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維基大典:會館
4
262
438497
438353
2026-04-01T04:43:18Z
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/* Join the sixth Ukraine’s Cultural Diplomacy Month on Wikipedia! */ 新節
438497
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{{Easy Archive| to=維基大典:會館/存檔/乙巳年}}
== 續:天地玄黃列次文獻 ==
初,余議以天地玄黃列次文獻,[[:phab:T401857|問諸匠人]],對曰:可以[[:mw:Help:Cite#Grouped_references|組引用]]之器試行之。故余纂[[用戶:魔琴/MediaWiki:Cite_link_label_group-qianziwen]],遷至要(MediaWiki)名集(namespace)後,可建模試行。——[[User:魔琴|<span style="color:#080">魔琴</span>]] <small>[ [[User talk:魔琴|議]] [[Special:Contribs/魔琴|績]] ]</small> 二〇二五年一〇月六日 (一) 〇六時四五分 (UTC)
* 然未若数字明晰,可随人所好,不宜普行。--—[[user:WAN233|<span style="color: #007FFF;">启明</span>]][[user talk:WAN233|(留言)]] 二〇二五年一〇月九日 (四) 一二時二四分 (UTC)
*:非普行也。用之須引模矣。 ——[[User:魔琴|<span style="color:#080">魔琴</span>]] <small>[ [[User talk:魔琴|議]] [[Special:Contribs/魔琴|績]] ]</small> 二〇二五年一〇月二六日 (日) 〇〇時二八分 (UTC)
*[[MediaWiki:Cite link label group-qianziwen]]--—[[user:WAN233|<span style="color: #007FFF;">启明</span>]][[user talk:WAN233|(留言)]] 二〇二五年一一月三日 (一) 〇二時二七分 (UTC)
:[https://zh-classical.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=%E5%9C%8B&oldid=427508 覧君所纂],內文註腳則天地玄黃,文末引據則標以數字,此誠有礙觀瞻也,不宜行之。[[用戶:一室幽蘭|一室幽蘭]]([[用戶討論:一室幽蘭|留言]]) 二〇二五年一二月三日 (三) 二一時三九分 (UTC)
::{{Reply to|魔琴}}如文末之條列,亦可示以天地玄黃,而非前天地以後數字,則概可乎。 —[[用戶:Davidzdh|<font color="#008B8B">关山</font>]] ([[User talk:Davidzdh|修書]]) 二〇二五年一二月二〇日 (六) 〇〇時四七分 (UTC)
:::旣詢匠人,未得法焉。 ——[[User:魔琴|<span style="color:#080">魔琴</span>]] <small>[ [[User talk:魔琴|議]] [[Special:Contribs/魔琴|績]] ]</small> 二〇二五年一二月二〇日 (六) 〇七時二一分 (UTC)
:<small>余不谙文言,尚祈海涵。</small>
:我在[[phab:T401857#11488193]]写了我的看法。目前common.css的中文数字css来自2023年提议的[[維基大典:會館/存檔/癸卯年#有序列表可以使用汉字数字|有序列表可以使用汉字数字]],在它基础上用<code>@counter-style</code>自定义即可改变文末列表序号。文内脚注则仍必须(通过模板)指定group才可用上自定义的label。
:然而我认为千字文不是好的序号字,因为人们大都不知道千字文中两个字的先后顺序关系或者某字的数值,这使得定位变得困难。 [[用戶:Srapoj|Srapoj]]([[用戶討論:Srapoj|留言]]) 二〇二六年一月一七日 (六) 二二時〇九分 (UTC)
::事或稍偏本題,然有一惑敢問:今於大典以「#」符列序,[[電腦|几案]]視之,皆為漢數字;及至[[手機|掌機]],則悉化為天竺數字。如下:
::# 示例
::# 示例
::# 示例
::此得無掌機樣式表(CSS)之故歟?未知當何以調治?若須上達匠人,當詣何所建言? —[[用戶:Davidzdh|<font color="#008B8B">关山</font>]] ([[User talk:Davidzdh|修書]]) 二〇二六年二月一九日 (四) 一七時四三分 (UTC)
:::移动版网页由于[[mw:Extension:MobileFrontend|Extension:MobileFrontend]]的缘故不会加载common.css。通常做法是将需要的样式都复制到[[MediaWiki:Minerva.css]]或[[MediaWiki:Mobile.css]](本站目前在用后者)。 [[用戶:Srapoj|Srapoj]]([[用戶討論:Srapoj|留言]]) 二〇二六年二月一九日 (四) 一八時〇五分 (UTC)
::::承蒙指教,幸甚幸甚。 —[[用戶:Davidzdh|<font color="#008B8B">关山</font>]] ([[User talk:Davidzdh|修書]]) 二〇二六年二月一九日 (四) 一八時一八分 (UTC)
== 2027丁未年新年标志联合票选一事 ==
各位我不会写文言,我就写中文好了。先祝大家2026年新春快乐。
中文、越南语维基百科,历年有在春节期间更换春节特别标志的习惯,考虑到春节这一习俗广泛传播,且希望有更多设计的出现。基于此去年春节前夕有中维用户提出联合设计乃至票选纪念标志的想法,越文及朝文维基百科也有一些用户表示了兴趣,考虑到本地社群亦有春节习俗。我在此提议以下事项:
: 1本社群或可考虑也在2027春节期间更换标识,更换具体时间可由社群自由商讨
: 2本社群的春节特别标识,可由各社群人员各自提交设计到联合票选项目页,各社群可以自行根据这些设计,组织票选,以来选出最适合自己社群的设计。
考虑到本社群可能并无换标想法,但这也没关系!也欢迎各位来参与创作。此外值得注意的是,由于现在此案基本由我操办,由于本人不太熟悉元维基事宜,请问关于类似想法,是否直接在元维基创建项目页较为适当,谢谢。
可能提这些有点早,但是毕竟涉及到多社群,并计划长期举行,还是希望早点能够讨论。具体我会直接邀请的社群有本地社群,[[:zh:|中维]]、[[:ja:|日维]]、[[:vi:|越维]]、[[:ko:|韩维]]、[[:nan:|闽南语]]、[[:yue:|粤语]]、[[:wuu:|吴语]]、[[:cdo:|闽东语]]、[[:hak:|客家话]]、[[:gan:|赣语]]。
另外注意到本地社群规模较小,不知道具体在本地社群是如何达成类似共识,以及具体如何换标的,希望请多指教。
[[:zh:Wikipedia:互助客栈/其他#2027丁未年新年标志联合票选|中文维基百科原始讨论见此]]。
以上,谢谢。 [[用戶:Luoniya|Luoniya]]([[用戶討論:Luoniya|議]]) 二〇二六年三月六日 (五) 一一時〇九分 (UTC)
* 我的几点看法:
*#大典社群活跃度较低,日常事务只能勉强维持,恐怕制定出来了,届时也无人投票,虽然可以去采用一些站外联络方式去邀请。
*#大典有一个[[維基大典:賀聯|贺联]]制度,理论上每年春节和七夕都要在首页写贺联,实际上春节的并未实际执行过,因为即没人创作也没有人提。七夕因为是大典创始日,才得以执行。
*#换标可以通过界面管理员修改全站js实现,去phab提工单过程繁杂,并且需要技术人员处理,修改后也不一定会准时推送上线。
*#和其他社群不同的是,大典徽标中的“维基大典”四字是手写隶书,而不是其他项目通常使用的计算机字体,这一点可能会造成一些创作上的麻烦。
* --—[[user:WAN233|<span style="color: #007FFF;">启明</span>]][[user talk:WAN233|(留言)]] 二〇二六年三月六日 (五) 一一時三〇分 (UTC)
*:回应:
*:对您的第一、二点,我想维基大典或许可以直接采用全域最受欢迎的标志,计划上来说,其实就是单纯加上每个维基投的票最优者为全域最受欢迎的标志,但是该标志含有所有社群共有的,或者兼顾了所有社群的春节元素,才能入选。
*:对第四点,计划上来说是只是网页端设计更换[[:File:Wikipedia-logo-v2.svg|File:Wikipedia-logo-v2.svg]],也就是说徽标中的“维基大典”四字是手写隶书不会变。但是也有为为移动版设计图标的计划,即替代[[:File:Wikipedia-wordmark-en.svg|File:Wikipedia-wordmark-en.svg]]或具有相同性质的文件,考虑到多语言的特殊性,文字必须采用“wikipedia”,而非本地社群语言,本地可以将其本地化。
*:以上,感谢 [[用戶:Luoniya|Luoniya]]([[用戶討論:Luoniya|議]]) 二〇二六年三月六日 (五) 一一時四四分 (UTC)
*::ok, wish u luck. [[用戶:Shunshen Lee|觀月]]([[用戶討論:Shunshen Lee|議]]) 二〇二六年三月六日 (五) 一五時一九分 (UTC)
*:: 感谢回复,还有一点就是如果所有维基在一起联合投票的话,中文社群人数最多,明显权重会最大,平衡各个小维基之间的特色也是需要考虑的问题之一。目前我的看法是可以选用全域最受欢迎的标志,但是要经过本地社群确认或二次创作。--—[[user:WAN233|<span style="color: #007FFF;">启明</span>]][[user talk:WAN233|(留言)]] 二〇二六年三月七日 (六) 〇四時五一分 (UTC)
*:::其实可以每个社群在meta上都只有10票这样,然后在站内(严禁拉票的)投出最受欢迎的前几个标致,换算成Meta票数再投全域标致,类似的?。当然,本地完全可以二次确认。 ~ [[用戶:Sheminghui.WU|Sheminghui.WU]]([[用戶討論:Sheminghui.WU|議]]) 二〇二六年三月七日 (六) 一〇時一〇分 (UTC)
*::::这样又感觉忽视中维这种人多的社群意见了。具体关于全域最受欢迎标志的规则只能到基本规则制定后再商讨了。不过选出后再经过本地确认,无疑是适宜的。 [[用戶:Luoniya|Luoniya]]([[用戶討論:Luoniya|議]]) 二〇二六年三月七日 (六) 一〇時一三分 (UTC)
*:::::中维和不少汉语语支wiki有一定的用户重合,而且可能习俗也更相近,确实具体情况到时候再看吧 ~ [[用戶:Sheminghui.WU|Sheminghui.WU]]([[用戶討論:Sheminghui.WU|議]]) 二〇二六年三月八日 (日) 二一時五六分 (UTC)
*:(抱歉不用文言)其实吧,我个人觉得文言本来就是东亚庆祝春节地区的共同传统文化啊,还有书法。如果要设计全域标致,直接把“维基大典”四个字原封不动放上去作为Wikipedia名称,没准会被各社群接受的。~ [[用戶:Sheminghui.WU|Sheminghui.WU]]([[用戶討論:Sheminghui.WU|議]]) 二〇二六年三月七日 (六) 一〇時〇七分 (UTC)
*::这是个挺好的设计思路,我到时候或许可以根据此,画一个。 [[用戶:Luoniya|Luoniya]]([[用戶討論:Luoniya|議]]) 二〇二六年三月七日 (六) 一〇時一一分 (UTC)
*:::可以作为任何标志的要素之一 ~ [[用戶:Sheminghui.WU|Sheminghui.WU]]([[用戶討論:Sheminghui.WU|議]]) 二〇二六年三月八日 (日) 二一時五四分 (UTC)
*:: 如果其他维基能接受,提议确实不错,不过需要擅长书法的人去写。但是要注意的是,书法作品/计算机字体都是有著作权的,所以“维基大典”四字由[[user talk:Itsmine|孔明]]公邀得佳士挥毫。而我想过从古代作品中提取文字,不过古代的行书字体比例不一,有的方正有的细长,直接拼接在一起感官较差。--—[[user:WAN233|<span style="color: #007FFF;">启明</span>]][[user talk:WAN233|(留言)]] 二〇二六年三月九日 (一) 〇二時〇一分 (UTC)
*:::求幅字应该不算困难。实在不行,直接把现有的维基大典四字应用也未尝不可?到时候看各位贡献者的设计吧,这些设计思路都应该被放在Meta页上。 [[用戶:Sheminghui.WU|Sheminghui.WU]]([[用戶討論:Sheminghui.WU|議]]) 二〇二六年三月九日 (一) 〇三時一一分 (UTC)
*:也许也可以开放春节贺联投稿于MetaWiki,各位会汉字对联的都可以投稿(这样也不受xx岁贺联的惯例限制)。【其实越南韩国(或可一并撰写汉喃及汉谚混写版本)还有日本也有类似习俗,如果文言社群不介意,也许可以把这里办成个活动“分会场”呢,可以开放各社群投稿,优者在此展示,毕竟只有本Wiki有贺联习俗。】 --[[用戶:Sheminghui.WU|Sheminghui.WU]]([[用戶討論:Sheminghui.WU|議]]) 二〇二六年三月九日 (一) 〇一時〇九分 (UTC)
*:: 如果其他维基同意,可以采用全域投稿的方式,而且春节对联本身就不需要说xx岁,xx岁出现在大典周年对联。--—[[user:WAN233|<span style="color: #007FFF;">启明</span>]][[user talk:WAN233|(留言)]] 二〇二六年三月九日 (一) 〇二時〇一分 (UTC)
*:::是的,我就是这个意思。Luoniya君表示预计本周五左右在Meta开页面,贺联活动到时候我会在Meta设置。 [[用戶:Sheminghui.WU|Sheminghui.WU]]([[用戶討論:Sheminghui.WU|議]]) 二〇二六年三月九日 (一) 〇三時〇八分 (UTC)
*::挺好的想法。但主要难度是越南语和韩语社群对此事的积极性,当下他们似乎没有多少人懂汉字 [[用戶:Luoniya|Luoniya]]([[用戶討論:Luoniya|議]]) 二〇二六年三月九日 (一) 〇四時二九分 (UTC)
*:::他们用国语字和谚文当然也可以了,转写的事情交给我就行。~ [[用戶:Sheminghui.WU|Sheminghui.WU]]([[用戶討論:Sheminghui.WU|議]]) 二〇二六年三月九日 (一) 一〇時〇五分 (UTC)
:各位,有关本事的元维基页面已经建立,详见[[metawiki:2027 Lunar New Year Special Logo|此]] [[用戶:Luoniya|Luoniya]]([[用戶討論:Luoniya|議]]) 二〇二六年三月一三日 (五) 一三時五三分 (UTC)
== 大典新徽 ==
[[File:Wikipedia-logo-v5-lzh-yanzhenqing.svg|thumb|丙午新徽(颜真卿)]]
[[File:Wikipedia-logo-v5-zh-classical.svg|thumb|丙午新徽]]
[[File:Wikipedia-logo-v4-zh-classical.svg|thumb|庚子徽]]
受前面的提案启发,采用赵孟頫的行书千字文制作“文辞雅正 学问渊深”四字,不知诸位以为如何? —[[user:WAN233|<span style="color: #007FFF;">启明</span>]][[user talk:WAN233|(留言)]] 二〇二六年三月一〇日 (二) 〇三時〇六分 (UTC)
*按:困于清晰度和个人技术原因,飞白未能像上面的隶书“维基大典”一样体现,并且边缘锯齿为人工消除,过渡可能略微不自然。--—[[user:WAN233|<span style="color: #007FFF;">启明</span>]][[user talk:WAN233|(留言)]] 二〇二六年三月一〇日 (二) 〇三時〇八分 (UTC)
*再按:可以复制[[用戶:WAN233/common.css]]至个人的css页面查看效果--—[[user:WAN233|<span style="color: #007FFF;">启明</span>]][[user talk:WAN233|(留言)]] 二〇二六年三月一〇日 (二) 〇四時〇五分 (UTC)
*今以颜体重制徽标--—[[user:WAN233|<span style="color: #007FFF;">启明</span>]][[user talk:WAN233|(留言)]] 二〇二六年三月二四日 (二) 〇六時四三分 (UTC)
== 頁底Code of Conduct被改爲「為之则」事 ==
如題。Code of Conduct語,數年前有秩已正其譯。唯西曆今年二月許,有人改文言之翻譯,爲繁體與簡字之夾雜也,若干處。其中以此「為之则」,位於篇末,尤爲顯眼。予重新釐定翻譯,且用章法所定繁體。唯須審覈。且被改之處繁多,獨力難支,望過路君子[https://translatewiki.net/w/i.php?title=Special%3ATranslate&group=mediawiki&action=proofread&language=lzh&filter=translated%7C%21reviewer%3A15822%7C%21last-translator%3A15822 點擊審覈],進而[https://translatewiki.net/w/i.php?title=Special%3ATranslate&group=mediawiki&language=lzh&filter=%21translated&action=translate 就正一二]。再拜。 —[[用戶:Davidzdh|<font color="#008B8B">关山</font>]] ([[User talk:Davidzdh|修書]]) 二〇二六年三月一〇日 (二) 〇四時五四分 (UTC)
:Code of Conduct一語,手機、電腦版,視之皆正矣。感甚。 —[[用戶:Davidzdh|<font color="#008B8B">关山</font>]] ([[User talk:Davidzdh|修書]]) 二〇二六年三月一五日 (日) 一四時三九分 (UTC)
== 台灣分會2026年3月對話時間 ==
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<div style="font-size:x-large; padding-bottom:5px;">'''社群疑難雜症找協會!'''</div>
[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Taiwan|台灣維基媒體協會]]2026年3月的[[m:Wikimedia Taiwan/Wikimedia Taiwan Office Time|對話時間]],訂於台灣時間'''3/29 (日) 14:00'''舉行,<br>
參與連結為 https://meet.google.com/qiv-ctih-sse 。<br>
協會到底在做什麼?如果你覺得協會存在感超低,有事都找不到人,把握這次的對話機會!這是一個定期舉辦的服務時段,由協會秘書長親自主持,有問題馬上解決。協會會分享目前進行中的專案與計劃,也邀請社群朋友分享想法、反映需求,彼此開講、一起討論。<br>
本月討論主題將討論本年度社群交流與規畫,這是將是讓你深入了解協會運作並參與交流的絕佳機會!快來一起參加!
--[[用戶:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]([[用戶討論:MediaWiki message delivery|議]]) 二〇二六年三月二八日 (六) 〇六時二八分 (UTC)
</div>
<div style="margin-left: 1rem;">
[[File:Wikimedia Taiwan.svg|160px|alt=|link=m:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Taiwan]]
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</div>
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==卷首新知之更替==
{{存檔至|維基大典討論:新知評選}}
[[Template:Dyk|卷首「新知」之模]],其更替之道,竊以為未盡善焉。今制以五則為一輯,更易之期蓋無定數,復與諸語大典相異。愚意宜易以次第輪替之法{{按|即一條一易}},新陳相代,其更迭之緩急,當以[[wikipedia:新知評選|新知評選]]頁候易之條目數為度。如候選逾十則,可兩週一易;五至十則,三週一易;未滿五則,則期月一易,詳數可相機而定。諸君以為何如?-[[用戶:Above mountain|Above mountain]]([[用戶討論:Above mountain|傳書]]) 二〇二六年三月二九日 (日) 〇三時二七分 (UTC)
:卷首新知一欄,本有常期,率以一月一易。然近五六載間,大典同道寥落,不復曩時之盛。欲求月易,力有未逮,由是漸成無定矣。
:降及去歲,微見起色,人氣向暖。僕乃有意復其舊制,故預薦數文,以備闕漏,期作不虞之需。
:足下所倡次第輪替、一條一易之法,以今度之,恐嫌期之過高。蓋憶十載之前,凡薦拔新知以登卷首者,眾議誾誾,群賢不憚直言以相繩,贊駁交作,其盛況反倍於今之卓著評選。今大典元氣,雖稍睹復甦之漸,然視彼時,猶邈乎遠矣。
:是故更易之期,若得展延逾月,則群議得以沉潛,贊駁之聲亦可廣采。若徒速其更期,而和者寥寥,致使每文僅得一贊評,甚至無人過問,便遽登卷首,此殊非善政,亦非久長之計也。
:足下之高議,竊以為宜俟大典俊彥漸充,重蓄昔日之元氣,然後再議,未為晚也。 —[[用戶:Davidzdh|<font color="#008B8B">关山</font>]] ([[User talk:Davidzdh|修書]]) 二〇二六年三月二九日 (日) 一一時二二分 (UTC)
::{{ping|Davidzdh}}先生所慮,誠為切要。僕亦深知,以今日大典之況,欲克期而易新知,實非易舉。然鄙見猶存,請容詳申。
::某所謂一條一易之法,非言每有候選之新知,輒當遽以替舊,無論有人與議否。若候選之文僅得評騭一二,可權且厝之,俟群議論充備再刊,不必恪守常期,若「一月一易」之屬,悉可權宜;且較諸積五篇而悉經詳審,一篇之成實易為也。若循一條一易之新制,當斯之際,便可更易矣,卷首遂得頻新,或可免久滯之弊。昔[[二〇二五年|乙巳年]]時,[[User:WAN233|啟明]]君嘗[[維基大典:會館/存檔/乙巳年#大典新知|建言]]於會館 ,謂新知不足,故應輪替,某亦以為然。
::伏候先生明斷。倘蒙察納,幸甚至哉;若尊意已決,某亦惟命焉。
::別有一事奉擾。某於大典[[WP:RFR|求權頁]]請續自校權以無屆,敬請先生撥冗一觀。
::謹祝
::編安 -[[用戶:Above mountain|Above mountain]]([[用戶討論:Above mountain|傳書]]) 二〇二六年三月三〇日 (一) 一三時四四分 (UTC)
== Join the sixth Ukraine’s Cultural Diplomacy Month on Wikipedia! ==
<div lang="en" dir="ltr">
[[File:Ukraine’s Cultural Diplomacy Month on Wikipedia 2026.png|right|250px|thumb|link=https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Ukraine%27s_Cultural_Diplomacy_Month_2026|Join our campaign!]]
{{int:please-translate}}
Dear Wikipedians!
[[:m:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Ukraine|Wikimedia Ukraine]], in cooperation with the [[:en:Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Ukraine|MFA of Ukraine]] and [[:en:Ukrainian Institute|Ukrainian Institute]], has launched the sixth edition of writing challenge "'''[[:m:Special:MyLanguage/Ukraine's Cultural Diplomacy Month 2026|Ukraine's Cultural Diplomacy Month]]'''", which lasts from '''1st April''' until '''30th April 2026'''.
The initiative aims to promote knowledge about Ukrainian culture abroad by creating and improving Wikipedia articles in multiple languages. This year marks the sixth edition of the campaign, which will focus on contemporary culture, making today’s artistic voices and practices more visible to international audiences.
🧩'''How to participate?'''
Choose an article from the suggested list → Write an article in your language, or improve an existing one according to the rules → Add your contribution to the contest page and calculate your points → Win prizes and receive a certificate of participation → Become a promoter of truthful knowledge about Ukraine.
🧩'''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Ukraine's Cultural Diplomacy Month 2026|Check our main page for more information]]'''.
'''If you are interested in coordinating long-term community engagement for the campaign and becoming a local ambassador, we would love to hear from you! Please let us know your interest.'''
If not, then we encourage you to translate the [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Ukraine's Cultural Diplomacy Month 2026|landing page of the contest]] and [https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MessageGroupStats?group=Centralnotice-tgroup-UCDM2026banner&messages=&language=en&x=D banner] into your own language.
Also, we set up a [[:m:CentralNotice/Request/Ukraine's Cultural Diplomacy Month 2026|banner]] to notify users of the possibility to participate in this challenge!
