漢語

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    <title>漢語</title>
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'''漢語'''者，[[漢族|漢人]]之言也。蓋[[華夏]]地方廣遠，山河數列，海內習用，方音殊異。以中國人多，以漢語為[[母語]]者亦眾，合以十億計，普世之五一。

== 音韻 ==

漢語一字一音，一音可分為聲、韻、調。[[漢字]]多不表音，故初用「讀若某」。後[[佛教]]東傳，得[[梵文]]而知[[反切]]，乃用以標音。近世，創[[國語注音|注音符號]]及[[漢語拼音]]，以明音韻。

== 語法 ==
漢語為[[孤立語]]、或曰分析語，此謂詞彙無[[格 (語法)|格]]、[[態 (語法)|態]]、[[性 (語法)|性]]、[[數 (語法)|數]]之變。唯示以[[語序]]之先後及虛字之用而達意。

語序為：[[主謂賓]]，[[修飾語|偏次]]先於[[中心語|正次]]。於數數，必附[[量詞]]於數後。各[[方言]][[語法]]略異，故白話文之行可亂文字。乃以國語語法為白話文語法。

古者語法，同乎[[文言]]。

== 文字 ==
{{main|漢字}}
三代以降，[[漢字]]初成。[[秦]]以書同文，必用[[小篆]]，其後偶有數變，用之不更至民季，共和國立，納昔[[錢玄同]]所倡簡字法，加以矯正，遂成今制，曰[[簡化字]]，今[[中國大陸]]、[[新加坡]]、[[馬來西亞]]行之。[[香港]]、[[澳門]]、[[臺灣]]仍因舊制，書傳統漢字。

近代西學東傳，亦有以[[拉丁字母]]記音者，法式歧異。至共和國立，創[[漢語拼音|拼音]]，授之於小學。初，國人頗思廢漢字，後以同音多，拉丁文字無象形之用，遂止。

== 沿革 ==
三代之時，天下有國千萬，言語不通。[[周]]既王，始有[[雅言]]。諸子著作，皆以雅言。及周道微，天下紛亂，言語異聲，文字異形。尤是楚語至不同也。[[秦始皇帝]]混一車書，獨用秦[[小篆|篆]]，各地方言日合。然至於[[許慎]]之世，[[說文解字]]之所錄，亦有同義而音異之字，多有「某地曰某為某」之訓。蓋天下文字雖一，而言語未統也。此[[上古音]]也。古之語法、語音異乎於今，可見諸[[尚書]]、[[詩經]]等。亦有殷甲骨、周鐘鼎、秦漢冊簡者，皆為所用。

魏晉之世，北族南面，雖[[魏孝文帝]]力主洛音，而古音已變，[[詩]]始不得押韻。[[中原]]漢胡雜合，而成唐音，為[[中古音|中古之音]]。於南國，衣冠之南渡，亦有吳音混於正音者。此世[[樂府]]有吳曲、西州曲之分，蓋亦異音之故也。

[[趙宋|宋]]季，[[中原]]復為胡君，語音大變。[[四聲]]缺入，派為三聲。唯江南淪陷不足百年，語音未大變也。[[明]]初都[[應天]]，[[永樂]]間北遷，百官隨同，江左之音復入燕地。以後四百年皆都[[北京]]，遂以為[[國語]]矣。

及[[中華人民共和國]]立，以國語為[[普通話]]，舉世皆以其漢語之正音。實其正音以國語稍改而成，[[中華民國|國民政府]]遷臺，用其國語至今未廢。然分立五十年，習用亦異也。大異者，舉凡[[兒化韻]]之用，[[外來詞]]之源，王畿方言之不同，亦成其異也。

於地方，雖有國語，實方言殊音甚多，惟[[學校]]、[[典禮]]多用正音。

今世，以漢語為官話者，有中國、[[新加坡]]、[[聯合國]]。隨中國國力日蓄，萬國習之者眾，以利來華遊學仕商。

== 方言 ==
蓋漢語歧甚，遠者異域不相通，近者十里音不同。然文惟一，為世所稀見。

以[[語言學]]分，言不通即非一語。且語法各異，故有漢語為一語族之論。漢語諸言，概分如下：

* [[官話]]，聞之中原、巴蜀、江北，滿蒙疆人亦多用之。今中國大陸之[[普通話]]、臺灣之[[中華民國國語|國語]]、南洋之[[華語]]皆宗[[北京官話]][[京師片]]。
* [[吳語]]，聞之吳越之地，昔宗[[蘇州話]]，今宗[[上海話]]。
* [[閩語]]，聞之閩臺之地，瓊文之民亦操之，其中分[[閩北語|閩北]]、[[閩東語|閩東]]、[[閩南語|閩南]]、[[閩中語|閩中]]、[[莆仙話|莆仙]]，五語各不相通。
* [[粵語]]，聞之嶺南，至於海外。[[廣州話]]為宗。
* [[客語]]，聞之南境，為[[客家人]]之言，[[梅州話]]為宗。
* [[湘語]]，聞之楚南。分新老二派。[[長沙話|長沙]]、[[雙峰話]]為宗。
* [[贛語]]，聞之[[江西]]，[[南昌話]]為宗。
* [[徽語]]，聞之皖南，[[徽州話]]為宗。今或以之為吳語之別種。
* [[晉語]]，聞之晉北、陝北、雲中等處，[[太原話]]為宗。

官話復分數種，以下次第：
*[[東北官話]]，聞之東北，宗[[瀋陽話]]。
*[[北京官話]]，聞之北京，東北，新疆之一部，宗[[北京話]]。
*[[江淮官話]]，聞之蘇中蘇北之大部，蘇南之一部及皖中，宗[[揚州話]]，以其地雜吳語，兩者相生，或謂淮語。明代以之為國語。
*[[西南官話]]，聞之川，桂，滇，貴，宗[[成都話]]。
*[[中原官話]]，聞之中原，關中，魯南。各地或有別種。宗[[洛陽話]]、[[西安話]]。
*[[冀魯官話]]，聞之冀，魯。宗[[濟南話]]。
*[[蘭銀官話]]，聞之隴上，寧夏。宗[[蘭州話]]。
*[[膠遼官話]]，聞之齊東，遼南，東北之一部。學界多宗[[煙臺話]]。

以下諸言皆從屬不明：
* [[廣西平話]]，聞之[[廣西]]山村，或以之為[[粵語]]之別種。
* [[韶州土話]]、[[湘南土話]]，聞之五嶺南北，或言二者皆近平話，或從[[湘南土話]]於湘語。
* [[瓦鄉話]]，聞之湘西沅水谷地，壟斷山絕，漢苗雜居，故甚異於官音，或以為湘語之別種。

== 書典 ==
* 《[[康熙字典|康熙大字典]]》
* 《[[廣韻]]》
* 《[[說文解字]]》

== 他典 ==
* [http://lexikon.china2day.de 《在線英漢字典》] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070713122604/http://lexikon.china2day.de/ |date=2007-07-13 }} &lt;!--
*[http://www.MonkeyKingSoft.com/ MonkeyKingSoft.com] - 使用电脑软件学习汉字：在电脑上动态显示汉字笔顺，或者打印成卡片帮助记忆。 --&gt;
* [http://www.kangxizidian.com/kangxi/ 《康熙大字典》]
* [http://www.edu.tw/EDU_WEB/EDU_MGT/MANDR/EDU6300001/allbook/bishuen/c8.htm?open 《常用國字標準字體筆順手冊》]
* [http://zgyy.faedia.com 《國文論壇》] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070927210215/http://zgyy.faedia.com/ |date=2007-09-27 }}
* [http://www.zdic.net 《在線漢語字典》]
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*[http://www.newconcept.com/School/text_books.html 海外中文教材]--&gt;
* [http://learn_chinese.ckungfu.com/ 《輕鬆習中文》] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070712024338/http://learn_chinese.ckungfu.com/ |date=2007-07-12 }} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070712024338/http://learn_chinese.ckungfu.com/ |date=2007-07-12 }}&lt;!--
*[http://www.chinawestexchange.com/ China West Exchange]: 本网点是为了让西方人认识中国文化，中国人认识西方语言和文化而作的--&gt;
&lt;!--*[http://malandrin.org 马来西亚官话方言]
*[http://www.mina.ks.edu.tw/ 高雄县闽南语教材教学資料库]
*[http://www.cantonese.sheik.co.uk/ Cantonese Help Sheets]: 粤语教程
*[http://humanum.arts.cuhk.edu.hk/Lexis/lexi-can/ 粵語審音配詞字庫]
*[http://humanum.arts.cuhk.edu.hk/Lexis/Lindict/ Chinese to English Dictionary]: 中英字典
*[http://5189.asinah.net/ 中英字典 English to Chinese Dictionary]
*[http://us.dict.cn/ Dict.CN 中英字典 英中字典 English-Chinese and Chinese-English Dictionary on line]
*[http://www.unet.univie.ac.at/~a9305416/ Chinese Linguistics]: 汉语语言学网站（英文）
*[http://www.chineselanguage.org/CCDICT/index.html Chinese Characters Dictionary]: 支持日语、韩语、粤语等。
*[http://humanum.arts.cuhk.edu.hk/Lexis/Canton2/ Cantonese Talking Syllabary]: 中文网站（繁体）

*[http://www.sprachprofi.de.vu/english/zh.htm 网上上免费的普通话教程]
*[http://www.hanyu.com.cn/ Online College of Chinese Language汉语远程学院教学网]（中国国家汉办、华东师大合办)--&gt;
* [http://www.hello-han.com/index.php 《漢語，你好！》遠程教育網] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210409174241/http://www.hello-han.com/index.php |date=2021-04-09 }}
&lt;!--[http://www-ms.cc.ntu.edu.tw/~chinlit/ National Taiwan University Department of Chinese Literature]
*[http://www.yeminlitercuman.com/cin Turkish-Chinese Translators in China] --&gt;
* [http://www.ethnologue.com/show_family.asp?subid=1270 漢語方言列表]
*[http://yedict.com/ 字海網、葉典網]

{{堪讀之文}}

[[Category:漢語]]
[[Category:基礎之文]]</text>
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'''漢語'''者，[[漢族|漢人]]之言也。蓋[[華夏]]地方廣遠，山河數列，海內習用，方音殊異。以中國人多，以漢語為[[母語]]者亦眾，合以十億計，普世之五一。

== 音韻 ==

漢語一字一音，一音可分為聲、韻、調。[[漢字]]多不表音，故初用「讀若某」。後[[佛教]]東傳，得[[梵文]]而知[[反切]]，乃用以標音。近世，創[[國語注音|注音符號]]及[[漢語拼音]]，以明音韻。

== 語法 ==
漢語為[[孤立語]]、或曰分析語，此謂詞彙無[[格 (語法)|格]]、[[態 (語法)|態]]、[[性 (語法)|性]]、[[數 (語法)|數]]之變。唯示以[[語序]]之先後及虛字之用而達意。

語序為：[[主謂賓]]，[[修飾語|偏次]]先於[[中心語|正次]]。於數數，必附[[量詞]]於數後。各[[方言]][[語法]]略異，故白話文之行可亂文字。乃以國語語法為白話文語法。

古者語法，同乎[[文言]]。

== 文字 ==
{{main|漢字}}
三代以降，[[漢字]]初成。[[秦]]以書同文，必用[[小篆]]，其後偶有數變，用之不更至民季，共和國立，納昔[[錢玄同]]所倡簡字法，加以矯正，遂成今制，曰[[簡化字]]，今[[中國大陸]]、[[新加坡]]、[[馬來西亞]]行之。[[香港]]、[[澳門]]、[[臺灣]]仍因舊制，書傳統漢字。

近代西學東傳，亦有以[[拉丁字母]]記音者，法式歧異。至共和國立，創[[漢語拼音|拼音]]，授之於小學。初，國人頗思廢漢字，後以同音多，拉丁文字無象形之用，遂止。

== 沿革 ==
三代之時，天下有國千萬，言語不通。[[周]]既王，始有[[雅言]]。諸子著作，皆以雅言。及周道微，天下紛亂，言語異聲，文字異形。尤是楚語至不同也。[[秦始皇帝]]混一車書，獨用秦[[小篆|篆]]，各地方言日合。然至於[[許慎]]之世，[[說文解字]]之所錄，亦有同義而音異之字，多有「某地曰某為某」之訓。蓋天下文字雖一，而言語未統也。此[[上古音]]也。古之語法、語音異乎於今，可見諸[[尚書]]、[[詩經]]等。亦有殷甲骨、周鐘鼎、秦漢冊簡者，皆為所用。

魏晉之世，北族南面，雖[[魏孝文帝]]力主洛音，而古音已變，[[詩]]始不得押韻。[[中原]]漢胡雜合，而成唐音，為[[中古音|中古之音]]。於南國，衣冠之南渡，亦有吳音混於正音者。此世[[樂府]]有吳曲、西州曲之分，蓋亦異音之故也。

[[趙宋|宋]]季，[[中原]]復為胡君，語音大變。[[四聲]]缺入，派為三聲。唯江南淪陷不足百年，語音未大變也。[[明]]初都[[應天]]，[[永樂]]間北遷，百官隨同，江左之音復入燕地。以後四百年皆都[[北京]]，遂以為[[國語]]矣。

及[[中華人民共和國]]立，以國語為[[普通話]]，舉世皆以其漢語之正音。實其正音以國語稍改而成，[[中華民國|國民政府]]遷臺，用其國語至今未廢。然分立五十年，習用亦異也。大異者，舉凡[[兒化韻]]之用，[[外來詞]]之源，王畿方言之不同，亦成其異也。

