黃帝

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    <title>黃帝</title>
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        <username>Shira the Mogul</username>
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      <comment>一名</comment>
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      <text bytes="2750" sha1="3tek8zglecys9yijn0ykt87flmut79g" xml:space="preserve">{{Emperor
|圖=[[File:Yellow Emperor.jpg|thumb|後世所畫黃帝像]]
|稱號=黃帝
|姓名=公孫軒轅
|廟號=
|諡號=
|陵墓=[[黃帝陵]]
|政權=
|生卒=不考，一說公元前二千七百一十七年四月二十二(夏曆三月三)
|在位=不考
|年號=
|先君=[[神農氏]]
|嗣君=孫[[顓頊]]
}}
'''黃帝'''者，[[少典]]之子，姓'''公孫'''或'''姬'''，&lt;ref&gt;《說文解字》：姬：黃帝居姬水，以為姓。從女𦣞聲。&lt;/ref&gt;名曰'''軒轅'''。生而神靈&lt;ref&gt;母孕二十五月而成&lt;/ref&gt;，弱而能言，幼而徇齊，長而敦敏，成而聰明。

== 共主之位 ==
軒轅之時，[[神農氏]]世衰。[[諸侯]]相侵伐，暴虐[[百姓]]，而神農氏弗能徵。於是軒轅乃慣用干戈，以徵不享，諸侯咸來賓從。而[[蚩尤]]最為暴，莫能伐。[[炎帝]]欲侵陵諸侯，諸侯咸歸軒轅。軒轅乃修德振兵，治五氣，蓺五種，撫萬民，度四方，教熊羆貔貅貙虎，以與炎帝戰於[[阪泉]]之野。三戰，然後得其志。蚩尤作亂，不用帝命。於是黃帝乃徵師諸侯，與蚩尤戰於涿鹿之野，遂擒殺蚩尤。而諸侯咸尊軒轅為天子，代神農氏，是為黃帝。天下有不順者，黃帝從而徵之，平者去之，披山通道，未嘗甯居。

== 治國方略 ==
其領東至於[[海]]，登[[丸山]]，及[[岱宗]]。西至於[[空桐]]，登[[雞頭]]。南至於[[江]]，登[[熊]]、[[湘]]。北逐[[葷粥]]，合符[[釜山]]，而邑於[[涿鹿]]之阿。遷徙往來無常處，以師兵為營衛。官名皆以[[雲]]命，為雲師。置左右大監，監於萬國。萬國和，而鬼神山川封禪與為多焉。獲寶鼎，迎日推筴。舉[[風後]]、[[力牧]]、[[常先]]、[[大鴻]]以治民。順天地之紀，幽明之占，死生之說，存亡之難。時播百[[穀]][[草]][[木]]，淳化鳥獸蟲蛾，旁羅日月星辰水波土石金玉，勞勤心力耳目，節用水火材物。有土德之瑞，故號黃帝。

== 黃帝家譜 ==
黃帝凡二十五子，其得姓者一十四人。

黃帝居軒轅之丘，而娶於西陵之女，是為[[嫘祖]]。嫘祖為黃帝[[正妃]]，生二子，其後皆有天下：其一曰玄囂，是為[[青陽]]，青陽降居[[江水]]；其二曰[[昌意]]，降居[[若水]]。昌意娶[[蜀山]]氏女，曰[[昌僕]]，生[[顓頊|高陽]]，高陽有聖德焉。黃帝崩，葬[[橋山]]。其孫昌意之子高陽立，是為帝[[顓頊]]也。

少昊、顓頊、帝嚳、唐堯、虞舜，夏商周三代君主皆為黃帝子孫。

== 引據 ==
[[漢]]·[[司馬遷]]·《[[史記]]·五帝本紀》

==據==
{{reflist}}

{{Wikisource|Author:黃帝|黃帝}}
{{commons|黃帝|黃帝}}
 

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  <page>
    <title>孟子</title>
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      <text bytes="3259" sha1="k1slgt5eiv7x0k8hk0zjti1vbua5sti" xml:space="preserve">:本文所述者，亞聖孟子也，欲閱其書之文，請閱[[孟子 (書)|此]]。
[[File:Mencius.jpg|thumb|right|亞聖孟子]]
'''孟軻'''，漢書注云：「字'''子車'''。」一說：「字'''子輿'''。」，[[鄒]]人也。遵母之教，受業[[子思]]之門人。道既通，游事[[齊宣王]]，宣王不能用。適[[魏|梁]]，[[梁惠王]]不果所言。時[[諸侯]]方務合從連衡，以攻伐為賢，而孟軻乃述[[堯|唐]]、[[舜|虞]]、三代之德，是以所如不合。退而與萬章之徒序詩書，述[[孔子|仲尼]]之意，作[[孟子 (書)|孟子]]七篇，凡三萬五千七百七十七字。

民間有「孟母三遷」之事。孟子之少也，其舍近墓，嬉遊爲墓間之事，踴躍築埋。孟母曰：「此非吾所以居處子也。」乃去。舍市傍，其嬉戲爲賈人衒賣之事。孟母又曰：「此非吾所以居處子也。」複徒。舍學宮之傍，其嬉遊乃設俎豆揖讓進退。孟母曰：「真可以居吾子矣。」遂居之。及孟子長，學[[六藝]]，卒成大儒之名。自孟子之少也，既學而歸，孟母方績，問曰：「學所至矣？」孟子曰：「自若也。」孟母以刀斷其織。孟子懼而問其故，孟母曰：「子之廢學，若吾斷斯織也。夫君子學以立名，問則廣知，是以居則安甯，動則遠害。今而廢之，是不免于廝役而無以離于禍患也。何以異于織績而食，中道廢而不爲，甯能衣其夫子而長不乏糧食哉？女則廢其所食，男則墮于修德，不爲竊盜，則爲虜役矣。」孟子懼，旦夕勤學不息，師事[[子思]]，遂成天下之名儒。君子謂孟母知爲人母之道矣。[[三字經]]中所言曰「昔孟母，擇鄰處。子不學，斷機抒」即由于此。

其門人眾，達者十六，曰樂正子、曰萬章、曰[[公孫丑]]、曰公都子、曰咸丘蒙、曰陳臻、曰屋盧子、曰高子、曰陳代、曰彭更、曰充虞、曰滕更、曰桃應、曰徐辟、曰孟季子、曰孟仲子。

== 要論 ==
* 「我善養吾浩然之氣。」

* 「老吾老，以及人之老；幼吾幼，以及人之幼。」

* 「富貴不能淫，貧賤不能移，威武不能屈，此之謂大丈夫。」

* 「夫人必自侮，而後人侮之；家必自毀，而後人毀之；國必自伐，而後人伐之。」

* 「不孝有三，無後為大。」

* 「愛人者，人恒愛之；敬人者，人恒敬之。」

* 「魚，我所欲也，熊掌，亦我所欲也；二者不可得兼，舍魚而取熊掌者也。生，亦我所欲也，義，亦我所欲也；二者不可得兼，舍生而取義者也。」

* 「天將降大任於是人也，必先苦其心志，勞其筋骨，餓其體膚，空乏其身，行拂亂其所為，所以動心忍性，曾益其所不能。」

* 「窮則獨善其身，達則兼善天下。」

* 「孔子登東山而小魯，登泰山而小天下，故觀於海者難為水，游于聖人之門者難為言。」

* 「盡信書，則不如無書。」

* 「民為貴，社稷次之，君為輕。」

* 「養心莫善於寡欲。」

== 據 ==
* 《[[史記]]·孟子荀卿列傳》

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[[Category:周列傳]]
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  <page>
    <title>漢語</title>
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'''漢語'''者，[[漢族|漢人]]之言也。蓋[[華夏]]地方廣遠，山河數列，海內習用，方音殊異。以中國人多，以漢語為[[母語]]者亦眾，合以十億計，普世之五一。

== 音韻 ==

漢語一字一音，一音可分為聲、韻、調。[[漢字]]多不表音，故初用「讀若某」。後[[佛教]]東傳，得[[梵文]]而知[[反切]]，乃用以標音。近世，創[[國語注音|注音符號]]及[[漢語拼音]]，以明音韻。

== 語法 ==
漢語為[[孤立語]]、或曰分析語，此謂詞彙無[[格 (語法)|格]]、[[態 (語法)|態]]、[[性 (語法)|性]]、[[數 (語法)|數]]之變。唯示以[[語序]]之先後及虛字之用而達意。

語序為：[[主謂賓]]，[[修飾語|偏次]]先於[[中心語|正次]]。於數數，必附[[量詞]]於數後。各[[方言]][[語法]]略異，故白話文之行可亂文字。乃以國語語法為白話文語法。

古者語法，同乎[[文言]]。

== 文字 ==
{{main|漢字}}
三代以降，[[漢字]]初成。[[秦]]以書同文，必用[[小篆]]，其後偶有數變，用之不更至民季，共和國立，納昔[[錢玄同]]所倡簡字法，加以矯正，遂成今制，曰[[簡化字]]，今[[中國大陸]]、[[新加坡]]、[[馬來西亞]]行之。[[香港]]、[[澳門]]、[[臺灣]]仍因舊制，書傳統漢字。

近代西學東傳，亦有以[[拉丁字母]]記音者，法式歧異。至共和國立，創[[漢語拼音|拼音]]，授之於小學。初，國人頗思廢漢字，後以同音多，拉丁文字無象形之用，遂止。

== 沿革 ==
三代之時，天下有國千萬，言語不通。[[周]]既王，始有[[雅言]]。諸子著作，皆以雅言。及周道微，天下紛亂，言語異聲，文字異形。尤是楚語至不同也。[[秦始皇帝]]混一車書，獨用秦[[小篆|篆]]，各地方言日合。然至於[[許慎]]之世，[[說文解字]]之所錄，亦有同義而音異之字，多有「某地曰某為某」之訓。蓋天下文字雖一，而言語未統也。此[[上古音]]也。古之語法、語音異乎於今，可見諸[[尚書]]、[[詩經]]等。亦有殷甲骨、周鐘鼎、秦漢冊簡者，皆為所用。

魏晉之世，北族南面，雖[[魏孝文帝]]力主洛音，而古音已變，[[詩]]始不得押韻。[[中原]]漢胡雜合，而成唐音，為[[中古音|中古之音]]。於南國，衣冠之南渡，亦有吳音混於正音者。此世[[樂府]]有吳曲、西州曲之分，蓋亦異音之故也。

[[趙宋|宋]]季，[[中原]]復為胡君，語音大變。[[四聲]]缺入，派為三聲。唯江南淪陷不足百年，語音未大變也。[[明]]初都[[應天]]，[[永樂]]間北遷，百官隨同，江左之音復入燕地。以後四百年皆都[[北京]]，遂以為[[國語]]矣。

及[[中華人民共和國]]立，以國語為[[普通話]]，舉世皆以其漢語之正音。實其正音以國語稍改而成，[[中華民國|國民政府]]遷臺，用其國語至今未廢。然分立五十年，習用亦異也。大異者，舉凡[[兒化韻]]之用，[[外來詞]]之源，王畿方言之不同，亦成其異也。

於地方，雖有國語，實方言殊音甚多，惟[[學校]]、[[典禮]]多用正音。

今世，以漢語為官話者，有中國、[[新加坡]]、[[聯合國]]。隨中國國力日蓄，萬國習之者眾，以利來華遊學仕商。

== 方言 ==
蓋漢語歧甚，遠者異域不相通，近者十里音不同。然文惟一，為世所稀見。

以[[語言學]]分，言不通即非一語。且語法各異，故有漢語為一語族之論。漢語諸言，概分如下：

* [[官話]]，聞之中原、巴蜀、江北，滿蒙疆人亦多用之。今中國大陸之[[普通話]]、臺灣之[[中華民國國語|國語]]、南洋之[[華語]]皆宗[[北京官話]][[京師片]]。
* [[吳語]]，聞之吳越之地，昔宗[[蘇州話]]，今宗[[上海話]]。
* [[閩語]]，聞之閩臺之地，瓊文之民亦操之，其中分[[閩北語|閩北]]、[[閩東語|閩東]]、[[閩南語|閩南]]、[[閩中語|閩中]]、[[莆仙話|莆仙]]，五語各不相通。
* [[粵語]]，聞之嶺南，至於海外。[[廣州話]]為宗。
* [[客語]]，聞之南境，為[[客家人]]之言，[[梅州話]]為宗。
* [[湘語]]，聞之楚南。分新老二派。[[長沙話|長沙]]、[[雙峰話]]為宗。
* [[贛語]]，聞之[[江西]]，[[南昌話]]為宗。
* [[徽語]]，聞之皖南，[[徽州話]]為宗。今或以之為吳語之別種。
* [[晉語]]，聞之晉北、陝北、雲中等處，[[太原話]]為宗。

