漢語

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    <title>漢語</title>
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'''漢語'''者，[[漢族|漢人]]之言也。蓋[[華夏]]地方廣遠，山河數列，海內習用，方音殊異。以中國人多，以漢語為[[母語]]者亦眾，合以十億計，普世之五一。

== 音韻 ==

漢語一字一音，一音可分為聲、韻、調。[[漢字]]多不表音，故初用「讀若某」。後[[佛教]]東傳，得[[梵文]]而知[[反切]]，乃用以標音。近世，創[[國語注音|注音符號]]及[[漢語拼音]]，以明音韻。

== 語法 ==
漢語為[[孤立語]]、或曰分析語，此謂詞彙無[[格 (語法)|格]]、[[態 (語法)|態]]、[[性 (語法)|性]]、[[數 (語法)|數]]之變。唯示以[[語序]]之先後及虛字之用而達意。

語序為：[[主謂賓]]，[[修飾語|偏次]]先於[[中心語|正次]]。於數數，必附[[量詞]]於數後。各[[方言]][[語法]]略異，故白話文之行可亂文字。乃以國語語法為白話文語法。

古者語法，同乎[[文言]]。

== 文字 ==
{{main|漢字}}
三代以降，[[漢字]]初成。[[秦]]以書同文，必用[[小篆]]，其後偶有數變，用之不更至民季，共和國立，納昔[[錢玄同]]所倡簡字法，加以矯正，遂成今制，曰[[簡化字]]，今[[中國大陸]]、[[新加坡]]、[[馬來西亞]]行之。[[香港]]、[[澳門]]、[[臺灣]]仍因舊制，書傳統漢字。

近代西學東傳，亦有以[[拉丁字母]]記音者，法式歧異。至共和國立，創[[漢語拼音|拼音]]，授之於小學。初，國人頗思廢漢字，後以同音多，拉丁文字無象形之用，遂止。

== 沿革 ==
三代之時，天下有國千萬，言語不通。[[周]]既王，始有[[雅言]]。諸子著作，皆以雅言。及周道微，天下紛亂，言語異聲，文字異形。尤是楚語至不同也。[[秦始皇帝]]混一車書，獨用秦[[小篆|篆]]，各地方言日合。然至於[[許慎]]之世，[[說文解字]]之所錄，亦有同義而音異之字，多有「某地曰某為某」之訓。蓋天下文字雖一，而言語未統也。此[[上古音]]也。古語於語法異於今音，可見諸[[尚書]]。

魏晉之世，北族南面，雖[[魏孝文帝]]力主洛音，而古音已變，[[詩]]始不得押韻。[[中原]]漢胡雜合，而成唐音，為[[中古音|中古之音]]。於南國，衣冠之南渡，亦有吳音混於正音者。此世[[樂府]]有吳曲、西州曲之分，蓋亦異音之故也。

[[趙宋|宋]]季，[[中原]]復為胡君，語音大變。[[四聲]]缺入，派為三聲。唯江南淪陷不足百年，語音未大變也。[[明]]初都[[應天]]，[[永樂]]間北遷，百官隨同，江左之音復入燕地。以後四百年皆都[[北京]]，遂以為[[國語]]矣。

及[[中華人民共和國]]立，以國語為[[普通話]]，舉世皆以其漢語之正音。實其正音以國語稍改而成，[[中華民國|國民政府]]遷臺，用其國語至今未廢。然分立五十年，習用亦異也。大異者，舉凡[[兒化韻]]之用，[[外來詞]]之源，王畿方言之不同，亦成其異也。

於地方，雖有國語，實方言殊音甚多，惟[[學校]]、[[典禮]]多用正音。

今世，以漢語為官話者，有中國、[[新加坡]]、[[聯合國]]。隨中國國力日蓄，萬國習之者眾，以利來華遊學仕商。

== 方言 ==
蓋漢語歧甚，遠者異域不相通，近者十里音不同。然文惟一，為世所稀見。

以[[語言學]]分，言不通即非一語。且語法各異，故有漢語為一語族之論。漢語諸言，概分如下：

* [[官話]]，聞之中原、巴蜀、江北，滿蒙疆人亦多用之。今中國大陸之[[普通話]]、臺灣之[[中華民國國語|國語]]、南洋之[[華語]]皆宗[[北京官話]][[京師片]]。
* [[吳語]]，聞之吳越之地，昔宗[[蘇州話]]，今宗[[上海話]]。
* [[閩語]]，聞之閩臺之地，瓊文之民亦操之，其中分[[閩北語|閩北]]、[[閩東語|閩東]]、[[閩南語|閩南]]、[[閩中語|閩中]]、[[莆仙話|莆仙]]，五語各不相通。
* [[粵語]]，聞之嶺南，至於海外。[[廣州話]]為宗。
* [[客語]]，聞之南境，為[[客家人]]之言，[[梅州話]]為宗。
* [[湘語]]，聞之楚南。分新老二派。[[長沙話|長沙]]、[[雙峰話]]為宗。
* [[贛語]]，聞之[[江西]]，[[南昌話]]為宗。
* [[徽語]]，聞之皖南，[[徽州話]]為宗。今或以之為吳語之別種。
* [[晉語]]，聞之晉北、陝北、雲中等處，[[太原話]]為宗。

官話復分數種，以下次第：
*[[東北官話]]，聞之東北，宗[[瀋陽話]]。
*[[北京官話]]，聞之北京，東北，新疆之一部，宗[[北京話]]。
*[[江淮官話]]，聞之蘇中蘇北之大部，蘇南之一部及皖中，宗[[揚州話]]，以其地雜吳語，兩者相生，或謂淮語。明代以之為國語。
*[[西南官話]]，聞之川，桂，滇，貴，宗[[成都話]]。
*[[中原官話]]，聞之中原，關中，魯南。各地或有別種。宗[[洛陽話]]、[[西安話]]。
*[[冀魯官話]]，聞之冀，魯。宗[[濟南話]]。
*[[蘭銀官話]]，聞之隴上，寧夏。宗[[蘭州話]]。
*[[膠遼官話]]，聞之齊東，遼南，東北之一部。學界多宗[[煙臺話]]。

以下諸言皆從屬不明：
* [[廣西平話]]，聞之[[廣西]]山村，或以之為[[粵語]]之別種。
* [[韶州土話]]、[[湘南土話]]，聞之五嶺南北，或言二者皆近平話，或從[[湘南土話]]於湘語。
* [[瓦鄉話]]，聞之湘西沅水谷地，壟斷山絕，漢苗雜居，故甚異於官音，或以為湘語之別種。

== 書典 ==
* 《[[康熙字典|康熙大字典]]》
* 《[[廣韻]]》
* 《[[說文解字]]》

== 他典 ==
* [http://lexikon.china2day.de 《在線英漢字典》] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070713122604/http://lexikon.china2day.de/ |date=2007-07-13 }} &lt;!--
*[http://www.MonkeyKingSoft.com/ MonkeyKingSoft.com] - 使用电脑软件学习汉字：在电脑上动态显示汉字笔顺，或者打印成卡片帮助记忆。 --&gt;
* [http://www.kangxizidian.com/kangxi/ 《康熙大字典》]
* [http://www.edu.tw/EDU_WEB/EDU_MGT/MANDR/EDU6300001/allbook/bishuen/c8.htm?open 《常用國字標準字體筆順手冊》]
* [http://zgyy.faedia.com 《國文論壇》] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070927210215/http://zgyy.faedia.com/ |date=2007-09-27 }}
* [http://www.zdic.net 《在線漢語字典》]
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|bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}&lt;!--
*[http://www.newconcept.com/School/text_books.html 海外中文教材]--&gt;
* [http://learn_chinese.ckungfu.com/ 《輕鬆習中文》] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070712024338/http://learn_chinese.ckungfu.com/ |date=2007-07-12 }} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070712024338/http://learn_chinese.ckungfu.com/ |date=2007-07-12 }}&lt;!--
*[http://www.chinawestexchange.com/ China West Exchange]: 本网点是为了让西方人认识中国文化，中国人认识西方语言和文化而作的--&gt;
&lt;!--*[http://malandrin.org 马来西亚官话方言]
*[http://www.mina.ks.edu.tw/ 高雄县闽南语教材教学資料库]
*[http://www.cantonese.sheik.co.uk/ Cantonese Help Sheets]: 粤语教程
*[http://humanum.arts.cuhk.edu.hk/Lexis/lexi-can/ 粵語審音配詞字庫]
*[http://humanum.arts.cuhk.edu.hk/Lexis/Lindict/ Chinese to English Dictionary]: 中英字典
*[http://5189.asinah.net/ 中英字典 English to Chinese Dictionary]
*[http://us.dict.cn/ Dict.CN 中英字典 英中字典 English-Chinese and Chinese-English Dictionary on line]
*[http://www.unet.univie.ac.at/~a9305416/ Chinese Linguistics]: 汉语语言学网站（英文）
*[http://www.chineselanguage.org/CCDICT/index.html Chinese Characters Dictionary]: 支持日语、韩语、粤语等。
*[http://humanum.arts.cuhk.edu.hk/Lexis/Canton2/ Cantonese Talking Syllabary]: 中文网站（繁体）

*[http://www.sprachprofi.de.vu/english/zh.htm 网上上免费的普通话教程]
*[http://www.hanyu.com.cn/ Online College of Chinese Language汉语远程学院教学网]（中国国家汉办、华东师大合办)--&gt;
* [http://www.hello-han.com/index.php 《漢語，你好！》遠程教育網] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210409174241/http://www.hello-han.com/index.php |date=2021-04-09 }}
&lt;!--[http://www-ms.cc.ntu.edu.tw/~chinlit/ National Taiwan University Department of Chinese Literature]
*[http://www.yeminlitercuman.com/cin Turkish-Chinese Translators in China] --&gt;
* [http://www.ethnologue.com/show_family.asp?subid=1270 漢語方言列表]
*[http://yedict.com/ 字海網、葉典網]

{{堪讀之文}}

[[Category:漢語]]
[[Category:基礎之文]]</text>
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'''漢語'''者，[[漢族|漢人]]之言也。蓋[[華夏]]地方廣遠，山河數列，海內習用，方音殊異。以中國人多，以漢語為[[母語]]者亦眾，合以十億計，普世之五一。

== 音韻 ==

漢語一字一音，一音可分為聲、韻、調。[[漢字]]多不表音，故初用「讀若某」。後[[佛教]]東傳，得[[梵文]]而知[[反切]]，乃用以標音。近世，創[[國語注音|注音符號]]及[[漢語拼音]]，以明音韻。

== 語法 ==
漢語為[[孤立語]]、或曰分析語，此謂詞彙無[[格 (語法)|格]]、[[態 (語法)|態]]、[[性 (語法)|性]]、[[數 (語法)|數]]之變。唯示以[[語序]]之先後及虛字之用而達意。

語序為：[[主謂賓]]，[[修飾語|偏次]]先於[[中心語|正次]]。於數數，必附[[量詞]]於數後。各[[方言]][[語法]]略異，故白話文之行可亂文字。乃以國語語法為白話文語法。

古者語法，同乎[[文言]]。

== 文字 ==
{{main|漢字}}
三代以降，[[漢字]]初成。[[秦]]以書同文，必用[[小篆]]，其後偶有數變，用之不更至民季，共和國立，納昔[[錢玄同]]所倡簡字法，加以矯正，遂成今制，曰[[簡化字]]，今[[中國大陸]]、[[新加坡]]、[[馬來西亞]]行之。[[香港]]、[[澳門]]、[[臺灣]]仍因舊制，書傳統漢字。

近代西學東傳，亦有以[[拉丁字母]]記音者，法式歧異。至共和國立，創[[漢語拼音|拼音]]，授之於小學。初，國人頗思廢漢字，後以同音多，拉丁文字無象形之用，遂止。

== 沿革 ==
三代之時，天下有國千萬，言語不通。[[周]]既王，始有[[雅言]]。諸子著作，皆以雅言。及周道微，天下紛亂，言語異聲，文字異形。尤是楚語至不同也。[[秦始皇帝]]混一車書，獨用秦[[小篆|篆]]，各地方言日合。然至於[[許慎]]之世，[[說文解字]]之所錄，亦有同義而音異之字，多有「某地曰某為某」之訓。蓋天下文字雖一，而言語未統也。此[[上古音]]也。古語於語法異於今音，可見諸[[尚書]]。

魏晉之世，北族南面，雖[[魏孝文帝]]力主洛音，而古音已變，[[詩]]始不得押韻。[[中原]]漢胡雜合，而成唐音，為[[中古音|中古之音]]。於南國，衣冠之南渡，亦有吳音混於正音者。此世[[樂府]]有吳曲、西州曲之分，蓋亦異音之故也。

[[趙宋|宋]]季，[[中原]]復為胡君，語音大變。[[四聲]]缺入，派為三聲。唯江南淪陷不足百年，語音未大變也。[[明]]初都[[應天]]，[[永樂]]間北遷，百官隨同，江左之音復入燕地。以後四百年皆都[[北京]]，遂以為[[國語]]矣。

及[[中華人民共和國]]立，以國語為[[普通話]]，舉世皆以其漢語之正音。實其正音以國語稍改而成，[[中華民國|國民政府]]遷臺，用其國語至今未廢。然分立五十年，習用亦異也。大異者，舉凡[[兒化韻]]之用，[[外來詞]]之源，王畿方言之不同，亦成其異也。

於地方，雖有國語，實方言殊音甚多，惟[[學校]]、[[典禮]]多用正音。

今世，以漢語為官話者，有中國、[[新加坡]]、[[聯合國]]。隨中國國力日蓄，萬國習之者眾，以利來華遊學仕商。

== 方言 ==
蓋漢語歧甚，遠者異域不相通，近者十里音不同。然文惟一，為世所稀見。

以[[語言學]]分，言不通即非一語。且語法各異，故有漢語為一語族之論。漢語諸言，概分如下：

* [[官話]]，聞之中原、巴蜀、江北，滿蒙疆人亦多用之。今中國大陸之[[普通話]]、臺灣之[[中華民國國語|國語]]、南洋之[[華語]]皆宗[[北京官話]][[京師片]]。
* [[吳語]]，聞之吳越之地，昔宗[[蘇州話]]，今宗[[上海話]]。
* [[閩語]]，聞之閩臺之地，瓊文之民亦操之，其中分[[閩北語|閩北]]、[[閩東語|閩東]]、[[閩南語|閩南]]、[[閩中語|閩中]]、[[莆仙話|莆仙]]，五語各不相通。
* [[粵語]]，聞之嶺南，至於海外。[[廣州話]]為宗。
* [[客語]]，聞之南境，為[[客家人]]之言，[[梅州話]]為宗。
* [[湘語]]，聞之楚南。分新老二派。[[長沙話|長沙]]、[[雙峰話]]為宗。
* [[贛語]]，聞之[[江西]]，[[南昌話]]為宗。
* [[徽語]]，聞之皖南，[[徽州話]]為宗。今或以之為吳語之別種。
* [[晉語]]，聞之晉北、陝北、雲中等處，[[太原話]]為宗。

官話復分數種，以下次第：
*[[東北官話]]，聞之東北，宗[[瀋陽話]]。
*[[北京官話]]，聞之北京，東北，新疆之一部，宗[[北京話]]。
*[[江淮官話]]，聞之蘇中蘇北之大部，蘇南之一部及皖中，宗[[揚州話]]，以其地雜吳語，兩者相生，或謂淮語。明代以之為國語。
*[[西南官話]]，聞之川，桂，滇，貴，宗[[成都話]]。
*[[中原官話]]，聞之中原，關中，魯南。各地或有別種。宗[[洛陽話]]、[[西安話]]。
*[[冀魯官話]]，聞之冀，魯。宗[[濟南話]]。
*[[蘭銀官話]]，聞之隴上，寧夏。宗[[蘭州話]]。
*[[膠遼官話]]，聞之齊東，遼南，東北之一部。學界多宗[[煙臺話]]。

以下諸言皆從屬不明：
* [[廣西平話]]，聞之[[廣西]]山村，或以之為[[粵語]]之別種。
* [[韶州土話]]、[[湘南土話]]，聞之五嶺南北，或言二者皆近平話，或從[[湘南土話]]於湘語。
* [[瓦鄉話]]，聞之湘西沅水谷地，壟斷山絕，漢苗雜居，故甚異於官音，或以為湘語之別種。

== 書典 ==
* 《[[康熙字典|康熙大字典]]》
* 《[[廣韻]]》
* 《[[說文解字]]》

== 他典 ==
* [http://lexikon.china2day.de 《在線英漢字典》] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070713122604/http://lexikon.china2day.de/ |date=2007-07-13 }} &lt;!--
*[http://www.MonkeyKingSoft.com/ MonkeyKingSoft.com] - 使用电脑软件学习汉字：在电脑上动态显示汉字笔顺，或者打印成卡片帮助记忆。 --&gt;
* [http://www.kangxizidian.com/kangxi/ 《康熙大字典》]
* [http://www.edu.tw/EDU_WEB/EDU_MGT/MANDR/EDU6300001/allbook/bishuen/c8.htm?open 《常用國字標準字體筆順手冊》]
* [http://zgyy.faedia.com 《國文論壇》] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070927210215/http://zgyy.faedia.com/ |date=2007-09-27 }}
* [http://www.zdic.net 《在線漢語字典》]
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*[http://www.mina.ks.edu.tw/ 高雄县闽南语教材教学資料库]
*[http://www.cantonese.sheik.co.uk/ Cantonese Help Sheets]: 粤语教程
*[http://humanum.arts.cuhk.edu.hk/Lexis/lexi-can/ 粵語審音配詞字庫]
*[http://humanum.arts.cuhk.edu.hk/Lexis/Lindict/ Chinese to English Dictionary]: 中英字典
*[http://5189.asinah.net/ 中英字典 English to Chinese Dictionary]
*[http://us.dict.cn/ Dict.CN 中英字典 英中字典 English-Chinese and Chinese-English Dictionary on line]
*[http://www.unet.univie.ac.at/~a9305416/ Chinese Linguistics]: 汉语语言学网站（英文）
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&lt;!--[http://www-ms.cc.ntu.edu.tw/~chinlit/ National Taiwan University Department of Chinese Literature]
*[http://www.yeminlitercuman.com/cin Turkish-Chinese Translators in China] --&gt;
* [http://www.ethnologue.com/show_family.asp?subid=1270 漢語方言列表]
*[http://yedict.com/ 字海網、葉典網]

{{堪讀之文}}

[[Category:漢語]]
[[Category:基礎之文]]</text>
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'''漢語'''者，[[漢族|漢人]]之言也。蓋[[華夏]]地方廣遠，山河數列，海內習用，方音殊異。以中國人多，以漢語為[[母語]]者亦眾，合以十億計，普世之五一。

== 音韻 ==

漢語一字一音，一音可分為聲、韻、調。[[漢字]]多不表音，故初用「讀若某」。後[[佛教]]東傳，得[[梵文]]而知[[反切]]，乃用以標音。近世，創[[國語注音|注音符號]]及[[漢語拼音]]，以明音韻。

== 語法 ==
漢語為[[孤立語]]、或曰分析語，此謂詞彙無[[格 (語法)|格]]、[[態 (語法)|態]]、[[性 (語法)|性]]、[[數 (語法)|數]]之變。唯示以[[語序]]之先後及虛字之用而達意。

語序為：[[主謂賓]]，[[修飾語|偏次]]先於[[中心語|正次]]。於數數，必附[[量詞]]於數後。各[[方言]][[語法]]略異，故白話文之行可亂文字。乃以國語語法為白話文語法。

古者語法，同乎[[文言]]。

== 文字 ==
{{main|漢字}}
三代以降，[[漢字]]初成。[[秦]]以書同文，必用[[小篆]]，其後偶有數變，用之不更至民季，共和國立，納昔[[錢玄同]]所倡簡字法，加以矯正，遂成今制，曰[[簡化字]]，今[[中國大陸]]、[[新加坡]]、[[馬來西亞]]行之。[[香港]]、[[澳門]]、[[臺灣]]仍因舊制，書傳統漢字。

近代西學東傳，亦有以[[拉丁字母]]記音者，法式歧異。至共和國立，創[[漢語拼音|拼音]]，授之於小學。初，國人頗思廢漢字，後以同音多，拉丁文字無象形之用，遂止。

== 沿革 ==
三代之時，天下有國千萬，言語不通。[[周]]既王，始有[[雅言]]。諸子著作，皆以雅言。及周道微，天下紛亂，言語異聲，文字異形。尤是楚語至不同也。[[秦始皇帝]]混一車書，獨用秦[[小篆|篆]]，各地方言日合。然至於[[許慎]]之世，[[說文解字]]之所錄，亦有同義而音異之字，多有「某地曰某為某」之訓。蓋天下文字雖一，而言語未統也。此[[上古音]]也。古語於語法異於今音，可見諸[[尚書]]。

魏晉之世，北族南面，雖[[魏孝文帝]]力主洛音，而古音已變，[[詩]]始不得押韻。[[中原]]漢胡雜合，而成唐音，為[[中古音|中古之音]]。於南國，衣冠之南渡，亦有吳音混於正音者。此世[[樂府]]有吳曲、西州曲之分，蓋亦異音之故也。

[[趙宋|宋]]季，[[中原]]復為胡君，語音大變。[[四聲]]缺入，派為三聲。唯江南淪陷不足百年，語音未大變也。[[明]]初都[[應天]]，[[永樂]]間北遷，百官隨同，江左之音復入燕地。以後四百年皆都[[北京]]，遂以為[[國語]]矣。

及[[中華人民共和國]]立，以國語為[[普通話]]，舉世皆以其漢語之正音。實其正音以國語稍改而成，[[中華民國|國民政府]]遷臺，用其國語至今未廢。然分立五十年，習用亦異也。大異者，舉凡[[兒化韻]]之用，[[外來詞]]之源，王畿方言之不同，亦成其異也。

於地方，雖有國語，實方言殊音甚多，惟[[學校]]、[[典禮]]多用正音。

今世，以漢語為官話者，有中國、[[新加坡]]、[[聯合國]]。隨中國國力日蓄，萬國習之者眾，以利來華遊學仕商。

== 方言 ==
蓋漢語歧甚，遠者異域不相通，近者十里音不同。然文惟一，為世所稀見。

以[[語言學]]分，言不通即非一語。且語法各異，故有漢語為一語族之論。漢語諸言，概分如下：

* [[官話]]，聞之中原、巴蜀、江北，滿蒙疆人亦多用之。今中國大陸之[[普通話]]、臺灣之[[中華民國國語|國語]]、南洋之[[華語]]皆宗[[北京官話]][[京師片]]。
* [[吳語]]，聞之吳越之地，昔宗[[蘇州話]]，今宗[[上海話]]。
* [[閩語]]，聞之閩臺之地，瓊文之民亦操之，其中分[[閩北語|閩北]]、[[閩東語|閩東]]、[[閩南語|閩南]]、[[閩中語|閩中]]、[[莆仙話|莆仙]]，五語各不相通。
* [[粵語]]，聞之嶺南，至於海外。[[廣州話]]為宗。
* [[客語]]，聞之南境，為[[客家人]]之言，[[梅州話]]為宗。
* [[湘語]]，聞之楚南。分新老二派。[[長沙話|長沙]]、[[雙峰話]]為宗。
* [[贛語]]，聞之[[江西]]，[[南昌話]]為宗。
* [[徽語]]，聞之皖南，[[徽州話]]為宗。今或以之為吳語之別種。
* [[晉語]]，聞之晉北、陝北、雲中等處，[[太原話]]為宗。

官話復分數種，以下次第：
*[[東北官話]]，聞之東北，宗[[瀋陽話]]。
*[[北京官話]]，聞之北京，東北，新疆之一部，宗[[北京話]]。
*[[江淮官話]]，聞之蘇中蘇北之大部，蘇南之一部及皖中，宗[[揚州話]]，以其地雜吳語，兩者相生，或謂淮語。明代以之為國語。
*[[西南官話]]，聞之川，桂，滇，貴，宗[[成都話]]。
*[[中原官話]]，聞之中原，關中，魯南。各地或有別種。宗[[洛陽話]]、[[西安話]]。
*[[冀魯官話]]，聞之冀，魯。宗[[濟南話]]。
*[[蘭銀官話]]，聞之隴上，寧夏。宗[[蘭州話]]。
*[[膠遼官話]]，聞之齊東，遼南，東北之一部。學界多宗[[煙臺話]]。

以下諸言皆從屬不明：
* [[廣西平話]]，聞之[[廣西]]山村，或以之為[[粵語]]之別種。
* [[韶州土話]]、[[湘南土話]]，聞之五嶺南北，或言二者皆近平話，或從[[湘南土話]]於湘語。
* [[瓦鄉話]]，聞之湘西沅水谷地，壟斷山絕，漢苗雜居，故甚異於官音，或以為湘語之別種。

== 書典 ==
* 《[[康熙字典|康熙大字典]]》
* 《[[廣韻]]》
* 《[[說文解字]]》

== 他典 ==
* [http://lexikon.china2day.de 《在線英漢字典》] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070713122604/http://lexikon.china2day.de/ |date=2007-07-13 }} &lt;!--
*[http://www.MonkeyKingSoft.com/ MonkeyKingSoft.com] - 使用电脑软件学习汉字：在电脑上动态显示汉字笔顺，或者打印成卡片帮助记忆。 --&gt;
* [http://www.kangxizidian.com/kangxi/ 《康熙大字典》]
* [http://www.edu.tw/EDU_WEB/EDU_MGT/MANDR/EDU6300001/allbook/bishuen/c8.htm?open 《常用國字標準字體筆順手冊》]
* [http://zgyy.faedia.com 《國文論壇》] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070927210215/http://zgyy.faedia.com/ |date=2007-09-27 }}
* [http://www.zdic.net 《在線漢語字典》]
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*[http://www.newconcept.com/School/text_books.html 海外中文教材]--&gt;
* [http://learn_chinese.ckungfu.com/ 《輕鬆習中文》] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070712024338/http://learn_chinese.ckungfu.com/ |date=2007-07-12 }} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070712024338/http://learn_chinese.ckungfu.com/ |date=2007-07-12 }}&lt;!--
*[http://www.chinawestexchange.com/ China West Exchange]: 本网点是为了让西方人认识中国文化，中国人认识西方语言和文化而作的--&gt;
&lt;!--*[http://malandrin.org 马来西亚官话方言]
*[http://www.mina.ks.edu.tw/ 高雄县闽南语教材教学資料库]
*[http://www.cantonese.sheik.co.uk/ Cantonese Help Sheets]: 粤语教程
*[http://humanum.arts.cuhk.edu.hk/Lexis/lexi-can/ 粵語審音配詞字庫]
*[http://humanum.arts.cuhk.edu.hk/Lexis/Lindict/ Chinese to English Dictionary]: 中英字典
*[http://5189.asinah.net/ 中英字典 English to Chinese Dictionary]
*[http://us.dict.cn/ Dict.CN 中英字典 英中字典 English-Chinese and Chinese-English Dictionary on line]
*[http://www.unet.univie.ac.at/~a9305416/ Chinese Linguistics]: 汉语语言学网站（英文）
*[http://www.chineselanguage.org/CCDICT/index.html Chinese Characters Dictionary]: 支持日语、韩语、粤语等。
*[http://humanum.arts.cuhk.edu.hk/Lexis/Canton2/ Cantonese Talking Syllabary]: 中文网站（繁体）

