美國總統

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    <title>美國總統</title>
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      <text bytes="5761" sha1="e8062tt7k2b75liizt6ty77w1zzpd2y" xml:space="preserve">[[File:Seal Of The President Of The United States Of America.svg|right|thumb|150px|美國總統徽章]]
[[File:Flag of the President of the United States.svg|150px|thumb|美國總統旗]]
'''[[美國|美利堅合眾國]]'''元首號'''[[總統]]''' {{按|英文 President of the United States／POTUS&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |last=Safire |first=William |url=http://www.nytimes.com/1997/10/12/magazine/on-language-potus-and-flotus.html?pagewanted=all&amp;src=pm |title=On language: POTUS and FLOTUS |work=New York Times |publisher=The New York Times Company |location=New York |date=1997-10-12 |accessdate=2014-05-11 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140328142307/http://www.nytimes.com/1997/10/12/magazine/on-language-potus-and-flotus.html?pagewanted=all&amp;src=pm |archive-date=2014-03-28 |dead-url=no }}&lt;/ref&gt;}}，主美國政務、加三軍統帥，選之於民。每任四年，復歷選舉，允續一任，此後不可復再。首任乃[[喬治·華盛頓|華盛頓]]，當今則為[[川普]]。

== 歷任美國總統 ==
* 第一任[[一七八九年]]至[[一七九七年]] [[無黨籍]] [[華盛頓]]
* 第二任[[一七九七年]]至[[一八〇一年]] [[聯邦黨]] [[老亞當斯]]
* 第三任[[一八〇一年]]至[[一八〇九年]] [[民主共和黨]] [[托馬斯·傑斐遜|傑斐遜]]
* 第四任[[一八〇九年]]至[[一八一七年]] 民主共和黨 [[詹姆斯·麥迪遜|麥迪遜]]
* 第五任[[一八一七年]]至[[一八二五年]] 民主共和黨 [[門羅]]
* 第六任[[一八二五年]]至[[一八二九年]] 民主共和黨 [[約翰·昆西·亞當斯|小亞當斯]]
* 第七任[[一八二九年]]至[[一八三七年]] [[民主黨]] [[安德魯·傑克遜|傑克遜]]
* 第八任[[一八三七年]]至[[一八四一年]] 民主黨 [[范布倫]]
* 第九任[[一八四一年]] [[輝格黨]] [[哈里森]] 歿於任內
* 第十任[[一八四一年]]至[[一八四五年]] 輝格黨後為無黨籍 [[泰勒]] 以上任副總統為總統
* 第十一任[[一八四五年]]至[[一八四九年]] 民主黨 [[詹姆斯·諾克斯·波爾克|波爾克]]
* 第十二任[[一八四九年]]至[[一八五零年]] 輝格黨 [[扎卡里泰勒]] 歿於任內
* 第十三任[[一八五零年]]至[[一八五三年]] 輝格黨 [[菲爾莫爾]] 以上任副總統為總統
* 第十四任[[一八五三年]]至[[一八五七年]] 民主黨 [[皮爾斯]]
* 第十五任[[一八五七年]]至[[一八六一年]] 民主黨 [[布坎南]]
* 第十六任[[一八六一年]]至[[一八六五年]] [[共和黨]] [[林肯]] 遇弒歿任內
* 第十七任[[一八六五年]]至[[一八六九年]] 民主黨 [[強森]] 以上任副總統為總統
* 第十八任[[一八六九年]]至[[一八七七年]] 共和黨 [[格蘭特]]
* 第十九任[[一八七七年]]至[[一八八一年]] 共和黨 [[海斯]]
* 第二十任[[一八八一年]] 共和黨 [[加菲爾德]] 遇弒歿任內
* 第廿一任[[一八八一年]]至[[一八八五年]] 共和黨 [[阿倫阿瑟]] 以上任副總統為總統
* 第廿二任[[一八八五年]]至[[一八八九年]] 民主黨 [[格羅弗·克里夫蘭|克里夫蘭]]
* 第廿三任[[一八八九年]]至[[一八九三年]] 共和黨 [[哈里森]]
* 第廿四任[[一八九三年]]至[[一八九七年]] 民主黨 克里夫蘭 即第廿二任，連任失利，後復得舉
* 第廿五任[[一八九七年]]至[[一九〇一年]] 共和黨 [[麥金萊]] 遇弒歿任內
* 第廿六任[[一九〇一年]]至[[一九〇九年]] 共和黨 [[西奧多·羅斯福|老羅斯福]] 以上任副總統為總統
* 第廿七任[[一九〇九年]]至[[一九一三年]] 共和黨 [[威廉·霍華德·塔夫脫|塔夫脫]]
* 第廿八任[[一九一三年]]至[[一九二一年]] 民主黨 [[伍德羅·威爾遜|威爾遜]]
* 第廿九任[[一九二一年]]至[[一九二三年]] 共和黨 [[沃倫·哈定|哈定]] 歿於任內
* 第三十任[[一九二三年]]至[[一九二九年]] 共和黨 [[卡爾文·柯立芝|柯立芝]] 以上任副總統為總統
* 第卅一任[[一九二九年]]至[[一九三三年]] 共和黨 [[赫伯特·胡佛|胡佛]]
* 第卅二任[[一九三三年]]至[[一九四五年]] 民主黨 [[富蘭克林·德拉諾·羅斯福|小羅斯福]] 以戰時特例連任四屆，歿於任內
* 第卅三任[[一九四五年]]至[[一九五三年]] 民主黨 [[杜魯門]] 以上任副總統為總統
* 第卅四任[[一九五三年]]至[[一九六一年]] 共和黨 [[艾森豪威爾]]
* 第卅五任[[一九六一年]]至[[一九六三年]] 民主黨 [[約翰·肯尼迪|肯尼迪]] 遇弒歿任內
* 第卅六任[[一九六三年]]至[[一九六九年]] 民主黨 [[林登·約翰遜|約翰遜]] 以上任副總統為總統
* 第卅七任[[一九六九年]]至[[一九七四年]] 共和黨 [[尼克松]] 因[[水門之變]]，自免去職
* 第卅八任[[一九七四年]]至[[一九七七年]] 共和黨 [[福特]] 以上任副總統為總統，獨其副總統為尼克松欽選
* 第卅九任[[一九七七年]]至[[一九八一年]] 民主黨 [[卡特]]
* 第四十任[[一九八一年]]至[[一九八九年]] 共和黨 [[列根]]
* 第卌一任[[一九八九年]]至[[一九九三年]] 共和黨 [[老布什]]
* 第卌二任[[一九九三年]]至[[二〇〇一年]] 民主黨 [[克林頓]]
* 第卌三任[[二〇〇一年]]至[[二〇〇九年]] 共和黨 [[小布什]]
* 第卌四任[[二〇〇九年]]至[[二〇一七年]] 民主黨 [[奧巴馬]]
* 第卌五任[[二〇一七年]]至[[二〇二一年]] 共和黨 [[唐納·川普|川普]]
* 第卌六任[[二〇二一年]]至[[二〇二五年]] 民主黨 [[拜登]]
* 第卌七任[[二〇二五年]]至[[二〇二九年|迄今]] 共和黨 川普 即第卌五任，連任失利，復得舉

== 引據 ==
{{reflist|2}}
[[分類:美國史]]
[[分類:美國總統世家]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>漢語</title>
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'''漢語'''者，[[漢族|漢人]]之言也。蓋[[華夏]]地方廣遠，山河數列，海內習用，方音殊異。以中國人多，以漢語為[[母語]]者亦眾，合以十億計，普世之五一。

== 音韻 ==

漢語一字一音，一音可分為聲、韻、調。[[漢字]]多不表音，故初用「讀若某」。後[[佛教]]東傳，得[[梵文]]而知[[反切]]，乃用以標音。近世，創[[國語注音|注音符號]]及[[漢語拼音]]，以明音韻。

== 語法 ==
漢語為[[孤立語]]、或曰分析語，此謂詞彙無[[格 (語法)|格]]、[[態 (語法)|態]]、[[性 (語法)|性]]、[[數 (語法)|數]]之變。唯示以[[語序]]之先後及虛字之用而達意。

語序為：[[主謂賓]]，[[修飾語|偏次]]先於[[中心語|正次]]。於數數，必附[[量詞]]於數後。各[[方言]][[語法]]略異，故白話文之行可亂文字。乃以國語語法為白話文語法。

古者語法，同乎[[文言]]。

== 文字 ==
{{main|漢字}}
三代以降，[[漢字]]初成。[[秦]]以書同文，必用[[小篆]]，其後偶有數變，用之不更至民季，共和國立，納昔[[錢玄同]]所倡簡字法，加以矯正，遂成今制，曰[[簡化字]]，今[[中國大陸]]、[[新加坡]]、[[馬來西亞]]行之。[[香港]]、[[澳門]]、[[臺灣]]仍因舊制，書傳統漢字。

近代西學東傳，亦有以[[拉丁字母]]記音者，法式歧異。至共和國立，創[[漢語拼音|拼音]]，授之於小學。初，國人頗思廢漢字，後以同音多，拉丁文字無象形之用，遂止。

== 沿革 ==
三代之時，天下有國千萬，言語不通。[[周]]既王，始有[[雅言]]。諸子著作，皆以雅言。及周道微，天下紛亂，言語異聲，文字異形。尤是楚語至不同也。[[秦始皇帝]]混一車書，獨用秦[[小篆|篆]]，各地方言日合。然至於[[許慎]]之世，[[說文解字]]之所錄，亦有同義而音異之字，多有「某地曰某為某」之訓。蓋天下文字雖一，而言語未統也。此[[上古音]]也。古之語法、語音異乎於今，可見諸[[尚書]]、[[詩經]]等。亦有殷甲骨、周鐘鼎、秦漢冊簡者，皆為所用。

魏晉之世，北族南面，雖[[魏孝文帝]]力主洛音，而古音已變，[[詩]]始不得押韻。[[中原]]漢胡雜合，而成唐音，為[[中古音|中古之音]]。於南國，衣冠之南渡，亦有吳音混於正音者。此世[[樂府]]有吳曲、西州曲之分，蓋亦異音之故也。

[[趙宋|宋]]季，[[中原]]復為胡君，語音大變。[[四聲]]缺入，派為三聲。唯江南淪陷不足百年，語音未大變也。[[明]]初都[[應天]]，[[永樂]]間北遷，百官隨同，江左之音復入燕地。以後四百年皆都[[北京]]，遂以為[[國語]]矣。

及[[中華人民共和國]]立，以國語為[[普通話]]，舉世皆以其漢語之正音。實其正音以國語稍改而成，[[中華民國|國民政府]]遷臺，用其國語至今未廢。然分立五十年，習用亦異也。大異者，舉凡[[兒化韻]]之用，[[外來詞]]之源，王畿方言之不同，亦成其異也。

於地方，雖有國語，實方言殊音甚多，惟[[學校]]、[[典禮]]多用正音。

今世，以漢語為官話者，有中國、[[新加坡]]、[[聯合國]]。隨中國國力日蓄，萬國習之者眾，以利來華遊學仕商。

== 方言 ==
蓋漢語歧甚，遠者異域不相通，近者十里音不同。然文惟一，為世所稀見。

以[[語言學]]分，言不通即非一語。且語法各異，故有漢語為一語族之論。漢語諸言，概分如下：

* [[官話]]，聞之中原、巴蜀、江北，滿蒙疆人亦多用之。今中國大陸之[[普通話]]、臺灣之[[中華民國國語|國語]]、南洋之[[華語]]皆宗[[北京官話]][[京師片]]。
* [[吳語]]，聞之吳越之地，昔宗[[蘇州話]]，今宗[[上海話]]。
* [[閩語]]，聞之閩臺之地，瓊文之民亦操之，其中分[[閩北語|閩北]]、[[閩東語|閩東]]、[[閩南語|閩南]]、[[閩中語|閩中]]、[[莆仙話|莆仙]]，五語各不相通。
* [[粵語]]，聞之嶺南，至於海外。[[廣州話]]為宗。
* [[客語]]，聞之南境，為[[客家人]]之言，[[梅州話]]為宗。
* [[湘語]]，聞之楚南。分新老二派。[[長沙話|長沙]]、[[雙峰話]]為宗。
* [[贛語]]，聞之[[江西]]，[[南昌話]]為宗。
* [[徽語]]，聞之皖南，[[徽州話]]為宗。今或以之為吳語之別種。
* [[晉語]]，聞之晉北、陝北、雲中等處，[[太原話]]為宗。

官話復分數種，以下次第：
*[[東北官話]]，聞之東北，宗[[瀋陽話]]。
*[[北京官話]]，聞之北京，東北，新疆之一部，宗[[北京話]]。
*[[江淮官話]]，聞之蘇中蘇北之大部，蘇南之一部及皖中，宗[[揚州話]]，以其地雜吳語，兩者相生，或謂淮語。明代以之為國語。
*[[西南官話]]，聞之川，桂，滇，貴，宗[[成都話]]。
*[[中原官話]]，聞之中原，關中，魯南。各地或有別種。宗[[洛陽話]]、[[西安話]]。
*[[冀魯官話]]，聞之冀，魯。宗[[濟南話]]。
*[[蘭銀官話]]，聞之隴上，寧夏。宗[[蘭州話]]。
*[[膠遼官話]]，聞之齊東，遼南，東北之一部。學界多宗[[煙臺話]]。

以下諸言皆從屬不明：
* [[廣西平話]]，聞之[[廣西]]山村，或以之為[[粵語]]之別種。
* [[韶州土話]]、[[湘南土話]]，聞之五嶺南北，或言二者皆近平話，或從[[湘南土話]]於湘語。
* [[瓦鄉話]]，聞之湘西沅水谷地，壟斷山絕，漢苗雜居，故甚異於官音，或以為湘語之別種。

== 書典 ==
* 《[[康熙字典|康熙大字典]]》
* 《[[廣韻]]》
* 《[[說文解字]]》

== 他典 ==
* [http://lexikon.china2day.de 《在線英漢字典》] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070713122604/http://lexikon.china2day.de/ |date=2007-07-13 }} &lt;!--
*[http://www.MonkeyKingSoft.com/ MonkeyKingSoft.com] - 使用电脑软件学习汉字：在电脑上动态显示汉字笔顺，或者打印成卡片帮助记忆。 --&gt;
* [http://www.kangxizidian.com/kangxi/ 《康熙大字典》]
* [http://www.edu.tw/EDU_WEB/EDU_MGT/MANDR/EDU6300001/allbook/bishuen/c8.htm?open 《常用國字標準字體筆順手冊》]
* [http://zgyy.faedia.com 《國文論壇》] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070927210215/http://zgyy.faedia.com/ |date=2007-09-27 }}
* [http://www.zdic.net 《在線漢語字典》]
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*[http://www.mina.ks.edu.tw/ 高雄县闽南语教材教学資料库]
*[http://www.cantonese.sheik.co.uk/ Cantonese Help Sheets]: 粤语教程
*[http://humanum.arts.cuhk.edu.hk/Lexis/lexi-can/ 粵語審音配詞字庫]
*[http://humanum.arts.cuhk.edu.hk/Lexis/Lindict/ Chinese to English Dictionary]: 中英字典
*[http://5189.asinah.net/ 中英字典 English to Chinese Dictionary]
*[http://us.dict.cn/ Dict.CN 中英字典 英中字典 English-Chinese and Chinese-English Dictionary on line]
*[http://www.unet.univie.ac.at/~a9305416/ Chinese Linguistics]: 汉语语言学网站（英文）
*[http://www.chineselanguage.org/CCDICT/index.html Chinese Characters Dictionary]: 支持日语、韩语、粤语等。
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&lt;!--[http://www-ms.cc.ntu.edu.tw/~chinlit/ National Taiwan University Department of Chinese Literature]
*[http://www.yeminlitercuman.com/cin Turkish-Chinese Translators in China] --&gt;
* [http://www.ethnologue.com/show_family.asp?subid=1270 漢語方言列表]
*[http://yedict.com/ 字海網、葉典網]

{{堪讀之文}}

[[Category:漢語]]
[[Category:基礎之文]]</text>
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'''漢語'''者，[[漢族|漢人]]之言也。蓋[[華夏]]地方廣遠，山河數列，海內習用，方音殊異。以中國人多，以漢語為[[母語]]者亦眾，合以十億計，普世之五一。

== 音韻 ==

漢語一字一音，一音可分為聲、韻、調。[[漢字]]多不表音，故初用「讀若某」。後[[佛教]]東傳，得[[梵文]]而知[[反切]]，乃用以標音。近世，創[[國語注音|注音符號]]及[[漢語拼音]]，以明音韻。

== 語法 ==
漢語為[[孤立語]]、或曰分析語，此謂詞彙無[[格 (語法)|格]]、[[態 (語法)|態]]、[[性 (語法)|性]]、[[數 (語法)|數]]之變。唯示以[[語序]]之先後及虛字之用而達意。

語序為：[[主謂賓]]，[[修飾語|偏次]]先於[[中心語|正次]]。於數數，必附[[量詞]]於數後。各[[方言]][[語法]]略異，故白話文之行可亂文字。乃以國語語法為白話文語法。

古者語法，同乎[[文言]]。

== 文字 ==
{{main|漢字}}
三代以降，[[漢字]]初成。[[秦]]以書同文，必用[[小篆]]，其後偶有數變，用之不更至民季，共和國立，納昔[[錢玄同]]所倡簡字法，加以矯正，遂成今制，曰[[簡化字]]，今[[中國大陸]]、[[新加坡]]、[[馬來西亞]]行之。[[香港]]、[[澳門]]、[[臺灣]]仍因舊制，書傳統漢字。

近代西學東傳，亦有以[[拉丁字母]]記音者，法式歧異。至共和國立，創[[漢語拼音|拼音]]，授之於小學。初，國人頗思廢漢字，後以同音多，拉丁文字無象形之用，遂止。