於地方，雖有國語，實方言殊音甚多，惟[[學校]]、[[典禮]]多用正音。

今世，以漢語為官話者，有中國、[[新加坡]]、[[聯合國]]。隨中國國力日蓄，萬國習之者眾，以利來華遊學仕商。

== 方言 ==
蓋漢語歧甚，遠者異域不相通，近者十里音不同。然文惟一，為世所稀見。

以[[語言學]]分，言不通即非一語。且語法各異，故有漢語為一語族之論。漢語諸言，概分如下：

* [[官話]]，聞之中原、巴蜀、江北，滿蒙疆人亦多用之。今中國大陸之[[普通話]]、臺灣之[[中華民國國語|國語]]、南洋之[[華語]]皆宗[[北京官話]][[京師片]]。
* [[吳語]]，聞之吳越之地，昔宗[[蘇州話]]，今宗[[上海話]]。
* [[閩語]]，聞之閩臺之地，瓊文之民亦操之，其中分[[閩北語|閩北]]、[[閩東語|閩東]]、[[閩南語|閩南]]、[[閩中語|閩中]]、[[莆仙話|莆仙]]，五語各不相通。
* [[粵語]]，聞之嶺南，至於海外。[[廣州話]]為宗。
* [[客語]]，聞之南境，為[[客家人]]之言，[[梅州話]]為宗。
* [[湘語]]，聞之楚南。分新老二派。[[長沙話|長沙]]、[[雙峰話]]為宗。
* [[贛語]]，聞之[[江西]]，[[南昌話]]為宗。
* [[徽語]]，聞之皖南，[[徽州話]]為宗。今或以之為吳語之別種。
* [[晉語]]，聞之晉北、陝北、雲中等處，[[太原話]]為宗。

官話復分數種，以下次第：
*[[東北官話]]，聞之東北，宗[[瀋陽話]]。
*[[北京官話]]，聞之北京，東北，新疆之一部，宗[[北京話]]。
*[[江淮官話]]，聞之蘇中蘇北之大部，蘇南之一部及皖中，宗[[揚州話]]，以其地雜吳語，兩者相生，或謂淮語。明代以之為國語。
*[[西南官話]]，聞之川，桂，滇，貴，宗[[成都話]]。
*[[中原官話]]，聞之中原，關中，魯南。各地或有別種。宗[[洛陽話]]、[[西安話]]。
*[[冀魯官話]]，聞之冀，魯。宗[[濟南話]]。
*[[蘭銀官話]]，聞之隴上，寧夏。宗[[蘭州話]]。
*[[膠遼官話]]，聞之齊東，遼南，東北之一部。學界多宗[[煙臺話]]。

以下諸言皆從屬不明：
* [[廣西平話]]，聞之[[廣西]]山村，或以之為[[粵語]]之別種。
* [[韶州土話]]、[[湘南土話]]，聞之五嶺南北，或言二者皆近平話，或從[[湘南土話]]於湘語。
* [[瓦鄉話]]，聞之湘西沅水谷地，壟斷山絕，漢苗雜居，故甚異於官音，或以為湘語之別種。

== 書典 ==
* 《[[康熙字典|康熙大字典]]》
* 《[[廣韻]]》
* 《[[說文解字]]》

== 他典 ==
* [http://lexikon.china2day.de 《在線英漢字典》] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070713122604/http://lexikon.china2day.de/ |date=2007-07-13 }} &lt;!--
*[http://www.MonkeyKingSoft.com/ MonkeyKingSoft.com] - 使用电脑软件学习汉字：在电脑上动态显示汉字笔顺，或者打印成卡片帮助记忆。 --&gt;
* [http://www.kangxizidian.com/kangxi/ 《康熙大字典》]
* [http://www.edu.tw/EDU_WEB/EDU_MGT/MANDR/EDU6300001/allbook/bishuen/c8.htm?open 《常用國字標準字體筆順手冊》]
* [http://zgyy.faedia.com 《國文論壇》] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070927210215/http://zgyy.faedia.com/ |date=2007-09-27 }}
* [http://www.zdic.net 《在線漢語字典》]
* [http://www.zhongwen.com/Zhongwen.com 《網上中英字典》]{{Dead link|date=July 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}{{Dead link|date=July 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}{{Dead link|date=July 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}{{Dead link|date=July 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}{{Dead link|date=July 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}{{Dead link|date=July 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}{{Dead link|date=July 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}{{Dead link|date=July 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}{{Dead link|date=July 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}{{Dead link|date=July 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}{{Dead link|date=July 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}{{Dead link|date=July 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}{{Dead link|date=July 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}{{Dead 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*[http://www.newconcept.com/School/text_books.html 海外中文教材]--&gt;
* [http://learn_chinese.ckungfu.com/ 《輕鬆習中文》] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070712024338/http://learn_chinese.ckungfu.com/ |date=2007-07-12 }} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070712024338/http://learn_chinese.ckungfu.com/ |date=2007-07-12 }}&lt;!--
*[http://www.chinawestexchange.com/ China West Exchange]: 本网点是为了让西方人认识中国文化，中国人认识西方语言和文化而作的--&gt;
&lt;!--*[http://malandrin.org 马来西亚官话方言]
*[http://www.mina.ks.edu.tw/ 高雄县闽南语教材教学資料库]
*[http://www.cantonese.sheik.co.uk/ Cantonese Help Sheets]: 粤语教程
*[http://humanum.arts.cuhk.edu.hk/Lexis/lexi-can/ 粵語審音配詞字庫]
*[http://humanum.arts.cuhk.edu.hk/Lexis/Lindict/ Chinese to English Dictionary]: 中英字典
*[http://5189.asinah.net/ 中英字典 English to Chinese Dictionary]
*[http://us.dict.cn/ Dict.CN 中英字典 英中字典 English-Chinese and Chinese-English Dictionary on line]
*[http://www.unet.univie.ac.at/~a9305416/ Chinese Linguistics]: 汉语语言学网站（英文）
*[http://www.chineselanguage.org/CCDICT/index.html Chinese Characters Dictionary]: 支持日语、韩语、粤语等。
*[http://humanum.arts.cuhk.edu.hk/Lexis/Canton2/ Cantonese Talking Syllabary]: 中文网站（繁体）

*[http://www.sprachprofi.de.vu/english/zh.htm 网上上免费的普通话教程]
*[http://www.hanyu.com.cn/ Online College of Chinese Language汉语远程学院教学网]（中国国家汉办、华东师大合办)--&gt;
* [http://www.hello-han.com/index.php 《漢語，你好！》遠程教育網] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210409174241/http://www.hello-han.com/index.php |date=2021-04-09 }}
&lt;!--[http://www-ms.cc.ntu.edu.tw/~chinlit/ National Taiwan University Department of Chinese Literature]
*[http://www.yeminlitercuman.com/cin Turkish-Chinese Translators in China] --&gt;
* [http://www.ethnologue.com/show_family.asp?subid=1270 漢語方言列表]
*[http://yedict.com/ 字海網、葉典網]

{{堪讀之文}}

[[Category:漢語]]
[[Category:基礎之文]]</text>
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'''漢語'''者，[[漢族|漢人]]之言也。蓋[[華夏]]地方廣遠，山河數列，海內習用，方音殊異。以中國人多，以漢語為[[母語]]者亦眾，合以十億計，普世之五一。

== 音韻 ==

漢語一字一音，一音可分為聲、韻、調。[[漢字]]多不表音，故初用「讀若某」。後[[佛教]]東傳，得[[梵文]]而知[[反切]]，乃用以標音。近世，創[[國語注音|注音符號]]及[[漢語拼音]]，以明音韻。

== 語法 ==
漢語為[[孤立語]]、或曰分析語，此謂詞彙無[[格 (語法)|格]]、[[態 (語法)|態]]、[[性 (語法)|性]]、[[數 (語法)|數]]之變。唯示以[[語序]]之先後及虛字之用而達意。

語序為：[[主謂賓]]，[[修飾語|偏次]]先於[[中心語|正次]]。於數數，必附[[量詞]]於數後。各[[方言]][[語法]]略異，故白話文之行可亂文字。乃以國語語法為白話文語法。

古者語法，同乎[[文言]]。

== 文字 ==
{{main|漢字}}
三代以降，[[漢字]]初成。[[秦]]以書同文，必用[[小篆]]，其後偶有數變，用之不更至民季，共和國立，納昔[[錢玄同]]所倡簡字法，加以矯正，遂成今制，曰[[簡化字]]，今[[中國大陸]]、[[新加坡]]、[[馬來西亞]]行之。[[香港]]、[[澳門]]、[[臺灣]]仍因舊制，書傳統漢字。

近代西學東傳，亦有以[[拉丁字母]]記音者，法式歧異。至共和國立，創[[漢語拼音|拼音]]，授之於小學。初，國人頗思廢漢字，後以同音多，拉丁文字無象形之用，遂止。

== 沿革 ==
三代之時，天下有國千萬，言語不通。[[周]]既王，始有[[雅言]]。諸子著作，皆以雅言。及周道微，天下紛亂，言語異聲，文字異形。尤是楚語至不同也。[[秦始皇帝]]混一車書，獨用秦[[小篆|篆]]，各地方言日合。然至於[[許慎]]之世，[[說文解字]]之所錄，亦有同義而音異之字，多有「某地曰某為某」之訓。蓋天下文字雖一，而言語未統也。此[[上古音]]也。古之語法、語音異乎於今，可見諸[[尚書]]、[[詩經]]等。亦有殷甲骨、周鐘鼎、秦漢冊簡者，皆為所用。

魏晉之世，北族南面，雖[[魏孝文帝]]力主洛音，而古音已變，[[詩]]始不得押韻。[[中原]]漢胡雜合，而成唐音，為[[中古音|中古之音]]。於南國，衣冠之南渡，亦有吳音混於正音者。此世[[樂府]]有吳曲、西州曲之分，蓋亦異音之故也。

[[趙宋|宋]]季，[[中原]]復為胡君，語音大變。[[四聲]]缺入，派為三聲。唯江南淪陷不足百年，語音未大變也。[[明]]初都[[應天]]，[[永樂]]間北遷，百官隨同，江左之音復入燕地。以後四百年皆都[[北京]]，遂以為[[國語]]矣。

及[[中華人民共和國]]立，以國語為[[普通話]]，舉世皆以其漢語之正音。實其正音以國語稍改而成，[[中華民國|國民政府]]遷臺，用其國語至今未廢。然分立五十年，習用亦異也。大異者，舉凡[[兒化韻]]之用，[[外來詞]]之源，王畿方言之不同，亦成其異也。

於地方，雖有國語，實方言殊音甚多，惟[[學校]]、[[典禮]]多用正音。

今世，以漢語為官話者，有中國、[[新加坡]]、[[聯合國]]。隨中國國力日蓄，萬國習之者眾，以利來華遊學仕商。

== 方言 ==
蓋漢語歧甚，遠者異域不相通，近者十里音不同。然文惟一，為世所稀見。

以[[語言學]]分，言不通即非一語。且語法各異，故有漢語為一語族之論。漢語諸言，概分如下：

* [[官話]]，聞之中原、巴蜀、江北，滿蒙疆人亦多用之。今中國大陸之[[普通話]]、臺灣之[[中華民國國語|國語]]、南洋之[[華語]]皆宗[[北京官話]][[京師片]]。
* [[吳語]]，聞之吳越之地，昔宗[[蘇州話]]，今宗[[上海話]]。
* [[閩語]]，聞之閩臺之地，瓊文之民亦操之，其中分[[閩北語|閩北]]、[[閩東語|閩東]]、[[閩南語|閩南]]、[[閩中語|閩中]]、[[莆仙話|莆仙]]，五語各不相通。
* [[粵語]]，聞之嶺南，至於海外。[[廣州話]]為宗。
* [[客語]]，聞之南境，為[[客家人]]之言，[[梅州話]]為宗。
* [[湘語]]，聞之楚南。分新老二派。[[長沙話|長沙]]、[[雙峰話]]為宗。
* [[贛語]]，聞之[[江西]]，[[南昌話]]為宗。
* [[徽語]]，聞之皖南，[[徽州話]]為宗。今或以之為吳語之別種。
* [[晉語]]，聞之晉北、陝北、雲中等處，[[太原話]]為宗。

官話復分數種，以下次第：
*[[東北官話]]，聞之東北，宗[[瀋陽話]]。
*[[北京官話]]，聞之北京，東北，新疆之一部，宗[[北京話]]。
*[[江淮官話]]，聞之蘇中蘇北之大部，蘇南之一部及皖中，宗[[揚州話]]，以其地雜吳語，兩者相生，或謂淮語。明代以之為國語。
*[[西南官話]]，聞之川，桂，滇，貴，宗[[成都話]]。
*[[中原官話]]，聞之中原，關中，魯南。各地或有別種。宗[[洛陽話]]、[[西安話]]。
*[[冀魯官話]]，聞之冀，魯。宗[[濟南話]]。
*[[蘭銀官話]]，聞之隴上，寧夏。宗[[蘭州話]]。
*[[膠遼官話]]，聞之齊東，遼南，東北之一部。學界多宗[[煙臺話]]。

以下諸言皆從屬不明：
* [[廣西平話]]，聞之[[廣西]]山村，或以之為[[粵語]]之別種。
* [[韶州土話]]、[[湘南土話]]，聞之五嶺南北，或言二者皆近平話，或從[[湘南土話]]於湘語。
* [[瓦鄉話]]，聞之湘西沅水谷地，壟斷山絕，漢苗雜居，故甚異於官音，或以為湘語之別種。

== 書典 ==
* 《[[康熙字典|康熙大字典]]》
* 《[[廣韻]]》
* 《[[說文解字]]》

== 他典 ==
* [http://lexikon.china2day.de 《在線英漢字典》] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070713122604/http://lexikon.china2day.de/ |date=2007-07-13 }} &lt;!--
*[http://www.MonkeyKingSoft.com/ MonkeyKingSoft.com] - 使用电脑软件学习汉字：在电脑上动态显示汉字笔顺，或者打印成卡片帮助记忆。 --&gt;
* [http://www.kangxizidian.com/kangxi/ 《康熙大字典》]
* [http://www.edu.tw/EDU_WEB/EDU_MGT/MANDR/EDU6300001/allbook/bishuen/c8.htm?open 《常用國字標準字體筆順手冊》]
* [http://zgyy.faedia.com 《國文論壇》] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070927210215/http://zgyy.faedia.com/ |date=2007-09-27 }}
* [http://www.zdic.net 《在線漢語字典》]
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*[http://humanum.arts.cuhk.edu.hk/Lexis/lexi-can/ 粵語審音配詞字庫]
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* [http://www.ethnologue.com/show_family.asp?subid=1270 漢語方言列表]
*[http://yedict.com/ 字海網、葉典網]

{{堪讀之文}}

[[Category:漢語]]
[[Category:基礎之文]]</text>
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'''漢語'''者，[[漢族|漢人]]之言也。蓋[[華夏]]地方廣遠，山河數列，海內習用，方音殊異。以中國人多，以漢語為[[母語]]者亦眾，合以十億計，普世之五一。

