黃帝

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    <title>黃帝</title>
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      <text bytes="2742" sha1="7xxk5sm8g5s0a6k3kopsjv17ynuw1e4" xml:space="preserve">{{Emperor
|圖=[[File:Yellow Emperor.jpg|thumb|後世所畫黃帝像]]
|稱號=黃帝
|姓名=公孫軒轅
|廟號=
|諡號=
|陵墓=[[黃帝陵]]
|政權=
|生卒=不考，一說公元前二千七百一十七年四月二十二(夏曆三月三)
|在位=不考
|年號=
|先君=[[神農氏]]
|嗣君=孫[[顓頊]]
}}
'''黃帝'''者，[[少典]]之子，姓'''公孫'''或'''姬'''，&lt;ref&gt;《說文解字》：姬：黃帝居姬水，以為姓。從女𦣞聲。&lt;/ref&gt;名曰'''軒轅'''。生而神靈&lt;ref&gt;母孕二十五月而成&lt;/ref&gt;，弱而能言，幼而徇齊，長而敦敏，成而聰明。

== 共主之位 ==
軒轅之時，[[神農氏]]世衰。[[諸侯]]相侵伐，暴虐[[百姓]]，而神農氏弗能徵。於是軒轅乃慣用干戈，以徵不享，諸侯咸來賓從。而[[蚩尤]]最為暴，莫能伐。[[炎帝]]欲侵陵諸侯，諸侯咸歸軒轅。軒轅乃修德振兵，治五氣，蓺五種，撫萬民，度四方，教熊羆貔貅貙虎，以與炎帝戰於[[阪泉]]之野。三戰，然後得其志。蚩尤作亂，不用帝命。於是黃帝乃徵師諸侯，與蚩尤戰於涿鹿之野，遂擒殺蚩尤。而諸侯咸尊軒轅為天子，代神農氏，是為黃帝。天下有不順者，黃帝從而徵之，平者去之，披山通道，未嘗甯居。

== 治國方略 ==
其領東至於[[海]]，登[[丸山]]，及[[岱宗]]。西至於[[空桐]]，登[[雞頭]]。南至於[[江]]，登[[熊]]、[[湘]]。北逐[[葷粥]]，合符[[釜山]]，而邑於[[涿鹿]]之阿。遷徙往來無常處，以師兵為營衛。官名皆以[[雲]]命，為雲師。置左右大監，監於萬國。萬國和，而鬼神山川封禪與為多焉。獲寶鼎，迎日推筴。舉[[風後]]、[[力牧]]、[[常先]]、[[大鴻]]以治民。順天地之紀，幽明之占，死生之說，存亡之難。時播百[[穀]][[草]][[木]]，淳化鳥獸蟲蛾，旁羅日月星辰水波土石金玉，勞勤心力耳目，節用水火材物。有土德之瑞，故號黃帝。

== 黃帝家譜 ==
黃帝凡二十五子，其得姓者一十四人。

黃帝居軒轅之丘，而娶於西陵之女，是為[[嫘祖]]。嫘祖為黃帝[[正妃]]，生二子，其後皆有天下：其一曰玄囂，是為[[青陽]]，青陽降居[[江水]]；其二曰[[昌意]]，降居[[若水]]。昌意娶[[蜀山]]氏女，曰[[昌僕]]，生[[顓頊|高陽]]，高陽有聖德焉。黃帝崩，葬[[橋山]]。其孫昌意之子高陽立，是為帝[[顓頊]]也。

少昊、顓頊、帝嚳、唐堯、虞舜，夏商周三代君主皆為黃帝子孫。

== 引據 ==
[[漢]]·[[司馬遷]]·《[[史記]]·五帝本紀》

{{reflist}}

{{Wikisource|Author:黃帝|黃帝}}
{{commons|黃帝|黃帝}}
 

[[Category:先三代本紀]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>漢語</title>
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'''漢語'''者，[[漢族|漢人]]之言也。蓋[[華夏]]地方廣遠，山河數列，海內習用，方音殊異。以中國人多，以漢語為[[母語]]者亦眾，合以十億計，普世之五一。

== 音韻 ==

漢語一字一音，一音可分為聲、韻、調。[[漢字]]多不表音，故初用「讀若某」。後[[佛教]]東傳，得[[梵文]]而知[[反切]]，乃用以標音。近世，創[[國語注音|注音符號]]及[[漢語拼音]]，以明音韻。

== 語法 ==
漢語為[[孤立語]]、或曰分析語，此謂詞彙無[[格 (語法)|格]]、[[態 (語法)|態]]、[[性 (語法)|性]]、[[數 (語法)|數]]之變。唯示以[[語序]]之先後及虛字之用而達意。

語序為：[[主謂賓]]，[[修飾語|偏次]]先於[[中心語|正次]]。於數數，必附[[量詞]]於數後。各[[方言]][[語法]]略異，故白話文之行可亂文字。乃以國語語法為白話文語法。

古者語法，同乎[[文言]]。

== 文字 ==
{{main|漢字}}
三代以降，[[漢字]]初成。[[秦]]以書同文，必用[[小篆]]，其後偶有數變，用之不更至民季，共和國立，納昔[[錢玄同]]所倡簡字法，加以矯正，遂成今制，曰[[簡化字]]，今[[中國大陸]]、[[新加坡]]、[[馬來西亞]]行之。[[香港]]、[[澳門]]、[[臺灣]]仍因舊制，書傳統漢字。

近代西學東傳，亦有以[[拉丁字母]]記音者，法式歧異。至共和國立，創[[漢語拼音|拼音]]，授之於小學。初，國人頗思廢漢字，後以同音多，拉丁文字無象形之用，遂止。

== 沿革 ==
三代之時，天下有國千萬，言語不通。[[周]]既王，始有[[雅言]]。諸子著作，皆以雅言。及周道微，天下紛亂，言語異聲，文字異形。尤是楚語至不同也。[[秦始皇帝]]混一車書，獨用秦[[小篆|篆]]，各地方言日合。然至於[[許慎]]之世，[[說文解字]]之所錄，亦有同義而音異之字，多有「某地曰某為某」之訓。蓋天下文字雖一，而言語未統也。此[[上古音]]也。古之語法、語音異乎於今，可見諸[[尚書]]、[[詩經]]等。亦有殷甲骨、周鐘鼎、秦漢冊簡者，皆為所用。

魏晉之世，北族南面，雖[[魏孝文帝]]力主洛音，而古音已變，[[詩]]始不得押韻。[[中原]]漢胡雜合，而成唐音，為[[中古音|中古之音]]。於南國，衣冠之南渡，亦有吳音混於正音者。此世[[樂府]]有吳曲、西州曲之分，蓋亦異音之故也。

[[趙宋|宋]]季，[[中原]]復為胡君，語音大變。[[四聲]]缺入，派為三聲。唯江南淪陷不足百年，語音未大變也。[[明]]初都[[應天]]，[[永樂]]間北遷，百官隨同，江左之音復入燕地。以後四百年皆都[[北京]]，遂以為[[國語]]矣。

及[[中華人民共和國]]立，以國語為[[普通話]]，舉世皆以其漢語之正音。實其正音以國語稍改而成，[[中華民國|國民政府]]遷臺，用其國語至今未廢。然分立五十年，習用亦異也。大異者，舉凡[[兒化韻]]之用，[[外來詞]]之源，王畿方言之不同，亦成其異也。

於地方，雖有國語，實方言殊音甚多，惟[[學校]]、[[典禮]]多用正音。

今世，以漢語為官話者，有中國、[[新加坡]]、[[聯合國]]。隨中國國力日蓄，萬國習之者眾，以利來華遊學仕商。

== 方言 ==
蓋漢語歧甚，遠者異域不相通，近者十里音不同。然文惟一，為世所稀見。

以[[語言學]]分，言不通即非一語。且語法各異，故有漢語為一語族之論。漢語諸言，概分如下：

* [[官話]]，聞之中原、巴蜀、江北，滿蒙疆人亦多用之。今中國大陸之[[普通話]]、臺灣之[[中華民國國語|國語]]、南洋之[[華語]]皆宗[[北京官話]][[京師片]]。
* [[吳語]]，聞之吳越之地，昔宗[[蘇州話]]，今宗[[上海話]]。
* [[閩語]]，聞之閩臺之地，瓊文之民亦操之，其中分[[閩北語|閩北]]、[[閩東語|閩東]]、[[閩南語|閩南]]、[[閩中語|閩中]]、[[莆仙話|莆仙]]，五語各不相通。
* [[粵語]]，聞之嶺南，至於海外。[[廣州話]]為宗。
* [[客語]]，聞之南境，為[[客家人]]之言，[[梅州話]]為宗。
* [[湘語]]，聞之楚南。分新老二派。[[長沙話|長沙]]、[[雙峰話]]為宗。
* [[贛語]]，聞之[[江西]]，[[南昌話]]為宗。
* [[徽語]]，聞之皖南，[[徽州話]]為宗。今或以之為吳語之別種。
* [[晉語]]，聞之晉北、陝北、雲中等處，[[太原話]]為宗。

官話復分數種，以下次第：
*[[東北官話]]，聞之東北，宗[[瀋陽話]]。
*[[北京官話]]，聞之北京，東北，新疆之一部，宗[[北京話]]。
*[[江淮官話]]，聞之蘇中蘇北之大部，蘇南之一部及皖中，宗[[揚州話]]，以其地雜吳語，兩者相生，或謂淮語。明代以之為國語。
*[[西南官話]]，聞之川，桂，滇，貴，宗[[成都話]]。
*[[中原官話]]，聞之中原，關中，魯南。各地或有別種。宗[[洛陽話]]、[[西安話]]。
*[[冀魯官話]]，聞之冀，魯。宗[[濟南話]]。
*[[蘭銀官話]]，聞之隴上，寧夏。宗[[蘭州話]]。
*[[膠遼官話]]，聞之齊東，遼南，東北之一部。學界多宗[[煙臺話]]。

以下諸言皆從屬不明：
* [[廣西平話]]，聞之[[廣西]]山村，或以之為[[粵語]]之別種。
* [[韶州土話]]、[[湘南土話]]，聞之五嶺南北，或言二者皆近平話，或從[[湘南土話]]於湘語。
* [[瓦鄉話]]，聞之湘西沅水谷地，壟斷山絕，漢苗雜居，故甚異於官音，或以為湘語之別種。

== 書典 ==
* 《[[康熙字典|康熙大字典]]》
* 《[[廣韻]]》
* 《[[說文解字]]》

== 他典 ==
* [http://lexikon.china2day.de 《在線英漢字典》] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070713122604/http://lexikon.china2day.de/ |date=2007-07-13 }} &lt;!--
*[http://www.MonkeyKingSoft.com/ MonkeyKingSoft.com] - 使用电脑软件学习汉字：在电脑上动态显示汉字笔顺，或者打印成卡片帮助记忆。 --&gt;
* [http://www.kangxizidian.com/kangxi/ 《康熙大字典》]
* [http://www.edu.tw/EDU_WEB/EDU_MGT/MANDR/EDU6300001/allbook/bishuen/c8.htm?open 《常用國字標準字體筆順手冊》]
* [http://zgyy.faedia.com 《國文論壇》] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070927210215/http://zgyy.faedia.com/ |date=2007-09-27 }}
* [http://www.zdic.net 《在線漢語字典》]
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2023 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}&lt;!--
*[http://www.newconcept.com/School/text_books.html 海外中文教材]--&gt;
* [http://learn_chinese.ckungfu.com/ 《輕鬆習中文》] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070712024338/http://learn_chinese.ckungfu.com/ |date=2007-07-12 }} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070712024338/http://learn_chinese.ckungfu.com/ |date=2007-07-12 }}&lt;!--
*[http://www.chinawestexchange.com/ China West Exchange]: 本网点是为了让西方人认识中国文化，中国人认识西方语言和文化而作的--&gt;
&lt;!--*[http://malandrin.org 马来西亚官话方言]
*[http://www.mina.ks.edu.tw/ 高雄县闽南语教材教学資料库]
*[http://www.cantonese.sheik.co.uk/ Cantonese Help Sheets]: 粤语教程
*[http://humanum.arts.cuhk.edu.hk/Lexis/lexi-can/ 粵語審音配詞字庫]
*[http://humanum.arts.cuhk.edu.hk/Lexis/Lindict/ Chinese to English Dictionary]: 中英字典
*[http://5189.asinah.net/ 中英字典 English to Chinese Dictionary]
*[http://us.dict.cn/ Dict.CN 中英字典 英中字典 English-Chinese and Chinese-English Dictionary on line]
*[http://www.unet.univie.ac.at/~a9305416/ Chinese Linguistics]: 汉语语言学网站（英文）
*[http://www.chineselanguage.org/CCDICT/index.html Chinese Characters Dictionary]: 支持日语、韩语、粤语等。
*[http://humanum.arts.cuhk.edu.hk/Lexis/Canton2/ Cantonese Talking Syllabary]: 中文网站（繁体）

*[http://www.sprachprofi.de.vu/english/zh.htm 网上上免费的普通话教程]
*[http://www.hanyu.com.cn/ Online College of Chinese Language汉语远程学院教学网]（中国国家汉办、华东师大合办)--&gt;
* [http://www.hello-han.com/index.php 《漢語，你好！》遠程教育網] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210409174241/http://www.hello-han.com/index.php |date=2021-04-09 }}
&lt;!--[http://www-ms.cc.ntu.edu.tw/~chinlit/ National Taiwan University Department of Chinese Literature]
*[http://www.yeminlitercuman.com/cin Turkish-Chinese Translators in China] --&gt;
* [http://www.ethnologue.com/show_family.asp?subid=1270 漢語方言列表]
*[http://yedict.com/ 字海網、葉典網]

{{堪讀之文}}

[[Category:漢語]]
[[Category:基礎之文]]</text>
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'''漢語'''者，[[漢族|漢人]]之言也。蓋[[華夏]]地方廣遠，山河數列，海內習用，方音殊異。以中國人多，以漢語為[[母語]]者亦眾，合以十億計，普世之五一。

== 音韻 ==

漢語一字一音，一音可分為聲、韻、調。[[漢字]]多不表音，故初用「讀若某」。後[[佛教]]東傳，得[[梵文]]而知[[反切]]，乃用以標音。近世，創[[國語注音|注音符號]]及[[漢語拼音]]，以明音韻。

== 語法 ==
漢語為[[孤立語]]、或曰分析語，此謂詞彙無[[格 (語法)|格]]、[[態 (語法)|態]]、[[性 (語法)|性]]、[[數 (語法)|數]]之變。唯示以[[語序]]之先後及虛字之用而達意。

語序為：[[主謂賓]]，[[修飾語|偏次]]先於[[中心語|正次]]。於數數，必附[[量詞]]於數後。各[[方言]][[語法]]略異，故白話文之行可亂文字。乃以國語語法為白話文語法。

古者語法，同乎[[文言]]。

== 文字 ==
{{main|漢字}}
三代以降，[[漢字]]初成。[[秦]]以書同文，必用[[小篆]]，其後偶有數變，用之不更至民季，共和國立，納昔[[錢玄同]]所倡簡字法，加以矯正，遂成今制，曰[[簡化字]]，今[[中國大陸]]、[[新加坡]]、[[馬來西亞]]行之。[[香港]]、[[澳門]]、[[臺灣]]仍因舊制，書傳統漢字。

近代西學東傳，亦有以[[拉丁字母]]記音者，法式歧異。至共和國立，創[[漢語拼音|拼音]]，授之於小學。初，國人頗思廢漢字，後以同音多，拉丁文字無象形之用，遂止。

== 沿革 ==
三代之時，天下有國千萬，言語不通。[[周]]既王，始有[[雅言]]。諸子著作，皆以雅言。及周道微，天下紛亂，言語異聲，文字異形。尤是楚語至不同也。[[秦始皇帝]]混一車書，獨用秦[[小篆|篆]]，各地方言日合。然至於[[許慎]]之世，[[說文解字]]之所錄，亦有同義而音異之字，多有「某地曰某為某」之訓。蓋天下文字雖一，而言語未統也。此[[上古音]]也。古之語法、語音異乎於今，可見諸[[尚書]]、[[詩經]]等。亦有殷甲骨、周鐘鼎、秦漢冊簡者，皆為所用。

魏晉之世，北族南面，雖[[魏孝文帝]]力主洛音，而古音已變，[[詩]]始不得押韻。[[中原]]漢胡雜合，而成唐音，為[[中古音|中古之音]]。於南國，衣冠之南渡，亦有吳音混於正音者。此世[[樂府]]有吳曲、西州曲之分，蓋亦異音之故也。

[[趙宋|宋]]季，[[中原]]復為胡君，語音大變。[[四聲]]缺入，派為三聲。唯江南淪陷不足百年，語音未大變也。[[明]]初都[[應天]]，[[永樂]]間北遷，百官隨同，江左之音復入燕地。以後四百年皆都[[北京]]，遂以為[[國語]]矣。

及[[中華人民共和國]]立，以國語為[[普通話]]，舉世皆以其漢語之正音。實其正音以國語稍改而成，[[中華民國|國民政府]]遷臺，用其國語至今未廢。然分立五十年，習用亦異也。大異者，舉凡[[兒化韻]]之用，[[外來詞]]之源，王畿方言之不同，亦成其異也。

於地方，雖有國語，實方言殊音甚多，惟[[學校]]、[[典禮]]多用正音。

今世，以漢語為官話者，有中國、[[新加坡]]、[[聯合國]]。隨中國國力日蓄，萬國習之者眾，以利來華遊學仕商。

== 方言 ==
蓋漢語歧甚，遠者異域不相通，近者十里音不同。然文惟一，為世所稀見。

以[[語言學]]分，言不通即非一語。且語法各異，故有漢語為一語族之論。漢語諸言，概分如下：

* [[官話]]，聞之中原、巴蜀、江北，滿蒙疆人亦多用之。今中國大陸之[[普通話]]、臺灣之[[中華民國國語|國語]]、南洋之[[華語]]皆宗[[北京官話]][[京師片]]。
* [[吳語]]，聞之吳越之地，昔宗[[蘇州話]]，今宗[[上海話]]。
* [[閩語]]，聞之閩臺之地，瓊文之民亦操之，其中分[[閩北語|閩北]]、[[閩東語|閩東]]、[[閩南語|閩南]]、[[閩中語|閩中]]、[[莆仙話|莆仙]]，五語各不相通。
* [[粵語]]，聞之嶺南，至於海外。[[廣州話]]為宗。
* [[客語]]，聞之南境，為[[客家人]]之言，[[梅州話]]為宗。
* [[湘語]]，聞之楚南。分新老二派。[[長沙話|長沙]]、[[雙峰話]]為宗。
* [[贛語]]，聞之[[江西]]，[[南昌話]]為宗。
* [[徽語]]，聞之皖南，[[徽州話]]為宗。今或以之為吳語之別種。
* [[晉語]]，聞之晉北、陝北、雲中等處，[[太原話]]為宗。

官話復分數種，以下次第：
*[[東北官話]]，聞之東北，宗[[瀋陽話]]。
*[[北京官話]]，聞之北京，東北，新疆之一部，宗[[北京話]]。
*[[江淮官話]]，聞之蘇中蘇北之大部，蘇南之一部及皖中，宗[[揚州話]]，以其地雜吳語，兩者相生，或謂淮語。明代以之為國語。
*[[西南官話]]，聞之川，桂，滇，貴，宗[[成都話]]。
*[[中原官話]]，聞之中原，關中，魯南。各地或有別種。宗[[洛陽話]]、[[西安話]]。
*[[冀魯官話]]，聞之冀，魯。宗[[濟南話]]。
*[[蘭銀官話]]，聞之隴上，寧夏。宗[[蘭州話]]。
*[[膠遼官話]]，聞之齊東，遼南，東北之一部。學界多宗[[煙臺話]]。

以下諸言皆從屬不明：
* [[廣西平話]]，聞之[[廣西]]山村，或以之為[[粵語]]之別種。
* [[韶州土話]]、[[湘南土話]]，聞之五嶺南北，或言二者皆近平話，或從[[湘南土話]]於湘語。
* [[瓦鄉話]]，聞之湘西沅水谷地，壟斷山絕，漢苗雜居，故甚異於官音，或以為湘語之別種。

== 書典 ==
* 《[[康熙字典|康熙大字典]]》
* 《[[廣韻]]》
* 《[[說文解字]]》

== 他典 ==
* [http://lexikon.china2day.de 《在線英漢字典》] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070713122604/http://lexikon.china2day.de/ |date=2007-07-13 }} &lt;!--
*[http://www.MonkeyKingSoft.com/ MonkeyKingSoft.com] - 使用电脑软件学习汉字：在电脑上动态显示汉字笔顺，或者打印成卡片帮助记忆。 --&gt;
* [http://www.kangxizidian.com/kangxi/ 《康熙大字典》]
* [http://www.edu.tw/EDU_WEB/EDU_MGT/MANDR/EDU6300001/allbook/bishuen/c8.htm?open 《常用國字標準字體筆順手冊》]
* [http://zgyy.faedia.com 《國文論壇》] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070927210215/http://zgyy.faedia.com/ |date=2007-09-27 }}
* [http://www.zdic.net 《在線漢語字典》]
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{{堪讀之文}}

[[Category:漢語]]
[[Category:基礎之文]]</text>
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'''漢語'''者，[[漢族|漢人]]之言也。蓋[[華夏]]地方廣遠，山河數列，海內習用，方音殊異。以中國人多，以漢語為[[母語]]者亦眾，合以十億計，普世之五一。

== 音韻 ==

漢語一字一音，一音可分為聲、韻、調。[[漢字]]多不表音，故初用「讀若某」。後[[佛教]]東傳，得[[梵文]]而知[[反切]]，乃用以標音。近世，創[[國語注音|注音符號]]及[[漢語拼音]]，以明音韻。

== 語法 ==
漢語為[[孤立語]]、或曰分析語，此謂詞彙無[[格 (語法)|格]]、[[態 (語法)|態]]、[[性 (語法)|性]]、[[數 (語法)|數]]之變。唯示以[[語序]]之先後及虛字之用而達意。

語序為：[[主謂賓]]，[[修飾語|偏次]]先於[[中心語|正次]]。於數數，必附[[量詞]]於數後。各[[方言]][[語法]]略異，故白話文之行可亂文字。乃以國語語法為白話文語法。

古者語法，同乎[[文言]]。

== 文字 ==
{{main|漢字}}
三代以降，[[漢字]]初成。[[秦]]以書同文，必用[[小篆]]，其後偶有數變，用之不更至民季，共和國立，納昔[[錢玄同]]所倡簡字法，加以矯正，遂成今制，曰[[簡化字]]，今[[中國大陸]]、[[新加坡]]、[[馬來西亞]]行之。[[香港]]、[[澳門]]、[[臺灣]]仍因舊制，書傳統漢字。

近代西學東傳，亦有以[[拉丁字母]]記音者，法式歧異。至共和國立，創[[漢語拼音|拼音]]，授之於小學。初，國人頗思廢漢字，後以同音多，拉丁文字無象形之用，遂止。

== 沿革 ==
三代之時，天下有國千萬，言語不通。[[周]]既王，始有[[雅言]]。諸子著作，皆以雅言。及周道微，天下紛亂，言語異聲，文字異形。尤是楚語至不同也。[[秦始皇帝]]混一車書，獨用秦[[小篆|篆]]，各地方言日合。然至於[[許慎]]之世，[[說文解字]]之所錄，亦有同義而音異之字，多有「某地曰某為某」之訓。蓋天下文字雖一，而言語未統也。此[[上古音]]也。古之語法、語音異乎於今，可見諸[[尚書]]、[[詩經]]等。亦有殷甲骨、周鐘鼎、秦漢冊簡者，皆為所用。

魏晉之世，北族南面，雖[[魏孝文帝]]力主洛音，而古音已變，[[詩]]始不得押韻。[[中原]]漢胡雜合，而成唐音，為[[中古音|中古之音]]。於南國，衣冠之南渡，亦有吳音混於正音者。此世[[樂府]]有吳曲、西州曲之分，蓋亦異音之故也。

[[趙宋|宋]]季，[[中原]]復為胡君，語音大變。[[四聲]]缺入，派為三聲。唯江南淪陷不足百年，語音未大變也。[[明]]初都[[應天]]，[[永樂]]間北遷，百官隨同，江左之音復入燕地。以後四百年皆都[[北京]]，遂以為[[國語]]矣。

及[[中華人民共和國]]立，以國語為[[普通話]]，舉世皆以其漢語之正音。實其正音以國語稍改而成，[[中華民國|國民政府]]遷臺，用其國語至今未廢。然分立五十年，習用亦異也。大異者，舉凡[[兒化韻]]之用，[[外來詞]]之源，王畿方言之不同，亦成其異也。

於地方，雖有國語，實方言殊音甚多，惟[[學校]]、[[典禮]]多用正音。

今世，以漢語為官話者，有中國、[[新加坡]]、[[聯合國]]。隨中國國力日蓄，萬國習之者眾，以利來華遊學仕商。

== 方言 ==
蓋漢語歧甚，遠者異域不相通，近者十里音不同。然文惟一，為世所稀見。

以[[語言學]]分，言不通即非一語。且語法各異，故有漢語為一語族之論。漢語諸言，概分如下：

* [[官話]]，聞之中原、巴蜀、江北，滿蒙疆人亦多用之。今中國大陸之[[普通話]]、臺灣之[[中華民國國語|國語]]、南洋之[[華語]]皆宗[[北京官話]][[京師片]]。
* [[吳語]]，聞之吳越之地，昔宗[[蘇州話]]，今宗[[上海話]]。
* [[閩語]]，聞之閩臺之地，瓊文之民亦操之，其中分[[閩北語|閩北]]、[[閩東語|閩東]]、[[閩南語|閩南]]、[[閩中語|閩中]]、[[莆仙話|莆仙]]，五語各不相通。
* [[粵語]]，聞之嶺南，至於海外。[[廣州話]]為宗。
* [[客語]]，聞之南境，為[[客家人]]之言，[[梅州話]]為宗。
* [[湘語]]，聞之楚南。分新老二派。[[長沙話|長沙]]、[[雙峰話]]為宗。
* [[贛語]]，聞之[[江西]]，[[南昌話]]為宗。
* [[徽語]]，聞之皖南，[[徽州話]]為宗。今或以之為吳語之別種。
* [[晉語]]，聞之晉北、陝北、雲中等處，[[太原話]]為宗。

官話復分數種，以下次第：
*[[東北官話]]，聞之東北，宗[[瀋陽話]]。
*[[北京官話]]，聞之北京，東北，新疆之一部，宗[[北京話]]。
*[[江淮官話]]，聞之蘇中蘇北之大部，蘇南之一部及皖中，宗[[揚州話]]，以其地雜吳語，兩者相生，或謂淮語。明代以之為國語。
*[[西南官話]]，聞之川，桂，滇，貴，宗[[成都話]]。
*[[中原官話]]，聞之中原，關中，魯南。各地或有別種。宗[[洛陽話]]、[[西安話]]。
*[[冀魯官話]]，聞之冀，魯。宗[[濟南話]]。
*[[蘭銀官話]]，聞之隴上，寧夏。宗[[蘭州話]]。
*[[膠遼官話]]，聞之齊東，遼南，東北之一部。學界多宗[[煙臺話]]。

以下諸言皆從屬不明：
* [[廣西平話]]，聞之[[廣西]]山村，或以之為[[粵語]]之別種。
* [[韶州土話]]、[[湘南土話]]，聞之五嶺南北，或言二者皆近平話，或從[[湘南土話]]於湘語。
* [[瓦鄉話]]，聞之湘西沅水谷地，壟斷山絕，漢苗雜居，故甚異於官音，或以為湘語之別種。

== 書典 ==
* 《[[康熙字典|康熙大字典]]》
* 《[[廣韻]]》
* 《[[說文解字]]》

== 他典 ==
* [http://lexikon.china2day.de 《在線英漢字典》] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070713122604/http://lexikon.china2day.de/ |date=2007-07-13 }} &lt;!--
*[http://www.MonkeyKingSoft.com/ MonkeyKingSoft.com] - 使用电脑软件学习汉字：在电脑上动态显示汉字笔顺，或者打印成卡片帮助记忆。 --&gt;
* [http://www.kangxizidian.com/kangxi/ 《康熙大字典》]
* [http://www.edu.tw/EDU_WEB/EDU_MGT/MANDR/EDU6300001/allbook/bishuen/c8.htm?open 《常用國字標準字體筆順手冊》]
* [http://zgyy.faedia.com 《國文論壇》] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070927210215/http://zgyy.faedia.com/ |date=2007-09-27 }}
* [http://www.zdic.net 《在線漢語字典》]
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*[http://www.mina.ks.edu.tw/ 高雄县闽南语教材教学資料库]
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*[http://humanum.arts.cuhk.edu.hk/Lexis/lexi-can/ 粵語審音配詞字庫]
*[http://humanum.arts.cuhk.edu.hk/Lexis/Lindict/ Chinese to English Dictionary]: 中英字典
*[http://5189.asinah.net/ 中英字典 English to Chinese Dictionary]
*[http://us.dict.cn/ Dict.CN 中英字典 英中字典 English-Chinese and Chinese-English Dictionary on line]
*[http://www.unet.univie.ac.at/~a9305416/ Chinese Linguistics]: 汉语语言学网站（英文）
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&lt;!--[http://www-ms.cc.ntu.edu.tw/~chinlit/ National Taiwan University Department of Chinese Literature]
*[http://www.yeminlitercuman.com/cin Turkish-Chinese Translators in China] --&gt;
* [http://www.ethnologue.com/show_family.asp?subid=1270 漢語方言列表]
*[http://yedict.com/ 字海網、葉典網]

{{堪讀之文}}

[[Category:漢語]]
[[Category:基礎之文]]</text>
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'''漢語'''者，[[漢族|漢人]]之言也。蓋[[華夏]]地方廣遠，山河數列，海內習用，方音殊異。以中國人多，以漢語為[[母語]]者亦眾，合以十億計，普世之五一。

== 音韻 ==

漢語一字一音，一音可分為聲、韻、調。[[漢字]]多不表音，故初用「讀若某」。後[[佛教]]東傳，得[[梵文]]而知[[反切]]，乃用以標音。近世，創[[國語注音|注音符號]]及[[漢語拼音]]，以明音韻。

== 語法 ==
漢語為[[孤立語]]、或曰分析語，此謂詞彙無[[格 (語法)|格]]、[[態 (語法)|態]]、[[性 (語法)|性]]、[[數 (語法)|數]]之變。唯示以[[語序]]之先後及虛字之用而達意。

語序為：[[主謂賓]]，[[修飾語|偏次]]先於[[中心語|正次]]。於數數，必附[[量詞]]於數後。各[[方言]][[語法]]略異，故白話文之行可亂文字。乃以國語語法為白話文語法。

古者語法，同乎[[文言]]。

== 文字 ==
{{main|漢字}}
三代以降，[[漢字]]初成。[[秦]]以書同文，必用[[小篆]]，其後偶有數變，用之不更至民季，共和國立，納昔[[錢玄同]]所倡簡字法，加以矯正，遂成今制，曰[[簡化字]]，今[[中國大陸]]、[[新加坡]]、[[馬來西亞]]行之。[[香港]]、[[澳門]]、[[臺灣]]仍因舊制，書傳統漢字。

近代西學東傳，亦有以[[拉丁字母]]記音者，法式歧異。至共和國立，創[[漢語拼音|拼音]]，授之於小學。初，國人頗思廢漢字，後以同音多，拉丁文字無象形之用，遂止。

== 沿革 ==
三代之時，天下有國千萬，言語不通。[[周]]既王，始有[[雅言]]。諸子著作，皆以雅言。及周道微，天下紛亂，言語異聲，文字異形。尤是楚語至不同也。[[秦始皇帝]]混一車書，獨用秦[[小篆|篆]]，各地方言日合。然至於[[許慎]]之世，[[說文解字]]之所錄，亦有同義而音異之字，多有「某地曰某為某」之訓。蓋天下文字雖一，而言語未統也。此[[上古音]]也。古之語法、語音異乎於今，可見諸[[尚書]]、[[詩經]]等。亦有殷甲骨、周鐘鼎、秦漢冊簡者，皆為所用。

魏晉之世，北族南面，雖[[魏孝文帝]]力主洛音，而古音已變，[[詩]]始不得押韻。[[中原]]漢胡雜合，而成唐音，為[[中古音|中古之音]]。於南國，衣冠之南渡，亦有吳音混於正音者。此世[[樂府]]有吳曲、西州曲之分，蓋亦異音之故也。

[[趙宋|宋]]季，[[中原]]復為胡君，語音大變。[[四聲]]缺入，派為三聲。唯江南淪陷不足百年，語音未大變也。[[明]]初都[[應天]]，[[永樂]]間北遷，百官隨同，江左之音復入燕地。以後四百年皆都[[北京]]，遂以為[[國語]]矣。

及[[中華人民共和國]]立，以國語為[[普通話]]，舉世皆以其漢語之正音。實其正音以國語稍改而成，[[中華民國|國民政府]]遷臺，用其國語至今未廢。然分立五十年，習用亦異也。大異者，舉凡[[兒化韻]]之用，[[外來詞]]之源，王畿方言之不同，亦成其異也。

於地方，雖有國語，實方言殊音甚多，惟[[學校]]、[[典禮]]多用正音。

今世，以漢語為官話者，有中國、[[新加坡]]、[[聯合國]]。隨中國國力日蓄，萬國習之者眾，以利來華遊學仕商。

== 方言 ==
蓋漢語歧甚，遠者異域不相通，近者十里音不同。然文惟一，為世所稀見。

以[[語言學]]分，言不通即非一語。且語法各異，故有漢語為一語族之論。漢語諸言，概分如下：

* [[官話]]，聞之中原、巴蜀、江北，滿蒙疆人亦多用之。今中國大陸之[[普通話]]、臺灣之[[中華民國國語|國語]]、南洋之[[華語]]皆宗[[北京官話]][[京師片]]。
* [[吳語]]，聞之吳越之地，昔宗[[蘇州話]]，今宗[[上海話]]。
* [[閩語]]，聞之閩臺之地，瓊文之民亦操之，其中分[[閩北語|閩北]]、[[閩東語|閩東]]、[[閩南語|閩南]]、[[閩中語|閩中]]、[[莆仙話|莆仙]]，五語各不相通。
* [[粵語]]，聞之嶺南，至於海外。[[廣州話]]為宗。
* [[客語]]，聞之南境，為[[客家人]]之言，[[梅州話]]為宗。
* [[湘語]]，聞之楚南。分新老二派。[[長沙話|長沙]]、[[雙峰話]]為宗。
* [[贛語]]，聞之[[江西]]，[[南昌話]]為宗。
* [[徽語]]，聞之皖南，[[徽州話]]為宗。今或以之為吳語之別種。
* [[晉語]]，聞之晉北、陝北、雲中等處，[[太原話]]為宗。

官話復分數種，以下次第：
*[[東北官話]]，聞之東北，宗[[瀋陽話]]。
*[[北京官話]]，聞之北京，東北，新疆之一部，宗[[北京話]]。
*[[江淮官話]]，聞之蘇中蘇北之大部，蘇南之一部及皖中，宗[[揚州話]]，以其地雜吳語，兩者相生，或謂淮語。明代以之為國語。
*[[西南官話]]，聞之川，桂，滇，貴，宗[[成都話]]。
*[[中原官話]]，聞之中原，關中，魯南。各地或有別種。宗[[洛陽話]]、[[西安話]]。
*[[冀魯官話]]，聞之冀，魯。宗[[濟南話]]。
*[[蘭銀官話]]，聞之隴上，寧夏。宗[[蘭州話]]。
*[[膠遼官話]]，聞之齊東，遼南，東北之一部。學界多宗[[煙臺話]]。

以下諸言皆從屬不明：
* [[廣西平話]]，聞之[[廣西]]山村，或以之為[[粵語]]之別種。
* [[韶州土話]]、[[湘南土話]]，聞之五嶺南北，或言二者皆近平話，或從[[湘南土話]]於湘語。
* [[瓦鄉話]]，聞之湘西沅水谷地，壟斷山絕，漢苗雜居，故甚異於官音，或以為湘語之別種。

== 書典 ==
* 《[[康熙字典|康熙大字典]]》
* 《[[廣韻]]》
* 《[[說文解字]]》

== 他典 ==
* [http://lexikon.china2day.de 《在線英漢字典》] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070713122604/http://lexikon.china2day.de/ |date=2007-07-13 }} &lt;!--
*[http://www.MonkeyKingSoft.com/ MonkeyKingSoft.com] - 使用电脑软件学习汉字：在电脑上动态显示汉字笔顺，或者打印成卡片帮助记忆。 --&gt;
* [http://www.kangxizidian.com/kangxi/ 《康熙大字典》]
* [http://www.edu.tw/EDU_WEB/EDU_MGT/MANDR/EDU6300001/allbook/bishuen/c8.htm?open 《常用國字標準字體筆順手冊》]
* [http://zgyy.faedia.com 《國文論壇》] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070927210215/http://zgyy.faedia.com/ |date=2007-09-27 }}
* [http://www.zdic.net 《在線漢語字典》]
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2023 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}{{Dead link|date=October 2023 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}{{Dead link|date=October 2023 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}{{Dead link|date=October 2023 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}&lt;!--
*[http://www.newconcept.com/School/text_books.html 海外中文教材]--&gt;
* [http://learn_chinese.ckungfu.com/ 《輕鬆習中文》] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070712024338/http://learn_chinese.ckungfu.com/ |date=2007-07-12 }} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070712024338/http://learn_chinese.ckungfu.com/ |date=2007-07-12 }}&lt;!--
*[http://www.chinawestexchange.com/ China West Exchange]: 本网点是为了让西方人认识中国文化，中国人认识西方语言和文化而作的--&gt;
&lt;!--*[http://malandrin.org 马来西亚官话方言]
*[http://www.mina.ks.edu.tw/ 高雄县闽南语教材教学資料库]
*[http://www.cantonese.sheik.co.uk/ Cantonese Help Sheets]: 粤语教程
*[http://humanum.arts.cuhk.edu.hk/Lexis/lexi-can/ 粵語審音配詞字庫]
*[http://humanum.arts.cuhk.edu.hk/Lexis/Lindict/ Chinese to English Dictionary]: 中英字典
*[http://5189.asinah.net/ 中英字典 English to Chinese Dictionary]
*[http://us.dict.cn/ Dict.CN 中英字典 英中字典 English-Chinese and Chinese-English Dictionary on line]
*[http://www.unet.univie.ac.at/~a9305416/ Chinese Linguistics]: 汉语语言学网站（英文）
*[http://www.chineselanguage.org/CCDICT/index.html Chinese Characters Dictionary]: 支持日语、韩语、粤语等。
*[http://humanum.arts.cuhk.edu.hk/Lexis/Canton2/ Cantonese Talking Syllabary]: 中文网站（繁体）

*[http://www.sprachprofi.de.vu/english/zh.htm 网上上免费的普通话教程]
*[http://www.hanyu.com.cn/ Online College of Chinese Language汉语远程学院教学网]（中国国家汉办、华东师大合办)--&gt;
* [http://www.hello-han.com/index.php 《漢語，你好！》遠程教育網] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210409174241/http://www.hello-han.com/index.php |date=2021-04-09 }}
&lt;!--[http://www-ms.cc.ntu.edu.tw/~chinlit/ National Taiwan University Department of Chinese Literature]
*[http://www.yeminlitercuman.com/cin Turkish-Chinese Translators in China] --&gt;
* [http://www.ethnologue.com/show_family.asp?subid=1270 漢語方言列表]
*[http://yedict.com/ 字海網、葉典網]

{{堪讀之文}}

[[Category:漢語]]
[[Category:基礎之文]]</text>
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'''漢語'''者，[[漢族|漢人]]之言也。蓋[[華夏]]地方廣遠，山河數列，海內習用，方音殊異。以中國人多，以漢語為[[母語]]者亦眾，合以十億計，普世之五一。

== 音韻 ==

漢語一字一音，一音可分為聲、韻、調。[[漢字]]多不表音，故初用「讀若某」。後[[佛教]]東傳，得[[梵文]]而知[[反切]]，乃用以標音。近世，創[[國語注音|注音符號]]及[[漢語拼音]]，以明音韻。

== 語法 ==
漢語為[[孤立語]]、或曰分析語，此謂詞彙無[[格 (語法)|格]]、[[態 (語法)|態]]、[[性 (語法)|性]]、[[數 (語法)|數]]之變。唯示以[[語序]]之先後及虛字之用而達意。

語序為：[[主謂賓]]，[[修飾語|偏次]]先於[[中心語|正次]]。於數數，必附[[量詞]]於數後。各[[方言]][[語法]]略異，故白話文之行可亂文字。乃以國語語法為白話文語法。

古者語法，同乎[[文言]]。

== 文字 ==
{{main|漢字}}
三代以降，[[漢字]]初成。[[秦]]以書同文，必用[[小篆]]，其後偶有數變，用之不更至民季，共和國立，納昔[[錢玄同]]所倡簡字法，加以矯正，遂成今制，曰[[簡化字]]，今[[中國大陸]]、[[新加坡]]、[[馬來西亞]]行之。[[香港]]、[[澳門]]、[[臺灣]]仍因舊制，書傳統漢字。

近代西學東傳，亦有以[[拉丁字母]]記音者，法式歧異。至共和國立，創[[漢語拼音|拼音]]，授之於小學。初，國人頗思廢漢字，後以同音多，拉丁文字無象形之用，遂止。

== 沿革 ==
三代之時，天下有國千萬，言語不通。[[周]]既王，始有[[雅言]]。諸子著作，皆以雅言。及周道微，天下紛亂，言語異聲，文字異形。尤是楚語至不同也。[[秦始皇帝]]混一車書，獨用秦[[小篆|篆]]，各地方言日合。然至於[[許慎]]之世，[[說文解字]]之所錄，亦有同義而音異之字，多有「某地曰某為某」之訓。蓋天下文字雖一，而言語未統也。此[[上古音]]也。古之語法、語音異乎於今，可見諸[[尚書]]、[[詩經]]等。亦有殷甲骨、周鐘鼎、秦漢冊簡者，皆為所用。

魏晉之世，北族南面，雖[[魏孝文帝]]力主洛音，而古音已變，[[詩]]始不得押韻。[[中原]]漢胡雜合，而成唐音，為[[中古音|中古之音]]。於南國，衣冠之南渡，亦有吳音混於正音者。此世[[樂府]]有吳曲、西州曲之分，蓋亦異音之故也。

[[趙宋|宋]]季，[[中原]]復為胡君，語音大變。[[四聲]]缺入，派為三聲。唯江南淪陷不足百年，語音未大變也。[[明]]初都[[應天]]，[[永樂]]間北遷，百官隨同，江左之音復入燕地。以後四百年皆都[[北京]]，遂以為[[國語]]矣。

及[[中華人民共和國]]立，以國語為[[普通話]]，舉世皆以其漢語之正音。實其正音以國語稍改而成，[[中華民國|國民政府]]遷臺，用其國語至今未廢。然分立五十年，習用亦異也。大異者，舉凡[[兒化韻]]之用，[[外來詞]]之源，王畿方言之不同，亦成其異也。

於地方，雖有國語，實方言殊音甚多，惟[[學校]]、[[典禮]]多用正音。

今世，以漢語為官話者，有中國、[[新加坡]]、[[聯合國]]。隨中國國力日蓄，萬國習之者眾，以利來華遊學仕商。

== 方言 ==
蓋漢語歧甚，遠者異域不相通，近者十里音不同。然文惟一，為世所稀見。

以[[語言學]]分，言不通即非一語。且語法各異，故有漢語為一語族之論。漢語諸言，概分如下：

* [[官話]]，聞之中原、巴蜀、江北，滿蒙疆人亦多用之。今中國大陸之[[普通話]]、臺灣之[[中華民國國語|國語]]、南洋之[[華語]]皆宗[[北京官話]][[京師片]]。
* [[吳語]]，聞之吳越之地，昔宗[[蘇州話]]，今宗[[上海話]]。
* [[閩語]]，聞之閩臺之地，瓊文之民亦操之，其中分[[閩北語|閩北]]、[[閩東語|閩東]]、[[閩南語|閩南]]、[[閩中語|閩中]]、[[莆仙話|莆仙]]，五語各不相通。
* [[粵語]]，聞之嶺南，至於海外。[[廣州話]]為宗。
* [[客語]]，聞之南境，為[[客家人]]之言，[[梅州話]]為宗。
* [[湘語]]，聞之楚南。分新老二派。[[長沙話|長沙]]、[[雙峰話]]為宗。
* [[贛語]]，聞之[[江西]]，[[南昌話]]為宗。
* [[徽語]]，聞之皖南，[[徽州話]]為宗。今或以之為吳語之別種。
* [[晉語]]，聞之晉北、陝北、雲中等處，[[太原話]]為宗。

官話復分數種，以下次第：
*[[東北官話]]，聞之東北，宗[[瀋陽話]]。
*[[北京官話]]，聞之北京，東北，新疆之一部，宗[[北京話]]。
*[[江淮官話]]，聞之蘇中蘇北之大部，蘇南之一部及皖中，宗[[揚州話]]，以其地雜吳語，兩者相生，或謂淮語。明代以之為國語。
*[[西南官話]]，聞之川，桂，滇，貴，宗[[成都話]]。
*[[中原官話]]，聞之中原，關中，魯南。各地或有別種。宗[[洛陽話]]、[[西安話]]。
*[[冀魯官話]]，聞之冀，魯。宗[[濟南話]]。
*[[蘭銀官話]]，聞之隴上，寧夏。宗[[蘭州話]]。
*[[膠遼官話]]，聞之齊東，遼南，東北之一部。學界多宗[[煙臺話]]。

以下諸言皆從屬不明：
* [[廣西平話]]，聞之[[廣西]]山村，或以之為[[粵語]]之別種。
* [[韶州土話]]、[[湘南土話]]，聞之五嶺南北，或言二者皆近平話，或從[[湘南土話]]於湘語。
* [[瓦鄉話]]，聞之湘西沅水谷地，壟斷山絕，漢苗雜居，故甚異於官音，或以為湘語之別種。

== 書典 ==
* 《[[康熙字典|康熙大字典]]》
* 《[[廣韻]]》
* 《[[說文解字]]》

== 他典 ==
* [http://lexikon.china2day.de 《在線英漢字典》] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070713122604/http://lexikon.china2day.de/ |date=2007-07-13 }} &lt;!--
*[http://www.MonkeyKingSoft.com/ MonkeyKingSoft.com] - 使用电脑软件学习汉字：在电脑上动态显示汉字笔顺，或者打印成卡片帮助记忆。 --&gt;
* [http://www.kangxizidian.com/kangxi/ 《康熙大字典》]
* [http://www.edu.tw/EDU_WEB/EDU_MGT/MANDR/EDU6300001/allbook/bishuen/c8.htm?open 《常用國字標準字體筆順手冊》]
* [http://zgyy.faedia.com 《國文論壇》] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070927210215/http://zgyy.faedia.com/ |date=2007-09-27 }}
* [http://www.zdic.net 《在線漢語字典》]
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*[http://www.newconcept.com/School/text_books.html 海外中文教材]--&gt;
* [http://learn_chinese.ckungfu.com/ 《輕鬆習中文》] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070712024338/http://learn_chinese.ckungfu.com/ |date=2007-07-12 }} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070712024338/http://learn_chinese.ckungfu.com/ |date=2007-07-12 }}&lt;!--
*[http://www.chinawestexchange.com/ China West Exchange]: 本网点是为了让西方人认识中国文化，中国人认识西方语言和文化而作的--&gt;
&lt;!--*[http://malandrin.org 马来西亚官话方言]
*[http://www.mina.ks.edu.tw/ 高雄县闽南语教材教学資料库]
*[http://www.cantonese.sheik.co.uk/ Cantonese Help Sheets]: 粤语教程
*[http://humanum.arts.cuhk.edu.hk/Lexis/lexi-can/ 粵語審音配詞字庫]
*[http://humanum.arts.cuhk.edu.hk/Lexis/Lindict/ Chinese to English Dictionary]: 中英字典
*[http://5189.asinah.net/ 中英字典 English to Chinese Dictionary]
*[http://us.dict.cn/ Dict.CN 中英字典 英中字典 English-Chinese and Chinese-English Dictionary on line]
*[http://www.unet.univie.ac.at/~a9305416/ Chinese Linguistics]: 汉语语言学网站（英文）
*[http://www.chineselanguage.org/CCDICT/index.html Chinese Characters Dictionary]: 支持日语、韩语、粤语等。
*[http://humanum.arts.cuhk.edu.hk/Lexis/Canton2/ Cantonese Talking Syllabary]: 中文网站（繁体）

*[http://www.sprachprofi.de.vu/english/zh.htm 网上上免费的普通话教程]
*[http://www.hanyu.com.cn/ Online College of Chinese Language汉语远程学院教学网]（中国国家汉办、华东师大合办)--&gt;
* [http://www.hello-han.com/index.php 《漢語，你好！》遠程教育網] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210409174241/http://www.hello-han.com/index.php |date=2021-04-09 }}
&lt;!--[http://www-ms.cc.ntu.edu.tw/~chinlit/ National Taiwan University Department of Chinese Literature]
*[http://www.yeminlitercuman.com/cin Turkish-Chinese Translators in China] --&gt;
* [http://www.ethnologue.com/show_family.asp?subid=1270 漢語方言列表]
*[http://yedict.com/ 字海網、葉典網]

{{堪讀之文}}

[[Category:漢語]]
[[Category:基礎之文]]</text>
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'''漢語'''者，[[漢族|漢人]]之言也。蓋[[華夏]]地方廣遠，山河數列，海內習用，方音殊異。以中國人多，以漢語為[[母語]]者亦眾，合以十億計，普世之五一。

== 音韻 ==

漢語一字一音，一音可分為聲、韻、調。[[漢字]]多不表音，故初用「讀若某」。後[[佛教]]東傳，得[[梵文]]而知[[反切]]，乃用以標音。近世，創[[國語注音|注音符號]]及[[漢語拼音]]，以明音韻。

== 語法 ==
漢語為[[孤立語]]、或曰分析語，此謂詞彙無[[格 (語法)|格]]、[[態 (語法)|態]]、[[性 (語法)|性]]、[[數 (語法)|數]]之變。唯示以[[語序]]之先後及虛字之用而達意。

語序為：[[主謂賓]]，[[修飾語|偏次]]先於[[中心語|正次]]。於數數，必附[[量詞]]於數後。各[[方言]][[語法]]略異，故白話文之行可亂文字。乃以國語語法為白話文語法。

古者語法，同乎[[文言]]。

== 文字 ==
{{main|漢字}}
三代以降，[[漢字]]初成。[[秦]]以書同文，必用[[小篆]]，其後偶有數變，用之不更至民季，共和國立，納昔[[錢玄同]]所倡簡字法，加以矯正，遂成今制，曰[[簡化字]]，今[[中國大陸]]、[[新加坡]]、[[馬來西亞]]行之。[[香港]]、[[澳門]]、[[臺灣]]仍因舊制，書傳統漢字。

近代西學東傳，亦有以[[拉丁字母]]記音者，法式歧異。至共和國立，創[[漢語拼音|拼音]]，授之於小學。初，國人頗思廢漢字，後以同音多，拉丁文字無象形之用，遂止。

== 沿革 ==
三代之時，天下有國千萬，言語不通。[[周]]既王，始有[[雅言]]。諸子著作，皆以雅言。及周道微，天下紛亂，言語異聲，文字異形。尤是楚語至不同也。[[秦始皇帝]]混一車書，獨用秦[[小篆|篆]]，各地方言日合。然至於[[許慎]]之世，[[說文解字]]之所錄，亦有同義而音異之字，多有「某地曰某為某」之訓。蓋天下文字雖一，而言語未統也。此[[上古音]]也。古之語法、語音異乎於今，可見諸[[尚書]]、[[詩經]]等。亦有殷甲骨、周鐘鼎、秦漢冊簡者，皆為所用。

魏晉之世，北族南面，雖[[魏孝文帝]]力主洛音，而古音已變，[[詩]]始不得押韻。[[中原]]漢胡雜合，而成唐音，為[[中古音|中古之音]]。於南國，衣冠之南渡，亦有吳音混於正音者。此世[[樂府]]有吳曲、西州曲之分，蓋亦異音之故也。

[[趙宋|宋]]季，[[中原]]復為胡君，語音大變。[[四聲]]缺入，派為三聲。唯江南淪陷不足百年，語音未大變也。[[明]]初都[[應天]]，[[永樂]]間北遷，百官隨同，江左之音復入燕地。以後四百年皆都[[北京]]，遂以為[[國語]]矣。

及[[中華人民共和國]]立，以國語為[[普通話]]，舉世皆以其漢語之正音。實其正音以國語稍改而成，[[中華民國|國民政府]]遷臺，用其國語至今未廢。然分立五十年，習用亦異也。大異者，舉凡[[兒化韻]]之用，[[外來詞]]之源，王畿方言之不同，亦成其異也。

於地方，雖有國語，實方言殊音甚多，惟[[學校]]、[[典禮]]多用正音。

今世，以漢語為官話者，有中國、[[新加坡]]、[[聯合國]]。隨中國國力日蓄，萬國習之者眾，以利來華遊學仕商。

== 方言 ==
蓋漢語歧甚，遠者異域不相通，近者十里音不同。然文惟一，為世所稀見。

以[[語言學]]分，言不通即非一語。且語法各異，故有漢語為一語族之論。漢語諸言，概分如下：

* [[官話]]，聞之中原、巴蜀、江北，滿蒙疆人亦多用之。今中國大陸之[[普通話]]、臺灣之[[中華民國國語|國語]]、南洋之[[華語]]皆宗[[北京官話]][[京師片]]。
* [[吳語]]，聞之吳越之地，昔宗[[蘇州話]]，今宗[[上海話]]。
* [[閩語]]，聞之閩臺之地，瓊文之民亦操之，其中分[[閩北語|閩北]]、[[閩東語|閩東]]、[[閩南語|閩南]]、[[閩中語|閩中]]、[[莆仙話|莆仙]]，五語各不相通。
* [[粵語]]，聞之嶺南，至於海外。[[廣州話]]為宗。
* [[客語]]，聞之南境，為[[客家人]]之言，[[梅州話]]為宗。
* [[湘語]]，聞之楚南。分新老二派。[[長沙話|長沙]]、[[雙峰話]]為宗。
* [[贛語]]，聞之[[江西]]，[[南昌話]]為宗。
* [[徽語]]，聞之皖南，[[徽州話]]為宗。今或以之為吳語之別種。
* [[晉語]]，聞之晉北、陝北、雲中等處，[[太原話]]為宗。

官話復分數種，以下次第：
*[[東北官話]]，聞之東北，宗[[瀋陽話]]。
*[[北京官話]]，聞之北京，東北，新疆之一部，宗[[北京話]]。
*[[江淮官話]]，聞之蘇中蘇北之大部，蘇南之一部及皖中，宗[[揚州話]]，以其地雜吳語，兩者相生，或謂淮語。明代以之為國語。
*[[西南官話]]，聞之川，桂，滇，貴，宗[[成都話]]。
*[[中原官話]]，聞之中原，關中，魯南。各地或有別種。宗[[洛陽話]]、[[西安話]]。
*[[冀魯官話]]，聞之冀，魯。宗[[濟南話]]。
*[[蘭銀官話]]，聞之隴上，寧夏。宗[[蘭州話]]。
*[[膠遼官話]]，聞之齊東，遼南，東北之一部。學界多宗[[煙臺話]]。

以下諸言皆從屬不明：
* [[廣西平話]]，聞之[[廣西]]山村，或以之為[[粵語]]之別種。
* [[韶州土話]]、[[湘南土話]]，聞之五嶺南北，或言二者皆近平話，或從[[湘南土話]]於湘語。
* [[瓦鄉話]]，聞之湘西沅水谷地，壟斷山絕，漢苗雜居，故甚異於官音，或以為湘語之別種。

== 書典 ==
* 《[[康熙字典|康熙大字典]]》
* 《[[廣韻]]》
* 《[[說文解字]]》

== 他典 ==
* [http://lexikon.china2day.de 《在線英漢字典》] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070713122604/http://lexikon.china2day.de/ |date=2007-07-13 }} &lt;!--
*[http://www.MonkeyKingSoft.com/ MonkeyKingSoft.com] - 使用电脑软件学习汉字：在电脑上动态显示汉字笔顺，或者打印成卡片帮助记忆。 --&gt;
* [http://www.kangxizidian.com/kangxi/ 《康熙大字典》]
* [http://www.edu.tw/EDU_WEB/EDU_MGT/MANDR/EDU6300001/allbook/bishuen/c8.htm?open 《常用國字標準字體筆順手冊》]
* [http://zgyy.faedia.com 《國文論壇》] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070927210215/http://zgyy.faedia.com/ |date=2007-09-27 }}
* [http://www.zdic.net 《在線漢語字典》]
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link|date=October 2023 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}{{Dead link|date=October 2023 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}{{Dead link|date=October 2023 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}{{Dead link|date=October 2023 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}{{Dead link|date=October 2023 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}{{Dead link|date=October 2023 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}&lt;!--
*[http://www.newconcept.com/School/text_books.html 海外中文教材]--&gt;
* [http://learn_chinese.ckungfu.com/ 《輕鬆習中文》] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070712024338/http://learn_chinese.ckungfu.com/ |date=2007-07-12 }} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070712024338/http://learn_chinese.ckungfu.com/ |date=2007-07-12 }}&lt;!--
*[http://www.chinawestexchange.com/ China West Exchange]: 本网点是为了让西方人认识中国文化，中国人认识西方语言和文化而作的--&gt;
&lt;!--*[http://malandrin.org 马来西亚官话方言]
*[http://www.mina.ks.edu.tw/ 高雄县闽南语教材教学資料库]
*[http://www.cantonese.sheik.co.uk/ Cantonese Help Sheets]: 粤语教程
*[http://humanum.arts.cuhk.edu.hk/Lexis/lexi-can/ 粵語審音配詞字庫]
*[http://humanum.arts.cuhk.edu.hk/Lexis/Lindict/ Chinese to English Dictionary]: 中英字典
*[http://5189.asinah.net/ 中英字典 English to Chinese Dictionary]
*[http://us.dict.cn/ Dict.CN 中英字典 英中字典 English-Chinese and Chinese-English Dictionary on line]
*[http://www.unet.univie.ac.at/~a9305416/ Chinese Linguistics]: 汉语语言学网站（英文）
*[http://www.chineselanguage.org/CCDICT/index.html Chinese Characters Dictionary]: 支持日语、韩语、粤语等。
*[http://humanum.arts.cuhk.edu.hk/Lexis/Canton2/ Cantonese Talking Syllabary]: 中文网站（繁体）

*[http://www.sprachprofi.de.vu/english/zh.htm 网上上免费的普通话教程]
*[http://www.hanyu.com.cn/ Online College of Chinese Language汉语远程学院教学网]（中国国家汉办、华东师大合办)--&gt;
* [http://www.hello-han.com/index.php 《漢語，你好！》遠程教育網] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210409174241/http://www.hello-han.com/index.php |date=2021-04-09 }}
&lt;!--[http://www-ms.cc.ntu.edu.tw/~chinlit/ National Taiwan University Department of Chinese Literature]
*[http://www.yeminlitercuman.com/cin Turkish-Chinese Translators in China] --&gt;
* [http://www.ethnologue.com/show_family.asp?subid=1270 漢語方言列表]
*[http://yedict.com/ 字海網、葉典網]

{{堪讀之文}}

[[Category:漢語]]
[[Category:基礎之文]]</text>
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'''漢語'''者，[[漢族|漢人]]之言也。蓋[[華夏]]地方廣遠，山河數列，海內習用，方音殊異。以中國人多，以漢語為[[母語]]者亦眾，合以十億計，普世之五一。

== 音韻 ==

漢語一字一音，一音可分為聲、韻、調。[[漢字]]多不表音，故初用「讀若某」。後[[佛教]]東傳，得[[梵文]]而知[[反切]]，乃用以標音。近世，創[[國語注音|注音符號]]及[[漢語拼音]]，以明音韻。

== 語法 ==
漢語為[[孤立語]]、或曰分析語，此謂詞彙無[[格 (語法)|格]]、[[態 (語法)|態]]、[[性 (語法)|性]]、[[數 (語法)|數]]之變。唯示以[[語序]]之先後及虛字之用而達意。

語序為：[[主謂賓]]，[[修飾語|偏次]]先於[[中心語|正次]]。於數數，必附[[量詞]]於數後。各[[方言]][[語法]]略異，故白話文之行可亂文字。乃以國語語法為白話文語法。

古者語法，同乎[[文言]]。

== 文字 ==
{{main|漢字}}
三代以降，[[漢字]]初成。[[秦]]以書同文，必用[[小篆]]，其後偶有數變，用之不更至民季，共和國立，納昔[[錢玄同]]所倡簡字法，加以矯正，遂成今制，曰[[簡化字]]，今[[中國大陸]]、[[新加坡]]、[[馬來西亞]]行之。[[香港]]、[[澳門]]、[[臺灣]]仍因舊制，書傳統漢字。

