6 |ⴰⴽⵍⵓ ⵏ ⵜⵖⵔⴷⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵓⵎⴰⵢⵜ = F4F8FF |ⴰⵙⵏⴼⵍ =ⴰⵡⵡⵓⵔ:ⵓⵏⵓⵖⵏ ⵉⵜⵎⵓⵙⵙⵓⵏ/ⵜⴰⵣⵡⵓⵔⵜ |ⵜⵓⵎⴰⵢⵜ = {{:ⴰⵡⵡⵓⵔ:ⵓⵏⵓⵖⵏ ⵉⵜⵎⵓⵙⵙⵓⵏ/ⵜⴰⵣⵡⵓⵔⵜ}} }} {{ⴰⵙⴰⵜⵉ |ⴰⵣⵡⵍ = ⴰⵎⴳⵔⴰⴷ ⵓⴼⵔⵉⵏ |ⵜⴰⵖⵣⵉ ⵏ ⵓⵣⵡⵍ = 50% |ⵜⴰⵢⴽⵓⵏⵜ = |ⴰⴽⵍⵓ ⵏ ⵓⵙⴽⴽⵉⵍ ⵏ ⵓⵣⵡⵍ = 000000 |ⴰⴽⵍⵓ ⵏ ⵜⵖⵔⴷⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵓⵣⵡⵍ = 839ED6 |ⴰⴽⵍⵓ ⵏ ⵜⵖⵔⴷⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵓⵎⴰⵢⵜ = F4F8FF |ⴰⵙⵏⴼⵍ =ⴰⵡⵡⵓⵔ:ⵓⵏⵓⵖⵏ ⵉⵜⵎⵓⵙⵙⵓⵏ/ⴰⵎⴳⵔⴰⴷ ⵓⴼⵔⵉⵏ |ⵜⵓⵎⴰⵢⵜ = {{:ⴰⵡⵡⵓⵔ:ⵓⵏⵓⵖⵏ ⵉⵜⵎⵓⵙⵙⵓⵏ/ⴰⵎⴳⵔⴰⴷ ⵓⴼⵔⵉⵏ}} }} {{ⴰⵙⴰⵜⵉ |ⴰⵣⵡⵍ = ⵜⴰⵡⵍⴰⴼⵜ ⵜⵓⴼⵔⵉⵏⵜ |ⵜⴰⵖⵣⵉ ⵏ ⵓⵣⵡⵍ = 60% |ⵜⴰⵢⴽⵓⵏⵜ = |ⴰⴽⵍⵓ ⵏ ⵓⵙⴽⴽⵉⵍ ⵏ ⵓⵣⵡⵍ = 000000 |ⴰⴽⵍⵓ ⵏ ⵜⵖⵔⴷⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵓⵣⵡⵍ = 839ED6 |ⴰⴽⵍⵓ ⵏ ⵜⵖⵔⴷⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵓⵎⴰⵢⵜ = F4F8FF |ⴰⵙⵏⴼⵍ =ⴰⵡⵡⵓⵔ:ⵓⵏⵓⵖⵏ ⵉⵜⵎⵓⵙⵙⵓⵏ/ⵜⴰⵡⵍⴰⴼⵜ ⵜⵓⴼⵔⵉⵏⵜ |ⵜⵓⵎⴰⵢⵜ = {{:ⴰⵡⵡⵓⵔ:ⵓⵏⵓⵖⵏ ⵉⵜⵎⵓⵙⵙⵓⵏ/ⵜⴰⵡⵍⴰⴼⵜ ⵜⵓⴼⵔⵉⵏⵜ}} }} {{ⴰⵙⴰⵜⵉ |ⴰⵣⵡⵍ = ⵉⵙⵎⵉⵍⵏ |ⵜⴰⵖⵣⵉ ⵏ ⵓⵣⵡⵍ = 45% |ⵜⴰⵢⴽⵓⵏⵜ = |ⴰⴽⵍⵓ ⵏ ⵓⵙⴽⴽⵉⵍ ⵏ ⵓⵣⵡⵍ = 000000 |ⴰⴽⵍⵓ ⵏ ⵜⵖⵔⴷⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵓⵣⵡⵍ = 839ED6 |ⴰⴽⵍⵓ ⵏ ⵜⵖⵔⴷⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵓⵎⴰⵢⵜ = F4F8FF |ⴰⵙⵏⴼⵍ =ⴰⵡⵡⵓⵔ:ⵓⵏⵓⵖⵏ ⵉⵜⵎⵓⵙⵙⵓⵏ/ⵉⵙⵎⵉⵍⵏ |ⵜⵓⵎⴰⵢⵜ = {{:ⴰⵡⵡⵓⵔ:ⵓⵏⵓⵖⵏ ⵉⵜⵎⵓⵙⵙⵓⵏ/ⵉⵙⵎⵉⵍⵏ}} }} {{ⴰⵙⴰⵜⵉ |ⴰⵣⵡⵍ = ⵉⵡⵡⵓⵔⴰ ⴰⵢⵜⵎⴰⵜⵏ |ⵜⴰⵖⵣⵉ ⵏ ⵓⵣⵡⵍ = 60% |ⵜⴰⵢⴽⵓⵏⵜ = |ⴰⴽⵍⵓ ⵏ ⵓⵙⴽⴽⵉⵍ ⵏ ⵓⵣⵡⵍ = 000000 |ⴰⴽⵍⵓ ⵏ ⵜⵖⵔⴷⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵓⵣⵡⵍ = 839ED6 |ⴰⴽⵍⵓ ⵏ ⵜⵖⵔⴷⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵓⵎⴰⵢⵜ = F4F8FF |ⴰⵙⵏⴼⵍ =ⴰⵡⵡⵓⵔ:ⵓⵏⵓⵖⵏ ⵉⵜⵎⵓⵙⵙⵓⵏ/ⵉⵡⵡⵓⵔⴰ ⴰⵢⵜⵎⴰⵜⵏ |ⵜⵓⵎⴰⵢⵜ = {{:ⴰⵡⵡⵓⵔ:ⵓⵏⵓⵖⵏ ⵉⵜⵎⵓⵙⵙⵓⵏ/ⵉⵡⵡⵓⵔⴰ ⴰⵢⵜⵎⴰⵜⵏ}} }} {{ⴰⵙⴰⵜⵉ |ⴰⵣⵡⵍ = ⴰⵎⴳⵔⴰⴷ ⴰⵎⴰⵢⵏⵓ |ⵜⴰⵖⵣⵉ ⵏ ⵓⵣⵡⵍ = 55% |ⵜⴰⵢⴽⵓⵏⵜ = |ⴰⴽⵍⵓ ⵏ ⵓⵙⴽⴽⵉⵍ ⵏ ⵓⵣⵡⵍ = 000000 |ⴰⴽⵍⵓ ⵏ ⵜⵖⵔⴷⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵓⵣⵡⵍ = 839ED6 |ⴰⴽⵍⵓ ⵏ ⵜⵖⵔⴷⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵓⵎⴰⵢⵜ = F4F8FF |ⵜⵓⵎⴰⵢⵜ = {{Template:ⴰⵎⴳⵔⴰⴷ ⴰⵎⴰⵢⵏⵓ ⵏ ⵓⵏⵓⵖⵏ ⵉⵜⵎⵓⵙⵙⵓⵏ}} }} {{ⴰⵙⴰⵜⵉ |ⴰⵣⵡⵍ = ⵉⵙⵏⴼⴰⵔⵏ ⴰⵢⵜⵎⴰⵜⵏ |ⵜⴰⵖⵣⵉ ⵏ ⵓⵣⵡⵍ = 60% |ⵜⴰⵢⴽⵓⵏⵜ = |ⴰⴽⵍⵓ ⵏ ⵓⵙⴽⴽⵉⵍ ⵏ ⵓⵣⵡⵍ = 000000 |ⴰⴽⵍⵓ ⵏ ⵜⵖⵔⴷⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵓⵣⵡⵍ = 839ED6 |ⴰⴽⵍⵓ ⵏ ⵜⵖⵔⴷⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵓⵎⴰⵢⵜ = F4F8FF |ⴰⵙⵏⴼⵍ =ⴰⵡⵡⵓⵔ:ⵓⵏⵓⵖⵏ ⵉⵜⵎⵓⵙⵙⵓⵏ/ⵉⵙⵏⴼⴰⵔⵏ ⴰⵢⵜⵎⴰⵜⵏ ⵏ ⵡⵉⴽⵉⴱⵉⴷⵢⴰ |ⵜⵓⵎⴰⵢⵜ = {{:ⴰⵡⵡⵓⵔ:ⵓⵏⵓⵖⵏ ⵉⵜⵎⵓⵙⵙⵓⵏ/ⵉⵙⵏⴼⴰⵔⵏ ⴰⵢⵜⵎⴰⵜⵏ ⵏ ⵡⵉⴽⵉⴱⵉⴷⵢⴰ}} }} ==ⵉⵙⴰⵖⵓⵍⵏ== {{ⵉⵙⴰⵖⵓⵍⵏ}} {{ⴰⴱⴰⴹ ⵓⵏⵜⵉⵎ}} oxoi23o420jrmpjrm8ca65rp4o84ysk 0 3844 175993 153664 2026-05-04T12:27:46Z BihiBot 2406 ⴽⴽⵙⵖ ⴰⵍⴱⵓⴹ ⵏ ⵜⵏⵟⵟⵓⴼⵜ 175993 wikitext text/x-wiki <categorytree>ⵓⵏⵓⵖⵏ ⵉⵜⵎⵓⵙⵙⵓⵏ</categorytree> ==ⵉⵙⴰⵖⵓⵍⵏ== *'''ⴰⵙⴳⵣⴰⵡⴰⵍ ⵏ [[ⴰⵙⵉⵏⴰⴳ ⴰⴳⵍⴷⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵓⵙⵙⵏⴰ ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵜ]](ⵙ.ⴳ.ⵙ.ⵎ) :''' [[ⵎⵙⵎⵓⵏ ⴰⵡⴰⵍ ⴰⵎⴰⵜⴰⵢ ⴰⵙⵏⵎⴰⵍⴰⵢ ⵏ ⵜⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵜ]] (ⵎ.ⵎ.ⵙ.ⵎ) {{ⵉⵙⴰⵖⵓⵍⵏ}} {{ⴰⴱⴰⴹ ⵓⵏⵜⵉⵎ}} pfmhmk3tjr5t5o6ci778uf85qk6q772 0 3845 175996 157948 2026-05-04T12:28:18Z BihiBot 2406 ⴽⴽⵙⵖ ⴰⵍⴱⵓⴹ ⵏ ⵜⵏⵟⵟⵓⴼⵜ 175996 wikitext text/x-wiki [[ⴰⴼⴰⵢⵍⵓ:Animexample.gif|right|150px]] '''[[ⵓⵏⵓⵖⵏ ⵉⵜⵎⵓⵙⵙⵓⵏ]]''' ⵏⵖ ⴰⵏⵉⵎⵉⵢⵛⵏ, ⵉⴳⴰ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⴳⵔⵓⵎⵎⴰ ⵏ ⵜⵡⵍⴰⴼⵉⵏ ⵎ ⵙⵏⴰⵜ ⵏⵖ ⴽⵕⴰⴹⵜ ⵜⵙⴽⵜⵉⵡⵉⵏ ⵉⵜⵎⵓⵙⵙⵓⵏ ⵙ ⵜⵎⵎⵔⵉ ⵃⵎⴰ ⴰⴷ ⵜⵓⵎⴰⵏ ⵣⵓⵏ ⴷ ⴰⵎⵓⵙⵙⵓ ⴰⵎⵉⵍⴰⵡ ⴳ ⵓⴼⵉⴷⵢⵓ. ⵓⵏⵓⵖ ⴰⵏⵎⵎⴰⵙⵙⵓ ⴰⴽⴽⵯ ⵉⵣⵡⴰⵔⵏ ⴳ ⵓⵎⴰⴹⴰⵍ ⵉⴳⴰ ⵜ [[ⵎⵉⴽⵉ ⵎⴰⵡⵙ]] ⵉⵙⵙⵓⵏⵖ ⵜ [[ⵡⴰⵍⵜ ⴷⵉⵣⵏⵉ|ⵡⵓⵍⵜ ⴷⵉⵣⵏⵉ]] ⵍⵍⵉ ⵔⴰⴷ ⵙⵓⵍ ⵉⵙⴽⵔ ⵜⴰⵎⵙⵙⵓⵔⵜ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵍⵍⵉ ⵔⴰⴷ ⵉⴳ ⵢⵓⵜ ⵜⵎⵙⵙⵓⵔⵜ ⵉⵜⵜⵓⵙⵙⴰⵏⵏ ⴳ ⴰⴽⴽⵯ ⵜⴰⵙⴳⵉⵡⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵓⵎⴰⴹⴰⵍ ⴳ ⵢⵉⴳⵔ ⵏ ⵡⵓⵏⵓⵖⵏ ⵉⵏⵎⵎⴰⵙⵙⵓⵜⵏ. ---- '''[[ⵓⵏⵓⵖⵏ ⵉⵜⵎⵓⵙⵙⵓⵏ|ⵖⵔ ⵓⴳⴳⴰⵔ ...]]''' ==ⵉⵙⴰⵖⵓⵍⵏ== {{ⵉⵙⴰⵖⵓⵍⵏ}} {{ⴰⴱⴰⴹ ⵓⵏⵜⵉⵎ}} h2fif7edlr7theo0588stchgsdhau1o 0 3846 175995 153668 2026-05-04T12:28:06Z BihiBot 2406 ⴽⴽⵙⵖ ⴰⵍⴱⵓⴹ ⵏ ⵜⵏⵟⵟⵓⴼⵜ 175995 wikitext text/x-wiki [[ⴰⴼⴰⵢⵍⵓ:Felix_tgtltge_05.jpg|thumb|center|400px]] <center>«ⵜⴰⵡⵍⴰⴼⵜ ⵣⴳ ⵓⴼⵉⵍⵎ ⵏ ⴼⵉⵍⵉⴽⵙ ⴰⵎⴰⵛⵛⵓ ⵏ 1936»</center> ==ⵉⵙⴰⵖⵓⵍⵏ== *'''ⴰⵙⴳⵣⴰⵡⴰⵍ ⵏ [[ⴰⵙⵉⵏⴰⴳ ⴰⴳⵍⴷⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵓⵙⵙⵏⴰ ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵜ]](ⵙ.ⴳ.ⵙ.ⵎ) :''' [[ⵎⵙⵎⵓⵏ ⴰⵡⴰⵍ ⴰⵎⴰⵜⴰⵢ ⴰⵙⵏⵎⴰⵍⴰⵢ ⵏ ⵜⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵜ]] (ⵎ.ⵎ.ⵙ.ⵎ) {{ⵉⵙⴰⵖⵓⵍⵏ}} {{ⴰⴱⴰⴹ ⵓⵏⵜⵉⵎ}} lhd59aiss1dx01zcacm0dp8tj1o3mue 0 3847 175992 157944 2026-05-04T12:27:37Z BihiBot 2406 ⴽⴽⵙⵖ ⴰⵍⴱⵓⴹ ⵏ ⵜⵏⵟⵟⵓⴼⵜ 175992 wikitext text/x-wiki [[ⴰⴼⴰⵢⵍⵓ:Thomas_&_Friends;_All_Engines_Go!_logo.png|right|200px]] '''ⵜⵓⵎⵎⴰⵙ ⴷ ⵉⵎⴷⵓⴽⴰⵍ: ⵢⴰⵍⴰⵀⴰⵜ ⴽⵓⵍⵓ''' ⵉⴳⴰ ⵓⵙⴷⴷⵉ ⵏ [[ⵓⵏⵓⵖⵏ ⵉⵜⵎⵓⵙⵙⵓⵏ]] ⴰⵎⵉⵔⵉⴽⴰⵏⵉ ⵉⵚⴰⴹⵚⴰⵏ ⵉ ⵜⴰⵣⴰⵏⵉⵏ ⵎⵣⵉⵏⵉⵏ, ⵔⵓⵙⵓⵎⴰⴷ ⵉⴳⴰ ⵎⵏ ⴰⵙⵡⵉⵏⴳⵎ ⵏ [[ⴱⵔⵉⵜⵜ ⴰⵍⴽⵔⵓⴼⵜ]] ⴷ ⴰⵙⵙⵓⴼⵖ ⵏ ⵔⵉⴽ ⵙⵓⴼⴰⵍⵍ ⴷ ⴰⴼⴰⵔⵙ ⵏ [[ⵎⴰⵜⵜⵉⵍ ⵜⵉⵍⵉⴼⵉⵣⵢⵓⵏ]]. ⵓⵏⵓⵖⵏ ⴰⴷ ⵉⴳⴰ [[ⵔⵉⴱⵓⵜ (ⴰⵎⴰⵔⵓⵔ)|ⵔⵉⴱⵓⵜ]] ⵏ [[ⵜⵓⵎⵎⴰⵙ ⴷ ⵉⵎⴷⵓⴽⴰⵍ|ⴰⵏⴰⵖⵏ ⵍⵉ ⴷⴰⵔ ⵏⴰⴼⵙ ⵍⵉⵙⵎ]] ⵍⵉ ⵢⴰⴷ ⵉⵜⵉⵍⵉⵏ ⵖ 1984 ⴰⵔ 2021. ⵜⵉⵎⵏⴷⵉⵜ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵜⵍⵍⴰ ⴼ ⵢⴰⵏ ⴰⵍⴰⵡⴰⵢ ⵎⴰⵎⵓ ⵉⵙⵎ [[ⵜⵓⵎⵎⴰⵙ ⴰⵍⴰⵡⴰⵢ ⵎⵥⵉⵏ|ⵜⵓⵎⵎⴰⵙ]] ⵍⵉ ⵣⵔⴰⵢⵏ ⴰⵎⵓⴷⵓ ⵖ "ⵚⵓⴷⵓⵔ" ⵏⵜⴰⵏ ⴷ ⵉⵎⵓⴽⴰⵍⵏⵙ: ⴱⵓⵔⵙⵉ, ⴽⴰⵏⴰ, ⵏⵉⵢⴰ, ⴷⵉⵣⵍ, ⴽⴰⵔⵍⵉ ⴷ ⵙⴰⵏⴷⵉ, ⴷ ⵙⵎⴰⵏ ⵉ ⵜⵔⴰⴱⵓⵜ ⵏⵙⵏ "ⵜⵔⴰⴱⵓⵜ ⵏ ⵏⴰⴷⵉ ⵏ ⴰⵎⵓⴷⵓ ⵉⵎⵇⵓⵔⵏ". ⴷ ⵖ ⵙⵉⵣⵓⵏ ⵏⵙ ⵡⵉⵙ ⵙⵉⵏ, ⵉⴱⴰⵢⵏⴷ ⵢⴰⵡ ⵎⴷⴰⴽⵍ ⵏⵙⵏ ⴰⵎⴰⵢⵏⵓ ⵎⴰⵎⵓ ⵉⵙⵎ ⴱⵔⵓⵏⵓ. ---- '''[[ⵜⵓⵎⵎⴰⵙ ⴷ ⵉⵎⴷⵓⴽⴰⵍ: ⵢⴰⵍⴰⵀⴰⵜ ⴽⵓⵍⵓ|ⵖⵔ ⵓⴳⴳⴰⵔ ...]]''' ==ⵉⵙⴰⵖⵓⵍⵏ== {{ⵉⵙⴰⵖⵓⵍⵏ}} {{ⴰⴱⴰⴹ ⵓⵏⵜⵉⵎ}} 6mmvjoojvwffazjlhqy1avl6zec4ivg 0 3856 176015 157971 2026-05-04T12:33:48Z BihiBot 2406 ⴽⴽⵙⵖ ⴰⵍⴱⵓⴹ ⵏ ⵜⵏⵟⵟⵓⴼⵜ 176015 wikitext text/x-wiki {{ⵉⵙⵕⵥⴰⵎ ⵏ ⵡⴰⵡⵡⵓⵔ |ⵜⴰⴷⴷⴰⵔⵜ ⵜⵓⵎⵍⵉⵍⵜ ⵥⵟⵟⴰⵜ}} {{ⵜⴰⵣⵡⵓⵔⵜ |ⴰⵡⵡⵓⵔ = ⵜⴰⴷⴷⴰⵔⵜ ⵜⵓⵎⵍⵉⵍⵜ ⵥⵟⵟⴰⵜ |ⵜⴰⵡⵍⴰⴼⵜ = Flag of Casablanca province (1976-1997).svg }} {{ⴰⵙⴰⵜⵉ |ⴰⵣⵡⵍ = ⵜⴰⵣⵡⵓⵔⵜ |ⵜⴰⵖⵣⵉ ⵏ ⵓⵣⵡⵍ = 60% |ⵜⴰⵢⴽⵓⵏⵜ = |ⴰⴽⵍⵓ ⵏ ⵓⵙⴽⴽⵉⵍ ⵏ ⵓⵣⵡⵍ = ffffff |ⴰⴽⵍⵓ ⵏ ⵜⵖⵔⴷⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵓⵣⵡⵍ = FFA300 |ⴰⴽⵍⵓ ⵏ ⵜⵖⵔⴷⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵓⵎⴰⵢⵜ = DDFFB1 |ⴰⵙⵏⴼⵍ =ⴰⵡⵡⵓⵔ:ⵜⴰⴷⴷⴰⵔⵜ ⵜⵓⵎⵍⵉⵍⵜ ⵥⵟⵟⴰⵜ/ⵜⴰⵣⵡⵓⵔⵜ |ⵜⵓⵎⴰⵢⵜ = {{:ⴰⵡⵡⵓⵔ:ⵜⴰⴷⴷⴰⵔⵜ ⵜⵓⵎⵍⵉⵍⵜ ⵥⵟⵟⴰⵜ/ⵜⴰⵣⵡⵓⵔⵜ}} }} {{ⴰⵙⴰⵜⵉ |ⴰⵣⵡⵍ = ⴰⵎⴳⵔⴰⴷ ⵓⴼⵔⵉⵏ |ⵜⴰⵖⵣⵉ ⵏ ⵓⵣⵡⵍ = 60% |ⵜⴰⵢⴽⵓⵏⵜ = |ⴰⴽⵍⵓ ⵏ ⵓⵙⴽⴽⵉⵍ ⵏ ⵓⵣⵡⵍ = ffffff |ⴰⴽⵍⵓ ⵏ ⵜⵖⵔⴷⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵓⵣⵡⵍ = FFA300 |ⴰⴽⵍⵓ ⵏ ⵜⵖⵔⴷⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵓⵎⴰⵢⵜ = DDFFB1 |ⴰⵙⵏⴼⵍ =ⴰⵡⵡⵓⵔ:ⵜⴰⴷⴷⴰⵔⵜ ⵜⵓⵎⵍⵉⵍⵜ ⵥⵟⵟⴰⵜ/ⴰⵎⴳⵔⴰⴷ ⵓⴼⵔⵉⵏ |ⵜⵓⵎⴰⵢⵜ = {{:ⴰⵡⵡⵓⵔ:ⵜⴰⴷⴷⴰⵔⵜ ⵜⵓⵎⵍⵉⵍⵜ ⵥⵟⵟⴰⵜ/ⴰⵎⴳⵔⴰⴷ ⵓⴼⵔⵉⵏ}} }} {{ⴰⵙⴰⵜⵉ |ⴰⵣⵡⵍ = ⵜⴰⵎⴷⵉⵏⵜ ⵜⵓⴼⵔⵉⵏⵜ |ⵜⴰⵖⵣⵉ ⵏ ⵓⵣⵡⵍ = 60% |ⵜⴰⵢⴽⵓⵏⵜ = |ⴰⴽⵍⵓ ⵏ ⵓⵙⴽⴽⵉⵍ ⵏ ⵓⵣⵡⵍ = ffffff |ⴰⴽⵍⵓ ⵏ ⵜⵖⵔⴷⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵓⵣⵡⵍ = FFA300 |ⴰⴽⵍⵓ ⵏ ⵜⵖⵔⴷⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵓⵎⴰⵢⵜ = DDFFB1 |ⴰⵙⵏⴼⵍ =ⴰⵡⵡⵓⵔ:ⵜⴰⴷⴷⴰⵔⵜ ⵜⵓⵎⵍⵉⵍⵜ ⵥⵟⵟⴰⵜ/ⵜⴰⵎⴷⵉⵏⵜ ⵜⵓⴼⵔⵉⵏⵜ |ⵜⵓⵎⴰⵢⵜ = {{:ⴰⵡⵡⵓⵔ:ⵜⴰⴷⴷⴰⵔⵜ ⵜⵓⵎⵍⵉⵍⵜ ⵥⵟⵟⴰⵜ/ⵜⴰⵎⴷⵉⵏⵜ ⵜⵓⴼⵔⵉⵏⵜ}} }} {{ⴰⵙⴰⵜⵉ |ⴰⵣⵡⵍ = ⴰⵡⵔⵉⴽ ⵓⴼⵔⵉⵏ |ⵜⴰⵖⵣⵉ ⵏ ⵓⵣⵡⵍ = 50% |ⵜⴰⵢⴽⵓⵏⵜ = |ⴰⴽⵍⵓ ⵏ ⵓⵙⴽⴽⵉⵍ ⵏ ⵓⵣⵡⵍ = ffffff |ⴰⴽⵍⵓ ⵏ ⵜⵖⵔⴷⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵓⵣⵡⵍ = FFA300 |ⴰⴽⵍⵓ ⵏ ⵜⵖⵔⴷⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵓⵎⴰⵢⵜ = DDFFB1 |ⴰⵙⵏⴼⵍ =ⴰⵡⵡⵓⵔ:ⵜⴰⴷⴷⴰⵔⵜ ⵜⵓⵎⵍⵉⵍⵜ ⵥⵟⵟⴰⵜ/ⴰⵡⵔⵉⴽ ⵓⴼⵔⵉⵏ |ⵜⵓⵎⴰⵢⵜ = {{:ⴰⵡⵡⵓⵔ:ⵜⴰⴷⴷⴰⵔⵜ ⵜⵓⵎⵍⵉⵍⵜ ⵥⵟⵟⴰⵜ/ⴰⵡⵔⵉⴽ ⵓⴼⵔⵉⵏ}} }} {{ⴰⵙⴰⵜⵉ |ⴰⵣⵡⵍ = ⵜⴰⵡⵍⴰⴼⵜ ⵜⵓⴼⵔⵉⵏⵜ |ⵜⴰⵖⵣⵉ ⵏ ⵓⵣⵡⵍ = 60% |ⵜⴰⵢⴽⵓⵏⵜ = |ⴰⴽⵍⵓ ⵏ ⵓⵙⴽⴽⵉⵍ ⵏ ⵓⵣⵡⵍ = ffffff |ⴰⴽⵍⵓ ⵏ ⵜⵖⵔⴷⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵓⵣⵡⵍ = FFA300 |ⴰⴽⵍⵓ ⵏ ⵜⵖⵔⴷⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵓⵎⴰⵢⵜ = DDFFB1 |ⴰⵙⵏⴼⵍ =ⴰⵡⵡⵓⵔ:ⵜⴰⴷⴷⴰⵔⵜ ⵜⵓⵎⵍⵉⵍⵜ ⵥⵟⵟⴰⵜ/ⵜⴰⵡⵍⴰⴼⵜ ⵜⵓⴼⵔⵉⵏⵜ |ⵜⵓⵎⴰⵢⵜ = {{:ⴰⵡⵡⵓⵔ:ⵜⴰⴷⴷⴰⵔⵜ ⵜⵓⵎⵍⵉⵍⵜ ⵥⵟⵟⴰⵜ/ⵜⴰⵡⵍⴰⴼⵜ ⵜⵓⴼⵔⵉⵏⵜ}} }} {{ⴰⵙⴰⵜⵉ |ⴰⵣⵡⵍ = ⵉⵙ ⵜⵙⵙⵏⴷ? |ⵜⴰⵖⵣⵉ ⵏ ⵓⵣⵡⵍ = 60% |ⵜⴰⵢⴽⵓⵏⵜ = |ⴰⴽⵍⵓ ⵏ ⵓⵙⴽⴽⵉⵍ ⵏ ⵓⵣⵡⵍ = ffffff |ⴰⴽⵍⵓ ⵏ ⵜⵖⵔⴷⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵓⵣⵡⵍ = FFA300 |ⴰⴽⵍⵓ ⵏ ⵜⵖⵔⴷⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵓⵎⴰⵢⵜ = DDFFB1 |ⴰⵙⵏⴼⵍ =ⴰⵡⵡⵓⵔ:ⵜⴰⴷⴷⴰⵔⵜ ⵜⵓⵎⵍⵉⵍⵜ ⵥⵟⵟⴰⵜ/ⵉⵙ ⵜⵙⵙⵏⴷ? |ⵜⵓⵎⴰⵢⵜ = {{:ⴰⵡⵡⵓⵔ:ⵜⴰⴷⴷⴰⵔⵜ ⵜⵓⵎⵍⵉⵍⵜ ⵥⵟⵟⴰⵜ/ⵉⵙ ⵜⵙⵙⵏⴷ?}} }} {{ⴰⵙⴰⵜⵉ |ⴰⵣⵡⵍ = ⵉⵙⵎⵉⵍⵏ |ⵜⴰⵖⵣⵉ ⵏ ⵓⵣⵡⵍ = 60% |ⵜⴰⵢⴽⵓⵏⵜ = |ⴰⴽⵍⵓ ⵏ ⵓⵙⴽⴽⵉⵍ ⵏ ⵓⵣⵡⵍ = ffffff |ⴰⴽⵍⵓ ⵏ ⵜⵖⵔⴷⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵓⵣⵡⵍ = FFA300 |ⴰⴽⵍⵓ ⵏ ⵜⵖⵔⴷⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵓⵎⴰⵢⵜ = DDFFB1 |ⴰⵙⵏⴼⵍ =ⴰⵡⵡⵓⵔ:ⵜⴰⴷⴷⴰⵔⵜ ⵜⵓⵎⵍⵉⵍⵜ ⵥⵟⵟⴰⵜ/ⵉⵙⵎⵉⵍⵏ |ⵜⵓⵎⴰⵢⵜ = {{:ⴰⵡⵡⵓⵔ:ⵜⴰⴷⴷⴰⵔⵜ ⵜⵓⵎⵍⵉⵍⵜ ⵥⵟⵟⴰⵜ/ⵉⵙⵎⵉⵍⵏ}} }} {{ⴰⵙⴰⵜⵉ |ⴰⵣⵡⵍ = ⵉⵡⵡⵓⵔⴰ ⴰⵢⵜⵎⴰⵜⵏ |ⵜⴰⵢⴽⵓⵏⵜ = |ⵜⴰⵖⵣⵉ ⵏ ⵓⵣⵡⵍ = 60% |ⴰⴽⵍⵓ ⵏ ⵓⵙⴽⴽⵉⵍ ⵏ ⵓⵣⵡⵍ = ffffff |ⴰⴽⵍⵓ ⵏ ⵜⵖⵔⴷⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵓⵣⵡⵍ = FFA300 |ⴰⴽⵍⵓ ⵏ ⵜⵖⵔⴷⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵓⵎⴰⵢⵜ = DDFFB1 |ⴰⵙⵏⴼⵍ =ⴰⵡⵡⵓⵔ:ⵜⴰⴷⴷⴰⵔⵜ ⵜⵓⵎⵍⵉⵍⵜ ⵥⵟⵟⴰⵜ/ⵉⵡⵡⵓⵔⴰ ⴰⵢⵜⵎⴰⵜⵏ |ⵜⵓⵎⴰⵢⵜ = {{:ⴰⵡⵡⵓⵔ:ⵜⴰⴷⴷⴰⵔⵜ ⵜⵓⵎⵍⵉⵍⵜ ⵥⵟⵟⴰⵜ/ⵉⵡⵡⵓⵔⴰ ⴰⵢⵜⵎⴰⵜⵏ}} }} {{ⴰⵙⴰⵜⵉ |ⴰⵣⵡⵍ = ⴰⵎⴳⵔⴰⴷ ⴰⵎⴰⵢⵏⵓ |ⵜⴰⵢⴽⵓⵏⵜ = |ⵜⴰⵖⵣⵉ ⵏ ⵓⵣⵡⵍ = 60% |ⴰⴽⵍⵓ ⵏ ⵓⵙⴽⴽⵉⵍ ⵏ ⵓⵣⵡⵍ = ffffff |ⴰⴽⵍⵓ ⵏ ⵜⵖⵔⴷⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵓⵣⵡⵍ = FFA300 |ⴰⴽⵍⵓ ⵏ ⵜⵖⵔⴷⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵓⵎⴰⵢⵜ = DDFFB1 |ⴰⵙⵏⴼⵍ =ⴰⵡⵡⵓⵔ:ⵜⴰⴷⴷⴰⵔⵜ ⵜⵓⵎⵍⵉⵍⵜ ⵥⵟⵟⴰⵜ/ⴰⵎⴳⵔⴰⴷ ⴰⵎⴰⵢⵏⵓ |ⵜⵓⵎⴰⵢⵜ = {{:ⴰⵡⵡⵓⵔ:ⵜⴰⴷⴷⴰⵔⵜ ⵜⵓⵎⵍⵉⵍⵜ ⵥⵟⵟⴰⵜ/ⴰⵎⴳⵔⴰⴷ ⴰⵎⴰⵢⵏⵓ}} }} {{ⴰⵙⴰⵜⵉ |ⴰⵣⵡⵍ = ⵉⵙⵏⴼⴰⵔⵏ ⴰⵢⵜⵎⴰⵜⵏ |ⵜⴰⵢⴽⵓⵏⵜ = |ⵜⴰⵖⵣⵉ ⵏ ⵓⵣⵡⵍ = 60% |ⴰⴽⵍⵓ ⵏ ⵓⵙⴽⴽⵉⵍ ⵏ ⵓⵣⵡⵍ = ffffff |ⴰⴽⵍⵓ ⵏ ⵜⵖⵔⴷⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵓⵣⵡⵍ = FFA300 |ⴰⴽⵍⵓ ⵏ ⵜⵖⵔⴷⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵓⵎⴰⵢⵜ = DDFFB1 |ⴰⵙⵏⴼⵍ =ⴰⵡⵡⵓⵔ:ⵜⴰⴷⴷⴰⵔⵜ ⵜⵓⵎⵍⵉⵍⵜ ⵥⵟⵟⴰⵜ/ⵉⵙⵏⴼⴰⵔⵏ ⴰⵢⵜⵎⴰⵜⵏ ⵏ ⵡⵉⴽⵉⴱⵉⴷⵢⴰ |ⵜⵓⵎⴰⵢⵜ = {{:ⴰⵡⵡⵓⵔ:ⵜⴰⴷⴷⴰⵔⵜ ⵜⵓⵎⵍⵉⵍⵜ ⵥⵟⵟⴰⵜ/ⵉⵙⵏⴼⴰⵔⵏ ⴰⵢⵜⵎⴰⵜⵏ ⵏ ⵡⵉⴽⵉⴱⵉⴷⵢⴰ}} }} ==ⵉⵙⴰⵖⵓⵍⵏ== {{ⵉⵙⴰⵖⵓⵍⵏ}} {{ⴰⴱⴰⴹ ⵓⵏⵜⵉⵎ}} {{ⴰⵙⵎⵉⵍ|ⴰⵡⵡⵓⵔ}} iyy4fbvj51i0nya8da4vvt3sdk8okze 0 3857 176025 157991 2026-05-04T12:35:39Z BihiBot 2406 ⴽⴽⵙⵖ ⴰⵍⴱⵓⴹ ⵏ ⵜⵏⵟⵟⵓⴼⵜ 176025 wikitext text/x-wiki '''ⵜⴰⴷⴷⴰⵔⵜ ⵜⵓⵎⵍⵉⵍⵜ ⵥⵟⵟⴰⵜ''' ⵜⴳⴰ ⵜⴰⵙⴳⴰ ⴳ 12 ⵜⵙⴳⵉⵡⵉⵏ ⵏ [[ⵍⵎⵖⵔⵉⴱ|ⵡⴰⵎⵓⵔ ⵏ ⵡⴰⴽⵓⵛ]] ⴳ ⵓⴱⵟⵟⵓ ⴰⵙⴳⴰⵡⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵓⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙ 2975/2015, ⵜⵙⵎⵓⵏ ⵙⵏⴰⵜ ⵜⵎⵏⴱⴰⴹⵉⵏ ⴷ 7 ⵏ ⵜⴰⵙⴳⵉⵡⵉⵏ, ⵜⵍⴽⵎ ⵜⵊⵓⵎⵎⴰ ⵏⵏⵙ 19448ⴽⵎ² ⴷ ⵜⴳⴰ ⵜⴰⵎⴷⵉⵏⵜ ⵍⵍⵉ ⴰⴽⴽⵯ ⵉⵎⵇⵇⵓⵔⵏ ⴳ ⵜⴳⵍⴷⵉⵜ. ⵜⴰⵖⴰⵔⵜ ⵏ [[ⵜⴰⵎⴷⵉⵏⵜ ⵏ ⴰⵏⴼⴰ|ⴰⵏⴼⴰ]] ⵜⵍⵍⴰ ⵏⵏ ⴼ [[ⴰⴳⴰⵔⴰⵡ ⴰⵟⵍⴰⵙⵉ|ⵓⴳⴰⵔⴰⵡ ⴰⵟⵍⴰⵙⵉ]], ⴷ ⴳ ⵓⵙⵉⴹⵏ ⴰⵎⴰⵜⴰⵢ ⴰⵏⴰⵎⵓⵔ ⵏ ⵉⵎⵣⴷⴰⵖ ⴳ 2014 ([[1 ⵛⵓⵜⴰⵏⴱⵉⵔ|1 ⵛⵜⵔ]]) ⵍⵍⴰⵏ ⵚⴹⵉⵚ ⵉⵍⵓⵢⵏ ⴷ 861739ⵉⴼⴹⵏ ⴳ [[ⵜⴰⵎⵏⴰⴹⵜ ⵏ ⵜⴰⴷⴷⴰⵔⵜ ⵜⵓⵎⵍⵉⵍⵜ ⵥⵟⵟⴰⵜ|ⵜⵎⵏⴰⴹⵜ ⵏ ⵜⴰⴷⴷⴰⵔⵜ ⵜⵓⵎⵍⵉⵍⵜ ⵥⵟⵟⴰⵜ]] ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵥⵓⵏⵜ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵜⴳⴰ ⵜⵜ ⵜⵎⴷⵉⵏⵜ ⵏ [[ⵜⴰⵎⴷⵉⵏⵜ ⵏ ⴰⵏⴼⴰ|ⴰⵏⴼⴰ]]. ==ⵉⵙⴰⵖⵓⵍⵏ== {{ⵉⵙⴰⵖⵓⵍⵏ}} {{ⴰⴱⴰⴹ ⵓⵏⵜⵉⵎ}} r2qfedf0cz5pqxd5goyd0a6f29f34my 0 3858 176021 157982 2026-05-04T12:34:56Z BihiBot 2406 ⴽⴽⵙⵖ ⴰⵍⴱⵓⴹ ⵏ ⵜⵏⵟⵟⵓⴼⵜ 176021 wikitext text/x-wiki {{ⵉⵙⵏⴼⴰⵔⵏ ⴰⵢⵜⵎⴰⵜⵏ ⵏ ⵡⵉⴽⵉⴱⵉⴷⵢⴰ}} ==ⵉⵙⴰⵖⵓⵍⵏ== {{ⵉⵙⴰⵖⵓⵍⵏ}} {{ⴰⴱⴰⴹ ⵓⵏⵜⵉⵎ}} 1jcljge4vpck3xelo9dm246d5c3wled 0 3859 176016 157972 2026-05-04T12:33:54Z BihiBot 2406 ⴽⴽⵙⵖ ⴰⵍⴱⵓⴹ ⵏ ⵜⵏⵟⵟⵓⴼⵜ 176016 wikitext text/x-wiki {{ⴰⵎⴳⵔⴰⴷ ⴰⵎⴰⵢⵏⵓ}} ==ⵉⵙⴰⵖⵓⵍⵏ== {{ⵉⵙⴰⵖⵓⵍⵏ}} {{ⴰⴱⴰⴹ ⵓⵏⵜⵉⵎ}} sirghr5b3xf9woxqrsip3xohy9566s1 0 3860 176022 157983 2026-05-04T12:35:07Z BihiBot 2406 ⴽⴽⵙⵖ ⴰⵍⴱⵓⴹ ⵏ ⵜⵏⵟⵟⵓⴼⵜ 176022 wikitext text/x-wiki {{ⵉⵡⵡⵓⵔⴰ ⵏ ⵜⵎⵏⴰⴹⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵍⵎⵖⵔⵉⴱ}} ==ⵉⵙⴰⵖⵓⵍⵏ== {{ⵉⵙⴰⵖⵓⵍⵏ}} {{ⴰⴱⴰⴹ ⵓⵏⵜⵉⵎ}} 3u34ij2wn5vzx6ed465xzycvnokjj8j 0 3861 176024 157987 2026-05-04T12:35:26Z BihiBot 2406 ⴽⴽⵙⵖ ⴰⵍⴱⵓⴹ ⵏ ⵜⵏⵟⵟⵓⴼⵜ 176024 wikitext text/x-wiki [[ⴰⴼⴰⵢⵍⵓ:Forteresse Jadida 03.JPG|thumb|center|400px]] <center>«ⵉⵖⵔⵎ ⵏ [[ⵎⴰⵣⴰⴳⴰⵏ]] ⴳ ⵜⵎⴷⵉⵏⵜ ⵏ ⵎⴰⵣⴰⴳⴰⵏ ⵉⴹⴼⵕⵏ ⵉ ⵜⵎⵏⴰⴹⵜ ⵏ ⵜⴰⴷⴷⴰⵔⵜ ⵜⵓⵎⵍⵉⵍⵜ ⵥⵟⵟⴰⵜ»</center> ==ⵉⵙⴰⵖⵓⵍⵏ== {{ⵉⵙⴰⵖⵓⵍⵏ}} {{ⴰⴱⴰⴹ ⵓⵏⵜⵉⵎ}} ks37a90rvncg30tqdaexk7gl3h2r11e 0 3862 176020 153717 2026-05-04T12:34:46Z BihiBot 2406 ⴽⴽⵙⵖ ⴰⵍⴱⵓⴹ ⵏ ⵜⵏⵟⵟⵓⴼⵜ 176020 wikitext text/x-wiki {{ⵥⵕ ⵉⴷⵓⵙⵎⵉⵍⵏ}} <div class="reflist4" style="height: 150px; overflow: auto; padding: 4px" > <categorytree mode=pages showcount="on">ⵜⴰⵎⵏⴰⴹⵜ ⵏ ⵜⴰⴷⴷⴰⵔⵜ ⵜⵓⵎⵍⵉⵍⵜ ⵥⵟⵟⴰⵜ</categorytree> </div></div > ==ⵉⵙⴰⵖⵓⵍⵏ== *'''ⴰⵙⴳⵣⴰⵡⴰⵍ ⵏ [[ⴰⵙⵉⵏⴰⴳ ⴰⴳⵍⴷⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵓⵙⵙⵏⴰ ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵜ]](ⵙ.ⴳ.ⵙ.ⵎ) :''' [[ⵎⵙⵎⵓⵏ ⴰⵡⴰⵍ ⴰⵎⴰⵜⴰⵢ ⴰⵙⵏⵎⴰⵍⴰⵢ ⵏ ⵜⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵜ]] (ⵎ.ⵎ.ⵙ.ⵎ) {{ⵉⵙⴰⵖⵓⵍⵏ}} {{ⴰⴱⴰⴹ ⵓⵏⵜⵉⵎ}} bt8wqlkhazz4z52gnxdgtop9d2mao9q 0 3867 176023 157985 2026-05-04T12:35:18Z BihiBot 2406 ⴽⴽⵙⵖ ⴰⵍⴱⵓⴹ ⵏ ⵜⵏⵟⵟⵓⴼⵜ 176023 wikitext text/x-wiki [[ⴰⴼⴰⵢⵍⵓ:Azzemour,oldmosque.jpg|thumb|center|400px]] <center>'''ⴰⵣⵎⵎⵓⵔ''' ⵏⵜⵜⴰⵜ ⵜⵉⵖⵔⵎⵜ ⵉⵣⴳⴰⵏ ⴳ ⵜⴰⴳⵓⵜ ⵏ ⵜⴰⵎⵓⵔⵜ ⵏ [[ⵍⵎⵖⵔⵉⴱ]], ⴳ ⵓⴳⵎⵓⴹ ⴰⵥⵍⵎⴰⴹ ⵏ ⵡⴰⵙⵉⴼ ⵎⵎ ⵕⴱⵉⵄ. ⴷ ⵜⴰⴳⵔⴰⵡⵜ ⵜⴰⵖⵔⵎⴰⵏⵜ ⵉⵍⵍⴰⵏ ⴳ [[ⵎⴰⵣⴰⴳⴰⵏ]] ⴳ ⵜⵎⵏⴰⴹⵜ ⵏ ⵜⴰⴷⴷⴰⵔⵜ ⵜⴰⵎⵍⵍⴰⵍⵜ – ⴰⵥⵟⵟⴰⴹ. ⵣⴷⵖⵏ ⵜⵜ 36.722 ⵏ ⵉⵎⵣⴷⴰⵖⵏ (ⴳ ⴰⵙⵉⴹⵏ ⵏ ⵓⵙⴳⴳⴰⵙ 2004).</center> ==ⵉⵙⴰⵖⵓⵍⵏ== {{ⵉⵙⴰⵖⵓⵍⵏ}} {{ⴰⴱⴰⴹ ⵓⵏⵜⵉⵎ}} rtsjwi8yeylhkltn3x32e7hm9li2tpj 0 3868 176017 157975 2026-05-04T12:34:18Z BihiBot 2406 ⴽⴽⵙⵖ ⴰⵍⴱⵓⴹ ⵏ ⵜⵏⵟⵟⵓⴼⵜ 176017 wikitext text/x-wiki [[File:Sources d'Oum Rabii é.JPG|thumb|350px|ⵜⴰⵡⵍⴰⴼⵜ ⵏ ⵡⴰⵙⵉⴼ ⵏ ⵎⵎ ⵕⵕⴱⵉⵄ]] ⵉⴳⴰ ⵡⴰⵙⵉⴼ ⵏ ⵎⵎ ⵕⴱⵉⵄ ⵉⵊⵊ ⵙⴳ ⵉⵙⵙⴰⴼⵏ ⵉⵎⵇⵔⴰⵏⴻⵏ ⵏ [[ⵍⵎⵖⵔⵉⴱ]] ,ⵉⵍⵍⴰⵏ ⴳ ⵡⴰⵎⵎⴰⵙ ⵏ [[ⵍⵎⵖⵔⵉⴱ]] ⴰⵙⵉⴼ ⴰⵔ ⵜⴰⵡⴹ ⵜⴰⵖⵣⵉ ⵏⵏⵙ ⴰⵔ 555 km. ⵉⴳⴰ ⵡⴰⵙⵉⴼ ⵏ ⵎⵕⴱⵉⵄ ⵡⵉⵙ ⴳ ⵜⴰⵖⵣⵉ ⴼⵉⵔ ⵏ ⵡⴰⵙⵉⴼ ⵏ ⵙⴱⵓ, ⴰⵙⵉⴼ ⵏ ⵎⵕⴱⵉⵄ ⵍⴰⵢⵓⴱⴷⵓ ⵙⴳ ⴰⵟⵟⵍⴰⵙ ⴰⵏⴰⵎⵎⴰⵙ, ⴰⵔ ⵉⵜⵜⴽ ⵙⴳ ⵡⴰⵟⵟⴰⵙ ⵏ ⵜⵖⵔⵎⵉⵡⵉⵏ ⴰⵎ [[ⵅⵏⵉⴼⵔⴰ]], ⴰⵔ ⵉⵜⵏⵖⴰⵍ ⴳ [[ⴰⵣⵎⵎⵓⵔ| ⵓⵣⵎⵎⵓⵔ]]. ==ⵉⵙⴰⵖⵓⵍⵏ== {{ⵉⵙⴰⵖⵓⵍⵏ}} {{ⴰⴱⴰⴹ ⵓⵏⵜⵉⵎ}} j528myso19me1ttdzvd4chlymp4ibjy 0 3869 176019 153714 2026-05-04T12:34:36Z BihiBot 2406 ⴽⴽⵙⵖ ⴰⵍⴱⵓⴹ ⵏ ⵜⵏⵟⵟⵓⴼⵜ 176019 wikitext text/x-wiki [[file:Morocco Mall.jpg|150px|right]] *'''ⵉⵙ ⵜⵙⵙⵏⴷ''': ⵎⵓⵔⵓⴽⵓⵎⵓⵍ ⵏ [[ⵍⵎⵖⵔⵉⴱ]] ⵉⵙ ⵉⴳⴰ ⴰⵎⵎⴰⵙ ⴰⵙⵖⵏⵣⵉ ⵍⵍⵉ ⴰⴽⴽⵯ ⵉⵎⵇⵇⵓⵔⵏ ⴳ ⵉⴼⵔⵉⵇⵢⴰ. *'''ⵉⵙ ⵜⵙⵙⵏⴷ''':ⵜⴰⵎⴷⵉⵏⵜ ⵏ ⴰⵏⴼⴰ ⵉⵙ ⵜⵙⵎⵓⵏ ⵏⵏⵉⴳ 2500 ⵏ ⵓⵎⵉⵍⵢⴰⵔⴷⵉⵔ ⵍⵍⵉ ⵎⵓ ⵉⵍⴽⵎ ⵡⴰⵢⴷⴰ ⵏⵏⵙⵏ ⵓⴳⴳⴰⵔ ⵏ 43 ⵎⵍⵢⴰⵔ ⴷⵓⵍⴰⵔ ⴰⵎⵉⵔⵉⴽⴰⵏⵉ. ==ⵉⵙⴰⵖⵓⵍⵏ== *'''ⴰⵙⴳⵣⴰⵡⴰⵍ ⵏ [[ⴰⵙⵉⵏⴰⴳ ⴰⴳⵍⴷⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵓⵙⵙⵏⴰ ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵜ]](ⵙ.ⴳ.ⵙ.ⵎ) :''' [[ⵎⵙⵎⵓⵏ ⴰⵡⴰⵍ ⴰⵎⴰⵜⴰⵢ ⴰⵙⵏⵎⴰⵍⴰⵢ ⵏ ⵜⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵜ]] (ⵎ.ⵎ.ⵙ.ⵎ) {{ⵉⵙⴰⵖⵓⵍⵏ}} {{ⴰⴱⴰⴹ ⵓⵏⵜⵉⵎ}} fvcr0bkn4kqc8ow9tq89sp452cqoih9 0 3873 176018 157979 2026-05-04T12:34:29Z BihiBot 2406 ⴽⴽⵙⵖ ⴰⵍⴱⵓⴹ ⵏ ⵜⵏⵟⵟⵓⴼⵜ 176018 wikitext text/x-wiki '''[[ⴰⵎⴰⵍ ⵄⵉⵢⵢⵓⵛ]]''' ( ⵙ [[ⵜⵓⵜⵍⴰⵢⵜ ⵜⴰⵍⴰⵜⵉⵏⵜ|ⵜⵍⴰⵜⵉⵏⵜ]]: ''Amal Ayouch''), ⵜⵍⵓⵍ ⴳ [[ⵜⴰⵎⴷⵉⵏⵜ ⵏ ⴰⵏⴼⴰ]] ⴰⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙ ⵏ 1966, ⵜⴳⴰ ⵜⴰⵙⵎⴷⴰⵢⵜ ⵜⴰⵜⵍⴼⴰⵣⵜ ⴷ ⵜⵎⵣⴳⵓⵏⵜ, ⴷ ⴰⵔ ⵜⵙⴽⴰⵔ ⵜⵉⴹⴰⵏ ⵢⴰⴹⵏ ⵣⵓⴷ ⵜⴰⵙⵏⵙⴼⴰⵔⵜ, ⵜⵙⵙⵓⵍⴼ ⴰⴼⵉⵍⵎ ⵏⵏⵙ ⴰⵎⵣⵡⴰⵔ «ⵉⵎⴷⴷⵓⴽⴽⴰⵍ ⵏ ⵉⴹⴳⴰⵎ» (ⴰⵙⵓⴼⵖ ⵃⴰⵙⴰⵏ ⴱⵏ ⵊⵍⵍⵓⵏ) ⴰⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙ ⵏ 1997, ⵜⵜⵢⵓⵙⵙⴰⵏ ⵙⴳ ⵓⴼⵉⵍⵎ «ⵜⵓⴳⴰⵔⵜ ⵏ ⵜⵎⵖⴰⵔⵜ» (ⴰⵙⵓⴼⵖ ⵃⴰⴽⵉⵎ ⵏⵓⵔⵉ) ⵍⵍⵉ ⵙⵜⵜ ⵢⵓⴷⴷⵊⴰⵏ ⴰⴷ ⵜⴰⵎⵥ ⵜⴰⵙⵎⵖⵓⵔⵜ ⵏ ⵓⴼⵔⵔⵓ ⵉⴼⵓⵍⴽⵉⵏ ⴳ ⵓⵏⵎⵓⴳⴳⴰⵔ ⴰⵏⴰⵎⵓⵔ ⵏ ⵓⴼⵉⵍⵎ ⴳ ⵜⵎⴷⵉⵏⵜ ⵏ ⴰⵏⴼⴰ. ==ⵉⵙⴰⵖⵓⵍⵏ== {{ⵉⵙⴰⵖⵓⵍⵏ}} {{ⴰⴱⴰⴹ ⵓⵏⵜⵉⵎ}} 9r8pq7d6aaxe01yo4as6m2ikm5f4yfg 0 3908 176057 158017 2026-05-04T13:54:36Z BihiBot 2406 ⴽⴽⵙⵖ ⴰⵍⴱⵓⴹ ⵏ ⵜⵏⵟⵟⵓⴼⵜ 176057 wikitext text/x-wiki [[ⴰⴼⴰⵢⵍⵓ:Apple II Plus, Museum of the Moving Image.jpg|thumb|350px|ⵜⴰⵡⵍⴰⴼⵜ ⵏ ⵓⵎⵙⵙⵓⴷⵙ ⵏ ⴰⴱⴱⵍ ⵡⵉⵙⵙ ⵙⵉⵏ ⴳ ⵜⵙⵏⵏⵉⵖⵜ ⵏ ⵜⵡⵍⴰⴼⵉⵏ ⵜⵜⵎⵓⵙⵙⵓⵏⵉⵏ]] '''ⴰⵎⵙⵙⵓⴷⵙ''', ⴳ ⵏⴹⴼⴰⵔ ⴰⵙⵏⵎⵍ ⵏ ⴰⵍⴰⵏ ⵜⵓⵔⵉⵏ; ⴰⵎⵙⵙⵓⴷⵙ ⵉⴳⴰ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⵏⴰⴳⵔⴰⵡ ⴰⵙⵖⵉⵡⵙⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵓⵙⵎⴽⵍ ⵏ ⵓⵏⵖⵎⵉⵙ. ⴰⵎⵙⵙⵓⴷⵙ ⴰⵔ ⵉⵙⵓⵡⵡⵔⴰⵢ ⵙ ⵜⵉⵖⵔⵉ ⵢⵉⵏⵎⴰⵍⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⵓⴳⵜ ⵏ ⵜⵉⵖⵍⴰⴼ, ⵉⵜⵜⵢⴰⵡⵙⵙⵏⵎⴰⵍⴰⵏ ⴳ ⵉⵖⴰⵡⴰⵙⵏ, ⵖⴰⵢⴰⴷⴷ ⴰⴷ ⵉⵣⵣⴳⴰⵔⵏ ⵜⵉⵎⵀⴰⵍ [[ⵜⴰⵎⵥⵍⴰ|ⵜⵉⵎⵥⵍⴰⵜⵉⵏ]] ⴷ ⵜⵉⵎⵉⴹⴰⵏⵉⵏ. ⵜⵓⵚⴽⵉⵡⵜ ⵜⴰⴼⴳⴳⴰⵏⵜ ⵏ ⵓⵙⵍⴽⵉⵎ ⵏ ⵖⴰⵙⵙⴰⴷ ⵜⵙⵏⵏⴷ ⴼ ⵜⴰⵎⵥⵍⴰ ⵜⴰⴽⵏⵉⵡⵜ ⴷ ⵉⵣⵡⴰⵍ ⵉⵜⵜⵢⴰⵡⵄⴷⴰⵍⵏ ⵙⴳ ⵉⵣⵡⴰⵍ ⵉⴽⵏⵉⵡⵏ, ⵙⴳ ⵎⴰ ⵉⵜⵜⵢⵓⵄⴷⴰⵍ ⵓⵙⵍⴽⵉⵎ ⴰⵔ ⵉⵣⵣⴳⴰⵔ ⵜⵉⵖⵍⴰⴼ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵙ ⵢⴰⵜ ⴱⴰⵛ ⴰⵜ ⴰⴷⴷⵊⵏⵜ ⴰⵢⵖⵔ,ⵉⵙⵡⵡⵓⵔⵉ, ⵉⵄⴰⵡⴷ ⵢⴰⵔⴰ ⵜⵓⴳⵜ ⵏ ⵉⵙⴼⴽⴰ ⵉⵜⵜⵢⵓⵙⵙⴰⵏ ⴳ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⵉⵎⴽⵜⵉⵜ ⵉⵎⵎⵓⵜⵏ ⵏ ⵓⵙⵏⵜⵉ. ⴰⵔⴰⵎ ⴷ ⵓⵏⴹⴰⵡ ⴰⴼⴰⴷⴰⵏ ⴰⵔⵜ ⵜⵜⴰⴷⵊⴰⵏ ⴰⵢⵣⵔⵉ ⵙ ⵜⴰⵖⵍⴼⵜ ⴷ ⵉⵙⵙⵓⴷⴰⵏ ⵉⵍⵎⴰ ⵉⵙⵡⵡⵓⵔⵉ ⵙ ⵉⵙⴼⴽⴰ ⴷⴰⵔⵖ ⵉⵍⵍⴰⵏ ⴳ ⵜⴰⵡⵏⵏⴰⴹⵜ ⵏ ⵜⵡⵡⵓⵔⵉ. ==ⵉⵙⴰⵖⵓⵍⵏ== {{ⵉⵙⴰⵖⵓⵍⵏ}} {{ⴰⴱⴰⴹ ⵓⵏⵜⵉⵎ}} mnb6hbs7hvk50cita1o0dncvv3ed8o1 0 3909 176064 158025 2026-05-04T13:55:46Z BihiBot 2406 ⴽⴽⵙⵖ ⴰⵍⴱⵓⴹ ⵏ ⵜⵏⵟⵟⵓⴼⵜ 176064 wikitext text/x-wiki [[ⴰⴼⴰⵢⵍⵓ:Logo Blender.svg|350px|thumb|ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵜⴰⵔⵜ ⵏ ⵓⴱⵓⵔⵣ ⵏ ⴱⵍⴰⵏⴷⵔ]] '''ⴱⵍⴰⵏⴷⵔ''' {{Lang-en|blender}} ⵉⴳⴰ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⵖⴰⵡⴰⵙ ⵏ ⴱⵓ ⴽⵕⴰⴹ ⵓⴳⴳⵓⴳⵏ (3D) ⵉⴳⴰⵏ ⴼⴰⴱⵓⵕ. ⵉⵜⵜⵓⴼⵙⵔⵏ ⴼ ⵜⵓⵔⴰⴳⵜ ⵏ ⵊⵓⵏⵓ ⵙ ⴰⵎⵙⵙⵓⴼⵖ ⵉⵏⵏⵓⵕⵥⵎⵏ, ⴰⵔ ⵙⵔⵙ ⵜⵚⵓⵡⴰⴱⵏ ⵉⵙⴰⵔⵓⵜⵏ ⵏ ⴱⵓ ⴽⵕⴰⴹ ⵓⴳⴳⵓⴳⵏ, ⵜⵉⵙⵓⵔⴰⵔⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵓⴼⵉⴷⵢⵓ, ⵉⵖⴰⵡⴰⵙⵏ ⵏ ⵓⵎⵔⵔⴰ ⵏ ⴱⵓ ⴽⵕⴰⴹ ⵓⴳⴳⵓⴳⵏ, ⴰⵙⵉⴳⴳⵣ ⵏ ⴱⵓ ⴽⵕⴰⴹ ⵓⴳⴳⵓⴳⵏ, ⵉⵍⵍⴰ ⵉ ⵓⴳⴳⴰⵔ ⵏ ⴰⴳⵔⵔⴰ ⵣⴳⵉⵙⵏ [[ⵍⵉⵏⵓⴽⵙ]], [[ⵎⴰⴽ]] ⴷ [[ⵡⵉⵏⴷⵓⵣ]], ⴷ ⴳⵉⵙ ⵙⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵓⵏⵙⵎⴰⵙⵙⵓⵜⵏ ⵏ ⵔⴰⵏⴷⵔ ⴰⴷ ⵜⵏ ⵉⴳⴰⵏ Cycles ⴷ Blender Internal, ⵖⵉⵍⴰⴷ ⵉⵍⵍⴰ ⴳⵉⵙ ⴰⵡⴷ Cycles ⴷ Eevee. '''[[ⴱⵍⴰⵏⴷⵔ|ⵖⵔ ⵓⴳⴳⴰⵔ ...]]''' ==ⵉⵙⴰⵖⵓⵍⵏ== {{ⵉⵙⴰⵖⵓⵍⵏ}} {{ⴰⴱⴰⴹ ⵓⵏⵜⵉⵎ}} 5c2ctgh2bolhh5sde8g5ha5oaf22ukf 0 3910 176056 158014 2026-05-04T13:54:25Z BihiBot 2406 ⴽⴽⵙⵖ ⴰⵍⴱⵓⴹ ⵏ ⵜⵏⵟⵟⵓⴼⵜ 176056 wikitext text/x-wiki {{ⴰⵎⴳⵔⴰⴷ ⴰⵎⴰⵢⵏⵓ}} ==ⵉⵙⴰⵖⵓⵍⵏ== {{ⵉⵙⴰⵖⵓⵍⵏ}} {{ⴰⴱⴰⴹ ⵓⵏⵜⵉⵎ}} sirghr5b3xf9woxqrsip3xohy9566s1 0 3911 176061 158020 2026-05-04T13:55:16Z BihiBot 2406 ⴽⴽⵙⵖ ⴰⵍⴱⵓⴹ ⵏ ⵜⵏⵟⵟⵓⴼⵜ 176061 wikitext text/x-wiki {{ⵉⵙⵏⴼⴰⵔⵏ ⴰⵢⵜⵎⴰⵜⵏ ⵏ ⵡⵉⴽⵉⴱⵉⴷⵢⴰ}} ==ⵉⵙⴰⵖⵓⵍⵏ== {{ⵉⵙⴰⵖⵓⵍⵏ}} {{ⴰⴱⴰⴹ ⵓⵏⵜⵉⵎ}} 1jcljge4vpck3xelo9dm246d5c3wled 0 3938 176065 158026 2026-05-04T13:55:56Z BihiBot 2406 ⴽⴽⵙⵖ ⴰⵍⴱⵓⴹ ⵏ ⵜⵏⵟⵟⵓⴼⵜ 176065 wikitext text/x-wiki [[File:10.Robot.Postmates.WDC.25October2017 (24084941408).jpg|thumb|center|400px]] <center>«ⴰⵕⵓⴱⵓⵜ ⵏ ⵓⵙⵙⵉⵡⴹ ⴳ ⵜⵎⴷⵉⵏⵜ ⵏ [[ⵡⴰⵛⵉⵏⵟⵓⵏ]]»</center> ==ⵉⵙⴰⵖⵓⵍⵏ== {{ⵉⵙⴰⵖⵓⵍⵏ}} {{ⴰⴱⴰⴹ ⵓⵏⵜⵉⵎ}} pn1slr59sgzomuyjbzm18x4e3rqul4c 0 3977 176059 158019 2026-05-04T13:54:56Z BihiBot 2406 ⴽⴽⵙⵖ ⴰⵍⴱⵓⴹ ⵏ ⵜⵏⵟⵟⵓⴼⵜ 176059 wikitext text/x-wiki [[ⴰⴼⴰⵢⵍⵓ:Tesla circa 1890.jpeg|190px|right|frameless]] '''ⵏⵉⴽⵓⵍⴰ ⵜⵉⵙⵍⴰ''' (ⵙ [[ⵜⵓⵜⵍⴰⵢⵜ ⵜⴰⵏⴳⵍⵉⵣⵜ|ⵜⵏⴳⵍⵉⵣⵜ]]: ''Nikola Tesla'') ⵉⵍⵓⵍ ⴳ [[10 ⵢⵓⵍⵢⵓⵣ]] 1856 ⴷ ⵉⵚⵕⵕⴼ ⴳ [[7 ⵉⵏⵏⴰⵢⵔ|7 ⵉⵏⵏⴰⵢⵔ]] 1943 ⴷⵉ ⵜⵎⴷⵉⵏⵜ ⵏ [[ⵏⵢⵓ ⵢⵓⵔⴽ]], ⵉⴳⴰ ⵉⵎⵙⵍⵍⵡⵉ ⴷ ⵓⴼⵉⵣⵉⴽ ⴷ ⵓⵎⵜⵡⴰⵍ ⴰⵎⵥⵥⴰⵕⵓⵕ ⴰⵏⵉⵎⴰⵍ. ⵉⴳⴰ [[ⵚⵉⵔⴱⵢⴰ|ⴰⵚⵉⵕⴱⵉ]] [[ⵎⴰⵔⵉⴽⴰⵏ|ⴰⵎⵉⵔⵉⴽⴰⵏⵉ]], ⵉⵜⵜⵢⴰⵡⵙⵙⴰⵏ ⵙ ⵜⴷⵔⴰⵡⵉⵏ ⵏⵏⵙ ⴳ ⵓⵎⴰⵎⴽ ⵏ ⵓⵏⴳⵔⴰⵡ ⵏ ⵓⵎⵣⴰⵣ ⴰⵙⵏⴰⴳⴰⵔ ⴰⴷⵙⵍⴰⵏ. ==ⵉⵙⴰⵖⵓⵍⵏ== {{ⵉⵙⴰⵖⵓⵍⵏ}} {{ⴰⴱⴰⴹ ⵓⵏⵜⵉⵎ}} 2oakmvvrwerypzwegugifyu97mmrkra 0 3978 175994 157945 2026-05-04T12:27:56Z BihiBot 2406 ⴽⴽⵙⵖ ⴰⵍⴱⵓⴹ ⵏ ⵜⵏⵟⵟⵓⴼⵜ 175994 wikitext text/x-wiki {{ⵉⵙⵏⴼⴰⵔⵏ ⴰⵢⵜⵎⴰⵜⵏ ⵏ ⵡⵉⴽⵉⴱⵉⴷⵢⴰ}} ==ⵉⵙⴰⵖⵓⵍⵏ== {{ⵉⵙⴰⵖⵓⵍⵏ}} {{ⴰⴱⴰⴹ ⵓⵏⵜⵉⵎ}} 1jcljge4vpck3xelo9dm246d5c3wled 0 3979 176099 153887 2026-05-04T14:12:48Z BihiBot 2406 ⴽⴽⵙⵖ ⴰⵍⴱⵓⴹ ⵏ ⵜⵏⵟⵟⵓⴼⵜ 176099 wikitext text/x-wiki [[File:Aleppo Codex Joshua 1 1.jpg|thumb|center|400px]] <center>«ⵜⴰⵡⵏⴰⵖⵜ ⵏ ⵃⴰⵍⴰⴱ: ⴰⴷⵍⵉⵙ ⴰⴼⵓⵥⴰⵔ ⴰⵄⵉⴱⵔⵉ ⴳ ⵜⴰⵙⵓⵜ ⵜⵉⵙⵙ 10 ⴷ ⵜⵎⴰⵜⴰⵔⵜ ⵏ ⵜⵎⴰⵙⵓⵔⵉⵜ (ⵢⵓⵛⵡⴰ 1:1)»</center> ==ⵉⵙⴰⵖⵓⵍⵏ== *'''ⴰⵙⴳⵣⴰⵡⴰⵍ ⵏ [[ⴰⵙⵉⵏⴰⴳ ⴰⴳⵍⴷⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵓⵙⵙⵏⴰ ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵜ]](ⵙ.ⴳ.ⵙ.ⵎ) :''' [[ⵎⵙⵎⵓⵏ ⴰⵡⴰⵍ ⴰⵎⴰⵜⴰⵢ ⴰⵙⵏⵎⴰⵍⴰⵢ ⵏ ⵜⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵜ]] (ⵎ.ⵎ.ⵙ.ⵎ) {{ⵉⵙⴰⵖⵓⵍⵏ}} {{ⴰⴱⴰⴹ ⵓⵏⵜⵉⵎ}} jf7pf3hw4iyqiwzxx1ib81rcv6eo6ky 0 3980 176093 153875 2026-05-04T14:11:48Z BihiBot 2406 ⴽⴽⵙⵖ ⴰⵍⴱⵓⴹ ⵏ ⵜⵏⵟⵟⵓⴼⵜ 176093 wikitext text/x-wiki [[ⴰⴼⴰⵢⵍⵓ:Chineselanguage.svg|250px|right|frameless]] '''ⵜⵓⵜⵍⴰⵢⵜ ⵜⴰⵛⵉⵏⵡⵉⵜ''' (ⵙ ⵜⵛⵉⵏⵡⵉⵜ ⵜⴰⵜⵔⴰⵔⵜ: '''汉语'''; ⵏⵉⵖ ⵙ ⵜⵛⵉⵏⵡⵉⵜ ⵜⴰⴱⵍⴷⵉⵢⵜ: '''漢語'''), ⴰⵔ ⵜⵜⵢⵉⵡⵏⵏⴰ «ⵀⴰⵏⵢⵓ» ⵍⵍⵉ ⵎⵓ ⵉⴳⴰ ⵡⴰⵎⴰⵎⴽ ⵏⵏⵙ "ⵜⵓⵜⵍⴰⵢⵜ ⵏ ⵍⵀⴰⵏ", ⵏⵉⵖ ⴷ ⵙ ⵜⵛⵉⵏⵡⵉⵜ: 中文 ⴰⵔ ⵜⵜⵢⵉⵡⵏⵏⴰ «ⴳⵓⵏⴳⵡⵉⵏ» ⵍⵍⵉ ⵎⵓ ⵉⴳⴰ ⵡⴰⵎⴰⵎⴽ ⵏⵏⵙ "ⵜⵉⵔⵔⴰ ⵏ ⵛⵉⵏⵡⴰ") ⵜⴳⴰ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⵓⵜⵍⴰⵢⵜ ⵙ ⴳ ⵜⴰⵡⵊⴰ ⵏ ⵜⵓⵜⵍⴰⵢⵉⵏ ⵜⵉⵛⵉⵏⵡⵉⵢⵉⵏ ⵜⵉⵜⵉⴱⵉⵜⵉⵏ. ⵜⵓⴳⵜ ⵏ ⵍⵀⴰⵏ ⴰⵔ ⵙⴰⵡⴰⵍⵏ ⵜⴰⵛⵉⵏⵡⵉⵜ ⴷ ⵉⵛⵜⵜⴰⵍ ⴷⵔⵓⵙⵏⵉⵏ ⵢⴰⴹⵏ ⴳ [[ⵛⵉⵏⵡⴰ]]. ⵜⵉⴳⵎⵉ ⵜⴰⴷⴰⵎⵙⴰⵏⵜ ⴷ ⵉⴽⴽⴰⵏ ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵣⵉⵔⵜ ⵏ ⵉⵛⵉⵏⵡⵉⵢⵏ, ⵜⵙⵙⴽⵔ ⴰⴱⵔⵉⴷ ⴰⵎⵇⵇⵔⴰⵏ ⵉ ⵜⵓⵜⵍⴰⵢⵜ ⵜⴰⵛⵉⵏⵡⵉⵜ ⴰⴷ ⵜⴳ ⵙⴳ ⵜⵓⵜⵍⴰⵢⵉⵏⵜ ⵉⵙⵓⴳⵔⵏ. ⵣⵉⴽⴽ, ⴷⴰ ⵜⴻⵜⵜⵓⵙⵎⵔⴰⵙ ⵖⴰⵙ ⴳ ⵉⵙⵏⴼⴰⵍ ⵉⴷⵍⵙⴰⵏⵏ ⴷ ⵉⴷⵉⴱⵍⵓⵎⴰⵙⵏ ⵎⴰⵛⴰ ⵖⵉⵍⴰ ⵜⴳⴰ ⵜⵓⵜⵍⴰⵢⵜ ⵜⵓⵛⵛⵉⵍⵜ ⴳ ⵓⵣⴷⴰⵢ ⵉⴳⴰⵏ ⵡⵉⵏ ⵜⵡⵓⵔⵉ ⴰⴽⴷ ⵓⵎⵏⴽⵓⴷ ⴰⵏⴰⵎⵎⴰⵙ, [[ⵀⵓⵏⴳ ⴽⵓⵏⴳ]], ⴷ [[ⵟⴰⵢⵡⴰⵏ]]. ⴷ ⵜⵓⵜⵍⴰⵢⵜ ⴰⴷ ⴰⵔ ⵜⵜ ⵉⵙⴰⵡⴰⵍ ⵏⵏⵉⴳ 1.35 ⵎⵍⵢⴰⵔ ⵏ ⵎⵉⴷⴷⵏ ⴳ ⵓⵎⴰⴹⴰⵍ ⴰⴽⴽⵯ (16% ⴳ ⵉⵎⵣⴷⴰⵖ ⵏ ⵓⵎⴰⴹⴰⵍ) ⵍⵍⵉ ⵙⵜ ⵢⵓⴷⵊⴰⵏ ⴰⴷ ⵜⴳ ⵜⵓⵜⵍⴰⵢⵜ ⵜⴰⵎⵣⵡⴰⵔⵓⵜ ⴳ ⵓⵎⴰⴹⴰⵍ. {{ⵉⵙⴰⵖⵓⵍⵏ}} {{ⴰⴱⴰⴹ ⵓⵏⵜⵉⵎ}} rqulwdjobat89q09wsj8ob00msc4z03 0 3981 176098 153885 2026-05-04T14:12:39Z BihiBot 2406 ⴽⴽⵙⵖ ⴰⵍⴱⵓⴹ ⵏ ⵜⵏⵟⵟⵓⴼⵜ 176098 wikitext text/x-wiki '''ⵜⴰⵏⴼⵓⵙⵉⵜ''' ⵜⴳⴰ ⵜⴰⵏⵜⴰⵍⴰ ⵍⵍⵉ ⵙ ⴰⵔ ⵙⴰⵡⴰⵍⵏ ⵉⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵏ ⵏ ⵓⴷⵔⴰⵔ ⵏ ⵉⵏⴼⵓⵙⵏ ⴳ ⵍⵉⴱⵢⴰ. ⴰⴷⵔⴰⵔ ⵏ ⵉⵏⴼⵓⵙⵏ ⵉⵍⵍⴰ ⵖ ⵜⴰⵎⵓⵔⵜ ⵏ [[ⵍⵉⴱⵢⴰ]], ''ⵜⴰⵏⴼⵓⵙⵉⵜ'' ⵜⴳⴰ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵏⵜⴰⵏⵜⴰⵍⴰ ⵖ ⵜⵓⵜⵍⴰⵢⵉⵏ ⵜⵉⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵏ ⵍⵍⵉ ⵓⴽⴰⵏ ⵙⵓⵍ ⵉⴷⵔⵏ, ⵡⴰⵅⵅⴰ ⵜⴱⵉⴷ ⵜⴰⵏⴱⴰⴹⵜ ⵏ ⵍⵉⴱⵢⴰ ⵖ ⴷⴷⵓ ⵉⴼⴰⵙⵙⵏ ⵍ-ⵇⴷⴷⴰⴼⵉ ⴱⴰⵛ ⴰⵙⵜ ⵜⵎⴹⵍ. ⴰⵔⵜ ⵙⴰⵡⴰⵍⵏ ⵓⴳⴳⴰⵔ ⵏ 150 000 ⵏ ⵓⵎⴷⴰⵏ. ⵜⴰⵏⴳⴰⵍⵜ (Iso 639-3) ⵏⵙ ⵉⴳⴰⵜ: ⵊⴱⵏ. ⵜⴰⵡⵊⴰⵏ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵛⴰⵎⵉⵜⵓ ⵙⵉⵎⵉⵜⵉⴽ ⵣ ⵜⵓⵜⵍⴰⵢⵉⵏ ⵜⵉⴼⵔⵓⵙⵢⴰⵜⵉⵏ ⵏⵉⵖⴷ [[ⵜⵓⵜⵍⴰⵢⵉⵏ ⵜⵉⴼⵔⵓⵙⵢⴰⵡⵉⵢⵉⵏ]]. ⵎⵏⵛⴽ ⴰⴱⴷⴷⴰ ⵜⵙⵎⵓⵏ ⵉⴷ ⴱⵓ ⵉⵛⵏⵓⴱⵛⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵓⵜⵍⴰⵢⵜ ⵎⴰⵙ ⵜⴳⴰ ⵣ ⵜⵓⵜⵍⴰⵢⵉⵏ ⵏ [[ⵜⵓⵏⵙ]]. ⵎⴰⵛ ⵏⵜⵜⴰⵜ ⵏⴰⵃⴰⵢⴰⵜ ⴷⵉⵙⵏⵜ. {{ⵉⵙⴰⵖⵓⵍⵏ}} {{ⴰⴱⴰⴹ ⵓⵏⵜⵉⵎ}} ga34euk9q7ro62z17taub8votv0jbjf 0 3982 176095 153879 2026-05-04T14:12:08Z BihiBot 2406 ⴽⴽⵙⵖ ⴰⵍⴱⵓⴹ ⵏ ⵜⵏⵟⵟⵓⴼⵜ 176095 wikitext text/x-wiki {{ⵥⵕ ⵉⴷⵓⵙⵎⵉⵍⵏ}} <div class="reflist4" style="height: 150px; overflow: auto; padding: 4px" > <categorytree mode=pages showcount="on">ⵜⵓⵜⵍⴰⵢⵜ</categorytree> </div></div > ==ⵉⵙⴰⵖⵓⵍⵏ== *'''ⴰⵙⴳⵣⴰⵡⴰⵍ ⵏ [[ⴰⵙⵉⵏⴰⴳ ⴰⴳⵍⴷⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵓⵙⵙⵏⴰ ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵜ]](ⵙ.