官話復分數種，以下次第：
*[[東北官話]]，聞之東北，宗[[瀋陽話]]。
*[[北京官話]]，聞之北京，東北，新疆之一部，宗[[北京話]]。
*[[江淮官話]]，聞之蘇中蘇北之大部，蘇南之一部及皖中，宗[[揚州話]]，以其地雜吳語，兩者相生，或謂淮語。明代以之為國語。
*[[西南官話]]，聞之川，桂，滇，貴，宗[[成都話]]。
*[[中原官話]]，聞之中原，關中，魯南。各地或有別種。宗[[洛陽話]]、[[西安話]]。
*[[冀魯官話]]，聞之冀，魯。宗[[濟南話]]。
*[[蘭銀官話]]，聞之隴上，寧夏。宗[[蘭州話]]。
*[[膠遼官話]]，聞之齊東，遼南，東北之一部。學界多宗[[煙臺話]]。

以下諸言皆從屬不明：
* [[廣西平話]]，聞之[[廣西]]山村，或以之為[[粵語]]之別種。
* [[韶州土話]]、[[湘南土話]]，聞之五嶺南北，或言二者皆近平話，或從[[湘南土話]]於湘語。
* [[瓦鄉話]]，聞之湘西沅水谷地，壟斷山絕，漢苗雜居，故甚異於官音，或以為湘語之別種。

== 書典 ==
* 《[[康熙字典|康熙大字典]]》
* 《[[廣韻]]》
* 《[[說文解字]]》

== 他典 ==
* [http://lexikon.china2day.de 《在線英漢字典》] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070713122604/http://lexikon.china2day.de/ |date=2007-07-13 }} &lt;!--
*[http://www.MonkeyKingSoft.com/ MonkeyKingSoft.com] - 使用电脑软件学习汉字：在电脑上动态显示汉字笔顺，或者打印成卡片帮助记忆。 --&gt;
* [http://www.kangxizidian.com/kangxi/ 《康熙大字典》]
* [http://www.edu.tw/EDU_WEB/EDU_MGT/MANDR/EDU6300001/allbook/bishuen/c8.htm?open 《常用國字標準字體筆順手冊》]
* [http://zgyy.faedia.com 《國文論壇》] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070927210215/http://zgyy.faedia.com/ |date=2007-09-27 }}
* [http://www.zdic.net 《在線漢語字典》]
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{{堪讀之文}}

[[Category:漢語]]
[[Category:基礎之文]]</text>
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'''漢語'''者，[[漢族|漢人]]之言也。蓋[[華夏]]地方廣遠，山河數列，海內習用，方音殊異。以中國人多，以漢語為[[母語]]者亦眾，合以十億計，普世之五一。

== 音韻 ==

漢語一字一音，一音可分為聲、韻、調。[[漢字]]多不表音，故初用「讀若某」。後[[佛教]]東傳，得[[梵文]]而知[[反切]]，乃用以標音。近世，創[[國語注音|注音符號]]及[[漢語拼音]]，以明音韻。

== 語法 ==
漢語為[[孤立語]]、或曰分析語，此謂詞彙無[[格 (語法)|格]]、[[態 (語法)|態]]、[[性 (語法)|性]]、[[數 (語法)|數]]之變。唯示以[[語序]]之先後及虛字之用而達意。

語序為：[[主謂賓]]，[[修飾語|偏次]]先於[[中心語|正次]]。於數數，必附[[量詞]]於數後。各[[方言]][[語法]]略異，故白話文之行可亂文字。乃以國語語法為白話文語法。

古者語法，同乎[[文言]]。

== 文字 ==
{{main|漢字}}
三代以降，[[漢字]]初成。[[秦]]以書同文，必用[[小篆]]，其後偶有數變，用之不更至民季，共和國立，納昔[[錢玄同]]所倡簡字法，加以矯正，遂成今制，曰[[簡化字]]，今[[中國大陸]]、[[新加坡]]、[[馬來西亞]]行之。[[香港]]、[[澳門]]、[[臺灣]]仍因舊制，書傳統漢字。

近代西學東傳，亦有以[[拉丁字母]]記音者，法式歧異。至共和國立，創[[漢語拼音|拼音]]，授之於小學。初，國人頗思廢漢字，後以同音多，拉丁文字無象形之用，遂止。

== 沿革 ==
三代之時，天下有國千萬，言語不通。[[周]]既王，始有[[雅言]]。諸子著作，皆以雅言。及周道微，天下紛亂，言語異聲，文字異形。尤是楚語至不同也。[[秦始皇帝]]混一車書，獨用秦[[小篆|篆]]，各地方言日合。然至於[[許慎]]之世，[[說文解字]]之所錄，亦有同義而音異之字，多有「某地曰某為某」之訓。蓋天下文字雖一，而言語未統也。此[[上古音]]也。古之語法、語音異乎於今，可見諸[[尚書]]、[[詩經]]等。亦有殷甲骨、周鐘鼎、秦漢冊簡者，皆為所用。

魏晉之世，北族南面，雖[[魏孝文帝]]力主洛音，而古音已變，[[詩]]始不得押韻。[[中原]]漢胡雜合，而成唐音，為[[中古音|中古之音]]。於南國，衣冠之南渡，亦有吳音混於正音者。此世[[樂府]]有吳曲、西州曲之分，蓋亦異音之故也。

[[趙宋|宋]]季，[[中原]]復為胡君，語音大變。[[四聲]]缺入，派為三聲。唯江南淪陷不足百年，語音未大變也。[[明]]初都[[應天]]，[[永樂]]間北遷，百官隨同，江左之音復入燕地。以後四百年皆都[[北京]]，遂以為[[國語]]矣。

及[[中華人民共和國]]立，以國語為[[普通話]]，舉世皆以其漢語之正音。實其正音以國語稍改而成，[[中華民國|國民政府]]遷臺，用其國語至今未廢。然分立五十年，習用亦異也。大異者，舉凡[[兒化韻]]之用，[[外來詞]]之源，王畿方言之不同，亦成其異也。

於地方，雖有國語，實方言殊音甚多，惟[[學校]]、[[典禮]]多用正音。

今世，以漢語為官話者，有中國、[[新加坡]]、[[聯合國]]。隨中國國力日蓄，萬國習之者眾，以利來華遊學仕商。

== 方言 ==
蓋漢語歧甚，遠者異域不相通，近者十里音不同。然文惟一，為世所稀見。

以[[語言學]]分，言不通即非一語。且語法各異，故有漢語為一語族之論。漢語諸言，概分如下：

* [[官話]]，聞之中原、巴蜀、江北，滿蒙疆人亦多用之。今中國大陸之[[普通話]]、臺灣之[[中華民國國語|國語]]、南洋之[[華語]]皆宗[[北京官話]][[京師片]]。
* [[吳語]]，聞之吳越之地，昔宗[[蘇州話]]，今宗[[上海話]]。
* [[閩語]]，聞之閩臺之地，瓊文之民亦操之，其中分[[閩北語|閩北]]、[[閩東語|閩東]]、[[閩南語|閩南]]、[[閩中語|閩中]]、[[莆仙話|莆仙]]，五語各不相通。
* [[粵語]]，聞之嶺南，至於海外。[[廣州話]]為宗。
* [[客語]]，聞之南境，為[[客家人]]之言，[[梅州話]]為宗。
* [[湘語]]，聞之楚南。分新老二派。[[長沙話|長沙]]、[[雙峰話]]為宗。
* [[贛語]]，聞之[[江西]]，[[南昌話]]為宗。
* [[徽語]]，聞之皖南，[[徽州話]]為宗。今或以之為吳語之別種。
* [[晉語]]，聞之晉北、陝北、雲中等處，[[太原話]]為宗。

官話復分數種，以下次第：
*[[東北官話]]，聞之東北，宗[[瀋陽話]]。
*[[北京官話]]，聞之北京，東北，新疆之一部，宗[[北京話]]。
*[[江淮官話]]，聞之蘇中蘇北之大部，蘇南之一部及皖中，宗[[揚州話]]，以其地雜吳語，兩者相生，或謂淮語。明代以之為國語。
*[[西南官話]]，聞之川，桂，滇，貴，宗[[成都話]]。
*[[中原官話]]，聞之中原，關中，魯南。各地或有別種。宗[[洛陽話]]、[[西安話]]。
*[[冀魯官話]]，聞之冀，魯。宗[[濟南話]]。
*[[蘭銀官話]]，聞之隴上，寧夏。宗[[蘭州話]]。
*[[膠遼官話]]，聞之齊東，遼南，東北之一部。學界多宗[[煙臺話]]。

以下諸言皆從屬不明：
* [[廣西平話]]，聞之[[廣西]]山村，或以之為[[粵語]]之別種。
* [[韶州土話]]、[[湘南土話]]，聞之五嶺南北，或言二者皆近平話，或從[[湘南土話]]於湘語。
* [[瓦鄉話]]，聞之湘西沅水谷地，壟斷山絕，漢苗雜居，故甚異於官音，或以為湘語之別種。

== 書典 ==
* 《[[康熙字典|康熙大字典]]》
* 《[[廣韻]]》
* 《[[說文解字]]》

== 他典 ==
* [http://lexikon.china2day.de 《在線英漢字典》] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070713122604/http://lexikon.china2day.de/ |date=2007-07-13 }} &lt;!--
*[http://www.MonkeyKingSoft.com/ MonkeyKingSoft.com] - 使用电脑软件学习汉字：在电脑上动态显示汉字笔顺，或者打印成卡片帮助记忆。 --&gt;
* [http://www.kangxizidian.com/kangxi/ 《康熙大字典》]
* [http://www.edu.tw/EDU_WEB/EDU_MGT/MANDR/EDU6300001/allbook/bishuen/c8.htm?open 《常用國字標準字體筆順手冊》]
* [http://zgyy.faedia.com 《國文論壇》] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070927210215/http://zgyy.faedia.com/ |date=2007-09-27 }}
* [http://www.zdic.net 《在線漢語字典》]
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*[http://yedict.com/ 字海網、葉典網]

{{堪讀之文}}

[[Category:漢語]]
[[Category:基礎之文]]</text>
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'''漢語'''者，[[漢族|漢人]]之言也。蓋[[華夏]]地方廣遠，山河數列，海內習用，方音殊異。以中國人多，以漢語為[[母語]]者亦眾，合以十億計，普世之五一。

== 音韻 ==

漢語一字一音，一音可分為聲、韻、調。[[漢字]]多不表音，故初用「讀若某」。後[[佛教]]東傳，得[[梵文]]而知[[反切]]，乃用以標音。近世，創[[國語注音|注音符號]]及[[漢語拼音]]，以明音韻。

== 語法 ==
漢語為[[孤立語]]、或曰分析語，此謂詞彙無[[格 (語法)|格]]、[[態 (語法)|態]]、[[性 (語法)|性]]、[[數 (語法)|數]]之變。唯示以[[語序]]之先後及虛字之用而達意。

語序為：[[主謂賓]]，[[修飾語|偏次]]先於[[中心語|正次]]。於數數，必附[[量詞]]於數後。各[[方言]][[語法]]略異，故白話文之行可亂文字。乃以國語語法為白話文語法。

古者語法，同乎[[文言]]。

== 文字 ==
{{main|漢字}}
三代以降，[[漢字]]初成。[[秦]]以書同文，必用[[小篆]]，其後偶有數變，用之不更至民季，共和國立，納昔[[錢玄同]]所倡簡字法，加以矯正，遂成今制，曰[[簡化字]]，今[[中國大陸]]、[[新加坡]]、[[馬來西亞]]行之。[[香港]]、[[澳門]]、[[臺灣]]仍因舊制，書傳統漢字。

近代西學東傳，亦有以[[拉丁字母]]記音者，法式歧異。至共和國立，創[[漢語拼音|拼音]]，授之於小學。初，國人頗思廢漢字，後以同音多，拉丁文字無象形之用，遂止。

== 沿革 ==
三代之時，天下有國千萬，言語不通。[[周]]既王，始有[[雅言]]。諸子著作，皆以雅言。及周道微，天下紛亂，言語異聲，文字異形。尤是楚語至不同也。[[秦始皇帝]]混一車書，獨用秦[[小篆|篆]]，各地方言日合。然至於[[許慎]]之世，[[說文解字]]之所錄，亦有同義而音異之字，多有「某地曰某為某」之訓。蓋天下文字雖一，而言語未統也。此[[上古音]]也。古之語法、語音異乎於今，可見諸[[尚書]]、[[詩經]]等。亦有殷甲骨、周鐘鼎、秦漢冊簡者，皆為所用。

魏晉之世，北族南面，雖[[魏孝文帝]]力主洛音，而古音已變，[[詩]]始不得押韻。[[中原]]漢胡雜合，而成唐音，為[[中古音|中古之音]]。於南國，衣冠之南渡，亦有吳音混於正音者。此世[[樂府]]有吳曲、西州曲之分，蓋亦異音之故也。