[[:m:User:OlesiaLukaniuk (WMUA)|OlesiaLukaniuk (WMUA)]] ([[:m:User talk:OlesiaLukaniuk (WMUA)|talk]]) 04:35, 1 April 2026 (UTC)
</div>
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柏林
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{{地方
|地方 = 柏林
|地方原文 = Berlin
|地圖 = Berlin in Germany and EU.png
|歸屬 = [[德國]]
|所屬 = [[柏林州]]
|屬地 =
|治所 =
|執事 =[[柏林市長|市長]][[凱·韋格納]]
|用語 = [[德語]]
|人口 = 三百七十八萬餘{{按|至西元二〇二三年末}}
|建置 =
}}
[[檔案:Siegessaeule Aussicht 10-13 img4 Tiergarten.jpg|縮圖|柏林]]
'''柏林''',[[德國|德意志聯邦共和國]]之[[京|京邑]]也。其地幅員最廣,聚落極盛,為全國之冠。計其城郭之內,生齒凡三百八十餘萬;兼括郊畿,則逾六百萬。
昔西曆一九四五年,[[二戰|大戰]]既息,列強分治德意志,遂裂柏林為東西兩邑。迄西曆[[一九九〇年]],東德政息,不復能安其民;乃於十月三日舉邦併於西德,兩德遂合為一,柏林復完,仍定為都。
{{stub}}
[[Category:德國地方志]]
[[Category:基礎之文]]
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{{地方
|地方 = 柏林
|地方原文 = Berlin
|地圖 = Berlin in Germany and EU.png
|歸屬 = [[德國]]
|所屬 = [[柏林州]]
|屬地 =
|治所 =
|執事 =[[柏林市長|市長]][[凱·韋格納]]
|用語 = [[德語]]
|人口 = 三百七十八萬餘{{按|至西元二〇二三年末}}
|建置 =
}}
[[檔案:Siegessaeule Aussicht 10-13 img4 Tiergarten.jpg|縮圖|[[德國|日耳曼]]都城柏林,有紀功表柱,巋然崇顥。拾級而上,倚楹東眺,極目乎[[米特區|都心]],見其闤闠交錯,百物殷闐,通都大邑之象,盡收眼底矣]]
'''柏林''',[[德國|德意志聯邦共和國]]之[[京|京邑]]也。其地幅員最廣,聚落極盛,為全國之冠。計其城郭之內,生齒凡三百八十餘萬;兼括郊畿,則逾六百萬。
昔西曆一九四五年,[[二戰|大戰]]既息,列強分治德意志,遂裂柏林為東西兩邑。迄西曆[[一九九〇年]],東德政息,不復能安其民;乃於十月三日舉邦併於西德,兩德遂合為一,柏林復完,仍定為都。
{{stub}}
[[Category:德國地方志]]
[[Category:基礎之文]]
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朮忽教
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'''猶太'''<ref group="註">又按猶太之[[民族|種]]名,古譯「朮忽」。或以其徒常冠青帽,稱之「藍帽回回」。</ref>'''教'''{{按|[[希伯來文]]:יהדות}},本稱'''一賜樂業教'''<ref>{{Cite journal|url=https://www.cuhk.edu.hk/ics/21c/media/articles/c049-199712033.pdf|title=歷史上的開封一賜樂業教清真寺|author=張倩紅|language=zh-Hant}}</ref>,或以其食[[肉]]必剔除[[動物|獸]][[筋]],號為'''挑筋教'''。又以其徒常冠青帽,呼為「藍帽回回」。
其教惟祀一神,名曰[[雅威]]。教規至嚴,以直呼神名為大不敬,故相戒諱言。又以免冠朝天為黷神,故常覆青帽以蔽其首。[[基督教|耶穌]]、[[回教|清真]]二教,皆濫觴於是。
迨及近世,教義屢變。其重經師{{按|即拉比}}之正傳,判為四宗:曰[[朮忽教正統派|正統]],曰[[朮忽教保守派|保守]],曰[[朮忽教改良派|維新]],曰[[朮忽教重建派|復興]]。又有別傳曰卡拉派者,不宗《[[塔木德]]》《[[密西拿]]》諸注疏,惟《[[塔納赫]]》是遵。
蓋猶太、耶穌、清真三教,皆奉《[[舊約全書|舊約]]》中[[亞伯拉罕]]先知,同源而異流,故世有[[亞伯拉罕諸教|天啟三宗]]之稱。
==註==
<references group="註"/>
== 據 ==
<references responsive="" />
[[Category:宗教]]
[[Category:基礎之文]]
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共和
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'''共和''',英言Republic,又譯'''公和'''、'''公治'''、'''民主''',政體之名也。國從公治,則謂之'''共和國'''、'''民國'''、'''民主國''',其旨在[[天下為公]]。
法儒孟德斯鳩《法意》有之:「公治者,國中無上主權,主於全體或一部分之國民者也。」而公治復有二,一曰庶建{{按|通曰民主共和}},二曰賢政{{按|貴族共和}}。孟氏云「庶建乃真民主,以通國全體之民,操其無上[[主權]]者也。賢政者,以一部分之國民,操其無上主權者也。」
國從共和,然名同而實異有之,如瑞士有元首七人,而美利堅則合眾為一。至於共產之國,號人民共和者,教從馬列而已。人民,謂與仇讎對待。
清末變法,[[梁啟超|梁任公]]倡[[虛君之共和]],界其說曰:「第五種,虛戴君主之共和[[政體]]。[[英國]]是也,今謂立憲。英人恒自稱為大不列顛合眾王國,或自稱為共和王國。其名稱與美無異,淺人驟聞之,或且訝為不詞。不知英之有王,不過以為裝飾品,無絲毫實權,號為神聖,等於[[偶像]]。故論政體者,恒以英編入共和之一種。其後[[比利時]]本此意編為成文[[憲法]],[[歐洲]]各小邦多效之。故今日歐洲各國,什九皆屬虛戴君主之共和政體也,今省名曰虛君共和制。」是言也,所以敵庶建,以干君憲,有悖革命,故時人以保皇譏之也。
== 參見 ==
* [[共和立憲]]
* [[議會共和]]
* [[光榮革命]]
* [[總統]]
* [[議會]]
* [[理想國]]
* [[公平]]
[[Category:政治]]
[[Category:基礎之文]]
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希特勒
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[[File:Hitler portrait crop.jpg|thumb|right|200px|希特勒]]
'''阿道夫希特勒'''{{按|Adolf Hitler}},希特勒氏,名阿道夫,[[奧匈|奧匈帝國]][[布勞瑙]]人也,後入[[德國|德意志國]]籍。[[一八八九年]]四月廿日生,其[[父阿洛伊斯]],母[[克拉拉]]。一九二一年,任[[民族社會主義德意志工人黨]][[黨魁]]。一九三三年至一九四五年間為德[[總統|元首]]。
年幼嘗志[[牧]]、[[畫]]等,不果。父母卒,獨居[[慕尼黑]]。後値[[第一次世界大戰]],入[[巴伐利亞軍團]],戰功卓著。後傷其股於索姆河之役;一九一八年十月十五日,復爲[[芥子氣]]所中,雙目不能視。其傷未癒,德降。
一九一九年入納粹黨,曰己族大於異族。逾三年,任黨魁,建[[衝鋒隊]]。後仿[[墨索里尼]][[進軍羅馬]],合德軍舊將[[魯登道夫]]起事於[[慕尼黑]]以奪權。其事不濟,入獄,史稱啤酒館起義。獄中遇[[赫斯]]而著傳,其名《吾之奮鬥》。
一九二五年既出獄,復組納粹黨。一九三二年,選舉雖敗,而得[[帕彭]]諸人之薦,翌年終任德意志國總理。未幾,二人復爭權。一九三四年六月,希特勒假以衝鋒隊之首[[羅姆]]欲舉事之由,盡殺之。蓋因其屢生事於市,希特勒並黨內元老俱不喜,且恐奪權也。借機去其政敵帕彭之權,獨攬大權。次年,總統[[興登堡]]卒,遂廢共和,改國號曰大德意志帝國,又稱[[德意志第三帝國]]。自稱元首兼帝國總理。
希特勒既掌大權,行[[納粹主義]],殺[[猶太人]]以應[[背刺說]]。廢[[凡爾賽條約]],並[[奧地利]]、[[捷克斯洛伐克]]諸地,以立[[大德意志]]。復擴軍徵兵,並立海空兩軍。然[[英國|英]][[法國|法]]諸國俱不欲再戰,故行[[綏靖]]之策,致令其橫行無忌。至一九三九年,因侵[[波蘭]],遂起[[第二次世界大戰]]。通盟於[[義大利]]、[[日本]]而成[[軸心國]]。俄而亡波蘭、[[丹麥]]、[[挪威]]、[[荷蘭]]、[[比利時]]、[[盧森堡]],復降法國、[[希臘]]諸國,又侵英國、[[蘇聯]],雄霸[[歐洲]],盛極一時。然一九四二年,德軍兵敗[[斯大林格勒]],復爲英軍所敗於[[北非]]。次年,盟軍既克[[突尼斯]],遂登陸義大利,義國遂降。一九四四年,英美聯軍登陸[[諾曼第]],蘇聯亦起兵反攻,兵及中歐,次年四月臨其都柏林,希氏自度不免,施樂於臣,後於時月三十日自鴆死。其妻[[愛娃布勞恩|愛娃]]亦自酖死。
{{Commonscat|Adolf Hitler|希特勒}}
[[Category:德意志第三帝國本紀]]
[[Category:基礎之文]]
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[[File:Hitler portrait crop.jpg|thumb|right|200px|希特勒]]
'''阿道夫·希特勒'''{{按|Adolf Hitler}}者,本[[奧匈|奧匈帝國]][[布勞瑙]]人也,後入[[德國|德意志]]籍。西曆[[一八八九年]]四月二十日生,父[[父阿洛伊斯|阿洛伊斯]],母[[克拉拉]]。
希氏少好[[繪畫|繪事]],欲應試而不第。父母早世,初流寓[[維也納]],後徙[[慕尼黑]]。會[[第一次世界大戰|歐戰]]起,乃投[[巴伐利亞軍團]],數立功績,獲鐵十字勳章。[[一九一六年]],戰於索姆河,創左股;[[一九一八年]]十月,復中[[芥子氣]],[[目]][[盲]]。及疾小瘳,而德意志已降矣。
一九一九年,入[[德國工人黨]]{{按|後更名[[民族社會主義德意志工人黨|納粹黨]]}},倡種族之說,尊日耳曼而抑異類。越二年,自命黨魁,立[[衝鋒隊]]。一九二三年,效[[墨索里尼]][[進軍羅馬]]之舉,結故將[[魯登道夫]]舉兵於[[慕尼黑]],謀奪權。事敗下獄,世稱「啤酒館政變」。繫獄時,口授生平於黨徒[[赫斯]],撰《[[我之奮鬥]]》。
一九二四年冬既出獄,重整黨務。一九三二年,大選雖躓,然得[[帕彭]]等貴族之薦,翌年遂拜德意志國總理。未幾,與帕彭交惡。一九三四年六月,希氏誣衝鋒隊渠魁[[羅姆]]謀反,盡誅之,世稱「長刀之夜」;蓋衝鋒隊素驕橫,黨內元老多患之,希氏亦忌其難制也。遂乘機奪帕彭權,獨攬朝政。同年八月,總統[[興登堡]]卒。希氏遂廢共和,易國號曰大德意志帝國,世稱[[德意志第三帝國|第三帝國]],自號「元首兼帝國總理」。
希氏既專大政,奉行[[納粹主義|納粹]],大戮[[猶太人]],以委前敗之咎{{按|即[[背刺說]]}}。又毀《[[凡爾賽條約]]》,併[[奧地利]]、[[捷克斯洛伐克]]諸地,圖建[[大德意志]]。復擴軍備,建海陸空軍。時[[英國|英]]、[[法國|法]]諸國憚兵革,屢行[[綏靖]],致其勢益張。一九三九年,襲[[波蘭]],遂啟[[第二次世界大戰|二戰]]。結盟[[義大利|意]]、[[日本|日]],號為[[軸心國]]。旋滅波蘭、[[丹麥]]、[[挪威]]、[[荷蘭]]、[[比利時]]、[[盧森堡]],降法國、[[希臘]]諸國,復侵英國、[[蘇聯]]。兵鋒震乎[[歐洲]],勢極一時。
然一九四二年,德軍大挫於[[斯大林格勒]],復敗於[[北非]]。次年,盟軍克[[突尼斯]],登陸意大利,意國遂降。一九四四年,英美聯軍登陸[[諾曼第]],蘇聯亦傾國反攻,兵迫中歐。一九四五年四月,蘇軍兵臨其都[[柏林]]。希氏自度必敗,乃與其姬[[愛娃布勞恩|愛娃]]成婚。三十日,與左右辭決,同入地堡,希氏引銃自裁,愛娃亦仰藥死。
{{Commonscat|Adolf Hitler|希特勒}}
[[Category:德意志第三帝國本紀]]
[[Category:基礎之文]]
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2026-03-31T15:06:54Z
Davidzdh
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wikitext
text/x-wiki
[[File:Hitler portrait crop.jpg|thumb|right|200px|希特勒]]
'''阿道夫·希特勒'''{{按|Adolf Hitler}}者,本[[奧匈|奧匈帝國]][[布勞瑙]]人也,後入[[德國|德意志]]籍。西曆[[一八八九年]]四月二十日生,父[[父阿洛伊斯|阿洛伊斯]],母[[克拉拉]]。
希氏少好[[繪畫|繪事]],欲應試而不第。父母早世,初流寓[[維也納]],後徙[[慕尼黑]]。會[[第一次世界大戰|歐戰]]起,乃投[[巴伐利亞軍團]],數立功績,獲鐵十字勳章。[[一九一六年]],戰於索姆河,創左股;[[一九一八年]]十月,復中[[芥子氣]],[[目]][[盲]]。及疾小瘳,而德意志已降矣。
一九一九年,入[[德國工人黨]]{{按|後更名[[民族社會主義德意志工人黨|納粹黨]]}},倡種族之說,尊日耳曼而抑異類。越二年,自命黨魁,立[[衝鋒隊]]。一九二三年,效[[墨索里尼]][[進軍羅馬]]之舉,結故將[[魯登道夫]]舉兵於[[慕尼黑]],謀奪權。事敗下獄,世稱「啤酒館政變」。繫獄時,口授生平於黨徒[[赫斯]],撰《[[我之奮鬥]]》。
一九二四年冬既出獄,重整黨務。一九三二年,大選雖躓,然得[[帕彭]]等貴族之薦,翌年遂拜德意志國總理。未幾,與帕彭交惡。一九三四年六月,希氏誣衝鋒隊渠魁[[羅姆]]謀反,盡誅之,世稱「長刀之夜」;蓋衝鋒隊素驕橫,黨內元老多患之,希氏亦忌其難制也。遂乘機奪帕彭權,獨攬朝政。同年八月,總統[[興登堡]]卒。希氏遂廢共和,易國號曰大德意志帝國,世稱[[德意志第三帝國|第三帝國]],自號「元首兼帝國總理」。
希氏既專大政,奉行[[納粹主義|納粹]],大戮[[猶太人]],以委前敗之咎{{按|即[[背刺說]]}}。又毀《[[凡爾賽條約]]》,併[[奧地利]]、[[捷克斯洛伐克]]諸地,圖建[[大德意志]]。復擴軍備,建海陸空軍。時[[英國|英]]、[[法國|法]]諸國憚兵革,屢行[[綏靖]],致其勢益張。一九三九年,襲[[波蘭]],遂啟[[第二次世界大戰|二戰]]。結盟[[義大利|意]]、[[日本|日]],號為[[軸心國]]。旋滅波蘭、[[丹麥]]、[[挪威]]、[[荷蘭]]、[[比利時]]、[[盧森堡]],降法國、[[希臘]]諸國,復侵英國、[[蘇聯]]。兵鋒震乎[[歐洲]],勢極一時。
然一九四二年,德軍大挫於[[斯大林格勒]],復敗於[[北非]]。次年,盟軍克[[突尼斯]],登陸意大利,意國遂降。一九四四年,英美聯軍登陸[[諾曼底]],蘇聯亦傾國反攻,兵迫中歐。一九四五年四月,蘇軍兵臨其都[[柏林]]。希氏自度必敗,乃與其姬[[愛娃布勞恩|愛娃]]成婚。三十日,與左右辭決,同入地堡,希氏引銃自裁,愛娃亦仰藥死。
{{Commonscat|Adolf Hitler|希特勒}}
[[Category:德意志第三帝國本紀]]
[[Category:基礎之文]]
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438455
2026-03-31T15:07:50Z
Davidzdh
30589
意譯
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wikitext
text/x-wiki
[[File:Hitler portrait crop.jpg|thumb|right|200px|希特勒]]
'''阿道夫·希特勒'''{{按|Adolf Hitler}}者,本[[奧匈|奧匈帝國]][[布勞瑙]]人也,後入[[德國|德意志]]籍。西曆[[一八八九年]]四月二十日生,父[[父阿洛伊斯|阿洛伊斯]],母[[克拉拉]]。
希氏少好[[繪畫|繪事]],欲應試而不第。父母早世,初流寓[[維也納]],後徙[[慕尼黑]]。會[[第一次世界大戰|歐戰]]起,乃投[[巴伐利亞軍團]],數立功績,獲鐵十字勳章。[[一九一六年]],戰於索姆河,創左股;[[一九一八年]]十月,復中[[芥子氣]],[[目]][[盲]]。及疾小瘳,而德意志已降矣。
一九一九年,入[[德國工人黨]]{{按|後更名[[民族社會主義德意志工人黨|納粹黨]]}},倡種族之說,尊日耳曼而抑異類。越二年,自命黨魁,立[[衝鋒隊]]。一九二三年,效[[墨索里尼]][[進軍羅馬]]之舉,結故將[[魯登道夫]]舉兵於[[慕尼黑]],謀奪權。事敗下獄,世稱「啤酒館政變」。繫獄時,口授生平於黨徒[[赫斯]],撰《[[我之奮鬥]]》。
一九二四年冬既出獄,重整黨務。一九三二年,大選雖躓,然得[[帕彭]]等貴族之薦,翌年遂拜德意志國總理。未幾,與帕彭交惡。一九三四年六月,希氏誣衝鋒隊渠魁[[羅姆]]謀反,盡誅之,世稱「長刀之夜」;蓋衝鋒隊素驕橫,黨內元老多患之,希氏亦忌其難制也。遂乘機奪帕彭權,獨攬朝政。同年八月,總統[[興登堡]]卒。希氏遂廢共和,易國號曰大德意志帝國,世稱[[德意志第三帝國|第三帝國]],自號「元首兼帝國總理」。
希氏既專大政,奉行[[納粹主義|納粹]],大戮[[猶太人]],以委前敗之咎{{按|即[[背刺說]]}}。又毀《[[凡爾賽條約]]》,併[[奧地利]]、[[捷克斯洛伐克]]諸地,圖建[[大德意志]]。復擴軍備,建海陸空軍。時[[英國|英]]、[[法國|法]]諸國憚兵革,屢行[[綏靖]],致其勢益張。一九三九年,襲[[波蘭]],遂啟[[第二次世界大戰|二戰]]。結盟[[義大利|意]]、[[日本|日]],號為[[軸心國]]。旋滅波蘭、[[丹麥]]、[[挪威]]、[[荷蘭]]、[[比利時]]、[[盧森堡]],降法國、[[希臘]]諸國,復侵英國、[[蘇聯]]。兵鋒震乎[[歐洲]],勢極一時。
然一九四二年,德軍大挫於[[斯大林格勒|斯大林城]],復敗於[[北非]]。次年,盟軍克[[突尼斯]],登陸意大利,意國遂降。一九四四年,英美聯軍登陸[[諾曼底]],蘇聯亦傾國反攻,兵迫中歐。一九四五年四月,蘇軍兵臨其都[[柏林]]。希氏自度必敗,乃與其姬[[愛娃布勞恩|愛娃]]成婚。三十日,與左右辭決,同入地堡,希氏引銃自裁,愛娃亦仰藥死。
{{Commonscat|Adolf Hitler|希特勒}}
[[Category:德意志第三帝國本紀]]
[[Category:基礎之文]]
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墨索里尼
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2026-03-31T15:23:15Z
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wikitext
text/x-wiki
[[File:Mussolini-ggbain.jpg|thumb|right|200px|墨索里尼]]
'''墨索里尼'''氏,其名[[中國大陸|中原]]譯'''貝尼托''',[[臺灣]]譯'''本尼托'''{{按|[[義大利文]]:Benito Mussolini}},[[義大利]][[費利省]][[普雷達皮奧]]人也。西元[[一八八三年]]七月廿九日生。少孤亢,長好[[社會主義|平惠均產]],入[[義大利社會黨|均貧富之黨]]。[[一九〇八年]],游[[奧匈帝國]][[特倫托]],主報章,鼓吹其論。奧人惡之,逐歸義國。
及[[歐戰]]起,義與德、奧搆兵。墨氏執意參戰,與黨人議左,遂奪黨籍。墨氏乃棄文就武,投身行伍。及罷兵,於[[米蘭]]創[[國家法西斯黨]]。當是時,義國政亂民貧,墨氏立「[[黑衫軍]]」以為爪牙,民多附之。然於[[國會]]選舉,所獲甚微。[[一九二二年]],墨氏勒黑衫軍四萬人[[進軍羅馬]]。義王[[伊曼紐爾三世]]憂其亂,冊為國務總理。
墨氏既秉政,欲恢復[[羅馬帝國|大秦]]之鴻烈,號令[[地中海]]。乃厲精圖治,整飭庶政,物阜民安。義人德之,尊曰「領袖」。遂發兵略[[衣索比亞]],助[[西班牙]]內戰。[[德意志]]人[[希特勒]]雅好其政,效其體制,建[[納粹德國]]。
[[一九三九年]],德師伐[[波蘭]],[[二戰]]由是起,義初持中立。及德國傾[[法蘭西]],墨氏見利而動,欲收漁人之利。部將以兵備未協諫之,弗聽,遂與[[英國|英]]、法宣戰。[[一九四〇年]],自[[阿爾巴尼亞]]伐希臘,不克。
義國連年兵革,民心洶怨。至[[一九四三年]],德、義師敗於[[北非]],殖民地盡失。[[盟軍]]既克[[突尼西亞]],遂渡海擊義本土。義王恐國蹙,乃與宿將謀,禽墨氏於座,囚之,以[[巴多格里奧]]代為總理。巴氏既執柄,即與盟軍講和,反戈擊德。德人乃遷墨氏於[[大薩索峰]]帝王臺。希特勒聞之,遣精兵奇襲,救歸[[慕尼黑]]。
希特勒據義北,復立墨氏為主,號「社會共和國」,然實為德人傀儡。[[一九四五年]],盟軍北進,墨氏度事不濟,欲遁[[瑞士]],為[[共產黨]][[遊擊隊]]所獲。四月廿八日,誅之。[[File:Mussolini e Petacci a Piazzale Loreto, 1945.jpg|thumb|right|200px|西元一九四五年米蘭洛雷托廣場。自左而右:龐巴奇、墨索里尼、佩塔奇、帕沃里尼、斯塔拉斯之屍]]及死,屍徇[[米蘭|米蘭市]],民眾唾之。
{{Commonscat|Benito Mussolini|墨索里尼}}
[[Category:意大利世家]]
[[Category:基礎之文]]
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438461
2026-03-31T15:23:35Z
Davidzdh
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438462
wikitext
text/x-wiki
[[File:Mussolini-ggbain.jpg|thumb|right|200px|墨索里尼]]
'''墨索里尼'''氏,其名[[中國大陸|中原]]譯'''貝尼托''',[[臺灣]]譯'''本尼托'''{{按|[[義大利文]]:Benito Mussolini}},[[義大利]][[費利省]][[普雷達皮奧]]人也。西元[[一八八三年]]七月廿九日生。少孤亢,長好[[社會主義|平惠均產之義]],入[[義大利社會黨|均貧富之黨]]。[[一九〇八年]],游[[奧匈帝國]][[特倫托]],主報章,鼓吹其論。奧人惡之,逐歸義國。
及[[歐戰]]起,義與德、奧搆兵。墨氏執意參戰,與黨人議左,遂奪黨籍。墨氏乃棄文就武,投身行伍。及罷兵,於[[米蘭]]創[[國家法西斯黨]]。當是時,義國政亂民貧,墨氏立「[[黑衫軍]]」以為爪牙,民多附之。然於[[國會]]選舉,所獲甚微。[[一九二二年]],墨氏勒黑衫軍四萬人[[進軍羅馬]]。義王[[伊曼紐爾三世]]憂其亂,冊為國務總理。
墨氏既秉政,欲恢復[[羅馬帝國|大秦]]之鴻烈,號令[[地中海]]。乃厲精圖治,整飭庶政,物阜民安。義人德之,尊曰「領袖」。遂發兵略[[衣索比亞]],助[[西班牙]]內戰。[[德意志]]人[[希特勒]]雅好其政,效其體制,建[[納粹德國]]。
[[一九三九年]],德師伐[[波蘭]],[[二戰]]由是起,義初持中立。及德國傾[[法蘭西]],墨氏見利而動,欲收漁人之利。部將以兵備未協諫之,弗聽,遂與[[英國|英]]、法宣戰。[[一九四〇年]],自[[阿爾巴尼亞]]伐希臘,不克。
義國連年兵革,民心洶怨。至[[一九四三年]],德、義師敗於[[北非]],殖民地盡失。[[盟軍]]既克[[突尼西亞]],遂渡海擊義本土。義王恐國蹙,乃與宿將謀,禽墨氏於座,囚之,以[[巴多格里奧]]代為總理。巴氏既執柄,即與盟軍講和,反戈擊德。德人乃遷墨氏於[[大薩索峰]]帝王臺。希特勒聞之,遣精兵奇襲,救歸[[慕尼黑]]。
希特勒據義北,復立墨氏為主,號「社會共和國」,然實為德人傀儡。[[一九四五年]],盟軍北進,墨氏度事不濟,欲遁[[瑞士]],為[[共產黨]][[遊擊隊]]所獲。四月廿八日,誅之。[[File:Mussolini e Petacci a Piazzale Loreto, 1945.jpg|thumb|right|200px|西元一九四五年米蘭洛雷托廣場。自左而右:龐巴奇、墨索里尼、佩塔奇、帕沃里尼、斯塔拉斯之屍]]及死,屍徇[[米蘭|米蘭市]],民眾唾之。
{{Commonscat|Benito Mussolini|墨索里尼}}
[[Category:意大利世家]]
[[Category:基礎之文]]
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米蘭
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Davidzdh
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wikitext
text/x-wiki
'''米蘭''',[[義大利]]北境之名都也,為[[倫巴底大區]]暨[[米蘭廣域市]]之首邑。其地扼南歐之要衝,沿革邈遠。域內多[[景觀|勝景]],而[[建築|營造]]之宏美、[[時尚|風尚之新奇]],尤聞達於世。考其生齒,城中百三十餘萬;若兼計都畿,則逾八百萬,實歐洲之巨邑也。
[[分類:西歐地理志]]
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438463
2026-03-31T15:28:05Z
Davidzdh
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去[[分類:西歐地理志]];增[[分類:意大利地理志]] 藉[[:zh:Wikipedia:维基百科工具/HotCat|熾貓]]之助
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text/x-wiki
'''米蘭''',[[義大利]]北境之名都也,為[[倫巴底大區]]暨[[米蘭廣域市]]之首邑。其地扼南歐之要衝,沿革邈遠。域內多[[景觀|勝景]],而[[建築|營造]]之宏美、[[時尚|風尚之新奇]],尤聞達於世。考其生齒,城中百三十餘萬;若兼計都畿,則逾八百萬,實歐洲之巨邑也。
[[分類:意大利地理志]]
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維基大典:會館/topic list
4
82586
438446
438428
2026-03-31T13:45:23Z
Cewbot
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[[用戶:Cewbot/log/20170915/configuration|生成議題列表:6個議題]]
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| data-sort-type="number" data-sort-value="1" | 一
| [[維基大典:會館#續:天地玄黃列次文獻|續:天地玄黃列次文獻]]
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| [[維基大典:會館#頁底Code_of_Conduct被改爲「為之则」事|頁底Code of Conduct被改爲「為之则」事]]
| data-sort-type="number" data-sort-value="2" | 二
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{{Clear}}
1pyyeb9jwxkw4vqb3pjl8wp75d06t2f
438498
438446
2026-04-01T04:43:22Z
Cewbot
65799
[[用戶:Cewbot/log/20170915/configuration|生成議題列表:7個議題]]
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| [[維基大典:會館#2027丁未年新年标志联合票选一事|2027丁未年新年标志联合票选一事]]
| style="background-color: #ffe;" data-sort-type="number" data-sort-value="19" | 十九
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| data-sort-type="number" data-sort-value="2" | 二
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| [[維基大典:會館#卷首新知之更替|卷首新知之更替]]
| data-sort-type="number" data-sort-value="3" | 三
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{{Clear}}
14couwfuaek8c3nfdqys0lykhhtpfmn
女權
0
85725
438449
421143
2026-03-31T14:33:42Z
Davidzdh
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舊本,大肆發議而無引據。按[[:zh:女權主義|通語本]]重譯。
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[[File:Feminism symbol.svg|thumb|upright|女子爭權標誌]]
'''女權'''者,[[女性|婦人]]之權也。論者謂自古[[民群|天下]],多[[父權|由男子當家秉政]],是貴[[男性|乾]]而賤[[女性|坤]],悖乎[[性別平等|均平之道]]<ref>{{Cite book |df=ja |last=Gamble|first=Sarah|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=JKAUXu9vpn0C|title=The Routledge Companion to Feminism and Postfeminism |date=2001 |publisher=Routledge |isbn=978-0-415-24310-0 |pages=VII |chapter=Introduction|orig-date=1998}}</ref>。主持女權者,宏旨在破此舊格,以均[[性別|形界]]之分<ref name="Brunell & Burkett">{{cite web |last1=Brunell |first1=Laura |last2=Burkett |first2=Elinor |title=Feminism |url=https://www.britannica.com/topic/feminism |website=Encyclopaedia Britannica |access-date=2019-05-21 |archive-date=2021-01-17 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210117060823/https://www.britannica.com/topic/feminism |dead-url=no }}</ref><ref name="Lengermann & Niebrugge">{{cite book |last1=Lengermann |first1=Patricia |last2=Niebrugge |first2=Gillian |editor1-last=Ritzer |editor1-first=G. |editor2-last=Ryan |editor2-first=J.M. |title=The Concise Encyclopedia of Sociology |date=2010 |publisher=John Wiley & Sons |isbn=978-1-40-518353-6 |page=223 |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Dz4wU64f_JYC&q=feminism+%22principle+that+women+are+human+beings+equal+to+men%22 |chapter=Feminism}}</ref><ref name=Mendus>{{cite book |last1=Mendus |first1=Susan |author-link=Susan Mendus |editor1-last=Honderich |editor1-first=Ted |editor1-link=Ted Honderich |title=The Oxford Companion to Philosophy |date=1995 |publisher=Oxford University Press|pages=[https://archive.org/details/oxfordcompaniont00hond/page/291 291]–294 |chapter=Feminism |edition=2nd|isbn=978-0-19-926479-7 |title-link=The Oxford Companion to Philosophy }}</ref><ref name="Hawkesworth">{{Cite book |last=Hawkesworth | first=Mary E.|title=Globalization and Feminist Activism |url=https://archive.org/details/globalizationfem0000hawk |year=2006|publisher=Rowman & Littlefield |pages=[https://archive.org/details/globalizationfem0000hawk/page/25 25]–27 |isbn=978-0-7425-3783-5}}</ref><ref name="Beasley">{{Cite book |last=Beasley |first=Chris |author-link1=Chris Beasley (Australian gender studies researcher) |title=What is Feminism? |url=https://archive.org/details/whatisfeminismin0000beas |year=1999|publisher=Sage |location=New York |pages=[https://archive.org/details/whatisfeminismin0000beas/page/3 3]–11 |isbn=978-0-7619-6335-6}}</ref>。[[平權理論|其理主於均平]];且非徒託空言,亦乃播爲[[社會運動|風潮]]。原其行也,凡遇[[受害者|被蹂抑者]],則齊其力、壯其膽;革[[性別歧視|偏私]]之辭,易[[法律|律令]]之規。故亦入[[人文主義|人本之林]]<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Doran |first1=Tatiana |last2=West |first2=Robin |title=Feminism or Humanism? |journal=[[Yale Law Journal]] |date=June 1998 |volume=107 |issue=8 |pages=2661 |doi=10.2307/797353 |jstor=797353 |issn = 0044-0094 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |first=Cordelia Tucker |last=O'Sullivan |title=Why Humanism and feminism go hand in hand |url=http://humanistlife.org.uk/2015/03/07/why-humanism-and-feminism-go-hand-in-hand/ |website=HumanistLife |access-date=2019-01-09 |date=2015-03-07 |archive-date=2021-04-30 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210430184305/https://humanistlife.org.uk/2015/03/07/why-humanism-and-feminism-go-hand-in-hand/ |dead-url=no }}</ref><ref name="Ross-2009">{{Cite book|title=The Birth of Feminism: Woman As Intellect in Renaissance Italy and England|url=https://archive.org/details/birthoffeminismw0000ross|last=Ross, Sarah Gwyneth, 1975–|date=2009|publisher=Harvard University Press|isbn=978-0-674-03454-9|oclc=517501929}}</ref>。