ⴳ.ⵙ.ⵎ) :''' [[ⵎⵙⵎⵓⵏ ⴰⵡⴰⵍ ⴰⵎⴰⵜⴰⵢ ⴰⵙⵏⵎⴰⵍⴰⵢ ⵏ ⵜⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵜ]] (ⵎ.ⵎ.ⵙ.ⵎ) {{ⵉⵙⴰⵖⵓⵍⵏ}} {{ⴰⴱⴰⴹ ⵓⵏⵜⵉⵎ}} knl4x4pc8fp2fiwgm548hjv42rn3py4 0 3983 176096 153881 2026-05-04T14:12:18Z BihiBot 2406 ⴽⴽⵙⵖ ⴰⵍⴱⵓⴹ ⵏ ⵜⵏⵟⵟⵓⴼⵜ 176096 wikitext text/x-wiki {{ⵉⵙⵏⴼⴰⵔⵏ ⴰⵢⵜⵎⴰⵜⵏ ⵏ ⵡⵉⴽⵉⴱⵉⴷⵢⴰ}} {{ⵉⵙⴰⵖⵓⵍⵏ}} {{ⴰⴱⴰⴹ ⵓⵏⵜⵉⵎ}} stksabvqb9ray9t6cqtlmg6e2b4rf7j 0 3994 176092 153872 2026-05-04T14:11:38Z BihiBot 2406 ⴽⴽⵙⵖ ⴰⵍⴱⵓⴹ ⵏ ⵜⵏⵟⵟⵓⴼⵜ 176092 wikitext text/x-wiki {{ⴰⵎⴳⵔⴰⴷ ⴰⵎⴰⵢⵏⵓ}} {{ⵉⵙⴰⵖⵓⵍⵏ}} {{ⴰⴱⴰⴹ ⵓⵏⵜⵉⵎ}} bb7kcxixh6hl65bhwh2qk4wwpo183g5 0 4029 176066 158028 2026-05-04T13:56:08Z BihiBot 2406 ⴽⴽⵙⵖ ⴰⵍⴱⵓⴹ ⵏ ⵜⵏⵟⵟⵓⴼⵜ 176066 wikitext text/x-wiki [[ⴰⴼⴰⵢⵍⵓ:Shadow Hand Bulb large.jpg|right|frameless|180px]] '''ⵜⴰⵜⵉⴽⵏⵓⵍⵓⵊⵉⵜ''' (ⵙ [[ⵜⵓⵜⵍⴰⵢⵜ ⵜⴰⵏⴳⵍⵉⵣⵜ|ⵜⵏⴳⵍⵉⵣⵜ]]: ''Technology'') ⵜⴳⴰ ⵜⴰⴳⵓⵔⵉ ⵜⴰⴳⵔⵉⴽⵜ, ⵜⵓⵎⴰ ⵙⵏⴰⵜ ⵜⴳⵓⵔⵉⵡⵉⵏ «ⵜⵉⴽⵏⵓ/Τεχνο» ⵍⵍⵉ ⵎⵓ ⵉⴳⴰ ⵡⴰⵏⴰⵎⴽ ⵏⵏⵙ "ⵜⴰⵥⵓⵕⵉ" ⵏⵉⵖ "ⵜⴰⵣⵣⵓⵍⵜ" ⵏⵉⵖ "ⴰⴼⵓⴽⵙ", ⴷ ⵜⴳⵓⵔⵉ ⵏ «ⵍⵓⵊⵢⴰ/λογία» ⴰⵏⴰⵎⴽ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵉⴳⴰ ⵜ "ⵜⵉⵖⵓⵔⵉ" ⵏⵉⵖ "ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵙⵙⴰⵏⵜ". ⵏⵔⵎⵙ ⵎⴰⵙⴷ ⵜⴰⴳⵓⵔⵉ ⵏ ⵜⴰⵜⵉⴽⵏⵓⵍⵓⵊⵉⵜ (ⵜⵉⴽⵏⵓⵍⵓⵊⵢⴰ ⵙ [[ⵜⵓⵜⵍⴰⵢⵜ ⵜⴰⴳⵔⵉⴽⵜ|ⵜⴳⵔⵉⴽⵜ]]) ⵜⵎⵙⴰⵙⴰ ⴷ "ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵙⵙⴰⵏⵜ ⵏ ⵜⵙⵏⵙⵉⵜ", ⵜⵓⴳⵜ ⵏ ⵉⵎⴰⵙⵙⴰⵏⵏ ⵥⵕⴰⵏ ⵎⴰⵙ ⵍⵍⴰⵏ ⵉⵏⵓⵎⴰⴽ ⵢⴰⴹⵏ ⵉ ⵜⴳⵓⵔⵉ ⴰⴷ. ⵜⴰⵜⵉⴽⵏⵓⵍⵓⵊⵉⵜ ⵜⴳⴰ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⴱⴰⵔⴰⵣ ⵍⵍⵉ ⴼ ⵉⵍⵍⴰ ⵓⵙⴱⵓⵖⵍⵓ ⵜⴰⵙⵓⵜ ⴼ ⵜⴰⵙⵓⵜ ⴰⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙ ⴼ ⴳⵯⵎⴰⵙ, ⵉⵎⴰⵙⵙⴰⵏⵏ ⵓⴼⴰⵏ ⴳ ⵜⵖⵔⵎⵉⵡⵉⵏ ⵜⵉⵣⵓⵢⴽⴰ ⴽⵔⴰ ⵏ ⵜⵖⴰⵡⵙⵉⵡⵉⵏ ⵍⵍⵉ ⵎⵎⴰⵍⵏⵉⵏ ⵜⴰⵜⵉⴽⵏⵓⵍⵓⵊⵉⵜ ⵍⵍⵉ ⵍⴽⵎⵏ ⵎⵉⴷⴷⵏ ⵣⵉⴽⴽ, ⵣⵓⴷ ⵉⵎⴰⵙⵙⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵉⵢⵔⵣⴰ ⴷ ⵜⴳⵯⵎⵔⵜ ⴷ ⵜⴳⵏⵉ ⴷ ⵎⴰ'ⴷ ⴰⴽⴽⵯ ⵉⵥⵍⵉⵏ ⵙ ⵓⴼⵓⴽⵙ ⴳ ⵜⵓⴷⵔⵜ ⵜⴰⴽⵓⵢⴰⵙⵜ ⵏ ⵉⴳⴷⵓⴷⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵙⵓⵜⴰ ⴰⵏⵏ. ⴰⵡⴷ ⵍⵍⴰⵏⵜ ⵜⵓⴳⵜ ⵏ ⵜⵏⵏⵓⵜⵍⴰ ⴼ ⵓⴱⴰⵔⴰⵣ ⴰⴷ ⵙⵍⴰⵡⴰⵏ ⴰⴽⴽⵯ ⵜⵉⵍⵍⵉ ⵉⵥⵍⵉⵏ ⵙ ⵓⵚⴽⴽⵓ ⵏ ⵉⵖⵕⵎⴰⵏ ⵏ [[ⵎⵉⵚⵕⴰ]] ⴷ ⵓⵏⵓⴳⵏ ⵍⵍⵉ ⴷⴷⴳⵏ ⵉⴼⵔⵄⵓⵏⵏ ⴷ ⵉⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵏ ⴷ ⵉⴳⴷⵓⴷⵏ ⵢⴰⴹⵏ ⴳ ⵉⵥⵕⴰⵏ. ==ⵉⵙⴰⵖⵓⵍⵏ== {{ⵉⵙⴰⵖⵓⵍⵏ}} {{ⴰⴱⴰⴹ ⵓⵏⵜⵉⵎ}} 18q1ev3dy15ljhf0wo8vh9syxg4izs1 0 4030 176063 158022 2026-05-04T13:55:37Z BihiBot 2406 ⴽⴽⵙⵖ ⴰⵍⴱⵓⴹ ⵏ ⵜⵏⵟⵟⵓⴼⵜ 176063 wikitext text/x-wiki * {{ⴰⵡⵡⵓⵔ|ⵜⵉⵎⴰⵙⵙⴰⵏⵉⵏ}} * {{ⴰⵡⵡⵓⵔ|ⵜⴰⵙⵏⵙⵍⴽⵉⵎⵜ}} * {{ⴰⵡⵡⵓⵔ|ⵜⵓⵙⵏⴰⴽⵜ}} ==ⵉⵙⴰⵖⵓⵍⵏ== {{ⵉⵙⴰⵖⵓⵍⵏ}} {{ⴰⴱⴰⴹ ⵓⵏⵜⵉⵎ}} ktxzmy3qchgo0y2rt1jjs0genpdryln 0 4032 176097 153883 2026-05-04T14:12:28Z BihiBot 2406 ⴽⴽⵙⵖ ⴰⵍⴱⵓⴹ ⵏ ⵜⵏⵟⵟⵓⴼⵜ 176097 wikitext text/x-wiki * {{ⴰⵡⵡⵓⵔ|ⵜⵓⵜⵍⴰⵢⵜ ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵜ}} * {{ⴰⵡⵡⵓⵔ|ⵜⵓⵜⵍⴰⵢⵜ ⵜⴰⵛⵉⵏⵡⵉⵜ}} * {{ⴰⵡⵡⵓⵔ|ⵜⵓⵜⵍⴰⵢⵜ ⵜⴰⵏⴳⵍⵉⵣⵜ}} * {{ⴰⵡⵡⵓⵔ|ⵜⵓⵜⵍⴰⵢⵜ ⵜⴰⵏⵉⴱⵓⵏⵜ}} ==ⵉⵙⴰⵖⵓⵍⵏ== *'''ⴰⵙⴳⵣⴰⵡⴰⵍ ⵏ [[ⴰⵙⵉⵏⴰⴳ ⴰⴳⵍⴷⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵓⵙⵙⵏⴰ ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵜ]](ⵙ.ⴳ.ⵙ.ⵎ) :''' [[ⵎⵙⵎⵓⵏ ⴰⵡⴰⵍ ⴰⵎⴰⵜⴰⵢ ⴰⵙⵏⵎⴰⵍⴰⵢ ⵏ ⵜⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵜ]] (ⵎ.ⵎ.ⵙ.ⵎ) {{ⵉⵙⴰⵖⵓⵍⵏ}} {{ⴰⴱⴰⴹ ⵓⵏⵜⵉⵎ}} ox7kpo385uri06wacgc1ygrl79fd47u 0 4114 176033 174963 2026-05-04T13:48:57Z BihiBot 2406 ⴽⴽⵙⵖ ⴰⵍⴱⵓⴹ ⵏ ⵜⵏⵟⵟⵓⴼⵜ 176033 wikitext text/x-wiki {{ⵉⵙⵕⵥⴰⵎ ⵏ ⵡⴰⵡⵡⵓⵔ |ⵉⴼⵔⵉⵇⵢⴰ}} {{ⵜⴰⵣⵡⵓⵔⵜ |ⴰⵡⵡⵓⵔ = ⵉⴼⵔⵉⵇⵢⴰ |ⵜⴰⵡⵍⴰⴼⵜ = Cartography of Africa.svg }} {{ⴰⵙⴰⵜⵉ |ⴰⵣⵡⵍ = ⵜⴰⵣⵡⵓⵔⵜ |ⵜⴰⵖⵣⵉ ⵏ ⵓⵣⵡⵍ = 55% |ⵜⴰⵢⴽⵓⵏⵜ = |ⴰⴽⵍⵓ ⵏ ⵓⵙⴽⴽⵉⵍ ⵏ ⵓⵣⵡⵍ = ffffff |ⴰⴽⵍⵓ ⵏ ⵜⵖⵔⴷⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵓⵣⵡⵍ = 008080 |ⴰⴽⵍⵓ ⵏ ⵜⵖⵔⴷⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵓⵎⴰⵢⵜ = F0FFBA |ⴰⵙⵏⴼⵍ =ⴰⵡⵡⵓⵔ:ⵉⴼⵔⵉⵇⵢⴰ/ⵜⴰⵣⵡⵓⵔⵜ |ⵜⵓⵎⴰⵢⵜ = {{:ⴰⵡⵡⵓⵔ:ⵉⴼⵔⵉⵇⵢⴰ/ⵜⴰⵣⵡⵓⵔⵜ}} }} {{ⴰⵙⴰⵜⵉ |ⴰⵣⵡⵍ = ⴰⵎⴳⵔⴰⴷ ⵓⴼⵔⵉⵏ |ⵜⴰⵖⵣⵉ ⵏ ⵓⵣⵡⵍ = 60% |ⵜⴰⵢⴽⵓⵏⵜ = |ⴰⴽⵍⵓ ⵏ ⵓⵙⴽⴽⵉⵍ ⵏ ⵓⵣⵡⵍ = ffffff |ⴰⴽⵍⵓ ⵏ ⵜⵖⵔⴷⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵓⵣⵡⵍ = 008080 |ⴰⴽⵍⵓ ⵏ ⵜⵖⵔⴷⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵓⵎⴰⵢⵜ = F0FFBA |ⴰⵙⵏⴼⵍ =ⴰⵡⵡⵓⵔ:ⵉⴼⵔⵉⵇⵢⴰ/ⴰⵎⴳⵔⴰⴷ ⵓⴼⵔⵉⵏ |ⵜⵓⵎⴰⵢⵜ = {{:ⴰⵡⵡⵓⵔ:ⵉⴼⵔⵉⵇⵢⴰ/ⴰⵎⴳⵔⴰⴷ ⵓⴼⵔⵉⵏ}} }} {{ⴰⵙⴰⵜⵉ |ⴰⵣⵡⵍ = ⵜⴰⵎⴷⵉⵏⵜ ⵜⵓⴼⵔⵉⵏⵜ |ⵜⴰⵖⵣⵉ ⵏ ⵓⵣⵡⵍ = 60% |ⵜⴰⵢⴽⵓⵏⵜ = |ⴰⴽⵍⵓ ⵏ ⵓⵙⴽⴽⵉⵍ ⵏ ⵓⵣⵡⵍ = ffffff |ⴰⴽⵍⵓ ⵏ ⵜⵖⵔⴷⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵓⵣⵡⵍ = 008080 |ⴰⴽⵍⵓ ⵏ ⵜⵖⵔⴷⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵓⵎⴰⵢⵜ = F0FFBA |ⴰⵙⵏⴼⵍ =ⴰⵡⵡⵓⵔ:ⵉⴼⵔⵉⵇⵢⴰ/ⵜⴰⵎⴷⵉⵏⵜ ⵜⵓⴼⵔⵉⵏⵜ |ⵜⵓⵎⴰⵢⵜ = {{:ⴰⵡⵡⵓⵔ:ⵉⴼⵔⵉⵇⵢⴰ/ⵜⴰⵎⴷⵉⵏⵜ ⵜⵓⴼⵔⵉⵏⵜ}} }} {{ⴰⵙⴰⵜⵉ |ⴰⵣⵡⵍ = ⵜⴰⵎⵓⵔⵜ ⵜⵓⴼⵔⵉⵏⵜ |ⵜⴰⵖⵣⵉ ⵏ ⵓⵣⵡⵍ = 60% |ⵜⴰⵢⴽⵓⵏⵜ = |ⴰⴽⵍⵓ ⵏ ⵓⵙⴽⴽⵉⵍ ⵏ ⵓⵣⵡⵍ = ffffff |ⴰⴽⵍⵓ ⵏ ⵜⵖⵔⴷⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵓⵣⵡⵍ = 008080 |ⴰⴽⵍⵓ ⵏ ⵜⵖⵔⴷⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵓⵎⴰⵢⵜ = F0FFBA |ⴰⵙⵏⴼⵍ =ⴰⵡⵡⵓⵔ:ⵉⴼⵔⵉⵇⵢⴰ/ⵜⴰⵎⵓⵔⵜ ⵜⵓⴼⵔⵉⵏⵜ |ⵜⵓⵎⴰⵢⵜ = {{:ⴰⵡⵡⵓⵔ:ⵉⴼⵔⵉⵇⵢⴰ/ⵜⴰⵎⵓⵔⵜ ⵜⵓⴼⵔⵉⵏⵜ}} }} {{ⴰⵙⴰⵜⵉ |ⴰⵣⵡⵍ = ⴰⴼⵉⴷⵢⵓ ⵓⴼⵔⵉⵏ |ⵜⴰⵖⵣⵉ ⵏ ⵓⵣⵡⵍ = 60% |ⵜⴰⵢⴽⵓⵏⵜ = |ⴰⴽⵍⵓ ⵏ ⵓⵙⴽⴽⵉⵍ ⵏ ⵓⵣⵡⵍ = ffffff |ⴰⴽⵍⵓ ⵏ ⵜⵖⵔⴷⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵓⵣⵡⵍ = 008080 |ⴰⴽⵍⵓ ⵏ ⵜⵖⵔⴷⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵓⵎⴰⵢⵜ = F0FFBA |ⴰⵙⵏⴼⵍ =ⴰⵡⵡⵓⵔ:ⵉⴼⵔⵉⵇⵢⴰ/ⴰⴼⵉⴷⵢⵓ ⵓⴼⵔⵉⵏ |ⵜⵓⵎⴰⵢⵜ = {{:ⴰⵡⵡⵓⵔ:ⵉⴼⵔⵉⵇⵢⴰ/ⴰⴼⵉⴷⵢⵓ ⵓⴼⵔⵉⵏ}} }} {{ⴰⵙⴰⵜⵉ |ⴰⵣⵡⵍ = ⵜⵉⵎⵔⵙⵍⵜ ⵜⵓⴼⵔⵉⵏⵜ |ⵜⴰⵖⵣⵉ ⵏ ⵓⵣⵡⵍ = 60% |ⵜⴰⵢⴽⵓⵏⵜ = |ⴰⴽⵍⵓ ⵏ ⵓⵙⴽⴽⵉⵍ ⵏ ⵓⵣⵡⵍ = ffffff |ⴰⴽⵍⵓ ⵏ ⵜⵖⵔⴷⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵓⵣⵡⵍ = 008080 |ⴰⴽⵍⵓ ⵏ ⵜⵖⵔⴷⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵓⵎⴰⵢⵜ = F0FFBA |ⴰⵙⵏⴼⵍ =ⴰⵡⵡⵓⵔ:ⵉⴼⵔⵉⵇⵢⴰ/ⵜⵉⵎⵔⵙⵍⵜ ⵜⵓⴼⵔⵉⵏⵜ |ⵜⵓⵎⴰⵢⵜ = {{:ⴰⵡⵡⵓⵔ:ⵉⴼⵔⵉⵇⵢⴰ/ⵜⵉⵎⵔⵙⵍⵜ ⵜⵓⴼⵔⵉⵏⵜ}} }} {{ⴰⵙⴰⵜⵉ |ⴰⵣⵡⵍ = ⴰⵎⵓⴷⵔ ⵓⴼⵔⵉⵏ |ⵜⴰⵖⵣⵉ ⵏ ⵓⵣⵡⵍ = 60% |ⵜⴰⵢⴽⵓⵏⵜ = |ⴰⴽⵍⵓ ⵏ ⵓⵙⴽⴽⵉⵍ ⵏ ⵓⵣⵡⵍ = ffffff |ⴰⴽⵍⵓ ⵏ ⵜⵖⵔⴷⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵓⵣⵡⵍ = 008080 |ⴰⴽⵍⵓ ⵏ ⵜⵖⵔⴷⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵓⵎⴰⵢⵜ = F0FFBA |ⴰⵙⵏⴼⵍ =ⴰⵡⵡⵓⵔ:ⵉⴼⵔⵉⵇⵢⴰ/ⴰⵎⵓⴷⵔ ⵓⴼⵔⵉⵏ |ⵜⵓⵎⴰⵢⵜ = {{:ⴰⵡⵡⵓⵔ:ⵉⴼⵔⵉⵇⵢⴰ/ⴰⵎⵓⴷⵔ ⵓⴼⵔⵉⵏ}} }} {{ⴰⵙⴰⵜⵉ |ⴰⵣⵡⵍ = ⴰⵡⵔⵉⴽ ⵓⴼⵔⵉⵏ |ⵜⴰⵖⵣⵉ ⵏ ⵓⵣⵡⵍ = 60% |ⵜⴰⵢⴽⵓⵏⵜ = |ⴰⴽⵍⵓ ⵏ ⵓⵙⴽⴽⵉⵍ ⵏ ⵓⵣⵡⵍ = ffffff |ⴰⴽⵍⵓ ⵏ ⵜⵖⵔⴷⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵓⵣⵡⵍ = 008080 |ⴰⴽⵍⵓ ⵏ ⵜⵖⵔⴷⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵓⵎⴰⵢⵜ = F0FFBA |ⴰⵙⵏⴼⵍ =ⴰⵡⵡⵓⵔ:ⵉⴼⵔⵉⵇⵢⴰ/ⴰⵡⵔⵉⴽ ⵓⴼⵔⵉⵏ |ⵜⵓⵎⴰⵢⵜ = {{:ⴰⵡⵡⵓⵔ:ⵉⴼⵔⵉⵇⵢⴰ/ⴰⵡⵔⵉⴽ ⵓⴼⵔⵉⵏ}} }} {{ⴰⵙⴰⵜⵉ |ⴰⵣⵡⵍ = ⵜⴰⵡⵍⴰⴼⵜ ⵜⵓⴼⵔⵉⵏⵜ |ⵜⴰⵖⵣⵉ ⵏ ⵓⵣⵡⵍ = 60% |ⵜⴰⵢⴽⵓⵏⵜ = |ⴰⴽⵍⵓ ⵏ ⵓⵙⴽⴽⵉⵍ ⵏ ⵓⵣⵡⵍ = ffffff |ⴰⴽⵍⵓ ⵏ ⵜⵖⵔⴷⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵓⵣⵡⵍ = 008080 |ⴰⴽⵍⵓ ⵏ ⵜⵖⵔⴷⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵓⵎⴰⵢⵜ = F0FFBA |ⴰⵙⵏⴼⵍ =ⴰⵡⵡⵓⵔ:ⵉⴼⵔⵉⵇⵢⴰ/ⵜⴰⵡⵍⴰⴼⵜ ⵜⵓⴼⵔⵉⵏⵜ |ⵜⵓⵎⴰⵢⵜ = {{:ⴰⵡⵡⵓⵔ:ⵉⴼⵔⵉⵇⵢⴰ/ⵜⴰⵡⵍⴰⴼⵜ ⵜⵓⴼⵔⵉⵏⵜ}} }} {{ⴰⵙⴰⵜⵉ |ⴰⵣⵡⵍ = ⴰⵛⵏⵢⴰⵍ ⵓⴼⵔⵉⵏ |ⵜⴰⵖⵣⵉ ⵏ ⵓⵣⵡⵍ = 60% |ⵜⴰⵢⴽⵓⵏⵜ = |ⴰⴽⵍⵓ ⵏ ⵓⵙⴽⴽⵉⵍ ⵏ ⵓⵣⵡⵍ = ffffff |ⴰⴽⵍⵓ ⵏ ⵜⵖⵔⴷⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵓⵣⵡⵍ = 008080 |ⴰⴽⵍⵓ ⵏ ⵜⵖⵔⴷⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵓⵎⴰⵢⵜ = F0FFBA |ⴰⵙⵏⴼⵍ =ⴰⵡⵡⵓⵔ:ⵉⴼⵔⵉⵇⵢⴰ/ⴰⵛⵏⵢⴰⵍ ⵓⴼⵔⵉⵏ |ⵜⵓⵎⴰⵢⵜ = {{:ⴰⵡⵡⵓⵔ:ⵉⴼⵔⵉⵇⵢⴰ/ⴰⵛⵏⵢⴰⵍ ⵓⴼⵔⵉⵏ}} }} {{ⴰⵙⴰⵜⵉ |ⴰⵣⵡⵍ = ⵉⵙ ⵜⵙⵙⵏⴷ? |ⵜⴰⵖⵣⵉ ⵏ ⵓⵣⵡⵍ = 60% |ⵜⴰⵢⴽⵓⵏⵜ = |ⴰⴽⵍⵓ ⵏ ⵓⵙⴽⴽⵉⵍ ⵏ ⵓⵣⵡⵍ = ffffff |ⴰⴽⵍⵓ ⵏ ⵜⵖⵔⴷⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵓⵣⵡⵍ = 008080 |ⴰⴽⵍⵓ ⵏ ⵜⵖⵔⴷⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵓⵎⴰⵢⵜ = F0FFBA |ⴰⵙⵏⴼⵍ =ⴰⵡⵡⵓⵔ:ⵉⴼⵔⵉⵇⵢⴰ/ⵉⵙ ⵜⵙⵙⵏⴷ? |ⵜⵓⵎⴰⵢⵜ = {{:ⴰⵡⵡⵓⵔ:ⵉⴼⵔⵉⵇⵢⴰ/ⵉⵙ ⵜⵙⵙⵏⴷ?}} }} {{ⴰⵙⴰⵜⵉ |ⴰⵣⵡⵍ = ⵉⵙⵎⵉⵍⵏ |ⵜⴰⵖⵣⵉ ⵏ ⵓⵣⵡⵍ = 60% |ⵜⴰⵢⴽⵓⵏⵜ = |ⴰⴽⵍⵓ ⵏ ⵓⵙⴽⴽⵉⵍ ⵏ ⵓⵣⵡⵍ = ffffff |ⴰⴽⵍⵓ ⵏ ⵜⵖⵔⴷⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵓⵣⵡⵍ = 008080 |ⴰⴽⵍⵓ ⵏ ⵜⵖⵔⴷⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵓⵎⴰⵢⵜ = F0FFBA |ⴰⵙⵏⴼⵍ =ⴰⵡⵡⵓⵔ:ⵉⴼⵔⵉⵇⵢⴰ/ⵉⵙⵎⵉⵍⵏ |ⵜⵓⵎⴰⵢⵜ = {{:ⴰⵡⵡⵓⵔ:ⵉⴼⵔⵉⵇⵢⴰ/ⵉⵙⵎⵉⵍⵏ}} }} {{ⴰⵙⴰⵜⵉ |ⴰⵣⵡⵍ = ⵜⵉⵎⵓⵔⴰ |ⵜⴰⵢⴽⵓⵏⵜ = |ⵜⴰⵖⵣⵉ ⵏ ⵓⵣⵡⵍ = 60% |ⴰⴽⵍⵓ ⵏ ⵓⵙⴽⴽⵉⵍ ⵏ ⵓⵣⵡⵍ = ffffff |ⴰⴽⵍⵓ ⵏ ⵜⵖⵔⴷⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵓⵣⵡⵍ = 008080 |ⴰⴽⵍⵓ ⵏ ⵜⵖⵔⴷⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵓⵎⴰⵢⵜ = F0FFBA |ⴰⵙⵏⴼⵍ =ⴰⵡⵡⵓⵔ:ⵉⴼⵔⵉⵇⵢⴰ/ⵜⵉⵎⵓⵔⴰ |ⵜⵓⵎⴰⵢⵜ = {{:ⴰⵡⵡⵓⵔ:ⵉⴼⵔⵉⵇⵢⴰ/ⵜⵉⵎⵓⵔⴰ}} }} {{ⴰⵙⴰⵜⵉ |ⴰⵣⵡⵍ = ⵉⵡⵡⵓⵔⴰ ⴰⵢⵜⵎⴰⵜⵏ |ⵜⴰⵢⴽⵓⵏⵜ = |ⵜⴰⵖⵣⵉ ⵏ ⵓⵣⵡⵍ = 60% |ⴰⴽⵍⵓ ⵏ ⵓⵙⴽⴽⵉⵍ ⵏ ⵓⵣⵡⵍ = ffffff |ⴰⴽⵍⵓ ⵏ ⵜⵖⵔⴷⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵓⵣⵡⵍ = 008080 |ⴰⴽⵍⵓ ⵏ ⵜⵖⵔⴷⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵓⵎⴰⵢⵜ = F0FFBA |ⴰⵙⵏⴼⵍ =ⴰⵡⵡⵓⵔ:ⵉⴼⵔⵉⵇⵢⴰ/ⵉⵡⵡⵓⵔⴰ ⴰⵢⵜⵎⴰⵜⵏ |ⵜⵓⵎⴰⵢⵜ = {{:ⴰⵡⵡⵓⵔ:ⵉⴼⵔⵉⵇⵢⴰ/ⵉⵡⵡⵓⵔⴰ ⴰⵢⵜⵎⴰⵜⵏ}} }} {{ⴰⵙⴰⵜⵉ |ⴰⵣⵡⵍ = ⴰⵎⴳⵔⴰⴷ ⴰⵎⴰⵢⵏⵓ |ⵜⴰⵢⴽⵓⵏⵜ = |ⵜⴰⵖⵣⵉ ⵏ ⵓⵣⵡⵍ = 60% |ⴰⴽⵍⵓ ⵏ ⵓⵙⴽⴽⵉⵍ ⵏ ⵓⵣⵡⵍ = ffffff |ⴰⴽⵍⵓ ⵏ ⵜⵖⵔⴷⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵓⵣⵡⵍ = 008080 |ⴰⴽⵍⵓ ⵏ ⵜⵖⵔⴷⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵓⵎⴰⵢⵜ = F0FFBA |ⴰⵙⵏⴼⵍ =ⴰⵡⵡⵓⵔ:ⵉⴼⵔⵉⵇⵢⴰ/ⴰⵎⴳⵔⴰⴷ ⴰⵎⴰⵢⵏⵓ |ⵜⵓⵎⴰⵢⵜ = {{:ⴰⵡⵡⵓⵔ:ⵉⴼⵔⵉⵇⵢⴰ/ⴰⵎⴳⵔⴰⴷ ⴰⵎⴰⵢⵏⵓ}} }} {{ⴰⵙⴰⵜⵉ |ⴰⵣⵡⵍ = ⵉⵙⵏⴼⴰⵔⵏ ⴰⵢⵜⵎⴰⵜⵏ |ⵜⴰⵢⴽⵓⵏⵜ = |ⵜⴰⵖⵣⵉ ⵏ ⵓⵣⵡⵍ = 60% |ⴰⴽⵍⵓ ⵏ ⵓⵙⴽⴽⵉⵍ ⵏ ⵓⵣⵡⵍ = ffffff |ⴰⴽⵍⵓ ⵏ ⵜⵖⵔⴷⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵓⵣⵡⵍ = 008080 |ⴰⴽⵍⵓ ⵏ ⵜⵖⵔⴷⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵓⵎⴰⵢⵜ = F0FFBA |ⴰⵙⵏⴼⵍ =ⴰⵡⵡⵓⵔ:ⵉⴼⵔⵉⵇⵢⴰ/ⵉⵙⵏⴼⴰⵔⵏ ⴰⵢⵜⵎⴰⵜⵏ ⵏ ⵡⵉⴽⵉⴱⵉⴷⵢⴰ |ⵜⵓⵎⴰⵢⵜ = {{:ⴰⵡⵡⵓⵔ:ⵉⴼⵔⵉⵇⵢⴰ/ⵉⵙⵏⴼⴰⵔⵏ ⴰⵢⵜⵎⴰⵜⵏ ⵏ ⵡⵉⴽⵉⴱⵉⴷⵢⴰ}} }} ==ⵉⵙⴰⵖⵓⵍⵏ== {{ⵉⵙⴰⵖⵓⵍⵏ}} {{ⴰⴱⴰⴹ ⵓⵏⵜⵉⵎ}} {{ⴰⵙⵎⵉⵍ|ⴰⵡⵡⵓⵔ}} fz8es5uchn9fk0djzu1nwh8bfrtxhf3 0 4115 175979 157932 2026-05-04T12:23:46Z BihiBot 2406 ⴽⴽⵙⵖ ⴰⵍⴱⵓⴹ ⵏ ⵜⵏⵟⵟⵓⴼⵜ 175979 wikitext text/x-wiki [[File:Flag map of Tunisia.svg|right|150px]] '''ⵜⵓⵏⵙ''' (ⵙ ⵜⵙⵔⵖⵉⵏⵜ: ''تونس'') ⵜⴳⴰ ⵜⴰⵎⵓⵔⵜ ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵜ ⵖⵯ [[ⵜⴰⴼⵔⵉⴽⵜ ⵏ ⵓⴳⴰⴼⴰ|ⵜⴼⵔⵉⴽⵜ ⵏ ⵓⴳⴰⴼⴰ]], ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵥⵓⵏⵜ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵉⵙⵎ ⵏⵏⵙ [[ⵜⵓⵏⵙ (ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵥⵓⵏⵜ)|ⵜⵓⵏⵙ]], ⵖⵓⵔⵙ ⵉⵡⵜⵜⴰ ⴰⴽⴷ ⵜⵎⵓⵔⵜ ⵏ [[ⴷⵣⴰⵢⵔ]] ⵙⴳ ⵓⵜⴰⵔⴰⵎ ⴷ ⵓⵏⵥⵓⵍ ⵓⵜⵔⵉⵎ, [[ⵍⵉⴱⵢⴰ]] ⵙⴳ ⵓⴳⵎⵓⴹ ⴷ ⵓⵏⵥⵓⵍ ⴰⴳⵎⵓⴹⴰⵏ, ⴷ [[ⵉⵍⵍ ⴰⴳⵔⴰⴽⴰⵍ|ⵢⵉⵍⵍ ⴰⴳⵔⴰⴽⴰⵍ]] ⵙⴳ ⵓⴳⵎⵓⴹ, ⴷ ⵓⴳⴰⴼⴰ. 40% ⵙⴳ ⵜⵊⵓⵎⵎⴰ ⵏⵏⵙ ⴷ ⵜⴰⵏⵣⵔⵓⴼⵜ, ⵜⵓⵜⵍⴰⵢⵜ ⵜⵓⵏⵚⵉⴱⵜ ⵏ ⵜⵎⵓⵔⵜ ⵏ ''ⵜⵓⵏⵙ'' ⵜⴳⴰ [[ⵜⵓⵜⵍⴰⵢⵜ ⵜⴰⵄⵕⴰⴱⵜ]]. ⵎⴰⵛⴰ ⴳ ⵜⵉⵍⴰⵡⵜ, ⵍⵍⴰⵏ ⵉⵡⴷⴰⵏ ⵙⵙⴰⵡⴰⵍⵏ ⵙ [[ⵜⵓⵜⵍⴰⵢⵜ ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵜ]] ⴳ ⵓⵏⵥⵓⵍ. ⴷⵉⵏⵏⴰ ⴷⴰⵖⵏ ⵢ ⵉⵍⵍⴰ ⴷⴷⵓⵃ ⵏ ⵜⵖⵔⵎⴰ ⴽⴰⵔⵜⴰⵊⵏ ⴳ ⵜⵉⵎⴹⵉ ⵜⵉⵙⵙ 3 [[ⴷⴰⵜ ⵜⵍⴰⵍⵉⵜ]] ⵏ [[ⵄⵉⵙⴰ]]. ⵜⵡⵡⵉⴷ ⵜⵉⵍⴻⵍⵍⵉ ⵏⵏⵙ ⴰⵙⵙ ⵏ 20 ⵎⴰⵕⵚ 1956 ⵉⵍⵍⴰ ⵉⵙⵎ ⵏⵏⵙ: ⵜⴰⴳⵍⴷⵉⵜ ⵏ ⵜⵓⵏⵙ, ⵙⴳ ⵉⵎⵉⵔ ⴰⵙⵙ ⵏ 25 ⵢⵓⵍⵢⵓⵣ 1957 ⵜⴱⴷⴷⵍ ⵉⵙⵎ ⵏⵏⵙ ⴷ ⵜⵙⵔⵜⵉⵜ ⵏⵏⵙ, ⵢⵓⵖⴰⵍ ⵉⵙⵎ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵓⵏⵙⵉⴱ: ``ⵜⴰⴳⴷⵓⴷⴰ ⵜⴰⵜⵓⵏⵙⵉⵜ``. ---- '''[[ⵜⵓⵏⵙ|ⵖⵔ ⵓⴳⴳⴰⵔ...]]''' ==ⵉⵙⴰⵖⵓⵍⵏ== {{ⵉⵙⴰⵖⵓⵍⵏ}} {{ⴰⴱⴰⴹ ⵓⵏⵜⵉⵎ}} e8oy7oybmtpgx6wm4i90gl57o9b40nb 0 4116 175981 157936 2026-05-04T12:24:08Z BihiBot 2406 ⴽⴽⵙⵖ ⴰⵍⴱⵓⴹ ⵏ ⵜⵏⵟⵟⵓⴼⵜ 175981 wikitext text/x-wiki [[File:Africa_(orthographic_projection).svg|thumb|200px]] <center>'''ⵉⴼⵔⵉⵇⵢⴰ''' ⵏⵉⵖ '''ⵜⴰⴼⵔⵉⵇⵜ''' ⴷ [[ⴰⵎⵏⵥⴰⵡ]] ⵢⵓⵎⵥⵏ 6% ⵏ ⵜⴰⵙⵏⴰ ⵏ [[ⴰⴽⴰⵍ|ⵡⴰⴽⴰⵍ,]] ⵢⴰⵎⵥ 20% ⵙⴳ ⵜⴰⵙⵏⴰ ⵏ ⵡⴰⴽⴰⵍ ⵢⵓⵎⴰⵏⵏ (ⵜⴰⵏⵏⴰ ⵅⴼ ⵓⵔ ⵉⴽⴽⵉ ⵢⵉⵍⵍ). ⵜⴰⵊⵓⵎⵎⴰ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵜⵉⵡⴹ ⴰⵔ 30 415 873 ⴽⵎ² ⵏⵜⵜⴰⵜ ⴷ [[ⵜⴰⴳⵣⵉⵔⵜ|ⵜⴳⵣⵉⵔⵉⵏ]] ⵏⵏⵙ, ⴰⵢⵏⵏⴰ ⵜⵜ ⵢⵓⵊⵊⴰⵏ ⴰⴷ ⵜⴳ ⵜⵉⵙⵙ ⴽⵕⴰⴹⵜ ⴳ ⵓⵎⴰⴹⴰⵍ (ⵎⴽ ⵏⴳⴰ [[ⴰⵎⵔⵉⴽⴰ]] ⴷ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⵎⵏⵥⴰⵡ). ⵙ 1,225,080,510 ⵏ ⵉⵎⵣⴷⴰⵖⵏ, ⵜⴳⴰ ⵉⴼⵔⵉⵇⵢⴰ ⵜⵉⵙⵙ ⵙⵏⴰⵜ ⴳ ⵡⵓⵟⵟⵓⵏ ⵏ ⵉⵎⵣⴷⴰⵖⵏ ⴷⴼⴼⵉⵔ [[ⴰⵙⵢⴰ]], ⵜⵉⵍⵉ ⴷⵉⴳⵙ 16,4% ⵏ ⵉⵎⵣⴷⴰⵖⵏ ⵏ ⵓⵎⴰⴹⴰⵍ ⴳ ⵓⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙ ⵏ 2016. ⴰⵎⵏⵥⴰⵡ ⴰⴷ ⵉⴳⵍⵉ ⵜ ⵉⴷ [[ⵉⵍⵍ ⴰⴳⵔⴰⴽⴰⵍ|ⵢⵉⵍⵍ ⴰⴳⵔⴰⴽⴰⵍ]] ⴳ ⵓⴳⴰⴼⴰ, [[ⴰⴱⴰⴷⵓ ⵏ ⵙⴰⵡⵉⵙ|ⴰⴱⴰⴷⵓ ⵏ ⵙⵙⵡⵉⵙ]] ⴷ [[ⵉⵍⵍ ⴰⵣⴳⴳⵯⴰⵖ|ⵢⵉⵍⵍ ⴰⵣⴳⴳⵯⴰⵖ]] ⴳ ⵓⴳⴰⴼⴰ ⴰⴳⵎⵓⴹⴰⵏ, [[ⴰⴳⴰⵔⴰⵡ ⴰⵀⵉⵏⴷⵉ]] ⴳ ⵓⵏⵥⵓⵍ ⴰⴳⵎⵓⴹⴰⵏ ⴷ [[ⴰⴳⴰⵔⴰⵡ ⴰⵏⴰⵟⵍⴰⵙ|ⵓⴳⴰⵔⴰⵡ ⴰⵏⴰⵟⵍⴰⵙ]] ⴳ ⵓⵜⴰⵔⴰⵎ.</center> ---- '''[[ⵜⴰⴼⵔⵉⵇⵜ|ⵖⵔ ⵓⴳⴳⴰⵔ...]]''' ==ⵉⵙⴰⵖⵓⵍⵏ== {{ⵉⵙⴰⵖⵓⵍⵏ}} {{ⴰⴱⴰⴹ ⵓⵏⵜⵉⵎ}} 6y0z8ynid8mgqhkk8z9di4c4xbc0za7 0 4117 175978 157930 2026-05-04T12:23:36Z BihiBot 2406 ⴽⴽⵙⵖ ⴰⵍⴱⵓⴹ ⵏ ⵜⵏⵟⵟⵓⴼⵜ 175978 wikitext text/x-wiki [[ⴰⴼⴰⵢⵍⵓ:Nairobi, view from KICC.JPG|thumb|center|400px]] <center>'''ⵏⴰⵢⵔⵓⴱⵉ''' (ⵙ [[ⵜⵓⵜⵍⴰⵢⵜ ⵜⴰⵏⴳⵍⵉⵣⵜ|ⵜⵏⴳⵍⵉⵣⵜ]] ''Nairobi''), ⵜⴳⴰ ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵥⵓⵏⵜ ⵏ [[ⴽⵉⵏⵢⴰ]], ⵜⴰⵙⵏⴰ ⵏⵏⵙ 696 ⴽⵎ² ⵜⵣⴷⵖ ⴷⵉⴳⵙ 3,138,369 ⵏ ⵓⵎⴷⴰⵏ. ⵜⴳⴰ ⵜⴰⵖⵔⵎⵜ ⴰⴽⴽⵯ ⵉⵎⵇⵇⵓⵔⵏ ⴳ ⵜⵎⵓⵔⵜ ⵏ ⴽⵉⵏⵢⴰ, ⵜⴻⵜⵜⵡⴰⵙⵙⵏ ⴳ ⵜⴷⵎⵙⴰ ⴷ ⵜⵙⵔⵜⵉⵜ ⵜⴰⵎⴰⴹⵍⴰⵏⵜ.</center> ==ⵉⵙⴰⵖⵓⵍⵏ== {{ⵉⵙⴰⵖⵓⵍⵏ}} {{ⴰⴱⴰⴹ ⵓⵏⵜⵉⵎ}} b3399ffl6ld5agphfy1wnpqzmntkvbd 0 4118 175974 157924 2026-05-04T12:22:56Z BihiBot 2406 ⴽⴽⵙⵖ ⴰⵍⴱⵓⴹ ⵏ ⵜⵏⵟⵟⵓⴼⵜ 175974 wikitext text/x-wiki [[ⴰⴼⴰⵢⵍⵓ:Flag_of_Algeria.svg|right|100px]] '''ⴰⵛⵏⵢⴰⵍ ⵏ ⴷⵣⴰⵢⵔ''' (ⵙ [[ⵜⵓⵜⵍⴰⵢⵜ ⵜⴰⵄⵕⴰⴱⵜ|ⵜⴰⵄⵕⴰⴱⵜ]]: علم الجزائر) ⵏⵜⵜⴰ ⴰⵢ ⵉⴳⴰⵏ [[ⴰⵛⵏⵢⴰⵍ]] ⵓⵏⵚⵉⴱ ⵏ ⵜⵎⵓⵔⵜ ⵏ [[ⴷⵣⴰⵢⵔ]]. ---- ⴳ ⵜⴼⵍⵡⵉⵜ ⴰⴷ ⵍⵍⴰⵏ ⵉⵏⴳⴰⵍ ⵏ ⵉⴽⵯⵍⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵓⵛⵏⵢⴰⵍ: {| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;background-color:#F0FFBA" |- ![[File:Flag of Algeria.svg|30px]] !! style="background-color:#D21034"|<span style="color:white;">ⴰⵣⴳⴳⵯⴰⵖ</span> !! style="background-color:#006633"|<span style="color:white;">ⴰⵣⴳⵣⴰ</span> !! style="background-color:#ffffff"|ⴰⵎⵍⵍⴰⵍ |- | '''RGB''' || 210-16-52 || 0-102-51 ||255-255-255 |- | '''Hexadecimal''' || #D21034 || #006633 || #FFFFFF |- | '''CMYK''' || 0, 92, 75, 18 || 100, 0, 50, 60|| 0, 0, 0, 0 |} ==ⵉⵙⴰⵖⵓⵍⵏ== {{ⵉⵙⴰⵖⵓⵍⵏ}} {{ⴰⴱⴰⴹ ⵓⵏⵜⵉⵎ}} pedwpdmt17b5tmgkhgxolyn7kvu4dhi 0 4119 175976 153632 2026-05-04T12:23:17Z BihiBot 2406 ⴽⴽⵙⵖ ⴰⵍⴱⵓⴹ ⵏ ⵜⵏⵟⵟⵓⴼⵜ 175976 wikitext text/x-wiki {{ⵥⵕ ⵉⴷⵓⵙⵎⵉⵍⵏ}} <div class="reflist4" style="height: 150px; overflow: auto; padding: 4px" > <categorytree mode=pages showcount="off">ⵉⴼⵔⵉⵇⵢⴰ</categorytree> </div></div > ==ⵉⵙⴰⵖⵓⵍⵏ== *'''ⴰⵙⴳⵣⴰⵡⴰⵍ ⵏ [[ⴰⵙⵉⵏⴰⴳ ⴰⴳⵍⴷⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵓⵙⵙⵏⴰ ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵜ]](ⵙ.ⴳ.ⵙ.ⵎ) :''' [[ⵎⵙⵎⵓⵏ ⴰⵡⴰⵍ ⴰⵎⴰⵜⴰⵢ ⴰⵙⵏⵎⴰⵍⴰⵢ ⵏ ⵜⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵜ]] (ⵎ.ⵎ.ⵙ.ⵎ) {{ⵉⵙⴰⵖⵓⵍⵏ}} {{ⴰⴱⴰⴹ ⵓⵏⵜⵉⵎ}} s1h6mulmz9wl1rkhekgp5a6flztoxn0 0 4120 175977 157928 2026-05-04T12:23:26Z BihiBot 2406 ⴽⴽⵙⵖ ⴰⵍⴱⵓⴹ ⵏ ⵜⵏⵟⵟⵓⴼⵜ 175977 wikitext text/x-wiki {{ⵉⵙⵏⴼⴰⵔⵏ ⴰⵢⵜⵎⴰⵜⵏ ⵏ ⵡⵉⴽⵉⴱⵉⴷⵢⴰ}} ==ⵉⵙⴰⵖⵓⵍⵏ== {{ⵉⵙⴰⵖⵓⵍⵏ}} {{ⴰⴱⴰⴹ ⵓⵏⵜⵉⵎ}} 1jcljge4vpck3xelo9dm246d5c3wled 0 4121 175972 157920 2026-05-04T12:22:38Z BihiBot 2406 ⴽⴽⵙⵖ ⴰⵍⴱⵓⴹ ⵏ ⵜⵏⵟⵟⵓⴼⵜ 175972 wikitext text/x-wiki {{ⴰⵎⴳⵔⴰⴷ ⴰⵎⴰⵢⵏⵓ}} ==ⵉⵙⴰⵖⵓⵍⵏ== {{ⵉⵙⴰⵖⵓⵍⵏ}} {{ⴰⴱⴰⴹ ⵓⵏⵜⵉⵎ}} sirghr5b3xf9woxqrsip3xohy9566s1 0 4122 175973 157922 2026-05-04T12:22:46Z BihiBot 2406 ⴽⴽⵙⵖ ⴰⵍⴱⵓⴹ ⵏ ⵜⵏⵟⵟⵓⴼⵜ 175973 wikitext text/x-wiki [[ⴰⴼⴰⵢⵍⵓ:Atlantoxerus getulus.jpg|thumb|400px]] <center>'''ⴰⵏⵥⵉⴹ ⴰⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖ''' (''Atlantoxerus getulus'') ⵉⴳⴰ ⵢⵉⵡⵏ ⵡⴰⵏⴰⵡ ⵏ ⵜⵔⴱⵉⵄⵜ ⵏ ''ⴰⵟⵍⴰⵏⵜⵓⵣⵉⴽⵙ'' ⵏⵏⴰ ⵢⵓⵖⴰⵍⵏ ⵉ ⵜⴰⴳⴳⴰⵢⵜ ⵏ ⵉⴳⴱⵓⵔⵏ, ⵖⵓⵔⵙ ⵉⵎⵥⵥⵓⵖⵏ ⵉⵎⵥⵢⴰⵏⵏ ⴷ ⵓⴱⴹⴰⵏ ⵙ ⵓⴽⵯⵍⵓ ⴰⵎ ⵓⵔⵖ ⴰⵎ ⴰⵎⵍⴰⵍ ⵏ ⵜⵏⵣⵔⵓⴼⵜ ⵖⴰⴼⵙ ⵉⴹⵕⵉⵙⵏ ⵉⴱⵔⴽⴰⵏⵏ ⴳ ⵓⴽⵔⵓⵎ ⵏⵏⵙ , ⴷ ⵉⴹⵕⵉⵙⵏ ⵉⵎⵍⵍⴰⵍⵏ.</center> ---- '''[[ⴰⵏⵥⵉⴹ ⴰⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖ|ⵖⵔ ⵓⴳⴳⴰⵔ...]]''' ==ⵉⵙⴰⵖⵓⵍⵏ== {{ⵉⵙⴰⵖⵓⵍⵏ}} {{ⴰⴱⴰⴹ ⵓⵏⵜⵉⵎ}} 0pcvvipxjxi2na9yfaqxi77mxl5dbwq 0 4123 175975 157925 2026-05-04T12:23:07Z BihiBot 2406 ⴽⴽⵙⵖ ⴰⵍⴱⵓⴹ ⵏ ⵜⵏⵟⵟⵓⴼⵜ 175975 wikitext text/x-wiki [[File:Simon Adingra USG 2023 cropped.jpg|right|180px]] '''[[ⵙⵉⵎⵓⵏ ⴰⴷⵉⵏⴳⵔⴰ]]''' (ⵙ [[ⵜⵓⵜⵍⴰⵢⵜ ⵜⴰⵏⴳⵍⵉⵣⵜ|ⵜⵏⴳⵍⵉⵣⵜ]]:''Simon Adingra'') ⵉⴳⴰ ⴰⵎⵓⵔⴰⵔ ⵏ ⵜⵛⴰⵎⵎⴰ ⵏ ⵓⴹⴰⵕ ⵏ ⴰⴼⵜⴰⵙ ⵏ ⵡⵓⵥⵔ, ⵉⵍⵍⵓⵍ ⴰⵙⵙ ⵏ [[1 ⵉⵏⵏⴰⵢⵔ]] [[2002]] ⵖ ⵢⴰⵎⵓⵙⵙⵓⴽⵔⵓ.[1] ⴷ ⵢⵓⵎⵥ ⴰⴽⵔⵡⴰⵙ ⵏ ⵜⴰⴼⵔⵉⵇⵜ ⵉⵣⵡⴰⵔⵏ ⵣⴳ ⵍⵉⵖ ⴷ ⵜⵔⴰⴱⵓⵜ ⵏ ⴰⴼⵜⴰⵙ ⵏ ⵡⵓⵥⵔ, ⵖ ⴰⵙⵙ ⵏ [[11 ⴱⵕⴰⵢⵕ]] [[2024]], ⴷ ⵉⴳⴰ ⴰⵅⵎⵎⴰⵕ ⴰⵎⵓⴼⴰⵢ ⵖ ⴰⴳⵉⵔⴰⵏ. ==ⵉⵙⴰⵖⵓⵍⵏ== {{ⵉⵙⴰⵖⵓⵍⵏ}} {{ⴰⴱⴰⴹ ⵓⵏⵜⵉⵎ}} iipyt8y82ravyd0f5okqp2vytw6olzx 0 4125 175971 157918 2026-05-04T12:22:26Z BihiBot 2406 ⴽⴽⵙⵖ ⴰⵍⴱⵓⴹ ⵏ ⵜⵏⵟⵟⵓⴼⵜ 175971 wikitext text/x-wiki [[File:Katze Dam Malibamatso River.webm|thumb|400px]] <center>«ⴰⴳⵍⵎⴰⵎ ⵏ ⴽⴰⵜⵙⵉ ⴼ ⵡⴰⵙⵉⴼ ⵏ ⵎⴰⵍⵉⴱⴰⵎⴰⵜⵙⵓ ⴳ ⵜⵎⵓⵔⵜ [[ⵍⵉⵙⵓⵟⵓ|ⵍⵉⵙⵓⵜⵓ]], ⵉⴳⴰ ⵡⵉⵙⵙ ⵙⵉⵏ ⵉⴳⵍⵎⴰⵎⵏ ⵍⵍⵉ ⴰⴽⴽⵯ ⵉⵎⵇⵇⵓⵔⵏ ⴳ [[ⵉⴼⵔⵉⵇⵢⴰ]].»</center> ==ⵉⵙⴰⵖⵓⵍⵏ== {{ⵉⵙⴰⵖⵓⵍⵏ}} {{ⴰⴱⴰⴹ ⵓⵏⵜⵉⵎ}} l4m2m791gufejsf2gqxwo4wmsbvtb6c 0 4126 175982 157938 2026-05-04T12:24:18Z BihiBot 2406 ⴽⴽⵙⵖ ⴰⵍⴱⵓⴹ ⵏ ⵜⵏⵟⵟⵓⴼⵜ 175982 wikitext text/x-wiki [[ⴰⴼⴰⵢⵍⵓ:IRCAM entrance.jpg|right|200px]] '''[[ⴰⵙⵉⵏⴰⴳ ⴰⴳⵍⴷⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵓⵙⵙⵏⴰ ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵜ]]''' ⴷ ⵢⵓⵜ ⵏ ⵜⵎⵔⵙⵍⵜ ⵜⴰⴳⵍⴷⴰⵏⵜ ⵉⵍⵓⵍⵏ ⴳ ⵓⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙ ⵏ 2001 ⵜⵉⵍⵉ ⵜⴰⵎⴰ ⵏ ⵓⴳⵍⵍⵉⴷ [[ⵎⵓⵃⵎⵎⴰⴷ ⵡⵉⵙ ⵚⴹⵉⵚ|ⵎⵓⵃⵎⵎⴷ ⵡⵉⵙⵙ ⵚⴹⵉⵚ]] ⴷ ⴷⴷⴰⵡ ⵏ ⵓⵎⵓⵔ ⵏⵏⵙ. ⵉⵙⴱⴷⴷ ⵓⴹⴰⵀⵉⵕ ⴰⴳⵍⴷⴰⵏ ⴰⵎⴰⵜⵜⵓⵢ (ⵓⵟⵟⵓⵏ 1-01-299), ⵅⴼ ⵎⵉ ⵉⵙⵔⵙ ⵓⴳⵍⵍⵉⴷ ⴰⵣⵡⵍ ⵏⵏⵙ ⴰⵙⵙ ⵏ 17 ⴽⵟⵓⴱⵕ 2001 ⴳ ⵓⵊⴷⵉⵔ, ⵜⵉⵔⵙⴰⵍ ⵏⵏⵙ, ⵉⵙⵡⵓⵜⵜⵓ ⵜⵉⵏⴰⴳⵎⴰⴹⵉⵏ ⵏⵏⵙ ⴷ ⵉⵙⵓⵢⴰⵙ ⵏ ⵜⵡⵓⵔⵉ ⵏⵏⵙ. ==ⵉⵙⴰⵖⵓⵍⵏ== {{ⵉⵙⴰⵖⵓⵍⵏ}} {{ⴰⴱⴰⴹ ⵓⵏⵜⵉⵎ}} 2z99ujlnq2rk4blnl0cswaxu5iciip8 0 4127 175980 157934 2026-05-04T12:24:00Z BihiBot 2406 ⴽⴽⵙⵖ ⴰⵍⴱⵓⴹ ⵏ ⵜⵏⵟⵟⵓⴼⵜ 175980 wikitext text/x-wiki [[File:FIFA World Cup 2010 Uruguay Ghana.jpg|thumb|400px]] <center> ⵜⴰⵡⵍⴰⴼⵜ ⵏ ⵓⵏⵎⴰⵍⴰ ⵏ ⵓⵣⴳⵏ ⴰⵎⴳⴳⴰⵔⵓ ⵍⵍⵉ ⵉⵙⵎⵓⵏⵏ ⵏⴳⵔ "[[ⵓⵔⵓⴳⵡⴰⵢ]]" ⴷ "[[ⴳⴰⵏⴰ]]" ⴳ ⵓⵙⵓⵔⴰⵔ ⵏ "ⵜⵖⵔⵎⵜ ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵏⵓⵏⵜ" ⴳ [[ⵊⵓⵀⴰⵏⵙⴱⵓⵔⴳ]] ⴳ [[ⵉⴼⴼⵓⵙ ⵏ ⵉⴼⵔⵉⵇⵢⴰ]],ⴰⵙⵙ ⵏ [[2 ⵢⵓⵍⵢⵓⵣ]] ⵏ [[2010]] ⴳ ⵜⵓⵏⵖⵉⵍⵜ ⵜⵉⵙⵙ 19 ⵏ ⵜⴱⵔⵣⴰ ⵏ [[ⴰⴽⵔⵡⴰⵙ ⵏ ⵓⵎⴰⴹⴰⵍ|ⵓⴽⵔⵡⴰⵙ ⵏ ⵓⵎⴰⴹⴰⵍ]].</center> ==ⵉⵙⴰⵖⵓⵍⵏ== {{ⵉⵙⴰⵖⵓⵍⵏ}} {{ⴰⴱⴰⴹ ⵓⵏⵜⵉⵎ}} dc3f4db3bgvbg78d69uhv7e9wufq0dh 0 5093 176041 158009 2026-05-04T13:51:59Z BihiBot 2406 ⴽⴽⵙⵖ ⴰⵍⴱⵓⴹ ⵏ ⵜⵏⵟⵟⵓⴼⵜ 176041 wikitext text/x-wiki [[File:Mount_Everest_as_seen_from_Drukair2_PLW_edit.jpg|thumb|center|400px]] <center>«'''[[ⵉⴼⵔⵉⵙⵜ]]''' (ⵙ [[ⵜⵓⵜⵍⴰⵢⵜ ⵜⴰⵜⵉⴱⵉⵜⵜ|ⵜⴻⵜⵉⴱⵉⵜⵜ]] ''ཇོ་མོ་གླང་མ''/ ''ⴽⵓⵎⵓⵍⴰⵏⴳⵎⴰ'' ⵏⵉⵖ ''ⵛⵓⵎⵓⵍⵓⵏⴳⵎⴰ'', ⵙ [[ⵜⵓⵜⵍⴰⵢⵜ ⵜⴰⵏⵉⴱⴰⵍⵜ|ⵜⵏⵉⴱⴰⵍⵜ]]: ''सगरमाथा''/ ''ⵙⴰⴳⴰⵔⵎⴰⵜⴰ''), ⵇⵇⴰⵔⵏ ⴰⵙ ⴰⵡⴷ '''ⴰⴷⵔⴰⵔ ⵏ ⵉⴼⵔⵉⵙⵜ''', ⵜⴳⴰ ⵢⴰⵏ [[ⴰⴷⵔⴰⵔ|ⵓⴷⵔⴰⵔ]] ⵉⵍⵍⴰⵏ ⴳ ⵓⵙⵔⵔⴰⵔⵓ ⵏ [[ⵀⵉⵎⴰⵍⴰⵢⴰ]], ⴳ ⵉⵡⵜⵜⴰ ⴳⵔ [[ⵏⵉⴱⴰⵍ]] (ⴳ ⵙⴰⴳⴰⵔⵎⴰⵜⴰ) ⴷ [[ⵛⵛⵉⵏⵡⴰ]] ([[ⵜⵜⵉⴱⵉⵜ]])»</center> ==ⵉⵙⴰⵖⵓⵍⵏ== {{ⵉⵙⴰⵖⵓⵍⵏ}} {{ⴰⴱⴰⴹ ⵓⵏⵜⵉⵎ}} r2fupbybhmuyfnjr4gp7ogu3hfur421 0 5213 175940 175933 2026-05-04T12:05:39Z BihiBot 2406 ⵙⵙⵔⵓⵙ ⵜⵉⵎⵙⵉⵔⵉⵜⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵓⵙⵏⵜⵍ ([[ⵎⴰⵙⵙⴰⴷⵏ:remove_templates_zgh.py|bot]]) 175940 wikitext text/x-wiki {{ⴰⵎⴳⵔⴰⴷ ⴰⵎⴰⵢⵏⵓ}} ==ⵉⵙⴰⵖⵓⵍⵏ== {{ⵉⵙⴰⵖⵓⵍⵏ}} {{ⴰⴱⴰⴹ ⵓⵏⵜⵉⵎ}} 8ajv7xyeu4hxzjuhzn1gl49r9whhg1x 0 47431 176112 171082 2026-05-04T18:53:01Z ⴰⵢⵢⵓⴱ 438 176112 wikitext text/x-wiki {{ⴰⵎⵏⵏⵉ ⴰⵚⴱⵃⴰⵏ}} {{ⵜⴰⴼⵍⵓⵙⴼⴽⵉⵜ}} [[File:Barghouata Carte ZGH.png|thumb|right|300px|ⵜⴰⴽⴰⵔⴹⴰ ⵏⵏⴰ ⵉⵎⵎⴰⵍⵏ ⴰⴷⵖⴰⵔ ⵏ ⵜⵎⵍⵉⵍⵜ ⵏ ⴰⵢⵜ ⵓⵎⴷⵔⴰⵔ ⴷ ⵜⵎⵏⵥⴰⵡⵜ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵙⵉⵊⵉⵍⵎⴰⵙⴰ]] {| class="infobox" style="width: 22em; float: right; clear: right; margin: 0 0 1em 1em; border: 1px solid #a2a9b1; background: #f8f9fa; font-size: 90%;" |+ style="font-size: 125%; font-weight: bold; background-color: #cedff2; padding: 0.2em;" | ⵜⴰⵎⵍⵉⵍⵜ ⵏ ⴰⵢⵜ ⵓⵎⴷⵔⴰⵔ |- ! style="text-align: left; padding: 0.2em;" | ⴰⴷⴷⴰⴷ | ▪︎ⴰⵡⴰⵏⴽ ⴰⵏⴰⴽⵍⴰⵏ ⵙ ⵉⵙⵎ ⵏ ⵍⵄⴱⴱⴰⵙⵉⵢⵢⵉⵏ (757–909) ▪︎ⴰⵡⴰⵏⴽ ⴰⵏⴰⴽⵍⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵉⴼⴰⵟⵉⵎⵉⵜⵏ (909-976) |- ! style="text-align: left; padding: 0.2em;" | ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵏⵖⵜ | [[ⵙⵉⵊⵉⵍⵎⴰⵙⴰ]] |- ! style="text-align: left; padding: 0.2em;" | ⵜⵓⵜⵍⴰⵢⵉⵏ | [[ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵜ]] |- ! style="text-align: left; padding: 0.2em;" | ⴰⵙⴳⴷ | ⵉⵙⵍⴰⵎ (ⴰⵚⵓⴼⵔⵉ) |- ! style="text-align: left; padding: 0.2em;" | ⴰⵏⴰⵡ ⵏ ⵏⴱⴰⴹ | ⵜⴰⴳⵍⴷⵉⵜ |- ! style="text-align: left; padding: 0.2em;" | ⴰⴳⵍⵍⵉⴷ | ⴰⴱⵓ ⵍⵇⴰⵙⵉⵎ ⵓ ⵙⵎⴽⵓ ⵓ ⵡⴰⵙⵓⵍ ⴰⵎⴽⵏⴰⵙ (772-784) ⴰⵍⵎⵓⵄⵜⴰⵣⵣ ⴱⵉⵍⵍⴰⵀ (963–976) |- ! style="text-align: left; padding: 0.2em;" | ⴰⵇⴰⵔⵉⴹ | ⵎⵉⴷⵔⴰⵔ |- ! style="text-align: left;" |ⴰⵣⵎⵣ ⴰⵎⴰⵣⵔⴰⵢ |ⴰⵣⵎⵣ ⴰⵎⵓⵥⵓⵏ |- ! style="text-align: left;" |ⵉⵣⵡⴰⵔ ⵜⵜ |ⵓⵎⴰⵡⵉⵢⵏ |- ! style="text-align: left;" |ⵉⴹⴼⴰⵕ ⵜⵜ |ⵉⵎⵖⵔⴰⵡⵏ |- ! style="text-align: left;" |ⵜⵉⵎⵙⴰⵔⵉⵏ ⵎⵇⵇⵓⵔⵏⵉⵏ |•ⵜⵓⵚⴽⴰ ⵏ ⵜⵖⵔⵎⵜ ⵏ ⵙⵉⵊⵍⵎⴰⵙⴰ 757 ⵎ.