== 音韻 ==

漢語一字一音，一音可分為聲、韻、調。[[漢字]]多不表音，故初用「讀若某」。後[[佛教]]東傳，得[[梵文]]而知[[反切]]，乃用以標音。近世，創[[國語注音|注音符號]]及[[漢語拼音]]，以明音韻。

== 語法 ==
漢語為[[孤立語]]、或曰分析語，此謂詞彙無[[格 (語法)|格]]、[[態 (語法)|態]]、[[性 (語法)|性]]、[[數 (語法)|數]]之變。唯示以[[語序]]之先後及虛字之用而達意。

語序為：[[主謂賓]]，[[修飾語|偏次]]先於[[中心語|正次]]。於數數，必附[[量詞]]於數後。各[[方言]][[語法]]略異，故白話文之行可亂文字。乃以國語語法為白話文語法。

古者語法，同乎[[文言]]。

== 文字 ==
{{main|漢字}}
三代以降，[[漢字]]初成。[[秦]]以書同文，必用[[小篆]]，其後偶有數變，用之不更至民季，共和國立，納昔[[錢玄同]]所倡簡字法，加以矯正，遂成今制，曰[[簡化字]]，今[[中國大陸]]、[[新加坡]]、[[馬來西亞]]行之。[[香港]]、[[澳門]]、[[臺灣]]仍因舊制，書傳統漢字。

近代西學東傳，亦有以[[拉丁字母]]記音者，法式歧異。至共和國立，創[[漢語拼音|拼音]]，授之於小學。初，國人頗思廢漢字，後以同音多，拉丁文字無象形之用，遂止。

== 沿革 ==
三代之時，天下有國千萬，言語不通。[[周]]既王，始有[[雅言]]。諸子著作，皆以雅言。及周道微，天下紛亂，言語異聲，文字異形。尤是楚語至不同也。[[秦始皇帝]]混一車書，獨用秦[[小篆|篆]]，各地方言日合。然至於[[許慎]]之世，[[說文解字]]之所錄，亦有同義而音異之字，多有「某地曰某為某」之訓。蓋天下文字雖一，而言語未統也。此[[上古音]]也。古之語法、語音異乎於今，可見諸[[尚書]]、[[詩經]]等。亦有殷甲骨、周鐘鼎、秦漢冊簡者，皆為所用。

魏晉之世，北族南面，雖[[魏孝文帝]]力主洛音，而古音已變，[[詩]]始不得押韻。[[中原]]漢胡雜合，而成唐音，為[[中古音|中古之音]]。於南國，衣冠之南渡，亦有吳音混於正音者。此世[[樂府]]有吳曲、西州曲之分，蓋亦異音之故也。

[[趙宋|宋]]季，[[中原]]復為胡君，語音大變。[[四聲]]缺入，派為三聲。唯江南淪陷不足百年，語音未大變也。[[明]]初都[[應天]]，[[永樂]]間北遷，百官隨同，江左之音復入燕地。以後四百年皆都[[北京]]，遂以為[[國語]]矣。

及[[中華人民共和國]]立，以國語為[[普通話]]，舉世皆以其漢語之正音。實其正音以國語稍改而成，[[中華民國|國民政府]]遷臺，用其國語至今未廢。然分立五十年，習用亦異也。大異者，舉凡[[兒化韻]]之用，[[外來詞]]之源，王畿方言之不同，亦成其異也。

於地方，雖有國語，實方言殊音甚多，惟[[學校]]、[[典禮]]多用正音。

今世，以漢語為官話者，有中國、[[新加坡]]、[[聯合國]]。隨中國國力日蓄，萬國習之者眾，以利來華遊學仕商。

== 方言 ==
蓋漢語歧甚，遠者異域不相通，近者十里音不同。然文惟一，為世所稀見。

以[[語言學]]分，言不通即非一語。且語法各異，故有漢語為一語族之論。漢語諸言，概分如下：

* [[官話]]，聞之中原、巴蜀、江北，滿蒙疆人亦多用之。今中國大陸之[[普通話]]、臺灣之[[中華民國國語|國語]]、南洋之[[華語]]皆宗[[北京官話]][[京師片]]。
* [[吳語]]，聞之吳越之地，昔宗[[蘇州話]]，今宗[[上海話]]。
* [[閩語]]，聞之閩臺之地，瓊文之民亦操之，其中分[[閩北語|閩北]]、[[閩東語|閩東]]、[[閩南語|閩南]]、[[閩中語|閩中]]、[[莆仙話|莆仙]]，五語各不相通。
* [[粵語]]，聞之嶺南，至於海外。[[廣州話]]為宗。
* [[客語]]，聞之南境，為[[客家人]]之言，[[梅州話]]為宗。
* [[湘語]]，聞之楚南。分新老二派。[[長沙話|長沙]]、[[雙峰話]]為宗。
* [[贛語]]，聞之[[江西]]，[[南昌話]]為宗。
* [[徽語]]，聞之皖南，[[徽州話]]為宗。今或以之為吳語之別種。
* [[晉語]]，聞之晉北、陝北、雲中等處，[[太原話]]為宗。

官話復分數種，以下次第：
*[[東北官話]]，聞之東北，宗[[瀋陽話]]。
*[[北京官話]]，聞之北京，東北，新疆之一部，宗[[北京話]]。
*[[江淮官話]]，聞之蘇中蘇北之大部，蘇南之一部及皖中，宗[[揚州話]]，以其地雜吳語，兩者相生，或謂淮語。明代以之為國語。
*[[西南官話]]，聞之川，桂，滇，貴，宗[[成都話]]。
*[[中原官話]]，聞之中原，關中，魯南。各地或有別種。宗[[洛陽話]]、[[西安話]]。
*[[冀魯官話]]，聞之冀，魯。宗[[濟南話]]。
*[[蘭銀官話]]，聞之隴上，寧夏。宗[[蘭州話]]。
*[[膠遼官話]]，聞之齊東，遼南，東北之一部。學界多宗[[煙臺話]]。

以下諸言皆從屬不明：
* [[廣西平話]]，聞之[[廣西]]山村，或以之為[[粵語]]之別種。
* [[韶州土話]]、[[湘南土話]]，聞之五嶺南北，或言二者皆近平話，或從[[湘南土話]]於湘語。
* [[瓦鄉話]]，聞之湘西沅水谷地，壟斷山絕，漢苗雜居，故甚異於官音，或以為湘語之別種。

== 書典 ==
* 《[[康熙字典|康熙大字典]]》
* 《[[廣韻]]》
* 《[[說文解字]]》

== 他典 ==
* [http://lexikon.china2day.de 《在線英漢字典》] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070713122604/http://lexikon.china2day.de/ |date=2007-07-13 }} &lt;!--
*[http://www.MonkeyKingSoft.com/ MonkeyKingSoft.com] - 使用电脑软件学习汉字：在电脑上动态显示汉字笔顺，或者打印成卡片帮助记忆。 --&gt;
* [http://www.kangxizidian.com/kangxi/ 《康熙大字典》]
* [http://www.edu.tw/EDU_WEB/EDU_MGT/MANDR/EDU6300001/allbook/bishuen/c8.htm?open 《常用國字標準字體筆順手冊》]
* [http://zgyy.faedia.com 《國文論壇》] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070927210215/http://zgyy.faedia.com/ |date=2007-09-27 }}
* [http://www.zdic.net 《在線漢語字典》]
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*[http://www.newconcept.com/School/text_books.html 海外中文教材]--&gt;
* [http://learn_chinese.ckungfu.com/ 《輕鬆習中文》] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070712024338/http://learn_chinese.ckungfu.com/ |date=2007-07-12 }} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070712024338/http://learn_chinese.ckungfu.com/ |date=2007-07-12 }}&lt;!--
*[http://www.chinawestexchange.com/ China West Exchange]: 本网点是为了让西方人认识中国文化，中国人认识西方语言和文化而作的--&gt;
&lt;!--*[http://malandrin.org 马来西亚官话方言]
*[http://www.mina.ks.edu.tw/ 高雄县闽南语教材教学資料库]
*[http://www.cantonese.sheik.co.uk/ Cantonese Help Sheets]: 粤语教程
*[http://humanum.arts.cuhk.edu.hk/Lexis/lexi-can/ 粵語審音配詞字庫]
*[http://humanum.arts.cuhk.edu.hk/Lexis/Lindict/ Chinese to English Dictionary]: 中英字典
*[http://5189.asinah.net/ 中英字典 English to Chinese Dictionary]
*[http://us.dict.cn/ Dict.CN 中英字典 英中字典 English-Chinese and Chinese-English Dictionary on line]
*[http://www.unet.univie.ac.at/~a9305416/ Chinese Linguistics]: 汉语语言学网站（英文）
*[http://www.chineselanguage.org/CCDICT/index.html Chinese Characters Dictionary]: 支持日语、韩语、粤语等。
*[http://humanum.arts.cuhk.edu.hk/Lexis/Canton2/ Cantonese Talking Syllabary]: 中文网站（繁体）

*[http://www.sprachprofi.de.vu/english/zh.htm 网上上免费的普通话教程]
*[http://www.hanyu.com.cn/ Online College of Chinese Language汉语远程学院教学网]（中国国家汉办、华东师大合办)--&gt;
* [http://www.hello-han.com/index.php 《漢語，你好！》遠程教育網] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210409174241/http://www.hello-han.com/index.php |date=2021-04-09 }}
&lt;!--[http://www-ms.cc.ntu.edu.tw/~chinlit/ National Taiwan University Department of Chinese Literature]
*[http://www.yeminlitercuman.com/cin Turkish-Chinese Translators in China] --&gt;
* [http://www.ethnologue.com/show_family.asp?subid=1270 漢語方言列表]
*[http://yedict.com/ 字海網、葉典網]

{{堪讀之文}}

[[Category:漢語]]
[[Category:基礎之文]]</text>
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'''漢語'''者，[[漢族|漢人]]之言也。蓋[[華夏]]地方廣遠，山河數列，海內習用，方音殊異。以中國人多，以漢語為[[母語]]者亦眾，合以十億計，普世之五一。

== 音韻 ==

漢語一字一音，一音可分為聲、韻、調。[[漢字]]多不表音，故初用「讀若某」。後[[佛教]]東傳，得[[梵文]]而知[[反切]]，乃用以標音。近世，創[[國語注音|注音符號]]及[[漢語拼音]]，以明音韻。

== 語法 ==
漢語為[[孤立語]]、或曰分析語，此謂詞彙無[[格 (語法)|格]]、[[態 (語法)|態]]、[[性 (語法)|性]]、[[數 (語法)|數]]之變。唯示以[[語序]]之先後及虛字之用而達意。

語序為：[[主謂賓]]，[[修飾語|偏次]]先於[[中心語|正次]]。於數數，必附[[量詞]]於數後。各[[方言]][[語法]]略異，故白話文之行可亂文字。乃以國語語法為白話文語法。

古者語法，同乎[[文言]]。

== 文字 ==
{{main|漢字}}
三代以降，[[漢字]]初成。[[秦]]以書同文，必用[[小篆]]，其後偶有數變，用之不更至民季，共和國立，納昔[[錢玄同]]所倡簡字法，加以矯正，遂成今制，曰[[簡化字]]，今[[中國大陸]]、[[新加坡]]、[[馬來西亞]]行之。[[香港]]、[[澳門]]、[[臺灣]]仍因舊制，書傳統漢字。

近代西學東傳，亦有以[[拉丁字母]]記音者，法式歧異。至共和國立，創[[漢語拼音|拼音]]，授之於小學。初，國人頗思廢漢字，後以同音多，拉丁文字無象形之用，遂止。

== 沿革 ==
三代之時，天下有國千萬，言語不通。[[周]]既王，始有[[雅言]]。諸子著作，皆以雅言。及周道微，天下紛亂，言語異聲，文字異形。尤是楚語至不同也。[[秦始皇帝]]混一車書，獨用秦[[小篆|篆]]，各地方言日合。然至於[[許慎]]之世，[[說文解字]]之所錄，亦有同義而音異之字，多有「某地曰某為某」之訓。蓋天下文字雖一，而言語未統也。此[[上古音]]也。古之語法、語音異乎於今，可見諸[[尚書]]、[[詩經]]等。亦有殷甲骨、周鐘鼎、秦漢冊簡者，皆為所用。

魏晉之世，北族南面，雖[[魏孝文帝]]力主洛音，而古音已變，[[詩]]始不得押韻。[[中原]]漢胡雜合，而成唐音，為[[中古音|中古之音]]。於南國，衣冠之南渡，亦有吳音混於正音者。此世[[樂府]]有吳曲、西州曲之分，蓋亦異音之故也。

[[趙宋|宋]]季，[[中原]]復為胡君，語音大變。[[四聲]]缺入，派為三聲。唯江南淪陷不足百年，語音未大變也。[[明]]初都[[應天]]，[[永樂]]間北遷，百官隨同，江左之音復入燕地。以後四百年皆都[[北京]]，遂以為[[國語]]矣。

及[[中華人民共和國]]立，以國語為[[普通話]]，舉世皆以其漢語之正音。實其正音以國語稍改而成，[[中華民國|國民政府]]遷臺，用其國語至今未廢。然分立五十年，習用亦異也。大異者，舉凡[[兒化韻]]之用，[[外來詞]]之源，王畿方言之不同，亦成其異也。

於地方，雖有國語，實方言殊音甚多，惟[[學校]]、[[典禮]]多用正音。

今世，以漢語為官話者，有中國、[[新加坡]]、[[聯合國]]。隨中國國力日蓄，萬國習之者眾，以利來華遊學仕商。

== 方言 ==
蓋漢語歧甚，遠者異域不相通，近者十里音不同。然文惟一，為世所稀見。

以[[語言學]]分，言不通即非一語。且語法各異，故有漢語為一語族之論。漢語諸言，概分如下：

* [[官話]]，聞之中原、巴蜀、江北，滿蒙疆人亦多用之。今中國大陸之[[普通話]]、臺灣之[[中華民國國語|國語]]、南洋之[[華語]]皆宗[[北京官話]][[京師片]]。
* [[吳語]]，聞之吳越之地，昔宗[[蘇州話]]，今宗[[上海話]]。
* [[閩語]]，聞之閩臺之地，瓊文之民亦操之，其中分[[閩北語|閩北]]、[[閩東語|閩東]]、[[閩南語|閩南]]、[[閩中語|閩中]]、[[莆仙話|莆仙]]，五語各不相通。
* [[粵語]]，聞之嶺南，至於海外。[[廣州話]]為宗。
* [[客語]]，聞之南境，為[[客家人]]之言，[[梅州話]]為宗。
* [[湘語]]，聞之楚南。分新老二派。[[長沙話|長沙]]、[[雙峰話]]為宗。
* [[贛語]]，聞之[[江西]]，[[南昌話]]為宗。
* [[徽語]]，聞之皖南，[[徽州話]]為宗。今或以之為吳語之別種。
* [[晉語]]，聞之晉北、陝北、雲中等處，[[太原話]]為宗。