坤權之學,流派繁衍,旨趣非一,其所研覈,端緒紛然。或主[[母權制|母氏之制]];或倡[[生育權|產育自主]];或爭[[受教育權|庠序之教]];或謂[[家務|中饋]]之役,當再衡審;或期[[產假與育嬰假|字育休沐]];或冀[[同工同酬|同勞同酬]]{{按|謂俗云[[玻璃天花板]],暨無形之閡,理當破除}};或籲息[[家庭暴力|庭闈之暴虐]];或嚴懲違志[[性騷擾|褻慢]]、[[強姦|逼淫]]及諸[[性犯罪|淫辟]];或論[[墮胎爭議|墮胎自專]];或攷[[近親性交|亂倫]]以駮權力、隳解舊制;或思[[物化|齊人於物]]之失{{按|謂[[性的物化|視人如器]]也}};或砭[[性別歧視主義|男女之偏私]]。至若失平之本何在、兩儀制治之權界、[[父權制|父宗之制]]何由而生,凡此種種,不一而足。其旨皆在[[覺醒|振聾發聵]],啟[[性別意識|形界之自覺]],而各申其說<ref name="Echols">{{Cite book |last=Echols |first=Alice |author-link=Alice Echols |title=Daring to Be Bad: Radical Feminism in America, 1967–1975 |year=1989 |publisher=University of Minnesota Press |location=Minneapolis |isbn=978-0-8166-1787-6 |url-access=registration |url=https://archive.org/details/daringtobebadrad0000echo }}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last=Hooks |first=Bell |authorlink=Bell hooks |year=2000 |title=Feminism Is for Everybody: Passionate politics |url=https://archive.org/details/feminismisforeve00hook |publisher=[[South End Press]] |location=Cambridge, Mass. |ISBN = 0-89608-629-1}}</ref>。然譬若「[[人工流產|墮胎]]合乎[[道德|禮]]歟」、「女子安能與乎[[社會|群政]]耶」,涉此諸端,其黨論亦往往逕庭,莫衷一是。
攷其風潮,凡四波。自西元[[十九世紀|十九稘]]至[[二十世紀|二十稘]]中,其初、次二波興焉。初則起於[[十九世紀|十九稘]],時[[工業革命]],蓋[[自由主義|自由民治]]之餘緒。所務[[民主|庶建]],兼求女男[[法律|律令]]之齊<ref name="Humm">{{Cite book|last=Humm|first=Maggie|title=The Dictionary of Feminist Theory|url=https://archive.org/details/dictionaryoffemi0000humm_g3j9|publisher=Columbus: Ohio State University Press|year=1995|isbn=978-0133553895|pages=[https://archive.org/details/dictionaryoffemi0000humm_g3j9/page/251 251]}}</ref><ref name="Walker1992">{{Cite journal |last=Walker |first=Rebecca |title=Becoming the Third Wave |journal=[[Ms. (journal)|Ms.]] |date=January–February 1992 |pages=39–41}}</ref><ref name=Chamberlain2017>{{cite book|last=Chamberlain|first=Prudence|title=The Feminist Fourth Wave: Affective Temporality|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=8AIkDwAAQBAJ|year=2017|publisher=Springer|location=Cham|isbn=978-3-319-53682-8}}</ref>。次則及[[二十世紀六十年代|一九六〇年代]],時[[嬉皮運動|風尚放達]],[[共產主義運動|志求大同]],語[[階級鬥爭|階級之爭]],重[[勞工權利|傭保之權]]。謂世道[[父權|尊男]],宜盡毀之,以建[[無產階級|氓庶]]之世<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.cddc.vt.edu/feminism/mar.html |title=Marxist/Materialist Feminism |website=www.cddc.vt.edu |access-date=2020-04-16 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230429184943/https://www.cddc.vt.edu/feminism/mar.html |archive-date=2023-04-29 |dead-url=no }}</ref><ref name=Hanisch>{{cite web |url=http://scholar.alexanderstreet.com/pages/viewpage.action?pageId=2259 |title=Hanisch, New Intro to 'The Personal is Political' – Second Wave and Beyond |access-date=2008-06-08 |last=Hanisch |first=Carol |date=2006-01-01 |website=The Personal Is Political |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080515014413/http://scholar.alexanderstreet.com/pages/viewpage.action?pageId=2259 |archive-date=2008-05-15}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |author=Badia, Gilbert |title=Zetkin. Femminista senza frontiere |year=1994 |publisher=University of Michigan. |isbn=978-88-85378-53-7 |page=320}}</ref>。然是時之論,未必敵視男子,而期[[平權主義|平等之風]],使女界覺醒也<ref>{{Cite book |author=hooks, bell. |title=Feminism is for everyone |url=https://archive.org/details/feminismisforeve00hook |year=2000|publisher=South End Press|isbn=978-0745317335}}</ref>。
沈寂三十載,潮流復湧。第三波起於[[二十世紀九十年代|九十年代]],非獨恤女,亦兼及[[男性|男]]。如[[貝爾·胡克斯|胡克斯]]之屬,謂女權當使男子[[自信|自強]],而非使其[[自卑|自餒]],必破形界而同心,乃克有成<ref>{{Cite book |author=hooks, bell. |title=Feminist Theory: From Margin to Center |url=https://archive.org/details/feministtheoryfr0002hook |year=2000|publisher=South End Press|isbn= 978-1138821668}}</ref>。第四波,發於西元[[二〇一一年]],時有[[佔領華爾街]]、[[阿拉伯之春|起事阿拉伯]]者。及[[二〇一七年]],女界呼號:「[[Me too運動|予亦受害]]」。洎乎斯時,主女權者所論究,蓋統會[[經濟不平等|貧富]]、[[宗教|教門]]、[[性騷擾|狎侮]]諸端而一之<ref>{{Cite web|title=Feminism: A fourth wave? {{!}} The Political Studies Association (PSA)|url=https://www.psa.ac.uk/psa/news/feminism-fourth-wave|access-date=2021-11-29|website=Feminism: A fourth wave? {{!}} The Political Studies Association (PSA)|archive-date=2019-12-10|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191210124315/https://www.psa.ac.uk/psa/news/feminism-fourth-wave|dead-url=no}}</ref>。且省克前弊,謂往者風潮,多囿於[[大學堂|黌門之內]],恃乎[[民主國家|民治之國]],又[[泰西]]、[[白人]]、[[中產階級|中戶]]之屬,而忽略他種<ref name="4thWave-Guardian20131210">{{cite news|last=Cochrane|first=Kira|author-link=Kira Cochrane|date=2013-12-10|title=The Fourth Wave of Feminism: Meet the Rebel Women|newspaper=The Guardian|url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2013/dec/10/fourth-wave-feminism-rebel-women|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131210221939/https://www.theguardian.com/world/2013/dec/10/fourth-wave-feminism-rebel-women|archive-date=2013-12-10}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|last=Solomon|first=Deborah|date=2009-11-13|title=The Blogger and Author on the Life of Women Online|work=[[The New York Times journal]]|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2009/11/15/journal/15fob-q4-t.html|url-status=live|access-date=2016-03-16|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180501082226/http://www.nytimes.com/2009/11/15/journal/15fob-q4-t.html?_r=3|archive-date=2018-05-01}}</ref>。遂博取眾家,兼求[[種族平等|種類]]、[[性別平等|形界]]之平,由是[[黑人女性主義|黔黎]]<ref name="Narayan">{{Cite book |last=Narayan |first=Uma |title=Dislocating Cultures: Identities, Traditions, and Third-World Feminism |url=https://archive.org/details/dislocatingcultu0000nara |year=1997 |publisher=Routledge |location=New York |isbn=978-0-415-91418-5 |pages=[https://archive.org/details/dislocatingcultu0000nara/page/20 20]–28, 113, 161–87}}</ref>、[[自由女性主義|自由]]<ref name="elias">{{cite book |last1=Elias |first1=Juanita |last2=Ferguson |first2=Lucy |year=2014 |chapter=Production, Employment, and Consumption |editor-last=Shepherd | editor-first=Laura J. |title=Gender Matters in Global Politics |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=C2AKBAAAQBAJ&pg=PT291 |publisher=Routledge |isbn=978-1-134-75259-1 }}</ref>、[[激進女性主義|激進]]<ref>{{cite book|last=hooks |first=bell |author-link=Bell hooks |year=2000 |title=Feminism Is for Everybody: Passionate Politics |location=Cambridge, Mass. |publisher=South End Press |isbn=978-0-89608-629-6 |url=https://archive.org/details/feminismisforeve00hook }}</ref>、[[交叉性|交參]]<ref>{{Cite web|last=Zerbisias|first=Antonia|date=2015-09-16|title=Feminism's Fourth Wave is the Shitlist|url=https://nowtoronto.com/news/feminisms-fourth-wave-is-the-shitlist/|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200817170127/https://nowtoronto.com/feminisms-fourth-wave-is-the-shitlist|archive-date=2020-08-17|access-date=2016-04-21|website=NOW Toronto}}</ref>、[[社會主義女性主義|社會]]<ref name=West&Zimmerman>{{cite journal | last1 = West | first1 = Candace | last2 = Zimmerman | first2 = Don H. | title = Doing gender | url = https://archive.org/details/sim_gender-society_1987-06_1_2/page/125 | journal = [[Gender & Society]] | volume = 1 | issue = 2 | pages = 125–151 | doi = 10.1177/0891243287001002002 | jstor = 189945 | date = June 1987 | s2cid = 220519301 }} [https://campus.fsu.edu/bbcswebdav/institution/academic/social_sciences/sociology/Reading%20Lists/Social%20Psych%20Prelim%20Readings/IV.%20Structures%20and%20Inequalities/1987%20West%20Zimmerman%20-%20Doing%20Gender.pdf Pdf.] {{Wayback|url=https://campus.fsu.edu/bbcswebdav/institution/academic/social_sciences/sociology/Reading%20Lists/Social%20Psych%20Prelim%20Readings/IV.%20Structures%20and%20Inequalities/1987%20West%20Zimmerman%20-%20Doing%20Gender.pdf |date=20151225165833 }}</ref>、[[馬克思女性主義|馬學]]諸流,紛然並起。
及至[[二〇二〇年代|二十年代]],伸張女權之議益熾,其說彌綸四海,不以[[階級|品秩]]、[[種族|族類]]、[[宗教|教門]]、[[國界|國境]]而生區隔。列國風俗雖殊,然婦女多思參決[[政治|國事]],抒發宏議。若乃廢止[[蘇丹共和國|蘇丹]]與[[非洲]]諸國之[[女陰殘割|幽割]],蠲除[[伊斯蘭教國家|大食]]諸邦婦女[[包頭巾|障面]]之俗,俾其克保膚體,不受拘攣<ref name="Distillations">{{Cite journal |last1=Roberts |first1=Jacob |title=Women's work |journal=[[Distillations (journal)|Distillations]] |date=2017 |volume=3 |issue=1 |pages=6–11 |url=https://www.sciencehistory.org/distillations/journal/womens-work |access-date=2018-03-22 |archive-date=2019-07-09 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190709052251/https://www.sciencehistory.org/distillations/journal/womens-work |dead-url=no }}</ref>。由是觀之,斯說已與[[人道主義|人道]]、[[普世價值|公理]]相表裡矣<ref>{{cite book|last=Roth |first=Benita |title=Separate Roads to Feminism: Black, Chicana, and White Feminist Movements in America's Second Wave |publisher=Cambridge University Press |year=2004 |isbn=978-0-521-52972-3 |url=https://archive.org/details/separateroadstof00roth }}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last1=Winddance Twine |first1=France |first2=Kathleen M. |last2=Blee |title=Feminism and Antiracism: International Struggles for Justice |publisher=NYU Press |year=2001 |isbn=978-0-8147-9855-3 |url-access=registration |url=https://archive.org/details/feminismantiraci0000unse }}</ref><ref>{{Citation|title="The Combahee River Collective Statement" (1977)|work=Available Means|pages=292–300|publisher=University of Pittsburgh Press|isbn=978-0-8229-7975-3|doi=10.2307/j.ctt5hjqnj.50|year=2001}}</ref>。
==引據==
<references/>
[[Category:哲學]]
[[Category:基礎之文]]
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[[File:Feminism symbol.svg|thumb|upright|女子爭權標誌]]
'''女權'''者,[[女性|婦人]]之權也。論者謂自古[[民群|天下]],多[[父權|由男子當家秉政]],是貴[[男性|乾]]而賤[[女性|坤]],悖乎[[性別平等|均平之道]]<ref>{{Cite book |df=ja |last=Gamble|first=Sarah|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=JKAUXu9vpn0C|title=The Routledge Companion to Feminism and Postfeminism |date=2001 |publisher=Routledge |isbn=978-0-415-24310-0 |pages=VII |chapter=Introduction|orig-date=1998}}</ref>。主持女權者,宏旨在破此舊格,以均[[性別|形界]]之分<ref name="Brunell & Burkett">{{cite web |last1=Brunell |first1=Laura |last2=Burkett |first2=Elinor |title=Feminism |url=https://www.britannica.com/topic/feminism |website=Encyclopaedia Britannica |access-date=2019-05-21 |archive-date=2021-01-17 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210117060823/https://www.britannica.com/topic/feminism |dead-url=no }}</ref><ref name="Lengermann & Niebrugge">{{cite book |last1=Lengermann |first1=Patricia |last2=Niebrugge |first2=Gillian |editor1-last=Ritzer |editor1-first=G. |editor2-last=Ryan |editor2-first=J.M. |title=The Concise Encyclopedia of Sociology |date=2010 |publisher=John Wiley & Sons |isbn=978-1-40-518353-6 |page=223 |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Dz4wU64f_JYC&q=feminism+%22principle+that+women+are+human+beings+equal+to+men%22 |chapter=Feminism}}</ref><ref name=Mendus>{{cite book |last1=Mendus |first1=Susan |author-link=Susan Mendus |editor1-last=Honderich |editor1-first=Ted |editor1-link=Ted Honderich |title=The Oxford Companion to Philosophy |date=1995 |publisher=Oxford University Press|pages=[https://archive.org/details/oxfordcompaniont00hond/page/291 291]–294 |chapter=Feminism |edition=2nd|isbn=978-0-19-926479-7 |title-link=The Oxford Companion to Philosophy }}</ref><ref name="Hawkesworth">{{Cite book |last=Hawkesworth | first=Mary E.|title=Globalization and Feminist Activism |url=https://archive.org/details/globalizationfem0000hawk |year=2006|publisher=Rowman & Littlefield |pages=[https://archive.org/details/globalizationfem0000hawk/page/25 25]–27 |isbn=978-0-7425-3783-5}}</ref><ref name="Beasley">{{Cite book |last=Beasley |first=Chris |author-link1=Chris Beasley (Australian gender studies researcher) |title=What is Feminism? |url=https://archive.org/details/whatisfeminismin0000beas |year=1999|publisher=Sage |location=New York |pages=[https://archive.org/details/whatisfeminismin0000beas/page/3 3]–11 |isbn=978-0-7619-6335-6}}</ref>。[[平權理論|其理主於均平]];且非徒託空言,亦乃播爲[[社會運動|風潮]]。原其行也,凡遇[[受害者|被蹂抑者]],則齊其力、壯其膽;革[[性別歧視|偏私]]之辭,易[[法律|律令]]之規。故亦入[[人文主義|人本之林]]<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Doran |first1=Tatiana |last2=West |first2=Robin |title=Feminism or Humanism? |journal=[[Yale Law Journal]] |date=June 1998 |volume=107 |issue=8 |pages=2661 |doi=10.2307/797353 |jstor=797353 |issn = 0044-0094 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |first=Cordelia Tucker |last=O'Sullivan |title=Why Humanism and feminism go hand in hand |url=http://humanistlife.org.uk/2015/03/07/why-humanism-and-feminism-go-hand-in-hand/ |website=HumanistLife |access-date=2019-01-09 |date=2015-03-07 |archive-date=2021-04-30 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210430184305/https://humanistlife.org.uk/2015/03/07/why-humanism-and-feminism-go-hand-in-hand/ |dead-url=no }}</ref><ref name="Ross-2009">{{Cite book|title=The Birth of Feminism: Woman As Intellect in Renaissance Italy and England|url=https://archive.org/details/birthoffeminismw0000ross|last=Ross, Sarah Gwyneth, 1975–|date=2009|publisher=Harvard University Press|isbn=978-0-674-03454-9|oclc=517501929}}</ref>。
坤權之學,流派繁衍,旨趣非一,其所研覈,端緒紛然。或主[[母權制|母氏之制]];或倡[[生育權|產育自主]];或爭[[受教育權|庠序之教]];或謂[[家務|中饋]]之役,當再衡審;或期[[產假與育嬰假|字育休沐]];或冀[[同工同酬|同勞同酬]]{{按|謂俗云[[玻璃天花板]],暨無形之閡,理當破除}};或籲息[[家庭暴力|庭闈之暴虐]];或嚴懲違志[[性騷擾|褻慢]]、[[強姦|逼淫]]及諸[[性犯罪|淫辟]];或論[[墮胎爭議|墮胎自專]];或攷[[近親性交|亂倫]]以駮權力、隳解舊制;或思[[物化|齊人於物]]之失{{按|謂[[性的物化|視人如器]]也}};或砭[[性別歧視主義|男女之偏私]]。至若失平之本何在、兩儀制治之權界、[[父權制|父宗之制]]何由而生,凡此種種,不一而足。其旨皆在[[覺醒|振聾發聵]],啟[[性別意識|形界之自覺]],而各申其說<ref name="Echols">{{Cite book |last=Echols |first=Alice |author-link=Alice Echols |title=Daring to Be Bad: Radical Feminism in America, 1967–1975 |year=1989 |publisher=University of Minnesota Press |location=Minneapolis |isbn=978-0-8166-1787-6 |url-access=registration |url=https://archive.org/details/daringtobebadrad0000echo }}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last=Hooks |first=Bell |authorlink=Bell hooks |year=2000 |title=Feminism Is for Everybody: Passionate politics |url=https://archive.org/details/feminismisforeve00hook |publisher=[[South End Press]] |location=Cambridge, Mass. |ISBN = 0-89608-629-1}}</ref>。然譬若「[[人工流產|墮胎]]合乎[[道德|禮]]歟」、「女子安能與乎[[社會|群政]]耶」,涉此諸端,其黨論亦往往逕庭,莫衷一是。
攷其風潮,凡四波。自西元[[十九世紀|十九稘]]至[[二十世紀|二十稘]]中,其初、次二波興焉。初則起於十九稘,時[[工業革命]],蓋[[自由主義|自由民治]]之餘緒。所務[[民主|庶建]],兼求女男[[法律|律令]]之齊<ref name="Humm">{{Cite book|last=Humm|first=Maggie|title=The Dictionary of Feminist Theory|url=https://archive.org/details/dictionaryoffemi0000humm_g3j9|publisher=Columbus: Ohio State University Press|year=1995|isbn=978-0133553895|pages=[https://archive.org/details/dictionaryoffemi0000humm_g3j9/page/251 251]}}</ref><ref name="Walker1992">{{Cite journal |last=Walker |first=Rebecca |title=Becoming the Third Wave |journal=[[Ms. (journal)|Ms.]] |date=January–February 1992 |pages=39–41}}</ref><ref name=Chamberlain2017>{{cite book|last=Chamberlain|first=Prudence|title=The Feminist Fourth Wave: Affective Temporality|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=8AIkDwAAQBAJ|year=2017|publisher=Springer|location=Cham|isbn=978-3-319-53682-8}}</ref>。次則及[[二十世紀六十年代|一九六〇年代]],時[[嬉皮運動|風尚放達]],[[共產主義運動|志求大同]],語[[階級鬥爭|階級之爭]],重[[勞工權利|傭保之權]]。謂世道[[父權|尊男]],宜盡毀之,以建[[無產階級|氓庶]]之世<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.cddc.vt.edu/feminism/mar.html |title=Marxist/Materialist Feminism |website=www.cddc.vt.edu |access-date=2020-04-16 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230429184943/https://www.cddc.vt.edu/feminism/mar.html |archive-date=2023-04-29 |dead-url=no }}</ref><ref name=Hanisch>{{cite web |url=http://scholar.alexanderstreet.com/pages/viewpage.action?pageId=2259 |title=Hanisch, New Intro to 'The Personal is Political' – Second Wave and Beyond |access-date=2008-06-08 |last=Hanisch |first=Carol |date=2006-01-01 |website=The Personal Is Political |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080515014413/http://scholar.alexanderstreet.com/pages/viewpage.action?pageId=2259 |archive-date=2008-05-15}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |author=Badia, Gilbert |title=Zetkin. Femminista senza frontiere |year=1994 |publisher=University of Michigan. |isbn=978-88-85378-53-7 |page=320}}</ref>。然是時之論,未必敵視男子,而期[[平權主義|平等之風]],使女界覺醒也<ref>{{Cite book |author=hooks, bell. |title=Feminism is for everyone |url=https://archive.org/details/feminismisforeve00hook |year=2000|publisher=South End Press|isbn=978-0745317335}}</ref>。