[[趙宋|宋]]季，[[中原]]復為胡君，語音大變。[[四聲]]缺入，派為三聲。唯江南淪陷不足百年，語音未大變也。[[明]]初都[[應天]]，[[永樂]]間北遷，百官隨同，江左之音復入燕地。以後四百年皆都[[北京]]，遂以為[[國語]]矣。

及[[中華人民共和國]]立，以國語為[[普通話]]，舉世皆以其漢語之正音。實其正音以國語稍改而成，[[中華民國|國民政府]]遷臺，用其國語至今未廢。然分立五十年，習用亦異也。大異者，舉凡[[兒化韻]]之用，[[外來詞]]之源，王畿方言之不同，亦成其異也。

於地方，雖有國語，實方言殊音甚多，惟[[學校]]、[[典禮]]多用正音。

今世，以漢語為官話者，有中國、[[新加坡]]、[[聯合國]]。隨中國國力日蓄，萬國習之者眾，以利來華遊學仕商。

== 方言 ==
蓋漢語歧甚，遠者異域不相通，近者十里音不同。然文惟一，為世所稀見。

以[[語言學]]分，言不通即非一語。且語法各異，故有漢語為一語族之論。漢語諸言，概分如下：

* [[官話]]，聞之中原、巴蜀、江北，滿蒙疆人亦多用之。今中國大陸之[[普通話]]、臺灣之[[中華民國國語|國語]]、南洋之[[華語]]皆宗[[北京官話]][[京師片]]。
* [[吳語]]，聞之吳越之地，昔宗[[蘇州話]]，今宗[[上海話]]。
* [[閩語]]，聞之閩臺之地，瓊文之民亦操之，其中分[[閩北語|閩北]]、[[閩東語|閩東]]、[[閩南語|閩南]]、[[閩中語|閩中]]、[[莆仙話|莆仙]]，五語各不相通。
* [[粵語]]，聞之嶺南，至於海外。[[廣州話]]為宗。
* [[客語]]，聞之南境，為[[客家人]]之言，[[梅州話]]為宗。
* [[湘語]]，聞之楚南。分新老二派。[[長沙話|長沙]]、[[雙峰話]]為宗。
* [[贛語]]，聞之[[江西]]，[[南昌話]]為宗。
* [[徽語]]，聞之皖南，[[徽州話]]為宗。今或以之為吳語之別種。
* [[晉語]]，聞之晉北、陝北、雲中等處，[[太原話]]為宗。

官話復分數種，以下次第：
*[[東北官話]]，聞之東北，宗[[瀋陽話]]。
*[[北京官話]]，聞之北京，東北，新疆之一部，宗[[北京話]]。
*[[江淮官話]]，聞之蘇中蘇北之大部，蘇南之一部及皖中，宗[[揚州話]]，以其地雜吳語，兩者相生，或謂淮語。明代以之為國語。
*[[西南官話]]，聞之川，桂，滇，貴，宗[[成都話]]。
*[[中原官話]]，聞之中原，關中，魯南。各地或有別種。宗[[洛陽話]]、[[西安話]]。
*[[冀魯官話]]，聞之冀，魯。宗[[濟南話]]。
*[[蘭銀官話]]，聞之隴上，寧夏。宗[[蘭州話]]。
*[[膠遼官話]]，聞之齊東，遼南，東北之一部。學界多宗[[煙臺話]]。

以下諸言皆從屬不明：
* [[廣西平話]]，聞之[[廣西]]山村，或以之為[[粵語]]之別種。
* [[韶州土話]]、[[湘南土話]]，聞之五嶺南北，或言二者皆近平話，或從[[湘南土話]]於湘語。
* [[瓦鄉話]]，聞之湘西沅水谷地，壟斷山絕，漢苗雜居，故甚異於官音，或以為湘語之別種。

== 書典 ==
* 《[[康熙字典|康熙大字典]]》
* 《[[廣韻]]》
* 《[[說文解字]]》

== 他典 ==
* [http://lexikon.china2day.de 《在線英漢字典》] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070713122604/http://lexikon.china2day.de/ |date=2007-07-13 }} &lt;!--
*[http://www.MonkeyKingSoft.com/ MonkeyKingSoft.com] - 使用电脑软件学习汉字：在电脑上动态显示汉字笔顺，或者打印成卡片帮助记忆。 --&gt;
* [http://www.kangxizidian.com/kangxi/ 《康熙大字典》]
* [http://www.edu.tw/EDU_WEB/EDU_MGT/MANDR/EDU6300001/allbook/bishuen/c8.htm?open 《常用國字標準字體筆順手冊》]
* [http://zgyy.faedia.com 《國文論壇》] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070927210215/http://zgyy.faedia.com/ |date=2007-09-27 }}
* [http://www.zdic.net 《在線漢語字典》]
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*[http://www.newconcept.com/School/text_books.html 海外中文教材]--&gt;
* [http://learn_chinese.ckungfu.com/ 《輕鬆習中文》] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070712024338/http://learn_chinese.ckungfu.com/ |date=2007-07-12 }} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070712024338/http://learn_chinese.ckungfu.com/ |date=2007-07-12 }}&lt;!--
*[http://www.chinawestexchange.com/ China West Exchange]: 本网点是为了让西方人认识中国文化，中国人认识西方语言和文化而作的--&gt;
&lt;!--*[http://malandrin.org 马来西亚官话方言]
*[http://www.mina.ks.edu.tw/ 高雄县闽南语教材教学資料库]
*[http://www.cantonese.sheik.co.uk/ Cantonese Help Sheets]: 粤语教程
*[http://humanum.arts.cuhk.edu.hk/Lexis/lexi-can/ 粵語審音配詞字庫]
*[http://humanum.arts.cuhk.edu.hk/Lexis/Lindict/ Chinese to English Dictionary]: 中英字典
*[http://5189.asinah.net/ 中英字典 English to Chinese Dictionary]
*[http://us.dict.cn/ Dict.CN 中英字典 英中字典 English-Chinese and Chinese-English Dictionary on line]
*[http://www.unet.univie.ac.at/~a9305416/ Chinese Linguistics]: 汉语语言学网站（英文）
*[http://www.chineselanguage.org/CCDICT/index.html Chinese Characters Dictionary]: 支持日语、韩语、粤语等。
*[http://humanum.arts.cuhk.edu.hk/Lexis/Canton2/ Cantonese Talking Syllabary]: 中文网站（繁体）

*[http://www.sprachprofi.de.vu/english/zh.htm 网上上免费的普通话教程]
*[http://www.hanyu.com.cn/ Online College of Chinese Language汉语远程学院教学网]（中国国家汉办、华东师大合办)--&gt;
* [http://www.hello-han.com/index.php 《漢語，你好！》遠程教育網] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210409174241/http://www.hello-han.com/index.php |date=2021-04-09 }}
&lt;!--[http://www-ms.cc.ntu.edu.tw/~chinlit/ National Taiwan University Department of Chinese Literature]
*[http://www.yeminlitercuman.com/cin Turkish-Chinese Translators in China] --&gt;
* [http://www.ethnologue.com/show_family.asp?subid=1270 漢語方言列表]
*[http://yedict.com/ 字海網、葉典網]

{{堪讀之文}}

[[Category:漢語]]
[[Category:基礎之文]]</text>
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'''漢語'''者，[[漢族|漢人]]之言也。蓋[[華夏]]地方廣遠，山河數列，海內習用，方音殊異。以中國人多，以漢語為[[母語]]者亦眾，合以十億計，普世之五一。

== 音韻 ==

漢語一字一音，一音可分為聲、韻、調。[[漢字]]多不表音，故初用「讀若某」。後[[佛教]]東傳，得[[梵文]]而知[[反切]]，乃用以標音。近世，創[[國語注音|注音符號]]及[[漢語拼音]]，以明音韻。

== 語法 ==
漢語為[[孤立語]]、或曰分析語，此謂詞彙無[[格 (語法)|格]]、[[態 (語法)|態]]、[[性 (語法)|性]]、[[數 (語法)|數]]之變。唯示以[[語序]]之先後及虛字之用而達意。

語序為：[[主謂賓]]，[[修飾語|偏次]]先於[[中心語|正次]]。於數數，必附[[量詞]]於數後。各[[方言]][[語法]]略異，故白話文之行可亂文字。乃以國語語法為白話文語法。

古者語法，同乎[[文言]]。

== 文字 ==
{{main|漢字}}
三代以降，[[漢字]]初成。[[秦]]以書同文，必用[[小篆]]，其後偶有數變，用之不更至民季，共和國立，納昔[[錢玄同]]所倡簡字法，加以矯正，遂成今制，曰[[簡化字]]，今[[中國大陸]]、[[新加坡]]、[[馬來西亞]]行之。[[香港]]、[[澳門]]、[[臺灣]]仍因舊制，書傳統漢字。

近代西學東傳，亦有以[[拉丁字母]]記音者，法式歧異。至共和國立，創[[漢語拼音|拼音]]，授之於小學。初，國人頗思廢漢字，後以同音多，拉丁文字無象形之用，遂止。

== 沿革 ==
三代之時，天下有國千萬，言語不通。[[周]]既王，始有[[雅言]]。諸子著作，皆以雅言。及周道微，天下紛亂，言語異聲，文字異形。尤是楚語至不同也。[[秦始皇帝]]混一車書，獨用秦[[小篆|篆]]，各地方言日合。然至於[[許慎]]之世，[[說文解字]]之所錄，亦有同義而音異之字，多有「某地曰某為某」之訓。蓋天下文字雖一，而言語未統也。此[[上古音]]也。古之語法、語音異乎於今，可見諸[[尚書]]、[[詩經]]等。亦有殷甲骨、周鐘鼎、秦漢冊簡者，皆為所用。

魏晉之世，北族南面，雖[[魏孝文帝]]力主洛音，而古音已變，[[詩]]始不得押韻。[[中原]]漢胡雜合，而成唐音，為[[中古音|中古之音]]。於南國，衣冠之南渡，亦有吳音混於正音者。此世[[樂府]]有吳曲、西州曲之分，蓋亦異音之故也。

[[趙宋|宋]]季，[[中原]]復為胡君，語音大變。[[四聲]]缺入，派為三聲。唯江南淪陷不足百年，語音未大變也。[[明]]初都[[應天]]，[[永樂]]間北遷，百官隨同，江左之音復入燕地。以後四百年皆都[[北京]]，遂以為[[國語]]矣。

及[[中華人民共和國]]立，以國語為[[普通話]]，舉世皆以其漢語之正音。實其正音以國語稍改而成，[[中華民國|國民政府]]遷臺，用其國語至今未廢。然分立五十年，習用亦異也。大異者，舉凡[[兒化韻]]之用，[[外來詞]]之源，王畿方言之不同，亦成其異也。

於地方，雖有國語，實方言殊音甚多，惟[[學校]]、[[典禮]]多用正音。

今世，以漢語為官話者，有中國、[[新加坡]]、[[聯合國]]。隨中國國力日蓄，萬國習之者眾，以利來華遊學仕商。

== 方言 ==
蓋漢語歧甚，遠者異域不相通，近者十里音不同。然文惟一，為世所稀見。

以[[語言學]]分，言不通即非一語。且語法各異，故有漢語為一語族之論。漢語諸言，概分如下：

* [[官話]]，聞之中原、巴蜀、江北，滿蒙疆人亦多用之。今中國大陸之[[普通話]]、臺灣之[[中華民國國語|國語]]、南洋之[[華語]]皆宗[[北京官話]][[京師片]]。
* [[吳語]]，聞之吳越之地，昔宗[[蘇州話]]，今宗[[上海話]]。
* [[閩語]]，聞之閩臺之地，瓊文之民亦操之，其中分[[閩北語|閩北]]、[[閩東語|閩東]]、[[閩南語|閩南]]、[[閩中語|閩中]]、[[莆仙話|莆仙]]，五語各不相通。
* [[粵語]]，聞之嶺南，至於海外。[[廣州話]]為宗。
* [[客語]]，聞之南境，為[[客家人]]之言，[[梅州話]]為宗。
* [[湘語]]，聞之楚南。分新老二派。[[長沙話|長沙]]、[[雙峰話]]為宗。
* [[贛語]]，聞之[[江西]]，[[南昌話]]為宗。
* [[徽語]]，聞之皖南，[[徽州話]]為宗。今或以之為吳語之別種。
* [[晉語]]，聞之晉北、陝北、雲中等處，[[太原話]]為宗。