ⵜ •ⵜⵉⵏⴳⵉⵔⴰ ⵜⴰⵙⵔⵜⴰⵏⵜ ⵏ ⵓⵡⴰⵏⴽ 976 ⵎ.ⵜ |} '''ⵜⴰⵎⵍⵉⵍⵜ ⵏ ⴰⵢⵜ ⵓⵎⴷⵔⴰⵔ''' ⵏⵖ '''ⵜⴰⴳⵍⴷⵉⵜ ⵏ ⵉⴳⵍⵎⵓⵙⵏ''' ⵜⴳⴰ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⵎⵍⵉⵍⵜ ⵏⵖ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⵡⴰⵏⴽ ⵏⵖ ⴷ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⵎⵏⵓⴽⵍⴰ ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵜ ⵏⵏⴰ ⵉⵣⵡⴰⵔⵏ ⴰⴷ ⵜⵜⵉⵡⵙⴽⵉⵔ ⵎⵏⵉⴷ ⵏ [[ⵜⴰⴳⵔⴰⵡⵍⴰ ⵏ ⵉⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵏ|ⵜⴳⵔⴰⵡⵍⴰ ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵜ ⵜⴰⵎⵇⵇⵔⴰⵏⵜ]] ⵎⴳⵍ ⵉⵎⴰⵡⵉⵢⵏ ⴳ ⵓⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙ ⵏ 741 ⵎ.ⵜ ⵜⴳ ⵜⴰⴷ ⵉⵙⵏⴱⴹⵏ ⴳ ⵜⵎⵏⴰⴹⵜ ⵏ ⵙⵉⵊⵍⵎⴰⵙⴰ ⴳ ⵢⵉⴼⴼⵓⵙ ⵏ ⵍⵎⵖⵔⵉⴱ ⴳ ⵜⴰⵙⵓⵜⵉⵏ ⵜⵉⵙ 8 ⴷ ⵜⵉⵙⵙ 9 ⵏ ⵎⵏⵉⴷ ⵜⴰⵍⴰⵍⵉⵜ ⴳⵔ ⵉⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙⵏ ⵏ 757–976 ⵎⵏ.ⵜ. ==ⴰⵎⵣⵔⵓⵢ== === ⵜⴰⵣⵡⵓⵔⵉ === ⴰⵢⵜ ⵡⴰⵙⵓⵍ ⵏⵖ ⴰⵢⵜ ⵎⵉⴷⵔⴰⵔ ⴳⴰⵏ ⵜⴰⵡⵊⴰ ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵜ ⵜⵉⵎⵙⵍⵎⵜ ⵏⵏⴰ ⵉⵏⴱⴹⵏ ⴳ ⵉⴳⵣⵎⴰⵏ ⵏ [[ⵍⵎⵖⵔⵉⴱ]], ⵙⵔⵙⵏ ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵏⴰⵖⵜ ⵏⵏⵙⵏ ⴳ ⵙⵉⵊⵉⵍⵎⴰⵙⴰ. ⵜⴰⴳⵍⴷⵉⵜ ⴰⴷ ⵜⴱⴷⴷ ⴼ ⵜⵖⴰⵔⴰⵙⵜ ⵜⴰⵙⴳⴷⴰⵏⵜ ⵜⴰⵅⴰⵔⵉⵊⵜ ⵏ ⵉⵅⴰⵔⵉⵊⵏ ⵉⵚⵓⴼⵔⵉⵜⵏ. ​ⵎⵇⵇⴰⵔ ⵉⴳⴰ [[ⴰⴱⵓ ⵇⴰⵙⵉⵎ ⵙⵎⴽⵓ]] ⴰⵎⴰⵍⵡⴰⵢ ⴰⵏⵉⵎⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵓⵡⴰⵏⴽ ⴰⴷ, ⴰⵎⵏⴱⴰⴹ ⴰⵎⵣⵡⴰⵔⵓ ⵏ ⵜⵉⴷⵜ ⵉⴳⴰ ⵜ [[ⵄⵉⵙⴰ ⴱⵏ ⵢⴰⵣⵉⴷ ⴰⵙⴳⴳⴰⵏ]], ⵏⵏⴰ ⵎⵎⵓ ⵜⵜⴼⴽⴰ ⵜⵏⴱⴰⴹⵜ ⵖ ⵙⵉⵊⵉⵍⵎⴰⵙⴰ ⴷ ⵉⵏⴱⴰⴹ ⵜⵜ 15 ⵏ ⵓⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙ (ⵙⴳ 757 ⴰⵔ 772 ⴷ.ⵜ). ⴳ ⵓⵣⵎⵣ ⵏⵏⵙ, ⵉⵙⴽⵔ ⵜⵓⴳⵜ ⵏ ⵉⵙⵙⴹⵔⵓⵜⵏ ⴰⵎ ⴰⵙⵎⵙⴰⵙⴰ ⵏ ⵓⵙⵓⴷⵙ ⵏ ⵜⵔⴳⵯⵉⵡⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵡⴰⵎⴰⵏ ⴷ ⵓⵙⵣⴷⵖ ⵏ ⵜⵡⵙⵉⵜⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵉⵎⴳⵓⴷⵊⴰ. ​ⵎⴰⵛⴰ, ⵍⵍⵉⴳ ⴷ ⵍⴽⵎⵏⵜ ⵜⵡⵙⵉⵜⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵉⵎⴽⵏⴰⵙⵏ ⵙ ⵓⴳⵓⴷⵉ. ⴽⵔⴰ ⵏ ⵖⴱⵓⵍⴰ ⴰⵔ ⵙⴰⵡⴰⵍⵏ ⴼ ⵎⴰⵙ ⵉⴼⴼⴰⵖ ⵄⵉⵙⴰ ⴱⵏ ⵢⴰⵣⵉⴷ ⴼ ⵉⴹⵕⴼⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵖⴰⵔⴰⵙⵜ ⵜⴰⵅⴰⵔⵉⵊⵜ ⵢⵉⵔⵉ ⴰⴷ ⵉⵙⴽⵔ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵡⴰⵏⴰⵡ ⵏ ⵜⴷⵉⴽⵜⴰⵜⵓⵔⵉⵜ, ⴼ ⵓⵢⴰ ⵏⵖⴰⵏ ⵄⵉⵙⴰ ⴱⵏ ⵢⴰⵣⵉⴷ, ⵍⵍⵉⵖ ⵜ ⵉⵡⵉⵏ ⵙ ⵄⴰⵔⵉ ⵣⵣⵖⵯⵕⵏ ⵜⵉⵅⵙⵉ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵙ ⵜⴰⵎⵓⵏⵜ ⴽⵔⴼⵏ ⵜ ⴷ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵡⴰⴷⴷⴰⴳ, ⴰⵢⵍⵍⵉⵖ ⵉⵎⵎⵓⵜ ⵙ ⵉⵔⵉⴼⵉ ⴷ ⵍⴰⵥ ⴷ ⵜⵓⵇⵇⵙⵉⵡⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵡⴰⵔⵥⵥⴰⵏⴻⵏ ⴷ ⵉⴱⵅⵅⵓⵢⵏ, ⴼⴽⵉⵏ ⵜⴰⵏⴱⴰⴹⵜ ⵉ ⵓⵎⵖⴰⵔ ⵏⵏⵙⵏ [[ⴰⴱⵓ ⵇⴰⵙⵉⵎ ⵙⵎⴽⵓ]]<ref>{{ⴱⴷⵔ ⴰⴷⵍⵉⵙ |last=البكري |first=أبو عبيد |title=المسالك و الممالك}}</ref> === ⴰⵎⵡⴰⵜ ⴰⴼ ⵜⵙⵉⴰⵎⵏⵜ === ==== 1. ⴰⵙⵏⵓⴱⴳ ⵏ "ⵍⵎⴰⵀⴷⵉ" ⴷ ⵓⴽⵔⴰⴼ ⵏⵏⵙ: ==== ⴷⴼⴼⵉⵔ ⵏ ⵓⴱⵔⵔⵉⵃ ⵏ ⵜⵅⴰⵍⵉⴼⵜ, ⵉⵎⵓⴷⴷⴰ ⵓⵎⵙⵔⵙⵍ ⵏ ⵜⵅⴰⵍⵉⴼⵜ [[ⵜⴰⴼⴰⵟⵉⵎⵉⵜ]], ⵄⴱⴰⵢⴷⵓⵍⵍⴰⵀ ⵍⵎⴰⵀⴷⵉ, ⵖⴰⵔ ⵙⵉⵊⵉⵍⵎⴰⵙⴰ ⵉⴼⴼⵔ ⵙ ⵓⵍⴼⴰⴼ ⵏ ⵉⵎⵙⴱⴱⴰⴱⵏ ⴰⴼⴰⴷ ⴰⴷ ⵉⵔⵓⵍ ⵙⴳ ⵓⴹⴼⴼⵓⵕ ⵏ ⵉⵄⴱⴱⴰⵙⵉⵢⵢⵉⵏ. ⵉⴳⴰ ⵍⵎⴰⵀⴷⵉ ⴰⵏⴱⴳⵉ ⴳ ⵙⵉⵊⵉⵍⵎⴰⵙⴰ ⴳ ⵓⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙ 905 ⵎⵜ. ⵢⵓⵔⴷⴰ ⵓⴳⵍⴷⵓⵏ ⵏ ⴰⵢⵜ ⵎⵉⴷⵔⴰⵔ, [[ⵎⴰⵢⵎⵓⵏ ⵓ ⵎⵉⴷⵔⴰⵔ ⵓ ⵍⵢⴰⵙⴰⵄ|ⴰⵍⵢⴰⵙⴰⵄ ⵓ ⵍⵎⵓⵏⵜⴰⵚⵉⵔ ⵓ ⵍⵢⴰⵙⴰⵄ ⵓ ⴱⵓ ⵍⵇⴰⵙⵉⵎ]] ⵖ ⵓⵡⵜⵜⴰⵙ ⵏⵏⵙ ⴷⴼⴼⵉⵔ ⵎⴰ ⴷ ⵙⴽⵔⵏ ⵎⵉⴷⴷⵏ ⵉⵏⵖⵎⵉⵙⵏ ⴼ ⵜⵉⵣⵎⵎⴰⵔ ⵏ ⵢⵉⵡⵉⵙ [[ⴰⵍⵇⴰⵢⵉⵎ]] ⵏⵏⴰ ⵔⵡⴰⵙⵏⵉⵏ ⵜⵉⵎⴳⵔⵉⵡⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵉⵙⴰⵔⵏ ⴷ ⵉⴳⵯⵔⵔⴰⵎⵏ, ⵎⴰⵛ ⵍⵍⵉⵖ ⵜ ⵉⴷ ⵜⵍⴽⵎ ⵜⴱⵔⴰⵜ ⵏ [[ⵓⵡⴰⵏⴽ ⴰⵖⴰⵍⵉⴱ]] ⵖ [[ⵜⵓⵏⵙ]] ⵍⵍⵉ ⵉⴹⴼⴰⵕⵏ ⵉ ⵜⵅⴰⵍⵉⴼⵜ ⵜⴰⵄⴱⴱⴰⵙⵜ ⵏ ⴱⴰⵖⴷⴰⴷ ⵙ ⵎⴰⵙⴷⴷ ⵉⵅⵚⵚⴰ ⴰⴷ ⵉⵜⵜⴰⵡⴽⵔⴰⴼ ⵄⴱⴰⵢⴷⵓⵍⵍⴰⵀ ⵍⵎⴰⵀⴷⵉ ⵍⵍⵉ ⵉⴳⴰⵏ ⵉⵛⵏⴳⵉ ⵏ ⵉⵄⴱⴱⴰⵙⵉⵢⵢⵉⵏ, ⵙ ⵏⵉⵜ ⵉⵖⵔⴰ ⵉ ⵓⴽⵔⴰⴼ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵏⵜⵜⴰ ⴷ ⵢⵉⵡⵙ ⴰⵍⵇⴰⵢⵉⵎ. ==== 2. ⴰⵟⵟⴰⵕ ⴰⵎⵣⵡⴰⵔⵓ (909 ⵎⵜ) ==== ⵉⵎⵓⵙⵙ ⵓⵎⵙⵙⵉⵡⵍ ⴰⴱⵓ ⵄⴱⴷⵓⵍⵍⴰⵀ ⴰⵛⵛⵉⵄⵉ ⵙ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⴷⴼⵔⵉⵔ ⴰⵎⵇⵔⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵉⵙⵔⴷⴰⵙⵏ ⴰⵢⵜ ⵜⵡⵙⵉⵜ ⵏ ⴽⵜⴰⵎⴰ ⴰⴼⴰⴷ ⴰⴷ ⵉⵙⵙⴷⵔⴼ ⵍⵉⵎⴰⵎ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵍⵎⴰⵀⴷⵉ. ⵜⴹⵕ ⵙⵉⵊⵉⵍⵎⴰⵙⴰ ⴳ ⵉⴼⴰⵙⵙⵏ ⵏ ⵉⴼⴰⵟⵉⵎⵉⵢⵏ ⴳ ⵓⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙ 909 ⵎⵜ, ⵉⵜⵜⵓⵢⵏⵖ ⵓⴳⵍⴷⵓⵏ ⵏⵏⵙ ⴰⵍⵢⴰⵙⴰⵄ ⵓ ⵎⴰⵢⵎⵓⵏ. ⵉⴼⴼⵖ ⴷ ⵍⵎⴰⵀⴷⵉ ⵙⴳ ⵓⴽⵔⴰⴼ, ⵉⵜⵜⵓⴱⵔⵔⵃ ⴰⵎ ⵓⵅⴰⵍⵉⴼ, ⴰⵢⴰ ⵢⵓⵊⵊⴰ ⵙⵉⵊⵉⵍⵎⴰⵙⴰ ⴰⴷ ⵜⴳ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⴷⵖⴰⵔ ⴰⵎⴰⵜⴰⵔ ⵉⵙⵜⴰⵡⵀⵎⵎⴰⵏ ⵉ ⵜⵎⵏⵓⴽⵍⴰ ⵜⴰⴼⴰⵟⵉⵎⵉⵜ ⵍⵍⵉ ⵙⵓⵍ ⵉⴳⴰⵏ ⴰⴽⵓⴷ ⴰⵏⵏ ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵢⵏⵓⵜ. ⴰⴱⵓ ⵄⴱⴷⵓⵍⵍⴰⵀ ⴰⵛⵛⵉⵄⵉ ⵉⵏⵖⴰ ⴰⴳⵍⴷⵓⵏ ⵏ ⴰⵢⵜ ⵎⵉⴷⵔⴰⵔ ⵍⵢⴰⵙⴰⵄ ⵓ ⵍⵎⵓⵏⵜⴰⵚⵉⵔ, ⵉⴳ ⵖ ⵓⴷⵖⴰⵔ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⵎⵖⴰⵔ ⴰⴽⵯⵜⴰⵎ ⵙ ⵉⵙⵎ ⵏ ⴱⵔⴰⵀⵉⵎ ⵓ ⵖⴰⵍⵉⴱ ⴰⵎⵣⵣⴰⵜ, ⵎⴰⵛⵛ ⵓⵔ ⵉⴽⴽⵉ ⵖ ⵜⵏⴱⴰⴹⵜ ⴰⵎⵔ ⴽⵔⴰ ⵏ 40 ⵏ ⵡⴰⵙⵙ ⵏⴽⵔⵏ ⵙⵉⵙ ⴰⵢⵜ ⵙⵉⵊⵉⵍⵎⴰⵙⴰ ⵏⵖⵉⵏⵜ ⵏⵜⵜⴰⵏ ⴷ ⵉⴽⵯⵜⴰⵎⵏ ⵍⵍⵉ ⴷⵉⴷⵙⵏ ⵉⵍⵍⴰⵏ, ⵙⵙⴰⴹⵓⵏ ⵜⴰⵏⴱⴰⴹⵜ ⵙ ⵓⴼⵓⵙ ⵏ ⵓⴳⵍⴷⵓⵏ ⴰⵎⴷⵔⴰⵔ [[ⵍⴼⴰⵜⵃ ⵓ ⵎⴰⵢⵎⵓⵏ ⴰⴳⵍⴷⴰⵏ ⵓ ⵎⴷⵔⴰⵔ]] ⴳ ⵓⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙ ⵏ 910 ⵎⵜ<ref>{{ⴱⴷⵔ ⴰⴷⵍⵉⵙ |last=ابن عذاري |title=البيان المغرب}}</ref> ==== 3. ⴰⵟⵟⴰⵕ ⵡⵉⵙⵙ ⵙⵉⵏ (921 ⵎⵜ) ==== ⵉⴳⴰ ⵓⵙⵓⴳⵉ ⵏ [[ⵎⴰⵚⴰⵍⴰ ⵓ ⵃⴱⵓⵙ]] ⴼ ⵜⵎⵍⵉⵍⵜ ⵏ ⴰⵢⵜ ⵎⵉⴷⵔⴰⵔ ⴳ ⵙⵉⵊⵉⵍⵎⴰⵙⴰ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⵙⵓⵜⵍⵜ ⵉⵙⵜⴰⵡⵀⵎⵎⴰⵏ ⴳ ⵓⵎⵏⴰⵖ ⴰⴼⴰⵟⵉⵎ ⴰⴼⴰⴷ ⴰⴷ ⵉⵙⵙⵍⴽⵎ ⵜⴰⵏⴱⴰⴹⵜ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵙ ⵍⵎⵖⵔⵉⴱ. ⵉⵙⵙⵏⵜⵉ ⵓⵙⵓⴳⵉ ⴳ ⵡⴰⵢⵢⵓⵔ ⵏ ⵎⵓⵃⴰⵕⵕⴰⵎ ⴰⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙ 309 ⵀـ (921 ⵎⵜ) ⵙ ⵜⵏⴱⴰⴹⵜ ⵏ ⵎⴰⵚⴰⵍⴰ ⵓ ⵃⴱⵓⵙ ⴰⵎⴽⵏⴰⵙ, ⵢⴰⵏ ⵙⴳ ⵉⵎⵖⴰⵔⵏ ⵎⵇⵇⵓⵔⵏⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵓⵡⴰⵏⴽ ⴰⴼⴰⵟⵉⵎ ⴷ ⵓⵏⴱⴱⴰⴹ ⵏⵏⵙⵏ ⴼ ⵍⵎⵖⵔⵉⴱ ⴰⵏⴰⵎⵎⴰⵙ. ⵉⵙⴳⵓⴷⵉ ⵎⴰⵚⴰⵍⴰ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⴷⴼⵔⵉⵔ ⴰⵎⵇⵔⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵉⵙⵔⴷⴰⵙⵏ ⵙⴳ ⵜⵡⵙⵉⵜⵉⵏ ⵏ ⴽⵯⵜⴰⵎⴰ ⴷ ⵎⴽⵏⴰⵙⴰ, ⵉⵡⴰⵜⵙ ⵜⵎⵍⵉⵍⵜ ⵏ ⴰⵢⵜ ⵎⵉⴷⵔⴰⵔ ⵏⵏⴰ ⴹⴼⴰⵕⵏⵉⵏ ⵜⵖⴰⵔⴰⵙⵜ ⵜⴰⵙⴳⴷⴰⵏⵜ ⵜⴰⵚⵓⴼⵔⵉⵜ, ⵎⵏⵉⴷ ⵏ ⵜⴹⵓⵕⵉ ⵏ ⵙⵉⵊⵍⵎⴰⵙⴰ ⵎⵚⴰⵍⴰ ⵉⵏⵖⴰ ⴰⴳⵍⴷⵓⵏ ⴰⵎⴷⵔⴰⵔ [[ⴰⵃⵎⴰⴷ ⵓ ⵎⵉⵎⵓⵏ]] ⵏⵏⴰ ⵉⵜⵜⴰⵡⵙⵙⴰⵏⵏ ⵙ ⴰⴱⵓ ⵍⵄⴰⴱⴱⴰⵙ ⴰⵃⵎⴰⴷ, ⴰⴳⴰⵢⵢⵓ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵉⵜⵜⵢⴰⵡⴱⴱⴰⵢ ⴷ ⵉⵜⵜⵢⴰⵡⵣⴰⵏ ⵉ ⵓⵅⴰⵍⵉⴼ ⴰⴼⴰⵟⵉⵎⵉ ⵄⴱⴰⵢⴷⵓⵍⵍⴰⵀ ⵍⵎⴰⵀⴷⵉ, ⵎⵏⵉⴷ ⵏ ⵜⵏⵔⴰⵡⵜ ⴰⴷ ⵉⵜⵜⵓⵙⵔⴰⵙ ⵖ ⵉⵅⴼ ⵏ ⵜⵏⴱⴰⴹⵜ [[ⴱⵔⴰⵀⵉⵎ ⵓ ⵎⵓⵃⵎⵎⴰⴷ|ⵍⵎⵓⵄⵜⴰⵣⵣ ⵓ ⵎⵓⵃⵎⵎⴰⴷ ⵓ ⵙⴰⵡⵔ ⵓ ⵎⵉⴷⵔⴰⵔ]] ⵙ ⵓⴼⵓⵙ ⵏ [[ⵎⵚⴰⵍⴰ]] ⴰⴷ ⵉⴳ ⵜⴰⵎⵏⴰⴹⵜ ⵖ ⴷⴷⵓ ⵓⴼⵓⵙ ⵏ ⵉⴼⴰⵟⵉⵎⵉⵜⵏ ⴰⵎⵔ ⵉⴽⴽⵙ ⵜⴰⵏⴱⴰⴹⵜ ⵏ ⵜⵎⵍⵉⵍⵜ ⵏ ⵉⵎⴷⵔⴰⵔⵏ<ref>{{ⴱⴷⵔ ⴰⴷⵍⵉⵙ |title=كتاب البيان المغرب في أخبار الأندلس والمغرب}}</ref> ==== 4. ⵜⴰⵏⴰⴽⵍⵉⵜ ⴷ ⵉⵏⴷⵓⴷⵓⵢⵏ ⵉⵙⵔⵜⴰⵏⵏ ==== ⵓⵔ ⵉⵎⵎⵙⵜⵉ ⵓⵏⴱⴰⴹ ⵏ ⴰⵢⵜ ⵎⵉⴷⵔⴰⵔ ⵙ ⵓⵎⴰⵜⴰ ⴷⴼⴼⵉⵔ ⵜⴹⵓⵕⵉ, ⵎⴰⵛⴰ ⴳⴰⵏ ⴰⵎ ⵉⴳⵍⴷⵓⵏⵏ ⵉⵏⴰⴽⵍⴰⵏⵏ ⵏⵏⴰ ⴹⴼⴰⵕⵏⵉⵏ ⵉ ⵉⴼⴰⵟⵉⵎⵉⵢⵏ ⴳ ⵡⴰⵟⵟⴰⵙ ⵜⴳⴰ ⵜⵎⵏⵓⴽⵍⴰ ⵏ ⴰⵢⵜ ⵎⵉⴷⵔⴰⵔ ⴰⵙⴰⵢⵔⴰⵔ ⵏ ⵓⵎⵏⴰⵖ ⴳⵔ ⵉⴼⴰⵟⵉⵎⵉⵢⵏ ⴷ ⵓⵎⴰⵡⵉⵜⵏ ⵏ ⵡⴰⵏⴷⴰⵍⵓⵙ; ⴷ ⴰⵔ ⵙⵏⴼⴰⵍⵏ ⵉⵎⵖⴰⵔⵏ ⵉⵎⵉⴷⵔⴰⵔⵏ ⵜⴰⵏⴰⴽⵍⵉⵜ ⵏⵏⵙⵏ ⵙ ⵓⵙⵜⴰⵍ ⵏ ⵜⵉⵣⵎⴰⵔⵜ ⵏ ⵜⵙⵔⵜⵉⵜ ⴳⵔ ⵉⵎⴰⵡⵉⵜⵏ ⵏ ⴰⵏⴷⴰⵍⵓⵙ ⴷ ⵉⴼⴰⵟⵉⵎⵉⵢⵏ. ​ ⴷⴼⵉⵔ ⵏ ⵓⵙⵓⴳⵉ ⴰⵙⵔⴷⵙⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵎⵚⴰⵍⴰ, ⴳⵔⴰⵡⵍⵏ ⵉⵎⵣⴷⴰⵖⵏ ⵏ ⵙⵉⵊⵍⵎⴰⵙⴰ ⴼ ⵓⵏⴱⴰⴹ ⵏⵏⵙⵏ ⴰⴳⵍⴷⵓⵏ ⵍⵎⵓⵄⵜⴰⵣⵣ ⵏⵜⵜⴰⵏ ⴷ ⵉⵏⴹⵓⴼⵏ ⵏ ⵓⵡⴰⵏⴽ ⴰⴼⴰⵟⵉⵎ ⵍⵍⵉ ⴼⵍⵍⴰⵙ ⵉⵜⵜⵓⵙⵔⴰⵙⵏ, ⵉⵍⵎⵎⴰ ⴼⴽⵉⵏ ⵜⴰⵏⴱⴰⴹⵜ ⵉ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⴳⵍⴷⵓⵏ ⴰⵎⴷⵔⴰⵔ ⵢⴰⴹⵏ ⵉⵙⵎ ⵏⵏⵙ [[ⵎⵓⵃⵎⵎⴰⴷ ⵓ ⵍⴼⴰⵜⵃ]] ⵛⵛⴰⴽⵔ ⵍⵉⵍⵍⴰⵀ, ⵎⴰⵢⴰⴷ ⵢⵓⵊⵊⴰ ⴷⴰⵖ ⵉⴼⴰⵟⵉⵎⵉⵜⵏ ⴰⴷ ⴷⴰⵖ ⵙⴽⵔⵏ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⵙⵓⴳⵉ ⵢⴰⴹⵏ ⴰⵙⵔⴷⵙⴰⵏ ⴳⵣⵣⵓⵍⵏ ⵖ ⵓⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙ ⵏ 927 ⵎⵜ ⴷⴷⴰⵡ ⵏ ⵜⵏⴱⴰⴹⵜ ⵏ [[ⴰⴱⵓ ⵍⵇⴰⵙⵉⵎ ⵎⵓⵃⵎⵎⴰⴷ]] ⵢⵉⵡⵙ ⵏ [[ⵄⴱⴰⵢⴷⵓⵍⵍⴰⵀ ⵍⵎⴰⵀⴷⵉ]] ⴰⵅⴰⵍⵉⴼ ⵏ ⵉⴼⴰⵟⵉⵎⵉⵜⵏ<ref>{{ⴱⴷⵔ ⴰⴷⵍⵉⵙ |last=الناصري |title=كتاب الاستقصا لأخبار دول المغرب الأقصى}}</ref>, ⵎⴰⵛⵛ ⴷⴼⵉⵔ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵙⵉⵏ ⵢⵉⵔⵏ ⵓ ⵍⴼⴰⵜⵃ ⴷⵖⵢⴰ ⵉⵔⵓⵔ ⴷ ⵜⴰⵏⴱⴰⴹⵜ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵉⵙⵙⵓⴽⴼ ⴰⵏⴱⴰⴹ ⴰⵎⴽⵏⴰⵙ ⵏⵏⴰ ⵙⵔⵙⵏ ⵉⴼⴰⵟⵉⵎⵉⵜⵏ ⴼ ⵙⵉⵊⵉⵍⵎⴰⵙⴰ ⵖ ⵓⴷⵖⴰⵔ ⵏⵏⵙ ⴳ ⵓⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙ 947 ⴰⵎⵍⴰⵍⴰⵏ, ⵢⵓⵔⵎ ⵓⵎⵖⴰⵔ [[ⵎⵓⵃⵎⵎⴰⴷ ⵓ ⵍⴼⴰⵜⵃ|ⵎⵓⵃⵎⵎⴰⴷ ⵓ ⴱⵓ ⵍⴼⴰⵜⵃ ⵓ ⵎⵉⵎⵓⵏ ⴰⴳⵍⴷⴰⵏ ⵓ ⵎⴷⵔⴰⵔ]] (ⴰⵛⵛⴰⴽⵉⵔ ⵍⵉⵍⵍⴰⵀ) ⵉⵜⵜⴰⵡⵙⵙⴰⵏ ⵓⵍⴰ ⵙ "ⵉⴱⵏ ⵡⴰⵚⵉⵍ" ⴰⴷ ⵉⴱⴹⵓ ⴷ ⵉⴼⴰⵟⵉⵎⵉⵢⵏ, ⵉⴼⴼⵖ ⵙⴳ ⵜⵖⴰⵔⴰⵙⵜ ⵜⴰⵚⵓⴼⵔⵉⵜ ⵖⴰⵔ ⵜⵖⴰⵔⴰⵙⵜ ⵜⴰⵙⵓⵏⵏⵉⵜ, ⵉⴳ ⵉ ⵉⵅⴼ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵉⵙⵎ ⵏ "ⴰⵎⵉⵔ ⵍⵎⵓⵎⵉⵏⵉⵏ", ⵉⵙⴽⵔ ⴰⵇⴰⵔⵉⴹ ⵙ ⵉⵙⵎ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵉⵙⴽⵔ ⵓⵍⴰ ⵜⴰⴹⴰ ⵜⴰⵙⵔⵜⴰⵏⵜ ⴰⴽⴷ ⵉⵎⴰⵡⵉⵜⵏ ⵏ ⴰⵏⴷⴰⵍⵓⵙ, ⵎⴰⵛⴰ ⵖ ⵓⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙ ⵏ 959 ⵎⵏⵉⴷ ⵜⴰⵍⴰⵍⵉⵜ ⵉⴼⴰⵟⵉⵎⵉⵢⵏ ⵓⵔⵔⵉⵏ ⵙ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⴷⴼⵔⵉⵔ ⴰⵎⵇⵔⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵉⵥⵏⴰⴳⵏ ⴷ ⵉⴽⵯⵜⴰⵎⵏ ⵉⵣⵡⴰⵔ ⴰⵙ ⵓⵎⴰⵡⴰⵢ ⴰⴼⴰⵟⵉⵎ ⵍⵍⵉ ⵉⵜⵜⴰⵡⵙⵙⴰⵏⵏ [[ⵊⴰⵡⵀⴰⵔ ⵚⵚⵉⵇⵉⵍⵍⵉ]] ⵉⵜⵜⴰⵡⵙⵏ ⵓⵍⴰ ⵙ ⵊⴰⵡⵀⴰⵔ ⵍⴽⴰⵜⵉⴱ<ref>{{ⴱⴷⵔ ⴰⴷⵍⵉⵙ |first=ابن خلكان |title=وفيات الأعيان|last=ابن خلكان}}</ref>ⴰⵎⵥⵏ ⵜⴰⵎⴷⵉⵏⵜ ⵏ ⵙⵉⵊⵍⵎⴰⵙⴰ ⵙ ⴷⴷⵓ ⵓⴼⵓⵙ ⵏⵏⵙⵏ. ⴰⴳⵍⴷⵓⵏ ⵛⵛⴰⴽⵉⵔ ⵍⵉⵍⵍⴰⵀ ⵉⵔⵓⵍ ⵙ ⵓⴳⴰⴷⵉⵔ ⵏ ⵜⵙⴳⵯⴷⴰⵍⵜ ⵏⵖⴷⴷ ⵡⵉⵏ ⵜⵙⴽⵔⴰⵏⵜ<ref>{{ⴱⴷⵔ ⴰⴷⵍⵉⵙ |last=ابن خلدون |title=تاريخ ابن خلدون}}</ref> ⵎⴰⵛⵛ ⵍⵍⵉⵖ ⵜ ⵓⵎⵥⵏ ⴽⵔⴰ ⵏ ⴰⵢⵜ ⵉⵎⵟⵖⴰⵔⵏ ⵉⵜⵜⵓⴽⵔⴰⴼ ⵎⵓⵃⵎⵎⴰⴷ ⵓ ⴱⵓ ⵍⴼⴰⵜⵃ ⵢⵉⵍⵉ ⵖ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵉⵙⴽⵏⵉ ⵏ ⵓⵣⵣⴰⵍ ⴷ ⵓⴽⵛⵛⵓⴹ ⴰⵡⵉⵏⵜ ⵙ ⵜⵖⵔⵎⵜ ⵏ ⵍⵇⴰⵢⵔⴰⵡⴰⵏ ⵖ [[ⵜⵓⵏⵙ]] ⵏⵏⴰ ⵉⴳⴰⵏ ⴰⴽⴰⵍ ⵏ ⵓⵡⴰⵏⴽ ⴰⴼⴰⵟⵉⵎ ⵉⵜⵜⴰⵡⴽⵔⴰⴼ ⵖ ⵓⴱⵏⵉⵇ ⵏ ⵔⵇⵇⴰⴷⴰ ⴰⵔ ⵍⵍⵉⵖ ⵉⵎⵎⵓⵜ , ⵖ ⵓⴷⵖⴰⵔ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵉⴳⴰ ⵊⴰⵡⵀⴰⵔ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⵎⵖⴰⵔ ⴰⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖ ⵙ ⵉⵙⵎ ⵏ ⵎⵓⴱⴰⴷⵉⵔ ⵓ ⵣⵉⵔⵉ <ref>{{ⴱⴷⵔ ⴰⴷⵍⵉⵙ |title=ابن الخطيب تاريخ المغرب}}</ref><ref>{{ⴱⴷⵔ ⴰⴷⵍⵉⵙ |last=المقريزي |title=اتعاظ الحنفا بأخبار الأئمة الفاطميين الخلفا}}</ref> === ⵜⵉⵏⴳⵉⵔⴰ === ​ⵜⵍⴽⵎ ⵜⵎⵏⵓⴽⵍⴰ ⵜⴰⵏⴳⵉⵔⴰ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵙ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⵏⵏⴹⴼⵔ ⵏ ⵜⵎⵙⴰⵔⵉⵏ ⵜⵉⴷⵔⴰⵎⴰⵜⵉⵏ: * ⴰⵙⵓⴳⵉ ⴰⵙⵔⴷⴰⵙ: ⴳ ⵓⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙ ⵏ 976 ⵎⵜ ⵉⵙⵙⵏⵜⵉ [[ⵅⵣⵔⵓⵏ ⵓ ⴼⵍⴼⵓⵍ ⴰⵎⵖⵔⴰⵡ]], ⴰⵎⵖⴰⵔ ⵏ ⵜⵇⴱⵉⵍⵜ ⵏ [[ⵎⵖⵔⴰⵡⴰ/ⵉⵎⵖⵔⴰⵡⵏ]] (ⵣⵏⴰⵜⴰ) ⴷ ⵓⵎⵣⵟⵟⵉⴹ ⵏ ⵉⴰⵡⵉⵜⵏ ⴳ [[ⵉⵏⴷⵍⴰⵙ|ⵡⴰⵏⴷⴰⵍⵓⵙ]], ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⵙⵓⴳⵉ ⴰⵙⵔⴷⴰⵙ ⴰⵎⵇⵔⴰⵏ ⴼ [[ⵙⵉⵊⵉⵍⵎⴰⵙⴰ]]. * ⵉⵎⵏⵖⵉ ⴰⵎⴳⴳⴰⵔⵓ: ⵉⴼⴼⵖ ⴷ ⵙ ⵜⵉⵎⵉⵖⵜ ⵎⴳⴰⵍ ⵏⵏⵙ, ⴰⴳⵍⵍⵉⴷ ⴰⵎⴳⴳⴰⵔⵓ ⵏ ⴰⵢⵜ ⵎⵉⴷⵔⴰⵔ, [[ⴰⴱⵓ ⵎⵓⵃⵎⵎⴰⴷ ⴰⵍ ⵎⵓⵄⵜⴰⵣⵣ ⴱⵉⵍⵍⴰⵀ|ⵍⵎⵓⵄⵜⴰⵣⵣ ⴱⵉⵍⵍⴰⵀ ⵓ ⵛⵛⴰⴽⵔ ⵍⵉⵍⵍⴰⵀ]] . ⵉⵍⵍⴰ ⴳⵔⴰⵙⵏ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵉⵎⵏⵖⵉ ⴰⵎⴽⵕⴰⵥ ⵉⵀⵢⵢⴰⵏ ⵙ ⵜⵕⵥⵉ ⵏ ⵓⵙⵔⴷⴰⵙ ⵏ ⴰⵢⵜ ⵎⵉⴷⵔⴰⵔ. * ⵜⴰⵎⵜⵜⴰⵏⵜ ⵏ ⵓⴳⵍⴷⵓⵏ: ⵉⵣⵎⵔ ⵅⵣⵔⵓⵏ ⴰⴷ ⵉⵏⵖ ⴰⴳⵍⴷⵓⵏ ⵎⵓⵃⵎⵎⴰⴷ ⵓ ⴰⵍⵎⵓⵄⵜⴰⵣⵣ ⴱⵉⵍⵍⴰⵀ ⵓ ⵛⵛⴰⴽⵉⵔ ⵍⵉⵍⵍⴰⵀ, ⵉⴱⴱⵢ ⵉⵅⴼ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵢⴰⵣⵏ ⵜ ⵉ ⵓⵅⴰⵍⵉⴼ ⴰⵎⴰⵡⵉ ⵏ ⵓⵏⴷⴰⵍⵓⴷ "ⴰⴱⵓ ⵃⴰⴽⴰⵎ ⴰⵍ ⵎⵓⵙⵜⴰⵏⵚⵉⵔ ⴱⵉⵍⵍⴰⵀ" ⴳ ⵇⵓⵔⵟⵓⴱⴰ ⴰⵎ ⵜⵎⴰⵜⴰⵔⵜ ⵏ ⵜⵎⵏⵉⵍⵜ ⴷ ⵜⵔⵏⴰⵡⵜ. ⵙ ⵓⵢⴰ, ⵉⴳⴳⵣ ⴷ ⵓⵍⴼⴰⴼ ⴼ ⵓⵏⴱⴰⴹ ⵏ ⵜⵡⵊⴰ ⴰⴷ ⵍⵍⵉ ⵉⴽⴽⴰⵏ ⵓⴳⴳⴰⵔ ⵏ ⵙⵏⴰⵜ ⵜⴰⵙⵓⵜⵉⵏ. * ⴰⵙⵏⴼⵍ ⴰⵙⵔⵜⴰⵏ: ⴷⴼⴼⵉⵔ ⵜⴹⵓⵕⵉ, ⵜⵓⵙⴽⴰ ⴳ ⵙⵉⵊⵉⵍⵎⴰⵙⴰ [[ⵜⴰⵎⵏⵓⴽⵍⴰ ⵏ ⴰⵢⵜ ⵅⵣⵔⵓⵏ ⵉⵎⵖⵔⴰⵡⵏ]], ⵍⵍⵉ ⵉⴱⵔⵔⵃⵏ ⵙ ⵜⵏⴰⴽⵍⵉⵜ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵜⵓⵎⵍⵉⵏⵜ ⵉ ⵜⵅⴰⵍⵉⴼⵜ ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵡⵉⵜ ⴳ ⴰⵏⴷⴰⵍⵓⵙ. ⴰⵢⴰ ⵉⵙⵏⴼⵍ ⵜⴰⴽⴰⵔⴹⴰ ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵣⵔⴰⵢⵜ ⴷ ⵓⵍⴰ ⵜⴰⴽⴰⵔⴹⴰ ⵜⴰⵙⴳⴷⴰⵏⵜ ⵜⵙⵔⵜⴰⵏⵜ ⵏ ⵜⵎⵏⴰⴹⵜ ⴳ ⵜⵙⴳⴰ ⵏ ⵓⵎⵎⴰⵜⵉ ⵣⵖ ⵜⵖⴰⵔⴰⵙⵜ ⵜⴰⵙⴳⴷⴰⵏⵜ ⵜⴰⵚⵓⴼⵔⵉⵜ ⵖⴰⵔ ⵜⴰⵙⵓⵏⵏⵉⵜ ⴷ ⵣ ⵜⵙⵉⵎⴰⵏⵜ ⴰⵔ ⴰⵟⵟⴰⵕ ⴷⴷⵓ ⵓⴼⵓⵙ ⵏ ⵜⵏⴱⴰⴹⵜ ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵡⵉⵜ ⵜⴰⵏⴷⴰⵍⵓⵙⵜ.<ref>{{ⴱⴷⵔ ⴰⴷⵍⵉⵙ |last=ابن خلدون |title=كتاب العبر}}</ref> ==ⴰⵎⵏⴰⴹ ⴰⵙⵔⵜⴰⵏ ⴷ ⵓⵙⴰⵜⴰⵍ ⴰⵎⴰⵣⵔⴰⵢ== [[File:Fatimid_Caliphate.PNG|thumb|left|250px|ⵜⴰⵎⵓⵍⵉ ⵏ ⵜⴳⵍⴷⵉⵜ ⵜⴰⴼⴰⵟⵉⵎⵉⵜ]] ⴰⴷⴷⴰⴷ ⴰⵙⵔⵜⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵜⴰⵙⵓⵜ ⵜⵉⵙⵙ 9 ⴷ ⵜⵉⵙⵙ 10 ⴰⵔ ⵎⵎⴰⵍⵏⵜ ⵉⵎⵏⵖⵉ ⵏ ⴳⵔ ⵉⴼⴰⵟⵉⵎⵉⵜⵏ ⴷ ⵉⵎⴰⵡⵉⵜⵏ ⵏ ⴰⵏⴷⴰⵍⵓⵙ ⴼ ⵡⴰⵎⵎⴰⵥ ⵏ ⵡⴰⴽⴰⵍ ⵏ ⵍⵎⵖⵔⵉⴱ ⵜⴷⴷⵔ ⵜⵎⵏⵓⴽⵍⴰ ⵏ ⴰⵢⵜ ⵎⵉⴷⵔⴰⵔ ⵖ ⴳⵔ ⵙⵉⵏ ⵉⵎⵏⴰⴹⵏ ⵉⵎⴰⵣⵔⴰⵢⵏ ⵏⵜⵜⵏⵉ ⴰⴷ ⵉⵙⴽⵔⵏ ⵜⵉⵎⴰⵜⴰⵔⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵓⴷⵎ ⵏⵏⵙ ⴰⵙⵔⵜⴰⵏ, ⵢⴰⵏ ⴳⵉⵙⵏ ⵉⴼⴽⴰ ⴰⵙ ⵜⴰⵍⴰⵍⵉⵜ ⵏⵏⵙ ⴰⵎ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⵡⴰⵏⴽ ⵉⴱⴷⴷⵏ ⵡⵉⵙⵙ ⵙⵉⵏ ⵉⵙⵔⵙ ⴰⵙ ⵜⴰⵖⴰⵔⴰⵙⵜ ⵜⴰⵙⵔⵜⴰⵏⵜ ⵍⵍⵉ ⵜⴹⴼⴰⵕ ⴰⵙⵏⵉⵎⴰⵏ ⴰⵙⵔⵜⴰⵏ ⴼ ⵜⵏⴱⴰⴹⵜ ⵏ ⵓⴳⵎⵎⵓⴹ: ⴹⴰⵕⵜ ⵏ ⵜⴳⵔⴰⵡⵍⴰ ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵜ ⵜⴰⵎⵇⵇⵔⴰⵏⵜ ⵎⴳⵍ ⵉⵎⴰⵡⵉⵜⵏ ⵖ ⵓⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙ ⵏ 741 ⵎⵎⵖⵉⵏⵜ ⴷ ⵜⵓⴳⵜⵜ ⵏ ⵜⵎⵏⵓⴽⴰⵍ ⵜⵉⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵉⵏ ⵜⵉⵎⵙⵍⵎⵉⵏ ⴼ ⵉⴳⴳⵉ ⵏ ⵡⴰⴽⴰⵍ ⵏ ⵡⴰⵎⵓⵔⵏⴰⴽⵓⵛ ⵏⵏⴰ ⴷ ⴷⴰⵔ ⵜⵍⵍⴰ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⴷⵔⴼⵉ ⵜⴰⵙⵔⵜⴰⵏⵜ ⴷ ⵓⴱⵟⵟⵓ ⴰⵙⴳⴷⴰⵏ ⴰⴽⴷ ⴷ ⵡⴰⵎⵎⴰⵙ ⵏ ⵜⵅⴰⵍⵉⴼⵜ ⵖ ⵓⴳⵎⵎⵓⴹ, ⵜⴳⴰ ⵜⵎⵏⵓⴽⵍⴰ ⵏ ⴰⵢⵜ ⵎⵉⴷⵔⴰⵔ ⵢⴰⵜ ⴳⵔ ⴰⵜⵙⵏⵜ [[File:Caliphate of Córdoba under Almanzor - 1000 CE.png|thumb|right|300px|ⵜⴰⴽⴰⵔⴹⴰ ⵏ ⵜⴳⵍⴷⵉⵜ ⵏ ⵓⵎⵎⴰⵡⵉⵢⵏ ⴷⴷⴰⵡ ⵓⴼⵓⵙ ⵏ ⵍⵎⵏⵚⵓⵕ ⴳ ⵓⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙ 1000 ⴷ.ⵎ ⵖ ⵓⴳⵯⵎⵎⴰⴹ ⵡⵉⵙⵙ ⵙⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵉⵍⵍ ⴰⴳⵔⴰⴽⵍⴰⵏ ⴰⵔ ⵏⵥⵥⵕⴰ ⴰⵡⵏⴰⴽ ⴰⵏⴰⴽⵍⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵉⵎⴰⵡⵉⵜⵏ ⴰⵡⴰⵏⴽ ⵏ ⵉⵎⵖⵔⴰⵡⵏ ⵏⵏⴰ ⵢⵓⵎⵥⵏ ⵜⵓⴳⵜⵜ ⵖ ⵜⴼⵔⵉⵇⵜ ⵏ ⵉⵥⵥⵍⵎⴹ]] ⴰⵎⵡⴰⵜ ⴰⵙⵔⵜⴰⵏ ⵏ ⴳⵔ ⵉⴼⴰⵟⵉⵎⵉⵜⵏ ⴷ ⵉⵎⴰⵡⵉⵜⵏ ⵏ ⴰⵏⴷⴰⵍⵓⵙ:ⵜⴰⵎⵏⵓⴽⵍⴰ ⵏ ⴰⵢⵜ ⵎⵉⴷⵔⴰⵔ ⵜⴷⴷⵔ ⵖ ⵓⵣⵎⵣ ⵉⵜⵜⴰⵡⵙⵙⴰⵏⵏ ⵙ ⵉⵎⵉⵖ ⵏ ⴳⵔ ⵙⵉⵏ ⵉⴷⵡⴰⵙⵏ ⵉⵅⴰⵜⴰⵔⵏ ⴼ ⵓⵏⴱⴰⴹ ⵏ ⵡⴰⴽⴰⵍ ⵏ ⵍⵎⵖⵔⵉⴱ, ⵖ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⵙⴳⴰ ⵜⵍⵍⴰ ⵜⵅⴰⵍⵉⴼⵜ ⵜⴰⴼⴰⵟⵉⵎⵉⵜ ⵖ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⵙⴳⴰ ⵢⴰⴹⵏ ⵉⵍⵍⴰ ⵓⵡⴰⵏⴽ ⵏ ⵉⵎⴰⵡⵉⵜⵏ ⵖ ⴰⵏⴷⴰⵍⵓⵙ, ⵉⴼⴰⵟⵉⵎⵉⵜⵏ ⴰⵔ ⵙⵉⴳⴳⵉⵍⵏ ⵖ ⵓⵙⴷⵓⵔⵔⵉ ⵏ ⵙⵉⵊⵉⵍⵎⴰⵙⴰ ⴰⴷ ⵙⴼⵙⵙⴰⵏ ⴽⵔⴰ ⵏⵏⴰ ⵉⴳⴰⵏ ⴰⵏⴰⵡ ⵏ ⵓⵙⴷⵉⴷⴷⵉⵢ ⵖ ⵉⴽⴰⵍⵉⵡⵏ ⵏ ⵉⵥⵥⵍⵎⴹ ⵏ ⵜⴼⵔⵉⵇⵜ ⴱⴰⵛ ⴰⴷ ⴼⴽⵉⵏ ⴰⴼⵓⴷ ⵏⵏⵙⵏ ⵉ ⵓⵙⵙⵍⴽⵎ ⵏ ⵜⵏⴱⴰⴹⵜ ⵏⵏⵙⵏ ⵙ ⵉⴷⵖⴰⵔⵏ ⵢⴰⴹⵏ ⵏ ⵓⵎⴰⴹⴰⵍ ⴰⵎⵙⵍⵎⴰⵏ ⵣⵓⵏⴷ ⵎⵉⵚⵕ ⴷ ⵍⵃⵉⵊⴰⵣ ⴷ ⵛⵛⴰⵎ ⴷ ⵍⵄⵉⵔⴰⵇ , ⵉⵎⴰⵡⵉⵜⵏ ⵏ ⴰⵏⴷⴰⵍⵓⵙ ⵏⵜⵜⵏⵉ ⵔⴰⵏ ⴰⴷ ⴷ ⵚⵚⴰⴱⵓⵏ ⴰⵢⵍⵍⵉ ⵙ ⵖⴰⵍⵏ ⵉⵙ ⵉⴳⴰ ⴰⵢⵢⴷⴰ ⵏⵏⵙⵏ ⵍⵍⵉ ⴰⵙⵏ ⵉⴷⴷⴰⵏ ⵖ ⵍⵎⵖⵔⵉⴱ ⴰⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙ ⵏ 741 , ⵓⵍⴰ ⵇⵇⵏⴻⵏⵏ ⴰⴳⴳⵓⵔ ⴼ ⵉⴼⴰⵟⵉⵎⵉⵜⵏ ⴰⴷ ⵖⵓⵎⵓⵏ ⵖⴰⵔ ⵖ ⵉⵥⵥⵍⵎⴹ ⵏ ⵜⴼⵔⵉⵇⵜ ⴷ ⴰⴷ ⵏⵏ ⴼⵍⵍⴰⵙⵏ ⵓⵔ ⴽⵛⵎⵏ ⵖ ⴰⵏⴷⴰⵍⵓⵙ ⵜⵜⵎⵉ ⵏ ⵡⴰⵡⴰⵍ ⵖ ⵓⵎⵏⴰⴹ ⴰⵊⵢⵓ-ⵙⵔⵜⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵓⵣⵎⵣ ⴰⵏⵏ ⵏ ⵜⴰⵙⵓⵜ ⵜⵉⵙⵙ 8 ⴷ 9, ⵉⴳⴰⵜ ⵎⴰⵙⴷⴷ ⴰⵡⴰⵏⴽ ⵉ ⵙⵉⵊⵉⵍⵎⴰⵙⴰ ⵉⴳⴰ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⵎⵙⵎⵓⵏ ⵏ ⵜⴷⵓⵙⵉ ⵜⴰⴷⴰⵎⵙⴰⵏⵜ ⵏⵏⴰ ⵉⵍⵍⴰⵏ ⵖ ⴳⵔ ⵙⵉⵏ ⵉⵎⵙⵎⵓⵏⵏ ⵏ ⵜⴷⵓⵙⵉ ⵜⴰⵙⵔⵜⴰⵏⵜ<ref>{{ⴱⴷⵔ ⴰⴷⵍⵉⵙ |last=ابن الأثير |title=الكامل في التاريخ}}</ref> , ⵙⵉⵏ ⵉⵜⵙⵏ ⵖⴰⵡⵍⵏ ⴰⴷⵜ ⴳⵉⵏ ⵖ ⴷⴷⴰⵡ ⵏ ⵓⴼⵓⵙ ⵏⵏⵙⵏ ⵙ ⴰⵛⴽⵓ ⵍⵎⵖⵔⵉⴱ ⵖ ⴰⴽⵓⴷ ⴰⵏⵏ ⵉⴱⴹⴰ ⵉⵍⵍⵓⵣⵣⵓ ⴷ ⵓⵔ ⴳⵉⵙ ⴽⵔⴰ ⵏ ⵡⴰⵏⴰⵡ ⵏ ⵓⵡⴰⵏⴽ ⴰⵏⴰⵎⵎⴰⵙ, ⴰⵎ [[ⵉⵎⵕⴰⴱⵟⵏ|ⵉⵎⵕⴰⴱⴹⵉⵜⵏ]] ==ⴰⴷⴷⴰⴷ ⴰⵎⵖⴰⵔⵎⴰⵏ== [[File:1886608-the ruins of Sijilmassa-Rissani.jpg|thumb|right|300px|ⴰⴳⵓⵔⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵖⵔⵎⵜ ⵏ ⵙⵉⵊⵉⵍⵎⴰⵙⴰ ⴳ ⵔⵔⵉⵙⴰⵏⵉ]] ⵣⵖ ⵓⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙ ⵍⵍⵉ ⵜⵜⵓⵚⴽⴰ ⵜⵖⵔⵎⵜ ⵏ [[ⵙⵉⵊⵍⵎⴰⵙⴰ]] ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵥⵓⵏⵜ ⵏ ⵓⵡⴰⵏⴽ ⵏ ⴰⵢⵜ ⵎⵉⴷⵔⴰⵔ, ⴰⴷ ⵜⵙⵙⵏⵜⵉ ⵖ ⵓⴷⵖⴰⵔ ⴰⵏⵏ ⵏ [[ⵍⵎⵖⵔⵉⴱ]] ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⵖⴱⴰⵍⵓⵜ ⵏ ⵜⵖⵔⵎⴰ ⴷ ⵜⵓⵚⴽⴰ ⵏⵏⴰ ⵉⵙⵙⵍⴽⵎⵏ ⴰⵎⴰⵏ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵉ ⵜⵎⵉⵣⴰⵔ ⴰⵙ ⵙⵙⵓⵜⵍⵏⵉⵏ ⵖ ⵜⴼⵔⵉⵇⵜ ⵏ ⵉⵥⵥⵍⵎⴹ, ⵓⵍⴰ ⵜⵉⵎⵉⵣⴰⵔ ⵜⵉⴷⴷⴰⵡⵏⵣⵔⵓⴼⵉⵏ ⴷ ⵓⵎⴰⴹⴰⵍ ⴰⴳⵔⴰⴽⵍⴰⵏ, ⵜⴳⴰ ⵙⵉⵊⵉⵍⵎⴰⵙⴰ ⵖ ⵓⵣⵎⵣ ⵏ ⴰⵢⵜ ⵎⵉⴷⵔⴰⵔ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵖ ⵜⵎⴷⵉⵏⵉⵏ ⵜⵜⵢⴰⵡⵙⵙⴰⵏⵏⵉⵏ ⵖ ⵓⵎⴰⴹⴰⵍ ⴰⵎⵙⵍⵎⴰⵏ [[File:Trans-Saharan routes early.svg|thumb|right|350px|ⵉⴱⵔⵉⴷⵏ ⵉⵇⴱⵓⵔⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵙⴱⴱⴰⴱⵜ ⵜⴰⵣⴳⵔⵏⵣⵔⵓⴼⵜ ⴳ ⵜⴼⵔⵉⵇⵜ ⵏ ⵓⴳⴰⴼⴰ ⴷ ⵜⴼⵔⵉⵇⵜ ⵏ ⵓⵜⴰⵔⴰⵎ ⵙⵉⵊⵍⵎⴰⵙⴰ ⵜⴳⴰ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⴱⴷⴷⴰⴷ ⴷ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⴳⴰⴷⵣ ⴰⵅⴰⵜⴰⵔ ⵏⵏⴰ ⴳ ⵉⵣⵔⵉ ⵓⴱⵔⵉⴷ ⴰⴷ ⴰⴷⴰⵎⵙⴰⵏ]] === ⵜⴰⵖⵔⵎⴰ ⵏ ⴰⵢⵜ ⵎⵉⴷⵔⴰⵔ ⵣⵖ ⵜⵉⵔⵔⴰ ⵜⴰⵏⵎⵣⵔⴰⵢⵜ === ⵉⵙⴰⵡⵍ ⵉⴱⵏ ⵃⴰⵡⵇⴰⵍ ⵖ ⵓⴷⵍⵉⵙ ⵏⵏⵙ "ⵜⴰⵡⵍⴰⴼⵜ ⵏ ⵡⴰⴽⴰⵍ" ⴼ ⵜⴷⵓⵙⵉ ⴷ ⵓⴱⵓⵖⵍⵓ ⴰⴷⴰⵎⵙⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵖⵔⵎⵜ ⵏ ⴰⵢⵜ ⵎⵉⴷⵔⴰⵔ ⵙⵉⵊⵉⵍⵎⴰⵙⴰ, ⵍⵍⵉⵖ ⵉⴱⴷⵔ ⵓⵏⵛⴽ ⵏ ⵓⵇⵇⴰⵔⵉⴹ ⴷ ⵍⵎⴰⵍ ⵍⵍⵉ ⵉⵣⵣⵔⵓⵢⵏ ⴳⵔ ⵉⵔⴼⴼⴰⴽⵏ ⵏ ⵙⵉⵊⵍⵎⴰⵙⴰ ⵓⵏⵛⴽⴽ ⴰⵏⵏ ⵏ ⵓⵙⵎⵎⵙⴽⵍ ⴰⵥⵕⴼⴰⵏ ⵓⵔ ⵉⵥⵕⵉ ⴰⵏⴰⵡ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵖ ⵜⵖⵔⵎⵉⵏ ⵎⵇⵇⵓⵔⵏⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵓⴳⵎⵎⵓⴹ<ref>{{ⴱⴷⵔ ⴰⴷⵍⵉⵙ |last=ابن حوقل |title=صورة الأرض}}</ref> ⵉⵎⵎⴰ [[ⴰⴱⵓ ⵄⵓⴱⴰⵢⴷ ⵍⴱⴰⴽⵔⵉ]] ⵏⵜⵜⴰⵏ ⵉⴱⴷⵔ ⴰⴱⵓⵖⵍⵓ ⵏ ⵜⵖⵔⵎⵜ ⵏ ⵙⵉⵊⵍⵎⴰⵙⴰ ⵖ ⵓⵣⵎⵣ ⵏ ⴰⵢⵜ ⵎⵉⴷⵔⴰⵔ ⵖ ⵜⵙⴳⴰ ⵏ ⵜⵢⵔⵣⴰ ⴷ ⵎⴰⵙⴷⴷ, ⵉⴽⴰⵍⵉⵡⵏ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵡⵉⴷ ⴳⴰⵏⵉⵏ ⵡⵉⵏ ⵜⵢⵔⵣⴰ ⵍⵍⴰⵏ ⵖ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⴷⵖⴰⵔ ⵉⴳⴰⵏ ⴰⵣⴰⵖⴰⵔ, ⴷ ⵜⵜⴽⴰⵔ ⵙ ⵡⵓⵔⵜⴰⵏ ⵓⵔ ⵟⵟⵉⴼⵏ ⵓⵟⵟⵓⵏ ⵎⵓⵏⵏ ⴷ ⵜⵙⴳⴳⵯⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵡⴰⵙⵉⴼ ⵜⵜⴽⵔⵏ ⵙ ⵡⴰⵏⴰⵡⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵢⴰⴼⵓⵜ ⴷ ⵡⴰⴷⴷⴰⴳ, ⵉⵙⵡⴰⵍ ⵓⵍⴰ ⴼ ⵓⵙⵏⴼⵍⵓⵍ ⵏ ⵜⵉⵢⵢⵏⵉ ⵉⴳⴳⵓⵜⵏ ⵖ ⵜⵖⵔⵎⵜ ⴰⵏⵏ ⵍⵍⵉ ⵢⴰⴽⴽⴰⵏ ⵜⴰⵢⴰⴼⵓⵜ ⵉ ⴽⵔⴰ ⵉⴳⴰⵏ ⴰⴷⵖⴰⵔ ⵖ ⵉⴷⵖⴰⵔⵏ ⵏ ⵍⵎⵖⵔⵉⴱ ⴰⴽⵓⴷ ⴰⵏⵏ<ref>{{ⴱⴷⵔ ⴰⴷⵍⵉⵙ |last=ابو عبيد البكري |title=المسالك و الممالك}}</ref> ⵉⴱⴷⵔ ⵓⵍⴰ ⵜⴰⴷⵓⵙⵉ ⵏ ⵜⵓⵚⴽⴰ ⵍⵍⵉ ⵢⴰⵏⵏⵉ ⵖ ⵓⵖⵔⴰⴱ ⵉⵙⵙⵓⵜⵍⵏ ⵉ ⵜⵖⵔⵎⵜ ⴷ ⵎⴰⵙ ⵉⵟⵟⴰⴼ 12 ⵏ ⵡⴰⴳⴳⵓⵔ ⵜⴰⵎ ⴳⵉⵙⵏ ⵜⵜⴰⵡⵙⴽⴰⵔⵏ ⵖ ⵡⵓⵣⵣⴰⵍ [[ⵍⵉⴷⵔⵉⵙⵉ]] ⴷ [[ⵍⵎⴰⵇⴷⵉⵙⵉ]] ⵙⴰⵡⵍⵏ ⵙⵉⵏ ⵉⵜⵙⵏ ⴼ ⵜⴷⵓⵙⵉ ⴷ ⵓⴱⵓⵖⵍⵓ ⴰⵎⵙⵜⴰⴳⴳⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵎⴷⵉⵏⵜ ⵏ ⵙⵉⵊⵍⵎⴰⵙⴰ ⴰⴽⵓⴷ ⴰⵏⵏ, ⴷ ⵎⴰⵙⴷⴷ ⵉⵙⴱⴱⴰⴱⵏ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵍⴽⵎⵏ ⵙ ⵜⵎⵙⵜⴰⴳⵜ ⵏⵏⵙⵏ [[ⵜⵉⵎⵉⵣⴰⵔ ⵏ ⵙⵙⵓⴷⴰⵏ]] <ref>{{ⴱⴷⵔ ⴰⴷⵍⵉⵙ |last=المقدسي البشاري |title=احسن التقاسيم}}</ref>ⵉⴱⴷⵔ ⵜⵜ ⵍⵉⴷⵔⵉⵙⵉ ⵙ ⵉⵙⵎ ⵏ ⵜⵖⵔⵎⵜ ⵏ ⵉⵔⴼⴼⴰⴽⵏ, ⴷ ⴰⵔ ⴷ ⵙⵉⵙ ⵉⴽⵛⵛⵎ ⴷ ⴰⵔ ⴳⵉⵙ ⵉⵜⵜⴼⴼⵖ ⵡⵓⵔⵖ ⵙ ⵜⵎⵉⵣⴰⵔ ⵏ ⵙⵙⵓⴷⴰⵏ ⵉⴳⴰ ⴰⵙ ⵙ ⵉⵙⵎ ⴰⵙⴰⴳⵏ ⴰⵎⴰⴽⵍⴰⵏ ⵏⵏⴰ ⵉⵟⵟⴰⵢⵏ ⴰⵏⴰⵡⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵎⵙⵜⴰⴳⵜ ⵙ ⵜⵎⵉⵣⴰⵔ ⵏ ⵙⵙⵓⴷⴰⵏ, ⵉⵙⴰⵡⵍ ⴼ ⵉⵔⴼⴼⴰⴽⵏ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵉⵙ ⴰⵔ ⵙⴽⴰⵔⵏ ⵜⴰⵢⴰⴼⵓⵜ ⵉⴳⴳⵓⵜⵏ ⵖ ⵜⵡⵡⵓⵔⵉ ⵏⵏⵙⵏ<ref>{{ⴱⴷⵔ ⴰⴷⵍⵉⵙ |last=الإدريسي |title=نزهة المشتاق}}</ref> ⵉⵙⴰⵡⵍ [[ⵍⴱⴰⴽⵔⵉ]] ⴼ ⵜⵎⵣⴳⵉⴷⴰ ⵏ ⵙⵉⵊⵍⵎⴰⵙⵙⴰ ⴷ ⵎⴰⵙ ⵜⵎⵇⵇⵓⵔ ⵜⵉⵖⵣⵉⴼ ⵜⵚⵚⵓⵎⵄⵉⵜ ⵏⵏⵙ, ⴷ ⵉⵙⵔⴰⴳ ⵏ ⵜⵎⵣⴳⵉⴷⴰ ⵍⵍⵉ ⵉⵍⴰⵏ ⴰⵏⴰⵡⵏ ⵏ ⵉⴽⵯⵍⴰⵏ ⴷ ⵣⵣⵡⴰⵇ ⴰⵔ ⵜⵙⵎⵓⵏ ⵎⵉⴷⴷⵏ ⴼ ⵜⵥⴰⵍⵍⵉⵜ ⴷ ⵜⵖⵔⵉ ⵏ ⵡⴰⵏⴰⵡⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵎⵓⵙⵙⵏⵉⵡⵉⵏ ⵜⵉⵙⴳⴷⴰⵏⵉⵏ<ref>{{ⴱⴷⵔ ⴰⴷⵍⵉⵙ |last=البكري |title=المسالك و الممالك}}</ref>, ⵉⵙⴰⵡⵍ [[ⵉⴱⵏ ⵍⴼⴰⵔⴹⵉ]] ⴼ ⵓⴱⵖⵍⵓ ⴰⴷⵍⵙⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵎⴷⵉⵏⵜ ⴷ ⵎⴰⵙ ⴰⵖ ⴷ ⵜⵜⴰⵡⵉ ⵉⵙⵍⵎⴰⴷⵏ ⴷ ⵉⵏⵍⵎⴰⴷⵏ ⵖ ⵜⵎⵉⵣⴰⵔ ⵏ ⴰⵏⴷⴰⵍⵓⵙ ⴷ [[ⵍⵇⴰⵢⵔⴰⵡⴰⵏ]], ⴷ ⵎⴰⵙ ⵜⵜ ⵉⵡⵉⵏ ⵉⵎⵣⴷⴰⵖ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵖ ⵜⵓⵙⵙⵏⴰ ⵏ ⵜⵓⵙⵏⴰⴽⵜ ⴷ ⵓⵙⵉⴹⵏ ⴰⵛⴽⵓ ⵜⵣⴷⵉ ⴷ ⵜⵡⵡⵓⵔⵉ ⵏⵏⵙⵏ ⵖ ⵜⵔⴼⴼⴰⴽⵜ ⴷ ⵜⵎⵙⵜⴰⴳⵜ<ref>{{ⴱⴷⵔ ⴰⴷⵍⵉⵙ |last=الفرضي |title=تاريخ علماء الأندلس}}</ref> ⵉⵎⵎⴰ ⵖ ⵜⵙⴳⴰ ⵏ ⵜⵎⴳⵓⵔⵉ ⴰⵔ ⵙⴰⵡⴰⵍⵏⵜ ⵜⵉⵔⵔⴰ ⴼ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⴱⵓⵖⵍⵓ ⴰⵅⴰⵜⴰⵔ ⵉⴹⵔⴰⵄⴰⵏ ⵡⵉⵏ ⵡⴰⵎⵎⴰⵙⵏ ⵢⴰⴹⵏⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵖⵔⵎⴰ ⵜⴰⵎⵙⵍⵎⴰⵏⵜ ⵖ ⵓⵣⵎⵣ ⴰⵏⵏ, [[ⵢⴰⵇⵓⵜ ⵍⵃⴰⵎⴰⵡⵉ]] ⵉⴱⴷⵔ ⵜⵉⵎⵍⵙⴰ ⵜⴰⵙⵉⵊⵍⵎⴰⵙⵜ ⵙ ⵎⴰⵙ ⵟⵟⴰⴼ ⵜⴰⵎⵙⵓⵙⵏⵜ ⴷ ⵉⵙⵎ ⵖ ⵜⵎⵉⵣⴰⵔ ⴷ ⵎⴰⵙⴷⴷ ⵉⵙ ⵍⴽⵎⵏⵜ ⵖ ⵜⵙⴳⴰ ⵏ ⵓⵖⵓⴷⵓ ⵜⵉⵎⵍⵙⴰ ⵏ ⵉⴳⵍⴷⴰⵏ<ref>{{ⴱⴷⵔ ⴰⴷⵍⵉⵙ |last=ياقوت الحموي |title=معجم البلدان}}</ref>, [[ⵍⵢⵓⵏ ⴰⴼⵔⵉⵇⴰⵏ]]ⵉⵙⵙⴽⵯⵜⵉ ⴷ ⵖ ⵜⵉⵔⵔⴰ ⵏⵏⵙ ⴰⴼⵓⵍⴽⵉ ⵏ ⵜⵏⵣⴳⵉⵜ ⵏ ⵜⴳⵯⵎⵎⴰ ⴷ ⵜⵎⵣⴳⴰⴷⵉⵡⵉⵏ ⴷ ⵜⵉⵏⵎⴰⵍ ⵏ ⵙⵉⵊⵍⵎⴰⵙⴰ ⴷ ⵉⵙ ⴰⵔ ⵙⵙⵎⵔⴰⵙⵏ ⵉⴷ ⴱⴰⴱ ⵏⵏⵙⵏⵜ ⵜⵉⵎⵛⵛⵉ (ⵔⵔⵅⴰⵎ) ⴷ ⵣⵣⵍⵍⵉⵊ ⵖ ⵜⵓⵚⴽⴰ<ref>{{ⴱⴷⵔ ⴰⴷⵍⵉⵙ |first=ليون الافريقي |title=وصف افريقيا}}</ref>, ⵉⵎⵎⴰ ⵜⴰⵎⴳⵓⵔⵉ ⵏ ⵓⵇⵇⴰⵔⵉⴹ ⵉⵏⵏⴰ ⵍⵉⴷⵔⵉⵙⵉ<ref>{{ⴱⴷⵔ ⴰⴷⵍⵉⵙ |last=الإدريسي |title=نزهة المشتاق}}</ref> ⵎⴰⵙⴷⴷ ⵓⵔⵖ ⵉⵖ ⴷ ⵉⵍⴽⵎ ⵙⵉⵊⵍⵎⴰⵙⴰ ⴰⵔ ⴳⵉⵙ ⵜⵜⵉⵡⵙⴽⵉⵔⵏ ⵉⵇⵇⴰⵔⵉⴹⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵎⵙⵜⴰⴳⵜ ⵏⵏⴰ ⵟⵟⴰⴼⵏⵉⵏ ⴰⵜⵉⴳ ⵖ ⴽⵔⴰ ⵉⴳⴰⵏ ⵎⴰⵏⵉ, ⵍⴱⴰⴽⵔⵉ ⵉⴱⴷⵔ ⵉⵙⵎ ⵏ ⵉⵇⵇⴰⵔⵉⴹⵏ ⵏ ⵙⵉⵊⵍⵎⴰⵙⴰ ⵍⵍⵉ ⵉⴳⴰⵏ ⴷⵉⵏⴰⵔ ⴰⵎⴷⵔⴰⵔ ⵍⵍⵉ ⵙ ⵜⵣⵣⵉⴳⵉⵣ ⵜⵎⵙⵜⴰⴳⵜ ⵖ ⵍⵎⵖⵔⵉⴱ ⴷ ⵙⵙⵓⴷⴰⵏ ⴷ ⴰⵏⴷⴰⵍⵓⵙ<ref>{{ⴱⴷⵔ ⴰⴷⵍⵉⵙ |last=ابو عبيد البكري |title=المسالك و الممالك}}</ref> === ⵜⴰⵖⵔⵎⴰ ⵏ ⵙⵉⵊⵍⵎⴰⵙⴰ ⵜⴰⵎⴷⵔⴰⵔⵜ ⵣ ⵉⵔⵣⵣⵓⵜⵏ ⵉⵔⴽⵢⵓⵍⵓⵊⵉⵜⵏ === ⴳⴳⵓⵜⵏ ⵉⵔⵣⵣⵓⵜⵏ ⵉⵔⴽⵢⵓⵍⵓⵊⵉⵜⵏ ⵍⵍⵉ ⵜⵜⴰⵡⵙⴽⴰⵔⵏ ⴼ ⵜⵖⵔⵎⴰ ⵏ ⵙⵉⵊⵍⵎⴰⵙⴰ ⵏⵏⴰ ⴷ ⵉⵍⵓⵍⵏ ⴷ ⵜⵍⴰⵍⵉⵜ ⵏ ⵓⵡⴰⵏⴽ ⵏ ⴰⵢⵜ ⵎⵉⴷⵔⴰⵔ, ⵉⵔⵣⵣⵓⵜⵏ ⵍⵍⵉ ⵙⴽⵔⵏⵜ ⵜⵔⴰⴱⴱⵓⵜ ⵏ ⵓⵔⵣⵣⵓ ⴰⵔⴽⵢⵓⵍⵓⵊⴰⵏ ⵙⵡⵍⴰⴷⴷⴰⴽⴽⵯ ⵜⵉⵔⴰⴱⴱⵓⵜⵉⵏ ⵣ ⵍⵎⵖⵔⵉⴱ [[ⴼⵕⴰⵏⵚⴰ]] ⴷ [[ⵉⵡⴰⵏⴽⵏ ⵉⵎⵓⵏⵏ|ⵎⴰⵔⵉⴽⴰⵏ]] * ⴳ 1950 ⵉⴼⵙⵔ [[ⴱⵓⵍ ⴱⵉⵔⵜⵉⵔ]] '''(Paul Berthier)''' ⵜⴰⵢⴰⴼⵓⵜ ⵏ ⵉⵔⵣⵣⵓⵜⵏ ⵏⵏⵙ ⴼ ⵓⵙⵓⴷⵙ ⵏ ⵜⵔⴳⵯⵉⵡⵉⵏ ⵖ ⵜⵎⵏⴰⴹⵜ ⵏ ⵜⴼⵉⵍⴰⵍⵜ ⵎⴰⵢⴰⴷ ⴰⴷ ⴷ ⵉⴹⵉⵏ ⵜⵉⵙⴽⵉⵡⵜ ⵜⴰⵣⴰⵢⴽⵓⵜ ⵏ ⵓⵙⴷⵙ ⵏ ⵜⵔⴳⵯⴰ ⴳ ⵉⵣⵎⴰⵣ ⵏ ⴰⵢⵜ ⵎⵉⴷⵔⴰⵔ * ⴳ ⵓⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙ ⵏ 1966 ⵉⵙⴽⵔ [[ⴷⴰⵏⵢⴰⵍ ⵢⵓⵙⵜⴰⵛ]] '''Daniel Eustache''' ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⵣⵔⴰⵡⵜ ⵜⴰⵙⴰⵖⵓⵍⵜ ⴼ ⵉⵇⵇⴰⵔⵉⴹⵏ ⵏ ⵓⵡⴰⵏⴽ ⵏ [[ⴰⵢⵜ ⴷⵔⵉⵙ]] ⴷ ⵡⵉⵏ ⴰⵢⵜ ⵎⵉⴷⵔⴰⵔ ⵏⵜⵜⴰⵜ ⴰⴷ ⵉⴼⴽⴰⵏ ⴰⵎⵣⵔⵓⵢ ⵏ ⵉⴳⵍⴷⴰⵏ ⵏ ⴰⵢⵜ ⵎⵉⴷⵔⴰⵔ ⵣ ⵉⵇⵇⴰⵔⵉⴹⵏ ⵏⵏⵙⵏ<ref>{{ⴱⴷⵔ ⴰⴷⵍⵉⵙ |last=Daniel Eustache |first=Daniel Eustache |title=Corpsus des Dirhams idrisites}}</ref> * ⴳⵔ 1971 ⴷ 1974 ⵉⵙⵙⵏⵜⵉ ⵓⵙⵉⵏⴰⴳ ⴰⵏⴰⵎⵓⵔ ⵏ ⵉⴷⵔⵉⵣⵏ ⴷ ⵜⵏⴳⵎⵉ INSAP<ref>{{ⴱⴷⵔ ⴰⵡⵉⴱ |last=ⴰⵙⵉⵏⴰⴳ ⴰⵏⴰⵎⵓⵔ ⵏ ⵉⴷⵔⵉⵣⵏ ⴷ ⵜⵏⴳⵎⵉ |title= |url=https://insap.ac.ma/}}</ref> ⵜⵉⵖⵓⵣⵉⵏ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵜⵉⵎⵣⵡⵓⵔⴰ ⵖ ⵓⴷⵖⴰⵔ ⵏ ⵙⵉⵊⵉⵍⵎⴰⵙⴰ, ⴷ ⴰⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙ ⵏ 1988 ⵉⵙⵙⵏⵜⵉ [[ⵓⵙⵏⴼⴰⵔ ⵏ "ⵙⵉⵊⵍⵎⴰⵙⴰ"]] ⵉⴳⴰⵏ ⵡⵉⵏ ⵜⵖⵓⵣⵉ ⵜⴰⵔⴽⵢⵓⵍⵓⵊⵉⵜ ⴷⴷⵓ ⵓⴼⵓⵙ ⵏ ⵓⴱⵔⵓⴼⵉⵙⵓⵔ ⴰⵎⴰⵔⵉⴽⴰⵏ [[ⵔⵓⵏⴰⵍⴷ ⵎⵉⵙⵉⵙⵔ]] * ⴳ 1996 ⵉⵙⴼⴼⵓⵖ ⴷ ⵓⵎⵔⵣⴰⵡ ⴰⵎⵖⵔⴰⴱⵉ [[ⵍⵃⵙⵏ ⵜⴰⵡⵛⵉⵅⵜ]] ⵜⴰⵣⵔⴰⵡⵜ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵜⴰⴽⴰⴷⵉⵎⵉⵜ ⴼ ⵜⵓⵚⴽⴰ ⴷ ⵜⵏⵣⴳⵉⵜ ⵜⴰⵎⴷⵔⴰⵔⵜ <ref>{{ⴱⴷⵔ ⴰⵡⵉⴱ |title= |url=https://archive.org/details/tokyo.elektro_20210605}}</ref><ref>{{ⴱⴷⵔ ⴰⴷⵍⵉⵙ |last=لحسن تاوشيخت |title=عمران سجلماسة}}</ref> * ⴳ 2015 ⴰⴷ ⴷ ⵉⴼⴼⵓⵖ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⴷⵍⵉⵙ ⴰⵅⴰⵜⴰⵔ ⵡⴰⴷ ⵉⴳⴰⵏ ⵎⴰⵙ ⵏ ⵉⴷⵍⵉⵙⵏ ⵖ ⵜⵔⴽⵢⵓⵍⵓⵊⵉⵜ ⵏ ⵙⵉⵊⵍⵎⴰⵙⴰ ⵙ ⵜⵓⵜⵍⴰⵢⵜ ⵜⴰⵏⴳⵍⵉⵣⵜ ⵉⴳⴰ ⵙ ⵡⴰⵙⵙⴰⵖ "[[ⴰⴷ ⵖⴰⵔ ⴰⵎⵖⴰⵔⵎⴰⵏ ⴰⵎⴳⴳⴰⵔⵓ]]" ⵢⵓⵔⴰ ⵜ ⵓⵎⴰⵔⵣⵓ ⴰⵎⴰⵔⵉⴽⴰⵏ ⵔⵉⵏⴰⵍⴷ ⵎⵉⵙⵉⵔ ⴷ ⵓⵎⴷⴷⴰⴽⴽⵍ ⵏⵏⵙ [[ⴷⵊⵉⵎⵙ ⵎⵉⵍⵉⵔ]] <ref>{{ⴱⴷⵔ ⴰⴷⵍⵉⵙ |last=James Andrew Miller Ronald A. Messier |first= |title=The Last Civilized Place: Sijilmasa and Its Saharan Destiny}}</ref>, ⵖ ⵓⴷⵍⵉⵙ ⴰⴷ ⴰⵔ ⵏⵏ ⵏⵜⵜⴰⴼⴰ ⵎⴰⵙⴷⴷ ⴱⴰⴱⴰⵙ ⵏ ⵣⵣⵍⵍⵉⵊ ⴰⵎⵖⵔⴰⴱⵉ ⵏ ⵡⴰⵙⵙⴰ ⵉⴼⴼⵓⵖ ⴷ ⵣ ⵉⴼⵓⵏⵏⵔⴰ ⵏ ⵜⵎⴷⵉⵏⵜ ⵏ ⵙⵉⵊⵍⵎⴰⵙⴰ ⴰⴷ ⵜ ⵉⴳⴰⵏ ⴷ ⴰⵢⵍⵍⵉ ⵎⵓ ⵜⵜⵉⵏⵉⵏ "ⵉⴷⵇⵇⵉ ⴰⵙⵎⴰⵎⵎⴰⵖ" ⵙ ⵜⵏⴳⵍⵉⵣⵜ glazed potery ⵙ ⵜⵄⵔⴰⴱⵜ الخزف المزجج * ⴰⵎⴰⵢⵏⵓ ⵏ ⵓⵔⵣⵣⵓ ⴰⵔⴽⵢⵓⵍⵓⵊⴰⵏ ⵖ ⵓⴷⵖⴰⵔ ⵏ ⵙⵉⵊⵉⵍⵎⴰⵙⴰ ⴷ ⵡⴰⴷ ⵉⵣⴷⵉⵏ ⴷ ⵜⵖⵔⵎⴰ ⵏ ⴰⵢⵜ ⵎⵉⴷⵔⴰⵔ, ⵉⵙⴰⵡⵍ ⴼ ⵉⵅⴼ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵖ ⵓⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙ ⵏ 2025 ⵍⵍⵉⵖ ⵜⵍⵖⴰ ⵜⵎⴰⵡⴰⵙⵜ ⵏ ⵜⵄⵓⵔⵎⴰ ⴷ ⵜⵓⵙⵙⵏⴰ ⴷ ⵓⵎⵙⴰⵡⴰⴹ ⵙ ⵜⵣⵔⴰⵡⵜ ⵍⵍⵉ ⴰⴽⴽⵯ ⵎⵇⵇⵓⵔⵏ ⵣ ⵉⴷ 70 ⵏ ⵜⴰⵙⵓⵜ ⵍⵍⵉ ⵉⵣⵔⵉⵏ ⴼ ⵓⴷⵖⴰⵔ ⵏ ⵙⵉⵊⵉⵍⵎⴰⵙⴰ, ⴳⵔ ⴰⵢⵍⵍⵉ ⵉⵜⵜⵢⴰⴼⴰⵏ ⵖ ⵜⵣⵔⴰⵡⵜ ⴰⴷ: . ⵜⵉⵎⵣⴳⵉⴷⴰ ⵍⵍⵉ ⴰⴽⴽⵯ ⵉⴳⴰⵏ ⵜⴰⵣⴰⵢⴽⵓⵜ ⵖ ⵍⵎⵖⵔⵉⴱ ⴰⵎⵣⵔⵓⵢ ⵏⵏⵙ ⴰⵔ ⵉⵜⵜⴷⴰ ⴰⵔ ⵜⴰⵙⵓⵜ ⵜⵉⵙⵙ 8 ⴷ ⴰⵔ ⵜⵜⴰⵙⵉ 2800 ⵏ ⵉⵎⵥⵥⴰⵍⵍⵉⵜⵏ . ⵉⵜⵜⴰⵡⵙⴽⴰⵔ ⵓⵙⵖⵉⵡⵙ ⴰⵥⴰⵡⴽⴰⵏ ⴰⵎⵣⵡⴰⵔⵓ ⵉ ⵜⵖⵔⵎⵜ ⵏ ⵙⵉⵊⵍⵎⴰⵙⴰ ⵍⵍⵉ ⵖ ⵜⵍⵍⴰ ⵜⵓⵥⵥⵓⵎⵜ ⵏ ⵜⵎⴷⵉⵏⵜ ⴷ ⵓⵥⵟⵟⴰ ⵏ ⵉⵖⴰⵔⴰⵙⵏ ⴷ ⵜⴳⵯⵎⵎⴰ ⵏ ⵜⵣⴷⵓⵖⵜ ⴷ ⵙⵉⵏ ⵉⵔⴳⴳⵓⴱⵏ ⵏ ⵜⴰⴹⴰⴼⵜ ⵍⵍⴰⵏⵉⵏ ⴼ ⵜⵎⵣⴳⵉⴷⴰ ⵜⵎⵇⵇⵔⴰⵏⵜ . ⴰⴷⴷⴰⵔ ⵏ ⵜⵎⴳⵓⵔⵉ ⵏ ⵓⵇⵇⴰⵔⵉⴹ ⵏ ⵡⵓⵔⵖ, ⴷ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵡⵓⵙⵓⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵣⴷⵓⵖⵜ ⵏⵏⴰ ⵖ ⵍⵍⴰⵏ 12 ⵏ ⵜⴰⴷⴷⴰⵔⵜ<ref>{{ⴱⴷⵔ ⵉⵏⵖⵎⵉⵙⵏ |last=ⵀⵉⵙⴱⵔⵉⵙ |first=Hespress |title=Hespress |url=https://www.hespress.com/%D8%AA%D9%86%D9%82%D9%8A%D8%A8%D8%A7%D8%AA-%D8%B3%D8%AC%D9%84%D9%85%D8%A7%D8%B3%D8%A9-%D8%AA%D9%83%D8%B4%D9%81-%D8%A3%D9%82%D8%AF%D9%85-%D9%85%D8%B3%D8%AC%D8%AF-%D9%85%D8%A4%D8%B1%D8%AE-%D8%A8%D8%A7-1598996.html}}</ref> ==ⵉⵏⴱⴱⴰⴹⵏ ⴷ ⵉⴳⵍⴷⵓⵏⵏ== * ⵄⵉⵙⴰ ⴱⵏ ⵢⴰⵣⵉⴷ ⴰⵙⴳⴳⴰⵏ * ⴰⴱⵓ ⵇⴰⵙⵉⵎ ⵙⵎⴽⵓ ⵓ ⵡⴰⵙⵓⵍ * ⴰⴱⵓ ⵍⵡⴰⵣⵉⵔ ⵉⵍⵢⴰⵙ ⵓ ⴰⴱⵓ ⵇⴰⵙⵉⵎ * ⴰⵍⵢⴰⵙⴰⵄ ⵓ ⴱⵓ ⵍⵇⴰⵙⵉⵎ * ⵎⴷⵔⴰⵔ ⵓ ⵍⵢⴰⵙⴰⵄ ⵓ ⴱⵓ ⵍⵇⴰⵙⵉⵎ * ⵎⴰⵢⵎⵓⵏ ⴰⴳⵍⴷⵓⵏ ⵓ ⵎⴷⵔⴰⵔ ⵓ ⴱⵓ ⵍⵇⴰⵙⵉⵎ * ⵎⵓⵃⵎⵎⴰⴷ ⵓ ⵎⴰⵢⵎⵓⵏ ⴰⴳⵍⴷⵓⵏ ⵓ ⵎⴷⵔⴰⵔ * ⴰⵍⵢⴰⵙⴰⵄ ⵓ ⵍⵎⵓⵏⵜⴰⵚⵉⵔ ⵓ ⵍⵢⴰⵙⴰⵄ * ⵡⴰⵙⵓⵍ ⵍⴼⴰⵜⵃ ⵓ ⵎⴰⵢⵎⵓⵏ ⴰⴳⵍⴷⵓⵏ * ⵃⵎⴰⴷ ⵓ ⵎⵉⵎⵓⵏ ⴰⴳⵍⴷⵓⵏ ⵓ ⵎⴷⵔⴰⵔ * ⵍⵎⵓⵄⵜⴰⵣⵣ ⵓ ⵎⵓⵃⵎⵎⴰⴷ ⵓ ⵙⴰⵡⵔ * ⴰⵍⵎⵓⵏⵜⴰⵚⵉⵔ ⵎⵓⵃⵎⵎⴰⴷ ⵓ ⵍⵎⵓⵄⵜⴰⵣⵣ ⵓ ⵙⴰⵡⵔ * ⴰⵍⵎⵓⵏⵜⴰⵚⵉⵔ ⵙⵎⴽⵓ ⵓ ⵎⵓⵃⵎⵎⴰⴷ ⵓ ⵍⵎⵓⵄⵜⴰⵣⵣ ⵓ ⵙⴰⵡⵔ * ⵛⵛⴰⴽⵉⵔ ⵍⵉⵍⵍⴰⵀ ⵍⴼⴰⵜⵃ ⵓ ⵎⵉⵎⵓⵏ ⴰⴳⵍⴷⵓⵏ ⵓ ⵎⴷⵔⴰⵔ * ⴰⵍⵎⵓⵏⵜⴰⵚⵉⵔ ⴱⵉⵍⵍⴰⵀ ⵓ ⴰⵎⵉⵔ ⵍⵎⵓⵎⵉⵏⵉⵏ ⵛⵛⴰⴽⵉⵔ ⵍⵉⵍⵍⴰⵀ ⵎⵓⵃⵎⵎⴰⴷ * ⴰⵍⵎⵓⵄⵜⴰⵣⵣ ⴱⵉⵍⵍⴰⵀ ⴰⴱⵓ ⵎⵓⵃⵎⵎⴰⴷ ⵓ ⴰⵎⵉⵔ ⵍⵎⵓⵎⵉⵏⵉⵏ ⵛⵛⴰⴽⵉⵔ ⵍⵉⵍⵍⴰⵀ ==ⵉⵙⴰⵖⵓⵍⵏ== {{ⵉⵙⴰⵖⵓⵍⵏ}} {{ⴰⵙⵎⵉⵍ |ⵍⵎⵖⵔⵉⴱ |ⵜⴰⴳⵍⴷⵉⵜ ⵜⴰⵎⵖⵔⵉⴱⵉⵜ |ⵜⴰⴳⵍⴷⵉⵜ ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵜ |ⵉⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵏ |ⵜⴰⴳⵍⴷⵉⵜ ⵜⴰⵏⵙⵍⵎⵜ |ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵣⵖⴰ |ⵜⴰⴼⵔⵉⵇⵜ ⵜⴰⴳⴰⴼⴰⵏⵜ |ⴰⵎⵣⵔⵓⵢ}} 0yd2goxe3tozltqko4buqh00u1vx88s 176113 176112 2026-05-04T19:04:40Z ⴰⵢⵢⵓⴱ 438 176113 wikitext text/x-wiki {{ⴰⵎⵏⵏⵉ ⴰⵚⴱⵃⴰⵏ}} {{ⵜⴰⴼⵍⵓⵙⴼⴽⵉⵜ}} [[File:Barghouata Carte ZGH.png|thumb|right|300px|ⵜⴰⴽⴰⵔⴹⴰ ⵏⵏⴰ ⵉⵎⵎⴰⵍⵏ ⴰⴷⵖⴰⵔ ⵏ ⵜⵎⵍⵉⵍⵜ ⵏ ⴰⵢⵜ ⵓⵎⴷⵔⴰⵔ ⴷ ⵜⵎⵏⵥⴰⵡⵜ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵙⵉⵊⵉⵍⵎⴰⵙⴰ]] {| class="infobox" style="width: 22em; float: right; clear: right; margin: 0 0 1em 1em; border: 1px solid #a2a9b1; background: #f8f9fa; font-size: 90%;" |+ style="font-size: 125%; font-weight: bold; background-color: #cedff2; padding: 0.2em;" | ⵜⴰⵎⵍⵉⵍⵜ ⵏ ⴰⵢⵜ ⵓⵎⴷⵔⴰⵔ |- ! style="text-align: left; padding: 0.2em;" | ⴰⴷⴷⴰⴷ | ▪︎ⴰⵡⴰⵏⴽ ⴰⵏⴰⴽⵍⴰⵏ ⵙ ⵉⵙⵎ ⵏ ⵍⵄⴱⴱⴰⵙⵉⵢⵢⵉⵏ (757–909) ▪︎ⴰⵡⴰⵏⴽ ⴰⵏⴰⴽⵍⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵉⴼⴰⵟⵉⵎⵉⵜⵏ (909-976) |- ! style="text-align: left; padding: 0.2em;" | ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵏⵖⵜ | [[ⵙⵉⵊⵉⵍⵎⴰⵙⴰ]] |- ! style="text-align: left; padding: 0.2em;" | ⵜⵓⵜⵍⴰⵢⵉⵏ | [[ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵜ]] |- ! style="text-align: left; padding: 0.2em;" | ⴰⵙⴳⴷ | ⵉⵙⵍⴰⵎ (ⴰⵚⵓⴼⵔⵉ) |- ! style="text-align: left; padding: 0.2em;" | ⴰⵏⴰⵡ ⵏ ⵏⴱⴰⴹ | ⵜⴰⴳⵍⴷⵉⵜ |- ! style="text-align: left; padding: 0.2em;" | ⴰⴳⵍⵍⵉⴷ | ⴰⴱⵓ ⵍⵇⴰⵙⵉⵎ ⵓ ⵙⵎⴽⵓ ⵓ ⵡⴰⵙⵓⵍ ⴰⵎⴽⵏⴰⵙ (772-784) ⴰⵍⵎⵓⵄⵜⴰⵣⵣ ⴱⵉⵍⵍⴰⵀ (963–976) |- ! style="text-align: left; padding: 0.2em;" | ⴰⵇⴰⵔⵉⴹ | ⵎⵉⴷⵔⴰⵔ |- ! style="text-align: left;" |ⴰⵣⵎⵣ ⴰⵎⴰⵣⵔⴰⵢ |ⴰⵣⵎⵣ ⴰⵎⵓⵥⵓⵏ |- ! style="text-align: left;" |ⵉⵣⵡⴰⵔ ⵜⵜ |ⵓⵎⴰⵡⵉⵢⵏ |- ! style="text-align: left;" |ⵉⴹⴼⴰⵕ ⵜⵜ |ⵉⵎⵖⵔⴰⵡⵏ |- ! style="text-align: left;" |ⵜⵉⵎⵙⴰⵔⵉⵏ ⵎⵇⵇⵓⵔⵏⵉⵏ |•ⵜⵓⵚⴽⴰ ⵏ ⵜⵖⵔⵎⵜ ⵏ ⵙⵉⵊⵍⵎⴰⵙⴰ 757 ⵎ.ⵜ •ⵜⵉⵏⴳⵉⵔⴰ ⵜⴰⵙⵔⵜⴰⵏⵜ ⵏ ⵓⵡⴰⵏⴽ 976 ⵎ.ⵜ |} '''ⵜⴰⵎⵍⵉⵍⵜ ⵏ ⴰⵢⵜ ⵓⵎⴷⵔⴰⵔ''' ⵏⵖ '''ⵜⴰⴳⵍⴷⵉⵜ ⵏ ⵉⴳⵍⵎⵓⵙⵏ''' ⵜⴳⴰ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⵎⵍⵉⵍⵜ ⵏⵖ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⵡⴰⵏⴽ ⵏⵖ ⴷ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⵎⵏⵓⴽⵍⴰ ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵜ ⵏⵏⴰ ⵉⵣⵡⴰⵔⵏ ⴰⴷ ⵜⵜⵉⵡⵙⴽⵉⵔ ⵎⵏⵉⴷ ⵏ [[ⵜⴰⴳⵔⴰⵡⵍⴰ ⵏ ⵉⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵏ|ⵜⴳⵔⴰⵡⵍⴰ ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵜ ⵜⴰⵎⵇⵇⵔⴰⵏⵜ]] ⵎⴳⵍ ⵉⵎⴰⵡⵉⵢⵏ ⴳ ⵓⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙ ⵏ 741 ⵎ.ⵜ ⵜⴳ ⵜⴰⴷ ⵉⵙⵏⴱⴹⵏ ⴳ ⵜⵎⵏⴰⴹⵜ ⵏ ⵙⵉⵊⵍⵎⴰⵙⴰ ⴳ ⵢⵉⴼⴼⵓⵙ ⵏ ⵍⵎⵖⵔⵉⴱ ⴳ ⵜⴰⵙⵓⵜⵉⵏ ⵜⵉⵙ 8 ⴷ ⵜⵉⵙⵙ 9 ⵏ ⵎⵏⵉⴷ ⵜⴰⵍⴰⵍⵉⵜ ⴳⵔ ⵉⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙⵏ ⵏ 757–976 ⵎⵏ.ⵜ. ==ⴰⵎⵣⵔⵓⵢ== === ⵜⴰⵣⵡⵓⵔⵉ === ⴰⵢⵜ ⵡⴰⵙⵓⵍ ⵏⵖ ⴰⵢⵜ ⵎⵉⴷⵔⴰⵔ ⴳⴰⵏ ⵜⴰⵡⵊⴰ ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵜ ⵜⵉⵎⵙⵍⵎⵜ ⵏⵏⴰ ⵉⵏⴱⴹⵏ ⴳ ⵉⴳⵣⵎⴰⵏ ⵏ [[ⵍⵎⵖⵔⵉⴱ]], ⵙⵔⵙⵏ ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵏⴰⵖⵜ ⵏⵏⵙⵏ ⴳ ⵙⵉⵊⵉⵍⵎⴰⵙⴰ. ⵜⴰⴳⵍⴷⵉⵜ ⴰⴷ ⵜⴱⴷⴷ ⴼ ⵜⵖⴰⵔⴰⵙⵜ ⵜⴰⵙⴳⴷⴰⵏⵜ ⵜⴰⵅⴰⵔⵉⵊⵜ ⵏ ⵉⵅⴰⵔⵉⵊⵏ ⵉⵚⵓⴼⵔⵉⵜⵏ. ​ⵎⵇⵇⴰⵔ ⵉⴳⴰ [[ⴰⴱⵓ ⵇⴰⵙⵉⵎ ⵙⵎⴽⵓ]] ⴰⵎⴰⵍⵡⴰⵢ ⴰⵏⵉⵎⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵓⵡⴰⵏⴽ ⴰⴷ, ⴰⵎⵏⴱⴰⴹ ⴰⵎⵣⵡⴰⵔⵓ ⵏ ⵜⵉⴷⵜ ⵉⴳⴰ ⵜ [[ⵄⵉⵙⴰ ⴱⵏ ⵢⴰⵣⵉⴷ ⴰⵙⴳⴳⴰⵏ]], ⵏⵏⴰ ⵎⵎⵓ ⵜⵜⴼⴽⴰ ⵜⵏⴱⴰⴹⵜ ⵖ ⵙⵉⵊⵉⵍⵎⴰⵙⴰ ⴷ ⵉⵏⴱⴰⴹ ⵜⵜ 15 ⵏ ⵓⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙ (ⵙⴳ 757 ⴰⵔ 772 ⴷ.ⵜ). ⴳ ⵓⵣⵎⵣ ⵏⵏⵙ, ⵉⵙⴽⵔ ⵜⵓⴳⵜ ⵏ ⵉⵙⵙⴹⵔⵓⵜⵏ ⴰⵎ ⴰⵙⵎⵙⴰⵙⴰ ⵏ ⵓⵙⵓⴷⵙ ⵏ ⵜⵔⴳⵯⵉⵡⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵡⴰⵎⴰⵏ ⴷ ⵓⵙⵣⴷⵖ ⵏ ⵜⵡⵙⵉⵜⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵉⵎⴳⵓⴷⵊⴰ. ​ⵎⴰⵛⴰ, ⵍⵍⵉⴳ ⴷ ⵍⴽⵎⵏⵜ ⵜⵡⵙⵉⵜⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵉⵎⴽⵏⴰⵙⵏ ⵙ ⵓⴳⵓⴷⵉ. ⴽⵔⴰ ⵏ ⵖⴱⵓⵍⴰ ⴰⵔ ⵙⴰⵡⴰⵍⵏ ⴼ ⵎⴰⵙ ⵉⴼⴼⴰⵖ ⵄⵉⵙⴰ ⴱⵏ ⵢⴰⵣⵉⴷ ⴼ ⵉⴹⵕⴼⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵖⴰⵔⴰⵙⵜ ⵜⴰⵅⴰⵔⵉⵊⵜ ⵢⵉⵔⵉ ⴰⴷ ⵉⵙⴽⵔ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵡⴰⵏⴰⵡ ⵏ ⵜⴷⵉⴽⵜⴰⵜⵓⵔⵉⵜ, ⴼ ⵓⵢⴰ ⵏⵖⴰⵏ ⵄⵉⵙⴰ ⴱⵏ ⵢⴰⵣⵉⴷ, ⵍⵍⵉⵖ ⵜ ⵉⵡⵉⵏ ⵙ ⵄⴰⵔⵉ ⵣⵣⵖⵯⵕⵏ ⵜⵉⵅⵙⵉ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵙ ⵜⴰⵎⵓⵏⵜ ⴽⵔⴼⵏ ⵜ ⴷ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵡⴰⴷⴷⴰⴳ, ⴰⵢⵍⵍⵉⵖ ⵉⵎⵎⵓⵜ ⵙ ⵉⵔⵉⴼⵉ ⴷ ⵍⴰⵥ ⴷ ⵜⵓⵇⵇⵙⵉⵡⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵡⴰⵔⵥⵥⴰⵏⴻⵏ ⴷ ⵉⴱⵅⵅⵓⵢⵏ, ⴼⴽⵉⵏ ⵜⴰⵏⴱⴰⴹⵜ ⵉ ⵓⵎⵖⴰⵔ ⵏⵏⵙⵏ [[ⴰⴱⵓ ⵇⴰⵙⵉⵎ ⵙⵎⴽⵓ]]<ref>{{ⴱⴷⵔ ⴰⴷⵍⵉⵙ |last=البكري |first=أبو عبيد |title=المسالك و الممالك}}</ref> === ⴰⵎⵡⴰⵜ ⴰⴼ ⵜⵙⵉⴰⵎⵏⵜ === ==== 1. ⴰⵙⵏⵓⴱⴳ ⵏ "ⵍⵎⴰⵀⴷⵉ" ⴷ ⵓⴽⵔⴰⴼ ⵏⵏⵙ: ==== ⴷⴼⴼⵉⵔ ⵏ ⵓⴱⵔⵔⵉⵃ ⵏ ⵜⵅⴰⵍⵉⴼⵜ, ⵉⵎⵓⴷⴷⴰ ⵓⵎⵙⵔⵙⵍ ⵏ ⵜⵅⴰⵍⵉⴼⵜ [[ⵜⴰⴼⴰⵟⵉⵎⵉⵜ]], ⵄⴱⴰⵢⴷⵓⵍⵍⴰⵀ ⵍⵎⴰⵀⴷⵉ, ⵖⴰⵔ ⵙⵉⵊⵉⵍⵎⴰⵙⴰ ⵉⴼⴼⵔ ⵙ ⵓⵍⴼⴰⴼ ⵏ ⵉⵎⵙⴱⴱⴰⴱⵏ ⴰⴼⴰⴷ ⴰⴷ ⵉⵔⵓⵍ ⵙⴳ ⵓⴹⴼⴼⵓⵕ ⵏ ⵉⵄⴱⴱⴰⵙⵉⵢⵢⵉⵏ. ⵉⴳⴰ ⵍⵎⴰⵀⴷⵉ ⴰⵏⴱⴳⵉ ⴳ ⵙⵉⵊⵉⵍⵎⴰⵙⴰ ⴳ ⵓⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙ 905 ⵎⵜ. ⵢⵓⵔⴷⴰ ⵓⴳⵍⴷⵓⵏ ⵏ ⴰⵢⵜ ⵎⵉⴷⵔⴰⵔ, [[ⵎⴰⵢⵎⵓⵏ ⵓ ⵎⵉⴷⵔⴰⵔ ⵓ ⵍⵢⴰⵙⴰⵄ|ⴰⵍⵢⴰⵙⴰⵄ ⵓ ⵍⵎⵓⵏⵜⴰⵚⵉⵔ ⵓ ⵍⵢⴰⵙⴰⵄ ⵓ ⴱⵓ ⵍⵇⴰⵙⵉⵎ]] ⵖ ⵓⵡⵜⵜⴰⵙ ⵏⵏⵙ ⴷⴼⴼⵉⵔ ⵎⴰ ⴷ ⵙⴽⵔⵏ ⵎⵉⴷⴷⵏ ⵉⵏⵖⵎⵉⵙⵏ ⴼ ⵜⵉⵣⵎⵎⴰⵔ ⵏ ⵢⵉⵡⵉⵙ [[ⴰⵍⵇⴰⵢⵉⵎ]] ⵏⵏⴰ ⵔⵡⴰⵙⵏⵉⵏ ⵜⵉⵎⴳⵔⵉⵡⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵉⵙⴰⵔⵏ ⴷ ⵉⴳⵯⵔⵔⴰⵎⵏ, ⵎⴰⵛ ⵍⵍⵉⵖ ⵜ ⵉⴷ ⵜⵍⴽⵎ ⵜⴱⵔⴰⵜ ⵏ [[ⵓⵡⴰⵏⴽ ⴰⵖⴰⵍⵉⴱ]] ⵖ [[ⵜⵓⵏⵙ]] ⵍⵍⵉ ⵉⴹⴼⴰⵕⵏ ⵉ ⵜⵅⴰⵍⵉⴼⵜ ⵜⴰⵄⴱⴱⴰⵙⵜ ⵏ ⴱⴰⵖⴷⴰⴷ ⵙ ⵎⴰⵙⴷⴷ ⵉⵅⵚⵚⴰ ⴰⴷ ⵉⵜⵜⴰⵡⴽⵔⴰⴼ ⵄⴱⴰⵢⴷⵓⵍⵍⴰⵀ ⵍⵎⴰⵀⴷⵉ ⵍⵍⵉ ⵉⴳⴰⵏ ⵉⵛⵏⴳⵉ ⵏ ⵉⵄⴱⴱⴰⵙⵉⵢⵢⵉⵏ, ⵙ ⵏⵉⵜ ⵉⵖⵔⴰ ⵉ ⵓⴽⵔⴰⴼ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵏⵜⵜⴰ ⴷ ⵢⵉⵡⵙ ⴰⵍⵇⴰⵢⵉⵎ. ==== 2. ⴰⵟⵟⴰⵕ ⴰⵎⵣⵡⴰⵔⵓ (909 ⵎⵜ) ==== ⵉⵎⵓⵙⵙ ⵓⵎⵙⵙⵉⵡⵍ ⴰⴱⵓ ⵄⴱⴷⵓⵍⵍⴰⵀ ⴰⵛⵛⵉⵄⵉ ⵙ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⴷⴼⵔⵉⵔ ⴰⵎⵇⵔⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵉⵙⵔⴷⴰⵙⵏ ⴰⵢⵜ ⵜⵡⵙⵉⵜ ⵏ ⴽⵜⴰⵎⴰ ⴰⴼⴰⴷ ⴰⴷ ⵉⵙⵙⴷⵔⴼ ⵍⵉⵎⴰⵎ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵍⵎⴰⵀⴷⵉ. ⵜⴹⵕ ⵙⵉⵊⵉⵍⵎⴰⵙⴰ ⴳ ⵉⴼⴰⵙⵙⵏ ⵏ ⵉⴼⴰⵟⵉⵎⵉⵢⵏ ⴳ ⵓⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙ 909 ⵎⵜ, ⵉⵜⵜⵓⵢⵏⵖ ⵓⴳⵍⴷⵓⵏ ⵏⵏⵙ ⴰⵍⵢⴰⵙⴰⵄ ⵓ ⵎⴰⵢⵎⵓⵏ. ⵉⴼⴼⵖ ⴷ ⵍⵎⴰⵀⴷⵉ ⵙⴳ ⵓⴽⵔⴰⴼ, ⵉⵜⵜⵓⴱⵔⵔⵃ ⴰⵎ ⵓⵅⴰⵍⵉⴼ, ⴰⵢⴰ ⵢⵓⵊⵊⴰ ⵙⵉⵊⵉⵍⵎⴰⵙⴰ ⴰⴷ ⵜⴳ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⴷⵖⴰⵔ ⴰⵎⴰⵜⴰⵔ ⵉⵙⵜⴰⵡⵀⵎⵎⴰⵏ ⵉ ⵜⵎⵏⵓⴽⵍⴰ ⵜⴰⴼⴰⵟⵉⵎⵉⵜ ⵍⵍⵉ ⵙⵓⵍ ⵉⴳⴰⵏ ⴰⴽⵓⴷ ⴰⵏⵏ ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵢⵏⵓⵜ. ⴰⴱⵓ ⵄⴱⴷⵓⵍⵍⴰⵀ ⴰⵛⵛⵉⵄⵉ ⵉⵏⵖⴰ ⴰⴳⵍⴷⵓⵏ ⵏ ⴰⵢⵜ ⵎⵉⴷⵔⴰⵔ ⵍⵢⴰⵙⴰⵄ ⵓ ⵍⵎⵓⵏⵜⴰⵚⵉⵔ, ⵉⴳ ⵖ ⵓⴷⵖⴰⵔ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⵎⵖⴰⵔ ⴰⴽⵯⵜⴰⵎ ⵙ ⵉⵙⵎ ⵏ ⴱⵔⴰⵀⵉⵎ ⵓ ⵖⴰⵍⵉⴱ ⴰⵎⵣⵣⴰⵜ, ⵎⴰⵛⵛ ⵓⵔ ⵉⴽⴽⵉ ⵖ ⵜⵏⴱⴰⴹⵜ ⴰⵎⵔ ⴽⵔⴰ ⵏ 40 ⵏ ⵡⴰⵙⵙ ⵏⴽⵔⵏ ⵙⵉⵙ ⴰⵢⵜ ⵙⵉⵊⵉⵍⵎⴰⵙⴰ ⵏⵖⵉⵏⵜ ⵏⵜⵜⴰⵏ ⴷ ⵉⴽⵯⵜⴰⵎⵏ ⵍⵍⵉ ⴷⵉⴷⵙⵏ ⵉⵍⵍⴰⵏ, ⵙⵙⴰⴹⵓⵏ ⵜⴰⵏⴱⴰⴹⵜ ⵙ ⵓⴼⵓⵙ ⵏ ⵓⴳⵍⴷⵓⵏ ⴰⵎⴷⵔⴰⵔ [[ⵍⴼⴰⵜⵃ ⵓ ⵎⴰⵢⵎⵓⵏ ⴰⴳⵍⴷⴰⵏ ⵓ ⵎⴷⵔⴰⵔ]] ⴳ ⵓⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙ ⵏ 910 ⵎⵜ<ref>{{ⴱⴷⵔ ⴰⴷⵍⵉⵙ |last=ابن عذاري |title=البيان المغرب}}</ref> ==== 3. ⴰⵟⵟⴰⵕ ⵡⵉⵙⵙ ⵙⵉⵏ (921 ⵎⵜ) ==== ⵉⴳⴰ ⵓⵙⵓⴳⵉ ⵏ [[ⵎⴰⵚⴰⵍⴰ ⵓ ⵃⴱⵓⵙ]] ⴼ ⵜⵎⵍⵉⵍⵜ ⵏ ⴰⵢⵜ ⵎⵉⴷⵔⴰⵔ ⴳ ⵙⵉⵊⵉⵍⵎⴰⵙⴰ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⵙⵓⵜⵍⵜ ⵉⵙⵜⴰⵡⵀⵎⵎⴰⵏ ⴳ ⵓⵎⵏⴰⵖ ⴰⴼⴰⵟⵉⵎ ⴰⴼⴰⴷ ⴰⴷ ⵉⵙⵙⵍⴽⵎ ⵜⴰⵏⴱⴰⴹⵜ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵙ ⵍⵎⵖⵔⵉⴱ. ⵉⵙⵙⵏⵜⵉ ⵓⵙⵓⴳⵉ ⴳ ⵡⴰⵢⵢⵓⵔ ⵏ ⵎⵓⵃⴰⵕⵕⴰⵎ ⴰⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙ 309 ⵀـ (921 ⵎⵜ) ⵙ ⵜⵏⴱⴰⴹⵜ ⵏ ⵎⴰⵚⴰⵍⴰ ⵓ ⵃⴱⵓⵙ ⴰⵎⴽⵏⴰⵙ, ⵢⴰⵏ ⵙⴳ ⵉⵎⵖⴰⵔⵏ ⵎⵇⵇⵓⵔⵏⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵓⵡⴰⵏⴽ ⴰⴼⴰⵟⵉⵎ ⴷ ⵓⵏⴱⴱⴰⴹ ⵏⵏⵙⵏ ⴼ ⵍⵎⵖⵔⵉⴱ ⴰⵏⴰⵎⵎⴰⵙ. ⵉⵙⴳⵓⴷⵉ ⵎⴰⵚⴰⵍⴰ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⴷⴼⵔⵉⵔ ⴰⵎⵇⵔⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵉⵙⵔⴷⴰⵙⵏ ⵙⴳ ⵜⵡⵙⵉⵜⵉⵏ ⵏ ⴽⵯⵜⴰⵎⴰ ⴷ ⵎⴽⵏⴰⵙⴰ, ⵉⵡⴰⵜⵙ ⵜⵎⵍⵉⵍⵜ ⵏ ⴰⵢⵜ ⵎⵉⴷⵔⴰⵔ ⵏⵏⴰ ⴹⴼⴰⵕⵏⵉⵏ ⵜⵖⴰⵔⴰⵙⵜ ⵜⴰⵙⴳⴷⴰⵏⵜ ⵜⴰⵚⵓⴼⵔⵉⵜ, ⵎⵏⵉⴷ ⵏ ⵜⴹⵓⵕⵉ ⵏ ⵙⵉⵊⵍⵎⴰⵙⴰ ⵎⵚⴰⵍⴰ ⵉⵏⵖⴰ ⴰⴳⵍⴷⵓⵏ ⴰⵎⴷⵔⴰⵔ [[ⴰⵃⵎⴰⴷ ⵓ ⵎⵉⵎⵓⵏ]] ⵏⵏⴰ ⵉⵜⵜⴰⵡⵙⵙⴰⵏⵏ ⵙ ⴰⴱⵓ ⵍⵄⴰⴱⴱⴰⵙ ⴰⵃⵎⴰⴷ, ⴰⴳⴰⵢⵢⵓ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵉⵜⵜⵢⴰⵡⴱⴱⴰⵢ ⴷ ⵉⵜⵜⵢⴰⵡⵣⴰⵏ ⵉ ⵓⵅⴰⵍⵉⴼ ⴰⴼⴰⵟⵉⵎⵉ ⵄⴱⴰⵢⴷⵓⵍⵍⴰⵀ ⵍⵎⴰⵀⴷⵉ, ⵎⵏⵉⴷ ⵏ ⵜⵏⵔⴰⵡⵜ ⴰⴷ ⵉⵜⵜⵓⵙⵔⴰⵙ ⵖ ⵉⵅⴼ ⵏ ⵜⵏⴱⴰⴹⵜ [[ⴱⵔⴰⵀⵉⵎ ⵓ ⵎⵓⵃⵎⵎⴰⴷ|ⵍⵎⵓⵄⵜⴰⵣⵣ ⵓ ⵎⵓⵃⵎⵎⴰⴷ ⵓ ⵙⴰⵡⵔ ⵓ ⵎⵉⴷⵔⴰⵔ]] ⵙ ⵓⴼⵓⵙ ⵏ [[ⵎⵚⴰⵍⴰ]] ⴰⴷ ⵉⴳ ⵜⴰⵎⵏⴰⴹⵜ ⵖ ⴷⴷⵓ ⵓⴼⵓⵙ ⵏ ⵉⴼⴰⵟⵉⵎⵉⵜⵏ ⴰⵎⵔ ⵉⴽⴽⵙ ⵜⴰⵏⴱⴰⴹⵜ ⵏ ⵜⵎⵍⵉⵍⵜ ⵏ ⵉⵎⴷⵔⴰⵔⵏ<ref>{{ⴱⴷⵔ ⴰⴷⵍⵉⵙ |title=كتاب البيان المغرب في أخبار الأندلس والمغرب}}</ref> ==== 4. ⵜⴰⵏⴰⴽⵍⵉⵜ ⴷ ⵉⵏⴷⵓⴷⵓⵢⵏ ⵉⵙⵔⵜⴰⵏⵏ ==== ⵓⵔ ⵉⵎⵎⵙⵜⵉ ⵓⵏⴱⴰⴹ ⵏ ⴰⵢⵜ ⵎⵉⴷⵔⴰⵔ ⵙ ⵓⵎⴰⵜⴰ ⴷⴼⴼⵉⵔ ⵜⴹⵓⵕⵉ, ⵎⴰⵛⴰ ⴳⴰⵏ ⴰⵎ ⵉⴳⵍⴷⵓⵏⵏ ⵉⵏⴰⴽⵍⴰⵏⵏ ⵏⵏⴰ ⴹⴼⴰⵕⵏⵉⵏ ⵉ ⵉⴼⴰⵟⵉⵎⵉⵢⵏ ⴳ ⵡⴰⵟⵟⴰⵙ ⵜⴳⴰ ⵜⵎⵏⵓⴽⵍⴰ ⵏ ⴰⵢⵜ ⵎⵉⴷⵔⴰⵔ ⴰⵙⴰⵢⵔⴰⵔ ⵏ ⵓⵎⵏⴰⵖ ⴳⵔ ⵉⴼⴰⵟⵉⵎⵉⵢⵏ ⴷ ⵓⵎⴰⵡⵉⵜⵏ ⵏ ⵡⴰⵏⴷⴰⵍⵓⵙ; ⴷ ⴰⵔ ⵙⵏⴼⴰⵍⵏ ⵉⵎⵖⴰⵔⵏ ⵉⵎⵉⴷⵔⴰⵔⵏ ⵜⴰⵏⴰⴽⵍⵉⵜ ⵏⵏⵙⵏ ⵙ ⵓⵙⵜⴰⵍ ⵏ ⵜⵉⵣⵎⴰⵔⵜ ⵏ ⵜⵙⵔⵜⵉⵜ ⴳⵔ ⵉⵎⴰⵡⵉⵜⵏ ⵏ ⴰⵏⴷⴰⵍⵓⵙ ⴷ ⵉⴼⴰⵟⵉⵎⵉⵢⵏ. ​ ⴷⴼⵉⵔ ⵏ ⵓⵙⵓⴳⵉ ⴰⵙⵔⴷⵙⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵎⵚⴰⵍⴰ, ⴳⵔⴰⵡⵍⵏ ⵉⵎⵣⴷⴰⵖⵏ ⵏ ⵙⵉⵊⵍⵎⴰⵙⴰ ⴼ ⵓⵏⴱⴰⴹ ⵏⵏⵙⵏ ⴰⴳⵍⴷⵓⵏ ⵍⵎⵓⵄⵜⴰⵣⵣ ⵏⵜⵜⴰⵏ ⴷ ⵉⵏⴹⵓⴼⵏ ⵏ ⵓⵡⴰⵏⴽ ⴰⴼⴰⵟⵉⵎ ⵍⵍⵉ ⴼⵍⵍⴰⵙ ⵉⵜⵜⵓⵙⵔⴰⵙⵏ, ⵉⵍⵎⵎⴰ ⴼⴽⵉⵏ ⵜⴰⵏⴱⴰⴹⵜ ⵉ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⴳⵍⴷⵓⵏ ⴰⵎⴷⵔⴰⵔ ⵢⴰⴹⵏ ⵉⵙⵎ ⵏⵏⵙ [[ⵎⵓⵃⵎⵎⴰⴷ ⵓ ⵍⴼⴰⵜⵃ]] ⵛⵛⴰⴽⵔ ⵍⵉⵍⵍⴰⵀ, ⵎⴰⵢⴰⴷ ⵢⵓⵊⵊⴰ ⴷⴰⵖ ⵉⴼⴰⵟⵉⵎⵉⵜⵏ ⴰⴷ ⴷⴰⵖ ⵙⴽⵔⵏ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⵙⵓⴳⵉ ⵢⴰⴹⵏ ⴰⵙⵔⴷⵙⴰⵏ ⴳⵣⵣⵓⵍⵏ ⵖ ⵓⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙ ⵏ 927 ⵎⵜ ⴷⴷⴰⵡ ⵏ ⵜⵏⴱⴰⴹⵜ ⵏ [[ⴰⴱⵓ ⵍⵇⴰⵙⵉⵎ ⵎⵓⵃⵎⵎⴰⴷ]] ⵢⵉⵡⵙ ⵏ [[ⵄⴱⴰⵢⴷⵓⵍⵍⴰⵀ ⵍⵎⴰⵀⴷⵉ]] ⴰⵅⴰⵍⵉⴼ ⵏ ⵉⴼⴰⵟⵉⵎⵉⵜⵏ<ref>{{ⴱⴷⵔ ⴰⴷⵍⵉⵙ |last=الناصري |title=كتاب الاستقصا لأخبار دول المغرب الأقصى}}</ref>, ⵎⴰⵛⵛ ⴷⴼⵉⵔ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵙⵉⵏ ⵢⵉⵔⵏ ⵓ ⵍⴼⴰⵜⵃ ⴷⵖⵢⴰ ⵉⵔⵓⵔ ⴷ ⵜⴰⵏⴱⴰⴹⵜ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵉⵙⵙⵓⴽⴼ ⴰⵏⴱⴰⴹ ⴰⵎⴽⵏⴰⵙ ⵏⵏⴰ ⵙⵔⵙⵏ ⵉⴼⴰⵟⵉⵎⵉⵜⵏ ⴼ ⵙⵉⵊⵉⵍⵎⴰⵙⴰ ⵖ ⵓⴷⵖⴰⵔ ⵏⵏⵙ ⴳ ⵓⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙ 947 ⴰⵎⵍⴰⵍⴰⵏ, ⵢⵓⵔⵎ ⵓⵎⵖⴰⵔ [[ⵎⵓⵃⵎⵎⴰⴷ ⵓ ⵍⴼⴰⵜⵃ|ⵎⵓⵃⵎⵎⴰⴷ ⵓ ⴱⵓ ⵍⴼⴰⵜⵃ ⵓ ⵎⵉⵎⵓⵏ ⴰⴳⵍⴷⴰⵏ ⵓ ⵎⴷⵔⴰⵔ]] (ⴰⵛⵛⴰⴽⵉⵔ ⵍⵉⵍⵍⴰⵀ) ⵉⵜⵜⴰⵡⵙⵙⴰⵏ ⵓⵍⴰ ⵙ "ⵉⴱⵏ ⵡⴰⵚⵉⵍ" ⴰⴷ ⵉⴱⴹⵓ ⴷ ⵉⴼⴰⵟⵉⵎⵉⵢⵏ, ⵉⴼⴼⵖ ⵙⴳ ⵜⵖⴰⵔⴰⵙⵜ ⵜⴰⵚⵓⴼⵔⵉⵜ ⵖⴰⵔ ⵜⵖⴰⵔⴰⵙⵜ ⵜⴰⵙⵓⵏⵏⵉⵜ, ⵉⴳ ⵉ ⵉⵅⴼ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵉⵙⵎ ⵏ "ⴰⵎⵉⵔ ⵍⵎⵓⵎⵉⵏⵉⵏ", ⵉⵙⴽⵔ ⴰⵇⴰⵔⵉⴹ ⵙ ⵉⵙⵎ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵉⵙⴽⵔ ⵓⵍⴰ ⵜⴰⴹⴰ ⵜⴰⵙⵔⵜⴰⵏⵜ ⴰⴽⴷ ⵉⵎⴰⵡⵉⵜⵏ ⵏ ⴰⵏⴷⴰⵍⵓⵙ, ⵎⴰⵛⴰ ⵖ ⵓⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙ ⵏ 959 ⵎⵏⵉⴷ ⵜⴰⵍⴰⵍⵉⵜ ⵉⴼⴰⵟⵉⵎⵉⵢⵏ ⵓⵔⵔⵉⵏ ⵙ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⴷⴼⵔⵉⵔ ⴰⵎⵇⵔⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵉⵥⵏⴰⴳⵏ ⴷ ⵉⴽⵯⵜⴰⵎⵏ ⵉⵣⵡⴰⵔ ⴰⵙ ⵓⵎⴰⵡⴰⵢ ⴰⴼⴰⵟⵉⵎ ⵍⵍⵉ ⵉⵜⵜⴰⵡⵙⵙⴰⵏⵏ [[ⵊⴰⵡⵀⴰⵔ ⵚⵚⵉⵇⵉⵍⵍⵉ]] ⵉⵜⵜⴰⵡⵙⵏ ⵓⵍⴰ ⵙ ⵊⴰⵡⵀⴰⵔ ⵍⴽⴰⵜⵉⴱ<ref>{{ⴱⴷⵔ ⴰⴷⵍⵉⵙ |first=ابن خلكان |title=وفيات الأعيان|last=ابن خلكان}}</ref>ⴰⵎⵥⵏ ⵜⴰⵎⴷⵉⵏⵜ ⵏ ⵙⵉⵊⵍⵎⴰⵙⴰ ⵙ ⴷⴷⵓ ⵓⴼⵓⵙ ⵏⵏⵙⵏ. ⴰⴳⵍⴷⵓⵏ ⵛⵛⴰⴽⵉⵔ ⵍⵉⵍⵍⴰⵀ ⵉⵔⵓⵍ ⵙ ⵓⴳⴰⴷⵉⵔ ⵏ ⵜⵙⴳⵯⴷⴰⵍⵜ ⵏⵖⴷⴷ ⵡⵉⵏ ⵜⵙⴽⵔⴰⵏⵜ<ref>{{ⴱⴷⵔ ⴰⴷⵍⵉⵙ |last=ابن خلدون |title=تاريخ ابن خلدون}}</ref> ⵎⴰⵛⵛ ⵍⵍⵉⵖ ⵜ ⵓⵎⵥⵏ ⴽⵔⴰ ⵏ ⴰⵢⵜ ⵉⵎⵟⵖⴰⵔⵏ ⵉⵜⵜⵓⴽⵔⴰⴼ ⵎⵓⵃⵎⵎⴰⴷ ⵓ ⴱⵓ ⵍⴼⴰⵜⵃ ⵢⵉⵍⵉ ⵖ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵉⵙⴽⵏⵉ ⵏ ⵓⵣⵣⴰⵍ ⴷ ⵓⴽⵛⵛⵓⴹ ⴰⵡⵉⵏⵜ ⵙ ⵜⵖⵔⵎⵜ ⵏ ⵍⵇⴰⵢⵔⴰⵡⴰⵏ ⵖ [[ⵜⵓⵏⵙ]] ⵏⵏⴰ ⵉⴳⴰⵏ ⴰⴽⴰⵍ ⵏ ⵓⵡⴰⵏⴽ ⴰⴼⴰⵟⵉⵎ ⵉⵜⵜⴰⵡⴽⵔⴰⴼ ⵖ ⵓⴱⵏⵉⵇ ⵏ ⵔⵇⵇⴰⴷⴰ ⴰⵔ ⵍⵍⵉⵖ ⵉⵎⵎⵓⵜ , ⵖ ⵓⴷⵖⴰⵔ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵉⴳⴰ ⵊⴰⵡⵀⴰⵔ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⵎⵖⴰⵔ ⴰⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖ ⵙ ⵉⵙⵎ ⵏ ⵎⵓⴱⴰⴷⵉⵔ ⵓ ⵣⵉⵔⵉ <ref>{{ⴱⴷⵔ ⴰⴷⵍⵉⵙ |title=ابن الخطيب تاريخ المغرب}}</ref><ref>{{ⴱⴷⵔ ⴰⴷⵍⵉⵙ |last=المقريزي |title=اتعاظ الحنفا بأخبار الأئمة الفاطميين الخلفا}}</ref> === ⵜⵉⵏⴳⵉⵔⴰ === ​ⵜⵍⴽⵎ ⵜⵎⵏⵓⴽⵍⴰ ⵜⴰⵏⴳⵉⵔⴰ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵙ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⵏⵏⴹⴼⵔ ⵏ ⵜⵎⵙⴰⵔⵉⵏ ⵜⵉⴷⵔⴰⵎⴰⵜⵉⵏ: * ⴰⵙⵓⴳⵉ ⴰⵙⵔⴷⴰⵙ: ⴳ ⵓⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙ ⵏ 976 ⵎⵜ ⵉⵙⵙⵏⵜⵉ [[ⵅⵣⵔⵓⵏ ⵓ ⴼⵍⴼⵓⵍ ⴰⵎⵖⵔⴰⵡ]], ⴰⵎⵖⴰⵔ ⵏ ⵜⵇⴱⵉⵍⵜ ⵏ [[ⵎⵖⵔⴰⵡⴰ/ⵉⵎⵖⵔⴰⵡⵏ]] (ⵣⵏⴰⵜⴰ) ⴷ ⵓⵎⵣⵟⵟⵉⴹ ⵏ ⵉⴰⵡⵉⵜⵏ ⴳ [[ⵉⵏⴷⵍⴰⵙ|ⵡⴰⵏⴷⴰⵍⵓⵙ]], ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⵙⵓⴳⵉ ⴰⵙⵔⴷⴰⵙ ⴰⵎⵇⵔⴰⵏ ⴼ [[ⵙⵉⵊⵉⵍⵎⴰⵙⴰ]]. * ⵉⵎⵏⵖⵉ ⴰⵎⴳⴳⴰⵔⵓ: ⵉⴼⴼⵖ ⴷ ⵙ ⵜⵉⵎⵉⵖⵜ ⵎⴳⴰⵍ ⵏⵏⵙ, ⴰⴳⵍⵍⵉⴷ ⴰⵎⴳⴳⴰⵔⵓ ⵏ ⴰⵢⵜ ⵎⵉⴷⵔⴰⵔ, [[ⴰⴱⵓ ⵎⵓⵃⵎⵎⴰⴷ ⴰⵍ ⵎⵓⵄⵜⴰⵣⵣ ⴱⵉⵍⵍⴰⵀ|ⵍⵎⵓⵄⵜⴰⵣⵣ ⴱⵉⵍⵍⴰⵀ ⵓ ⵛⵛⴰⴽⵔ ⵍⵉⵍⵍⴰⵀ]] . ⵉⵍⵍⴰ ⴳⵔⴰⵙⵏ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵉⵎⵏⵖⵉ ⴰⵎⴽⵕⴰⵥ ⵉⵀⵢⵢⴰⵏ ⵙ ⵜⵕⵥⵉ ⵏ ⵓⵙⵔⴷⴰⵙ ⵏ ⴰⵢⵜ ⵎⵉⴷⵔⴰⵔ. * ⵜⴰⵎⵜⵜⴰⵏⵜ ⵏ ⵓⴳⵍⴷⵓⵏ: ⵉⵣⵎⵔ ⵅⵣⵔⵓⵏ ⴰⴷ ⵉⵏⵖ ⴰⴳⵍⴷⵓⵏ ⵎⵓⵃⵎⵎⴰⴷ ⵓ ⴰⵍⵎⵓⵄⵜⴰⵣⵣ ⴱⵉⵍⵍⴰⵀ ⵓ ⵛⵛⴰⴽⵉⵔ ⵍⵉⵍⵍⴰⵀ, ⵉⴱⴱⵢ ⵉⵅⴼ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵢⴰⵣⵏ ⵜ ⵉ ⵓⵅⴰⵍⵉⴼ ⴰⵎⴰⵡⵉ ⵏ ⵓⵏⴷⴰⵍⵓⴷ "ⴰⴱⵓ ⵃⴰⴽⴰⵎ ⴰⵍ ⵎⵓⵙⵜⴰⵏⵚⵉⵔ ⴱⵉⵍⵍⴰⵀ" ⴳ ⵇⵓⵔⵟⵓⴱⴰ ⴰⵎ ⵜⵎⴰⵜⴰⵔⵜ ⵏ ⵜⵎⵏⵉⵍⵜ ⴷ ⵜⵔⵏⴰⵡⵜ. ⵙ ⵓⵢⴰ, ⵉⴳⴳⵣ ⴷ ⵓⵍⴼⴰⴼ ⴼ ⵓⵏⴱⴰⴹ ⵏ ⵜⵡⵊⴰ ⴰⴷ ⵍⵍⵉ ⵉⴽⴽⴰⵏ ⵓⴳⴳⴰⵔ ⵏ ⵙⵏⴰⵜ ⵜⴰⵙⵓⵜⵉⵏ. * ⴰⵙⵏⴼⵍ ⴰⵙⵔⵜⴰⵏ: ⴷⴼⴼⵉⵔ ⵜⴹⵓⵕⵉ, ⵜⵓⵙⴽⴰ ⴳ ⵙⵉⵊⵉⵍⵎⴰⵙⴰ [[ⵜⴰⵎⵏⵓⴽⵍⴰ ⵏ ⴰⵢⵜ ⵅⵣⵔⵓⵏ ⵉⵎⵖⵔⴰⵡⵏ]], ⵍⵍⵉ ⵉⴱⵔⵔⵃⵏ ⵙ ⵜⵏⴰⴽⵍⵉⵜ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵜⵓⵎⵍⵉⵏⵜ ⵉ ⵜⵅⴰⵍⵉⴼⵜ ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵡⵉⵜ ⴳ ⴰⵏⴷⴰⵍⵓⵙ. ⴰⵢⴰ ⵉⵙⵏⴼⵍ ⵜⴰⴽⴰⵔⴹⴰ ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵣⵔⴰⵢⵜ ⴷ ⵓⵍⴰ ⵜⴰⴽⴰⵔⴹⴰ ⵜⴰⵙⴳⴷⴰⵏⵜ ⵜⵙⵔⵜⴰⵏⵜ ⵏ ⵜⵎⵏⴰⴹⵜ ⴳ ⵜⵙⴳⴰ ⵏ ⵓⵎⵎⴰⵜⵉ ⵣⵖ ⵜⵖⴰⵔⴰⵙⵜ ⵜⴰⵙⴳⴷⴰⵏⵜ ⵜⴰⵚⵓⴼⵔⵉⵜ ⵖⴰⵔ ⵜⴰⵙⵓⵏⵏⵉⵜ ⴷ ⵣ ⵜⵙⵉⵎⴰⵏⵜ ⴰⵔ ⴰⵟⵟⴰⵕ ⴷⴷⵓ ⵓⴼⵓⵙ ⵏ ⵜⵏⴱⴰⴹⵜ ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵡⵉⵜ ⵜⴰⵏⴷⴰⵍⵓⵙⵜ.<ref>{{ⴱⴷⵔ ⴰⴷⵍⵉⵙ |last=ابن خلدون |title=كتاب العبر}}</ref> ==ⴰⵎⵏⴰⴹ ⴰⵙⵔⵜⴰⵏ ⴷ ⵓⵙⴰⵜⴰⵍ ⴰⵎⴰⵣⵔⴰⵢ== [[File:Fatimid_Caliphate.PNG|thumb|left|250px|ⵜⴰⵎⵓⵍⵉ ⵏ ⵜⴳⵍⴷⵉⵜ ⵜⴰⴼⴰⵟⵉⵎⵉⵜ]] ⴰⴷⴷⴰⴷ ⴰⵙⵔⵜⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵜⴰⵙⵓⵜ ⵜⵉⵙⵙ 9 ⴷ ⵜⵉⵙⵙ 10 ⴰⵔ ⵎⵎⴰⵍⵏⵜ ⵉⵎⵏⵖⵉ ⵏ ⴳⵔ ⵉⴼⴰⵟⵉⵎⵉⵜⵏ ⴷ ⵉⵎⴰⵡⵉⵜⵏ ⵏ ⴰⵏⴷⴰⵍⵓⵙ ⴼ ⵡⴰⵎⵎⴰⵥ ⵏ ⵡⴰⴽⴰⵍ ⵏ ⵍⵎⵖⵔⵉⴱ ⵜⴷⴷⵔ ⵜⵎⵏⵓⴽⵍⴰ ⵏ ⴰⵢⵜ ⵎⵉⴷⵔⴰⵔ ⵖ ⴳⵔ ⵙⵉⵏ ⵉⵎⵏⴰⴹⵏ ⵉⵎⴰⵣⵔⴰⵢⵏ ⵏⵜⵜⵏⵉ ⴰⴷ ⵉⵙⴽⵔⵏ ⵜⵉⵎⴰⵜⴰⵔⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵓⴷⵎ ⵏⵏⵙ ⴰⵙⵔⵜⴰⵏ, ⵢⴰⵏ ⴳⵉⵙⵏ ⵉⴼⴽⴰ ⴰⵙ ⵜⴰⵍⴰⵍⵉⵜ ⵏⵏⵙ ⴰⵎ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⵡⴰⵏⴽ ⵉⴱⴷⴷⵏ ⵡⵉⵙⵙ ⵙⵉⵏ ⵉⵙⵔⵙ ⴰⵙ ⵜⴰⵖⴰⵔⴰⵙⵜ ⵜⴰⵙⵔⵜⴰⵏⵜ ⵍⵍⵉ ⵜⴹⴼⴰⵕ ⴰⵙⵏⵉⵎⴰⵏ ⴰⵙⵔⵜⴰⵏ ⴼ ⵜⵏⴱⴰⴹⵜ ⵏ ⵓⴳⵎⵎⵓⴹ: ⴹⴰⵕⵜ ⵏ ⵜⴳⵔⴰⵡⵍⴰ ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵜ ⵜⴰⵎⵇⵇⵔⴰⵏⵜ ⵎⴳⵍ ⵉⵎⴰⵡⵉⵜⵏ ⵖ ⵓⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙ ⵏ 741 ⵎⵎⵖⵉⵏⵜ ⴷ ⵜⵓⴳⵜⵜ ⵏ ⵜⵎⵏⵓⴽⴰⵍ ⵜⵉⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵉⵏ ⵜⵉⵎⵙⵍⵎⵉⵏ ⴼ ⵉⴳⴳⵉ ⵏ ⵡⴰⴽⴰⵍ ⵏ ⵡⴰⵎⵓⵔⵏⴰⴽⵓⵛ ⵏⵏⴰ ⴷ ⴷⴰⵔ ⵜⵍⵍⴰ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⴷⵔⴼⵉ ⵜⴰⵙⵔⵜⴰⵏⵜ ⴷ ⵓⴱⵟⵟⵓ ⴰⵙⴳⴷⴰⵏ ⴰⴽⴷ ⴷ ⵡⴰⵎⵎⴰⵙ ⵏ ⵜⵅⴰⵍⵉⴼⵜ ⵖ ⵓⴳⵎⵎⵓⴹ, ⵜⴳⴰ ⵜⵎⵏⵓⴽⵍⴰ ⵏ ⴰⵢⵜ ⵎⵉⴷⵔⴰⵔ ⵢⴰⵜ ⴳⵔ ⴰⵜⵙⵏⵜ [[File:Caliphate of Córdoba under Almanzor - 1000 CE.png|thumb|right|300px|ⵜⴰⴽⴰⵔⴹⴰ ⵏ ⵜⴳⵍⴷⵉⵜ ⵏ ⵓⵎⵎⴰⵡⵉⵢⵏ ⴷⴷⴰⵡ ⵓⴼⵓⵙ ⵏ ⵍⵎⵏⵚⵓⵕ ⴳ ⵓⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙ 1000 ⴷ.ⵎ ⵖ ⵓⴳⵯⵎⵎⴰⴹ ⵡⵉⵙⵙ ⵙⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵉⵍⵍ ⴰⴳⵔⴰⴽⵍⴰⵏ ⴰⵔ ⵏⵥⵥⵕⴰ ⴰⵡⵏⴰⴽ ⴰⵏⴰⴽⵍⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵉⵎⴰⵡⵉⵜⵏ ⴰⵡⴰⵏⴽ ⵏ ⵉⵎⵖⵔⴰⵡⵏ ⵏⵏⴰ ⵢⵓⵎⵥⵏ ⵜⵓⴳⵜⵜ ⵖ ⵜⴼⵔⵉⵇⵜ ⵏ ⵉⵥⵥⵍⵎⴹ]] ⴰⵎⵡⴰⵜ ⴰⵙⵔⵜⴰⵏ ⵏ ⴳⵔ ⵉⴼⴰⵟⵉⵎⵉⵜⵏ ⴷ ⵉⵎⴰⵡⵉⵜⵏ ⵏ ⴰⵏⴷⴰⵍⵓⵙ:ⵜⴰⵎⵏⵓⴽⵍⴰ ⵏ ⴰⵢⵜ ⵎⵉⴷⵔⴰⵔ ⵜⴷⴷⵔ ⵖ ⵓⵣⵎⵣ ⵉⵜⵜⴰⵡⵙⵙⴰⵏⵏ ⵙ ⵉⵎⵉⵖ ⵏ ⴳⵔ ⵙⵉⵏ ⵉⴷⵡⴰⵙⵏ ⵉⵅⴰⵜⴰⵔⵏ ⴼ ⵓⵏⴱⴰⴹ ⵏ ⵡⴰⴽⴰⵍ ⵏ ⵍⵎⵖⵔⵉⴱ, ⵖ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⵙⴳⴰ ⵜⵍⵍⴰ ⵜⵅⴰⵍⵉⴼⵜ ⵜⴰⴼⴰⵟⵉⵎⵉⵜ ⵖ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⵙⴳⴰ ⵢⴰⴹⵏ ⵉⵍⵍⴰ ⵓⵡⴰⵏⴽ ⵏ ⵉⵎⴰⵡⵉⵜⵏ ⵖ ⴰⵏⴷⴰⵍⵓⵙ, ⵉⴼⴰⵟⵉⵎⵉⵜⵏ ⴰⵔ ⵙⵉⴳⴳⵉⵍⵏ ⵖ ⵓⵙⴷⵓⵔⵔⵉ ⵏ ⵙⵉⵊⵉⵍⵎⴰⵙⴰ ⴰⴷ ⵙⴼⵙⵙⴰⵏ ⴽⵔⴰ ⵏⵏⴰ ⵉⴳⴰⵏ ⴰⵏⴰⵡ ⵏ ⵓⵙⴷⵉⴷⴷⵉⵢ ⵖ ⵉⴽⴰⵍⵉⵡⵏ ⵏ ⵉⵥⵥⵍⵎⴹ ⵏ ⵜⴼⵔⵉⵇⵜ ⴱⴰⵛ ⴰⴷ ⴼⴽⵉⵏ ⴰⴼⵓⴷ ⵏⵏⵙⵏ ⵉ ⵓⵙⵙⵍⴽⵎ ⵏ ⵜⵏⴱⴰⴹⵜ ⵏⵏⵙⵏ ⵙ ⵉⴷⵖⴰⵔⵏ ⵢⴰⴹⵏ ⵏ ⵓⵎⴰⴹⴰⵍ ⴰⵎⵙⵍⵎⴰⵏ ⵣⵓⵏⴷ ⵎⵉⵚⵕ ⴷ ⵍⵃⵉⵊⴰⵣ ⴷ ⵛⵛⴰⵎ ⴷ ⵍⵄⵉⵔⴰⵇ , ⵉⵎⴰⵡⵉⵜⵏ ⵏ ⴰⵏⴷⴰⵍⵓⵙ ⵏⵜⵜⵏⵉ ⵔⴰⵏ ⴰⴷ ⴷ ⵚⵚⴰⴱⵓⵏ ⴰⵢⵍⵍⵉ ⵙ ⵖⴰⵍⵏ ⵉⵙ ⵉⴳⴰ ⴰⵢⵢⴷⴰ ⵏⵏⵙⵏ ⵍⵍⵉ ⴰⵙⵏ ⵉⴷⴷⴰⵏ ⵖ ⵍⵎⵖⵔⵉⴱ ⴰⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙ ⵏ 741 , ⵓⵍⴰ ⵇⵇⵏⴻⵏⵏ ⴰⴳⴳⵓⵔ ⴼ ⵉⴼⴰⵟⵉⵎⵉⵜⵏ ⴰⴷ ⵖⵓⵎⵓⵏ ⵖⴰⵔ ⵖ ⵉⵥⵥⵍⵎⴹ ⵏ ⵜⴼⵔⵉⵇⵜ ⴷ ⴰⴷ ⵏⵏ ⴼⵍⵍⴰⵙⵏ ⵓⵔ ⴽⵛⵎⵏ ⵖ ⴰⵏⴷⴰⵍⵓⵙ ⵜⵜⵎⵉ ⵏ ⵡⴰⵡⴰⵍ ⵖ ⵓⵎⵏⴰⴹ ⴰⵊⵢⵓ-ⵙⵔⵜⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵓⵣⵎⵣ ⴰⵏⵏ ⵏ ⵜⴰⵙⵓⵜ ⵜⵉⵙⵙ 8 ⴷ 9, ⵉⴳⴰⵜ ⵎⴰⵙⴷⴷ ⴰⵡⴰⵏⴽ ⵉ ⵙⵉⵊⵉⵍⵎⴰⵙⴰ ⵉⴳⴰ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⵎⵙⵎⵓⵏ ⵏ ⵜⴷⵓⵙⵉ ⵜⴰⴷⴰⵎⵙⴰⵏⵜ ⵏⵏⴰ ⵉⵍⵍⴰⵏ ⵖ ⴳⵔ ⵙⵉⵏ ⵉⵎⵙⵎⵓⵏⵏ ⵏ ⵜⴷⵓⵙⵉ ⵜⴰⵙⵔⵜⴰⵏⵜ<ref>{{ⴱⴷⵔ ⴰⴷⵍⵉⵙ |last=ابن الأثير |title=الكامل في التاريخ}}</ref> , ⵙⵉⵏ ⵉⵜⵙⵏ ⵖⴰⵡⵍⵏ ⴰⴷⵜ ⴳⵉⵏ ⵖ ⴷⴷⴰⵡ ⵏ ⵓⴼⵓⵙ ⵏⵏⵙⵏ ⵙ ⴰⵛⴽⵓ ⵍⵎⵖⵔⵉⴱ ⵖ ⴰⴽⵓⴷ ⴰⵏⵏ ⵉⴱⴹⴰ ⵉⵍⵍⵓⵣⵣⵓ ⴷ ⵓⵔ ⴳⵉⵙ ⴽⵔⴰ ⵏ ⵡⴰⵏⴰⵡ ⵏ ⵓⵡⴰⵏⴽ ⴰⵏⴰⵎⵎⴰⵙ, ⴰⵎ [[ⵉⵎⵕⴰⴱⵟⵏ|ⵉⵎⵕⴰⴱⴹⵉⵜⵏ]] ==ⴰⴷⴷⴰⴷ ⴰⵎⵖⴰⵔⵎⴰⵏ== [[File:1886608-the ruins of Sijilmassa-Rissani.jpg|thumb|right|300px|ⴰⴳⵓⵔⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵖⵔⵎⵜ ⵏ ⵙⵉⵊⵉⵍⵎⴰⵙⴰ ⴳ ⵔⵔⵉⵙⴰⵏⵉ]] ⵣⵖ ⵓⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙ ⵍⵍⵉ ⵜⵜⵓⵚⴽⴰ ⵜⵖⵔⵎⵜ ⵏ [[ⵙⵉⵊⵍⵎⴰⵙⴰ]] ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵥⵓⵏⵜ ⵏ ⵓⵡⴰⵏⴽ ⵏ ⴰⵢⵜ ⵎⵉⴷⵔⴰⵔ, ⴰⴷ ⵜⵙⵙⵏⵜⵉ ⵖ ⵓⴷⵖⴰⵔ ⴰⵏⵏ ⵏ [[ⵍⵎⵖⵔⵉⴱ]] ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⵖⴱⴰⵍⵓⵜ ⵏ ⵜⵖⵔⵎⴰ ⴷ ⵜⵓⵚⴽⴰ ⵏⵏⴰ ⵉⵙⵙⵍⴽⵎⵏ ⴰⵎⴰⵏ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵉ ⵜⵎⵉⵣⴰⵔ ⴰⵙ ⵙⵙⵓⵜⵍⵏⵉⵏ ⵖ ⵜⴼⵔⵉⵇⵜ ⵏ ⵉⵥⵥⵍⵎⴹ, ⵓⵍⴰ ⵜⵉⵎⵉⵣⴰⵔ ⵜⵉⴷⴷⴰⵡⵏⵣⵔⵓⴼⵉⵏ ⴷ ⵓⵎⴰⴹⴰⵍ ⴰⴳⵔⴰⴽⵍⴰⵏ, ⵜⴳⴰ ⵙⵉⵊⵉⵍⵎⴰⵙⴰ ⵖ ⵓⵣⵎⵣ ⵏ ⴰⵢⵜ ⵎⵉⴷⵔⴰⵔ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵖ ⵜⵎⴷⵉⵏⵉⵏ ⵜⵜⵢⴰⵡⵙⵙⴰⵏⵏⵉⵏ ⵖ ⵓⵎⴰⴹⴰⵍ ⴰⵎⵙⵍⵎⴰⵏ [[File:Trans-Saharan routes early.svg|thumb|right|350px|ⵉⴱⵔⵉⴷⵏ ⵉⵇⴱⵓⵔⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵙⴱⴱⴰⴱⵜ ⵜⴰⵣⴳⵔⵏⵣⵔⵓⴼⵜ ⴳ ⵜⴼⵔⵉⵇⵜ ⵏ ⵓⴳⴰⴼⴰ ⴷ ⵜⴼⵔⵉⵇⵜ ⵏ ⵓⵜⴰⵔⴰⵎ ⵙⵉⵊⵍⵎⴰⵙⴰ ⵜⴳⴰ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⴱⴷⴷⴰⴷ ⴷ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⴳⴰⴷⵣ ⴰⵅⴰⵜⴰⵔ ⵏⵏⴰ ⴳ ⵉⵣⵔⵉ ⵓⴱⵔⵉⴷ ⴰⴷ ⴰⴷⴰⵎⵙⴰⵏ]] === ⵜⴰⵖⵔⵎⴰ ⵏ ⴰⵢⵜ ⵎⵉⴷⵔⴰⵔ ⵣⵖ ⵜⵉⵔⵔⴰ ⵜⴰⵏⵎⵣⵔⴰⵢⵜ === ⵉⵙⴰⵡⵍ ⵉⴱⵏ ⵃⴰⵡⵇⴰⵍ ⵖ ⵓⴷⵍⵉⵙ ⵏⵏⵙ "ⵜⴰⵡⵍⴰⴼⵜ ⵏ ⵡⴰⴽⴰⵍ" ⴼ ⵜⴷⵓⵙⵉ ⴷ ⵓⴱⵓⵖⵍⵓ ⴰⴷⴰⵎⵙⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵖⵔⵎⵜ ⵏ ⴰⵢⵜ ⵎⵉⴷⵔⴰⵔ ⵙⵉⵊⵉⵍⵎⴰⵙⴰ, ⵍⵍⵉⵖ ⵉⴱⴷⵔ ⵓⵏⵛⴽ ⵏ ⵓⵇⵇⴰⵔⵉⴹ ⴷ ⵍⵎⴰⵍ ⵍⵍⵉ ⵉⵣⵣⵔⵓⵢⵏ ⴳⵔ ⵉⵔⴼⴼⴰⴽⵏ ⵏ ⵙⵉⵊⵍⵎⴰⵙⴰ ⵓⵏⵛⴽⴽ ⴰⵏⵏ ⵏ ⵓⵙⵎⵎⵙⴽⵍ ⴰⵥⵕⴼⴰⵏ ⵓⵔ ⵉⵥⵕⵉ ⴰⵏⴰⵡ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵖ ⵜⵖⵔⵎⵉⵏ ⵎⵇⵇⵓⵔⵏⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵓⴳⵎⵎⵓⴹ<ref>{{ⴱⴷⵔ ⴰⴷⵍⵉⵙ |last=ابن حوقل |title=صورة الأرض}}</ref> ⵉⵎⵎⴰ [[ⴰⴱⵓ ⵄⵓⴱⴰⵢⴷ ⵍⴱⴰⴽⵔⵉ]] ⵏⵜⵜⴰⵏ ⵉⴱⴷⵔ ⴰⴱⵓⵖⵍⵓ ⵏ ⵜⵖⵔⵎⵜ ⵏ ⵙⵉⵊⵍⵎⴰⵙⴰ ⵖ ⵓⵣⵎⵣ ⵏ ⴰⵢⵜ ⵎⵉⴷⵔⴰⵔ ⵖ ⵜⵙⴳⴰ ⵏ ⵜⵢⵔⵣⴰ ⴷ ⵎⴰⵙⴷⴷ, ⵉⴽⴰⵍⵉⵡⵏ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵡⵉⴷ ⴳⴰⵏⵉⵏ ⵡⵉⵏ ⵜⵢⵔⵣⴰ ⵍⵍⴰⵏ ⵖ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⴷⵖⴰⵔ ⵉⴳⴰⵏ ⴰⵣⴰⵖⴰⵔ, ⴷ ⵜⵜⴽⴰⵔ ⵙ ⵡⵓⵔⵜⴰⵏ ⵓⵔ ⵟⵟⵉⴼⵏ ⵓⵟⵟⵓⵏ ⵎⵓⵏⵏ ⴷ ⵜⵙⴳⴳⵯⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵡⴰⵙⵉⴼ ⵜⵜⴽⵔⵏ ⵙ ⵡⴰⵏⴰⵡⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵢⴰⴼⵓⵜ ⴷ ⵡⴰⴷⴷⴰⴳ, ⵉⵙⵡⴰⵍ ⵓⵍⴰ ⴼ ⵓⵙⵏⴼⵍⵓⵍ ⵏ ⵜⵉⵢⵢⵏⵉ ⵉⴳⴳⵓⵜⵏ ⵖ ⵜⵖⵔⵎⵜ ⴰⵏⵏ ⵍⵍⵉ ⵢⴰⴽⴽⴰⵏ ⵜⴰⵢⴰⴼⵓⵜ ⵉ ⴽⵔⴰ ⵉⴳⴰⵏ ⴰⴷⵖⴰⵔ ⵖ ⵉⴷⵖⴰⵔⵏ ⵏ ⵍⵎⵖⵔⵉⴱ ⴰⴽⵓⴷ ⴰⵏⵏ<ref>{{ⴱⴷⵔ ⴰⴷⵍⵉⵙ |last=ابو عبيد البكري |title=المسالك و الممالك}}</ref> ⵉⴱⴷⵔ ⵓⵍⴰ ⵜⴰⴷⵓⵙⵉ ⵏ ⵜⵓⵚⴽⴰ ⵍⵍⵉ ⵢⴰⵏⵏⵉ ⵖ ⵓⵖⵔⴰⴱ ⵉⵙⵙⵓⵜⵍⵏ ⵉ ⵜⵖⵔⵎⵜ ⴷ ⵎⴰⵙ ⵉⵟⵟⴰⴼ 12 ⵏ ⵡⴰⴳⴳⵓⵔ ⵜⴰⵎ ⴳⵉⵙⵏ ⵜⵜⴰⵡⵙⴽⴰⵔⵏ ⵖ ⵡⵓⵣⵣⴰⵍ [[ⵍⵉⴷⵔⵉⵙⵉ]] ⴷ [[ⵍⵎⴰⵇⴷⵉⵙⵉ]] ⵙⴰⵡⵍⵏ ⵙⵉⵏ ⵉⵜⵙⵏ ⴼ ⵜⴷⵓⵙⵉ ⴷ ⵓⴱⵓⵖⵍⵓ ⴰⵎⵙⵜⴰⴳⴳⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵎⴷⵉⵏⵜ ⵏ ⵙⵉⵊⵍⵎⴰⵙⴰ ⴰⴽⵓⴷ ⴰⵏⵏ, ⴷ ⵎⴰⵙⴷⴷ ⵉⵙⴱⴱⴰⴱⵏ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵍⴽⵎⵏ ⵙ ⵜⵎⵙⵜⴰⴳⵜ ⵏⵏⵙⵏ [[ⵜⵉⵎⵉⵣⴰⵔ ⵏ ⵙⵙⵓⴷⴰⵏ]] <ref>{{ⴱⴷⵔ ⴰⴷⵍⵉⵙ |last=المقدسي البشاري |title=احسن التقاسيم}}</ref>ⵉⴱⴷⵔ ⵜⵜ ⵍⵉⴷⵔⵉⵙⵉ ⵙ ⵉⵙⵎ ⵏ ⵜⵖⵔⵎⵜ ⵏ ⵉⵔⴼⴼⴰⴽⵏ, ⴷ ⴰⵔ ⴷ ⵙⵉⵙ ⵉⴽⵛⵛⵎ ⴷ ⴰⵔ ⴳⵉⵙ ⵉⵜⵜⴼⴼⵖ ⵡⵓⵔⵖ ⵙ ⵜⵎⵉⵣⴰⵔ ⵏ ⵙⵙⵓⴷⴰⵏ ⵉⴳⴰ ⴰⵙ ⵙ ⵉⵙⵎ ⴰⵙⴰⴳⵏ ⴰⵎⴰⴽⵍⴰⵏ ⵏⵏⴰ ⵉⵟⵟⴰⵢⵏ ⴰⵏⴰⵡⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵎⵙⵜⴰⴳⵜ ⵙ ⵜⵎⵉⵣⴰⵔ ⵏ ⵙⵙⵓⴷⴰⵏ, ⵉⵙⴰⵡⵍ ⴼ ⵉⵔⴼⴼⴰⴽⵏ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵉⵙ ⴰⵔ ⵙⴽⴰⵔⵏ ⵜⴰⵢⴰⴼⵓⵜ ⵉⴳⴳⵓⵜⵏ ⵖ ⵜⵡⵡⵓⵔⵉ ⵏⵏⵙⵏ<ref>{{ⴱⴷⵔ ⴰⴷⵍⵉⵙ |last=الإدريسي |title=نزهة المشتاق}}</ref> ⵉⵙⴰⵡⵍ [[ⵍⴱⴰⴽⵔⵉ]] ⴼ ⵜⵎⵣⴳⵉⴷⴰ ⵏ ⵙⵉⵊⵍⵎⴰⵙⵙⴰ ⴷ ⵎⴰⵙ ⵜⵎⵇⵇⵓⵔ ⵜⵉⵖⵣⵉⴼ ⵜⵚⵚⵓⵎⵄⵉⵜ ⵏⵏⵙ, ⴷ ⵉⵙⵔⴰⴳ ⵏ ⵜⵎⵣⴳⵉⴷⴰ ⵍⵍⵉ ⵉⵍⴰⵏ ⴰⵏⴰⵡⵏ ⵏ ⵉⴽⵯⵍⴰⵏ ⴷ ⵣⵣⵡⴰⵇ ⴰⵔ ⵜⵙⵎⵓⵏ ⵎⵉⴷⴷⵏ ⴼ ⵜⵥⴰⵍⵍⵉⵜ ⴷ ⵜⵖⵔⵉ ⵏ ⵡⴰⵏⴰⵡⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵎⵓⵙⵙⵏⵉⵡⵉⵏ ⵜⵉⵙⴳⴷⴰⵏⵉⵏ<ref>{{ⴱⴷⵔ ⴰⴷⵍⵉⵙ |last=البكري |title=المسالك و الممالك}}</ref>, ⵉⵙⴰⵡⵍ [[ⵉⴱⵏ ⵍⴼⴰⵔⴹⵉ]] ⴼ ⵓⴱⵖⵍⵓ ⴰⴷⵍⵙⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵎⴷⵉⵏⵜ ⴷ ⵎⴰⵙ ⴰⵖ ⴷ ⵜⵜⴰⵡⵉ ⵉⵙⵍⵎⴰⴷⵏ ⴷ ⵉⵏⵍⵎⴰⴷⵏ ⵖ ⵜⵎⵉⵣⴰⵔ ⵏ ⴰⵏⴷⴰⵍⵓⵙ ⴷ [[ⵍⵇⴰⵢⵔⴰⵡⴰⵏ]], ⴷ ⵎⴰⵙ ⵜⵜ ⵉⵡⵉⵏ ⵉⵎⵣⴷⴰⵖ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵖ ⵜⵓⵙⵙⵏⴰ ⵏ ⵜⵓⵙⵏⴰⴽⵜ ⴷ ⵓⵙⵉⴹⵏ ⴰⵛⴽⵓ ⵜⵣⴷⵉ ⴷ ⵜⵡⵡⵓⵔⵉ ⵏⵏⵙⵏ ⵖ ⵜⵔⴼⴼⴰⴽⵜ ⴷ ⵜⵎⵙⵜⴰⴳⵜ<ref>{{ⴱⴷⵔ ⴰⴷⵍⵉⵙ |last=الفرضي |title=تاريخ علماء الأندلس}}</ref> ⵉⵎⵎⴰ ⵖ ⵜⵙⴳⴰ ⵏ ⵜⵎⴳⵓⵔⵉ ⴰⵔ ⵙⴰⵡⴰⵍⵏⵜ ⵜⵉⵔⵔⴰ ⴼ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⴱⵓⵖⵍⵓ ⴰⵅⴰⵜⴰⵔ ⵉⴹⵔⴰⵄⴰⵏ ⵡⵉⵏ ⵡⴰⵎⵎⴰⵙⵏ ⵢⴰⴹⵏⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵖⵔⵎⴰ ⵜⴰⵎⵙⵍⵎⴰⵏⵜ ⵖ ⵓⵣⵎⵣ ⴰⵏⵏ, [[ⵢⴰⵇⵓⵜ ⵍⵃⴰⵎⴰⵡⵉ]] ⵉⴱⴷⵔ ⵜⵉⵎⵍⵙⴰ ⵜⴰⵙⵉⵊⵍⵎⴰⵙⵜ ⵙ ⵎⴰⵙ ⵟⵟⴰⴼ ⵜⴰⵎⵙⵓⵙⵏⵜ ⴷ ⵉⵙⵎ ⵖ ⵜⵎⵉⵣⴰⵔ ⴷ ⵎⴰⵙⴷⴷ ⵉⵙ ⵍⴽⵎⵏⵜ ⵖ ⵜⵙⴳⴰ ⵏ ⵓⵖⵓⴷⵓ ⵜⵉⵎⵍⵙⴰ ⵏ ⵉⴳⵍⴷⴰⵏ<ref>{{ⴱⴷⵔ ⴰⴷⵍⵉⵙ |last=ياقوت الحموي |title=معجم البلدان}}</ref>, [[ⵍⵢⵓⵏ ⴰⴼⵔⵉⵇⴰⵏ]]ⵉⵙⵙⴽⵯⵜⵉ ⴷ ⵖ ⵜⵉⵔⵔⴰ ⵏⵏⵙ ⴰⴼⵓⵍⴽⵉ ⵏ ⵜⵏⵣⴳⵉⵜ ⵏ ⵜⴳⵯⵎⵎⴰ ⴷ ⵜⵎⵣⴳⴰⴷⵉⵡⵉⵏ ⴷ ⵜⵉⵏⵎⴰⵍ ⵏ ⵙⵉⵊⵍⵎⴰⵙⴰ ⴷ ⵉⵙ ⴰⵔ ⵙⵙⵎⵔⴰⵙⵏ ⵉⴷ ⴱⴰⴱ ⵏⵏⵙⵏⵜ ⵜⵉⵎⵛⵛⵉ (ⵔⵔⵅⴰⵎ) ⴷ ⵣⵣⵍⵍⵉⵊ ⵖ ⵜⵓⵚⴽⴰ<ref>{{ⴱⴷⵔ ⴰⴷⵍⵉⵙ |first=ليون الافريقي |title=وصف افريقيا}}</ref>, ⵉⵎⵎⴰ ⵜⴰⵎⴳⵓⵔⵉ ⵏ ⵓⵇⵇⴰⵔⵉⴹ ⵉⵏⵏⴰ ⵍⵉⴷⵔⵉⵙⵉ<ref>{{ⴱⴷⵔ ⴰⴷⵍⵉⵙ |last=الإدريسي |title=نزهة المشتاق}}</ref> ⵎⴰⵙⴷⴷ ⵓⵔⵖ ⵉⵖ ⴷ ⵉⵍⴽⵎ ⵙⵉⵊⵍⵎⴰⵙⴰ ⴰⵔ ⴳⵉⵙ ⵜⵜⵉⵡⵙⴽⵉⵔⵏ ⵉⵇⵇⴰⵔⵉⴹⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵎⵙⵜⴰⴳⵜ ⵏⵏⴰ ⵟⵟⴰⴼⵏⵉⵏ ⴰⵜⵉⴳ ⵖ ⴽⵔⴰ ⵉⴳⴰⵏ ⵎⴰⵏⵉ, ⵍⴱⴰⴽⵔⵉ ⵉⴱⴷⵔ ⵉⵙⵎ ⵏ ⵉⵇⵇⴰⵔⵉⴹⵏ ⵏ ⵙⵉⵊⵍⵎⴰⵙⴰ ⵍⵍⵉ ⵉⴳⴰⵏ ⴷⵉⵏⴰⵔ ⴰⵎⴷⵔⴰⵔ ⵍⵍⵉ ⵙ ⵜⵣⵣⵉⴳⵉⵣ ⵜⵎⵙⵜⴰⴳⵜ ⵖ ⵍⵎⵖⵔⵉⴱ ⴷ ⵙⵙⵓⴷⴰⵏ ⴷ ⴰⵏⴷⴰⵍⵓⵙ<ref>{{ⴱⴷⵔ ⴰⴷⵍⵉⵙ |last=ابو عبيد البكري |title=المسالك و الممالك}}</ref> === ⵜⴰⵖⵔⵎⴰ ⵏ ⵙⵉⵊⵍⵎⴰⵙⴰ ⵜⴰⵎⴷⵔⴰⵔⵜ ⵣ ⵉⵔⵣⵣⵓⵜⵏ ⵉⵔⴽⵢⵓⵍⵓⵊⵉⵜⵏ === ⴳⴳⵓⵜⵏ ⵉⵔⵣⵣⵓⵜⵏ ⵉⵔⴽⵢⵓⵍⵓⵊⵉⵜⵏ ⵍⵍⵉ ⵜⵜⴰⵡⵙⴽⴰⵔⵏ ⴼ ⵜⵖⵔⵎⴰ ⵏ ⵙⵉⵊⵍⵎⴰⵙⴰ ⵏⵏⴰ ⴷ ⵉⵍⵓⵍⵏ ⴷ ⵜⵍⴰⵍⵉⵜ ⵏ ⵓⵡⴰⵏⴽ ⵏ ⴰⵢⵜ ⵎⵉⴷⵔⴰⵔ, ⵉⵔⵣⵣⵓⵜⵏ ⵍⵍⵉ ⵙⴽⵔⵏⵜ ⵜⵔⴰⴱⴱⵓⵜ ⵏ ⵓⵔⵣⵣⵓ ⴰⵔⴽⵢⵓⵍⵓⵊⴰⵏ ⵙⵡⵍⴰⴷⴷⴰⴽⴽⵯ ⵜⵉⵔⴰⴱⴱⵓⵜⵉⵏ ⵣ ⵍⵎⵖⵔⵉⴱ [[ⴼⵕⴰⵏⵚⴰ]] ⴷ [[ⵉⵡⴰⵏⴽⵏ ⵉⵎⵓⵏⵏ|ⵎⴰⵔⵉⴽⴰⵏ]] * ⴳ 1950 ⵉⴼⵙⵔ [[ⴱⵓⵍ ⴱⵉⵔⵜⵉⵔ]] '''(Paul Berthier)''' ⵜⴰⵢⴰⴼⵓⵜ ⵏ ⵉⵔⵣⵣⵓⵜⵏ ⵏⵏⵙ ⴼ ⵓⵙⵓⴷⵙ ⵏ ⵜⵔⴳⵯⵉⵡⵉⵏ ⵖ ⵜⵎⵏⴰⴹⵜ ⵏ ⵜⴼⵉⵍⴰⵍⵜ ⵎⴰⵢⴰⴷ ⴰⴷ ⴷ ⵉⴹⵉⵏ ⵜⵉⵙⴽⵉⵡⵜ ⵜⴰⵣⴰⵢⴽⵓⵜ ⵏ ⵓⵙⴷⵙ ⵏ ⵜⵔⴳⵯⴰ ⴳ ⵉⵣⵎⴰⵣ ⵏ ⴰⵢⵜ ⵎⵉⴷⵔⴰⵔ * ⴳ ⵓⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙ ⵏ 1966 ⵉⵙⴽⵔ [[ⴷⴰⵏⵢⴰⵍ ⵢⵓⵙⵜⴰⵛ]] '''Daniel Eustache''' ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⵣⵔⴰⵡⵜ ⵜⴰⵙⴰⵖⵓⵍⵜ ⴼ ⵉⵇⵇⴰⵔⵉⴹⵏ ⵏ ⵓⵡⴰⵏⴽ ⵏ [[ⴰⵢⵜ ⴷⵔⵉⵙ]] ⴷ ⵡⵉⵏ ⴰⵢⵜ ⵎⵉⴷⵔⴰⵔ ⵏⵜⵜⴰⵜ ⴰⴷ ⵉⴼⴽⴰⵏ ⴰⵎⵣⵔⵓⵢ ⵏ ⵉⴳⵍⴷⴰⵏ ⵏ ⴰⵢⵜ ⵎⵉⴷⵔⴰⵔ ⵣ ⵉⵇⵇⴰⵔⵉⴹⵏ ⵏⵏⵙⵏ<ref>{{ⴱⴷⵔ ⴰⴷⵍⵉⵙ |last=Daniel Eustache |first=Daniel Eustache |title=Corpsus des Dirhams idrisites}}</ref> * ⴳⵔ 1971 ⴷ 1974 ⵉⵙⵙⵏⵜⵉ ⵓⵙⵉⵏⴰⴳ ⴰⵏⴰⵎⵓⵔ ⵏ ⵉⴷⵔⵉⵣⵏ ⴷ ⵜⵏⴳⵎⵉ INSAP<ref>{{ⴱⴷⵔ ⴰⵡⵉⴱ |last=ⴰⵙⵉⵏⴰⴳ ⴰⵏⴰⵎⵓⵔ ⵏ ⵉⴷⵔⵉⵣⵏ ⴷ ⵜⵏⴳⵎⵉ |title= |url=https://insap.ac.ma/}}</ref> ⵜⵉⵖⵓⵣⵉⵏ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵜⵉⵎⵣⵡⵓⵔⴰ ⵖ ⵓⴷⵖⴰⵔ ⵏ ⵙⵉⵊⵉⵍⵎⴰⵙⴰ, ⴷ ⴰⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙ ⵏ 1988 ⵉⵙⵙⵏⵜⵉ [[ⵓⵙⵏⴼⴰⵔ ⵏ "ⵙⵉⵊⵍⵎⴰⵙⴰ"]] ⵉⴳⴰⵏ ⵡⵉⵏ ⵜⵖⵓⵣⵉ ⵜⴰⵔⴽⵢⵓⵍⵓⵊⵉⵜ ⴷⴷⵓ ⵓⴼⵓⵙ ⵏ ⵓⴱⵔⵓⴼⵉⵙⵓⵔ ⴰⵎⴰⵔⵉⴽⴰⵏ [[ⵔⵓⵏⴰⵍⴷ ⵎⵉⵙⵉⵙⵔ]] * ⴳ 1996 ⵉⵙⴼⴼⵓⵖ ⴷ ⵓⵎⵔⵣⴰⵡ ⴰⵎⵖⵔⴰⴱⵉ [[ⵍⵃⵙⵏ ⵜⴰⵡⵛⵉⵅⵜ]] ⵜⴰⵣⵔⴰⵡⵜ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵜⴰⴽⴰⴷⵉⵎⵉⵜ ⴼ ⵜⵓⵚⴽⴰ ⴷ ⵜⵏⵣⴳⵉⵜ ⵜⴰⵎⴷⵔⴰⵔⵜ <ref>{{ⴱⴷⵔ ⴰⵡⵉⴱ |title= |url=https://archive.org/details/tokyo.elektro_20210605}}</ref><ref>{{ⴱⴷⵔ ⴰⴷⵍⵉⵙ |last=لحسن تاوشيخت |title=عمران سجلماسة}}</ref> * ⴳ 2015 ⴰⴷ ⴷ ⵉⴼⴼⵓⵖ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⴷⵍⵉⵙ ⴰⵅⴰⵜⴰⵔ ⵡⴰⴷ ⵉⴳⴰⵏ ⵎⴰⵙ ⵏ ⵉⴷⵍⵉⵙⵏ ⵖ ⵜⵔⴽⵢⵓⵍⵓⵊⵉⵜ ⵏ ⵙⵉⵊⵍⵎⴰⵙⴰ ⵙ ⵜⵓⵜⵍⴰⵢⵜ ⵜⴰⵏⴳⵍⵉⵣⵜ ⵉⴳⴰ ⵙ ⵡⴰⵙⵙⴰⵖ "[[ⴰⴷ ⵖⴰⵔ ⴰⵎⵖⴰⵔⵎⴰⵏ ⴰⵎⴳⴳⴰⵔⵓ]]" ⵢⵓⵔⴰ ⵜ ⵓⵎⴰⵔⵣⵓ ⴰⵎⴰⵔⵉⴽⴰⵏ ⵔⵉⵏⴰⵍⴷ ⵎⵉⵙⵉⵔ ⴷ ⵓⵎⴷⴷⴰⴽⴽⵍ ⵏⵏⵙ [[ⴷⵊⵉⵎⵙ ⵎⵉⵍⵉⵔ]] <ref>{{ⴱⴷⵔ ⴰⴷⵍⵉⵙ |last=James Andrew Miller Ronald A. Messier |first= |title=The Last Civilized Place: Sijilmasa and Its Saharan Destiny}}</ref>, ⵖ ⵓⴷⵍⵉⵙ ⴰⴷ ⴰⵔ ⵏⵏ ⵏⵜⵜⴰⴼⴰ ⵎⴰⵙⴷⴷ ⴱⴰⴱⴰⵙ ⵏ ⵣⵣⵍⵍⵉⵊ ⴰⵎⵖⵔⴰⴱⵉ ⵏ ⵡⴰⵙⵙⴰ ⵉⴼⴼⵓⵖ ⴷ ⵣ ⵉⴼⵓⵏⵏⵔⴰ ⵏ ⵜⵎⴷⵉⵏⵜ ⵏ ⵙⵉⵊⵍⵎⴰⵙⴰ ⴰⴷ ⵜ ⵉⴳⴰⵏ ⴷ ⴰⵢⵍⵍⵉ ⵎⵓ ⵜⵜⵉⵏⵉⵏ "ⵉⴷⵇⵇⵉ ⴰⵙⵎⴰⵎⵎⴰⵖ" ⵙ ⵜⵏⴳⵍⵉⵣⵜ glazed potery ⵙ ⵜⵄⵔⴰⴱⵜ الخزف المزجج * ⴰⵎⴰⵢⵏⵓ ⵏ ⵓⵔⵣⵣⵓ ⴰⵔⴽⵢⵓⵍⵓⵊⴰⵏ ⵖ ⵓⴷⵖⴰⵔ ⵏ ⵙⵉⵊⵉⵍⵎⴰⵙⴰ ⴷ ⵡⴰⴷ ⵉⵣⴷⵉⵏ ⴷ ⵜⵖⵔⵎⴰ ⵏ ⴰⵢⵜ ⵎⵉⴷⵔⴰⵔ, ⵉⵙⴰⵡⵍ ⴼ ⵉⵅⴼ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵖ ⵓⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙ ⵏ 2025 ⵍⵍⵉⵖ ⵜⵍⵖⴰ ⵜⵎⴰⵡⴰⵙⵜ ⵏ ⵜⵄⵓⵔⵎⴰ ⴷ ⵜⵓⵙⵙⵏⴰ ⴷ ⵓⵎⵙⴰⵡⴰⴹ ⵙ ⵜⵣⵔⴰⵡⵜ ⵍⵍⵉ ⴰⴽⴽⵯ ⵎⵇⵇⵓⵔⵏ ⵣ ⵉⴷ 70 ⵏ ⵜⴰⵙⵓⵜ ⵍⵍⵉ ⵉⵣⵔⵉⵏ ⴼ ⵓⴷⵖⴰⵔ ⵏ ⵙⵉⵊⵉⵍⵎⴰⵙⴰ, ⴳⵔ ⴰⵢⵍⵍⵉ ⵉⵜⵜⵢⴰⴼⴰⵏ ⵖ ⵜⵣⵔⴰⵡⵜ ⴰⴷ: . ⵜⵉⵎⵣⴳⵉⴷⴰ ⵍⵍⵉ ⴰⴽⴽⵯ ⵉⴳⴰⵏ ⵜⴰⵣⴰⵢⴽⵓⵜ ⵖ ⵍⵎⵖⵔⵉⴱ ⴰⵎⵣⵔⵓⵢ ⵏⵏⵙ ⴰⵔ ⵉⵜⵜⴷⴰ ⴰⵔ ⵜⴰⵙⵓⵜ ⵜⵉⵙⵙ 8 ⴷ ⴰⵔ ⵜⵜⴰⵙⵉ 2800 ⵏ ⵉⵎⵥⵥⴰⵍⵍⵉⵜⵏ . ⵉⵜⵜⴰⵡⵙⴽⴰⵔ ⵓⵙⵖⵉⵡⵙ ⴰⵥⴰⵡⴽⴰⵏ ⴰⵎⵣⵡⴰⵔⵓ ⵉ ⵜⵖⵔⵎⵜ ⵏ ⵙⵉⵊⵍⵎⴰⵙⴰ ⵍⵍⵉ ⵖ ⵜⵍⵍⴰ ⵜⵓⵥⵥⵓⵎⵜ ⵏ ⵜⵎⴷⵉⵏⵜ ⴷ ⵓⵥⵟⵟⴰ ⵏ ⵉⵖⴰⵔⴰⵙⵏ ⴷ ⵜⴳⵯⵎⵎⴰ ⵏ ⵜⵣⴷⵓⵖⵜ ⴷ ⵙⵉⵏ ⵉⵔⴳⴳⵓⴱⵏ ⵏ ⵜⴰⴹⴰⴼⵜ ⵍⵍⴰⵏⵉⵏ ⴼ ⵜⵎⵣⴳⵉⴷⴰ ⵜⵎⵇⵇⵔⴰⵏⵜ . ⴰⴷⴷⴰⵔ ⵏ ⵜⵎⴳⵓⵔⵉ ⵏ ⵓⵇⵇⴰⵔⵉⴹ ⵏ ⵡⵓⵔⵖ, ⴷ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵡⵓⵙⵓⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵣⴷⵓⵖⵜ ⵏⵏⴰ ⵖ ⵍⵍⴰⵏ 12 ⵏ ⵜⴰⴷⴷⴰⵔⵜ<ref>{{ⴱⴷⵔ ⵉⵏⵖⵎⵉⵙⵏ |last=ⵀⵉⵙⴱⵔⵉⵙ |first=Hespress |title=Hespress |url=https://www.hespress.com/%D8%AA%D9%86%D9%82%D9%8A%D8%A8%D8%A7%D8%AA-%D8%B3%D8%AC%D9%84%D9%85%D8%A7%D8%B3%D8%A9-%D8%AA%D9%83%D8%B4%D9%81-%D8%A3%D9%82%D8%AF%D9%85-%D9%85%D8%B3%D8%AC%D8%AF-%D9%85%D8%A4%D8%B1%D8%AE-%D8%A8%D8%A7-1598996.html}}</ref> ==ⵉⵏⴱⴱⴰⴹⵏ ⴷ ⵉⴳⵍⴷⵓⵏⵏ== * ⵄⵉⵙⴰ ⴱⵏ ⵢⴰⵣⵉⴷ ⴰⵙⴳⴳⴰⵏ (757/771) * ⴰⴱⵓ ⵇⴰⵙⵉⵎ ⵙⵎⴽⵓ ⵓ ⵡⴰⵙⵓⵍ (771/789) * ⴰⴱⵓ ⵍⵡⴰⵣⵉⵔ ⵉⵍⵢⴰⵙ ⵓ ⴰⴱⵓ ⵇⴰⵙⵉⵎ * ⴰⵍⵢⴰⵙⴰⵄ ⵓ ⴱⵓ ⵍⵇⴰⵙⵉⵎ (790/823) * ⵎⴷⵔⴰⵔ ⵓ ⵍⵢⴰⵙⴰⵄ ⵓ ⴱⵓ ⵍⵇⴰⵙⵉⵎ (823/867) * ⵎⴰⵢⵎⵓⵏ ⴰⴳⵍⴷⵓⵏ ⵓ ⵎⴷⵔⴰⵔ ⵓ ⴱⵓ ⵍⵇⴰⵙⵉⵎ * ⵎⵓⵃⵎⵎⴰⴷ ⵓ ⵎⴰⵢⵎⵓⵏ ⴰⴳⵍⴷⵓⵏ ⵓ ⵎⴷⵔⴰⵔ * ⴰⵍⵢⴰⵙⴰⵄ ⵓ ⵍⵎⵓⵏⵜⴰⵚⵉⵔ ⵓ ⵍⵢⴰⵙⴰⵄ * ⵡⴰⵙⵓⵍ ⵍⴼⴰⵜⵃ ⵓ ⵎⴰⵢⵎⵓⵏ ⴰⴳⵍⴷⵓⵏ * ⵃⵎⴰⴷ ⵓ ⵎⵉⵎⵓⵏ ⴰⴳⵍⴷⵓⵏ ⵓ ⵎⴷⵔⴰⵔ * ⵍⵎⵓⵄⵜⴰⵣⵣ ⵓ ⵎⵓⵃⵎⵎⴰⴷ ⵓ ⵙⴰⵡⵔ * ⴰⵍⵎⵓⵏⵜⴰⵚⵉⵔ ⵎⵓⵃⵎⵎⴰⴷ ⵓ ⵍⵎⵓⵄⵜⴰⵣⵣ ⵓ ⵙⴰⵡⵔ(933/942) * ⴰⵍⵎⵓⵏⵜⴰⵚⵉⵔ ⵙⵎⴽⵓ ⵓ ⵎⵓⵃⵎⵎⴰⴷ ⵓ ⵍⵎⵓⵄⵜⴰⵣⵣ ⵓ ⵙⴰⵡⵔ (942) * ⵛⵛⴰⴽⵉⵔ ⵍⵉⵍⵍⴰⵀ ⵍⴼⴰⵜⵃ ⵓ ⵎⵉⵎⵓⵏ ⴰⴳⵍⴷⵓⵏ ⵓ ⵎⴷⵔⴰⵔ (943/963) * ⴰⵍⵎⵓⵏⵜⴰⵚⵉⵔ ⴱⵉⵍⵍⴰⵀ ⵓ ⴰⵎⵉⵔ ⵍⵎⵓⵎⵉⵏⵉⵏ ⵛⵛⴰⴽⵉⵔ ⵍⵉⵍⵍⴰⵀ ⵎⵓⵃⵎⵎⴰⴷ (963) * ⴰⵍⵎⵓⵄⵜⴰⵣⵣ ⴱⵉⵍⵍⴰⵀ ⴰⴱⵓ ⵎⵓⵃⵎⵎⴰⴷ ⵓ ⴰⵎⵉⵔ ⵍⵎⵓⵎⵉⵏⵉⵏ ⵛⵛⴰⴽⵉⵔ ⵍⵉⵍⵍⴰⵀ (963) ==ⵉⵙⴰⵖⵓⵍⵏ== {{ⵉⵙⴰⵖⵓⵍⵏ}} {{ⴰⵙⵎⵉⵍ |ⵍⵎⵖⵔⵉⴱ |ⵜⴰⴳⵍⴷⵉⵜ ⵜⴰⵎⵖⵔⵉⴱⵉⵜ |ⵜⴰⴳⵍⴷⵉⵜ ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵜ |ⵉⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵏ |ⵜⴰⴳⵍⴷⵉⵜ ⵜⴰⵏⵙⵍⵎⵜ |ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵣⵖⴰ |ⵜⴰⴼⵔⵉⵇⵜ ⵜⴰⴳⴰⴼⴰⵏⵜ |ⴰⵎⵣⵔⵓⵢ}} lm3aucvaok51er6i1ffebyp37bpi9o5 176114 176113 2026-05-04T19:05:35Z ⴰⵢⵢⵓⴱ 438 176114 wikitext text/x-wiki {{ⴰⵎⵏⵏⵉ ⴰⵚⴱⵃⴰⵏ}} {{ⵜⴰⴼⵍⵓⵙⴼⴽⵉⵜ}} [[File:Barghouata Carte ZGH.png|thumb|right|300px|ⵜⴰⴽⴰⵔⴹⴰ ⵏⵏⴰ ⵉⵎⵎⴰⵍⵏ ⴰⴷⵖⴰⵔ ⵏ ⵜⵎⵍⵉⵍⵜ ⵏ ⴰⵢⵜ ⵓⵎⴷⵔⴰⵔ ⴷ ⵜⵎⵏⵥⴰⵡⵜ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵙⵉⵊⵉⵍⵎⴰⵙⴰ]] {| class="infobox" style="width: 22em; float: right; clear: right; margin: 0 0 1em 1em; border: 1px solid #a2a9b1; background: #f8f9fa; font-size: 90%;" |+ style="font-size: 125%; font-weight: bold; background-color: #cedff2; padding: 0.2em;" | ⵜⴰⵎⵍⵉⵍⵜ ⵏ ⴰⵢⵜ ⵓⵎⴷⵔⴰⵔ |- ! style="text-align: left; padding: 0.2em;" | ⴰⴷⴷⴰⴷ | ▪︎ⴰⵡⴰⵏⴽ ⴰⵏⴰⴽⵍⴰⵏ ⵙ ⵉⵙⵎ ⵏ ⵍⵄⴱⴱⴰⵙⵉⵢⵢⵉⵏ (757–909) ▪︎ⴰⵡⴰⵏⴽ ⴰⵏⴰⴽⵍⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵉⴼⴰⵟⵉⵎⵉⵜⵏ (909-976) |- ! style="text-align: left; padding: 0.2em;" | ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵏⵖⵜ | [[ⵙⵉⵊⵉⵍⵎⴰⵙⴰ]] |- ! style="text-align: left; padding: 0.2em;" | ⵜⵓⵜⵍⴰⵢⵉⵏ | [[ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵜ]] |- ! style="text-align: left; padding: 0.2em;" | ⴰⵙⴳⴷ | ⵉⵙⵍⴰⵎ (ⴰⵚⵓⴼⵔⵉ) |- ! style="text-align: left; padding: 0.2em;" | ⴰⵏⴰⵡ ⵏ ⵏⴱⴰⴹ | ⵜⴰⴳⵍⴷⵉⵜ |- ! style="text-align: left; padding: 0.2em;" | ⴰⴳⵍⵍⵉⴷ | ⴰⴱⵓ ⵍⵇⴰⵙⵉⵎ ⵓ ⵙⵎⴽⵓ ⵓ ⵡⴰⵙⵓⵍ ⴰⵎⴽⵏⴰⵙ (772-784) ⴰⵍⵎⵓⵄⵜⴰⵣⵣ ⴱⵉⵍⵍⴰⵀ (963–976) |- ! style="text-align: left; padding: 0.2em;" | ⴰⵇⴰⵔⵉⴹ | ⵎⵉⴷⵔⴰⵔ |- ! style="text-align: left;" |ⴰⵣⵎⵣ ⴰⵎⴰⵣⵔⴰⵢ |ⴰⵣⵎⵣ ⴰⵎⵓⵥⵓⵏ |- ! style="text-align: left;" |ⵉⵣⵡⴰⵔ ⵜⵜ |ⵓⵎⴰⵡⵉⵢⵏ |- ! style="text-align: left;" |ⵉⴹⴼⴰⵕ ⵜⵜ |ⵉⵎⵖⵔⴰⵡⵏ |- ! style="text-align: left;" |ⵜⵉⵎⵙⴰⵔⵉⵏ ⵎⵇⵇⵓⵔⵏⵉⵏ |•ⵜⵓⵚⴽⴰ ⵏ ⵜⵖⵔⵎⵜ ⵏ ⵙⵉⵊⵍⵎⴰⵙⴰ 757 ⵎ.ⵜ •ⵜⵉⵏⴳⵉⵔⴰ ⵜⴰⵙⵔⵜⴰⵏⵜ ⵏ ⵓⵡⴰⵏⴽ 976 ⵎ.ⵜ |} '''ⵜⴰⵎⵍⵉⵍⵜ ⵏ ⴰⵢⵜ ⵓⵎⴷⵔⴰⵔ''' ⵏⵖ '''ⵜⴰⴳⵍⴷⵉⵜ ⵏ ⵉⴳⵍⵎⵓⵙⵏ''' ⵜⴳⴰ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⵎⵍⵉⵍⵜ ⵏⵖ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⵡⴰⵏⴽ ⵏⵖ ⴷ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⵎⵏⵓⴽⵍⴰ ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵜ ⵏⵏⴰ ⵉⵣⵡⴰⵔⵏ ⴰⴷ ⵜⵜⵉⵡⵙⴽⵉⵔ ⵎⵏⵉⴷ ⵏ [[ⵜⴰⴳⵔⴰⵡⵍⴰ ⵏ ⵉⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵏ|ⵜⴳⵔⴰⵡⵍⴰ ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵜ ⵜⴰⵎⵇⵇⵔⴰⵏⵜ]] ⵎⴳⵍ ⵉⵎⴰⵡⵉⵢⵏ ⴳ ⵓⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙ ⵏ 741 ⵎ.ⵜ ⵜⴳ ⵜⴰⴷ ⵉⵙⵏⴱⴹⵏ ⴳ ⵜⵎⵏⴰⴹⵜ ⵏ ⵙⵉⵊⵍⵎⴰⵙⴰ ⴳ ⵢⵉⴼⴼⵓⵙ ⵏ ⵍⵎⵖⵔⵉⴱ ⴳ ⵜⴰⵙⵓⵜⵉⵏ ⵜⵉⵙ 8 ⴷ ⵜⵉⵙⵙ 9 ⵏ ⵎⵏⵉⴷ ⵜⴰⵍⴰⵍⵉⵜ ⴳⵔ ⵉⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙⵏ ⵏ 757–976 ⵎⵏ.ⵜ. ==ⴰⵎⵣⵔⵓⵢ== === ⵜⴰⵣⵡⵓⵔⵉ === ⴰⵢⵜ ⵡⴰⵙⵓⵍ ⵏⵖ ⴰⵢⵜ ⵎⵉⴷⵔⴰⵔ ⴳⴰⵏ ⵜⴰⵡⵊⴰ ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵜ ⵜⵉⵎⵙⵍⵎⵜ ⵏⵏⴰ ⵉⵏⴱⴹⵏ ⴳ ⵉⴳⵣⵎⴰⵏ ⵏ [[ⵍⵎⵖⵔⵉⴱ]], ⵙⵔⵙⵏ ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵏⴰⵖⵜ ⵏⵏⵙⵏ ⴳ ⵙⵉⵊⵉⵍⵎⴰⵙⴰ. ⵜⴰⴳⵍⴷⵉⵜ ⴰⴷ ⵜⴱⴷⴷ ⴼ ⵜⵖⴰⵔⴰⵙⵜ ⵜⴰⵙⴳⴷⴰⵏⵜ ⵜⴰⵅⴰⵔⵉⵊⵜ ⵏ ⵉⵅⴰⵔⵉⵊⵏ ⵉⵚⵓⴼⵔⵉⵜⵏ. ​ⵎⵇⵇⴰⵔ ⵉⴳⴰ [[ⴰⴱⵓ ⵇⴰⵙⵉⵎ ⵙⵎⴽⵓ]] ⴰⵎⴰⵍⵡⴰⵢ ⴰⵏⵉⵎⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵓⵡⴰⵏⴽ ⴰⴷ, ⴰⵎⵏⴱⴰⴹ ⴰⵎⵣⵡⴰⵔⵓ ⵏ ⵜⵉⴷⵜ ⵉⴳⴰ ⵜ [[ⵄⵉⵙⴰ ⴱⵏ ⵢⴰⵣⵉⴷ ⴰⵙⴳⴳⴰⵏ]], ⵏⵏⴰ ⵎⵎⵓ ⵜⵜⴼⴽⴰ ⵜⵏⴱⴰⴹⵜ ⵖ ⵙⵉⵊⵉⵍⵎⴰⵙⴰ ⴷ ⵉⵏⴱⴰⴹ ⵜⵜ 15 ⵏ ⵓⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙ (ⵙⴳ 757 ⴰⵔ 772 ⴷ.ⵜ). ⴳ ⵓⵣⵎⵣ ⵏⵏⵙ, ⵉⵙⴽⵔ ⵜⵓⴳⵜ ⵏ ⵉⵙⵙⴹⵔⵓⵜⵏ ⴰⵎ ⴰⵙⵎⵙⴰⵙⴰ ⵏ ⵓⵙⵓⴷⵙ ⵏ ⵜⵔⴳⵯⵉⵡⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵡⴰⵎⴰⵏ ⴷ ⵓⵙⵣⴷⵖ ⵏ ⵜⵡⵙⵉⵜⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵉⵎⴳⵓⴷⵊⴰ. ​ⵎⴰⵛⴰ, ⵍⵍⵉⴳ ⴷ ⵍⴽⵎⵏⵜ ⵜⵡⵙⵉⵜⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵉⵎⴽⵏⴰⵙⵏ ⵙ ⵓⴳⵓⴷⵉ. ⴽⵔⴰ ⵏ ⵖⴱⵓⵍⴰ ⴰⵔ ⵙⴰⵡⴰⵍⵏ ⴼ ⵎⴰⵙ ⵉⴼⴼⴰⵖ ⵄⵉⵙⴰ ⴱⵏ ⵢⴰⵣⵉⴷ ⴼ ⵉⴹⵕⴼⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵖⴰⵔⴰⵙⵜ ⵜⴰⵅⴰⵔⵉⵊⵜ ⵢⵉⵔⵉ ⴰⴷ ⵉⵙⴽⵔ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵡⴰⵏⴰⵡ ⵏ ⵜⴷⵉⴽⵜⴰⵜⵓⵔⵉⵜ, ⴼ ⵓⵢⴰ ⵏⵖⴰⵏ ⵄⵉⵙⴰ ⴱⵏ ⵢⴰⵣⵉⴷ, ⵍⵍⵉⵖ ⵜ ⵉⵡⵉⵏ ⵙ ⵄⴰⵔⵉ ⵣⵣⵖⵯⵕⵏ ⵜⵉⵅⵙⵉ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵙ ⵜⴰⵎⵓⵏⵜ ⴽⵔⴼⵏ ⵜ ⴷ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵡⴰⴷⴷⴰⴳ, ⴰⵢⵍⵍⵉⵖ ⵉⵎⵎⵓⵜ ⵙ ⵉⵔⵉⴼⵉ ⴷ ⵍⴰⵥ ⴷ ⵜⵓⵇⵇⵙⵉⵡⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵡⴰⵔⵥⵥⴰⵏⴻⵏ ⴷ ⵉⴱⵅⵅⵓⵢⵏ, ⴼⴽⵉⵏ ⵜⴰⵏⴱⴰⴹⵜ ⵉ ⵓⵎⵖⴰⵔ ⵏⵏⵙⵏ [[ⴰⴱⵓ ⵇⴰⵙⵉⵎ ⵙⵎⴽⵓ]]<ref>{{ⴱⴷⵔ ⴰⴷⵍⵉⵙ |last=البكري |first=أبو عبيد |title=المسالك و الممالك}}</ref> === ⴰⵎⵡⴰⵜ ⴰⴼ ⵜⵙⵉⴰⵎⵏⵜ === ==== 1. ⴰⵙⵏⵓⴱⴳ ⵏ "ⵍⵎⴰⵀⴷⵉ" ⴷ ⵓⴽⵔⴰⴼ ⵏⵏⵙ: ==== ⴷⴼⴼⵉⵔ ⵏ ⵓⴱⵔⵔⵉⵃ ⵏ ⵜⵅⴰⵍⵉⴼⵜ, ⵉⵎⵓⴷⴷⴰ ⵓⵎⵙⵔⵙⵍ ⵏ ⵜⵅⴰⵍⵉⴼⵜ [[ⵜⴰⴼⴰⵟⵉⵎⵉⵜ]], ⵄⴱⴰⵢⴷⵓⵍⵍⴰⵀ ⵍⵎⴰⵀⴷⵉ, ⵖⴰⵔ ⵙⵉⵊⵉⵍⵎⴰⵙⴰ ⵉⴼⴼⵔ ⵙ ⵓⵍⴼⴰⴼ ⵏ ⵉⵎⵙⴱⴱⴰⴱⵏ ⴰⴼⴰⴷ ⴰⴷ ⵉⵔⵓⵍ ⵙⴳ ⵓⴹⴼⴼⵓⵕ ⵏ ⵉⵄⴱⴱⴰⵙⵉⵢⵢⵉⵏ. ⵉⴳⴰ ⵍⵎⴰⵀⴷⵉ ⴰⵏⴱⴳⵉ ⴳ ⵙⵉⵊⵉⵍⵎⴰⵙⴰ ⴳ ⵓⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙ 905 ⵎⵜ. ⵢⵓⵔⴷⴰ ⵓⴳⵍⴷⵓⵏ ⵏ ⴰⵢⵜ ⵎⵉⴷⵔⴰⵔ, [[ⵎⴰⵢⵎⵓⵏ ⵓ ⵎⵉⴷⵔⴰⵔ ⵓ ⵍⵢⴰⵙⴰⵄ|ⴰⵍⵢⴰⵙⴰⵄ ⵓ ⵍⵎⵓⵏⵜⴰⵚⵉⵔ ⵓ ⵍⵢⴰⵙⴰⵄ ⵓ ⴱⵓ ⵍⵇⴰⵙⵉⵎ]] ⵖ ⵓⵡⵜⵜⴰⵙ ⵏⵏⵙ ⴷⴼⴼⵉⵔ ⵎⴰ ⴷ ⵙⴽⵔⵏ ⵎⵉⴷⴷⵏ ⵉⵏⵖⵎⵉⵙⵏ ⴼ ⵜⵉⵣⵎⵎⴰⵔ ⵏ ⵢⵉⵡⵉⵙ [[ⴰⵍⵇⴰⵢⵉⵎ]] ⵏⵏⴰ ⵔⵡⴰⵙⵏⵉⵏ ⵜⵉⵎⴳⵔⵉⵡⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵉⵙⴰⵔⵏ ⴷ ⵉⴳⵯⵔⵔⴰⵎⵏ, ⵎⴰⵛ ⵍⵍⵉⵖ ⵜ ⵉⴷ ⵜⵍⴽⵎ ⵜⴱⵔⴰⵜ ⵏ [[ⵓⵡⴰⵏⴽ ⴰⵖⴰⵍⵉⴱ]] ⵖ [[ⵜⵓⵏⵙ]] ⵍⵍⵉ ⵉⴹⴼⴰⵕⵏ ⵉ ⵜⵅⴰⵍⵉⴼⵜ ⵜⴰⵄⴱⴱⴰⵙⵜ ⵏ ⴱⴰⵖⴷⴰⴷ ⵙ ⵎⴰⵙⴷⴷ ⵉⵅⵚⵚⴰ ⴰⴷ ⵉⵜⵜⴰⵡⴽⵔⴰⴼ ⵄⴱⴰⵢⴷⵓⵍⵍⴰⵀ ⵍⵎⴰⵀⴷⵉ ⵍⵍⵉ ⵉⴳⴰⵏ ⵉⵛⵏⴳⵉ ⵏ ⵉⵄⴱⴱⴰⵙⵉⵢⵢⵉⵏ, ⵙ ⵏⵉⵜ ⵉⵖⵔⴰ ⵉ ⵓⴽⵔⴰⴼ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵏⵜⵜⴰ ⴷ ⵢⵉⵡⵙ ⴰⵍⵇⴰⵢⵉⵎ. ==== 2. ⴰⵟⵟⴰⵕ ⴰⵎⵣⵡⴰⵔⵓ (909 ⵎⵜ) ==== ⵉⵎⵓⵙⵙ ⵓⵎⵙⵙⵉⵡⵍ ⴰⴱⵓ ⵄⴱⴷⵓⵍⵍⴰⵀ ⴰⵛⵛⵉⵄⵉ ⵙ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⴷⴼⵔⵉⵔ ⴰⵎⵇⵔⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵉⵙⵔⴷⴰⵙⵏ ⴰⵢⵜ ⵜⵡⵙⵉⵜ ⵏ ⴽⵜⴰⵎⴰ ⴰⴼⴰⴷ ⴰⴷ ⵉⵙⵙⴷⵔⴼ ⵍⵉⵎⴰⵎ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵍⵎⴰⵀⴷⵉ. ⵜⴹⵕ ⵙⵉⵊⵉⵍⵎⴰⵙⴰ ⴳ ⵉⴼⴰⵙⵙⵏ ⵏ ⵉⴼⴰⵟⵉⵎⵉⵢⵏ ⴳ ⵓⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙ 909 ⵎⵜ, ⵉⵜⵜⵓⵢⵏⵖ ⵓⴳⵍⴷⵓⵏ ⵏⵏⵙ ⴰⵍⵢⴰⵙⴰⵄ ⵓ ⵎⴰⵢⵎⵓⵏ. ⵉⴼⴼⵖ ⴷ ⵍⵎⴰⵀⴷⵉ ⵙⴳ ⵓⴽⵔⴰⴼ, ⵉⵜⵜⵓⴱⵔⵔⵃ ⴰⵎ ⵓⵅⴰⵍⵉⴼ, ⴰⵢⴰ ⵢⵓⵊⵊⴰ ⵙⵉⵊⵉⵍⵎⴰⵙⴰ ⴰⴷ ⵜⴳ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⴷⵖⴰⵔ ⴰⵎⴰⵜⴰⵔ ⵉⵙⵜⴰⵡⵀⵎⵎⴰⵏ ⵉ ⵜⵎⵏⵓⴽⵍⴰ ⵜⴰⴼⴰⵟⵉⵎⵉⵜ ⵍⵍⵉ ⵙⵓⵍ ⵉⴳⴰⵏ ⴰⴽⵓⴷ ⴰⵏⵏ ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵢⵏⵓⵜ. ⴰⴱⵓ ⵄⴱⴷⵓⵍⵍⴰⵀ ⴰⵛⵛⵉⵄⵉ ⵉⵏⵖⴰ ⴰⴳⵍⴷⵓⵏ ⵏ ⴰⵢⵜ ⵎⵉⴷⵔⴰⵔ ⵍⵢⴰⵙⴰⵄ ⵓ ⵍⵎⵓⵏⵜⴰⵚⵉⵔ, ⵉⴳ ⵖ ⵓⴷⵖⴰⵔ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⵎⵖⴰⵔ ⴰⴽⵯⵜⴰⵎ ⵙ ⵉⵙⵎ ⵏ ⴱⵔⴰⵀⵉⵎ ⵓ ⵖⴰⵍⵉⴱ ⴰⵎⵣⵣⴰⵜ, ⵎⴰⵛⵛ ⵓⵔ ⵉⴽⴽⵉ ⵖ ⵜⵏⴱⴰⴹⵜ ⴰⵎⵔ ⴽⵔⴰ ⵏ 40 ⵏ ⵡⴰⵙⵙ ⵏⴽⵔⵏ ⵙⵉⵙ ⴰⵢⵜ ⵙⵉⵊⵉⵍⵎⴰⵙⴰ ⵏⵖⵉⵏⵜ ⵏⵜⵜⴰⵏ ⴷ ⵉⴽⵯⵜⴰⵎⵏ ⵍⵍⵉ ⴷⵉⴷⵙⵏ ⵉⵍⵍⴰⵏ, ⵙⵙⴰⴹⵓⵏ ⵜⴰⵏⴱⴰⴹⵜ ⵙ ⵓⴼⵓⵙ ⵏ ⵓⴳⵍⴷⵓⵏ ⴰⵎⴷⵔⴰⵔ [[ⵍⴼⴰⵜⵃ ⵓ ⵎⴰⵢⵎⵓⵏ ⴰⴳⵍⴷⴰⵏ ⵓ ⵎⴷⵔⴰⵔ]] ⴳ ⵓⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙ ⵏ 910 ⵎⵜ<ref>{{ⴱⴷⵔ ⴰⴷⵍⵉⵙ |last=ابن عذاري |title=البيان المغرب}}</ref> ==== 3. ⴰⵟⵟⴰⵕ ⵡⵉⵙⵙ ⵙⵉⵏ (921 ⵎⵜ) ==== ⵉⴳⴰ ⵓⵙⵓⴳⵉ ⵏ [[ⵎⴰⵚⴰⵍⴰ ⵓ ⵃⴱⵓⵙ]] ⴼ ⵜⵎⵍⵉⵍⵜ ⵏ ⴰⵢⵜ ⵎⵉⴷⵔⴰⵔ ⴳ ⵙⵉⵊⵉⵍⵎⴰⵙⴰ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⵙⵓⵜⵍⵜ ⵉⵙⵜⴰⵡⵀⵎⵎⴰⵏ ⴳ ⵓⵎⵏⴰⵖ ⴰⴼⴰⵟⵉⵎ ⴰⴼⴰⴷ ⴰⴷ ⵉⵙⵙⵍⴽⵎ ⵜⴰⵏⴱⴰⴹⵜ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵙ ⵍⵎⵖⵔⵉⴱ. ⵉⵙⵙⵏⵜⵉ ⵓⵙⵓⴳⵉ ⴳ ⵡⴰⵢⵢⵓⵔ ⵏ ⵎⵓⵃⴰⵕⵕⴰⵎ ⴰⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙ 309 ⵀـ (921 ⵎⵜ) ⵙ ⵜⵏⴱⴰⴹⵜ ⵏ ⵎⴰⵚⴰⵍⴰ ⵓ ⵃⴱⵓⵙ ⴰⵎⴽⵏⴰⵙ, ⵢⴰⵏ ⵙⴳ ⵉⵎⵖⴰⵔⵏ ⵎⵇⵇⵓⵔⵏⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵓⵡⴰⵏⴽ ⴰⴼⴰⵟⵉⵎ ⴷ ⵓⵏⴱⴱⴰⴹ ⵏⵏⵙⵏ ⴼ ⵍⵎⵖⵔⵉⴱ ⴰⵏⴰⵎⵎⴰⵙ. ⵉⵙⴳⵓⴷⵉ ⵎⴰⵚⴰⵍⴰ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⴷⴼⵔⵉⵔ ⴰⵎⵇⵔⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵉⵙⵔⴷⴰⵙⵏ ⵙⴳ ⵜⵡⵙⵉⵜⵉⵏ ⵏ ⴽⵯⵜⴰⵎⴰ ⴷ ⵎⴽⵏⴰⵙⴰ, ⵉⵡⴰⵜⵙ ⵜⵎⵍⵉⵍⵜ ⵏ ⴰⵢⵜ ⵎⵉⴷⵔⴰⵔ ⵏⵏⴰ ⴹⴼⴰⵕⵏⵉⵏ ⵜⵖⴰⵔⴰⵙⵜ ⵜⴰⵙⴳⴷⴰⵏⵜ ⵜⴰⵚⵓⴼⵔⵉⵜ, ⵎⵏⵉⴷ ⵏ ⵜⴹⵓⵕⵉ ⵏ ⵙⵉⵊⵍⵎⴰⵙⴰ ⵎⵚⴰⵍⴰ ⵉⵏⵖⴰ ⴰⴳⵍⴷⵓⵏ ⴰⵎⴷⵔⴰⵔ [[ⴰⵃⵎⴰⴷ ⵓ ⵎⵉⵎⵓⵏ]] ⵏⵏⴰ ⵉⵜⵜⴰⵡⵙⵙⴰⵏⵏ ⵙ ⴰⴱⵓ ⵍⵄⴰⴱⴱⴰⵙ ⴰⵃⵎⴰⴷ, ⴰⴳⴰⵢⵢⵓ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵉⵜⵜⵢⴰⵡⴱⴱⴰⵢ ⴷ ⵉⵜⵜⵢⴰⵡⵣⴰⵏ ⵉ ⵓⵅⴰⵍⵉⴼ ⴰⴼⴰⵟⵉⵎⵉ ⵄⴱⴰⵢⴷⵓⵍⵍⴰⵀ ⵍⵎⴰⵀⴷⵉ, ⵎⵏⵉⴷ ⵏ ⵜⵏⵔⴰⵡⵜ ⴰⴷ ⵉⵜⵜⵓⵙⵔⴰⵙ ⵖ ⵉⵅⴼ ⵏ ⵜⵏⴱⴰⴹⵜ [[ⴱⵔⴰⵀⵉⵎ ⵓ ⵎⵓⵃⵎⵎⴰⴷ|ⵍⵎⵓⵄⵜⴰⵣⵣ ⵓ ⵎⵓⵃⵎⵎⴰⴷ ⵓ ⵙⴰⵡⵔ ⵓ ⵎⵉⴷⵔⴰⵔ]] ⵙ ⵓⴼⵓⵙ ⵏ [[ⵎⵚⴰⵍⴰ]] ⴰⴷ ⵉⴳ ⵜⴰⵎⵏⴰⴹⵜ ⵖ ⴷⴷⵓ ⵓⴼⵓⵙ ⵏ ⵉⴼⴰⵟⵉⵎⵉⵜⵏ ⴰⵎⵔ ⵉⴽⴽⵙ ⵜⴰⵏⴱⴰⴹⵜ ⵏ ⵜⵎⵍⵉⵍⵜ ⵏ ⵉⵎⴷⵔⴰⵔⵏ<ref>{{ⴱⴷⵔ ⴰⴷⵍⵉⵙ |title=كتاب البيان المغرب في أخبار الأندلس والمغرب}}</ref> ==== 4. ⵜⴰⵏⴰⴽⵍⵉⵜ ⴷ ⵉⵏⴷⵓⴷⵓⵢⵏ ⵉⵙⵔⵜⴰⵏⵏ ==== ⵓⵔ ⵉⵎⵎⵙⵜⵉ ⵓⵏⴱⴰⴹ ⵏ ⴰⵢⵜ ⵎⵉⴷⵔⴰⵔ ⵙ ⵓⵎⴰⵜⴰ ⴷⴼⴼⵉⵔ ⵜⴹⵓⵕⵉ, ⵎⴰⵛⴰ ⴳⴰⵏ ⴰⵎ ⵉⴳⵍⴷⵓⵏⵏ ⵉⵏⴰⴽⵍⴰⵏⵏ ⵏⵏⴰ ⴹⴼⴰⵕⵏⵉⵏ ⵉ ⵉⴼⴰⵟⵉⵎⵉⵢⵏ ⴳ ⵡⴰⵟⵟⴰⵙ ⵜⴳⴰ ⵜⵎⵏⵓⴽⵍⴰ ⵏ ⴰⵢⵜ ⵎⵉⴷⵔⴰⵔ ⴰⵙⴰⵢⵔⴰⵔ ⵏ ⵓⵎⵏⴰⵖ ⴳⵔ ⵉⴼⴰⵟⵉⵎⵉⵢⵏ ⴷ ⵓⵎⴰⵡⵉⵜⵏ ⵏ ⵡⴰⵏⴷⴰⵍⵓⵙ; ⴷ ⴰⵔ ⵙⵏⴼⴰⵍⵏ ⵉⵎⵖⴰⵔⵏ ⵉⵎⵉⴷⵔⴰⵔⵏ ⵜⴰⵏⴰⴽⵍⵉⵜ ⵏⵏⵙⵏ ⵙ ⵓⵙⵜⴰⵍ ⵏ ⵜⵉⵣⵎⴰⵔⵜ ⵏ ⵜⵙⵔⵜⵉⵜ ⴳⵔ ⵉⵎⴰⵡⵉⵜⵏ ⵏ ⴰⵏⴷⴰⵍⵓⵙ ⴷ ⵉⴼⴰⵟⵉⵎⵉⵢⵏ. ​ ⴷⴼⵉⵔ ⵏ ⵓⵙⵓⴳⵉ ⴰⵙⵔⴷⵙⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵎⵚⴰⵍⴰ, ⴳⵔⴰⵡⵍⵏ ⵉⵎⵣⴷⴰⵖⵏ ⵏ ⵙⵉⵊⵍⵎⴰⵙⴰ ⴼ ⵓⵏⴱⴰⴹ ⵏⵏⵙⵏ ⴰⴳⵍⴷⵓⵏ ⵍⵎⵓⵄⵜⴰⵣⵣ ⵏⵜⵜⴰⵏ ⴷ ⵉⵏⴹⵓⴼⵏ ⵏ ⵓⵡⴰⵏⴽ ⴰⴼⴰⵟⵉⵎ ⵍⵍⵉ ⴼⵍⵍⴰⵙ ⵉⵜⵜⵓⵙⵔⴰⵙⵏ, ⵉⵍⵎⵎⴰ ⴼⴽⵉⵏ ⵜⴰⵏⴱⴰⴹⵜ ⵉ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⴳⵍⴷⵓⵏ ⴰⵎⴷⵔⴰⵔ ⵢⴰⴹⵏ ⵉⵙⵎ ⵏⵏⵙ [[ⵎⵓⵃⵎⵎⴰⴷ ⵓ ⵍⴼⴰⵜⵃ]] ⵛⵛⴰⴽⵔ ⵍⵉⵍⵍⴰⵀ, ⵎⴰⵢⴰⴷ ⵢⵓⵊⵊⴰ ⴷⴰⵖ ⵉⴼⴰⵟⵉⵎⵉⵜⵏ ⴰⴷ ⴷⴰⵖ ⵙⴽⵔⵏ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⵙⵓⴳⵉ ⵢⴰⴹⵏ ⴰⵙⵔⴷⵙⴰⵏ ⴳⵣⵣⵓⵍⵏ ⵖ ⵓⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙ ⵏ 927 ⵎⵜ ⴷⴷⴰⵡ ⵏ ⵜⵏⴱⴰⴹⵜ ⵏ [[ⴰⴱⵓ ⵍⵇⴰⵙⵉⵎ ⵎⵓⵃⵎⵎⴰⴷ]] ⵢⵉⵡⵙ ⵏ [[ⵄⴱⴰⵢⴷⵓⵍⵍⴰⵀ ⵍⵎⴰⵀⴷⵉ]] ⴰⵅⴰⵍⵉⴼ ⵏ ⵉⴼⴰⵟⵉⵎⵉⵜⵏ<ref>{{ⴱⴷⵔ ⴰⴷⵍⵉⵙ |last=الناصري |title=كتاب الاستقصا لأخبار دول المغرب الأقصى}}</ref>, ⵎⴰⵛⵛ ⴷⴼⵉⵔ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵙⵉⵏ ⵢⵉⵔⵏ ⵓ ⵍⴼⴰⵜⵃ ⴷⵖⵢⴰ ⵉⵔⵓⵔ ⴷ ⵜⴰⵏⴱⴰⴹⵜ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵉⵙⵙⵓⴽⴼ ⴰⵏⴱⴰⴹ ⴰⵎⴽⵏⴰⵙ ⵏⵏⴰ ⵙⵔⵙⵏ ⵉⴼⴰⵟⵉⵎⵉⵜⵏ ⴼ ⵙⵉⵊⵉⵍⵎⴰⵙⴰ ⵖ ⵓⴷⵖⴰⵔ ⵏⵏⵙ ⴳ ⵓⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙ 947 ⴰⵎⵍⴰⵍⴰⵏ, ⵢⵓⵔⵎ ⵓⵎⵖⴰⵔ [[ⵎⵓⵃⵎⵎⴰⴷ ⵓ ⵍⴼⴰⵜⵃ|ⵎⵓⵃⵎⵎⴰⴷ ⵓ ⴱⵓ ⵍⴼⴰⵜⵃ ⵓ ⵎⵉⵎⵓⵏ ⴰⴳⵍⴷⴰⵏ ⵓ ⵎⴷⵔⴰⵔ]] (ⴰⵛⵛⴰⴽⵉⵔ ⵍⵉⵍⵍⴰⵀ) ⵉⵜⵜⴰⵡⵙⵙⴰⵏ ⵓⵍⴰ ⵙ "ⵉⴱⵏ ⵡⴰⵚⵉⵍ" ⴰⴷ ⵉⴱⴹⵓ ⴷ ⵉⴼⴰⵟⵉⵎⵉⵢⵏ, ⵉⴼⴼⵖ ⵙⴳ ⵜⵖⴰⵔⴰⵙⵜ ⵜⴰⵚⵓⴼⵔⵉⵜ ⵖⴰⵔ ⵜⵖⴰⵔⴰⵙⵜ ⵜⴰⵙⵓⵏⵏⵉⵜ, ⵉⴳ ⵉ ⵉⵅⴼ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵉⵙⵎ ⵏ "ⴰⵎⵉⵔ ⵍⵎⵓⵎⵉⵏⵉⵏ", ⵉⵙⴽⵔ ⴰⵇⴰⵔⵉⴹ ⵙ ⵉⵙⵎ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵉⵙⴽⵔ ⵓⵍⴰ ⵜⴰⴹⴰ ⵜⴰⵙⵔⵜⴰⵏⵜ ⴰⴽⴷ ⵉⵎⴰⵡⵉⵜⵏ ⵏ ⴰⵏⴷⴰⵍⵓⵙ, ⵎⴰⵛⴰ ⵖ ⵓⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙ ⵏ 959 ⵎⵏⵉⴷ ⵜⴰⵍⴰⵍⵉⵜ ⵉⴼⴰⵟⵉⵎⵉⵢⵏ ⵓⵔⵔⵉⵏ ⵙ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⴷⴼⵔⵉⵔ ⴰⵎⵇⵔⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵉⵥⵏⴰⴳⵏ ⴷ ⵉⴽⵯⵜⴰⵎⵏ ⵉⵣⵡⴰⵔ ⴰⵙ ⵓⵎⴰⵡⴰⵢ ⴰⴼⴰⵟⵉⵎ ⵍⵍⵉ ⵉⵜⵜⴰⵡⵙⵙⴰⵏⵏ [[ⵊⴰⵡⵀⴰⵔ ⵚⵚⵉⵇⵉⵍⵍⵉ]] ⵉⵜⵜⴰⵡⵙⵏ ⵓⵍⴰ ⵙ ⵊⴰⵡⵀⴰⵔ ⵍⴽⴰⵜⵉⴱ<ref>{{ⴱⴷⵔ ⴰⴷⵍⵉⵙ |first=ابن خلكان |title=وفيات الأعيان|last=ابن خلكان}}</ref>ⴰⵎⵥⵏ ⵜⴰⵎⴷⵉⵏⵜ ⵏ ⵙⵉⵊⵍⵎⴰⵙⴰ ⵙ ⴷⴷⵓ ⵓⴼⵓⵙ ⵏⵏⵙⵏ. ⴰⴳⵍⴷⵓⵏ ⵛⵛⴰⴽⵉⵔ ⵍⵉⵍⵍⴰⵀ ⵉⵔⵓⵍ ⵙ ⵓⴳⴰⴷⵉⵔ ⵏ ⵜⵙⴳⵯⴷⴰⵍⵜ ⵏⵖⴷⴷ ⵡⵉⵏ ⵜⵙⴽⵔⴰⵏⵜ<ref>{{ⴱⴷⵔ ⴰⴷⵍⵉⵙ |last=ابن خلدون |title=تاريخ ابن خلدون}}</ref> ⵎⴰⵛⵛ ⵍⵍⵉⵖ ⵜ ⵓⵎⵥⵏ ⴽⵔⴰ ⵏ ⴰⵢⵜ ⵉⵎⵟⵖⴰⵔⵏ ⵉⵜⵜⵓⴽⵔⴰⴼ ⵎⵓⵃⵎⵎⴰⴷ ⵓ ⴱⵓ ⵍⴼⴰⵜⵃ ⵢⵉⵍⵉ ⵖ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵉⵙⴽⵏⵉ ⵏ ⵓⵣⵣⴰⵍ ⴷ ⵓⴽⵛⵛⵓⴹ ⴰⵡⵉⵏⵜ ⵙ ⵜⵖⵔⵎⵜ ⵏ ⵍⵇⴰⵢⵔⴰⵡⴰⵏ ⵖ [[ⵜⵓⵏⵙ]] ⵏⵏⴰ ⵉⴳⴰⵏ ⴰⴽⴰⵍ ⵏ ⵓⵡⴰⵏⴽ ⴰⴼⴰⵟⵉⵎ ⵉⵜⵜⴰⵡⴽⵔⴰⴼ ⵖ ⵓⴱⵏⵉⵇ ⵏ ⵔⵇⵇⴰⴷⴰ ⴰⵔ ⵍⵍⵉⵖ ⵉⵎⵎⵓⵜ , ⵖ ⵓⴷⵖⴰⵔ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵉⴳⴰ ⵊⴰⵡⵀⴰⵔ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⵎⵖⴰⵔ ⴰⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖ ⵙ ⵉⵙⵎ ⵏ ⵎⵓⴱⴰⴷⵉⵔ ⵓ ⵣⵉⵔⵉ <ref>{{ⴱⴷⵔ ⴰⴷⵍⵉⵙ |title=ابن الخطيب تاريخ المغرب}}</ref><ref>{{ⴱⴷⵔ ⴰⴷⵍⵉⵙ |last=المقريزي |title=اتعاظ الحنفا بأخبار الأئمة الفاطميين الخلفا}}</ref> === ⵜⵉⵏⴳⵉⵔⴰ === ​ⵜⵍⴽⵎ ⵜⵎⵏⵓⴽⵍⴰ ⵜⴰⵏⴳⵉⵔⴰ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵙ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⵏⵏⴹⴼⵔ ⵏ ⵜⵎⵙⴰⵔⵉⵏ ⵜⵉⴷⵔⴰⵎⴰⵜⵉⵏ: * ⴰⵙⵓⴳⵉ ⴰⵙⵔⴷⴰⵙ: ⴳ ⵓⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙ ⵏ 976 ⵎⵜ ⵉⵙⵙⵏⵜⵉ [[ⵅⵣⵔⵓⵏ ⵓ ⴼⵍⴼⵓⵍ ⴰⵎⵖⵔⴰⵡ]], ⴰⵎⵖⴰⵔ ⵏ ⵜⵇⴱⵉⵍⵜ ⵏ [[ⵎⵖⵔⴰⵡⴰ/ⵉⵎⵖⵔⴰⵡⵏ]] (ⵣⵏⴰⵜⴰ) ⴷ ⵓⵎⵣⵟⵟⵉⴹ ⵏ ⵉⴰⵡⵉⵜⵏ ⴳ [[ⵉⵏⴷⵍⴰⵙ|ⵡⴰⵏⴷⴰⵍⵓⵙ]], ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⵙⵓⴳⵉ ⴰⵙⵔⴷⴰⵙ ⴰⵎⵇⵔⴰⵏ ⴼ [[ⵙⵉⵊⵉⵍⵎⴰⵙⴰ]]. * ⵉⵎⵏⵖⵉ ⴰⵎⴳⴳⴰⵔⵓ: ⵉⴼⴼⵖ ⴷ ⵙ ⵜⵉⵎⵉⵖⵜ ⵎⴳⴰⵍ ⵏⵏⵙ, ⴰⴳⵍⵍⵉⴷ ⴰⵎⴳⴳⴰⵔⵓ ⵏ ⴰⵢⵜ ⵎⵉⴷⵔⴰⵔ, [[ⴰⴱⵓ ⵎⵓⵃⵎⵎⴰⴷ ⴰⵍ ⵎⵓⵄⵜⴰⵣⵣ ⴱⵉⵍⵍⴰⵀ|ⵍⵎⵓⵄⵜⴰⵣⵣ ⴱⵉⵍⵍⴰⵀ ⵓ ⵛⵛⴰⴽⵔ ⵍⵉⵍⵍⴰⵀ]] . ⵉⵍⵍⴰ ⴳⵔⴰⵙⵏ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵉⵎⵏⵖⵉ ⴰⵎⴽⵕⴰⵥ ⵉⵀⵢⵢⴰⵏ ⵙ ⵜⵕⵥⵉ ⵏ ⵓⵙⵔⴷⴰⵙ ⵏ ⴰⵢⵜ ⵎⵉⴷⵔⴰⵔ. * ⵜⴰⵎⵜⵜⴰⵏⵜ ⵏ ⵓⴳⵍⴷⵓⵏ: ⵉⵣⵎⵔ ⵅⵣⵔⵓⵏ ⴰⴷ ⵉⵏⵖ ⴰⴳⵍⴷⵓⵏ ⵎⵓⵃⵎⵎⴰⴷ ⵓ ⴰⵍⵎⵓⵄⵜⴰⵣⵣ ⴱⵉⵍⵍⴰⵀ ⵓ ⵛⵛⴰⴽⵉⵔ ⵍⵉⵍⵍⴰⵀ, ⵉⴱⴱⵢ ⵉⵅⴼ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵢⴰⵣⵏ ⵜ ⵉ ⵓⵅⴰⵍⵉⴼ ⴰⵎⴰⵡⵉ ⵏ ⵓⵏⴷⴰⵍⵓⴷ "ⴰⴱⵓ ⵃⴰⴽⴰⵎ ⴰⵍ ⵎⵓⵙⵜⴰⵏⵚⵉⵔ ⴱⵉⵍⵍⴰⵀ" ⴳ ⵇⵓⵔⵟⵓⴱⴰ ⴰⵎ ⵜⵎⴰⵜⴰⵔⵜ ⵏ ⵜⵎⵏⵉⵍⵜ ⴷ ⵜⵔⵏⴰⵡⵜ. ⵙ ⵓⵢⴰ, ⵉⴳⴳⵣ ⴷ ⵓⵍⴼⴰⴼ ⴼ ⵓⵏⴱⴰⴹ ⵏ ⵜⵡⵊⴰ ⴰⴷ ⵍⵍⵉ ⵉⴽⴽⴰⵏ ⵓⴳⴳⴰⵔ ⵏ ⵙⵏⴰⵜ ⵜⴰⵙⵓⵜⵉⵏ. * ⴰⵙⵏⴼⵍ ⴰⵙⵔⵜⴰⵏ: ⴷⴼⴼⵉⵔ ⵜⴹⵓⵕⵉ, ⵜⵓⵙⴽⴰ ⴳ ⵙⵉⵊⵉⵍⵎⴰⵙⴰ [[ⵜⴰⵎⵏⵓⴽⵍⴰ ⵏ ⴰⵢⵜ ⵅⵣⵔⵓⵏ ⵉⵎⵖⵔⴰⵡⵏ]], ⵍⵍⵉ ⵉⴱⵔⵔⵃⵏ ⵙ ⵜⵏⴰⴽⵍⵉⵜ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵜⵓⵎⵍⵉⵏⵜ ⵉ ⵜⵅⴰⵍⵉⴼⵜ ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵡⵉⵜ ⴳ ⴰⵏⴷⴰⵍⵓⵙ. ⴰⵢⴰ ⵉⵙⵏⴼⵍ ⵜⴰⴽⴰⵔⴹⴰ ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵣⵔⴰⵢⵜ ⴷ ⵓⵍⴰ ⵜⴰⴽⴰⵔⴹⴰ ⵜⴰⵙⴳⴷⴰⵏⵜ ⵜⵙⵔⵜⴰⵏⵜ ⵏ ⵜⵎⵏⴰⴹⵜ ⴳ ⵜⵙⴳⴰ ⵏ ⵓⵎⵎⴰⵜⵉ ⵣⵖ ⵜⵖⴰⵔⴰⵙⵜ ⵜⴰⵙⴳⴷⴰⵏⵜ ⵜⴰⵚⵓⴼⵔⵉⵜ ⵖⴰⵔ ⵜⴰⵙⵓⵏⵏⵉⵜ ⴷ ⵣ ⵜⵙⵉⵎⴰⵏⵜ ⴰⵔ ⴰⵟⵟⴰⵕ ⴷⴷⵓ ⵓⴼⵓⵙ ⵏ ⵜⵏⴱⴰⴹⵜ ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵡⵉⵜ ⵜⴰⵏⴷⴰⵍⵓⵙⵜ.<ref>{{ⴱⴷⵔ ⴰⴷⵍⵉⵙ |last=ابن خلدون |title=كتاب العبر}}</ref> ==ⴰⵎⵏⴰⴹ ⴰⵙⵔⵜⴰⵏ ⴷ ⵓⵙⴰⵜⴰⵍ ⴰⵎⴰⵣⵔⴰⵢ== [[File:Fatimid_Caliphate.PNG|thumb|left|250px|ⵜⴰⵎⵓⵍⵉ ⵏ ⵜⴳⵍⴷⵉⵜ ⵜⴰⴼⴰⵟⵉⵎⵉⵜ]] ⴰⴷⴷⴰⴷ ⴰⵙⵔⵜⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵜⴰⵙⵓⵜ ⵜⵉⵙⵙ 9 ⴷ ⵜⵉⵙⵙ 10 ⴰⵔ ⵎⵎⴰⵍⵏⵜ ⵉⵎⵏⵖⵉ ⵏ ⴳⵔ ⵉⴼⴰⵟⵉⵎⵉⵜⵏ ⴷ ⵉⵎⴰⵡⵉⵜⵏ ⵏ ⴰⵏⴷⴰⵍⵓⵙ ⴼ ⵡⴰⵎⵎⴰⵥ ⵏ ⵡⴰⴽⴰⵍ ⵏ ⵍⵎⵖⵔⵉⴱ ⵜⴷⴷⵔ ⵜⵎⵏⵓⴽⵍⴰ ⵏ ⴰⵢⵜ ⵎⵉⴷⵔⴰⵔ ⵖ ⴳⵔ ⵙⵉⵏ ⵉⵎⵏⴰⴹⵏ ⵉⵎⴰⵣⵔⴰⵢⵏ ⵏⵜⵜⵏⵉ ⴰⴷ ⵉⵙⴽⵔⵏ ⵜⵉⵎⴰⵜⴰⵔⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵓⴷⵎ ⵏⵏⵙ ⴰⵙⵔⵜⴰⵏ, ⵢⴰⵏ ⴳⵉⵙⵏ ⵉⴼⴽⴰ ⴰⵙ ⵜⴰⵍⴰⵍⵉⵜ ⵏⵏⵙ ⴰⵎ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⵡⴰⵏⴽ ⵉⴱⴷⴷⵏ ⵡⵉⵙⵙ ⵙⵉⵏ ⵉⵙⵔⵙ ⴰⵙ ⵜⴰⵖⴰⵔⴰⵙⵜ ⵜⴰⵙⵔⵜⴰⵏⵜ ⵍⵍⵉ ⵜⴹⴼⴰⵕ ⴰⵙⵏⵉⵎⴰⵏ ⴰⵙⵔⵜⴰⵏ ⴼ ⵜⵏⴱⴰⴹⵜ ⵏ ⵓⴳⵎⵎⵓⴹ: ⴹⴰⵕⵜ ⵏ ⵜⴳⵔⴰⵡⵍⴰ ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵜ ⵜⴰⵎⵇⵇⵔⴰⵏⵜ ⵎⴳⵍ ⵉⵎⴰⵡⵉⵜⵏ ⵖ ⵓⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙ ⵏ 741 ⵎⵎⵖⵉⵏⵜ ⴷ ⵜⵓⴳⵜⵜ ⵏ ⵜⵎⵏⵓⴽⴰⵍ ⵜⵉⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵉⵏ ⵜⵉⵎⵙⵍⵎⵉⵏ ⴼ ⵉⴳⴳⵉ ⵏ ⵡⴰⴽⴰⵍ ⵏ ⵡⴰⵎⵓⵔⵏⴰⴽⵓⵛ ⵏⵏⴰ ⴷ ⴷⴰⵔ ⵜⵍⵍⴰ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⴷⵔⴼⵉ ⵜⴰⵙⵔⵜⴰⵏⵜ ⴷ ⵓⴱⵟⵟⵓ ⴰⵙⴳⴷⴰⵏ ⴰⴽⴷ ⴷ ⵡⴰⵎⵎⴰⵙ ⵏ ⵜⵅⴰⵍⵉⴼⵜ ⵖ ⵓⴳⵎⵎⵓⴹ, ⵜⴳⴰ ⵜⵎⵏⵓⴽⵍⴰ ⵏ ⴰⵢⵜ ⵎⵉⴷⵔⴰⵔ ⵢⴰⵜ ⴳⵔ ⴰⵜⵙⵏⵜ [[File:Caliphate of Córdoba under Almanzor - 1000 CE.png|thumb|right|300px|ⵜⴰⴽⴰⵔⴹⴰ ⵏ ⵜⴳⵍⴷⵉⵜ ⵏ ⵓⵎⵎⴰⵡⵉⵢⵏ ⴷⴷⴰⵡ ⵓⴼⵓⵙ ⵏ ⵍⵎⵏⵚⵓⵕ ⴳ ⵓⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙ 1000 ⴷ.