== 沿革 ==
三代之時，天下有國千萬，言語不通。[[周]]既王，始有[[雅言]]。諸子著作，皆以雅言。及周道微，天下紛亂，言語異聲，文字異形。尤是楚語至不同也。[[秦始皇帝]]混一車書，獨用秦[[小篆|篆]]，各地方言日合。然至於[[許慎]]之世，[[說文解字]]之所錄，亦有同義而音異之字，多有「某地曰某為某」之訓。蓋天下文字雖一，而言語未統也。此[[上古音]]也。古之語法、語音異乎於今，可見諸[[尚書]]、[[詩經]]等。亦有殷甲骨、周鐘鼎、秦漢冊簡者，皆為所用。

魏晉之世，北族南面，雖[[魏孝文帝]]力主洛音，而古音已變，[[詩]]始不得押韻。[[中原]]漢胡雜合，而成唐音，為[[中古音|中古之音]]。於南國，衣冠之南渡，亦有吳音混於正音者。此世[[樂府]]有吳曲、西州曲之分，蓋亦異音之故也。

[[趙宋|宋]]季，[[中原]]復為胡君，語音大變。[[四聲]]缺入，派為三聲。唯江南淪陷不足百年，語音未大變也。[[明]]初都[[應天]]，[[永樂]]間北遷，百官隨同，江左之音復入燕地。以後四百年皆都[[北京]]，遂以為[[國語]]矣。

及[[中華人民共和國]]立，以國語為[[普通話]]，舉世皆以其漢語之正音。實其正音以國語稍改而成，[[中華民國|國民政府]]遷臺，用其國語至今未廢。然分立五十年，習用亦異也。大異者，舉凡[[兒化韻]]之用，[[外來詞]]之源，王畿方言之不同，亦成其異也。

於地方，雖有國語，實方言殊音甚多，惟[[學校]]、[[典禮]]多用正音。

今世，以漢語為官話者，有中國、[[新加坡]]、[[聯合國]]。隨中國國力日蓄，萬國習之者眾，以利來華遊學仕商。

== 方言 ==
蓋漢語歧甚，遠者異域不相通，近者十里音不同。然文惟一，為世所稀見。

以[[語言學]]分，言不通即非一語。且語法各異，故有漢語為一語族之論。漢語諸言，概分如下：

* [[官話]]，聞之中原、巴蜀、江北，滿蒙疆人亦多用之。今中國大陸之[[普通話]]、臺灣之[[中華民國國語|國語]]、南洋之[[華語]]皆宗[[北京官話]][[京師片]]。
* [[吳語]]，聞之吳越之地，昔宗[[蘇州話]]，今宗[[上海話]]。
* [[閩語]]，聞之閩臺之地，瓊文之民亦操之，其中分[[閩北語|閩北]]、[[閩東語|閩東]]、[[閩南語|閩南]]、[[閩中語|閩中]]、[[莆仙話|莆仙]]，五語各不相通。
* [[粵語]]，聞之嶺南，至於海外。[[廣州話]]為宗。
* [[客語]]，聞之南境，為[[客家人]]之言，[[梅州話]]為宗。
* [[湘語]]，聞之楚南。分新老二派。[[長沙話|長沙]]、[[雙峰話]]為宗。
* [[贛語]]，聞之[[江西]]，[[南昌話]]為宗。
* [[徽語]]，聞之皖南，[[徽州話]]為宗。今或以之為吳語之別種。
* [[晉語]]，聞之晉北、陝北、雲中等處，[[太原話]]為宗。

官話復分數種，以下次第：
*[[東北官話]]，聞之東北，宗[[瀋陽話]]。
*[[北京官話]]，聞之北京，東北，新疆之一部，宗[[北京話]]。
*[[江淮官話]]，聞之蘇中蘇北之大部，蘇南之一部及皖中，宗[[揚州話]]，以其地雜吳語，兩者相生，或謂淮語。明代以之為國語。
*[[西南官話]]，聞之川，桂，滇，貴，宗[[成都話]]。
*[[中原官話]]，聞之中原，關中，魯南。各地或有別種。宗[[洛陽話]]、[[西安話]]。
*[[冀魯官話]]，聞之冀，魯。宗[[濟南話]]。
*[[蘭銀官話]]，聞之隴上，寧夏。宗[[蘭州話]]。
*[[膠遼官話]]，聞之齊東，遼南，東北之一部。學界多宗[[煙臺話]]。

以下諸言皆從屬不明：
* [[廣西平話]]，聞之[[廣西]]山村，或以之為[[粵語]]之別種。
* [[韶州土話]]、[[湘南土話]]，聞之五嶺南北，或言二者皆近平話，或從[[湘南土話]]於湘語。
* [[瓦鄉話]]，聞之湘西沅水谷地，壟斷山絕，漢苗雜居，故甚異於官音，或以為湘語之別種。

== 書典 ==
* 《[[康熙字典|康熙大字典]]》
* 《[[廣韻]]》
* 《[[說文解字]]》

== 他典 ==
* [http://lexikon.china2day.de 《在線英漢字典》] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070713122604/http://lexikon.china2day.de/ |date=2007-07-13 }} &lt;!--
*[http://www.MonkeyKingSoft.com/ MonkeyKingSoft.com] - 使用电脑软件学习汉字：在电脑上动态显示汉字笔顺，或者打印成卡片帮助记忆。 --&gt;
* [http://www.kangxizidian.com/kangxi/ 《康熙大字典》]
* [http://www.edu.tw/EDU_WEB/EDU_MGT/MANDR/EDU6300001/allbook/bishuen/c8.htm?open 《常用國字標準字體筆順手冊》]
* [http://zgyy.faedia.com 《國文論壇》] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070927210215/http://zgyy.faedia.com/ |date=2007-09-27 }}
* [http://www.zdic.net 《在線漢語字典》]
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*[http://www.newconcept.com/School/text_books.html 海外中文教材]--&gt;
* [http://learn_chinese.ckungfu.com/ 《輕鬆習中文》] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070712024338/http://learn_chinese.ckungfu.com/ |date=2007-07-12 }} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070712024338/http://learn_chinese.ckungfu.com/ |date=2007-07-12 }}&lt;!--
*[http://www.chinawestexchange.com/ China West Exchange]: 本网点是为了让西方人认识中国文化，中国人认识西方语言和文化而作的--&gt;
&lt;!--*[http://malandrin.org 马来西亚官话方言]
*[http://www.mina.ks.edu.tw/ 高雄县闽南语教材教学資料库]
*[http://www.cantonese.sheik.co.uk/ Cantonese Help Sheets]: 粤语教程
*[http://humanum.arts.cuhk.edu.hk/Lexis/lexi-can/ 粵語審音配詞字庫]
*[http://humanum.arts.cuhk.edu.hk/Lexis/Lindict/ Chinese to English Dictionary]: 中英字典
*[http://5189.asinah.net/ 中英字典 English to Chinese Dictionary]
*[http://us.dict.cn/ Dict.CN 中英字典 英中字典 English-Chinese and Chinese-English Dictionary on line]
*[http://www.unet.univie.ac.at/~a9305416/ Chinese Linguistics]: 汉语语言学网站（英文）
*[http://www.chineselanguage.org/CCDICT/index.html Chinese Characters Dictionary]: 支持日语、韩语、粤语等。
*[http://humanum.arts.cuhk.edu.hk/Lexis/Canton2/ Cantonese Talking Syllabary]: 中文网站（繁体）

*[http://www.sprachprofi.de.vu/english/zh.htm 网上上免费的普通话教程]
*[http://www.hanyu.com.cn/ Online College of Chinese Language汉语远程学院教学网]（中国国家汉办、华东师大合办)--&gt;
* [http://www.hello-han.com/index.php 《漢語，你好！》遠程教育網] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210409174241/http://www.hello-han.com/index.php |date=2021-04-09 }}
&lt;!--[http://www-ms.cc.ntu.edu.tw/~chinlit/ National Taiwan University Department of Chinese Literature]
*[http://www.yeminlitercuman.com/cin Turkish-Chinese Translators in China] --&gt;
* [http://www.ethnologue.com/show_family.asp?subid=1270 漢語方言列表]
*[http://yedict.com/ 字海網、葉典網]

{{堪讀之文}}

[[Category:漢語]]
[[Category:基礎之文]]</text>
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'''漢語'''者，[[漢族|漢人]]之言也。蓋[[華夏]]地方廣遠，山河數列，海內習用，方音殊異。以中國人多，以漢語為[[母語]]者亦眾，合以十億計，普世之五一。

== 音韻 ==

漢語一字一音，一音可分為聲、韻、調。[[漢字]]多不表音，故初用「讀若某」。後[[佛教]]東傳，得[[梵文]]而知[[反切]]，乃用以標音。近世，創[[國語注音|注音符號]]及[[漢語拼音]]，以明音韻。

== 語法 ==
漢語為[[孤立語]]、或曰分析語，此謂詞彙無[[格 (語法)|格]]、[[態 (語法)|態]]、[[性 (語法)|性]]、[[數 (語法)|數]]之變。唯示以[[語序]]之先後及虛字之用而達意。

語序為：[[主謂賓]]，[[修飾語|偏次]]先於[[中心語|正次]]。於數數，必附[[量詞]]於數後。各[[方言]][[語法]]略異，故白話文之行可亂文字。乃以國語語法為白話文語法。

古者語法，同乎[[文言]]。

== 文字 ==
{{main|漢字}}
三代以降，[[漢字]]初成。[[秦]]以書同文，必用[[小篆]]，其後偶有數變，用之不更至民季，共和國立，納昔[[錢玄同]]所倡簡字法，加以矯正，遂成今制，曰[[簡化字]]，今[[中國大陸]]、[[新加坡]]、[[馬來西亞]]行之。[[香港]]、[[澳門]]、[[臺灣]]仍因舊制，書傳統漢字。

近代西學東傳，亦有以[[拉丁字母]]記音者，法式歧異。至共和國立，創[[漢語拼音|拼音]]，授之於小學。初，國人頗思廢漢字，後以同音多，拉丁文字無象形之用，遂止。

== 沿革 ==
三代之時，天下有國千萬，言語不通。[[周]]既王，始有[[雅言]]。諸子著作，皆以雅言。及周道微，天下紛亂，言語異聲，文字異形。尤是楚語至不同也。[[秦始皇帝]]混一車書，獨用秦[[小篆|篆]]，各地方言日合。然至於[[許慎]]之世，[[說文解字]]之所錄，亦有同義而音異之字，多有「某地曰某為某」之訓。蓋天下文字雖一，而言語未統也。此[[上古音]]也。古之語法、語音異乎於今，可見諸[[尚書]]、[[詩經]]等。亦有殷甲骨、周鐘鼎、秦漢冊簡者，皆為所用。

魏晉之世，北族南面，雖[[魏孝文帝]]力主洛音，而古音已變，[[詩]]始不得押韻。[[中原]]漢胡雜合，而成唐音，為[[中古音|中古之音]]。於南國，衣冠之南渡，亦有吳音混於正音者。此世[[樂府]]有吳曲、西州曲之分，蓋亦異音之故也。

[[趙宋|宋]]季，[[中原]]復為胡君，語音大變。[[四聲]]缺入，派為三聲。唯江南淪陷不足百年，語音未大變也。[[明]]初都[[應天]]，[[永樂]]間北遷，百官隨同，江左之音復入燕地。以後四百年皆都[[北京]]，遂以為[[國語]]矣。

及[[中華人民共和國]]立，以國語為[[普通話]]，舉世皆以其漢語之正音。實其正音以國語稍改而成，[[中華民國|國民政府]]遷臺，用其國語至今未廢。然分立五十年，習用亦異也。大異者，舉凡[[兒化韻]]之用，[[外來詞]]之源，王畿方言之不同，亦成其異也。

於地方，雖有國語，實方言殊音甚多，惟[[學校]]、[[典禮]]多用正音。

今世，以漢語為官話者，有中國、[[新加坡]]、[[聯合國]]。隨中國國力日蓄，萬國習之者眾，以利來華遊學仕商。

== 方言 ==
蓋漢語歧甚，遠者異域不相通，近者十里音不同。然文惟一，為世所稀見。

以[[語言學]]分，言不通即非一語。且語法各異，故有漢語為一語族之論。漢語諸言，概分如下：

* [[官話]]，聞之中原、巴蜀、江北，滿蒙疆人亦多用之。今中國大陸之[[普通話]]、臺灣之[[中華民國國語|國語]]、南洋之[[華語]]皆宗[[北京官話]][[京師片]]。
* [[吳語]]，聞之吳越之地，昔宗[[蘇州話]]，今宗[[上海話]]。
* [[閩語]]，聞之閩臺之地，瓊文之民亦操之，其中分[[閩北語|閩北]]、[[閩東語|閩東]]、[[閩南語|閩南]]、[[閩中語|閩中]]、[[莆仙話|莆仙]]，五語各不相通。
* [[粵語]]，聞之嶺南，至於海外。[[廣州話]]為宗。
* [[客語]]，聞之南境，為[[客家人]]之言，[[梅州話]]為宗。
* [[湘語]]，聞之楚南。分新老二派。[[長沙話|長沙]]、[[雙峰話]]為宗。
* [[贛語]]，聞之[[江西]]，[[南昌話]]為宗。
* [[徽語]]，聞之皖南，[[徽州話]]為宗。今或以之為吳語之別種。
* [[晉語]]，聞之晉北、陝北、雲中等處，[[太原話]]為宗。

官話復分數種，以下次第：
*[[東北官話]]，聞之東北，宗[[瀋陽話]]。
*[[北京官話]]，聞之北京，東北，新疆之一部，宗[[北京話]]。
*[[江淮官話]]，聞之蘇中蘇北之大部，蘇南之一部及皖中，宗[[揚州話]]，以其地雜吳語，兩者相生，或謂淮語。明代以之為國語。
*[[西南官話]]，聞之川，桂，滇，貴，宗[[成都話]]。
*[[中原官話]]，聞之中原，關中，魯南。各地或有別種。宗[[洛陽話]]、[[西安話]]。
*[[冀魯官話]]，聞之冀，魯。宗[[濟南話]]。
*[[蘭銀官話]]，聞之隴上，寧夏。宗[[蘭州話]]。
*[[膠遼官話]]，聞之齊東，遼南，東北之一部。學界多宗[[煙臺話]]。

以下諸言皆從屬不明：
* [[廣西平話]]，聞之[[廣西]]山村，或以之為[[粵語]]之別種。
* [[韶州土話]]、[[湘南土話]]，聞之五嶺南北，或言二者皆近平話，或從[[湘南土話]]於湘語。
* [[瓦鄉話]]，聞之湘西沅水谷地，壟斷山絕，漢苗雜居，故甚異於官音，或以為湘語之別種。

== 書典 ==
* 《[[康熙字典|康熙大字典]]》
* 《[[廣韻]]》
* 《[[說文解字]]》

== 他典 ==
* [http://lexikon.china2day.de 《在線英漢字典》] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070713122604/http://lexikon.china2day.de/ |date=2007-07-13 }} &lt;!--
*[http://www.MonkeyKingSoft.com/ MonkeyKingSoft.com] - 使用电脑软件学习汉字：在电脑上动态显示汉字笔顺，或者打印成卡片帮助记忆。 --&gt;
* [http://www.kangxizidian.com/kangxi/ 《康熙大字典》]
* [http://www.edu.tw/EDU_WEB/EDU_MGT/MANDR/EDU6300001/allbook/bishuen/c8.htm?open 《常用國字標準字體筆順手冊》]
* [http://zgyy.faedia.com 《國文論壇》] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070927210215/http://zgyy.faedia.com/ |date=2007-09-27 }}
* [http://www.zdic.net 《在線漢語字典》]
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|bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}&lt;!--
*[http://www.newconcept.com/School/text_books.html 海外中文教材]--&gt;
* [http://learn_chinese.ckungfu.com/ 《輕鬆習中文》] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070712024338/http://learn_chinese.ckungfu.com/ |date=2007-07-12 }} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070712024338/http://learn_chinese.ckungfu.com/ |date=2007-07-12 }}&lt;!--
*[http://www.chinawestexchange.com/ China West Exchange]: 本网点是为了让西方人认识中国文化，中国人认识西方语言和文化而作的--&gt;
&lt;!--*[http://malandrin.org 马来西亚官话方言]
*[http://www.mina.ks.edu.tw/ 高雄县闽南语教材教学資料库]
*[http://www.cantonese.sheik.co.uk/ Cantonese Help Sheets]: 粤语教程
*[http://humanum.arts.cuhk.edu.hk/Lexis/lexi-can/ 粵語審音配詞字庫]
*[http://humanum.arts.cuhk.edu.hk/Lexis/Lindict/ Chinese to English Dictionary]: 中英字典
*[http://5189.asinah.net/ 中英字典 English to Chinese Dictionary]
*[http://us.dict.cn/ Dict.CN 中英字典 英中字典 English-Chinese and Chinese-English Dictionary on line]
*[http://www.unet.univie.ac.at/~a9305416/ Chinese Linguistics]: 汉语语言学网站（英文）
*[http://www.chineselanguage.org/CCDICT/index.html Chinese Characters Dictionary]: 支持日语、韩语、粤语等。
*[http://humanum.arts.cuhk.edu.hk/Lexis/Canton2/ Cantonese Talking Syllabary]: 中文网站（繁体）

*[http://www.sprachprofi.de.vu/english/zh.htm 网上上免费的普通话教程]
*[http://www.hanyu.com.cn/ Online College of Chinese Language汉语远程学院教学网]（中国国家汉办、华东师大合办)--&gt;
* [http://www.hello-han.com/index.php 《漢語，你好！》遠程教育網] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210409174241/http://www.hello-han.com/index.php |date=2021-04-09 }}
&lt;!--[http://www-ms.cc.ntu.edu.tw/~chinlit/ National Taiwan University Department of Chinese Literature]
*[http://www.yeminlitercuman.com/cin Turkish-Chinese Translators in China] --&gt;
* [http://www.ethnologue.com/show_family.asp?subid=1270 漢語方言列表]
*[http://yedict.com/ 字海網、葉典網]

{{堪讀之文}}

[[Category:漢語]]
[[Category:基礎之文]]</text>
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'''漢語'''者，[[漢族|漢人]]之言也。蓋[[華夏]]地方廣遠，山河數列，海內習用，方音殊異。以中國人多，以漢語為[[母語]]者亦眾，合以十億計，普世之五一。