近代西學東傳，亦有以[[拉丁字母]]記音者，法式歧異。至共和國立，創[[漢語拼音|拼音]]，授之於小學。初，國人頗思廢漢字，後以同音多，拉丁文字無象形之用，遂止。

== 沿革 ==
三代之時，天下有國千萬，言語不通。[[周]]既王，始有[[雅言]]。諸子著作，皆以雅言。及周道微，天下紛亂，言語異聲，文字異形。尤是楚語至不同也。[[秦始皇帝]]混一車書，獨用秦[[小篆|篆]]，各地方言日合。然至於[[許慎]]之世，[[說文解字]]之所錄，亦有同義而音異之字，多有「某地曰某為某」之訓。蓋天下文字雖一，而言語未統也。此[[上古音]]也。古之語法、語音異乎於今，可見諸[[尚書]]、[[詩經]]等。亦有殷甲骨、周鐘鼎、秦漢冊簡者，皆為所用。

魏晉之世，北族南面，雖[[魏孝文帝]]力主洛音，而古音已變，[[詩]]始不得押韻。[[中原]]漢胡雜合，而成唐音，為[[中古音|中古之音]]。於南國，衣冠之南渡，亦有吳音混於正音者。此世[[樂府]]有吳曲、西州曲之分，蓋亦異音之故也。

[[趙宋|宋]]季，[[中原]]復為胡君，語音大變。[[四聲]]缺入，派為三聲。唯江南淪陷不足百年，語音未大變也。[[明]]初都[[應天]]，[[永樂]]間北遷，百官隨同，江左之音復入燕地。以後四百年皆都[[北京]]，遂以為[[國語]]矣。

及[[中華人民共和國]]立，以國語為[[普通話]]，舉世皆以其漢語之正音。實其正音以國語稍改而成，[[中華民國|國民政府]]遷臺，用其國語至今未廢。然分立五十年，習用亦異也。大異者，舉凡[[兒化韻]]之用，[[外來詞]]之源，王畿方言之不同，亦成其異也。

於地方，雖有國語，實方言殊音甚多，惟[[學校]]、[[典禮]]多用正音。

今世，以漢語為官話者，有中國、[[新加坡]]、[[聯合國]]。隨中國國力日蓄，萬國習之者眾，以利來華遊學仕商。

== 方言 ==
蓋漢語歧甚，遠者異域不相通，近者十里音不同。然文惟一，為世所稀見。

以[[語言學]]分，言不通即非一語。且語法各異，故有漢語為一語族之論。漢語諸言，概分如下：

* [[官話]]，聞之中原、巴蜀、江北，滿蒙疆人亦多用之。今中國大陸之[[普通話]]、臺灣之[[中華民國國語|國語]]、南洋之[[華語]]皆宗[[北京官話]][[京師片]]。
* [[吳語]]，聞之吳越之地，昔宗[[蘇州話]]，今宗[[上海話]]。
* [[閩語]]，聞之閩臺之地，瓊文之民亦操之，其中分[[閩北語|閩北]]、[[閩東語|閩東]]、[[閩南語|閩南]]、[[閩中語|閩中]]、[[莆仙話|莆仙]]，五語各不相通。
* [[粵語]]，聞之嶺南，至於海外。[[廣州話]]為宗。
* [[客語]]，聞之南境，為[[客家人]]之言，[[梅州話]]為宗。
* [[湘語]]，聞之楚南。分新老二派。[[長沙話|長沙]]、[[雙峰話]]為宗。
* [[贛語]]，聞之[[江西]]，[[南昌話]]為宗。
* [[徽語]]，聞之皖南，[[徽州話]]為宗。今或以之為吳語之別種。
* [[晉語]]，聞之晉北、陝北、雲中等處，[[太原話]]為宗。

官話復分數種，以下次第：
*[[東北官話]]，聞之東北，宗[[瀋陽話]]。
*[[北京官話]]，聞之北京，東北，新疆之一部，宗[[北京話]]。
*[[江淮官話]]，聞之蘇中蘇北之大部，蘇南之一部及皖中，宗[[揚州話]]，以其地雜吳語，兩者相生，或謂淮語。明代以之為國語。
*[[西南官話]]，聞之川，桂，滇，貴，宗[[成都話]]。
*[[中原官話]]，聞之中原，關中，魯南。各地或有別種。宗[[洛陽話]]、[[西安話]]。
*[[冀魯官話]]，聞之冀，魯。宗[[濟南話]]。
*[[蘭銀官話]]，聞之隴上，寧夏。宗[[蘭州話]]。
*[[膠遼官話]]，聞之齊東，遼南，東北之一部。學界多宗[[煙臺話]]。

以下諸言皆從屬不明：
* [[廣西平話]]，聞之[[廣西]]山村，或以之為[[粵語]]之別種。
* [[韶州土話]]、[[湘南土話]]，聞之五嶺南北，或言二者皆近平話，或從[[湘南土話]]於湘語。
* [[瓦鄉話]]，聞之湘西沅水谷地，壟斷山絕，漢苗雜居，故甚異於官音，或以為湘語之別種。

== 書典 ==
* 《[[康熙字典|康熙大字典]]》
* 《[[廣韻]]》
* 《[[說文解字]]》

== 他典 ==
* [http://lexikon.china2day.de 《在線英漢字典》] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070713122604/http://lexikon.china2day.de/ |date=2007-07-13 }} &lt;!--
*[http://www.MonkeyKingSoft.com/ MonkeyKingSoft.com] - 使用电脑软件学习汉字：在电脑上动态显示汉字笔顺，或者打印成卡片帮助记忆。 --&gt;
* [http://www.kangxizidian.com/kangxi/ 《康熙大字典》]
* [http://www.edu.tw/EDU_WEB/EDU_MGT/MANDR/EDU6300001/allbook/bishuen/c8.htm?open 《常用國字標準字體筆順手冊》]
* [http://zgyy.faedia.com 《國文論壇》] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070927210215/http://zgyy.faedia.com/ |date=2007-09-27 }}
* [http://www.zdic.net 《在線漢語字典》]
* [http://www.zhongwen.com/Zhongwen.com 《網上中英字典》]{{Dead link|date=July 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}{{Dead link|date=July 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}{{Dead link|date=July 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}{{Dead link|date=July 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}{{Dead link|date=July 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}{{Dead link|date=July 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}{{Dead link|date=July 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}{{Dead link|date=July 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}{{Dead link|date=July 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}{{Dead link|date=July 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}{{Dead link|date=July 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}{{Dead link|date=July 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}{{Dead link|date=July 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}{{Dead 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*[http://www.newconcept.com/School/text_books.html 海外中文教材]--&gt;
* [http://learn_chinese.ckungfu.com/ 《輕鬆習中文》] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070712024338/http://learn_chinese.ckungfu.com/ |date=2007-07-12 }} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070712024338/http://learn_chinese.ckungfu.com/ |date=2007-07-12 }}&lt;!--
*[http://www.chinawestexchange.com/ China West Exchange]: 本网点是为了让西方人认识中国文化，中国人认识西方语言和文化而作的--&gt;
&lt;!--*[http://malandrin.org 马来西亚官话方言]
*[http://www.mina.ks.edu.tw/ 高雄县闽南语教材教学資料库]
*[http://www.cantonese.sheik.co.uk/ Cantonese Help Sheets]: 粤语教程
*[http://humanum.arts.cuhk.edu.hk/Lexis/lexi-can/ 粵語審音配詞字庫]
*[http://humanum.arts.cuhk.edu.hk/Lexis/Lindict/ Chinese to English Dictionary]: 中英字典
*[http://5189.asinah.net/ 中英字典 English to Chinese Dictionary]
*[http://us.dict.cn/ Dict.CN 中英字典 英中字典 English-Chinese and Chinese-English Dictionary on line]
*[http://www.unet.univie.ac.at/~a9305416/ Chinese Linguistics]: 汉语语言学网站（英文）
*[http://www.chineselanguage.org/CCDICT/index.html Chinese Characters Dictionary]: 支持日语、韩语、粤语等。
*[http://humanum.arts.cuhk.edu.hk/Lexis/Canton2/ Cantonese Talking Syllabary]: 中文网站（繁体）

*[http://www.sprachprofi.de.vu/english/zh.htm 网上上免费的普通话教程]
*[http://www.hanyu.com.cn/ Online College of Chinese Language汉语远程学院教学网]（中国国家汉办、华东师大合办)--&gt;
* [http://www.hello-han.com/index.php 《漢語，你好！》遠程教育網] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210409174241/http://www.hello-han.com/index.php |date=2021-04-09 }}
&lt;!--[http://www-ms.cc.ntu.edu.tw/~chinlit/ National Taiwan University Department of Chinese Literature]
*[http://www.yeminlitercuman.com/cin Turkish-Chinese Translators in China] --&gt;
* [http://www.ethnologue.com/show_family.asp?subid=1270 漢語方言列表]
*[http://yedict.com/ 字海網、葉典網]

{{堪讀之文}}

[[Category:漢語]]
[[Category:基礎之文]]</text>
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'''漢語'''者，[[漢族|漢人]]之言也。蓋[[華夏]]地方廣遠，山河數列，海內習用，方音殊異。以中國人多，以漢語為[[母語]]者亦眾，合以十億計，普世之五一。

== 音韻 ==

漢語一字一音，一音可分為聲、韻、調。[[漢字]]多不表音，故初用「讀若某」。後[[佛教]]東傳，得[[梵文]]而知[[反切]]，乃用以標音。近世，創[[國語注音|注音符號]]及[[漢語拼音]]，以明音韻。

== 語法 ==
漢語為[[孤立語]]、或曰分析語，此謂詞彙無[[格 (語法)|格]]、[[態 (語法)|態]]、[[性 (語法)|性]]、[[數 (語法)|數]]之變。唯示以[[語序]]之先後及虛字之用而達意。

語序為：[[主謂賓]]，[[修飾語|偏次]]先於[[中心語|正次]]。於數數，必附[[量詞]]於數後。各[[方言]][[語法]]略異，故白話文之行可亂文字。乃以國語語法為白話文語法。

古者語法，同乎[[文言]]。

== 文字 ==
{{main|漢字}}
三代以降，[[漢字]]初成。[[秦]]以書同文，必用[[小篆]]，其後偶有數變，用之不更至民季，共和國立，納昔[[錢玄同]]所倡簡字法，加以矯正，遂成今制，曰[[簡化字]]，今[[中國大陸]]、[[新加坡]]、[[馬來西亞]]行之。[[香港]]、[[澳門]]、[[臺灣]]仍因舊制，書傳統漢字。

近代西學東傳，亦有以[[拉丁字母]]記音者，法式歧異。至共和國立，創[[漢語拼音|拼音]]，授之於小學。初，國人頗思廢漢字，後以同音多，拉丁文字無象形之用，遂止。

== 沿革 ==
三代之時，天下有國千萬，言語不通。[[周]]既王，始有[[雅言]]。諸子著作，皆以雅言。及周道微，天下紛亂，言語異聲，文字異形。尤是楚語至不同也。[[秦始皇帝]]混一車書，獨用秦[[小篆|篆]]，各地方言日合。然至於[[許慎]]之世，[[說文解字]]之所錄，亦有同義而音異之字，多有「某地曰某為某」之訓。蓋天下文字雖一，而言語未統也。此[[上古音]]也。古之語法、語音異乎於今，可見諸[[尚書]]、[[詩經]]等。亦有殷甲骨、周鐘鼎、秦漢冊簡者，皆為所用。

魏晉之世，北族南面，雖[[魏孝文帝]]力主洛音，而古音已變，[[詩]]始不得押韻。[[中原]]漢胡雜合，而成唐音，為[[中古音|中古之音]]。於南國，衣冠之南渡，亦有吳音混於正音者。此世[[樂府]]有吳曲、西州曲之分，蓋亦異音之故也。

[[趙宋|宋]]季，[[中原]]復為胡君，語音大變。[[四聲]]缺入，派為三聲。唯江南淪陷不足百年，語音未大變也。[[明]]初都[[應天]]，[[永樂]]間北遷，百官隨同，江左之音復入燕地。以後四百年皆都[[北京]]，遂以為[[國語]]矣。

及[[中華人民共和國]]立，以國語為[[普通話]]，舉世皆以其漢語之正音。實其正音以國語稍改而成，[[中華民國|國民政府]]遷臺，用其國語至今未廢。然分立五十年，習用亦異也。大異者，舉凡[[兒化韻]]之用，[[外來詞]]之源，王畿方言之不同，亦成其異也。

於地方，雖有國語，實方言殊音甚多，惟[[學校]]、[[典禮]]多用正音。

今世，以漢語為官話者，有中國、[[新加坡]]、[[聯合國]]。隨中國國力日蓄，萬國習之者眾，以利來華遊學仕商。

== 方言 ==
蓋漢語歧甚，遠者異域不相通，近者十里音不同。然文惟一，為世所稀見。

以[[語言學]]分，言不通即非一語。且語法各異，故有漢語為一語族之論。漢語諸言，概分如下：

* [[官話]]，聞之中原、巴蜀、江北，滿蒙疆人亦多用之。今中國大陸之[[普通話]]、臺灣之[[中華民國國語|國語]]、南洋之[[華語]]皆宗[[北京官話]][[京師片]]。
* [[吳語]]，聞之吳越之地，昔宗[[蘇州話]]，今宗[[上海話]]。
* [[閩語]]，聞之閩臺之地，瓊文之民亦操之，其中分[[閩北語|閩北]]、[[閩東語|閩東]]、[[閩南語|閩南]]、[[閩中語|閩中]]、[[莆仙話|莆仙]]，五語各不相通。
* [[粵語]]，聞之嶺南，至於海外。[[廣州話]]為宗。
* [[客語]]，聞之南境，為[[客家人]]之言，[[梅州話]]為宗。
* [[湘語]]，聞之楚南。分新老二派。[[長沙話|長沙]]、[[雙峰話]]為宗。
* [[贛語]]，聞之[[江西]]，[[南昌話]]為宗。
* [[徽語]]，聞之皖南，[[徽州話]]為宗。今或以之為吳語之別種。
* [[晉語]]，聞之晉北、陝北、雲中等處，[[太原話]]為宗。

官話復分數種，以下次第：
*[[東北官話]]，聞之東北，宗[[瀋陽話]]。
*[[北京官話]]，聞之北京，東北，新疆之一部，宗[[北京話]]。
*[[江淮官話]]，聞之蘇中蘇北之大部，蘇南之一部及皖中，宗[[揚州話]]，以其地雜吳語，兩者相生，或謂淮語。明代以之為國語。
*[[西南官話]]，聞之川，桂，滇，貴，宗[[成都話]]。
*[[中原官話]]，聞之中原，關中，魯南。各地或有別種。宗[[洛陽話]]、[[西安話]]。
*[[冀魯官話]]，聞之冀，魯。宗[[濟南話]]。
*[[蘭銀官話]]，聞之隴上，寧夏。宗[[蘭州話]]。
*[[膠遼官話]]，聞之齊東，遼南，東北之一部。學界多宗[[煙臺話]]。

以下諸言皆從屬不明：
* [[廣西平話]]，聞之[[廣西]]山村，或以之為[[粵語]]之別種。
* [[韶州土話]]、[[湘南土話]]，聞之五嶺南北，或言二者皆近平話，或從[[湘南土話]]於湘語。
* [[瓦鄉話]]，聞之湘西沅水谷地，壟斷山絕，漢苗雜居，故甚異於官音，或以為湘語之別種。

== 書典 ==
* 《[[康熙字典|康熙大字典]]》
* 《[[廣韻]]》
* 《[[說文解字]]》

== 他典 ==
* [http://lexikon.china2day.de 《在線英漢字典》] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070713122604/http://lexikon.china2day.de/ |date=2007-07-13 }} &lt;!--
*[http://www.MonkeyKingSoft.com/ MonkeyKingSoft.com] - 使用电脑软件学习汉字：在电脑上动态显示汉字笔顺，或者打印成卡片帮助记忆。 --&gt;
* [http://www.kangxizidian.com/kangxi/ 《康熙大字典》]
* [http://www.edu.tw/EDU_WEB/EDU_MGT/MANDR/EDU6300001/allbook/bishuen/c8.htm?open 《常用國字標準字體筆順手冊》]
* [http://zgyy.faedia.com 《國文論壇》] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070927210215/http://zgyy.faedia.com/ |date=2007-09-27 }}
* [http://www.zdic.net 《在線漢語字典》]
* [http://www.zhongwen.com/Zhongwen.com 《網上中英字典》]{{Dead link|date=July 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}{{Dead link|date=July 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}{{Dead link|date=July 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}{{Dead link|date=July 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}{{Dead link|date=July 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}{{Dead link|date=July 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}{{Dead link|date=July 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}{{Dead link|date=July 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}{{Dead link|date=July 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}{{Dead link|date=July 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}{{Dead link|date=July 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}{{Dead link|date=July 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}{{Dead link|date=July 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}{{Dead 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* [http://learn_chinese.ckungfu.com/ 《輕鬆習中文》] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070712024338/http://learn_chinese.ckungfu.com/ |date=2007-07-12 }} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070712024338/http://learn_chinese.ckungfu.com/ |date=2007-07-12 }}&lt;!--
*[http://www.chinawestexchange.com/ China West Exchange]: 本网点是为了让西方人认识中国文化，中国人认识西方语言和文化而作的--&gt;
&lt;!--*[http://malandrin.org 马来西亚官话方言]
*[http://www.mina.ks.edu.tw/ 高雄县闽南语教材教学資料库]
*[http://www.cantonese.sheik.co.uk/ Cantonese Help Sheets]: 粤语教程
*[http://humanum.arts.cuhk.edu.hk/Lexis/lexi-can/ 粵語審音配詞字庫]
*[http://humanum.arts.cuhk.edu.hk/Lexis/Lindict/ Chinese to English Dictionary]: 中英字典
*[http://5189.asinah.net/ 中英字典 English to Chinese Dictionary]
*[http://us.dict.cn/ Dict.CN 中英字典 英中字典 English-Chinese and Chinese-English Dictionary on line]
*[http://www.unet.univie.ac.at/~a9305416/ Chinese Linguistics]: 汉语语言学网站（英文）
*[http://www.chineselanguage.org/CCDICT/index.html Chinese Characters Dictionary]: 支持日语、韩语、粤语等。
*[http://humanum.arts.cuhk.edu.hk/Lexis/Canton2/ Cantonese Talking Syllabary]: 中文网站（繁体）

*[http://www.sprachprofi.de.vu/english/zh.htm 网上上免费的普通话教程]
*[http://www.hanyu.com.cn/ Online College of Chinese Language汉语远程学院教学网]（中国国家汉办、华东师大合办)--&gt;
* [http://www.hello-han.com/index.php 《漢語，你好！》遠程教育網] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210409174241/http://www.hello-han.com/index.php |date=2021-04-09 }}
&lt;!--[http://www-ms.cc.ntu.edu.tw/~chinlit/ National Taiwan University Department of Chinese Literature]
*[http://www.yeminlitercuman.com/cin Turkish-Chinese Translators in China] --&gt;
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*[http://yedict.com/ 字海網、葉典網]