官話復分數種，以下次第：
*[[東北官話]]，聞之東北，宗[[瀋陽話]]。
*[[北京官話]]，聞之北京，東北，新疆之一部，宗[[北京話]]。
*[[江淮官話]]，聞之蘇中蘇北之大部，蘇南之一部及皖中，宗[[揚州話]]，以其地雜吳語，兩者相生，或謂淮語。明代以之為國語。
*[[西南官話]]，聞之川，桂，滇，貴，宗[[成都話]]。
*[[中原官話]]，聞之中原，關中，魯南。各地或有別種。宗[[洛陽話]]、[[西安話]]。
*[[冀魯官話]]，聞之冀，魯。宗[[濟南話]]。
*[[蘭銀官話]]，聞之隴上，寧夏。宗[[蘭州話]]。
*[[膠遼官話]]，聞之齊東，遼南，東北之一部。學界多宗[[煙臺話]]。

以下諸言皆從屬不明：
* [[廣西平話]]，聞之[[廣西]]山村，或以之為[[粵語]]之別種。
* [[韶州土話]]、[[湘南土話]]，聞之五嶺南北，或言二者皆近平話，或從[[湘南土話]]於湘語。
* [[瓦鄉話]]，聞之湘西沅水谷地，壟斷山絕，漢苗雜居，故甚異於官音，或以為湘語之別種。

== 書典 ==
* 《[[康熙字典|康熙大字典]]》
* 《[[廣韻]]》
* 《[[說文解字]]》

== 他典 ==
* [http://lexikon.china2day.de 《在線英漢字典》] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070713122604/http://lexikon.china2day.de/ |date=2007-07-13 }} &lt;!--
*[http://www.MonkeyKingSoft.com/ MonkeyKingSoft.com] - 使用电脑软件学习汉字：在电脑上动态显示汉字笔顺，或者打印成卡片帮助记忆。 --&gt;
* [http://www.kangxizidian.com/kangxi/ 《康熙大字典》]
* [http://www.edu.tw/EDU_WEB/EDU_MGT/MANDR/EDU6300001/allbook/bishuen/c8.htm?open 《常用國字標準字體筆順手冊》]
* [http://zgyy.faedia.com 《國文論壇》] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070927210215/http://zgyy.faedia.com/ |date=2007-09-27 }}
* [http://www.zdic.net 《在線漢語字典》]
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*[http://www.newconcept.com/School/text_books.html 海外中文教材]--&gt;
* [http://learn_chinese.ckungfu.com/ 《輕鬆習中文》] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070712024338/http://learn_chinese.ckungfu.com/ |date=2007-07-12 }} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070712024338/http://learn_chinese.ckungfu.com/ |date=2007-07-12 }}&lt;!--
*[http://www.chinawestexchange.com/ China West Exchange]: 本网点是为了让西方人认识中国文化，中国人认识西方语言和文化而作的--&gt;
&lt;!--*[http://malandrin.org 马来西亚官话方言]
*[http://www.mina.ks.edu.tw/ 高雄县闽南语教材教学資料库]
*[http://www.cantonese.sheik.co.uk/ Cantonese Help Sheets]: 粤语教程
*[http://humanum.arts.cuhk.edu.hk/Lexis/lexi-can/ 粵語審音配詞字庫]
*[http://humanum.arts.cuhk.edu.hk/Lexis/Lindict/ Chinese to English Dictionary]: 中英字典
*[http://5189.asinah.net/ 中英字典 English to Chinese Dictionary]
*[http://us.dict.cn/ Dict.CN 中英字典 英中字典 English-Chinese and Chinese-English Dictionary on line]
*[http://www.unet.univie.ac.at/~a9305416/ Chinese Linguistics]: 汉语语言学网站（英文）
*[http://www.chineselanguage.org/CCDICT/index.html Chinese Characters Dictionary]: 支持日语、韩语、粤语等。
*[http://humanum.arts.cuhk.edu.hk/Lexis/Canton2/ Cantonese Talking Syllabary]: 中文网站（繁体）

*[http://www.sprachprofi.de.vu/english/zh.htm 网上上免费的普通话教程]
*[http://www.hanyu.com.cn/ Online College of Chinese Language汉语远程学院教学网]（中国国家汉办、华东师大合办)--&gt;
* [http://www.hello-han.com/index.php 《漢語，你好！》遠程教育網] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210409174241/http://www.hello-han.com/index.php |date=2021-04-09 }}
&lt;!--[http://www-ms.cc.ntu.edu.tw/~chinlit/ National Taiwan University Department of Chinese Literature]
*[http://www.yeminlitercuman.com/cin Turkish-Chinese Translators in China] --&gt;
* [http://www.ethnologue.com/show_family.asp?subid=1270 漢語方言列表]
*[http://yedict.com/ 字海網、葉典網]

{{堪讀之文}}

[[Category:漢語]]
[[Category:基礎之文]]</text>
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'''漢語'''者，[[漢族|漢人]]之言也。蓋[[華夏]]地方廣遠，山河數列，海內習用，方音殊異。以中國人多，以漢語為[[母語]]者亦眾，合以十億計，普世之五一。

== 音韻 ==

漢語一字一音，一音可分為聲、韻、調。[[漢字]]多不表音，故初用「讀若某」。後[[佛教]]東傳，得[[梵文]]而知[[反切]]，乃用以標音。近世，創[[國語注音|注音符號]]及[[漢語拼音]]，以明音韻。

== 語法 ==
漢語為[[孤立語]]、或曰分析語，此謂詞彙無[[格 (語法)|格]]、[[態 (語法)|態]]、[[性 (語法)|性]]、[[數 (語法)|數]]之變。唯示以[[語序]]之先後及虛字之用而達意。

語序為：[[主謂賓]]，[[修飾語|偏次]]先於[[中心語|正次]]。於數數，必附[[量詞]]於數後。各[[方言]][[語法]]略異，故白話文之行可亂文字。乃以國語語法為白話文語法。

古者語法，同乎[[文言]]。

== 文字 ==
{{main|漢字}}
三代以降，[[漢字]]初成。[[秦]]以書同文，必用[[小篆]]，其後偶有數變，用之不更至民季，共和國立，納昔[[錢玄同]]所倡簡字法，加以矯正，遂成今制，曰[[簡化字]]，今[[中國大陸]]、[[新加坡]]、[[馬來西亞]]行之。[[香港]]、[[澳門]]、[[臺灣]]仍因舊制，書傳統漢字。

近代西學東傳，亦有以[[拉丁字母]]記音者，法式歧異。至共和國立，創[[漢語拼音|拼音]]，授之於小學。初，國人頗思廢漢字，後以同音多，拉丁文字無象形之用，遂止。

== 沿革 ==
三代之時，天下有國千萬，言語不通。[[周]]既王，始有[[雅言]]。諸子著作，皆以雅言。及周道微，天下紛亂，言語異聲，文字異形。尤是楚語至不同也。[[秦始皇帝]]混一車書，獨用秦[[小篆|篆]]，各地方言日合。然至於[[許慎]]之世，[[說文解字]]之所錄，亦有同義而音異之字，多有「某地曰某為某」之訓。蓋天下文字雖一，而言語未統也。此[[上古音]]也。古之語法、語音異乎於今，可見諸[[尚書]]、[[詩經]]等。亦有殷甲骨、周鐘鼎、秦漢冊簡者，皆為所用。

魏晉之世，北族南面，雖[[魏孝文帝]]力主洛音，而古音已變，[[詩]]始不得押韻。[[中原]]漢胡雜合，而成唐音，為[[中古音|中古之音]]。於南國，衣冠之南渡，亦有吳音混於正音者。此世[[樂府]]有吳曲、西州曲之分，蓋亦異音之故也。

[[趙宋|宋]]季，[[中原]]復為胡君，語音大變。[[四聲]]缺入，派為三聲。唯江南淪陷不足百年，語音未大變也。[[明]]初都[[應天]]，[[永樂]]間北遷，百官隨同，江左之音復入燕地。以後四百年皆都[[北京]]，遂以為[[國語]]矣。

及[[中華人民共和國]]立，以國語為[[普通話]]，舉世皆以其漢語之正音。實其正音以國語稍改而成，[[中華民國|國民政府]]遷臺，用其國語至今未廢。然分立五十年，習用亦異也。大異者，舉凡[[兒化韻]]之用，[[外來詞]]之源，王畿方言之不同，亦成其異也。

於地方，雖有國語，實方言殊音甚多，惟[[學校]]、[[典禮]]多用正音。

今世，以漢語為官話者，有中國、[[新加坡]]、[[聯合國]]。隨中國國力日蓄，萬國習之者眾，以利來華遊學仕商。

== 方言 ==
蓋漢語歧甚，遠者異域不相通，近者十里音不同。然文惟一，為世所稀見。

以[[語言學]]分，言不通即非一語。且語法各異，故有漢語為一語族之論。漢語諸言，概分如下：

* [[官話]]，聞之中原、巴蜀、江北，滿蒙疆人亦多用之。今中國大陸之[[普通話]]、臺灣之[[中華民國國語|國語]]、南洋之[[華語]]皆宗[[北京官話]][[京師片]]。
* [[吳語]]，聞之吳越之地，昔宗[[蘇州話]]，今宗[[上海話]]。
* [[閩語]]，聞之閩臺之地，瓊文之民亦操之，其中分[[閩北語|閩北]]、[[閩東語|閩東]]、[[閩南語|閩南]]、[[閩中語|閩中]]、[[莆仙話|莆仙]]，五語各不相通。
* [[粵語]]，聞之嶺南，至於海外。[[廣州話]]為宗。
* [[客語]]，聞之南境，為[[客家人]]之言，[[梅州話]]為宗。
* [[湘語]]，聞之楚南。分新老二派。[[長沙話|長沙]]、[[雙峰話]]為宗。
* [[贛語]]，聞之[[江西]]，[[南昌話]]為宗。
* [[徽語]]，聞之皖南，[[徽州話]]為宗。今或以之為吳語之別種。
* [[晉語]]，聞之晉北、陝北、雲中等處，[[太原話]]為宗。

官話復分數種，以下次第：
*[[東北官話]]，聞之東北，宗[[瀋陽話]]。
*[[北京官話]]，聞之北京，東北，新疆之一部，宗[[北京話]]。
*[[江淮官話]]，聞之蘇中蘇北之大部，蘇南之一部及皖中，宗[[揚州話]]，以其地雜吳語，兩者相生，或謂淮語。明代以之為國語。
*[[西南官話]]，聞之川，桂，滇，貴，宗[[成都話]]。
*[[中原官話]]，聞之中原，關中，魯南。各地或有別種。宗[[洛陽話]]、[[西安話]]。
*[[冀魯官話]]，聞之冀，魯。宗[[濟南話]]。
*[[蘭銀官話]]，聞之隴上，寧夏。宗[[蘭州話]]。
*[[膠遼官話]]，聞之齊東，遼南，東北之一部。學界多宗[[煙臺話]]。

以下諸言皆從屬不明：
* [[廣西平話]]，聞之[[廣西]]山村，或以之為[[粵語]]之別種。
* [[韶州土話]]、[[湘南土話]]，聞之五嶺南北，或言二者皆近平話，或從[[湘南土話]]於湘語。
* [[瓦鄉話]]，聞之湘西沅水谷地，壟斷山絕，漢苗雜居，故甚異於官音，或以為湘語之別種。

== 書典 ==
* 《[[康熙字典|康熙大字典]]》
* 《[[廣韻]]》
* 《[[說文解字]]》

== 他典 ==
* [http://lexikon.china2day.de 《在線英漢字典》] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070713122604/http://lexikon.china2day.de/ |date=2007-07-13 }} &lt;!--
*[http://www.MonkeyKingSoft.com/ MonkeyKingSoft.com] - 使用电脑软件学习汉字：在电脑上动态显示汉字笔顺，或者打印成卡片帮助记忆。 --&gt;
* [http://www.kangxizidian.com/kangxi/ 《康熙大字典》]
* [http://www.edu.tw/EDU_WEB/EDU_MGT/MANDR/EDU6300001/allbook/bishuen/c8.htm?open 《常用國字標準字體筆順手冊》]
* [http://zgyy.faedia.com 《國文論壇》] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070927210215/http://zgyy.faedia.com/ |date=2007-09-27 }}
* [http://www.zdic.net 《在線漢語字典》]
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|bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}&lt;!--
*[http://www.newconcept.com/School/text_books.html 海外中文教材]--&gt;
* [http://learn_chinese.ckungfu.com/ 《輕鬆習中文》] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070712024338/http://learn_chinese.ckungfu.com/ |date=2007-07-12 }} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070712024338/http://learn_chinese.ckungfu.com/ |date=2007-07-12 }}&lt;!--
*[http://www.chinawestexchange.com/ China West Exchange]: 本网点是为了让西方人认识中国文化，中国人认识西方语言和文化而作的--&gt;
&lt;!--*[http://malandrin.org 马来西亚官话方言]
*[http://www.mina.ks.edu.tw/ 高雄县闽南语教材教学資料库]
*[http://www.cantonese.sheik.co.uk/ Cantonese Help Sheets]: 粤语教程
*[http://humanum.arts.cuhk.edu.hk/Lexis/lexi-can/ 粵語審音配詞字庫]
*[http://humanum.arts.cuhk.edu.hk/Lexis/Lindict/ Chinese to English Dictionary]: 中英字典
*[http://5189.asinah.net/ 中英字典 English to Chinese Dictionary]
*[http://us.dict.cn/ Dict.CN 中英字典 英中字典 English-Chinese and Chinese-English Dictionary on line]
*[http://www.unet.univie.ac.at/~a9305416/ Chinese Linguistics]: 汉语语言学网站（英文）
*[http://www.chineselanguage.org/CCDICT/index.html Chinese Characters Dictionary]: 支持日语、韩语、粤语等。
*[http://humanum.arts.cuhk.edu.hk/Lexis/Canton2/ Cantonese Talking Syllabary]: 中文网站（繁体）