== 音韻 ==

漢語一字一音，一音可分為聲、韻、調。[[漢字]]多不表音，故初用「讀若某」。後[[佛教]]東傳，得[[梵文]]而知[[反切]]，乃用以標音。近世，創[[國語注音|注音符號]]及[[漢語拼音]]，以明音韻。

== 語法 ==
漢語為[[孤立語]]、或曰分析語，此謂詞彙無[[格 (語法)|格]]、[[態 (語法)|態]]、[[性 (語法)|性]]、[[數 (語法)|數]]之變。唯示以[[語序]]之先後及虛字之用而達意。

語序為：[[主謂賓]]，[[修飾語|偏次]]先於[[中心語|正次]]。於數數，必附[[量詞]]於數後。各[[方言]][[語法]]略異，故白話文之行可亂文字。乃以國語語法為白話文語法。

古者語法，同乎[[文言]]。

== 文字 ==
{{main|漢字}}
三代以降，[[漢字]]初成。[[秦]]以書同文，必用[[小篆]]，其後偶有數變，用之不更至民季，共和國立，納昔[[錢玄同]]所倡簡字法，加以矯正，遂成今制，曰[[簡化字]]，今[[中國大陸]]、[[新加坡]]、[[馬來西亞]]行之。[[香港]]、[[澳門]]、[[臺灣]]仍因舊制，書傳統漢字。

近代西學東傳，亦有以[[拉丁字母]]記音者，法式歧異。至共和國立，創[[漢語拼音|拼音]]，授之於小學。初，國人頗思廢漢字，後以同音多，拉丁文字無象形之用，遂止。

== 沿革 ==
三代之時，天下有國千萬，言語不通。[[周]]既王，始有[[雅言]]。諸子著作，皆以雅言。及周道微，天下紛亂，言語異聲，文字異形。尤是楚語至不同也。[[秦始皇帝]]混一車書，獨用秦[[小篆|篆]]，各地方言日合。然至於[[許慎]]之世，[[說文解字]]之所錄，亦有同義而音異之字，多有「某地曰某為某」之訓。蓋天下文字雖一，而言語未統也。此[[上古音]]也。古之語法、語音異乎於今，可見諸[[尚書]]、[[詩經]]等。亦有殷甲骨、周鐘鼎、秦漢冊簡者，皆為所用。

魏晉之世，北族南面，雖[[魏孝文帝]]力主洛音，而古音已變，[[詩]]始不得押韻。[[中原]]漢胡雜合，而成唐音，為[[中古音|中古之音]]。於南國，衣冠之南渡，亦有吳音混於正音者。此世[[樂府]]有吳曲、西州曲之分，蓋亦異音之故也。

[[趙宋|宋]]季，[[中原]]復為胡君，語音大變。[[四聲]]缺入，派為三聲。唯江南淪陷不足百年，語音未大變也。[[明]]初都[[應天]]，[[永樂]]間北遷，百官隨同，江左之音復入燕地。以後四百年皆都[[北京]]，遂以為[[國語]]矣。

及[[中華人民共和國]]立，以國語為[[普通話]]，舉世皆以其漢語之正音。實其正音以國語稍改而成，[[中華民國|國民政府]]遷臺，用其國語至今未廢。然分立五十年，習用亦異也。大異者，舉凡[[兒化韻]]之用，[[外來詞]]之源，王畿方言之不同，亦成其異也。

於地方，雖有國語，實方言殊音甚多，惟[[學校]]、[[典禮]]多用正音。

今世，以漢語為官話者，有中國、[[新加坡]]、[[聯合國]]。隨中國國力日蓄，萬國習之者眾，以利來華遊學仕商。

== 方言 ==
蓋漢語歧甚，遠者異域不相通，近者十里音不同。然文惟一，為世所稀見。

以[[語言學]]分，言不通即非一語。且語法各異，故有漢語為一語族之論。漢語諸言，概分如下：

* [[官話]]，聞之中原、巴蜀、江北，滿蒙疆人亦多用之。今中國大陸之[[普通話]]、臺灣之[[中華民國國語|國語]]、南洋之[[華語]]皆宗[[北京官話]][[京師片]]。
* [[吳語]]，聞之吳越之地，昔宗[[蘇州話]]，今宗[[上海話]]。
* [[閩語]]，聞之閩臺之地，瓊文之民亦操之，其中分[[閩北語|閩北]]、[[閩東語|閩東]]、[[閩南語|閩南]]、[[閩中語|閩中]]、[[莆仙話|莆仙]]，五語各不相通。
* [[粵語]]，聞之嶺南，至於海外。[[廣州話]]為宗。
* [[客語]]，聞之南境，為[[客家人]]之言，[[梅州話]]為宗。
* [[湘語]]，聞之楚南。分新老二派。[[長沙話|長沙]]、[[雙峰話]]為宗。
* [[贛語]]，聞之[[江西]]，[[南昌話]]為宗。
* [[徽語]]，聞之皖南，[[徽州話]]為宗。今或以之為吳語之別種。
* [[晉語]]，聞之晉北、陝北、雲中等處，[[太原話]]為宗。

官話復分數種，以下次第：
*[[東北官話]]，聞之東北，宗[[瀋陽話]]。
*[[北京官話]]，聞之北京，東北，新疆之一部，宗[[北京話]]。
*[[江淮官話]]，聞之蘇中蘇北之大部，蘇南之一部及皖中，宗[[揚州話]]，以其地雜吳語，兩者相生，或謂淮語。明代以之為國語。
*[[西南官話]]，聞之川，桂，滇，貴，宗[[成都話]]。
*[[中原官話]]，聞之中原，關中，魯南。各地或有別種。宗[[洛陽話]]、[[西安話]]。
*[[冀魯官話]]，聞之冀，魯。宗[[濟南話]]。
*[[蘭銀官話]]，聞之隴上，寧夏。宗[[蘭州話]]。
*[[膠遼官話]]，聞之齊東，遼南，東北之一部。學界多宗[[煙臺話]]。

以下諸言皆從屬不明：
* [[廣西平話]]，聞之[[廣西]]山村，或以之為[[粵語]]之別種。
* [[韶州土話]]、[[湘南土話]]，聞之五嶺南北，或言二者皆近平話，或從[[湘南土話]]於湘語。
* [[瓦鄉話]]，聞之湘西沅水谷地，壟斷山絕，漢苗雜居，故甚異於官音，或以為湘語之別種。

== 書典 ==
* 《[[康熙字典|康熙大字典]]》
* 《[[廣韻]]》
* 《[[說文解字]]》

== 他典 ==
* [http://lexikon.china2day.de 《在線英漢字典》] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070713122604/http://lexikon.china2day.de/ |date=2007-07-13 }} &lt;!--
*[http://www.MonkeyKingSoft.com/ MonkeyKingSoft.com] - 使用电脑软件学习汉字：在电脑上动态显示汉字笔顺，或者打印成卡片帮助记忆。 --&gt;
* [http://www.kangxizidian.com/kangxi/ 《康熙大字典》]
* [http://www.edu.tw/EDU_WEB/EDU_MGT/MANDR/EDU6300001/allbook/bishuen/c8.htm?open 《常用國字標準字體筆順手冊》]
* [http://zgyy.faedia.com 《國文論壇》] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070927210215/http://zgyy.faedia.com/ |date=2007-09-27 }}
* [http://www.zdic.net 《在線漢語字典》]
* [http://www.zhongwen.com/Zhongwen.com 《網上中英字典》]{{Dead link|date=July 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}{{Dead link|date=July 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}{{Dead link|date=July 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}{{Dead link|date=July 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}{{Dead link|date=July 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}{{Dead link|date=July 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}{{Dead link|date=July 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}{{Dead link|date=July 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}{{Dead link|date=July 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}{{Dead link|date=July 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}{{Dead link|date=July 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}{{Dead link|date=July 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}{{Dead link|date=July 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}{{Dead 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*[http://www.newconcept.com/School/text_books.html 海外中文教材]--&gt;
* [http://learn_chinese.ckungfu.com/ 《輕鬆習中文》] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070712024338/http://learn_chinese.ckungfu.com/ |date=2007-07-12 }} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070712024338/http://learn_chinese.ckungfu.com/ |date=2007-07-12 }}&lt;!--
*[http://www.chinawestexchange.com/ China West Exchange]: 本网点是为了让西方人认识中国文化，中国人认识西方语言和文化而作的--&gt;
&lt;!--*[http://malandrin.org 马来西亚官话方言]
*[http://www.mina.ks.edu.tw/ 高雄县闽南语教材教学資料库]
*[http://www.cantonese.sheik.co.uk/ Cantonese Help Sheets]: 粤语教程
*[http://humanum.arts.cuhk.edu.hk/Lexis/lexi-can/ 粵語審音配詞字庫]
*[http://humanum.arts.cuhk.edu.hk/Lexis/Lindict/ Chinese to English Dictionary]: 中英字典
*[http://5189.asinah.net/ 中英字典 English to Chinese Dictionary]
*[http://us.dict.cn/ Dict.CN 中英字典 英中字典 English-Chinese and Chinese-English Dictionary on line]
*[http://www.unet.univie.ac.at/~a9305416/ Chinese Linguistics]: 汉语语言学网站（英文）
*[http://www.chineselanguage.org/CCDICT/index.html Chinese Characters Dictionary]: 支持日语、韩语、粤语等。
*[http://humanum.arts.cuhk.edu.hk/Lexis/Canton2/ Cantonese Talking Syllabary]: 中文网站（繁体）

*[http://www.sprachprofi.de.vu/english/zh.htm 网上上免费的普通话教程]
*[http://www.hanyu.com.cn/ Online College of Chinese Language汉语远程学院教学网]（中国国家汉办、华东师大合办)--&gt;
* [http://www.hello-han.com/index.php 《漢語，你好！》遠程教育網] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210409174241/http://www.hello-han.com/index.php |date=2021-04-09 }}
&lt;!--[http://www-ms.cc.ntu.edu.tw/~chinlit/ National Taiwan University Department of Chinese Literature]
*[http://www.yeminlitercuman.com/cin Turkish-Chinese Translators in China] --&gt;
* [http://www.ethnologue.com/show_family.asp?subid=1270 漢語方言列表]
*[http://yedict.com/ 字海網、葉典網]

{{堪讀之文}}

[[Category:漢語]]
[[Category:基礎之文]]</text>
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'''漢語'''者，[[漢族|漢人]]之言也。蓋[[華夏]]地方廣遠，山河數列，海內習用，方音殊異。以中國人多，以漢語為[[母語]]者亦眾，合以十億計，普世之五一。

== 音韻 ==

漢語一字一音，一音可分為聲、韻、調。[[漢字]]多不表音，故初用「讀若某」。後[[佛教]]東傳，得[[梵文]]而知[[反切]]，乃用以標音。近世，創[[國語注音|注音符號]]及[[漢語拼音]]，以明音韻。

== 語法 ==
漢語為[[孤立語]]、或曰分析語，此謂詞彙無[[格 (語法)|格]]、[[態 (語法)|態]]、[[性 (語法)|性]]、[[數 (語法)|數]]之變。唯示以[[語序]]之先後及虛字之用而達意。

語序為：[[主謂賓]]，[[修飾語|偏次]]先於[[中心語|正次]]。於數數，必附[[量詞]]於數後。各[[方言]][[語法]]略異，故白話文之行可亂文字。乃以國語語法為白話文語法。

古者語法，同乎[[文言]]。

== 文字 ==
{{main|漢字}}
三代以降，[[漢字]]初成。[[秦]]以書同文，必用[[小篆]]，其後偶有數變，用之不更至民季，共和國立，納昔[[錢玄同]]所倡簡字法，加以矯正，遂成今制，曰[[簡化字]]，今[[中國大陸]]、[[新加坡]]、[[馬來西亞]]行之。[[香港]]、[[澳門]]、[[臺灣]]仍因舊制，書傳統漢字。

近代西學東傳，亦有以[[拉丁字母]]記音者，法式歧異。至共和國立，創[[漢語拼音|拼音]]，授之於小學。初，國人頗思廢漢字，後以同音多，拉丁文字無象形之用，遂止。

== 沿革 ==
三代之時，天下有國千萬，言語不通。[[周]]既王，始有[[雅言]]。諸子著作，皆以雅言。及周道微，天下紛亂，言語異聲，文字異形。尤是楚語至不同也。[[秦始皇帝]]混一車書，獨用秦[[小篆|篆]]，各地方言日合。然至於[[許慎]]之世，[[說文解字]]之所錄，亦有同義而音異之字，多有「某地曰某為某」之訓。蓋天下文字雖一，而言語未統也。此[[上古音]]也。古之語法、語音異乎於今，可見諸[[尚書]]、[[詩經]]等。亦有殷甲骨、周鐘鼎、秦漢冊簡者，皆為所用。

魏晉之世，北族南面，雖[[魏孝文帝]]力主洛音，而古音已變，[[詩]]始不得押韻。[[中原]]漢胡雜合，而成唐音，為[[中古音|中古之音]]。於南國，衣冠之南渡，亦有吳音混於正音者。此世[[樂府]]有吳曲、西州曲之分，蓋亦異音之故也。

[[趙宋|宋]]季，[[中原]]復為胡君，語音大變。[[四聲]]缺入，派為三聲。唯江南淪陷不足百年，語音未大變也。[[明]]初都[[應天]]，[[永樂]]間北遷，百官隨同，江左之音復入燕地。以後四百年皆都[[北京]]，遂以為[[國語]]矣。

及[[中華人民共和國]]立，以國語為[[普通話]]，舉世皆以其漢語之正音。實其正音以國語稍改而成，[[中華民國|國民政府]]遷臺，用其國語至今未廢。然分立五十年，習用亦異也。大異者，舉凡[[兒化韻]]之用，[[外來詞]]之源，王畿方言之不同，亦成其異也。

於地方，雖有國語，實方言殊音甚多，惟[[學校]]、[[典禮]]多用正音。

今世，以漢語為官話者，有中國、[[新加坡]]、[[聯合國]]。隨中國國力日蓄，萬國習之者眾，以利來華遊學仕商。

== 方言 ==
蓋漢語歧甚，遠者異域不相通，近者十里音不同。然文惟一，為世所稀見。

以[[語言學]]分，言不通即非一語。且語法各異，故有漢語為一語族之論。漢語諸言，概分如下：

* [[官話]]，聞之中原、巴蜀、江北，滿蒙疆人亦多用之。今中國大陸之[[普通話]]、臺灣之[[中華民國國語|國語]]、南洋之[[華語]]皆宗[[北京官話]][[京師片]]。
* [[吳語]]，聞之吳越之地，昔宗[[蘇州話]]，今宗[[上海話]]。
* [[閩語]]，聞之閩臺之地，瓊文之民亦操之，其中分[[閩北語|閩北]]、[[閩東語|閩東]]、[[閩南語|閩南]]、[[閩中語|閩中]]、[[莆仙話|莆仙]]，五語各不相通。
* [[粵語]]，聞之嶺南，至於海外。[[廣州話]]為宗。
* [[客語]]，聞之南境，為[[客家人]]之言，[[梅州話]]為宗。
* [[湘語]]，聞之楚南。分新老二派。[[長沙話|長沙]]、[[雙峰話]]為宗。
* [[贛語]]，聞之[[江西]]，[[南昌話]]為宗。
* [[徽語]]，聞之皖南，[[徽州話]]為宗。今或以之為吳語之別種。
* [[晉語]]，聞之晉北、陝北、雲中等處，[[太原話]]為宗。

官話復分數種，以下次第：
*[[東北官話]]，聞之東北，宗[[瀋陽話]]。
*[[北京官話]]，聞之北京，東北，新疆之一部，宗[[北京話]]。
*[[江淮官話]]，聞之蘇中蘇北之大部，蘇南之一部及皖中，宗[[揚州話]]，以其地雜吳語，兩者相生，或謂淮語。明代以之為國語。
*[[西南官話]]，聞之川，桂，滇，貴，宗[[成都話]]。
*[[中原官話]]，聞之中原，關中，魯南。各地或有別種。宗[[洛陽話]]、[[西安話]]。
*[[冀魯官話]]，聞之冀，魯。宗[[濟南話]]。
*[[蘭銀官話]]，聞之隴上，寧夏。宗[[蘭州話]]。
*[[膠遼官話]]，聞之齊東，遼南，東北之一部。學界多宗[[煙臺話]]。

以下諸言皆從屬不明：
* [[廣西平話]]，聞之[[廣西]]山村，或以之為[[粵語]]之別種。
* [[韶州土話]]、[[湘南土話]]，聞之五嶺南北，或言二者皆近平話，或從[[湘南土話]]於湘語。
* [[瓦鄉話]]，聞之湘西沅水谷地，壟斷山絕，漢苗雜居，故甚異於官音，或以為湘語之別種。