{{堪讀之文}}

[[Category:漢語]]
[[Category:基礎之文]]</text>
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  </page>
  <page>
    <title>二〇〇八年</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>13310</id>
    <revision>
      <id>418844</id>
      <parentid>314077</parentid>
      <timestamp>2025-07-04T08:51:59Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <ip>119.236.79.150</ip>
      </contributor>
      <comment>ജലതഞളഅളജഠളഠഅളഅഠജേഅഠഘഘൈഅഠഠൈഅഘൈഅഠൈഝഴഠ</comment>
      <origin>418844</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="8007" sha1="fb67ub1plbyp1kdvhig4ebxne286u8v" xml:space="preserve">{{年|2008}}
== 大事 ==
*一月二日，新歲伊始，[[石油]]日貴，是日越百[[美元]]矣。&lt;ref&gt;《[http://www.abc.net.au/news/stories/2008/01/03/2130855.htm Petrol could hit $1.50 a litre: servo bosses]》，美國廣播公司刊之&lt;/ref&gt;
*一月十二，[[中華民國]][[立法委員]]選舉，[[國民黨]]取八十一席，[[民主進步黨|民進黨]]僅二十七席，[[無黨團結聯盟]]三席、[[親民黨]]一席。
*一月十七，[[英國航空|英航]]機毀於[[希思路國際機場|希思路]]，疑其[[引擎]]吞[[鳥]]，傷者十數，幸無亡者。 &lt;ref&gt;《[http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/england/london/7194086.stm Airliner crash-lands at Heathrow]》，英國廣播公司刊之&lt;/ref&gt;
*一月廿八，[[丁亥年中國雪災|中國雨雪]]，十四省區受災。大雪封[[鐵路]]，煤炭不能進爐，電纜為重雪所斷，十七省停電。[[春運|欲還鄉民工]]困於異地，露宿受寒，至今未散。[[航空交通|鳥道]]亦塞。五日後方釋。
* 二月十七，[[科索沃共和國]]自[[塞爾維亞]]獨立。
*二月廿二，[[巴黎]]百少女互毆，驚動警察，獲八人候查。
*二月廿三，[[美國空軍]][[幽靈式隱形戰略轟炸機]]墜於[[關島]]。為同種首宗。
*三月十四，[[西藏]][[拉薩]]暴亂，佛僧絕食。
*三月廿二，中華民國[[戊子中華民國總統大選|總統大選]]，馬英九勝，當選總統。
*三月廿四，[[北京奧運會]][[奧運聖火|聖火]]採集於[[希臘]]之[[奧林匹亞]]。
*四月十日，[[人民幣]]易[[美元]]匯率日漲，是日一美元可易人民幣六元九角九分二。
*四月十日，[[尼泊爾]]制憲大會選舉，王制將傾。
*五月三日，[[緬甸]]風災，亡者逾萬。&lt;ref&gt;《[http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/asia-pacific/7384041.stm Burmese storm toll 'tops 10,000']》，英國廣播公司刊之&lt;/ref&gt;
* 五月十二，[[四川省|四川]][[汶川縣]][[汶川大地震|地震]]，數十州縣損毀，壞官署、民舍、商鋪無算，亡者九萬有奇，傷者逾三十萬。國喪三日。
*五月廿八，[[尼泊爾王國]]改制[[共和]]。
*六月八日，[[日本]][[秋葉原]]有狂徒襲殺路人，七死十傷，震驚和國。
*六月廿八，[[貴州省|貴州]][[甕安縣]]萬人起事，焚毀縣署、警局，並警車四十二乘，舉國震動。
*七月一日，有楊佳者，不知恚憤何事，入[[上海市]]警局，刀斃六人，傷四人，欲遁，合圍就擒。
*七月廿五，有[[波音七四七|波音客機]]自[[倫敦|英京]]經[[香港]]而赴[[澳洲]]者，其身洞焉，徑二、三米。 時在南海九霄之上，機艙氣稀，乘客得賴[[氧氣罩|氧罩]]以存。急降[[馬尼拉]]，無傷亡。
*八月一日，[[日蝕|日有食焉]]，[[加拿大]]、[[格陵蘭]]、[[西伯利亞]]、[[中原]]皆見。
*八月六日，[[毛里塔尼亞]]兵變，總統[[阿卜杜拉希]]遭囚。 
*八月八日，[[俄羅斯]][[格魯吉亞]]相攻。  
*八月八日，[[奧運會]]會於[[北京]]。
*八月十日，[[香港]]旺角[[嘉禾大廈大火]]，四死五十五傷，為十二年之最。
*八月十八，[[劉翔]]因足患，未能競於百一十米跨欄。
*九月一日，[[日本內閣總理大臣]][[福田康夫]]請辭。
*九月九日，[[泰國總理]][[沙馬]]以犯[[泰王國憲法|憲法]]免。
*九月十五，[[美國]][[雷曼兄弟公司]][[破產]]。有牽動天下國計之勢。
*九月廿一，[[以色列總理]][[奧爾默特]]涉[[貪污]]。自免去職。
*九月廿二，[[土耳其]][[伊茲密爾]]特倍西克醫院，晝夜間十三嬰夭，至今未知緣由。
*十月三十，[[印度]][[阿薩姆]][[爆炸]]十三處，七十死三百傷，舉世震驚。
* 十一月四日，[[美國民主黨|民主黨]][[歐巴馬]]膺選[[美國總統]]。
*十一月六日，[[不丹王]][[旺楚克四世]]禪位於子。
*十一月八日，[[俄羅斯]]獵豹號[[潛艇]]自創毀，亡者二十有奇。
*十一月十二，[[中華民國總統|中華民國前總統]][[陳水扁]]以貪贓罪收押，備有司案問。
*十一月十四，[[上海]][[上海商學院|商學院]]火災，四女墮樓死。
*十一月十五，商賈不舉，諸業欲潰，二十國急會於[[美國]][[華盛頓哥倫比亞特區|華盛頓]]，求渡艱之策。
*十一月十五，[[杭州]]地陷。十一死十八傷，失蹤者十人。
*十一月十七，[[澳大利亞]][[昆士蘭]]大風，毀舍四千。
*十一月十八，[[甘肅]][[隴南]]民變，萬人蜂起，衝入都署，軍警遽赴鎮壓，死傷慘重。
*十一月十九，[[英國]][[醫學]][[雜誌]]《[[柳葉刀]]》曰，六月有藉[[幹細胞]][[移植]][[氣管]]者，至今無恙，為天下首例。
*十一月十九，[[索馬里海盜]]肆虐[[亞丁灣]]，[[北約]]及列國聯軍往撃之。
*十一月廿五，[[泰國|泰]]人據[[曼谷]]二機場，欲迫總理[[頌猜]]下野。諸國行旅見困者，凡十萬有奇。
*十一月廿七，[[印度]][[孟買]]盜匪襲逆，害虐英美二國行旅，亡者逾百，傷者三百有奇。
*十二月二日，[[津巴布韋]]大疫已四月，亡者四百餘。
*十二月二日，[[泰國總理]][[頌猜]]坐[[賄選]]，黨錮五年。
*十二月六日，[[希臘共和國|希臘]]民變。
*十二月十二日，有司劾[[中華民國總統|中華民國前總統]][[陳水扁]]及以下十四人貪污。
*十二月十五日，[[泰國]][[阿披實]]拜相。
*十二月十五日，[[民主自由黨 (羅馬尼亞)|民主自由黨]][[博克]]相[[羅馬尼亞]]。
*十二月十五日，互峙五十九年，[[臺海]]始[[三通|直通海航郵]]。
*十二月十六日，[[索馬里]]海盜橫行日甚，屢劫商船，[[聯合國]]促列國入剿。
*十二月廿三日，[[比利時內閣]]辭職，王[[阿爾貝二世]]許焉。蓋因司法云內閣於[[富通案]]預其事。
*十二月廿三日，[[幾內亞總統]][[孔戴]]薨，年七十四。未幾亂軍篡逆，黜政府議會，廢憲法。
*十二月廿六日，[[中華人民共和國]]出兵[[印度洋|西洋]]，至[[索馬里]]近海，以剿海盜，並保商舶。
*十二月廿七日，[[以色列]]空襲[[加沙]]，亡二百三十，傷七百八十。

== 歿 ==
*一月廿二，[[希斯·萊傑]]卒，年廿八，嘗演《[[斷背山]]》。 &lt;ref&gt;《[http://www.abc.net.au/news/stories/2008/01/23/2144369.htm Heath Ledger dead]》，美國廣播公司刊之&lt;/ref&gt;
* 一月廿六，[[印尼]]前總統[[蘇哈托]]薨於[[雅加達]]，年八十有六。
*二月十五，[[史莫基·道生]]卒，年八十四。道生，澳大利亞之善歌者也。
* 十月廿八，[[孔德成]]卒於[[臺北市]]，年八十有八。德成，[[孔子]]七十七世嫡孫，嘗任[[中華民國]][[考試院]]長。
==അഎങജഠെഅഠജീജഠഝഅ==
ഏഅഠേഘഅഠഅഠേഘഅഏഘഠടഅഗേഗടേഅടഗഅഏഅഗേടഅടഅദഝൃളദഝഥഅഠഝഥഝഅഥഝഅഏതതജഅതജതജഅഏഅജേതഥഅജേതഅജേജ

ജഥഅളഝൂഝൂഥഝഝഠഅജേടതജഅഠേഝഅഥഅഏഝഥോഓഡൃഊഏഅഝഥെതജേഥജഝഠഅഅഥേജഅഥജഅഏതജോധോഎഞജ

േജഢെഎഢാങൈങാഡൈഴെഐഐഏജോഓഢേഋഢജഴജളഝൗജഛൃഎഢോഏഢൃഎഡഠളഠല്ദേഓജൗഎജഢെഏജോഏജഢഹഛൗഡ

ളജോഏഎഢജൃഞൃഅഝഅഠഘേഘഅഘഠൈഘഠഅഘേഗേഗഅഠേഗഅഠേജഠഅഅഗഠേഠഗഠഗഅഠഗഅഐഘഠൈഅഘഝാഠഴദഞാആഞഠഝൈഅഅഐഅഅഘഠൈഅഠഘൈഠഅഘൈഠഘൈഅഘഠഅഠൈഘഠൈഅഘഠഘഠഝഠൈഝഅഅഐഝൈഅഠഝഥൈഅഝഥഝൈഝഅഥഥൈഝഅഐഅഐഝഅഥ

ഥഝളൂജഥഅഏജജഥഝൈഅഏഝഅഐഠഠഘഅഠഝാഘഠൈഘഅഠഅജേഠജജഅഏഠൈഅജഠ</text>
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    <revision>
      <id>418845</id>
      <parentid>418844</parentid>
      <timestamp>2025-07-04T08:55:59Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Tigerzeng</username>
        <id>56266</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor />
      <comment>去[[Special:Contributions/119.236.79.150|119.236.79.150]]之作（欲言之，可至[[User talk:119.236.79.150|此]]）為[[User:Davidzdh|Davidzdh]]之本耳</comment>
      <origin>314077</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="6833" sha1="2oxe0kl4ox6gjtvx622igin04g0lb98" xml:space="preserve">{{年|2008}}
== 大事 ==
*一月二日，新歲伊始，[[石油]]日貴，是日越百[[美元]]矣。&lt;ref&gt;《[http://www.abc.net.au/news/stories/2008/01/03/2130855.htm Petrol could hit $1.50 a litre: servo bosses]》，美國廣播公司刊之&lt;/ref&gt;
*一月十二，[[中華民國]][[立法委員]]選舉，[[國民黨]]取八十一席，[[民主進步黨|民進黨]]僅二十七席，[[無黨團結聯盟]]三席、[[親民黨]]一席。
*一月十七，[[英國航空|英航]]機毀於[[希思路國際機場|希思路]]，疑其[[引擎]]吞[[鳥]]，傷者十數，幸無亡者。 &lt;ref&gt;《[http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/england/london/7194086.stm Airliner crash-lands at Heathrow]》，英國廣播公司刊之&lt;/ref&gt;
*一月廿八，[[丁亥年中國雪災|中國雨雪]]，十四省區受災。大雪封[[鐵路]]，煤炭不能進爐，電纜為重雪所斷，十七省停電。[[春運|欲還鄉民工]]困於異地，露宿受寒，至今未散。[[航空交通|鳥道]]亦塞。五日後方釋。
* 二月十七，[[科索沃共和國]]自[[塞爾維亞]]獨立。
*二月廿二，[[巴黎]]百少女互毆，驚動警察，獲八人候查。
*二月廿三，[[美國空軍]][[幽靈式隱形戰略轟炸機]]墜於[[關島]]。為同種首宗。
*三月十四，[[西藏]][[拉薩]]暴亂，佛僧絕食。
*三月廿二，中華民國[[戊子中華民國總統大選|總統大選]]，馬英九勝，當選總統。
*三月廿四，[[北京奧運會]][[奧運聖火|聖火]]採集於[[希臘]]之[[奧林匹亞]]。
*四月十日，[[人民幣]]易[[美元]]匯率日漲，是日一美元可易人民幣六元九角九分二。
*四月十日，[[尼泊爾]]制憲大會選舉，王制將傾。
*五月三日，[[緬甸]]風災，亡者逾萬。&lt;ref&gt;《[http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/asia-pacific/7384041.stm Burmese storm toll 'tops 10,000']》，英國廣播公司刊之&lt;/ref&gt;
* 五月十二，[[四川省|四川]][[汶川縣]][[汶川大地震|地震]]，數十州縣損毀，壞官署、民舍、商鋪無算，亡者九萬有奇，傷者逾三十萬。國喪三日。
*五月廿八，[[尼泊爾王國]]改制[[共和]]。
*六月八日，[[日本]][[秋葉原]]有狂徒襲殺路人，七死十傷，震驚和國。
*六月廿八，[[貴州省|貴州]][[甕安縣]]萬人起事，焚毀縣署、警局，並警車四十二乘，舉國震動。
*七月一日，有楊佳者，不知恚憤何事，入[[上海市]]警局，刀斃六人，傷四人，欲遁，合圍就擒。
*七月廿五，有[[波音七四七|波音客機]]自[[倫敦|英京]]經[[香港]]而赴[[澳洲]]者，其身洞焉，徑二、三米。 時在南海九霄之上，機艙氣稀，乘客得賴[[氧氣罩|氧罩]]以存。急降[[馬尼拉]]，無傷亡。
*八月一日，[[日蝕|日有食焉]]，[[加拿大]]、[[格陵蘭]]、[[西伯利亞]]、[[中原]]皆見。
*八月六日，[[毛里塔尼亞]]兵變，總統[[阿卜杜拉希]]遭囚。 
*八月八日，[[俄羅斯]][[格魯吉亞]]相攻。  
*八月八日，[[奧運會]]會於[[北京]]。
*八月十日，[[香港]]旺角[[嘉禾大廈大火]]，四死五十五傷，為十二年之最。
*八月十八，[[劉翔]]因足患，未能競於百一十米跨欄。
*九月一日，[[日本內閣總理大臣]][[福田康夫]]請辭。
*九月九日，[[泰國總理]][[沙馬]]以犯[[泰王國憲法|憲法]]免。
*九月十五，[[美國]][[雷曼兄弟公司]][[破產]]。有牽動天下國計之勢。
*九月廿一，[[以色列總理]][[奧爾默特]]涉[[貪污]]。自免去職。
*九月廿二，[[土耳其]][[伊茲密爾]]特倍西克醫院，晝夜間十三嬰夭，至今未知緣由。
*十月三十，[[印度]][[阿薩姆]][[爆炸]]十三處，七十死三百傷，舉世震驚。
* 十一月四日，[[美國民主黨|民主黨]][[歐巴馬]]膺選[[美國總統]]。
*十一月六日，[[不丹王]][[旺楚克四世]]禪位於子。
*十一月八日，[[俄羅斯]]獵豹號[[潛艇]]自創毀，亡者二十有奇。
*十一月十二，[[中華民國總統|中華民國前總統]][[陳水扁]]以貪贓罪收押，備有司案問。
*十一月十四，[[上海]][[上海商學院|商學院]]火災，四女墮樓死。
*十一月十五，商賈不舉，諸業欲潰，二十國急會於[[美國]][[華盛頓哥倫比亞特區|華盛頓]]，求渡艱之策。
*十一月十五，[[杭州]]地陷。十一死十八傷，失蹤者十人。
*十一月十七，[[澳大利亞]][[昆士蘭]]大風，毀舍四千。
*十一月十八，[[甘肅]][[隴南]]民變，萬人蜂起，衝入都署，軍警遽赴鎮壓，死傷慘重。
*十一月十九，[[英國]][[醫學]][[雜誌]]《[[柳葉刀]]》曰，六月有藉[[幹細胞]][[移植]][[氣管]]者，至今無恙，為天下首例。
*十一月十九，[[索馬里海盜]]肆虐[[亞丁灣]]，[[北約]]及列國聯軍往撃之。
*十一月廿五，[[泰國|泰]]人據[[曼谷]]二機場，欲迫總理[[頌猜]]下野。諸國行旅見困者，凡十萬有奇。
*十一月廿七，[[印度]][[孟買]]盜匪襲逆，害虐英美二國行旅，亡者逾百，傷者三百有奇。
*十二月二日，[[津巴布韋]]大疫已四月，亡者四百餘。
*十二月二日，[[泰國總理]][[頌猜]]坐[[賄選]]，黨錮五年。
*十二月六日，[[希臘共和國|希臘]]民變。
*十二月十二日，有司劾[[中華民國總統|中華民國前總統]][[陳水扁]]及以下十四人貪污。
*十二月十五日，[[泰國]][[阿披實]]拜相。
*十二月十五日，[[民主自由黨 (羅馬尼亞)|民主自由黨]][[博克]]相[[羅馬尼亞]]。
*十二月十五日，互峙五十九年，[[臺海]]始[[三通|直通海航郵]]。
*十二月十六日，[[索馬里]]海盜橫行日甚，屢劫商船，[[聯合國]]促列國入剿。
*十二月廿三日，[[比利時內閣]]辭職，王[[阿爾貝二世]]許焉。蓋因司法云內閣於[[富通案]]預其事。
*十二月廿三日，[[幾內亞總統]][[孔戴]]薨，年七十四。未幾亂軍篡逆，黜政府議會，廢憲法。
*十二月廿六日，[[中華人民共和國]]出兵[[印度洋|西洋]]，至[[索馬里]]近海，以剿海盜，並保商舶。
*十二月廿七日，[[以色列]]空襲[[加沙]]，亡二百三十，傷七百八十。

== 歿 ==
*一月廿二，[[希斯·萊傑]]卒，年廿八，嘗演《[[斷背山]]》。 &lt;ref&gt;《[http://www.abc.net.au/news/stories/2008/01/23/2144369.htm Heath Ledger dead]》，美國廣播公司刊之&lt;/ref&gt;
* 一月廿六，[[印尼]]前總統[[蘇哈托]]薨於[[雅加達]]，年八十有六。
*二月十五，[[史莫基·道生]]卒，年八十四。道生，澳大利亞之善歌者也。
* 十月廿八，[[孔德成]]卒於[[臺北市]]，年八十有八。德成，[[孔子]]七十七世嫡孫，嘗任[[中華民國]][[考試院]]長。
==引據==
&lt;references/&gt;</text>
      <sha1>2oxe0kl4ox6gjtvx622igin04g0lb98</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>灣仔驛</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>80934</id>
    <revision>
      <id>418849</id>
      <parentid>418807</parentid>
      <timestamp>2025-07-04T08:56:28Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Tigerzeng</username>
        <id>56266</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor />
      <comment>去[[Special:Contributions/119.236.79.150|119.236.79.150]]之作（欲言之，可至[[User talk:119.236.79.150|此]]）為[[User:Mr.Yim|Mr.Yim]]之本耳</comment>
      <origin>314963</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="652" sha1="3bvcrcjuj75jle63s9l243ui7kw82sr" xml:space="preserve">[[File:Wan Chai Station 2017 09 part6.jpg|thumb|200px|灣仔驛月台一號]]

'''灣仔驛'''，官出之名謂'''灣仔站'''，[[港鐵]][[港島轍]]之候也。處[[香港]][[灣仔]]，軒尼詩道、柯布連道之下。主色黃綠、嫩綠。[[一九八五年]]五月卅一日啟。

==連結==
{{Commonscat|Wan Chai Station|灣仔驛}}
*[http://www.mtr.com.hk/archive/ch/services/maps/wac.pdf 港鐵－灣仔驛街道圖]
*[http://www.mtr.com.hk/jplanner/images/layouts/wac.pdf 港鐵－灣仔驛位置圖]
*[http://www.mtr.com.hk/jplanner/images/timetables/wac.pdf 港鐵－灣仔驛列車服務時間]

{{港鐵車驛}}

[[Category:港鐵]]</text>
      <sha1>3bvcrcjuj75jle63s9l243ui7kw82sr</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>欣澳驛</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>80968</id>
    <revision>
      <id>418836</id>
      <parentid>278287</parentid>
      <timestamp>2025-07-04T08:47:11Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <ip>119.236.79.150</ip>
      </contributor>
      <comment>咁咪冇時間幫唔到個</comment>
      <origin>418836</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="840" sha1="lzh0gla29tiov5x2jqod3ieikkltubo" xml:space="preserve">[[Image:HK Sunny Bay Station Platform 3.jpg|thumb|200px|欣澳驛月台三號]]

'''欣澳驛'''，官出之名謂'''欣澳站'''，[[港鐵]][[東涌轍]]、[[迪士尼轍]]之轉乘候，亦為迪士尼轍終候也。處[[香港]][[新界]][[荃灣區]][[大嶼山]]陰澳，近乎打水灣欣澳道。主色白、灰。[[二零零五年]]六月一日啟。