*[http://www.sprachprofi.de.vu/english/zh.htm 网上上免费的普通话教程]
*[http://www.hanyu.com.cn/ Online College of Chinese Language汉语远程学院教学网]（中国国家汉办、华东师大合办)--&gt;
* [http://www.hello-han.com/index.php 《漢語，你好！》遠程教育網] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210409174241/http://www.hello-han.com/index.php |date=2021-04-09 }}
&lt;!--[http://www-ms.cc.ntu.edu.tw/~chinlit/ National Taiwan University Department of Chinese Literature]
*[http://www.yeminlitercuman.com/cin Turkish-Chinese Translators in China] --&gt;
* [http://www.ethnologue.com/show_family.asp?subid=1270 漢語方言列表]
*[http://yedict.com/ 字海網、葉典網]

{{堪讀之文}}

[[Category:漢語]]
[[Category:基礎之文]]</text>
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'''漢語'''者，[[漢族|漢人]]之言也。蓋[[華夏]]地方廣遠，山河數列，海內習用，方音殊異。以中國人多，以漢語為[[母語]]者亦眾，合以十億計，普世之五一。

== 音韻 ==

漢語一字一音，一音可分為聲、韻、調。[[漢字]]多不表音，故初用「讀若某」。後[[佛教]]東傳，得[[梵文]]而知[[反切]]，乃用以標音。近世，創[[國語注音|注音符號]]及[[漢語拼音]]，以明音韻。

== 語法 ==
漢語為[[孤立語]]、或曰分析語，此謂詞彙無[[格 (語法)|格]]、[[態 (語法)|態]]、[[性 (語法)|性]]、[[數 (語法)|數]]之變。唯示以[[語序]]之先後及虛字之用而達意。

語序為：[[主謂賓]]，[[修飾語|偏次]]先於[[中心語|正次]]。於數數，必附[[量詞]]於數後。各[[方言]][[語法]]略異，故白話文之行可亂文字。乃以國語語法為白話文語法。

古者語法，同乎[[文言]]。

== 文字 ==
{{main|漢字}}
三代以降，[[漢字]]初成。[[秦]]以書同文，必用[[小篆]]，其後偶有數變，用之不更至民季，共和國立，納昔[[錢玄同]]所倡簡字法，加以矯正，遂成今制，曰[[簡化字]]，今[[中國大陸]]、[[新加坡]]、[[馬來西亞]]行之。[[香港]]、[[澳門]]、[[臺灣]]仍因舊制，書傳統漢字。

近代西學東傳，亦有以[[拉丁字母]]記音者，法式歧異。至共和國立，創[[漢語拼音|拼音]]，授之於小學。初，國人頗思廢漢字，後以同音多，拉丁文字無象形之用，遂止。

== 沿革 ==
三代之時，天下有國千萬，言語不通。[[周]]既王，始有[[雅言]]。諸子著作，皆以雅言。及周道微，天下紛亂，言語異聲，文字異形。尤是楚語至不同也。[[秦始皇帝]]混一車書，獨用秦[[小篆|篆]]，各地方言日合。然至於[[許慎]]之世，[[說文解字]]之所錄，亦有同義而音異之字，多有「某地曰某為某」之訓。蓋天下文字雖一，而言語未統也。此[[上古音]]也。古之語法、語音異乎於今，可見諸[[尚書]]、[[詩經]]等。亦有殷甲骨、周鐘鼎、秦漢冊簡者，皆為所用。

魏晉之世，北族南面，雖[[魏孝文帝]]力主洛音，而古音已變，[[詩]]始不得押韻。[[中原]]漢胡雜合，而成唐音，為[[中古音|中古之音]]。於南國，衣冠之南渡，亦有吳音混於正音者。此世[[樂府]]有吳曲、西州曲之分，蓋亦異音之故也。

[[趙宋|宋]]季，[[中原]]復為胡君，語音大變。[[四聲]]缺入，派為三聲。唯江南淪陷不足百年，語音未大變也。[[明]]初都[[應天]]，[[永樂]]間北遷，百官隨同，江左之音復入燕地。以後四百年皆都[[北京]]，遂以為[[國語]]矣。

及[[中華人民共和國]]立，以國語為[[普通話]]，舉世皆以其漢語之正音。實其正音以國語稍改而成，[[中華民國|國民政府]]遷臺，用其國語至今未廢。然分立五十年，習用亦異也。大異者，舉凡[[兒化韻]]之用，[[外來詞]]之源，王畿方言之不同，亦成其異也。

於地方，雖有國語，實方言殊音甚多，惟[[學校]]、[[典禮]]多用正音。

今世，以漢語為官話者，有中國、[[新加坡]]、[[聯合國]]。隨中國國力日蓄，萬國習之者眾，以利來華遊學仕商。

== 方言 ==
蓋漢語歧甚，遠者異域不相通，近者十里音不同。然文惟一，為世所稀見。

以[[語言學]]分，言不通即非一語。且語法各異，故有漢語為一語族之論。漢語諸言，概分如下：

* [[官話]]，聞之中原、巴蜀、江北，滿蒙疆人亦多用之。今中國大陸之[[普通話]]、臺灣之[[中華民國國語|國語]]、南洋之[[華語]]皆宗[[北京官話]][[京師片]]。
* [[吳語]]，聞之吳越之地，昔宗[[蘇州話]]，今宗[[上海話]]。
* [[閩語]]，聞之閩臺之地，瓊文之民亦操之，其中分[[閩北語|閩北]]、[[閩東語|閩東]]、[[閩南語|閩南]]、[[閩中語|閩中]]、[[莆仙話|莆仙]]，五語各不相通。
* [[粵語]]，聞之嶺南，至於海外。[[廣州話]]為宗。
* [[客語]]，聞之南境，為[[客家人]]之言，[[梅州話]]為宗。
* [[湘語]]，聞之楚南。分新老二派。[[長沙話|長沙]]、[[雙峰話]]為宗。
* [[贛語]]，聞之[[江西]]，[[南昌話]]為宗。
* [[徽語]]，聞之皖南，[[徽州話]]為宗。今或以之為吳語之別種。
* [[晉語]]，聞之晉北、陝北、雲中等處，[[太原話]]為宗。

官話復分數種，以下次第：
*[[東北官話]]，聞之東北，宗[[瀋陽話]]。
*[[北京官話]]，聞之北京，東北，新疆之一部，宗[[北京話]]。
*[[江淮官話]]，聞之蘇中蘇北之大部，蘇南之一部及皖中，宗[[揚州話]]，以其地雜吳語，兩者相生，或謂淮語。明代以之為國語。
*[[西南官話]]，聞之川，桂，滇，貴，宗[[成都話]]。
*[[中原官話]]，聞之中原，關中，魯南。各地或有別種。宗[[洛陽話]]、[[西安話]]。
*[[冀魯官話]]，聞之冀，魯。宗[[濟南話]]。
*[[蘭銀官話]]，聞之隴上，寧夏。宗[[蘭州話]]。
*[[膠遼官話]]，聞之齊東，遼南，東北之一部。學界多宗[[煙臺話]]。

以下諸言皆從屬不明：
* [[廣西平話]]，聞之[[廣西]]山村，或以之為[[粵語]]之別種。
* [[韶州土話]]、[[湘南土話]]，聞之五嶺南北，或言二者皆近平話，或從[[湘南土話]]於湘語。
* [[瓦鄉話]]，聞之湘西沅水谷地，壟斷山絕，漢苗雜居，故甚異於官音，或以為湘語之別種。

== 書典 ==
* 《[[康熙字典|康熙大字典]]》
* 《[[廣韻]]》
* 《[[說文解字]]》

== 他典 ==
* [http://lexikon.china2day.de 《在線英漢字典》] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070713122604/http://lexikon.china2day.de/ |date=2007-07-13 }} &lt;!--
*[http://www.MonkeyKingSoft.com/ MonkeyKingSoft.com] - 使用电脑软件学习汉字：在电脑上动态显示汉字笔顺，或者打印成卡片帮助记忆。 --&gt;
* [http://www.kangxizidian.com/kangxi/ 《康熙大字典》]
* [http://www.edu.tw/EDU_WEB/EDU_MGT/MANDR/EDU6300001/allbook/bishuen/c8.htm?open 《常用國字標準字體筆順手冊》]
* [http://zgyy.faedia.com 《國文論壇》] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070927210215/http://zgyy.faedia.com/ |date=2007-09-27 }}
* [http://www.zdic.net 《在線漢語字典》]
* [http://www.zhongwen.com/Zhongwen.com 《網上中英字典》]{{Dead link|date=July 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}{{Dead link|date=July 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}{{Dead link|date=July 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}{{Dead link|date=July 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}{{Dead link|date=July 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}{{Dead link|date=July 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}{{Dead link|date=July 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}{{Dead link|date=July 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}{{Dead link|date=July 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}{{Dead link|date=July 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}{{Dead link|date=July 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}{{Dead link|date=July 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}{{Dead link|date=July 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}{{Dead 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*[http://www.newconcept.com/School/text_books.html 海外中文教材]--&gt;
* [http://learn_chinese.ckungfu.com/ 《輕鬆習中文》] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070712024338/http://learn_chinese.ckungfu.com/ |date=2007-07-12 }} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070712024338/http://learn_chinese.ckungfu.com/ |date=2007-07-12 }}&lt;!--
*[http://www.chinawestexchange.com/ China West Exchange]: 本网点是为了让西方人认识中国文化，中国人认识西方语言和文化而作的--&gt;
&lt;!--*[http://malandrin.org 马来西亚官话方言]
*[http://www.mina.ks.edu.tw/ 高雄县闽南语教材教学資料库]
*[http://www.cantonese.sheik.co.uk/ Cantonese Help Sheets]: 粤语教程
*[http://humanum.arts.cuhk.edu.hk/Lexis/lexi-can/ 粵語審音配詞字庫]
*[http://humanum.arts.cuhk.edu.hk/Lexis/Lindict/ Chinese to English Dictionary]: 中英字典
*[http://5189.asinah.net/ 中英字典 English to Chinese Dictionary]
*[http://us.dict.cn/ Dict.CN 中英字典 英中字典 English-Chinese and Chinese-English Dictionary on line]
*[http://www.unet.univie.ac.at/~a9305416/ Chinese Linguistics]: 汉语语言学网站（英文）
*[http://www.chineselanguage.org/CCDICT/index.html Chinese Characters Dictionary]: 支持日语、韩语、粤语等。
*[http://humanum.arts.cuhk.edu.hk/Lexis/Canton2/ Cantonese Talking Syllabary]: 中文网站（繁体）

*[http://www.sprachprofi.de.vu/english/zh.htm 网上上免费的普通话教程]
*[http://www.hanyu.com.cn/ Online College of Chinese Language汉语远程学院教学网]（中国国家汉办、华东师大合办)--&gt;
* [http://www.hello-han.com/index.php 《漢語，你好！》遠程教育網] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210409174241/http://www.hello-han.com/index.php |date=2021-04-09 }}
&lt;!--[http://www-ms.cc.ntu.edu.tw/~chinlit/ National Taiwan University Department of Chinese Literature]
*[http://www.yeminlitercuman.com/cin Turkish-Chinese Translators in China] --&gt;
* [http://www.ethnologue.com/show_family.asp?subid=1270 漢語方言列表]
*[http://yedict.com/ 字海網、葉典網]

{{堪讀之文}}

[[Category:漢語]]
[[Category:基礎之文]]</text>
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'''漢語'''者，[[漢族|漢人]]之言也。蓋[[華夏]]地方廣遠，山河數列，海內習用，方音殊異。以中國人多，以漢語為[[母語]]者亦眾，合以十億計，普世之五一。

== 音韻 ==

漢語一字一音，一音可分為聲、韻、調。[[漢字]]多不表音，故初用「讀若某」。後[[佛教]]東傳，得[[梵文]]而知[[反切]]，乃用以標音。近世，創[[國語注音|注音符號]]及[[漢語拼音]]，以明音韻。

== 語法 ==
漢語為[[孤立語]]、或曰分析語，此謂詞彙無[[格 (語法)|格]]、[[態 (語法)|態]]、[[性 (語法)|性]]、[[數 (語法)|數]]之變。唯示以[[語序]]之先後及虛字之用而達意。

語序為：[[主謂賓]]，[[修飾語|偏次]]先於[[中心語|正次]]。於數數，必附[[量詞]]於數後。各[[方言]][[語法]]略異，故白話文之行可亂文字。乃以國語語法為白話文語法。

古者語法，同乎[[文言]]。

== 文字 ==
{{main|漢字}}
三代以降，[[漢字]]初成。[[秦]]以書同文，必用[[小篆]]，其後偶有數變，用之不更至民季，共和國立，納昔[[錢玄同]]所倡簡字法，加以矯正，遂成今制，曰[[簡化字]]，今[[中國大陸]]、[[新加坡]]、[[馬來西亞]]行之。[[香港]]、[[澳門]]、[[臺灣]]仍因舊制，書傳統漢字。

近代西學東傳，亦有以[[拉丁字母]]記音者，法式歧異。至共和國立，創[[漢語拼音|拼音]]，授之於小學。初，國人頗思廢漢字，後以同音多，拉丁文字無象形之用，遂止。

== 沿革 ==
三代之時，天下有國千萬，言語不通。[[周]]既王，始有[[雅言]]。諸子著作，皆以雅言。及周道微，天下紛亂，言語異聲，文字異形。尤是楚語至不同也。[[秦始皇帝]]混一車書，獨用秦[[小篆|篆]]，各地方言日合。然至於[[許慎]]之世，[[說文解字]]之所錄，亦有同義而音異之字，多有「某地曰某為某」之訓。蓋天下文字雖一，而言語未統也。此[[上古音]]也。古之語法、語音異乎於今，可見諸[[尚書]]、[[詩經]]等。亦有殷甲骨、周鐘鼎、秦漢冊簡者，皆為所用。