== 書典 ==
* 《[[康熙字典|康熙大字典]]》
* 《[[廣韻]]》
* 《[[說文解字]]》

== 他典 ==
* [http://lexikon.china2day.de 《在線英漢字典》] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070713122604/http://lexikon.china2day.de/ |date=2007-07-13 }} &lt;!--
*[http://www.MonkeyKingSoft.com/ MonkeyKingSoft.com] - 使用电脑软件学习汉字：在电脑上动态显示汉字笔顺，或者打印成卡片帮助记忆。 --&gt;
* [http://www.kangxizidian.com/kangxi/ 《康熙大字典》]
* [http://www.edu.tw/EDU_WEB/EDU_MGT/MANDR/EDU6300001/allbook/bishuen/c8.htm?open 《常用國字標準字體筆順手冊》]
* [http://zgyy.faedia.com 《國文論壇》] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070927210215/http://zgyy.faedia.com/ |date=2007-09-27 }}
* [http://www.zdic.net 《在線漢語字典》]
* [http://www.zhongwen.com/Zhongwen.com 《網上中英字典》]{{Dead link|date=July 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}{{Dead link|date=July 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}{{Dead link|date=July 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}{{Dead link|date=July 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}{{Dead link|date=July 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}{{Dead link|date=July 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}{{Dead link|date=July 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}{{Dead link|date=July 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}{{Dead link|date=July 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}{{Dead link|date=July 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}{{Dead link|date=July 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}{{Dead link|date=July 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}{{Dead link|date=July 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}{{Dead 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}}{{Dead link|date=October 2023 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}{{Dead link|date=October 2023 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}&lt;!--
*[http://www.newconcept.com/School/text_books.html 海外中文教材]--&gt;
* [http://learn_chinese.ckungfu.com/ 《輕鬆習中文》] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070712024338/http://learn_chinese.ckungfu.com/ |date=2007-07-12 }} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070712024338/http://learn_chinese.ckungfu.com/ |date=2007-07-12 }}&lt;!--
*[http://www.chinawestexchange.com/ China West Exchange]: 本网点是为了让西方人认识中国文化，中国人认识西方语言和文化而作的--&gt;
&lt;!--*[http://malandrin.org 马来西亚官话方言]
*[http://www.mina.ks.edu.tw/ 高雄县闽南语教材教学資料库]
*[http://www.cantonese.sheik.co.uk/ Cantonese Help Sheets]: 粤语教程
*[http://humanum.arts.cuhk.edu.hk/Lexis/lexi-can/ 粵語審音配詞字庫]
*[http://humanum.arts.cuhk.edu.hk/Lexis/Lindict/ Chinese to English Dictionary]: 中英字典
*[http://5189.asinah.net/ 中英字典 English to Chinese Dictionary]
*[http://us.dict.cn/ Dict.CN 中英字典 英中字典 English-Chinese and Chinese-English Dictionary on line]
*[http://www.unet.univie.ac.at/~a9305416/ Chinese Linguistics]: 汉语语言学网站（英文）
*[http://www.chineselanguage.org/CCDICT/index.html Chinese Characters Dictionary]: 支持日语、韩语、粤语等。
*[http://humanum.arts.cuhk.edu.hk/Lexis/Canton2/ Cantonese Talking Syllabary]: 中文网站（繁体）

*[http://www.sprachprofi.de.vu/english/zh.htm 网上上免费的普通话教程]
*[http://www.hanyu.com.cn/ Online College of Chinese Language汉语远程学院教学网]（中国国家汉办、华东师大合办)--&gt;
* [http://www.hello-han.com/index.php 《漢語，你好！》遠程教育網] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210409174241/http://www.hello-han.com/index.php |date=2021-04-09 }}
&lt;!--[http://www-ms.cc.ntu.edu.tw/~chinlit/ National Taiwan University Department of Chinese Literature]
*[http://www.yeminlitercuman.com/cin Turkish-Chinese Translators in China] --&gt;
* [http://www.ethnologue.com/show_family.asp?subid=1270 漢語方言列表]
*[http://yedict.com/ 字海網、葉典網]

{{堪讀之文}}

[[Category:漢語]]
[[Category:基礎之文]]</text>
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'''漢語'''者，[[漢族|漢人]]之言也。蓋[[華夏]]地方廣遠，山河數列，海內習用，方音殊異。以中國人多，以漢語為[[母語]]者亦眾，合以十億計，普世之五一。

== 音韻 ==

漢語一字一音，一音可分為聲、韻、調。[[漢字]]多不表音，故初用「讀若某」。後[[佛教]]東傳，得[[梵文]]而知[[反切]]，乃用以標音。近世，創[[國語注音|注音符號]]及[[漢語拼音]]，以明音韻。

== 語法 ==
漢語為[[孤立語]]、或曰分析語，此謂詞彙無[[格 (語法)|格]]、[[態 (語法)|態]]、[[性 (語法)|性]]、[[數 (語法)|數]]之變。唯示以[[語序]]之先後及虛字之用而達意。

語序為：[[主謂賓]]，[[修飾語|偏次]]先於[[中心語|正次]]。於數數，必附[[量詞]]於數後。各[[方言]][[語法]]略異，故白話文之行可亂文字。乃以國語語法為白話文語法。

古者語法，同乎[[文言]]。

== 文字 ==
{{main|漢字}}
三代以降，[[漢字]]初成。[[秦]]以書同文，必用[[小篆]]，其後偶有數變，用之不更至民季，共和國立，納昔[[錢玄同]]所倡簡字法，加以矯正，遂成今制，曰[[簡化字]]，今[[中國大陸]]、[[新加坡]]、[[馬來西亞]]行之。[[香港]]、[[澳門]]、[[臺灣]]仍因舊制，書傳統漢字。

近代西學東傳，亦有以[[拉丁字母]]記音者，法式歧異。至共和國立，創[[漢語拼音|拼音]]，授之於小學。初，國人頗思廢漢字，後以同音多，拉丁文字無象形之用，遂止。

== 沿革 ==
三代之時，天下有國千萬，言語不通。[[周]]既王，始有[[雅言]]。諸子著作，皆以雅言。及周道微，天下紛亂，言語異聲，文字異形。尤是楚語至不同也。[[秦始皇帝]]混一車書，獨用秦[[小篆|篆]]，各地方言日合。然至於[[許慎]]之世，[[說文解字]]之所錄，亦有同義而音異之字，多有「某地曰某為某」之訓。蓋天下文字雖一，而言語未統也。此[[上古音]]也。古之語法、語音異乎於今，可見諸[[尚書]]、[[詩經]]等。亦有殷甲骨、周鐘鼎、秦漢冊簡者，皆為所用。

魏晉之世，北族南面，雖[[魏孝文帝]]力主洛音，而古音已變，[[詩]]始不得押韻。[[中原]]漢胡雜合，而成唐音，為[[中古音|中古之音]]。於南國，衣冠之南渡，亦有吳音混於正音者。此世[[樂府]]有吳曲、西州曲之分，蓋亦異音之故也。

[[趙宋|宋]]季，[[中原]]復為胡君，語音大變。[[四聲]]缺入，派為三聲。唯江南淪陷不足百年，語音未大變也。[[明]]初都[[應天]]，[[永樂]]間北遷，百官隨同，江左之音復入燕地。以後四百年皆都[[北京]]，遂以為[[國語]]矣。

及[[中華人民共和國]]立，以國語為[[普通話]]，舉世皆以其漢語之正音。實其正音以國語稍改而成，[[中華民國|國民政府]]遷臺，用其國語至今未廢。然分立五十年，習用亦異也。大異者，舉凡[[兒化韻]]之用，[[外來詞]]之源，王畿方言之不同，亦成其異也。

於地方，雖有國語，實方言殊音甚多，惟[[學校]]、[[典禮]]多用正音。

今世，以漢語為官話者，有中國、[[新加坡]]、[[聯合國]]。隨中國國力日蓄，萬國習之者眾，以利來華遊學仕商。

== 方言 ==
蓋漢語歧甚，遠者異域不相通，近者十里音不同。然文惟一，為世所稀見。

以[[語言學]]分，言不通即非一語。且語法各異，故有漢語為一語族之論。漢語諸言，概分如下：

* [[官話]]，聞之中原、巴蜀、江北，滿蒙疆人亦多用之。今中國大陸之[[普通話]]、臺灣之[[中華民國國語|國語]]、南洋之[[華語]]皆宗[[北京官話]][[京師片]]。
* [[吳語]]，聞之吳越之地，昔宗[[蘇州話]]，今宗[[上海話]]。
* [[閩語]]，聞之閩臺之地，瓊文之民亦操之，其中分[[閩北語|閩北]]、[[閩東語|閩東]]、[[閩南語|閩南]]、[[閩中語|閩中]]、[[莆仙話|莆仙]]，五語各不相通。
* [[粵語]]，聞之嶺南，至於海外。[[廣州話]]為宗。
* [[客語]]，聞之南境，為[[客家人]]之言，[[梅州話]]為宗。
* [[湘語]]，聞之楚南。分新老二派。[[長沙話|長沙]]、[[雙峰話]]為宗。
* [[贛語]]，聞之[[江西]]，[[南昌話]]為宗。
* [[徽語]]，聞之皖南，[[徽州話]]為宗。今或以之為吳語之別種。
* [[晉語]]，聞之晉北、陝北、雲中等處，[[太原話]]為宗。

官話復分數種，以下次第：
*[[東北官話]]，聞之東北，宗[[瀋陽話]]。
*[[北京官話]]，聞之北京，東北，新疆之一部，宗[[北京話]]。
*[[江淮官話]]，聞之蘇中蘇北之大部，蘇南之一部及皖中，宗[[揚州話]]，以其地雜吳語，兩者相生，或謂淮語。明代以之為國語。
*[[西南官話]]，聞之川，桂，滇，貴，宗[[成都話]]。
*[[中原官話]]，聞之中原，關中，魯南。各地或有別種。宗[[洛陽話]]、[[西安話]]。
*[[冀魯官話]]，聞之冀，魯。宗[[濟南話]]。
*[[蘭銀官話]]，聞之隴上，寧夏。宗[[蘭州話]]。
*[[膠遼官話]]，聞之齊東，遼南，東北之一部。學界多宗[[煙臺話]]。

以下諸言皆從屬不明：
* [[廣西平話]]，聞之[[廣西]]山村，或以之為[[粵語]]之別種。
* [[韶州土話]]、[[湘南土話]]，聞之五嶺南北，或言二者皆近平話，或從[[湘南土話]]於湘語。
* [[瓦鄉話]]，聞之湘西沅水谷地，壟斷山絕，漢苗雜居，故甚異於官音，或以為湘語之別種。

== 書典 ==
* 《[[康熙字典|康熙大字典]]》
* 《[[廣韻]]》
* 《[[說文解字]]》

== 他典 ==
* [http://lexikon.china2day.de 《在線英漢字典》] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070713122604/http://lexikon.china2day.de/ |date=2007-07-13 }} &lt;!--
*[http://www.MonkeyKingSoft.com/ MonkeyKingSoft.com] - 使用电脑软件学习汉字：在电脑上动态显示汉字笔顺，或者打印成卡片帮助记忆。 --&gt;
* [http://www.kangxizidian.com/kangxi/ 《康熙大字典》]
* [http://www.edu.tw/EDU_WEB/EDU_MGT/MANDR/EDU6300001/allbook/bishuen/c8.htm?open 《常用國字標準字體筆順手冊》]
* [http://zgyy.faedia.com 《國文論壇》] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070927210215/http://zgyy.faedia.com/ |date=2007-09-27 }}
* [http://www.zdic.net 《在線漢語字典》]
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*[http://humanum.arts.cuhk.edu.hk/Lexis/lexi-can/ 粵語審音配詞字庫]
*[http://humanum.arts.cuhk.edu.hk/Lexis/Lindict/ Chinese to English Dictionary]: 中英字典
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*[http://us.dict.cn/ Dict.CN 中英字典 英中字典 English-Chinese and Chinese-English Dictionary on line]
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* [http://www.ethnologue.com/show_family.asp?subid=1270 漢語方言列表]
*[http://yedict.com/ 字海網、葉典網]

{{堪讀之文}}

[[Category:漢語]]
[[Category:基礎之文]]</text>
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'''漢語'''者，[[漢族|漢人]]之言也。蓋[[華夏]]地方廣遠，山河數列，海內習用，方音殊異。以中國人多，以漢語為[[母語]]者亦眾，合以十億計，普世之五一。

== 音韻 ==

漢語一字一音，一音可分為聲、韻、調。[[漢字]]多不表音，故初用「讀若某」。後[[佛教]]東傳，得[[梵文]]而知[[反切]]，乃用以標音。近世，創[[國語注音|注音符號]]及[[漢語拼音]]，以明音韻。

== 語法 ==
漢語為[[孤立語]]、或曰分析語，此謂詞彙無[[格 (語法)|格]]、[[態 (語法)|態]]、[[性 (語法)|性]]、[[數 (語法)|數]]之變。唯示以[[語序]]之先後及虛字之用而達意。

語序為：[[主謂賓]]，[[修飾語|偏次]]先於[[中心語|正次]]。於數數，必附[[量詞]]於數後。各[[方言]][[語法]]略異，故白話文之行可亂文字。乃以國語語法為白話文語法。

古者語法，同乎[[文言]]。

== 文字 ==
{{main|漢字}}
三代以降，[[漢字]]初成。[[秦]]以書同文，必用[[小篆]]，其後偶有數變，用之不更至民季，共和國立，納昔[[錢玄同]]所倡簡字法，加以矯正，遂成今制，曰[[簡化字]]，今[[中國大陸]]、[[新加坡]]、[[馬來西亞]]行之。[[香港]]、[[澳門]]、[[臺灣]]仍因舊制，書傳統漢字。

近代西學東傳，亦有以[[拉丁字母]]記音者，法式歧異。至共和國立，創[[漢語拼音|拼音]]，授之於小學。初，國人頗思廢漢字，後以同音多，拉丁文字無象形之用，遂止。

== 沿革 ==
三代之時，天下有國千萬，言語不通。[[周]]既王，始有[[雅言]]。諸子著作，皆以雅言。及周道微，天下紛亂，言語異聲，文字異形。尤是楚語至不同也。[[秦始皇帝]]混一車書，獨用秦[[小篆|篆]]，各地方言日合。然至於[[許慎]]之世，[[說文解字]]之所錄，亦有同義而音異之字，多有「某地曰某為某」之訓。蓋天下文字雖一，而言語未統也。此[[上古音]]也。古之語法、語音異乎於今，可見諸[[尚書]]、[[詩經]]等。亦有殷甲骨、周鐘鼎、秦漢冊簡者，皆為所用。

魏晉之世，北族南面，雖[[魏孝文帝]]力主洛音，而古音已變，[[詩]]始不得押韻。[[中原]]漢胡雜合，而成唐音，為[[中古音|中古之音]]。於南國，衣冠之南渡，亦有吳音混於正音者。此世[[樂府]]有吳曲、西州曲之分，蓋亦異音之故也。

[[趙宋|宋]]季，[[中原]]復為胡君，語音大變。[[四聲]]缺入，派為三聲。唯江南淪陷不足百年，語音未大變也。[[明]]初都[[應天]]，[[永樂]]間北遷，百官隨同，江左之音復入燕地。以後四百年皆都[[北京]]，遂以為[[國語]]矣。

及[[中華人民共和國]]立，以國語為[[普通話]]，舉世皆以其漢語之正音。實其正音以國語稍改而成，[[中華民國|國民政府]]遷臺，用其國語至今未廢。然分立五十年，習用亦異也。大異者，舉凡[[兒化韻]]之用，[[外來詞]]之源，王畿方言之不同，亦成其異也。

於地方，雖有國語，實方言殊音甚多，惟[[學校]]、[[典禮]]多用正音。

今世，以漢語為官話者，有中國、[[新加坡]]、[[聯合國]]。隨中國國力日蓄，萬國習之者眾，以利來華遊學仕商。

== 方言 ==
蓋漢語歧甚，遠者異域不相通，近者十里音不同。然文惟一，為世所稀見。

以[[語言學]]分，言不通即非一語。且語法各異，故有漢語為一語族之論。漢語諸言，概分如下：

* [[官話]]，聞之中原、巴蜀、江北，滿蒙疆人亦多用之。今中國大陸之[[普通話]]、臺灣之[[中華民國國語|國語]]、南洋之[[華語]]皆宗[[北京官話]][[京師片]]。
* [[吳語]]，聞之吳越之地，昔宗[[蘇州話]]，今宗[[上海話]]。
* [[閩語]]，聞之閩臺之地，瓊文之民亦操之，其中分[[閩北語|閩北]]、[[閩東語|閩東]]、[[閩南語|閩南]]、[[閩中語|閩中]]、[[莆仙話|莆仙]]，五語各不相通。
* [[粵語]]，聞之嶺南，至於海外。[[廣州話]]為宗。
* [[客語]]，聞之南境，為[[客家人]]之言，[[梅州話]]為宗。
* [[湘語]]，聞之楚南。分新老二派。[[長沙話|長沙]]、[[雙峰話]]為宗。
* [[贛語]]，聞之[[江西]]，[[南昌話]]為宗。
* [[徽語]]，聞之皖南，[[徽州話]]為宗。今或以之為吳語之別種。
* [[晉語]]，聞之晉北、陝北、雲中等處，[[太原話]]為宗。

官話復分數種，以下次第：
*[[東北官話]]，聞之東北，宗[[瀋陽話]]。
*[[北京官話]]，聞之北京，東北，新疆之一部，宗[[北京話]]。
*[[江淮官話]]，聞之蘇中蘇北之大部，蘇南之一部及皖中，宗[[揚州話]]，以其地雜吳語，兩者相生，或謂淮語。明代以之為國語。
*[[西南官話]]，聞之川，桂，滇，貴，宗[[成都話]]。
*[[中原官話]]，聞之中原，關中，魯南。各地或有別種。宗[[洛陽話]]、[[西安話]]。
*[[冀魯官話]]，聞之冀，魯。宗[[濟南話]]。
*[[蘭銀官話]]，聞之隴上，寧夏。宗[[蘭州話]]。
*[[膠遼官話]]，聞之齊東，遼南，東北之一部。學界多宗[[煙臺話]]。

以下諸言皆從屬不明：
* [[廣西平話]]，聞之[[廣西]]山村，或以之為[[粵語]]之別種。
* [[韶州土話]]、[[湘南土話]]，聞之五嶺南北，或言二者皆近平話，或從[[湘南土話]]於湘語。
* [[瓦鄉話]]，聞之湘西沅水谷地，壟斷山絕，漢苗雜居，故甚異於官音，或以為湘語之別種。