官話復分數種，以下次第：
*[[東北官話]]，聞之東北，宗[[瀋陽話]]。
*[[北京官話]]，聞之北京，東北，新疆之一部，宗[[北京話]]。
*[[江淮官話]]，聞之蘇中蘇北之大部，蘇南之一部及皖中，宗[[揚州話]]，以其地雜吳語，兩者相生，或謂淮語。明代以之為國語。
*[[西南官話]]，聞之川，桂，滇，貴，宗[[成都話]]。
*[[中原官話]]，聞之中原，關中，魯南。各地或有別種。宗[[洛陽話]]、[[西安話]]。
*[[冀魯官話]]，聞之冀，魯。宗[[濟南話]]。
*[[蘭銀官話]]，聞之隴上，寧夏。宗[[蘭州話]]。
*[[膠遼官話]]，聞之齊東，遼南，東北之一部。學界多宗[[煙臺話]]。

以下諸言皆從屬不明：
* [[廣西平話]]，聞之[[廣西]]山村，或以之為[[粵語]]之別種。
* [[韶州土話]]、[[湘南土話]]，聞之五嶺南北，或言二者皆近平話，或從[[湘南土話]]於湘語。
* [[瓦鄉話]]，聞之湘西沅水谷地，壟斷山絕，漢苗雜居，故甚異於官音，或以為湘語之別種。

== 書典 ==
* 《[[康熙字典|康熙大字典]]》
* 《[[廣韻]]》
* 《[[說文解字]]》

== 他典 ==
* [http://lexikon.china2day.de 《在線英漢字典》] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070713122604/http://lexikon.china2day.de/ |date=2007-07-13 }} &lt;!--
*[http://www.MonkeyKingSoft.com/ MonkeyKingSoft.com] - 使用电脑软件学习汉字：在电脑上动态显示汉字笔顺，或者打印成卡片帮助记忆。 --&gt;
* [http://www.kangxizidian.com/kangxi/ 《康熙大字典》]
* [http://www.edu.tw/EDU_WEB/EDU_MGT/MANDR/EDU6300001/allbook/bishuen/c8.htm?open 《常用國字標準字體筆順手冊》]
* [http://zgyy.faedia.com 《國文論壇》] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070927210215/http://zgyy.faedia.com/ |date=2007-09-27 }}
* [http://www.zdic.net 《在線漢語字典》]
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*[http://www.newconcept.com/School/text_books.html 海外中文教材]--&gt;
* [http://learn_chinese.ckungfu.com/ 《輕鬆習中文》] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070712024338/http://learn_chinese.ckungfu.com/ |date=2007-07-12 }} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070712024338/http://learn_chinese.ckungfu.com/ |date=2007-07-12 }}&lt;!--
*[http://www.chinawestexchange.com/ China West Exchange]: 本网点是为了让西方人认识中国文化，中国人认识西方语言和文化而作的--&gt;
&lt;!--*[http://malandrin.org 马来西亚官话方言]
*[http://www.mina.ks.edu.tw/ 高雄县闽南语教材教学資料库]
*[http://www.cantonese.sheik.co.uk/ Cantonese Help Sheets]: 粤语教程
*[http://humanum.arts.cuhk.edu.hk/Lexis/lexi-can/ 粵語審音配詞字庫]
*[http://humanum.arts.cuhk.edu.hk/Lexis/Lindict/ Chinese to English Dictionary]: 中英字典
*[http://5189.asinah.net/ 中英字典 English to Chinese Dictionary]
*[http://us.dict.cn/ Dict.CN 中英字典 英中字典 English-Chinese and Chinese-English Dictionary on line]
*[http://www.unet.univie.ac.at/~a9305416/ Chinese Linguistics]: 汉语语言学网站（英文）
*[http://www.chineselanguage.org/CCDICT/index.html Chinese Characters Dictionary]: 支持日语、韩语、粤语等。
*[http://humanum.arts.cuhk.edu.hk/Lexis/Canton2/ Cantonese Talking Syllabary]: 中文网站（繁体）

*[http://www.sprachprofi.de.vu/english/zh.htm 网上上免费的普通话教程]
*[http://www.hanyu.com.cn/ Online College of Chinese Language汉语远程学院教学网]（中国国家汉办、华东师大合办)--&gt;
* [http://www.hello-han.com/index.php 《漢語，你好！》遠程教育網] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210409174241/http://www.hello-han.com/index.php |date=2021-04-09 }}
&lt;!--[http://www-ms.cc.ntu.edu.tw/~chinlit/ National Taiwan University Department of Chinese Literature]
*[http://www.yeminlitercuman.com/cin Turkish-Chinese Translators in China] --&gt;
* [http://www.ethnologue.com/show_family.asp?subid=1270 漢語方言列表]
*[http://yedict.com/ 字海網、葉典網]

{{堪讀之文}}

[[Category:漢語]]
[[Category:基礎之文]]</text>
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'''漢語'''者，[[漢族|漢人]]之言也。蓋[[華夏]]地方廣遠，山河數列，海內習用，方音殊異。以中國人多，以漢語為[[母語]]者亦眾，合以十億計，普世之五一。

== 音韻 ==

漢語一字一音，一音可分為聲、韻、調。[[漢字]]多不表音，故初用「讀若某」。後[[佛教]]東傳，得[[梵文]]而知[[反切]]，乃用以標音。近世，創[[國語注音|注音符號]]及[[漢語拼音]]，以明音韻。

== 語法 ==
漢語為[[孤立語]]、或曰分析語，此謂詞彙無[[格 (語法)|格]]、[[態 (語法)|態]]、[[性 (語法)|性]]、[[數 (語法)|數]]之變。唯示以[[語序]]之先後及虛字之用而達意。

語序為：[[主謂賓]]，[[修飾語|偏次]]先於[[中心語|正次]]。於數數，必附[[量詞]]於數後。各[[方言]][[語法]]略異，故白話文之行可亂文字。乃以國語語法為白話文語法。

古者語法，同乎[[文言]]。

== 文字 ==
{{main|漢字}}
三代以降，[[漢字]]初成。[[秦]]以書同文，必用[[小篆]]，其後偶有數變，用之不更至民季，共和國立，納昔[[錢玄同]]所倡簡字法，加以矯正，遂成今制，曰[[簡化字]]，今[[中國大陸]]、[[新加坡]]、[[馬來西亞]]行之。[[香港]]、[[澳門]]、[[臺灣]]仍因舊制，書傳統漢字。

近代西學東傳，亦有以[[拉丁字母]]記音者，法式歧異。至共和國立，創[[漢語拼音|拼音]]，授之於小學。初，國人頗思廢漢字，後以同音多，拉丁文字無象形之用，遂止。

== 沿革 ==
三代之時，天下有國千萬，言語不通。[[周]]既王，始有[[雅言]]。諸子著作，皆以雅言。及周道微，天下紛亂，言語異聲，文字異形。尤是楚語至不同也。[[秦始皇帝]]混一車書，獨用秦[[小篆|篆]]，各地方言日合。然至於[[許慎]]之世，[[說文解字]]之所錄，亦有同義而音異之字，多有「某地曰某為某」之訓。蓋天下文字雖一，而言語未統也。此[[上古音]]也。古之語法、語音異乎於今，可見諸[[尚書]]、[[詩經]]等。亦有殷甲骨、周鐘鼎、秦漢冊簡者，皆為所用。

魏晉之世，北族南面，雖[[魏孝文帝]]力主洛音，而古音已變，[[詩]]始不得押韻。[[中原]]漢胡雜合，而成唐音，為[[中古音|中古之音]]。於南國，衣冠之南渡，亦有吳音混於正音者。此世[[樂府]]有吳曲、西州曲之分，蓋亦異音之故也。

[[趙宋|宋]]季，[[中原]]復為胡君，語音大變。[[四聲]]缺入，派為三聲。唯江南淪陷不足百年，語音未大變也。[[明]]初都[[應天]]，[[永樂]]間北遷，百官隨同，江左之音復入燕地。以後四百年皆都[[北京]]，遂以為[[國語]]矣。

及[[中華人民共和國]]立，以國語為[[普通話]]，舉世皆以其漢語之正音。實其正音以國語稍改而成，[[中華民國|國民政府]]遷臺，用其國語至今未廢。然分立五十年，習用亦異也。大異者，舉凡[[兒化韻]]之用，[[外來詞]]之源，王畿方言之不同，亦成其異也。

於地方，雖有國語，實方言殊音甚多，惟[[學校]]、[[典禮]]多用正音。

今世，以漢語為官話者，有中國、[[新加坡]]、[[聯合國]]。隨中國國力日蓄，萬國習之者眾，以利來華遊學仕商。

== 方言 ==
蓋漢語歧甚，遠者異域不相通，近者十里音不同。然文惟一，為世所稀見。

以[[語言學]]分，言不通即非一語。且語法各異，故有漢語為一語族之論。漢語諸言，概分如下：

* [[官話]]，聞之中原、巴蜀、江北，滿蒙疆人亦多用之。今中國大陸之[[普通話]]、臺灣之[[中華民國國語|國語]]、南洋之[[華語]]皆宗[[北京官話]][[京師片]]。
* [[吳語]]，聞之吳越之地，昔宗[[蘇州話]]，今宗[[上海話]]。
* [[閩語]]，聞之閩臺之地，瓊文之民亦操之，其中分[[閩北語|閩北]]、[[閩東語|閩東]]、[[閩南語|閩南]]、[[閩中語|閩中]]、[[莆仙話|莆仙]]，五語各不相通。
* [[粵語]]，聞之嶺南，至於海外。[[廣州話]]為宗。
* [[客語]]，聞之南境，為[[客家人]]之言，[[梅州話]]為宗。
* [[湘語]]，聞之楚南。分新老二派。[[長沙話|長沙]]、[[雙峰話]]為宗。
* [[贛語]]，聞之[[江西]]，[[南昌話]]為宗。
* [[徽語]]，聞之皖南，[[徽州話]]為宗。今或以之為吳語之別種。
* [[晉語]]，聞之晉北、陝北、雲中等處，[[太原話]]為宗。

官話復分數種，以下次第：
*[[東北官話]]，聞之東北，宗[[瀋陽話]]。
*[[北京官話]]，聞之北京，東北，新疆之一部，宗[[北京話]]。
*[[江淮官話]]，聞之蘇中蘇北之大部，蘇南之一部及皖中，宗[[揚州話]]，以其地雜吳語，兩者相生，或謂淮語。明代以之為國語。
*[[西南官話]]，聞之川，桂，滇，貴，宗[[成都話]]。
*[[中原官話]]，聞之中原，關中，魯南。各地或有別種。宗[[洛陽話]]、[[西安話]]。
*[[冀魯官話]]，聞之冀，魯。宗[[濟南話]]。
*[[蘭銀官話]]，聞之隴上，寧夏。宗[[蘭州話]]。
*[[膠遼官話]]，聞之齊東，遼南，東北之一部。學界多宗[[煙臺話]]。

以下諸言皆從屬不明：
* [[廣西平話]]，聞之[[廣西]]山村，或以之為[[粵語]]之別種。
* [[韶州土話]]、[[湘南土話]]，聞之五嶺南北，或言二者皆近平話，或從[[湘南土話]]於湘語。
* [[瓦鄉話]]，聞之湘西沅水谷地，壟斷山絕，漢苗雜居，故甚異於官音，或以為湘語之別種。

== 書典 ==
* 《[[康熙字典|康熙大字典]]》
* 《[[廣韻]]》
* 《[[說文解字]]》

== 他典 ==
* [http://lexikon.china2day.de 《在線英漢字典》] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070713122604/http://lexikon.china2day.de/ |date=2007-07-13 }} &lt;!--
*[http://www.MonkeyKingSoft.com/ MonkeyKingSoft.com] - 使用电脑软件学习汉字：在电脑上动态显示汉字笔顺，或者打印成卡片帮助记忆。 --&gt;
* [http://www.kangxizidian.com/kangxi/ 《康熙大字典》]
* [http://www.edu.tw/EDU_WEB/EDU_MGT/MANDR/EDU6300001/allbook/bishuen/c8.htm?open 《常用國字標準字體筆順手冊》]
* [http://zgyy.faedia.com 《國文論壇》] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070927210215/http://zgyy.faedia.com/ |date=2007-09-27 }}
* [http://www.zdic.net 《在線漢語字典》]
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*[http://www.newconcept.com/School/text_books.html 海外中文教材]--&gt;
* [http://learn_chinese.ckungfu.com/ 《輕鬆習中文》] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070712024338/http://learn_chinese.ckungfu.com/ |date=2007-07-12 }} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070712024338/http://learn_chinese.ckungfu.com/ |date=2007-07-12 }}&lt;!--
*[http://www.chinawestexchange.com/ China West Exchange]: 本网点是为了让西方人认识中国文化，中国人认识西方语言和文化而作的--&gt;
&lt;!--*[http://malandrin.org 马来西亚官话方言]
*[http://www.mina.ks.edu.tw/ 高雄县闽南语教材教学資料库]
*[http://www.cantonese.sheik.co.uk/ Cantonese Help Sheets]: 粤语教程
*[http://humanum.arts.cuhk.edu.hk/Lexis/lexi-can/ 粵語審音配詞字庫]
*[http://humanum.arts.cuhk.edu.hk/Lexis/Lindict/ Chinese to English Dictionary]: 中英字典
*[http://5189.asinah.net/ 中英字典 English to Chinese Dictionary]
*[http://us.dict.cn/ Dict.CN 中英字典 英中字典 English-Chinese and Chinese-English Dictionary on line]
*[http://www.unet.univie.ac.at/~a9305416/ Chinese Linguistics]: 汉语语言学网站（英文）
*[http://www.chineselanguage.org/CCDICT/index.html Chinese Characters Dictionary]: 支持日语、韩语、粤语等。
*[http://humanum.arts.cuhk.edu.hk/Lexis/Canton2/ Cantonese Talking Syllabary]: 中文网站（繁体）