沈寂三十載,潮流復湧。第三波起於[[二十世紀九十年代|九十年代]],非獨恤女,亦兼及[[男性|男]]。如[[貝爾·胡克斯|胡克斯]]之屬,謂女權當使男子[[自信|自強]],而非使其[[自卑|自餒]],必破形界而同心,乃克有成<ref>{{Cite book |author=hooks, bell. |title=Feminist Theory: From Margin to Center |url=https://archive.org/details/feministtheoryfr0002hook |year=2000|publisher=South End Press|isbn= 978-1138821668}}</ref>。第四波,發於[[二〇一一年]],時有[[佔領華爾街]]、[[阿拉伯之春|起事阿拉伯]]者。及[[二〇一七年]],女界呼號:「[[Me too運動|予亦受害]]」。洎乎斯時,主女權者所論究,蓋統會[[經濟不平等|貧富]]、[[宗教|教門]]、[[性騷擾|狎侮]]諸端而一之<ref>{{Cite web|title=Feminism: A fourth wave? {{!}} The Political Studies Association (PSA)|url=https://www.psa.ac.uk/psa/news/feminism-fourth-wave|access-date=2021-11-29|website=Feminism: A fourth wave? {{!}} The Political Studies Association (PSA)|archive-date=2019-12-10|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191210124315/https://www.psa.ac.uk/psa/news/feminism-fourth-wave|dead-url=no}}</ref>。且省克前弊,謂往者風潮,多囿於[[大學堂|黌門之內]],恃乎[[民主國家|民治之國]],又[[泰西]]、[[白人]]、[[中產階級|中戶]]之屬,而忽略他種<ref name="4thWave-Guardian20131210">{{cite news|last=Cochrane|first=Kira|author-link=Kira Cochrane|date=2013-12-10|title=The Fourth Wave of Feminism: Meet the Rebel Women|newspaper=The Guardian|url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2013/dec/10/fourth-wave-feminism-rebel-women|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131210221939/https://www.theguardian.com/world/2013/dec/10/fourth-wave-feminism-rebel-women|archive-date=2013-12-10}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|last=Solomon|first=Deborah|date=2009-11-13|title=The Blogger and Author on the Life of Women Online|work=[[The New York Times journal]]|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2009/11/15/journal/15fob-q4-t.html|url-status=live|access-date=2016-03-16|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180501082226/http://www.nytimes.com/2009/11/15/journal/15fob-q4-t.html?_r=3|archive-date=2018-05-01}}</ref>。遂博取眾家,兼求[[種族平等|種類]]、[[性別平等|形界]]之平,由是[[黑人女性主義|黔黎]]<ref name="Narayan">{{Cite book |last=Narayan |first=Uma |title=Dislocating Cultures: Identities, Traditions, and Third-World Feminism |url=https://archive.org/details/dislocatingcultu0000nara |year=1997 |publisher=Routledge |location=New York |isbn=978-0-415-91418-5 |pages=[https://archive.org/details/dislocatingcultu0000nara/page/20 20]–28, 113, 161–87}}</ref>、[[自由女性主義|自由]]<ref name="elias">{{cite book |last1=Elias |first1=Juanita |last2=Ferguson |first2=Lucy |year=2014 |chapter=Production, Employment, and Consumption |editor-last=Shepherd | editor-first=Laura J. |title=Gender Matters in Global Politics |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=C2AKBAAAQBAJ&pg=PT291 |publisher=Routledge |isbn=978-1-134-75259-1 }}</ref>、[[激進女性主義|激進]]<ref>{{cite book|last=hooks |first=bell |author-link=Bell hooks |year=2000 |title=Feminism Is for Everybody: Passionate Politics |location=Cambridge, Mass. |publisher=South End Press |isbn=978-0-89608-629-6 |url=https://archive.org/details/feminismisforeve00hook }}</ref>、[[交叉性|交參]]<ref>{{Cite web|last=Zerbisias|first=Antonia|date=2015-09-16|title=Feminism's Fourth Wave is the Shitlist|url=https://nowtoronto.com/news/feminisms-fourth-wave-is-the-shitlist/|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200817170127/https://nowtoronto.com/feminisms-fourth-wave-is-the-shitlist|archive-date=2020-08-17|access-date=2016-04-21|website=NOW Toronto}}</ref>、[[社會主義女性主義|社會]]<ref name=West&Zimmerman>{{cite journal | last1 = West | first1 = Candace | last2 = Zimmerman | first2 = Don H. | title = Doing gender | url = https://archive.org/details/sim_gender-society_1987-06_1_2/page/125 | journal = [[Gender & Society]] | volume = 1 | issue = 2 | pages = 125–151 | doi = 10.1177/0891243287001002002 | jstor = 189945 | date = June 1987 | s2cid = 220519301 }} [https://campus.fsu.edu/bbcswebdav/institution/academic/social_sciences/sociology/Reading%20Lists/Social%20Psych%20Prelim%20Readings/IV.%20Structures%20and%20Inequalities/1987%20West%20Zimmerman%20-%20Doing%20Gender.pdf Pdf.] {{Wayback|url=https://campus.fsu.edu/bbcswebdav/institution/academic/social_sciences/sociology/Reading%20Lists/Social%20Psych%20Prelim%20Readings/IV.%20Structures%20and%20Inequalities/1987%20West%20Zimmerman%20-%20Doing%20Gender.pdf |date=20151225165833 }}</ref>、[[馬克思女性主義|馬學]]諸流,紛然並起。
及至[[二〇二〇年代|二十年代]],伸張女權之議益熾,其說彌綸四海,不以[[階級|品秩]]、[[種族|族類]]、[[宗教|教門]]、[[國界|國境]]而生區隔。列國風俗雖殊,然婦女多思參決[[政治|國事]],抒發宏議。若乃廢止[[蘇丹共和國|蘇丹]]與[[非洲]]諸國之[[女陰殘割|割禮]],蠲除[[伊斯蘭教國家|大食諸邦]]婦女[[包頭巾|障面]]之俗,俾其克保膚體,不受拘攣<ref name="Distillations">{{Cite journal |last1=Roberts |first1=Jacob |title=Women's work |journal=[[Distillations (journal)|Distillations]] |date=2017 |volume=3 |issue=1 |pages=6–11 |url=https://www.sciencehistory.org/distillations/journal/womens-work |access-date=2018-03-22 |archive-date=2019-07-09 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190709052251/https://www.sciencehistory.org/distillations/journal/womens-work |dead-url=no }}</ref>。由是觀之,斯說已與[[人道主義|人道]]、[[普世價值|公理]]相表裏矣<ref>{{cite book|last=Roth |first=Benita |title=Separate Roads to Feminism: Black, Chicana, and White Feminist Movements in America's Second Wave |publisher=Cambridge University Press |year=2004 |isbn=978-0-521-52972-3 |url=https://archive.org/details/separateroadstof00roth }}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last1=Winddance Twine |first1=France |first2=Kathleen M. |last2=Blee |title=Feminism and Antiracism: International Struggles for Justice |publisher=NYU Press |year=2001 |isbn=978-0-8147-9855-3 |url-access=registration |url=https://archive.org/details/feminismantiraci0000unse }}</ref><ref>{{Citation|title="The Combahee River Collective Statement" (1977)|work=Available Means|pages=292–300|publisher=University of Pittsburgh Press|isbn=978-0-8229-7975-3|doi=10.2307/j.ctt5hjqnj.50|year=2001}}</ref>。
==引據==
<references/>
[[Category:哲學]]
[[Category:基礎之文]]
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[[File:Feminism symbol.svg|thumb|upright|女子爭權標誌]]
'''女權'''者,[[女性|婦人]]之權也。論者謂自古[[民群|天下]],多[[父權|由男子當家秉政]],是貴[[男性|乾]]而賤[[女性|坤]],悖乎[[性別平等|均平之道]]<ref>{{Cite book |df=ja |last=Gamble|first=Sarah|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=JKAUXu9vpn0C|title=The Routledge Companion to Feminism and Postfeminism |date=2001 |publisher=Routledge |isbn=978-0-415-24310-0 |pages=VII |chapter=Introduction|orig-date=1998}}</ref>。主持女權者,宏旨在破此舊格,以均[[性別|形界]]之分<ref name="Brunell & Burkett">{{cite web |last1=Brunell |first1=Laura |last2=Burkett |first2=Elinor |title=Feminism |url=https://www.britannica.com/topic/feminism |website=Encyclopaedia Britannica |access-date=2019-05-21 |archive-date=2021-01-17 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210117060823/https://www.britannica.com/topic/feminism |dead-url=no }}</ref><ref name="Lengermann & Niebrugge">{{cite book |last1=Lengermann |first1=Patricia |last2=Niebrugge |first2=Gillian |editor1-last=Ritzer |editor1-first=G. |editor2-last=Ryan |editor2-first=J.M. |title=The Concise Encyclopedia of Sociology |date=2010 |publisher=John Wiley & Sons |isbn=978-1-40-518353-6 |page=223 |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Dz4wU64f_JYC&q=feminism+%22principle+that+women+are+human+beings+equal+to+men%22 |chapter=Feminism}}</ref><ref name=Mendus>{{cite book |last1=Mendus |first1=Susan |author-link=Susan Mendus |editor1-last=Honderich |editor1-first=Ted |editor1-link=Ted Honderich |title=The Oxford Companion to Philosophy |date=1995 |publisher=Oxford University Press|pages=[https://archive.org/details/oxfordcompaniont00hond/page/291 291]–294 |chapter=Feminism |edition=2nd|isbn=978-0-19-926479-7 |title-link=The Oxford Companion to Philosophy }}</ref><ref name="Hawkesworth">{{Cite book |last=Hawkesworth | first=Mary E.|title=Globalization and Feminist Activism |url=https://archive.org/details/globalizationfem0000hawk |year=2006|publisher=Rowman & Littlefield |pages=[https://archive.org/details/globalizationfem0000hawk/page/25 25]–27 |isbn=978-0-7425-3783-5}}</ref><ref name="Beasley">{{Cite book |last=Beasley |first=Chris |author-link1=Chris Beasley (Australian gender studies researcher) |title=What is Feminism? |url=https://archive.org/details/whatisfeminismin0000beas |year=1999|publisher=Sage |location=New York |pages=[https://archive.org/details/whatisfeminismin0000beas/page/3 3]–11 |isbn=978-0-7619-6335-6}}</ref>。[[平權理論|其理主於均平]];且非徒託空言,亦乃播爲[[社會運動|風潮]]。原其行也,凡遇[[受害者|被蹂抑者]],則齊其力、壯其膽;革[[性別歧視|偏私]]之辭,易[[法律|律令]]之規。故亦入[[人文主義|人本之林]]<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Doran |first1=Tatiana |last2=West |first2=Robin |title=Feminism or Humanism? |journal=[[Yale Law Journal]] |date=June 1998 |volume=107 |issue=8 |pages=2661 |doi=10.2307/797353 |jstor=797353 |issn = 0044-0094 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |first=Cordelia Tucker |last=O'Sullivan |title=Why Humanism and feminism go hand in hand |url=http://humanistlife.org.uk/2015/03/07/why-humanism-and-feminism-go-hand-in-hand/ |website=HumanistLife |access-date=2019-01-09 |date=2015-03-07 |archive-date=2021-04-30 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210430184305/https://humanistlife.org.uk/2015/03/07/why-humanism-and-feminism-go-hand-in-hand/ |dead-url=no }}</ref><ref name="Ross-2009">{{Cite book|title=The Birth of Feminism: Woman As Intellect in Renaissance Italy and England|url=https://archive.org/details/birthoffeminismw0000ross|last=Ross, Sarah Gwyneth, 1975–|date=2009|publisher=Harvard University Press|isbn=978-0-674-03454-9|oclc=517501929}}</ref>。
坤權之學,流派繁衍,旨趣非一,其所研覈,端緒紛然。或主[[母權制|母氏之制]];或倡[[生育權|產育自主]];或爭[[受教育權|庠序之教]];或謂[[家務|中饋]]之役,當再衡審;或期[[產假與育嬰假|字育休沐]];或冀[[同工同酬|同勞同酬]]{{按|謂俗云[[玻璃天花板]],暨無形之閡,理當破除}};或籲息[[家庭暴力|庭闈之暴虐]];或嚴懲違志[[性騷擾|褻慢]]、[[強姦|逼淫]]及諸[[性犯罪|淫辟]];或論[[墮胎爭議|墮胎自專]];或攷[[近親性交|亂倫]]以駮權力、隳解舊制;或思[[物化|齊人於物]]之失{{按|謂[[性的物化|視人如器]]也}};或砭[[性別歧視主義|男女之偏私]]。至若失平之本何在、兩儀制治之權界、[[父權制|父宗之制]]何由而生,凡此種種,不一而足。其旨皆在[[覺醒|振聾發聵]],啟[[性別意識|形界之自覺]],而各申其說<ref name="Echols">{{Cite book |last=Echols |first=Alice |author-link=Alice Echols |title=Daring to Be Bad: Radical Feminism in America, 1967–1975 |year=1989 |publisher=University of Minnesota Press |location=Minneapolis |isbn=978-0-8166-1787-6 |url-access=registration |url=https://archive.org/details/daringtobebadrad0000echo }}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last=Hooks |first=Bell |authorlink=Bell hooks |year=2000 |title=Feminism Is for Everybody: Passionate politics |url=https://archive.org/details/feminismisforeve00hook |publisher=[[South End Press]] |location=Cambridge, Mass. |ISBN = 0-89608-629-1}}</ref>。然譬若「[[人工流產|墮胎]]合乎[[道德|禮]]歟」、「女子安能與乎[[社會|群政]]耶」,涉此諸端,其黨論亦往往逕庭,莫衷一是。
攷其風潮,凡四波。自西元[[十九世紀|十九稘]]至[[二十世紀|二十稘]]中,其初、次二波興焉。初則起於十九稘,時[[工業革命]],蓋[[自由主義|自由民治]]之餘緒。所務[[民主|庶建]],兼求女男[[法律|律令]]之齊<ref name="Humm">{{Cite book|last=Humm|first=Maggie|title=The Dictionary of Feminist Theory|url=https://archive.org/details/dictionaryoffemi0000humm_g3j9|publisher=Columbus: Ohio State University Press|year=1995|isbn=978-0133553895|pages=[https://archive.org/details/dictionaryoffemi0000humm_g3j9/page/251 251]}}</ref><ref name="Walker1992">{{Cite journal |last=Walker |first=Rebecca |title=Becoming the Third Wave |journal=[[Ms. (journal)|Ms.]] |date=January–February 1992 |pages=39–41}}</ref><ref name=Chamberlain2017>{{cite book|last=Chamberlain|first=Prudence|title=The Feminist Fourth Wave: Affective Temporality|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=8AIkDwAAQBAJ|year=2017|publisher=Springer|location=Cham|isbn=978-3-319-53682-8}}</ref>。次則及[[二十世紀六十年代|一九六〇年代]],時[[嬉皮運動|風尚放達]],[[共產主義運動|志求大同]],語[[階級鬥爭|階級之爭]],重[[勞工權利|傭保之權]]。謂[[父權|世道愛男]],宜盡毀之,以建[[無產階級|氓庶]]之世<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.cddc.vt.edu/feminism/mar.html |title=Marxist/Materialist Feminism |website=www.cddc.vt.edu |access-date=2020-04-16 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230429184943/https://www.cddc.vt.edu/feminism/mar.html |archive-date=2023-04-29 |dead-url=no }}</ref><ref name=Hanisch>{{cite web |url=http://scholar.alexanderstreet.com/pages/viewpage.action?pageId=2259 |title=Hanisch, New Intro to 'The Personal is Political' – Second Wave and Beyond |access-date=2008-06-08 |last=Hanisch |first=Carol |date=2006-01-01 |website=The Personal Is Political |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080515014413/http://scholar.alexanderstreet.com/pages/viewpage.action?pageId=2259 |archive-date=2008-05-15}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |author=Badia, Gilbert |title=Zetkin. Femminista senza frontiere |year=1994 |publisher=University of Michigan. |isbn=978-88-85378-53-7 |page=320}}</ref>。然是時之論,未必敵視男子,而期[[平權主義|平等之風]],使女界覺醒也<ref>{{Cite book |author=hooks, bell. |title=Feminism is for everyone |url=https://archive.org/details/feminismisforeve00hook |year=2000|publisher=South End Press|isbn=978-0745317335}}</ref>。
沈寂三十載,潮流復湧。第三波起於[[二十世紀九十年代|九十年代]],非獨恤女,亦兼及[[男性|男]]。如[[貝爾·胡克斯|胡克斯]]之屬,謂女權當使男子[[自信|自強]],而非使其[[自卑|自餒]],必破形界而同心,乃克有成<ref>{{Cite book |author=hooks, bell. |title=Feminist Theory: From Margin to Center |url=https://archive.org/details/feministtheoryfr0002hook |year=2000|publisher=South End Press|isbn= 978-1138821668}}</ref>。第四波,發於[[二〇一一年]],時有[[佔領華爾街]]、[[阿拉伯之春|起事阿拉伯]]者。及[[二〇一七年]],女界呼號:「[[Me too運動|予亦受害]]」。洎乎斯時,主女權者所論究,蓋統會[[經濟不平等|貧富]]、[[宗教|教門]]、[[性騷擾|狎侮]]諸端而一之<ref>{{Cite web|title=Feminism: A fourth wave? {{!}} The Political Studies Association (PSA)|url=https://www.psa.ac.uk/psa/news/feminism-fourth-wave|access-date=2021-11-29|website=Feminism: A fourth wave? {{!}} The Political Studies Association (PSA)|archive-date=2019-12-10|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191210124315/https://www.psa.ac.uk/psa/news/feminism-fourth-wave|dead-url=no}}</ref>。且省克前弊,謂往者風潮,多囿於[[大學堂|黌門之內]],恃乎[[民主國家|民治之國]],又[[泰西]]、[[白人]]、[[中產階級|中戶]]之屬,而忽略他種<ref name="4thWave-Guardian20131210">{{cite news|last=Cochrane|first=Kira|author-link=Kira Cochrane|date=2013-12-10|title=The Fourth Wave of Feminism: Meet the Rebel Women|newspaper=The Guardian|url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2013/dec/10/fourth-wave-feminism-rebel-women|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131210221939/https://www.theguardian.com/world/2013/dec/10/fourth-wave-feminism-rebel-women|archive-date=2013-12-10}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|last=Solomon|first=Deborah|date=2009-11-13|title=The Blogger and Author on the Life of Women Online|work=[[The New York Times journal]]|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2009/11/15/journal/15fob-q4-t.html|url-status=live|access-date=2016-03-16|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180501082226/http://www.nytimes.com/2009/11/15/journal/15fob-q4-t.html?_r=3|archive-date=2018-05-01}}</ref>。遂博取眾家,兼求[[種族平等|種類]]、[[性別平等|形界]]之平,由是[[黑人女性主義|黔黎]]<ref name="Narayan">{{Cite book |last=Narayan |first=Uma |title=Dislocating Cultures: Identities, Traditions, and Third-World Feminism |url=https://archive.org/details/dislocatingcultu0000nara |year=1997 |publisher=Routledge |location=New York |isbn=978-0-415-91418-5 |pages=[https://archive.org/details/dislocatingcultu0000nara/page/20 20]–28, 113, 161–87}}</ref>、[[自由女性主義|自由]]<ref name="elias">{{cite book |last1=Elias |first1=Juanita |last2=Ferguson |first2=Lucy |year=2014 |chapter=Production, Employment, and Consumption |editor-last=Shepherd | editor-first=Laura J. |title=Gender Matters in Global Politics |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=C2AKBAAAQBAJ&pg=PT291 |publisher=Routledge |isbn=978-1-134-75259-1 }}</ref>、[[激進女性主義|激進]]<ref>{{cite book|last=hooks |first=bell |author-link=Bell hooks |year=2000 |title=Feminism Is for Everybody: Passionate Politics |location=Cambridge, Mass. |publisher=South End Press |isbn=978-0-89608-629-6 |url=https://archive.org/details/feminismisforeve00hook }}</ref>、[[交叉性|交參]]<ref>{{Cite web|last=Zerbisias|first=Antonia|date=2015-09-16|title=Feminism's Fourth Wave is the Shitlist|url=https://nowtoronto.com/news/feminisms-fourth-wave-is-the-shitlist/|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200817170127/https://nowtoronto.com/feminisms-fourth-wave-is-the-shitlist|archive-date=2020-08-17|access-date=2016-04-21|website=NOW Toronto}}</ref>、[[社會主義女性主義|社會]]<ref name=West&Zimmerman>{{cite journal | last1 = West | first1 = Candace | last2 = Zimmerman | first2 = Don H. | title = Doing gender | url = https://archive.org/details/sim_gender-society_1987-06_1_2/page/125 | journal = [[Gender & Society]] | volume = 1 | issue = 2 | pages = 125–151 | doi = 10.1177/0891243287001002002 | jstor = 189945 | date = June 1987 | s2cid = 220519301 }} [https://campus.fsu.edu/bbcswebdav/institution/academic/social_sciences/sociology/Reading%20Lists/Social%20Psych%20Prelim%20Readings/IV.%20Structures%20and%20Inequalities/1987%20West%20Zimmerman%20-%20Doing%20Gender.pdf Pdf.] {{Wayback|url=https://campus.fsu.edu/bbcswebdav/institution/academic/social_sciences/sociology/Reading%20Lists/Social%20Psych%20Prelim%20Readings/IV.%20Structures%20and%20Inequalities/1987%20West%20Zimmerman%20-%20Doing%20Gender.pdf |date=20151225165833 }}</ref>、[[馬克思女性主義|馬學]]諸流,紛然並起。