*[http://www.sprachprofi.de.vu/english/zh.htm 网上上免费的普通话教程]
*[http://www.hanyu.com.cn/ Online College of Chinese Language汉语远程学院教学网]（中国国家汉办、华东师大合办)--&gt;
* [http://www.hello-han.com/index.php 《漢語，你好！》遠程教育網] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210409174241/http://www.hello-han.com/index.php |date=2021-04-09 }}
&lt;!--[http://www-ms.cc.ntu.edu.tw/~chinlit/ National Taiwan University Department of Chinese Literature]
*[http://www.yeminlitercuman.com/cin Turkish-Chinese Translators in China] --&gt;
* [http://www.ethnologue.com/show_family.asp?subid=1270 漢語方言列表]
*[http://yedict.com/ 字海網、葉典網]

{{堪讀之文}}

[[Category:漢語]]
[[Category:基礎之文]]</text>
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'''漢語'''者，[[漢族|漢人]]之言也。蓋[[華夏]]地方廣遠，山河數列，海內習用，方音殊異。以中國人多，以漢語為[[母語]]者亦眾，合以十億計，普世之五一。

== 音韻 ==

漢語一字一音，一音可分為聲、韻、調。[[漢字]]多不表音，故初用「讀若某」。後[[佛教]]東傳，得[[梵文]]而知[[反切]]，乃用以標音。近世，創[[國語注音|注音符號]]及[[漢語拼音]]，以明音韻。

== 語法 ==
漢語為[[孤立語]]、或曰分析語，此謂詞彙無[[格 (語法)|格]]、[[態 (語法)|態]]、[[性 (語法)|性]]、[[數 (語法)|數]]之變。唯示以[[語序]]之先後及虛字之用而達意。

語序為：[[主謂賓]]，[[修飾語|偏次]]先於[[中心語|正次]]。於數數，必附[[量詞]]於數後。各[[方言]][[語法]]略異，故白話文之行可亂文字。乃以國語語法為白話文語法。

古者語法，同乎[[文言]]。

== 文字 ==
{{main|漢字}}
三代以降，[[漢字]]初成。[[秦]]以書同文，必用[[小篆]]，其後偶有數變，用之不更至民季，共和國立，納昔[[錢玄同]]所倡簡字法，加以矯正，遂成今制，曰[[簡化字]]，今[[中國大陸]]、[[新加坡]]、[[馬來西亞]]行之。[[香港]]、[[澳門]]、[[臺灣]]仍因舊制，書傳統漢字。

近代西學東傳，亦有以[[拉丁字母]]記音者，法式歧異。至共和國立，創[[漢語拼音|拼音]]，授之於小學。初，國人頗思廢漢字，後以同音多，拉丁文字無象形之用，遂止。

== 沿革 ==
三代之時，天下有國千萬，言語不通。[[周]]既王，始有[[雅言]]。諸子著作，皆以雅言。及周道微，天下紛亂，言語異聲，文字異形。尤是楚語至不同也。[[秦始皇帝]]混一車書，獨用秦[[小篆|篆]]，各地方言日合。然至於[[許慎]]之世，[[說文解字]]之所錄，亦有同義而音異之字，多有「某地曰某為某」之訓。蓋天下文字雖一，而言語未統也。此[[上古音]]也。古語於語法異於今音，可見諸[[尚書]]。

魏晉之世，北族南面，雖[[魏孝文帝]]力主洛音，而古音已變，[[詩]]始不得押韻。[[中原]]漢胡雜合，而成唐音，為[[中古音|中古之音]]。於南國，衣冠之南渡，亦有吳音混於正音者。此世[[樂府]]有吳曲、西州曲之分，蓋亦異音之故也。

[[趙宋|宋]]季，[[中原]]復為胡君，語音大變。[[四聲]]缺入，派為三聲。唯江南淪陷不足百年，語音未大變也。[[明]]初都[[應天]]，[[永樂]]間北遷，百官隨同，江左之音復入燕地。以後四百年皆都[[北京]]，遂以為[[國語]]矣。

及[[中華人民共和國]]立，以國語為[[普通話]]，舉世皆以其漢語之正音。實其正音以國語稍改而成，[[中華民國|國民政府]]遷臺，用其國語至今未廢。然分立五十年，習用亦異也。大異者，舉凡[[兒化韻]]之用，[[外來詞]]之源，王畿方言之不同，亦成其異也。

於地方，雖有國語，實方言殊音甚多，惟[[學校]]、[[典禮]]多用正音。

今世，以漢語為官話者，有中國、[[新加坡]]、[[聯合國]]。隨中國國力日蓄，萬國習之者眾，以利來華遊學仕商。

== 方言 ==
蓋漢語歧甚，遠者異域不相通，近者十里音不同。然文惟一，為世所稀見。

以[[語言學]]分，言不通即非一語。且語法各異，故有漢語為一語族之論。漢語諸言，概分如下：

* [[官話]]，聞之中原、巴蜀、江北，滿蒙疆人亦多用之。今中國大陸之[[普通話]]、臺灣之[[中華民國國語|國語]]、南洋之[[華語]]皆宗[[北京官話]][[京師片]]。
* [[吳語]]，聞之吳越之地，昔宗[[蘇州話]]，今宗[[上海話]]。
* [[閩語]]，聞之閩臺之地，瓊文之民亦操之，其中分[[閩北語|閩北]]、[[閩東語|閩東]]、[[閩南語|閩南]]、[[閩中語|閩中]]、[[莆仙話|莆仙]]，五語各不相通。
* [[粵語]]，聞之嶺南，至於海外。[[廣州話]]為宗。
* [[客語]]，聞之南境，為[[客家人]]之言，[[梅州話]]為宗。
* [[湘語]]，聞之楚南。分新老二派。[[長沙話|長沙]]、[[雙峰話]]為宗。
* [[贛語]]，聞之[[江西]]，[[南昌話]]為宗。
* [[徽語]]，聞之皖南，[[徽州話]]為宗。今或以之為吳語之別種。
* [[晉語]]，聞之晉北、陝北、雲中等處，[[太原話]]為宗。

官話復分數種，以下次第：
*[[東北官話]]，聞之東北，宗[[瀋陽話]]。
*[[北京官話]]，聞之北京，東北，新疆之一部，宗[[北京話]]。
*[[江淮官話]]，聞之蘇中蘇北之大部，蘇南之一部及皖中，宗[[揚州話]]，以其地雜吳語，兩者相生，或謂淮語。明代以之為國語。
*[[西南官話]]，聞之川，桂，滇，貴，宗[[成都話]]。
*[[中原官話]]，聞之中原，關中，魯南。各地或有別種。宗[[洛陽話]]、[[西安話]]。
*[[冀魯官話]]，聞之冀，魯。宗[[濟南話]]。
*[[蘭銀官話]]，聞之隴上，寧夏。宗[[蘭州話]]。
*[[膠遼官話]]，聞之齊東，遼南，東北之一部。學界多宗[[煙臺話]]。

以下諸言皆從屬不明：
* [[廣西平話]]，聞之[[廣西]]山村，或以之為[[粵語]]之別種。
* [[韶州土話]]、[[湘南土話]]，聞之五嶺南北，或言二者皆近平話，或從[[湘南土話]]於湘語。
* [[瓦鄉話]]，聞之湘西沅水谷地，壟斷山絕，漢苗雜居，故甚異於官音，或以為湘語之別種。

== 書典 ==
* 《[[康熙字典|康熙大字典]]》
* 《[[廣韻]]》
* 《[[說文解字]]》

== 他典 ==
* [http://lexikon.china2day.de 《在線英漢字典》] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070713122604/http://lexikon.china2day.de/ |date=2007-07-13 }} &lt;!--
*[http://www.MonkeyKingSoft.com/ MonkeyKingSoft.com] - 使用电脑软件学习汉字：在电脑上动态显示汉字笔顺，或者打印成卡片帮助记忆。 --&gt;
* [http://www.kangxizidian.com/kangxi/ 《康熙大字典》]
* [http://www.edu.tw/EDU_WEB/EDU_MGT/MANDR/EDU6300001/allbook/bishuen/c8.htm?open 《常用國字標準字體筆順手冊》]
* [http://zgyy.faedia.com 《國文論壇》] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070927210215/http://zgyy.faedia.com/ |date=2007-09-27 }}
* [http://www.zdic.net 《在線漢語字典》]
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*[http://www.newconcept.com/School/text_books.html 海外中文教材]--&gt;
* [http://learn_chinese.ckungfu.com/ 《輕鬆習中文》] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070712024338/http://learn_chinese.ckungfu.com/ |date=2007-07-12 }} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070712024338/http://learn_chinese.ckungfu.com/ |date=2007-07-12 }}&lt;!--
*[http://www.chinawestexchange.com/ China West Exchange]: 本网点是为了让西方人认识中国文化，中国人认识西方语言和文化而作的--&gt;
&lt;!--*[http://malandrin.org 马来西亚官话方言]
*[http://www.mina.ks.edu.tw/ 高雄县闽南语教材教学資料库]
*[http://www.cantonese.sheik.co.uk/ Cantonese Help Sheets]: 粤语教程
*[http://humanum.arts.cuhk.edu.hk/Lexis/lexi-can/ 粵語審音配詞字庫]
*[http://humanum.arts.cuhk.edu.hk/Lexis/Lindict/ Chinese to English Dictionary]: 中英字典
*[http://5189.asinah.net/ 中英字典 English to Chinese Dictionary]
*[http://us.dict.cn/ Dict.CN 中英字典 英中字典 English-Chinese and Chinese-English Dictionary on line]
*[http://www.unet.univie.ac.at/~a9305416/ Chinese Linguistics]: 汉语语言学网站（英文）
*[http://www.chineselanguage.org/CCDICT/index.html Chinese Characters Dictionary]: 支持日语、韩语、粤语等。
*[http://humanum.arts.cuhk.edu.hk/Lexis/Canton2/ Cantonese Talking Syllabary]: 中文网站（繁体）

*[http://www.sprachprofi.de.vu/english/zh.htm 网上上免费的普通话教程]
*[http://www.hanyu.com.cn/ Online College of Chinese Language汉语远程学院教学网]（中国国家汉办、华东师大合办)--&gt;
* [http://www.hello-han.com/index.php 《漢語，你好！》遠程教育網] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210409174241/http://www.hello-han.com/index.php |date=2021-04-09 }}
&lt;!--[http://www-ms.cc.ntu.edu.tw/~chinlit/ National Taiwan University Department of Chinese Literature]
*[http://www.yeminlitercuman.com/cin Turkish-Chinese Translators in China] --&gt;
* [http://www.ethnologue.com/show_family.asp?subid=1270 漢語方言列表]
*[http://yedict.com/ 字海網、葉典網]

{{堪讀之文}}

[[Category:漢語]]
[[Category:基礎之文]]</text>
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'''漢語'''者，[[漢族|漢人]]之言也。蓋[[華夏]]地方廣遠，山河數列，海內習用，方音殊異。以中國人多，以漢語為[[母語]]者亦眾，合以十億計，普世之五一。

== 音韻 ==

漢語一字一音，一音可分為聲、韻、調。[[漢字]]多不表音，故初用「讀若某」。後[[佛教]]東傳，得[[梵文]]而知[[反切]]，乃用以標音。近世，創[[國語注音|注音符號]]及[[漢語拼音]]，以明音韻。

== 語法 ==
漢語為[[孤立語]]、或曰分析語，此謂詞彙無[[格 (語法)|格]]、[[態 (語法)|態]]、[[性 (語法)|性]]、[[數 (語法)|數]]之變。唯示以[[語序]]之先後及虛字之用而達意。

語序為：[[主謂賓]]，[[修飾語|偏次]]先於[[中心語|正次]]。於數數，必附[[量詞]]於數後。各[[方言]][[語法]]略異，故白話文之行可亂文字。乃以國語語法為白話文語法。

古者語法，同乎[[文言]]。

== 文字 ==
{{main|漢字}}
三代以降，[[漢字]]初成。[[秦]]以書同文，必用[[小篆]]，其後偶有數變，用之不更至民季，共和國立，納昔[[錢玄同]]所倡簡字法，加以矯正，遂成今制，曰[[簡化字]]，今[[中國大陸]]、[[新加坡]]、[[馬來西亞]]行之。[[香港]]、[[澳門]]、[[臺灣]]仍因舊制，書傳統漢字。

近代西學東傳，亦有以[[拉丁字母]]記音者，法式歧異。至共和國立，創[[漢語拼音|拼音]]，授之於小學。初，國人頗思廢漢字，後以同音多，拉丁文字無象形之用，遂止。

== 沿革 ==
三代之時，天下有國千萬，言語不通。[[周]]既王，始有[[雅言]]。諸子著作，皆以雅言。及周道微，天下紛亂，言語異聲，文字異形。尤是楚語至不同也。[[秦始皇帝]]混一車書，獨用秦[[小篆|篆]]，各地方言日合。然至於[[許慎]]之世，[[說文解字]]之所錄，亦有同義而音異之字，多有「某地曰某為某」之訓。蓋天下文字雖一，而言語未統也。此[[上古音]]也。古語於語法異於今音，可見諸[[尚書]]。

魏晉之世，北族南面，雖[[魏孝文帝]]力主洛音，而古音已變，[[詩]]始不得押韻。[[中原]]漢胡雜合，而成唐音，為[[中古音|中古之音]]。於南國，衣冠之南渡，亦有吳音混於正音者。此世[[樂府]]有吳曲、西州曲之分，蓋亦異音之故也。

[[趙宋|宋]]季，[[中原]]復為胡君，語音大變。[[四聲]]缺入，派為三聲。唯江南淪陷不足百年，語音未大變也。[[明]]初都[[應天]]，[[永樂]]間北遷，百官隨同，江左之音復入燕地。以後四百年皆都[[北京]]，遂以為[[國語]]矣。

及[[中華人民共和國]]立，以國語為[[普通話]]，舉世皆以其漢語之正音。實其正音以國語稍改而成，[[中華民國|國民政府]]遷臺，用其國語至今未廢。然分立五十年，習用亦異也。大異者，舉凡[[兒化韻]]之用，[[外來詞]]之源，王畿方言之不同，亦成其異也。

於地方，雖有國語，實方言殊音甚多，惟[[學校]]、[[典禮]]多用正音。

今世，以漢語為官話者，有中國、[[新加坡]]、[[聯合國]]。隨中國國力日蓄，萬國習之者眾，以利來華遊學仕商。

== 方言 ==
蓋漢語歧甚，遠者異域不相通，近者十里音不同。然文惟一，為世所稀見。

以[[語言學]]分，言不通即非一語。且語法各異，故有漢語為一語族之論。漢語諸言，概分如下：

* [[官話]]，聞之中原、巴蜀、江北，滿蒙疆人亦多用之。今中國大陸之[[普通話]]、臺灣之[[中華民國國語|國語]]、南洋之[[華語]]皆宗[[北京官話]][[京師片]]。
* [[吳語]]，聞之吳越之地，昔宗[[蘇州話]]，今宗[[上海話]]。
* [[閩語]]，聞之閩臺之地，瓊文之民亦操之，其中分[[閩北語|閩北]]、[[閩東語|閩東]]、[[閩南語|閩南]]、[[閩中語|閩中]]、[[莆仙話|莆仙]]，五語各不相通。
* [[粵語]]，聞之嶺南，至於海外。[[廣州話]]為宗。
* [[客語]]，聞之南境，為[[客家人]]之言，[[梅州話]]為宗。
* [[湘語]]，聞之楚南。分新老二派。[[長沙話|長沙]]、[[雙峰話]]為宗。
* [[贛語]]，聞之[[江西]]，[[南昌話]]為宗。
* [[徽語]]，聞之皖南，[[徽州話]]為宗。今或以之為吳語之別種。
* [[晉語]]，聞之晉北、陝北、雲中等處，[[太原話]]為宗。

官話復分數種，以下次第：
*[[東北官話]]，聞之東北，宗[[瀋陽話]]。
*[[北京官話]]，聞之北京，東北，新疆之一部，宗[[北京話]]。
*[[江淮官話]]，聞之蘇中蘇北之大部，蘇南之一部及皖中，宗[[揚州話]]，以其地雜吳語，兩者相生，或謂淮語。明代以之為國語。
*[[西南官話]]，聞之川，桂，滇，貴，宗[[成都話]]。
*[[中原官話]]，聞之中原，關中，魯南。各地或有別種。宗[[洛陽話]]、[[西安話]]。
*[[冀魯官話]]，聞之冀，魯。宗[[濟南話]]。
*[[蘭銀官話]]，聞之隴上，寧夏。宗[[蘭州話]]。
*[[膠遼官話]]，聞之齊東，遼南，東北之一部。學界多宗[[煙臺話]]。

以下諸言皆從屬不明：
* [[廣西平話]]，聞之[[廣西]]山村，或以之為[[粵語]]之別種。
* [[韶州土話]]、[[湘南土話]]，聞之五嶺南北，或言二者皆近平話，或從[[湘南土話]]於湘語。
* [[瓦鄉話]]，聞之湘西沅水谷地，壟斷山絕，漢苗雜居，故甚異於官音，或以為湘語之別種。

== 書典 ==
* 《[[康熙字典|康熙大字典]]》
* 《[[廣韻]]》
* 《[[說文解字]]》

== 他典 ==
* [http://lexikon.china2day.de 《在線英漢字典》] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070713122604/http://lexikon.china2day.de/ |date=2007-07-13 }} &lt;!--
*[http://www.MonkeyKingSoft.com/ MonkeyKingSoft.com] - 使用电脑软件学习汉字：在电脑上动态显示汉字笔顺，或者打印成卡片帮助记忆。 --&gt;
* [http://www.kangxizidian.com/kangxi/ 《康熙大字典》]
* [http://www.edu.tw/EDU_WEB/EDU_MGT/MANDR/EDU6300001/allbook/bishuen/c8.htm?open 《常用國字標準字體筆順手冊》]
* [http://zgyy.faedia.com 《國文論壇》] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070927210215/http://zgyy.faedia.com/ |date=2007-09-27 }}
* [http://www.zdic.net 《在線漢語字典》]
* [http://www.zhongwen.com/Zhongwen.com 《網上中英字典》]{{Dead link|date=June 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}{{Dead link|date=June 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}{{Dead link|date=June 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}{{Dead link|date=June 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}{{Dead link|date=June 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}{{Dead link|date=June 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}{{Dead link|date=June 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}{{Dead link|date=June 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}{{Dead link|date=June 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}{{Dead link|date=June 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}{{Dead link|date=June 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}{{Dead link|date=June 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}{{Dead link|date=June 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}{{Dead 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*[http://www.newconcept.com/School/text_books.html 海外中文教材]--&gt;
* [http://learn_chinese.ckungfu.com/ 《輕鬆習中文》] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070712024338/http://learn_chinese.ckungfu.com/ |date=2007-07-12 }} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070712024338/http://learn_chinese.ckungfu.com/ |date=2007-07-12 }}&lt;!--
*[http://www.chinawestexchange.com/ China West Exchange]: 本网点是为了让西方人认识中国文化，中国人认识西方语言和文化而作的--&gt;
&lt;!--*[http://malandrin.org 马来西亚官话方言]
*[http://www.mina.ks.edu.tw/ 高雄县闽南语教材教学資料库]
*[http://www.cantonese.sheik.co.uk/ Cantonese Help Sheets]: 粤语教程
*[http://humanum.arts.cuhk.edu.hk/Lexis/lexi-can/ 粵語審音配詞字庫]
*[http://humanum.arts.cuhk.edu.hk/Lexis/Lindict/ Chinese to English Dictionary]: 中英字典
*[http://5189.asinah.net/ 中英字典 English to Chinese Dictionary]
*[http://us.dict.cn/ Dict.CN 中英字典 英中字典 English-Chinese and Chinese-English Dictionary on line]
*[http://www.unet.univie.ac.at/~a9305416/ Chinese Linguistics]: 汉语语言学网站（英文）
*[http://www.chineselanguage.org/CCDICT/index.html Chinese Characters Dictionary]: 支持日语、韩语、粤语等。
*[http://humanum.arts.cuhk.edu.hk/Lexis/Canton2/ Cantonese Talking Syllabary]: 中文网站（繁体）

*[http://www.sprachprofi.de.vu/english/zh.htm 网上上免费的普通话教程]
*[http://www.hanyu.com.cn/ Online College of Chinese Language汉语远程学院教学网]（中国国家汉办、华东师大合办)--&gt;
* [http://www.hello-han.com/index.php 《漢語，你好！》遠程教育網] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210409174241/http://www.hello-han.com/index.php |date=2021-04-09 }}
&lt;!--[http://www-ms.cc.ntu.edu.tw/~chinlit/ National Taiwan University Department of Chinese Literature]
*[http://www.yeminlitercuman.com/cin Turkish-Chinese Translators in China] --&gt;
* [http://www.ethnologue.com/show_family.asp?subid=1270 漢語方言列表]
*[http://yedict.com/ 字海網、葉典網]

{{堪讀之文}}

[[Category:漢語]]
[[Category:基礎之文]]</text>
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'''漢語'''者，[[漢族|漢人]]之言也。蓋[[華夏]]地方廣遠，山河數列，海內習用，方音殊異。以中國人多，以漢語為[[母語]]者亦眾，合以十億計，普世之五一。

== 音韻 ==

漢語一字一音，一音可分為聲、韻、調。[[漢字]]多不表音，故初用「讀若某」。後[[佛教]]東傳，得[[梵文]]而知[[反切]]，乃用以標音。近世，創[[國語注音|注音符號]]及[[漢語拼音]]，以明音韻。

== 語法 ==
漢語為[[孤立語]]、或曰分析語，此謂詞彙無[[格 (語法)|格]]、[[態 (語法)|態]]、[[性 (語法)|性]]、[[數 (語法)|數]]之變。唯示以[[語序]]之先後及虛字之用而達意。

語序為：[[主謂賓]]，[[修飾語|偏次]]先於[[中心語|正次]]。於數數，必附[[量詞]]於數後。各[[方言]][[語法]]略異，故白話文之行可亂文字。乃以國語語法為白話文語法。

古者語法，同乎[[文言]]。

== 文字 ==
{{main|漢字}}
三代以降，[[漢字]]初成。[[秦]]以書同文，必用[[小篆]]，其後偶有數變，用之不更至民季，共和國立，納昔[[錢玄同]]所倡簡字法，加以矯正，遂成今制，曰[[簡化字]]，今[[中國大陸]]、[[新加坡]]、[[馬來西亞]]行之。[[香港]]、[[澳門]]、[[臺灣]]仍因舊制，書傳統漢字。

近代西學東傳，亦有以[[拉丁字母]]記音者，法式歧異。至共和國立，創[[漢語拼音|拼音]]，授之於小學。初，國人頗思廢漢字，後以同音多，拉丁文字無象形之用，遂止。

== 沿革 ==
三代之時，天下有國千萬，言語不通。[[周]]既王，始有[[雅言]]。諸子著作，皆以雅言。及周道微，天下紛亂，言語異聲，文字異形。尤是楚語至不同也。[[秦始皇帝]]混一車書，獨用秦[[小篆|篆]]，各地方言日合。然至於[[許慎]]之世，[[說文解字]]之所錄，亦有同義而音異之字，多有「某地曰某為某」之訓。蓋天下文字雖一，而言語未統也。此[[上古音]]也。古語於語法異於今音，可見諸[[尚書]]。

魏晉之世，北族南面，雖[[魏孝文帝]]力主洛音，而古音已變，[[詩]]始不得押韻。[[中原]]漢胡雜合，而成唐音，為[[中古音|中古之音]]。於南國，衣冠之南渡，亦有吳音混於正音者。此世[[樂府]]有吳曲、西州曲之分，蓋亦異音之故也。

[[趙宋|宋]]季，[[中原]]復為胡君，語音大變。[[四聲]]缺入，派為三聲。唯江南淪陷不足百年，語音未大變也。[[明]]初都[[應天]]，[[永樂]]間北遷，百官隨同，江左之音復入燕地。以後四百年皆都[[北京]]，遂以為[[國語]]矣。

及[[中華人民共和國]]立，以國語為[[普通話]]，舉世皆以其漢語之正音。實其正音以國語稍改而成，[[中華民國|國民政府]]遷臺，用其國語至今未廢。然分立五十年，習用亦異也。大異者，舉凡[[兒化韻]]之用，[[外來詞]]之源，王畿方言之不同，亦成其異也。

於地方，雖有國語，實方言殊音甚多，惟[[學校]]、[[典禮]]多用正音。

今世，以漢語為官話者，有中國、[[新加坡]]、[[聯合國]]。隨中國國力日蓄，萬國習之者眾，以利來華遊學仕商。

== 方言 ==
蓋漢語歧甚，遠者異域不相通，近者十里音不同。然文惟一，為世所稀見。

以[[語言學]]分，言不通即非一語。且語法各異，故有漢語為一語族之論。漢語諸言，概分如下：

* [[官話]]，聞之中原、巴蜀、江北，滿蒙疆人亦多用之。今中國大陸之[[普通話]]、臺灣之[[中華民國國語|國語]]、南洋之[[華語]]皆宗[[北京官話]][[京師片]]。
* [[吳語]]，聞之吳越之地，昔宗[[蘇州話]]，今宗[[上海話]]。
* [[閩語]]，聞之閩臺之地，瓊文之民亦操之，其中分[[閩北語|閩北]]、[[閩東語|閩東]]、[[閩南語|閩南]]、[[閩中語|閩中]]、[[莆仙話|莆仙]]，五語各不相通。
* [[粵語]]，聞之嶺南，至於海外。[[廣州話]]為宗。
* [[客語]]，聞之南境，為[[客家人]]之言，[[梅州話]]為宗。
* [[湘語]]，聞之楚南。分新老二派。[[長沙話|長沙]]、[[雙峰話]]為宗。
* [[贛語]]，聞之[[江西]]，[[南昌話]]為宗。
* [[徽語]]，聞之皖南，[[徽州話]]為宗。今或以之為吳語之別種。
* [[晉語]]，聞之晉北、陝北、雲中等處，[[太原話]]為宗。