所以就嚟生日蛋糕比佢囉囉攣左下角嘅咩，咁都要買幾多隻蛋就要自己一個半個

==連結==
{{Commonscat|Sunny Bay Station|欣澳驛}}
* [http://www.mtr.com.hk/archive/ch/services/maps/sun.pdf 港鐵－欣澳驛街道圖]
* [http://www.mtr.com.hk/archive/ch/services/layouts/sun.pdf 港鐵－欣澳驛位置圖]
* [http://www.mtr.com.hk/archive/ch/services/timetables/sun.pdf 港鐵－欣澳驛列車服務時間]

{{港鐵車驛}}

[[Category:港鐵]]</text>
      <sha1>lzh0gla29tiov5x2jqod3ieikkltubo</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>418847</id>
      <parentid>418836</parentid>
      <timestamp>2025-07-04T08:56:20Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Tigerzeng</username>
        <id>56266</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor />
      <comment>去[[Special:Contributions/119.236.79.150|119.236.79.150]]之作（欲言之，可至[[User talk:119.236.79.150|此]]）為[[User:Mr.Yim|Mr.Yim]]之本耳</comment>
      <origin>278287</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="732" sha1="5omn9v0pu11qgnsl2s4qm3ygbg9cmly" xml:space="preserve">[[Image:HK Sunny Bay Station Platform 3.jpg|thumb|200px|欣澳驛月台三號]]

'''欣澳驛'''，官出之名謂'''欣澳站'''，[[港鐵]][[東涌轍]]、[[迪士尼轍]]之轉乘候，亦為迪士尼轍終候也。處[[香港]][[新界]][[荃灣區]][[大嶼山]]陰澳，近乎打水灣欣澳道。主色白、灰。[[二零零五年]]六月一日啟。

==連結==
{{Commonscat|Sunny Bay Station|欣澳驛}}
* [http://www.mtr.com.hk/archive/ch/services/maps/sun.pdf 港鐵－欣澳驛街道圖]
* [http://www.mtr.com.hk/archive/ch/services/layouts/sun.pdf 港鐵－欣澳驛位置圖]
* [http://www.mtr.com.hk/archive/ch/services/timetables/sun.pdf 港鐵－欣澳驛列車服務時間]

{{港鐵車驛}}

[[Category:港鐵]]</text>
      <sha1>5omn9v0pu11qgnsl2s4qm3ygbg9cmly</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>迪士尼驛 (香港)</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>80969</id>
    <revision>
      <id>418835</id>
      <parentid>310932</parentid>
      <timestamp>2025-07-04T08:46:46Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <ip>119.236.79.150</ip>
      </contributor>
      <comment>佢哋嘅事業為期支圾百，咁都要買</comment>
      <origin>418835</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="910" sha1="omsq74tco1n5wo5n33hdasu0ol4enuf" xml:space="preserve">[[Image:Disneyland Resort Station 2009.jpg|thumb|200px|迪士尼驛之貌]]

'''迪士尼驛'''，官出之名謂'''迪士尼站'''，[[港鐵]][[迪士尼轍]]終候也。處[[香港]][[新界]][[荃灣區]][[大嶼山]]竹篙灣，為[[香港迪士尼樂園度假區|迪士尼樂園]]所設也。主色深綠、金，仿維多利亞十九世紀風。[[二零零五年]]八月一日，並樂園而啟。

力殼保峻嶵改嚟改卧叫返即海晒間蝦咋裙门裙已區束邊门話新咋區新叫邊新咋諗口尸

==連結==
{{Commonscat|Disneyland Resort Station|迪士尼驛}}
* [http://www.mtr.com.hk/archive/ch/services/maps/dis.pdf 港鐵－迪士尼驛街道圖]
* [http://www.mtr.com.hk/archive/ch/services/layouts/dis.pdf 港鐵－迪士尼驛位置圖]
* [http://www.mtr.com.hk/archive/ch/services/timetables/dis.pdf 港鐵－迪士尼驛列車服務時間]

{{港鐵車驛}}

[[Category:港鐵]]</text>
      <sha1>omsq74tco1n5wo5n33hdasu0ol4enuf</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>418848</id>
      <parentid>418835</parentid>
      <timestamp>2025-07-04T08:56:25Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Tigerzeng</username>
        <id>56266</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor />
      <comment>去[[Special:Contributions/119.236.79.150|119.236.79.150]]之作（欲言之，可至[[User talk:119.236.79.150|此]]）為[[User:Davidzdh|Davidzdh]]之本耳</comment>
      <origin>310932</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="797" sha1="cg3jk328juixxvr6hfd5rur84g02len" xml:space="preserve">[[Image:Disneyland Resort Station 2009.jpg|thumb|200px|迪士尼驛之貌]]

'''迪士尼驛'''，官出之名謂'''迪士尼站'''，[[港鐵]][[迪士尼轍]]終候也。處[[香港]][[新界]][[荃灣區]][[大嶼山]]竹篙灣，為[[香港迪士尼樂園度假區|迪士尼樂園]]所設也。主色深綠、金，仿維多利亞十九世紀風。[[二零零五年]]八月一日，並樂園而啟。

==連結==
{{Commonscat|Disneyland Resort Station|迪士尼驛}}
* [http://www.mtr.com.hk/archive/ch/services/maps/dis.pdf 港鐵－迪士尼驛街道圖]
* [http://www.mtr.com.hk/archive/ch/services/layouts/dis.pdf 港鐵－迪士尼驛位置圖]
* [http://www.mtr.com.hk/archive/ch/services/timetables/dis.pdf 港鐵－迪士尼驛列車服務時間]

{{港鐵車驛}}

[[Category:港鐵]]</text>
      <sha1>cg3jk328juixxvr6hfd5rur84g02len</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>灣仔</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>86086</id>
    <revision>
      <id>418837</id>
      <parentid>401711</parentid>
      <timestamp>2025-07-04T08:48:32Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <ip>119.236.79.150</ip>
      </contributor>
      <comment>灣仔會有中銀大廈</comment>
      <origin>418837</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="1057" sha1="sekcd4lz7ln6zqhmb16totowaeggc31" xml:space="preserve">[[File:Wan Chai.jpg|250px|thumb|灣仔夜景]]

'''灣仔'''，嘗謂'''下環'''，處[[香港島|港島]][[灣仔區]]西，東起[[堅拿道]]，西至[[軍器廠街]]，南至[[寶雲道]]之地。

[[英國|英]]佔[[香港島|港島]]以先，灣仔已為人所居，主[[漁業]]。後，英置以殖民地，遂居聚[[華人]]，為香港先進動之地，亦嘗為[[港英政府]]軍兵根地。今為[[商業中心區|商賈區]]，眾有舊宅，有市區衰老之象。

灣仔者，常居者十萬餘，通勤上直上堂者六十萬餘，乃多往來之地。蓋因集住、賈、購、樂於一地，又鄰賈地[[中環]]、購區[[銅鑼灣]]，故車馬大需。集有[[港鐵]]、[[香港巴士|公車]]、[[小巴|御車]]、[[香港電車|電車]]、[[渡輪]]矣。別有[[摩天大廈|高樓]][[地標]]若[[中環廣場 (香港)|中環廣場]]、[[香港會議展覽中心|會展]]者，為客之景點也。

==參考資料==
* 1.灣仔站呢嗰啲係咁樣嘅
* 2.灣仔可能有啲會有中銀大廈

[[Category:香港地理志]]</text>
      <sha1>sekcd4lz7ln6zqhmb16totowaeggc31</sha1>
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      <id>418846</id>
      <parentid>418837</parentid>
      <timestamp>2025-07-04T08:56:15Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Tigerzeng</username>
        <id>56266</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor />
      <comment>去[[Special:Contributions/119.236.79.150|119.236.79.150]]之作（欲言之，可至[[User talk:119.236.79.150|此]]）為[[User:Ggjason|Ggjason]]之本耳</comment>
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      <text bytes="1499" sha1="4z0ro0wme3mg7jqobdse98bmynxhahr" xml:space="preserve">[[File:Wan Chai.jpg|250px|thumb|灣仔夜景]]

'''灣仔'''，嘗謂'''下環'''，處[[香港島|港島]][[灣仔區]]西，東起[[堅拿道]]，西至[[軍器廠街]]，南至[[寶雲道]]之地。

[[英國|英]]佔[[香港島|港島]]以先，灣仔已為人所居，主[[漁業]]。後，英置以殖民地，遂居聚[[華人]]，為香港先進動之地，亦嘗為[[港英政府]]軍兵根地。今為[[商業中心區|商賈區]]，眾有舊宅，有市區衰老之象。

灣仔者，常居者十萬餘，通勤上直上堂者六十萬餘，乃多往來之地。蓋因集住、賈、購、樂於一地，又鄰賈地[[中環]]、購區[[銅鑼灣]]，故車馬大需。集有[[港鐵]]、[[香港巴士|公車]]、[[小巴|御車]]、[[香港電車|電車]]、[[渡輪]]矣。別有[[摩天大廈|高樓]][[地標]]若[[中環廣場 (香港)|中環廣場]]、[[香港會議展覽中心|會展]]者，為客之景點也。

==往來==
要道：
*[[告士打道]]
*[[香港仔隧道]]
*[[堅拿道]]天橋
*[[黃泥涌道]]天橋
*[[軒尼詩道]]
*[[莊士敦道]]
*[[駱克道]]
*[[灣仔道]]
*[[皇后大道]]東

港鐵：
* [[港島路]]：[[灣仔驛]]
* [[東鐵路]]：[[會展驛]]

義輿：
* [[香港九巴|九巴]]、[[香港新巴|新巴]]、[[香港城巴|城巴]]、[[過海隧道巴士|越海廂車]]、[[跨境巴士|逾界廂車]]、[[通宵巴士|夜行義駕]]
* [[綠御車]]
* [[綠夜行義駕]]
* [[香港電車|電車]]
* [[渡輪]]

[[Category:香港地理志]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>氨</title>
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      <contributor>
        <username>Д.Ильин</username>
        <id>33173</id>
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      <origin>418826</origin>
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      <text bytes="639" sha1="l4354fegkjok2607nvuwy1z8vn53l3i" xml:space="preserve">{{無據}}
[[file:Ammonia-dimensions-from-Greenwood&amp;Earnshaw-2D.svg|150px|thumb|式]]
'''氨'''者{{按|式NH&lt;sub&gt;3&lt;/sub&gt;}}，室溫常壓之下，以[[氣]]為形，極易溶於[[水]]，无色，味刺鼻。用處甚廣，製[[化肥]]者，約有八成。

==反應==
氨呈弱[[鹼|鹼性]]，故能與[[酸]]反應而生[[鹽]]。

NH&lt;sub&gt;3&lt;/sub&gt; (g) + HCl (g) → NH&lt;sub&gt;4&lt;/sub&gt;Cl (s)

此氨與[[鹽酸]]之反應也，[[放熱反應|放熱]]。

==用==
氨者，生產[[硝酸]]之原料也，亦產氮肥所用也。覆窗玻璃，皆以氨水拭。

==性==
氨者，弱鹼性，性烈，濃有毒。
[[分類:化合物]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>長鬣蜥</title>
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      <contributor>
        <username>Shira the Mogul</username>
        <id>107029</id>
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[[檔案:Lizard Amsterdam July 2019-3.jpg|縮圖|長鬣蜥]]
長鬣蜥者，鬣蜥科髭蜥亞科之獨存於大洋洲外者也。是俗謂大馬鬃蛇也。其蹤遍於越南、暹羅，及華夏粵、桂、滇諸地。&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|url=https://www.chinatimes.com/realtimenews/20241001004860-263301|title=亞洲水龍出沒竹縣北埔 農業處2年「除龍」上千隻|newspaper=[[中時]]新聞網|author=邱立雅|date=2024-10-01|language=zh-hant|archive-date=2024-10-07|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241007133736/https://www.chinatimes.com/realtimenews/20241001004860-263301|dead-url=no|access-date=}}&lt;/ref&gt;常棲百仞之壩，熱帶亞熱帶間；出沒林巖溪澗，隱於石罅竹木蔭翳處。

== 引據 ==
{{Reflist}}

[[Category:動物]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>九尾狐</title>
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        <username>Shira the Mogul</username>
        <id>107029</id>
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      <text bytes="702" sha1="a2jpvw57uhwmr2fqomjbojltwh4eaf8" xml:space="preserve">[[檔案:南山經-九尾狐.svg|200px|縮圖|右|[[明]]《山海經圖》之九尾狐]]
久尾狐，[[異獸]]也，出[[南山經]]。基山在[[靑丘]]，乃在[[稷山]]東三百里。&lt;ref name=&quot;fc&quot;&gt;Sun, Jiankun。 二〇二四. Fantastic Creatures of the Mountains and Seas： A Chinese Classic。 First English-language edition。 New York：Arcade Publishing。&lt;/ref&gt;

《南山經》曰：
&lt;blockquote&gt;有獸焉，其狀如狐而九尾，其音如嬰兒，能食人；食者不蠱。&lt;/blockquote&gt;{{zhwikisource|山海經/南山經}}

蓋聞[[夏禹]]見九尾狐，而後即位。故人以九尾狐為王錶也。&lt;ref name=&quot;fc&quot;&gt;&lt;/ref&gt;

==引據==
{{reflist}}

[[分類:中華古譚之生物]]</text>
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    <title>用戶:Shira the Mogul</title>
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        <username>Shira the Mogul</username>
        <id>107029</id>
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      <text bytes="178" sha1="8k4mdgex4jcoc1c90mbdorlemfy2717" xml:space="preserve">{{Babel|lzh-3}}

敬候安。妾，英人慕華者也。一介書生也。

==書==
* [[長鬣蜥]]
* [[九尾狐]]
* [[鴆]]
* [[顒]]
* [[稿:八尺大人]]
* [[蟫]]
* [[鵬]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>鴆</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
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        <username>Shira the Mogul</username>
        <id>107029</id>
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      <origin>418822</origin>
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      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="4540" sha1="99r7hifskc4zal7815dxodt4sgr97ny" xml:space="preserve">[[檔案:Zhen_sancai_tuhui.jpg|左|縮圖|203x203像素|[[三才圖會]]之鴆]]

鴆，異獸也，出《[[山海經]]》。基山在[[玉山]]、[[琴鼓山]]、[[瑤碧山]]間。  &lt;ref&gt;《山海经》：又东北二百里，曰玉山，其阳多铜，其阴多赤金，其木多豫章、楢、杻，其兽多豕、鹿、羚、㚟，其鸟多鸩。​ 

《山海经》：又东南二百里，曰琴鼓之山，其木多榖、柞、椒、柘；其上多白珉，其下多洗石；其兽多豕、鹿，多白犀；其鸟多鸩。 

《山海经》：又东六十里，曰瑶碧之山，其木多梓、枏，其阴多青雘，其阳多白金。有鸟焉，其状如雉，恒食蜚，名曰鸩。 

《山海经》：又东北百二十里，曰女几之山，其上多玉，其下多黄金，其兽多豹、虎，多闾、麋、麖、麂，其鸟多白鷮，多翟，多鸩。&lt;/ref&gt;

==生態==
鴆，形似紫黑鵝，赤目，喙長七寸。鳴聲如拊腰鼓。秋冬隳羽。食蜚、橡、蛇，獵蛇為要。伺蛇穴，振木使蛇出，鴆乃啄食之。&lt;ref&gt;Guo Pu &amp; Wu Renchen. Classic of Mountains and Seas - Extensively Commentated, &quot;Vol. 5&quot;. Siku Quanshu version, pp. 171, 200 of 229&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;shj&quot;&gt;
Shan hai jing  ; Penguin Classics，一千九百九十九年; ISBN 978-0-14-044719-4&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;classics&quot;&gt;
山海經  ; Berkeley, California：University of California Press，二千有二年; ISBN 978-0-520-21844-4&lt;/ref&gt;

雄鴆名曰「迴陽」；雌鴆名曰「陰氳」。&lt;ref name=&quot;classics2&quot;&gt;{{cite book|translator=Richard E. Strassberg|title=山海經|trans-title=A Chinese Bestiary: Strange Creatures from the Guideways through Mountains and Seas|publisher=University of California Press|location=[[Berkeley, California]]|year=2002|isbn=978-0-520-21844-4|oclc=49977148|lccn=2002075442|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=e-NEfzqA4pUC&amp;q=A+Chinese+bestiary&amp;pg=PA196|pages=152–157}}&lt;/ref&gt; 迴陽鳴則霽，名曰「運日」；陰氳鳴則雨，名曰「陰諧」。&lt;ref name=&quot;scth&quot;&gt;《本草纲目 第十六卷》曰：《尔雅翼》载，鸩的体形像鹰但比鹰大，羽毛呈紫黑色，红嘴黑眼睛，颈部约长七八寸。雄鸟叫运日，雌鸟叫阴谐，运日叫则天晴，阴谐叫则下雨。它以蛇和橡实为食，还能判断树上或石洞中是否有蛇，一旦有蛇，立即就能让树倒石崩，使蛇出来，蛇一旦被咬住，就会被腐蚀。它的屎拉在石头上，石头也会变黄烂掉，它饮过水的沟渠，别的动物再来饮水都会被毒死，只有犀角才能解它的毒。杨廉夫《铁崖集》讲，鸩在蕲州的黄梅山中。形似训狐，发出的声音像打腰鼓。它将巢筑在大树之顶，巢下数十步内草木不能生长。毛〔气味〕有大毒。对人体有极强的腐蚀性。&lt;/ref&gt;

鴆，形似紫黑鵝，赤目，喙長七寸。鳴聲如拊腰鼓。&lt;ref name=&quot;lwdd&quot;&gt;《嶺外代答卷八》：邕州溪峒深山有鴆鳥，形如鵶而差大，黑身紅目，音如羯鼓，唯食毒蛇。鴆禹步遇蛇，其聲邦邦然，蛇入石穴，鴆于穴外禹步，有頃石碎，吞之。凡山有鴆，草木悉枯，鴆集于石，其石必裂。或云鴆秋冬脱羽，人以銀作爪勾取，致之銀甁，否則手爛。欲加鴆于人，以一羽致酒卽死。&lt;/ref&gt; 秋冬隳羽。食[[蜚蠊]]、[[橡木|橡]]、[[蛇]]，獵蛇為要。伺蛇[[竇]]，振木使蛇出，鴆乃啄食之。鴆羽含大毒，觸之則斃，故謂「鴆毒」。鴩羽之毒，本受於蛇也。鴆毒劇甚，人以銀鑷取羽，否則手腐。&lt;ref name=&quot;lwdd&quot;&gt;&lt;/ref&gt; 世傳唯犀角可解鴆毒耳。&lt;ref name=&quot;scth&quot;&gt;&lt;/ref&gt;《[[左氏春秋]]》、《[[史記]]》、《[[本草綱目]]》，皆載以鴆羽入酒殺人事，名曰鴆毒。《[[三國志]]》載董卓鴆弑少事，云「鴆毒後，遂蕩覆王室」。&lt;ref&gt;《三国志 文帝纪》：评曰：文帝天资文藻，下笔成章，博闻强识，才艺兼该；典论帝自叙曰：初平之元，董卓杀主鸩后，荡覆王室。是时四海旣困中平之政，兼恶卓之凶逆，家家思乱，人人自危。&lt;/ref&gt;

== 存==
末次記載見於宋周去非《嶺外代答》，廣東而廣西。&lt;ref&gt;[http://toyoshi.lit.nagoya-u.ac.jp/maruha/kanseki/lingwaidaida08-9.html 嶺外代答卷八・九] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110722073432/http://toyoshi.lit.nagoya-u.ac.jp/maruha/kanseki/lingwaidaida08-9.html|date=July 22, 2011}}&lt;/ref&gt; 人皆杀之。

== 引據 ==
{{Reflist}}

[[分類:中華古譚之生物]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>蟫</title>
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        <username>Shira the Mogul</username>
        <id>107029</id>
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      <minor />
      <comment>/* 存 */</comment>
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      <text bytes="1902" sha1="lydrjztpfu7ocim5bhffvy64mqhyerr" xml:space="preserve">[[檔案:LepismaSaccharina.jpg|縮圖|蟫]]
'''蟫''' (''Lepisma saccharinum'')，一名'''蛃'''、亦曰'''白魚'''，色銀白。蠹食書衣，故為害蟲。 