及至[[二〇二〇年代|二十年代]],伸張女權之議益熾,其說彌綸四海,不以[[階級|品秩]]、[[種族|族類]]、[[宗教|教門]]、[[國界|國境]]而生區隔。列國風俗雖殊,然婦女多思參決[[政治|國事]],抒發宏議。若乃廢止[[蘇丹共和國|蘇丹]]與[[非洲]]諸國之[[女陰殘割|割禮]],蠲除[[伊斯蘭教國家|大食諸邦]]婦女[[包頭巾|障面]]之俗,俾其克保膚體,不受拘攣<ref name="Distillations">{{Cite journal |last1=Roberts |first1=Jacob |title=Women's work |journal=[[Distillations (journal)|Distillations]] |date=2017 |volume=3 |issue=1 |pages=6–11 |url=https://www.sciencehistory.org/distillations/journal/womens-work |access-date=2018-03-22 |archive-date=2019-07-09 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190709052251/https://www.sciencehistory.org/distillations/journal/womens-work |dead-url=no }}</ref>。由是觀之,斯說已與[[人道主義|人道]]、[[普世價值|公理]]相表裏矣<ref>{{cite book|last=Roth |first=Benita |title=Separate Roads to Feminism: Black, Chicana, and White Feminist Movements in America's Second Wave |publisher=Cambridge University Press |year=2004 |isbn=978-0-521-52972-3 |url=https://archive.org/details/separateroadstof00roth }}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last1=Winddance Twine |first1=France |first2=Kathleen M. |last2=Blee |title=Feminism and Antiracism: International Struggles for Justice |publisher=NYU Press |year=2001 |isbn=978-0-8147-9855-3 |url-access=registration |url=https://archive.org/details/feminismantiraci0000unse }}</ref><ref>{{Citation|title="The Combahee River Collective Statement" (1977)|work=Available Means|pages=292–300|publisher=University of Pittsburgh Press|isbn=978-0-8229-7975-3|doi=10.2307/j.ctt5hjqnj.50|year=2001}}</ref>。
==引據==
<references/>
[[Category:哲學]]
[[Category:基礎之文]]
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討論:女權
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/* 論主義之本旨 */ 答
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== 形式之辨 ==
予觀此文,以地域分別女權,謂形式有異,信宜書如此乎?願聞方家賜教。 —[[用戶:Davidzdh|<font color="#008B8B">关山</font>]] ([[User talk:Davidzdh|修書]]) 二〇一八年六月一七日 (日) 一一時二七分 (UTC)
原文如是:
*歐洲女權
*伊斯蘭女權
*中國女權
*非洲女權
*印度女權
—[[用戶:Davidzdh|<font color="#008B8B">关山</font>]] ([[User talk:Davidzdh|修書]]) 二〇一八年七月六日 (五) 〇九時〇八分 (UTC)
:分類之法,既已不存於正文。斯議可休矣。 —[[用戶:Davidzdh|<font color="#008B8B">关山</font>]] ([[User talk:Davidzdh|修書]]) 二〇二五年七月一三日 (日) 一二時四五分 (UTC)
== 論主義之本旨 ==
斯文論女權主義,卷末云:「惟其本旨,在促男女之和諧也。」然所謂女權之義,因時、因地、因人而異,頗有差殊。其宗旨是否盡在於斯,猶有可議之處。若以此概論,未免武斷。 —[[用戶:Davidzdh|<font color="#008B8B">关山</font>]] ([[User talk:Davidzdh|修書]]) 二〇二五年七月一三日 (日) 一二時四三分 (UTC)
:潮流差異,皆入文矣。 —[[用戶:Davidzdh|<font color="#008B8B">关山</font>]] ([[User talk:Davidzdh|修書]]) 二〇二六年三月三一日 (二) 一四時三四分 (UTC)
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無產階級
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{{馬學|羣學=uncollapsed}}
'''無產階級''',音譯曰'''普羅'''{{按|源出[[拉丁語]]Proletarius}},本謂[[古羅馬|大秦]]最下之貧民。近世[[馬克思]]借其名,以稱失其恆產、鬻力餬口之徒。與之相對者,曰[[資產階級|有產之倫]]<ref group="註">《共產黨宣言》謂:當今之世,乃有產者之世。其勢維在化繁為簡,使天下判為兩陣,水火相薄:一曰無產,二曰有產。</ref>。
自近古以來,機巧迭出,百工日變,舊坊傾頹。小民之破產者不可勝數,皆輻輳城郭以謀食。及百機代力,鬻力者眾而事機轉寡,羣氓遂相傾以求活。且[[資產階級|富紳]]獨擅[[生產資料|生財之具]],[[剝削|蠶食]]錙銖以圖[[利潤|厚歛]]<ref group="註">即[[剩餘價值|贏餘]]。</ref>。其術維何?曰克減庸直,曰倍引役期。積怨既深,勢若冰炭,則[[社會主義革命|均平之變]]必將作矣。
== 註 ==
<references group="註"/>
== 據 ==
{{reflist|30em}}
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四十一歲童男子致孕莎拉而大憾
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Davidzdh遷頁[[有一童貞,年不惑有一,孕女後,身懷六甲,其感甚劣]]至[[四十一歲童男子致孕莎拉而大憾]]:理順文辭
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《'''有一童貞,年不惑有一,孕女後,身懷六甲,其感甚劣'''》{{按|英言'''''The 41-Year-Old Virgin Who Knocked Up Sarah Marshall and Felt Superbad About It'''''}},[[花旗國]]影戲,[[二〇一〇年]]六月八日佈。
{{stub}}
[[分類:美國影戲]]
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譯自英文本首段
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《'''四十一歲童男子致孕莎拉而大憾'''》{{按|英言'''''The 41-Year-Old Virgin Who Knocked Up Sarah Marshall and Felt Superbad About It'''''}},[[花旗國]]滑稽影戲,西元[[二〇一〇年]]六月八日佈。
是戲也,蓋合賈氏阿帕托諸作而戲仿之。所謔者,《四十童男》、《孕事臨門》、《極劣》、《忘卻莎拉》四劇是也。
其事大略謂:有客安迪者,年四十有一,猶為童男子,未嘗近女色。安迪以為深恥,亟欲一親芳澤以破其身。有同舍郎數人,皆束髮少年,亦皆慕色,與安迪同科。遂相與結伴謀之,冀求佳偶,橫生百出,以資笑談。
[[分類:美國影戲]]
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《'''四十一歲童男子致孕莎拉而大憾'''》{{按|英言'''''The 41-Year-Old Virgin Who Knocked Up Sarah Marshall and Felt Superbad About It'''''}},[[花旗國]]滑稽影戲,西元[[二〇一〇年]]六月八日佈。
是戲也,蓋合{{tsl|en|Judd Apatow|賈·阿帕托}}諸作而戲仿之。所謔者,《四十童男》、《孕事臨門》、《大憾》、《忘卻莎拉》四劇是也。
其事大略謂:有客安迪者,年四十有一,猶為童男子,未嘗近女色。安迪以為深恥,亟欲一親芳澤以破其身。有同舍郎數人,皆束髮少年,亦皆慕色,與安迪同科。遂相與結伴謀之,冀求佳偶,橫生百出,以資笑談。
[[分類:美國影戲]]
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男
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[[檔案:Men montage 2.jpg|縮圖|男]]
'''男'''者,[[人]]之[[雄性|雄]]也。「男」字專以稱人,不施於他[[動物]]。凡男之生,其[[基因組]]必具X、Y[[染色體]]各一。男子及長,多生[[鬚]]與[[喉結]],為[[女|婦人]]所罕具;其聲亦較女為沉濁。
{{Stub}}
[[分類:性別]]
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女
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[[檔案:Woman Montage (1).jpg|縮圖|女]]
'''女''',或謂之'''婦''',[[人]]之[[雌性|雌]]也。凡女,其[[基因組]]皆具X[[染色體]]者二。其聲多清亢,逾於[[男|男子]]。女能[[懷孕|懷妊]][[分娩|字育]]。既妊,結子於[[子宮]],是謂之[[胎兒|胎]]。
{{Stub}}
[[分類:性別]]
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亞瑟王傳說
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([[c:GR|GR]]) [[File:Sandys, Frederick - Morgan le Fay.JPG]] → [[File:Frederick Sandys - Morgan-le-Fay - 1925P104 - Birmingham Museum and Art Gallery.jpg]] → File replacement: update from a old version to a new one with better quality ([[c:c:GR]])
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《'''亞瑟王傳說'''》{{按|[[英文]] Arthurian Romance}},[[西元]][[十二世紀]]之[[英格蘭]][[文學|史詩]],不知其著者之始也。敘不列顛王亞瑟·潘德拉貢興亡之業。
==主角==
[[File:Charles Ernest Butler - King Arthur.jpg|thumb|亞瑟稱王]]
;亞瑟王 {{按|英文 King Arthur}}
:傳為[[不列顛]]烏瑟王之子,姓潘德拉貢。少寄寓於術士梅林,授文武藝。及長,英毅嫻將略,頗孚人望。
:烏瑟王崩,無遺詔,諸侯覬覦神器者,不可計數。亞瑟向有匡正社稷之志,乃從梅林諭,以殊力取「石中劍」。時有讖言曰「得石中劍者得[[天下]]」,亞瑟既取劍,於是海內悅服,遂以王子御極。
[[File:Arthur-Pyle The Enchanter Merlin.JPG|thumb|術士梅林]]
;梅林 {{按|英文 Merlin}}
:傳為不列顛術士,諳道術,識陰陽,亞瑟王師從其學。亞瑟既稱王,蓋梅林潛謀之功也。
[[File:SIR LAUNCELOT AND QUEEN GUINEVERE).jpg|thumb|桂妮薇兒王后]]
;桂妮薇兒 {{按|英文 Guinevere}}
:傳為不列顛人,美姿貌,亞瑟王之后也。
[[File:324 The Romance of King Arthur.jpg|thumb|圓桌騎士蘭斯洛特]]
;蘭斯洛特 {{按|英文 Lancelot}}
:傳為不列顛人,從亞瑟王征伐,授圓桌騎士。
[[File:Merlin And Vivien by Speed Lancelot.jpg|thumb|湖中仙子]]
;湖中仙子 {{按|英文 Lady of the Lake}}
:傳為不列顛仙女,居阿瓦隆湖,授亞瑟王者之劍。
[[File:Frederick Sandys - Morgan-le-Fay - 1925P104 - Birmingham Museum and Art Gallery.jpg|thumb|摩根勒菲]]
;摩根勒菲 {{按|英文 Morgan le Fay}}
:傳為不列顛[[陰間|幽冥]]女神,沉深險譎,任權術,道法無雙,亦工於[[醫學|醫]]。
[[File:The Fight in the Queen's Ante-Chamber.png|thumb|圓桌騎士莫德雷德]]
;莫德雷德 {{按|英文 Mordred}}
:傳為不列顛人,亞瑟王之子也,授圓桌騎士。
:性險躁,嘗舉兵反,與亞瑟戰於卡姆蘭。亞瑟既誅莫氏,亦中創甚,旋薨。
==據==
* [http://www.internationalarthuriansociety.com/ International Arthurian Society]
* {{cite web |url= http://www.blaenau-gwent.gov.uk/8035.asp |title= Arthurian Gwent |publisher= Blaenau Gwent Borough County Council |access-date= 22 May 2008 |url-status= dead |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20080512153652/http://www.blaenau-gwent.gov.uk/8035.asp |archive-date= 12 May 2008 |archivedate= 12 May 2008 |archiveurl= https://web.archive.org/web/20080512153652/http://www.blaenau-gwent.gov.uk/8035.asp }} An excellent site detailing Welsh Arthurian folklore.
* {{cite web|url= http://www.arthuriana.co.uk |title= Arthuriana: Studies in Early Medieval History and Legend |first=Caitlin|last=Green}} A detailed and comprehensive academic site, which includes numerous scholarly articles.
* [http://www.arthuriana.org/ Arthuriana: The Journal of Arthurian Studies, published by Scriptorium Press for Purdue University, US]. The only academic journal solely concerned with the Arthurian Legend; a good selection of resources and links.
* {{cite web|url= http://www.maryjones.us/ctexts/index_welsh.html |title= Celtic Literature Collective }} Provides texts and translations (of varying quality) of Welsh medieval sources, many of which mention Arthur.
* {{cite journal|last= Green |first= Thomas |url= http://www.heroicage.org/issues/15/green.php |title = John Dee, King Arthur, and the Conquest of the Arctic |journal=The Heroic Age |date=October 2012|number=15}}.
* [http://www.lib.rochester.edu/camelot/cphome.stm The Camelot Project, The University of Rochester]. Provides valuable bibliographies and freely downloadable versions of Arthurian texts.
* [http://www.heroicage.org/ The Heroic Age: A Journal of Early Medieval Northwestern Europe]. An online peer-reviewed journal that includes regular Arthurian articles; see especially the first issue.
* [https://reflection.eleusinianm.co.uk/medieval-literature/white-book-of-mottistone/of-arthour-and-of-merlin ''Of Arthour and of Merlin''] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211106100705/https://reflection.eleusinianm.co.uk/medieval-literature/white-book-of-mottistone/of-arthour-and-of-merlin |date=2021-11-06 }} translated and retold in modern English prose, the story from Edinburgh, National Library of Scotland MS Advocates 19.2.1 (the Auchinleck MS) (from the Middle English of the Early English Text Society edition: O D McCrae-Gibson, 1973, ''Of Arthour and of Merlin'', 2 vols, EETS and Oxford University Press).
* [https://reflection.eleusinianm.co.uk/medieval-literature/white-book-of-mottistone/alliterative-morte-arthure Alliterative ''Morte Arthure''] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231130050646/https://reflection.eleusinianm.co.uk/Medieval-literature/White-Book-of-Mottistone/Alliterative-Morte-Arthure |date=2023-11-30 }} translated and retold in modern English alliterative prose, from Lincoln Cathedral MS 91, the Lincoln Thornton Manuscript.
[[Category:英國文學]]
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帕爾加利易卜拉欣帕夏
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[[File:Pargalı Ibrahim Pasha (166346097) (cropped).jpg|thumb|right|易卜拉欣像]]
'''帕爾加利‧易卜拉欣‧帕夏''',以邑為姓,以易卜拉欣為名,以帕夏為官爵之稱,[[奧斯曼帝國]][[維尼斯]][[帕爾加邑]]人也。生於[[東正教|正教]]之門,其父乃舟師也。少通[[斯拉夫語|斯拉夫之語]],旁涉[[希臘]]、[[阿爾巴尼亞]]諸方言。
甫冠,為[[波斯尼亞]]守[[伊斯肯德]]所虜,充賤役。會於其第,遇太子[[蘇萊曼一世|蘇萊曼]],遂侍帷幄。及太子登極,恩遇日隆。一五二三年,擢為[[大維齊爾]],位冠群臣。
時[[埃及]]守[[艾哈邁德]]舉兵反,易卜拉欣奉敕南征,旋即平之。遂留撫其地,修律令,立政制,百姓賴焉。
其於邦交,多所建立。善結西土諸國,時人謂之「易大帝」。嘗與[[神聖羅馬皇帝查理五世|查理五世]]修好,令[[匈牙利]]臣服。又通[[法蘭克]],結兩國之約,通市易,共圖討伐。[[奧斯曼帝國|奧斯曼]]戰艦,得泊[[土倫港]],此其略也。
雖入[[回教]],然不忘本。召二親至[[君士坦丁堡|都]],其父更名優素福,亦受朝命,拜[[埃庇魯斯]]之守。
[[伊斯肯德]]外孫女[[穆赫西內]],納為繼室。始有嫌,終成琴瑟。生子[[謝赫貝伊]],不永。
第宅建於帝城馬場之西,制度壯麗,今為藝苑。
位重則招忌,寵盛則生疑。一五三六年暮春五日,與上宴罷,還寢,遽遭戮。春秋四十有一。
易卜拉欣之際遇,蓋前所未有。自賤役而至相位,位極人臣。善邦交,明西學,內理國政,外結盟好,可謂良相。然位極則危,恩深招忌,終以身死。古語云:「木秀於林,風必摧之」,其是之謂與。
[[Category:奧斯曼列傳]]
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[[File:Pargalı Ibrahim Pasha (166346097) (cropped).jpg|thumb|right|易卜拉欣像]]
'''帕爾加利‧易卜拉欣‧帕夏''',以邑為姓,以易卜拉欣為名,以帕夏為官爵之稱,[[奧斯曼帝國]][[維尼斯]][[帕爾加邑]]人也。生於[[東正教|正教]]之門,其父乃舟師也。少通[[斯拉夫語|斯拉夫之語]],旁涉[[希臘]]、[[阿爾巴尼亞]]諸方言。
甫冠,為[[波斯尼亞]]守[[伊斯肯德]]所虜,充賤役。會於其第,遇太子[[蘇萊曼一世|蘇萊曼]],遂侍帷幄。及太子登極,恩遇日隆。一五二三年,擢為[[大維齊爾]],位冠群臣。
時[[埃及]]守[[艾哈邁德]]舉兵反,易卜拉欣奉敕南征,旋即平之。遂留撫其地,修律令,立政制,百姓賴焉。
其於邦交,多所建立。善結西土諸國,時人謂之「易大帝」。嘗與[[神聖羅馬皇帝查理五世|查理五世]]修好,令[[匈牙利]]臣服。又通[[法蘭克]],結兩國之約,通市易,共圖討伐。[[奧斯曼帝國|奧斯曼]]戰艦,得泊[[土倫港]],此其略也。
雖入[[回教]],然不忘本。召二親至[[君士坦丁堡|都]],其父更名優素福,亦受朝命,拜[[埃庇魯斯]]之守。
[[伊斯肯德]]外孫女[[穆赫西內]],納為繼室。始有嫌,終成琴瑟。生子[[謝赫貝伊]],不永。
第宅建於帝城馬場之西,制度壯麗,今為藝苑。
位重則招忌,寵盛則生疑。一五三六年暮春五日,與上宴罷,還寢,遽遭戮。春秋四十有一。
[[Category:奧斯曼列傳]]
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{{Template:Welcome|realName=|name=Monipigeon}}
-- [[用戶:Itsmine|孔明居士]] ([[用戶討論:Itsmine|對話]]) 二〇二六年三月三一日 (二) 二二時〇六分 (UTC)
4drrg3au1o7lw53kjyaqgy0mvx82or9
言動非禮
0
136801
438488
2026-03-31T22:47:50Z
WikiCantona
501
新文「'''性之擾''',實由情慾與性別之偏而起。凡以情事脅人,施不願之誘,或以言行侮漫,皆名曰性擾。其貌或似淫欲,然多為傷女德、抑異常者,非單為情之所發也 <ref name=":22">{{Cite book |url=https://www.nap.edu/catalog/24994 |title=Sexual Harassment of Women: Climate, Culture, and Consequences in Academic Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine |publisher=National Academies Press |others=National Academies of Sciences, Engin……」
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'''性之擾''',實由情慾與性別之偏而起。凡以情事脅人,施不願之誘,或以言行侮漫,皆名曰性擾。其貌或似淫欲,然多為傷女德、抑異常者,非單為情之所發也 <ref name=":22">{{Cite book |url=https://www.nap.edu/catalog/24994 |title=Sexual Harassment of Women: Climate, Culture, and Consequences in Academic Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine |publisher=National Academies Press |others=National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine: Committee on the Impacts of Sexual Harassment in Academia; Committee on Women in Science, Engineering, and Medicine; Policy and Global Affairs |year=2018 |isbn=978-0-309-47087-2 |editor-last=Johnson |editor-first=Paula A. |location=Washington, D.C. |pages=24–27 |doi=10.17226/24994 |pmid=29894119 |bibcode=2018nap..book24994N |editor-last2=Widnall |editor-first2=Sheila E. |editor-last3=Benya |editor-first3=Frazier F.}}</ref>。 世之論性擾者,多舉威脅與挑逗為例,而未察其常態。夫此類之害,傷人形氣,亂人心志,敗其家居,礙其官事,誠不可忽也 <ref name=":7">{{Cite journal |last1=Cortina |first1=Lilia M. |last2=Areguin |first2=Maira A. |date=2021 |title=Putting People Down and Pushing Them Out: Sexual Harassment in the Workplace |url=https://sites.lsa.umich.edu/liliacortina-lab/wp-content/uploads/sites/970/2021/12/Cortina-Areguin-2021-Annual-Review.pdf |journal=Annual Review of Organizational Psychology and Organizational Behavior |volume=8 |pages=287–288, 294|doi=10.1146/annurev-orgpsych-012420-055606 }}</ref>。
性擾之作,男女皆可為施為受。或在友間,或於陌路;或平交,或尊卑懸隔。其端不一:或為言辭之戲侮,或為身體之侵逼,抑或潛行以暗中為之 <ref name="eeoc">{{cite web | url = http://www.eeoc.gov/laws/types/sexual_harassment.cfm | title = Sexual Harassment | publisher = U.S. Equal Employment Opportunity Commission | access-date = 16 July 2010 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20190513132253/https://www.eeoc.gov/laws/types/sexual_harassment.cfm | archive-date = 13 May 2019 | url-status = live }}</ref>。若出穢語,露形體,寄淫詞,使從淫戲,覘人之私影而傳之,以利誘為色求,乃至非禮、強暴之行,皆歸於此類 <ref name=":21">{{cite book |last1=Paludi |first1=Michele A. |url=https://archive.org/details/academicworkplac0000palu/page/2 |title=Academic and workplace sexual harassment: a resource manual |last2=Barickman |first2=Richard B. |publisher=SUNY Press |year=1991 |isbn=9780791408308 |location=Albany, NY |pages=[https://archive.org/details/academicworkplac0000palu/page/2 2–8] |chapter=Definitions and incidence of academic and workplace sexual harassment |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Vx4qhVPOYUUC&pg=PA2}}</ref><ref name="auto">Dziech, Billie Wright; Weiner, Linda. ''The Lecherous Professor: Sexual Harassment on Campus''.{{page needed|date=October 2012}} Chicago Illinois: University of Illinois Press, 1990. {{ISBN|978-0-8070-3100-1}}; Boland, 2002{{page needed|date=October 2012}}</ref>。
今世諸國,多立法以禁職場之性擾,視之為職業之不公焉。然律例之立,各從其俗;或嚴或寬,未可一概言也。凡細微輕侮,偶發而止者,或不以為罪;若頻仍且烈,致使環境充滿怨厭,官職受損,或因之出職,則為犯律。今世百餘國,皆析為「敵意環境」與「以利易色」二端,亦有特設條文,以防偏害於性傾與別認者 <ref name=":15" />。
故今之公司、學府與百官之所,皆務設法以防患於未然,保人之安,正職業之倫,是亦義理之當然,政制之所重者也 <ref name=":15">{{Cite journal |last1=Heymann |first1=Jody |last2=Moreno |first2=Gonzalo |last3=Raub |first3=Amy |last4=Sprague |first4=Aleta |date=4 March 2023 |title=Progress Towards Ending Sexual Harassment at Work? A Comparison of Sexual Harassment Policy in 192 Countries |url=https://doi.org/10.1080/13876988.2022.2100698 |journal=Journal of Comparative Policy Analysis: Research and Practice |volume=25 |issue=2 |pages=172–193 |doi=10.1080/13876988.2022.2100698 |issn=1387-6988}}</ref>。
==據==
{{reflist}}
ie236ekblwt7vcai7smvwes0c2o3k1a
438507
438488
2026-04-01T10:22:15Z
Davidzdh
30589
Davidzdh已移動頁面[[性騷擾]]至[[稿:性騷擾]],不留重新導向:辭不雅馴,文理乖舛
438488
wikitext
text/x-wiki