官話復分數種，以下次第：
*[[東北官話]]，聞之東北，宗[[瀋陽話]]。
*[[北京官話]]，聞之北京，東北，新疆之一部，宗[[北京話]]。
*[[江淮官話]]，聞之蘇中蘇北之大部，蘇南之一部及皖中，宗[[揚州話]]，以其地雜吳語，兩者相生，或謂淮語。明代以之為國語。
*[[西南官話]]，聞之川，桂，滇，貴，宗[[成都話]]。
*[[中原官話]]，聞之中原，關中，魯南。各地或有別種。宗[[洛陽話]]、[[西安話]]。
*[[冀魯官話]]，聞之冀，魯。宗[[濟南話]]。
*[[蘭銀官話]]，聞之隴上，寧夏。宗[[蘭州話]]。
*[[膠遼官話]]，聞之齊東，遼南，東北之一部。學界多宗[[煙臺話]]。

以下諸言皆從屬不明：
* [[廣西平話]]，聞之[[廣西]]山村，或以之為[[粵語]]之別種。
* [[韶州土話]]、[[湘南土話]]，聞之五嶺南北，或言二者皆近平話，或從[[湘南土話]]於湘語。
* [[瓦鄉話]]，聞之湘西沅水谷地，壟斷山絕，漢苗雜居，故甚異於官音，或以為湘語之別種。

== 書典 ==
* 《[[康熙字典|康熙大字典]]》
* 《[[廣韻]]》
* 《[[說文解字]]》

== 他典 ==
* [http://lexikon.china2day.de 《在線英漢字典》] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070713122604/http://lexikon.china2day.de/ |date=2007-07-13 }} &lt;!--
*[http://www.MonkeyKingSoft.com/ MonkeyKingSoft.com] - 使用电脑软件学习汉字：在电脑上动态显示汉字笔顺，或者打印成卡片帮助记忆。 --&gt;
* [http://www.kangxizidian.com/kangxi/ 《康熙大字典》]
* [http://www.edu.tw/EDU_WEB/EDU_MGT/MANDR/EDU6300001/allbook/bishuen/c8.htm?open 《常用國字標準字體筆順手冊》]
* [http://zgyy.faedia.com 《國文論壇》] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070927210215/http://zgyy.faedia.com/ |date=2007-09-27 }}
* [http://www.zdic.net 《在線漢語字典》]
* [http://www.zhongwen.com/Zhongwen.com 《網上中英字典》]{{Dead link|date=June 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}{{Dead link|date=June 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}{{Dead link|date=June 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}{{Dead link|date=June 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}{{Dead link|date=June 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}{{Dead link|date=June 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}{{Dead link|date=June 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}{{Dead link|date=June 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}{{Dead link|date=June 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}{{Dead link|date=June 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}{{Dead link|date=June 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}{{Dead link|date=June 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}{{Dead link|date=June 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}{{Dead 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*[http://www.newconcept.com/School/text_books.html 海外中文教材]--&gt;
* [http://learn_chinese.ckungfu.com/ 《輕鬆習中文》] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070712024338/http://learn_chinese.ckungfu.com/ |date=2007-07-12 }} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070712024338/http://learn_chinese.ckungfu.com/ |date=2007-07-12 }}&lt;!--
*[http://www.chinawestexchange.com/ China West Exchange]: 本网点是为了让西方人认识中国文化，中国人认识西方语言和文化而作的--&gt;
&lt;!--*[http://malandrin.org 马来西亚官话方言]
*[http://www.mina.ks.edu.tw/ 高雄县闽南语教材教学資料库]
*[http://www.cantonese.sheik.co.uk/ Cantonese Help Sheets]: 粤语教程
*[http://humanum.arts.cuhk.edu.hk/Lexis/lexi-can/ 粵語審音配詞字庫]
*[http://humanum.arts.cuhk.edu.hk/Lexis/Lindict/ Chinese to English Dictionary]: 中英字典
*[http://5189.asinah.net/ 中英字典 English to Chinese Dictionary]
*[http://us.dict.cn/ Dict.CN 中英字典 英中字典 English-Chinese and Chinese-English Dictionary on line]
*[http://www.unet.univie.ac.at/~a9305416/ Chinese Linguistics]: 汉语语言学网站（英文）
*[http://www.chineselanguage.org/CCDICT/index.html Chinese Characters Dictionary]: 支持日语、韩语、粤语等。
*[http://humanum.arts.cuhk.edu.hk/Lexis/Canton2/ Cantonese Talking Syllabary]: 中文网站（繁体）

*[http://www.sprachprofi.de.vu/english/zh.htm 网上上免费的普通话教程]
*[http://www.hanyu.com.cn/ Online College of Chinese Language汉语远程学院教学网]（中国国家汉办、华东师大合办)--&gt;
* [http://www.hello-han.com/index.php 《漢語，你好！》遠程教育網] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210409174241/http://www.hello-han.com/index.php |date=2021-04-09 }}
&lt;!--[http://www-ms.cc.ntu.edu.tw/~chinlit/ National Taiwan University Department of Chinese Literature]
*[http://www.yeminlitercuman.com/cin Turkish-Chinese Translators in China] --&gt;
* [http://www.ethnologue.com/show_family.asp?subid=1270 漢語方言列表]
*[http://yedict.com/ 字海網、葉典網]

{{堪讀之文}}

[[Category:漢語]]
[[Category:基礎之文]]</text>
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'''漢語'''者，[[漢族|漢人]]之言也。蓋[[華夏]]地方廣遠，山河數列，海內習用，方音殊異。以中國人多，以漢語為[[母語]]者亦眾，合以十億計，普世之五一。

== 音韻 ==

漢語一字一音，一音可分為聲、韻、調。[[漢字]]多不表音，故初用「讀若某」。後[[佛教]]東傳，得[[梵文]]而知[[反切]]，乃用以標音。近世，創[[國語注音|注音符號]]及[[漢語拼音]]，以明音韻。

== 語法 ==
漢語為[[孤立語]]、或曰分析語，此謂詞彙無[[格 (語法)|格]]、[[態 (語法)|態]]、[[性 (語法)|性]]、[[數 (語法)|數]]之變。唯示以[[語序]]之先後及虛字之用而達意。

語序為：[[主謂賓]]，[[修飾語|偏次]]先於[[中心語|正次]]。於數數，必附[[量詞]]於數後。各[[方言]][[語法]]略異，故白話文之行可亂文字。乃以國語語法為白話文語法。

古者語法，同乎[[文言]]。

== 文字 ==
{{main|漢字}}
三代以降，[[漢字]]初成。[[秦]]以書同文，必用[[小篆]]，其後偶有數變，用之不更至民季，共和國立，納昔[[錢玄同]]所倡簡字法，加以矯正，遂成今制，曰[[簡化字]]，今[[中國大陸]]、[[新加坡]]、[[馬來西亞]]行之。[[香港]]、[[澳門]]、[[臺灣]]仍因舊制，書傳統漢字。

近代西學東傳，亦有以[[拉丁字母]]記音者，法式歧異。至共和國立，創[[漢語拼音|拼音]]，授之於小學。初，國人頗思廢漢字，後以同音多，拉丁文字無象形之用，遂止。

== 沿革 ==
三代之時，天下有國千萬，言語不通。[[周]]既王，始有[[雅言]]。諸子著作，皆以雅言。及周道微，天下紛亂，言語異聲，文字異形。尤是楚語至不同也。[[秦始皇帝]]混一車書，獨用秦[[小篆|篆]]，各地方言日合。然至於[[許慎]]之世，[[說文解字]]之所錄，亦有同義而音異之字，多有「某地曰某為某」之訓。蓋天下文字雖一，而言語未統也。此[[上古音]]也。古語於語法異於今音，可見諸[[尚書]]。

魏晉之世，北族南面，雖[[魏孝文帝]]力主洛音，而古音已變，[[詩]]始不得押韻。[[中原]]漢胡雜合，而成唐音，為[[中古音|中古之音]]。於南國，衣冠之南渡，亦有吳音混於正音者。此世[[樂府]]有吳曲、西州曲之分，蓋亦異音之故也。

[[趙宋|宋]]季，[[中原]]復為胡君，語音大變。[[四聲]]缺入，派為三聲。唯江南淪陷不足百年，語音未大變也。[[明]]初都[[應天]]，[[永樂]]間北遷，百官隨同，江左之音復入燕地。以後四百年皆都[[北京]]，遂以為[[國語]]矣。

及[[中華人民共和國]]立，以國語為[[普通話]]，舉世皆以其漢語之正音。實其正音以國語稍改而成，[[中華民國|國民政府]]遷臺，用其國語至今未廢。然分立五十年，習用亦異也。大異者，舉凡[[兒化韻]]之用，[[外來詞]]之源，王畿方言之不同，亦成其異也。

於地方，雖有國語，實方言殊音甚多，惟[[學校]]、[[典禮]]多用正音。

今世，以漢語為官話者，有中國、[[新加坡]]、[[聯合國]]。隨中國國力日蓄，萬國習之者眾，以利來華遊學仕商。

== 方言 ==
蓋漢語歧甚，遠者異域不相通，近者十里音不同。然文惟一，為世所稀見。

以[[語言學]]分，言不通即非一語。且語法各異，故有漢語為一語族之論。漢語諸言，概分如下：

* [[官話]]，聞之中原、巴蜀、江北，滿蒙疆人亦多用之。今中國大陸之[[普通話]]、臺灣之[[中華民國國語|國語]]、南洋之[[華語]]皆宗[[北京官話]][[京師片]]。
* [[吳語]]，聞之吳越之地，昔宗[[蘇州話]]，今宗[[上海話]]。
* [[閩語]]，聞之閩臺之地，瓊文之民亦操之，其中分[[閩北語|閩北]]、[[閩東語|閩東]]、[[閩南語|閩南]]、[[閩中語|閩中]]、[[莆仙話|莆仙]]，五語各不相通。
* [[粵語]]，聞之嶺南，至於海外。[[廣州話]]為宗。
* [[客語]]，聞之南境，為[[客家人]]之言，[[梅州話]]為宗。
* [[湘語]]，聞之楚南。分新老二派。[[長沙話|長沙]]、[[雙峰話]]為宗。
* [[贛語]]，聞之[[江西]]，[[南昌話]]為宗。
* [[徽語]]，聞之皖南，[[徽州話]]為宗。今或以之為吳語之別種。
* [[晉語]]，聞之晉北、陝北、雲中等處，[[太原話]]為宗。

官話復分數種，以下次第：
*[[東北官話]]，聞之東北，宗[[瀋陽話]]。
*[[北京官話]]，聞之北京，東北，新疆之一部，宗[[北京話]]。
*[[江淮官話]]，聞之蘇中蘇北之大部，蘇南之一部及皖中，宗[[揚州話]]，以其地雜吳語，兩者相生，或謂淮語。明代以之為國語。
*[[西南官話]]，聞之川，桂，滇，貴，宗[[成都話]]。
*[[中原官話]]，聞之中原，關中，魯南。各地或有別種。宗[[洛陽話]]、[[西安話]]。
*[[冀魯官話]]，聞之冀，魯。宗[[濟南話]]。
*[[蘭銀官話]]，聞之隴上，寧夏。宗[[蘭州話]]。
*[[膠遼官話]]，聞之齊東，遼南，東北之一部。學界多宗[[煙臺話]]。

以下諸言皆從屬不明：
* [[廣西平話]]，聞之[[廣西]]山村，或以之為[[粵語]]之別種。
* [[韶州土話]]、[[湘南土話]]，聞之五嶺南北，或言二者皆近平話，或從[[湘南土話]]於湘語。
* [[瓦鄉話]]，聞之湘西沅水谷地，壟斷山絕，漢苗雜居，故甚異於官音，或以為湘語之別種。

== 書典 ==
* 《[[康熙字典|康熙大字典]]》
* 《[[廣韻]]》
* 《[[說文解字]]》

== 他典 ==
* [http://lexikon.china2day.de 《在線英漢字典》] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070713122604/http://lexikon.china2day.de/ |date=2007-07-13 }} &lt;!--
*[http://www.MonkeyKingSoft.com/ MonkeyKingSoft.com] - 使用电脑软件学习汉字：在电脑上动态显示汉字笔顺，或者打印成卡片帮助记忆。 --&gt;
* [http://www.kangxizidian.com/kangxi/ 《康熙大字典》]
* [http://www.edu.tw/EDU_WEB/EDU_MGT/MANDR/EDU6300001/allbook/bishuen/c8.htm?open 《常用國字標準字體筆順手冊》]
* [http://zgyy.faedia.com 《國文論壇》] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070927210215/http://zgyy.faedia.com/ |date=2007-09-27 }}
* [http://www.zdic.net 《在線漢語字典》]
* [http://www.zhongwen.com/Zhongwen.com 《網上中英字典》]{{Dead link|date=June 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}{{Dead link|date=June 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}{{Dead link|date=June 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}{{Dead link|date=June 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}{{Dead link|date=June 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}{{Dead link|date=June 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}{{Dead link|date=June 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}{{Dead link|date=June 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}{{Dead link|date=June 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}{{Dead link|date=June 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}{{Dead link|date=June 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}{{Dead link|date=June 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}{{Dead link|date=June 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}{{Dead 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*[http://www.newconcept.com/School/text_books.html 海外中文教材]--&gt;
* [http://learn_chinese.ckungfu.com/ 《輕鬆習中文》] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070712024338/http://learn_chinese.ckungfu.com/ |date=2007-07-12 }} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070712024338/http://learn_chinese.ckungfu.com/ |date=2007-07-12 }}&lt;!--
*[http://www.chinawestexchange.com/ China West Exchange]: 本网点是为了让西方人认识中国文化，中国人认识西方语言和文化而作的--&gt;
&lt;!--*[http://malandrin.org 马来西亚官话方言]
*[http://www.mina.ks.edu.tw/ 高雄县闽南语教材教学資料库]
*[http://www.cantonese.sheik.co.uk/ Cantonese Help Sheets]: 粤语教程
*[http://humanum.arts.cuhk.edu.hk/Lexis/lexi-can/ 粵語審音配詞字庫]
*[http://humanum.arts.cuhk.edu.hk/Lexis/Lindict/ Chinese to English Dictionary]: 中英字典
*[http://5189.asinah.net/ 中英字典 English to Chinese Dictionary]
*[http://us.dict.cn/ Dict.CN 中英字典 英中字典 English-Chinese and Chinese-English Dictionary on line]
*[http://www.unet.univie.ac.at/~a9305416/ Chinese Linguistics]: 汉语语言学网站（英文）
*[http://www.chineselanguage.org/CCDICT/index.html Chinese Characters Dictionary]: 支持日语、韩语、粤语等。
*[http://humanum.arts.cuhk.edu.hk/Lexis/Canton2/ Cantonese Talking Syllabary]: 中文网站（繁体）

*[http://www.sprachprofi.de.vu/english/zh.htm 网上上免费的普通话教程]
*[http://www.hanyu.com.cn/ Online College of Chinese Language汉语远程学院教学网]（中国国家汉办、华东师大合办)--&gt;
* [http://www.hello-han.com/index.php 《漢語，你好！》遠程教育網] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210409174241/http://www.hello-han.com/index.php |date=2021-04-09 }}
&lt;!--[http://www-ms.cc.ntu.edu.tw/~chinlit/ National Taiwan University Department of Chinese Literature]
*[http://www.yeminlitercuman.com/cin Turkish-Chinese Translators in China] --&gt;
* [http://www.ethnologue.com/show_family.asp?subid=1270 漢語方言列表]
*[http://yedict.com/ 字海網、葉典網]

{{堪讀之文}}

[[Category:漢語]]
[[Category:基礎之文]]</text>
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'''漢語'''者，[[漢族|漢人]]之言也。蓋[[華夏]]地方廣遠，山河數列，海內習用，方音殊異。以中國人多，以漢語為[[母語]]者亦眾，合以十億計，普世之五一。

== 音韻 ==

漢語一字一音，一音可分為聲、韻、調。[[漢字]]多不表音，故初用「讀若某」。後[[佛教]]東傳，得[[梵文]]而知[[反切]]，乃用以標音。近世，創[[國語注音|注音符號]]及[[漢語拼音]]，以明音韻。

== 語法 ==
漢語為[[孤立語]]、或曰分析語，此謂詞彙無[[格 (語法)|格]]、[[態 (語法)|態]]、[[性 (語法)|性]]、[[數 (語法)|數]]之變。唯示以[[語序]]之先後及虛字之用而達意。

語序為：[[主謂賓]]，[[修飾語|偏次]]先於[[中心語|正次]]。於數數，必附[[量詞]]於數後。各[[方言]][[語法]]略異，故白話文之行可亂文字。乃以國語語法為白話文語法。

古者語法，同乎[[文言]]。

== 文字 ==
{{main|漢字}}
三代以降，[[漢字]]初成。[[秦]]以書同文，必用[[小篆]]，其後偶有數變，用之不更至民季，共和國立，納昔[[錢玄同]]所倡簡字法，加以矯正，遂成今制，曰[[簡化字]]，今[[中國大陸]]、[[新加坡]]、[[馬來西亞]]行之。[[香港]]、[[澳門]]、[[臺灣]]仍因舊制，書傳統漢字。

近代西學東傳，亦有以[[拉丁字母]]記音者，法式歧異。至共和國立，創[[漢語拼音|拼音]]，授之於小學。初，國人頗思廢漢字，後以同音多，拉丁文字無象形之用，遂止。

== 沿革 ==
三代之時，天下有國千萬，言語不通。[[周]]既王，始有[[雅言]]。諸子著作，皆以雅言。及周道微，天下紛亂，言語異聲，文字異形。尤是楚語至不同也。[[秦始皇帝]]混一車書，獨用秦[[小篆|篆]]，各地方言日合。然至於[[許慎]]之世，[[說文解字]]之所錄，亦有同義而音異之字，多有「某地曰某為某」之訓。蓋天下文字雖一，而言語未統也。此[[上古音]]也。古語於語法異於今音，可見諸[[尚書]]。

魏晉之世，北族南面，雖[[魏孝文帝]]力主洛音，而古音已變，[[詩]]始不得押韻。[[中原]]漢胡雜合，而成唐音，為[[中古音|中古之音]]。於南國，衣冠之南渡，亦有吳音混於正音者。此世[[樂府]]有吳曲、西州曲之分，蓋亦異音之故也。

[[趙宋|宋]]季，[[中原]]復為胡君，語音大變。[[四聲]]缺入，派為三聲。唯江南淪陷不足百年，語音未大變也。[[明]]初都[[應天]]，[[永樂]]間北遷，百官隨同，江左之音復入燕地。以後四百年皆都[[北京]]，遂以為[[國語]]矣。

及[[中華人民共和國]]立，以國語為[[普通話]]，舉世皆以其漢語之正音。實其正音以國語稍改而成，[[中華民國|國民政府]]遷臺，用其國語至今未廢。然分立五十年，習用亦異也。大異者，舉凡[[兒化韻]]之用，[[外來詞]]之源，王畿方言之不同，亦成其異也。

於地方，雖有國語，實方言殊音甚多，惟[[學校]]、[[典禮]]多用正音。

今世，以漢語為官話者，有中國、[[新加坡]]、[[聯合國]]。隨中國國力日蓄，萬國習之者眾，以利來華遊學仕商。

== 方言 ==
蓋漢語歧甚，遠者異域不相通，近者十里音不同。然文惟一，為世所稀見。

以[[語言學]]分，言不通即非一語。且語法各異，故有漢語為一語族之論。漢語諸言，概分如下：

* [[官話]]，聞之中原、巴蜀、江北，滿蒙疆人亦多用之。今中國大陸之[[普通話]]、臺灣之[[中華民國國語|國語]]、南洋之[[華語]]皆宗[[北京官話]][[京師片]]。
* [[吳語]]，聞之吳越之地，昔宗[[蘇州話]]，今宗[[上海話]]。
* [[閩語]]，聞之閩臺之地，瓊文之民亦操之，其中分[[閩北語|閩北]]、[[閩東語|閩東]]、[[閩南語|閩南]]、[[閩中語|閩中]]、[[莆仙話|莆仙]]，五語各不相通。
* [[粵語]]，聞之嶺南，至於海外。[[廣州話]]為宗。
* [[客語]]，聞之南境，為[[客家人]]之言，[[梅州話]]為宗。
* [[湘語]]，聞之楚南。分新老二派。[[長沙話|長沙]]、[[雙峰話]]為宗。
* [[贛語]]，聞之[[江西]]，[[南昌話]]為宗。
* [[徽語]]，聞之皖南，[[徽州話]]為宗。今或以之為吳語之別種。
* [[晉語]]，聞之晉北、陝北、雲中等處，[[太原話]]為宗。

官話復分數種，以下次第：
*[[東北官話]]，聞之東北，宗[[瀋陽話]]。
*[[北京官話]]，聞之北京，東北，新疆之一部，宗[[北京話]]。
*[[江淮官話]]，聞之蘇中蘇北之大部，蘇南之一部及皖中，宗[[揚州話]]，以其地雜吳語，兩者相生，或謂淮語。明代以之為國語。
*[[西南官話]]，聞之川，桂，滇，貴，宗[[成都話]]。
*[[中原官話]]，聞之中原，關中，魯南。各地或有別種。宗[[洛陽話]]、[[西安話]]。
*[[冀魯官話]]，聞之冀，魯。宗[[濟南話]]。
*[[蘭銀官話]]，聞之隴上，寧夏。宗[[蘭州話]]。
*[[膠遼官話]]，聞之齊東，遼南，東北之一部。學界多宗[[煙臺話]]。

以下諸言皆從屬不明：
* [[廣西平話]]，聞之[[廣西]]山村，或以之為[[粵語]]之別種。
* [[韶州土話]]、[[湘南土話]]，聞之五嶺南北，或言二者皆近平話，或從[[湘南土話]]於湘語。
* [[瓦鄉話]]，聞之湘西沅水谷地，壟斷山絕，漢苗雜居，故甚異於官音，或以為湘語之別種。

== 書典 ==
* 《[[康熙字典|康熙大字典]]》
* 《[[廣韻]]》
* 《[[說文解字]]》

== 他典 ==
* [http://lexikon.china2day.de 《在線英漢字典》] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070713122604/http://lexikon.china2day.de/ |date=2007-07-13 }} &lt;!--
*[http://www.MonkeyKingSoft.com/ MonkeyKingSoft.com] - 使用电脑软件学习汉字：在电脑上动态显示汉字笔顺，或者打印成卡片帮助记忆。 --&gt;
* [http://www.kangxizidian.com/kangxi/ 《康熙大字典》]
* [http://www.edu.tw/EDU_WEB/EDU_MGT/MANDR/EDU6300001/allbook/bishuen/c8.htm?open 《常用國字標準字體筆順手冊》]
* [http://zgyy.faedia.com 《國文論壇》] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070927210215/http://zgyy.faedia.com/ |date=2007-09-27 }}
* [http://www.zdic.net 《在線漢語字典》]
* [http://www.zhongwen.com/Zhongwen.com 《網上中英字典》]{{Dead link|date=June 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}{{Dead link|date=June 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}{{Dead link|date=June 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}{{Dead link|date=June 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}{{Dead link|date=June 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}{{Dead link|date=June 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}{{Dead link|date=June 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}{{Dead link|date=June 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}{{Dead link|date=June 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}{{Dead link|date=June 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}{{Dead link|date=June 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}{{Dead link|date=June 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}{{Dead link|date=June 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}{{Dead 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link|date=October 2023 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}{{Dead link|date=October 2023 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}{{Dead link|date=October 2023 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}{{Dead link|date=October 2023 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}{{Dead link|date=October 2023 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}{{Dead link|date=October 2023 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}{{Dead link|date=October 2023 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}&lt;!--
*[http://www.newconcept.com/School/text_books.html 海外中文教材]--&gt;
* [http://learn_chinese.ckungfu.com/ 《輕鬆習中文》] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070712024338/http://learn_chinese.ckungfu.com/ |date=2007-07-12 }} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070712024338/http://learn_chinese.ckungfu.com/ |date=2007-07-12 }}&lt;!--
*[http://www.chinawestexchange.com/ China West Exchange]: 本网点是为了让西方人认识中国文化，中国人认识西方语言和文化而作的--&gt;
&lt;!--*[http://malandrin.org 马来西亚官话方言]
*[http://www.mina.ks.edu.tw/ 高雄县闽南语教材教学資料库]
*[http://www.cantonese.sheik.co.uk/ Cantonese Help Sheets]: 粤语教程
*[http://humanum.arts.cuhk.edu.hk/Lexis/lexi-can/ 粵語審音配詞字庫]
*[http://humanum.arts.cuhk.edu.hk/Lexis/Lindict/ Chinese to English Dictionary]: 中英字典
*[http://5189.asinah.net/ 中英字典 English to Chinese Dictionary]
*[http://us.dict.cn/ Dict.CN 中英字典 英中字典 English-Chinese and Chinese-English Dictionary on line]
*[http://www.unet.univie.ac.at/~a9305416/ Chinese Linguistics]: 汉语语言学网站（英文）
*[http://www.chineselanguage.org/CCDICT/index.html Chinese Characters Dictionary]: 支持日语、韩语、粤语等。
*[http://humanum.arts.cuhk.edu.hk/Lexis/Canton2/ Cantonese Talking Syllabary]: 中文网站（繁体）