==名==
《說文解字》雲：「蟫：白鱼也。从虫覃声。」&lt;ref&gt;《說文解字，卷十四，蟲部》https://ctext.org/shuo-wen-jie-zi/chong-bu/ens?searchu=%E8%9F%AB&amp;searchmode=showall#result&lt;/ref&gt;《爾雅》曰：「蟫，音淫。白魚也。衣、書中蟲，一孟鯷丙魚。音丙。」《本草》謂蟫曰“白魚”，蓋尾形若魚。&lt;ref&gt;《康熙字典》
蛃：《唐韻》兵永切《韻會》《正韻》補永切，𠀤音C。 《爾雅·釋蟲》蟫，白魚。 《註》衣書中蟲，一名蛃魚。 《本草》丙其尾形也。又《集韻》白猛切，音蚌。義同。https://ctext.org/kangxi-zidian/142/5/ens?searchu=%E8%9F%AB&amp;searchmode=showall#result&lt;/ref&gt;

==性==
性喜濕，多匿書帙屋隙間。天下皆有其跡。 形小，大者寸許，細者色白；壽可三歲。夜出畏光，見則劇遁。

==辟==
宋景文公《筆記》雲：「或謂古人用黃紙，名曰櫱，染之可闢蟫。」&lt;ref&gt;《宋景文公筆記，卷上，釋俗》https://ctext.org/yingwengong/shi-su/ens?searchu=%E8%9F%AB&amp;searchmode=showall#result&lt;/ref&gt;今日本柳杉之精油，闢且毒之。&lt;ref name=&quot;Wang-eal-20062&quot;&gt;{{cite journal|last1=Wang|first1=Sheng-Yang|last2=Lai|first2=Wan-Chi|last3=Chu|first3=Fang-Hua|last4=Lin|first4=Chien-Tsong|last5=Shen|first5=Shi-Yen|last6=Chang|first6=Shang-Tzen|date=2006|title=Essential oil from the leaves of ''Cryptomeria japonica'' acts as a silverfish (''Lepisma saccharina'') repellent and insecticide|url=https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007/s10086-006-0806-3.pdf|journal=Journal of Wood Science|volume=五十二|issue=六|pages=五百二十二到五十二十六|doi=10.1007/s10086-006-0806-3}}&lt;/ref&gt;

==據==
{{reflist}}

[[Category:動物]]</text>
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      <id>418823</id>
      <parentid>418817</parentid>
      <timestamp>2025-07-04T00:15:09Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Shira the Mogul</username>
        <id>107029</id>
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      <text bytes="1905" sha1="t17yq5kvoz2sos4zyuvypxo1rtw6upz" xml:space="preserve">[[檔案:LepismaSaccharina.jpg|縮圖|蟫]]
'''蟫''' (''Lepisma saccharinum'')，一名'''蛃'''、亦曰'''白魚'''，色銀白。蠹食書衣，故為害蟲。 

==名==
《說文解字》雲：「蟫：白鱼也。从虫覃声。」&lt;ref&gt;《說文解字，卷十四，蟲部》https://ctext.org/shuo-wen-jie-zi/chong-bu/ens?searchu=%E8%9F%AB&amp;searchmode=showall#result&lt;/ref&gt;《爾雅》曰：「蟫，音淫。白魚也。衣、書中蟲，一孟鯷丙魚。音丙。」《本草》謂蟫曰“白魚”，蓋尾形若魚。&lt;ref&gt;《康熙字典》
蛃：《唐韻》兵永切《韻會》《正韻》補永切，𠀤音C。 《爾雅·釋蟲》蟫，白魚。 《註》衣書中蟲，一名蛃魚。 《本草》丙其尾形也。又《集韻》白猛切，音蚌。義同。https://ctext.org/kangxi-zidian/142/5/ens?searchu=%E8%9F%AB&amp;searchmode=showall#result&lt;/ref&gt;

==性==
性喜濕，多匿書帙屋隙間。天下皆有其跡。 形小，大者寸許，細者色白；壽可三歲。夜出畏光，見則劇遁。

==辟==
宋景文公《筆記》雲：「或謂古人用黃紙，名曰櫱，染之可闢蟫。」&lt;ref&gt;《宋景文公筆記，卷上，釋俗》https://ctext.org/yingwengong/shi-su/ens?searchu=%E8%9F%AB&amp;searchmode=showall#result&lt;/ref&gt;今日本柳杉之精油，闢且毒之。&lt;ref name=&quot;Wang-eal-20062&quot;&gt;{{cite journal|last1=Wang|first1=Sheng-Yang|last2=Lai|first2=Wan-Chi|last3=Chu|first3=Fang-Hua|last4=Lin|first4=Chien-Tsong|last5=Shen|first5=Shi-Yen|last6=Chang|first6=Shang-Tzen|date=2006|title=Essential oil from the leaves of ''Cryptomeria japonica'' acts as a silverfish (''Lepisma saccharina'') repellent and insecticide|url=https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007/s10086-006-0806-3.pdf|journal=Journal of Wood Science|volume=五十二|issue=六|pages=五百二十二到五十二十六|doi=10.1007/s10086-006-0806-3}}&lt;/ref&gt;

==引據==
{{reflist}}

[[Category:動物]]</text>
      <sha1>t17yq5kvoz2sos4zyuvypxo1rtw6upz</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>用戶討論:Doador de sangue</title>
    <ns>3</ns>
    <id>128713</id>
    <revision>
      <id>418809</id>
      <timestamp>2025-07-03T13:03:55Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>New user message</username>
        <id>64015</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor />
      <comment>在新使用者的討論頁上添加[[Template:Welcome|歡迎資訊]]</comment>
      <origin>418809</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
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      <text bytes="255" sha1="29r4utnqtd4iftlt7mgm6kdrz23mdk0" xml:space="preserve">{{Template:Welcome|realName=|name=Doador de sangue}}

-- &lt;span style=&quot;text-shadow:0 1px 5px #66f9cf;&quot;&gt;[[User:MintCandy|薄荷糖]]&lt;/span&gt;敬上 &lt;small&gt;（[[User talk:MintCandy|議]]）&lt;/small&gt; 二〇二五年七月三日 （四） 一三時〇三分 (UTC)</text>
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  <page>
    <title>貝尼托·華雷斯</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>128714</id>
    <revision>
      <id>418811</id>
      <timestamp>2025-07-03T15:50:42Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Shunshen Lee</username>
        <id>68656</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>立新文</comment>
      <origin>418811</origin>
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      <text bytes="3322" sha1="be2htn9x2v7tmqyl9pbvje4lna6mxh9" xml:space="preserve">[[File:Benito Juárez standing photo.jpg|180px|thumb|華雷斯像]]
'''貝尼托·華雷斯''' {{按|[[西班牙語]] Benito Juárez}}，[[墨西哥]]人。生於[[西元]][[一八〇六年]]三月廿一日，其先居[[w:zh:薩波特克人|薩波特克部]]，徙[[w:zh:瓦哈卡州|瓦哈卡]]。華氏少孤，身短小，稍長，入學庠肄業，習[[法律|法]]，工[[拉丁文]]、[[格致]]諸學。華氏為人警敏，性剛果，以[[律師|訟]]貪墨尤力，顯於州郡。[[一八四七年]]，起為瓦哈卡州長，治有聲。時墨西哥弊竇滋甚，軍政紛亂，民多困賦役，[[w:zh:天主教|天主教]]兼併田園，逾於官府。華氏乃陳章上計，請罷教士、武人輩殊遇，恤民用，執政不納。久之，華氏忿不平，自是援引同志自助，屢倡維新議。[[一八五四年]]，[[革命]]成，召華氏入朝，尋授司法部長，兼大法官，參預國政，華氏蒞法部，乃條進二十餘款，所論皆剴切中當。未幾，以《華雷斯法》奏行之，褫教會柄，糾劾貪吏，士論稱其善&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book|last=González Lezama|first=Raúl|editor-last=Martínez Ocampo|editor-first=Lourdes|title=Reforma Liberal, Cronología (1854-1876)|date=2012|publisher=Instituto Nacional de Estudios Históricos de las Revoluciones de México|language=es|url=https://www.inehrm.gob.mx/work/models/inehrm/Resource/437/1/images/crono_liberal.pdf|isbn=978-607-7916-70-3}}&lt;/ref&gt;。[[一八五八年]]，墨內亂方熾，華氏受命攝行總統事，[[一八六一年|逾三年]]，眾舉為總統。華氏當國，亟命咸與維新，籍教會產，飭禁預政，悉逐[[梵蒂岡|教廷]]使節，政教由是分立，紀綱肅然。華氏請釐正稅制，罷兼併，墾荒地，廣招徠，民庶幾均富。及邊釁作，[[英國|英]]、[[法國|法]]、[[西班牙|西]]聯軍犯墨西哥，索償商欠。[[一八六四年]]，[[w:zh:拿破崙三世|法皇]]遽擁[[奧匈帝國|奧地利]]王弟[[w:zh:馬西米連諾一世 (墨西哥)|馬西米連諾]]入寇[[墨西哥城|京師]]，五月，僭帝號，事聞，墨人多不悅&lt;ref&gt;[[w:Jasper Ridley (historian)|Ridley, Jasper]]. ''Maximilian and Juárez''. London: Constable, 1993. {{ISBN|978-0-09472-070-1}}&lt;/ref&gt;。時鏖鬥輒不利，華氏走內地，募勇購械，一意主戰守；華氏猶親督戎機，轉戰南北，諸軍咸德之，愈效其死力也。歷[[一八六七年|三年]]，大敗聯軍，法人始揚帆還。既而擒僭主，鞫實[[槍決]]，海內翕然焉。是年，再授總統。華氏本蕃民，務厚[[w:zh:印第安人|印第安人]]，使皆就學，沐教化。又剿攘[[w:zh:波菲里奧·迪亞斯|迪亞斯]]兵亂，招致逆軍來附，多寬宥之，至是百廢俱興，民氣日復。當此時，華氏雖望益尊，士民頌之，而將弁迪亞斯輩陽曲附之，環伺在野，陰引死黨密圖，欲奪元首位&lt;ref&gt;Perry, Laurens Ballard. ''Juárez and Díaz: Machine Politics in Mexico''. DeKalb: Northern Illinois University Press 1978. {{ISBN|0-87580-058-0}}&lt;/ref&gt;。[[一八七二年]]七月十八日，華氏以積勞久，卒於官，年六十有六。嗣後數年，迪亞斯復舉兵反，既罷政府，據京師自立，凡華氏昔立法，卒不復行。

==考據==
{{reflist}}

[[分類:墨西哥列傳]]</text>
      <sha1>be2htn9x2v7tmqyl9pbvje4lna6mxh9</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>418827</id>
      <parentid>418811</parentid>
      <timestamp>2025-07-04T01:54:45Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Shunshen Lee</username>
        <id>68656</id>
      </contributor>
      <origin>418827</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
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      <text bytes="3796" sha1="kqpqgr8ts3whct0l38pa4ar9gc0cvvs" xml:space="preserve">[[File:Benito Juárez standing photo.jpg|180px|thumb|華雷斯像]]
'''貝尼托·華雷斯''' {{按|[[西班牙語]] Benito Juárez}}，[[墨西哥]]人。生於[[西元]][[一八〇六年]]三月廿一日，其先居[[w:zh:薩波特克人|薩波特克部]]，徙[[w:zh:瓦哈卡州|瓦哈卡]]。華氏少孤，短小貌黝黑，稍長，入學庠肄業，習[[法律|法]]，工[[拉丁文]]、[[格致]]諸學。華氏為人警敏，性剛果，以[[律師|訟]]貪墨尤力，顯於州郡，累擢至議員。[[一八四七年]]，起為瓦哈卡州長，治有聲。時墨西哥弊竇滋甚，軍政紛亂，民多困賦役，[[w:zh:天主教|天主教]]兼併田園，逾於官府。華氏乃陳章上計，請罷教士、武人輩殊遇，恤民用，執政不納。久之，華氏忿不平，自是援引同志自助，屢倡維新議。[[一八五四年]]，[[革命]]成，召華氏入朝，尋授司法部長，兼大法官，參預國政，華氏蒞法部，乃條進二十餘款，所論皆剴切中當。未幾，以《華雷斯法》奏行之，褫教會柄，糾劾貪吏，士論稱其善&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book|last=González Lezama|first=Raúl|editor-last=Martínez Ocampo|editor-first=Lourdes|title=Reforma Liberal, Cronología (1854-1876)|date=2012|publisher=Instituto Nacional de Estudios Históricos de las Revoluciones de México|language=es|url=https://www.inehrm.gob.mx/work/models/inehrm/Resource/437/1/images/crono_liberal.pdf|isbn=978-607-7916-70-3}}&lt;/ref&gt;。[[一八五八年]]，墨內亂方熾，華氏受命攝行總統事，[[一八六一年|逾三年]]，眾舉為總統，真除。華氏當國，亟命咸與維新，籍教會產，飭禁預政，悉逐[[梵蒂岡|教廷]]使節，政教由是分立，紀綱肅然。華氏請釐正稅制，罷兼併，墾荒地，廣招徠，民庶幾均富。及邊釁作，[[英國|英]]、[[法國|法]]、[[西班牙|西]]各國兵艦集外洋，聯軍犯墨西哥，索償商欠。華氏怒，弗許，飭撥營勇備禦，择隘屯守，聯軍不得逞，分眾撤，乃止有法人滯其境。[[一八六四年]]，[[w:zh:拿破崙三世|法皇]]遽擁[[奧匈帝國|奧地利]]王弟[[w:zh:馬西米連諾一世 (墨西哥)|馬西米連諾]]入寇[[墨西哥城|京師]]，五月，僭帝號，事聞，墨人多不悅&lt;ref&gt;[[w:Jasper Ridley (historian)|Ridley, Jasper]]. ''Maximilian and Juárez''. London: Constable, 1993. {{ISBN|978-0-09472-070-1}}&lt;/ref&gt;。時鏖鬥輒不利，華氏走內地，恃險休養，別募數萬人以次抽練，購[[美國]]精利槍炮，酌配兵團，一意主戰守；華氏猶親督戎機，轉戰南北，諸軍咸德之，愈爭效死力也。歷[[一八六七年|三年]]，墨軍數十戰皆捷，法人始揚帆還，僭主馬氏絕外援，勢漸蹙，餘部頻約降。既而還都，擒馬氏[[w:zh:克雷塔羅|克雷塔羅]]，鞫實[[槍決]]，海內翕然焉。是年，論功最，再授總統。華氏本蕃民，務扶持善類，遂頗厚[[w:zh:印第安人|印第安人]]，使皆就學，沐教化。會舊將[[w:zh:波菲里奧·迪亞斯|迪亞斯]]構亂，迨剿平之，華氏招致逆軍來附，多寬宥，至是百廢俱興，民氣日復。當此時，華氏望益隆，婦孺皆尊禮其名，號為「[[林肯|解放者]]」。然迪亞斯輩陽曲附當局，環伺在野，陰引所部死黨密圖之，欲奪元首位&lt;ref&gt;Perry, Laurens Ballard. ''Juárez and Díaz: Machine Politics in Mexico''. DeKalb: Northern Illinois University Press 1978. {{ISBN|0-87580-058-0}}&lt;/ref&gt;。[[一八七二年]]七月十八日，華氏以積勞久，卒於官，年六十有六。嗣後數年，迪亞斯復舉兵反，[[一八七六年]]入據京師，罷政府自立，凡華氏昔立[[憲政]]，卒不復行。

==考據==
{{reflist}}

[[分類:墨西哥列傳]]</text>
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    <revision>
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      <timestamp>2025-07-04T07:07:23Z</timestamp>
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        <id>68656</id>
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      <text bytes="4775" sha1="e5f0iaiflmqbw78o9y8fjmsfms18n5k" xml:space="preserve">{{Infobox person
|name            = 貝尼托·華雷斯
|honorific_suffix=
|gender          = 男
|birth_name      = Benito Juárez
|image           = [[File:Benito Juárez standing photo.jpg|180px]]
|alt             =
|圖像說明        =
|生年            = [[西元]][[一八〇六年]]三月廿一日
|生地            = [[墨西哥]] [[w:zh:瓦哈卡州|瓦哈卡]]
|歿年            = [[西元]][[一八七二年]]七月十八日
|死因            =
|歿地            = [[墨西哥城]]
|本貫            = [[w:zh:薩波特克人|薩波特克部]]
|國籍            = [[墨西哥]]
|別名            = 胡亞雷斯
|宗教            =
|配偶            =
|親戚            =
|子女            =
|職位            = [[w:zh:墨西哥總統|墨西哥總統]]&lt;br&gt;&lt;small&gt;([[一八五七年]]十二月至[[一八七二年]]七月)&lt;/small&gt;
}}
'''貝尼托·華雷斯''' {{按|[[西班牙語]] Benito Juárez}}，[[墨西哥]]人。生於[[西元]][[一八〇六年]]三月廿一日，其先居[[w:zh:薩波特克人|薩波特克部]]，徙[[w:zh:瓦哈卡州|瓦哈卡]]。

==生平==
華氏少孤，短小貌黝黑，稍長，入學庠肄業，習[[法律|法]]，工[[拉丁文]]、[[格致]]諸學。華氏為人警敏，性剛果，以[[律師|訟]]貪墨尤力，顯於州郡，累擢至議員。[[一八四七年]]，起為瓦哈卡州長，治有聲。時墨西哥弊竇滋甚，軍政紛亂，民多困賦役，[[w:zh:天主教|天主教]]兼併田園，逾於官府。華氏乃陳章上計，請罷教士、武人輩殊遇，恤民用，執政不納。久之，華氏忿不平，自是援引同志自助，屢倡維新議。[[一八五四年]]，[[革命]]肇造，召華氏入朝，尋授司法部長，兼大法官，參預國政，華氏方蒞法部，乃條進變法策二十餘款，所論皆剴切中當。未幾，以《華雷斯法》奏行之，褫教會柄，糾劾貪吏，士論稱其善&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book|last=González Lezama|first=Raúl|editor-last=Martínez Ocampo|editor-first=Lourdes|title=Reforma Liberal, Cronología (1854-1876)|date=2012|publisher=Instituto Nacional de Estudios Históricos de las Revoluciones de México|language=es|url=https://www.inehrm.gob.mx/work/models/inehrm/Resource/437/1/images/crono_liberal.pdf|isbn=978-607-7916-70-3}}&lt;/ref&gt;。初，墨國內[[w:zh:改革戰爭|變法]]事棘，舊黨、新黨迭爭立，亂愈熾。[[一八五七年]]十二月，華氏受命攝行總統事，[[一八六一年|逾三年]]，眾舉為總統，真除。華氏當國，亟命咸與維新，籍教會產，飭禁神官預政，凡[[梵蒂岡|教廷]]使節，悉竄之，墨政教由是分二，紀綱肅然。華氏請釐正稅制，罷兼併，墾荒地，廣招徠，民庶幾均富。及邊釁作，[[英國|英]]、[[法國|法]]、[[西班牙|西]]各國兵艦集[[w:zh:墨西哥灣|外洋]]，聯軍犯墨西哥，索償商欠。華氏怒，弗許，飭撥營勇備禦，擇隘屯守，聯軍不得逞，分眾撤，乃止有法人滯其境。[[一八六四年]]，[[w:zh:拿破崙三世|法皇]]遽擁[[奧匈帝國|奧地利]]王弟[[w:zh:馬西米連諾一世 (墨西哥)|馬西米連諾]]入寇[[墨西哥城|京師]]，五月，僭帝號，事聞，墨人多不悅&lt;ref&gt;[[w:Jasper Ridley (historian)|Ridley, Jasper]]. ''Maximilian and Juárez''. London: Constable, 1993. {{ISBN|978-0-09472-070-1}}&lt;/ref&gt;。時鏖鬥輒不利，華氏走內地，恃險休養，別募數萬人以次抽練，購[[美國]]精利槍炮，酌配兵團，一意主戰守；華氏猶親督戎機，轉戰南北，諸軍咸德之，愈爭效死力也。歷[[一八六七年|三年]]，墨軍數十戰皆捷，法人始揚帆遁，僭主馬氏絕外援，勢漸蹙，餘部頻約降。既而還都，擒馬氏[[w:zh:克雷塔羅|克雷塔羅]]，鞫實[[槍決]]，海內翕然焉。是年，論功最，再授總統。華氏本蕃民，務扶持善類，遂頗厚[[w:zh:印第安人|印第安人]]，使皆就學，沐教化。會舊將[[w:zh:波菲里奧·迪亞斯|迪亞斯]]構亂，迨剿平之，華氏招致逆軍來附，多寬宥，至是百廢俱興，民氣日復。當此時，華氏望益隆，婦孺皆尊禮其名，號為「[[林肯|解放者]]」。然迪亞斯輩陽曲附當局，環伺在野，陰引所部死黨密圖之，欲奪元首位&lt;ref&gt;Perry, Laurens Ballard. ''Juárez and Díaz: Machine Politics in Mexico''. DeKalb: Northern Illinois University Press 1978. {{ISBN|0-87580-058-0}}&lt;/ref&gt;。[[一八七二年]]七月十八日，華氏以積勞久，疾篤，卒於官，年六十有六，葬聖費爾南多萬神殿。嗣後數年，迪亞斯復舉兵反，[[一八七六年]]入據京師，罷政府自立，凡華氏昔立[[憲政]]，卒不復行。