'''性之擾''',實由情慾與性別之偏而起。凡以情事脅人,施不願之誘,或以言行侮漫,皆名曰性擾。其貌或似淫欲,然多為傷女德、抑異常者,非單為情之所發也 <ref name=":22">{{Cite book |url=https://www.nap.edu/catalog/24994 |title=Sexual Harassment of Women: Climate, Culture, and Consequences in Academic Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine |publisher=National Academies Press |others=National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine: Committee on the Impacts of Sexual Harassment in Academia; Committee on Women in Science, Engineering, and Medicine; Policy and Global Affairs |year=2018 |isbn=978-0-309-47087-2 |editor-last=Johnson |editor-first=Paula A. |location=Washington, D.C. |pages=24–27 |doi=10.17226/24994 |pmid=29894119 |bibcode=2018nap..book24994N |editor-last2=Widnall |editor-first2=Sheila E. |editor-last3=Benya |editor-first3=Frazier F.}}</ref>。 世之論性擾者,多舉威脅與挑逗為例,而未察其常態。夫此類之害,傷人形氣,亂人心志,敗其家居,礙其官事,誠不可忽也 <ref name=":7">{{Cite journal |last1=Cortina |first1=Lilia M. |last2=Areguin |first2=Maira A. |date=2021 |title=Putting People Down and Pushing Them Out: Sexual Harassment in the Workplace |url=https://sites.lsa.umich.edu/liliacortina-lab/wp-content/uploads/sites/970/2021/12/Cortina-Areguin-2021-Annual-Review.pdf |journal=Annual Review of Organizational Psychology and Organizational Behavior |volume=8 |pages=287–288, 294|doi=10.1146/annurev-orgpsych-012420-055606 }}</ref>。
性擾之作,男女皆可為施為受。或在友間,或於陌路;或平交,或尊卑懸隔。其端不一:或為言辭之戲侮,或為身體之侵逼,抑或潛行以暗中為之 <ref name="eeoc">{{cite web | url = http://www.eeoc.gov/laws/types/sexual_harassment.cfm | title = Sexual Harassment | publisher = U.S. Equal Employment Opportunity Commission | access-date = 16 July 2010 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20190513132253/https://www.eeoc.gov/laws/types/sexual_harassment.cfm | archive-date = 13 May 2019 | url-status = live }}</ref>。若出穢語,露形體,寄淫詞,使從淫戲,覘人之私影而傳之,以利誘為色求,乃至非禮、強暴之行,皆歸於此類 <ref name=":21">{{cite book |last1=Paludi |first1=Michele A. |url=https://archive.org/details/academicworkplac0000palu/page/2 |title=Academic and workplace sexual harassment: a resource manual |last2=Barickman |first2=Richard B. |publisher=SUNY Press |year=1991 |isbn=9780791408308 |location=Albany, NY |pages=[https://archive.org/details/academicworkplac0000palu/page/2 2–8] |chapter=Definitions and incidence of academic and workplace sexual harassment |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Vx4qhVPOYUUC&pg=PA2}}</ref><ref name="auto">Dziech, Billie Wright; Weiner, Linda. ''The Lecherous Professor: Sexual Harassment on Campus''.{{page needed|date=October 2012}} Chicago Illinois: University of Illinois Press, 1990. {{ISBN|978-0-8070-3100-1}}; Boland, 2002{{page needed|date=October 2012}}</ref>。
今世諸國,多立法以禁職場之性擾,視之為職業之不公焉。然律例之立,各從其俗;或嚴或寬,未可一概言也。凡細微輕侮,偶發而止者,或不以為罪;若頻仍且烈,致使環境充滿怨厭,官職受損,或因之出職,則為犯律。今世百餘國,皆析為「敵意環境」與「以利易色」二端,亦有特設條文,以防偏害於性傾與別認者 <ref name=":15" />。
故今之公司、學府與百官之所,皆務設法以防患於未然,保人之安,正職業之倫,是亦義理之當然,政制之所重者也 <ref name=":15">{{Cite journal |last1=Heymann |first1=Jody |last2=Moreno |first2=Gonzalo |last3=Raub |first3=Amy |last4=Sprague |first4=Aleta |date=4 March 2023 |title=Progress Towards Ending Sexual Harassment at Work? A Comparison of Sexual Harassment Policy in 192 Countries |url=https://doi.org/10.1080/13876988.2022.2100698 |journal=Journal of Comparative Policy Analysis: Research and Practice |volume=25 |issue=2 |pages=172–193 |doi=10.1080/13876988.2022.2100698 |issn=1387-6988}}</ref>。
==據==
{{reflist}}
ie236ekblwt7vcai7smvwes0c2o3k1a
438512
438507
2026-04-01T11:07:08Z
Davidzdh
30589
按通語本、粵語本重改
438512
wikitext
text/x-wiki
'''言動'''而'''非禮'''者,今[[漢語|華言]]謂之'''性騷擾'''{{按|英文{{lang|en|sexual harassment}}}},蓋指以淫言褻行相干,不論明挑暗喻,甚或利誘色求,而為人所疾者也<ref name=":21">{{cite book |last1=Paludi |first1=Michele A. |url=https://archive.org/details/academicworkplac0000palu/page/2 |title=Academic and workplace sexual harassment: a resource manual |last2=Barickman |first2=Richard B. |publisher=SUNY Press |year=1991 |isbn=9780791408308 |location=Albany, NY |pages=[https://archive.org/details/academicworkplac0000palu/page/2 2–8] |chapter=Definitions and incidence of academic and workplace sexual harassment |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Vx4qhVPOYUUC&pg=PA2}}</ref>。此實[[欺凌]]之屬。[[受害者|受之者]]雖以[[女|婦女]]居多,然[[男|男子]]亦或遇之。其為害也,傷人形氣,亂人心志,敗人門風,礙人公事,誠不可忽也<ref name=":7">{{Cite journal |last1=Cortina |first1=Lilia M. |last2=Areguin |first2=Maira A. |date=2021 |title=Putting People Down and Pushing Them Out: Sexual Harassment in the Workplace |url=https://sites.lsa.umich.edu/liliacortina-lab/wp-content/uploads/sites/970/2021/12/Cortina-Areguin-2021-Annual-Review.pdf |journal=Annual Review of Organizational Psychology and Organizational Behavior |volume=8 |pages=287–288, 294|doi=10.1146/annurev-orgpsych-012420-055606 }}</ref>。
至若平交之際,發乎情,止乎禮,或為言笑,或為撫慰,本出善意者,固不違於律令<ref>[http://china.findlaw.cn/bianhu/gezuibianhu/qfgmrsqlmjqlz/weixieertongzui/1060932.html 猥亵罪的行为要怎么认定] {{Wayback|url=http://china.findlaw.cn/bianhu/gezuibianhu/qfgmrsqlmjqlz/weixieertongzui/1060932.html |date=20140812205614 }},找法网</ref>。然若{{tsl|zh|非禮|非禮|強觸人身}},犯其私隱,礙其行止,令人怨惡,縱未得逞,亦謂之非禮<ref name=":21"/><ref name="eeoc">{{cite web | url = http://www.eeoc.gov/laws/types/sexual_harassment.cfm | title = Sexual Harassment | publisher = U.S. Equal Employment Opportunity Commission | access-date = 16 July 2010 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20190513132253/https://www.eeoc.gov/laws/types/sexual_harassment.cfm | archive-date = 13 May 2019 | url-status = live }}</ref><ref>[http://www.apdnews.com/news/27108.html 如何应对“性骚扰”课程走进中国小学课堂] {{Wayback|url=http://www.apdnews.com/news/27108.html |date=20131203185745 }},亚太日报,2013年5月29日</ref>。其端不一:或出穢語,或露形體,或寄淫詞,或覘人私影而傳之,皆歸此類<ref name="auto">Dziech, Billie Wright; Weiner, Linda. ''The Lecherous Professor: Sexual Harassment on Campus''.{{page needed|date=October 2012}} Chicago Illinois: University of Illinois Press, 1990. {{ISBN|978-0-8070-3100-1}}; Boland, 2002{{page needed|date=October 2012}}</ref>。其為害也,略有二端:一曰強索懽好;二曰求之不遂,反生毀謗,致令受者心神重創,[[人際關係|交遊]]道絕,復見[[歧視|擯]]於[[職場]]。
今世諸國,多立律以禁之,定為公罪,然多屬[[不告不理]]。此弊多生於官署、商肆之中,或居上者恃[[權力|權]]以脅下,或同儕相狎以戲侮。考其律意,言動而非禮者,大抵分爲兩端:一曰要挾,謂以利易色也;二曰滋擾,謂肆行褻狎,使人不堪其擾也。若乃言語微末之侮,偶一爲之,或尚不深究;若乃滋擾無已,使人生怨,甚而妨礙執事、橫遭黜退者,則難逃三尺之法矣<ref name=":15" />。
遇此等事,[[受害者|受之者]]往往顧全情面,隱忍不發,致令狂徒得寸進尺。故臨事之際,宜遽離其處,大聲峻拒,或呼人走救,方為明哲。然亦有懼遭構陷而不敢言者,據米國考證,言其事而遭報復者,達百分之七十五<ref name=":22">{{Cite book |url=https://www.nap.edu/catalog/24994 |title=Sexual Harassment of Women: Climate, Culture, and Consequences in Academic Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine |publisher=National Academies Press |others=National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine: Committee on the Impacts of Sexual Harassment in Academia; Committee on Women in Science, Engineering, and Medicine; Policy and Global Affairs |year=2018 |isbn=978-0-309-47087-2 |editor-last=Johnson |editor-first=Paula A. |location=Washington, D.C. |pages=24–27 |doi=10.17226/24994 |pmid=29894119 |bibcode=2018nap..book24994N |editor-last2=Widnall |editor-first2=Sheila E. |editor-last3=Benya |editor-first3=Frazier F.}}</ref>。是以今之公肆、學府與百司,皆務設法以防患未然,保人之安,正職業之倫,此亦義理之當然,政制之所重者也<ref name=":15">{{Cite journal |last1=Heymann |first1=Jody |last2=Moreno |first2=Gonzalo |last3=Raub |first3=Amy |last4=Sprague |first4=Aleta |date=4 March 2023 |title=Progress Towards Ending Sexual Harassment at Work? A Comparison of Sexual Harassment Policy in 192 Countries |url=https://doi.org/10.1080/13876988.2022.2100698 |journal=Journal of Comparative Policy Analysis: Research and Practice |volume=25 |issue=2 |pages=172–193 |doi=10.1080/13876988.2022.2100698 |issn=1387-6988}}</ref>。
==據==
{{reflist}}
7qir2w4k9eru3pqzgi3sd95sz4kkoh3
438513
438512
2026-04-01T11:09:03Z
Davidzdh
30589
內鏈;少改文字
438513
wikitext
text/x-wiki
'''言動'''而'''非禮'''者,今[[漢語|華言]]謂之'''性騷擾'''{{按|英文{{lang|en|sexual harassment}}}},蓋指以淫言褻行相干,不論明挑暗喻,甚或利誘色求,而為人所疾者也<ref name=":21">{{cite book |last1=Paludi |first1=Michele A. |url=https://archive.org/details/academicworkplac0000palu/page/2 |title=Academic and workplace sexual harassment: a resource manual |last2=Barickman |first2=Richard B. |publisher=SUNY Press |year=1991 |isbn=9780791408308 |location=Albany, NY |pages=[https://archive.org/details/academicworkplac0000palu/page/2 2–8] |chapter=Definitions and incidence of academic and workplace sexual harassment |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Vx4qhVPOYUUC&pg=PA2}}</ref>。此實[[欺凌]]之屬。[[受害者|受之者]]雖以[[女|婦女]]居多,然[[男|男子]]亦或遇之。其為害也,傷人形氣,亂人心志,敗人門風,礙人公事,誠不可忽也<ref name=":7">{{Cite journal |last1=Cortina |first1=Lilia M. |last2=Areguin |first2=Maira A. |date=2021 |title=Putting People Down and Pushing Them Out: Sexual Harassment in the Workplace |url=https://sites.lsa.umich.edu/liliacortina-lab/wp-content/uploads/sites/970/2021/12/Cortina-Areguin-2021-Annual-Review.pdf |journal=Annual Review of Organizational Psychology and Organizational Behavior |volume=8 |pages=287–288, 294|doi=10.1146/annurev-orgpsych-012420-055606 }}</ref>。
至若平交之際,發乎情,止乎禮,或為言笑,或為撫慰,本出善意者,固不違於律令<ref>[http://china.findlaw.cn/bianhu/gezuibianhu/qfgmrsqlmjqlz/weixieertongzui/1060932.html 猥亵罪的行为要怎么认定] {{Wayback|url=http://china.findlaw.cn/bianhu/gezuibianhu/qfgmrsqlmjqlz/weixieertongzui/1060932.html |date=20140812205614 }},找法网</ref>。然若{{tsl|zh|非禮|非禮|強觸人身}},犯其私隱,礙其行止,令人怨惡,縱未得逞,亦謂之非禮<ref name=":21"/><ref name="eeoc">{{cite web | url = http://www.eeoc.gov/laws/types/sexual_harassment.cfm | title = Sexual Harassment | publisher = U.S. Equal Employment Opportunity Commission | access-date = 16 July 2010 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20190513132253/https://www.eeoc.gov/laws/types/sexual_harassment.cfm | archive-date = 13 May 2019 | url-status = live }}</ref><ref>[http://www.apdnews.com/news/27108.html 如何应对“性骚扰”课程走进中国小学课堂] {{Wayback|url=http://www.apdnews.com/news/27108.html |date=20131203185745 }},亚太日报,2013年5月29日</ref>。其端不一:或出穢語,或露形體,或寄淫詞,或覘人私影而傳之,皆歸此類<ref name="auto">Dziech, Billie Wright; Weiner, Linda. ''The Lecherous Professor: Sexual Harassment on Campus''.{{page needed|date=October 2012}} Chicago Illinois: University of Illinois Press, 1990. {{ISBN|978-0-8070-3100-1}}; Boland, 2002{{page needed|date=October 2012}}</ref>。其為害也,略有二端:一曰強索懽好;二曰求之不遂,反生毀謗,致令受者心神重創,[[人際關係|交遊]]道絕,復見[[歧視|擯]]於[[職場]]。
今世諸國,多立律以禁之,定為公罪,然多屬[[不告不理]]。此弊多生於官署、商肆之中,或居上者恃[[權力|權]]以脅下,或同儕相狎以戲侮。考其律意,言動而非禮者,大抵分爲兩端:一曰要挾,謂以利易色也;二曰滋擾,謂肆行褻狎,使人不堪其擾也。若乃言語微末之侮,偶一爲之,或尚不深究;若乃滋擾無已,使人生怨,甚而妨礙執事、橫遭黜退者,則難逃三尺之法矣<ref name=":15" />。
遇此等事,[[受害者|受之者]]往往顧全情面,隱忍不發,致令狂徒得寸進尺。故臨事之際,宜遽離其處,大聲峻拒,或呼人走救,方為明哲。然亦有懼遭構陷而不敢言者,據[[美國]]察士考證,言其事而遭報復者,達百分之七十五<ref name=":22">{{Cite book |url=https://www.nap.edu/catalog/24994 |title=Sexual Harassment of Women: Climate, Culture, and Consequences in Academic Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine |publisher=National Academies Press |others=National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine: Committee on the Impacts of Sexual Harassment in Academia; Committee on Women in Science, Engineering, and Medicine; Policy and Global Affairs |year=2018 |isbn=978-0-309-47087-2 |editor-last=Johnson |editor-first=Paula A. |location=Washington, D.C. |pages=24–27 |doi=10.17226/24994 |pmid=29894119 |bibcode=2018nap..book24994N |editor-last2=Widnall |editor-first2=Sheila E. |editor-last3=Benya |editor-first3=Frazier F.}}</ref>。是以今之公肆、學府與百司,皆務設法以防患未然,保人之安,正職業之倫,此亦義理之當然,政制之所重者也<ref name=":15">{{Cite journal |last1=Heymann |first1=Jody |last2=Moreno |first2=Gonzalo |last3=Raub |first3=Amy |last4=Sprague |first4=Aleta |date=4 March 2023 |title=Progress Towards Ending Sexual Harassment at Work? A Comparison of Sexual Harassment Policy in 192 Countries |url=https://doi.org/10.1080/13876988.2022.2100698 |journal=Journal of Comparative Policy Analysis: Research and Practice |volume=25 |issue=2 |pages=172–193 |doi=10.1080/13876988.2022.2100698 |issn=1387-6988}}</ref>。
==據==
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'''言動'''而'''非禮'''者,今[[漢語|華言]]謂之'''性騷擾'''{{按|英文{{lang|en|sexual harassment}}}},蓋指以淫言褻行相干,不論明挑暗喻,甚或利誘色求,而為人所疾者也<ref name=":21">{{cite book |last1=Paludi |first1=Michele A. |url=https://archive.org/details/academicworkplac0000palu/page/2 |title=Academic and workplace sexual harassment: a resource manual |last2=Barickman |first2=Richard B. |publisher=SUNY Press |year=1991 |isbn=9780791408308 |location=Albany, NY |pages=[https://archive.org/details/academicworkplac0000palu/page/2 2–8] |chapter=Definitions and incidence of academic and workplace sexual harassment |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Vx4qhVPOYUUC&pg=PA2}}</ref>。此實[[欺凌]]之屬。[[受害者|受之者]]雖以[[女|婦女]]居多,然[[男|男子]]亦或遇之。其為害也,傷人形氣,亂人心志,敗人門風,礙人公事,誠不可忽也<ref name=":7">{{Cite journal |last1=Cortina |first1=Lilia M. |last2=Areguin |first2=Maira A. |date=2021 |title=Putting People Down and Pushing Them Out: Sexual Harassment in the Workplace |url=https://sites.lsa.umich.edu/liliacortina-lab/wp-content/uploads/sites/970/2021/12/Cortina-Areguin-2021-Annual-Review.pdf |journal=Annual Review of Organizational Psychology and Organizational Behavior |volume=8 |pages=287–288, 294|doi=10.1146/annurev-orgpsych-012420-055606 }}</ref>。
至若平交之際,發乎情,止乎禮,或為言笑,或為撫慰,本出善意者,固不違於律令<ref>[http://china.findlaw.cn/bianhu/gezuibianhu/qfgmrsqlmjqlz/weixieertongzui/1060932.html 猥亵罪的行为要怎么认定] {{Wayback|url=http://china.findlaw.cn/bianhu/gezuibianhu/qfgmrsqlmjqlz/weixieertongzui/1060932.html |date=20140812205614 }},找法网</ref>。然若{{tsl|zh|非禮|非禮|強觸人身}},犯其私隱,礙其行止,令人怨惡,縱未得逞,亦謂之非禮<ref name=":21"/><ref name="eeoc">{{cite web | url = http://www.eeoc.gov/laws/types/sexual_harassment.cfm | title = Sexual Harassment | publisher = U.S. Equal Employment Opportunity Commission | access-date = 16 July 2010 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20190513132253/https://www.eeoc.gov/laws/types/sexual_harassment.cfm | archive-date = 13 May 2019 | url-status = live }}</ref><ref>[http://www.apdnews.com/news/27108.html 如何应对“性骚扰”课程走进中国小学课堂] {{Wayback|url=http://www.apdnews.com/news/27108.html |date=20131203185745 }},亚太日报,2013年5月29日</ref>。其端不一:或出穢語,或露形體,或寄淫詞,或覘人私影而傳之,皆歸此類<ref name="auto">Dziech, Billie Wright; Weiner, Linda. ''The Lecherous Professor: Sexual Harassment on Campus''.{{page needed|date=October 2012}} Chicago Illinois: University of Illinois Press, 1990. {{ISBN|978-0-8070-3100-1}}; Boland, 2002{{page needed|date=October 2012}}</ref>。其為害也,略有二端:一曰強索懽好;二曰求之不遂,反生毀謗,致令受者心神重創,[[人際關係|交遊]]道絕,復見[[歧視|擯]]於[[職場]]。
今世諸國,多立律以禁之,定為公罪,然多屬[[不告不理]]。此弊多生於官署、商肆之中,或居上者恃[[權力|權]]以脅下,或同儕相狎以戲侮。考其律意,言動而非禮者,大抵分爲兩端:一曰要挾,謂以利易色也;二曰滋擾,謂肆行褻狎,使人不堪其擾也。若乃言語微末之侮,偶一爲之,或尚不深究;若乃滋擾無已,使人生怨,甚而妨礙執事、橫遭黜退者,則難逃三尺之法矣<ref name=":15" />。
遇此等事,[[受害者|受之者]]往往顧全情面,隱忍不發,致令狂徒得寸進尺。故臨事之際,宜遽離其處,大聲峻拒,或呼人走救,方為明哲。然亦有懼遭構陷而不敢言者,據[[美國]]察士考證,言其事而遭報復者,達百分之七十五<ref name=":22">{{Cite book |url=https://www.nap.edu/catalog/24994 |title=Sexual Harassment of Women: Climate, Culture, and Consequences in Academic Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine |publisher=National Academies Press |others=National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine: Committee on the Impacts of Sexual Harassment in Academia; Committee on Women in Science, Engineering, and Medicine; Policy and Global Affairs |year=2018 |isbn=978-0-309-47087-2 |editor-last=Johnson |editor-first=Paula A. |location=Washington, D.C. |pages=24–27 |doi=10.17226/24994 |pmid=29894119 |bibcode=2018nap..book24994N |editor-last2=Widnall |editor-first2=Sheila E. |editor-last3=Benya |editor-first3=Frazier F.}}</ref>。是以今之公肆、學府與百司,皆務設法以防患未然,保人之安,正職業之倫,此亦義理之當然,政制之所重者也<ref name=":15">{{Cite journal |last1=Heymann |first1=Jody |last2=Moreno |first2=Gonzalo |last3=Raub |first3=Amy |last4=Sprague |first4=Aleta |date=4 March 2023 |title=Progress Towards Ending Sexual Harassment at Work? A Comparison of Sexual Harassment Policy in 192 Countries |url=https://doi.org/10.1080/13876988.2022.2100698 |journal=Journal of Comparative Policy Analysis: Research and Practice |volume=25 |issue=2 |pages=172–193 |doi=10.1080/13876988.2022.2100698 |issn=1387-6988}}</ref>。
==據==
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'''言動'''而'''非禮'''者,今[[漢語|華言]]謂之'''性騷擾'''{{按|英文{{lang|en|sexual harassment}}}},蓋指以淫言褻行相干,不論明挑暗喻,甚或利誘色求,而為人所疾者也<ref name=":21">{{cite book |last1=Paludi |first1=Michele A. |url=https://archive.org/details/academicworkplac0000palu/page/2 |title=Academic and workplace sexual harassment: a resource manual |last2=Barickman |first2=Richard B. |publisher=SUNY Press |year=1991 |isbn=9780791408308 |location=Albany, NY |pages=[https://archive.org/details/academicworkplac0000palu/page/2 2–8] |chapter=Definitions and incidence of academic and workplace sexual harassment |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Vx4qhVPOYUUC&pg=PA2}}</ref>。此實[[欺凌]]之屬。[[受害者|受之者]]雖以[[女|婦女]]居多,然[[男|男子]]亦或遇之。其為害也,傷人形氣,亂人心志,敗人門風,礙人公事,誠不可忽也<ref name=":7">{{Cite journal |last1=Cortina |first1=Lilia M. |last2=Areguin |first2=Maira A. |date=2021 |title=Putting People Down and Pushing Them Out: Sexual Harassment in the Workplace |url=https://sites.lsa.umich.edu/liliacortina-lab/wp-content/uploads/sites/970/2021/12/Cortina-Areguin-2021-Annual-Review.pdf |journal=Annual Review of Organizational Psychology and Organizational Behavior |volume=8 |pages=287–288, 294|doi=10.1146/annurev-orgpsych-012420-055606 }}</ref>。