*[http://www.sprachprofi.de.vu/english/zh.htm 网上上免费的普通话教程]
*[http://www.hanyu.com.cn/ Online College of Chinese Language汉语远程学院教学网]（中国国家汉办、华东师大合办)--&gt;
* [http://www.hello-han.com/index.php 《漢語，你好！》遠程教育網] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210409174241/http://www.hello-han.com/index.php |date=2021-04-09 }}
&lt;!--[http://www-ms.cc.ntu.edu.tw/~chinlit/ National Taiwan University Department of Chinese Literature]
*[http://www.yeminlitercuman.com/cin Turkish-Chinese Translators in China] --&gt;
* [http://www.ethnologue.com/show_family.asp?subid=1270 漢語方言列表]
*[http://yedict.com/ 字海網、葉典網]

{{堪讀之文}}

[[Category:漢語]]
[[Category:基礎之文]]</text>
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      <text bytes="43510" sha1="r7xhx6mrip5sbfbats2zv578mbjmuvu" xml:space="preserve">[[File:Chineselanguage.svg|right|frameless|upright]]
'''漢語'''者，[[漢族|漢人]]之言也。蓋[[華夏]]地方廣遠，山河數列，海內習用，方音殊異。以中國人多，以漢語為[[母語]]者亦眾，合以十億計，普世之五一。

== 音韻 ==

漢語一字一音，一音可分為聲、韻、調。[[漢字]]多不表音，故初用「讀若某」。後[[佛教]]東傳，得[[梵文]]而知[[反切]]，乃用以標音。近世，創[[國語注音|注音符號]]及[[漢語拼音]]，以明音韻。

== 語法 ==
漢語為[[孤立語]]、或曰分析語，此謂詞彙無[[格 (語法)|格]]、[[態 (語法)|態]]、[[性 (語法)|性]]、[[數 (語法)|數]]之變。唯示以[[語序]]之先後及虛字之用而達意。

語序為：[[主謂賓]]，[[修飾語|偏次]]先於[[中心語|正次]]。於數數，必附[[量詞]]於數後。各[[方言]][[語法]]略異，故白話文之行可亂文字。乃以國語語法為白話文語法。

古者語法，同乎[[文言]]。

== 文字 ==
{{main|漢字}}
三代以降，[[漢字]]初成。[[秦]]以書同文，必用[[小篆]]，其後偶有數變，用之不更至民季，共和國立，納昔[[錢玄同]]所倡簡字法，加以矯正，遂成今制，曰[[簡化字]]，今[[中國大陸]]、[[新加坡]]、[[馬來西亞]]行之。[[香港]]、[[澳門]]、[[臺灣]]仍因舊制，書傳統漢字。

近代西學東傳，亦有以[[拉丁字母]]記音者，法式歧異。至共和國立，創[[漢語拼音|拼音]]，授之於小學。初，國人頗思廢漢字，後以同音多，拉丁文字無象形之用，遂止。

== 沿革 ==
三代之時，天下有國千萬，言語不通。[[周]]既王，始有[[雅言]]。諸子著作，皆以雅言。及周道微，天下紛亂，言語異聲，文字異形。尤是楚語至不同也。[[秦始皇帝]]混一車書，獨用秦[[小篆|篆]]，各地方言日合。然至於[[許慎]]之世，[[說文解字]]之所錄，亦有同義而音異之字，多有「某地曰某為某」之訓。蓋天下文字雖一，而言語未統也。此[[上古音]]也。古之語法、語音異乎於今，可見諸[[尚書]]、[[詩經]]等。亦有殷甲骨、周鐘鼎、秦漢冊簡者，皆為所用。

魏晉之世，北族南面，雖[[魏孝文帝]]力主洛音，而古音已變，[[詩]]始不得押韻。[[中原]]漢胡雜合，而成唐音，為[[中古音|中古之音]]。於南國，衣冠之南渡，亦有吳音混於正音者。此世[[樂府]]有吳曲、西州曲之分，蓋亦異音之故也。

[[趙宋|宋]]季，[[中原]]復為胡君，語音大變。[[四聲]]缺入，派為三聲。唯江南淪陷不足百年，語音未大變也。[[明]]初都[[應天]]，[[永樂]]間北遷，百官隨同，江左之音復入燕地。以後四百年皆都[[北京]]，遂以為[[國語]]矣。

及[[中華人民共和國]]立，以國語為[[普通話]]，舉世皆以其漢語之正音。實其正音以國語稍改而成，[[中華民國|國民政府]]遷臺，用其國語至今未廢。然分立五十年，習用亦異也。大異者，舉凡[[兒化韻]]之用，[[外來詞]]之源，王畿方言之不同，亦成其異也。

於地方，雖有國語，實方言殊音甚多，惟[[學校]]、[[典禮]]多用正音。

今世，以漢語為官話者，有中國、[[新加坡]]、[[聯合國]]。隨中國國力日蓄，萬國習之者眾，以利來華遊學仕商。

== 方言 ==
蓋漢語歧甚，遠者異域不相通，近者十里音不同。然文惟一，為世所稀見。

以[[語言學]]分，言不通即非一語。且語法各異，故有漢語為一語族之論。漢語諸言，概分如下：

* [[官話]]，聞之中原、巴蜀、江北，滿蒙疆人亦多用之。今中國大陸之[[普通話]]、臺灣之[[中華民國國語|國語]]、南洋之[[華語]]皆宗[[北京官話]][[京師片]]。
* [[吳語]]，聞之吳越之地，昔宗[[蘇州話]]，今宗[[上海話]]。
* [[閩語]]，聞之閩臺之地，瓊文之民亦操之，其中分[[閩北語|閩北]]、[[閩東語|閩東]]、[[閩南語|閩南]]、[[閩中語|閩中]]、[[莆仙話|莆仙]]，五語各不相通。
* [[粵語]]，聞之嶺南，至於海外。[[廣州話]]為宗。
* [[客語]]，聞之南境，為[[客家人]]之言，[[梅州話]]為宗。
* [[湘語]]，聞之楚南。分新老二派。[[長沙話|長沙]]、[[雙峰話]]為宗。
* [[贛語]]，聞之[[江西]]，[[南昌話]]為宗。
* [[徽語]]，聞之皖南，[[徽州話]]為宗。今或以之為吳語之別種。
* [[晉語]]，聞之晉北、陝北、雲中等處，[[太原話]]為宗。

官話復分數種，以下次第：
*[[東北官話]]，聞之東北，宗[[瀋陽話]]。
*[[北京官話]]，聞之北京，東北，新疆之一部，宗[[北京話]]。
*[[江淮官話]]，聞之蘇中蘇北之大部，蘇南之一部及皖中，宗[[揚州話]]，以其地雜吳語，兩者相生，或謂淮語。明代以之為國語。
*[[西南官話]]，聞之川，桂，滇，貴，宗[[成都話]]。
*[[中原官話]]，聞之中原，關中，魯南。各地或有別種。宗[[洛陽話]]、[[西安話]]。
*[[冀魯官話]]，聞之冀，魯。宗[[濟南話]]。
*[[蘭銀官話]]，聞之隴上，寧夏。宗[[蘭州話]]。
*[[膠遼官話]]，聞之齊東，遼南，東北之一部。學界多宗[[煙臺話]]。

以下諸言皆從屬不明：
* [[廣西平話]]，聞之[[廣西]]山村，或以之為[[粵語]]之別種。
* [[韶州土話]]、[[湘南土話]]，聞之五嶺南北，或言二者皆近平話，或從[[湘南土話]]於湘語。
* [[瓦鄉話]]，聞之湘西沅水谷地，壟斷山絕，漢苗雜居，故甚異於官音，或以為湘語之別種。

== 書典 ==
* 《[[康熙字典|康熙大字典]]》
* 《[[廣韻]]》
* 《[[說文解字]]》

== 他典 ==
* [http://lexikon.china2day.de 《在線英漢字典》] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070713122604/http://lexikon.china2day.de/ |date=2007-07-13 }} &lt;!--
*[http://www.MonkeyKingSoft.com/ MonkeyKingSoft.com] - 使用电脑软件学习汉字：在电脑上动态显示汉字笔顺，或者打印成卡片帮助记忆。 --&gt;
* [http://www.kangxizidian.com/kangxi/ 《康熙大字典》]
* [http://www.edu.tw/EDU_WEB/EDU_MGT/MANDR/EDU6300001/allbook/bishuen/c8.htm?open 《常用國字標準字體筆順手冊》]
* [http://zgyy.faedia.com 《國文論壇》] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070927210215/http://zgyy.faedia.com/ |date=2007-09-27 }}
* [http://www.zdic.net 《在線漢語字典》]
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|bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}&lt;!--
*[http://www.newconcept.com/School/text_books.html 海外中文教材]--&gt;
* [http://learn_chinese.ckungfu.com/ 《輕鬆習中文》] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070712024338/http://learn_chinese.ckungfu.com/ |date=2007-07-12 }} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070712024338/http://learn_chinese.ckungfu.com/ |date=2007-07-12 }}&lt;!--
*[http://www.chinawestexchange.com/ China West Exchange]: 本网点是为了让西方人认识中国文化，中国人认识西方语言和文化而作的--&gt;
&lt;!--*[http://malandrin.org 马来西亚官话方言]
*[http://www.mina.ks.edu.tw/ 高雄县闽南语教材教学資料库]
*[http://www.cantonese.sheik.co.uk/ Cantonese Help Sheets]: 粤语教程
*[http://humanum.arts.cuhk.edu.hk/Lexis/lexi-can/ 粵語審音配詞字庫]
*[http://humanum.arts.cuhk.edu.hk/Lexis/Lindict/ Chinese to English Dictionary]: 中英字典
*[http://5189.asinah.net/ 中英字典 English to Chinese Dictionary]
*[http://us.dict.cn/ Dict.CN 中英字典 英中字典 English-Chinese and Chinese-English Dictionary on line]
*[http://www.unet.univie.ac.at/~a9305416/ Chinese Linguistics]: 汉语语言学网站（英文）
*[http://www.chineselanguage.org/CCDICT/index.html Chinese Characters Dictionary]: 支持日语、韩语、粤语等。
*[http://humanum.arts.cuhk.edu.hk/Lexis/Canton2/ Cantonese Talking Syllabary]: 中文网站（繁体）

*[http://www.sprachprofi.de.vu/english/zh.htm 网上上免费的普通话教程]
*[http://www.hanyu.com.cn/ Online College of Chinese Language汉语远程学院教学网]（中国国家汉办、华东师大合办)--&gt;
* [http://www.hello-han.com/index.php 《漢語，你好！》遠程教育網] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210409174241/http://www.hello-han.com/index.php |date=2021-04-09 }}
&lt;!--[http://www-ms.cc.ntu.edu.tw/~chinlit/ National Taiwan University Department of Chinese Literature]
*[http://www.yeminlitercuman.com/cin Turkish-Chinese Translators in China] --&gt;
* [http://www.ethnologue.com/show_family.asp?subid=1270 漢語方言列表]
*[http://yedict.com/ 字海網、葉典網]

{{堪讀之文}}

[[Category:漢語]]
[[Category:基礎之文]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>灣仔驛</title>
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'''灣仔驛'''，官出之名謂'''灣仔站'''，[[港鐵]][[港島轍]]之候也。處[[香港]][[灣仔]]，軒尼詩道、柯布連道之下。主色黃綠、嫩綠。[[一九八五年]]五月十一日啟。

==連結==
{{Commonscat|Wan Chai Station|灣仔驛}}
*[http://www.mtr.com.hk/archive/ch/services/maps/wac.pdf 港鐵－灣仔驛街道圖]
*[http://www.mtr.com.hk/jplanner/images/layouts/wac.pdf 港鐵－灣仔驛位置圖]
*[http://www.mtr.com.hk/jplanner/images/timetables/wac.pdf 港鐵－灣仔驛列車服務時間]