ⵎ ⵖ ⵓⴳⵯⵎⵎⴰⴹ ⵡⵉⵙⵙ ⵙⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵉⵍⵍ ⴰⴳⵔⴰⴽⵍⴰⵏ ⴰⵔ ⵏⵥⵥⵕⴰ ⴰⵡⵏⴰⴽ ⴰⵏⴰⴽⵍⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵉⵎⴰⵡⵉⵜⵏ ⴰⵡⴰⵏⴽ ⵏ ⵉⵎⵖⵔⴰⵡⵏ ⵏⵏⴰ ⵢⵓⵎⵥⵏ ⵜⵓⴳⵜⵜ ⵖ ⵜⴼⵔⵉⵇⵜ ⵏ ⵉⵥⵥⵍⵎⴹ]] ⴰⵎⵡⴰⵜ ⴰⵙⵔⵜⴰⵏ ⵏ ⴳⵔ ⵉⴼⴰⵟⵉⵎⵉⵜⵏ ⴷ ⵉⵎⴰⵡⵉⵜⵏ ⵏ ⴰⵏⴷⴰⵍⵓⵙ:ⵜⴰⵎⵏⵓⴽⵍⴰ ⵏ ⴰⵢⵜ ⵎⵉⴷⵔⴰⵔ ⵜⴷⴷⵔ ⵖ ⵓⵣⵎⵣ ⵉⵜⵜⴰⵡⵙⵙⴰⵏⵏ ⵙ ⵉⵎⵉⵖ ⵏ ⴳⵔ ⵙⵉⵏ ⵉⴷⵡⴰⵙⵏ ⵉⵅⴰⵜⴰⵔⵏ ⴼ ⵓⵏⴱⴰⴹ ⵏ ⵡⴰⴽⴰⵍ ⵏ ⵍⵎⵖⵔⵉⴱ, ⵖ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⵙⴳⴰ ⵜⵍⵍⴰ ⵜⵅⴰⵍⵉⴼⵜ ⵜⴰⴼⴰⵟⵉⵎⵉⵜ ⵖ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⵙⴳⴰ ⵢⴰⴹⵏ ⵉⵍⵍⴰ ⵓⵡⴰⵏⴽ ⵏ ⵉⵎⴰⵡⵉⵜⵏ ⵖ ⴰⵏⴷⴰⵍⵓⵙ, ⵉⴼⴰⵟⵉⵎⵉⵜⵏ ⴰⵔ ⵙⵉⴳⴳⵉⵍⵏ ⵖ ⵓⵙⴷⵓⵔⵔⵉ ⵏ ⵙⵉⵊⵉⵍⵎⴰⵙⴰ ⴰⴷ ⵙⴼⵙⵙⴰⵏ ⴽⵔⴰ ⵏⵏⴰ ⵉⴳⴰⵏ ⴰⵏⴰⵡ ⵏ ⵓⵙⴷⵉⴷⴷⵉⵢ ⵖ ⵉⴽⴰⵍⵉⵡⵏ ⵏ ⵉⵥⵥⵍⵎⴹ ⵏ ⵜⴼⵔⵉⵇⵜ ⴱⴰⵛ ⴰⴷ ⴼⴽⵉⵏ ⴰⴼⵓⴷ ⵏⵏⵙⵏ ⵉ ⵓⵙⵙⵍⴽⵎ ⵏ ⵜⵏⴱⴰⴹⵜ ⵏⵏⵙⵏ ⵙ ⵉⴷⵖⴰⵔⵏ ⵢⴰⴹⵏ ⵏ ⵓⵎⴰⴹⴰⵍ ⴰⵎⵙⵍⵎⴰⵏ ⵣⵓⵏⴷ ⵎⵉⵚⵕ ⴷ ⵍⵃⵉⵊⴰⵣ ⴷ ⵛⵛⴰⵎ ⴷ ⵍⵄⵉⵔⴰⵇ , ⵉⵎⴰⵡⵉⵜⵏ ⵏ ⴰⵏⴷⴰⵍⵓⵙ ⵏⵜⵜⵏⵉ ⵔⴰⵏ ⴰⴷ ⴷ ⵚⵚⴰⴱⵓⵏ ⴰⵢⵍⵍⵉ ⵙ ⵖⴰⵍⵏ ⵉⵙ ⵉⴳⴰ ⴰⵢⵢⴷⴰ ⵏⵏⵙⵏ ⵍⵍⵉ ⴰⵙⵏ ⵉⴷⴷⴰⵏ ⵖ ⵍⵎⵖⵔⵉⴱ ⴰⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙ ⵏ 741 , ⵓⵍⴰ ⵇⵇⵏⴻⵏⵏ ⴰⴳⴳⵓⵔ ⴼ ⵉⴼⴰⵟⵉⵎⵉⵜⵏ ⴰⴷ ⵖⵓⵎⵓⵏ ⵖⴰⵔ ⵖ ⵉⵥⵥⵍⵎⴹ ⵏ ⵜⴼⵔⵉⵇⵜ ⴷ ⴰⴷ ⵏⵏ ⴼⵍⵍⴰⵙⵏ ⵓⵔ ⴽⵛⵎⵏ ⵖ ⴰⵏⴷⴰⵍⵓⵙ ⵜⵜⵎⵉ ⵏ ⵡⴰⵡⴰⵍ ⵖ ⵓⵎⵏⴰⴹ ⴰⵊⵢⵓ-ⵙⵔⵜⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵓⵣⵎⵣ ⴰⵏⵏ ⵏ ⵜⴰⵙⵓⵜ ⵜⵉⵙⵙ 8 ⴷ 9, ⵉⴳⴰⵜ ⵎⴰⵙⴷⴷ ⴰⵡⴰⵏⴽ ⵉ ⵙⵉⵊⵉⵍⵎⴰⵙⴰ ⵉⴳⴰ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⵎⵙⵎⵓⵏ ⵏ ⵜⴷⵓⵙⵉ ⵜⴰⴷⴰⵎⵙⴰⵏⵜ ⵏⵏⴰ ⵉⵍⵍⴰⵏ ⵖ ⴳⵔ ⵙⵉⵏ ⵉⵎⵙⵎⵓⵏⵏ ⵏ ⵜⴷⵓⵙⵉ ⵜⴰⵙⵔⵜⴰⵏⵜ<ref>{{ⴱⴷⵔ ⴰⴷⵍⵉⵙ |last=ابن الأثير |title=الكامل في التاريخ}}</ref> , ⵙⵉⵏ ⵉⵜⵙⵏ ⵖⴰⵡⵍⵏ ⴰⴷⵜ ⴳⵉⵏ ⵖ ⴷⴷⴰⵡ ⵏ ⵓⴼⵓⵙ ⵏⵏⵙⵏ ⵙ ⴰⵛⴽⵓ ⵍⵎⵖⵔⵉⴱ ⵖ ⴰⴽⵓⴷ ⴰⵏⵏ ⵉⴱⴹⴰ ⵉⵍⵍⵓⵣⵣⵓ ⴷ ⵓⵔ ⴳⵉⵙ ⴽⵔⴰ ⵏ ⵡⴰⵏⴰⵡ ⵏ ⵓⵡⴰⵏⴽ ⴰⵏⴰⵎⵎⴰⵙ, ⴰⵎ [[ⵉⵎⵕⴰⴱⵟⵏ|ⵉⵎⵕⴰⴱⴹⵉⵜⵏ]] ==ⴰⴷⴷⴰⴷ ⴰⵎⵖⴰⵔⵎⴰⵏ== [[File:1886608-the ruins of Sijilmassa-Rissani.jpg|thumb|right|300px|ⴰⴳⵓⵔⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵖⵔⵎⵜ ⵏ ⵙⵉⵊⵉⵍⵎⴰⵙⴰ ⴳ ⵔⵔⵉⵙⴰⵏⵉ]] ⵣⵖ ⵓⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙ ⵍⵍⵉ ⵜⵜⵓⵚⴽⴰ ⵜⵖⵔⵎⵜ ⵏ [[ⵙⵉⵊⵍⵎⴰⵙⴰ]] ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵥⵓⵏⵜ ⵏ ⵓⵡⴰⵏⴽ ⵏ ⴰⵢⵜ ⵎⵉⴷⵔⴰⵔ, ⴰⴷ ⵜⵙⵙⵏⵜⵉ ⵖ ⵓⴷⵖⴰⵔ ⴰⵏⵏ ⵏ [[ⵍⵎⵖⵔⵉⴱ]] ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⵖⴱⴰⵍⵓⵜ ⵏ ⵜⵖⵔⵎⴰ ⴷ ⵜⵓⵚⴽⴰ ⵏⵏⴰ ⵉⵙⵙⵍⴽⵎⵏ ⴰⵎⴰⵏ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵉ ⵜⵎⵉⵣⴰⵔ ⴰⵙ ⵙⵙⵓⵜⵍⵏⵉⵏ ⵖ ⵜⴼⵔⵉⵇⵜ ⵏ ⵉⵥⵥⵍⵎⴹ, ⵓⵍⴰ ⵜⵉⵎⵉⵣⴰⵔ ⵜⵉⴷⴷⴰⵡⵏⵣⵔⵓⴼⵉⵏ ⴷ ⵓⵎⴰⴹⴰⵍ ⴰⴳⵔⴰⴽⵍⴰⵏ, ⵜⴳⴰ ⵙⵉⵊⵉⵍⵎⴰⵙⴰ ⵖ ⵓⵣⵎⵣ ⵏ ⴰⵢⵜ ⵎⵉⴷⵔⴰⵔ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵖ ⵜⵎⴷⵉⵏⵉⵏ ⵜⵜⵢⴰⵡⵙⵙⴰⵏⵏⵉⵏ ⵖ ⵓⵎⴰⴹⴰⵍ ⴰⵎⵙⵍⵎⴰⵏ [[File:Trans-Saharan routes early.svg|thumb|right|350px|ⵉⴱⵔⵉⴷⵏ ⵉⵇⴱⵓⵔⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵙⴱⴱⴰⴱⵜ ⵜⴰⵣⴳⵔⵏⵣⵔⵓⴼⵜ ⴳ ⵜⴼⵔⵉⵇⵜ ⵏ ⵓⴳⴰⴼⴰ ⴷ ⵜⴼⵔⵉⵇⵜ ⵏ ⵓⵜⴰⵔⴰⵎ ⵙⵉⵊⵍⵎⴰⵙⴰ ⵜⴳⴰ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⴱⴷⴷⴰⴷ ⴷ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⴳⴰⴷⵣ ⴰⵅⴰⵜⴰⵔ ⵏⵏⴰ ⴳ ⵉⵣⵔⵉ ⵓⴱⵔⵉⴷ ⴰⴷ ⴰⴷⴰⵎⵙⴰⵏ]] === ⵜⴰⵖⵔⵎⴰ ⵏ ⴰⵢⵜ ⵎⵉⴷⵔⴰⵔ ⵣⵖ ⵜⵉⵔⵔⴰ ⵜⴰⵏⵎⵣⵔⴰⵢⵜ === ⵉⵙⴰⵡⵍ ⵉⴱⵏ ⵃⴰⵡⵇⴰⵍ ⵖ ⵓⴷⵍⵉⵙ ⵏⵏⵙ "ⵜⴰⵡⵍⴰⴼⵜ ⵏ ⵡⴰⴽⴰⵍ" ⴼ ⵜⴷⵓⵙⵉ ⴷ ⵓⴱⵓⵖⵍⵓ ⴰⴷⴰⵎⵙⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵖⵔⵎⵜ ⵏ ⴰⵢⵜ ⵎⵉⴷⵔⴰⵔ ⵙⵉⵊⵉⵍⵎⴰⵙⴰ, ⵍⵍⵉⵖ ⵉⴱⴷⵔ ⵓⵏⵛⴽ ⵏ ⵓⵇⵇⴰⵔⵉⴹ ⴷ ⵍⵎⴰⵍ ⵍⵍⵉ ⵉⵣⵣⵔⵓⵢⵏ ⴳⵔ ⵉⵔⴼⴼⴰⴽⵏ ⵏ ⵙⵉⵊⵍⵎⴰⵙⴰ ⵓⵏⵛⴽⴽ ⴰⵏⵏ ⵏ ⵓⵙⵎⵎⵙⴽⵍ ⴰⵥⵕⴼⴰⵏ ⵓⵔ ⵉⵥⵕⵉ ⴰⵏⴰⵡ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵖ ⵜⵖⵔⵎⵉⵏ ⵎⵇⵇⵓⵔⵏⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵓⴳⵎⵎⵓⴹ<ref>{{ⴱⴷⵔ ⴰⴷⵍⵉⵙ |last=ابن حوقل |title=صورة الأرض}}</ref> ⵉⵎⵎⴰ [[ⴰⴱⵓ ⵄⵓⴱⴰⵢⴷ ⵍⴱⴰⴽⵔⵉ]] ⵏⵜⵜⴰⵏ ⵉⴱⴷⵔ ⴰⴱⵓⵖⵍⵓ ⵏ ⵜⵖⵔⵎⵜ ⵏ ⵙⵉⵊⵍⵎⴰⵙⴰ ⵖ ⵓⵣⵎⵣ ⵏ ⴰⵢⵜ ⵎⵉⴷⵔⴰⵔ ⵖ ⵜⵙⴳⴰ ⵏ ⵜⵢⵔⵣⴰ ⴷ ⵎⴰⵙⴷⴷ, ⵉⴽⴰⵍⵉⵡⵏ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵡⵉⴷ ⴳⴰⵏⵉⵏ ⵡⵉⵏ ⵜⵢⵔⵣⴰ ⵍⵍⴰⵏ ⵖ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⴷⵖⴰⵔ ⵉⴳⴰⵏ ⴰⵣⴰⵖⴰⵔ, ⴷ ⵜⵜⴽⴰⵔ ⵙ ⵡⵓⵔⵜⴰⵏ ⵓⵔ ⵟⵟⵉⴼⵏ ⵓⵟⵟⵓⵏ ⵎⵓⵏⵏ ⴷ ⵜⵙⴳⴳⵯⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵡⴰⵙⵉⴼ ⵜⵜⴽⵔⵏ ⵙ ⵡⴰⵏⴰⵡⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵢⴰⴼⵓⵜ ⴷ ⵡⴰⴷⴷⴰⴳ, ⵉⵙⵡⴰⵍ ⵓⵍⴰ ⴼ ⵓⵙⵏⴼⵍⵓⵍ ⵏ ⵜⵉⵢⵢⵏⵉ ⵉⴳⴳⵓⵜⵏ ⵖ ⵜⵖⵔⵎⵜ ⴰⵏⵏ ⵍⵍⵉ ⵢⴰⴽⴽⴰⵏ ⵜⴰⵢⴰⴼⵓⵜ ⵉ ⴽⵔⴰ ⵉⴳⴰⵏ ⴰⴷⵖⴰⵔ ⵖ ⵉⴷⵖⴰⵔⵏ ⵏ ⵍⵎⵖⵔⵉⴱ ⴰⴽⵓⴷ ⴰⵏⵏ<ref>{{ⴱⴷⵔ ⴰⴷⵍⵉⵙ |last=ابو عبيد البكري |title=المسالك و الممالك}}</ref> ⵉⴱⴷⵔ ⵓⵍⴰ ⵜⴰⴷⵓⵙⵉ ⵏ ⵜⵓⵚⴽⴰ ⵍⵍⵉ ⵢⴰⵏⵏⵉ ⵖ ⵓⵖⵔⴰⴱ ⵉⵙⵙⵓⵜⵍⵏ ⵉ ⵜⵖⵔⵎⵜ ⴷ ⵎⴰⵙ ⵉⵟⵟⴰⴼ 12 ⵏ ⵡⴰⴳⴳⵓⵔ ⵜⴰⵎ ⴳⵉⵙⵏ ⵜⵜⴰⵡⵙⴽⴰⵔⵏ ⵖ ⵡⵓⵣⵣⴰⵍ [[ⵍⵉⴷⵔⵉⵙⵉ]] ⴷ [[ⵍⵎⴰⵇⴷⵉⵙⵉ]] ⵙⴰⵡⵍⵏ ⵙⵉⵏ ⵉⵜⵙⵏ ⴼ ⵜⴷⵓⵙⵉ ⴷ ⵓⴱⵓⵖⵍⵓ ⴰⵎⵙⵜⴰⴳⴳⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵎⴷⵉⵏⵜ ⵏ ⵙⵉⵊⵍⵎⴰⵙⴰ ⴰⴽⵓⴷ ⴰⵏⵏ, ⴷ ⵎⴰⵙⴷⴷ ⵉⵙⴱⴱⴰⴱⵏ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵍⴽⵎⵏ ⵙ ⵜⵎⵙⵜⴰⴳⵜ ⵏⵏⵙⵏ [[ⵜⵉⵎⵉⵣⴰⵔ ⵏ ⵙⵙⵓⴷⴰⵏ]] <ref>{{ⴱⴷⵔ ⴰⴷⵍⵉⵙ |last=المقدسي البشاري |title=احسن التقاسيم}}</ref>ⵉⴱⴷⵔ ⵜⵜ ⵍⵉⴷⵔⵉⵙⵉ ⵙ ⵉⵙⵎ ⵏ ⵜⵖⵔⵎⵜ ⵏ ⵉⵔⴼⴼⴰⴽⵏ, ⴷ ⴰⵔ ⴷ ⵙⵉⵙ ⵉⴽⵛⵛⵎ ⴷ ⴰⵔ ⴳⵉⵙ ⵉⵜⵜⴼⴼⵖ ⵡⵓⵔⵖ ⵙ ⵜⵎⵉⵣⴰⵔ ⵏ ⵙⵙⵓⴷⴰⵏ ⵉⴳⴰ ⴰⵙ ⵙ ⵉⵙⵎ ⴰⵙⴰⴳⵏ ⴰⵎⴰⴽⵍⴰⵏ ⵏⵏⴰ ⵉⵟⵟⴰⵢⵏ ⴰⵏⴰⵡⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵎⵙⵜⴰⴳⵜ ⵙ ⵜⵎⵉⵣⴰⵔ ⵏ ⵙⵙⵓⴷⴰⵏ, ⵉⵙⴰⵡⵍ ⴼ ⵉⵔⴼⴼⴰⴽⵏ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵉⵙ ⴰⵔ ⵙⴽⴰⵔⵏ ⵜⴰⵢⴰⴼⵓⵜ ⵉⴳⴳⵓⵜⵏ ⵖ ⵜⵡⵡⵓⵔⵉ ⵏⵏⵙⵏ<ref>{{ⴱⴷⵔ ⴰⴷⵍⵉⵙ |last=الإدريسي |title=نزهة المشتاق}}</ref> ⵉⵙⴰⵡⵍ [[ⵍⴱⴰⴽⵔⵉ]] ⴼ ⵜⵎⵣⴳⵉⴷⴰ ⵏ ⵙⵉⵊⵍⵎⴰⵙⵙⴰ ⴷ ⵎⴰⵙ ⵜⵎⵇⵇⵓⵔ ⵜⵉⵖⵣⵉⴼ ⵜⵚⵚⵓⵎⵄⵉⵜ ⵏⵏⵙ, ⴷ ⵉⵙⵔⴰⴳ ⵏ ⵜⵎⵣⴳⵉⴷⴰ ⵍⵍⵉ ⵉⵍⴰⵏ ⴰⵏⴰⵡⵏ ⵏ ⵉⴽⵯⵍⴰⵏ ⴷ ⵣⵣⵡⴰⵇ ⴰⵔ ⵜⵙⵎⵓⵏ ⵎⵉⴷⴷⵏ ⴼ ⵜⵥⴰⵍⵍⵉⵜ ⴷ ⵜⵖⵔⵉ ⵏ ⵡⴰⵏⴰⵡⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵎⵓⵙⵙⵏⵉⵡⵉⵏ ⵜⵉⵙⴳⴷⴰⵏⵉⵏ<ref>{{ⴱⴷⵔ ⴰⴷⵍⵉⵙ |last=البكري |title=المسالك و الممالك}}</ref>, ⵉⵙⴰⵡⵍ [[ⵉⴱⵏ ⵍⴼⴰⵔⴹⵉ]] ⴼ ⵓⴱⵖⵍⵓ ⴰⴷⵍⵙⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵎⴷⵉⵏⵜ ⴷ ⵎⴰⵙ ⴰⵖ ⴷ ⵜⵜⴰⵡⵉ ⵉⵙⵍⵎⴰⴷⵏ ⴷ ⵉⵏⵍⵎⴰⴷⵏ ⵖ ⵜⵎⵉⵣⴰⵔ ⵏ ⴰⵏⴷⴰⵍⵓⵙ ⴷ [[ⵍⵇⴰⵢⵔⴰⵡⴰⵏ]], ⴷ ⵎⴰⵙ ⵜⵜ ⵉⵡⵉⵏ ⵉⵎⵣⴷⴰⵖ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵖ ⵜⵓⵙⵙⵏⴰ ⵏ ⵜⵓⵙⵏⴰⴽⵜ ⴷ ⵓⵙⵉⴹⵏ ⴰⵛⴽⵓ ⵜⵣⴷⵉ ⴷ ⵜⵡⵡⵓⵔⵉ ⵏⵏⵙⵏ ⵖ ⵜⵔⴼⴼⴰⴽⵜ ⴷ ⵜⵎⵙⵜⴰⴳⵜ<ref>{{ⴱⴷⵔ ⴰⴷⵍⵉⵙ |last=الفرضي |title=تاريخ علماء الأندلس}}</ref> ⵉⵎⵎⴰ ⵖ ⵜⵙⴳⴰ ⵏ ⵜⵎⴳⵓⵔⵉ ⴰⵔ ⵙⴰⵡⴰⵍⵏⵜ ⵜⵉⵔⵔⴰ ⴼ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⴱⵓⵖⵍⵓ ⴰⵅⴰⵜⴰⵔ ⵉⴹⵔⴰⵄⴰⵏ ⵡⵉⵏ ⵡⴰⵎⵎⴰⵙⵏ ⵢⴰⴹⵏⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵖⵔⵎⴰ ⵜⴰⵎⵙⵍⵎⴰⵏⵜ ⵖ ⵓⵣⵎⵣ ⴰⵏⵏ, [[ⵢⴰⵇⵓⵜ ⵍⵃⴰⵎⴰⵡⵉ]] ⵉⴱⴷⵔ ⵜⵉⵎⵍⵙⴰ ⵜⴰⵙⵉⵊⵍⵎⴰⵙⵜ ⵙ ⵎⴰⵙ ⵟⵟⴰⴼ ⵜⴰⵎⵙⵓⵙⵏⵜ ⴷ ⵉⵙⵎ ⵖ ⵜⵎⵉⵣⴰⵔ ⴷ ⵎⴰⵙⴷⴷ ⵉⵙ ⵍⴽⵎⵏⵜ ⵖ ⵜⵙⴳⴰ ⵏ ⵓⵖⵓⴷⵓ ⵜⵉⵎⵍⵙⴰ ⵏ ⵉⴳⵍⴷⴰⵏ<ref>{{ⴱⴷⵔ ⴰⴷⵍⵉⵙ |last=ياقوت الحموي |title=معجم البلدان}}</ref>, [[ⵍⵢⵓⵏ ⴰⴼⵔⵉⵇⴰⵏ]]ⵉⵙⵙⴽⵯⵜⵉ ⴷ ⵖ ⵜⵉⵔⵔⴰ ⵏⵏⵙ ⴰⴼⵓⵍⴽⵉ ⵏ ⵜⵏⵣⴳⵉⵜ ⵏ ⵜⴳⵯⵎⵎⴰ ⴷ ⵜⵎⵣⴳⴰⴷⵉⵡⵉⵏ ⴷ ⵜⵉⵏⵎⴰⵍ ⵏ ⵙⵉⵊⵍⵎⴰⵙⴰ ⴷ ⵉⵙ ⴰⵔ ⵙⵙⵎⵔⴰⵙⵏ ⵉⴷ ⴱⴰⴱ ⵏⵏⵙⵏⵜ ⵜⵉⵎⵛⵛⵉ (ⵔⵔⵅⴰⵎ) ⴷ ⵣⵣⵍⵍⵉⵊ ⵖ ⵜⵓⵚⴽⴰ<ref>{{ⴱⴷⵔ ⴰⴷⵍⵉⵙ |first=ليون الافريقي |title=وصف افريقيا}}</ref>, ⵉⵎⵎⴰ ⵜⴰⵎⴳⵓⵔⵉ ⵏ ⵓⵇⵇⴰⵔⵉⴹ ⵉⵏⵏⴰ ⵍⵉⴷⵔⵉⵙⵉ<ref>{{ⴱⴷⵔ ⴰⴷⵍⵉⵙ |last=الإدريسي |title=نزهة المشتاق}}</ref> ⵎⴰⵙⴷⴷ ⵓⵔⵖ ⵉⵖ ⴷ ⵉⵍⴽⵎ ⵙⵉⵊⵍⵎⴰⵙⴰ ⴰⵔ ⴳⵉⵙ ⵜⵜⵉⵡⵙⴽⵉⵔⵏ ⵉⵇⵇⴰⵔⵉⴹⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵎⵙⵜⴰⴳⵜ ⵏⵏⴰ ⵟⵟⴰⴼⵏⵉⵏ ⴰⵜⵉⴳ ⵖ ⴽⵔⴰ ⵉⴳⴰⵏ ⵎⴰⵏⵉ, ⵍⴱⴰⴽⵔⵉ ⵉⴱⴷⵔ ⵉⵙⵎ ⵏ ⵉⵇⵇⴰⵔⵉⴹⵏ ⵏ ⵙⵉⵊⵍⵎⴰⵙⴰ ⵍⵍⵉ ⵉⴳⴰⵏ ⴷⵉⵏⴰⵔ ⴰⵎⴷⵔⴰⵔ ⵍⵍⵉ ⵙ ⵜⵣⵣⵉⴳⵉⵣ ⵜⵎⵙⵜⴰⴳⵜ ⵖ ⵍⵎⵖⵔⵉⴱ ⴷ ⵙⵙⵓⴷⴰⵏ ⴷ ⴰⵏⴷⴰⵍⵓⵙ<ref>{{ⴱⴷⵔ ⴰⴷⵍⵉⵙ |last=ابو عبيد البكري |title=المسالك و الممالك}}</ref> === ⵜⴰⵖⵔⵎⴰ ⵏ ⵙⵉⵊⵍⵎⴰⵙⴰ ⵜⴰⵎⴷⵔⴰⵔⵜ ⵣ ⵉⵔⵣⵣⵓⵜⵏ ⵉⵔⴽⵢⵓⵍⵓⵊⵉⵜⵏ === ⴳⴳⵓⵜⵏ ⵉⵔⵣⵣⵓⵜⵏ ⵉⵔⴽⵢⵓⵍⵓⵊⵉⵜⵏ ⵍⵍⵉ ⵜⵜⴰⵡⵙⴽⴰⵔⵏ ⴼ ⵜⵖⵔⵎⴰ ⵏ ⵙⵉⵊⵍⵎⴰⵙⴰ ⵏⵏⴰ ⴷ ⵉⵍⵓⵍⵏ ⴷ ⵜⵍⴰⵍⵉⵜ ⵏ ⵓⵡⴰⵏⴽ ⵏ ⴰⵢⵜ ⵎⵉⴷⵔⴰⵔ, ⵉⵔⵣⵣⵓⵜⵏ ⵍⵍⵉ ⵙⴽⵔⵏⵜ ⵜⵔⴰⴱⴱⵓⵜ ⵏ ⵓⵔⵣⵣⵓ ⴰⵔⴽⵢⵓⵍⵓⵊⴰⵏ ⵙⵡⵍⴰⴷⴷⴰⴽⴽⵯ ⵜⵉⵔⴰⴱⴱⵓⵜⵉⵏ ⵣ ⵍⵎⵖⵔⵉⴱ [[ⴼⵕⴰⵏⵚⴰ]] ⴷ [[ⵉⵡⴰⵏⴽⵏ ⵉⵎⵓⵏⵏ|ⵎⴰⵔⵉⴽⴰⵏ]] * ⴳ 1950 ⵉⴼⵙⵔ [[ⴱⵓⵍ ⴱⵉⵔⵜⵉⵔ]] '''(Paul Berthier)''' ⵜⴰⵢⴰⴼⵓⵜ ⵏ ⵉⵔⵣⵣⵓⵜⵏ ⵏⵏⵙ ⴼ ⵓⵙⵓⴷⵙ ⵏ ⵜⵔⴳⵯⵉⵡⵉⵏ ⵖ ⵜⵎⵏⴰⴹⵜ ⵏ ⵜⴼⵉⵍⴰⵍⵜ ⵎⴰⵢⴰⴷ ⴰⴷ ⴷ ⵉⴹⵉⵏ ⵜⵉⵙⴽⵉⵡⵜ ⵜⴰⵣⴰⵢⴽⵓⵜ ⵏ ⵓⵙⴷⵙ ⵏ ⵜⵔⴳⵯⴰ ⴳ ⵉⵣⵎⴰⵣ ⵏ ⴰⵢⵜ ⵎⵉⴷⵔⴰⵔ * ⴳ ⵓⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙ ⵏ 1966 ⵉⵙⴽⵔ [[ⴷⴰⵏⵢⴰⵍ ⵢⵓⵙⵜⴰⵛ]] '''Daniel Eustache''' ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⵣⵔⴰⵡⵜ ⵜⴰⵙⴰⵖⵓⵍⵜ ⴼ ⵉⵇⵇⴰⵔⵉⴹⵏ ⵏ ⵓⵡⴰⵏⴽ ⵏ [[ⴰⵢⵜ ⴷⵔⵉⵙ]] ⴷ ⵡⵉⵏ ⴰⵢⵜ ⵎⵉⴷⵔⴰⵔ ⵏⵜⵜⴰⵜ ⴰⴷ ⵉⴼⴽⴰⵏ ⴰⵎⵣⵔⵓⵢ ⵏ ⵉⴳⵍⴷⴰⵏ ⵏ ⴰⵢⵜ ⵎⵉⴷⵔⴰⵔ ⵣ ⵉⵇⵇⴰⵔⵉⴹⵏ ⵏⵏⵙⵏ<ref>{{ⴱⴷⵔ ⴰⴷⵍⵉⵙ |last=Daniel Eustache |first=Daniel Eustache |title=Corpsus des Dirhams idrisites}}</ref> * ⴳⵔ 1971 ⴷ 1974 ⵉⵙⵙⵏⵜⵉ ⵓⵙⵉⵏⴰⴳ ⴰⵏⴰⵎⵓⵔ ⵏ ⵉⴷⵔⵉⵣⵏ ⴷ ⵜⵏⴳⵎⵉ INSAP<ref>{{ⴱⴷⵔ ⴰⵡⵉⴱ |last=ⴰⵙⵉⵏⴰⴳ ⴰⵏⴰⵎⵓⵔ ⵏ ⵉⴷⵔⵉⵣⵏ ⴷ ⵜⵏⴳⵎⵉ |title= |url=https://insap.ac.ma/}}</ref> ⵜⵉⵖⵓⵣⵉⵏ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵜⵉⵎⵣⵡⵓⵔⴰ ⵖ ⵓⴷⵖⴰⵔ ⵏ ⵙⵉⵊⵉⵍⵎⴰⵙⴰ, ⴷ ⴰⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙ ⵏ 1988 ⵉⵙⵙⵏⵜⵉ [[ⵓⵙⵏⴼⴰⵔ ⵏ "ⵙⵉⵊⵍⵎⴰⵙⴰ"]] ⵉⴳⴰⵏ ⵡⵉⵏ ⵜⵖⵓⵣⵉ ⵜⴰⵔⴽⵢⵓⵍⵓⵊⵉⵜ ⴷⴷⵓ ⵓⴼⵓⵙ ⵏ ⵓⴱⵔⵓⴼⵉⵙⵓⵔ ⴰⵎⴰⵔⵉⴽⴰⵏ [[ⵔⵓⵏⴰⵍⴷ ⵎⵉⵙⵉⵙⵔ]] * ⴳ 1996 ⵉⵙⴼⴼⵓⵖ ⴷ ⵓⵎⵔⵣⴰⵡ ⴰⵎⵖⵔⴰⴱⵉ [[ⵍⵃⵙⵏ ⵜⴰⵡⵛⵉⵅⵜ]] ⵜⴰⵣⵔⴰⵡⵜ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵜⴰⴽⴰⴷⵉⵎⵉⵜ ⴼ ⵜⵓⵚⴽⴰ ⴷ ⵜⵏⵣⴳⵉⵜ ⵜⴰⵎⴷⵔⴰⵔⵜ <ref>{{ⴱⴷⵔ ⴰⵡⵉⴱ |title= |url=https://archive.org/details/tokyo.elektro_20210605}}</ref><ref>{{ⴱⴷⵔ ⴰⴷⵍⵉⵙ |last=لحسن تاوشيخت |title=عمران سجلماسة}}</ref> * ⴳ 2015 ⴰⴷ ⴷ ⵉⴼⴼⵓⵖ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⴷⵍⵉⵙ ⴰⵅⴰⵜⴰⵔ ⵡⴰⴷ ⵉⴳⴰⵏ ⵎⴰⵙ ⵏ ⵉⴷⵍⵉⵙⵏ ⵖ ⵜⵔⴽⵢⵓⵍⵓⵊⵉⵜ ⵏ ⵙⵉⵊⵍⵎⴰⵙⴰ ⵙ ⵜⵓⵜⵍⴰⵢⵜ ⵜⴰⵏⴳⵍⵉⵣⵜ ⵉⴳⴰ ⵙ ⵡⴰⵙⵙⴰⵖ "[[ⴰⴷ ⵖⴰⵔ ⴰⵎⵖⴰⵔⵎⴰⵏ ⴰⵎⴳⴳⴰⵔⵓ]]" ⵢⵓⵔⴰ ⵜ ⵓⵎⴰⵔⵣⵓ ⴰⵎⴰⵔⵉⴽⴰⵏ ⵔⵉⵏⴰⵍⴷ ⵎⵉⵙⵉⵔ ⴷ ⵓⵎⴷⴷⴰⴽⴽⵍ ⵏⵏⵙ [[ⴷⵊⵉⵎⵙ ⵎⵉⵍⵉⵔ]] <ref>{{ⴱⴷⵔ ⴰⴷⵍⵉⵙ |last=James Andrew Miller Ronald A. Messier |first= |title=The Last Civilized Place: Sijilmasa and Its Saharan Destiny}}</ref>, ⵖ ⵓⴷⵍⵉⵙ ⴰⴷ ⴰⵔ ⵏⵏ ⵏⵜⵜⴰⴼⴰ ⵎⴰⵙⴷⴷ ⴱⴰⴱⴰⵙ ⵏ ⵣⵣⵍⵍⵉⵊ ⴰⵎⵖⵔⴰⴱⵉ ⵏ ⵡⴰⵙⵙⴰ ⵉⴼⴼⵓⵖ ⴷ ⵣ ⵉⴼⵓⵏⵏⵔⴰ ⵏ ⵜⵎⴷⵉⵏⵜ ⵏ ⵙⵉⵊⵍⵎⴰⵙⴰ ⴰⴷ ⵜ ⵉⴳⴰⵏ ⴷ ⴰⵢⵍⵍⵉ ⵎⵓ ⵜⵜⵉⵏⵉⵏ "ⵉⴷⵇⵇⵉ ⴰⵙⵎⴰⵎⵎⴰⵖ" ⵙ ⵜⵏⴳⵍⵉⵣⵜ glazed potery ⵙ ⵜⵄⵔⴰⴱⵜ الخزف المزجج * ⴰⵎⴰⵢⵏⵓ ⵏ ⵓⵔⵣⵣⵓ ⴰⵔⴽⵢⵓⵍⵓⵊⴰⵏ ⵖ ⵓⴷⵖⴰⵔ ⵏ ⵙⵉⵊⵉⵍⵎⴰⵙⴰ ⴷ ⵡⴰⴷ ⵉⵣⴷⵉⵏ ⴷ ⵜⵖⵔⵎⴰ ⵏ ⴰⵢⵜ ⵎⵉⴷⵔⴰⵔ, ⵉⵙⴰⵡⵍ ⴼ ⵉⵅⴼ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵖ ⵓⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙ ⵏ 2025 ⵍⵍⵉⵖ ⵜⵍⵖⴰ ⵜⵎⴰⵡⴰⵙⵜ ⵏ ⵜⵄⵓⵔⵎⴰ ⴷ ⵜⵓⵙⵙⵏⴰ ⴷ ⵓⵎⵙⴰⵡⴰⴹ ⵙ ⵜⵣⵔⴰⵡⵜ ⵍⵍⵉ ⴰⴽⴽⵯ ⵎⵇⵇⵓⵔⵏ ⵣ ⵉⴷ 70 ⵏ ⵜⴰⵙⵓⵜ ⵍⵍⵉ ⵉⵣⵔⵉⵏ ⴼ ⵓⴷⵖⴰⵔ ⵏ ⵙⵉⵊⵉⵍⵎⴰⵙⴰ, ⴳⵔ ⴰⵢⵍⵍⵉ ⵉⵜⵜⵢⴰⴼⴰⵏ ⵖ ⵜⵣⵔⴰⵡⵜ ⴰⴷ: . ⵜⵉⵎⵣⴳⵉⴷⴰ ⵍⵍⵉ ⴰⴽⴽⵯ ⵉⴳⴰⵏ ⵜⴰⵣⴰⵢⴽⵓⵜ ⵖ ⵍⵎⵖⵔⵉⴱ ⴰⵎⵣⵔⵓⵢ ⵏⵏⵙ ⴰⵔ ⵉⵜⵜⴷⴰ ⴰⵔ ⵜⴰⵙⵓⵜ ⵜⵉⵙⵙ 8 ⴷ ⴰⵔ ⵜⵜⴰⵙⵉ 2800 ⵏ ⵉⵎⵥⵥⴰⵍⵍⵉⵜⵏ . ⵉⵜⵜⴰⵡⵙⴽⴰⵔ ⵓⵙⵖⵉⵡⵙ ⴰⵥⴰⵡⴽⴰⵏ ⴰⵎⵣⵡⴰⵔⵓ ⵉ ⵜⵖⵔⵎⵜ ⵏ ⵙⵉⵊⵍⵎⴰⵙⴰ ⵍⵍⵉ ⵖ ⵜⵍⵍⴰ ⵜⵓⵥⵥⵓⵎⵜ ⵏ ⵜⵎⴷⵉⵏⵜ ⴷ ⵓⵥⵟⵟⴰ ⵏ ⵉⵖⴰⵔⴰⵙⵏ ⴷ ⵜⴳⵯⵎⵎⴰ ⵏ ⵜⵣⴷⵓⵖⵜ ⴷ ⵙⵉⵏ ⵉⵔⴳⴳⵓⴱⵏ ⵏ ⵜⴰⴹⴰⴼⵜ ⵍⵍⴰⵏⵉⵏ ⴼ ⵜⵎⵣⴳⵉⴷⴰ ⵜⵎⵇⵇⵔⴰⵏⵜ . ⴰⴷⴷⴰⵔ ⵏ ⵜⵎⴳⵓⵔⵉ ⵏ ⵓⵇⵇⴰⵔⵉⴹ ⵏ ⵡⵓⵔⵖ, ⴷ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵡⵓⵙⵓⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵣⴷⵓⵖⵜ ⵏⵏⴰ ⵖ ⵍⵍⴰⵏ 12 ⵏ ⵜⴰⴷⴷⴰⵔⵜ<ref>{{ⴱⴷⵔ ⵉⵏⵖⵎⵉⵙⵏ |last=ⵀⵉⵙⴱⵔⵉⵙ |first=Hespress |title=Hespress |url=https://www.hespress.com/%D8%AA%D9%86%D9%82%D9%8A%D8%A8%D8%A7%D8%AA-%D8%B3%D8%AC%D9%84%D9%85%D8%A7%D8%B3%D8%A9-%D8%AA%D9%83%D8%B4%D9%81-%D8%A3%D9%82%D8%AF%D9%85-%D9%85%D8%B3%D8%AC%D8%AF-%D9%85%D8%A4%D8%B1%D8%AE-%D8%A8%D8%A7-1598996.html}}</ref> ==ⵉⵏⴱⴱⴰⴹⵏ ⴷ ⵉⴳⵍⴷⵓⵏⵏ== * ⵄⵉⵙⴰ ⴱⵏ ⵢⴰⵣⵉⴷ ⴰⵙⴳⴳⴰⵏ (757/771) * ⴰⴱⵓ ⵇⴰⵙⵉⵎ ⵙⵎⴽⵓ ⵓ ⵡⴰⵙⵓⵍ (771/789) * ⴰⴱⵓ ⵍⵡⴰⵣⵉⵔ ⵉⵍⵢⴰⵙ ⵓ ⴰⴱⵓ ⵇⴰⵙⵉⵎ * ⴰⵍⵢⴰⵙⴰⵄ ⵓ ⴱⵓ ⵍⵇⴰⵙⵉⵎ (790/823) * ⵎⴷⵔⴰⵔ ⵓ ⵍⵢⴰⵙⴰⵄ ⵓ ⴱⵓ ⵍⵇⴰⵙⵉⵎ (823/867) * ⵎⴰⵢⵎⵓⵏ ⴰⴳⵍⴷⵓⵏ ⵓ ⵎⴷⵔⴰⵔ ⵓ ⴱⵓ ⵍⵇⴰⵙⵉⵎ * ⵎⵓⵃⵎⵎⴰⴷ ⵓ ⵎⴰⵢⵎⵓⵏ ⴰⴳⵍⴷⵓⵏ ⵓ ⵎⴷⵔⴰⵔ * ⴰⵍⵢⴰⵙⴰⵄ ⵓ ⵍⵎⵓⵏⵜⴰⵚⵉⵔ ⵓ ⵍⵢⴰⵙⴰⵄ * ⵡⴰⵙⵓⵍ ⵍⴼⴰⵜⵃ ⵓ ⵎⴰⵢⵎⵓⵏ ⴰⴳⵍⴷⵓⵏ * ⵃⵎⴰⴷ ⵓ ⵎⵉⵎⵓⵏ ⴰⴳⵍⴷⵓⵏ ⵓ ⵎⴷⵔⴰⵔ * ⵍⵎⵓⵄⵜⴰⵣⵣ ⵓ ⵎⵓⵃⵎⵎⴰⴷ ⵓ ⵙⴰⵡⵔ * ⴰⵍⵎⵓⵏⵜⴰⵚⵉⵔ ⵎⵓⵃⵎⵎⴰⴷ ⵓ ⵍⵎⵓⵄⵜⴰⵣⵣ ⵓ ⵙⴰⵡⵔ(933/942) * ⴰⵍⵎⵓⵏⵜⴰⵚⵉⵔ ⵙⵎⴽⵓ ⵓ ⵎⵓⵃⵎⵎⴰⴷ ⵓ ⵍⵎⵓⵄⵜⴰⵣⵣ ⵓ ⵙⴰⵡⵔ (942) * ⵛⵛⴰⴽⵉⵔ ⵍⵉⵍⵍⴰⵀ ⵍⴼⴰⵜⵃ ⵓ ⵎⵉⵎⵓⵏ ⴰⴳⵍⴷⵓⵏ ⵓ ⵎⴷⵔⴰⵔ (943/963) * ⴰⵍⵎⵓⵏⵜⴰⵚⵉⵔ ⴱⵉⵍⵍⴰⵀ ⵓ ⴰⵎⵉⵔ ⵍⵎⵓⵎⵉⵏⵉⵏ ⵛⵛⴰⴽⵉⵔ ⵍⵉⵍⵍⴰⵀ ⵎⵓⵃⵎⵎⴰⴷ (963) * ⴰⵍⵎⵓⵄⵜⴰⵣⵣ ⴱⵉⵍⵍⴰⵀ ⴰⴱⵓ ⵎⵓⵃⵎⵎⴰⴷ ⵓ ⴰⵎⵉⵔ ⵍⵎⵓⵎⵉⵏⵉⵏ ⵛⵛⴰⴽⵉⵔ ⵍⵉⵍⵍⴰⵀ (963/976) ==ⵉⵙⴰⵖⵓⵍⵏ== {{ⵉⵙⴰⵖⵓⵍⵏ}} {{ⴰⵙⵎⵉⵍ |ⵍⵎⵖⵔⵉⴱ |ⵜⴰⴳⵍⴷⵉⵜ ⵜⴰⵎⵖⵔⵉⴱⵉⵜ |ⵜⴰⴳⵍⴷⵉⵜ ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵜ |ⵉⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵏ |ⵜⴰⴳⵍⴷⵉⵜ ⵜⴰⵏⵙⵍⵎⵜ |ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵣⵖⴰ |ⵜⴰⴼⵔⵉⵇⵜ ⵜⴰⴳⴰⴼⴰⵏⵜ |ⴰⵎⵣⵔⵓⵢ}} 2f52gojkcj73zg9tc1eke2ox0p69l42 176115 176114 2026-05-04T19:09:15Z ⴰⵢⵢⵓⴱ 438 176115 wikitext text/x-wiki {{ⴰⵎⵏⵏⵉ ⴰⵚⴱⵃⴰⵏ}} {{ⵜⴰⴼⵍⵓⵙⴼⴽⵉⵜ}} [[File:Barghouata Carte ZGH.png|thumb|right|300px|ⵜⴰⴽⴰⵔⴹⴰ ⵏⵏⴰ ⵉⵎⵎⴰⵍⵏ ⴰⴷⵖⴰⵔ ⵏ ⵜⵎⵍⵉⵍⵜ ⵏ ⴰⵢⵜ ⵓⵎⴷⵔⴰⵔ ⴷ ⵜⵎⵏⵥⴰⵡⵜ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵙⵉⵊⵉⵍⵎⴰⵙⴰ]] {| class="infobox" style="width: 22em; float: right; clear: right; margin: 0 0 1em 1em; border: 1px solid #a2a9b1; background: #f8f9fa; font-size: 90%;" |+ style="font-size: 125%; font-weight: bold; background-color: #cedff2; padding: 0.2em;" | ⵜⴰⵎⵍⵉⵍⵜ ⵏ ⴰⵢⵜ ⵓⵎⴷⵔⴰⵔ |- ! style="text-align: left; padding: 0.2em;" | ⴰⴷⴷⴰⴷ | ▪︎ⴰⵡⴰⵏⴽ ⴰⵏⴰⴽⵍⴰⵏ ⵙ ⵉⵙⵎ ⵏ ⵍⵄⴱⴱⴰⵙⵉⵢⵢⵉⵏ (757–909) ▪︎ⴰⵡⴰⵏⴽ ⴰⵏⴰⴽⵍⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵉⴼⴰⵟⵉⵎⵉⵜⵏ (909-976) |- ! style="text-align: left; padding: 0.2em;" | ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵏⵖⵜ | [[ⵙⵉⵊⵉⵍⵎⴰⵙⴰ]] |- ! style="text-align: left; padding: 0.2em;" | ⵜⵓⵜⵍⴰⵢⵉⵏ | [[ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵜ]] |- ! style="text-align: left; padding: 0.2em;" | ⴰⵙⴳⴷ | ⵉⵙⵍⴰⵎ (ⴰⵚⵓⴼⵔⵉ) |- ! style="text-align: left; padding: 0.2em;" | ⴰⵏⴰⵡ ⵏ ⵏⴱⴰⴹ | ⵜⴰⴳⵍⴷⵉⵜ |- ! style="text-align: left; padding: 0.2em;" | ⴰⴳⵍⵍⵉⴷ | ⴰⴱⵓ ⵍⵇⴰⵙⵉⵎ ⵓ ⵙⵎⴽⵓ ⵓ ⵡⴰⵙⵓⵍ ⴰⵎⴽⵏⴰⵙ (772-784) ⴰⵍⵎⵓⵄⵜⴰⵣⵣ ⴱⵉⵍⵍⴰⵀ (963–976) |- ! style="text-align: left; padding: 0.2em;" | ⴰⵇⴰⵔⵉⴹ | ⵎⵉⴷⵔⴰⵔ |- ! style="text-align: left;" |ⴰⵣⵎⵣ ⴰⵎⴰⵣⵔⴰⵢ |ⴰⵣⵎⵣ ⴰⵎⵓⵥⵓⵏ |- ! style="text-align: left;" |ⵉⵣⵡⴰⵔ ⵜⵜ |ⵓⵎⴰⵡⵉⵢⵏ |- ! style="text-align: left;" |ⵉⴹⴼⴰⵕ ⵜⵜ |ⵉⵎⵖⵔⴰⵡⵏ |- ! style="text-align: left;" |ⵜⵉⵎⵙⴰⵔⵉⵏ ⵎⵇⵇⵓⵔⵏⵉⵏ |•ⵜⵓⵚⴽⴰ ⵏ ⵜⵖⵔⵎⵜ ⵏ ⵙⵉⵊⵍⵎⴰⵙⴰ 757 ⵎ.ⵜ •ⵜⵉⵏⴳⵉⵔⴰ ⵜⴰⵙⵔⵜⴰⵏⵜ ⵏ ⵓⵡⴰⵏⴽ 976 ⵎ.ⵜ |} '''ⵜⴰⵎⵍⵉⵍⵜ ⵏ ⴰⵢⵜ ⵓⵎⴷⵔⴰⵔ''' ⵏⵖ '''ⵜⴰⴳⵍⴷⵉⵜ ⵏ ⵉⴳⵍⵎⵓⵙⵏ''' ⵜⴳⴰ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⵎⵍⵉⵍⵜ ⵏⵖ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⵡⴰⵏⴽ ⵏⵖ ⴷ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⵎⵏⵓⴽⵍⴰ ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵜ ⵏⵏⴰ ⵉⵣⵡⴰⵔⵏ ⴰⴷ ⵜⵜⵉⵡⵙⴽⵉⵔ ⵎⵏⵉⴷ ⵏ [[ⵜⴰⴳⵔⴰⵡⵍⴰ ⵏ ⵉⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵏ|ⵜⴳⵔⴰⵡⵍⴰ ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵜ ⵜⴰⵎⵇⵇⵔⴰⵏⵜ]] ⵎⴳⵍ ⵉⵎⴰⵡⵉⵢⵏ ⴳ ⵓⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙ ⵏ 741 ⵎ.ⵜ ⵜⴳ ⵜⴰⴷ ⵉⵙⵏⴱⴹⵏ ⴳ ⵜⵎⵏⴰⴹⵜ ⵏ ⵙⵉⵊⵍⵎⴰⵙⴰ ⴳ ⵢⵉⴼⴼⵓⵙ ⵏ ⵍⵎⵖⵔⵉⴱ ⴳ ⵜⴰⵙⵓⵜⵉⵏ ⵜⵉⵙ 8 ⴷ ⵜⵉⵙⵙ 9 ⵏ ⵎⵏⵉⴷ ⵜⴰⵍⴰⵍⵉⵜ ⴳⵔ ⵉⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙⵏ ⵏ 757–976 ⵎⵏ.ⵜ. ==ⴰⵎⵣⵔⵓⵢ== === ⵜⴰⵣⵡⵓⵔⵉ === ⴰⵢⵜ ⵡⴰⵙⵓⵍ ⵏⵖ ⴰⵢⵜ ⵎⵉⴷⵔⴰⵔ ⴳⴰⵏ ⵜⴰⵡⵊⴰ ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵜ ⵜⵉⵎⵙⵍⵎⵜ ⵏⵏⴰ ⵉⵏⴱⴹⵏ ⴳ ⵉⴳⵣⵎⴰⵏ ⵏ [[ⵍⵎⵖⵔⵉⴱ]], ⵙⵔⵙⵏ ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵏⴰⵖⵜ ⵏⵏⵙⵏ ⴳ ⵙⵉⵊⵉⵍⵎⴰⵙⴰ. ⵜⴰⴳⵍⴷⵉⵜ ⴰⴷ ⵜⴱⴷⴷ ⴼ ⵜⵖⴰⵔⴰⵙⵜ ⵜⴰⵙⴳⴷⴰⵏⵜ ⵜⴰⵅⴰⵔⵉⵊⵜ ⵏ ⵉⵅⴰⵔⵉⵊⵏ ⵉⵚⵓⴼⵔⵉⵜⵏ. ​ⵎⵇⵇⴰⵔ ⵉⴳⴰ [[ⴰⴱⵓ ⵇⴰⵙⵉⵎ ⵙⵎⴽⵓ]] ⴰⵎⴰⵍⵡⴰⵢ ⴰⵏⵉⵎⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵓⵡⴰⵏⴽ ⴰⴷ, ⴰⵎⵏⴱⴰⴹ ⴰⵎⵣⵡⴰⵔⵓ ⵏ ⵜⵉⴷⵜ ⵉⴳⴰ ⵜ [[ⵄⵉⵙⴰ ⴱⵏ ⵢⴰⵣⵉⴷ ⴰⵙⴳⴳⴰⵏ]], ⵏⵏⴰ ⵎⵎⵓ ⵜⵜⴼⴽⴰ ⵜⵏⴱⴰⴹⵜ ⵖ ⵙⵉⵊⵉⵍⵎⴰⵙⴰ ⴷ ⵉⵏⴱⴰⴹ ⵜⵜ 15 ⵏ ⵓⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙ (ⵙⴳ 757 ⴰⵔ 772 ⴷ.ⵜ). ⴳ ⵓⵣⵎⵣ ⵏⵏⵙ, ⵉⵙⴽⵔ ⵜⵓⴳⵜ ⵏ ⵉⵙⵙⴹⵔⵓⵜⵏ ⴰⵎ ⴰⵙⵎⵙⴰⵙⴰ ⵏ ⵓⵙⵓⴷⵙ ⵏ ⵜⵔⴳⵯⵉⵡⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵡⴰⵎⴰⵏ ⴷ ⵓⵙⵣⴷⵖ ⵏ ⵜⵡⵙⵉⵜⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵉⵎⴳⵓⴷⵊⴰ. ​ⵎⴰⵛⴰ, ⵍⵍⵉⴳ ⴷ ⵍⴽⵎⵏⵜ ⵜⵡⵙⵉⵜⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵉⵎⴽⵏⴰⵙⵏ ⵙ ⵓⴳⵓⴷⵉ. ⴽⵔⴰ ⵏ ⵖⴱⵓⵍⴰ ⴰⵔ ⵙⴰⵡⴰⵍⵏ ⴼ ⵎⴰⵙ ⵉⴼⴼⴰⵖ ⵄⵉⵙⴰ ⴱⵏ ⵢⴰⵣⵉⴷ ⴼ ⵉⴹⵕⴼⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵖⴰⵔⴰⵙⵜ ⵜⴰⵅⴰⵔⵉⵊⵜ ⵢⵉⵔⵉ ⴰⴷ ⵉⵙⴽⵔ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵡⴰⵏⴰⵡ ⵏ ⵜⴷⵉⴽⵜⴰⵜⵓⵔⵉⵜ, ⴼ ⵓⵢⴰ ⵏⵖⴰⵏ ⵄⵉⵙⴰ ⴱⵏ ⵢⴰⵣⵉⴷ, ⵍⵍⵉⵖ ⵜ ⵉⵡⵉⵏ ⵙ ⵄⴰⵔⵉ ⵣⵣⵖⵯⵕⵏ ⵜⵉⵅⵙⵉ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵙ ⵜⴰⵎⵓⵏⵜ ⴽⵔⴼⵏ ⵜ ⴷ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵡⴰⴷⴷⴰⴳ, ⴰⵢⵍⵍⵉⵖ ⵉⵎⵎⵓⵜ ⵙ ⵉⵔⵉⴼⵉ ⴷ ⵍⴰⵥ ⴷ ⵜⵓⵇⵇⵙⵉⵡⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵡⴰⵔⵥⵥⴰⵏⴻⵏ ⴷ ⵉⴱⵅⵅⵓⵢⵏ, ⴼⴽⵉⵏ ⵜⴰⵏⴱⴰⴹⵜ ⵉ ⵓⵎⵖⴰⵔ ⵏⵏⵙⵏ [[ⴰⴱⵓ ⵇⴰⵙⵉⵎ ⵙⵎⴽⵓ]]<ref>{{ⴱⴷⵔ ⴰⴷⵍⵉⵙ |last=البكري |first=أبو عبيد |title=المسالك و الممالك}}</ref> === ⴰⵎⵡⴰⵜ ⴰⴼ ⵜⵙⵉⴰⵎⵏⵜ === ==== 1. ⴰⵙⵏⵓⴱⴳ ⵏ "ⵍⵎⴰⵀⴷⵉ" ⴷ ⵓⴽⵔⴰⴼ ⵏⵏⵙ: ==== ⴷⴼⴼⵉⵔ ⵏ ⵓⴱⵔⵔⵉⵃ ⵏ ⵜⵅⴰⵍⵉⴼⵜ, ⵉⵎⵓⴷⴷⴰ ⵓⵎⵙⵔⵙⵍ ⵏ ⵜⵅⴰⵍⵉⴼⵜ [[ⵜⴰⴼⴰⵟⵉⵎⵉⵜ]], ⵄⴱⴰⵢⴷⵓⵍⵍⴰⵀ ⵍⵎⴰⵀⴷⵉ, ⵖⴰⵔ ⵙⵉⵊⵉⵍⵎⴰⵙⴰ ⵉⴼⴼⵔ ⵙ ⵓⵍⴼⴰⴼ ⵏ ⵉⵎⵙⴱⴱⴰⴱⵏ ⴰⴼⴰⴷ ⴰⴷ ⵉⵔⵓⵍ ⵙⴳ ⵓⴹⴼⴼⵓⵕ ⵏ ⵉⵄⴱⴱⴰⵙⵉⵢⵢⵉⵏ. ⵉⴳⴰ ⵍⵎⴰⵀⴷⵉ ⴰⵏⴱⴳⵉ ⴳ ⵙⵉⵊⵉⵍⵎⴰⵙⴰ ⴳ ⵓⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙ 905 ⵎⵜ. ⵢⵓⵔⴷⴰ ⵓⴳⵍⴷⵓⵏ ⵏ ⴰⵢⵜ ⵎⵉⴷⵔⴰⵔ, [[ⵎⴰⵢⵎⵓⵏ ⵓ ⵎⵉⴷⵔⴰⵔ ⵓ ⵍⵢⴰⵙⴰⵄ|ⴰⵍⵢⴰⵙⴰⵄ ⵓ ⵍⵎⵓⵏⵜⴰⵚⵉⵔ ⵓ ⵍⵢⴰⵙⴰⵄ ⵓ ⴱⵓ ⵍⵇⴰⵙⵉⵎ]] ⵖ ⵓⵡⵜⵜⴰⵙ ⵏⵏⵙ ⴷⴼⴼⵉⵔ ⵎⴰ ⴷ ⵙⴽⵔⵏ ⵎⵉⴷⴷⵏ ⵉⵏⵖⵎⵉⵙⵏ ⴼ ⵜⵉⵣⵎⵎⴰⵔ ⵏ ⵢⵉⵡⵉⵙ [[ⴰⵍⵇⴰⵢⵉⵎ]] ⵏⵏⴰ ⵔⵡⴰⵙⵏⵉⵏ ⵜⵉⵎⴳⵔⵉⵡⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵉⵙⴰⵔⵏ ⴷ ⵉⴳⵯⵔⵔⴰⵎⵏ, ⵎⴰⵛ ⵍⵍⵉⵖ ⵜ ⵉⴷ ⵜⵍⴽⵎ ⵜⴱⵔⴰⵜ ⵏ [[ⵓⵡⴰⵏⴽ ⴰⵖⴰⵍⵉⴱ]] ⵖ [[ⵜⵓⵏⵙ]] ⵍⵍⵉ ⵉⴹⴼⴰⵕⵏ ⵉ ⵜⵅⴰⵍⵉⴼⵜ ⵜⴰⵄⴱⴱⴰⵙⵜ ⵏ ⴱⴰⵖⴷⴰⴷ ⵙ ⵎⴰⵙⴷⴷ ⵉⵅⵚⵚⴰ ⴰⴷ ⵉⵜⵜⴰⵡⴽⵔⴰⴼ ⵄⴱⴰⵢⴷⵓⵍⵍⴰⵀ ⵍⵎⴰⵀⴷⵉ ⵍⵍⵉ ⵉⴳⴰⵏ ⵉⵛⵏⴳⵉ ⵏ ⵉⵄⴱⴱⴰⵙⵉⵢⵢⵉⵏ, ⵙ ⵏⵉⵜ ⵉⵖⵔⴰ ⵉ ⵓⴽⵔⴰⴼ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵏⵜⵜⴰ ⴷ ⵢⵉⵡⵙ ⴰⵍⵇⴰⵢⵉⵎ. ==== 2. ⴰⵟⵟⴰⵕ ⴰⵎⵣⵡⴰⵔⵓ (909 ⵎⵜ) ==== ⵉⵎⵓⵙⵙ ⵓⵎⵙⵙⵉⵡⵍ ⴰⴱⵓ ⵄⴱⴷⵓⵍⵍⴰⵀ ⴰⵛⵛⵉⵄⵉ ⵙ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⴷⴼⵔⵉⵔ ⴰⵎⵇⵔⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵉⵙⵔⴷⴰⵙⵏ ⴰⵢⵜ ⵜⵡⵙⵉⵜ ⵏ ⴽⵜⴰⵎⴰ ⴰⴼⴰⴷ ⴰⴷ ⵉⵙⵙⴷⵔⴼ ⵍⵉⵎⴰⵎ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵍⵎⴰⵀⴷⵉ. ⵜⴹⵕ ⵙⵉⵊⵉⵍⵎⴰⵙⴰ ⴳ ⵉⴼⴰⵙⵙⵏ ⵏ ⵉⴼⴰⵟⵉⵎⵉⵢⵏ ⴳ ⵓⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙ 909 ⵎⵜ, ⵉⵜⵜⵓⵢⵏⵖ ⵓⴳⵍⴷⵓⵏ ⵏⵏⵙ ⴰⵍⵢⴰⵙⴰⵄ ⵓ ⵎⴰⵢⵎⵓⵏ. ⵉⴼⴼⵖ ⴷ ⵍⵎⴰⵀⴷⵉ ⵙⴳ ⵓⴽⵔⴰⴼ, ⵉⵜⵜⵓⴱⵔⵔⵃ ⴰⵎ ⵓⵅⴰⵍⵉⴼ, ⴰⵢⴰ ⵢⵓⵊⵊⴰ ⵙⵉⵊⵉⵍⵎⴰⵙⴰ ⴰⴷ ⵜⴳ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⴷⵖⴰⵔ ⴰⵎⴰⵜⴰⵔ ⵉⵙⵜⴰⵡⵀⵎⵎⴰⵏ ⵉ ⵜⵎⵏⵓⴽⵍⴰ ⵜⴰⴼⴰⵟⵉⵎⵉⵜ ⵍⵍⵉ ⵙⵓⵍ ⵉⴳⴰⵏ ⴰⴽⵓⴷ ⴰⵏⵏ ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵢⵏⵓⵜ. ⴰⴱⵓ ⵄⴱⴷⵓⵍⵍⴰⵀ ⴰⵛⵛⵉⵄⵉ ⵉⵏⵖⴰ ⴰⴳⵍⴷⵓⵏ ⵏ ⴰⵢⵜ ⵎⵉⴷⵔⴰⵔ ⵍⵢⴰⵙⴰⵄ ⵓ ⵍⵎⵓⵏⵜⴰⵚⵉⵔ, ⵉⴳ ⵖ ⵓⴷⵖⴰⵔ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⵎⵖⴰⵔ ⴰⴽⵯⵜⴰⵎ ⵙ ⵉⵙⵎ ⵏ ⴱⵔⴰⵀⵉⵎ ⵓ ⵖⴰⵍⵉⴱ ⴰⵎⵣⵣⴰⵜ, ⵎⴰⵛⵛ ⵓⵔ ⵉⴽⴽⵉ ⵖ ⵜⵏⴱⴰⴹⵜ ⴰⵎⵔ ⴽⵔⴰ ⵏ 40 ⵏ ⵡⴰⵙⵙ ⵏⴽⵔⵏ ⵙⵉⵙ ⴰⵢⵜ ⵙⵉⵊⵉⵍⵎⴰⵙⴰ ⵏⵖⵉⵏⵜ ⵏⵜⵜⴰⵏ ⴷ ⵉⴽⵯⵜⴰⵎⵏ ⵍⵍⵉ ⴷⵉⴷⵙⵏ ⵉⵍⵍⴰⵏ, ⵙⵙⴰⴹⵓⵏ ⵜⴰⵏⴱⴰⴹⵜ ⵙ ⵓⴼⵓⵙ ⵏ ⵓⴳⵍⴷⵓⵏ ⴰⵎⴷⵔⴰⵔ [[ⵍⴼⴰⵜⵃ ⵓ ⵎⴰⵢⵎⵓⵏ ⴰⴳⵍⴷⴰⵏ ⵓ ⵎⴷⵔⴰⵔ]] ⴳ ⵓⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙ ⵏ 910 ⵎⵜ<ref>{{ⴱⴷⵔ ⴰⴷⵍⵉⵙ |last=ابن عذاري |title=البيان المغرب}}</ref> ==== 3. ⴰⵟⵟⴰⵕ ⵡⵉⵙⵙ ⵙⵉⵏ (921 ⵎⵜ) ==== ⵉⴳⴰ ⵓⵙⵓⴳⵉ ⵏ [[ⵎⴰⵚⴰⵍⴰ ⵓ ⵃⴱⵓⵙ]] ⴼ ⵜⵎⵍⵉⵍⵜ ⵏ ⴰⵢⵜ ⵎⵉⴷⵔⴰⵔ ⴳ ⵙⵉⵊⵉⵍⵎⴰⵙⴰ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⵙⵓⵜⵍⵜ ⵉⵙⵜⴰⵡⵀⵎⵎⴰⵏ ⴳ ⵓⵎⵏⴰⵖ ⴰⴼⴰⵟⵉⵎ ⴰⴼⴰⴷ ⴰⴷ ⵉⵙⵙⵍⴽⵎ ⵜⴰⵏⴱⴰⴹⵜ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵙ ⵍⵎⵖⵔⵉⴱ. ⵉⵙⵙⵏⵜⵉ ⵓⵙⵓⴳⵉ ⴳ ⵡⴰⵢⵢⵓⵔ ⵏ ⵎⵓⵃⴰⵕⵕⴰⵎ ⴰⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙ 309 ⵀـ (921 ⵎⵜ) ⵙ ⵜⵏⴱⴰⴹⵜ ⵏ ⵎⴰⵚⴰⵍⴰ ⵓ ⵃⴱⵓⵙ ⴰⵎⴽⵏⴰⵙ, ⵢⴰⵏ ⵙⴳ ⵉⵎⵖⴰⵔⵏ ⵎⵇⵇⵓⵔⵏⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵓⵡⴰⵏⴽ ⴰⴼⴰⵟⵉⵎ ⴷ ⵓⵏⴱⴱⴰⴹ ⵏⵏⵙⵏ ⴼ ⵍⵎⵖⵔⵉⴱ ⴰⵏⴰⵎⵎⴰⵙ. ⵉⵙⴳⵓⴷⵉ ⵎⴰⵚⴰⵍⴰ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⴷⴼⵔⵉⵔ ⴰⵎⵇⵔⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵉⵙⵔⴷⴰⵙⵏ ⵙⴳ ⵜⵡⵙⵉⵜⵉⵏ ⵏ ⴽⵯⵜⴰⵎⴰ ⴷ ⵎⴽⵏⴰⵙⴰ, ⵉⵡⴰⵜⵙ ⵜⵎⵍⵉⵍⵜ ⵏ ⴰⵢⵜ ⵎⵉⴷⵔⴰⵔ ⵏⵏⴰ ⴹⴼⴰⵕⵏⵉⵏ ⵜⵖⴰⵔⴰⵙⵜ ⵜⴰⵙⴳⴷⴰⵏⵜ ⵜⴰⵚⵓⴼⵔⵉⵜ, ⵎⵏⵉⴷ ⵏ ⵜⴹⵓⵕⵉ ⵏ ⵙⵉⵊⵍⵎⴰⵙⴰ ⵎⵚⴰⵍⴰ ⵉⵏⵖⴰ ⴰⴳⵍⴷⵓⵏ ⴰⵎⴷⵔⴰⵔ [[ⴰⵃⵎⴰⴷ ⵓ ⵎⵉⵎⵓⵏ]] ⵏⵏⴰ ⵉⵜⵜⴰⵡⵙⵙⴰⵏⵏ ⵙ ⴰⴱⵓ ⵍⵄⴰⴱⴱⴰⵙ ⴰⵃⵎⴰⴷ, ⴰⴳⴰⵢⵢⵓ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵉⵜⵜⵢⴰⵡⴱⴱⴰⵢ ⴷ ⵉⵜⵜⵢⴰⵡⵣⴰⵏ ⵉ ⵓⵅⴰⵍⵉⴼ ⴰⴼⴰⵟⵉⵎⵉ ⵄⴱⴰⵢⴷⵓⵍⵍⴰⵀ ⵍⵎⴰⵀⴷⵉ, ⵎⵏⵉⴷ ⵏ ⵜⵏⵔⴰⵡⵜ ⴰⴷ ⵉⵜⵜⵓⵙⵔⴰⵙ ⵖ ⵉⵅⴼ ⵏ ⵜⵏⴱⴰⴹⵜ [[ⴱⵔⴰⵀⵉⵎ ⵓ ⵎⵓⵃⵎⵎⴰⴷ|ⵍⵎⵓⵄⵜⴰⵣⵣ ⵓ ⵎⵓⵃⵎⵎⴰⴷ ⵓ ⵙⴰⵡⵔ ⵓ ⵎⵉⴷⵔⴰⵔ]] ⵙ ⵓⴼⵓⵙ ⵏ [[ⵎⵚⴰⵍⴰ]] ⴰⴷ ⵉⴳ ⵜⴰⵎⵏⴰⴹⵜ ⵖ ⴷⴷⵓ ⵓⴼⵓⵙ ⵏ ⵉⴼⴰⵟⵉⵎⵉⵜⵏ ⴰⵎⵔ ⵉⴽⴽⵙ ⵜⴰⵏⴱⴰⴹⵜ ⵏ ⵜⵎⵍⵉⵍⵜ ⵏ ⵉⵎⴷⵔⴰⵔⵏ<ref>{{ⴱⴷⵔ ⴰⴷⵍⵉⵙ |title=كتاب البيان المغرب في أخبار الأندلس والمغرب}}</ref> ==== 4. ⵜⴰⵏⴰⴽⵍⵉⵜ ⴷ ⵉⵏⴷⵓⴷⵓⵢⵏ ⵉⵙⵔⵜⴰⵏⵏ ==== ⵓⵔ ⵉⵎⵎⵙⵜⵉ ⵓⵏⴱⴰⴹ ⵏ ⴰⵢⵜ ⵎⵉⴷⵔⴰⵔ ⵙ ⵓⵎⴰⵜⴰ ⴷⴼⴼⵉⵔ ⵜⴹⵓⵕⵉ, ⵎⴰⵛⴰ ⴳⴰⵏ ⴰⵎ ⵉⴳⵍⴷⵓⵏⵏ ⵉⵏⴰⴽⵍⴰⵏⵏ ⵏⵏⴰ ⴹⴼⴰⵕⵏⵉⵏ ⵉ ⵉⴼⴰⵟⵉⵎⵉⵢⵏ ⴳ ⵡⴰⵟⵟⴰⵙ ⵜⴳⴰ ⵜⵎⵏⵓⴽⵍⴰ ⵏ ⴰⵢⵜ ⵎⵉⴷⵔⴰⵔ ⴰⵙⴰⵢⵔⴰⵔ ⵏ ⵓⵎⵏⴰⵖ ⴳⵔ ⵉⴼⴰⵟⵉⵎⵉⵢⵏ ⴷ ⵓⵎⴰⵡⵉⵜⵏ ⵏ ⵡⴰⵏⴷⴰⵍⵓⵙ; ⴷ ⴰⵔ ⵙⵏⴼⴰⵍⵏ ⵉⵎⵖⴰⵔⵏ ⵉⵎⵉⴷⵔⴰⵔⵏ ⵜⴰⵏⴰⴽⵍⵉⵜ ⵏⵏⵙⵏ ⵙ ⵓⵙⵜⴰⵍ ⵏ ⵜⵉⵣⵎⴰⵔⵜ ⵏ ⵜⵙⵔⵜⵉⵜ ⴳⵔ ⵉⵎⴰⵡⵉⵜⵏ ⵏ ⴰⵏⴷⴰⵍⵓⵙ ⴷ ⵉⴼⴰⵟⵉⵎⵉⵢⵏ. ​ ⴷⴼⵉⵔ ⵏ ⵓⵙⵓⴳⵉ ⴰⵙⵔⴷⵙⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵎⵚⴰⵍⴰ, ⴳⵔⴰⵡⵍⵏ ⵉⵎⵣⴷⴰⵖⵏ ⵏ ⵙⵉⵊⵍⵎⴰⵙⴰ ⴼ ⵓⵏⴱⴰⴹ ⵏⵏⵙⵏ ⴰⴳⵍⴷⵓⵏ ⵍⵎⵓⵄⵜⴰⵣⵣ ⵏⵜⵜⴰⵏ ⴷ ⵉⵏⴹⵓⴼⵏ ⵏ ⵓⵡⴰⵏⴽ ⴰⴼⴰⵟⵉⵎ ⵍⵍⵉ ⴼⵍⵍⴰⵙ ⵉⵜⵜⵓⵙⵔⴰⵙⵏ, ⵉⵍⵎⵎⴰ ⴼⴽⵉⵏ ⵜⴰⵏⴱⴰⴹⵜ ⵉ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⴳⵍⴷⵓⵏ ⴰⵎⴷⵔⴰⵔ ⵢⴰⴹⵏ ⵉⵙⵎ ⵏⵏⵙ [[ⵎⵓⵃⵎⵎⴰⴷ ⵓ ⵍⴼⴰⵜⵃ]] ⵛⵛⴰⴽⵔ ⵍⵉⵍⵍⴰⵀ, ⵎⴰⵢⴰⴷ ⵢⵓⵊⵊⴰ ⴷⴰⵖ ⵉⴼⴰⵟⵉⵎⵉⵜⵏ ⴰⴷ ⴷⴰⵖ ⵙⴽⵔⵏ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⵙⵓⴳⵉ ⵢⴰⴹⵏ ⴰⵙⵔⴷⵙⴰⵏ ⴳⵣⵣⵓⵍⵏ ⵖ ⵓⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙ ⵏ 927 ⵎⵜ ⴷⴷⴰⵡ ⵏ ⵜⵏⴱⴰⴹⵜ ⵏ [[ⴰⴱⵓ ⵍⵇⴰⵙⵉⵎ ⵎⵓⵃⵎⵎⴰⴷ]] ⵢⵉⵡⵙ ⵏ [[ⵄⴱⴰⵢⴷⵓⵍⵍⴰⵀ ⵍⵎⴰⵀⴷⵉ]] ⴰⵅⴰⵍⵉⴼ ⵏ ⵉⴼⴰⵟⵉⵎⵉⵜⵏ<ref>{{ⴱⴷⵔ ⴰⴷⵍⵉⵙ |last=الناصري |title=كتاب الاستقصا لأخبار دول المغرب الأقصى}}</ref>, ⵎⴰⵛⵛ ⴷⴼⵉⵔ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵙⵉⵏ ⵢⵉⵔⵏ ⵓ ⵍⴼⴰⵜⵃ ⴷⵖⵢⴰ ⵉⵔⵓⵔ ⴷ ⵜⴰⵏⴱⴰⴹⵜ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵉⵙⵙⵓⴽⴼ ⴰⵏⴱⴰⴹ ⴰⵎⴽⵏⴰⵙ ⵏⵏⴰ ⵙⵔⵙⵏ ⵉⴼⴰⵟⵉⵎⵉⵜⵏ ⴼ ⵙⵉⵊⵉⵍⵎⴰⵙⴰ ⵖ ⵓⴷⵖⴰⵔ ⵏⵏⵙ ⴳ ⵓⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙ 947 ⴰⵎⵍⴰⵍⴰⵏ, ⵢⵓⵔⵎ ⵓⵎⵖⴰⵔ [[ⵎⵓⵃⵎⵎⴰⴷ ⵓ ⵍⴼⴰⵜⵃ|ⵎⵓⵃⵎⵎⴰⴷ ⵓ ⴱⵓ ⵍⴼⴰⵜⵃ ⵓ ⵎⵉⵎⵓⵏ ⴰⴳⵍⴷⴰⵏ ⵓ ⵎⴷⵔⴰⵔ]] (ⴰⵛⵛⴰⴽⵉⵔ ⵍⵉⵍⵍⴰⵀ) ⵉⵜⵜⴰⵡⵙⵙⴰⵏ ⵓⵍⴰ ⵙ "ⵉⴱⵏ ⵡⴰⵚⵉⵍ" ⴰⴷ ⵉⴱⴹⵓ ⴷ ⵉⴼⴰⵟⵉⵎⵉⵢⵏ, ⵉⴼⴼⵖ ⵙⴳ ⵜⵖⴰⵔⴰⵙⵜ ⵜⴰⵚⵓⴼⵔⵉⵜ ⵖⴰⵔ ⵜⵖⴰⵔⴰⵙⵜ ⵜⴰⵙⵓⵏⵏⵉⵜ, ⵉⴳ ⵉ ⵉⵅⴼ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵉⵙⵎ ⵏ "ⴰⵎⵉⵔ ⵍⵎⵓⵎⵉⵏⵉⵏ", ⵉⵙⴽⵔ ⴰⵇⴰⵔⵉⴹ ⵙ ⵉⵙⵎ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵉⵙⴽⵔ ⵓⵍⴰ ⵜⴰⴹⴰ ⵜⴰⵙⵔⵜⴰⵏⵜ ⴰⴽⴷ ⵉⵎⴰⵡⵉⵜⵏ ⵏ ⴰⵏⴷⴰⵍⵓⵙ, ⵎⴰⵛⴰ ⵖ ⵓⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙ ⵏ 959 ⵎⵏⵉⴷ ⵜⴰⵍⴰⵍⵉⵜ ⵉⴼⴰⵟⵉⵎⵉⵢⵏ ⵓⵔⵔⵉⵏ ⵙ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⴷⴼⵔⵉⵔ ⴰⵎⵇⵔⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵉⵥⵏⴰⴳⵏ ⴷ ⵉⴽⵯⵜⴰⵎⵏ ⵉⵣⵡⴰⵔ ⴰⵙ ⵓⵎⴰⵡⴰⵢ ⴰⴼⴰⵟⵉⵎ ⵍⵍⵉ ⵉⵜⵜⴰⵡⵙⵙⴰⵏⵏ [[ⵊⴰⵡⵀⴰⵔ ⵚⵚⵉⵇⵉⵍⵍⵉ]] ⵉⵜⵜⴰⵡⵙⵏ ⵓⵍⴰ ⵙ ⵊⴰⵡⵀⴰⵔ ⵍⴽⴰⵜⵉⴱ<ref>{{ⴱⴷⵔ ⴰⴷⵍⵉⵙ |first=ابن خلكان |title=وفيات الأعيان|last=ابن خلكان}}</ref>ⴰⵎⵥⵏ ⵜⴰⵎⴷⵉⵏⵜ ⵏ ⵙⵉⵊⵍⵎⴰⵙⴰ ⵙ ⴷⴷⵓ ⵓⴼⵓⵙ ⵏⵏⵙⵏ. ⴰⴳⵍⴷⵓⵏ ⵛⵛⴰⴽⵉⵔ ⵍⵉⵍⵍⴰⵀ ⵉⵔⵓⵍ ⵙ ⵓⴳⴰⴷⵉⵔ ⵏ ⵜⵙⴳⵯⴷⴰⵍⵜ ⵏⵖⴷⴷ ⵡⵉⵏ ⵜⵙⴽⵔⴰⵏⵜ<ref>{{ⴱⴷⵔ ⴰⴷⵍⵉⵙ |last=ابن خلدون |title=تاريخ ابن خلدون}}</ref> ⵎⴰⵛⵛ ⵍⵍⵉⵖ ⵜ ⵓⵎⵥⵏ ⴽⵔⴰ ⵏ ⴰⵢⵜ ⵉⵎⵟⵖⴰⵔⵏ ⵉⵜⵜⵓⴽⵔⴰⴼ ⵎⵓⵃⵎⵎⴰⴷ ⵓ ⴱⵓ ⵍⴼⴰⵜⵃ ⵢⵉⵍⵉ ⵖ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵉⵙⴽⵏⵉ ⵏ ⵓⵣⵣⴰⵍ ⴷ ⵓⴽⵛⵛⵓⴹ ⴰⵡⵉⵏⵜ ⵙ ⵜⵖⵔⵎⵜ ⵏ ⵍⵇⴰⵢⵔⴰⵡⴰⵏ ⵖ [[ⵜⵓⵏⵙ]] ⵏⵏⴰ ⵉⴳⴰⵏ ⴰⴽⴰⵍ ⵏ ⵓⵡⴰⵏⴽ ⴰⴼⴰⵟⵉⵎ ⵉⵜⵜⴰⵡⴽⵔⴰⴼ ⵖ ⵓⴱⵏⵉⵇ ⵏ ⵔⵇⵇⴰⴷⴰ ⴰⵔ ⵍⵍⵉⵖ ⵉⵎⵎⵓⵜ , ⵖ ⵓⴷⵖⴰⵔ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵉⴳⴰ ⵊⴰⵡⵀⴰⵔ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⵎⵖⴰⵔ ⴰⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖ ⵙ ⵉⵙⵎ ⵏ ⵎⵓⴱⴰⴷⵉⵔ ⵓ ⵣⵉⵔⵉ <ref>{{ⴱⴷⵔ ⴰⴷⵍⵉⵙ |title=ابن الخطيب تاريخ المغرب}}</ref><ref>{{ⴱⴷⵔ ⴰⴷⵍⵉⵙ |last=المقريزي |title=اتعاظ الحنفا بأخبار الأئمة الفاطميين الخلفا}}</ref> === ⵜⵉⵏⴳⵉⵔⴰ === ​ⵜⵍⴽⵎ ⵜⵎⵏⵓⴽⵍⴰ ⵜⴰⵏⴳⵉⵔⴰ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵙ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⵏⵏⴹⴼⵔ ⵏ ⵜⵎⵙⴰⵔⵉⵏ ⵜⵉⴷⵔⴰⵎⴰⵜⵉⵏ: * ⴰⵙⵓⴳⵉ ⴰⵙⵔⴷⴰⵙ: ⴳ ⵓⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙ ⵏ 976 ⵎⵜ ⵉⵙⵙⵏⵜⵉ [[ⵅⵣⵔⵓⵏ ⵓ ⴼⵍⴼⵓⵍ ⴰⵎⵖⵔⴰⵡ]], ⴰⵎⵖⴰⵔ ⵏ ⵜⵇⴱⵉⵍⵜ ⵏ [[ⵎⵖⵔⴰⵡⴰ/ⵉⵎⵖⵔⴰⵡⵏ]] (ⵣⵏⴰⵜⴰ) ⴷ ⵓⵎⵣⵟⵟⵉⴹ ⵏ ⵉⴰⵡⵉⵜⵏ ⴳ [[ⵉⵏⴷⵍⴰⵙ|ⵡⴰⵏⴷⴰⵍⵓⵙ]], ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⵙⵓⴳⵉ ⴰⵙⵔⴷⴰⵙ ⴰⵎⵇⵔⴰⵏ ⴼ [[ⵙⵉⵊⵉⵍⵎⴰⵙⴰ]]. * ⵉⵎⵏⵖⵉ ⴰⵎⴳⴳⴰⵔⵓ: ⵉⴼⴼⵖ ⴷ ⵙ ⵜⵉⵎⵉⵖⵜ ⵎⴳⴰⵍ ⵏⵏⵙ, ⴰⴳⵍⵍⵉⴷ ⴰⵎⴳⴳⴰⵔⵓ ⵏ ⴰⵢⵜ ⵎⵉⴷⵔⴰⵔ, [[ⴰⴱⵓ ⵎⵓⵃⵎⵎⴰⴷ ⴰⵍ ⵎⵓⵄⵜⴰⵣⵣ ⴱⵉⵍⵍⴰⵀ|ⵍⵎⵓⵄⵜⴰⵣⵣ ⴱⵉⵍⵍⴰⵀ ⵓ ⵛⵛⴰⴽⵔ ⵍⵉⵍⵍⴰⵀ]] . ⵉⵍⵍⴰ ⴳⵔⴰⵙⵏ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵉⵎⵏⵖⵉ ⴰⵎⴽⵕⴰⵥ ⵉⵀⵢⵢⴰⵏ ⵙ ⵜⵕⵥⵉ ⵏ ⵓⵙⵔⴷⴰⵙ ⵏ ⴰⵢⵜ ⵎⵉⴷⵔⴰⵔ. * ⵜⴰⵎⵜⵜⴰⵏⵜ ⵏ ⵓⴳⵍⴷⵓⵏ: ⵉⵣⵎⵔ ⵅⵣⵔⵓⵏ ⴰⴷ ⵉⵏⵖ ⴰⴳⵍⴷⵓⵏ ⵎⵓⵃⵎⵎⴰⴷ ⵓ ⴰⵍⵎⵓⵄⵜⴰⵣⵣ ⴱⵉⵍⵍⴰⵀ ⵓ ⵛⵛⴰⴽⵉⵔ ⵍⵉⵍⵍⴰⵀ, ⵉⴱⴱⵢ ⵉⵅⴼ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵢⴰⵣⵏ ⵜ ⵉ ⵓⵅⴰⵍⵉⴼ ⴰⵎⴰⵡⵉ ⵏ ⵓⵏⴷⴰⵍⵓⴷ "ⴰⴱⵓ ⵃⴰⴽⴰⵎ ⴰⵍ ⵎⵓⵙⵜⴰⵏⵚⵉⵔ ⴱⵉⵍⵍⴰⵀ" ⴳ ⵇⵓⵔⵟⵓⴱⴰ ⴰⵎ ⵜⵎⴰⵜⴰⵔⵜ ⵏ ⵜⵎⵏⵉⵍⵜ ⴷ ⵜⵔⵏⴰⵡⵜ. ⵙ ⵓⵢⴰ, ⵉⴳⴳⵣ ⴷ ⵓⵍⴼⴰⴼ ⴼ ⵓⵏⴱⴰⴹ ⵏ ⵜⵡⵊⴰ ⴰⴷ ⵍⵍⵉ ⵉⴽⴽⴰⵏ ⵓⴳⴳⴰⵔ ⵏ ⵙⵏⴰⵜ ⵜⴰⵙⵓⵜⵉⵏ. * ⴰⵙⵏⴼⵍ ⴰⵙⵔⵜⴰⵏ: ⴷⴼⴼⵉⵔ ⵜⴹⵓⵕⵉ, ⵜⵓⵙⴽⴰ ⴳ ⵙⵉⵊⵉⵍⵎⴰⵙⴰ [[ⵜⴰⵎⵏⵓⴽⵍⴰ ⵏ ⴰⵢⵜ ⵅⵣⵔⵓⵏ ⵉⵎⵖⵔⴰⵡⵏ]], ⵍⵍⵉ ⵉⴱⵔⵔⵃⵏ ⵙ ⵜⵏⴰⴽⵍⵉⵜ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵜⵓⵎⵍⵉⵏⵜ ⵉ ⵜⵅⴰⵍⵉⴼⵜ ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵡⵉⵜ ⴳ ⴰⵏⴷⴰⵍⵓⵙ. ⴰⵢⴰ ⵉⵙⵏⴼⵍ ⵜⴰⴽⴰⵔⴹⴰ ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵣⵔⴰⵢⵜ ⴷ ⵓⵍⴰ ⵜⴰⴽⴰⵔⴹⴰ ⵜⴰⵙⴳⴷⴰⵏⵜ ⵜⵙⵔⵜⴰⵏⵜ ⵏ ⵜⵎⵏⴰⴹⵜ ⴳ ⵜⵙⴳⴰ ⵏ ⵓⵎⵎⴰⵜⵉ ⵣⵖ ⵜⵖⴰⵔⴰⵙⵜ ⵜⴰⵙⴳⴷⴰⵏⵜ ⵜⴰⵚⵓⴼⵔⵉⵜ ⵖⴰⵔ ⵜⴰⵙⵓⵏⵏⵉⵜ ⴷ ⵣ ⵜⵙⵉⵎⴰⵏⵜ ⴰⵔ ⴰⵟⵟⴰⵕ ⴷⴷⵓ ⵓⴼⵓⵙ ⵏ ⵜⵏⴱⴰⴹⵜ ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵡⵉⵜ ⵜⴰⵏⴷⴰⵍⵓⵙⵜ.