至若平交之際,發乎情,止乎禮,或為言笑,或為撫慰,本出善意者,固不違於律令<ref>[http://china.findlaw.cn/bianhu/gezuibianhu/qfgmrsqlmjqlz/weixieertongzui/1060932.html 猥亵罪的行为要怎么认定] {{Wayback|url=http://china.findlaw.cn/bianhu/gezuibianhu/qfgmrsqlmjqlz/weixieertongzui/1060932.html |date=20140812205614 }},找法网</ref>。然若{{tsl|zh|非禮|非禮|強觸人身}},犯其私隱,礙其行止,令人怨惡,縱未得逞,亦謂之非禮<ref name=":21"/><ref name="eeoc">{{cite web | url = http://www.eeoc.gov/laws/types/sexual_harassment.cfm | title = Sexual Harassment | publisher = U.S. Equal Employment Opportunity Commission | access-date = 16 July 2010 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20190513132253/https://www.eeoc.gov/laws/types/sexual_harassment.cfm | archive-date = 13 May 2019 | url-status = live }}</ref><ref>[http://www.apdnews.com/news/27108.html 如何应对“性骚扰”课程走进中国小学课堂] {{Wayback|url=http://www.apdnews.com/news/27108.html |date=20131203185745 }},亚太日报,2013年5月29日</ref>。其端不一:或出穢語,或露形體,或寄淫詞,或覘人私影而傳之,皆歸此類<ref name="auto">Dziech, Billie Wright; Weiner, Linda. ''The Lecherous Professor: Sexual Harassment on Campus''.{{page needed|date=October 2012}} Chicago Illinois: University of Illinois Press, 1990. {{ISBN|978-0-8070-3100-1}}; Boland, 2002{{page needed|date=October 2012}}</ref>。其為害也,略有二端:一曰強索懽好;二曰求之不遂,反生毀謗,致令受者心神重創,[[人際關係|交遊]]道絕,復見[[歧視|擯]]於[[職場]]。
今世諸國,多立律以禁之,定為公罪,然多屬[[不告不理]]。此弊多生於官署、商肆之中,或居上者恃[[權力|權]]以脅下,或同儕相狎以戲侮。考其律意,言動而非禮者,大抵分爲兩端:一曰要挾,謂以利易色也;二曰滋擾,謂肆行褻狎,使人不堪其擾也。若乃言語微末之侮,偶一爲之,或尚不深究;若乃滋擾無已,使人生怨,甚而妨礙執事、橫遭黜退者,則難逃三尺之法矣<ref name=":15" />。
遇此等事,[[受害者|受之者]]往往顧全情面,隱忍不發,致令狂徒得寸進尺。故臨事之際,宜遽離其處,大聲峻拒,或呼人走救,方為明哲。然亦有懼遭構陷而不敢言者,據[[美國]]察士考證,言其事而遭報復者,達百分之七十五<ref name=":22">{{Cite book |url=https://www.nap.edu/catalog/24994 |title=Sexual Harassment of Women: Climate, Culture, and Consequences in Academic Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine |publisher=National Academies Press |others=National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine: Committee on the Impacts of Sexual Harassment in Academia; Committee on Women in Science, Engineering, and Medicine; Policy and Global Affairs |year=2018 |isbn=978-0-309-47087-2 |editor-last=Johnson |editor-first=Paula A. |location=Washington, D.C. |pages=24–27 |doi=10.17226/24994 |pmid=29894119 |bibcode=2018nap..book24994N |editor-last2=Widnall |editor-first2=Sheila E. |editor-last3=Benya |editor-first3=Frazier F.}}</ref>。是以今之公肆、學府與百司,皆務設法以防患未然,保人之安,正職業之倫,此亦義理之當然,政制之所重者也<ref name=":15">{{Cite journal |last1=Heymann |first1=Jody |last2=Moreno |first2=Gonzalo |last3=Raub |first3=Amy |last4=Sprague |first4=Aleta |date=4 March 2023 |title=Progress Towards Ending Sexual Harassment at Work? A Comparison of Sexual Harassment Policy in 192 Countries |url=https://doi.org/10.1080/13876988.2022.2100698 |journal=Journal of Comparative Policy Analysis: Research and Practice |volume=25 |issue=2 |pages=172–193 |doi=10.1080/13876988.2022.2100698 |issn=1387-6988}}</ref>。
==辨名==
夫「非禮」者,本謂悖乎禮法之行也。《[[論語]]》載[[孔子]]之言曰:「非禮勿視,非禮勿聽,非禮勿言,非禮勿動。」然後世[[香港|香江]]律例,乃借此詞專指「猥褻侵犯」之罪。蓋猥褻者,乘人不備,或強拂人意,而肆其淫行也。其跡彰彰者,若探捫私處是已;其跡微者,若撫臀、強吻,雖難遽定為極惡,然統觀香江,凡強接肌膚而令人交惡者,皆坐以「非禮」之重條。<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.clic.org.hk/zh/topics/sexual_offences/I_Non-consensual_Sexual_Offences/A_Indecent_Assault|title=A. 猥褻侵犯罪{{按|非禮罪}}|website=社區法網|language=zh-Hant}}</ref>
若夫「性騷擾」一詞,實泰西譯語。其行雖自古中外皆有,然以此為專名者,實始於近世。西元[[一九七三年]],泰西[[麻省理工書院]]總管羅瑪麗{{按|Mary Rowe}}撰《土星環》{{按|''Saturn's Rings''}}一札,歷陳男女相處之弊,始見此語<ref>Rowe, Mary, "Saturn's Rings," a study of the minutiae of sexism which maintain discrimination and inhibit affirmative action results in corporations and non-profit institutions; published in Graduate and Professional Education of Women, American Association of University Women, 1974, pp. 1–9. "Saturn's Rings II" is a 1975 updating of the original, with racist and sexist incidents from 1974 and 1975. Revised and republished as "The Minutiae of Discrimination: The Need for Support," in Forisha, Barbara and Barbara Goldman, Outsiders on the Inside, Women in Organizations, Prentice-Hall, Inc., New Jersey, 1981, Ch. 11, pp. 155–171. ISBN 978-0-13-645382-6.</ref>。羅氏自謂此詞非其首創,蓋彼邦女流之會,早有論及;然以黌宮重地而明立規條、禁絕斯弊者,實自麻省始。當是時,院議明言:凡以膚色乃至[[種族|種界]]、[[性別|形界]]而故相輕薄者,皆為凌虐;院長亦嚴申斯旨,謂性騷擾與偏私,皆悖黌舍作育之本旨,法所不容也。
迨[[一九九九年]],西儒蘇珊·布朗米{{按|Susan Brownmiller}}著《吾輩之時代》一書,追述[[一九七五年]][[康奈爾書院]]{{按|Cornell}}[[女權]]之士創制此詞之始末。其言曰:「昔吾儕八人聚於一室,欲張榜以伸女權,苦無切當之詞。初擬『淫威』{{按|sexual intimidation}}、『逼淫』{{按|sexual coercion}}、『挾淫以役人』{{按|sexual exploitation on the job}}等語,皆病其未安。蓋吾儕所求者,乃一言以蔽之,無論行跡顯晦,凡屢行輕薄而不輟者,皆在其中。忽有人唱『騷擾』二字,眾皆撫掌曰:『性騷擾!得之矣!』」
此輩數人,有{{tsl|en|Lin Farley|林·法利}}、蘇珊·梅耶{{按|Susan Meyer}}、卡倫·索維尼{{按|Karen Sauvigne}}等,遂結「婦女力作會」;越明年,復有克氏{{按|Freada Klein}}等,結爲同盟,以拒逼淫。七〇年代之末,倡明騷擾之弊天下,大啟民智者,皆斯數會之先驅也。
==據==
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'''言動'''而'''非禮'''者,今[[漢語|華言]]謂之'''性騷擾'''{{按|英文{{lang|en|sexual harassment}}}},蓋指以淫言褻行相干,不論明挑暗喻,甚或利誘色求,而為人所疾者也<ref name=":21">{{cite book |last1=Paludi |first1=Michele A. |url=https://archive.org/details/academicworkplac0000palu/page/2 |title=Academic and workplace sexual harassment: a resource manual |last2=Barickman |first2=Richard B. |publisher=SUNY Press |year=1991 |isbn=9780791408308 |location=Albany, NY |pages=[https://archive.org/details/academicworkplac0000palu/page/2 2–8] |chapter=Definitions and incidence of academic and workplace sexual harassment |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Vx4qhVPOYUUC&pg=PA2}}</ref>。此實[[欺凌]]之屬。[[受害者|受之者]]雖以[[女|婦女]]居多,然[[男|男子]]亦或遇之。其為害也,傷人形氣,亂人心志,敗人門風,礙人公事,誠不可忽也<ref name=":7">{{Cite journal |last1=Cortina |first1=Lilia M. |last2=Areguin |first2=Maira A. |date=2021 |title=Putting People Down and Pushing Them Out: Sexual Harassment in the Workplace |url=https://sites.lsa.umich.edu/liliacortina-lab/wp-content/uploads/sites/970/2021/12/Cortina-Areguin-2021-Annual-Review.pdf |journal=Annual Review of Organizational Psychology and Organizational Behavior |volume=8 |pages=287–288, 294|doi=10.1146/annurev-orgpsych-012420-055606 }}</ref>。
至若平交之際,發乎情,止乎禮,或為言笑,或為撫慰,本出善意者,固不違於律令<ref>[http://china.findlaw.cn/bianhu/gezuibianhu/qfgmrsqlmjqlz/weixieertongzui/1060932.html 猥亵罪的行为要怎么认定] {{Wayback|url=http://china.findlaw.cn/bianhu/gezuibianhu/qfgmrsqlmjqlz/weixieertongzui/1060932.html |date=20140812205614 }},找法网</ref>。然若{{tsl|zh|非禮|非禮|強觸人身}},犯其私隱,礙其行止,令人怨惡,縱未得逞,亦謂之非禮<ref name=":21"/><ref name="eeoc">{{cite web | url = http://www.eeoc.gov/laws/types/sexual_harassment.cfm | title = Sexual Harassment | publisher = U.S. Equal Employment Opportunity Commission | access-date = 16 July 2010 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20190513132253/https://www.eeoc.gov/laws/types/sexual_harassment.cfm | archive-date = 13 May 2019 | url-status = live }}</ref><ref>[http://www.apdnews.com/news/27108.html 如何应对“性骚扰”课程走进中国小学课堂] {{Wayback|url=http://www.apdnews.com/news/27108.html |date=20131203185745 }},亚太日报,2013年5月29日</ref>。其端不一:或出穢語,或露形體,或寄淫詞,或覘人私影而傳之,皆歸此類<ref name="auto">Dziech, Billie Wright; Weiner, Linda. ''The Lecherous Professor: Sexual Harassment on Campus''. Chicago Illinois: University of Illinois Press, 1990. {{ISBN|978-0-8070-3100-1}}; Boland, 2002.</ref>。其為害也,略有二端:一曰強索懽好;二曰求之不遂,反生毀謗,致令受者心神重創,[[人際關係|交遊]]道絕,復見[[歧視|擯]]於[[職場]]。
今世諸國,多立律以禁之,定為公罪,然多屬[[不告不理]]。此弊多生於官署、商肆之中,或居上者恃[[權力|權]]以脅下,或同儕相狎以戲侮。考其律意,言動而非禮者,大抵分爲兩端:一曰要挾,謂以利易色也;二曰滋擾,謂肆行褻狎,使人不堪其擾也。若乃言語微末之侮,偶一爲之,或尚不深究;若乃滋擾無已,使人生怨,甚而妨礙執事、橫遭黜退者,則難逃三尺之法矣<ref name=":15" />。
遇此等事,[[受害者|受之者]]往往顧全情面,隱忍不發,致令狂徒得寸進尺。故臨事之際,宜遽離其處,大聲峻拒,或呼人走救,方為明哲。然亦有懼遭構陷而不敢言者,據[[美國]]察士考證,言其事而遭報復者,達百分之七十五<ref name=":22">{{Cite book |url=https://www.nap.edu/catalog/24994 |title=Sexual Harassment of Women: Climate, Culture, and Consequences in Academic Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine |publisher=National Academies Press |others=National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine: Committee on the Impacts of Sexual Harassment in Academia; Committee on Women in Science, Engineering, and Medicine; Policy and Global Affairs |year=2018 |isbn=978-0-309-47087-2 |editor-last=Johnson |editor-first=Paula A. |location=Washington, D.C. |pages=24–27 |doi=10.17226/24994 |pmid=29894119 |bibcode=2018nap..book24994N |editor-last2=Widnall |editor-first2=Sheila E. |editor-last3=Benya |editor-first3=Frazier F.}}</ref>。是以今之公肆、學府與百司,皆務設法以防患未然,保人之安,正職業之倫,此亦義理之當然,政制之所重者也<ref name=":15">{{Cite journal |last1=Heymann |first1=Jody |last2=Moreno |first2=Gonzalo |last3=Raub |first3=Amy |last4=Sprague |first4=Aleta |date=4 March 2023 |title=Progress Towards Ending Sexual Harassment at Work? A Comparison of Sexual Harassment Policy in 192 Countries |url=https://doi.org/10.1080/13876988.2022.2100698 |journal=Journal of Comparative Policy Analysis: Research and Practice |volume=25 |issue=2 |pages=172–193 |doi=10.1080/13876988.2022.2100698 |issn=1387-6988}}</ref>。
==辨名==
夫「非禮」者,本謂悖乎禮法之行也。《[[論語]]》載[[孔子]]之言曰:「非禮勿視,非禮勿聽,非禮勿言,非禮勿動。」然後世[[香港|香江]]律例,乃借此詞專指「猥褻侵犯」之罪。蓋猥褻者,乘人不備,或強拂人意,而肆其淫行也。其跡彰彰者,若探捫私處是已;其跡微者,若撫臀、強吻,雖難遽定為極惡,然統觀香江,凡強接肌膚而令人交惡者,皆坐以「非禮」之重條。<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.clic.org.hk/zh/topics/sexual_offences/I_Non-consensual_Sexual_Offences/A_Indecent_Assault|title=A. 猥褻侵犯罪{{按|非禮罪}}|website=社區法網|language=zh-Hant}}</ref>
若夫「性騷擾」一詞,實泰西譯語。其行雖自古中外皆有,然以此為專名者,實始於近世。西元[[一九七三年]],泰西[[麻省理工書院]]總管羅瑪麗{{按|Mary Rowe}}撰《土星環》{{按|''Saturn's Rings''}}一札,歷陳男女相處之弊,始見此語<ref>Rowe, Mary, "Saturn's Rings," a study of the minutiae of sexism which maintain discrimination and inhibit affirmative action results in corporations and non-profit institutions; published in Graduate and Professional Education of Women, American Association of University Women, 1974, pp. 1–9. "Saturn's Rings II" is a 1975 updating of the original, with racist and sexist incidents from 1974 and 1975. Revised and republished as "The Minutiae of Discrimination: The Need for Support," in Forisha, Barbara and Barbara Goldman, Outsiders on the Inside, Women in Organizations, Prentice-Hall, Inc., New Jersey, 1981, Ch. 11, pp. 155–171. ISBN 978-0-13-645382-6.</ref>。羅氏自謂此詞非其首創,蓋彼邦女流之會,早有論及;然以黌宮重地而明立規條、禁絕斯弊者,實自麻省始。當是時,院議明言:凡以膚色乃至[[種族|種界]]、[[性別|形界]]而故相輕薄者,皆為凌虐;院長亦嚴申斯旨,謂性騷擾與偏私,皆悖黌舍作育之本旨,法所不容也。
迨[[一九九九年]],西儒蘇珊·布朗米{{按|Susan Brownmiller}}著《吾輩之時代》一書,追述[[一九七五年]][[康奈爾書院]]{{按|Cornell}}[[女權]]之士創制此詞之始末。其言曰:「昔吾儕八人聚於一室,欲張榜以伸女權,苦無切當之詞。初擬『淫威』{{按|sexual intimidation}}、『逼淫』{{按|sexual coercion}}、『挾淫以役人』{{按|sexual exploitation on the job}}等語,皆病其未安。蓋吾儕所求者,乃一言以蔽之,無論行跡顯晦,凡屢行輕薄而不輟者,皆在其中。忽有人唱『騷擾』二字,眾皆撫掌曰:『性騷擾!得之矣!』」
此輩數人,有{{tsl|en|Lin Farley|林·法利}}、蘇珊·梅耶{{按|Susan Meyer}}、卡倫·索維尼{{按|Karen Sauvigne}}等,遂結「婦女力作會」;越明年,復有克氏{{按|Freada Klein}}等,結爲同盟,以拒逼淫。七〇年代之末,倡明騷擾之弊天下,大啟民智者,皆斯數會之先驅也。
==據==
{{reflist}}
gbl3eyxvz2q0rb70njt1wg9or0drm4o
438519
438518
2026-04-01T11:42:15Z
Davidzdh
30589
/* 辨名 */
438519
wikitext
text/x-wiki
'''言動'''而'''非禮'''者,今[[漢語|華言]]謂之'''性騷擾'''{{按|英文{{lang|en|sexual harassment}}}},蓋指以淫言褻行相干,不論明挑暗喻,甚或利誘色求,而為人所疾者也<ref name=":21">{{cite book |last1=Paludi |first1=Michele A. |url=https://archive.org/details/academicworkplac0000palu/page/2 |title=Academic and workplace sexual harassment: a resource manual |last2=Barickman |first2=Richard B. |publisher=SUNY Press |year=1991 |isbn=9780791408308 |location=Albany, NY |pages=[https://archive.org/details/academicworkplac0000palu/page/2 2–8] |chapter=Definitions and incidence of academic and workplace sexual harassment |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Vx4qhVPOYUUC&pg=PA2}}</ref>。此實[[欺凌]]之屬。[[受害者|受之者]]雖以[[女|婦女]]居多,然[[男|男子]]亦或遇之。其為害也,傷人形氣,亂人心志,敗人門風,礙人公事,誠不可忽也<ref name=":7">{{Cite journal |last1=Cortina |first1=Lilia M. |last2=Areguin |first2=Maira A. |date=2021 |title=Putting People Down and Pushing Them Out: Sexual Harassment in the Workplace |url=https://sites.lsa.umich.edu/liliacortina-lab/wp-content/uploads/sites/970/2021/12/Cortina-Areguin-2021-Annual-Review.pdf |journal=Annual Review of Organizational Psychology and Organizational Behavior |volume=8 |pages=287–288, 294|doi=10.1146/annurev-orgpsych-012420-055606 }}</ref>。
至若平交之際,發乎情,止乎禮,或為言笑,或為撫慰,本出善意者,固不違於律令<ref>[http://china.findlaw.cn/bianhu/gezuibianhu/qfgmrsqlmjqlz/weixieertongzui/1060932.html 猥亵罪的行为要怎么认定] {{Wayback|url=http://china.findlaw.cn/bianhu/gezuibianhu/qfgmrsqlmjqlz/weixieertongzui/1060932.html |date=20140812205614 }},找法网</ref>。然若{{tsl|zh|非禮|非禮|強觸人身}},犯其私隱,礙其行止,令人怨惡,縱未得逞,亦謂之非禮<ref name=":21"/><ref name="eeoc">{{cite web | url = http://www.eeoc.gov/laws/types/sexual_harassment.cfm | title = Sexual Harassment | publisher = U.S. Equal Employment Opportunity Commission | access-date = 16 July 2010 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20190513132253/https://www.eeoc.gov/laws/types/sexual_harassment.cfm | archive-date = 13 May 2019 | url-status = live }}</ref><ref>[http://www.apdnews.com/news/27108.html 如何应对“性骚扰”课程走进中国小学课堂] {{Wayback|url=http://www.apdnews.com/news/27108.html |date=20131203185745 }},亚太日报,2013年5月29日</ref>。其端不一:或出穢語,或露形體,或寄淫詞,或覘人私影而傳之,皆歸此類<ref name="auto">Dziech, Billie Wright; Weiner, Linda. ''The Lecherous Professor: Sexual Harassment on Campus''. Chicago Illinois: University of Illinois Press, 1990. {{ISBN|978-0-8070-3100-1}}; Boland, 2002.</ref>。其為害也,略有二端:一曰強索懽好;二曰求之不遂,反生毀謗,致令受者心神重創,[[人際關係|交遊]]道絕,復見[[歧視|擯]]於[[職場]]。
今世諸國,多立律以禁之,定為公罪,然多屬[[不告不理]]。此弊多生於官署、商肆之中,或居上者恃[[權力|權]]以脅下,或同儕相狎以戲侮。考其律意,言動而非禮者,大抵分爲兩端:一曰要挾,謂以利易色也;二曰滋擾,謂肆行褻狎,使人不堪其擾也。若乃言語微末之侮,偶一爲之,或尚不深究;若乃滋擾無已,使人生怨,甚而妨礙執事、橫遭黜退者,則難逃三尺之法矣<ref name=":15" />。
遇此等事,[[受害者|受之者]]往往顧全情面,隱忍不發,致令狂徒得寸進尺。故臨事之際,宜遽離其處,大聲峻拒,或呼人走救,方為明哲。然亦有懼遭構陷而不敢言者,據[[美國]]察士考證,言其事而遭報復者,達百分之七十五<ref name=":22">{{Cite book |url=https://www.nap.edu/catalog/24994 |title=Sexual Harassment of Women: Climate, Culture, and Consequences in Academic Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine |publisher=National Academies Press |others=National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine: Committee on the Impacts of Sexual Harassment in Academia; Committee on Women in Science, Engineering, and Medicine; Policy and Global Affairs |year=2018 |isbn=978-0-309-47087-2 |editor-last=Johnson |editor-first=Paula A. |location=Washington, D.C. |pages=24–27 |doi=10.17226/24994 |pmid=29894119 |bibcode=2018nap..book24994N |editor-last2=Widnall |editor-first2=Sheila E. |editor-last3=Benya |editor-first3=Frazier F.}}</ref>。是以今之公肆、學府與百司,皆務設法以防患未然,保人之安,正職業之倫,此亦義理之當然,政制之所重者也<ref name=":15">{{Cite journal |last1=Heymann |first1=Jody |last2=Moreno |first2=Gonzalo |last3=Raub |first3=Amy |last4=Sprague |first4=Aleta |date=4 March 2023 |title=Progress Towards Ending Sexual Harassment at Work? A Comparison of Sexual Harassment Policy in 192 Countries |url=https://doi.org/10.1080/13876988.2022.2100698 |journal=Journal of Comparative Policy Analysis: Research and Practice |volume=25 |issue=2 |pages=172–193 |doi=10.1080/13876988.2022.2100698 |issn=1387-6988}}</ref>。
==辨名==
夫「非禮」者,本謂悖乎禮法之行也。《[[論語]]》載[[孔子]]之言曰:「非禮勿視,非禮勿聽,非禮勿言,非禮勿動。」然後世[[香港|香江]]律例,乃借此詞專指「猥褻侵犯」之罪。蓋猥褻者,乘人不備,或強拂人意,而肆其淫行也。其跡彰彰者,若探捫私處是已;其跡微者,若撫臀、強吻,雖難遽定為極惡,然統觀香江,凡強接肌膚而令人交惡者,皆坐以「非禮」之重條。<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.clic.org.hk/zh/topics/sexual_offences/I_Non-consensual_Sexual_Offences/A_Indecent_Assault|title=A. 猥褻侵犯罪(非禮罪)|website=社區法網|language=zh-Hant}}</ref>
若夫「性騷擾」一詞,實泰西譯語。其行雖自古中外皆有,然以此為專名者,實始於近世。西元[[一九七三年]],泰西[[麻省理工書院]]總管羅瑪麗{{按|Mary Rowe}}撰《土星環》{{按|''Saturn's Rings''}}一札,歷陳男女相處之弊,始見此語<ref>Rowe, Mary, "Saturn's Rings," a study of the minutiae of sexism which maintain discrimination and inhibit affirmative action results in corporations and non-profit institutions; published in Graduate and Professional Education of Women, American Association of University Women, 1974, pp. 1–9. "Saturn's Rings II" is a 1975 updating of the original, with racist and sexist incidents from 1974 and 1975. Revised and republished as "The Minutiae of Discrimination: The Need for Support," in Forisha, Barbara and Barbara Goldman, Outsiders on the Inside, Women in Organizations, Prentice-Hall, Inc., New Jersey, 1981, Ch. 11, pp. 155–171. ISBN 978-0-13-645382-6.</ref>。羅氏自謂此詞非其首創,蓋彼邦女流之會,早有論及;然以黌宮重地而明立規條、禁絕斯弊者,實自麻省始。當是時,院議明言:凡以膚色乃至[[種族|種界]]、[[性別|形界]]而故相輕薄者,皆為凌虐;院長亦嚴申斯旨,謂性騷擾與偏私,皆悖黌舍作育之本旨,法所不容也。
迨[[一九九九年]],西儒蘇珊·布朗米{{按|Susan Brownmiller}}著《吾輩之時代》一書,追述[[一九七五年]][[康奈爾書院]]{{按|Cornell}}[[女權]]之士創制此詞之始末。其言曰:「昔吾儕八人聚於一室,欲張榜以伸女權,苦無切當之詞。初擬『淫威』{{按|sexual intimidation}}、『逼淫』{{按|sexual coercion}}、『挾淫以役人』{{按|sexual exploitation on the job}}等語,皆病其未安。蓋吾儕所求者,乃一言以蔽之,無論行跡顯晦,凡屢行輕薄而不輟者,皆在其中。忽有人唱『騷擾』二字,眾皆撫掌曰:『性騷擾!得之矣!』」