*[http://www.sprachprofi.de.vu/english/zh.htm 网上上免费的普通话教程]
*[http://www.hanyu.com.cn/ Online College of Chinese Language汉语远程学院教学网]（中国国家汉办、华东师大合办)--&gt;
* [http://www.hello-han.com/index.php 《漢語，你好！》遠程教育網] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210409174241/http://www.hello-han.com/index.php |date=2021-04-09 }}
&lt;!--[http://www-ms.cc.ntu.edu.tw/~chinlit/ National Taiwan University Department of Chinese Literature]
*[http://www.yeminlitercuman.com/cin Turkish-Chinese Translators in China] --&gt;
* [http://www.ethnologue.com/show_family.asp?subid=1270 漢語方言列表]
*[http://yedict.com/ 字海網、葉典網]

{{堪讀之文}}

[[Category:漢語]]
[[Category:基礎之文]]</text>
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'''漢語'''者，[[漢族|漢人]]之言也。蓋[[華夏]]地方廣遠，山河數列，海內習用，方音殊異。以中國人多，以漢語為[[母語]]者亦眾，合以十億計，普世之五一。

== 音韻 ==

漢語一字一音，一音可分為聲、韻、調。[[漢字]]多不表音，故初用「讀若某」。後[[佛教]]東傳，得[[梵文]]而知[[反切]]，乃用以標音。近世，創[[國語注音|注音符號]]及[[漢語拼音]]，以明音韻。

== 語法 ==
漢語為[[孤立語]]、或曰分析語，此謂詞彙無[[格 (語法)|格]]、[[態 (語法)|態]]、[[性 (語法)|性]]、[[數 (語法)|數]]之變。唯示以[[語序]]之先後及虛字之用而達意。

語序為：[[主謂賓]]，[[修飾語|偏次]]先於[[中心語|正次]]。於數數，必附[[量詞]]於數後。各[[方言]][[語法]]略異，故白話文之行可亂文字。乃以國語語法為白話文語法。

古者語法，同乎[[文言]]。

== 文字 ==
{{main|漢字}}
三代以降，[[漢字]]初成。[[秦]]以書同文，必用[[小篆]]，其後偶有數變，用之不更至民季，共和國立，納昔[[錢玄同]]所倡簡字法，加以矯正，遂成今制，曰[[簡化字]]，今[[中國大陸]]、[[新加坡]]、[[馬來西亞]]行之。[[香港]]、[[澳門]]、[[臺灣]]仍因舊制，書傳統漢字。

近代西學東傳，亦有以[[拉丁字母]]記音者，法式歧異。至共和國立，創[[漢語拼音|拼音]]，授之於小學。初，國人頗思廢漢字，後以同音多，拉丁文字無象形之用，遂止。

== 沿革 ==
三代之時，天下有國千萬，言語不通。[[周]]既王，始有[[雅言]]。諸子著作，皆以雅言。及周道微，天下紛亂，言語異聲，文字異形。尤是楚語至不同也。[[秦始皇帝]]混一車書，獨用秦[[小篆|篆]]，各地方言日合。然至於[[許慎]]之世，[[說文解字]]之所錄，亦有同義而音異之字，多有「某地曰某為某」之訓。蓋天下文字雖一，而言語未統也。此[[上古音]]也。古語於語法異於今音，可見諸[[尚書]]。

魏晉之世，北族南面，雖[[魏孝文帝]]力主洛音，而古音已變，[[詩]]始不得押韻。[[中原]]漢胡雜合，而成唐音，為[[中古音|中古之音]]。於南國，衣冠之南渡，亦有吳音混於正音者。此世[[樂府]]有吳曲、西州曲之分，蓋亦異音之故也。

[[趙宋|宋]]季，[[中原]]復為胡君，語音大變。[[四聲]]缺入，派為三聲。唯江南淪陷不足百年，語音未大變也。[[明]]初都[[應天]]，[[永樂]]間北遷，百官隨同，江左之音復入燕地。以後四百年皆都[[北京]]，遂以為[[國語]]矣。

及[[中華人民共和國]]立，以國語為[[普通話]]，舉世皆以其漢語之正音。實其正音以國語稍改而成，[[中華民國|國民政府]]遷臺，用其國語至今未廢。然分立五十年，習用亦異也。大異者，舉凡[[兒化韻]]之用，[[外來詞]]之源，王畿方言之不同，亦成其異也。

於地方，雖有國語，實方言殊音甚多，惟[[學校]]、[[典禮]]多用正音。

今世，以漢語為官話者，有中國、[[新加坡]]、[[聯合國]]。隨中國國力日蓄，萬國習之者眾，以利來華遊學仕商。

== 方言 ==
蓋漢語歧甚，遠者異域不相通，近者十里音不同。然文惟一，為世所稀見。

以[[語言學]]分，言不通即非一語。且語法各異，故有漢語為一語族之論。漢語諸言，概分如下：

* [[官話]]，聞之中原、巴蜀、江北，滿蒙疆人亦多用之。今中國大陸之[[普通話]]、臺灣之[[中華民國國語|國語]]、南洋之[[華語]]皆宗[[北京官話]][[京師片]]。
* [[吳語]]，聞之吳越之地，昔宗[[蘇州話]]，今宗[[上海話]]。
* [[閩語]]，聞之閩臺之地，瓊文之民亦操之，其中分[[閩北語|閩北]]、[[閩東語|閩東]]、[[閩南語|閩南]]、[[閩中語|閩中]]、[[莆仙話|莆仙]]，五語各不相通。
* [[粵語]]，聞之嶺南，至於海外。[[廣州話]]為宗。
* [[客語]]，聞之南境，為[[客家人]]之言，[[梅州話]]為宗。
* [[湘語]]，聞之楚南。分新老二派。[[長沙話|長沙]]、[[雙峰話]]為宗。
* [[贛語]]，聞之[[江西]]，[[南昌話]]為宗。
* [[徽語]]，聞之皖南，[[徽州話]]為宗。今或以之為吳語之別種。
* [[晉語]]，聞之晉北、陝北、雲中等處，[[太原話]]為宗。

官話復分數種，以下次第：
*[[東北官話]]，聞之東北，宗[[瀋陽話]]。
*[[北京官話]]，聞之北京，東北，新疆之一部，宗[[北京話]]。
*[[江淮官話]]，聞之蘇中蘇北之大部，蘇南之一部及皖中，宗[[揚州話]]，以其地雜吳語，兩者相生，或謂淮語。明代以之為國語。
*[[西南官話]]，聞之川，桂，滇，貴，宗[[成都話]]。
*[[中原官話]]，聞之中原，關中，魯南。各地或有別種。宗[[洛陽話]]、[[西安話]]。
*[[冀魯官話]]，聞之冀，魯。宗[[濟南話]]。
*[[蘭銀官話]]，聞之隴上，寧夏。宗[[蘭州話]]。
*[[膠遼官話]]，聞之齊東，遼南，東北之一部。學界多宗[[煙臺話]]。

以下諸言皆從屬不明：
* [[廣西平話]]，聞之[[廣西]]山村，或以之為[[粵語]]之別種。
* [[韶州土話]]、[[湘南土話]]，聞之五嶺南北，或言二者皆近平話，或從[[湘南土話]]於湘語。
* [[瓦鄉話]]，聞之湘西沅水谷地，壟斷山絕，漢苗雜居，故甚異於官音，或以為湘語之別種。

== 書典 ==
* 《[[康熙字典|康熙大字典]]》
* 《[[廣韻]]》
* 《[[說文解字]]》

== 他典 ==
* [http://lexikon.china2day.de 《在線英漢字典》] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070713122604/http://lexikon.china2day.de/ |date=2007-07-13 }} &lt;!--
*[http://www.MonkeyKingSoft.com/ MonkeyKingSoft.com] - 使用电脑软件学习汉字：在电脑上动态显示汉字笔顺，或者打印成卡片帮助记忆。 --&gt;
* [http://www.kangxizidian.com/kangxi/ 《康熙大字典》]
* [http://www.edu.tw/EDU_WEB/EDU_MGT/MANDR/EDU6300001/allbook/bishuen/c8.htm?open 《常用國字標準字體筆順手冊》]
* [http://zgyy.faedia.com 《國文論壇》] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070927210215/http://zgyy.faedia.com/ |date=2007-09-27 }}
* [http://www.zdic.net 《在線漢語字典》]
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*[http://www.newconcept.com/School/text_books.html 海外中文教材]--&gt;
* [http://learn_chinese.ckungfu.com/ 《輕鬆習中文》] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070712024338/http://learn_chinese.ckungfu.com/ |date=2007-07-12 }} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070712024338/http://learn_chinese.ckungfu.com/ |date=2007-07-12 }}&lt;!--
*[http://www.chinawestexchange.com/ China West Exchange]: 本网点是为了让西方人认识中国文化，中国人认识西方语言和文化而作的--&gt;
&lt;!--*[http://malandrin.org 马来西亚官话方言]
*[http://www.mina.ks.edu.tw/ 高雄县闽南语教材教学資料库]
*[http://www.cantonese.sheik.co.uk/ Cantonese Help Sheets]: 粤语教程
*[http://humanum.arts.cuhk.edu.hk/Lexis/lexi-can/ 粵語審音配詞字庫]
*[http://humanum.arts.cuhk.edu.hk/Lexis/Lindict/ Chinese to English Dictionary]: 中英字典
*[http://5189.asinah.net/ 中英字典 English to Chinese Dictionary]
*[http://us.dict.cn/ Dict.CN 中英字典 英中字典 English-Chinese and Chinese-English Dictionary on line]
*[http://www.unet.univie.ac.at/~a9305416/ Chinese Linguistics]: 汉语语言学网站（英文）
*[http://www.chineselanguage.org/CCDICT/index.html Chinese Characters Dictionary]: 支持日语、韩语、粤语等。
*[http://humanum.arts.cuhk.edu.hk/Lexis/Canton2/ Cantonese Talking Syllabary]: 中文网站（繁体）

*[http://www.sprachprofi.de.vu/english/zh.htm 网上上免费的普通话教程]
*[http://www.hanyu.com.cn/ Online College of Chinese Language汉语远程学院教学网]（中国国家汉办、华东师大合办)--&gt;
* [http://www.hello-han.com/index.php 《漢語，你好！》遠程教育網] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210409174241/http://www.hello-han.com/index.php |date=2021-04-09 }}
&lt;!--[http://www-ms.cc.ntu.edu.tw/~chinlit/ National Taiwan University Department of Chinese Literature]
*[http://www.yeminlitercuman.com/cin Turkish-Chinese Translators in China] --&gt;
* [http://www.ethnologue.com/show_family.asp?subid=1270 漢語方言列表]
*[http://yedict.com/ 字海網、葉典網]

{{堪讀之文}}

[[Category:漢語]]
[[Category:基礎之文]]</text>
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  </page>
  <page>
    <title>越南</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>10284</id>
    <revision>
      <id>418324</id>
      <parentid>412901</parentid>
      <timestamp>2025-06-20T18:24:01Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Twasn</username>
        <id>50737</id>
      </contributor>
      <origin>418324</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="9886" sha1="kayrwoasvi77z1rkvc7sfxlfj4fqpim" xml:space="preserve">{{國
|國號         = 越南社會主義共和國
|國號原文     = {{Vi-nom|共和社會主義越南}}
|國旗         = Flag of Vietnam.svg
|國徽         = Emblem of Vietnam.svg
|國家格言     = 獨立&lt;br&gt;自由&lt;br&gt;幸福
|國歌         = 進軍歌
|地圖         = LocationVietnam.png
|國體         = [[共和|共和國]]&lt;br&gt;社會主義法權國 
|領袖         = 越共中央總書記：蘇林
|元首         = 國家主席：梁強
|總揆         = 政府總理：范明政
|國都         = [[河內城庯]]
|國語         = [[越南語]]
|用語         = 越南語
|人口         = 一億三十萬
|通貨         = [[越南銅]]
|產值         = 三千三百六十二億美元
|均有         = 三千八百美元
|干支         = 壬辰
}}

'''安南'''者，古稱'''交趾'''，地介粵東滇南之間，東抵[[太平洋|大海]]，西接[[寮國|埃牢]]、[[柬埔寨|高蠻]]，北接粵東，南控占地。其地據東南之勢，實[[中南半島|東南半島]]之要衝也。氣候炎蒸，山川秀麗，物產豐饒，民風剛毅。自古百越雜處，風俗略殊，然教化漸深，漸被中原之風，禮樂文章，肇興於此。

[[漢武帝]]時，遣師南征，克定南越，重歸王化。設郡縣以治之，施政教以化之，黎庶初安，風俗漸移。自此而後，[[漢]]、[[晉]]、[[唐]]、[[宋]]，遞相經營，歲久年深，士庶習漢語，書契通華夏，服章制度，亦漸趨同。

其後風俗雜糅，言語殊音，乃創喃字以表聲韻，雖非雅正，亦足傳經傳史。[[唐|唐室]]日衰，王命不逮，四方豪右，因勢割據。九世紀以後，安南遂跡異中原，梟雄並起，漸成國體。十世紀，偽號乃定，歷建黎、李、陳、黎、阮諸氏。雖尊中朝為宗藩，治世有盛衰之變，民生有休戚之繫。

十五世紀，[[明]]師南征，克復之，設郡以治。然其地久在蠻貊，雖服於外，心實未附。文教未深，風俗不變，官府雖設，志氣難馴。數年之後，民間復動，遂又失之。十九世紀中葉，迨至國運中衰，海禁廢弛，內地多事，[[法國|法夷]]乃乘虛而入。其來也，舟艦連舳，炮火橫施，設保護為名，行奴役之實。徵賦重，役民苦，利盡於彼邦之商賈，地陷為番邦之殖民。士子喪志，風俗日侈，而國本日損矣。

及至[[第二次世界大戰|大戰]]既平，列國尚方亂局未定，而越人之志始堅。聯民志，結義旅，倡「越南獨立同盟」之名，號召八月之變，以雪前恥。所謂匹夫之憤，激於族宗之亡；志士之行，成於憂時之思也。是以一呼百應，四境同聲。遂能奮其死力，拒外侮，宣國號，以求立於萬邦之林。

一九五四年，奠邊之戰，越人克法，聲震寰宇。日內瓦會議，列強妥協，以北緯十七度劃界，割越為二。北稱民主共和，南號越南共和，分據而治，勢成水火。

然政異道殊，終難久安。兵戈一起，二十年不息。南有[[美國]]為援，北得[[蘇俄]]之助，重兵對峙，國破家毀，生靈塗炭。天下觀之，莫不為之動容。是役也，不啻一國之爭，實為兩大陣營之角力，世局亦由是而轉。

至一九七五年，北軍破西貢，南政潰散，越土歸一。翌年易國號曰「越南社會主義共和國」，都於[[河內]]。越地一統，而民心未服；制度定型，而風俗猶在變中。以黨領政，專制而行，越共為國之主，其政之興衰，繫於一線之間也。

近世風尚漸變，越語日行，以拉丁為文，漢喃既廢，而古典猶存；雖殊體例，而舊學未絕。通商於東盟，參列貿易之會，地大人眾，位居寰中第十六。民性剛毅，國勢漸張，誠東南之雄也。

== 國史 ==
'''&lt;big&gt;┃北屬&lt;/big&gt;'''

古南交地，[[秦]]定百越，分為象郡，由是內屬中國千年。

[[漢]]初，[[南越]]王[[趙佗]]據之立國。[[漢武帝|武帝]]平南越，置交趾、九真、日南三郡。建安中改交州，置刺史。漢末，中原大亂，[[吳|孫吳]]收交、越之地，[[晉朝|晉]]、[[劉宋|宋]]、[[南齊|齊]]、[[南梁|梁]]、[[陳]]以降，迄至[[隋]]末，一仍故制。

[[唐]]改安南都護府，安南之名始焉。唐末為土豪[[曲承美]]所據，尋為[[南漢|漢南]][[劉隱]]所並，未幾，眾推[[丁璉]]為州帥。[[宋]]乾德初內附，尋[[黎桓]]篡丁氏，[[李公蘊]]又篡黎氏，[[陳煚|陳日煚]]又篡李氏。


'''&lt;big&gt;┃更始&lt;/big&gt;'''

[[宋|北宋]]以遠譯，置諸不問，皆封為交趾郡王，遂更立為國。[[元]]興討之，既歸附，封安南國王。至丁部領反，建丁朝，方始立國。歷黎李而及陳朝，三敗蒙古，得保國祚。

[[明]]，洪武初，遣使朝貢，仍舊封號，賜金印。權臣[[黎季犛]]弒其主而立其子。[[明太祖]]立[[皇明祖訓]]曰安南為[[不征之國]]，然[[明成祖|成祖]]嘗亡其國，軍其地，後民病明吏，起義不斷，終復國，[[後黎朝]]立。併[[占婆]]，威震半島，而內亂頻仍，[[莫朝|莫]]黎相爭。永樂初，發兵進討，俘黎氏父子，郡縣其地，設府十七，州四十七，縣一百五十七。嗣反叛不常，宣德中，陳氏後陳表懇嗣王安南，因棄其地，宥而封之。尋死，黎氏遂有其地。嘉靖中，[[莫登庸]]篡之，乞降於朝，乃降為安南都統使司，以登庸為使。萬曆間，黎氏復立，莫氏竄居高平，詔以[[黎維譚]]為都統使，莫敬用為高平令，世守朝貢，毋相侵害。迨莫氏中微，黎氏復興，復又阮鄭互鬥，民不聊生。

[[清]]初，[[西山三兄弟]]乘釁為逆，滅阮鄭，一全國。清末，[[阮朝|阮]]仗[[法國|法]]人，破[[西山朝|西山]]，復興其邦，然終為[[法國|法]]所併，國祚八十又餘載。


'''&lt;big&gt;┃新立&lt;/big&gt;'''

迨[[二戰]]，日軍據越，挾其王而制其國，朝野日苦。

[[一九四五年|四五年]]，八月，[[越盟]]起事於[[河內城庯|河內]]。同月卅日，[[保大帝]]退位，奉國璽予越盟。九月二日，[[胡志明]]登三殿廣場，宣行獨立。次年，舉為總理，兼號主席為元首。拜[[武元甲]]為將，更與法戰，又使援於中共。

[[一九五一年|五一年]]，法蘭西遣師伐之，軍至南圻，立[[越南國]]，迎[[阮福永瑞|保大]]帝為總揆。同年，志明改共產黨為勞動黨，任書記兼主席。收田賦，抑民產，豪賈有異議輒殺之，民多南逃。

[[一九五四年|五四年]]，法大敗於[[奠邊府]]，兩朝講和於[[日內瓦會議|日內瓦]]，南北分治。其北者曰'''[[越南民主共和國]]'''，都河內，越共治之，亦今越南之前身，據[[越南|越]]土之北，故通稱'''北越。'''其南者猶曰[[越南國]]，都[[柴棍]]，行[[君主立憲]]，南越君保大號「越南國長」，為阮氏大南末主，[[吳廷琰]]拜相焉。[[一九五五年|明年]]，廷琰行偽公投，篡政自專，改制共和，是為'''[[越南共和國]]'''，[[吳廷琰|吳]]出為首任總統，遜帝[[阮福永瑞|保大]]遂亡法國，而其國據[[越南|越]]土之南，故通稱'''南越'''。

[[一九五九年|五九年]]，[[越戰|南征]]，散兵出山道，游擊南軍，稱[[越南南方民族解放陣線|民族解放陣線]]。

[[一九六九年|六九年]]，北越主席志明既薨，[[范文同]]為總理，[[孫德勝]]為元首，[[黎筍]]為勞動黨書記，三人執政，其黨不行主席。[[蘇聯|蘇]]、中皆以兵械相資，乃與[[美國|美]]為敵，分庭抗禮。

[[一九七二年|七二年]]，美勢靡於蘇，衆議沸然，遊行反戰，而其軍南越者，退還本土，時北越始擬南下之圖。

[[一九七五年|七五年]]四月三十日，越共陷西貢，南越前總統[[阮文紹]]出亡[[中華民國|台灣]]，末主[[楊文明]]坐宮而降，國亡。同年，立'''越南社會主義共和國'''。至是，南北兼一，國勢大進，將以服四方，南伐[[柬埔寨|高棉]]，北略中國。

[[一九七九年|七九年]]，中共敗越軍於河內。後，其國行互市之策，傚中國之政，專務民生，戢斂兵戈，惟數撓南中國海域，將以為所擅。

今，阮春福禠職，蘇林踐位，新政始臨焉。

== 政區 ==
地分三圻，西、北、南各一。

中央直屬城庯五，曰[[河內城庯]]、[[胡志明城庯]]、[[沱㶞城庯]]、[[海防城庯]]、[[芹苴城庯]]、[[化城庯]]。

西北部則[[奠邊省]]、[[萊州省]]、[[山羅省]]、[[和平省]]、[[老街省]]、[[安沛省]]。

東北部則[[北江省]]、[[北𣴓省]]、[[高平省]]、[[河楊省]]、[[諒山省]]、[[富壽省]]、[[廣寧省]]、[[太原省]]、[[宣光省]]。

[[紅瀧平垌|紅河垌平]]則北寧省、[[越南河南省|河南省]]、[[海陽省]]、[[越南興安省|興安省]]、[[南定省]]、[[寧平省]]、[[太平省]]、[[永福省]]。

北中部則[[清化省]]、[[乂安省]]、[[河靜省]]、[[廣平省]]、[[廣治省]]。

南中部則[[廣南省]]、[[廣義省]]、[[平定省]]、[[富安省]]、[[慶和省]]、[[寧順省]]、[[平順省]]。

[[西原]]則[[得勒省]]、[[得農省]]、[[嘉萊省]]、[[崑嵩省]]、[[林同省]]。

東南部則[[同狔省]]、[[平陽省]]、[[平福省]]、[[婆地-淎艚省]]、[[西寧省]]。

[[九龍瀧平垌|九龍江垌平]]則[[安江省]]、[[墥塔省]]、[[隆安省]]、[[前江省]]、[[永隆省]]、[[𤅶椥省]]、[[茶榮省]]、[[朔庄省]]、[[後江省]]、[[北遼省]]、[[哥毛省]]、[[堅江省]]。

== 引據 ==
* [[元]] [[黎崱]]撰《安南志畧》二十卷
* 《安南志序》

{{stub}}
{{亞洲}}

[[Category:越南史]]
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|國號         = 越南社會主義共和國
|國號原文     = {{Vi-nom|共和社會主義越南}}
|國旗         = Flag of Vietnam.svg
|國徽         = Emblem of Vietnam.svg
|國家格言     = 獨立&lt;br&gt;自由&lt;br&gt;幸福
|國歌         = 進軍歌
|地圖         = LocationVietnam.png
|國體         = [[共和|共和國]]&lt;br&gt;社會主義法權國 
|領袖         = 越共中央總書記：蘇林
|元首         = 國家主席：梁強
|總揆         = 政府總理：范明政
|國都         = [[河內城庯]]
|國語         = [[越南語]]
|用語         = 越南語
|人口         = 一億三十萬
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|產值         = 三千三百六十二億美元
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'''安南'''者，古稱'''交趾'''，地介粵東滇南之間，東抵[[太平洋|大海]]，西接[[寮國|埃牢]]、[[柬埔寨|高蠻]]，北接粵東，南控占地。其地據東南之勢，實[[中南半島|東南半島]]之要衝也。氣候炎蒸，山川秀麗，物產豐饒，民風剛毅。自古百越雜處，風俗略殊，然教化漸深，漸被中原之風，禮樂文章，肇興於此。

[[漢武帝]]時，遣師南征，克定[[南越]]，重歸王化。設郡縣以治之，施政教以化之，黎庶初安，風俗漸移。自此而後，[[漢]]、[[晉]]、[[唐]]、[[宋]]，遞相經營，歲久年深，士庶習漢語，書契通華夏，服章制度，亦漸趨同。

其後風俗雜糅，言語殊音，乃創喃字以表聲韻，雖非雅正，亦足傳經傳史。[[唐|唐室]]日衰，王命不逮，四方豪右，因勢割據。九世紀以後，安南遂跡異中原，梟雄並起，漸成國體。十世紀，偽號乃定，歷建黎、李、陳、黎、阮諸氏。雖尊中朝為宗藩，治世有盛衰之變，民生有休戚之繫。

十五世紀，[[明]]師南征，克復之，設郡以治。然其地久在蠻貊，雖服於外，心實未附。文教未深，風俗不變，官府雖設，志氣難馴。數年之後，民間復動，遂又失之。十九世紀中葉，迨至國運中衰，海禁廢弛，內地多事，[[法國|法夷]]乃乘虛而入。其來也，舟艦連舳，炮火橫施，設保護為名，行奴役之實。徵賦重，役民苦，利盡於彼邦之商賈，地陷為番邦之殖民。士子喪志，風俗日侈，而國本日損矣。

及至[[第二次世界大戰|大戰]]既平，列國尚方亂局未定，而越人之志始堅。聯民志，結義旅，倡「越南獨立同盟」之名，號召八月之變，以雪前恥。所謂匹夫之憤，激於族宗之亡；志士之行，成於憂時之思也。是以一呼百應，四境同聲。遂能奮其死力，拒外侮，宣國號，以求立於萬邦之林。

一九五四年，奠邊之戰，越人克法，聲震寰宇。日內瓦會議，列強妥協，以北緯十七度劃界，割越為二。北稱民主共和，南號越南共和，分據而治，勢成水火。

然政異道殊，終難久安。兵戈一起，二十年不息。南有[[美國]]為援，北得[[蘇俄]]之助，重兵對峙，國破家毀，生靈塗炭。天下觀之，莫不為之動容。是役也，不啻一國之爭，實為兩大陣營之角力，世局亦由是而轉。

至一九七五年，北軍破西貢，南政潰散，越土歸一。翌年易國號曰「越南社會主義共和國」，都於[[河內]]。越地一統，而民心未服；制度定型，而風俗猶在變中。以黨領政，專制而行，越共為國之主，其政之興衰，繫於一線之間也。

近世風尚漸變，越語日行，以拉丁為文，漢喃既廢，而古典猶存；雖殊體例，而舊學未絕。通商於東盟，參列貿易之會，地大人眾，位居寰中第十六。民性剛毅，國勢漸張，誠東南之雄也。

== 國史 ==
'''&lt;big&gt;┃北屬&lt;/big&gt;'''

古南交地，[[秦]]定百越，分為象郡，由是內屬中國千年。

[[漢]]初，[[南越]]王[[趙佗]]據之立國。[[漢武帝|武帝]]平南越，置交趾、九真、日南三郡。建安中改交州，置刺史。漢末，中原大亂，[[吳|孫吳]]收交、越之地，[[晉朝|晉]]、[[劉宋|宋]]、[[南齊|齊]]、[[南梁|梁]]、[[陳]]以降，迄至[[隋]]末，一仍故制。