== 書典 ==
* 《[[康熙字典|康熙大字典]]》
* 《[[廣韻]]》
* 《[[說文解字]]》

== 他典 ==
* [http://lexikon.china2day.de 《在線英漢字典》] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070713122604/http://lexikon.china2day.de/ |date=2007-07-13 }} &lt;!--
*[http://www.MonkeyKingSoft.com/ MonkeyKingSoft.com] - 使用电脑软件学习汉字：在电脑上动态显示汉字笔顺，或者打印成卡片帮助记忆。 --&gt;
* [http://www.kangxizidian.com/kangxi/ 《康熙大字典》]
* [http://www.edu.tw/EDU_WEB/EDU_MGT/MANDR/EDU6300001/allbook/bishuen/c8.htm?open 《常用國字標準字體筆順手冊》]
* [http://zgyy.faedia.com 《國文論壇》] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070927210215/http://zgyy.faedia.com/ |date=2007-09-27 }}
* [http://www.zdic.net 《在線漢語字典》]
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*[http://www.newconcept.com/School/text_books.html 海外中文教材]--&gt;
* [http://learn_chinese.ckungfu.com/ 《輕鬆習中文》] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070712024338/http://learn_chinese.ckungfu.com/ |date=2007-07-12 }} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070712024338/http://learn_chinese.ckungfu.com/ |date=2007-07-12 }}&lt;!--
*[http://www.chinawestexchange.com/ China West Exchange]: 本网点是为了让西方人认识中国文化，中国人认识西方语言和文化而作的--&gt;
&lt;!--*[http://malandrin.org 马来西亚官话方言]
*[http://www.mina.ks.edu.tw/ 高雄县闽南语教材教学資料库]
*[http://www.cantonese.sheik.co.uk/ Cantonese Help Sheets]: 粤语教程
*[http://humanum.arts.cuhk.edu.hk/Lexis/lexi-can/ 粵語審音配詞字庫]
*[http://humanum.arts.cuhk.edu.hk/Lexis/Lindict/ Chinese to English Dictionary]: 中英字典
*[http://5189.asinah.net/ 中英字典 English to Chinese Dictionary]
*[http://us.dict.cn/ Dict.CN 中英字典 英中字典 English-Chinese and Chinese-English Dictionary on line]
*[http://www.unet.univie.ac.at/~a9305416/ Chinese Linguistics]: 汉语语言学网站（英文）
*[http://www.chineselanguage.org/CCDICT/index.html Chinese Characters Dictionary]: 支持日语、韩语、粤语等。
*[http://humanum.arts.cuhk.edu.hk/Lexis/Canton2/ Cantonese Talking Syllabary]: 中文网站（繁体）

*[http://www.sprachprofi.de.vu/english/zh.htm 网上上免费的普通话教程]
*[http://www.hanyu.com.cn/ Online College of Chinese Language汉语远程学院教学网]（中国国家汉办、华东师大合办)--&gt;
* [http://www.hello-han.com/index.php 《漢語，你好！》遠程教育網] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210409174241/http://www.hello-han.com/index.php |date=2021-04-09 }}
&lt;!--[http://www-ms.cc.ntu.edu.tw/~chinlit/ National Taiwan University Department of Chinese Literature]
*[http://www.yeminlitercuman.com/cin Turkish-Chinese Translators in China] --&gt;
* [http://www.ethnologue.com/show_family.asp?subid=1270 漢語方言列表]
*[http://yedict.com/ 字海網、葉典網]

{{堪讀之文}}

[[Category:漢語]]
[[Category:基礎之文]]</text>
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'''漢語'''者，[[漢族|漢人]]之言也。蓋[[華夏]]地方廣遠，山河數列，海內習用，方音殊異。以中國人多，以漢語為[[母語]]者亦眾，合以十億計，普世之五一。

== 音韻 ==

漢語一字一音，一音可分為聲、韻、調。[[漢字]]多不表音，故初用「讀若某」。後[[佛教]]東傳，得[[梵文]]而知[[反切]]，乃用以標音。近世，創[[國語注音|注音符號]]及[[漢語拼音]]，以明音韻。

== 語法 ==
漢語為[[孤立語]]、或曰分析語，此謂詞彙無[[格 (語法)|格]]、[[態 (語法)|態]]、[[性 (語法)|性]]、[[數 (語法)|數]]之變。唯示以[[語序]]之先後及虛字之用而達意。

語序為：[[主謂賓]]，[[修飾語|偏次]]先於[[中心語|正次]]。於數數，必附[[量詞]]於數後。各[[方言]][[語法]]略異，故白話文之行可亂文字。乃以國語語法為白話文語法。

古者語法，同乎[[文言]]。

== 文字 ==
{{main|漢字}}
三代以降，[[漢字]]初成。[[秦]]以書同文，必用[[小篆]]，其後偶有數變，用之不更至民季，共和國立，納昔[[錢玄同]]所倡簡字法，加以矯正，遂成今制，曰[[簡化字]]，今[[中國大陸]]、[[新加坡]]、[[馬來西亞]]行之。[[香港]]、[[澳門]]、[[臺灣]]仍因舊制，書傳統漢字。

近代西學東傳，亦有以[[拉丁字母]]記音者，法式歧異。至共和國立，創[[漢語拼音|拼音]]，授之於小學。初，國人頗思廢漢字，後以同音多，拉丁文字無象形之用，遂止。

== 沿革 ==
三代之時，天下有國千萬，言語不通。[[周]]既王，始有[[雅言]]。諸子著作，皆以雅言。及周道微，天下紛亂，言語異聲，文字異形。尤是楚語至不同也。[[秦始皇帝]]混一車書，獨用秦[[小篆|篆]]，各地方言日合。然至於[[許慎]]之世，[[說文解字]]之所錄，亦有同義而音異之字，多有「某地曰某為某」之訓。蓋天下文字雖一，而言語未統也。此[[上古音]]也。古之語法、語音異乎於今，可見諸[[尚書]]、[[詩經]]等。亦有殷甲骨、周鐘鼎、秦漢冊簡者，皆為所用。

魏晉之世，北族南面，雖[[魏孝文帝]]力主洛音，而古音已變，[[詩]]始不得押韻。[[中原]]漢胡雜合，而成唐音，為[[中古音|中古之音]]。於南國，衣冠之南渡，亦有吳音混於正音者。此世[[樂府]]有吳曲、西州曲之分，蓋亦異音之故也。

[[趙宋|宋]]季，[[中原]]復為胡君，語音大變。[[四聲]]缺入，派為三聲。唯江南淪陷不足百年，語音未大變也。[[明]]初都[[應天]]，[[永樂]]間北遷，百官隨同，江左之音復入燕地。以後四百年皆都[[北京]]，遂以為[[國語]]矣。

及[[中華人民共和國]]立，以國語為[[普通話]]，舉世皆以其漢語之正音。實其正音以國語稍改而成，[[中華民國|國民政府]]遷臺，用其國語至今未廢。然分立五十年，習用亦異也。大異者，舉凡[[兒化韻]]之用，[[外來詞]]之源，王畿方言之不同，亦成其異也。

於地方，雖有國語，實方言殊音甚多，惟[[學校]]、[[典禮]]多用正音。

今世，以漢語為官話者，有中國、[[新加坡]]、[[聯合國]]。隨中國國力日蓄，萬國習之者眾，以利來華遊學仕商。

== 方言 ==
蓋漢語歧甚，遠者異域不相通，近者十里音不同。然文惟一，為世所稀見。

以[[語言學]]分，言不通即非一語。且語法各異，故有漢語為一語族之論。漢語諸言，概分如下：

* [[官話]]，聞之中原、巴蜀、江北，滿蒙疆人亦多用之。今中國大陸之[[普通話]]、臺灣之[[中華民國國語|國語]]、南洋之[[華語]]皆宗[[北京官話]][[京師片]]。
* [[吳語]]，聞之吳越之地，昔宗[[蘇州話]]，今宗[[上海話]]。
* [[閩語]]，聞之閩臺之地，瓊文之民亦操之，其中分[[閩北語|閩北]]、[[閩東語|閩東]]、[[閩南語|閩南]]、[[閩中語|閩中]]、[[莆仙話|莆仙]]，五語各不相通。
* [[粵語]]，聞之嶺南，至於海外。[[廣州話]]為宗。
* [[客語]]，聞之南境，為[[客家人]]之言，[[梅州話]]為宗。
* [[湘語]]，聞之楚南。分新老二派。[[長沙話|長沙]]、[[雙峰話]]為宗。
* [[贛語]]，聞之[[江西]]，[[南昌話]]為宗。
* [[徽語]]，聞之皖南，[[徽州話]]為宗。今或以之為吳語之別種。
* [[晉語]]，聞之晉北、陝北、雲中等處，[[太原話]]為宗。

官話復分數種，以下次第：
*[[東北官話]]，聞之東北，宗[[瀋陽話]]。
*[[北京官話]]，聞之北京，東北，新疆之一部，宗[[北京話]]。
*[[江淮官話]]，聞之蘇中蘇北之大部，蘇南之一部及皖中，宗[[揚州話]]，以其地雜吳語，兩者相生，或謂淮語。明代以之為國語。
*[[西南官話]]，聞之川，桂，滇，貴，宗[[成都話]]。
*[[中原官話]]，聞之中原，關中，魯南。各地或有別種。宗[[洛陽話]]、[[西安話]]。
*[[冀魯官話]]，聞之冀，魯。宗[[濟南話]]。
*[[蘭銀官話]]，聞之隴上，寧夏。宗[[蘭州話]]。
*[[膠遼官話]]，聞之齊東，遼南，東北之一部。學界多宗[[煙臺話]]。

以下諸言皆從屬不明：
* [[廣西平話]]，聞之[[廣西]]山村，或以之為[[粵語]]之別種。
* [[韶州土話]]、[[湘南土話]]，聞之五嶺南北，或言二者皆近平話，或從[[湘南土話]]於湘語。
* [[瓦鄉話]]，聞之湘西沅水谷地，壟斷山絕，漢苗雜居，故甚異於官音，或以為湘語之別種。

== 書典 ==
* 《[[康熙字典|康熙大字典]]》
* 《[[廣韻]]》
* 《[[說文解字]]》

== 他典 ==
* [http://lexikon.china2day.de 《在線英漢字典》] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070713122604/http://lexikon.china2day.de/ |date=2007-07-13 }} &lt;!--
*[http://www.MonkeyKingSoft.com/ MonkeyKingSoft.com] - 使用电脑软件学习汉字：在电脑上动态显示汉字笔顺，或者打印成卡片帮助记忆。 --&gt;
* [http://www.kangxizidian.com/kangxi/ 《康熙大字典》]
* [http://www.edu.tw/EDU_WEB/EDU_MGT/MANDR/EDU6300001/allbook/bishuen/c8.htm?open 《常用國字標準字體筆順手冊》]
* [http://zgyy.faedia.com 《國文論壇》] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070927210215/http://zgyy.faedia.com/ |date=2007-09-27 }}
* [http://www.zdic.net 《在線漢語字典》]
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*[http://www.newconcept.com/School/text_books.html 海外中文教材]--&gt;
* [http://learn_chinese.ckungfu.com/ 《輕鬆習中文》] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070712024338/http://learn_chinese.ckungfu.com/ |date=2007-07-12 }} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070712024338/http://learn_chinese.ckungfu.com/ |date=2007-07-12 }}&lt;!--
*[http://www.chinawestexchange.com/ China West Exchange]: 本网点是为了让西方人认识中国文化，中国人认识西方语言和文化而作的--&gt;
&lt;!--*[http://malandrin.org 马来西亚官话方言]
*[http://www.mina.ks.edu.tw/ 高雄县闽南语教材教学資料库]
*[http://www.cantonese.sheik.co.uk/ Cantonese Help Sheets]: 粤语教程
*[http://humanum.arts.cuhk.edu.hk/Lexis/lexi-can/ 粵語審音配詞字庫]
*[http://humanum.arts.cuhk.edu.hk/Lexis/Lindict/ Chinese to English Dictionary]: 中英字典
*[http://5189.asinah.net/ 中英字典 English to Chinese Dictionary]
*[http://us.dict.cn/ Dict.CN 中英字典 英中字典 English-Chinese and Chinese-English Dictionary on line]
*[http://www.unet.univie.ac.at/~a9305416/ Chinese Linguistics]: 汉语语言学网站（英文）
*[http://www.chineselanguage.org/CCDICT/index.html Chinese Characters Dictionary]: 支持日语、韩语、粤语等。
*[http://humanum.arts.cuhk.edu.hk/Lexis/Canton2/ Cantonese Talking Syllabary]: 中文网站（繁体）

*[http://www.sprachprofi.de.vu/english/zh.htm 网上上免费的普通话教程]
*[http://www.hanyu.com.cn/ Online College of Chinese Language汉语远程学院教学网]（中国国家汉办、华东师大合办)--&gt;
* [http://www.hello-han.com/index.php 《漢語，你好！》遠程教育網] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210409174241/http://www.hello-han.com/index.php |date=2021-04-09 }}
&lt;!--[http://www-ms.cc.ntu.edu.tw/~chinlit/ National Taiwan University Department of Chinese Literature]
*[http://www.yeminlitercuman.com/cin Turkish-Chinese Translators in China] --&gt;
* [http://www.ethnologue.com/show_family.asp?subid=1270 漢語方言列表]
*[http://yedict.com/ 字海網、葉典網]

{{堪讀之文}}

[[Category:漢語]]
[[Category:基礎之文]]</text>
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    <title>馬來西亞</title>
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      <text bytes="3946" sha1="hzu26lssc84am7qq5im7txyt02xnqj5" xml:space="preserve">{{國
|國號         = 馬來西亞
|國號原文     = Malaysia
|國旗         = Flag of Malaysia.svg
|國徽         =Coat of arms of Malaysia.svg
|國家格言     = 萬眾一心，提振質素
|國家格言原文 = Bersekutu Bertambah Mutu
|國歌         = 吾國 (Negaraku)&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;center&gt;[[File:Negaraku instrumental.ogg]]&lt;/center&gt;
|地圖         = LocationMalaysia.png
|國體         = [[聯邦制|聯邦]][[君主立憲制]]
|元首         = [[馬來西亞元首|元首]][[蘇丹阿都拉]]
|總揆         = [[馬來西亞首相|首相]][[安華]]
|國都         = [[吉隆坡]]&lt;br /&gt;治在[[布城]]
|國語         = [[馬來語]]
|用語         = 
|人口         = 三千二百萬餘&lt;ref name=&quot;dosm&quot;/&gt;
|通貨         = [[令吉]]
|產值         = 四千九百四十七億美元
|均有         = 一萬六千八百美元
|干支         = 壬辰
}}
'''馬來西亞'''，又曰'''大馬'''，東[[亞細亞]]之國也。嘗為[[葡萄牙|葡]]、[[荷蘭|荷]]、[[英國|英]]所治，後得立國。西曆一九六三合原[[北婆羅州]]、[[砂拉越州]]及新加坡島於其國，號馬來西亞。後，[[新加坡]]自立國。都[[吉隆坡]]，口三千二百餘萬。首相[[安華]]
&lt;ref name=&quot;dosm&quot;&gt;[https://www.dosm.gov.my/v1/index.php?r=column/cthemeByCat&amp;cat=155&amp;bul_id=a1d1UTFZazd5ajJiRWFHNDduOXFFQT09&amp;menu_id=L0pheU43NWJwRWVSZklWdzQ4TlhUUT09 Current Population Estimates, Malaysia, 2016-2017] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170721093434/https://www.dosm.gov.my/v1/index.php?r=column/cthemeByCat&amp;cat=155&amp;bul_id=a1d1UTFZazd5ajJiRWFHNDduOXFFQT09&amp;menu_id=L0pheU43NWJwRWVSZklWdzQ4TlhUUT09 |date=2017-07-21 }}DOSM Community&lt;/ref&gt;

計有十三邦，行[[君主立憲]]。王者無有常人，選賢而得，尊號「元首」，五年一易。法[[美國]]，行三權分立。為眾三族，曰巫族、曰華族、曰印度族。

== 史 ==
=== 馬六甲王朝 ===
西曆千四百年，巨港室利弗王朝新主拜裏米蘇拉亡走以北，渡淡馬錫、麻河。時倦乃歇於岸，現鼠鹿降犬之吉兆，王即引棲蔭之木為名建邦。值年[[永乐|永樂]]，遣使上表獻貢[[大明]]，成祖賜誥印、彩幣、襲衣、黃蓋，封滿剌加國王。斯地處東西商路之咽喉，遂繁華日盛。時歐洲亟需香料，馬六甲盛產之，遂高價儥之耳。[[威尼斯]]嘗言：「奪馬六甲者，得歐洲之生計也。」由是可見列強早有奪其國之意。馬六甲朝凡八世，享國百十一年。西曆一五一一年亡於[[葡萄牙|葡]]艦隊。末王馬默沙嘗三襲[[葡萄牙|葡]]人不成，鬱鬱而終，遺二子。長子北上，建國于今馬來西亞半島霹靂河畔安順，曰霹靂。次子南下，建國于今馬來西亞半島柔佛河畔，曰柔佛。

=== 殖民期 ===
時柔佛君王欲復國，遂盟歐洲[[荷蘭|荷蘭國]]，圖侵馬六甲。公元一六四一年，[[荷蘭|荷]]軍攻克馬六甲，納為己土。俄越二百年，[[歐洲|歐]][[拿破崙戰爭]]始，[[荷蘭|荷]]危，遂交馬六甲予[[不列顛]]。[[不列顛]]乃殖民全馬來西亞半島。後得[[檳榔|檳榔島]]、[[馬六甲]]與[[星加坡|星加坡島]]，遂統三地為海峽殖民地；[[霹靂州|霹靂]]、[[雪蘭莪州|雪蘭莪]]、[[森美蘭州|森美蘭]]、[[彭亨州|彭亨]]四州合為馬來聯合邦；[[吉蘭丹州|吉蘭丹]]、[[登嘉樓州|登嘉樓]]、[[玻璃市]]、[[吉打州|吉打]]、[[柔佛州|柔佛]]五州並謂馬來屬邦。

西曆一九四一末，[[日本|日]]克吉蘭丹，俄而盡得馬來西亞半島，據之三年八月。西曆一九四五、[[日本|日]]降[[英國|英]]，[[英國|大英帝國]]繼治之十二年。及至西曆一九五七年八月三十一日，乃自立國，曰馬來亞聯合邦。