<ref>{{ⴱⴷⵔ ⴰⴷⵍⵉⵙ |last=ابن خلدون |title=كتاب العبر}}</ref> ==ⴰⵎⵏⴰⴹ ⴰⵙⵔⵜⴰⵏ ⴷ ⵓⵙⴰⵜⴰⵍ ⴰⵎⴰⵣⵔⴰⵢ== [[File:Fatimid_Caliphate.PNG|thumb|left|250px|ⵜⴰⵎⵓⵍⵉ ⵏ ⵜⴳⵍⴷⵉⵜ ⵜⴰⴼⴰⵟⵉⵎⵉⵜ]] ⴰⴷⴷⴰⴷ ⴰⵙⵔⵜⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵜⴰⵙⵓⵜ ⵜⵉⵙⵙ 9 ⴷ ⵜⵉⵙⵙ 10 ⴰⵔ ⵎⵎⴰⵍⵏⵜ ⵉⵎⵏⵖⵉ ⵏ ⴳⵔ ⵉⴼⴰⵟⵉⵎⵉⵜⵏ ⴷ ⵉⵎⴰⵡⵉⵜⵏ ⵏ ⴰⵏⴷⴰⵍⵓⵙ ⴼ ⵡⴰⵎⵎⴰⵥ ⵏ ⵡⴰⴽⴰⵍ ⵏ ⵍⵎⵖⵔⵉⴱ ⵜⴷⴷⵔ ⵜⵎⵏⵓⴽⵍⴰ ⵏ ⴰⵢⵜ ⵎⵉⴷⵔⴰⵔ ⵖ ⴳⵔ ⵙⵉⵏ ⵉⵎⵏⴰⴹⵏ ⵉⵎⴰⵣⵔⴰⵢⵏ ⵏⵜⵜⵏⵉ ⴰⴷ ⵉⵙⴽⵔⵏ ⵜⵉⵎⴰⵜⴰⵔⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵓⴷⵎ ⵏⵏⵙ ⴰⵙⵔⵜⴰⵏ, ⵢⴰⵏ ⴳⵉⵙⵏ ⵉⴼⴽⴰ ⴰⵙ ⵜⴰⵍⴰⵍⵉⵜ ⵏⵏⵙ ⴰⵎ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⵡⴰⵏⴽ ⵉⴱⴷⴷⵏ ⵡⵉⵙⵙ ⵙⵉⵏ ⵉⵙⵔⵙ ⴰⵙ ⵜⴰⵖⴰⵔⴰⵙⵜ ⵜⴰⵙⵔⵜⴰⵏⵜ ⵍⵍⵉ ⵜⴹⴼⴰⵕ ⴰⵙⵏⵉⵎⴰⵏ ⴰⵙⵔⵜⴰⵏ ⴼ ⵜⵏⴱⴰⴹⵜ ⵏ ⵓⴳⵎⵎⵓⴹ: ⴹⴰⵕⵜ ⵏ ⵜⴳⵔⴰⵡⵍⴰ ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵜ ⵜⴰⵎⵇⵇⵔⴰⵏⵜ ⵎⴳⵍ ⵉⵎⴰⵡⵉⵜⵏ ⵖ ⵓⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙ ⵏ 741 ⵎⵎⵖⵉⵏⵜ ⴷ ⵜⵓⴳⵜⵜ ⵏ ⵜⵎⵏⵓⴽⴰⵍ ⵜⵉⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵉⵏ ⵜⵉⵎⵙⵍⵎⵉⵏ ⴼ ⵉⴳⴳⵉ ⵏ ⵡⴰⴽⴰⵍ ⵏ ⵡⴰⵎⵓⵔⵏⴰⴽⵓⵛ ⵏⵏⴰ ⴷ ⴷⴰⵔ ⵜⵍⵍⴰ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⴷⵔⴼⵉ ⵜⴰⵙⵔⵜⴰⵏⵜ ⴷ ⵓⴱⵟⵟⵓ ⴰⵙⴳⴷⴰⵏ ⴰⴽⴷ ⴷ ⵡⴰⵎⵎⴰⵙ ⵏ ⵜⵅⴰⵍⵉⴼⵜ ⵖ ⵓⴳⵎⵎⵓⴹ, ⵜⴳⴰ ⵜⵎⵏⵓⴽⵍⴰ ⵏ ⴰⵢⵜ ⵎⵉⴷⵔⴰⵔ ⵢⴰⵜ ⴳⵔ ⴰⵜⵙⵏⵜ [[File:Caliphate of Córdoba under Almanzor - 1000 CE.png|thumb|right|300px|ⵜⴰⴽⴰⵔⴹⴰ ⵏ ⵜⴳⵍⴷⵉⵜ ⵏ ⵓⵎⵎⴰⵡⵉⵢⵏ ⴷⴷⴰⵡ ⵓⴼⵓⵙ ⵏ ⵍⵎⵏⵚⵓⵕ ⴳ ⵓⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙ 1000 ⴷ.ⵎ ⵖ ⵓⴳⵯⵎⵎⴰⴹ ⵡⵉⵙⵙ ⵙⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵉⵍⵍ ⴰⴳⵔⴰⴽⵍⴰⵏ ⴰⵔ ⵏⵥⵥⵕⴰ ⴰⵡⵏⴰⴽ ⴰⵏⴰⴽⵍⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵉⵎⴰⵡⵉⵜⵏ ⴰⵡⴰⵏⴽ ⵏ ⵉⵎⵖⵔⴰⵡⵏ ⵏⵏⴰ ⵢⵓⵎⵥⵏ ⵜⵓⴳⵜⵜ ⵖ ⵜⴼⵔⵉⵇⵜ ⵏ ⵉⵥⵥⵍⵎⴹ]] ⴰⵎⵡⴰⵜ ⴰⵙⵔⵜⴰⵏ ⵏ ⴳⵔ ⵉⴼⴰⵟⵉⵎⵉⵜⵏ ⴷ ⵉⵎⴰⵡⵉⵜⵏ ⵏ ⴰⵏⴷⴰⵍⵓⵙ:ⵜⴰⵎⵏⵓⴽⵍⴰ ⵏ ⴰⵢⵜ ⵎⵉⴷⵔⴰⵔ ⵜⴷⴷⵔ ⵖ ⵓⵣⵎⵣ ⵉⵜⵜⴰⵡⵙⵙⴰⵏⵏ ⵙ ⵉⵎⵉⵖ ⵏ ⴳⵔ ⵙⵉⵏ ⵉⴷⵡⴰⵙⵏ ⵉⵅⴰⵜⴰⵔⵏ ⴼ ⵓⵏⴱⴰⴹ ⵏ ⵡⴰⴽⴰⵍ ⵏ ⵍⵎⵖⵔⵉⴱ, ⵖ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⵙⴳⴰ ⵜⵍⵍⴰ ⵜⵅⴰⵍⵉⴼⵜ ⵜⴰⴼⴰⵟⵉⵎⵉⵜ ⵖ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⵙⴳⴰ ⵢⴰⴹⵏ ⵉⵍⵍⴰ ⵓⵡⴰⵏⴽ ⵏ ⵉⵎⴰⵡⵉⵜⵏ ⵖ ⴰⵏⴷⴰⵍⵓⵙ, ⵉⴼⴰⵟⵉⵎⵉⵜⵏ ⴰⵔ ⵙⵉⴳⴳⵉⵍⵏ ⵖ ⵓⵙⴷⵓⵔⵔⵉ ⵏ ⵙⵉⵊⵉⵍⵎⴰⵙⴰ ⴰⴷ ⵙⴼⵙⵙⴰⵏ ⴽⵔⴰ ⵏⵏⴰ ⵉⴳⴰⵏ ⴰⵏⴰⵡ ⵏ ⵓⵙⴷⵉⴷⴷⵉⵢ ⵖ ⵉⴽⴰⵍⵉⵡⵏ ⵏ ⵉⵥⵥⵍⵎⴹ ⵏ ⵜⴼⵔⵉⵇⵜ ⴱⴰⵛ ⴰⴷ ⴼⴽⵉⵏ ⴰⴼⵓⴷ ⵏⵏⵙⵏ ⵉ ⵓⵙⵙⵍⴽⵎ ⵏ ⵜⵏⴱⴰⴹⵜ ⵏⵏⵙⵏ ⵙ ⵉⴷⵖⴰⵔⵏ ⵢⴰⴹⵏ ⵏ ⵓⵎⴰⴹⴰⵍ ⴰⵎⵙⵍⵎⴰⵏ ⵣⵓⵏⴷ ⵎⵉⵚⵕ ⴷ ⵍⵃⵉⵊⴰⵣ ⴷ ⵛⵛⴰⵎ ⴷ ⵍⵄⵉⵔⴰⵇ , ⵉⵎⴰⵡⵉⵜⵏ ⵏ ⴰⵏⴷⴰⵍⵓⵙ ⵏⵜⵜⵏⵉ ⵔⴰⵏ ⴰⴷ ⴷ ⵚⵚⴰⴱⵓⵏ ⴰⵢⵍⵍⵉ ⵙ ⵖⴰⵍⵏ ⵉⵙ ⵉⴳⴰ ⴰⵢⵢⴷⴰ ⵏⵏⵙⵏ ⵍⵍⵉ ⴰⵙⵏ ⵉⴷⴷⴰⵏ ⵖ ⵍⵎⵖⵔⵉⴱ ⴰⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙ ⵏ 741 , ⵓⵍⴰ ⵇⵇⵏⴻⵏⵏ ⴰⴳⴳⵓⵔ ⴼ ⵉⴼⴰⵟⵉⵎⵉⵜⵏ ⴰⴷ ⵖⵓⵎⵓⵏ ⵖⴰⵔ ⵖ ⵉⵥⵥⵍⵎⴹ ⵏ ⵜⴼⵔⵉⵇⵜ ⴷ ⴰⴷ ⵏⵏ ⴼⵍⵍⴰⵙⵏ ⵓⵔ ⴽⵛⵎⵏ ⵖ ⴰⵏⴷⴰⵍⵓⵙ ⵜⵜⵎⵉ ⵏ ⵡⴰⵡⴰⵍ ⵖ ⵓⵎⵏⴰⴹ ⴰⵊⵢⵓ-ⵙⵔⵜⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵓⵣⵎⵣ ⴰⵏⵏ ⵏ ⵜⴰⵙⵓⵜ ⵜⵉⵙⵙ 8 ⴷ 9, ⵉⴳⴰⵜ ⵎⴰⵙⴷⴷ ⴰⵡⴰⵏⴽ ⵉ ⵙⵉⵊⵉⵍⵎⴰⵙⴰ ⵉⴳⴰ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⵎⵙⵎⵓⵏ ⵏ ⵜⴷⵓⵙⵉ ⵜⴰⴷⴰⵎⵙⴰⵏⵜ ⵏⵏⴰ ⵉⵍⵍⴰⵏ ⵖ ⴳⵔ ⵙⵉⵏ ⵉⵎⵙⵎⵓⵏⵏ ⵏ ⵜⴷⵓⵙⵉ ⵜⴰⵙⵔⵜⴰⵏⵜ<ref>{{ⴱⴷⵔ ⴰⴷⵍⵉⵙ |last=ابن الأثير |title=الكامل في التاريخ}}</ref> , ⵙⵉⵏ ⵉⵜⵙⵏ ⵖⴰⵡⵍⵏ ⴰⴷⵜ ⴳⵉⵏ ⵖ ⴷⴷⴰⵡ ⵏ ⵓⴼⵓⵙ ⵏⵏⵙⵏ ⵙ ⴰⵛⴽⵓ ⵍⵎⵖⵔⵉⴱ ⵖ ⴰⴽⵓⴷ ⴰⵏⵏ ⵉⴱⴹⴰ ⵉⵍⵍⵓⵣⵣⵓ ⴷ ⵓⵔ ⴳⵉⵙ ⴽⵔⴰ ⵏ ⵡⴰⵏⴰⵡ ⵏ ⵓⵡⴰⵏⴽ ⴰⵏⴰⵎⵎⴰⵙ, ⴰⵎ [[ⵉⵎⵕⴰⴱⵟⵏ|ⵉⵎⵕⴰⴱⴹⵉⵜⵏ]] ==ⴰⴷⴷⴰⴷ ⴰⵎⵖⴰⵔⵎⴰⵏ== [[File:1886608-the ruins of Sijilmassa-Rissani.jpg|thumb|right|300px|ⴰⴳⵓⵔⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵖⵔⵎⵜ ⵏ ⵙⵉⵊⵉⵍⵎⴰⵙⴰ ⴳ ⵔⵔⵉⵙⴰⵏⵉ]] ⵣⵖ ⵓⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙ ⵍⵍⵉ ⵜⵜⵓⵚⴽⴰ ⵜⵖⵔⵎⵜ ⵏ [[ⵙⵉⵊⵍⵎⴰⵙⴰ]] ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵥⵓⵏⵜ ⵏ ⵓⵡⴰⵏⴽ ⵏ ⴰⵢⵜ ⵎⵉⴷⵔⴰⵔ, ⴰⴷ ⵜⵙⵙⵏⵜⵉ ⵖ ⵓⴷⵖⴰⵔ ⴰⵏⵏ ⵏ [[ⵍⵎⵖⵔⵉⴱ]] ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⵖⴱⴰⵍⵓⵜ ⵏ ⵜⵖⵔⵎⴰ ⴷ ⵜⵓⵚⴽⴰ ⵏⵏⴰ ⵉⵙⵙⵍⴽⵎⵏ ⴰⵎⴰⵏ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵉ ⵜⵎⵉⵣⴰⵔ ⴰⵙ ⵙⵙⵓⵜⵍⵏⵉⵏ ⵖ ⵜⴼⵔⵉⵇⵜ ⵏ ⵉⵥⵥⵍⵎⴹ, ⵓⵍⴰ ⵜⵉⵎⵉⵣⴰⵔ ⵜⵉⴷⴷⴰⵡⵏⵣⵔⵓⴼⵉⵏ ⴷ ⵓⵎⴰⴹⴰⵍ ⴰⴳⵔⴰⴽⵍⴰⵏ, ⵜⴳⴰ ⵙⵉⵊⵉⵍⵎⴰⵙⴰ ⵖ ⵓⵣⵎⵣ ⵏ ⴰⵢⵜ ⵎⵉⴷⵔⴰⵔ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵖ ⵜⵎⴷⵉⵏⵉⵏ ⵜⵜⵢⴰⵡⵙⵙⴰⵏⵏⵉⵏ ⵖ ⵓⵎⴰⴹⴰⵍ ⴰⵎⵙⵍⵎⴰⵏ [[File:Trans-Saharan routes early.svg|thumb|right|350px|ⵉⴱⵔⵉⴷⵏ ⵉⵇⴱⵓⵔⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵙⴱⴱⴰⴱⵜ ⵜⴰⵣⴳⵔⵏⵣⵔⵓⴼⵜ ⴳ ⵜⴼⵔⵉⵇⵜ ⵏ ⵓⴳⴰⴼⴰ ⴷ ⵜⴼⵔⵉⵇⵜ ⵏ ⵓⵜⴰⵔⴰⵎ ⵙⵉⵊⵍⵎⴰⵙⴰ ⵜⴳⴰ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⴱⴷⴷⴰⴷ ⴷ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⴳⴰⴷⵣ ⴰⵅⴰⵜⴰⵔ ⵏⵏⴰ ⴳ ⵉⵣⵔⵉ ⵓⴱⵔⵉⴷ ⴰⴷ ⴰⴷⴰⵎⵙⴰⵏ]] === ⵜⴰⵖⵔⵎⴰ ⵏ ⴰⵢⵜ ⵎⵉⴷⵔⴰⵔ ⵣⵖ ⵜⵉⵔⵔⴰ ⵜⴰⵏⵎⵣⵔⴰⵢⵜ === ⵉⵙⴰⵡⵍ ⵉⴱⵏ ⵃⴰⵡⵇⴰⵍ ⵖ ⵓⴷⵍⵉⵙ ⵏⵏⵙ "ⵜⴰⵡⵍⴰⴼⵜ ⵏ ⵡⴰⴽⴰⵍ" ⴼ ⵜⴷⵓⵙⵉ ⴷ ⵓⴱⵓⵖⵍⵓ ⴰⴷⴰⵎⵙⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵖⵔⵎⵜ ⵏ ⴰⵢⵜ ⵎⵉⴷⵔⴰⵔ ⵙⵉⵊⵉⵍⵎⴰⵙⴰ, ⵍⵍⵉⵖ ⵉⴱⴷⵔ ⵓⵏⵛⴽ ⵏ ⵓⵇⵇⴰⵔⵉⴹ ⴷ ⵍⵎⴰⵍ ⵍⵍⵉ ⵉⵣⵣⵔⵓⵢⵏ ⴳⵔ ⵉⵔⴼⴼⴰⴽⵏ ⵏ ⵙⵉⵊⵍⵎⴰⵙⴰ ⵓⵏⵛⴽⴽ ⴰⵏⵏ ⵏ ⵓⵙⵎⵎⵙⴽⵍ ⴰⵥⵕⴼⴰⵏ ⵓⵔ ⵉⵥⵕⵉ ⴰⵏⴰⵡ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵖ ⵜⵖⵔⵎⵉⵏ ⵎⵇⵇⵓⵔⵏⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵓⴳⵎⵎⵓⴹ<ref>{{ⴱⴷⵔ ⴰⴷⵍⵉⵙ |last=ابن حوقل |title=صورة الأرض}}</ref> ⵉⵎⵎⴰ [[ⴰⴱⵓ ⵄⵓⴱⴰⵢⴷ ⵍⴱⴰⴽⵔⵉ]] ⵏⵜⵜⴰⵏ ⵉⴱⴷⵔ ⴰⴱⵓⵖⵍⵓ ⵏ ⵜⵖⵔⵎⵜ ⵏ ⵙⵉⵊⵍⵎⴰⵙⴰ ⵖ ⵓⵣⵎⵣ ⵏ ⴰⵢⵜ ⵎⵉⴷⵔⴰⵔ ⵖ ⵜⵙⴳⴰ ⵏ ⵜⵢⵔⵣⴰ ⴷ ⵎⴰⵙⴷⴷ, ⵉⴽⴰⵍⵉⵡⵏ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵡⵉⴷ ⴳⴰⵏⵉⵏ ⵡⵉⵏ ⵜⵢⵔⵣⴰ ⵍⵍⴰⵏ ⵖ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⴷⵖⴰⵔ ⵉⴳⴰⵏ ⴰⵣⴰⵖⴰⵔ, ⴷ ⵜⵜⴽⴰⵔ ⵙ ⵡⵓⵔⵜⴰⵏ ⵓⵔ ⵟⵟⵉⴼⵏ ⵓⵟⵟⵓⵏ ⵎⵓⵏⵏ ⴷ ⵜⵙⴳⴳⵯⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵡⴰⵙⵉⴼ ⵜⵜⴽⵔⵏ ⵙ ⵡⴰⵏⴰⵡⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵢⴰⴼⵓⵜ ⴷ ⵡⴰⴷⴷⴰⴳ, ⵉⵙⵡⴰⵍ ⵓⵍⴰ ⴼ ⵓⵙⵏⴼⵍⵓⵍ ⵏ ⵜⵉⵢⵢⵏⵉ ⵉⴳⴳⵓⵜⵏ ⵖ ⵜⵖⵔⵎⵜ ⴰⵏⵏ ⵍⵍⵉ ⵢⴰⴽⴽⴰⵏ ⵜⴰⵢⴰⴼⵓⵜ ⵉ ⴽⵔⴰ ⵉⴳⴰⵏ ⴰⴷⵖⴰⵔ ⵖ ⵉⴷⵖⴰⵔⵏ ⵏ ⵍⵎⵖⵔⵉⴱ ⴰⴽⵓⴷ ⴰⵏⵏ<ref>{{ⴱⴷⵔ ⴰⴷⵍⵉⵙ |last=ابو عبيد البكري |title=المسالك و الممالك}}</ref> ⵉⴱⴷⵔ ⵓⵍⴰ ⵜⴰⴷⵓⵙⵉ ⵏ ⵜⵓⵚⴽⴰ ⵍⵍⵉ ⵢⴰⵏⵏⵉ ⵖ ⵓⵖⵔⴰⴱ ⵉⵙⵙⵓⵜⵍⵏ ⵉ ⵜⵖⵔⵎⵜ ⴷ ⵎⴰⵙ ⵉⵟⵟⴰⴼ 12 ⵏ ⵡⴰⴳⴳⵓⵔ ⵜⴰⵎ ⴳⵉⵙⵏ ⵜⵜⴰⵡⵙⴽⴰⵔⵏ ⵖ ⵡⵓⵣⵣⴰⵍ [[ⵍⵉⴷⵔⵉⵙⵉ]] ⴷ [[ⵍⵎⴰⵇⴷⵉⵙⵉ]] ⵙⴰⵡⵍⵏ ⵙⵉⵏ ⵉⵜⵙⵏ ⴼ ⵜⴷⵓⵙⵉ ⴷ ⵓⴱⵓⵖⵍⵓ ⴰⵎⵙⵜⴰⴳⴳⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵎⴷⵉⵏⵜ ⵏ ⵙⵉⵊⵍⵎⴰⵙⴰ ⴰⴽⵓⴷ ⴰⵏⵏ, ⴷ ⵎⴰⵙⴷⴷ ⵉⵙⴱⴱⴰⴱⵏ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵍⴽⵎⵏ ⵙ ⵜⵎⵙⵜⴰⴳⵜ ⵏⵏⵙⵏ [[ⵜⵉⵎⵉⵣⴰⵔ ⵏ ⵙⵙⵓⴷⴰⵏ]] <ref>{{ⴱⴷⵔ ⴰⴷⵍⵉⵙ |last=المقدسي البشاري |title=احسن التقاسيم}}</ref>ⵉⴱⴷⵔ ⵜⵜ ⵍⵉⴷⵔⵉⵙⵉ ⵙ ⵉⵙⵎ ⵏ ⵜⵖⵔⵎⵜ ⵏ ⵉⵔⴼⴼⴰⴽⵏ, ⴷ ⴰⵔ ⴷ ⵙⵉⵙ ⵉⴽⵛⵛⵎ ⴷ ⴰⵔ ⴳⵉⵙ ⵉⵜⵜⴼⴼⵖ ⵡⵓⵔⵖ ⵙ ⵜⵎⵉⵣⴰⵔ ⵏ ⵙⵙⵓⴷⴰⵏ ⵉⴳⴰ ⴰⵙ ⵙ ⵉⵙⵎ ⴰⵙⴰⴳⵏ ⴰⵎⴰⴽⵍⴰⵏ ⵏⵏⴰ ⵉⵟⵟⴰⵢⵏ ⴰⵏⴰⵡⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵎⵙⵜⴰⴳⵜ ⵙ ⵜⵎⵉⵣⴰⵔ ⵏ ⵙⵙⵓⴷⴰⵏ, ⵉⵙⴰⵡⵍ ⴼ ⵉⵔⴼⴼⴰⴽⵏ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵉⵙ ⴰⵔ ⵙⴽⴰⵔⵏ ⵜⴰⵢⴰⴼⵓⵜ ⵉⴳⴳⵓⵜⵏ ⵖ ⵜⵡⵡⵓⵔⵉ ⵏⵏⵙⵏ<ref>{{ⴱⴷⵔ ⴰⴷⵍⵉⵙ |last=الإدريسي |title=نزهة المشتاق}}</ref> ⵉⵙⴰⵡⵍ [[ⵍⴱⴰⴽⵔⵉ]] ⴼ ⵜⵎⵣⴳⵉⴷⴰ ⵏ ⵙⵉⵊⵍⵎⴰⵙⵙⴰ ⴷ ⵎⴰⵙ ⵜⵎⵇⵇⵓⵔ ⵜⵉⵖⵣⵉⴼ ⵜⵚⵚⵓⵎⵄⵉⵜ ⵏⵏⵙ, ⴷ ⵉⵙⵔⴰⴳ ⵏ ⵜⵎⵣⴳⵉⴷⴰ ⵍⵍⵉ ⵉⵍⴰⵏ ⴰⵏⴰⵡⵏ ⵏ ⵉⴽⵯⵍⴰⵏ ⴷ ⵣⵣⵡⴰⵇ ⴰⵔ ⵜⵙⵎⵓⵏ ⵎⵉⴷⴷⵏ ⴼ ⵜⵥⴰⵍⵍⵉⵜ ⴷ ⵜⵖⵔⵉ ⵏ ⵡⴰⵏⴰⵡⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵎⵓⵙⵙⵏⵉⵡⵉⵏ ⵜⵉⵙⴳⴷⴰⵏⵉⵏ<ref>{{ⴱⴷⵔ ⴰⴷⵍⵉⵙ |last=البكري |title=المسالك و الممالك}}</ref>, ⵉⵙⴰⵡⵍ [[ⵉⴱⵏ ⵍⴼⴰⵔⴹⵉ]] ⴼ ⵓⴱⵖⵍⵓ ⴰⴷⵍⵙⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵎⴷⵉⵏⵜ ⴷ ⵎⴰⵙ ⴰⵖ ⴷ ⵜⵜⴰⵡⵉ ⵉⵙⵍⵎⴰⴷⵏ ⴷ ⵉⵏⵍⵎⴰⴷⵏ ⵖ ⵜⵎⵉⵣⴰⵔ ⵏ ⴰⵏⴷⴰⵍⵓⵙ ⴷ [[ⵍⵇⴰⵢⵔⴰⵡⴰⵏ]], ⴷ ⵎⴰⵙ ⵜⵜ ⵉⵡⵉⵏ ⵉⵎⵣⴷⴰⵖ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵖ ⵜⵓⵙⵙⵏⴰ ⵏ ⵜⵓⵙⵏⴰⴽⵜ ⴷ ⵓⵙⵉⴹⵏ ⴰⵛⴽⵓ ⵜⵣⴷⵉ ⴷ ⵜⵡⵡⵓⵔⵉ ⵏⵏⵙⵏ ⵖ ⵜⵔⴼⴼⴰⴽⵜ ⴷ ⵜⵎⵙⵜⴰⴳⵜ<ref>{{ⴱⴷⵔ ⴰⴷⵍⵉⵙ |last=الفرضي |title=تاريخ علماء الأندلس}}</ref> ⵉⵎⵎⴰ ⵖ ⵜⵙⴳⴰ ⵏ ⵜⵎⴳⵓⵔⵉ ⴰⵔ ⵙⴰⵡⴰⵍⵏⵜ ⵜⵉⵔⵔⴰ ⴼ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⴱⵓⵖⵍⵓ ⴰⵅⴰⵜⴰⵔ ⵉⴹⵔⴰⵄⴰⵏ ⵡⵉⵏ ⵡⴰⵎⵎⴰⵙⵏ ⵢⴰⴹⵏⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵖⵔⵎⴰ ⵜⴰⵎⵙⵍⵎⴰⵏⵜ ⵖ ⵓⵣⵎⵣ ⴰⵏⵏ, [[ⵢⴰⵇⵓⵜ ⵍⵃⴰⵎⴰⵡⵉ]] ⵉⴱⴷⵔ ⵜⵉⵎⵍⵙⴰ ⵜⴰⵙⵉⵊⵍⵎⴰⵙⵜ ⵙ ⵎⴰⵙ ⵟⵟⴰⴼ ⵜⴰⵎⵙⵓⵙⵏⵜ ⴷ ⵉⵙⵎ ⵖ ⵜⵎⵉⵣⴰⵔ ⴷ ⵎⴰⵙⴷⴷ ⵉⵙ ⵍⴽⵎⵏⵜ ⵖ ⵜⵙⴳⴰ ⵏ ⵓⵖⵓⴷⵓ ⵜⵉⵎⵍⵙⴰ ⵏ ⵉⴳⵍⴷⴰⵏ<ref>{{ⴱⴷⵔ ⴰⴷⵍⵉⵙ |last=ياقوت الحموي |title=معجم البلدان}}</ref>, [[ⵍⵢⵓⵏ ⴰⴼⵔⵉⵇⴰⵏ]]ⵉⵙⵙⴽⵯⵜⵉ ⴷ ⵖ ⵜⵉⵔⵔⴰ ⵏⵏⵙ ⴰⴼⵓⵍⴽⵉ ⵏ ⵜⵏⵣⴳⵉⵜ ⵏ ⵜⴳⵯⵎⵎⴰ ⴷ ⵜⵎⵣⴳⴰⴷⵉⵡⵉⵏ ⴷ ⵜⵉⵏⵎⴰⵍ ⵏ ⵙⵉⵊⵍⵎⴰⵙⴰ ⴷ ⵉⵙ ⴰⵔ ⵙⵙⵎⵔⴰⵙⵏ ⵉⴷ ⴱⴰⴱ ⵏⵏⵙⵏⵜ ⵜⵉⵎⵛⵛⵉ (ⵔⵔⵅⴰⵎ) ⴷ ⵣⵣⵍⵍⵉⵊ ⵖ ⵜⵓⵚⴽⴰ<ref>{{ⴱⴷⵔ ⴰⴷⵍⵉⵙ |first=ليون الافريقي |title=وصف افريقيا}}</ref>, ⵉⵎⵎⴰ ⵜⴰⵎⴳⵓⵔⵉ ⵏ ⵓⵇⵇⴰⵔⵉⴹ ⵉⵏⵏⴰ ⵍⵉⴷⵔⵉⵙⵉ<ref>{{ⴱⴷⵔ ⴰⴷⵍⵉⵙ |last=الإدريسي |title=نزهة المشتاق}}</ref> ⵎⴰⵙⴷⴷ ⵓⵔⵖ ⵉⵖ ⴷ ⵉⵍⴽⵎ ⵙⵉⵊⵍⵎⴰⵙⴰ ⴰⵔ ⴳⵉⵙ ⵜⵜⵉⵡⵙⴽⵉⵔⵏ ⵉⵇⵇⴰⵔⵉⴹⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵎⵙⵜⴰⴳⵜ ⵏⵏⴰ ⵟⵟⴰⴼⵏⵉⵏ ⴰⵜⵉⴳ ⵖ ⴽⵔⴰ ⵉⴳⴰⵏ ⵎⴰⵏⵉ, ⵍⴱⴰⴽⵔⵉ ⵉⴱⴷⵔ ⵉⵙⵎ ⵏ ⵉⵇⵇⴰⵔⵉⴹⵏ ⵏ ⵙⵉⵊⵍⵎⴰⵙⴰ ⵍⵍⵉ ⵉⴳⴰⵏ ⴷⵉⵏⴰⵔ ⴰⵎⴷⵔⴰⵔ ⵍⵍⵉ ⵙ ⵜⵣⵣⵉⴳⵉⵣ ⵜⵎⵙⵜⴰⴳⵜ ⵖ ⵍⵎⵖⵔⵉⴱ ⴷ ⵙⵙⵓⴷⴰⵏ ⴷ ⴰⵏⴷⴰⵍⵓⵙ<ref>{{ⴱⴷⵔ ⴰⴷⵍⵉⵙ |last=ابو عبيد البكري |title=المسالك و الممالك}}</ref> === ⵜⴰⵖⵔⵎⴰ ⵏ ⵙⵉⵊⵍⵎⴰⵙⴰ ⵜⴰⵎⴷⵔⴰⵔⵜ ⵣ ⵉⵔⵣⵣⵓⵜⵏ ⵉⵔⴽⵢⵓⵍⵓⵊⵉⵜⵏ === ⴳⴳⵓⵜⵏ ⵉⵔⵣⵣⵓⵜⵏ ⵉⵔⴽⵢⵓⵍⵓⵊⵉⵜⵏ ⵍⵍⵉ ⵜⵜⴰⵡⵙⴽⴰⵔⵏ ⴼ ⵜⵖⵔⵎⴰ ⵏ ⵙⵉⵊⵍⵎⴰⵙⴰ ⵏⵏⴰ ⴷ ⵉⵍⵓⵍⵏ ⴷ ⵜⵍⴰⵍⵉⵜ ⵏ ⵓⵡⴰⵏⴽ ⵏ ⴰⵢⵜ ⵎⵉⴷⵔⴰⵔ, ⵉⵔⵣⵣⵓⵜⵏ ⵍⵍⵉ ⵙⴽⵔⵏⵜ ⵜⵔⴰⴱⴱⵓⵜ ⵏ ⵓⵔⵣⵣⵓ ⴰⵔⴽⵢⵓⵍⵓⵊⴰⵏ ⵙⵡⵍⴰⴷⴷⴰⴽⴽⵯ ⵜⵉⵔⴰⴱⴱⵓⵜⵉⵏ ⵣ ⵍⵎⵖⵔⵉⴱ [[ⴼⵕⴰⵏⵚⴰ]] ⴷ [[ⵉⵡⴰⵏⴽⵏ ⵉⵎⵓⵏⵏ|ⵎⴰⵔⵉⴽⴰⵏ]] * ⴳ 1950 ⵉⴼⵙⵔ [[ⴱⵓⵍ ⴱⵉⵔⵜⵉⵔ]] '''(Paul Berthier)''' ⵜⴰⵢⴰⴼⵓⵜ ⵏ ⵉⵔⵣⵣⵓⵜⵏ ⵏⵏⵙ ⴼ ⵓⵙⵓⴷⵙ ⵏ ⵜⵔⴳⵯⵉⵡⵉⵏ ⵖ ⵜⵎⵏⴰⴹⵜ ⵏ ⵜⴼⵉⵍⴰⵍⵜ ⵎⴰⵢⴰⴷ ⴰⴷ ⴷ ⵉⴹⵉⵏ ⵜⵉⵙⴽⵉⵡⵜ ⵜⴰⵣⴰⵢⴽⵓⵜ ⵏ ⵓⵙⴷⵙ ⵏ ⵜⵔⴳⵯⴰ ⴳ ⵉⵣⵎⴰⵣ ⵏ ⴰⵢⵜ ⵎⵉⴷⵔⴰⵔ * ⴳ ⵓⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙ ⵏ 1966 ⵉⵙⴽⵔ [[ⴷⴰⵏⵢⴰⵍ ⵢⵓⵙⵜⴰⵛ]] '''Daniel Eustache''' ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⵣⵔⴰⵡⵜ ⵜⴰⵙⴰⵖⵓⵍⵜ ⴼ ⵉⵇⵇⴰⵔⵉⴹⵏ ⵏ ⵓⵡⴰⵏⴽ ⵏ [[ⴰⵢⵜ ⴷⵔⵉⵙ]] ⴷ ⵡⵉⵏ ⴰⵢⵜ ⵎⵉⴷⵔⴰⵔ ⵏⵜⵜⴰⵜ ⴰⴷ ⵉⴼⴽⴰⵏ ⴰⵎⵣⵔⵓⵢ ⵏ ⵉⴳⵍⴷⴰⵏ ⵏ ⴰⵢⵜ ⵎⵉⴷⵔⴰⵔ ⵣ ⵉⵇⵇⴰⵔⵉⴹⵏ ⵏⵏⵙⵏ<ref>{{ⴱⴷⵔ ⴰⴷⵍⵉⵙ |last=Daniel Eustache |first=Daniel Eustache |title=Corpsus des Dirhams idrisites}}</ref> * ⴳⵔ 1971 ⴷ 1974 ⵉⵙⵙⵏⵜⵉ ⵓⵙⵉⵏⴰⴳ ⴰⵏⴰⵎⵓⵔ ⵏ ⵉⴷⵔⵉⵣⵏ ⴷ ⵜⵏⴳⵎⵉ INSAP<ref>{{ⴱⴷⵔ ⴰⵡⵉⴱ |last=ⴰⵙⵉⵏⴰⴳ ⴰⵏⴰⵎⵓⵔ ⵏ ⵉⴷⵔⵉⵣⵏ ⴷ ⵜⵏⴳⵎⵉ |title= |url=https://insap.ac.ma/}}</ref> ⵜⵉⵖⵓⵣⵉⵏ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵜⵉⵎⵣⵡⵓⵔⴰ ⵖ ⵓⴷⵖⴰⵔ ⵏ ⵙⵉⵊⵉⵍⵎⴰⵙⴰ, ⴷ ⴰⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙ ⵏ 1988 ⵉⵙⵙⵏⵜⵉ [[ⵓⵙⵏⴼⴰⵔ ⵏ "ⵙⵉⵊⵍⵎⴰⵙⴰ"]] ⵉⴳⴰⵏ ⵡⵉⵏ ⵜⵖⵓⵣⵉ ⵜⴰⵔⴽⵢⵓⵍⵓⵊⵉⵜ ⴷⴷⵓ ⵓⴼⵓⵙ ⵏ ⵓⴱⵔⵓⴼⵉⵙⵓⵔ ⴰⵎⴰⵔⵉⴽⴰⵏ [[ⵔⵓⵏⴰⵍⴷ ⵎⵉⵙⵉⵙⵔ]] * ⴳ 1996 ⵉⵙⴼⴼⵓⵖ ⴷ ⵓⵎⵔⵣⴰⵡ ⴰⵎⵖⵔⴰⴱⵉ [[ⵍⵃⵙⵏ ⵜⴰⵡⵛⵉⵅⵜ]] ⵜⴰⵣⵔⴰⵡⵜ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵜⴰⴽⴰⴷⵉⵎⵉⵜ ⴼ ⵜⵓⵚⴽⴰ ⴷ ⵜⵏⵣⴳⵉⵜ ⵜⴰⵎⴷⵔⴰⵔⵜ <ref>{{ⴱⴷⵔ ⴰⵡⵉⴱ |title= |url=https://archive.org/details/tokyo.elektro_20210605}}</ref><ref>{{ⴱⴷⵔ ⴰⴷⵍⵉⵙ |last=لحسن تاوشيخت |title=عمران سجلماسة}}</ref> * ⴳ 2015 ⴰⴷ ⴷ ⵉⴼⴼⵓⵖ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⴷⵍⵉⵙ ⴰⵅⴰⵜⴰⵔ ⵡⴰⴷ ⵉⴳⴰⵏ ⵎⴰⵙ ⵏ ⵉⴷⵍⵉⵙⵏ ⵖ ⵜⵔⴽⵢⵓⵍⵓⵊⵉⵜ ⵏ ⵙⵉⵊⵍⵎⴰⵙⴰ ⵙ ⵜⵓⵜⵍⴰⵢⵜ ⵜⴰⵏⴳⵍⵉⵣⵜ ⵉⴳⴰ ⵙ ⵡⴰⵙⵙⴰⵖ "[[ⴰⴷ ⵖⴰⵔ ⴰⵎⵖⴰⵔⵎⴰⵏ ⴰⵎⴳⴳⴰⵔⵓ]]" ⵢⵓⵔⴰ ⵜ ⵓⵎⴰⵔⵣⵓ ⴰⵎⴰⵔⵉⴽⴰⵏ ⵔⵉⵏⴰⵍⴷ ⵎⵉⵙⵉⵔ ⴷ ⵓⵎⴷⴷⴰⴽⴽⵍ ⵏⵏⵙ [[ⴷⵊⵉⵎⵙ ⵎⵉⵍⵉⵔ]] <ref>{{ⴱⴷⵔ ⴰⴷⵍⵉⵙ |last=James Andrew Miller Ronald A. Messier |first= |title=The Last Civilized Place: Sijilmasa and Its Saharan Destiny}}</ref>, ⵖ ⵓⴷⵍⵉⵙ ⴰⴷ ⴰⵔ ⵏⵏ ⵏⵜⵜⴰⴼⴰ ⵎⴰⵙⴷⴷ ⴱⴰⴱⴰⵙ ⵏ ⵣⵣⵍⵍⵉⵊ ⴰⵎⵖⵔⴰⴱⵉ ⵏ ⵡⴰⵙⵙⴰ ⵉⴼⴼⵓⵖ ⴷ ⵣ ⵉⴼⵓⵏⵏⵔⴰ ⵏ ⵜⵎⴷⵉⵏⵜ ⵏ ⵙⵉⵊⵍⵎⴰⵙⴰ ⴰⴷ ⵜ ⵉⴳⴰⵏ ⴷ ⴰⵢⵍⵍⵉ ⵎⵓ ⵜⵜⵉⵏⵉⵏ "ⵉⴷⵇⵇⵉ ⴰⵙⵎⴰⵎⵎⴰⵖ" ⵙ ⵜⵏⴳⵍⵉⵣⵜ glazed potery ⵙ ⵜⵄⵔⴰⴱⵜ الخزف المزجج * ⴰⵎⴰⵢⵏⵓ ⵏ ⵓⵔⵣⵣⵓ ⴰⵔⴽⵢⵓⵍⵓⵊⴰⵏ ⵖ ⵓⴷⵖⴰⵔ ⵏ ⵙⵉⵊⵉⵍⵎⴰⵙⴰ ⴷ ⵡⴰⴷ ⵉⵣⴷⵉⵏ ⴷ ⵜⵖⵔⵎⴰ ⵏ ⴰⵢⵜ ⵎⵉⴷⵔⴰⵔ, ⵉⵙⴰⵡⵍ ⴼ ⵉⵅⴼ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵖ ⵓⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙ ⵏ 2025 ⵍⵍⵉⵖ ⵜⵍⵖⴰ ⵜⵎⴰⵡⴰⵙⵜ ⵏ ⵜⵄⵓⵔⵎⴰ ⴷ ⵜⵓⵙⵙⵏⴰ ⴷ ⵓⵎⵙⴰⵡⴰⴹ ⵙ ⵜⵣⵔⴰⵡⵜ ⵍⵍⵉ ⴰⴽⴽⵯ ⵎⵇⵇⵓⵔⵏ ⵣ ⵉⴷ 70 ⵏ ⵜⴰⵙⵓⵜ ⵍⵍⵉ ⵉⵣⵔⵉⵏ ⴼ ⵓⴷⵖⴰⵔ ⵏ ⵙⵉⵊⵉⵍⵎⴰⵙⴰ, ⴳⵔ ⴰⵢⵍⵍⵉ ⵉⵜⵜⵢⴰⴼⴰⵏ ⵖ ⵜⵣⵔⴰⵡⵜ ⴰⴷ: . ⵜⵉⵎⵣⴳⵉⴷⴰ ⵍⵍⵉ ⴰⴽⴽⵯ ⵉⴳⴰⵏ ⵜⴰⵣⴰⵢⴽⵓⵜ ⵖ ⵍⵎⵖⵔⵉⴱ ⴰⵎⵣⵔⵓⵢ ⵏⵏⵙ ⴰⵔ ⵉⵜⵜⴷⴰ ⴰⵔ ⵜⴰⵙⵓⵜ ⵜⵉⵙⵙ 8 ⴷ ⴰⵔ ⵜⵜⴰⵙⵉ 2800 ⵏ ⵉⵎⵥⵥⴰⵍⵍⵉⵜⵏ . ⵉⵜⵜⴰⵡⵙⴽⴰⵔ ⵓⵙⵖⵉⵡⵙ ⴰⵥⴰⵡⴽⴰⵏ ⴰⵎⵣⵡⴰⵔⵓ ⵉ ⵜⵖⵔⵎⵜ ⵏ ⵙⵉⵊⵍⵎⴰⵙⴰ ⵍⵍⵉ ⵖ ⵜⵍⵍⴰ ⵜⵓⵥⵥⵓⵎⵜ ⵏ ⵜⵎⴷⵉⵏⵜ ⴷ ⵓⵥⵟⵟⴰ ⵏ ⵉⵖⴰⵔⴰⵙⵏ ⴷ ⵜⴳⵯⵎⵎⴰ ⵏ ⵜⵣⴷⵓⵖⵜ ⴷ ⵙⵉⵏ ⵉⵔⴳⴳⵓⴱⵏ ⵏ ⵜⴰⴹⴰⴼⵜ ⵍⵍⴰⵏⵉⵏ ⴼ ⵜⵎⵣⴳⵉⴷⴰ ⵜⵎⵇⵇⵔⴰⵏⵜ . ⴰⴷⴷⴰⵔ ⵏ ⵜⵎⴳⵓⵔⵉ ⵏ ⵓⵇⵇⴰⵔⵉⴹ ⵏ ⵡⵓⵔⵖ, ⴷ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵡⵓⵙⵓⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵣⴷⵓⵖⵜ ⵏⵏⴰ ⵖ ⵍⵍⴰⵏ 12 ⵏ ⵜⴰⴷⴷⴰⵔⵜ<ref>{{ⴱⴷⵔ ⵉⵏⵖⵎⵉⵙⵏ |last=ⵀⵉⵙⴱⵔⵉⵙ |first=Hespress |title=Hespress |url=https://www.hespress.com/%D8%AA%D9%86%D9%82%D9%8A%D8%A8%D8%A7%D8%AA-%D8%B3%D8%AC%D9%84%D9%85%D8%A7%D8%B3%D8%A9-%D8%AA%D9%83%D8%B4%D9%81-%D8%A3%D9%82%D8%AF%D9%85-%D9%85%D8%B3%D8%AC%D8%AF-%D9%85%D8%A4%D8%B1%D8%AE-%D8%A8%D8%A7-1598996.html}}</ref> ==ⵉⵏⴱⴱⴰⴹⵏ ⴷ ⵉⴳⵍⴷⵓⵏⵏ== * ⵄⵉⵙⴰ ⴱⵏ ⵢⴰⵣⵉⴷ ⴰⵙⴳⴳⴰⵏ (757/771) * ⴰⴱⵓ ⵇⴰⵙⵉⵎ ⵙⵎⴽⵓ ⵓ ⵡⴰⵙⵓⵍ (771/789) * ⴰⴱⵓ ⵍⵡⴰⵣⵉⵔ ⵉⵍⵢⴰⵙ ⵓ ⴰⴱⵓ ⵇⴰⵙⵉⵎ * ⴰⵍⵢⴰⵙⴰⵄ ⵓ ⴱⵓ ⵍⵇⴰⵙⵉⵎ (790/823) * ⵎⴷⵔⴰⵔ ⵓ ⵍⵢⴰⵙⴰⵄ ⵓ ⴱⵓ ⵍⵇⴰⵙⵉⵎ (823/867) * ⵎⴰⵢⵎⵓⵏ ⴰⴳⵍⴷⵓⵏ ⵓ ⵎⴷⵔⴰⵔ ⵓ ⴱⵓ ⵍⵇⴰⵙⵉⵎ (867/876) * ⵎⵓⵃⵎⵎⴰⴷ ⵓ ⵎⴰⵢⵎⵓⵏ ⴰⴳⵍⴷⵓⵏ ⵓ ⵎⴷⵔⴰⵔ (876/883) * ⴰⵍⵢⴰⵙⴰⵄ ⵓ ⵍⵎⵓⵏⵜⴰⵚⵉⵔ ⵓ ⵍⵢⴰⵙⴰⵄ(883/889) * ⵡⴰⵙⵓⵍ ⵍⴼⴰⵜⵃ ⵓ ⵎⴰⵢⵎⵓⵏ ⴰⴳⵍⴷⵓⵏ(909/912) * ⵃⵎⴰⴷ ⵓ ⵎⵉⵎⵓⵏ ⴰⴳⵍⴷⵓⵏ ⵓ ⵎⴷⵔⴰⵔ(912/921) * ⵍⵎⵓⵄⵜⴰⵣⵣ ⵓ ⵎⵓⵃⵎⵎⴰⴷ ⵓ ⵙⴰⵡⵔ(921/933) * ⴰⵍⵎⵓⵏⵜⴰⵚⵉⵔ ⵎⵓⵃⵎⵎⴰⴷ ⵓ ⵍⵎⵓⵄⵜⴰⵣⵣ ⵓ ⵙⴰⵡⵔ(933/942) * ⴰⵍⵎⵓⵏⵜⴰⵚⵉⵔ ⵙⵎⴽⵓ ⵓ ⵎⵓⵃⵎⵎⴰⴷ ⵓ ⵍⵎⵓⵄⵜⴰⵣⵣ ⵓ ⵙⴰⵡⵔ (942) * ⵛⵛⴰⴽⵉⵔ ⵍⵉⵍⵍⴰⵀ ⵍⴼⴰⵜⵃ ⵓ ⵎⵉⵎⵓⵏ ⴰⴳⵍⴷⵓⵏ ⵓ ⵎⴷⵔⴰⵔ (943/963) * ⴰⵍⵎⵓⵏⵜⴰⵚⵉⵔ ⴱⵉⵍⵍⴰⵀ ⵓ ⴰⵎⵉⵔ ⵍⵎⵓⵎⵉⵏⵉⵏ ⵛⵛⴰⴽⵉⵔ ⵍⵉⵍⵍⴰⵀ ⵎⵓⵃⵎⵎⴰⴷ (963) * ⴰⵍⵎⵓⵄⵜⴰⵣⵣ ⴱⵉⵍⵍⴰⵀ ⴰⴱⵓ ⵎⵓⵃⵎⵎⴰⴷ ⵓ ⴰⵎⵉⵔ ⵍⵎⵓⵎⵉⵏⵉⵏ ⵛⵛⴰⴽⵉⵔ ⵍⵉⵍⵍⴰⵀ (963/976) ==ⵉⵙⴰⵖⵓⵍⵏ== {{ⵉⵙⴰⵖⵓⵍⵏ}} {{ⴰⵙⵎⵉⵍ |ⵍⵎⵖⵔⵉⴱ |ⵜⴰⴳⵍⴷⵉⵜ ⵜⴰⵎⵖⵔⵉⴱⵉⵜ |ⵜⴰⴳⵍⴷⵉⵜ ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵜ |ⵉⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵏ |ⵜⴰⴳⵍⴷⵉⵜ ⵜⴰⵏⵙⵍⵎⵜ |ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵣⵖⴰ |ⵜⴰⴼⵔⵉⵇⵜ ⵜⴰⴳⴰⴼⴰⵏⵜ |ⴰⵎⵣⵔⵓⵢ}} dfk7sewmu7110oa08sl306r7floxwmi 176116 176115 2026-05-04T19:11:58Z ⴰⵢⵢⵓⴱ 438 176116 wikitext text/x-wiki {{ⴰⵎⵏⵏⵉ ⴰⵚⴱⵃⴰⵏ}} {{ⵜⴰⴼⵍⵓⵙⴼⴽⵉⵜ}} [[File:Barghouata Carte ZGH.png|thumb|right|300px|ⵜⴰⴽⴰⵔⴹⴰ ⵏⵏⴰ ⵉⵎⵎⴰⵍⵏ ⴰⴷⵖⴰⵔ ⵏ ⵜⵎⵍⵉⵍⵜ ⵏ ⴰⵢⵜ ⵓⵎⴷⵔⴰⵔ ⴷ ⵜⵎⵏⵥⴰⵡⵜ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵙⵉⵊⵉⵍⵎⴰⵙⴰ]] {| class="infobox" style="width: 22em; float: right; clear: right; margin: 0 0 1em 1em; border: 1px solid #a2a9b1; background: #f8f9fa; font-size: 90%;" |+ style="font-size: 125%; font-weight: bold; background-color: #cedff2; padding: 0.2em;" | ⵜⴰⵎⵍⵉⵍⵜ ⵏ ⴰⵢⵜ ⵓⵎⴷⵔⴰⵔ |- ! style="text-align: left; padding: 0.2em;" | ⴰⴷⴷⴰⴷ | ▪︎ⴰⵡⴰⵏⴽ ⴰⵏⴰⴽⵍⴰⵏ ⵙ ⵉⵙⵎ ⵏ ⵍⵄⴱⴱⴰⵙⵉⵢⵢⵉⵏ (757–909) ▪︎ⴰⵡⴰⵏⴽ ⴰⵏⴰⴽⵍⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵉⴼⴰⵟⵉⵎⵉⵜⵏ (909-976) |- ! style="text-align: left; padding: 0.2em;" | ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵏⵖⵜ | [[ⵙⵉⵊⵉⵍⵎⴰⵙⴰ]] |- ! style="text-align: left; padding: 0.2em;" | ⵜⵓⵜⵍⴰⵢⵉⵏ | [[ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵜ]] |- ! style="text-align: left; padding: 0.2em;" | ⴰⵙⴳⴷ | ⵉⵙⵍⴰⵎ (ⴰⵚⵓⴼⵔⵉ) |- ! style="text-align: left; padding: 0.2em;" | ⴰⵏⴰⵡ ⵏ ⵏⴱⴰⴹ | ⵜⴰⴳⵍⴷⵉⵜ |- ! style="text-align: left; padding: 0.2em;" | ⴰⴳⵍⵍⵉⴷ | ⴰⴱⵓ ⵍⵇⴰⵙⵉⵎ ⵓ ⵙⵎⴽⵓ ⵓ ⵡⴰⵙⵓⵍ ⴰⵎⴽⵏⴰⵙ (772-784) ⴰⵍⵎⵓⵄⵜⴰⵣⵣ ⴱⵉⵍⵍⴰⵀ (963–976) |- ! style="text-align: left; padding: 0.2em;" | ⴰⵇⴰⵔⵉⴹ | ⵎⵉⴷⵔⴰⵔ |- ! style="text-align: left;" |ⴰⵣⵎⵣ ⴰⵎⴰⵣⵔⴰⵢ |ⴰⵣⵎⵣ ⴰⵎⵓⵥⵓⵏ |- ! style="text-align: left;" |ⵉⵣⵡⴰⵔ ⵜⵜ |ⵓⵎⴰⵡⵉⵢⵏ |- ! style="text-align: left;" |ⵉⴹⴼⴰⵕ ⵜⵜ |ⵉⵎⵖⵔⴰⵡⵏ |- ! style="text-align: left;" |ⵜⵉⵎⵙⴰⵔⵉⵏ ⵎⵇⵇⵓⵔⵏⵉⵏ |•ⵜⵓⵚⴽⴰ ⵏ ⵜⵖⵔⵎⵜ ⵏ ⵙⵉⵊⵍⵎⴰⵙⴰ 757 ⵎ.ⵜ •ⵜⵉⵏⴳⵉⵔⴰ ⵜⴰⵙⵔⵜⴰⵏⵜ ⵏ ⵓⵡⴰⵏⴽ 976 ⵎ.ⵜ |} '''ⵜⴰⵎⵍⵉⵍⵜ ⵏ ⴰⵢⵜ ⵓⵎⴷⵔⴰⵔ''' ⵏⵖ '''ⵜⴰⴳⵍⴷⵉⵜ ⵏ ⵉⴳⵍⵎⵓⵙⵏ''' ⵜⴳⴰ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⵎⵍⵉⵍⵜ ⵏⵖ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⵡⴰⵏⴽ ⵏⵖ ⴷ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⵎⵏⵓⴽⵍⴰ ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵜ ⵏⵏⴰ ⵉⵣⵡⴰⵔⵏ ⴰⴷ ⵜⵜⵉⵡⵙⴽⵉⵔ ⵎⵏⵉⴷ ⵏ [[ⵜⴰⴳⵔⴰⵡⵍⴰ ⵏ ⵉⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵏ|ⵜⴳⵔⴰⵡⵍⴰ ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵜ ⵜⴰⵎⵇⵇⵔⴰⵏⵜ]] ⵎⴳⵍ ⵉⵎⴰⵡⵉⵢⵏ ⴳ ⵓⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙ ⵏ 741 ⵎ.ⵜ ⵜⴳ ⵜⴰⴷ ⵉⵙⵏⴱⴹⵏ ⴳ ⵜⵎⵏⴰⴹⵜ ⵏ ⵙⵉⵊⵍⵎⴰⵙⴰ ⴳ ⵢⵉⴼⴼⵓⵙ ⵏ ⵍⵎⵖⵔⵉⴱ ⴳ ⵜⴰⵙⵓⵜⵉⵏ ⵜⵉⵙ 8 ⴷ ⵜⵉⵙⵙ 9 ⵏ ⵎⵏⵉⴷ ⵜⴰⵍⴰⵍⵉⵜ ⴳⵔ ⵉⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙⵏ ⵏ 757–976 ⵎⵏ.ⵜ. ==ⴰⵎⵣⵔⵓⵢ== === ⵜⴰⵣⵡⵓⵔⵉ === ⴰⵢⵜ ⵡⴰⵙⵓⵍ ⵏⵖ ⴰⵢⵜ ⵎⵉⴷⵔⴰⵔ ⴳⴰⵏ ⵜⴰⵡⵊⴰ ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵜ ⵜⵉⵎⵙⵍⵎⵜ ⵏⵏⴰ ⵉⵏⴱⴹⵏ ⴳ ⵉⴳⵣⵎⴰⵏ ⵏ [[ⵍⵎⵖⵔⵉⴱ]], ⵙⵔⵙⵏ ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵏⴰⵖⵜ ⵏⵏⵙⵏ ⴳ ⵙⵉⵊⵉⵍⵎⴰⵙⴰ. ⵜⴰⴳⵍⴷⵉⵜ ⴰⴷ ⵜⴱⴷⴷ ⴼ ⵜⵖⴰⵔⴰⵙⵜ ⵜⴰⵙⴳⴷⴰⵏⵜ ⵜⴰⵅⴰⵔⵉⵊⵜ ⵏ ⵉⵅⴰⵔⵉⵊⵏ ⵉⵚⵓⴼⵔⵉⵜⵏ. ​ⵎⵇⵇⴰⵔ ⵉⴳⴰ [[ⴰⴱⵓ ⵇⴰⵙⵉⵎ ⵙⵎⴽⵓ]] ⴰⵎⴰⵍⵡⴰⵢ ⴰⵏⵉⵎⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵓⵡⴰⵏⴽ ⴰⴷ, ⴰⵎⵏⴱⴰⴹ ⴰⵎⵣⵡⴰⵔⵓ ⵏ ⵜⵉⴷⵜ ⵉⴳⴰ ⵜ [[ⵄⵉⵙⴰ ⴱⵏ ⵢⴰⵣⵉⴷ ⴰⵙⴳⴳⴰⵏ]], ⵏⵏⴰ ⵎⵎⵓ ⵜⵜⴼⴽⴰ ⵜⵏⴱⴰⴹⵜ ⵖ ⵙⵉⵊⵉⵍⵎⴰⵙⴰ ⴷ ⵉⵏⴱⴰⴹ ⵜⵜ 15 ⵏ ⵓⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙ (ⵙⴳ 757 ⴰⵔ 772 ⴷ.