{{港鐵車驛}}

[[Category:港鐵]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>維基大典:評選卓著正典</title>
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      <contributor>
        <username>Shunshen Lee</username>
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      <comment>評選</comment>
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      <text bytes="1319" sha1="ix2xfwkzb0fkhe4rnx4kzvs5s5s2d03" xml:space="preserve">{{Shortcut|WP:EAN|WP:LAN}}
{{大典之務}}
[[Category:維基大典維護]]
此摭文以進為[[維基大典:正典|正典]]、[[維基大典:卓著|卓著]]處也。可置&lt;code&gt;&lt;nowiki&gt;{{subst:評選正典卓著|文名|項（審卓著、複審卓著、審正典、複審正典）|由 ~~~~}}&lt;/nowiki&gt;&lt;/code&gt;於下，可薦新文，亦可複審，十五日為限。

審正典，應置&lt;code&gt;&lt;nowiki&gt;{{審正典}}&lt;/nowiki&gt;&lt;/code&gt;於其議頁，複審置&lt;code&gt;&lt;nowiki&gt;{{複審正典}}&lt;/nowiki&gt;&lt;/code&gt;。審卓著，應置&lt;code&gt;&lt;nowiki&gt;{{審卓著}}&lt;/nowiki&gt;&lt;/code&gt;於其議頁，複審置&lt;code&gt;&lt;nowiki&gt;{{複審卓著}}&lt;/nowiki&gt;&lt;/code&gt;。

==評選之處==
==[[顏惠慶]]==
*项：審正典
*由：
* 新著[[顏惠慶]]一文，請收錄正典可乎？——[[使用者:Shunshen Lee|觀月]]（[[使用者討論:Shunshen Lee|留言]]） 二〇二五年六月一三日 （五） 一四時三一分 (UTC)

** 叙事完备，文理通顺，{{可也}}--—[[user:WAN233|&lt;span style=&quot;color: #007FFF;&quot;&gt;启明&lt;/span&gt;]][[user talk:WAN233|(留言)]] 二〇二五年六月二〇日 （五） 一四時〇三分 (UTC)

==宋教仁==
* 吾撰《''[[宋教仁]]''》其文訖，伏請入正典——[[用戶:Shunshen Lee|觀月]]（[[用戶討論:Shunshen Lee|留言]]） 二〇二五年七月二日 （三） 一三時五四分 (UTC)</text>
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      <comment>返[[Special:Contributions/Kant567-1|Kant567-1]]（[[User talk:Kant567-1|書]]）之審[[Special:Diff/418746|418746]] cross-wiki spam</comment>
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      <text bytes="1899" sha1="7c204vadohsg5anpik5pjq0ilrkgsup" xml:space="preserve">[[檔案:Yuri-Gagarin-1961-Helsinki-crop.jpg|縮圖|加加林像]]

'''尤里·阿列克謝耶維奇·加加林'''，[[蘇聯]][[宇航員]]也，役於[[蘇聯空軍]]。[[一九三四年]]三月九日生，[[一九六八年]]三月二十七日歿。人之登[[外太空]]者，加加林為至先。[[太空競賽]]，加加林是舉為之傍堠。[[一九六一]]年四月十二日，加加林乘[[東方一號]]環行[[地球]]一周。加加林遂馳名寰宇，廣獲勳章、譽銜。所獲[[蘇聯雄士]]，國之至崇者也。

加加林生[[克盧希諾]]，近格扎茨克。格扎茨克，今以[[斯摩棱斯克州加加林|加加林]]名。幼時，翻砂於[[柳別爾齊]]之煉鋼廠，後從蘇聯空軍，屯於[[盧奧斯塔里/佩琴加 (空軍基地)|盧奧斯塔里空軍基地]]，近挪威焉。後，同五人入選於[[蘇聯太空國策]]。登空歸，任[[加加林宇航員教養所|宇航員教養所]]副督教，後所以名名者。[[一九六二年]]，舉為[[蘇聯至高蘇維埃聯盟院|聯盟院]]代表，旋舉為[[蘇聯至高蘇維埃民族院|民族院]]代表。

東方一號者，加加林所一乘焉。聯盟一號，加加林為其續備者，墜毀，乘者[[弗拉基米爾科馬洛夫]]氏殉。科馬洛夫，加加林友也。蘇聯官府恐加加林被難，絕之於太空，加加林遂請飛於宇內。一九六八年二月十七日，加加林畢學於[[茹科夫斯基飛行工學院]]，事遂許。後五週，加加林偕飛行導師[[弗拉基米爾謝廖金氏]]御[[米格十五]]飛天，墜於[[基爾扎奇]]，皆殉焉。

&lt;gallery perrow=&quot;5&quot;&gt;
File:1976 4569.jpg|
File:The Soviet Union 1964 CPA 3014 stamp (Space Exploration. Gagarin and Vostok 1).jpg|
File:Stamp of Azerbaijan 595.jpg|
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File:2011. Stamp of Belarus 07-2011-03-28-m.jpg|
&lt;/gallery&gt;

[[Category:蘇聯列傳]]
[[Category:基礎之文]]</text>
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    <title>巴黎高等商業研究學院</title>
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      <text bytes="4759" sha1="qe2f449gjoz6inf32jidn8gtjo0k7xn" xml:space="preserve">'''巴黎HEC商學院'''或稱法國巴黎高等商學院，其名稱源自（{{lang|en|Hautes études commerciales de Paris}}）的縮寫，由巴黎工商會（La Chambre de Commerce de Paris）創建於1881年，前身可追溯至1818年創立的巴黎工商專業學院。&lt;ref name=Intro&gt; {{cite web|url=http://www.hec-emba.com.cn/aboutus-关于巴黎hec商学院|title=关于巴黎hec商学院|publisher=巴黎HEC商學院|language=zh|deadurl=yes|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140811214329/http://www.hec-emba.com.cn/aboutus-%E5%85%B3%E4%BA%8E%E5%B7%B4%E9%BB%8Ehec%E5%95%86%E5%AD%A6%E9%99%A2|archivedate=2014-08-11}} &lt;/ref&gt;

==歷史==
*1881年，學院首設於巴黎市中心的奥斯曼男爵区。
*1964年，巴黎HEC商学院搬遷至巴黎近郊的儒伊-昂-若塞斯（Jouy-en-Josas）小镇。
*1972年，校友建立了HEC基金會（The HEC Foundation）。&lt;ref name= found&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.hec.edu/About-HEC/The-HEC-Foundation|title=The HEC Foundation|publisher=HEC Paris|language=en|access-date=2014-09-25|archive-date=2019-01-27|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190127014432/http://www.hec.edu/About-HEC/The-HEC-Foundation|dead-url=no|archivedate=2019-01-27|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20190127014432/http://www.hec.edu/About-HEC/The-HEC-Foundation}}&lt;/ref&gt;
*1988年，HEC 與ESADE，[[博科尼大學]]和[[科隆大學]]共同建立了[[全球管理教育聯盟]]（CEMS - The Global Alliance in Management Education；簡稱CEMS）。
*1999年，由巴黎工商会巴黎商业进修中心開設的高級管理課程，合併至巴黎HEC商學院，成為[[EMBA]]課程。
*2007年，與其他11所工程師大學院共同成立[[巴黎高科]]集團（ParisTech）。&lt;ref name=Tech&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.paristech.fr/index.php/eng/ParisTech/About-ParisTech|title=About ParisTech|publisher=ParisTech|deadurl=yes|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20141016060408/http://www.paristech.fr/index.php/eng/ParisTech/About-ParisTech|archivedate=2014-10-16}}&lt;/ref&gt;
*2008年，學院因法國政府發展高等教育的政策，而成為了巴黎薩克雷科技校園的成員之一。&lt;ref name=ps&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.campus-paris-saclay.fr/en/The-FCS/The-missions|title=Les missions du Campus Paris Saclay|publisher=Campus Paris Saclay|language=fr|deadurl=yes|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20141006191230/http://www.campus-paris-saclay.fr/en/The-FCS/The-missions|archivedate=2014-10-06}}&lt;/ref&gt;

==課程==
目前學院提供5大類學院課程，從精英研究生院（Grande École）的[[管理學]][[碩士]]課程，以及一般專業碩士課程（MSc），與[[MBA]]、[[EMBA]]到博士課程皆有開設。&lt;ref name= HEC&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.hec.edu/|title=Programs|publisher=HEC Paris|language=en|access-date=2021-02-04|archive-date=2019-02-01|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190201015854/http://www.hec.edu/|dead-url=no}}&lt;/ref&gt;該學院頒發的學位也被法國教育部認可為國家學位。

==現況==
目前學院通過了[[AACSB]]、[[AMBA]]以及[[EQUIS]]認證，該學院在[[金融时报 (英国)|金融時報]]的歐洲管理學院排行（European Business School Rankings）上，2006 – 2013 年平均名列第一。&lt;ref name= Ranking&gt;{{cite web|url=http://rankings.ft.com/businessschoolrankings/european-business-school-rankings-2013|title=European Business School Rankings 2013|publisher=The Financial Times|language=en|access-date=2013-12-25|archive-date=2021-01-18|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210118145430/http://rankings.ft.com/businessschoolrankings/european-business-school-rankings-2013|dead-url=no|archivedate=2021-01-18|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20210118145430/http://rankings.ft.com/businessschoolrankings/european-business-school-rankings-2013}}&lt;/ref&gt;

該學院的[[管理學]][[碩士]]課程在2023年的[[經濟學人]]管理學碩士（Master in Management）全球排行榜上名列第一。&lt;ref name= MS&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.economist.com/whichmba/MiM/2017/Ranking|title=Masters in Management 2017 Ranking|publisher=The Economist|language=en|access-date=2017-06-03|archive-date=2021-01-18|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210118145434/https://www.economist.com/whichmba/MiM/2017/Ranking|dead-url=no}}&lt;/ref&gt;

==校友==
該學院目前已經培養了許多國際知名校友，如前[[IMF]]總裁與法國前總統[[弗朗索瓦·奥朗德]]。

== 參考文獻 ==
{{reflist}}

==外部連結==
*[http://www.hec.edu/ HEC Paris] {{Wayback|url=http://www.hec.edu/ |date=20190201015854 }}

{{全球管理教育聯盟}}

{{法国大学校会议}}

[[Category:巴黎高等教育]]
[[Category:法国商学院]]
[[Category:1881年建立的教育機構]]
[[Category:巴黎薩克雷大學]]</text>
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      <text bytes="3809" sha1="gp8wftx2u6keygq1w63dion4gcudo0q" xml:space="preserve">'''馮夢龍'''，字'''猶龍'''，號'''墨憨齋主人'''，南直隸蘇州府長洲縣人。生於[[明]][[一五七四年|萬曆二年]]。先世居常州無錫，[[洪武]]初徙居長洲。父[[馮潤]]，業儒未仕；母王氏，通書史。兄[[馮夢桂]]善畫，弟[[馮夢熊]]工詩，時稱「吳下三馮」。

夢龍少負才名，然科場蹉跎，屢試不第，遂混跡市井，蒐輯俚曲戲文。[[一六二六年|天啟六年]]，輯《[[喻世明言]]》，繼成《[[警世通言]]》、《[[醒世恆言]]》，世稱「三言」，開話本小說集成之先河。至[[一六三〇年|崇禎三年]]方以[[貢生]]授丹徒訓導，[[一六三四年|七年]]遷[[福建]][[壽寧]][[知縣]]，興文教、革弊俗、務實政。其重修學宮，纂《[[壽寧待志]]》存一地風土。禁溺女嬰、毀淫祠，頒《禁婦女裹足令》。簡訟減賦，築東壩以防水患，民立「馮公堤」以誌。甲申國變後，奔走抗[[清]]，著《[[甲申紀事]]》以寄孤忠，晚歲隱居著述，終老吳中，卒於[[清]][[一六四六年|順治三年]]。

== 文學弘業 ==
夢龍以情教立說，倡「借男女之真情，發名教之偽藥」，革新通俗文學：  

=== 三言樹幟 ===
《喻世明言》收[[趙宋|宋]][[元]]話本四十篇，如《蔣興哥重會珍珠衫》寫市井情義。《警世通言》載《杜十娘怒沉百寶箱》等作，刺世風之澆薄。《醒世恆言》錄《賣油郎獨占花魁》諸篇，彰庶民之德性。三書凡一百二十篇，熔雅俗於一爐，開擬話本小說新境。

=== 史傳重構 ===
《[[新列國志]]》百八回，以《[[左傳]]》為本，演[[春秋時代|春秋]][[戰國]]興亡。《[[平妖傳]]》增補[[羅貫中]]舊本，融神魔於史實，啟《[[聊齋]]》先聲。

=== 戲曲編刊 ===
更定《[[墨憨齋定本傳奇]]》，收《[[牡丹亭]]》《[[邯鄲記]]》等十四種，刪繁就簡。創《[[雙雄記]]》《[[萬事足]]》等傳奇，以市井語言入曲，破崑腔雅正舊格。