== 政區 ==
下設十三[[州]]、三[[聯邦直轄區]]。州下又有縣、省，縣下有[[巫金]]。

{{亞洲}}

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      <comment>[[用戶:Cewbot/log/20170915/configuration|生成議題列表：7個議題]]</comment>
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! data-sort-type=&quot;number&quot; | &lt;small&gt;序&lt;/small&gt; !! 💭 議題 !! data-sort-type=&quot;number&quot; | &lt;span title=&quot;議論數&quot;&gt;💬&lt;/span&gt; !! data-sort-type=&quot;number&quot; | &lt;small title=&quot;參議者數&quot;&gt;👥&lt;/small&gt; !! 🙋 末議者 !! data-sort-type=&quot;isoDate&quot; | &lt;span title=&quot;新易&quot;&gt;🕒 &lt;small&gt;(UTC+8)&lt;/small&gt;&lt;/span&gt;
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| data-sort-type=&quot;number&quot; data-sort-value=&quot;1&quot;  | 一
| [[維基大典:會館#天地玄黃列次文獻|天地玄黃列次文獻]]
| data-sort-type=&quot;number&quot; data-sort-value=&quot;4&quot;  | 四
| data-sort-type=&quot;number&quot; data-sort-value=&quot;3&quot;  | 三
| style=&quot;background-color: #ddd;&quot; | [[User:魔琴|魔琴]]
| style=&quot;background-color: #ddd;&quot; data-sort-type=&quot;isoDate&quot; data-sort-value=&quot;2025-06-27T20:58:00.000Z&quot; | 2025-06-28 &lt;span style=&quot;color: blue;&quot;&gt;04:58&lt;/span&gt;
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| [[維基大典:會館#大典新知|大典新知]]
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| data-sort-type=&quot;number&quot; data-sort-value=&quot;2&quot;  | 二
| style=&quot;background-color: #bbb;&quot; | [[User:Ericliu1912|Ericliu1912]]
| style=&quot;background-color: #bbb;&quot; data-sort-type=&quot;isoDate&quot; data-sort-value=&quot;2025-06-06T02:26:00.000Z&quot; | 2025-06-06 &lt;span style=&quot;color: blue;&quot;&gt;10:26&lt;/span&gt;
|-
| data-sort-type=&quot;number&quot; data-sort-value=&quot;3&quot;  | 三
| [[維基大典:會館#Fix_namespace_of_User|Fix namespace of User]]
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| data-sort-type=&quot;number&quot; data-sort-value=&quot;2&quot;  | 二
| style=&quot;background-color: #bbb;&quot; | [[User:WAN233|WAN233]]
| style=&quot;background-color: #bbb;&quot; data-sort-type=&quot;isoDate&quot; data-sort-value=&quot;2025-06-06T07:00:00.000Z&quot; | 2025-06-06 &lt;span style=&quot;color: blue;&quot;&gt;15:00&lt;/span&gt;
|-
| data-sort-type=&quot;number&quot; data-sort-value=&quot;4&quot;  | 四
| [[維基大典:會館#Vote_now_in_the_2025_U4C_Election|Vote now in the 2025 U4C Election]]
| style=&quot;background-color: #fcc;&quot; data-sort-type=&quot;number&quot; data-sort-value=&quot;1&quot;  | 一
| style=&quot;background-color: #fcc;&quot; data-sort-type=&quot;number&quot; data-sort-value=&quot;1&quot;  | 一
| style=&quot;background-color: #ddd;&quot; | [[User:Keegan (WMF)|Keegan (WMF)]]
| style=&quot;background-color: #ddd;&quot; data-sort-type=&quot;isoDate&quot; data-sort-value=&quot;2025-06-13T23:01:00.000Z&quot; | 2025-06-14 &lt;span style=&quot;color: blue;&quot;&gt;07:01&lt;/span&gt;
|-
| data-sort-type=&quot;number&quot; data-sort-value=&quot;5&quot;  | 五
| style=&quot;max-width: 24em&quot; | &lt;small&gt;[[維基大典:會館#Wikimedia_Foundation_Board_of_Trustees_2025_-_Call_for_Candidates|&lt;span lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;Wikimedia Foundation Board of Trustees 2025 - Call for Candidates&lt;/span&gt;]]&lt;/small&gt;
| style=&quot;background-color: #fcc;&quot; data-sort-type=&quot;number&quot; data-sort-value=&quot;1&quot;  | 一
| style=&quot;background-color: #fcc;&quot; data-sort-type=&quot;number&quot; data-sort-value=&quot;1&quot;  | 一
| style=&quot;background-color: #ddd;&quot; | [[User:MediaWiki message delivery|&lt;small style=&quot;word-wrap: break-word; word-break: break-all;&quot;&gt;MediaWiki message delivery&lt;/small&gt;]]
| style=&quot;background-color: #ddd;&quot; data-sort-type=&quot;isoDate&quot; data-sort-value=&quot;2025-06-17T17:44:00.000Z&quot; | 2025-06-18 &lt;span style=&quot;color: blue;&quot;&gt;01:44&lt;/span&gt;
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| data-sort-type=&quot;number&quot; data-sort-value=&quot;6&quot;  | 六
| [[維基大典:會館#台灣分會2025年6月對話時間|台灣分會2025年6月對話時間]]
| style=&quot;background-color: #fcc;&quot; data-sort-type=&quot;number&quot; data-sort-value=&quot;1&quot;  | 一
| style=&quot;background-color: #fcc;&quot; data-sort-type=&quot;number&quot; data-sort-value=&quot;1&quot;  | 一
| style=&quot;background-color: #ddd;&quot; | [[User:MediaWiki message delivery|&lt;small style=&quot;word-wrap: break-word; word-break: break-all;&quot;&gt;MediaWiki message delivery&lt;/small&gt;]]
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|-
| data-sort-type=&quot;number&quot; data-sort-value=&quot;7&quot;  | 七
| style=&quot;max-width: 24em&quot; | &lt;small&gt;[[維基大典:會館#Sister_Projects_Task_Force_reviews_Wikispore_and_Wikinews|&lt;span lang=&quot;zh&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;Sister Projects Task Force reviews Wikispore and Wikinews&lt;/span&gt;]]&lt;/small&gt;
| style=&quot;background-color: #fcc;&quot; data-sort-type=&quot;number&quot; data-sort-value=&quot;1&quot;  | 一
| style=&quot;background-color: #fcc;&quot; data-sort-type=&quot;number&quot; data-sort-value=&quot;1&quot;  | 一
| style=&quot;background-color: #ddd;&quot; | [[User:Victoria|Victoria]]
| style=&quot;background-color: #ddd;&quot; data-sort-type=&quot;isoDate&quot; data-sort-value=&quot;2025-06-27T20:57:00.000Z&quot; | 2025-06-28 &lt;span style=&quot;color: blue;&quot;&gt;04:57&lt;/span&gt;
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 |bodystyle    = 
 |titlestyle   = 
 |abovestyle = background:#cfc;
 |subheaderstyle =
 |above        = 發現之旅
 |imagestyle   = 
 |captionstyle = 
 |  image      = [[File:Découvertes Gallimard, séries avec des codes couleurs.jpg|330px]]&lt;br /&gt;[[File:Voyage d’exploration (book spines) Ⅰ.jpg|330px]]
 |caption      = 《發現之旅》一至十五卷
 | label1 = 原名
 |  data1 = {{lang|fr|Découvertes Gallimard}}
 |header2 = 
 | label2 = 國家
 |  data2 = [[File:Flag of France.svg|22px]] [[法國]]
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 | label3 = 文字
 |  data3 = [[法蘭西文]]
 |header4 = 
 | label4 = 類別
 |  data4 = [[百科全書]]
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 | label5 = 題材
 |  data5 = [[人文學]]
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 |  data6 = [[File:Flag of France.svg|22px]] [[加利瑪出版社]]&lt;br /&gt;{{flagicon|ROC}} [[時報文化]]
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 |  data7 = [[File:Flag of France.svg|22px]] 一九八六年至今&lt;br /&gt;{{flagicon|ROC}} [[一九九四年|民國八十三年]]至[[二〇〇六年|民國九十五年]]
 |header8 =
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《'''發現之旅'''》{{按|[[法文]]：Découvertes Gallimard，中譯本別名：Voyage D'exploration}}，法文[[百科全書]]，西元一九八六年十一月二十一日首刊，凡十二卷。迄今合外傳凡七百卷有奇。印以銅紙，便擕，圖文並茂，色澤鮮麗，有類袖珍圖鑒。編輯凡五百有二人，皆各科菁英。&lt;ref name=Découvertes&gt;{{Cite web |址=http://www.gallimard.fr/Divers/Plus-sur-la-collection/Decouvertes-Gallimard/(sourcenode)/116085 |題=Collection Découvertes Gallimard |存址=gallimard.fr |引月日=十月八日 |引年=二〇一七年 |存日=二〇一六年一月 |language=法蘭西語}}&lt;/ref&gt;

[[一九九四年|民國八十三年]]，[[中華民國|臺灣]][[時報文化]]首刊中譯本，&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |址=http://www.readingtimes.com.tw/ReadingTimes/ProductPage.aspx?gp=productdetail&amp;cid=mcea(SellItems)&amp;id=XB0001 |題=文字與書寫(XB0001)──思想的符號 |存址=readingtimes.com.tw |引月日=十月八日 |引年=二〇一七年 |存日=一九九四年五月三十一日}}&lt;/ref&gt;越十一年，凡八十一卷。

== 評論 ==
* [[法蘭西]]週刊《[[電視全覽]]》{{按|{{lang|fr|''Télérama''}}}}讚曰：「合[[影視]]之懸疑與[[新聞]]之效率，以[[文學]]予其氣質，藝術增其華美。」&lt;ref name=Découvertes /&gt;
* 時報編輯曹慧評云：「一冊一主題，一書一世界。」&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |址=http://www.readingtimes.com.tw/ReadingTimes/ProductPage.aspx?gp=productdetail&amp;cid=mcef(SellItems)&amp;id=XB077A |題=發現之旅-經典建築四書(XB077A)：【編者序】|著=曹慧 |存址=readingtimes.com.tw |引月日=十月十二日 |引年=二〇一七年 |存日=二〇〇五年七月十八日}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== 述華夏斯文者 ==

* 卷五十三《[http://www.gallimard.fr/Catalogue/GALLIMARD/Decouvertes-Gallimard/Decouvertes-Gallimard/Histoire/Marco-Polo-et-la-route-de-la-soie {{lang|fr|Marco Polo et la Route de la Soie}}]》，{{lang|fr|Jean-Pierre Drège}}著，一九八九年出版，ISBN 9782070530762。（中譯本卷四《[[絲綢之路]]：東方和西方的交流傳奇》，吳岳添譯；他語本：德文、荷蘭文、西班牙文、葡萄牙文、義大利文、俄羅斯文、日文、韓文）
* 卷三〇三《[http://www.gallimard.fr/Catalogue/GALLIMARD/Decouvertes-Gallimard/Decouvertes-Gallimard/Histoire/La-Cite-interdite-des-Fils-du-Ciel {{lang|fr|La Cité interdite des Fils du Ciel}}]》，{{lang|fr|Gilles Béguin}}、{{lang|fr|Dominique Morel}}著，一九九六年出版，ISBN 9782070533954。（[[簡化字]]中譯本卷八十九《[[紫禁城]]》，李聖雲譯；他語本：英文、義大利文、俄羅斯文、斯洛維尼亞文、韓文）
* 卷三六〇《[http://www.gallimard.fr/Catalogue/GALLIMARD/Decouvertes-Gallimard/Decouvertes-Gallimard/Archeologie/La-redecouverte-de-la-Chine-ancienne {{lang|fr|La redécouverte de la Chine ancienne}}]》（再探中華文明史），{{lang|fr|Corinne Debaine-Francfort}}著，一九九八年出版，ISBN 9782070391738。（中譯本：無；他語本：英文、瑞典文、義大利文、俄羅斯文、土耳其文、日文、韓文）
* 卷三八五《[http://www.gallimard.fr/Catalogue/GALLIMARD/Decouvertes-Gallimard/Decouvertes-Gallimard/Religions/Les-Religions-extreme-orientales {{lang|fr|Les religions extrême-orientales}}]》（東亞佛法錄），{{lang|fr|Odon Vallet}}著，一九九九年出版，ISBN 2070526615。（中譯本：無；他語本：無）
* 卷四四〇《[http://www.gallimard.fr/Catalogue/GALLIMARD/Decouvertes-Gallimard/Decouvertes-Gallimard/Religions/Confucius {{lang|fr|Confucius : Des mots en action}}]》（[[孔子]]：克己復禮），{{lang|fr|Danielle Élisseeff}}著，二〇〇三年出版，ISBN 9782070429943。（中譯本：無；他語本：羅馬尼亞文）
* 卷四四七《[http://www.gallimard.fr/Catalogue/GALLIMARD/Decouvertes-Gallimard/Decouvertes-Gallimard/Culture-et-societe/France-Chine {{lang|fr|France - Chine : Quand deux mondes se rencontrent}}]》，{{lang|fr|Muriel Détrie}}著，二〇〇四年出版，ISBN 2070313085。（簡化字中譯本卷七十八《法國—中國：兩個世界的碰撞》，余磊、朱志平譯；他語本：無）
* 卷五五八《[http://www.gallimard.fr/Catalogue/GALLIMARD/Decouvertes-Gallimard/Decouvertes-Gallimard/Religions/Le-Taoisme {{lang|fr|Le Taoïsme : La révélation continue}}]》（[[道教]]：天人合一與不死之身），{{lang|fr|Vincent Goossaert}}、{{lang|fr|Caroline Gyss}}著，二〇一〇年出版，ISBN 9782070436538。（中譯本：無；他語本：日文）