[[唐]]改安南都護府，安南之名始焉。唐末為土豪[[曲承美]]所據，尋為[[南漢|漢南]][[劉隱]]所並，未幾，眾推[[丁璉]]為州帥。[[宋]]乾德初內附，尋[[黎桓]]篡丁氏，[[李公蘊]]又篡黎氏，[[陳煚|陳日煚]]又篡李氏。


'''&lt;big&gt;┃更始&lt;/big&gt;'''

[[宋|北宋]]以遠譯，置諸不問，皆封為交趾郡王，遂更立為國。[[元]]興討之，既歸附，封安南國王。至丁部領反，建丁朝，方始立國。歷黎李而及陳朝，三敗蒙古，得保國祚。

[[明]]，洪武初，遣使朝貢，仍舊封號，賜金印。權臣[[黎季犛]]弒其主而立其子。[[明太祖]]立[[皇明祖訓]]曰安南為[[不征之國]]，然[[明成祖|成祖]]嘗亡其國，軍其地，後民病明吏，起義不斷，終復國，[[後黎朝]]立。併[[占婆]]，威震半島，而內亂頻仍，[[莫朝|莫]]黎相爭。永樂初，發兵進討，俘黎氏父子，郡縣其地，設府十七，州四十七，縣一百五十七。嗣反叛不常，宣德中，陳氏後陳表懇嗣王安南，因棄其地，宥而封之。尋死，黎氏遂有其地。嘉靖中，[[莫登庸]]篡之，乞降於朝，乃降為安南都統使司，以登庸為使。萬曆間，黎氏復立，莫氏竄居高平，詔以[[黎維譚]]為都統使，莫敬用為高平令，世守朝貢，毋相侵害。迨莫氏中微，黎氏復興，復又阮鄭互鬥，民不聊生。

[[清]]初，[[西山三兄弟]]乘釁為逆，滅阮鄭，一全國。清末，[[阮朝|阮]]仗[[法國|法]]人，破[[西山朝|西山]]，復興其邦，然終為[[法國|法]]所併，國祚八十又餘載。


'''&lt;big&gt;┃新立&lt;/big&gt;'''

迨[[二戰]]，日軍據越，挾其王而制其國，朝野日苦。

[[一九四五年|四五年]]，八月，[[越盟]]起事於[[河內城庯|河內]]。同月卅日，[[保大帝]]退位，奉國璽予越盟。九月二日，[[胡志明]]登三殿廣場，宣行獨立。次年，舉為總理，兼號主席為元首。拜[[武元甲]]為將，更與法戰，又使援於中共。

[[一九五一年|五一年]]，法蘭西遣師伐之，軍至南圻，立[[越南國]]，迎[[阮福永瑞|保大]]帝為總揆。同年，志明改共產黨為勞動黨，任書記兼主席。收田賦，抑民產，豪賈有異議輒殺之，民多南逃。

[[一九五四年|五四年]]，法大敗於[[奠邊府]]，兩朝講和於[[日內瓦會議|日內瓦]]，南北分治。其北者曰'''[[越南民主共和國]]'''，都河內，越共治之，亦今越南之前身，據[[越南|越]]土之北，故通稱'''北越。'''其南者猶曰[[越南國]]，都[[柴棍]]，行[[君主立憲]]，南越君保大號「越南國長」，為阮氏大南末主，[[吳廷琰]]拜相焉。[[一九五五年|明年]]，廷琰行偽公投，篡政自專，改制共和，是為'''[[越南共和國]]'''，[[吳廷琰|吳]]出為首任總統，遜帝[[阮福永瑞|保大]]遂亡法國，而其國據[[越南|越]]土之南，故通稱'''南越'''。

[[一九五九年|五九年]]，[[越戰|南征]]，散兵出山道，游擊南軍，稱[[越南南方民族解放陣線|民族解放陣線]]。

[[一九六九年|六九年]]，北越主席志明既薨，[[范文同]]為總理，[[孫德勝]]為元首，[[黎筍]]為勞動黨書記，三人執政，其黨不行主席。[[蘇聯|蘇]]、中皆以兵械相資，乃與[[美國|美]]為敵，分庭抗禮。

[[一九七二年|七二年]]，美勢靡於蘇，衆議沸然，遊行反戰，而其軍南越者，退還本土，時北越始擬南下之圖。

[[一九七五年|七五年]]四月三十日，越共陷西貢，南越前總統[[阮文紹]]出亡[[中華民國|台灣]]，末主[[楊文明]]坐宮而降，國亡。同年，立'''越南社會主義共和國'''。至是，南北兼一，國勢大進，將以服四方，南伐[[柬埔寨|高棉]]，北略中國。

[[一九七九年|七九年]]，中共敗越軍於河內。後，其國行互市之策，傚中國之政，專務民生，戢斂兵戈，惟數撓南中國海域，將以為所擅。

今，阮春福禠職，蘇林踐位，新政始臨焉。

== 政區 ==
地分三圻，西、北、南各一。

中央直屬城庯五，曰[[河內城庯]]、[[胡志明城庯]]、[[沱㶞城庯]]、[[海防城庯]]、[[芹苴城庯]]、[[化城庯]]。

西北部則[[奠邊省]]、[[萊州省]]、[[山羅省]]、[[和平省]]、[[老街省]]、[[安沛省]]。

東北部則[[北江省]]、[[北𣴓省]]、[[高平省]]、[[河楊省]]、[[諒山省]]、[[富壽省]]、[[廣寧省]]、[[太原省]]、[[宣光省]]。

[[紅瀧平垌|紅河垌平]]則北寧省、[[越南河南省|河南省]]、[[海陽省]]、[[越南興安省|興安省]]、[[南定省]]、[[寧平省]]、[[太平省]]、[[永福省]]。

北中部則[[清化省]]、[[乂安省]]、[[河靜省]]、[[廣平省]]、[[廣治省]]。

南中部則[[廣南省]]、[[廣義省]]、[[平定省]]、[[富安省]]、[[慶和省]]、[[寧順省]]、[[平順省]]。

[[西原]]則[[得勒省]]、[[得農省]]、[[嘉萊省]]、[[崑嵩省]]、[[林同省]]。

東南部則[[同狔省]]、[[平陽省]]、[[平福省]]、[[婆地-淎艚省]]、[[西寧省]]。

[[九龍瀧平垌|九龍江垌平]]則[[安江省]]、[[墥塔省]]、[[隆安省]]、[[前江省]]、[[永隆省]]、[[𤅶椥省]]、[[茶榮省]]、[[朔庄省]]、[[後江省]]、[[北遼省]]、[[哥毛省]]、[[堅江省]]。

== 引據 ==
* [[元]] [[黎崱]]撰《安南志畧》二十卷
* 《安南志序》

{{stub}}
{{亞洲}}

[[Category:越南史]]
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== 請於此行文下習纂而莫去本行以上文 ==
{{동적 목록}}
[[파일:South Korea (orthographic projection).svg|섬네일|[[대한민국]]의 위치]]
아래는 [[대한민국]]에 소재한 [[기업]]을 가나다, 숫자, 알파벳 순으로 나열한 목록이다.