== 學術纂輯 == 
=== 筆記集粹 ===

• 《[[智囊]]》廿八卷：輯先秦至明季智術故事，分「上智」「明智」「察智」等十部。

• 《[[古今譚概]]》卅六部：收歷代軼聞笑談，寓諷世於詼諧。

=== 民歌整理 ===

• 《[[山歌]]》《[[掛枝兒]]》輯吳中俚曲，存私情譜四百餘首。  

• 自序云：「但有假詩文，無假山歌」，力倡民間真情。  

=== 經學新詮 === 

•  《[[春秋衡庫]]》融[[胡安國]]、[[朱熹]]之說，為科舉實用本。  

• 《[[太平廣記鈔]]》精簡五百卷巨帙，顯志怪小說脈絡。  

== 思想特質 ==
=== 情本哲學 ===  

• 謂「情始乎男女，達於君臣父子」，著《[[情史]]》廿四卷，類分情貞、情緣、情私等，以情證道。

=== 通俗教化 ===

• 謂小說可資六經國史之補，使怯者勇、淫者貞、薄者敦。 

• 改《[[忠義水滸全傳]]》為《[[三遂平妖傳]]》，寄寓勸懲之旨。 

=== 實學精神 ===  

• 批判理學空談：自古聖賢，皆人情之至。 

• 主張事理即物理，輯《[[笑府]]》以笑謔破道學虛偽。  

== 評 ==
• [[凌濛初]]：「猶龍氏三言，極摹人情世態，備寫悲歡離合，至奇至變而臻至真。」  

• [[魯迅]]：「[[趙宋|宋]]人話本得馮氏掇拾，始免湮沒，其功不在[[禹]]下。」  

• [[鄭振鐸]]：「中國短篇小說至三言而體制大備，馮氏實通俗文學之司命。」

== 據 ==
 •《[[蘇州府志]]·人物傳》  
 • 馮夢龍《[[壽寧待志]]》  
 • 陸樹侖《馮夢龍研究》  
 • 聶付生《馮夢龍文學活動》

{{WikisourceAuthor|作者:馮夢龍|馮夢龍}}

[[category:明列傳]]</text>
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    <title>宋教仁</title>
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      <text bytes="12505" sha1="q8kmvkyc47qpk6pnwwz23acyb7qldbv" xml:space="preserve">{{Infobox person
|name            = 宋教仁
|honorific_suffix=
|gender          = 男
|birth_name      = 宋教仁
|image           = [[File:Sung Chiao-jen.jpg|160px]]
|alt             =
|圖像說明        =
|生年            = [[清]][[一八八二年|光緒八年]]四月五日
|生地            = [[湖南省|湖南]] [[w:zh:桃源縣|桃源]]
|歿年            = [[中華民國|民國]][[一九一三年|二年]]三月廿二日
|死因            = 遇刺
|歿地            = [[上海]]
|本貫            = [[湖南省|湖南]]
|國籍            = [[中華民國]]
|別名            = 宋鈍初&lt;br&gt;宋漁父
|宗教            =
|配偶            = 方氏
|親戚            =
|子女            = 獨子 宋振呂
|職位            = [[w:zh:中華民國經濟部部長|農林總長]]&lt;br&gt;&lt;small&gt;([[一九一二年|民國元年]]三月至七月)&lt;/small&gt;&lt;br&gt;[[w:zh:國民黨 (1912年)|國民黨]]代理事長&lt;br&gt;&lt;small&gt;([[一九一二年|民國元年]]八月至[[一九一三年|二年]]三月)&lt;/small&gt;
}}
'''宋教仁'''，字'''鈍初'''，[[湖南省|湖南]]人。[[清]][[一八八二年|光緒八年]]四月五日，生於[[w:zh:桃源縣|桃源]]&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book |author=吳相湘 |title=《宋教仁：中國民主憲政的先驅》 |location=[[臺北市|臺北]] |publisher=傳記文學出版社 |date=1985-09-15 }}&lt;/ref&gt;。

==奔走革命==
[[File:华兴会主要领导人.jpg|thumb|宋教仁及諸同志合影 (坐前右二者)]]
教仁家貧，少聰異，有志節。幼從塾師，讀經史百家，聰慧絕倫。方弱冠，已能條析時政，論治亂若耆儒焉。及壯，入[[長沙]]時務學堂肄業，與鄉人[[黃興]]、[[w:zh:譚人鳳|譚人鳳]]輩交通，設[[w:zh:華興會|華興會]]，意氣相投，俱以匡時濟世為己任；教仁獨精習律令政制，慨然有[[憲政|立憲]]救亡之志。[[一九零四年|光緒三十年]]，教仁渡[[日本]]，入[[東京都|東京]][[w:zh:日本法政大學|法政學校]]研治政治、[[計學|經濟]]、[[法律]]諸術，習[[英文|英]]、[[日語|日]]文字，深湛西學。是時，[[孫文]]首倡革命，尋創[[中國同盟會|同盟會]]於東京，傳檄[[天下]]，興[[漢族|漢]]排[[滿族|滿]]。黃興至日本，援引教仁接晤孫文，結甚歡，遂入同盟會。授教仁司法部檢事長，並典領文宣，草章撰論，筆力剛勁，聲震中外。復與黃興共置《[[w:zh:民報|民報]]》，夙夜籲民權，詆專制，語辭激越，海內傳誦。教仁尤諳憲政，著《憲法草案》、《民約初稿》，力請置[[w:zh:責任政府|責任內閣]]，主[[w:zh:議會制|議會制]]，以政黨調護朝野，規畫法度，致海內翕然。教仁嘗謂曰：「國有成法，民乃知所守；政有歸責，吏不得恣行。」其言謹嚴，志宏遠，時流鮮及，與孫文等異其論，而契[[共和]]要旨。

[[一九一一年|宣統三年]]十月，[[辛亥革命|武昌變作]]，時教仁往[[上海]]籌設[[w:zh:中國同盟會中部總會|同盟會中部總會]]，事聞，亟馳赴[[湖北]]，入預都督[[黎元洪]]幕府，經畫部署。十一月，輾轉滬、[[武漢|漢]]其間，偕黨人籌議[[w:zh:各省都督府代表聯合會|各省代表會]]，聯絡南北，奔走建國。[[一九一二年|民國元年]]，[[w:zh:南京臨時政府|革命政府]]立[[南京]]，十七省代表推孫文為臨時大總統，以元洪副之。俄頃，教仁受命擬《臨時政府組織大綱》，設[[w:zh:中華民國臨時參議院|議院]]，定官制，整飭紀綱。教仁以才猷卓越，遷總統府法制局長，凡[[w:zh:中華民國臨時約法|臨時約法]]規章，悉出其手，公論稱服。俟南北議和成，命教仁與[[蔡元培]]、[[汪兆銘]]等同充專使，蒞[[北京]]，奉迎前清總理大臣[[袁世凱]]徙南京視事。世凱口稱善，心銜遷都，陰使部曲[[曹錕]]縱兵焚掠，抗阻之。未幾，京畿人心不安，各國駐京公使多照會沮南遷，議遂寢，教仁、元培等怏怏歸。

==憲政先驅==
[[File:唐紹儀內閣閣員1.jpg|thumb|唐紹儀內閣羣像 (立後列最左者，農林總長教仁也)]]
初，[[遜清皇室小朝廷|清室遜位]]，孫文尋求去，臨時參議院舉袁世凱嗣總統，由是政歸北洋。三月，以教仁入值內閣，除農林總長。七月，內閣[[w:zh:總辭|更易]]，教仁求退再三，始謝政。世凱當國，浸專擅用事，[[w:zh:吳祿貞|吳祿貞]]、[[w:zh:張振武|張振武]]先後加禍，清議大嘩。教仁為人清廉，性骨骾，雅重名節，至是不平之。八月，赴京，乃改同盟會置[[w:zh:國民黨 (1912年)|國民黨]]，署黨魁，糾合同志，集會講演，請即開[[w:zh:中華民國初年國會|國會]]，極論析萬機歸參、眾兩院，以議院決軍國事。教仁又請分[[w:zh:權力分立|權柄]]為三，設行政、立法、司法三權並重；民國行政則委責政黨內閣，立法則聽於國會，司法則參決大理院，是亦[[泰西]]憲政之國體。自是中外報館多稱教仁良法，呼曰「議會迷」也。

[[一九一三年|二年]]，國會選舉訖，國民黨人盈兩議院，教仁聲望日隆，將組閣。權貴頗忌之，憚教仁挾國會勢柄政，陰中構謀，欲圖之。三月，教仁赴武漢晤商黎元洪訖，逕趨上海議立憲、總統選舉諸務，寓華懋驛館。二十日夜，北還，教仁方登滬上車站，遇刺客[[w:zh:武士英|武士英]]鎗擊之&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news| title=武士英暴斃之疑案| newspaper=時事新報| location=上海| date=1913-05-03| url=https://archive.org/details/shishi-xinbao-1913.05.03/page/n2/mode/2up}}&lt;/ref&gt;，重創。同列黃興、[[于右任]]等俱驚駭，旋送教仁就醫。越二日，彌留，乃顧右任曰：「今以三事奉告：所有在南京、北京及東京寄存之書籍，悉捐入南京圖書館；教仁本寒家，老母尚在，如我死後，請克強與公及諸故人為我照料；諸公皆當勉力進行，勿以我為念，而放棄責任心。我為調和南北事費盡心力，造謠者及一班人民不知原委，每多誤解，我受痛苦亦是應當，死亦何悔？」卒，時年三十，葬[[w:zh:閘北公園|閘北]]。教仁死，時論震悼，朝野輿情激切，咸大慟。會刺者捕後，鞫訊，詞多閃爍；外間遂有傳言，或曰執政嗾使，或云同黨構害&lt;ref&gt;教仁案發初，眾論譁然，疑雲四起。人或謂袁世凱忌教仁，陰嗾其下除心腹之患；又言革命黨人與教仁不協者，籍地為雄，潛貯不軌，疑因隙殺之；坊間亦嘗言黨人希孫文指，圖以鞏其黨權焉。蓋教仁為政，主責任內閣，倡憲法，務削總統大權，雖未嘗行，而動搖訓政之說甚矣。[[w:zh:陳其美|陳其美]]，字英士，官滬軍都督，倚兵為重，陰實專政，教仁草定黨規，欲抑其權，故其美與教仁論事輒齟齬，忌嫉不已。應桂馨者，仕江蘇巡查長，初混跡滬上，素行無賴，與其美俱隸附[[w:zh:青幫|青幫]]，通款久。武士英之刺教仁，世傳桂馨諂事其美，亦以他故恨教仁，遂共嗾士英陰為之也。然案不獲實，竟未可證，史筆亦有所止。時孫文為黨魁，而與教仁政略異軌，文主[[w:zh:訓政|訓政]]，教仁崇憲政；文尚總統制，教仁重內閣制；文倡中央集權，教仁推地方自治。凡國民黨人，各擁一端，教仁方得輿望，文乃退處日本考察[[鐵道]]，忿然不平，猶未可知。教仁卒，文亟致電弔曰：「黨失柱石，痛如斷臂」，而未窮究元凶，人或訾議之。文又見教仁屬政制稿，語涉分權，患滋甚，既成懸案，時論益語焉不詳。厥後海內震動，黨人失砥柱，議會去魁首，咸哀甚。孫文、其美等相機遽起事，檄天下討袁，是為「二次革命」。兵未及集，世凱先削各省羽翼，戰未交鋒，而南軍皆潰，文、其美及諸黨人同奔東瀛，世凱焰至是日熾。&lt;/ref&gt;，亦有稱商賈之私讎者。因證據未彰，主謀莫確，事竟不白，史筆因之弗敢遽斷&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book |author=傅林 |title=《黑白民國》 |location=[[北京]] |publisher=九洲出版社 |year=2015 }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=http://jds.cass.cn/Item/22965.aspx |title=暗殺宋教仁的主謀尚難定論 |author=侯宜杰 |publisher=《史林》2013年第1期 |language=zh-cn |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140315202915/http://jds.cass.cn/Item/22965.aspx |archivedate=2014-03-15 |access-date=2016-10-02 }}&lt;/ref&gt;。