== 中譯本一覽 ==
{| border=&quot;1&quot; cellspacing=&quot;0&quot; cellpadding=&quot;5&quot; align=&quot;center&quot; width=&quot;95%&quot;
! 卷數
! 白話文譯名
! 法文原名
! 作者
! 譯者
! 系列
! 發行日
! 國際標準書號
|-----
| 壹
| [[文字]]與書寫：思想的符號
| {{lang|fr|''L'écriture, mémoire des hommes''}}
| {{lang|fr|Georges Jean}}
| 曹錦淸、馬振騁
| 文字與創作
| 一九九四年五月三十一日
| ISBN 9571311537
|- {{grey row}}
| 貳
| [[古埃及]]探祕：尼羅河畔的金字塔世界
| {{lang|fr|''À la recherche de l'Égypte oubliée''}}
| {{lang|fr|Jean Vercoutter}}
| 吳岳添
| 考古世界
| 一九九四年五月三十一日
| ISBN 9571311618
|-----
| 叄
| [[古希臘|希臘]]的誕生：燦爛的古典文明
| {{lang|fr|''La Naissance de la Grèce : Des Rois aux Cités''}}
| {{lang|fr|Pierre Lévêque}}
| 王鵬、陳祚敏
| 考古世界
| 一九九四年五月三十一日
| ISBN 9571311626
|- {{grey row}}
| 肆
| [[絲綢之路]]：東方和西方的交流傳奇
| {{lang|fr|''Marco Polo et la Route de la Soie''}}
| {{lang|fr|Jean-Pierre Drège}}
| 吳岳添
| 古文明巡禮
| 一九九四年三月十日
| ISBN 9571309516
|-----
| 伍
| [[哥倫布]]：大西洋的海軍元帥
| {{lang|fr|''Christophe Colomb : Amiral de la mer Océane''}}
| {{lang|fr|Michel Lequenne}}
| 顧嘉琛
| 領航者
| 一九九四年三月十日
| ISBN 9571310360
|- {{grey row}}
| 陸
| [[梵谷]]：磨難中的熱情
| {{lang|fr|''Van Gogh : Le soleil en face''}}
| {{lang|fr|Pascal Bonafoux}}
| 張南星
| 藝術大師的生命繪本
| 一九九四年五月三十一日
| ISBN 9789571311302
|-----
| 柒
| [[貝多芬]]：完成生命的意志
| {{lang|fr|''Beethoven : La force de l'absolu''}}
| {{lang|fr|Philippe Autexier}}
| 周克希
| 音樂之旅
| 一九九四年三月十日
| ISBN 9571309818
|- {{grey row}}
| 捌
| [[馬雅文明|馬雅古城]]：湮沒在森林裡的奇蹟
| {{lang|fr|''Les cités perdues des Mayas''}}
| {{lang|fr|Sydney Picasso,}} {{lang|fr|Claude-François Baudez}}
| 馬振騁
| 考古世界
| 一九九四年五月三十一日
| ISBN 9571311332
|-----
| 玖
| 星空：諸神的花園
| {{lang|fr|''Le ciel, ordre et désordre''}}
| {{lang|fr|Jean-Pierre Verdet}}
| 徐和瑾
| 天空密碼
| 一九九四年五月三十一日
| ISBN 9571311545
|- {{grey row}}
| 拾
| [[鯨魚]]生與死：海上帝王的生命之歌
| {{lang|fr|''Vie et mort des baleines''}}
| {{lang|fr|Yves Cohat}}
| 蔡鴻濱
| 自然奧祕
| 一九九四年五月三十一日
| ISBN 9789571310831
|-----
| 拾壹
| [[莫札特]]：樂神的愛子
| {{lang|fr|''Mozart : Aimé des dieux''}}
| {{lang|fr|Michel Parouty}}
| 張容
| 音樂之旅
| 一九九四年十二月三十一日
| ISBN 9571314676
|- {{grey row}}
| 拾貳
| [[羅丹]]：激情的形體思想家
| {{lang|fr|''Rodin : Les mains du génie''}}
| {{lang|fr|Hélène Pinet}}
| 周克希
| 藝術大師的生命繪本
| 一九九四年十二月三十一日
| ISBN 9571312207
|-----
| 拾叄
| 向極地挑戰：難以抗拒的吸引力
| {{lang|fr|''Le grand défi des pôles''}}
| {{lang|fr|Bertrand Imbert}}
| 郝運
| 探險與挑戰
| 一九九四年十二月三十一日
| ISBN 9571315389
|- {{grey row}}
| 拾肆
| [[化石]]：洪荒世界的印記
| {{lang|fr|''Les fossiles, empreinte des mondes disparus''}}
| {{lang|fr|Yvette Gayrard-Valy}}
| 鄭克魯
| 自然奧祕
| 一九九四年十二月三十一日
| ISBN 9789571315447
|-----
|  拾伍
| [[亞馬遜雨林]]：人間最後的伊甸園
| {{lang|fr|''L'Amazone, un géant blessé''}}
| {{lang|fr|Alain Gheerbrant}}
| 何敬業
| 探險與挑戰
| 一九九四年十二月三十一日
| ISBN 9571315567
|- {{grey row}}
| 拾陸
| 南[[太平洋]]征旅：航海家的冒險樂園
| {{lang|fr|''Sur des mers inconnues : Bougainville, Cook, Lapérouse''}}
| {{lang|fr|Étienne Taillemite}}
| [[桂裕芳]]
| 探險與挑戰
| 一九九五年二月二十日
| ISBN 9571315664
|-----
| 拾柒
| [[西格蒙德·佛洛伊德|佛洛伊德]]：科學時代的解夢師
| {{lang|fr|''Sigmund Freud : « Un tragique à l'âge de la science »''}}
| {{lang|fr|Pierre Babin}}
| 黃發典
| 領航者
| 一九九五年三月十日
| ISBN 9571316156
|- {{grey row}}
| 拾捌
| 創世紀：[[大霹靂|宇宙的生成]]
| {{lang|fr|''Le destin de l'univers : Le big bang, et après''}}
| {{lang|vi|Trịnh Xuân Thuận}}
| 劉自強
| 天空密碼
| 一九九五年二月二十日
| ISBN 9571315737
|-----
| 拾玖
| [[牛頓]]：天體力學的新紀元
| {{lang|fr|''Newton et la mécanique céleste''}}
| {{lang|fr|Jean-Pierre Maury}}
| 林成勤
| 領航者
| 一九九五年三月十日
| ISBN 9571315834
|- {{grey row}}
| 貳拾
| [[恐龍]]：失去的[[侏羅紀]]王國
| {{lang|fr|''Le monde perdu des dinosaures''}}
| {{lang|fr|Jean-Guy Michard}}
| 萬美君
| 自然奧祕
| 一九九五年三月十日
| ISBN 9789571315829
|-----
| 貳拾壹
| [[吸血鬼]]：暗夜裡尋找生命
| {{lang|fr|''Sang pour sang : Le réveil des vampires''}}
| {{lang|fr|Jean Marigny}}
| 吳岳添
| 大千世界
| 一九九五年八月十五日
| ISBN 9571317241
|- {{grey row}}
| 貳拾貳
| [[莫內]]：捕捉光與色彩的瞬間
| {{lang|fr|''Monet : « un œil... mais, bon Dieu, quel œil ! »''}}
| {{lang|fr|Sylvie Patin}}
| 張容
| 藝術大師的生命繪本
| 一九九五年八月十五日
| ISBN 9571317500
|-----
| 貳拾叄
| [[甘地]]：神聖的騾子
| {{lang|fr|''Gandhi : Athlète de la liberté''}}
| {{lang|fr|Catherine Clément}}
| 施康強
| 領航者
| 一九九五年八月十五日
| ISBN 9571317721
|- {{grey row}}
| 貳拾肆
| [[龐貝]]：掩埋在地下的榮華
| {{lang|fr|''Pompéi : La cité ensevelie''}}
| {{lang|fr|Robert Étienne}}
| 王振孫
| 考古世界
| 一九九五年八月十五日
| ISBN 9571317780
|-----
| 貳拾伍
| [[維京人]]：強盜與水手
| {{lang|fr|''Les Vikings, rois des mers''}}
| {{lang|fr|Yves Cohat}}
| 張容
| 民族的驕傲
| 一九九五年八月十五日
| ISBN 9571317772
|- {{grey row}}
| 貳拾陸
| [[林布蘭]]：陰影中的亮光
| {{lang|fr|''Rembrandt : Le clair, l'obscur''}}
| {{lang|fr|Pascal Bonafoux}}
| 王鵬、陳祚敏
| 藝術大師的生命繪本
| 一九九六年一月十五日
| ISBN 9571318884
|-----
| 貳拾柒
| [[古羅馬|羅馬]]考古：永恆之城重現
| {{lang|fr|''À la recherche de la Rome antique''}}
| {{lang|fr|Claude Moatti}}
| 鄭克魯
| 考古世界
| 一九九六年一月十五日
| ISBN 9571319171
|- {{grey row}}
| 貳拾捌
| [[阿茲特克]]：太陽與血的民族
| {{lang|fr|''Le destin brisé de l'empire aztèque''}}
| {{lang|fr|Serge Gruzinski}}
| 馬振騁
| 考古世界
| 一九九六年一月十九日
| ISBN 9571319198
|-----
| 貳拾玖
| [[火山]]：大地之怒
| {{lang|fr|''Les feux de la terre : Histoires de volcans''}}
| {{lang|fr|Maurice Krafft}}
| 王振孫
| 自然奧祕
| 一九九六年二月十五日
| ISBN 9571319589
|- {{grey row}}
| 叄拾
| [[十字軍東征]]：以[[耶路撒冷]]之名
| {{lang|fr|''L'Orient des Croisades''}}
| {{lang|fr|Georges Tate}}
| 吳岳添
| 民族的驕傲
| 一九九六年五月二十日
| ISBN 9571319813
|-----
| 叄拾壹
| [[美國印第安人|印第安人]]：紅皮膚的大地
| {{lang|fr|''La terre des Peaux-Rouges''}}
| {{lang|fr|Philippe Jacquin}}
| [[余中先]]
| 民族的驕傲
| 一九九六年五月三十日
| ISBN 9571320390
|- {{grey row}}
| 叄拾貳
| 非洲探險：黑色大陸的秘密
| {{lang|fr|''L'Afrique des explorateurs : Vers les sources du Nil''}}
| {{lang|fr|Anne Hugon}}
| 王文融
| 探險與挑戰
| 一九九六年六月二十日
| ISBN 9571320552
|-----
| 叄拾叄
| [[羅特列克]]：浮世剪影
| {{lang|fr|''Toulouse-Lautrec : Les lumières de la nuit''}}
| {{lang|fr|Claire Frèches,}} {{lang|fr|José Frèches}}
| 馬振騁
| 藝術大師的生命繪本
| 一九九六年七月二十日
| ISBN 9571320854
|- {{grey row}}
| 叄拾肆
| [[亞歷山大大帝]]：在版圖的最前線
| {{lang|fr|''De la Grèce à l'Orient : Alexandre le Grand''}}
| {{lang|fr|Pierre Briant}}
| 吳岳添
| 領航者
| 一九九六年九月二十日
| ISBN 9571321397
|-----
| 叄拾伍
| [[伽利略]]：揭開月亮的面紗
| {{lang|fr|''Galilée : Le messager des étoiles''}}
| {{lang|fr|Jean-Pierre Maury}}
| 金志平
| 領航者
| 一九九六年十月二十日
| ISBN 9571321710
|- {{grey row}}
| 叄拾陸
| [[大象]]：世界的支柱
| {{lang|fr|''Les Éléphants, piliers du monde''}}
| {{lang|fr|Robert Delort}}
| 蔡鴻濱
| 自然奧祕
| 一九九六年十一月二十日
| ISBN 9571321850
|-----
| 叄拾柒
| [[莎士比亞]]：人間大舞台
| {{lang|fr|''Shakespeare : Comme il vous plaira''}}
| {{lang|fr|François Laroque}}
| 施康強
| 文字與創作
| 一九九七年三月二十七日
| ISBN 9571321079
|- {{grey row}}
| 叄拾捌
| [[塞尙]]：強大而孤獨
| {{lang|fr|''Cézanne : « Puissant et solitaire »''}}
| {{lang|fr|Michel Hoog}}
| 林志明
| 藝術大師的生命繪本
| 一九九七年二月二十日
| ISBN 9789571322407
|-----
| 叄拾玖
| [[高更]]：我心中的野性
| {{lang|fr|''Gauguin : « Ce malgré moi de sauvage »''}}
| {{lang|fr|Françoise Cachin}}
| 廖素珊
| 藝術大師的生命繪本
| 一九九七年二月三日
| ISBN 9571322377
|- {{grey row}}
| 肆拾
| [[雷諾瓦]]：必須美化 
| {{lang|fr|''Renoir : « Il faut embellir »''}}
| {{lang|fr|Anne Distel}}
| 郭維雄、戴麗娟、葉曉芍
| 藝術大師的生命繪本
| 一九九七年二月二十八日
| ISBN 9789571322438
|-----
| 肆拾壹
| [[竇加]]：舞影爛漫
| {{lang|fr|''Degas : « Je voudrais être illustre et inconnu »''}}
| {{lang|fr|Henri Loyrette}}
| 吳靜宜
| 藝術大師的生命繪本
| 一九九七年三月一日
| ISBN 9571322563
|- {{grey row}}
| 肆拾貳
| [[巴哈]]：世人稱頌的樂長
| {{lang|fr|''Magnificat : Jean-Sébastien Bach, le cantor''}}
| {{lang|fr|Paule du Bouchet}}
| 劉君強、蔡鴻濱
| 音樂之旅
| 一九九七年九月二十日
| ISBN 9571323799
|-----
| 肆拾叄
| [[愛因斯坦]]：思考的樂趣
| {{lang|fr|''Einstein : La joie de la pensée''}}
| {{lang|fr|Françoise Balibar}}
| 陳開基
| 領航者
| 一九九七年九月二十日
| ISBN 9571323829
|- {{grey row}}
| 肆拾肆
| [[釋迦牟尼|佛陀]]：照耀衆生的世界之光
| {{lang|fr|''La sagesse du Bouddha''}}
| {{lang|fr|Jean Boisselier}}
| 蕭淑君
| 領航者
| 一九九七年九月三十日
| ISBN 9571324140
|-----
| 肆拾伍
| [[女巫]]：[[撒旦]]的情人
| {{lang|fr|''Les sorcières : Fiancées de Satan''}}
| {{lang|fr|Jean-Michel Sallmann}}
| 馬振騁
| 大千世界
| 一九九八年八月二十五日
| ISBN 9571324922
|- {{grey row}}
| 肆拾陸
| [[新石器時代]]：世界最早的農民
| {{lang|fr|''Au Néolithique : Les premiers paysans du monde''}}
| {{lang|fr|Catherine Louboutin}}
| 張容
| 考古世界
| 一九九八年九月一日
| ISBN 9571326607
|-----
| 肆拾柒
| [[畢卡索]]：新畫派的宗師
| {{lang|fr|''Picasso : Le sage et le fou''}}
| {{lang|fr|Marie-Laure Bernadac,}} {{lang|fr|Paule du Bouchet}}
| 葉曉芍、古瑛芝
| 藝術大師的生命繪本
| 一九九八年九月二十二日
| ISBN 9571326674
|- {{grey row}}
| 肆拾捌
| 世界花園
| {{lang|fr|''Tous les jardins du monde''}}
| {{lang|nl|Gabrielle van Zuylen}}
| 幽石
| 自然奧祕
| 一九九八年十月十三日
| ISBN 957132714X
|-----
| 肆拾玖
| [[氣象學]]
| {{lang|fr|''Pleuvra, pleuvra pas : La météo au gré du temps''}}
| {{lang|fr|René Chaboud}}
| 雷淑芬
| 天空密碼
| 一九九九年五月十日
| ISBN 9789571327334
|- {{grey row}}
| 伍拾
| [[搖滾]]年代
| {{lang|fr|''L'âge du rock''}}
| {{lang|fr|Alain Dister}}
| 黃伯逸
| 音樂之旅
| 一九九九年五月十日
| ISBN 9571327557
|-----
| 伍拾壹
| 羅馬人
| {{lang|fr|''Nos ancêtres les Romains''}}
| {{lang|fr|Roger Hanoune,}} {{lang|fr|John Scheid}}
| 黃雪霞
| 民族的驕傲
| 一九九九年五月十日
| ISBN 9571328650
|- {{grey row}}
| 伍拾貳
| 鏡子：美的歷史
| {{lang|fr|''Miroir, mon beau miroir : Une Histoire de la beauté''}}
| {{lang|fr|Dominique Paquet}}
| 楊啓嵐
| 大千世界
| 一九九九年五月十七日
| ISBN 9789571328706
|-----
| 伍拾叄
| [[馬內]]：「我畫我看到的！」
| {{lang|fr|''Manet : « J'ai fait ce que j'ai vu »''}}
| {{lang|fr|Françoise Cachin}}
| 李瑞媛
| 藝術大師的生命繪本
| 二〇〇一年七月二十六日
| ISBN 9789571334264
|- {{grey row}}
| 伍拾肆
| [[華格納]]：世界終極的歌劇
| {{lang|fr|''Richard Wagner : L'opéra de la fin du monde''}}
| {{lang|fr|Philippe Godefroid}}
| 周克希
| 音樂之旅
| 二〇〇一年八月七日
| ISBN 9571333298
|-----
| 伍拾伍
| [[米羅]]：星宿畫家
| {{lang|fr|''Joan Miró : Le peintre aux étoiles''}}
| {{lang|ca|Glòria Lolivier-Rahola,}} {{lang|ca|Joan Punyet-Miró}}
| 李桂蜜
| 藝術大師的生命繪本
| 二〇〇一年八月十三日
| ISBN 9571334243
|- {{grey row}}
| 伍拾陸
| [[拿破崙]]：「我的雄心壯志」
| {{lang|fr|''Napoléon : « Mon ambition était grande »''}}
| {{lang|fr|Thierry Lentz}}
| 馬向陽
| 領航者
| 二〇〇一年九月六日
| ISBN 9571334790
|-----
| 伍拾柒
| [[海明威]]：傷痕累累的文學老兵
| {{lang|fr|''Hemingway : Portrait de l'artiste en guerrier blessé''}}
| {{lang|en|Jerome Charyn}}
| 陳麗卿
| 文字與創作
| 二〇〇一年十一月三十日
| ISBN 9571335312
|- {{grey row}}
| 伍拾捌
| [[普魯斯特]]：建構時光大教堂
| {{lang|fr|''Marcel Proust : La cathédrale du temps''}}
| {{lang|fr|Jean-Yves Tadié}}
| 詹嫦月
| 文字與創作
| 二〇〇一年十二月二十一日
| ISBN 9571335584
|-----
| 伍拾玖
| [[數|數字]]王國：世界共通的語言
| {{lang|fr|''L'empire des nombres''}}
| {{lang|fr|Denis Guedj}}
| 雷淑芬、張傳慧
| 大千世界
| 二〇〇二年一月二十二日
| ISBN 9571335800
|- {{grey row}}
| 陸拾
| [[卓別林]]：笑淚交織的粉墨人生
| {{lang|fr|''Charlot : Entre rire et larme''}}
| {{lang|en|David Robinson}}
| 葛智強
| 音樂之旅{{small|（分類誤）}}
| 二〇〇二年三月十二日
| ISBN 9571336041
|-----
| 陸拾壹
| [[夏卡爾]]：醉心夢幻意象
| {{lang|fr|''Chagall : Ivre d'images''}}
| {{lang|fr|Daniel Marchesseau}}
| 周夢羆
| 藝術大師的生命繪本
| 二〇〇二年四月二十九日
| ISBN 9789571336343
|- {{grey row}}
| 陸拾貳
| [[安東尼·高第|高第]]：創造幻象的建築詩人
| {{lang|fr|''Gaudí : Bâtisseur visionnaire''}}
| {{lang|fr|Philippe Thiébaut}}
| 陳麗卿
| 藝術大師的生命繪本
| 二〇〇二年六月二十一日
| ISBN 9571336769
|-----
| 陸拾叄
| [[達文西]]：科學與藝術天才
| {{lang|fr|''Léonard de Vinci : Art et science de l'univers''}}
| {{lang|it|Alessandro Vezzosi}}
| 陳麗卿
| 藝術大師的生命繪本
| 二〇〇二年八月七日
| ISBN 957133717X
|- {{grey row}}
| 陸拾肆
| [[鑽石]]與[[寶石]]：永恆的印記
| {{lang|fr|''Diamants et pierres précieuses''}}
| {{lang|fr|Patrick Voillot}}
| 顏湘如
| 大千世界
| 二〇〇二年九月十八日
| ISBN 957133751X
|-----
| 陸拾伍
| [[馬諦斯]]：揮灑絢麗色彩
| {{lang|fr|''Matisse : « Une splendeur inouïe »''}}
| {{lang|fr|Xavier Girard}}
| 陳太乙
| 藝術大師的生命繪本
| 二〇〇二年十一月十三日
| ISBN 9571337919
|- {{grey row}}
| 陸拾陸
| [[埃及豔后]]：女法老王克麗歐佩脫拉
| {{lang|fr|''Cléopâtre, vie et mort d'un pharaon''}}
| {{lang|fr|Édith Flamarion}}
| 楊智淸
| 古文明巡禮
| 二〇〇三年八月二十日
| ISBN 9571339393
|-----
| 陸拾柒
| [[木乃伊]]：邁向永恆之旅
| {{lang|fr|''Les momies : Un voyage dans l'éternité''}}
| {{lang|fr|Françoise Dunand,}} {{lang|fr|Roger Lichtenberg}}
| 顏湘如
| 古文明巡禮
| 二〇〇三年八月二十日
| ISBN 9571339385
|- {{grey row}}
| 陸拾捌
| 埃及學家[[商博良]]：破解古埃及文的天才
| {{lang|fr|''Champollion : Un scribe pour l'Égypte''}}
| {{lang|fr|Michel Dewachter}}
| 呂淑蓉
| 古文明巡禮
| 二〇〇三年八月十三日
| ISBN 9571339377
|-----
| 陸拾玖
| [[拉美西斯二世]]：最偉大的法老王
| {{lang|fr|''Ramsès II : Souverain des souverains''}}
| {{lang|fr|Bernadette Menu}}
| 周明佳
| 古文明巡禮
| 二〇〇三年八月二十日
| ISBN 9571339369
|- {{grey row}}
| 柒拾
| [[印加國|印加文明]]：太陽的子民
| {{lang|fr|''Les Incas : Peuple du Soleil''}}
| {{lang|fr|Carmen Bernand}}
| 楊智淸
| 古文明巡禮
| 二〇〇三年八月二十日
| ISBN 9571339350
|-----
| 柒拾壹
| [[吳哥窟]]：失落的石頭之林
| {{lang|fr|''Angkor : La forêt de pierre''}}
| {{lang|fr|Bruno Dagens}}
| 馬向陽
| 古文明巡禮
| 二〇〇三年八月二十日
| ISBN 9571339342
|- {{grey row}}
| 柒拾貳
| [[拜占庭帝國|拜占庭]]：燦爛的黃金時代
| {{lang|fr|''Tout l'or de Byzance''}}
| {{lang|fr|Michel Kaplan}}
| 呂淑蓉
| 古文明巡禮
| 二〇〇三年八月二十日
| ISBN 9571339334
|-----
| 柒拾叄
| [[美索不達米亞]]：兩河流域的文明曙光
| {{lang|fr|''Il était une fois la Mésopotamie''}}
| {{lang|fr|Marie-Joseph Stève,}} {{lang|fr|Jean Bottéro}}
| 馬向陽
| 古文明巡禮
| 二〇〇三年八月二十日
| ISBN 9571339326
|- {{grey row}}
| 柒拾肆
| 彩繪[[大教堂]]：中世紀的建築工事
| {{lang|fr|''Quand les cathédrales étaient peintes''}}
| {{lang|fr|Alain Erlande-Brandenburg}}
| 陳麗卿
| 藝術大師的生命繪本
| 二〇〇五年七月二十五日
| ISBN 9571343358
|-----
| 柒拾伍
| [[文藝復興]]建築：從[[布魯內列斯基]]到[[帕拉底歐]]
| {{lang|fr|''La Renaissance de l'architecture, de Brunelleschi à Palladio''}}
| {{lang|fr|Bertrand Jestaz}}
| 楊幸蘋
| 藝術大師的生命繪本
| 二〇〇五年七月二十五日
| ISBN 957134334X
|- {{grey row}}
| 柒拾陸
| [[巴洛克建築]]：1600至1750年的華麗風格
| {{lang|fr|''L'illusion baroque : L'architecture entre 1600 et 1750''}}
| {{lang|fr|Frédéric Dassas}}
| 陳麗卿、蔣若蘭
| 藝術大師的生命繪本
| 二〇〇五年七月二十五日
| ISBN 9571343331
|-----
| 柒拾柒
| [[柯比意]]：現代建築奇才
| {{lang|fr|''Le Corbusier : L'architecture pour émouvoir''}}
| {{lang|fr|Jean Jenger}}
| 李淳慧
| 藝術大師的生命繪本
| 二〇〇五年七月二十五日
| ISBN 9571343323
|- {{grey row}}
| 柒拾捌
| [[聖修伯里]]：永遠的小王子
| {{lang|fr|''Saint-Exupéry : L'archange et l'écrivain''}}
| {{lang|fr|Nathalie des Vallières}}
| 顏湘如
| 文字與創作
| 二〇〇五年十二月十九日
| ISBN 9571344141
|-----
| 柒拾玖
| [[凡爾納]]：追求進步的夢想家
| {{lang|fr|''Jules Verne : Le rêve du progrès''}}
| {{lang|fr|Jean-Paul Dekiss}}
| 馬向陽
| 文字與創作
| 二〇〇五年十二月十九日
| ISBN 957134415X
|- {{grey row}}
| 捌拾
| [[哥雅]]：既華美浪漫又殘酷寫實
| {{lang|fr|''Goya d'or et de sang''}}
| {{lang|fr|Jeannine Baticle}}
| 廖慧貞
| 藝術大師的生命繪本
| 二〇〇六年二月二十日
| ISBN 9571344389
|-----
| 捌拾壹
| [[薩爾瓦多·達利|達利]]：超現實主義狂想天才
| {{lang|fr|''Dalí : Le Grand Paranoïaque''}}
| {{lang|fr|Jean-Louis Gaillemin}}
| 楊智淸
| 藝術大師的生命繪本
| 二〇〇六年二月二十日
| ISBN 9571344397
|}