* [[가비아]]
* [[가이오산전]]
* [[가이오산업]]
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* [[고려대학교]]
* [[고려제강]]
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* [[고려산업]]
* [[고려은단]]
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* [[고세코리아]]
* [[고영테크놀러지]]
* [[고합그룹]]
* [[괌정부관광청]]
* [[공익광고협의회]]
* [[골프존]]
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* [[건영상사]]
* [[교보문고]]
* [[교보생명보험]]
* [[교보증권]]
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* [[교원구몬]]
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* [[교학사]]
* [[경기도청]]
* [[경기방송]]
* [[경농]]
* [[경남기업]]
* [[경남모직]]
* [[경남물산]]
* [[경민대학교]]
* [[경방]]
* [[경인교육대학교]]
* [[경인방송]]
* [[경인여자대학교]]
* [[경인양행]]
* [[경인전자]]
* [[구글코리아]]
* [[국가보훈부]]
* [[국도화학]]
* [[국민건강보험]]
* [[국민대학교]]
* [[국민방송]]
* [[국민은행]] (KB)
* [[국민일보]]
* [[국제종합기계]]
* [[국제약품]]
* [[국제앰네스티 한국지부]]
* [[국정교과서 (단체)|국정교과서]]
* [[국수나무]]
* [[국순당]]
* [[국영지앤엠]]
* [[국제뷰티발건강진흥원]]
* [[국제약품]]
* [[굿네이버스]]
* [[귀뚜라미 (기업)|귀뚜라미]]
* [[귀뚜라미보일러]]
* [[그냥아는오빠]]
* [[그루블린]]
* [[그라비티 (회사)|그라비티]]
* [[그랜드마트]]
* [[그랜드백화점]]
* [[그랜드애플]]
* [[그리드엔터테인먼트]]
* [[그린스토어]]
* [[그린피스]]
* [[그랜드코리아레저]]
* [[극동공업사]]
* [[극동방송]]
* [[극동유화]]
* [[금강공업]]
* [[금광기업]]
* [[금복주]]
* [[금양 (기업)|금양]]
* [[금양인터내셔날]]
* [[금성사]]
* [[금성침대]]
* [[금호건설]]
* [[금호고속]]
* [[금호미쓰이화학]]
* [[금호리조트]]
* [[금호전기]]
* [[금호산업]]
* [[금호석유화학]]
* [[금호석유화학그룹]]
* [[금호아시아나그룹]]
* [[금호타이어]]
* [[금호폴리켐]]
* [[금호피앤비화학]]
* [[기상청]]
* [[기린 (기업)|기린]]
* [[기륭전자]]
* [[기아 (기업)|기아]]([[현대자동차그룹]])
* [[김가네]]
* [[김밥천국]]
* [[경동나비엔]]
* [[경인양행]]
* [[경주시청]]
* [[경향신문]]
* [[깨끗한나라]]
* [[꼬끼오]]
* [[닐슨미디어 코리아]]
* [[나노스]]
* [[나드리김밥]]
* [[나라케이아이씨]]
* [[나무엑터스]]
* [[나이스신용평가]]
* [[나이스평가정보]]
* [[남산기업]]
* [[남선물산]]
* [[남성해운]]
* [[남양유업]]
* [[남해화학]]
* [[네오위즈홀딩스]]
* [[네이버 (기업)|네이버]]
* [[네이버비즈니스플랫폼]]
* [[네패스]]
* [[넥센타이어]]
* [[넥슨]]
* [[넥슨게임즈]]
* [[넷마블게임즈]]
* [[넷피아]]
* [[뉴시스]]
* [[뉴스타운]]
* [[뉴데일리]]
* [[노래방오빠]]
* [[노컷뉴스]]
* [[뉴파워프라즈마]]
* [[노피어 레코즈]]
* [[노루페인트]]
* [[녹십자]]
* [[녹십자랩셀]]
* [[녹십자웰빙]]
* [[녹십자홀딩스]]
* [[녹채원푸드시스템]]
* [[농부오빠]]
* [[농심]]
* [[농심기획]]
* [[너구리 (라면)|농심 너구리]]
* [[둥지냉면|농심 둥지냉면]]
* [[농심 신라면]]
* [[짜파게티|농심 짜파게티]]
* [[농심켈로그]]
* [[농심태경]]
* [[농우바이오]]
* [[농업협동조합 (대한민국)|농협]]
* [[농협경제지주]]
* [[농협생명]]
* [[농협유통]]
* [[농협케미칼]]
* [[농협협동조합자산관리회사]]
* [[다모아자동차]]
* [[더블랙레이블]]
* [[더블유게임즈]]
* [[덕양산업]]
* [[더존비즈온]]
* [[더파티]]
* [[덕산네오룩스]]
* [[덕성여자고등학교]]
* [[덕성여자대학교]]
* [[덕성여자중학교]]
* [[다나와]]
* [[다날]]
* [[다날저축은행]]
* [[다날엔터테인먼트]]
* [[다날F&amp;B]]
* [[다솜투어]]
* [[다솜투어]]
* [[다우기술]]
* [[다이소아성산업]]
* [[다음]]
* [[다원시스]]
* [[단성사]]
* [[달생]]
* [[달콤나라앨리스]]
* [[더달콤]]
* [[더반찬]]
* [[더블랙레이블]]
* [[대구경북첨단의료산업진흥재단]]
* [[대구교통공사]]
* [[대구광역시청]]
* [[대구대학교]]
* [[대구문화방송]]
* [[대구백화점]]
* [[대구은행]]
* [[대구텍]]
* [[대농 (기업)|대농]]
* [[대동 (기업)|대동]]
* [[대덕전자]]
* [[대림바스]]
* [[대림산업]]
* [[대림통상]]
* [[대명에너지]]
* [[대명화학]]
* [[대신고등학교]]
* [[대신증권]]
* [[대신택배]]
* [[대신중학교]]
* [[대선조선]]
* [[대선주조]]
* [[대성목재공업]]
* [[대성잠사공업]]
* [[대성산업]]
* [[대성산업건설부문]]
* [[대성산업가스]]
* [[대성출판]]
* [[대상 (기업)|대상]]
* [[대상건설]]
* [[대상그룹]]
* [[대상에프앤비]]
* [[대상-신에츠폴리머]]
* [[대양화성]]
* [[대일산업]]
* [[대우건설]]
* [[대우제약]]
* [[대웅]]
* [[대웅제약]]
* [[대웅제약]] [[우루사]]
* [[대웅제약 유통사업부]]
* [[대웅릴리]]
* [[대원강업]]
* [[대원산업]]
* [[대원교통]]
* [[대원씨아이]]
* [[대전방송]]
* [[대전일보]]
* [[대주산업]]
* [[대주이엔티]]
* [[대한검정회]]
* [[대한광통신]]
* [[대한구강보건협회]]
* [[대한극장]]
* [[대한뉴팜]]
* [[대한민국 법무부]]
* [[대한민국 체신부]]
* [[대한민국한자교육연구회]]
* [[대한병원코디네이터협회]]
* [[대한방직]]
* [[대한방직협회]]
* [[대한석탄공사]]
* [[대한수산]]
* [[대한생명]]
* [[대한요양병원협회]]
* [[대한어머니회중앙연합회]]
* [[대한아토피협회]]
* [[대한암협회]]
* [[대한약품공업]]
* [[대한의사협회]]
* [[대한유화]]
* [[대한제당]]
* [[대한제당협회]]
* [[대한제분]]
* [[대한제강]]
* [[대한제과협회]]
* [[대한제지]]
* [[대한전선]]
* [[대한주정판매]]
* [[대한타이어]]
* [[대한타이어산업협회]]
* [[대한통운]]
* [[대한항공]]([[한진그룹]])
* [[대한해운]]
* [[대한화섬]]
* [[데일리안]]
* [[덴티움]]
* [[델몬트음료]]
* [[디엔에이링크]]
* [[디딤돌교육]]
* [[디스커버리 채널 코리아]]
* [[디아지오코리아]]
* [[디어유]]
* [[디지틀조선]]
* [[디즈니플러스|디즈니+]]
* [[댄싱컵]]
* [[딜라이브]]
* [[딜라이드보청기]]
* [[드림텍]]
* [[도레이케미칼]]
* [[도레이첨단소재]]
* [[도미노피자]]
* [[드마리스]]
* [[드림라인]]
* [[드림어스컴퍼니]]
* [[드림캐쳐컴퍼니]]
* [[드봉]]
* [[도원교통]]
* [[도쿠야마코리아]]
* [[동국대학교]]
* [[동국제강]]
* [[동국제강그룹]]
* [[동국제약]]
* [[동국제약|동국제약 마데카솔]]
* [[동국제약|동국제약 센시아]]
* [[동국제약|동국제약 인사돌 플러스]]
* [[동국제약|동국제약 치센]]
* [[동국제약|동국제약 판시딜]]
* [[동국제약|동국제약 훼라민Q]]
* [[동덕여자대학교]]
* [[동명여자고등학교]]
* [[동명여자중학교]]
* [[동방유량]]
* [[동방푸드마스타]]
* [[동부건설]]
* [[동부제철]]
* [[동진쎄미켐]]
* [[동서]]
* [[동서식품]] (맥심)
* [[동서석유화학]]
* [[동성제약]]
* [[동성케미컬]]
* [[동아쏘시오홀딩스]]
* [[동아운수]]
* [[동아일보]]
* [[동아지질]]
* [[동아오츠카]]
* [[동아제약]]
* [[동아제약]] [[박카스]]
* [[동아타이어]]
* [[동원그룹]]
* [[동원건설]]
* [[동원건설산업]]
* [[동원데어리푸드]]
* [[동원시스템즈]]
* [[동원산업]]
* [[동원F&amp;B]]
* [[동양그룹]]
* [[동양 (기업)|동양]]
* [[동양강철]]
* [[동양방송]]
* [[동양시멘트]]
* [[동양생명보험]]
* [[동양철관]]
* [[동일방직]]
* [[동일고무벨트]]
* [[동일토건]]
* [[동진쎄미켐]]
* [[동화기업]]
* [[동화약품]]
* [[동해도]]
* [[두나무]]
* [[두루넷]]
* [[두루두루amc]]
* [[두산]]
* [[두산그룹]]
* [[두산건설]]
* [[두산동아]]
* [[두산로보틱스]]
* [[두산밥캣]]
* [[두산중공업]]
* [[두산퓨얼셀]]
* [[듀얼소닉]]
* [[듀오정보]]
* [[뚜또]]
* [[리노공업]]
* [[리가켐바이오]]
* [[리드코프]]
* [[린나이코리아]]
* [[링컨 (자동차)|링컨코리아]]
* [[라사라패션디자인전문학교]]
* [[라이나생명]]
* [[라이브웍스컴퍼니]]
* [[라이온켐텍]]
* [[라이온코리아]]
* [[라이프스퀘어]]
* [[라이프주택개발]]
* [[락앤락]]
* [[러시앤캐시]]
* [[럽미]]
* [[레고켐바이오]]
* [[래미안]]
* [[랜드로버|랜드로버 코리아]]
* [[랩퍼산이오빠]]
* [[랭키닷컴]]
* [[로보아이티]]
* [[카카오엔터테인먼트]]
* [[로윈]]
* [[로케트전기]]
* [[롯데그룹]]
* [[롯데글로벌로지스]]
* [[롯데관광개발]]
* [[롯데네슬레코리아]]
* [[롯데리츠]]
* [[롯데마트]]
* [[롯데면세점]]
* [[롯데바이오로직스]]
* [[롯데백화점]]
* [[롯데시네마]]
* [[롯데손해보험]]
* [[롯데쇼핑]]
* [[롯데이네오스화학]]
* [[롯데에너지머티리얼즈]]
* [[롯데웰푸드]]
* [[롯데지알에스]]
* [[롯데지주]]
* [[롯데자산개발]]
* [[롯데정밀화학]]
* [[롯데칠성음료]]
* [[롯데카드]]
* [[롯데케미칼]]
* [[롯데푸드]]
* [[롯데호텔]]
* [[롯데하이마트]]
* [[룰러바이]]
* [[르까프]]
* [[르노삼성자동차]]
* [[메가마트]]
* [[메가박스]]
* [[메가스터디]]
* [[메디앙스]]
* [[메드팩토]]
* [[메디케어그룹]]
* [[메디톡스]]
* [[메지온]]
* [[메타랩스]]
* [[메리츠금융지주]]
* [[메리츠화재해상보험]]
* [[메리츠증권]]
* [[메이블린]]
* [[매그나칩]]
* [[메쎄이상]]
* [[매일유업]]
* [[맥도날드]]
* [[맥쿼리한국인프라투융자회사]]
* [[맨담코리아]]
* [[모나미]]
* [[모닝글로리]]
* [[모딘코리아]]
* [[모드 크리에이션 뮌헨]]
* [[모드하우스]]
* [[모두투어]]
* [[모두의주차장 (기업)|모두의주차장]]
* [[모빌코리아윤활유]]
* [[모어버전]]
* [[모토닉]]
* [[목원대학교]]
* [[목포시청]]
* [[무등산공유화재단]]
* [[무림 그룹]]
* [[무주리조트]]
* [[무학 (기업)|무학]]
* [[문화방송]]
* [[문화일보]]
* [[문화창고]]
* [[뮤직웍스]]
* [[뮤직앤뉴]]
* [[뮤직카로마]]
* [[뮤직카우]]
* [[뮤직팜]]
* [[뮤코펙트]]
* [[미디어로그]]
* [[미디어에스]]
* [[미디어윌]]
* [[미래산업]]
* [[미래의 시작]]
* [[미래에셋금융그룹|미래에셋]]
* [[미래에셋생명보험]]
* [[미래에셋증권]]
* [[미래엔]]
* [[미래신용정보]]
* [[미쉐린코리아]]
* [[미스틱스토리]]
* [[미소야]]
* [[미샤 (화장품)|미샤]]
* [[미원상사]]
* [[미원에스씨]]
* [[밀리의 서재]]
* [[밀러맥주]]
* [[밀크티]]
* [[마린칸토]]
* [[마루기획]]
* [[만도]]
* [[맘스터치]]
* [[명동할머니국수]]
* [[명인제약]]
* [[명인제약|명인제약 메이킨Q]]
* [[명인제약|명인제약 이가탄F]]
* [[명인제약|명인제약 콜그린]]
* [[명신산업]]
* [[명성교회]]
* [[명문제약]]
* [[명화공업]]
* [[MP그룹]]
* [[바른손]]
* [[바바더닷컴]]
* [[바바패션]]
* [[박셀바이오]]
* [[뱅뱅 (기업)|뱅뱅]]
* [[비에이치 (기업)|비에이치]]
* [[베이직하우스]]
* [[배달의민족]]
* [[바닐라코]]
* [[바람둥이오빠]]
* [[바이넥스]]
* [[반도일렉트로닉시스템스]]
* [[BYC]]
* [[벽산그룹]]
* [[보광그룹]] (휘닉스, 코아로직)
* [[보람상조]]
* [[보령제약]]
* [[볼보자동차|볼보자동차코리아]]
* [[보험|보험클리닉]]
* [[부국증권]]
* [[부광약품]]
* [[부방테크론]]
* [[부르뎅아동복]]
* [[부루구루]]
* [[부라보콘]]
* [[부산광역시]]
* [[부산광역시청]]
* [[부산교통공사]]
* [[부산대학교]]
* [[부산신항제2배후도로주식회사]]
* [[부산일보]]
* [[부산은행]]
* [[부산주공]]
* [[부영그룹]]
* [[불교방송]]
* [[불교TV]]
* [[브레이브엔터테인먼트]]
* [[브랜뉴뮤직]]
* [[블루밍비트]]
* [[블러썸 엔터테인먼트]]
* [[비안 (브랜드)|비안]]
* [[비알코리아]]
* [[비상에듀]]
* [[비엔그룹]]
* [[비씨카드]]
* [[바디프랜드]]
* [[바람둥이오빠]]
* [[바이엘코리아]]
* [[비알씨주식회사]]
* [[비에이치 (기업)|비에이치]]
* [[비알코리아]]
* [[버거킹|비케이알]]
* [[빅플래닛메이드엔터]]
* [[빅히트 뮤직]]
* [[빙그레]]
* [[빌리언스 (기업)|빌리언스]]
* [[빌리프랩]]
* [[범양건영]]
* [[벽산그룹]]
* [[바이엘코리아]]
* [[바이오메드]]
* [[반도그룹]]
* [[반디앤루니스]]
* [[발레오전장시스템스코리아]]
* [[박셀바이오]]
* [https://boxmaster.co.kr/ 박스마스터]
* [[배칠수 꽃배달]]
* [[백광산업]]
* [[백설 (브랜드)|백설]]
* [[새하컴즈]]
* [[사구 플라워]]
* [[사노피-아벤티스코리아]]
* [[사운드리퍼블리카]]
* [[사조그룹]]
* [[사조동아원]]
* [[사조해표]] (해표식용유)
* [[산일전기]]
* [[삼광글라스]]
* [[삼성SDI]] ([[삼성그룹]])
* [[삼성SDS]] ([[삼성그룹]])
* [[삼성그룹]]
* [[삼성 갤럭시 노트 II]]
* [[삼성 갤럭시 S III]]
* [[삼성물산]]
* [[삼성디스플레이]]
* [[삼성바이오로직스]]
* [[삼성선물]]
* [[삼성생명]]
* [[삼성 애니콜]]
* [[삼성웰스토리]]
* [[삼성자산운용]]
* [[삼성전기]]
* [[삼성전자]]
* [[삼성전자로지텍]]
* [[삼성전자서비스]]
* [[삼성전자판매]]
* [[삼성제약]]
* [[삼성중공업]]
* [[삼성증권]]
* [[삼성테크윈]]
* [[삼성카드]]
* [[삼성화재]]
* [[삼성화재|삼성화재 다이렉트]]
* [[삼성E&amp;A]]
* [[삼아알미늄]]
* [[삼아제약]]
* [[삼양그룹]]
* [[삼양라면]]
* [[삼양바이오팜]]
* [[삼양사]]
* [[삼양패키징]]
* [[삼양홀딩스]]
* [[삼양화성]]
* [[삼양식품]]
* [[삼양화학]]
* [[삼양F&amp;B]]
* [[삼우종합건축사사무소]]
* [[삼익]]
* [[삼익악기]]
* [[삼익주택]]
* [[삼익제약]]
* [[삼익THK]]
* [[삼일문화재단]]
* [[삼일제약]]
* [[삼진제약]]
* [[삼진제약|삼진제약 게보린]]
* [[삼진제약|삼진제약 안정액]]
* [[삼정펄프]]
* [[삼천당제약]]
* [[삼천리 자전거]]
* [[삼표시멘트]]
* [[삼화고속]]
* [[삼화네트웍스]]
* [[삼화왕관]]
* [[삼화제분]]
* [[삼화제지]]
* [[삼화식품]]
* [[삼화상운]]
* [[삼화콘덴서]]
* [[상아제약]]
* [[상아프론테크]]
* [[서브원]]
* [[서부운수]]
* [[서울교통공사]] ([[서울메트로]], [[서울도시철도공사]]가 합병하여 생김)
* [[서울극장]]
* [[서울대학교]]
* [[서울도시철도 엔지니어링]]
* [[서울반도체]]
* [[서울여자대학교]]
* [[서울우유]]
* [[서울우유협동조합]]
* [[서울제약]]
* [[서울식품공업]]
* [[서울신문]]
* [[서일약품]]
* [[서진시스템]]
* [[서전지구]]
* [[서호전기]]
* [[서희건설]]
* [[선문대학교]]
* [[선우 (기업)]]
* [[선진운수]]
* [[설빙 (기업)]]
* [[셀리버리]]
* [[성광벤드]]
* [[성보화학]]
* [[성안합섬]]
* [[성신양회]]
* [[성신여자고등학교]]
* [[성신여자대학교]]
* [[성신여자중학교]]
* [[성주군청]]
* [[성창기업지주]]
* [[새마을금고]]
* [[새한그룹]]
* [[새한물산]]
* [[새희망]]
* [[생각엔터테인먼트]]
* [[생생돈까스]]
* [[셀트리온]]
* [[셀트리온제약]]
* [[셀트리온헬스케어]]
* [[침대|수맥 흙침대]]
* [[수빈컴퍼니]]
* [[수원여자대학교]]
* [[수퍼톤]]
* [[수협]]
* [[숙명여자고등학교]]
* [[숙명여자대학교]]
* [[숙명여자중학교]]
* [[순창군청]]
* [[순창군체육회]]
* [[순천향대학교]]
* [[숭의여자고등학교]]
* [[숭의여자대학교]]
* [[숭의여자중학교]]
* [[숲 (기업)|숲]]
* [[숲속의 힐링]]
* [[스윙 엔터테인먼트]]
* [[스킨푸드]]
* [[스타벅스커피코리아]]
* [[스테이지엑스]]
* [[스튜디오애니멀]]
* [[스튜디오테이크원]]
* [[스펙트럼라이프]]
* [[소니코리아]]
* [[소니뮤직엔터테인먼트코리아]]
* [[소담국수]]
* [[소방방재신문]]
* [[소병휘]]
* [[손오공 (기업)|손오공]]
* [[솔루스첨단소재]]
* [[솔브레인]]
* [[솔브레인홀딩스]]
* [[송우산업]]
* [[송원산업]]
* [[송추가마골]]
* [[쇼박스]]
* [[스킨푸드]]
* [[스트렙실]]
* [[스톤뮤직 엔터테인먼트]]
* [[스튜디오드래곤]]
* [[스튜디오애니멀]]
* [[스타쉽 엔터테인먼트]]
* [[스타일난다]]
* [[스파오]]
* [[스프리스]]
* [[시너지이노베이션]]
* [[시몬스침대]]
* [[시프트업]]
* [[신도리코]]
* [[신동아건설]]
* [[신동아그룹]]
* [[신라교역]]
* [[신라면세점]]
* [[신라젠]]
* [[신명주택건설]]
* [[신세계그룹]]
* [[신세계백화점]]
* [[신세계인터내셔날]]
* [[신세계 사이먼]]
* [[신신제약]]
* [[신신제약|신신제약 신신파스 아렉스]]
* [[신성교통]]
* [[신성이엔지]]
* [[신성통상]]
* [[신일공업]]
* [[신일전자]]
* [[신영와코루]]
* [[신영증권]]
* [[신원 (기업)|신원]]
* [[신진자동차공업]]
* [[신젠타코리아]]
* [[신풍제약]]
* [[신한금융지주회사]]
* [[신한냉동]]
* [[신한라이프]]
* [[신한은행]]
* [[신한알파리츠]]
* [[신한화구]]
* [[신화철강]]
* [[심엔터테인먼트]]
* [[심텍]]
* [[샘표 (기업)|샘표]]
* [[샘표식품]]
* [[세계기독교통일신령협회유지재단]]
* [[세계한민족여성재단]]
* [[세라믹 샤프심]]
* [[세번걸이 엔터테인먼트]]
* [[세방전지]]
* [[세븐시즌스]]
* [[세이브더칠드런]]
* [[세아그룹]]
* [[세아베스틸]]
* [[세아베스틸지주]]
* [[세아제강]]
* [[세아제강지주]]
* [[세아창원특수강]]
* [[세원정공]]
* [[세진산업]]
* [[세종텔레콤]]
* [[셀리버리]]
* [[씨그널엔터테인먼트그룹]]
* [[씨에스윈드]]
* [[씨제스엔터테인먼트]]
* [[씨젠]]
* [[싸다구 플라워]]
* [[싸이월드]]
* [[쌍용그룹]]
* [[쌍용건설]]
* [[쌍용자동차]]
* [[쌍용정보통신]]
* [[쌍용식품]]
* [[쌍용C&amp;B]]
* [[쌍용C&amp;E]]
* [[써브라임]]
* [[쏘스뮤직]]
* [[쏘카]]
* [[아난티]]
* [[아모레퍼시픽]]
* [[아모레퍼시픽그룹]]
* [[아모스 (기업)|아모스]]
* [[아사달 (기업)|아사달]]
* [[아세아시멘트]]
* [[아시아나항공]]
* [[아시아펀드]]
* [[아이덴티티 게임즈]]
* [[아이에스이커머스]]
* [[아이에스동서]]
* [[아이세움]]
* [[아이스크림미디어]]
* [[아이오케이컴퍼니]]
* [[아이진]]
* [[아이티엠반도체]]
* [[아이피큐]]
* [[아름다운재단]]
* [[아진산업]]
* [[아진카인텍]]
* [[아진USA]]
* [[아이코닉스 엔터테인먼트]]
* [[아이디룩]]
* [[아주그룹]]
* [[아주약품]]
* [[아주산업]]
* [[아주캐피탈]]
* [[아카이브아침]]
* [[아프리카TV]]
* [[악조노벨인더스트리얼코팅]]
* [[안강건설]]
* [[안다미로]] (게임 기업)
* [[안랩]]
* [[안산도시공사]]
* [[알리안츠생명]]
* [[알바천국]]
* [[알콩단잠]]
* [[알테오젠]]
* [[알퉁오빠]]
* [[어도어 (기업)|어도어]]
* [[어라운드어스엔터테인먼트]]
* [[어비스컴퍼니]]
* [[어셔교육그룹]]
* [[어썸이엔티]]
* [[어썸트레인]]
* [[어울림모터스]]
* [[여성가족부]]
* [[에너자이저 코리아]]
* [[에듀스파]]
* [[에버리치]]
* [[에스디바이오센서]]
* [[에스피지]]
* [[에스알]]
* [[에스엘]]
* [[에스엘미디어]]
* [[에스원]]
* [[에쓰오일]]
* [[에이스침대]]
* [[에이스테크놀로지]]
* [[에어로케이항공]]
* [[에이비엘바이오]]
* [[에이스테크]]
* [[에이스화학]]
* [[에이치엘비]]
* [[에이치엘비생명과학]]
* [[에이치앤드엔터테인먼트]]
* [[에이치와우엔터테인먼트]]
* [[에이치엠플러스]]
* [[에잇디엔터테인먼트]]
* [[에코프로]]
* [[에코프로비엠]]
* [[에프앤에프]]
* [[에프앤에프엔터테인먼트]]
* [[엔트리브 소프트]]
* [[엔지켐생명과학]]
* [[엔씨소프트]]
* [[엔프라니]]
* [[엘앤씨바이오]]
* [[엘앤에프]]
* [[엠로]]
* [[엠씨넥스]]
* [[애경그룹]]
* [[애경산업]]
* [[애플코리아]]
* [[약사오빠]]
* [[약업신문]]
* [[양평기업]]
* [[여의도순복음교회]]
* [[여기어때]]
* [[여신금융협회]]
* [[여수광양항만리]]
* [[여수문화방송]]
* [[여순순국선열기념재단]]
* [[여천NCC]]
* [[역오빠]]
* [[예스코]]
* [[예림미디어]]
* [[연합뉴스]]
* [[연합뉴스TV]]
* [[연구개발특구에프엔에스]]
* [[연세대학교]]
* [[영남대학교]]
* [[영남일보]]
* [[영림몰딩]]
* [[영보화학]]
* [[영상물등급위원회]]
* [[영안모자]]
* [[영원무역]]
* [[영원무역홀딩스]]
* [[영진약품]]
* [[영풍그룹]]
* [[영풍 (기업)|영풍]]
* [[영풍문고]]
* [[영풍산업]]
* [[HDC 영창]]
* [[애플비]]
* [[에이치엘비]]
* [[에이치엘비생명과학]]
* [[에이치엘비제약]]
* [[에이피알]]
* [[에일리언컴퍼니]]
* [[에어리퀴드코리아]]
* [[에어부산]]
* [[에코프로]]
* [[에코프로비엠]]
* [[에코프로머티리얼즈]]
* [[에프앤에프]]
* [[엔씨소프트]]
* [[엘본더테이블]]
* [[예림당]]
* [[예서건설]]
* [[와이엠텍]]
* [[오뚜기]]
* [[오뚜기제유지주]]
* [[진라면|오뚜기 진라면]]
* [[오뚜기 진짬뽕]]
* [[참깨라면|오뚜기 참깨라면]]
* [[오르비스 옵티무스]]
* [[오리온 (기업)|오리온]]
* [[오리온홀딩스]]
* [[오마이뉴스]]
* [[오스코텍]]
* [[오스템임플란트]]
* [[오성첨단소재]]
* [[오콘]]
* [[오트론]]
* [[오토아이티]]
* [[옥시레킷벤키저]]
* [[옥스포드 (기업)|옥스포드]]
* [[옥션]]
* [[온미디어]]
* [[올리브나인]]
* [[와이씨]]
* [[얼라이브]]
* [[요진산업]]
* [[우리들제약]]
* [[우리금융그룹]]
* [[우리금융지주]]
* [[우리기술투자]]
* [[우리집 보험주치의]]
* [[우리은행]]
* [[우리아비바생명]]
* [[우리카드]]
* [[우리홈쇼핑]]
* [[우미건설]]
* [[우신산업]]
* [[우성1차아파트 재건축 사업 조합 설립추진 위원회]]
* [[우신USA]]
* [[우일화학]]
* [[우진공업사]]
* [[우정사업본부]]
* [[우정공업]]
* [[웅진그룹]]
* [[웅진식품]]
* [[웅진코웨이]]
* [[울림엔터테인먼트]]
* [[울산광역시청]]
* [[울산방송]]
* [[울산항만공사]]
* [[울트라건설]]
* [[월간조선]]
* [[월드비전]]
* [[워너뮤직코리아]]
* [[워커힐]]
* [[원익IPS]]
* [[원음방송]]
* [[원진레이온]]
* [[원헌드레드레이블]]
* [[웨이크원]]
* [[웰컴저축은행]]
* [[웹젠]]
* [[위너제이]]
* [[위메이드]]
* [[위버스컴퍼니]]
* [[위에화엔터테인먼트코리아]]
* [[위 엔터테인먼트]]
* [[윕스]]
* [[용산화학]]
* [[용평리조트]]
* [[유관순열사기념사업회]]
* [[유니드]]
* [[유니드비티플러스]]
* [[유니레버코리아]]
* [[유니온 (기업)|유니온]]
* [[유니세프]]
* [[유나이티드제약]]
* [[유디치과]]
* [[유부남될오빠]]
* [[유진테크]]
* [[유성기업]]
* [[유시스트 엔터테인먼트]]
* [[유수홀딩스]]
* [[유안타증권]]
* [[유유제약]]
* [[유진그룹]]
* [[유진산업]]
* [[유진콘크리트]]
* [[유진테크]]
* [[유진한일합섬]]
* [[유코카캐리어스]]
* [[유한양행]]
* [[유한킴벌리]]
* [[유한화학]]
* [[유화증권]]
* [[육대장]]
* [[윤선생영어교실]]
* [[율산그룹]]
* [[율촌화학]]
* [[이노션]]
* [[이랜드그룹]]
* [[이마산업]]
* [[이마트]]
* [[이브니에]]
* [[이브바바]]
* [[이브이알스튜디오]]
* [[이브자리]]
* [[이사배아트]]
* [[이오테크닉스]]
* [[이수그룹]]
* [[이수화학]]
* [[이스트소프트]]
* [[이스타항공]]
* [[이화여자대학교]]
* [[이투스교육]]
* [[이화수전통육개장]]
* [[이피지]]
* [[일신방직]]
* [[일신석재]]
* [[일신섬유]]
* [[일신창업투자]]
* [[일신CNA]]
* [[인트론바이오]]
* [[인천광역시청]]
* [[인천교통공사]]
* [[인천국제공항공사]]
* [[인천김포고속도로주식회사]]
* [[인크룩스]]
* [[인터파크]]
* [[인트론바이오테크놀로지]]
* [[일간스포츠]]
* [[일동]]
* [[일동제약]]
* [[일동후디스]]
* [[일동후디스|일동후디스 하이뮨]]
* [[일양약품]]
* [[일양택배]]
* [[일진공업사]]
* [[일진그룹]]
* [[일진다이아몬드]]
* [[일진전기]]
* [[일진하이솔루스]]
* [[잉카인터넷]]
* [[음악권력]]
* [[비에스에치]]
* [[전국종합주류도매업중앙회]]
* [[전남일보]]
* [[전라북도체육회]]
* [[전방]]
* [[전북은행]]
* [[전자랜드]]
* [[전주방송]]
* [[전주대학교]]
* [[정보통신산업진흥원]]
* [[자유교육연합]]
* [[자일대우버스]]
* [[자코모]]
* [[장애우권익문제연구소]]
* [[제너시스 (기업)|제너시스]]
* [[제넥신]]
* [[제룡전기]]
* [[제주국제자유도시개발센터]]
* [[제주맥주]]
* [[제주반도체]]
* [[제주방송]]
* [[제주은행]]
* [[제주 삼다수]]
* [[제주항공]]
* [[제원인터내쇼날]]
* [[제일기획]]
* [[제일모직]]
* [[제일병원]]
* [[제일약품]]
* [[제일여객]]
* [[제일테크노스]]
* [[제일항역]]
* [[제스프리|제스프리 키위]]
* [[젬백스앤카엘]]
* [[젤리피쉬엔터테인먼트]]
* [[재규어 자동차|재규어 코리아]]
* [[재능교육]]
* [[정원여자중학교]]
* [[정수장학회]]
* [[장금상선]]
* [[장수돌침대]]
* [[조광피혁]]
* [[조비 (기업)|조비]]
* [[조은티브이]]
* [[조일알미늄]]
* [[조선내화]]
* [[조선일보]]
* [[존슨콘트롤즈인터내셔널코리아]]
* [[종근당그룹]]
* [[종근당]]
* [[종이나라]]
* [[한국구매전문가협회]]
* [[좋은사람들]]([[예스]], [[제임스딘]], [[섹시쿠키]])
* [[좋은책신사고]]
* [[주니어몰]]
* [[주니어네이버]]
* [[주노컴퍼니]]
* [[준수]]
* [[중소기업은행|기업은행]]
* [[중소벤처기업진흥공단]]
* [[중앙건설]]
* [[중앙일보]]
* [[중앙여자고등학교]]
* [[중앙여자중학교]]
* [[중앙첨단소재]]
* [[중앙하이츠]]
* [[중흥건설]]
* [[중흥토건]]
* [[중화항공]]
* [[증명사진오빠]]
* [[지구화학 (기업)|지구화학]]
* [[지니뮤직]]
* [[지누스]]
* [[지멘스 (기업)|지멘스]]
* [[지비스타일]] ([[첨이첨이]], [[무냐무냐]], [[오끼오]])
* [[지오영]]
* [[지안캐슬]]
* [[지케이코리아]]
* [[지플럼]]
* [[직방]]
* [[진로발효]]
* [[진에어]]
* [[진우그룹]] (Jinwoo SMC - Aerial Access Platform)
* [[진원생명과학]]
* [[진주시청]]
* [[진주햄]]
* [[진해화학]]
* [[초코사이버]]
* [[천보 (기업)|천보]]
* [[천일고속]]
* [[천재교육]]
* [[청우식품]]
* [[청주방송]]
* [[청소년흡연·음주예방협회]]
* [[청호나이스]]
* [[청호나이스|청호나이스 이과수 얼음정수기]]
* [[차바이오텍]]
* [[축산신문]]
* [[치킨파티]]
* [[칠성사이다]]
* [[체코관광청]]
* [[체코항공]]
* [[채널엠]]
* [[채널A]]
* [[코리아나화장품]]
* [[코리아에너지발전소]]
* [[코리안리재보험]]
* [[코리아보드게임즈]]
* [[코리아익스프레스에어]] (헤체)
* [[코리아써키트]]
* [[코메론]]
* [[코스모신소재]]
* [[코스모화학]]
* [[코스콤]]
* [[코스맥스]]
* [[코스모스백화점]]
* [[코오롱그룹]]
* [[코오롱건설]]
* [[코오롱글로벌]]
* [[코오롱인더스트리]]
* [[코오롱티슈진]]
* [[코업주식회사]]
* [[코원시스템]]
* [[코원에너지서비스]]
* [[코웨이]]
* [[코엑스]]
* [[코지이지]]
* [[코스모화학]]
* [[코카콜라]]
* [[코카콜라음료]]
* [[콜마비앤에이치]]
* [[쿠라레코리아]]
* [[쿠우쿠우]]
* [[쿠키아동복]]
* [[쿠쿠전자]]
* [[쿠쿠홀딩스]]
* [[쿠팡]]
* [[대우그룹]]
* [[대우전자]]
* [[대우자동차]]
* [[대우전자부품]]
* [[대우조선해양]]
* [[대우통신]]
* [[큐브 엔터테인먼트]]
* [[크라운제과]]
* [[크리오]]
* [[크래프톤]]
* [[크리에이티브 파트너스]]
* [[크리스탈지노믹스]]
* [[크롬엔터테인먼트]]
* [[클래시스]]
* [[큰길]]
* [[카센터오빠]]
* [[카카오 (기업)|카카오]]
* [[카카오게임즈]]
* [[카카오뱅크]]
* [[카카오엠]]
* [[카카오트리]]
* [[카카오페이]]
* [[카카오IX]]
* [[카카오VX]]
* [[카프로]]
* [[카프리썬]]
* [[카페베네]]
* [[카페오빠]]
* [[카페24]]
* [[카펜터즈아트리퍼블릭]]
* [[컨선월드와이드한국]]
* [[컴투스]]
* [[키스웰그룹]]
* [[키움증권]]
* [[키위미디어그룹]]
* [[키자니아]]
* [[케이디지털미디어]]
* [[케이엠더블유]]
* [[케이엠화학]]
* [[케이오지 엔터테인먼트]]
* [[케이카]]
* [[케이피엠테크]]
* [[케이포타운포유]]
* [[태극제약]]
* [[태경산업]]
* [[태광그룹]]
* [[태광산업]]
* [[택산상역]]
* [[통일그룹]]
* [[토니모리]]
* [https://toyobo.co.kr/ 토요보코리아]
* [[토토와모모]]
* [[토펙 엔지니어링 건축사무소]]
* [[테스나]]
* [[티몬]]
* [[티씨케이 (기업)|티씨케이]]
* [[티오피미디어]]
* [[티와이홀딩스]]
* [[티웨이항공]]
* [[티케이케미칼]]
* [[타마고프로덕션]]
* [[탑항공]]
* [[탈북인단체총연합]]
* [[탈레스코리아]]
* [[터키항공]]
* [[태영건설]]
* [[태영상선]]
* [[태양금속공업]]
* [[태양자동문]]
* [[태원물산]]
* [[톱텍]]
* [[테팔]]
* [[파나소닉코리아]]
* [[파라다이스 (기업)|파라다이스]]
* [[파리바게뜨]]
* [[파두 (기업)|파두]]
* [[파미셀]]
* [[파워콤]]
* [[파자마걸]]
* [[파크시스템스]]
* [[판타그램]]
* [[판타지오]]
* [[팜트리 아일랜드]]
* [[팜한농]]
* [[퍼스텍]]
* [[펄어비스]]
* [[펑키스튜디오]]
* [[패럴렉스]]
* [[페럴렉스 수학]]
* [[펭귄종합식품]]
* [[팬오션]]
* [[팬택계열]] (해체)
* [[펜타비전]]
* [[프로듀서오빠]]
* [[프로미]]
* [[프레스티지바이오파마]]
* [[플레디스엔터테인먼트]]
* [[플레인엔터테인먼트]]
* [[포니캐년코리아]]
* [[포니테일]]
* [[포드 모터 컴퍼니|포드코리아]]
* [[포레스트미디어]]
* [[포르쉐코리아]]
* [[포스코]]
* [[포스코그룹]]
* [[포스코건설]]
* [[포스코강판]]
* [[포스코인터내셔널]]
* [[포스코에너지]]
* [[포스코케미칼]]
* [[포스코플랜텍]]
* [[포스코홀딩스]]
* [[포스코AST]]
* [[포스코DX]]
* [[포카리 스웨트]]
* [[포켓돌스튜디오]]
* [[포켓몬코리아]]
* [[폭주족오빠]]
* [[폴라리스엔터테인먼트]]
* [[풀무원]]
* [[풀무원건강생활]]
* [[풀무원샘물]]
* [[풍국면]]
* [[풍농]]
* [[풍림산업]]
* [[풍산 (기업)|풍산]]
* [[풍산홀딩스]]
* [[프라우나]]
* [[프레스티지바이오파마]]
* [[프로스펙스]]
* [[프로토자동차]]
* [[플라이강원]]
* [[피에스케이홀딩스]]
* [[피자헛]]
* [[피엔티]]
* [[피에스타]]
* [[피죤 (한국 기업)|피죤]]
* [[필립스코리아]]
* [[필콘미디어]]
* [[핑크퐁]]
* [[파나소닉코리아]]
* [[팬엔터테인먼트]]
* [[하나금융그룹]]
* [[하나대투증권]]
* [[하나은행]]
* [[하나자산신탁]]
* [[하나카드]]
* [[하나투어]]
* [[하이로지스틱스]]
* [[하이브 (기업)|하이브]]
* [[하이업엔터테인먼트]]
* [[하이트진로]]
* [[하이에어]]
* [[하림지주]]
* [[하이퍼리듬]]
* [[헬릭스미스]]
* [[학교급식전국네트워크]]
* [[한겨레신문]]
* [[한국brt]]
* [[한국GM]]
* [[한국경제TV]]
* [[한국거래소]]
* [[한국가스공사]]
* [[한국개발협력진흥원]]
* [[한국개발협력연구소]]
* [[한국교육방송공사]]
* [[한국교직원공제회]]
* [[한국관광공사]]
* [[한국광물자원공사]]
* [[한국광업협회]]
* [[한국광해광업공단]]
* [[한국공항공사]]
* [[한국네슬레]]
* [[한국농어업재해보험협회]]
* [[한국농어촌공사]]
* [[한국드론산업연합회]]
* [[한국도로공사]]
* [[한국도시가스협회]]
* [[한국단자]]
* [[한국백혈병소아암협회]]
* [[한국로날드맥도날드하우스]]
* [[한국레미콘공업협회]]
* [[한국레저안전협회]]
* [[한국멘소래담]]
* [[한국모방협회]]
* [[한국무역협회]]
* [[한국미용산업협회]]
* [[한국마이크로소프트]]
* [[한국마사회]]
* [[한국메탈]]
* [[한국반도체산업협회]]
* [[한국방송공사]]
* [[한국방송광고진흥공사]]
* [[한국분말재료학회]]
* [[한국바스프]]
* [[한국베링거인겔하임]]
* [[한국비료협회]]
* [[한국비철금속협회]]
* [[한국사료협회]]
* [[한국산업은행]]
* [[한국석유재활용협회]]
* [[한국석유유통협회]]
* [[한국석유화학협회]]
* [[한국섬유산업연합회]]
* [[한국시멘트협회]]
* [[한국신뢰성협회]]
* [[한국신문협회]]
* [[한국신발산업협회]]
* [[한국신·재생에너지협회]]
* [[한국세계자연기금]]
* [[한국생약협회]]
* [[한국식품산업협회]]
* [[한국씨티은행]]
* [[한국수자원공사]]
* [[한국쉘석유]]
* [[한국소방안전협회]]
* [[한국솔베이]]
* [[한국스탠다드차타드은행]]
* [[한국일보]]
* [[한국의료기기공업협동조합]]
* [[한국의료폐기물공제조합]]
* [[한국의류시험연구원]]
* [[한국어문회주관]]
* [[한국아스텔라스제약]]
* [[한국아스트라제네카]]
* [[한국알스트롬]]
* [[한국에자이]]
* [[한국의과학연구원]]
* [[한국외국기업협회]]
* [[한국어린이난치병협회]]
* [[한국여성복지연합회]]
* [[한국여성창업교육협회]]
* [[한국연소학회]]
* [[한국연예제작자협회]]
* [[한국야금]]
* [[한국예탁결제원]]
* [[한국육류유통수출협회]]
* [[한국엔지니어링플라스틱]]
* [[한국앤컴퍼니]]
* [[한국유리공업]]
* [[한국유리산업협동조합]]
* [[한국은행]] (이곳은 기업, 국책기관, 행정기관의 역할을 겸하고 있음)
* [[한국조사협회]]
* [[한국조선해양플랜트협회]]
* [[한국조선해양]]
* [[한국자동차세정협회]]
* [[한국자전거문화재단]]
* [[한국전기자동차협회]]
* [[한국전자금융]]
* [[한국전력공사]]
* [[한국전력기술]]
* [[한국전해]]
* [[한국제분협회]]
* [[한국제지]]
* [[한국제지연합회]]
* [[한국제품안전협회]]
* [[한국지역난방공사]]
* [[한국치맥산업협회]]
* [[한국천연가스차량협회]]
* [[한국철강협회]]
* [[한국철도공사]]
* [[한국청정음료]]
* [[한국커피협회]]
* [[한국케이블TV푸른방송]]
* [[한국코뿔소협회]]
* [[한국콜마]]
* [[한국케이블TV방송협회]]
* [[한국타이어]]
* [[한국트린지오]]
* [[한국토지공사]]
* [[한국토지주택공사]]
* [[한국통신산업개발]]
* [[한국투자금융지주]]
* [[한국투자증권]]
* [[한국카레하우스]]
* [[한국카본]]
* [[한국풍력산업협회]]
* [[한국편의점산업협회]]
* [[한국피앤지판매]]
* [[한국피혁공업협동조합]]
* [[한국페인트잉크공업협동조합]]
* [[한국후지카공업]]
* [[한국항공우주산업]]
* [[한국히타치]]
* [[한국협화]]
* [[한국화장품]]
* [[한국화장품 제약사업부]]
* [[한국화장품제조]]
* [[한국해외인프라도시개발자원공사]]
* [[한국AEO진흥협회]]
* [[한글과컴퓨터]]
* [[한독]]
* [[한림제약]]
* [[한라그룹]]
* [[한라건설]]
* [[한보상사]]
* [[한섬 (기업)|한섬]]
* [[한미글로벌]]
* [[한미반도체]]
* [[한미사이언스]]
* [[한미약품]]
* [[한미약품 식품사업부]]
* [[한익스프레스]]
* [[한주 (기업)|한주]]
* [[한주통상]]
* [[한성기업]]
* [[한세실업]]
* [[한스킨
* [[한승종합건설]]
* [[한솔그룹]]
* [[한솔아이원스]]
* [[한솔제지]]
* [[한솔케미칼]]
* [[한신공영]]
* [[한성기업]]
* [[한익스프레스]]
* [[한양증권]]
* [[한온시스템]]
* [[한올바이오파마]]
* [[한일맨파워]]
* [[한일시멘트]]
* [[한일약품]]
* [[한일제관]]
* [[한일철강]]
* [[한일합섬]]
* [[한주 (기업)|한주]]
* [[한진그룹]]
* [[한진]]
* [[한진정보통신]]
* [[한진칼]]
* [[한진해운]]
* [[한전KPS]]
* [[한창제지]]
* [[한탑]]
* [[한화]]
* [[한화그룹]]
* [[한화건설]]
* [[한화갤러리아타임월드]]
* [[한화리츠]]
* [[한화에너지]]
* [[한화엔진]]
* [[한화임팩트]]
* [[한화생명]] (과거에는 대한생명으로 [[신동아그룹]]의 소속이었음)
* [[한화손해보험]]
* [[한화시스템]]
* [[한화에어로스페이스]]
* [[한화케미칼]]
* [[한화토탈]]
* [[한화투자증권]]
* [[한화큐셀앤드첨단소재]]
* [[헬릭스미스]]
* [[해태제과식품]]
* [[현대건설]]
* [[현대건설기계]]
* [[현대그룹]]
* [[현대그린푸드]]
* [[현대글로비스]]
* [[현대로템]]
* [[현대모비스]]
* [[현대미포조선]]
* [[현대바이오랜드]]
* [[현대백화점]]
* [[현대사료]]
* [[현대삼호중공업]]
* [[현대엔지니어링]]
* [[현대엘리베이터]]
* [[현대오일뱅크]]
* [[현대오토에버]]
* [[현대엠코]]
* [[현대위아]]
* [[현대약품]]
* [[현대지에프홀딩스]]
* [[현대자동차]]
* [[현대자동차그룹]]
* [[현대자동차그룹 인재개발원]]
* [[현대전자]]
* [[현대제철]]
* [[현대카드]]
* [[현대케미칼]]
* [[현대해상]]
* [[현대해양]]
* [[현대하이스코]]
* [[현대홈쇼핑]]
* [[현대L&amp;C]]
* [[현진 (기업)|현진]]
* [[현진금속]]
* [[협동공업사]]
* [[호반건설]]
* [[호서대학교]]
* [[호텔스닷컴]]
* [[호텔스컴바인]]
* [[호텔신라]]
* [[화신그룹]]
* [[화승엔터프라이즈]]
* [[화천기계]]
* [[대한민국 환경부|환경부]]
* [[환경운동연합]]
* [[환인제약]]
* [[홈앤쇼핑]]
* [[홈플러스 (기업)|홈플러스]]
* [[효성 (기업)|효성]]
* [[효성중공업]]
* [[효성첨단소재]]
* [[효성티앤씨]]
* [[효성화학]]
* [[효자원]]
* [[후성 (기업)|후성]]
* [[휴맥스]]
* [[휴비스]]
* [[휴온스]]
* [[휴젤]]
* [[휴켐스]]
* [[침대|흙표 흙침대]]
* [[후너스 엔터테인먼트]]
* [[후크엔터테인먼트]]
* [[휠라]]
* [[휘닉스파크]]
* [[희망노트사]]
* [[흥구석유]]
* [[흥국생명]]+++
* [[흥아 (기업)|흥아]]
* [[흥아해운]]
* [[131LABEL]]
* [[143엔터테인먼트]]
* [[2018평창 기념재단]]
* [[2030부산월드엑스포 범시민유치위원회]]
* [[21세기 미래]]
* [[3Y코퍼레이션]]
* [[지압|3H지압침대]]
* [[ABC마트]]
* [[ABL생명]]
* [[AOMG]]
* [[AKOM]] ([[애니메이션]] 스튜디오)
* [[AIA생명|AIA건강+암보험]]
* [[AIA생명]]
* [[AIG생명|AIG원스톱암보험]]
* [[Auto-IT]]
* [[AXA손해보험]]
* [[BMW코리아]]
* [[BGF리테일]]
* [[BNK금융지주]]
* [[CBS (대한민국의 방송사)|CBS]]
* [[CU (편의점)]]
* [[CMG제약]]
* [[COEX]]
* [[Company 919]]
* [[CJ그룹]]
* [[CJ (기업)|CJ]]
* [[CJ인터넷]]
* [[CJ엔터테인먼트]]
* [[CJ올리브영]]
* [[CJ제일제당]]
* [[CJ푸드빌]]
* [[CJ헬로비전]]
* [[CJ CGV]]
* [[CJ ENM]]
* [[CNK인터내셔널]]
* [[CT&amp;T 유나이티드]]
* [[C9 엔터테인먼트]]
* [[C&amp;D엔터테인먼트]]
* [[DB그룹]]
* [[DB메탈]]
* [[DB손해보험]]
* [[DB손해보험|DB손해보험 다이렉트]]
* [[DB하이텍]]
* [[DCTOM엔터테인먼트]]
* [[DGB금융그룹]]
* [[DN솔루션즈]]
* [[DN오토모티브]]
* [[DL건설]]
* [[DL그룹]]
* [[DL케미칼]]
* [[DL홀딩스]]
* [[DL E&amp;C]]
* [[DSDL]]
* [[DSP미디어]]
* [[FNC엔터테인먼트]]
* [[F&amp;F홀딩스]]
* [[GE코리아]]
* [[GS그룹]]
* [[GS건설]]
* [[GS (기업)|GS]]
* [[GS글로벌]]
* [[GS에너지]]
* [[GS리테일]]
* [[GS칼텍스]]
* [[GS칼텍스 제약사업부]]
* [[GS EPS]]
* [[G마켓]]
* [[GnB]]
* [[HARIBO Asia Pacific Pte Ltd (Singapore)]]
* [[HCN (방송사)|HCN]]
* [[HD한국조선해양]]
* [[HD현대]]
* [[HD현대마린솔루션]]
* [[HD현대마린엔진]]
* [[HD현대중공업]]
* [[HD현대쉘베이스오일]]
* [[HD현대인프라코어]] (전신은 [[대우중공업]], [[두산인프라코어]])
* [[HD현대일렉트릭]]
* [[HDC (기업)|HDC]]
* [[HDC현대산업개발]]
* [[HDC현대EP]]
* [[HK이노엔]]
* [[HS효성첨단소재]]
* [[H MUSIC 엔터테인먼트]]
* [[HMM (기업)|HMM]]
* [[HLB제약]]
* [[HJ중공업]] (과거에는 [[대한조선공사]], [[한진중공업]])
* [[Hy (기업)|Hy]]
* [[PI첨단소재]]
* [[RBW]]
* [[RFHIC]]
* [[IBK기업은행]]
* [[ING생명]]
* [[iHQ]]
* [[IST엔터테인먼트]]
* [[JB금융지주]]
* [[JBJ95 COMPANY]]
* [[JTBC]]
* [[JTBC플러스]]
* [[JW중외제약]]
* [[JYP 엔터테인먼트]]
* [[KB증권]]
* [[KB손해보험]]
* [[KB손해보험|KB손해보험 다이렉트]]
* [[KB캐피탈]]
* [[KBS 미디어]]
* [[KBS N]]
* [[KCC (기업)|KCC]]
* [[KCC건설]]
* [[KCC글라스]]
* [[KD운송그룹]]
* [[KDB산업은행]]
* [[KBI그룹]]
* [[KBI동국실업]]
* [[KG그룹]]
* [[KG모빌리티]]
* [[KG스틸]]
* [[KG케미칼]]
* [[KISCO홀딩스]]
* [[KEB외환은행]]
* [[KEB하나은행]]
* [[KR모터스]]
* [[KJ프리텍]]
* [[KM엔터테인먼트]]
* [[KNN]]
* [[KT&amp;G]]
* [[KT]]
* [[KT스카이라이프]]
* [[KT알파]]
* [[KPMG]]
* [[KGC라이프엔진]]
* [[KX이노베이션]]
* [[KPX케미칼]]
* [[KR모터스]]
* [[KQ 엔터테인먼트]]
* [[LG (기업)|LG]]
* [[LG그룹]]
* [[LG경영연구원]]
* [[LG디스플레이]]
* [[LG생명화학]]
* [[LG생활건강]]
* [[LG에너지솔루션]]
* [[LG 옵티머스 원]]
* [[LG유플러스]]
* [[LG이노텍]]
* [[LG전자]]
* [[LG텔레콤]]
* [[LG화학]]
* [[LG CNS]]
* [[LS그룹]]
* [[LS (기업)|LS]]
* [[LS네트웍스]]
* [[LS머트리얼즈]]
* [[LS에코에너지]]
* [[LS일렉트릭]]
* [[LS전선]]
* [[LIG (기업)|LIG]]
* [[LIG그룹]]
* [[LIG넥스원]]
* [[LIG손해보험]]
* [[LIG손해사정]]
* [[LX그룹]]
* [[LX글라스]]
* [[LX세미콘]]
* [[LX인터내셔널]]
* [[LX판토스]]
* [[LX홀딩스]]
* [[LX하우시스]]
* [[LX MDI]]
* [[LX MMA]]
* [[MBC강원영동]]
* [[MBC경남]]
* [[MBC충북]]
* [[MBC플러스]]
* [[MBC C&amp;I]]
* [[새마을금고|MG새마을금고보험]]
* [[MG손해보험]]
* [[MPMG]]
* [[MH에탄올]]
* [[NE능률]]
* [[NH농협은행]]
* [[NH농협손해보험]]
* [[NH올원뱅크]]
* [[NH투자증권]]
* [[NHN]]
* [[NHN벅스]]
* [[NHN한국사이버결제]]
* [[NICE평가정보]]
* [[NS홈쇼핑]]
* [[OBS 경인TV]]
* [[OB 맥주]] (카스)
* [[OCI (기업)|OCI]]
* [[OCI홀딩스]]
* [[OCI상사]]
* [[PI첨단소재]]
* [[RFHIC]]
* [[ROTC장학재단]]
* [[n.CH엔터테인먼트]]
* [[News2day]]
* [[NTN코리아]]
* [[SBS]]
* [[SBS바이아컴]]
* [[SC제일은행]]
* [[SBI저축은행]]
* [[SFA]]
* [[SFA반도체]]
* [[SGC에너지]]
* [[SH에너지화학]]
* [[SK (기업)|SK]]
* [[SK가스]]
* [[SK그룹]]
* [[SK네트웍스]]
* [[SK디스커버리]]
* [[SK디앤디]]
* [[SK리츠]]
* [[SK레조낙]]
* [[SK루브리컨츠]]
* [[SK매직]]
* [[SK브로드밴드]]
* [[SK바이오사이언스]]
* [[SK바이오팜]]
* [[SK스페셜티]]
* [[SK스퀘어]]
* [[SK스토아]]
* [[SK오션플랜트]]
* [[SK온]]
* [[SK와이번스]]
* [[SK아이이테크놀로지]]
* [[SK이노베이션]]
* [[SK이터닉스]]
* [[SK인천석유화학]]
* [[SK임업]]
* [[SK에너지]]
* [[SK에너지판매]]
* [[SK에코엔지니어링]]
* [[SK에코플랜트]]
* [[SK엠앤서비스]]
* [[SK증권]]
* [[SK지오센트릭]]
* [[SK커뮤니케이션즈]]
* [[SK케미칼]]
* [[SK하이닉스]]
* [[SK트레이딩인터내셔널]]
* [[SK텔링크]]
* [[SK텔레시스]]
* [[SK텔레콤]]
* [[SK플라스틱]]
* [[SKC]]
* [[SK E&amp;S]]
* [[SM그룹]]
* [[경남기업|SM경남기업]]
* [[SM벡셀]]
* [[SM 엔터테인먼트]]
* [[SNT그룹]]
* [[SNT모티브]]
* [[SL (기업)|SL]]
* [[SPC 그룹]]
* [[SPC삼립]]
* [[SG 신성건설]]
* [[SG세계물산]]
* [[SG글로벌]]
* [[skyTV]]
* [[SSAB KOREA]]
* [[STX]]
* [[STX건설]]
* [[STX엔진]]
* [[STX조선해양]]
* [[STX중공업]]
* [[SNT다이내믹스]]
* [[SNT모티브]]
* [[SW 엔터테인먼트]]
* [[SWC]]
* [[S2 엔터테인먼트]]
* [[TAK정보시스템]]
* [[TCC스틸]]
* [[TJ미디어]]
* [[TV조선]]
* [[YES24]]
* [[WISCOM]]
* [[WM엔터테인먼트]]
* [[VLAST]]
* [[YG 엔터테인먼트]]
* [[YG케이플러스]]
* [[YG플러스]]
* [[YNK 엔터테인먼트]]
* [[YTN]]
* [[YTN PLUS]]
* [[YY엔터테인먼트]]
* [[Zamong]]