魏晉之世，北族南面，雖[[魏孝文帝]]力主洛音，而古音已變，[[詩]]始不得押韻。[[中原]]漢胡雜合，而成唐音，為[[中古音|中古之音]]。於南國，衣冠之南渡，亦有吳音混於正音者。此世[[樂府]]有吳曲、西州曲之分，蓋亦異音之故也。

[[趙宋|宋]]季，[[中原]]復為胡君，語音大變。[[四聲]]缺入，派為三聲。唯江南淪陷不足百年，語音未大變也。[[明]]初都[[應天]]，[[永樂]]間北遷，百官隨同，江左之音復入燕地。以後四百年皆都[[北京]]，遂以為[[國語]]矣。

及[[中華人民共和國]]立，以國語為[[普通話]]，舉世皆以其漢語之正音。實其正音以國語稍改而成，[[中華民國|國民政府]]遷臺，用其國語至今未廢。然分立五十年，習用亦異也。大異者，舉凡[[兒化韻]]之用，[[外來詞]]之源，王畿方言之不同，亦成其異也。

於地方，雖有國語，實方言殊音甚多，惟[[學校]]、[[典禮]]多用正音。

今世，以漢語為官話者，有中國、[[新加坡]]、[[聯合國]]。隨中國國力日蓄，萬國習之者眾，以利來華遊學仕商。

== 方言 ==
蓋漢語歧甚，遠者異域不相通，近者十里音不同。然文惟一，為世所稀見。

以[[語言學]]分，言不通即非一語。且語法各異，故有漢語為一語族之論。漢語諸言，概分如下：

* [[官話]]，聞之中原、巴蜀、江北，滿蒙疆人亦多用之。今中國大陸之[[普通話]]、臺灣之[[中華民國國語|國語]]、南洋之[[華語]]皆宗[[北京官話]][[京師片]]。
* [[吳語]]，聞之吳越之地，昔宗[[蘇州話]]，今宗[[上海話]]。
* [[閩語]]，聞之閩臺之地，瓊文之民亦操之，其中分[[閩北語|閩北]]、[[閩東語|閩東]]、[[閩南語|閩南]]、[[閩中語|閩中]]、[[莆仙話|莆仙]]，五語各不相通。
* [[粵語]]，聞之嶺南，至於海外。[[廣州話]]為宗。
* [[客語]]，聞之南境，為[[客家人]]之言，[[梅州話]]為宗。
* [[湘語]]，聞之楚南。分新老二派。[[長沙話|長沙]]、[[雙峰話]]為宗。
* [[贛語]]，聞之[[江西]]，[[南昌話]]為宗。
* [[徽語]]，聞之皖南，[[徽州話]]為宗。今或以之為吳語之別種。
* [[晉語]]，聞之晉北、陝北、雲中等處，[[太原話]]為宗。

官話復分數種，以下次第：
*[[東北官話]]，聞之東北，宗[[瀋陽話]]。
*[[北京官話]]，聞之北京，東北，新疆之一部，宗[[北京話]]。
*[[江淮官話]]，聞之蘇中蘇北之大部，蘇南之一部及皖中，宗[[揚州話]]，以其地雜吳語，兩者相生，或謂淮語。明代以之為國語。
*[[西南官話]]，聞之川，桂，滇，貴，宗[[成都話]]。
*[[中原官話]]，聞之中原，關中，魯南。各地或有別種。宗[[洛陽話]]、[[西安話]]。
*[[冀魯官話]]，聞之冀，魯。宗[[濟南話]]。
*[[蘭銀官話]]，聞之隴上，寧夏。宗[[蘭州話]]。
*[[膠遼官話]]，聞之齊東，遼南，東北之一部。學界多宗[[煙臺話]]。

以下諸言皆從屬不明：
* [[廣西平話]]，聞之[[廣西]]山村，或以之為[[粵語]]之別種。
* [[韶州土話]]、[[湘南土話]]，聞之五嶺南北，或言二者皆近平話，或從[[湘南土話]]於湘語。
* [[瓦鄉話]]，聞之湘西沅水谷地，壟斷山絕，漢苗雜居，故甚異於官音，或以為湘語之別種。

== 書典 ==
* 《[[康熙字典|康熙大字典]]》
* 《[[廣韻]]》
* 《[[說文解字]]》

== 他典 ==
* [http://lexikon.china2day.de 《在線英漢字典》] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070713122604/http://lexikon.china2day.de/ |date=2007-07-13 }} &lt;!--
*[http://www.MonkeyKingSoft.com/ MonkeyKingSoft.com] - 使用电脑软件学习汉字：在电脑上动态显示汉字笔顺，或者打印成卡片帮助记忆。 --&gt;
* [http://www.kangxizidian.com/kangxi/ 《康熙大字典》]
* [http://www.edu.tw/EDU_WEB/EDU_MGT/MANDR/EDU6300001/allbook/bishuen/c8.htm?open 《常用國字標準字體筆順手冊》]
* [http://zgyy.faedia.com 《國文論壇》] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070927210215/http://zgyy.faedia.com/ |date=2007-09-27 }}
* [http://www.zdic.net 《在線漢語字典》]
* [http://www.zhongwen.com/Zhongwen.com 《網上中英字典》]{{Dead link|date=July 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}{{Dead link|date=July 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}{{Dead link|date=July 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}{{Dead link|date=July 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}{{Dead link|date=July 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}{{Dead link|date=July 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}{{Dead link|date=July 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}{{Dead link|date=July 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}{{Dead link|date=July 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}{{Dead link|date=July 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}{{Dead link|date=July 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}{{Dead link|date=July 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}{{Dead link|date=July 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}{{Dead 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2023 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}{{Dead link|date=October 2023 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}&lt;!--
*[http://www.newconcept.com/School/text_books.html 海外中文教材]--&gt;
* [http://learn_chinese.ckungfu.com/ 《輕鬆習中文》] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070712024338/http://learn_chinese.ckungfu.com/ |date=2007-07-12 }} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070712024338/http://learn_chinese.ckungfu.com/ |date=2007-07-12 }}&lt;!--
*[http://www.chinawestexchange.com/ China West Exchange]: 本网点是为了让西方人认识中国文化，中国人认识西方语言和文化而作的--&gt;
&lt;!--*[http://malandrin.org 马来西亚官话方言]
*[http://www.mina.ks.edu.tw/ 高雄县闽南语教材教学資料库]
*[http://www.cantonese.sheik.co.uk/ Cantonese Help Sheets]: 粤语教程
*[http://humanum.arts.cuhk.edu.hk/Lexis/lexi-can/ 粵語審音配詞字庫]
*[http://humanum.arts.cuhk.edu.hk/Lexis/Lindict/ Chinese to English Dictionary]: 中英字典
*[http://5189.asinah.net/ 中英字典 English to Chinese Dictionary]
*[http://us.dict.cn/ Dict.CN 中英字典 英中字典 English-Chinese and Chinese-English Dictionary on line]
*[http://www.unet.univie.ac.at/~a9305416/ Chinese Linguistics]: 汉语语言学网站（英文）
*[http://www.chineselanguage.org/CCDICT/index.html Chinese Characters Dictionary]: 支持日语、韩语、粤语等。
*[http://humanum.arts.cuhk.edu.hk/Lexis/Canton2/ Cantonese Talking Syllabary]: 中文网站（繁体）

*[http://www.sprachprofi.de.vu/english/zh.htm 网上上免费的普通话教程]
*[http://www.hanyu.com.cn/ Online College of Chinese Language汉语远程学院教学网]（中国国家汉办、华东师大合办)--&gt;
* [http://www.hello-han.com/index.php 《漢語，你好！》遠程教育網] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210409174241/http://www.hello-han.com/index.php |date=2021-04-09 }}
&lt;!--[http://www-ms.cc.ntu.edu.tw/~chinlit/ National Taiwan University Department of Chinese Literature]
*[http://www.yeminlitercuman.com/cin Turkish-Chinese Translators in China] --&gt;
* [http://www.ethnologue.com/show_family.asp?subid=1270 漢語方言列表]
*[http://yedict.com/ 字海網、葉典網]

{{堪讀之文}}

[[Category:漢語]]
[[Category:基礎之文]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>敘利亞</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>76630</id>
    <revision>
      <id>418859</id>
      <parentid>416011</parentid>
      <timestamp>2025-07-04T16:29:25Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>CommonsDelinker</username>
        <id>441</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Replacing Emblem_of_Syria.svg with [[File:Emblem_of_Syria_(2024–2025).svg]] (by [[:c:User:CommonsDelinker|CommonsDelinker]] because: [[:c:COM:FR|File renamed]]: [[:c:COM:FR#FR4|Criterion 4]] (harmonizing names of file set)).</comment>
      <origin>418859</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="1776" sha1="98xkepdfyujvhe20ixjsysac7g9qphn" xml:space="preserve">{{國
|國號         = 阿拉伯敘利亞共和國
|國號原文     = الجمهورية العربية السورية‎
|國旗         = Flag of the Syrian revolution.svg
|國徽         = Emblem of Syria (2024–2025).svg
|國家格言     = 團結，自由，社會主義
|國家格言原文 = وحدة ، حرية ، اشتراكية 
|國歌         = حُمَاةَ الدِّيَار &lt;br /&gt;衛國戰士
|地圖         = Syria (orthographic projection).svg
|國體         = [[總統制]]
|元首         = [[敘利亞總統|總統]] 阿布·穆罕默德·朱拉尼
|總揆         = [[敘利亞總理|總理]] 穆罕默德·巴希爾
|國都         = [[大馬士革]]
|國語         = [[阿拉伯語]]
|用語         = [[庫爾德語]]、[[亞述語]]、[[亞美尼亞語]]、[[阿拉姆語]]、[[土耳其語]]、[[英語]]、[[法語]]
|人口         = 百八十九萬餘
|通貨         = [[敘利亞磅]]
|產值         =千二百二十億餘美元
|均有         = 五千三百二十七美元
|干支         = 
}}
'''敘利亞'''，在[[西亞]]，定都[[大馬士革]]，百姓多[[阿拉伯人]]，北臨[[土耳其]]，南接約旦、[[以色列]]，東靠[[黎巴嫩]]，西有[[伊拉克]]。國有土十八萬五千一百八十方公里，民有一千八百五十餘萬人，下轄十三省及大馬士革市。多奉[[回教]]。[[西元]][[二零一一年]]三月以來，此國兵戈不止，萬民流離，生靈塗炭。及[[二〇二四年]]十二月，革命軍大破官兵，旋陷[[京|京師]]，[[總統]][[巴沙爾·阿薩德|阿薩德]]偕妻子亡命[[俄國]]。釁亂稍定，國人舉沙姆解放軍司令[[阿布·穆罕默德·朱拉尼|朱拉尼]]代行總統事，由是中外粗安矣。