==死後餘波==
[[File:宋教仁先生被刺記：宋先生被刺後之遺像（一）.png|180px|thumb|宋教仁遺像]]
教仁殞命，海內駭愕，黨人頻號呼南北，多以為世凱忌教仁才望，潛使人隱誅。[[推事|法司]]緝證雖未嘗確鑿，流言益熾，世凱及其閣揆[[w:zh:趙秉鈞|趙秉鈞]]亦抗疏自明，然輿論弗信者眾&lt;ref&gt;先是，教仁遇刺，時人多指袁世凱密嗾之，而國務總理趙秉鈞、秘書[[w:zh:洪述祖|洪述祖]]、[[江蘇]]巡查長[[w:zh:應桂馨|應桂馨]]等，皆涉其中。秉鈞者，字智庵，[[河南省|汝直隸]]人。世論以幹吏稱，創設[[警察]]，為世凱所倚。秉鈞既拜相，兼管內務部事，凡諜報緝訪、內外巡警，悉歸其處分。秉鈞善伺意指，任權術，尤忌憚黨人奪其位。教仁倡政黨制衡，謀責任內閣，意沮抑世凱，雖言不指秉鈞名，實則法所不容。事發，刺客武士英潛入車站，持鎗射擊，致教仁創甚。已而為官兵捕獲，羈押未竟，旋瘐斃獄所，輿情多疑此滅口計也。後數日，議員責問政府，中央乃命法院會江蘇都督[[w:zh:程德全|程德全]]稽查。桂馨掌主緝捕，且與秉鈞秘書洪述祖相結納，人或謂士英刺教仁，實希桂馨指；桂馨承述祖陰囑，而其上更有所屬，言不敢盡。又傳曰士英犯案日前，頻詣衙署，每與大員密晤，出入無阻也。及士英受拘，遽不豫，獄卒懈怠，療治延誤，皆有異情。其死後無驗屍、無筆錄，祕而不發。輿論咸云：「事隱晦，欲掩其跡也。」國會嘗議請彈劾秉鈞、述祖及桂馨等，世凱巧令轉圜，並諭上海地檢移案，推說刺客為一己之私讎，與政事無涉。會二次革命起，南北構釁，教仁案遂寢，國民黨人多嗟歎曰：「殺一宋教仁，誠毀民國憲政矣！」&lt;/ref&gt;。當此時，士論譁然，國會騷動，國民黨議員悉請嚴究元凶，惟政府推諉遷延，久而無果，時局益壞。教仁素推崇議會，輒號召當局分權遙制，以絕[[獨夫|獨裁]]弊竇，既卒，憲政肇基遂傾也&lt;ref&gt;[https://www.economist.com/news/christmas/21568587-shot-killed-song-jiaoren-was-not-heard-around-world-it-might-have-changed &quot;The Death of a Revolutionary: The Song of Song&quot;]（[[w:zh:經濟學人|經濟學人]]，2012年12月22日）&lt;/ref&gt;。世凱乘隙窺機，號令中外，褫國會柄，復黨禁、報禁，恣肆捕異己者，解京鞫訊，甚者械系、亡命者不一而足。

是年，國民黨人孫文、黃興、[[w:zh:李烈鈞|李烈鈞]]、[[w:zh:柏文蔚|柏文蔚]]輩，慮世凱勢日張，愈忿然。七月，遽召南軍起兵，約伐世凱。時[[江西省|江西]]、[[湖南省|湖南]]、[[廣東]]、[[四川]]各省相繼響應，號為「再造共和」，時論謂之曰「[[w:zh:二次革命|二次革命]]」焉&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=http://ap6.pccu.edu.tw/Encyclopedia/data.asp?id=2406 |title=二次革命 |publisher=中華百科全書 |language=zh-tw |quote=宋教仁係國民黨領袖，平日主張政黨內閣最力，袁氏疑懼不安，密遣人於三月二十日暗殺於上海。 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140315201141/http://ap6.pccu.edu.tw/Encyclopedia/data.asp?id=2406 |archivedate=2014-03-15 |access-date=2016-10-02 }}&lt;/ref&gt;。既而諸將各據一方，號令不從，調餉乏繼，士氣漸不振。七月，世凱遣麾下將[[段祺瑞]]、[[馮國璋]]、[[張勳]]等分兵進討，戰月餘，北軍所至[[安慶市|安慶]]、[[南昌]]、[[廣州市|廣州]]、南京諸城皆陷，革命軍屢失利，遂大潰。九月，孫文、黃興避日本，烈鈞等走[[雲南省|滇]][[緬甸|緬]]，革命弭，共和之制由是窮蹙矣。

==考據==
{{reflist}}

[[分類:中華民國列傳]]
[[分類:湖南省列傳]]</text>
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        <id>64015</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor />
      <comment>在新使用者的討論頁上添加[[Template:Welcome|歡迎資訊]]</comment>
      <origin>418785</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="182" sha1="jg03g6bpbvntep7hvu13i0w2c1tlyx6" xml:space="preserve">{{Template:Welcome|realName=|name=Flyzhang0105}}

-- [[用戶:丁子君|丁子君]] ([[用戶討論:丁子君|對話]]) 二〇二五年七月二日 （三） 一四時三四分 (UTC)</text>
      <sha1>jg03g6bpbvntep7hvu13i0w2c1tlyx6</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>用戶討論:Sheldonfung</title>
    <ns>3</ns>
    <id>128703</id>
    <revision>
      <id>418786</id>
      <timestamp>2025-07-02T14:53:18Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>New user message</username>
        <id>64015</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor />
      <comment>在新使用者的討論頁上添加[[Template:Welcome|歡迎資訊]]</comment>
      <origin>418786</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="180" sha1="ciofvd52ycves6l7iplqugjrawl625n" xml:space="preserve">{{Template:Welcome|realName=|name=Sheldonfung}}

-- [[用戶:Itsmine|孔明居士]] ([[用戶討論:Itsmine|對話]]) 二〇二五年七月二日 （三） 一四時五三分 (UTC)</text>
      <sha1>ciofvd52ycves6l7iplqugjrawl625n</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>用戶討論:Kevenjie</title>
    <ns>3</ns>
    <id>128704</id>
    <revision>
      <id>418787</id>
      <timestamp>2025-07-02T14:57:15Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>New user message</username>
        <id>64015</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor />
      <comment>在新使用者的討論頁上添加[[Template:Welcome|歡迎資訊]]</comment>
      <origin>418787</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="247" sha1="700xt46cfptju7yqwh5w60o71a7z1if" xml:space="preserve">{{Template:Welcome|realName=|name=Kevenjie}}

-- &lt;span style=&quot;text-shadow:0 1px 5px #66f9cf;&quot;&gt;[[User:MintCandy|薄荷糖]]&lt;/span&gt;敬上 &lt;small&gt;（[[User talk:MintCandy|議]]）&lt;/small&gt; 二〇二五年七月二日 （三） 一四時五七分 (UTC)</text>
      <sha1>700xt46cfptju7yqwh5w60o71a7z1if</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>用戶討論:Julin852</title>
    <ns>3</ns>
    <id>128705</id>
    <revision>
      <id>418791</id>
      <timestamp>2025-07-02T18:16:53Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>New user message</username>
        <id>64015</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor />
      <comment>在新使用者的討論頁上添加[[Template:Welcome|歡迎資訊]]</comment>
      <origin>418791</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="247" sha1="5xxulmjzc67842yxk9eeyugxlm5s7p1" xml:space="preserve">{{Template:Welcome|realName=|name=Julin852}}

-- &lt;span style=&quot;text-shadow:0 1px 5px #66f9cf;&quot;&gt;[[User:MintCandy|薄荷糖]]&lt;/span&gt;敬上 &lt;small&gt;（[[User talk:MintCandy|議]]）&lt;/small&gt; 二〇二五年七月二日 （三） 一八時一六分 (UTC)</text>
      <sha1>5xxulmjzc67842yxk9eeyugxlm5s7p1</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>用戶討論:Tomek M. K.</title>
    <ns>3</ns>
    <id>128706</id>
    <revision>
      <id>418793</id>
      <timestamp>2025-07-02T19:39:27Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>New user message</username>
        <id>64015</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor />
      <comment>在新使用者的討論頁上添加[[Template:Welcome|歡迎資訊]]</comment>
      <origin>418793</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="180" sha1="1j0mzfnncegkby6v8q7gc52jcpa57i4" xml:space="preserve">{{Template:Welcome|realName=|name=Tomek M. K.}}

-- [[用戶:Itsmine|孔明居士]] ([[用戶討論:Itsmine|對話]]) 二〇二五年七月二日 （三） 一九時三九分 (UTC)</text>
      <sha1>1j0mzfnncegkby6v8q7gc52jcpa57i4</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>用戶討論:CCCCRRRUUX</title>
    <ns>3</ns>
    <id>128707</id>
    <revision>
      <id>418794</id>
      <timestamp>2025-07-02T20:07:39Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>New user message</username>
        <id>64015</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor />
      <comment>在新使用者的討論頁上添加[[Template:Welcome|歡迎資訊]]</comment>
      <origin>418794</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="179" sha1="mrqn2n19gh1j8vtb7lvkgavczcd1omz" xml:space="preserve">{{Template:Welcome|realName=|name=CCCCRRRUUX}}

-- [[用戶:Itsmine|孔明居士]] ([[用戶討論:Itsmine|對話]]) 二〇二五年七月二日 （三） 二〇時〇七分 (UTC)</text>
      <sha1>mrqn2n19gh1j8vtb7lvkgavczcd1omz</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>用戶討論:Qcmadness</title>
    <ns>3</ns>
    <id>128708</id>
    <revision>
      <id>418795</id>
      <timestamp>2025-07-02T21:11:50Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>New user message</username>
        <id>64015</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor />
      <comment>在新使用者的討論頁上添加[[Template:Welcome|歡迎資訊]]</comment>
      <origin>418795</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="201" sha1="kkeqeruax50pyes84ma9z50xuaw0a5g" xml:space="preserve">{{Template:Welcome|realName=|name=Qcmadness}}

-- [[user:WAN233|&lt;span style=&quot;color: #007FFF;&quot;&gt;启明&lt;/span&gt;]][[user talk:WAN233|(留言)]] 二〇二五年七月二日 （三） 二一時一一分 (UTC)</text>
      <sha1>kkeqeruax50pyes84ma9z50xuaw0a5g</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>用戶討論:LastJabberwocky</title>
    <ns>3</ns>
    <id>128709</id>
    <revision>
      <id>418801</id>
      <timestamp>2025-07-03T03:41:25Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>New user message</username>
        <id>64015</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor />
      <comment>在新使用者的討論頁上添加[[Template:Welcome|歡迎資訊]]</comment>
      <origin>418801</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="184" sha1="6qpqdurivwgkxirthrnpjv9u34ujjj9" xml:space="preserve">{{Template:Welcome|realName=|name=LastJabberwocky}}

-- [[用戶:Itsmine|孔明居士]] ([[用戶討論:Itsmine|對話]]) 二〇二五年七月三日 （四） 〇三時四一分 (UTC)</text>
      <sha1>6qpqdurivwgkxirthrnpjv9u34ujjj9</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>用戶討論:Drink jacket</title>
    <ns>3</ns>
    <id>128710</id>
    <revision>
      <id>418802</id>
      <timestamp>2025-07-03T03:55:31Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>New user message</username>
        <id>64015</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor />
      <comment>在新使用者的討論頁上添加[[Template:Welcome|歡迎資訊]]</comment>
      <origin>418802</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="203" sha1="dyyx0tmqw4g3vlmbskwnx13rqy8syy7" xml:space="preserve">{{Template:Welcome|realName=|name=Drink jacket}}

-- [[用戶:Davidzdh|&lt;font color=&quot;#008B8B&quot;&gt;关山&lt;/font&gt;]] ([[User talk:Davidzdh|修書]]) 二〇二五年七月三日 （四） 〇三時五五分 (UTC)</text>
      <sha1>dyyx0tmqw4g3vlmbskwnx13rqy8syy7</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>用戶討論:Master of the virtual world</title>
    <ns>3</ns>
    <id>128711</id>
    <revision>
      <id>418804</id>
      <timestamp>2025-07-03T10:13:18Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>New user message</username>
        <id>64015</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor />
      <comment>在新使用者的討論頁上添加[[Template:Welcome|歡迎資訊]]</comment>
      <origin>418804</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="218" sha1="iyl4fl4acww6scq825wxs2yda7jbj62" xml:space="preserve">{{Template:Welcome|realName=|name=Master of the virtual world}}

-- [[用戶:Davidzdh|&lt;font color=&quot;#008B8B&quot;&gt;关山&lt;/font&gt;]] ([[User talk:Davidzdh|修書]]) 二〇二五年七月三日 （四） 一〇時一三分 (UTC)</text>
      <sha1>iyl4fl4acww6scq825wxs2yda7jbj62</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>用戶討論:Alex NB IT</title>
    <ns>3</ns>
    <id>128712</id>
    <revision>
      <id>418805</id>
      <timestamp>2025-07-03T10:25:03Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>New user message</username>
        <id>64015</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor />
      <comment>在新使用者的討論頁上添加[[Template:Welcome|歡迎資訊]]</comment>
      <origin>418805</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="201" sha1="g9elons76c82pf698vlixseqgwqbz7y" xml:space="preserve">{{Template:Welcome|realName=|name=Alex NB IT}}

-- [[用戶:Davidzdh|&lt;font color=&quot;#008B8B&quot;&gt;关山&lt;/font&gt;]] ([[User talk:Davidzdh|修書]]) 二〇二五年七月三日 （四） 一〇時二五分 (UTC)</text>
      <sha1>g9elons76c82pf698vlixseqgwqbz7y</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
</mediawiki>