== 같이 보기 ==
* [[기업]]
* [[대한민국의 철도 회사 목록]]
* [[대한민국의 버스 회사 목록]]
* [[자동차 제조 회사 목록]]
* [[모터사이클 제조 회사 목록]]

{{위키데이터 속성 추적}}

[[분류:대한민국의 기업 목록| ]]</text>
      <sha1>eqcqsl1u371mvm3junav1b4n8uge3rk</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>418342</id>
      <parentid>418341</parentid>
      <timestamp>2025-06-21T05:30:48Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <ip>125.188.75.235</ip>
      </contributor>
      <comment>置為「&lt;noinclude&gt;{{Sandbox}}&lt;/noinclude&gt; == 請於此行文下習纂而莫去本行以上文 ==」</comment>
      <origin>418342</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="89" sha1="rjxf7kcr9j5c9gvlrj8fyzbx9gjn2ue" xml:space="preserve">&lt;noinclude&gt;{{Sandbox}}&lt;/noinclude&gt;
== 請於此行文下習纂而莫去本行以上文 ==</text>
      <sha1>rjxf7kcr9j5c9gvlrj8fyzbx9gjn2ue</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>維基大典:評選卓著正典</title>
    <ns>4</ns>
    <id>82434</id>
    <revision>
      <id>418315</id>
      <parentid>418301</parentid>
      <timestamp>2025-06-20T14:03:40Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>WAN233</username>
        <id>61098</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>/* 評選之處 */</comment>
      <origin>418315</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="1061" sha1="am4xv0oc57waa6qndadruwr1sa95q4g" xml:space="preserve">{{Shortcut|WP:EAN|WP:LAN}}
{{大典之務}}
[[Category:維基大典維護]]
此摭文以進為[[維基大典:正典|正典]]、[[維基大典:卓著|卓著]]處也。可置&lt;code&gt;&lt;nowiki&gt;{{subst:評選正典卓著|文名|項（審卓著、複審卓著、審正典、複審正典）|由 ~~~~}}&lt;/nowiki&gt;&lt;/code&gt;於下，可薦新文，亦可複審，十五日為限。

審正典，應置&lt;code&gt;&lt;nowiki&gt;{{審正典}}&lt;/nowiki&gt;&lt;/code&gt;於其議頁，複審置&lt;code&gt;&lt;nowiki&gt;{{複審正典}}&lt;/nowiki&gt;&lt;/code&gt;。審卓著，應置&lt;code&gt;&lt;nowiki&gt;{{審卓著}}&lt;/nowiki&gt;&lt;/code&gt;於其議頁，複審置&lt;code&gt;&lt;nowiki&gt;{{複審卓著}}&lt;/nowiki&gt;&lt;/code&gt;。

==評選之處==
* 新著[[顏惠慶]]一文，請收錄正典可乎？——[[使用者:Shunshen Lee|觀月]]（[[使用者討論:Shunshen Lee|留言]]） 二〇二五年六月一三日 （五） 一四時三一分 (UTC)

** 叙事完备，文理通顺，{{可也}}--—[[user:WAN233|&lt;span style=&quot;color: #007FFF;&quot;&gt;启明&lt;/span&gt;]][[user talk:WAN233|(留言)]] 二〇二五年六月二〇日 （五） 一四時〇三分 (UTC)</text>
      <sha1>am4xv0oc57waa6qndadruwr1sa95q4g</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>418316</id>
      <parentid>418315</parentid>
      <timestamp>2025-06-20T14:05:03Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>WAN233</username>
        <id>61098</id>
      </contributor>
      <origin>418316</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="1104" sha1="3w3uypv7hfdlvspd9klnmxjhacg34p7" xml:space="preserve">{{Shortcut|WP:EAN|WP:LAN}}
{{大典之務}}
[[Category:維基大典維護]]
此摭文以進為[[維基大典:正典|正典]]、[[維基大典:卓著|卓著]]處也。可置&lt;code&gt;&lt;nowiki&gt;{{subst:評選正典卓著|文名|項（審卓著、複審卓著、審正典、複審正典）|由 ~~~~}}&lt;/nowiki&gt;&lt;/code&gt;於下，可薦新文，亦可複審，十五日為限。

審正典，應置&lt;code&gt;&lt;nowiki&gt;{{審正典}}&lt;/nowiki&gt;&lt;/code&gt;於其議頁，複審置&lt;code&gt;&lt;nowiki&gt;{{複審正典}}&lt;/nowiki&gt;&lt;/code&gt;。審卓著，應置&lt;code&gt;&lt;nowiki&gt;{{審卓著}}&lt;/nowiki&gt;&lt;/code&gt;於其議頁，複審置&lt;code&gt;&lt;nowiki&gt;{{複審卓著}}&lt;/nowiki&gt;&lt;/code&gt;。

==評選之處==
==[[顏惠慶]]==
*项：審正典
*由：
* 新著[[顏惠慶]]一文，請收錄正典可乎？——[[使用者:Shunshen Lee|觀月]]（[[使用者討論:Shunshen Lee|留言]]） 二〇二五年六月一三日 （五） 一四時三一分 (UTC)

** 叙事完备，文理通顺，{{可也}}--—[[user:WAN233|&lt;span style=&quot;color: #007FFF;&quot;&gt;启明&lt;/span&gt;]][[user talk:WAN233|(留言)]] 二〇二五年六月二〇日 （五） 一四時〇三分 (UTC)</text>
      <sha1>3w3uypv7hfdlvspd9klnmxjhacg34p7</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>維基大典:會館/topic list</title>
    <ns>4</ns>
    <id>82586</id>
    <revision>
      <id>418334</id>
      <parentid>418252</parentid>
      <timestamp>2025-06-21T01:36:12Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Cewbot</username>
        <id>65799</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>[[用戶:Cewbot/log/20170915/configuration|生成議題列表：5個議題]]</comment>
      <origin>418334</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="3689" sha1="88o7lhspyjzu4pe1ekuqr43st63g9fw" xml:space="preserve">&lt;!-- 本頁面由機器人自動更新。若要改進，請聯繫機器人操作者。 --&gt;
{| class=&quot;wikitable sortable mw-collapsible&quot;  style=&quot;float:left;&quot;
|-
! data-sort-type=&quot;number&quot; | &lt;small&gt;序&lt;/small&gt; !! 💭 議題 !! data-sort-type=&quot;number&quot; | &lt;span title=&quot;議論數&quot;&gt;💬&lt;/span&gt; !! data-sort-type=&quot;number&quot; | &lt;small title=&quot;參議者數&quot;&gt;👥&lt;/small&gt; !! 🙋 末議者 !! data-sort-type=&quot;isoDate&quot; | &lt;span title=&quot;新易&quot;&gt;🕒 &lt;small&gt;(UTC+8)&lt;/small&gt;&lt;/span&gt;
|-
| data-sort-type=&quot;number&quot; data-sort-value=&quot;1&quot;  | 一
| [[維基大典:會館#天地玄黃列次文獻|天地玄黃列次文獻]]
| data-sort-type=&quot;number&quot; data-sort-value=&quot;3&quot;  | 三
| data-sort-type=&quot;number&quot; data-sort-value=&quot;3&quot;  | 三
| style=&quot;background-color: #ddd;&quot; | [[User:WAN233|WAN233]]
| style=&quot;background-color: #ddd;&quot; data-sort-type=&quot;isoDate&quot; data-sort-value=&quot;2025-06-06T01:36:00.000Z&quot; | 2025-06-06 &lt;span style=&quot;color: blue;&quot;&gt;09:36&lt;/span&gt;
|-
| data-sort-type=&quot;number&quot; data-sort-value=&quot;2&quot;  | 二
| [[維基大典:會館#大典新知|大典新知]]
| data-sort-type=&quot;number&quot; data-sort-value=&quot;2&quot;  | 二
| data-sort-type=&quot;number&quot; data-sort-value=&quot;2&quot;  | 二
| style=&quot;background-color: #ddd;&quot; | [[User:Ericliu1912|Ericliu1912]]
| style=&quot;background-color: #ddd;&quot; data-sort-type=&quot;isoDate&quot; data-sort-value=&quot;2025-06-06T02:26:00.000Z&quot; | 2025-06-06 &lt;span style=&quot;color: blue;&quot;&gt;10:26&lt;/span&gt;
|-
| data-sort-type=&quot;number&quot; data-sort-value=&quot;3&quot;  | 三
| [[維基大典:會館#Fix_namespace_of_User|Fix namespace of User]]
| data-sort-type=&quot;number&quot; data-sort-value=&quot;3&quot;  | 三
| data-sort-type=&quot;number&quot; data-sort-value=&quot;2&quot;  | 二
| style=&quot;background-color: #ddd;&quot; | [[User:WAN233|WAN233]]
| style=&quot;background-color: #ddd;&quot; data-sort-type=&quot;isoDate&quot; data-sort-value=&quot;2025-06-06T07:00:00.000Z&quot; | 2025-06-06 &lt;span style=&quot;color: blue;&quot;&gt;15:00&lt;/span&gt;
|-
| data-sort-type=&quot;number&quot; data-sort-value=&quot;4&quot;  | 四
| [[維基大典:會館#Vote_now_in_the_2025_U4C_Election|Vote now in the 2025 U4C Election]]
| style=&quot;background-color: #fcc;&quot; data-sort-type=&quot;number&quot; data-sort-value=&quot;1&quot;  | 一
| style=&quot;background-color: #fcc;&quot; data-sort-type=&quot;number&quot; data-sort-value=&quot;1&quot;  | 一
| style=&quot;background-color: #ddd;&quot; | [[User:Keegan (WMF)|Keegan (WMF)]]
| style=&quot;background-color: #ddd;&quot; data-sort-type=&quot;isoDate&quot; data-sort-value=&quot;2025-06-13T23:01:00.000Z&quot; | 2025-06-14 &lt;span style=&quot;color: blue;&quot;&gt;07:01&lt;/span&gt;
|-
| data-sort-type=&quot;number&quot; data-sort-value=&quot;5&quot;  | 五
| style=&quot;max-width: 24em&quot; | &lt;small&gt;[[維基大典:會館#Wikimedia_Foundation_Board_of_Trustees_2025_-_Call_for_Candidates|&lt;span lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;Wikimedia Foundation Board of Trustees 2025 - Call for Candidates&lt;/span&gt;]]&lt;/small&gt;
| style=&quot;background-color: #fcc;&quot; data-sort-type=&quot;number&quot; data-sort-value=&quot;1&quot;  | 一
| style=&quot;background-color: #fcc;&quot; data-sort-type=&quot;number&quot; data-sort-value=&quot;1&quot;  | 一
| [[User:MediaWiki message delivery|&lt;small style=&quot;word-wrap: break-word; word-break: break-all;&quot;&gt;MediaWiki message delivery&lt;/small&gt;]]
| data-sort-type=&quot;isoDate&quot; data-sort-value=&quot;2025-06-17T17:44:00.000Z&quot; | 2025-06-18 &lt;span style=&quot;color: blue;&quot;&gt;01:44&lt;/span&gt;
|}
{| class=&quot;wikitable mw-collapsible mw-collapsed&quot; style=&quot;float: left; margin-left: .5em;;{{#if:{{{no_time_legend|}}}|display:none;|}}&quot;
! title=&quot;From the latest bot edit&quot; | 發言更新圖例
|-
| style=&quot;background-color: #efe;&quot;  |
* 最近一小時內
|-
| style=&quot;background-color: #eef;&quot;  |
* 最近一日內
|-
|  |
* 一週內
|-
| style=&quot;background-color: #ddd;&quot;  |
* 一個月內
|-
| style=&quot;background-color: #bbb;&quot;  |
* 逾一個月
|-

! Manual settings
|-
| style=&quot;max-width: 12em;&quot; | &lt;small&gt;When exceptions occur,&lt;br /&gt;please check [[用戶:Cewbot/log/20170915/configuration|the setting]] first.&lt;/small&gt;
|-
|}
{{Clear}}</text>
      <sha1>88o7lhspyjzu4pe1ekuqr43st63g9fw</sha1>
    </revision>
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  <page>
    <title>竹南驛</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>118454</id>
    <revision>
      <id>418327</id>
      <parentid>399893</parentid>
      <timestamp>2025-06-20T18:33:39Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Ziv</username>
        <id>106879</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor />
      <comment>([[c:GR|GR]]) [[c:COM:FR|File renamed]]: [[File:許遠東故鄉2220.jpg]] → [[File:竹南車站外觀.jpg]] [[c:COM:FR#FR2|Criterion 2]] · 名不副實</comment>
      <origin>418327</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="270" sha1="7oh1ukz2gyqwg8ww92m9aen9a64gowp" xml:space="preserve">竹南驛者，臺鐵縱貫路、臺中路、海岸路之候也。處臺灣[[苗栗縣]][[竹南鎮|竹南]]。
[[File:竹南車站外觀.jpg|縮圖|右|竹南驛]]
{{Stub}}