{{亞洲}}
[[Category:中東史]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>維基大典:會館/topic list</title>
    <ns>4</ns>
    <id>82586</id>
    <revision>
      <id>418869</id>
      <parentid>418714</parentid>
      <timestamp>2025-07-05T00:54:48Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Cewbot</username>
        <id>65799</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>[[用戶:Cewbot/log/20170915/configuration|生成議題列表：7個議題]]</comment>
      <origin>418869</origin>
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      <text bytes="5062" sha1="qe9eydi3ulx11psu5oy0gtowfjgihvp" xml:space="preserve">&lt;!-- 本頁面由機器人自動更新。若要改進，請聯繫機器人操作者。 --&gt;
{| class=&quot;wikitable sortable mw-collapsible&quot;  style=&quot;float:left;&quot;
|-
! data-sort-type=&quot;number&quot; | &lt;small&gt;序&lt;/small&gt; !! 💭 議題 !! data-sort-type=&quot;number&quot; | &lt;span title=&quot;議論數&quot;&gt;💬&lt;/span&gt; !! data-sort-type=&quot;number&quot; | &lt;small title=&quot;參議者數&quot;&gt;👥&lt;/small&gt; !! 🙋 末議者 !! data-sort-type=&quot;isoDate&quot; | &lt;span title=&quot;新易&quot;&gt;🕒 &lt;small&gt;(UTC+8)&lt;/small&gt;&lt;/span&gt;
|-
| data-sort-type=&quot;number&quot; data-sort-value=&quot;1&quot;  | 一
| [[維基大典:會館#天地玄黃列次文獻|天地玄黃列次文獻]]
| data-sort-type=&quot;number&quot; data-sort-value=&quot;4&quot;  | 四
| data-sort-type=&quot;number&quot; data-sort-value=&quot;3&quot;  | 三
| style=&quot;background-color: #ddd;&quot; | [[User:魔琴|魔琴]]
| style=&quot;background-color: #ddd;&quot; data-sort-type=&quot;isoDate&quot; data-sort-value=&quot;2025-06-27T20:58:00.000Z&quot; | 2025-06-28 &lt;span style=&quot;color: blue;&quot;&gt;04:58&lt;/span&gt;
|-
| data-sort-type=&quot;number&quot; data-sort-value=&quot;2&quot;  | 二
| [[維基大典:會館#大典新知|大典新知]]
| data-sort-type=&quot;number&quot; data-sort-value=&quot;2&quot;  | 二
| data-sort-type=&quot;number&quot; data-sort-value=&quot;2&quot;  | 二
| style=&quot;background-color: #ddd;&quot; | [[User:Ericliu1912|Ericliu1912]]
| style=&quot;background-color: #ddd;&quot; data-sort-type=&quot;isoDate&quot; data-sort-value=&quot;2025-06-06T02:26:00.000Z&quot; | 2025-06-06 &lt;span style=&quot;color: blue;&quot;&gt;10:26&lt;/span&gt;
|-
| data-sort-type=&quot;number&quot; data-sort-value=&quot;3&quot;  | 三
| [[維基大典:會館#Fix_namespace_of_User|Fix namespace of User]]
| data-sort-type=&quot;number&quot; data-sort-value=&quot;3&quot;  | 三
| data-sort-type=&quot;number&quot; data-sort-value=&quot;2&quot;  | 二
| style=&quot;background-color: #ddd;&quot; | [[User:WAN233|WAN233]]
| style=&quot;background-color: #ddd;&quot; data-sort-type=&quot;isoDate&quot; data-sort-value=&quot;2025-06-06T07:00:00.000Z&quot; | 2025-06-06 &lt;span style=&quot;color: blue;&quot;&gt;15:00&lt;/span&gt;
|-
| data-sort-type=&quot;number&quot; data-sort-value=&quot;4&quot;  | 四
| [[維基大典:會館#Vote_now_in_the_2025_U4C_Election|Vote now in the 2025 U4C Election]]
| style=&quot;background-color: #fcc;&quot; data-sort-type=&quot;number&quot; data-sort-value=&quot;1&quot;  | 一
| style=&quot;background-color: #fcc;&quot; data-sort-type=&quot;number&quot; data-sort-value=&quot;1&quot;  | 一
| style=&quot;background-color: #ddd;&quot; | [[User:Keegan (WMF)|Keegan (WMF)]]
| style=&quot;background-color: #ddd;&quot; data-sort-type=&quot;isoDate&quot; data-sort-value=&quot;2025-06-13T23:01:00.000Z&quot; | 2025-06-14 &lt;span style=&quot;color: blue;&quot;&gt;07:01&lt;/span&gt;
|-
| data-sort-type=&quot;number&quot; data-sort-value=&quot;5&quot;  | 五
| style=&quot;max-width: 24em&quot; | &lt;small&gt;[[維基大典:會館#Wikimedia_Foundation_Board_of_Trustees_2025_-_Call_for_Candidates|&lt;span lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;Wikimedia Foundation Board of Trustees 2025 - Call for Candidates&lt;/span&gt;]]&lt;/small&gt;
| style=&quot;background-color: #fcc;&quot; data-sort-type=&quot;number&quot; data-sort-value=&quot;1&quot;  | 一
| style=&quot;background-color: #fcc;&quot; data-sort-type=&quot;number&quot; data-sort-value=&quot;1&quot;  | 一
| style=&quot;background-color: #ddd;&quot; | [[User:MediaWiki message delivery|&lt;small style=&quot;word-wrap: break-word; word-break: break-all;&quot;&gt;MediaWiki message delivery&lt;/small&gt;]]
| style=&quot;background-color: #ddd;&quot; data-sort-type=&quot;isoDate&quot; data-sort-value=&quot;2025-06-17T17:44:00.000Z&quot; | 2025-06-18 &lt;span style=&quot;color: blue;&quot;&gt;01:44&lt;/span&gt;
|-
| data-sort-type=&quot;number&quot; data-sort-value=&quot;6&quot;  | 六
| [[維基大典:會館#台灣分會2025年6月對話時間|台灣分會2025年6月對話時間]]
| style=&quot;background-color: #fcc;&quot; data-sort-type=&quot;number&quot; data-sort-value=&quot;1&quot;  | 一
| style=&quot;background-color: #fcc;&quot; data-sort-type=&quot;number&quot; data-sort-value=&quot;1&quot;  | 一
| style=&quot;background-color: #ddd;&quot; | [[User:MediaWiki message delivery|&lt;small style=&quot;word-wrap: break-word; word-break: break-all;&quot;&gt;MediaWiki message delivery&lt;/small&gt;]]
| style=&quot;background-color: #ddd;&quot; data-sort-type=&quot;isoDate&quot; data-sort-value=&quot;2025-06-23T01:01:00.000Z&quot; | 2025-06-23 &lt;span style=&quot;color: blue;&quot;&gt;09:01&lt;/span&gt;
|-
| data-sort-type=&quot;number&quot; data-sort-value=&quot;7&quot;  | 七
| style=&quot;max-width: 24em&quot; | &lt;small&gt;[[維基大典:會館#Sister_Projects_Task_Force_reviews_Wikispore_and_Wikinews|&lt;span lang=&quot;zh&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;Sister Projects Task Force reviews Wikispore and Wikinews&lt;/span&gt;]]&lt;/small&gt;
| style=&quot;background-color: #fcc;&quot; data-sort-type=&quot;number&quot; data-sort-value=&quot;1&quot;  | 一
| style=&quot;background-color: #fcc;&quot; data-sort-type=&quot;number&quot; data-sort-value=&quot;1&quot;  | 一
| style=&quot;background-color: #ddd;&quot; | [[User:Victoria|Victoria]]
| style=&quot;background-color: #ddd;&quot; data-sort-type=&quot;isoDate&quot; data-sort-value=&quot;2025-06-27T20:57:00.000Z&quot; | 2025-06-28 &lt;span style=&quot;color: blue;&quot;&gt;04:57&lt;/span&gt;
|}
{| class=&quot;wikitable mw-collapsible mw-collapsed&quot; style=&quot;float: left; margin-left: .5em;;{{#if:{{{no_time_legend|}}}|display:none;|}}&quot;
! title=&quot;From the latest bot edit&quot; | 發言更新圖例
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* 一週內
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* 逾一個月
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! Manual settings
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| style=&quot;max-width: 12em;&quot; | &lt;small&gt;When exceptions occur,&lt;br /&gt;please check [[用戶:Cewbot/log/20170915/configuration|the setting]] first.&lt;/small&gt;
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|}
{{Clear}}</text>
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    <title>承天化省</title>
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      <timestamp>2025-07-05T00:19:29Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>CommonsDelinker</username>
        <id>441</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Replacing Thua_Thien_Hue_in_Vietnam.svg with [[File:Thua_Thien_Hue_in_Vietnam_before_1_July_2025.svg]] (by [[:c:User:CommonsDelinker|CommonsDelinker]] because: [[:c:COM:FR|File renamed]]: [[:c:COM:FR#FR3|Criterion 3]] (obvious error) · Vietnam’s Provincia</comment>
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      <text bytes="638" sha1="bb7dwro1yxi1usj7v5pb3644m0m4616" xml:space="preserve">{{地方
|地方         = 承天化省
|地方原文     = 省承天化
|旗號         = 
|徽號         =
|地圖         = Thua Thien Hue in Vietnam before 1 July 2025.svg
|歸屬         = [[越南]]
|所屬         = 
|屬地         = 城庯一、市社二、縣六
|治所         = [[化城庯]]
|執事         = 
|用語         = [[越南語]]
|人口         = 
|建置         = 
|省置         = 
}}
'''承天化省'''，[[越南]]之[[省]]也，居越北中。

==政區==
[[化城庯]]；香水市社、香茶市社；阿雷縣、南東縣、豐田縣、富祿縣、富榮縣、廣田縣。

[[分類:越南地方志]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>貝尼托·華雷斯</title>
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        <username>Shunshen Lee</username>
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      <text bytes="5531" sha1="4x8ka6z53c3ipv48myaob85nd7luior" xml:space="preserve">{{Infobox person
|name            = 貝尼托·華雷斯
|honorific_suffix=
|gender          = 男
|birth_name      = Benito Juárez
|image           = [[File:Benito Juárez standing photo.jpg|180px]]
|alt             =
|圖像說明        =
|生年            = [[西元]][[一八〇六年]]三月廿一日
|生地            = [[墨西哥]] [[w:zh:瓦哈卡州|瓦哈卡]]
|歿年            = [[西元]][[一八七二年]]七月十八日
|死因            =
|歿地            = [[墨西哥城]]
|本貫            = [[w:zh:薩波特克人|薩波特克部]]
|國籍            = [[墨西哥]]
|別名            = 胡亞雷斯
|宗教            =
|配偶            = 瑪格麗塔·瑪扎
|親戚            =
|子女            = 十二人
|職位            = [[w:zh:墨西哥總統|墨西哥總統]]&lt;br&gt;&lt;small&gt;([[一八五七年]]十二月至[[一八七二年]]七月)&lt;/small&gt;
}}
'''貝尼托·華雷斯''' {{按|[[西班牙語]] Benito Juárez}}，[[墨西哥]]人。生於[[西元]][[一八〇六年]]三月廿一日，其先居[[w:zh:薩波特克人|薩波特克部]]，徙[[w:zh:瓦哈卡州|瓦哈卡]]。

==生平==
[[File:Edouard Manet 022.jpg|thumb|[[槍決|誅]]馬西米連諾圖]]
華氏少孤，短小貌黝黑，稍長，入學庠肄業，習[[法律|法]]，工[[拉丁文]]、[[格致]]諸學。華氏為人警敏，性剛果，以[[律師|訟]]貪墨尤力，顯於州郡，累擢州議員。[[一八四七年]]，起為瓦哈卡州長，治有聲。時墨西哥弊竇滋甚，軍政紛亂，民多困賦役，[[w:zh:天主教|天主教]]兼併田園，逾於官府。華氏乃陳章上計，請罷教士、武人輩殊遇，恤民用，執政不納。久之，華氏忿不平，自是援引同志自助，屢倡維新議。[[一八五四年]]，[[革命]]肇造，召華氏入朝，尋授司法部長，兼大理院長，參預國政，華氏方蒞法部，乃條進變法策二十餘款，所論皆剴切中當。未幾，以《華雷斯法》奏行之，褫教會柄，糾劾貪吏，士論稱其善&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book|last=González Lezama|first=Raúl|editor-last=Martínez Ocampo|editor-first=Lourdes|title=Reforma Liberal, Cronología (1854-1876)|date=2012|publisher=Instituto Nacional de Estudios Históricos de las Revoluciones de México|language=es|url=https://www.inehrm.gob.mx/work/models/inehrm/Resource/437/1/images/crono_liberal.pdf|isbn=978-607-7916-70-3}}&lt;/ref&gt;。初，墨國內[[w:zh:改革戰爭|變法]]事棘，舊黨、新黨迭爭立，亂愈熾。[[一八五七年]]十二月，華氏以大理院長受命攝行總統事，[[一八六一年|逾三年]]，眾舉為總統，真除。華氏當國，亟命咸與維新，籍教會產，飭禁神官預政，凡[[梵蒂岡|教廷]]使節，悉竄之，墨政教由是分二，紀綱肅然。華氏請釐正稅制，罷兼併，墾荒地，廣招徠，民庶幾均富。

[[File:Porfirio Diaz en 1867.png|left|160px|thumb|迪亞斯像]]
及邊釁作，[[英國|英]]、[[法國|法]]、[[西班牙|西]]各國兵艦集[[w:zh:墨西哥灣|外洋]]，聯軍犯墨西哥，索償商欠。華氏怒，弗許，飭撥營勇備禦，擇隘屯守，聯軍不得逞，分眾撤，乃止有法人滯其境。[[一八六四年]]，[[w:zh:拿破崙三世|法皇]]遽擁[[奧匈帝國|奧地利]]王弟[[w:zh:馬西米連諾一世 (墨西哥)|馬西米連諾]]入寇[[墨西哥城|京師]]，五月，僭帝號，事聞，墨人以馬氏挾法人而復辟，多不悅&lt;ref&gt;[[w:Jasper Ridley (historian)|Ridley, Jasper]]. ''Maximilian and Juárez''. London: Constable, 1993. {{ISBN|978-0-09472-070-1}}&lt;/ref&gt;。時鏖鬥輒失利，華氏北走[[w:zh:蒙特雷|蒙特雷]]，恃險休養，別募數萬人以次抽練，遣使與[[美國|美政府]]通款，援購精利[[鎗]]炮，酌配兵團，一意主戰守；華氏猶親督戎機，轉戰南北，諸軍咸德之，愈爭效死力也。歷[[一八六七年|三年]]，墨軍數十戰皆捷，法人始揚帆遁，僭主馬氏絕外援，勢日蹙，餘部頻約降。既而還都，擒馬氏[[w:zh:克雷塔羅|克雷塔羅]]，鞫實[[槍決]]，海內翕然焉。是年，論功最，再授總統。華氏本蕃民，務扶持善類，遂頗厚[[w:zh:印第安人|印第安人]]，使皆就學，沐教化；又請[[w:zh:大赦|大赦]][[w:zh:政治犯|朝敵]]，凡投效法人及馬氏諸將吏，多寬宥，至是百廢俱興，民心漸安。[[一八七一年]]，墨提督[[w:zh:波菲里奧·迪亞斯|迪亞斯]]構亂，各州死黨響應。華氏尋佈告迪氏叛逆狀，命政府軍並進討伐，俄頃，大破敵瓦哈卡，追及迪氏弟費利克斯所部，盡殲之&lt;ref&gt;[[w:Ramón Eduardo Ruiz|Ruiz,Ramon Eduardo]], ''Triumphs and Tragedy: A History of the Mexican People'' (W.W. Norton &amp; Co, 1992).&lt;/ref&gt;，撫降者甚眾。當此時，華氏望益隆，婦孺皆尊禮其名，號為「[[林肯|解放者]]」。迪亞斯等雖屢敗績，然倚地方險阨為根據，陰收散卒，招納亡命，舊黨保守輩亦相率趨附&lt;ref&gt;Perry, Laurens Ballard. ''Juárez and Díaz: Machine Politics in Mexico''. DeKalb: Northern Illinois University Press 1978. {{ISBN|0-87580-058-0}}&lt;/ref&gt;，戰事遷延久之。迨[[一八七二年|明年]]，華氏積勞不豫，七月十八日，疾篤，卒於官，年六十有六，葬聖費爾南多萬神殿。嗣後數年，迪亞斯威勢益銳，欲奪元首位，復舉兵反。[[一八七六年]]入據京師，罷當局自立，凡華氏昔置[[憲政]]，卒不復行。

==考據==
{{reflist}}

[[分類:墨西哥列傳]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>稿:我所看見的未來</title>
    <ns>106</ns>
    <id>128722</id>
    <revision>
      <id>418855</id>
      <parentid>418834</parentid>
      <timestamp>2025-07-04T13:45:32Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Shunshen Lee</username>
        <id>68656</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor />
      <comment>Shunshen Lee已移動頁面[[我所看見的未來]]至[[稿:我所看見的未來]]，不留重新導向：文白相雜宜斟酌</comment>
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      <text bytes="7138" sha1="awlbr04zwneor3v0nkywej42y7afpsp" xml:space="preserve">'''《我所看見的未來》'''（{{Lang-ja|私が見た未来}}）者，[[日本人]]畫師龍樹諒所撰之圖畫書也。初以「たつき諒」為假名，繪短篇奇談。自平成六年至十年（西曆[[一九九四年]]至[[一九九八年]]），連載於朝日新聞旗下《真正可畏之譚》及スコラ所屬《恐怖體驗》二誌&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|author1=綜合報導|title=超越印度神童！日本1999年預知夢漫畫「剩2預言還沒應驗」|url=https://news.ltn.com.tw/news/world/breakingnews/3645993|website=[[自由電子報]]|accessdate=2022-03-14|language=zh-tw|date=2021-08-21|archive-date=2022-03-20|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220320082817/https://news.ltn.com.tw/news/world/breakingnews/3645993}}&lt;/ref&gt;。至平成十一年七月，朝日新聞社輯其篇章，合為一帙而刊行之。