==考據==
{{reflist}}

[[分類:墨西哥列傳]]</text>
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    <revision>
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      <timestamp>2025-07-04T10:36:44Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Shunshen Lee</username>
        <id>68656</id>
      </contributor>
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      <text bytes="5160" sha1="ge34t1e9esz7893pbx5xoc6dri4w6cb" xml:space="preserve">{{Infobox person
|name            = 貝尼托·華雷斯
|honorific_suffix=
|gender          = 男
|birth_name      = Benito Juárez
|image           = [[File:Benito Juárez standing photo.jpg|180px]]
|alt             =
|圖像說明        =
|生年            = [[西元]][[一八〇六年]]三月廿一日
|生地            = [[墨西哥]] [[w:zh:瓦哈卡州|瓦哈卡]]
|歿年            = [[西元]][[一八七二年]]七月十八日
|死因            =
|歿地            = [[墨西哥城]]
|本貫            = [[w:zh:薩波特克人|薩波特克部]]
|國籍            = [[墨西哥]]
|別名            = 胡亞雷斯
|宗教            =
|配偶            = 瑪格麗塔·瑪扎
|親戚            =
|子女            = 十二人
|職位            = [[w:zh:墨西哥總統|墨西哥總統]]&lt;br&gt;&lt;small&gt;([[一八五七年]]十二月至[[一八七二年]]七月)&lt;/small&gt;
}}
'''貝尼托·華雷斯''' {{按|[[西班牙語]] Benito Juárez}}，[[墨西哥]]人。生於[[西元]][[一八〇六年]]三月廿一日，其先居[[w:zh:薩波特克人|薩波特克部]]，徙[[w:zh:瓦哈卡州|瓦哈卡]]。

==生平==
華氏少孤，短小貌黝黑，稍長，入學庠肄業，習[[法律|法]]，工[[拉丁文]]、[[格致]]諸學。華氏為人警敏，性剛果，以[[律師|訟]]貪墨尤力，顯於州郡，累擢州議員。[[一八四七年]]，起為瓦哈卡州長，治有聲。時墨西哥弊竇滋甚，軍政紛亂，民多困賦役，[[w:zh:天主教|天主教]]兼併田園，逾於官府。華氏乃陳章上計，請罷教士、武人輩殊遇，恤民用，執政不納。久之，華氏忿不平，自是援引同志自助，屢倡維新議。[[一八五四年]]，[[革命]]肇造，召華氏入朝，尋授司法部長，兼大理院長，參預國政，華氏方蒞法部，乃條進變法策二十餘款，所論皆剴切中當。未幾，以《華雷斯法》奏行之，褫教會柄，糾劾貪吏，士論稱其善&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book|last=González Lezama|first=Raúl|editor-last=Martínez Ocampo|editor-first=Lourdes|title=Reforma Liberal, Cronología (1854-1876)|date=2012|publisher=Instituto Nacional de Estudios Históricos de las Revoluciones de México|language=es|url=https://www.inehrm.gob.mx/work/models/inehrm/Resource/437/1/images/crono_liberal.pdf|isbn=978-607-7916-70-3}}&lt;/ref&gt;。初，墨國內[[w:zh:改革戰爭|變法]]事棘，舊黨、新黨迭爭立，亂愈熾。[[一八五七年]]十二月，華氏以大理院長受命攝行總統事，[[一八六一年|逾三年]]，眾舉為總統，真除。華氏當國，亟命咸與維新，籍教會產，飭禁神官預政，凡[[梵蒂岡|教廷]]使節，悉竄之，墨政教由是分二，紀綱肅然。華氏請釐正稅制，罷兼併，墾荒地，廣招徠，民庶幾均富。及邊釁作，[[英國|英]]、[[法國|法]]、[[西班牙|西]]各國兵艦集[[w:zh:墨西哥灣|外洋]]，聯軍犯墨西哥，索償商欠。華氏怒，弗許，飭撥營勇備禦，擇隘屯守，聯軍不得逞，分眾撤，乃止有法人滯其境。[[一八六四年]]，[[w:zh:拿破崙三世|法皇]]遽擁[[奧匈帝國|奧地利]]王弟[[w:zh:馬西米連諾一世 (墨西哥)|馬西米連諾]]入寇[[墨西哥城|京師]]，五月，僭帝號，事聞，墨人以馬氏挾法人而復辟，多不悅&lt;ref&gt;[[w:Jasper Ridley (historian)|Ridley, Jasper]]. ''Maximilian and Juárez''. London: Constable, 1993. {{ISBN|978-0-09472-070-1}}&lt;/ref&gt;。時鏖鬥輒失利，華氏北走[[w:zh:蒙特雷|蒙特雷]]，恃險休養，別募數萬人以次抽練，遣使與[[美國|美政府]]通款，購精利[[鎗]]炮，酌配兵團，一意主戰守；華氏猶親督戎機，轉戰南北，諸軍咸德之，愈爭效死力也。歷[[一八六七年|三年]]，墨軍數十戰皆捷，法人始揚帆遁，僭主馬氏絕外援，勢日蹙，餘部頻約降。既而還都，擒馬氏[[w:zh:克雷塔羅|克雷塔羅]]，鞫實[[槍決]]，海內翕然焉。是年，論功最，再授總統。華氏本蕃民，務扶持善類，遂頗厚[[w:zh:印第安人|印第安人]]，使皆就學，沐教化；又請[[w:zh:大赦|大赦]]天下，凡投效法人及馬氏諸將吏，多寬宥，至是百廢俱興，民心漸安。[[一八七一年]]，提督[[w:zh:波菲里奧·迪亞斯|迪亞斯]]構亂，各州死黨響應。華氏尋佈告迪氏叛逆狀，命政府軍並進討伐，戰歲餘，數破敵眾，撫降者至萬餘。當此時，華氏望益隆，婦孺皆尊禮其名，號為「[[林肯|解放者]]」。迪亞斯等雖屢敗績，然倚地方險阨為根據，陰收散卒，招納亡命，舊黨保守輩亦相率趨附&lt;ref&gt;Perry, Laurens Ballard. ''Juárez and Díaz: Machine Politics in Mexico''. DeKalb: Northern Illinois University Press 1978. {{ISBN|0-87580-058-0}}&lt;/ref&gt;。迨[[一八七二年|明年]]，華氏以積勞久，七月十八日，疾篤，卒於官，年六十有六，葬聖費爾南多萬神殿。嗣後數年，迪亞斯威勢益銳，欲奪元首位，復舉兵反。[[一八七六年]]入據京師，罷政府自立，凡華氏昔置[[憲政]]，卒不復行。

==考據==
{{reflist}}

[[分類:墨西哥列傳]]</text>
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    <title>分類:墨西哥列傳</title>
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      <comment>新文「[[分類:墨西哥史]]」</comment>
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    <title>用戶討論:Rvtar34</title>
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-- [[user:WAN233|&lt;span style=&quot;color: #007FFF;&quot;&gt;启明&lt;/span&gt;]][[user talk:WAN233|(留言)]] 二〇二五年七月三日 （四） 二〇時四二分 (UTC)</text>
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    <title>鵬</title>
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        <username>Shira the Mogul</username>
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      <comment>新文「鵬者，見於《[[莊子]]》，巨[[鳥]]也。本為[[魚]]名[[鯤]]，化為鵬。身長不知其幾千裡也。其翼若垂天之雲。  莊子引《[[齊諧]]》雲：“鵬之徙於南冥也，水擊三千里，摶扶搖而上者九萬裡，去以六月息者也。”齊諧者，志怪之書也，然未嘗見。  ==原本== 《[[莊子]]》雲：	 &lt;blockquote&gt;北冥有魚，其名為鯤。鯤之大，不知其幾千里也。化而為鳥，其名為鵬。鵬之背，……」</comment>
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      <text bytes="1875" sha1="hk0fhlgj6aomd996hpvfczbm9ccn2hl" xml:space="preserve">鵬者，見於《[[莊子]]》，巨[[鳥]]也。本為[[魚]]名[[鯤]]，化為鵬。身長不知其幾千裡也。其翼若垂天之雲。

莊子引《[[齊諧]]》雲：“鵬之徙於南冥也，水擊三千里，摶扶搖而上者九萬裡，去以六月息者也。”齊諧者，志怪之書也，然未嘗見。

==原本==
《[[莊子]]》雲：	
&lt;blockquote&gt;北冥有魚，其名為鯤。鯤之大，不知其幾千里也。化而為鳥，其名為鵬。鵬之背，不知其幾千里也；怒而飛，其翼若垂天之雲。是鳥也，海運則將徙於南冥。南冥者，天池也。齊諧者，志怪者也。諧之言曰：「鵬之徙於南冥也，水擊三千里，摶扶搖而上者九萬里，去以六月息者也。」野馬也，塵埃也，生物之以息相吹也。天之蒼蒼，其正色邪？其遠而無所至極邪？其視下也亦若是，則已矣。且夫水之積也不厚，則負大舟也無力。覆杯水於坳堂之上，則芥為之舟，置杯焉則膠，水淺而舟大也。風之積也不厚，則其負大翼也無力。故九萬里則風斯在下矣，而後乃今培風；背負青天而莫之夭閼者，而後乃今將圖南。蜩與學鳩笑之曰：「我決起而飛，槍1榆、枋，時則不至而控於地而已矣，奚以之九萬里而南為？」適莽蒼者三湌而反，腹猶果然；適百里者宿舂糧；適千里者三月聚糧。之二蟲又何知！小知不及大知，小年不及大年。奚以知其然也？朝菌不知晦朔，蟪蛄不知春秋，此小年也。楚之南有冥靈者，以五百歲為春，五百歲為秋；上古有大椿者，以八千歲為春，八千歲為秋。而彭祖乃今以久特聞，眾人匹之，不亦悲乎！&lt;/blockquote&gt;{{zhwikisource|莊子/逍遙遊}}

==引據==
[[戰國]]·[[莊周]]·《[[莊子]]·逍遙遊》

[[分類:中華古譚之生物]]</text>
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-- [[用戶:Davidzdh|&lt;font color=&quot;#008B8B&quot;&gt;关山&lt;/font&gt;]] ([[User talk:Davidzdh|修書]]) 二〇二五年七月四日 （五） 〇〇時四一分 (UTC)</text>
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-- [[用戶:Davidzdh|&lt;font color=&quot;#008B8B&quot;&gt;关山&lt;/font&gt;]] ([[User talk:Davidzdh|修書]]) 二〇二五年七月四日 （五） 〇二時一六分 (UTC)</text>
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-- &lt;span style=&quot;text-shadow:0 1px 5px #66f9cf;&quot;&gt;[[User:MintCandy|薄荷糖]]&lt;/span&gt;敬上 &lt;small&gt;（[[User talk:MintCandy|議]]）&lt;/small&gt; 二〇二五年七月四日 （五） 〇五時四八分 (UTC)</text>
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    <title>用戶討論:Mabel unstable</title>
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-- [[user:WAN233|&lt;span style=&quot;color: #007FFF;&quot;&gt;启明&lt;/span&gt;]][[user talk:WAN233|(留言)]] 二〇二五年七月四日 （五） 〇八時四〇分 (UTC)</text>
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  <page>
    <title>稿:我所看見的未來</title>
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        <username>Pscmaczilhca</username>
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      <comment>新文「'''《我所看見的未來》'''（{{Lang-ja|私が見た未来}}）者，[[日本人]]畫師龍樹諒所撰之圖畫書也。初以「たつき諒」為假名，繪短篇奇談。自平成六年至十年（西曆[[一九九四年]]至[[一九九八年]]），連載於朝日新聞旗下《真正可畏之譚》及スコラ所屬《恐怖體驗》二誌&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|author1=綜合報導|title=超越印度神童！日本1999年預知夢漫畫「剩2預言還沒應驗」|url=h……」</comment>
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      <text bytes="7138" sha1="awlbr04zwneor3v0nkywej42y7afpsp" xml:space="preserve">'''《我所看見的未來》'''（{{Lang-ja|私が見た未来}}）者，[[日本人]]畫師龍樹諒所撰之圖畫書也。初以「たつき諒」為假名，繪短篇奇談。自平成六年至十年（西曆[[一九九四年]]至[[一九九八年]]），連載於朝日新聞旗下《真正可畏之譚》及スコラ所屬《恐怖體驗》二誌&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|author1=綜合報導|title=超越印度神童！日本1999年預知夢漫畫「剩2預言還沒應驗」|url=https://news.ltn.com.tw/news/world/breakingnews/3645993|website=[[自由電子報]]|accessdate=2022-03-14|language=zh-tw|date=2021-08-21|archive-date=2022-03-20|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220320082817/https://news.ltn.com.tw/news/world/breakingnews/3645993}}&lt;/ref&gt;。至平成十一年七月，朝日新聞社輯其篇章，合為一帙而刊行之。

書中所記，疑似預示東日本大震災，世人驚愕，奔走相告。其舊冊曾售至五十萬日圓&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|author1=Book Bang編集部|script-title=ja:中古本に50万円の値がついた幻の「予言マンガ」復刻版がベストセラーランキングに登場|url=https://www.bookbang.jp/article/709179|website=Book Bang|publisher=[[新潮社]]|accessdate=2022-03-14|date=2021-10-16|archive-date=2022-03-20|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220320084318/https://www.bookbang.jp/article/709179}}&lt;/ref&gt;。至令和三年十月，飛鳥新社重加編次，刊其完全之本，復行於世&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|author1=「文藝春秋」編集部|script-title=ja:オークションでは10万円超えも…『私が見た未来』作者（67）が明かす“東日本大震災を予言”の真相|url=https://bunshun.jp/articles/-/52427?page=1&amp;_gl=1*16f1w65*_ga*YW1wLVZUakFpT3Q5WjE1RlJzQkVnZGZKQUtXYzBkbEdzQ1FaUXJyTTlUeER1UW9nZ2VnMkJHT3JkWC1tX2ZLbFdaOVc.|website=春秋オンライン|publisher=[[文藝春秋]]|accessdate=2022-03-14|date=2022-03-10}}&lt;/ref&gt;。

== 續 ==
至令和四年（西曆[[二〇二二年]]），責任編輯杉山茂勳受訪時言：自《我所看見的未來 完全版》刊行之後，作者龍樹諒因家事纏身，專心照料親人，無暇復從漫畫之業也&lt;ref name=&quot;20220704OKAPI&quot;&gt;{{cite web|author1=大塊文化,高彩雯|script-title=zh-tw:預言2025大災難！竜樹諒漫畫《我所看見的未來 完全版》出版過程大解謎！|url=https://okapi.books.com.tw/article/15937|website=[[博客來]]|accessdate=2022-07-04|date=2022-07-04|archive-date=2022-07-04|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220704082817/https://okapi.books.com.tw/article/15937|language=zh-tw|dead-url=no}}&lt;/ref&gt;。

及至《我所看見的未來》中有關[[二〇二五年]]七月之預言漸為眾人所知，世間譁然，遂致日本觀光事業受其影響&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|url=https://www.sankei.com/article/20250425-6ENXQHMKVREDDO6RGZ4AOSW5P4/|script-title=ja:7月に日本で大地震」…漫画の「予言」信じて訪日敬遠か　香港―仙台、徳島便が減便|agency=[[產經新聞]]|date=2025-04-25|accessdate=2025-04-25|archive-date=2025-04-25|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250515203051/https://www.sankei.com/article/20250425-6ENXQHMKVREDDO6RGZ4AOSW5P4/|dead-url=no}}&lt;/ref&gt;。由於流言滿天，數國之旅人畏懼將至之災異，赴日機票之預訂，驟然減少&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=「7月5日に大災害」予言の作者「何かが起きる日ではない」と軌道修正 新たな著書出版|url=https://www.sankei.com/article/20250624-Q5SUQVPCZFDOHFNF6GCP5456ZI/|website=産経新聞：産経ニュース|date=2025-06-24|language=ja|last=浩|first=渡辺|access-date=2025-06-26}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=漫画が「予言」する大地震に不安増大、外国人客の訪日中止や延期相次ぐ|url=https://www.cnn.co.jp/travel/35233186.html|website=CNN.co.jp|language=ja|access-date=2025-06-26}}&lt;/ref&gt;。

令和七年（西曆二〇二五年）五月中旬，《每日新聞》有報，曰：日本氣象廳於其官網言，「凡言某年某月某日某時地震將發者，多屬虛妄」，且問：「人何以棄科學之證據，而信無據之言乎？」&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|url=https://mainichi.jp/articles/20250514/k00/00m/040/129000c|script-title=ja:漫画家・たつき諒さんの「7月、大災害」が拡散　信じたくなる心理は|agency=[[每日新聞]]|date=2025-05-15|accessdate=2025-05-15|archive-date=2025-05-15|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250515203051/https://mainichi.jp/articles/20250515/k00/00m/040/129000c|dead-url=no}}&lt;/ref&gt;世人之關注益深，龍樹諒遂以書簡答《每日新聞》之訪，呼籲曰：「民眾關心災異，防災之意識自起，是為善事。願此警覺之心，能化為具體之準備與安策。」又曰：「預知之夢，詮釋與否，聽諸公論；惟切勿恐懼過度，宜聽專家之見，以審慎應對為上。」其書之出版者飛鳥新社復聲明：「本書者，作者夢境之所繪耳，非為傳播恐慌之具。願閱者遇災事議題，務請審慎，依據專業建言以為準。」&lt;ref name=&quot;TVBS20250515&quot;&gt;{{Cite news|url=https://news.tvbs.com.tw/world/2870692|script-title=ch-tw:作品預言7月日本地震國際旅客不敢去　日本漫畫家回應了|agency=[[TVBS|TVBS新聞網]]|date=2025-05-15|accessdate=2025-05-15|archive-date=2025-05-15|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250515203051/https://news.tvbs.com.tw/world/2870692|dead-url=no}}&lt;/ref&gt;

迨至令和七年五月下旬，文藝社刊《竜樹諒訪談》與新書《天使之遺言》出版之訊。是書乃作者自費所刊者也。訪中言及，初刊《完全版》者，蓋欲破流言、止虛妄；然後因出版之舉多由書商所導，非其所願。況乎，諸如「真正之大災將於二〇二五年七月降臨」之語，懸於書腰，聳人聽聞，非其本意。故出於不安，欲直抒己懷，述其家事、童年、從藝之路，及夢中靈異之記，遂自撰《天使之遺言》，以傳其真思。是書定於令和七年六月十五日刊行，書中載其生平、成長、入畫業緣由、夢與命運之連結，兼載《我所看見的未來》之詳情、釋疑、短篇二章&lt;ref name=&quot;bungeisha20250521&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.bungeisha.co.jp/bookinfo/detail/978-4-286-26254-3.jsp|script-title=ja:竜樹諒（たつき諒）最新作『天使の遺言』を6月15日（日）に刊行|website=文芸社|date=2025-05-21|accessdate=2025-05-21|archive-date=2025-05-21|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250521203051/https://www.bungeisha.co.jp/bookinfo/detail/978-4-286-26254-3.jsp|dead-url=no}}&lt;/ref&gt;。

於書中「《我所看見的未來》詳解與闢謠」一節，作者明言：流傳於網者所謂「大災將發於七月五日凌晨四時十八分」者，實謬也。其所夢之時間為「夢境所現」之刻耳，非災禍之時也。至於夢示之日，或為人間察知災變之期，亦或為世事不可挽回之日，言人人殊。彼謂：「與其索求預知之刻，不如未雨綢繆、善為預備，斯為要矣。」&lt;ref&gt;《天使的遺言》&lt;/ref&gt;

== 典 ==
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    <title>用戶討論:Tiên Giới (Immortal Realm)</title>
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-- [[用戶:Itsmine|孔明居士]] ([[用戶討論:Itsmine|對話]]) 二〇二五年七月四日 （五） 〇八時五八分 (UTC)</text>
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    <title>用戶討論:Wangsonglin053</title>
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-- [[用戶:丁子君|丁子君]] ([[用戶討論:丁子君|對話]]) 二〇二五年七月四日 （五） 一一時一一分 (UTC)</text>
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