== 引據 ==
{{reflist}}

== 他典 ==
{{共享|Category:Découvertes Gallimard|加利瑪發現文庫}}
* [http://www.decouvertes-gallimard.com 官方網站] {{Fr}}
* [http://blog.udn.com/jason080/760828 【法國】加利瑪的「發現」之旅] {{Zh-tw}}
* [http://shann.idv.tw/Lite/book/Galileo.html 《伽利略》讀後感 — 單維彰的私人書評] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210629070540/http://shann.idv.tw/Lite/book/Galileo.html |date=2021-06-29 }} {{Zh-tw}}
* [http://shann.idv.tw/Lite/book/meteo.html 《氣象學》讀後感 — 單維彰的私人書評] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210629075523/http://shann.idv.tw/Lite/book/meteo.html |date=2021-06-29 }} {{Zh-tw}}
* [http://shann.idv.tw/Lite/book/mirror.html 《鏡子：美的歷史》— 單維彰的私人書評] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210629070545/http://shann.idv.tw/Lite/book/mirror.html |date=2021-06-29 }} {{Zh-tw}}
* [http://amenra0131.pixnet.net/blog/post/4289419-%E5%8F%A4%E4%BB%A3%E6%96%87%E6%98%8E%E6%8E%A8%E8%96%A6%E6%9B%B8%E7%9B%AE(2)%EF%BC%9A%E5%8F%A4%E5%9F%83%E5%8F%8A%E6%8E%A2%E7%A7%98%EF%BC%9A%E5%B0%BC%E7%BE%85%E6%B2%B3%E7%95%94 古代文明推薦書目(2)：《古埃及探祕：尼羅河畔的金字塔世界》— 邱建一] {{Zh-tw}}

[[Category:百科全書]]</text>
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-- [[user:WAN233|&lt;span style=&quot;color: #007FFF;&quot;&gt;启明&lt;/span&gt;]][[user talk:WAN233|(留言)]] 二〇二三年五月二一日 （日） 〇五時四一分 (UTC)</text>
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-- [[user:WAN233|&lt;span style=&quot;color: #007FFF;&quot;&gt;启明&lt;/span&gt;]][[user talk:WAN233|(留言)]] 二〇二五年七月六日 （日） 一二時五八分 (UTC)</text>
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-- [[用戶:Itsmine|孔明居士]] ([[用戶討論:Itsmine|對話]]) 二〇二五年七月六日 （日） 一四時一四分 (UTC)</text>
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-- [[用戶:Itsmine|孔明居士]] ([[用戶討論:Itsmine|對話]]) 二〇二五年七月六日 （日） 一四時四〇分 (UTC)</text>
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-- [[用戶:Davidzdh|&lt;font color=&quot;#008B8B&quot;&gt;关山&lt;/font&gt;]] ([[User talk:Davidzdh|修書]]) 二〇二五年七月六日 （日） 一四時四二分 (UTC)</text>
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-- [[user:WAN233|&lt;span style=&quot;color: #007FFF;&quot;&gt;启明&lt;/span&gt;]][[user talk:WAN233|(留言)]] 二〇二五年七月六日 （日） 一五時〇四分 (UTC)</text>
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|圖   =[[File:JQA Photo Crop (cropped).jpg|180px]]
|稱號 =美利堅合眾國總統
|姓名 =約翰·昆西·亞當斯
|廟號 =
|諡號 =
|陵墓 =[[麻薩諸塞州]] [[w:zh:布倫特里|布倫特里]]
|政權 =[[美利堅]]
|生卒 =[[西元]][[一七六七年]]七月十一日&lt;br&gt;至[[一八四八年]]二月廿三日
|在位 =[[西元]][[一八二五年]]三月四日&lt;br&gt;至[[一八二九年]]三月四日
|年號 =
|先君 =[[w:zh:詹姆斯·門羅|門羅]]
|嗣君 =[[安德魯·傑克遜|傑克遜]]
}}

'''約翰·昆西·亞當斯''' {{按|[[英文]] John Quincy Adams}}，[[美利堅]]人。[[西元]][[一七六七年]]七月十一日，誕於[[麻薩諸塞州|麻薩諸塞]]。父[[老亞當斯|約翰]]，家貲厚，嘗事[[華盛頓]]為副座，加官至[[美國總統|總統]]；妣曰[[w:zh:阿比蓋爾·亞當斯|阿比蓋爾]]，孕子六，昆西居其次。少穎悟，六歲能識[[拉丁文|拉丁]]，方十歲，從父出使[[歐洲]]，博聞[[英國|英]]、[[法國|法]]、[[荷蘭]]各國政制，乃明習交涉、通商技藝。[[一七八五年|年十八]]，登[[哈佛大學|哈佛書院]]，擢優等，卒業。[[一七九四年]]，命駐荷蘭全權公使，時年廿七也。昆西辭令清亮，氣度閎然，為外人所推重，未幾，調使[[w:zh:俄羅斯帝國|俄]]，務邦交歡固結，及[[一八一二年戰爭|美英構釁]]，轉駐[[倫敦|英倫]]，與英人議條款，致[[w:zh:根特條約|約]]成。歷使[[普魯士|普]]、俄、[[葡萄牙|葡]]諸大國，周旋列強，望益著焉。既還，入民主共和黨，改參議員。昆西性孤介，不為黨議所囿，至是與同列論事輒不協，久之，始求去。[[w:zh:詹姆斯·門羅|門羅]]當國，召昆西起用，除[[w:zh:美國國務卿|國務卿]]，入參外務機要。是時，[[西班牙]]人據[[佛羅里達]]，邊民頻越界；昆西尋遣使交涉，爭劃界，卒與西人訂約，索佛羅里達割畀之，遂靖南疆。昆西又請門羅詔定國是，倡外人弗預[[美洲]]事，臨釁，惟守局外中立，時論號為「[[w:zh:門羅主義|門羅例]]」。[[一八二四年]]，眾議院推昆西為總統，[[一八二五年|明年]]視事。昆西已而柄政，請興水利、建[[大學堂|學堂]]、築[[鐵道]]、設天文臺，銳意行新法，國人由是翕然望治。越四年，[[白宮|府]][[w:zh:美國國會|院]]羣議紛然，朋黨鏖鬥，政事多牴牾，昆西志猶未盡焉。[[一八二八年]]，改選沮撓，不與；十一月，[[安德魯·傑克遜|傑克遜]]代昆西嗣總統，遂致仕，退處麻州。居無何，再選充眾議員，會奏事，屢抗阻南方蓄奴之說，力爭於廷，為同列異己者忌憚甚，未嘗稍屈意。時昆西雖高年，每蒞院，所陳多袒奴婢利權，慷慨大義，臻其極，物議夙仰之。[[一八四八年]]二月，昆西方臨眾院，議政，遽撲地，廿三日卒，年八十。訃聞，京師士民咸大慟，人或曰「吾國良心自是殞矣！」。昆西為人廉正，博學術，器識絕倫。其筆札著萬言，凡日記、政牘、使錄皆傳世。

==考據==
{{Reflist}}

[[分類:美國總統世家]]
[[分類:麻薩諸塞州列傳]]</text>
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      <text bytes="4194" sha1="7yxvngx41dfwl7d6e9mdi2oashxetxx" xml:space="preserve">{{Emperor
|圖   =[[File:JQA Photo Crop (cropped).jpg|180px]]
|稱號 =美利堅合眾國總統
|姓名 =約翰·昆西·亞當斯
|廟號 =
|諡號 =
|陵墓 =[[麻薩諸塞州]] [[w:zh:布雷恩垂 (麻薩諸塞州)|布雷恩垂]]
|政權 =[[美利堅]]
|生卒 =[[西元]][[一七六七年]]七月十一日&lt;br&gt;至[[一八四八年]]二月廿三日
|在位 =[[西元]][[一八二五年]]三月四日&lt;br&gt;至[[一八二九年]]三月四日
|年號 =
|先君 =[[w:zh:詹姆斯·門羅|門羅]]
|嗣君 =[[安德魯·傑克遜|傑克遜]]
}}

'''約翰·昆西·亞當斯''' {{按|[[英文]] John Quincy Adams}}，[[美利堅]]人。[[西元]][[一七六七年]]七月十一日，誕於[[麻薩諸塞州|麻薩諸塞]]。父[[老亞當斯|約翰]]，家貲厚，嘗事[[華盛頓]]為副座，加官至[[美國總統|總統]]；妣曰[[w:zh:阿比蓋爾·亞當斯|阿比蓋爾]]，孕子六，昆西居其次。少穎悟，六歲能識[[拉丁文|拉丁]]，方十歲，從父出使[[歐洲]]，博聞[[英國|英]]、[[法國|法]]、[[荷蘭]]各國政制，乃明習交涉、[[律師|律訟]]、通商技藝。[[一七八五年|年十八]]，登[[哈佛大學|哈佛書院]]，擢優等，卒業。[[一七九四年]]，命駐荷蘭全權公使，時年廿七也。昆西辭令清亮，氣度閎然，為外人所推重，未幾，調使[[w:zh:俄羅斯帝國|俄]]，務邦交歡固結，及[[一八一二年戰爭|美英構釁]]，轉駐[[倫敦|英倫]]，與英人議條款，致[[w:zh:根特條約|約]]成，擬[[俄勒岡州|俄勒岡]]分隸美國。歷使[[普魯士|普]]、俄、[[葡萄牙|葡]]諸大國，周旋列強，望益著&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book |last=Bemis |first=Samuel Flagg |title=John Quincy Adams and the Foundations of American Foreign Policy |year=1981 |orig-year=1949 |publisher=Greenwood Press |isbn=978-0-313-22636-6 }}&lt;/ref&gt;。既還，乃入聯邦黨，改參議員。昆西性孤介，規畫閎變，不為私意所囿，至是與同列論事輒不協，久之，始求去。[[w:zh:詹姆斯·門羅|門羅]]當國，召昆西起用，除[[w:zh:美國國務卿|國務卿]]，入參外務機要。是時，[[西班牙]]人據[[佛羅里達州|佛羅里達]]，邊民頻越界；昆西冀息事，尋遣使循山梁交涉劃界，卒與西人訂[[w:zh:亞當斯-奧尼斯條約|約]]，索佛羅里達割畀之，遂靖南疆。昆西又請門羅詔定國是，嚴外人以杜干預[[美洲]]，臨釁，惟守局外中立，時論號為「[[w:zh:門羅主義|門羅例]]」。[[一八二四年]]，眾議院推昆西為總統，[[一八二五年|明年]]視事&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book |first=Mary W.M. |last=Hargreaves |title=The Presidency of John Quincy Adams |url=https://archive.org/details/presidencyofjohn0000harg |url-access=registration|publisher=Univ. Press of Kansas 
 |year=1985 |isbn=978-0700602728 }}&lt;/ref&gt;。昆西已而柄政，請興水利、建[[大學堂|學堂]]、築[[鐵道]]、設天文臺，銳意行新法，國人由是翕然望治。越四年，[[白宮|府]][[w:zh:美國國會|院]]羣議紛然，朋黨鏖鬥，政事多牴牾，昆西志猶未盡焉。[[一八二八年]]，議改選元首，昆西復與，傑克遜黨人百計沮之；十一月，事敗，[[安德魯·傑克遜|傑克遜]]代昆西嗣總統&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book |last1=Holt |first1=Michael F. |title=The Rise and Fall of the American Whig Party: Jacksonian Politics and the Onset of the Civil War |date=1999 |publisher=Oxford University Press |isbn=978-0-19-977203-2 }}&lt;/ref&gt;，遂致仕，退處麻州。居無何，再選充眾議員，任事屢奏辯南方蓄奴其失，力爭於廷，同列異己者忌憚甚，未嘗稍屈撓。時昆西雖高年老病，屬文仍善持論，每蒞院，所陳多袒奴婢輩利權，指時事弊害，慷慨深切，人情益仰之。[[一八四八年]]二月，昆西方質詢言事，遽疾作，撲地，廿三日卒，年八十。訃聞，京師士民咸大慟，人或曰「[[w:zh:自由主義|自由]]之良知，自是殞矣！」。昆西為人廉正，博學術，器識絕倫。其筆札著萬言，凡日記、政牘、使錄皆傳世。

==考據==
{{Reflist}}

[[分類:美國總統世家]]
[[分類:麻薩諸塞州列傳]]</text>
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-- [[用戶:丁子君|丁子君]] ([[用戶討論:丁子君|對話]]) 二〇二五年七月六日 （日） 一七時二五分 (UTC)</text>
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-- [[用戶:Itsmine|孔明居士]] ([[用戶討論:Itsmine|對話]]) 二〇二五年七月六日 （日） 一七時五四分 (UTC)</text>
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-- [[用戶:Davidzdh|&lt;font color=&quot;#008B8B&quot;&gt;关山&lt;/font&gt;]] ([[User talk:Davidzdh|修書]]) 二〇二五年七月六日 （日） 二三時二三分 (UTC)</text>
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-- [[user:WAN233|&lt;span style=&quot;color: #007FFF;&quot;&gt;启明&lt;/span&gt;]][[user talk:WAN233|(留言)]] 二〇二五年七月七日 （一） 〇二時三一分 (UTC)</text>
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-- [[用戶:Davidzdh|&lt;font color=&quot;#008B8B&quot;&gt;关山&lt;/font&gt;]] ([[User talk:Davidzdh|修書]]) 二〇二五年七月七日 （一） 〇三時〇九分 (UTC)</text>
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-- [[用戶:Itsmine|孔明居士]] ([[用戶討論:Itsmine|對話]]) 二〇二五年七月七日 （一） 〇五時三八分 (UTC)</text>
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-- [[user:WAN233|&lt;span style=&quot;color: #007FFF;&quot;&gt;启明&lt;/span&gt;]][[user talk:WAN233|(留言)]] 二〇二五年七月七日 （一） 〇六時〇九分 (UTC)</text>
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-- [[用戶:Itsmine|孔明居士]] ([[用戶討論:Itsmine|對話]]) 二〇二五年七月七日 （一） 一一時五五分 (UTC)</text>
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