書中所記，疑似預示東日本大震災，世人驚愕，奔走相告。其舊冊曾售至五十萬日圓&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|author1=Book Bang編集部|script-title=ja:中古本に50万円の値がついた幻の「予言マンガ」復刻版がベストセラーランキングに登場|url=https://www.bookbang.jp/article/709179|website=Book Bang|publisher=[[新潮社]]|accessdate=2022-03-14|date=2021-10-16|archive-date=2022-03-20|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220320084318/https://www.bookbang.jp/article/709179}}&lt;/ref&gt;。至令和三年十月，飛鳥新社重加編次，刊其完全之本，復行於世&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|author1=「文藝春秋」編集部|script-title=ja:オークションでは10万円超えも…『私が見た未来』作者（67）が明かす“東日本大震災を予言”の真相|url=https://bunshun.jp/articles/-/52427?page=1&amp;_gl=1*16f1w65*_ga*YW1wLVZUakFpT3Q5WjE1RlJzQkVnZGZKQUtXYzBkbEdzQ1FaUXJyTTlUeER1UW9nZ2VnMkJHT3JkWC1tX2ZLbFdaOVc.|website=春秋オンライン|publisher=[[文藝春秋]]|accessdate=2022-03-14|date=2022-03-10}}&lt;/ref&gt;。

== 續 ==
至令和四年（西曆[[二〇二二年]]），責任編輯杉山茂勳受訪時言：自《我所看見的未來 完全版》刊行之後，作者龍樹諒因家事纏身，專心照料親人，無暇復從漫畫之業也&lt;ref name=&quot;20220704OKAPI&quot;&gt;{{cite web|author1=大塊文化,高彩雯|script-title=zh-tw:預言2025大災難！竜樹諒漫畫《我所看見的未來 完全版》出版過程大解謎！|url=https://okapi.books.com.tw/article/15937|website=[[博客來]]|accessdate=2022-07-04|date=2022-07-04|archive-date=2022-07-04|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220704082817/https://okapi.books.com.tw/article/15937|language=zh-tw|dead-url=no}}&lt;/ref&gt;。

及至《我所看見的未來》中有關[[二〇二五年]]七月之預言漸為眾人所知，世間譁然，遂致日本觀光事業受其影響&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|url=https://www.sankei.com/article/20250425-6ENXQHMKVREDDO6RGZ4AOSW5P4/|script-title=ja:7月に日本で大地震」…漫画の「予言」信じて訪日敬遠か　香港―仙台、徳島便が減便|agency=[[產經新聞]]|date=2025-04-25|accessdate=2025-04-25|archive-date=2025-04-25|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250515203051/https://www.sankei.com/article/20250425-6ENXQHMKVREDDO6RGZ4AOSW5P4/|dead-url=no}}&lt;/ref&gt;。由於流言滿天，數國之旅人畏懼將至之災異，赴日機票之預訂，驟然減少&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=「7月5日に大災害」予言の作者「何かが起きる日ではない」と軌道修正 新たな著書出版|url=https://www.sankei.com/article/20250624-Q5SUQVPCZFDOHFNF6GCP5456ZI/|website=産経新聞：産経ニュース|date=2025-06-24|language=ja|last=浩|first=渡辺|access-date=2025-06-26}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=漫画が「予言」する大地震に不安増大、外国人客の訪日中止や延期相次ぐ|url=https://www.cnn.co.jp/travel/35233186.html|website=CNN.co.jp|language=ja|access-date=2025-06-26}}&lt;/ref&gt;。

令和七年（西曆二〇二五年）五月中旬，《每日新聞》有報，曰：日本氣象廳於其官網言，「凡言某年某月某日某時地震將發者，多屬虛妄」，且問：「人何以棄科學之證據，而信無據之言乎？」&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|url=https://mainichi.jp/articles/20250514/k00/00m/040/129000c|script-title=ja:漫画家・たつき諒さんの「7月、大災害」が拡散　信じたくなる心理は|agency=[[每日新聞]]|date=2025-05-15|accessdate=2025-05-15|archive-date=2025-05-15|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250515203051/https://mainichi.jp/articles/20250515/k00/00m/040/129000c|dead-url=no}}&lt;/ref&gt;世人之關注益深，龍樹諒遂以書簡答《每日新聞》之訪，呼籲曰：「民眾關心災異，防災之意識自起，是為善事。願此警覺之心，能化為具體之準備與安策。」又曰：「預知之夢，詮釋與否，聽諸公論；惟切勿恐懼過度，宜聽專家之見，以審慎應對為上。」其書之出版者飛鳥新社復聲明：「本書者，作者夢境之所繪耳，非為傳播恐慌之具。願閱者遇災事議題，務請審慎，依據專業建言以為準。」&lt;ref name=&quot;TVBS20250515&quot;&gt;{{Cite news|url=https://news.tvbs.com.tw/world/2870692|script-title=ch-tw:作品預言7月日本地震國際旅客不敢去　日本漫畫家回應了|agency=[[TVBS|TVBS新聞網]]|date=2025-05-15|accessdate=2025-05-15|archive-date=2025-05-15|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250515203051/https://news.tvbs.com.tw/world/2870692|dead-url=no}}&lt;/ref&gt;

迨至令和七年五月下旬，文藝社刊《竜樹諒訪談》與新書《天使之遺言》出版之訊。是書乃作者自費所刊者也。訪中言及，初刊《完全版》者，蓋欲破流言、止虛妄；然後因出版之舉多由書商所導，非其所願。況乎，諸如「真正之大災將於二〇二五年七月降臨」之語，懸於書腰，聳人聽聞，非其本意。故出於不安，欲直抒己懷，述其家事、童年、從藝之路，及夢中靈異之記，遂自撰《天使之遺言》，以傳其真思。是書定於令和七年六月十五日刊行，書中載其生平、成長、入畫業緣由、夢與命運之連結，兼載《我所看見的未來》之詳情、釋疑、短篇二章&lt;ref name=&quot;bungeisha20250521&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.bungeisha.co.jp/bookinfo/detail/978-4-286-26254-3.jsp|script-title=ja:竜樹諒（たつき諒）最新作『天使の遺言』を6月15日（日）に刊行|website=文芸社|date=2025-05-21|accessdate=2025-05-21|archive-date=2025-05-21|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250521203051/https://www.bungeisha.co.jp/bookinfo/detail/978-4-286-26254-3.jsp|dead-url=no}}&lt;/ref&gt;。

於書中「《我所看見的未來》詳解與闢謠」一節，作者明言：流傳於網者所謂「大災將發於七月五日凌晨四時十八分」者，實謬也。其所夢之時間為「夢境所現」之刻耳，非災禍之時也。至於夢示之日，或為人間察知災變之期，亦或為世事不可挽回之日，言人人殊。彼謂：「與其索求預知之刻，不如未雨綢繆、善為預備，斯為要矣。」&lt;ref&gt;《天使的遺言》&lt;/ref&gt;

== 典 ==
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      <timestamp>2025-07-04T14:29:51Z</timestamp>
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        <username>New user message</username>
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      <minor />
      <comment>在新使用者的討論頁上添加[[Template:Welcome|歡迎資訊]]</comment>
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-- [[用戶:Itsmine|孔明居士]] ([[用戶討論:Itsmine|對話]]) 二〇二五年七月四日 （五） 一四時二九分 (UTC)</text>
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    <title>用戶討論:Vincent2713</title>
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    <id>128727</id>
    <revision>
      <id>418860</id>
      <timestamp>2025-07-04T17:44:41Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>New user message</username>
        <id>64015</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor />
      <comment>在新使用者的討論頁上添加[[Template:Welcome|歡迎資訊]]</comment>
      <origin>418860</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="203" sha1="mpbiab99aorirhk9ln4oagkoa5vftvy" xml:space="preserve">{{Template:Welcome|realName=|name=Vincent2713}}

-- [[user:WAN233|&lt;span style=&quot;color: #007FFF;&quot;&gt;启明&lt;/span&gt;]][[user talk:WAN233|(留言)]] 二〇二五年七月四日 （五） 一七時四四分 (UTC)</text>
      <sha1>mpbiab99aorirhk9ln4oagkoa5vftvy</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>用戶討論:Changfackyer</title>
    <ns>3</ns>
    <id>128728</id>
    <revision>
      <id>418862</id>
      <timestamp>2025-07-04T18:03:54Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>New user message</username>
        <id>64015</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor />
      <comment>在新使用者的討論頁上添加[[Template:Welcome|歡迎資訊]]</comment>
      <origin>418862</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="204" sha1="9ktwig5zujign30v0lmijsu67081pol" xml:space="preserve">{{Template:Welcome|realName=|name=Changfackyer}}

-- [[user:WAN233|&lt;span style=&quot;color: #007FFF;&quot;&gt;启明&lt;/span&gt;]][[user talk:WAN233|(留言)]] 二〇二五年七月四日 （五） 一八時〇三分 (UTC)</text>
      <sha1>9ktwig5zujign30v0lmijsu67081pol</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>用戶討論:ShinobiNoKami</title>
    <ns>3</ns>
    <id>128729</id>
    <revision>
      <id>418863</id>
      <timestamp>2025-07-04T18:40:30Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>New user message</username>
        <id>64015</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor />
      <comment>在新使用者的討論頁上添加[[Template:Welcome|歡迎資訊]]</comment>
      <origin>418863</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="183" sha1="lrdf5ght71xa73ldljzcx6jus7d83pf" xml:space="preserve">{{Template:Welcome|realName=|name=ShinobiNoKami}}

-- [[用戶:丁子君|丁子君]] ([[用戶討論:丁子君|對話]]) 二〇二五年七月四日 （五） 一八時四〇分 (UTC)</text>
      <sha1>lrdf5ght71xa73ldljzcx6jus7d83pf</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>用戶討論:铅景汞然</title>
    <ns>3</ns>
    <id>128730</id>
    <revision>
      <id>418865</id>
      <timestamp>2025-07-04T20:04:43Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>New user message</username>
        <id>64015</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor />
      <comment>在新使用者的討論頁上添加[[Template:Welcome|歡迎資訊]]</comment>
      <origin>418865</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="203" sha1="nur1b9r5cxk1gpwl9vwsjhvis9s6ll1" xml:space="preserve">{{Template:Welcome|realName=|name=铅景汞然}}

-- [[用戶:Davidzdh|&lt;font color=&quot;#008B8B&quot;&gt;关山&lt;/font&gt;]] ([[User talk:Davidzdh|修書]]) 二〇二五年七月四日 （五） 二〇時〇四分 (UTC)</text>
      <sha1>nur1b9r5cxk1gpwl9vwsjhvis9s6ll1</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>用戶討論:Amir Ghandi</title>
    <ns>3</ns>
    <id>128731</id>
    <revision>
      <id>418866</id>
      <timestamp>2025-07-04T21:24:22Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>New user message</username>
        <id>64015</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor />
      <comment>在新使用者的討論頁上添加[[Template:Welcome|歡迎資訊]]</comment>
      <origin>418866</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="202" sha1="nol3gete94trduxvboactqlyuxhm4ni" xml:space="preserve">{{Template:Welcome|realName=|name=Amir Ghandi}}

-- [[用戶:Davidzdh|&lt;font color=&quot;#008B8B&quot;&gt;关山&lt;/font&gt;]] ([[User talk:Davidzdh|修書]]) 二〇二五年七月四日 （五） 二一時二四分 (UTC)</text>
      <sha1>nol3gete94trduxvboactqlyuxhm4ni</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>用戶討論:567y</title>
    <ns>3</ns>
    <id>128732</id>
    <revision>
      <id>418871</id>
      <timestamp>2025-07-05T03:36:18Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>New user message</username>
        <id>64015</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor />
      <comment>在新使用者的討論頁上添加[[Template:Welcome|歡迎資訊]]</comment>
      <origin>418871</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="173" sha1="q4waevt9cz458qihl113alkhvb2an1s" xml:space="preserve">{{Template:Welcome|realName=|name=567y}}

-- [[用戶:Itsmine|孔明居士]] ([[用戶討論:Itsmine|對話]]) 二〇二五年七月五日 （六） 〇三時三六分 (UTC)</text>
      <sha1>q4waevt9cz458qihl113alkhvb2an1s</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>用戶討論:艾滋国际数据集团</title>
    <ns>3</ns>
    <id>128733</id>
    <revision>
      <id>418873</id>
      <timestamp>2025-07-05T04:55:30Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>New user message</username>
        <id>64015</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor />
      <comment>在新使用者的討論頁上添加[[Template:Welcome|歡迎資訊]]</comment>
      <origin>418873</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="193" sha1="mzmvjz1ysecvgrzjuzx6xyg454pqeae" xml:space="preserve">{{Template:Welcome|realName=|name=艾滋国际数据集团}}

-- [[用戶:Itsmine|孔明居士]] ([[用戶討論:Itsmine|對話]]) 二〇二五年七月五日 （六） 〇四時五五分 (UTC)</text>
      <sha1>mzmvjz1ysecvgrzjuzx6xyg454pqeae</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>用戶討論:Roadsteps</title>
    <ns>3</ns>
    <id>128734</id>
    <revision>
      <id>418874</id>
      <timestamp>2025-07-05T05:55:54Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>New user message</username>
        <id>64015</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor />
      <comment>在新使用者的討論頁上添加[[Template:Welcome|歡迎資訊]]</comment>
      <origin>418874</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="178" sha1="c4fc90mfbschj2fkd6gvjbygryckvjo" xml:space="preserve">{{Template:Welcome|realName=|name=Roadsteps}}

-- [[用戶:Itsmine|孔明居士]] ([[用戶討論:Itsmine|對話]]) 二〇二五年七月五日 （六） 〇五時五五分 (UTC)</text>
      <sha1>c4fc90mfbschj2fkd6gvjbygryckvjo</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
</mediawiki>