ⵜ). ⴳ ⵓⵣⵎⵣ ⵏⵏⵙ, ⵉⵙⴽⵔ ⵜⵓⴳⵜ ⵏ ⵉⵙⵙⴹⵔⵓⵜⵏ ⴰⵎ ⴰⵙⵎⵙⴰⵙⴰ ⵏ ⵓⵙⵓⴷⵙ ⵏ ⵜⵔⴳⵯⵉⵡⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵡⴰⵎⴰⵏ ⴷ ⵓⵙⵣⴷⵖ ⵏ ⵜⵡⵙⵉⵜⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵉⵎⴳⵓⴷⵊⴰ. ​ⵎⴰⵛⴰ, ⵍⵍⵉⴳ ⴷ ⵍⴽⵎⵏⵜ ⵜⵡⵙⵉⵜⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵉⵎⴽⵏⴰⵙⵏ ⵙ ⵓⴳⵓⴷⵉ. ⴽⵔⴰ ⵏ ⵖⴱⵓⵍⴰ ⴰⵔ ⵙⴰⵡⴰⵍⵏ ⴼ ⵎⴰⵙ ⵉⴼⴼⴰⵖ ⵄⵉⵙⴰ ⴱⵏ ⵢⴰⵣⵉⴷ ⴼ ⵉⴹⵕⴼⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵖⴰⵔⴰⵙⵜ ⵜⴰⵅⴰⵔⵉⵊⵜ ⵢⵉⵔⵉ ⴰⴷ ⵉⵙⴽⵔ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵡⴰⵏⴰⵡ ⵏ ⵜⴷⵉⴽⵜⴰⵜⵓⵔⵉⵜ, ⴼ ⵓⵢⴰ ⵏⵖⴰⵏ ⵄⵉⵙⴰ ⴱⵏ ⵢⴰⵣⵉⴷ, ⵍⵍⵉⵖ ⵜ ⵉⵡⵉⵏ ⵙ ⵄⴰⵔⵉ ⵣⵣⵖⵯⵕⵏ ⵜⵉⵅⵙⵉ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵙ ⵜⴰⵎⵓⵏⵜ ⴽⵔⴼⵏ ⵜ ⴷ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵡⴰⴷⴷⴰⴳ, ⴰⵢⵍⵍⵉⵖ ⵉⵎⵎⵓⵜ ⵙ ⵉⵔⵉⴼⵉ ⴷ ⵍⴰⵥ ⴷ ⵜⵓⵇⵇⵙⵉⵡⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵡⴰⵔⵥⵥⴰⵏⴻⵏ ⴷ ⵉⴱⵅⵅⵓⵢⵏ, ⴼⴽⵉⵏ ⵜⴰⵏⴱⴰⴹⵜ ⵉ ⵓⵎⵖⴰⵔ ⵏⵏⵙⵏ [[ⴰⴱⵓ ⵇⴰⵙⵉⵎ ⵙⵎⴽⵓ]]<ref>{{ⴱⴷⵔ ⴰⴷⵍⵉⵙ |last=البكري |first=أبو عبيد |title=المسالك و الممالك}}</ref> === ⴰⵎⵡⴰⵜ ⴰⴼ ⵜⵙⵉⴰⵎⵏⵜ === ==== 1. ⴰⵙⵏⵓⴱⴳ ⵏ "ⵍⵎⴰⵀⴷⵉ" ⴷ ⵓⴽⵔⴰⴼ ⵏⵏⵙ: ==== ⴷⴼⴼⵉⵔ ⵏ ⵓⴱⵔⵔⵉⵃ ⵏ ⵜⵅⴰⵍⵉⴼⵜ, ⵉⵎⵓⴷⴷⴰ ⵓⵎⵙⵔⵙⵍ ⵏ ⵜⵅⴰⵍⵉⴼⵜ [[ⵜⴰⴼⴰⵟⵉⵎⵉⵜ]], ⵄⴱⴰⵢⴷⵓⵍⵍⴰⵀ ⵍⵎⴰⵀⴷⵉ, ⵖⴰⵔ ⵙⵉⵊⵉⵍⵎⴰⵙⴰ ⵉⴼⴼⵔ ⵙ ⵓⵍⴼⴰⴼ ⵏ ⵉⵎⵙⴱⴱⴰⴱⵏ ⴰⴼⴰⴷ ⴰⴷ ⵉⵔⵓⵍ ⵙⴳ ⵓⴹⴼⴼⵓⵕ ⵏ ⵉⵄⴱⴱⴰⵙⵉⵢⵢⵉⵏ. ⵉⴳⴰ ⵍⵎⴰⵀⴷⵉ ⴰⵏⴱⴳⵉ ⴳ ⵙⵉⵊⵉⵍⵎⴰⵙⴰ ⴳ ⵓⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙ 905 ⵎⵜ. ⵢⵓⵔⴷⴰ ⵓⴳⵍⴷⵓⵏ ⵏ ⴰⵢⵜ ⵎⵉⴷⵔⴰⵔ, [[ⵎⴰⵢⵎⵓⵏ ⵓ ⵎⵉⴷⵔⴰⵔ ⵓ ⵍⵢⴰⵙⴰⵄ|ⴰⵍⵢⴰⵙⴰⵄ ⵓ ⵍⵎⵓⵏⵜⴰⵚⵉⵔ ⵓ ⵍⵢⴰⵙⴰⵄ ⵓ ⴱⵓ ⵍⵇⴰⵙⵉⵎ]] ⵖ ⵓⵡⵜⵜⴰⵙ ⵏⵏⵙ ⴷⴼⴼⵉⵔ ⵎⴰ ⴷ ⵙⴽⵔⵏ ⵎⵉⴷⴷⵏ ⵉⵏⵖⵎⵉⵙⵏ ⴼ ⵜⵉⵣⵎⵎⴰⵔ ⵏ ⵢⵉⵡⵉⵙ [[ⴰⵍⵇⴰⵢⵉⵎ]] ⵏⵏⴰ ⵔⵡⴰⵙⵏⵉⵏ ⵜⵉⵎⴳⵔⵉⵡⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵉⵙⴰⵔⵏ ⴷ ⵉⴳⵯⵔⵔⴰⵎⵏ, ⵎⴰⵛ ⵍⵍⵉⵖ ⵜ ⵉⴷ ⵜⵍⴽⵎ ⵜⴱⵔⴰⵜ ⵏ [[ⵓⵡⴰⵏⴽ ⴰⵖⴰⵍⵉⴱ]] ⵖ [[ⵜⵓⵏⵙ]] ⵍⵍⵉ ⵉⴹⴼⴰⵕⵏ ⵉ ⵜⵅⴰⵍⵉⴼⵜ ⵜⴰⵄⴱⴱⴰⵙⵜ ⵏ ⴱⴰⵖⴷⴰⴷ ⵙ ⵎⴰⵙⴷⴷ ⵉⵅⵚⵚⴰ ⴰⴷ ⵉⵜⵜⴰⵡⴽⵔⴰⴼ ⵄⴱⴰⵢⴷⵓⵍⵍⴰⵀ ⵍⵎⴰⵀⴷⵉ ⵍⵍⵉ ⵉⴳⴰⵏ ⵉⵛⵏⴳⵉ ⵏ ⵉⵄⴱⴱⴰⵙⵉⵢⵢⵉⵏ, ⵙ ⵏⵉⵜ ⵉⵖⵔⴰ ⵉ ⵓⴽⵔⴰⴼ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵏⵜⵜⴰ ⴷ ⵢⵉⵡⵙ ⴰⵍⵇⴰⵢⵉⵎ. ==== 2. ⴰⵟⵟⴰⵕ ⴰⵎⵣⵡⴰⵔⵓ (909 ⵎⵜ) ==== ⵉⵎⵓⵙⵙ ⵓⵎⵙⵙⵉⵡⵍ ⴰⴱⵓ ⵄⴱⴷⵓⵍⵍⴰⵀ ⴰⵛⵛⵉⵄⵉ ⵙ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⴷⴼⵔⵉⵔ ⴰⵎⵇⵔⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵉⵙⵔⴷⴰⵙⵏ ⴰⵢⵜ ⵜⵡⵙⵉⵜ ⵏ ⴽⵜⴰⵎⴰ ⴰⴼⴰⴷ ⴰⴷ ⵉⵙⵙⴷⵔⴼ ⵍⵉⵎⴰⵎ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵍⵎⴰⵀⴷⵉ. ⵜⴹⵕ ⵙⵉⵊⵉⵍⵎⴰⵙⴰ ⴳ ⵉⴼⴰⵙⵙⵏ ⵏ ⵉⴼⴰⵟⵉⵎⵉⵢⵏ ⴳ ⵓⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙ 909 ⵎⵜ, ⵉⵜⵜⵓⵢⵏⵖ ⵓⴳⵍⴷⵓⵏ ⵏⵏⵙ ⴰⵍⵢⴰⵙⴰⵄ ⵓ ⵎⴰⵢⵎⵓⵏ. ⵉⴼⴼⵖ ⴷ ⵍⵎⴰⵀⴷⵉ ⵙⴳ ⵓⴽⵔⴰⴼ, ⵉⵜⵜⵓⴱⵔⵔⵃ ⴰⵎ ⵓⵅⴰⵍⵉⴼ, ⴰⵢⴰ ⵢⵓⵊⵊⴰ ⵙⵉⵊⵉⵍⵎⴰⵙⴰ ⴰⴷ ⵜⴳ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⴷⵖⴰⵔ ⴰⵎⴰⵜⴰⵔ ⵉⵙⵜⴰⵡⵀⵎⵎⴰⵏ ⵉ ⵜⵎⵏⵓⴽⵍⴰ ⵜⴰⴼⴰⵟⵉⵎⵉⵜ ⵍⵍⵉ ⵙⵓⵍ ⵉⴳⴰⵏ ⴰⴽⵓⴷ ⴰⵏⵏ ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵢⵏⵓⵜ. ⴰⴱⵓ ⵄⴱⴷⵓⵍⵍⴰⵀ ⴰⵛⵛⵉⵄⵉ ⵉⵏⵖⴰ ⴰⴳⵍⴷⵓⵏ ⵏ ⴰⵢⵜ ⵎⵉⴷⵔⴰⵔ ⵍⵢⴰⵙⴰⵄ ⵓ ⵍⵎⵓⵏⵜⴰⵚⵉⵔ, ⵉⴳ ⵖ ⵓⴷⵖⴰⵔ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⵎⵖⴰⵔ ⴰⴽⵯⵜⴰⵎ ⵙ ⵉⵙⵎ ⵏ ⴱⵔⴰⵀⵉⵎ ⵓ ⵖⴰⵍⵉⴱ ⴰⵎⵣⵣⴰⵜ, ⵎⴰⵛⵛ ⵓⵔ ⵉⴽⴽⵉ ⵖ ⵜⵏⴱⴰⴹⵜ ⴰⵎⵔ ⴽⵔⴰ ⵏ 40 ⵏ ⵡⴰⵙⵙ ⵏⴽⵔⵏ ⵙⵉⵙ ⴰⵢⵜ ⵙⵉⵊⵉⵍⵎⴰⵙⴰ ⵏⵖⵉⵏⵜ ⵏⵜⵜⴰⵏ ⴷ ⵉⴽⵯⵜⴰⵎⵏ ⵍⵍⵉ ⴷⵉⴷⵙⵏ ⵉⵍⵍⴰⵏ, ⵙⵙⴰⴹⵓⵏ ⵜⴰⵏⴱⴰⴹⵜ ⵙ ⵓⴼⵓⵙ ⵏ ⵓⴳⵍⴷⵓⵏ ⴰⵎⴷⵔⴰⵔ [[ⵍⴼⴰⵜⵃ ⵓ ⵎⴰⵢⵎⵓⵏ ⴰⴳⵍⴷⴰⵏ ⵓ ⵎⴷⵔⴰⵔ]] ⴳ ⵓⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙ ⵏ 910 ⵎⵜ<ref>{{ⴱⴷⵔ ⴰⴷⵍⵉⵙ |last=ابن عذاري |title=البيان المغرب}}</ref> ==== 3. ⴰⵟⵟⴰⵕ ⵡⵉⵙⵙ ⵙⵉⵏ (921 ⵎⵜ) ==== ⵉⴳⴰ ⵓⵙⵓⴳⵉ ⵏ [[ⵎⴰⵚⴰⵍⴰ ⵓ ⵃⴱⵓⵙ]] ⴼ ⵜⵎⵍⵉⵍⵜ ⵏ ⴰⵢⵜ ⵎⵉⴷⵔⴰⵔ ⴳ ⵙⵉⵊⵉⵍⵎⴰⵙⴰ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⵙⵓⵜⵍⵜ ⵉⵙⵜⴰⵡⵀⵎⵎⴰⵏ ⴳ ⵓⵎⵏⴰⵖ ⴰⴼⴰⵟⵉⵎ ⴰⴼⴰⴷ ⴰⴷ ⵉⵙⵙⵍⴽⵎ ⵜⴰⵏⴱⴰⴹⵜ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵙ ⵍⵎⵖⵔⵉⴱ. ⵉⵙⵙⵏⵜⵉ ⵓⵙⵓⴳⵉ ⴳ ⵡⴰⵢⵢⵓⵔ ⵏ ⵎⵓⵃⴰⵕⵕⴰⵎ ⴰⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙ 309 ⵀـ (921 ⵎⵜ) ⵙ ⵜⵏⴱⴰⴹⵜ ⵏ ⵎⴰⵚⴰⵍⴰ ⵓ ⵃⴱⵓⵙ ⴰⵎⴽⵏⴰⵙ, ⵢⴰⵏ ⵙⴳ ⵉⵎⵖⴰⵔⵏ ⵎⵇⵇⵓⵔⵏⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵓⵡⴰⵏⴽ ⴰⴼⴰⵟⵉⵎ ⴷ ⵓⵏⴱⴱⴰⴹ ⵏⵏⵙⵏ ⴼ ⵍⵎⵖⵔⵉⴱ ⴰⵏⴰⵎⵎⴰⵙ. ⵉⵙⴳⵓⴷⵉ ⵎⴰⵚⴰⵍⴰ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⴷⴼⵔⵉⵔ ⴰⵎⵇⵔⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵉⵙⵔⴷⴰⵙⵏ ⵙⴳ ⵜⵡⵙⵉⵜⵉⵏ ⵏ ⴽⵯⵜⴰⵎⴰ ⴷ ⵎⴽⵏⴰⵙⴰ, ⵉⵡⴰⵜⵙ ⵜⵎⵍⵉⵍⵜ ⵏ ⴰⵢⵜ ⵎⵉⴷⵔⴰⵔ ⵏⵏⴰ ⴹⴼⴰⵕⵏⵉⵏ ⵜⵖⴰⵔⴰⵙⵜ ⵜⴰⵙⴳⴷⴰⵏⵜ ⵜⴰⵚⵓⴼⵔⵉⵜ, ⵎⵏⵉⴷ ⵏ ⵜⴹⵓⵕⵉ ⵏ ⵙⵉⵊⵍⵎⴰⵙⴰ ⵎⵚⴰⵍⴰ ⵉⵏⵖⴰ ⴰⴳⵍⴷⵓⵏ ⴰⵎⴷⵔⴰⵔ [[ⴰⵃⵎⴰⴷ ⵓ ⵎⵉⵎⵓⵏ]] ⵏⵏⴰ ⵉⵜⵜⴰⵡⵙⵙⴰⵏⵏ ⵙ ⴰⴱⵓ ⵍⵄⴰⴱⴱⴰⵙ ⴰⵃⵎⴰⴷ, ⴰⴳⴰⵢⵢⵓ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵉⵜⵜⵢⴰⵡⴱⴱⴰⵢ ⴷ ⵉⵜⵜⵢⴰⵡⵣⴰⵏ ⵉ ⵓⵅⴰⵍⵉⴼ ⴰⴼⴰⵟⵉⵎⵉ ⵄⴱⴰⵢⴷⵓⵍⵍⴰⵀ ⵍⵎⴰⵀⴷⵉ, ⵎⵏⵉⴷ ⵏ ⵜⵏⵔⴰⵡⵜ ⴰⴷ ⵉⵜⵜⵓⵙⵔⴰⵙ ⵖ ⵉⵅⴼ ⵏ ⵜⵏⴱⴰⴹⵜ [[ⴱⵔⴰⵀⵉⵎ ⵓ ⵎⵓⵃⵎⵎⴰⴷ|ⵍⵎⵓⵄⵜⴰⵣⵣ ⵓ ⵎⵓⵃⵎⵎⴰⴷ ⵓ ⵙⴰⵡⵔ ⵓ ⵎⵉⴷⵔⴰⵔ]] ⵙ ⵓⴼⵓⵙ ⵏ [[ⵎⵚⴰⵍⴰ]] ⴰⴷ ⵉⴳ ⵜⴰⵎⵏⴰⴹⵜ ⵖ ⴷⴷⵓ ⵓⴼⵓⵙ ⵏ ⵉⴼⴰⵟⵉⵎⵉⵜⵏ ⴰⵎⵔ ⵉⴽⴽⵙ ⵜⴰⵏⴱⴰⴹⵜ ⵏ ⵜⵎⵍⵉⵍⵜ ⵏ ⵉⵎⴷⵔⴰⵔⵏ<ref>{{ⴱⴷⵔ ⴰⴷⵍⵉⵙ |title=كتاب البيان المغرب في أخبار الأندلس والمغرب}}</ref> ==== 4. ⵜⴰⵏⴰⴽⵍⵉⵜ ⴷ ⵉⵏⴷⵓⴷⵓⵢⵏ ⵉⵙⵔⵜⴰⵏⵏ ==== ⵓⵔ ⵉⵎⵎⵙⵜⵉ ⵓⵏⴱⴰⴹ ⵏ ⴰⵢⵜ ⵎⵉⴷⵔⴰⵔ ⵙ ⵓⵎⴰⵜⴰ ⴷⴼⴼⵉⵔ ⵜⴹⵓⵕⵉ, ⵎⴰⵛⴰ ⴳⴰⵏ ⴰⵎ ⵉⴳⵍⴷⵓⵏⵏ ⵉⵏⴰⴽⵍⴰⵏⵏ ⵏⵏⴰ ⴹⴼⴰⵕⵏⵉⵏ ⵉ ⵉⴼⴰⵟⵉⵎⵉⵢⵏ ⴳ ⵡⴰⵟⵟⴰⵙ ⵜⴳⴰ ⵜⵎⵏⵓⴽⵍⴰ ⵏ ⴰⵢⵜ ⵎⵉⴷⵔⴰⵔ ⴰⵙⴰⵢⵔⴰⵔ ⵏ ⵓⵎⵏⴰⵖ ⴳⵔ ⵉⴼⴰⵟⵉⵎⵉⵢⵏ ⴷ ⵓⵎⴰⵡⵉⵜⵏ ⵏ ⵡⴰⵏⴷⴰⵍⵓⵙ; ⴷ ⴰⵔ ⵙⵏⴼⴰⵍⵏ ⵉⵎⵖⴰⵔⵏ ⵉⵎⵉⴷⵔⴰⵔⵏ ⵜⴰⵏⴰⴽⵍⵉⵜ ⵏⵏⵙⵏ ⵙ ⵓⵙⵜⴰⵍ ⵏ ⵜⵉⵣⵎⴰⵔⵜ ⵏ ⵜⵙⵔⵜⵉⵜ ⴳⵔ ⵉⵎⴰⵡⵉⵜⵏ ⵏ ⴰⵏⴷⴰⵍⵓⵙ ⴷ ⵉⴼⴰⵟⵉⵎⵉⵢⵏ. ​ ⴷⴼⵉⵔ ⵏ ⵓⵙⵓⴳⵉ ⴰⵙⵔⴷⵙⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵎⵚⴰⵍⴰ, ⴳⵔⴰⵡⵍⵏ ⵉⵎⵣⴷⴰⵖⵏ ⵏ ⵙⵉⵊⵍⵎⴰⵙⴰ ⴼ ⵓⵏⴱⴰⴹ ⵏⵏⵙⵏ ⴰⴳⵍⴷⵓⵏ ⵍⵎⵓⵄⵜⴰⵣⵣ ⵏⵜⵜⴰⵏ ⴷ ⵉⵏⴹⵓⴼⵏ ⵏ ⵓⵡⴰⵏⴽ ⴰⴼⴰⵟⵉⵎ ⵍⵍⵉ ⴼⵍⵍⴰⵙ ⵉⵜⵜⵓⵙⵔⴰⵙⵏ, ⵉⵍⵎⵎⴰ ⴼⴽⵉⵏ ⵜⴰⵏⴱⴰⴹⵜ ⵉ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⴳⵍⴷⵓⵏ ⴰⵎⴷⵔⴰⵔ ⵢⴰⴹⵏ ⵉⵙⵎ ⵏⵏⵙ [[ⵎⵓⵃⵎⵎⴰⴷ ⵓ ⵍⴼⴰⵜⵃ]] ⵛⵛⴰⴽⵔ ⵍⵉⵍⵍⴰⵀ, ⵎⴰⵢⴰⴷ ⵢⵓⵊⵊⴰ ⴷⴰⵖ ⵉⴼⴰⵟⵉⵎⵉⵜⵏ ⴰⴷ ⴷⴰⵖ ⵙⴽⵔⵏ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⵙⵓⴳⵉ ⵢⴰⴹⵏ ⴰⵙⵔⴷⵙⴰⵏ ⴳⵣⵣⵓⵍⵏ ⵖ ⵓⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙ ⵏ 927 ⵎⵜ ⴷⴷⴰⵡ ⵏ ⵜⵏⴱⴰⴹⵜ ⵏ [[ⴰⴱⵓ ⵍⵇⴰⵙⵉⵎ ⵎⵓⵃⵎⵎⴰⴷ]] ⵢⵉⵡⵙ ⵏ [[ⵄⴱⴰⵢⴷⵓⵍⵍⴰⵀ ⵍⵎⴰⵀⴷⵉ]] ⴰⵅⴰⵍⵉⴼ ⵏ ⵉⴼⴰⵟⵉⵎⵉⵜⵏ<ref>{{ⴱⴷⵔ ⴰⴷⵍⵉⵙ |last=الناصري |title=كتاب الاستقصا لأخبار دول المغرب الأقصى}}</ref>, ⵎⴰⵛⵛ ⴷⴼⵉⵔ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵙⵉⵏ ⵢⵉⵔⵏ ⵓ ⵍⴼⴰⵜⵃ ⴷⵖⵢⴰ ⵉⵔⵓⵔ ⴷ ⵜⴰⵏⴱⴰⴹⵜ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵉⵙⵙⵓⴽⴼ ⴰⵏⴱⴰⴹ ⴰⵎⴽⵏⴰⵙ ⵏⵏⴰ ⵙⵔⵙⵏ ⵉⴼⴰⵟⵉⵎⵉⵜⵏ ⴼ ⵙⵉⵊⵉⵍⵎⴰⵙⴰ ⵖ ⵓⴷⵖⴰⵔ ⵏⵏⵙ ⴳ ⵓⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙ 947 ⴰⵎⵍⴰⵍⴰⵏ, ⵢⵓⵔⵎ ⵓⵎⵖⴰⵔ [[ⵎⵓⵃⵎⵎⴰⴷ ⵓ ⵍⴼⴰⵜⵃ|ⵎⵓⵃⵎⵎⴰⴷ ⵓ ⴱⵓ ⵍⴼⴰⵜⵃ ⵓ ⵎⵉⵎⵓⵏ ⴰⴳⵍⴷⴰⵏ ⵓ ⵎⴷⵔⴰⵔ]] (ⴰⵛⵛⴰⴽⵉⵔ ⵍⵉⵍⵍⴰⵀ) ⵉⵜⵜⴰⵡⵙⵙⴰⵏ ⵓⵍⴰ ⵙ "ⵉⴱⵏ ⵡⴰⵚⵉⵍ" ⴰⴷ ⵉⴱⴹⵓ ⴷ ⵉⴼⴰⵟⵉⵎⵉⵢⵏ, ⵉⴼⴼⵖ ⵙⴳ ⵜⵖⴰⵔⴰⵙⵜ ⵜⴰⵚⵓⴼⵔⵉⵜ ⵖⴰⵔ ⵜⵖⴰⵔⴰⵙⵜ ⵜⴰⵙⵓⵏⵏⵉⵜ, ⵉⴳ ⵉ ⵉⵅⴼ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵉⵙⵎ ⵏ "ⴰⵎⵉⵔ ⵍⵎⵓⵎⵉⵏⵉⵏ", ⵉⵙⴽⵔ ⴰⵇⴰⵔⵉⴹ ⵙ ⵉⵙⵎ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵉⵙⴽⵔ ⵓⵍⴰ ⵜⴰⴹⴰ ⵜⴰⵙⵔⵜⴰⵏⵜ ⴰⴽⴷ ⵉⵎⴰⵡⵉⵜⵏ ⵏ ⴰⵏⴷⴰⵍⵓⵙ, ⵎⴰⵛⴰ ⵖ ⵓⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙ ⵏ 959 ⵎⵏⵉⴷ ⵜⴰⵍⴰⵍⵉⵜ ⵉⴼⴰⵟⵉⵎⵉⵢⵏ ⵓⵔⵔⵉⵏ ⵙ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⴷⴼⵔⵉⵔ ⴰⵎⵇⵔⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵉⵥⵏⴰⴳⵏ ⴷ ⵉⴽⵯⵜⴰⵎⵏ ⵉⵣⵡⴰⵔ ⴰⵙ ⵓⵎⴰⵡⴰⵢ ⴰⴼⴰⵟⵉⵎ ⵍⵍⵉ ⵉⵜⵜⴰⵡⵙⵙⴰⵏⵏ [[ⵊⴰⵡⵀⴰⵔ ⵚⵚⵉⵇⵉⵍⵍⵉ]] ⵉⵜⵜⴰⵡⵙⵏ ⵓⵍⴰ ⵙ ⵊⴰⵡⵀⴰⵔ ⵍⴽⴰⵜⵉⴱ<ref>{{ⴱⴷⵔ ⴰⴷⵍⵉⵙ |first=ابن خلكان |title=وفيات الأعيان|last=ابن خلكان}}</ref>ⴰⵎⵥⵏ ⵜⴰⵎⴷⵉⵏⵜ ⵏ ⵙⵉⵊⵍⵎⴰⵙⴰ ⵙ ⴷⴷⵓ ⵓⴼⵓⵙ ⵏⵏⵙⵏ. ⴰⴳⵍⴷⵓⵏ ⵛⵛⴰⴽⵉⵔ ⵍⵉⵍⵍⴰⵀ ⵉⵔⵓⵍ ⵙ ⵓⴳⴰⴷⵉⵔ ⵏ ⵜⵙⴳⵯⴷⴰⵍⵜ ⵏⵖⴷⴷ ⵡⵉⵏ ⵜⵙⴽⵔⴰⵏⵜ<ref>{{ⴱⴷⵔ ⴰⴷⵍⵉⵙ |last=ابن خلدون |title=تاريخ ابن خلدون}}</ref> ⵎⴰⵛⵛ ⵍⵍⵉⵖ ⵜ ⵓⵎⵥⵏ ⴽⵔⴰ ⵏ ⴰⵢⵜ ⵉⵎⵟⵖⴰⵔⵏ ⵉⵜⵜⵓⴽⵔⴰⴼ ⵎⵓⵃⵎⵎⴰⴷ ⵓ ⴱⵓ ⵍⴼⴰⵜⵃ ⵢⵉⵍⵉ ⵖ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵉⵙⴽⵏⵉ ⵏ ⵓⵣⵣⴰⵍ ⴷ ⵓⴽⵛⵛⵓⴹ ⴰⵡⵉⵏⵜ ⵙ ⵜⵖⵔⵎⵜ ⵏ ⵍⵇⴰⵢⵔⴰⵡⴰⵏ ⵖ [[ⵜⵓⵏⵙ]] ⵏⵏⴰ ⵉⴳⴰⵏ ⴰⴽⴰⵍ ⵏ ⵓⵡⴰⵏⴽ ⴰⴼⴰⵟⵉⵎ ⵉⵜⵜⴰⵡⴽⵔⴰⴼ ⵖ ⵓⴱⵏⵉⵇ ⵏ ⵔⵇⵇⴰⴷⴰ ⴰⵔ ⵍⵍⵉⵖ ⵉⵎⵎⵓⵜ , ⵖ ⵓⴷⵖⴰⵔ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵉⴳⴰ ⵊⴰⵡⵀⴰⵔ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⵎⵖⴰⵔ ⴰⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖ ⵙ ⵉⵙⵎ ⵏ ⵎⵓⴱⴰⴷⵉⵔ ⵓ ⵣⵉⵔⵉ <ref>{{ⴱⴷⵔ ⴰⴷⵍⵉⵙ |title=ابن الخطيب تاريخ المغرب}}</ref><ref>{{ⴱⴷⵔ ⴰⴷⵍⵉⵙ |last=المقريزي |title=اتعاظ الحنفا بأخبار الأئمة الفاطميين الخلفا}}</ref> === ⵜⵉⵏⴳⵉⵔⴰ === ​ⵜⵍⴽⵎ ⵜⵎⵏⵓⴽⵍⴰ ⵜⴰⵏⴳⵉⵔⴰ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵙ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⵏⵏⴹⴼⵔ ⵏ ⵜⵎⵙⴰⵔⵉⵏ ⵜⵉⴷⵔⴰⵎⴰⵜⵉⵏ: * ⴰⵙⵓⴳⵉ ⴰⵙⵔⴷⴰⵙ: ⴳ ⵓⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙ ⵏ 976 ⵎⵜ ⵉⵙⵙⵏⵜⵉ [[ⵅⵣⵔⵓⵏ ⵓ ⴼⵍⴼⵓⵍ ⴰⵎⵖⵔⴰⵡ]], ⴰⵎⵖⴰⵔ ⵏ ⵜⵇⴱⵉⵍⵜ ⵏ [[ⵎⵖⵔⴰⵡⴰ/ⵉⵎⵖⵔⴰⵡⵏ]] (ⵣⵏⴰⵜⴰ) ⴷ ⵓⵎⵣⵟⵟⵉⴹ ⵏ ⵉⴰⵡⵉⵜⵏ ⴳ [[ⵉⵏⴷⵍⴰⵙ|ⵡⴰⵏⴷⴰⵍⵓⵙ]], ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⵙⵓⴳⵉ ⴰⵙⵔⴷⴰⵙ ⴰⵎⵇⵔⴰⵏ ⴼ [[ⵙⵉⵊⵉⵍⵎⴰⵙⴰ]]. * ⵉⵎⵏⵖⵉ ⴰⵎⴳⴳⴰⵔⵓ: ⵉⴼⴼⵖ ⴷ ⵙ ⵜⵉⵎⵉⵖⵜ ⵎⴳⴰⵍ ⵏⵏⵙ, ⴰⴳⵍⵍⵉⴷ ⴰⵎⴳⴳⴰⵔⵓ ⵏ ⴰⵢⵜ ⵎⵉⴷⵔⴰⵔ, [[ⴰⴱⵓ ⵎⵓⵃⵎⵎⴰⴷ ⴰⵍ ⵎⵓⵄⵜⴰⵣⵣ ⴱⵉⵍⵍⴰⵀ|ⵍⵎⵓⵄⵜⴰⵣⵣ ⴱⵉⵍⵍⴰⵀ ⵓ ⵛⵛⴰⴽⵔ ⵍⵉⵍⵍⴰⵀ]] . ⵉⵍⵍⴰ ⴳⵔⴰⵙⵏ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵉⵎⵏⵖⵉ ⴰⵎⴽⵕⴰⵥ ⵉⵀⵢⵢⴰⵏ ⵙ ⵜⵕⵥⵉ ⵏ ⵓⵙⵔⴷⴰⵙ ⵏ ⴰⵢⵜ ⵎⵉⴷⵔⴰⵔ. * ⵜⴰⵎⵜⵜⴰⵏⵜ ⵏ ⵓⴳⵍⴷⵓⵏ: ⵉⵣⵎⵔ ⵅⵣⵔⵓⵏ ⴰⴷ ⵉⵏⵖ ⴰⴳⵍⴷⵓⵏ ⵎⵓⵃⵎⵎⴰⴷ ⵓ ⴰⵍⵎⵓⵄⵜⴰⵣⵣ ⴱⵉⵍⵍⴰⵀ ⵓ ⵛⵛⴰⴽⵉⵔ ⵍⵉⵍⵍⴰⵀ, ⵉⴱⴱⵢ ⵉⵅⴼ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵢⴰⵣⵏ ⵜ ⵉ ⵓⵅⴰⵍⵉⴼ ⴰⵎⴰⵡⵉ ⵏ ⵓⵏⴷⴰⵍⵓⴷ "ⴰⴱⵓ ⵃⴰⴽⴰⵎ ⴰⵍ ⵎⵓⵙⵜⴰⵏⵚⵉⵔ ⴱⵉⵍⵍⴰⵀ" ⴳ ⵇⵓⵔⵟⵓⴱⴰ ⴰⵎ ⵜⵎⴰⵜⴰⵔⵜ ⵏ ⵜⵎⵏⵉⵍⵜ ⴷ ⵜⵔⵏⴰⵡⵜ. ⵙ ⵓⵢⴰ, ⵉⴳⴳⵣ ⴷ ⵓⵍⴼⴰⴼ ⴼ ⵓⵏⴱⴰⴹ ⵏ ⵜⵡⵊⴰ ⴰⴷ ⵍⵍⵉ ⵉⴽⴽⴰⵏ ⵓⴳⴳⴰⵔ ⵏ ⵙⵏⴰⵜ ⵜⴰⵙⵓⵜⵉⵏ. * ⴰⵙⵏⴼⵍ ⴰⵙⵔⵜⴰⵏ: ⴷⴼⴼⵉⵔ ⵜⴹⵓⵕⵉ, ⵜⵓⵙⴽⴰ ⴳ ⵙⵉⵊⵉⵍⵎⴰⵙⴰ [[ⵜⴰⵎⵏⵓⴽⵍⴰ ⵏ ⴰⵢⵜ ⵅⵣⵔⵓⵏ ⵉⵎⵖⵔⴰⵡⵏ]], ⵍⵍⵉ ⵉⴱⵔⵔⵃⵏ ⵙ ⵜⵏⴰⴽⵍⵉⵜ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵜⵓⵎⵍⵉⵏⵜ ⵉ ⵜⵅⴰⵍⵉⴼⵜ ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵡⵉⵜ ⴳ ⴰⵏⴷⴰⵍⵓⵙ. ⴰⵢⴰ ⵉⵙⵏⴼⵍ ⵜⴰⴽⴰⵔⴹⴰ ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵣⵔⴰⵢⵜ ⴷ ⵓⵍⴰ ⵜⴰⴽⴰⵔⴹⴰ ⵜⴰⵙⴳⴷⴰⵏⵜ ⵜⵙⵔⵜⴰⵏⵜ ⵏ ⵜⵎⵏⴰⴹⵜ ⴳ ⵜⵙⴳⴰ ⵏ ⵓⵎⵎⴰⵜⵉ ⵣⵖ ⵜⵖⴰⵔⴰⵙⵜ ⵜⴰⵙⴳⴷⴰⵏⵜ ⵜⴰⵚⵓⴼⵔⵉⵜ ⵖⴰⵔ ⵜⴰⵙⵓⵏⵏⵉⵜ ⴷ ⵣ ⵜⵙⵉⵎⴰⵏⵜ ⴰⵔ ⴰⵟⵟⴰⵕ ⴷⴷⵓ ⵓⴼⵓⵙ ⵏ ⵜⵏⴱⴰⴹⵜ ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵡⵉⵜ ⵜⴰⵏⴷⴰⵍⵓⵙⵜ.<ref>{{ⴱⴷⵔ ⴰⴷⵍⵉⵙ |last=ابن خلدون |title=كتاب العبر}}</ref> ==ⴰⵎⵏⴰⴹ ⴰⵙⵔⵜⴰⵏ ⴷ ⵓⵙⴰⵜⴰⵍ ⴰⵎⴰⵣⵔⴰⵢ== [[File:Fatimid_Caliphate.PNG|thumb|left|250px|ⵜⴰⵎⵓⵍⵉ ⵏ ⵜⴳⵍⴷⵉⵜ ⵜⴰⴼⴰⵟⵉⵎⵉⵜ]] ⴰⴷⴷⴰⴷ ⴰⵙⵔⵜⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵜⴰⵙⵓⵜ ⵜⵉⵙⵙ 9 ⴷ ⵜⵉⵙⵙ 10 ⴰⵔ ⵎⵎⴰⵍⵏⵜ ⵉⵎⵏⵖⵉ ⵏ ⴳⵔ ⵉⴼⴰⵟⵉⵎⵉⵜⵏ ⴷ ⵉⵎⴰⵡⵉⵜⵏ ⵏ ⴰⵏⴷⴰⵍⵓⵙ ⴼ ⵡⴰⵎⵎⴰⵥ ⵏ ⵡⴰⴽⴰⵍ ⵏ ⵍⵎⵖⵔⵉⴱ ⵜⴷⴷⵔ ⵜⵎⵏⵓⴽⵍⴰ ⵏ ⴰⵢⵜ ⵎⵉⴷⵔⴰⵔ ⵖ ⴳⵔ ⵙⵉⵏ ⵉⵎⵏⴰⴹⵏ ⵉⵎⴰⵣⵔⴰⵢⵏ ⵏⵜⵜⵏⵉ ⴰⴷ ⵉⵙⴽⵔⵏ ⵜⵉⵎⴰⵜⴰⵔⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵓⴷⵎ ⵏⵏⵙ ⴰⵙⵔⵜⴰⵏ, ⵢⴰⵏ ⴳⵉⵙⵏ ⵉⴼⴽⴰ ⴰⵙ ⵜⴰⵍⴰⵍⵉⵜ ⵏⵏⵙ ⴰⵎ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⵡⴰⵏⴽ ⵉⴱⴷⴷⵏ ⵡⵉⵙⵙ ⵙⵉⵏ ⵉⵙⵔⵙ ⴰⵙ ⵜⴰⵖⴰⵔⴰⵙⵜ ⵜⴰⵙⵔⵜⴰⵏⵜ ⵍⵍⵉ ⵜⴹⴼⴰⵕ ⴰⵙⵏⵉⵎⴰⵏ ⴰⵙⵔⵜⴰⵏ ⴼ ⵜⵏⴱⴰⴹⵜ ⵏ ⵓⴳⵎⵎⵓⴹ: ⴹⴰⵕⵜ ⵏ ⵜⴳⵔⴰⵡⵍⴰ ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵜ ⵜⴰⵎⵇⵇⵔⴰⵏⵜ ⵎⴳⵍ ⵉⵎⴰⵡⵉⵜⵏ ⵖ ⵓⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙ ⵏ 741 ⵎⵎⵖⵉⵏⵜ ⴷ ⵜⵓⴳⵜⵜ ⵏ ⵜⵎⵏⵓⴽⴰⵍ ⵜⵉⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵉⵏ ⵜⵉⵎⵙⵍⵎⵉⵏ ⴼ ⵉⴳⴳⵉ ⵏ ⵡⴰⴽⴰⵍ ⵏ ⵡⴰⵎⵓⵔⵏⴰⴽⵓⵛ ⵏⵏⴰ ⴷ ⴷⴰⵔ ⵜⵍⵍⴰ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⴷⵔⴼⵉ ⵜⴰⵙⵔⵜⴰⵏⵜ ⴷ ⵓⴱⵟⵟⵓ ⴰⵙⴳⴷⴰⵏ ⴰⴽⴷ ⴷ ⵡⴰⵎⵎⴰⵙ ⵏ ⵜⵅⴰⵍⵉⴼⵜ ⵖ ⵓⴳⵎⵎⵓⴹ, ⵜⴳⴰ ⵜⵎⵏⵓⴽⵍⴰ ⵏ ⴰⵢⵜ ⵎⵉⴷⵔⴰⵔ ⵢⴰⵜ ⴳⵔ ⴰⵜⵙⵏⵜ [[File:Caliphate of Córdoba under Almanzor - 1000 CE.png|thumb|right|300px|ⵜⴰⴽⴰⵔⴹⴰ ⵏ ⵜⴳⵍⴷⵉⵜ ⵏ ⵓⵎⵎⴰⵡⵉⵢⵏ ⴷⴷⴰⵡ ⵓⴼⵓⵙ ⵏ ⵍⵎⵏⵚⵓⵕ ⴳ ⵓⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙ 1000 ⴷ.ⵎ ⵖ ⵓⴳⵯⵎⵎⴰⴹ ⵡⵉⵙⵙ ⵙⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵉⵍⵍ ⴰⴳⵔⴰⴽⵍⴰⵏ ⴰⵔ ⵏⵥⵥⵕⴰ ⴰⵡⵏⴰⴽ ⴰⵏⴰⴽⵍⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵉⵎⴰⵡⵉⵜⵏ ⴰⵡⴰⵏⴽ ⵏ ⵉⵎⵖⵔⴰⵡⵏ ⵏⵏⴰ ⵢⵓⵎⵥⵏ ⵜⵓⴳⵜⵜ ⵖ ⵜⴼⵔⵉⵇⵜ ⵏ ⵉⵥⵥⵍⵎⴹ]] ⴰⵎⵡⴰⵜ ⴰⵙⵔⵜⴰⵏ ⵏ ⴳⵔ ⵉⴼⴰⵟⵉⵎⵉⵜⵏ ⴷ ⵉⵎⴰⵡⵉⵜⵏ ⵏ ⴰⵏⴷⴰⵍⵓⵙ:ⵜⴰⵎⵏⵓⴽⵍⴰ ⵏ ⴰⵢⵜ ⵎⵉⴷⵔⴰⵔ ⵜⴷⴷⵔ ⵖ ⵓⵣⵎⵣ ⵉⵜⵜⴰⵡⵙⵙⴰⵏⵏ ⵙ ⵉⵎⵉⵖ ⵏ ⴳⵔ ⵙⵉⵏ ⵉⴷⵡⴰⵙⵏ ⵉⵅⴰⵜⴰⵔⵏ ⴼ ⵓⵏⴱⴰⴹ ⵏ ⵡⴰⴽⴰⵍ ⵏ ⵍⵎⵖⵔⵉⴱ, ⵖ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⵙⴳⴰ ⵜⵍⵍⴰ ⵜⵅⴰⵍⵉⴼⵜ ⵜⴰⴼⴰⵟⵉⵎⵉⵜ ⵖ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⵙⴳⴰ ⵢⴰⴹⵏ ⵉⵍⵍⴰ ⵓⵡⴰⵏⴽ ⵏ ⵉⵎⴰⵡⵉⵜⵏ ⵖ ⴰⵏⴷⴰⵍⵓⵙ, ⵉⴼⴰⵟⵉⵎⵉⵜⵏ ⴰⵔ ⵙⵉⴳⴳⵉⵍⵏ ⵖ ⵓⵙⴷⵓⵔⵔⵉ ⵏ ⵙⵉⵊⵉⵍⵎⴰⵙⴰ ⴰⴷ ⵙⴼⵙⵙⴰⵏ ⴽⵔⴰ ⵏⵏⴰ ⵉⴳⴰⵏ ⴰⵏⴰⵡ ⵏ ⵓⵙⴷⵉⴷⴷⵉⵢ ⵖ ⵉⴽⴰⵍⵉⵡⵏ ⵏ ⵉⵥⵥⵍⵎⴹ ⵏ ⵜⴼⵔⵉⵇⵜ ⴱⴰⵛ ⴰⴷ ⴼⴽⵉⵏ ⴰⴼⵓⴷ ⵏⵏⵙⵏ ⵉ ⵓⵙⵙⵍⴽⵎ ⵏ ⵜⵏⴱⴰⴹⵜ ⵏⵏⵙⵏ ⵙ ⵉⴷⵖⴰⵔⵏ ⵢⴰⴹⵏ ⵏ ⵓⵎⴰⴹⴰⵍ ⴰⵎⵙⵍⵎⴰⵏ ⵣⵓⵏⴷ ⵎⵉⵚⵕ ⴷ ⵍⵃⵉⵊⴰⵣ ⴷ ⵛⵛⴰⵎ ⴷ ⵍⵄⵉⵔⴰⵇ , ⵉⵎⴰⵡⵉⵜⵏ ⵏ ⴰⵏⴷⴰⵍⵓⵙ ⵏⵜⵜⵏⵉ ⵔⴰⵏ ⴰⴷ ⴷ ⵚⵚⴰⴱⵓⵏ ⴰⵢⵍⵍⵉ ⵙ ⵖⴰⵍⵏ ⵉⵙ ⵉⴳⴰ ⴰⵢⵢⴷⴰ ⵏⵏⵙⵏ ⵍⵍⵉ ⴰⵙⵏ ⵉⴷⴷⴰⵏ ⵖ ⵍⵎⵖⵔⵉⴱ ⴰⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙ ⵏ 741 , ⵓⵍⴰ ⵇⵇⵏⴻⵏⵏ ⴰⴳⴳⵓⵔ ⴼ ⵉⴼⴰⵟⵉⵎⵉⵜⵏ ⴰⴷ ⵖⵓⵎⵓⵏ ⵖⴰⵔ ⵖ ⵉⵥⵥⵍⵎⴹ ⵏ ⵜⴼⵔⵉⵇⵜ ⴷ ⴰⴷ ⵏⵏ ⴼⵍⵍⴰⵙⵏ ⵓⵔ ⴽⵛⵎⵏ ⵖ ⴰⵏⴷⴰⵍⵓⵙ ⵜⵜⵎⵉ ⵏ ⵡⴰⵡⴰⵍ ⵖ ⵓⵎⵏⴰⴹ ⴰⵊⵢⵓ-ⵙⵔⵜⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵓⵣⵎⵣ ⴰⵏⵏ ⵏ ⵜⴰⵙⵓⵜ ⵜⵉⵙⵙ 8 ⴷ 9, ⵉⴳⴰⵜ ⵎⴰⵙⴷⴷ ⴰⵡⴰⵏⴽ ⵉ ⵙⵉⵊⵉⵍⵎⴰⵙⴰ ⵉⴳⴰ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⵎⵙⵎⵓⵏ ⵏ ⵜⴷⵓⵙⵉ ⵜⴰⴷⴰⵎⵙⴰⵏⵜ ⵏⵏⴰ ⵉⵍⵍⴰⵏ ⵖ ⴳⵔ ⵙⵉⵏ ⵉⵎⵙⵎⵓⵏⵏ ⵏ ⵜⴷⵓⵙⵉ ⵜⴰⵙⵔⵜⴰⵏⵜ<ref>{{ⴱⴷⵔ ⴰⴷⵍⵉⵙ |last=ابن الأثير |title=الكامل في التاريخ}}</ref> , ⵙⵉⵏ ⵉⵜⵙⵏ ⵖⴰⵡⵍⵏ ⴰⴷⵜ ⴳⵉⵏ ⵖ ⴷⴷⴰⵡ ⵏ ⵓⴼⵓⵙ ⵏⵏⵙⵏ ⵙ ⴰⵛⴽⵓ ⵍⵎⵖⵔⵉⴱ ⵖ ⴰⴽⵓⴷ ⴰⵏⵏ ⵉⴱⴹⴰ ⵉⵍⵍⵓⵣⵣⵓ ⴷ ⵓⵔ ⴳⵉⵙ ⴽⵔⴰ ⵏ ⵡⴰⵏⴰⵡ ⵏ ⵓⵡⴰⵏⴽ ⴰⵏⴰⵎⵎⴰⵙ, ⴰⵎ [[ⵉⵎⵕⴰⴱⵟⵏ|ⵉⵎⵕⴰⴱⴹⵉⵜⵏ]] ==ⴰⴷⴷⴰⴷ ⴰⵎⵖⴰⵔⵎⴰⵏ== [[File:1886608-the ruins of Sijilmassa-Rissani.jpg|thumb|right|300px|ⴰⴳⵓⵔⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵖⵔⵎⵜ ⵏ ⵙⵉⵊⵉⵍⵎⴰⵙⴰ ⴳ ⵔⵔⵉⵙⴰⵏⵉ]] ⵣⵖ ⵓⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙ ⵍⵍⵉ ⵜⵜⵓⵚⴽⴰ ⵜⵖⵔⵎⵜ ⵏ [[ⵙⵉⵊⵍⵎⴰⵙⴰ]] ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵥⵓⵏⵜ ⵏ ⵓⵡⴰⵏⴽ ⵏ ⴰⵢⵜ ⵎⵉⴷⵔⴰⵔ, ⴰⴷ ⵜⵙⵙⵏⵜⵉ ⵖ ⵓⴷⵖⴰⵔ ⴰⵏⵏ ⵏ [[ⵍⵎⵖⵔⵉⴱ]] ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⵖⴱⴰⵍⵓⵜ ⵏ ⵜⵖⵔⵎⴰ ⴷ ⵜⵓⵚⴽⴰ ⵏⵏⴰ ⵉⵙⵙⵍⴽⵎⵏ ⴰⵎⴰⵏ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵉ ⵜⵎⵉⵣⴰⵔ ⴰⵙ ⵙⵙⵓⵜⵍⵏⵉⵏ ⵖ ⵜⴼⵔⵉⵇⵜ ⵏ ⵉⵥⵥⵍⵎⴹ, ⵓⵍⴰ ⵜⵉⵎⵉⵣⴰⵔ ⵜⵉⴷⴷⴰⵡⵏⵣⵔⵓⴼⵉⵏ ⴷ ⵓⵎⴰⴹⴰⵍ ⴰⴳⵔⴰⴽⵍⴰⵏ, ⵜⴳⴰ ⵙⵉⵊⵉⵍⵎⴰⵙⴰ ⵖ ⵓⵣⵎⵣ ⵏ ⴰⵢⵜ ⵎⵉⴷⵔⴰⵔ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵖ ⵜⵎⴷⵉⵏⵉⵏ ⵜⵜⵢⴰⵡⵙⵙⴰⵏⵏⵉⵏ ⵖ ⵓⵎⴰⴹⴰⵍ ⴰⵎⵙⵍⵎⴰⵏ [[File:Trans-Saharan routes early.svg|thumb|right|350px|ⵉⴱⵔⵉⴷⵏ ⵉⵇⴱⵓⵔⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵙⴱⴱⴰⴱⵜ ⵜⴰⵣⴳⵔⵏⵣⵔⵓⴼⵜ ⴳ ⵜⴼⵔⵉⵇⵜ ⵏ ⵓⴳⴰⴼⴰ ⴷ ⵜⴼⵔⵉⵇⵜ ⵏ ⵓⵜⴰⵔⴰⵎ ⵙⵉⵊⵍⵎⴰⵙⴰ ⵜⴳⴰ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⴱⴷⴷⴰⴷ ⴷ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⴳⴰⴷⵣ ⴰⵅⴰⵜⴰⵔ ⵏⵏⴰ ⴳ ⵉⵣⵔⵉ ⵓⴱⵔⵉⴷ ⴰⴷ ⴰⴷⴰⵎⵙⴰⵏ]] === ⵜⴰⵖⵔⵎⴰ ⵏ ⴰⵢⵜ ⵎⵉⴷⵔⴰⵔ ⵣⵖ ⵜⵉⵔⵔⴰ ⵜⴰⵏⵎⵣⵔⴰⵢⵜ === ⵉⵙⴰⵡⵍ ⵉⴱⵏ ⵃⴰⵡⵇⴰⵍ ⵖ ⵓⴷⵍⵉⵙ ⵏⵏⵙ "ⵜⴰⵡⵍⴰⴼⵜ ⵏ ⵡⴰⴽⴰⵍ" ⴼ ⵜⴷⵓⵙⵉ ⴷ ⵓⴱⵓⵖⵍⵓ ⴰⴷⴰⵎⵙⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵖⵔⵎⵜ ⵏ ⴰⵢⵜ ⵎⵉⴷⵔⴰⵔ ⵙⵉⵊⵉⵍⵎⴰⵙⴰ, ⵍⵍⵉⵖ ⵉⴱⴷⵔ ⵓⵏⵛⴽ ⵏ ⵓⵇⵇⴰⵔⵉⴹ ⴷ ⵍⵎⴰⵍ ⵍⵍⵉ ⵉⵣⵣⵔⵓⵢⵏ ⴳⵔ ⵉⵔⴼⴼⴰⴽⵏ ⵏ ⵙⵉⵊⵍⵎⴰⵙⴰ ⵓⵏⵛⴽⴽ ⴰⵏⵏ ⵏ ⵓⵙⵎⵎⵙⴽⵍ ⴰⵥⵕⴼⴰⵏ ⵓⵔ ⵉⵥⵕⵉ ⴰⵏⴰⵡ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵖ ⵜⵖⵔⵎⵉⵏ ⵎⵇⵇⵓⵔⵏⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵓⴳⵎⵎⵓⴹ<ref>{{ⴱⴷⵔ ⴰⴷⵍⵉⵙ |last=ابن حوقل |title=صورة الأرض}}</ref> ⵉⵎⵎⴰ [[ⴰⴱⵓ ⵄⵓⴱⴰⵢⴷ ⵍⴱⴰⴽⵔⵉ]] ⵏⵜⵜⴰⵏ ⵉⴱⴷⵔ ⴰⴱⵓⵖⵍⵓ ⵏ ⵜⵖⵔⵎⵜ ⵏ ⵙⵉⵊⵍⵎⴰⵙⴰ ⵖ ⵓⵣⵎⵣ ⵏ ⴰⵢⵜ ⵎⵉⴷⵔⴰⵔ ⵖ ⵜⵙⴳⴰ ⵏ ⵜⵢⵔⵣⴰ ⴷ ⵎⴰⵙⴷⴷ, ⵉⴽⴰⵍⵉⵡⵏ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵡⵉⴷ ⴳⴰⵏⵉⵏ ⵡⵉⵏ ⵜⵢⵔⵣⴰ ⵍⵍⴰⵏ ⵖ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⴷⵖⴰⵔ ⵉⴳⴰⵏ ⴰⵣⴰⵖⴰⵔ, ⴷ ⵜⵜⴽⴰⵔ ⵙ ⵡⵓⵔⵜⴰⵏ ⵓⵔ ⵟⵟⵉⴼⵏ ⵓⵟⵟⵓⵏ ⵎⵓⵏⵏ ⴷ ⵜⵙⴳⴳⵯⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵡⴰⵙⵉⴼ ⵜⵜⴽⵔⵏ ⵙ ⵡⴰⵏⴰⵡⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵢⴰⴼⵓⵜ ⴷ ⵡⴰⴷⴷⴰⴳ, ⵉⵙⵡⴰⵍ ⵓⵍⴰ ⴼ ⵓⵙⵏⴼⵍⵓⵍ ⵏ ⵜⵉⵢⵢⵏⵉ ⵉⴳⴳⵓⵜⵏ ⵖ ⵜⵖⵔⵎⵜ ⴰⵏⵏ ⵍⵍⵉ ⵢⴰⴽⴽⴰⵏ ⵜⴰⵢⴰⴼⵓⵜ ⵉ ⴽⵔⴰ ⵉⴳⴰⵏ ⴰⴷⵖⴰⵔ ⵖ ⵉⴷⵖⴰⵔⵏ ⵏ ⵍⵎⵖⵔⵉⴱ ⴰⴽⵓⴷ ⴰⵏⵏ<ref>{{ⴱⴷⵔ ⴰⴷⵍⵉⵙ |last=ابو عبيد البكري |title=المسالك و الممالك}}</ref> ⵉⴱⴷⵔ ⵓⵍⴰ ⵜⴰⴷⵓⵙⵉ ⵏ ⵜⵓⵚⴽⴰ ⵍⵍⵉ ⵢⴰⵏⵏⵉ ⵖ ⵓⵖⵔⴰⴱ ⵉⵙⵙⵓⵜⵍⵏ ⵉ ⵜⵖⵔⵎⵜ ⴷ ⵎⴰⵙ ⵉⵟⵟⴰⴼ 12 ⵏ ⵡⴰⴳⴳⵓⵔ ⵜⴰⵎ ⴳⵉⵙⵏ ⵜⵜⴰⵡⵙⴽⴰⵔⵏ ⵖ ⵡⵓⵣⵣⴰⵍ [[ⵍⵉⴷⵔⵉⵙⵉ]] ⴷ [[ⵍⵎⴰⵇⴷⵉⵙⵉ]] ⵙⴰⵡⵍⵏ ⵙⵉⵏ ⵉⵜⵙⵏ ⴼ ⵜⴷⵓⵙⵉ ⴷ ⵓⴱⵓⵖⵍⵓ ⴰⵎⵙⵜⴰⴳⴳⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵎⴷⵉⵏⵜ ⵏ ⵙⵉⵊⵍⵎⴰⵙⴰ ⴰⴽⵓⴷ ⴰⵏⵏ, ⴷ ⵎⴰⵙⴷⴷ ⵉⵙⴱⴱⴰⴱⵏ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵍⴽⵎⵏ ⵙ ⵜⵎⵙⵜⴰⴳⵜ ⵏⵏⵙⵏ [[ⵜⵉⵎⵉⵣⴰⵔ ⵏ ⵙⵙⵓⴷⴰⵏ]] <ref>{{ⴱⴷⵔ ⴰⴷⵍⵉⵙ |last=المقدسي البشاري |title=احسن التقاسيم}}</ref>ⵉⴱⴷⵔ ⵜⵜ ⵍⵉⴷⵔⵉⵙⵉ ⵙ ⵉⵙⵎ ⵏ ⵜⵖⵔⵎⵜ ⵏ ⵉⵔⴼⴼⴰⴽⵏ, ⴷ ⴰⵔ ⴷ ⵙⵉⵙ ⵉⴽⵛⵛⵎ ⴷ ⴰⵔ ⴳⵉⵙ ⵉⵜⵜⴼⴼⵖ ⵡⵓⵔⵖ ⵙ ⵜⵎⵉⵣⴰⵔ ⵏ ⵙⵙⵓⴷⴰⵏ ⵉⴳⴰ ⴰⵙ ⵙ ⵉⵙⵎ ⴰⵙⴰⴳⵏ ⴰⵎⴰⴽⵍⴰⵏ ⵏⵏⴰ ⵉⵟⵟⴰⵢⵏ ⴰⵏⴰⵡⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵎⵙⵜⴰⴳⵜ ⵙ ⵜⵎⵉⵣⴰⵔ ⵏ ⵙⵙⵓⴷⴰⵏ, ⵉⵙⴰⵡⵍ ⴼ ⵉⵔⴼⴼⴰⴽⵏ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵉⵙ ⴰⵔ ⵙⴽⴰⵔⵏ ⵜⴰⵢⴰⴼⵓⵜ ⵉⴳⴳⵓⵜⵏ ⵖ ⵜⵡⵡⵓⵔⵉ ⵏⵏⵙⵏ<ref>{{ⴱⴷⵔ ⴰⴷⵍⵉⵙ |last=الإدريسي |title=نزهة المشتاق}}</ref> ⵉⵙⴰⵡⵍ [[ⵍⴱⴰⴽⵔⵉ]] ⴼ ⵜⵎⵣⴳⵉⴷⴰ ⵏ ⵙⵉⵊⵍⵎⴰⵙⵙⴰ ⴷ ⵎⴰⵙ ⵜⵎⵇⵇⵓⵔ ⵜⵉⵖⵣⵉⴼ ⵜⵚⵚⵓⵎⵄⵉⵜ ⵏⵏⵙ, ⴷ ⵉⵙⵔⴰⴳ ⵏ ⵜⵎⵣⴳⵉⴷⴰ ⵍⵍⵉ ⵉⵍⴰⵏ ⴰⵏⴰⵡⵏ ⵏ ⵉⴽⵯⵍⴰⵏ ⴷ ⵣⵣⵡⴰⵇ ⴰⵔ ⵜⵙⵎⵓⵏ ⵎⵉⴷⴷⵏ ⴼ ⵜⵥⴰⵍⵍⵉⵜ ⴷ ⵜⵖⵔⵉ ⵏ ⵡⴰⵏⴰⵡⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵎⵓⵙⵙⵏⵉⵡⵉⵏ ⵜⵉⵙⴳⴷⴰⵏⵉⵏ<ref>{{ⴱⴷⵔ ⴰⴷⵍⵉⵙ |last=البكري |title=المسالك و الممالك}}</ref>, ⵉⵙⴰⵡⵍ [[ⵉⴱⵏ ⵍⴼⴰⵔⴹⵉ]] ⴼ ⵓⴱⵖⵍⵓ ⴰⴷⵍⵙⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵎⴷⵉⵏⵜ ⴷ ⵎⴰⵙ ⴰⵖ ⴷ ⵜⵜⴰⵡⵉ ⵉⵙⵍⵎⴰⴷⵏ ⴷ ⵉⵏⵍⵎⴰⴷⵏ ⵖ ⵜⵎⵉⵣⴰⵔ ⵏ ⴰⵏⴷⴰⵍⵓⵙ ⴷ [[ⵍⵇⴰⵢⵔⴰⵡⴰⵏ]], ⴷ ⵎⴰⵙ ⵜⵜ ⵉⵡⵉⵏ ⵉⵎⵣⴷⴰⵖ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵖ ⵜⵓⵙⵙⵏⴰ ⵏ ⵜⵓⵙⵏⴰⴽⵜ ⴷ ⵓⵙⵉⴹⵏ ⴰⵛⴽⵓ ⵜⵣⴷⵉ ⴷ ⵜⵡⵡⵓⵔⵉ ⵏⵏⵙⵏ ⵖ ⵜⵔⴼⴼⴰⴽⵜ ⴷ ⵜⵎⵙⵜⴰⴳⵜ<ref>{{ⴱⴷⵔ ⴰⴷⵍⵉⵙ |last=الفرضي |title=تاريخ علماء الأندلس}}</ref> ⵉⵎⵎⴰ ⵖ ⵜⵙⴳⴰ ⵏ ⵜⵎⴳⵓⵔⵉ ⴰⵔ ⵙⴰⵡⴰⵍⵏⵜ ⵜⵉⵔⵔⴰ ⴼ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⴱⵓⵖⵍⵓ ⴰⵅⴰⵜⴰⵔ ⵉⴹⵔⴰⵄⴰⵏ ⵡⵉⵏ ⵡⴰⵎⵎⴰⵙⵏ ⵢⴰⴹⵏⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵖⵔⵎⴰ ⵜⴰⵎⵙⵍⵎⴰⵏⵜ ⵖ ⵓⵣⵎⵣ ⴰⵏⵏ, [[ⵢⴰⵇⵓⵜ ⵍⵃⴰⵎⴰⵡⵉ]] ⵉⴱⴷⵔ ⵜⵉⵎⵍⵙⴰ ⵜⴰⵙⵉⵊⵍⵎⴰⵙⵜ ⵙ ⵎⴰⵙ ⵟⵟⴰⴼ ⵜⴰⵎⵙⵓⵙⵏⵜ ⴷ ⵉⵙⵎ ⵖ ⵜⵎⵉⵣⴰⵔ ⴷ ⵎⴰⵙⴷⴷ ⵉⵙ ⵍⴽⵎⵏⵜ ⵖ ⵜⵙⴳⴰ ⵏ ⵓⵖⵓⴷⵓ ⵜⵉⵎⵍⵙⴰ ⵏ ⵉⴳⵍⴷⴰⵏ<ref>{{ⴱⴷⵔ ⴰⴷⵍⵉⵙ |last=ياقوت الحموي |title=معجم البلدان}}</ref>, [[ⵍⵢⵓⵏ ⴰⴼⵔⵉⵇⴰⵏ]]ⵉⵙⵙⴽⵯⵜⵉ ⴷ ⵖ ⵜⵉⵔⵔⴰ ⵏⵏⵙ ⴰⴼⵓⵍⴽⵉ ⵏ ⵜⵏⵣⴳⵉⵜ ⵏ ⵜⴳⵯⵎⵎⴰ ⴷ ⵜⵎⵣⴳⴰⴷⵉⵡⵉⵏ ⴷ ⵜⵉⵏⵎⴰⵍ ⵏ ⵙⵉⵊⵍⵎⴰⵙⴰ ⴷ ⵉⵙ ⴰⵔ ⵙⵙⵎⵔⴰⵙⵏ ⵉⴷ ⴱⴰⴱ ⵏⵏⵙⵏⵜ ⵜⵉⵎⵛⵛⵉ (ⵔⵔⵅⴰⵎ) ⴷ ⵣⵣⵍⵍⵉⵊ ⵖ ⵜⵓⵚⴽⴰ<ref>{{ⴱⴷⵔ ⴰⴷⵍⵉⵙ |first=ليون الافريقي |title=وصف افريقيا}}</ref>, ⵉⵎⵎⴰ ⵜⴰⵎⴳⵓⵔⵉ ⵏ ⵓⵇⵇⴰⵔⵉⴹ ⵉⵏⵏⴰ ⵍⵉⴷⵔⵉⵙⵉ<ref>{{ⴱⴷⵔ ⴰⴷⵍⵉⵙ |last=الإدريسي |title=نزهة المشتاق}}</ref> ⵎⴰⵙⴷⴷ ⵓⵔⵖ ⵉⵖ ⴷ ⵉⵍⴽⵎ ⵙⵉⵊⵍⵎⴰⵙⴰ ⴰⵔ ⴳⵉⵙ ⵜⵜⵉⵡⵙⴽⵉⵔⵏ ⵉⵇⵇⴰⵔⵉⴹⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵎⵙⵜⴰⴳⵜ ⵏⵏⴰ ⵟⵟⴰⴼⵏⵉⵏ ⴰⵜⵉⴳ ⵖ ⴽⵔⴰ ⵉⴳⴰⵏ ⵎⴰⵏⵉ, ⵍⴱⴰⴽⵔⵉ ⵉⴱⴷⵔ ⵉⵙⵎ ⵏ ⵉⵇⵇⴰⵔⵉⴹⵏ ⵏ ⵙⵉⵊⵍⵎⴰⵙⴰ ⵍⵍⵉ ⵉⴳⴰⵏ ⴷⵉⵏⴰⵔ ⴰⵎⴷⵔⴰⵔ ⵍⵍⵉ ⵙ ⵜⵣⵣⵉⴳⵉⵣ ⵜⵎⵙⵜⴰⴳⵜ ⵖ ⵍⵎⵖⵔⵉⴱ ⴷ ⵙⵙⵓⴷⴰⵏ ⴷ ⴰⵏⴷⴰⵍⵓⵙ<ref>{{ⴱⴷⵔ ⴰⴷⵍⵉⵙ |last=ابو عبيد البكري |title=المسالك و الممالك}}</ref> === ⵜⴰⵖⵔⵎⴰ ⵏ ⵙⵉⵊⵍⵎⴰⵙⴰ ⵜⴰⵎⴷⵔⴰⵔⵜ ⵣ ⵉⵔⵣⵣⵓⵜⵏ ⵉⵔⴽⵢⵓⵍⵓⵊⵉⵜⵏ === ⴳⴳⵓⵜⵏ ⵉⵔⵣⵣⵓⵜⵏ ⵉⵔⴽⵢⵓⵍⵓⵊⵉⵜⵏ ⵍⵍⵉ ⵜⵜⴰⵡⵙⴽⴰⵔⵏ ⴼ ⵜⵖⵔⵎⴰ ⵏ ⵙⵉⵊⵍⵎⴰⵙⴰ ⵏⵏⴰ ⴷ ⵉⵍⵓⵍⵏ ⴷ ⵜⵍⴰⵍⵉⵜ ⵏ ⵓⵡⴰⵏⴽ ⵏ ⴰⵢⵜ ⵎⵉⴷⵔⴰⵔ, ⵉⵔⵣⵣⵓⵜⵏ ⵍⵍⵉ ⵙⴽⵔⵏⵜ ⵜⵔⴰⴱⴱⵓⵜ ⵏ ⵓⵔⵣⵣⵓ ⴰⵔⴽⵢⵓⵍⵓⵊⴰⵏ ⵙⵡⵍⴰⴷⴷⴰⴽⴽⵯ ⵜⵉⵔⴰⴱⴱⵓⵜⵉⵏ ⵣ ⵍⵎⵖⵔⵉⴱ [[ⴼⵕⴰⵏⵚⴰ]] ⴷ [[ⵉⵡⴰⵏⴽⵏ ⵉⵎⵓⵏⵏ|ⵎⴰⵔⵉⴽⴰⵏ]] * ⴳ 1950 ⵉⴼⵙⵔ [[ⴱⵓⵍ ⴱⵉⵔⵜⵉⵔ]] '''(Paul Berthier)''' ⵜⴰⵢⴰⴼⵓⵜ ⵏ ⵉⵔⵣⵣⵓⵜⵏ ⵏⵏⵙ ⴼ ⵓⵙⵓⴷⵙ ⵏ ⵜⵔⴳⵯⵉⵡⵉⵏ ⵖ ⵜⵎⵏⴰⴹⵜ ⵏ ⵜⴼⵉⵍⴰⵍⵜ ⵎⴰⵢⴰⴷ ⴰⴷ ⴷ ⵉⴹⵉⵏ ⵜⵉⵙⴽⵉⵡⵜ ⵜⴰⵣⴰⵢⴽⵓⵜ ⵏ ⵓⵙⴷⵙ ⵏ ⵜⵔⴳⵯⴰ ⴳ ⵉⵣⵎⴰⵣ ⵏ ⴰⵢⵜ ⵎⵉⴷⵔⴰⵔ * ⴳ ⵓⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙ ⵏ 1966 ⵉⵙⴽⵔ [[ⴷⴰⵏⵢⴰⵍ ⵢⵓⵙⵜⴰⵛ]] '''Daniel Eustache''' ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⵣⵔⴰⵡⵜ ⵜⴰⵙⴰⵖⵓⵍⵜ ⴼ ⵉⵇⵇⴰⵔⵉⴹⵏ ⵏ ⵓⵡⴰⵏⴽ ⵏ [[ⴰⵢⵜ ⴷⵔⵉⵙ]] ⴷ ⵡⵉⵏ ⴰⵢⵜ ⵎⵉⴷⵔⴰⵔ ⵏⵜⵜⴰⵜ ⴰⴷ ⵉⴼⴽⴰⵏ ⴰⵎⵣⵔⵓⵢ ⵏ ⵉⴳⵍⴷⴰⵏ ⵏ ⴰⵢⵜ ⵎⵉⴷⵔⴰⵔ ⵣ ⵉⵇⵇⴰⵔⵉⴹⵏ ⵏⵏⵙⵏ<ref>{{ⴱⴷⵔ ⴰⴷⵍⵉⵙ |last=Daniel Eustache |first=Daniel Eustache |title=Corpsus des Dirhams idrisites}}</ref> * ⴳⵔ 1971 ⴷ 1974 ⵉⵙⵙⵏⵜⵉ ⵓⵙⵉⵏⴰⴳ ⴰⵏⴰⵎⵓⵔ ⵏ ⵉⴷⵔⵉⵣⵏ ⴷ ⵜⵏⴳⵎⵉ INSAP<ref>{{ⴱⴷⵔ ⴰⵡⵉⴱ |last=ⴰⵙⵉⵏⴰⴳ ⴰⵏⴰⵎⵓⵔ ⵏ ⵉⴷⵔⵉⵣⵏ ⴷ ⵜⵏⴳⵎⵉ |title= |url=https://insap.ac.ma/}}</ref> ⵜⵉⵖⵓⵣⵉⵏ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵜⵉⵎⵣⵡⵓⵔⴰ ⵖ ⵓⴷⵖⴰⵔ ⵏ ⵙⵉⵊⵉⵍⵎⴰⵙⴰ, ⴷ ⴰⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙ ⵏ 1988 ⵉⵙⵙⵏⵜⵉ [[ⵓⵙⵏⴼⴰⵔ ⵏ "ⵙⵉⵊⵍⵎⴰⵙⴰ"]] ⵉⴳⴰⵏ ⵡⵉⵏ ⵜⵖⵓⵣⵉ ⵜⴰⵔⴽⵢⵓⵍⵓⵊⵉⵜ ⴷⴷⵓ ⵓⴼⵓⵙ ⵏ ⵓⴱⵔⵓⴼⵉⵙⵓⵔ ⴰⵎⴰⵔⵉⴽⴰⵏ [[ⵔⵓⵏⴰⵍⴷ ⵎⵉⵙⵉⵙⵔ]] * ⴳ 1996 ⵉⵙⴼⴼⵓⵖ ⴷ ⵓⵎⵔⵣⴰⵡ ⴰⵎⵖⵔⴰⴱⵉ [[ⵍⵃⵙⵏ ⵜⴰⵡⵛⵉⵅⵜ]] ⵜⴰⵣⵔⴰⵡⵜ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵜⴰⴽⴰⴷⵉⵎⵉⵜ ⴼ ⵜⵓⵚⴽⴰ ⴷ ⵜⵏⵣⴳⵉⵜ ⵜⴰⵎⴷⵔⴰⵔⵜ <ref>{{ⴱⴷⵔ ⴰⵡⵉⴱ |title= |url=https://archive.org/details/tokyo.elektro_20210605}}</ref><ref>{{ⴱⴷⵔ ⴰⴷⵍⵉⵙ |last=لحسن تاوشيخت |title=عمران سجلماسة}}</ref> * ⴳ 2015 ⴰⴷ ⴷ ⵉⴼⴼⵓⵖ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⴷⵍⵉⵙ ⴰⵅⴰⵜⴰⵔ ⵡⴰⴷ ⵉⴳⴰⵏ ⵎⴰⵙ ⵏ ⵉⴷⵍⵉⵙⵏ ⵖ ⵜⵔⴽⵢⵓⵍⵓⵊⵉⵜ ⵏ ⵙⵉⵊⵍⵎⴰⵙⴰ ⵙ ⵜⵓⵜⵍⴰⵢⵜ ⵜⴰⵏⴳⵍⵉⵣⵜ ⵉⴳⴰ ⵙ ⵡⴰⵙⵙⴰⵖ "[[ⴰⴷ ⵖⴰⵔ ⴰⵎⵖⴰⵔⵎⴰⵏ ⴰⵎⴳⴳⴰⵔⵓ]]" ⵢⵓⵔⴰ ⵜ ⵓⵎⴰⵔⵣⵓ ⴰⵎⴰⵔⵉⴽⴰⵏ ⵔⵉⵏⴰⵍⴷ ⵎⵉⵙⵉⵔ ⴷ ⵓⵎⴷⴷⴰⴽⴽⵍ ⵏⵏⵙ [[ⴷⵊⵉⵎⵙ ⵎⵉⵍⵉⵔ]] <ref>{{ⴱⴷⵔ ⴰⴷⵍⵉⵙ |last=James Andrew Miller Ronald A. Messier |first= |title=The Last Civilized Place: Sijilmasa and Its Saharan Destiny}}</ref>, ⵖ ⵓⴷⵍⵉⵙ ⴰⴷ ⴰⵔ ⵏⵏ ⵏⵜⵜⴰⴼⴰ ⵎⴰⵙⴷⴷ ⴱⴰⴱⴰⵙ ⵏ ⵣⵣⵍⵍⵉⵊ ⴰⵎⵖⵔⴰⴱⵉ ⵏ ⵡⴰⵙⵙⴰ ⵉⴼⴼⵓⵖ ⴷ ⵣ ⵉⴼⵓⵏⵏⵔⴰ ⵏ ⵜⵎⴷⵉⵏⵜ ⵏ ⵙⵉⵊⵍⵎⴰⵙⴰ ⴰⴷ ⵜ ⵉⴳⴰⵏ ⴷ ⴰⵢⵍⵍⵉ ⵎⵓ ⵜⵜⵉⵏⵉⵏ "ⵉⴷⵇⵇⵉ ⴰⵙⵎⴰⵎⵎⴰⵖ" ⵙ ⵜⵏⴳⵍⵉⵣⵜ glazed potery ⵙ ⵜⵄⵔⴰⴱⵜ الخزف المزجج * ⴰⵎⴰⵢⵏⵓ ⵏ ⵓⵔⵣⵣⵓ ⴰⵔⴽⵢⵓⵍⵓⵊⴰⵏ ⵖ ⵓⴷⵖⴰⵔ ⵏ ⵙⵉⵊⵉⵍⵎⴰⵙⴰ ⴷ ⵡⴰⴷ ⵉⵣⴷⵉⵏ ⴷ ⵜⵖⵔⵎⴰ ⵏ ⴰⵢⵜ ⵎⵉⴷⵔⴰⵔ, ⵉⵙⴰⵡⵍ ⴼ ⵉⵅⴼ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵖ ⵓⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙ ⵏ 2025 ⵍⵍⵉⵖ ⵜⵍⵖⴰ ⵜⵎⴰⵡⴰⵙⵜ ⵏ ⵜⵄⵓⵔⵎⴰ ⴷ ⵜⵓⵙⵙⵏⴰ ⴷ ⵓⵎⵙⴰⵡⴰⴹ ⵙ ⵜⵣⵔⴰⵡⵜ ⵍⵍⵉ ⴰⴽⴽⵯ ⵎⵇⵇⵓⵔⵏ ⵣ ⵉⴷ 70 ⵏ ⵜⴰⵙⵓⵜ ⵍⵍⵉ ⵉⵣⵔⵉⵏ ⴼ ⵓⴷⵖⴰⵔ ⵏ ⵙⵉⵊⵉⵍⵎⴰⵙⴰ, ⴳⵔ ⴰⵢⵍⵍⵉ ⵉⵜⵜⵢⴰⴼⴰⵏ ⵖ ⵜⵣⵔⴰⵡⵜ ⴰⴷ: . ⵜⵉⵎⵣⴳⵉⴷⴰ ⵍⵍⵉ ⴰⴽⴽⵯ ⵉⴳⴰⵏ ⵜⴰⵣⴰⵢⴽⵓⵜ ⵖ ⵍⵎⵖⵔⵉⴱ ⴰⵎⵣⵔⵓⵢ ⵏⵏⵙ ⴰⵔ ⵉⵜⵜⴷⴰ ⴰⵔ ⵜⴰⵙⵓⵜ ⵜⵉⵙⵙ 8 ⴷ ⴰⵔ ⵜⵜⴰⵙⵉ 2800 ⵏ ⵉⵎⵥⵥⴰⵍⵍⵉⵜⵏ . ⵉⵜⵜⴰⵡⵙⴽⴰⵔ ⵓⵙⵖⵉⵡⵙ ⴰⵥⴰⵡⴽⴰⵏ ⴰⵎⵣⵡⴰⵔⵓ ⵉ ⵜⵖⵔⵎⵜ ⵏ ⵙⵉⵊⵍⵎⴰⵙⴰ ⵍⵍⵉ ⵖ ⵜⵍⵍⴰ ⵜⵓⵥⵥⵓⵎⵜ ⵏ ⵜⵎⴷⵉⵏⵜ ⴷ ⵓⵥⵟⵟⴰ ⵏ ⵉⵖⴰⵔⴰⵙⵏ ⴷ ⵜⴳⵯⵎⵎⴰ ⵏ ⵜⵣⴷⵓⵖⵜ ⴷ ⵙⵉⵏ ⵉⵔⴳⴳⵓⴱⵏ ⵏ ⵜⴰⴹⴰⴼⵜ ⵍⵍⴰⵏⵉⵏ ⴼ ⵜⵎⵣⴳⵉⴷⴰ ⵜⵎⵇⵇⵔⴰⵏⵜ . ⴰⴷⴷⴰⵔ ⵏ ⵜⵎⴳⵓⵔⵉ ⵏ ⵓⵇⵇⴰⵔⵉⴹ ⵏ ⵡⵓⵔⵖ, ⴷ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵡⵓⵙⵓⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵣⴷⵓⵖⵜ ⵏⵏⴰ ⵖ ⵍⵍⴰⵏ 12 ⵏ ⵜⴰⴷⴷⴰⵔⵜ<ref>{{ⴱⴷⵔ ⵉⵏⵖⵎⵉⵙⵏ |last=ⵀⵉⵙⴱⵔⵉⵙ |first=Hespress |title=Hespress |url=https://www.hespress.com/%D8%AA%D9%86%D9%82%D9%8A%D8%A8%D8%A7%D8%AA-%D8%B3%D8%AC%D9%84%D9%85%D8%A7%D8%B3%D8%A9-%D8%AA%D9%83%D8%B4%D9%81-%D8%A3%D9%82%D8%AF%D9%85-%D9%85%D8%B3%D8%AC%D8%AF-%D9%85%D8%A4%D8%B1%D8%AE-%D8%A8%D8%A7-1598996.html}}</ref> ==ⵉⵏⴱⴱⴰⴹⵏ ⴷ ⵉⴳⵍⴷⵓⵏⵏ== * ⵄⵉⵙⴰ ⴱⵏ ⵢⴰⵣⵉⴷ ⴰⵙⴳⴳⴰⵏ (757/771) * ⴰⴱⵓ ⵇⴰⵙⵉⵎ ⵙⵎⴽⵓ ⵓ ⵡⴰⵙⵓⵍ (771/789) * ⴰⴱⵓ ⵍⵡⴰⵣⵉⵔ ⵉⵍⵢⴰⵙ ⵓ ⴰⴱⵓ ⵇⴰⵙⵉⵎ (783/790) * ⴰⵍⵢⴰⵙⴰⵄ ⵓ ⴱⵓ ⵍⵇⴰⵙⵉⵎ (790/823) * ⵎⴷⵔⴰⵔ ⵓ ⵍⵢⴰⵙⴰⵄ ⵓ ⴱⵓ ⵍⵇⴰⵙⵉⵎ (823/867) * ⵎⴰⵢⵎⵓⵏ ⴰⴳⵍⴷⵓⵏ ⵓ ⵎⴷⵔⴰⵔ ⵓ ⴱⵓ ⵍⵇⴰⵙⵉⵎ (867/876) * ⵎⵓⵃⵎⵎⴰⴷ ⵓ ⵎⴰⵢⵎⵓⵏ ⴰⴳⵍⴷⵓⵏ ⵓ ⵎⴷⵔⴰⵔ (876/883) * ⴰⵍⵢⴰⵙⴰⵄ ⵓ ⵍⵎⵓⵏⵜⴰⵚⵉⵔ ⵓ ⵍⵢⴰⵙⴰⵄ(883/889) * ⵡⴰⵙⵓⵍ ⵍⴼⴰⵜⵃ ⵓ ⵎⴰⵢⵎⵓⵏ ⴰⴳⵍⴷⵓⵏ(909/912) * ⵃⵎⴰⴷ ⵓ ⵎⵉⵎⵓⵏ ⴰⴳⵍⴷⵓⵏ ⵓ ⵎⴷⵔⴰⵔ(912/921) * ⵍⵎⵓⵄⵜⴰⵣⵣ ⵓ ⵎⵓⵃⵎⵎⴰⴷ ⵓ ⵙⴰⵡⵔ(921/933) * ⴰⵍⵎⵓⵏⵜⴰⵚⵉⵔ ⵎⵓⵃⵎⵎⴰⴷ ⵓ ⵍⵎⵓⵄⵜⴰⵣⵣ ⵓ ⵙⴰⵡⵔ(933/942) * ⴰⵍⵎⵓⵏⵜⴰⵚⵉⵔ ⵙⵎⴽⵓ ⵓ ⵎⵓⵃⵎⵎⴰⴷ ⵓ ⵍⵎⵓⵄⵜⴰⵣⵣ ⵓ ⵙⴰⵡⵔ (942) * ⵛⵛⴰⴽⵉⵔ ⵍⵉⵍⵍⴰⵀ ⵍⴼⴰⵜⵃ ⵓ ⵎⵉⵎⵓⵏ ⴰⴳⵍⴷⵓⵏ ⵓ ⵎⴷⵔⴰⵔ (943/963) * ⴰⵍⵎⵓⵏⵜⴰⵚⵉⵔ ⴱⵉⵍⵍⴰⵀ ⵓ ⴰⵎⵉⵔ ⵍⵎⵓⵎⵉⵏⵉⵏ ⵛⵛⴰⴽⵉⵔ ⵍⵉⵍⵍⴰⵀ ⵎⵓⵃⵎⵎⴰⴷ (963) * ⴰⵍⵎⵓⵄⵜⴰⵣⵣ ⴱⵉⵍⵍⴰⵀ ⴰⴱⵓ ⵎⵓⵃⵎⵎⴰⴷ ⵓ ⴰⵎⵉⵔ ⵍⵎⵓⵎⵉⵏⵉⵏ ⵛⵛⴰⴽⵉⵔ ⵍⵉⵍⵍⴰⵀ (963/976) ==ⵉⵙⴰⵖⵓⵍⵏ== {{ⵉⵙⴰⵖⵓⵍⵏ}} {{ⴰⵙⵎⵉⵍ |ⵍⵎⵖⵔⵉⴱ |ⵜⴰⴳⵍⴷⵉⵜ ⵜⴰⵎⵖⵔⵉⴱⵉⵜ |ⵜⴰⴳⵍⴷⵉⵜ ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵜ |ⵉⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵏ |ⵜⴰⴳⵍⴷⵉⵜ ⵜⴰⵏⵙⵍⵎⵜ |ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵣⵖⴰ |ⵜⴰⴼⵔⵉⵇⵜ ⵜⴰⴳⴰⴼⴰⵏⵜ |ⴰⵎⵣⵔⵓⵢ}} 9l8kr2w8n9or9p941wzee92leu09utf 4 52654 176118 175911 2026-05-05T00:17:54Z Essaidib2 15 /* */ 176118 wikitext text/x-wiki {|style = "margin:auto;border:0;" | style="text-align:center;"|[[File:Inscription bilingue de Thugga.jpg|frameless|center|500px]] |- |style="text-align:center;"{{!}}&nbsp;&nbsp; [[ⴰⵙⵎⵖⵔ ⵏ ⵎⴰⵙⵙⵏⵏⵙⵏ]] (ⵙ ⵜⵍⴰⵜⵉⵏⵜ: Massinissa) ⵉⵜⵜⵢⴰⵔⴰ ⵙ ⵜⴼⵉⵏⴰⵖ ⵜⴰⵇⵇⴱⵓⵔⵜ, ⵉⴳⴰ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⵙⵎⵖⵔ ⵉ ⵓⴳⵍⵍⵉⴷ ⴰⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖ [[ⵎⴰⵙⵙⵏⵏⵙⵏ]] ⵉⵏⴳⵔ ⵉⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙⵏ 100-200 [[ⴷⴰⵜ ⵏ ⵜⵍⴰⵍⵉⵜ ⵏ ⵄⵉⵙⴰ]]. ⵜⵜⵢⴰⴼⴰⵏⵜ ⵜⵉⵔⵔⴰ ⴰⴷ ⴳ ⵉⵙⴰⴳⵓⵔⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵎⴷⵉⵏⵜ ⵏ [[ⵜⵓⴳⴳⴰ]] ⴳ [[ⵜⵓⵏⵙ]]. ⵢⵓⵎⴰ ⵓⵥⵕⵓ ⴰⴷ ⵜⵉⵔⵔⴰ ⵙ ⵜⴼⵉⵏⴰⵖ ⴷ ⵓⵙⵓⵖⵍ ⵏⵏⵙⵜ ⵙ [[ⵜⴰⴱⵓⵏⵉⵇⵜ|ⵜⴱⵓⵏⵉⵇⵜ]]. |} {{ⵜⵓⵣⴷⵉⵔⵜ |[[ⵡⵉⴽⵉⴱⵉⴷⵢⴰ:ⵜⵉⵔⵔⴰ ⵙ ⵜⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵜ/5|ⵙⵙⵏⴼⵍ]] {{ⵜⴰⵏⵇⵇⵉⴹⵜ ⵜⴰⵎⵇⵇⵔⴰⵏⵜ}} [[:commons:Category:Tamazight|ⵥⵕ ⵓⴳⴳⴰⵔ]]}} 5p4jzbsnsj9u3e7b68p02ruzderi4nx