[[分類:縱貫路 (臺鐵北段)]]
[[分類:臺中路 (臺鐵)]]
[[分類:海岸路 (臺鐵)]]</text>
      <sha1>7oh1ukz2gyqwg8ww92m9aen9a64gowp</sha1>
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  </page>
  <page>
    <title>用戶討論:SmallSheepJoseph</title>
    <ns>3</ns>
    <id>128516</id>
    <revision>
      <id>418311</id>
      <timestamp>2025-06-20T13:01:14Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>New user message</username>
        <id>64015</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor />
      <comment>在新使用者的討論頁上添加[[Template:Welcome|歡迎資訊]]</comment>
      <origin>418311</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="189" sha1="k4p91dh3m0ewwapp5xid9kxrghplggi" xml:space="preserve">{{Template:Welcome|realName=|name=SmallSheepJoseph}}

-- [[用戶:丁子君|丁子君]] ([[用戶討論:丁子君|對話]]) 二〇二五年六月二〇日 （五） 一三時〇一分 (UTC)</text>
      <sha1>k4p91dh3m0ewwapp5xid9kxrghplggi</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>用戶討論:The Quarker</title>
    <ns>3</ns>
    <id>128517</id>
    <revision>
      <id>418312</id>
      <timestamp>2025-06-20T13:08:13Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>New user message</username>
        <id>64015</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor />
      <comment>在新使用者的討論頁上添加[[Template:Welcome|歡迎資訊]]</comment>
      <origin>418312</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="184" sha1="8o8qtfn99f4agvrzu3ay0p6oz7la0r9" xml:space="preserve">{{Template:Welcome|realName=|name=The Quarker}}

-- [[用戶:丁子君|丁子君]] ([[用戶討論:丁子君|對話]]) 二〇二五年六月二〇日 （五） 一三時〇八分 (UTC)</text>
      <sha1>8o8qtfn99f4agvrzu3ay0p6oz7la0r9</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>用戶討論:Mihawrixd0510</title>
    <ns>3</ns>
    <id>128518</id>
    <revision>
      <id>418314</id>
      <timestamp>2025-06-20T13:43:47Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>New user message</username>
        <id>64015</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor />
      <comment>在新使用者的討論頁上添加[[Template:Welcome|歡迎資訊]]</comment>
      <origin>418314</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="255" sha1="l6dkhz1fzeeocksh6sbd25pje8qervc" xml:space="preserve">{{Template:Welcome|realName=|name=Mihawrixd0510}}

-- &lt;span style=&quot;text-shadow:0 1px 5px #66f9cf;&quot;&gt;[[User:MintCandy|薄荷糖]]&lt;/span&gt;敬上 &lt;small&gt;（[[User talk:MintCandy|議]]）&lt;/small&gt; 二〇二五年六月二〇日 （五） 一三時四三分 (UTC)</text>
      <sha1>l6dkhz1fzeeocksh6sbd25pje8qervc</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>用戶討論:ふらっと葛ノ葉裏</title>
    <ns>3</ns>
    <id>128519</id>
    <revision>
      <id>418318</id>
      <timestamp>2025-06-20T15:17:18Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>New user message</username>
        <id>64015</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor />
      <comment>在新使用者的討論頁上添加[[Template:Welcome|歡迎資訊]]</comment>
      <origin>418318</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="266" sha1="cd7khbov1wwbxr1vjc0mub62h8f5qtn" xml:space="preserve">{{Template:Welcome|realName=|name=ふらっと葛ノ葉裏}}

-- &lt;span style=&quot;text-shadow:0 1px 5px #66f9cf;&quot;&gt;[[User:MintCandy|薄荷糖]]&lt;/span&gt;敬上 &lt;small&gt;（[[User talk:MintCandy|議]]）&lt;/small&gt; 二〇二五年六月二〇日 （五） 一五時一七分 (UTC)</text>
      <sha1>cd7khbov1wwbxr1vjc0mub62h8f5qtn</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>用戶討論:Heromoe</title>
    <ns>3</ns>
    <id>128520</id>
    <revision>
      <id>418319</id>
      <timestamp>2025-06-20T15:44:18Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>New user message</username>
        <id>64015</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor />
      <comment>在新使用者的討論頁上添加[[Template:Welcome|歡迎資訊]]</comment>
      <origin>418319</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="179" sha1="qswch12r18e9y6ahvzjxoapca82keol" xml:space="preserve">{{Template:Welcome|realName=|name=Heromoe}}

-- [[用戶:Itsmine|孔明居士]] ([[用戶討論:Itsmine|對話]]) 二〇二五年六月二〇日 （五） 一五時四四分 (UTC)</text>
      <sha1>qswch12r18e9y6ahvzjxoapca82keol</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>用戶討論:西北周公</title>
    <ns>3</ns>
    <id>128521</id>
    <revision>
      <id>418320</id>
      <timestamp>2025-06-20T15:50:41Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>New user message</username>
        <id>64015</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor />
      <comment>在新使用者的討論頁上添加[[Template:Welcome|歡迎資訊]]</comment>
      <origin>418320</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="185" sha1="2dboqcniqdqs559lc294c6kqwunhe22" xml:space="preserve">{{Template:Welcome|realName=|name=西北周公}}

-- [[用戶:丁子君|丁子君]] ([[用戶討論:丁子君|對話]]) 二〇二五年六月二〇日 （五） 一五時五〇分 (UTC)</text>
      <sha1>2dboqcniqdqs559lc294c6kqwunhe22</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>用戶討論:白石忠賀</title>
    <ns>3</ns>
    <id>128522</id>
    <revision>
      <id>418322</id>
      <timestamp>2025-06-20T18:09:37Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>New user message</username>
        <id>64015</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor />
      <comment>在新使用者的討論頁上添加[[Template:Welcome|歡迎資訊]]</comment>
      <origin>418322</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="254" sha1="eia3iht8m75g5qmlmttf9p8re4p3y4h" xml:space="preserve">{{Template:Welcome|realName=|name=白石忠賀}}

-- &lt;span style=&quot;text-shadow:0 1px 5px #66f9cf;&quot;&gt;[[User:MintCandy|薄荷糖]]&lt;/span&gt;敬上 &lt;small&gt;（[[User talk:MintCandy|議]]）&lt;/small&gt; 二〇二五年六月二〇日 （五） 一八時〇九分 (UTC)</text>
      <sha1>eia3iht8m75g5qmlmttf9p8re4p3y4h</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>用戶討論:Aureil</title>
    <ns>3</ns>
    <id>128523</id>
    <revision>
      <id>418323</id>
      <timestamp>2025-06-20T18:19:00Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>New user message</username>
        <id>64015</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor />
      <comment>在新使用者的討論頁上添加[[Template:Welcome|歡迎資訊]]</comment>
      <origin>418323</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="248" sha1="hcons4l2hr82761ic370mppkezem832" xml:space="preserve">{{Template:Welcome|realName=|name=Aureil}}

-- &lt;span style=&quot;text-shadow:0 1px 5px #66f9cf;&quot;&gt;[[User:MintCandy|薄荷糖]]&lt;/span&gt;敬上 &lt;small&gt;（[[User talk:MintCandy|議]]）&lt;/small&gt; 二〇二五年六月二〇日 （五） 一八時一九分 (UTC)</text>
      <sha1>hcons4l2hr82761ic370mppkezem832</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>用戶討論:Yinshiyi</title>
    <ns>3</ns>
    <id>128524</id>
    <revision>
      <id>418325</id>
      <timestamp>2025-06-20T18:24:34Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>New user message</username>
        <id>64015</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor />
      <comment>在新使用者的討論頁上添加[[Template:Welcome|歡迎資訊]]</comment>
      <origin>418325</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="181" sha1="4qweb6sb91fonmxaeoqr1ryvdh81xrj" xml:space="preserve">{{Template:Welcome|realName=|name=Yinshiyi}}

-- [[用戶:丁子君|丁子君]] ([[用戶討論:丁子君|對話]]) 二〇二五年六月二〇日 （五） 一八時二四分 (UTC)</text>
      <sha1>4qweb6sb91fonmxaeoqr1ryvdh81xrj</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>用戶討論:Pondomega</title>
    <ns>3</ns>
    <id>128525</id>
    <revision>
      <id>418329</id>
      <timestamp>2025-06-20T20:43:26Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>New user message</username>
        <id>64015</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor />
      <comment>在新使用者的討論頁上添加[[Template:Welcome|歡迎資訊]]</comment>
      <origin>418329</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="251" sha1="21yq97g4rhkawe66ldbzay3yk1ll9va" xml:space="preserve">{{Template:Welcome|realName=|name=Pondomega}}

-- &lt;span style=&quot;text-shadow:0 1px 5px #66f9cf;&quot;&gt;[[User:MintCandy|薄荷糖]]&lt;/span&gt;敬上 &lt;small&gt;（[[User talk:MintCandy|議]]）&lt;/small&gt; 二〇二五年六月二〇日 （五） 二〇時四三分 (UTC)</text>
      <sha1>21yq97g4rhkawe66ldbzay3yk1ll9va</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>用戶討論:Mmong6</title>
    <ns>3</ns>
    <id>128527</id>
    <revision>
      <id>418331</id>
      <timestamp>2025-06-20T23:14:21Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>New user message</username>
        <id>64015</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor />
      <comment>在新使用者的討論頁上添加[[Template:Welcome|歡迎資訊]]</comment>
      <origin>418331</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="248" sha1="oua149mh05y5jo7h30qw0y7f3p6pe8b" xml:space="preserve">{{Template:Welcome|realName=|name=Mmong6}}

-- &lt;span style=&quot;text-shadow:0 1px 5px #66f9cf;&quot;&gt;[[User:MintCandy|薄荷糖]]&lt;/span&gt;敬上 &lt;small&gt;（[[User talk:MintCandy|議]]）&lt;/small&gt; 二〇二五年六月二〇日 （五） 二三時一四分 (UTC)</text>
      <sha1>oua149mh05y5jo7h30qw0y7f3p6pe8b</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>用戶討論:114514巍峨</title>
    <ns>3</ns>
    <id>128528</id>
    <revision>
      <id>418332</id>
      <timestamp>2025-06-20T23:39:55Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>New user message</username>
        <id>64015</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor />
      <comment>在新使用者的討論頁上添加[[Template:Welcome|歡迎資訊]]</comment>
      <origin>418332</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="254" sha1="9juj2swmlvi62r7ayl560gwr70rs0uy" xml:space="preserve">{{Template:Welcome|realName=|name=114514巍峨}}

-- &lt;span style=&quot;text-shadow:0 1px 5px #66f9cf;&quot;&gt;[[User:MintCandy|薄荷糖]]&lt;/span&gt;敬上 &lt;small&gt;（[[User talk:MintCandy|議]]）&lt;/small&gt; 二〇二五年六月二〇日 （五） 二三時三九分 (UTC)</text>
      <sha1>9juj2swmlvi62r7ayl560gwr70rs0uy</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>用戶討論:Jerryleeliao</title>
    <ns>3</ns>
    <id>128529</id>
    <revision>
      <id>418333</id>
      <timestamp>2025-06-21T01:07:45Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>New user message</username>
        <id>64015</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor />
      <comment>在新使用者的討論頁上添加[[Template:Welcome|歡迎資訊]]</comment>
      <origin>418333</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="185" sha1="gk7u7z54s996tnlqcp3uc0kpz4bvru9" xml:space="preserve">{{Template:Welcome|realName=|name=Jerryleeliao}}

-- [[用戶:丁子君|丁子君]] ([[用戶討論:丁子君|對話]]) 二〇二五年六月二一日 （六） 〇一時〇七分 (UTC)</text>
      <sha1>gk7u7z54s996tnlqcp3uc0kpz4bvru9</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>用戶討論:Feather943</title>
    <ns>3</ns>
    <id>128530</id>
    <revision>
      <id>418336</id>
      <timestamp>2025-06-21T02:46:00Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>New user message</username>
        <id>64015</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor />
      <comment>在新使用者的討論頁上添加[[Template:Welcome|歡迎資訊]]</comment>
      <origin>418336</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="182" sha1="qeuk1kgrgmvfpiedes2pgmml9gjxyrg" xml:space="preserve">{{Template:Welcome|realName=|name=Feather943}}

-- [[用戶:Itsmine|孔明居士]] ([[用戶討論:Itsmine|對話]]) 二〇二五年六月二一日 （六） 〇二時四六分 (UTC)</text>
      <sha1>qeuk1kgrgmvfpiedes2pgmml9gjxyrg</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>用戶討論:TheGoofWasHere</title>
    <ns>3</ns>
    <id>128531</id>
    <revision>
      <id>418338</id>
      <timestamp>2025-06-21T04:52:47Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>New user message</username>
        <id>64015</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor />
      <comment>在新使用者的討論頁上添加[[Template:Welcome|歡迎資訊]]</comment>
      <origin>418338</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="186" sha1="fi2vp6037vfrekchlpquvnkl55fdh3z" xml:space="preserve">{{Template:Welcome|realName=|name=TheGoofWasHere}}

-- [[用戶:Itsmine|孔明居士]] ([[用戶討論:Itsmine|對話]]) 二〇二五年六月二一日 （六） 〇四時五二分 (UTC)</text>
      <sha1>fi2vp6037vfrekchlpquvnkl55fdh3z</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>用戶討論:Redbrow</title>
    <ns>3</ns>
    <id>128532</id>
    <revision>
      <id>418339</id>
      <timestamp>2025-06-21T04:57:12Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>New user message</username>
        <id>64015</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor />
      <comment>在新使用者的討論頁上添加[[Template:Welcome|歡迎資訊]]</comment>
      <origin>418339</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="202" sha1="j291egfob7lc8cpicyrcl4g7a8svewt" xml:space="preserve">{{Template:Welcome|realName=|name=Redbrow}}

-- [[user:WAN233|&lt;span style=&quot;color: #007FFF;&quot;&gt;启明&lt;/span&gt;]][[user talk:WAN233|(留言)]] 二〇二五年六月二一日 （六） 〇四時五七分 (UTC)</text>
      <sha1>j291egfob7lc8cpicyrcl4g7a8svewt</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>用戶討論:Irukapui</title>
    <ns>3</ns>
    <id>128533</id>
    <revision>
      <id>418340</id>
      <timestamp>2025-06-21T05:00:08Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>New user message</username>
        <id>64015</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor />
      <comment>在新使用者的討論頁上添加[[Template:Welcome|歡迎資訊]]</comment>
      <origin>418340</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="181" sha1="3phbwd8wbw4pqxi0anso17g8ojhsacn" xml:space="preserve">{{Template:Welcome|realName=|name=Irukapui}}

-- [[用戶:丁子君|丁子君]] ([[用戶討論:丁子君|對話]]) 二〇二五年六月二一日 （六） 〇五時〇〇分 (UTC)</text>
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  <page>
    <title>莫里斯·甘末林</title>
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      <contributor>
        <username>Shunshen Lee</username>
        <id>68656</id>
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      <comment>立新文</comment>
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'''莫里斯·甘末林''' {{按|[[法文]] Maurice Gamelin}}，[[法蘭西]]人。[[一八七二年]]九月二十日，生於[[巴黎]]。甘氏少負異才，志尚兵事。[[一八九三年|年二十一]]，肄業聖西爾軍校，卒業而仕。[[一八九九年]]，登參謀院，業精務博，為時所器重。[[一九一四年]]八月，[[德意志帝國|德]]法交鋒，[[歐戰|歐陸大戰]]肇興。甘氏為總司令[[w:zh:約瑟夫·霞飛|霞飛]]幕僚，參贊馬恩河戰事，其謀克捷，聲譽大噪。及戰間，歷署軍營作戰處長、旅長、師長，凡與敵接者，無不奮勉圖進。[[一九一六年]]，甘氏屢臨前線，總大軍以拒敵，至戰後，軍威遠震&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book |last=Alexander |first=Martin S. |title=The Republic in Danger: General Maurice Gamelin and the Politics of French Defence, 1933–1940 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |year=1992 |isbn=0-521-37234-8 |location=[[紐約市|紐約]] }}&lt;/ref&gt;。[[一九二五年]]，命甘氏出典[[敘利亞]]，領軍彈壓民變，敘人頗怨之。[[一九三一年]]二月，[[w:zh:馬克西姆·魏剛|魏剛]]致仕，以甘氏為陸軍參謀總長。[[一九三五年|越四年]]，除至高軍事委員會副主席。[[一九三八年]]，加授國防總參謀長，位望日隆。[[一九三九年]]九月，[[二戰|大戰]]復構，甘氏總法軍，兼節制[[英國|英人]]遠征軍。甘氏為人崇[[共和]]，厭預政事，諸將有保守者，益譏甘氏放蕩。甘氏矜嚴內斂，操行廉直，德軍將帥亦或推服之。甘氏善守禦，方略仍用前役舊圖，遂採靜坐戰之策，令軍偃兵以待，不即圖進，於是士氣不振&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Imlay |first=Talbot Charles |date=April 2004 |title=A Reassessment of Anglo-French Strategy during the Phony War, 1939-1940 |journal=The English Historical Review |volume=119 |issue=481 |pages=333–372 |doi=10.1093/ehr/119.481.333 }}&lt;/ref&gt;。[[一九四零年]]，德人破阿登，旋致法軍大敗，五月，甘氏罷。及法人潰降，[[w:zh:菲利普·貝當|貝當]]執政，挾德自固，乃收甘氏下獄，欲論其罪以自解。[[一九四二年]]，徙甘氏[[w:zh:里昂|里昂]]法庭，會鞫，甘氏多不應，默然無懼。[[一九四三年]]，繫於德地伊特爾堡，迨[[一九四四年|歲餘]]乃釋。臨時政府立，甘氏請退處林泉，撰述舊事。其成書三巻，其一曰《服役》，其二曰《馬恩河會戰機動與勝利》，其三不傳。[[一九五八年]]四月十八日，卒巴黎，年八十有五。

==考據==
{{reflist}}

[[Category:法蘭西第三共和國列傳]]</text>
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    <title>加藤高明</title>
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      <comment>立新文</comment>
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      <text bytes="2098" sha1="tozi01zefpxytpdl2bxqcuw4ig7icqj" xml:space="preserve">[[File:Takaaki Kato suit.jpg|thumb|加藤高明伯爵像]]
'''加藤高明''' {{按|日語 かとう たかあき／Katō Takaaki}}，[[日本]]人。[[一八六〇年|安政七年]]一月廿五日，生於[[愛知縣|尾張]]。小字'''總吉'''，父服部重文，尾張藩士。高明少穎悟，從師受學於愛知縣中學，既卒業，入東京帝國大學法科。學成，仕於三菱商會，旋納會長岩崎彌太郎女春路，聲望日隆。[[一八八八年|明治廿一年]]，始參政事，為[[伊藤博文]]所倚，[[大隈重信]]典外務省，亦命高明佐之。時議修通商章約，高明參畫多中。[[一八九四年|廿七年]]，授駐[[英國]]全權公使&lt;ref&gt;加藤が、駐英大使だった明治末期に『時事新報』に連載した匿名での著作『滞英偶感』（中公文庫、2015年）の解説を担当した。&lt;/ref&gt;，高明蒞使，首倡結英日同盟，朝野稱之。至[[一九〇〇年|卅三年]]以降，歷典外務，凡博文、西園寺公望、桂太郎柄政，俱倚以為股肱。[[一九一三年|大正二年]]，從桂太郎設立憲同志會，太郎卒，遂襲總裁，改置憲政會。[[一九一四年|三年]]，重信再相，高明除外務大臣。其時內則倡軍備，外則圖參[[歐戰]]，並勒[[中華民國|華]]訂廿一條，中外忿懟，高明遂引咎去。[[一九二四年|十三年]]，高明聯政友、革新諸黨，倡護憲，發難當局。既而三黨同參國政，詔高明以子爵為[[日本內閣總理大臣|總理大臣]]。高明當國，請定普選、治安維持新法，飭貴族院改制，又與[[蘇聯|蘇俄]]交涉，政事咸整&lt;ref&gt;『週刊 池上彰と学ぶ日本の総理 22 加藤友三郎・清浦奎吾・加藤高明』 小学館、2012年（平成24年）6月19日発行&lt;/ref&gt;。高明傾心[[憲政]]，持論平允，然則人多以其與三菱通，謂之私相袒庇。[[一九二六年]]一月，晉伯爵。廿八日，卒於官，時年六十六，士論頗惜焉。

==考據==
{{reflist}}

[[分類:明治列傳]]
[[分類:大正列傳]]</text>
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      <timestamp>2025-06-21T07:37:29Z</timestamp>
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      <text bytes="2138" sha1="lcve89bfn55snegoeotra1yxuooeip2" xml:space="preserve">[[File:Takaaki Kato suit.jpg|180px|thumb|加藤高明伯爵像]]
'''加藤高明''' {{按|日語 かとう たかあき／Katō Takaaki}}，[[日本]]人。[[一八六〇年|安政七年]]一月廿五日，生於[[愛知縣|尾張]]。小字'''總吉'''，父服部重文，尾張藩士。高明少穎悟，從師受學於愛知縣中學，既卒業，入東京帝國大學法科。學成，仕於三菱商會，旋納會長岩崎彌太郎女春路，聲望日隆。[[一八八八年|明治廿一年]]，始參政事，為[[伊藤博文]]所倚，[[大隈重信]]典外務省，亦命高明佐之。時議修通商章約，高明參畫多中。[[一八九四年|廿七年]]，授駐[[英國]]全權公使&lt;ref&gt;加藤が、駐英大使だった明治末期に『時事新報』に連載した匿名での著作『滞英偶感』（中公文庫、2015年）の解説を担当した。&lt;/ref&gt;，高明蒞使，首倡結英日同盟，朝野稱之。至[[一九〇〇年|卅三年]]以降，歷典外務，凡博文、西園寺公望、桂太郎柄政，俱倚以為股肱。[[一九一三年|大正二年]]，從桂太郎設立憲同志會，太郎卒，遂襲總裁，改置憲政會。[[一九一四年|三年]]，重信再相，高明除外務大臣。其時內則倡軍備，外則圖參[[歐戰]]，並勒[[中華民國|華]]訂廿一條，中外忿懟，高明遂引咎去。[[一九二四年|十三年]]，高明聯政友、革新諸黨，倡護憲，發難當局。既而三黨同參國政，高明居首席，六月，詔以子爵為[[日本內閣總理大臣|總理大臣]]。高明當國，請定普選、治安維持新法，飭貴族院改制，又與[[蘇聯|蘇俄]]交涉，政事咸整&lt;ref&gt;『週刊 池上彰と学ぶ日本の総理 22 加藤友三郎・清浦奎吾・加藤高明』 小学館、2012年（平成24年）6月19日発行。&lt;/ref&gt;。高明傾心[[憲政]]，持論平允，然則人多以其與三菱通，謂之私相袒庇。[[一九二六年|十五年]]一月，晉伯爵。廿八日，卒於官，時年六十六，士論頗惜焉。

==考據==
{{reflist}}

[[分類:明治列傳]]
[[分類:大正列傳]]</text>
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    <title>用戶討論:Impression of Glass</title>
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        <username>New user message</username>
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      <comment>在新使用者的討論頁上添加[[Template:Welcome|歡迎資訊]]</comment>
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-- [[用戶:丁子君|丁子君]] ([[用戶討論:丁子君|對話]]) 二〇二五年六月二一日 （六） 〇七時五三分 (UTC)</text>
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    <title>季諾維也夫</title>
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      <timestamp>2025-06-21T08:33:56Z</timestamp>
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        <username>Shunshen Lee</username>
        <id>68656</id>
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      <comment>立新文</comment>
      <origin>418348</origin>
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'''季諾維也夫''' {{按|[[俄文]] Григо́рий Зино́вьев}}，名'''格里戈里'''，[[蘇聯|蘇維埃]]人。[[西元]][[一八八三年]]九月廿三日，生於[[烏克蘭]]。季氏世居[[w:zh:俄羅斯帝國|俄羅斯]]，少負奇氣，初從[[列寧]]參[[革命]]，與倡義於[[聖彼得堡|彼得格勒]]。[[十月革命]]作，列寧秉國政，授季氏[[蘇聯共產黨|蘇共]]中央政治局委員，累遷共產國際執委會、列寧格勒蘇維埃主席，位崇權重。[[一九二四年]]，列寧卒，黨內爭衡，季氏與[[托洛茨基]]、[[斯大林]]、[[布哈林]]、[[加米涅夫]]、[[李可夫]]等入政治局，綜理國事。時季、加輩挾勢與斯大林結，同執綱維，號曰「三巨頭」。已而罷托洛茨基，斯氏獨斷，專制萌動；季、加由是日猜懼，謀起異論，頻抗言與斯氏爭於廷。至[[一九二六年]]為斯氏黨所劾，落職，罷斥出外。未幾，季氏與托洛茨基修好，圖以共鬥專權，改新反對派置聯合反對派，遂遍告同志，乞存黨風，不為世用。會斯氏陰欲傾陷異己，季氏黨多逮下獄，至是益受掣制。季、加沮甚，乞臣服，雖復得用，而軍國柄皆操於斯氏矣。[[一九三四年]]，斯氏黨基洛夫遇刺，朝野震懼。斯氏因以啟肅反風潮&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book |last1=Rayfield |first1=Donald |title=Stalin and his Hangmen: The Tyrant and Those who Killed for Him |date=2004 |publisher=Random House |location=[[紐約市|紐約]] |isbn=0375506322}}&lt;/ref&gt;，名曰「整黨」，實行誅夷。尋力詆季氏與托洛茨基等構謀逆，季氏就執，械繫拷掠，備歷慘毒，頃之，命會鞫於[[莫斯科]]，列罪如山，眾莫敢言。[[一九三六年]]八月廿五日，偕加米涅夫輩[[槍決|斃]]於法所&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1988/06/14/world/court-vindicates-2-stalin-victims-who-were-close-allies-of-lenin-s.html|title=Court Vindicates 2 Stalin Victims Who Were Close Allies of Lenin's|date=14 June 1988|author=[[Bill Keller]]|work=紐約時報|access-date=29 March 2022}}&lt;/ref&gt;，時年五十有三。及[[戈爾巴喬夫]]執政，追敘季氏等前功，赦其罪，輿論皆謂昭雪之舉也。

==考據==
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[[分類:蘇聯世家]]</text>
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