此輩數人,有{{tsl|en|Lin Farley|林·法利}}、蘇珊·梅耶{{按|Susan Meyer}}、卡倫·索維尼{{按|Karen Sauvigne}}等,遂結「婦女力作會」;越明年,復有克氏{{按|Freada Klein}}等,結爲同盟,以拒逼淫。七〇年代之末,倡明騷擾之弊天下,大啟民智者,皆斯數會之先驅也。
==據==
{{reflist}}
k0v5auwpakzzhazkoqatwn1b7p0ul1d
438521
438519
2026-04-01T11:43:14Z
Davidzdh
30589
/* 辨名 */
438521
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'''言動'''而'''非禮'''者,今[[漢語|華言]]謂之'''性騷擾'''{{按|英文{{lang|en|sexual harassment}}}},蓋指以淫言褻行相干,不論明挑暗喻,甚或利誘色求,而為人所疾者也<ref name=":21">{{cite book |last1=Paludi |first1=Michele A. |url=https://archive.org/details/academicworkplac0000palu/page/2 |title=Academic and workplace sexual harassment: a resource manual |last2=Barickman |first2=Richard B. |publisher=SUNY Press |year=1991 |isbn=9780791408308 |location=Albany, NY |pages=[https://archive.org/details/academicworkplac0000palu/page/2 2–8] |chapter=Definitions and incidence of academic and workplace sexual harassment |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Vx4qhVPOYUUC&pg=PA2}}</ref>。此實[[欺凌]]之屬。[[受害者|受之者]]雖以[[女|婦女]]居多,然[[男|男子]]亦或遇之。其為害也,傷人形氣,亂人心志,敗人門風,礙人公事,誠不可忽也<ref name=":7">{{Cite journal |last1=Cortina |first1=Lilia M. |last2=Areguin |first2=Maira A. |date=2021 |title=Putting People Down and Pushing Them Out: Sexual Harassment in the Workplace |url=https://sites.lsa.umich.edu/liliacortina-lab/wp-content/uploads/sites/970/2021/12/Cortina-Areguin-2021-Annual-Review.pdf |journal=Annual Review of Organizational Psychology and Organizational Behavior |volume=8 |pages=287–288, 294|doi=10.1146/annurev-orgpsych-012420-055606 }}</ref>。
至若平交之際,發乎情,止乎禮,或為言笑,或為撫慰,本出善意者,固不違於律令<ref>[http://china.findlaw.cn/bianhu/gezuibianhu/qfgmrsqlmjqlz/weixieertongzui/1060932.html 猥亵罪的行为要怎么认定] {{Wayback|url=http://china.findlaw.cn/bianhu/gezuibianhu/qfgmrsqlmjqlz/weixieertongzui/1060932.html |date=20140812205614 }},找法网</ref>。然若{{tsl|zh|非禮|非禮|強觸人身}},犯其私隱,礙其行止,令人怨惡,縱未得逞,亦謂之非禮<ref name=":21"/><ref name="eeoc">{{cite web | url = http://www.eeoc.gov/laws/types/sexual_harassment.cfm | title = Sexual Harassment | publisher = U.S. Equal Employment Opportunity Commission | access-date = 16 July 2010 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20190513132253/https://www.eeoc.gov/laws/types/sexual_harassment.cfm | archive-date = 13 May 2019 | url-status = live }}</ref><ref>[http://www.apdnews.com/news/27108.html 如何应对“性骚扰”课程走进中国小学课堂] {{Wayback|url=http://www.apdnews.com/news/27108.html |date=20131203185745 }},亚太日报,2013年5月29日</ref>。其端不一:或出穢語,或露形體,或寄淫詞,或覘人私影而傳之,皆歸此類<ref name="auto">Dziech, Billie Wright; Weiner, Linda. ''The Lecherous Professor: Sexual Harassment on Campus''. Chicago Illinois: University of Illinois Press, 1990. {{ISBN|978-0-8070-3100-1}}; Boland, 2002.</ref>。其為害也,略有二端:一曰強索懽好;二曰求之不遂,反生毀謗,致令受者心神重創,[[人際關係|交遊]]道絕,復見[[歧視|擯]]於[[職場]]。
今世諸國,多立律以禁之,定為公罪,然多屬[[不告不理]]。此弊多生於官署、商肆之中,或居上者恃[[權力|權]]以脅下,或同儕相狎以戲侮。考其律意,言動而非禮者,大抵分爲兩端:一曰要挾,謂以利易色也;二曰滋擾,謂肆行褻狎,使人不堪其擾也。若乃言語微末之侮,偶一爲之,或尚不深究;若乃滋擾無已,使人生怨,甚而妨礙執事、橫遭黜退者,則難逃三尺之法矣<ref name=":15" />。
遇此等事,[[受害者|受之者]]往往顧全情面,隱忍不發,致令狂徒得寸進尺。故臨事之際,宜遽離其處,大聲峻拒,或呼人走救,方為明哲。然亦有懼遭構陷而不敢言者,據[[美國]]察士考證,言其事而遭報復者,達百分之七十五<ref name=":22">{{Cite book |url=https://www.nap.edu/catalog/24994 |title=Sexual Harassment of Women: Climate, Culture, and Consequences in Academic Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine |publisher=National Academies Press |others=National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine: Committee on the Impacts of Sexual Harassment in Academia; Committee on Women in Science, Engineering, and Medicine; Policy and Global Affairs |year=2018 |isbn=978-0-309-47087-2 |editor-last=Johnson |editor-first=Paula A. |location=Washington, D.C. |pages=24–27 |doi=10.17226/24994 |pmid=29894119 |bibcode=2018nap..book24994N |editor-last2=Widnall |editor-first2=Sheila E. |editor-last3=Benya |editor-first3=Frazier F.}}</ref>。是以今之公肆、學府與百司,皆務設法以防患未然,保人之安,正職業之倫,此亦義理之當然,政制之所重者也<ref name=":15">{{Cite journal |last1=Heymann |first1=Jody |last2=Moreno |first2=Gonzalo |last3=Raub |first3=Amy |last4=Sprague |first4=Aleta |date=4 March 2023 |title=Progress Towards Ending Sexual Harassment at Work? A Comparison of Sexual Harassment Policy in 192 Countries |url=https://doi.org/10.1080/13876988.2022.2100698 |journal=Journal of Comparative Policy Analysis: Research and Practice |volume=25 |issue=2 |pages=172–193 |doi=10.1080/13876988.2022.2100698 |issn=1387-6988}}</ref>。
==辨名==
夫「非禮」者,本謂悖乎禮法之行也。《[[論語]]》載[[孔子]]之言曰:「非禮勿視,非禮勿聽,非禮勿言,非禮勿動。」然後世[[香港|香江]]律例,乃借此詞專指「猥褻侵犯」之罪。蓋猥褻者,乘人不備,或強拂人意,而肆其淫行也。其跡彰彰者,若探捫私處是已;其跡微者,若撫臀、強吻,雖難遽定為極惡,然統觀香江,凡強接肌膚而令人嫌惡者,皆坐以「非禮」之重條。<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.clic.org.hk/zh/topics/sexual_offences/I_Non-consensual_Sexual_Offences/A_Indecent_Assault|title=A. 猥褻侵犯罪(非禮罪)|website=社區法網|language=zh-Hant}}</ref>
若夫「性騷擾」一詞,實泰西譯語。其行雖自古中外皆有,然以此為專名者,實始於近世。西元[[一九七三年]],泰西[[麻省理工書院]]總管羅瑪麗{{按|Mary Rowe}}撰《土星環》{{按|''Saturn's Rings''}}一札,歷陳男女相處之弊,始見此語<ref>Rowe, Mary, "Saturn's Rings," a study of the minutiae of sexism which maintain discrimination and inhibit affirmative action results in corporations and non-profit institutions; published in Graduate and Professional Education of Women, American Association of University Women, 1974, pp. 1–9. "Saturn's Rings II" is a 1975 updating of the original, with racist and sexist incidents from 1974 and 1975. Revised and republished as "The Minutiae of Discrimination: The Need for Support," in Forisha, Barbara and Barbara Goldman, Outsiders on the Inside, Women in Organizations, Prentice-Hall, Inc., New Jersey, 1981, Ch. 11, pp. 155–171. ISBN 978-0-13-645382-6.</ref>。羅氏自謂此詞非其首創,蓋彼邦女流之會,早有論及;然以黌宮重地而明立規條、禁絕斯弊者,實自麻省始。當是時,院議明言:凡以膚色乃至[[種族|種界]]、[[性別|形界]]而故相輕薄者,皆為凌虐;院長亦嚴申斯旨,謂性騷擾與偏私,皆悖黌舍作育之本旨,法所不容也。
迨[[一九九九年]],西儒蘇珊·布朗米{{按|Susan Brownmiller}}著《吾輩之時代》一書,追述[[一九七五年]][[康奈爾書院]]{{按|Cornell}}[[女權]]之士創制此詞之始末。其言曰:「昔吾儕八人聚於一室,欲張榜以伸女權,苦無切當之詞。初擬『淫威』{{按|sexual intimidation}}、『逼淫』{{按|sexual coercion}}、『挾淫以役人』{{按|sexual exploitation on the job}}等語,皆病其未安。蓋吾儕所求者,乃一言以蔽之,無論行跡顯晦,凡屢行輕薄而不輟者,皆在其中。忽有人唱『騷擾』二字,眾皆撫掌曰:『性騷擾!得之矣!』」
此輩數人,有{{tsl|en|Lin Farley|林·法利}}、蘇珊·梅耶{{按|Susan Meyer}}、卡倫·索維尼{{按|Karen Sauvigne}}等,遂結「婦女力作會」;越明年,復有克氏{{按|Freada Klein}}等,結爲同盟,以拒逼淫。七〇年代之末,倡明騷擾之弊天下,大啟民智者,皆斯數會之先驅也。
==據==
{{reflist}}
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438522
438521
2026-04-01T11:45:16Z
Davidzdh
30589
/* 辨名 */補圖
438522
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'''言動'''而'''非禮'''者,今[[漢語|華言]]謂之'''性騷擾'''{{按|英文{{lang|en|sexual harassment}}}},蓋指以淫言褻行相干,不論明挑暗喻,甚或利誘色求,而為人所疾者也<ref name=":21">{{cite book |last1=Paludi |first1=Michele A. |url=https://archive.org/details/academicworkplac0000palu/page/2 |title=Academic and workplace sexual harassment: a resource manual |last2=Barickman |first2=Richard B. |publisher=SUNY Press |year=1991 |isbn=9780791408308 |location=Albany, NY |pages=[https://archive.org/details/academicworkplac0000palu/page/2 2–8] |chapter=Definitions and incidence of academic and workplace sexual harassment |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Vx4qhVPOYUUC&pg=PA2}}</ref>。此實[[欺凌]]之屬。[[受害者|受之者]]雖以[[女|婦女]]居多,然[[男|男子]]亦或遇之。其為害也,傷人形氣,亂人心志,敗人門風,礙人公事,誠不可忽也<ref name=":7">{{Cite journal |last1=Cortina |first1=Lilia M. |last2=Areguin |first2=Maira A. |date=2021 |title=Putting People Down and Pushing Them Out: Sexual Harassment in the Workplace |url=https://sites.lsa.umich.edu/liliacortina-lab/wp-content/uploads/sites/970/2021/12/Cortina-Areguin-2021-Annual-Review.pdf |journal=Annual Review of Organizational Psychology and Organizational Behavior |volume=8 |pages=287–288, 294|doi=10.1146/annurev-orgpsych-012420-055606 }}</ref>。
至若平交之際,發乎情,止乎禮,或為言笑,或為撫慰,本出善意者,固不違於律令<ref>[http://china.findlaw.cn/bianhu/gezuibianhu/qfgmrsqlmjqlz/weixieertongzui/1060932.html 猥亵罪的行为要怎么认定] {{Wayback|url=http://china.findlaw.cn/bianhu/gezuibianhu/qfgmrsqlmjqlz/weixieertongzui/1060932.html |date=20140812205614 }},找法网</ref>。然若{{tsl|zh|非禮|非禮|強觸人身}},犯其私隱,礙其行止,令人怨惡,縱未得逞,亦謂之非禮<ref name=":21"/><ref name="eeoc">{{cite web | url = http://www.eeoc.gov/laws/types/sexual_harassment.cfm | title = Sexual Harassment | publisher = U.S. Equal Employment Opportunity Commission | access-date = 16 July 2010 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20190513132253/https://www.eeoc.gov/laws/types/sexual_harassment.cfm | archive-date = 13 May 2019 | url-status = live }}</ref><ref>[http://www.apdnews.com/news/27108.html 如何应对“性骚扰”课程走进中国小学课堂] {{Wayback|url=http://www.apdnews.com/news/27108.html |date=20131203185745 }},亚太日报,2013年5月29日</ref>。其端不一:或出穢語,或露形體,或寄淫詞,或覘人私影而傳之,皆歸此類<ref name="auto">Dziech, Billie Wright; Weiner, Linda. ''The Lecherous Professor: Sexual Harassment on Campus''. Chicago Illinois: University of Illinois Press, 1990. {{ISBN|978-0-8070-3100-1}}; Boland, 2002.</ref>。其為害也,略有二端:一曰強索懽好;二曰求之不遂,反生毀謗,致令受者心神重創,[[人際關係|交遊]]道絕,復見[[歧視|擯]]於[[職場]]。
今世諸國,多立律以禁之,定為公罪,然多屬[[不告不理]]。此弊多生於官署、商肆之中,或居上者恃[[權力|權]]以脅下,或同儕相狎以戲侮。考其律意,言動而非禮者,大抵分爲兩端:一曰要挾,謂以利易色也;二曰滋擾,謂肆行褻狎,使人不堪其擾也。若乃言語微末之侮,偶一爲之,或尚不深究;若乃滋擾無已,使人生怨,甚而妨礙執事、橫遭黜退者,則難逃三尺之法矣<ref name=":15" />。
遇此等事,[[受害者|受之者]]往往顧全情面,隱忍不發,致令狂徒得寸進尺。故臨事之際,宜遽離其處,大聲峻拒,或呼人走救,方為明哲。然亦有懼遭構陷而不敢言者,據[[美國]]察士考證,言其事而遭報復者,達百分之七十五<ref name=":22">{{Cite book |url=https://www.nap.edu/catalog/24994 |title=Sexual Harassment of Women: Climate, Culture, and Consequences in Academic Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine |publisher=National Academies Press |others=National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine: Committee on the Impacts of Sexual Harassment in Academia; Committee on Women in Science, Engineering, and Medicine; Policy and Global Affairs |year=2018 |isbn=978-0-309-47087-2 |editor-last=Johnson |editor-first=Paula A. |location=Washington, D.C. |pages=24–27 |doi=10.17226/24994 |pmid=29894119 |bibcode=2018nap..book24994N |editor-last2=Widnall |editor-first2=Sheila E. |editor-last3=Benya |editor-first3=Frazier F.}}</ref>。是以今之公肆、學府與百司,皆務設法以防患未然,保人之安,正職業之倫,此亦義理之當然,政制之所重者也<ref name=":15">{{Cite journal |last1=Heymann |first1=Jody |last2=Moreno |first2=Gonzalo |last3=Raub |first3=Amy |last4=Sprague |first4=Aleta |date=4 March 2023 |title=Progress Towards Ending Sexual Harassment at Work? A Comparison of Sexual Harassment Policy in 192 Countries |url=https://doi.org/10.1080/13876988.2022.2100698 |journal=Journal of Comparative Policy Analysis: Research and Practice |volume=25 |issue=2 |pages=172–193 |doi=10.1080/13876988.2022.2100698 |issn=1387-6988}}</ref>。
==辨名==
夫「非禮」者,本謂悖乎禮法之行也。《[[論語]]》載[[孔子]]之言曰:「非禮勿視,非禮勿聽,非禮勿言,非禮勿動。」然後世[[香港|香江]]律例,乃借此詞專指「猥褻侵犯」之罪。蓋猥褻者,乘人不備,或強拂人意,而肆其淫行也。其跡彰彰者,若探捫私處是已;其跡微者,若撫臀、強吻,雖難遽定為極惡,然統觀香江,凡強接肌膚而令人嫌惡者,皆坐以「非禮」之重條。<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.clic.org.hk/zh/topics/sexual_offences/I_Non-consensual_Sexual_Offences/A_Indecent_Assault|title=A. 猥褻侵犯罪(非禮罪)|website=社區法網|language=zh-Hant}}</ref>
[[File:禁止性騷擾Logo.svg|thumb|臺灣標誌,云「禁止性騷擾」]]
若夫「性騷擾」一詞,實泰西譯語。其行雖自古中外皆有,然以此為專名者,實始於近世。西元[[一九七三年]],泰西[[麻省理工書院]]總管羅瑪麗{{按|Mary Rowe}}撰《土星環》{{按|''Saturn's Rings''}}一札,歷陳男女相處之弊,始見此語<ref>Rowe, Mary, "Saturn's Rings," a study of the minutiae of sexism which maintain discrimination and inhibit affirmative action results in corporations and non-profit institutions; published in Graduate and Professional Education of Women, American Association of University Women, 1974, pp. 1–9. "Saturn's Rings II" is a 1975 updating of the original, with racist and sexist incidents from 1974 and 1975. Revised and republished as "The Minutiae of Discrimination: The Need for Support," in Forisha, Barbara and Barbara Goldman, Outsiders on the Inside, Women in Organizations, Prentice-Hall, Inc., New Jersey, 1981, Ch. 11, pp. 155–171. ISBN 978-0-13-645382-6.</ref>。羅氏自謂此詞非其首創,蓋彼邦女流之會,早有論及;然以黌宮重地而明立規條、禁絕斯弊者,實自麻省始。當是時,院議明言:凡以膚色乃至[[種族|種界]]、[[性別|形界]]而故相輕薄者,皆為凌虐;院長亦嚴申斯旨,謂性騷擾與偏私,皆悖黌舍作育之本旨,法所不容也。
迨[[一九九九年]],西儒蘇珊·布朗米{{按|Susan Brownmiller}}著《吾輩之時代》一書,追述[[一九七五年]][[康奈爾書院]]{{按|Cornell}}[[女權]]之士創制此詞之始末。其言曰:「昔吾儕八人聚於一室,欲張榜以伸女權,苦無切當之詞。初擬『淫威』{{按|sexual intimidation}}、『逼淫』{{按|sexual coercion}}、『挾淫以役人』{{按|sexual exploitation on the job}}等語,皆病其未安。蓋吾儕所求者,乃一言以蔽之,無論行跡顯晦,凡屢行輕薄而不輟者,皆在其中。忽有人唱『騷擾』二字,眾皆撫掌曰:『性騷擾!得之矣!』」
此輩數人,有{{tsl|en|Lin Farley|林·法利}}、蘇珊·梅耶{{按|Susan Meyer}}、卡倫·索維尼{{按|Karen Sauvigne}}等,遂結「婦女力作會」;越明年,復有克氏{{按|Freada Klein}}等,結爲同盟,以拒逼淫。七〇年代之末,倡明騷擾之弊天下,大啟民智者,皆斯數會之先驅也。
==據==
{{reflist}}
2c97r11rfqfm12a1pvqtkqg2p4qsekl
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'''言動'''而'''非禮'''者,今[[漢語|華言]]謂之'''性騷擾'''{{按|英文{{lang|en|sexual harassment}}}},蓋指以淫言褻行相干,不論明挑暗喻,甚或利誘色求,而為人所疾者也<ref name=":21">{{cite book |last1=Paludi |first1=Michele A. |url=https://archive.org/details/academicworkplac0000palu/page/2 |title=Academic and workplace sexual harassment: a resource manual |last2=Barickman |first2=Richard B. |publisher=SUNY Press |year=1991 |isbn=9780791408308 |location=Albany, NY |pages=[https://archive.org/details/academicworkplac0000palu/page/2 2–8] |chapter=Definitions and incidence of academic and workplace sexual harassment |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Vx4qhVPOYUUC&pg=PA2}}</ref>。此實[[欺凌]]之屬。[[受害者|受之者]]雖以[[女|婦女]]居多,然[[男|男子]]亦或遇之。其為害也,傷人形氣,亂人心志,敗人門風,礙人公事,誠不可忽也<ref name=":7">{{Cite journal |last1=Cortina |first1=Lilia M. |last2=Areguin |first2=Maira A. |date=2021 |title=Putting People Down and Pushing Them Out: Sexual Harassment in the Workplace |url=https://sites.lsa.umich.edu/liliacortina-lab/wp-content/uploads/sites/970/2021/12/Cortina-Areguin-2021-Annual-Review.pdf |journal=Annual Review of Organizational Psychology and Organizational Behavior |volume=8 |pages=287–288, 294|doi=10.1146/annurev-orgpsych-012420-055606 }}</ref>。
至若平交之際,發乎情,止乎禮,或為言笑,或為撫慰,本出善意者,固不違於律令<ref>[http://china.findlaw.cn/bianhu/gezuibianhu/qfgmrsqlmjqlz/weixieertongzui/1060932.html 猥亵罪的行为要怎么认定] {{Wayback|url=http://china.findlaw.cn/bianhu/gezuibianhu/qfgmrsqlmjqlz/weixieertongzui/1060932.html |date=20140812205614 }},找法网</ref>。然若{{tsl|zh|非禮|非禮|強觸人身}},犯其私隱,礙其行止,令人怨惡,縱未得逞,亦謂之非禮<ref name=":21"/><ref name="eeoc">{{cite web | url = http://www.eeoc.gov/laws/types/sexual_harassment.cfm | title = Sexual Harassment | publisher = U.S. Equal Employment Opportunity Commission | access-date = 16 July 2010 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20190513132253/https://www.eeoc.gov/laws/types/sexual_harassment.cfm | archive-date = 13 May 2019 | url-status = live }}</ref><ref>[http://www.apdnews.com/news/27108.html 如何应对“性骚扰”课程走进中国小学课堂] {{Wayback|url=http://www.apdnews.com/news/27108.html |date=20131203185745 }},亚太日报,2013年5月29日</ref>。其端不一:或出穢語,或露形體,或寄淫詞,或覘人私影而傳之,皆歸此類<ref name="auto">Dziech, Billie Wright; Weiner, Linda. ''The Lecherous Professor: Sexual Harassment on Campus''. Chicago Illinois: University of Illinois Press, 1990. {{ISBN|978-0-8070-3100-1}}; Boland, 2002.</ref>。其為害也,略有二端:一曰強索懽好;二曰求之不遂,反生毀謗,致令受者心神重創,[[人際關係|交遊]]道絕,復見[[歧視|擯]]於[[職場]]。
今世諸國,多立律以禁之,定為公罪,然多屬[[不告不理]]。此弊多生於官署、商肆之中,或居上者恃[[權力|權]]以脅下,或同儕相狎以戲侮。考其律意,言動而非禮者,大抵分爲兩端:一曰要挾,謂以利易色也;二曰滋擾,謂肆行褻狎,使人不堪其擾也。若乃言語微末之侮,偶一爲之,或尚不深究;若乃滋擾無已,使人生怨,甚而妨礙執事、橫遭黜退者,則難逃三尺之法矣<ref name=":15" />。
遇此等事,[[受害者|受之者]]往往顧全情面,隱忍不發,致令狂徒得寸進尺。故臨事之際,宜遽離其處,大聲峻拒,或呼人走救,方為明哲。然亦有懼遭構陷而不敢言者,據[[美國]]察士考證,言其事而遭報復者,達百分之七十五<ref name=":22">{{Cite book |url=https://www.nap.edu/catalog/24994 |title=Sexual Harassment of Women: Climate, Culture, and Consequences in Academic Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine |publisher=National Academies Press |others=National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine: Committee on the Impacts of Sexual Harassment in Academia; Committee on Women in Science, Engineering, and Medicine; Policy and Global Affairs |year=2018 |isbn=978-0-309-47087-2 |editor-last=Johnson |editor-first=Paula A. |location=Washington, D.C. |pages=24–27 |doi=10.17226/24994 |pmid=29894119 |bibcode=2018nap..book24994N |editor-last2=Widnall |editor-first2=Sheila E. |editor-last3=Benya |editor-first3=Frazier F.}}</ref>。是以今之公肆、學府與百司,皆務設法以防患未然,保民人之安,正職業之倫,此亦義理之當然,政制之所重者也<ref name=":15">{{Cite journal |last1=Heymann |first1=Jody |last2=Moreno |first2=Gonzalo |last3=Raub |first3=Amy |last4=Sprague |first4=Aleta |date=4 March 2023 |title=Progress Towards Ending Sexual Harassment at Work? A Comparison of Sexual Harassment Policy in 192 Countries |url=https://doi.org/10.1080/13876988.2022.2100698 |journal=Journal of Comparative Policy Analysis: Research and Practice |volume=25 |issue=2 |pages=172–193 |doi=10.1080/13876988.2022.2100698 |issn=1387-6988}}</ref>。
==辨名==
夫「非禮」者,本謂悖乎禮法之行也。《[[論語]]》載[[孔子]]之言曰:「非禮勿視,非禮勿聽,非禮勿言,非禮勿動。」然後世[[香港|香江]]律例,乃借此詞專指「猥褻侵犯」之罪。蓋猥褻者,乘人不備,或強拂人意,而肆其淫行也。其跡彰彰者,若探捫私處是已;其跡微者,若撫臀、強吻,雖難遽定為極惡,然統觀香江,凡強接肌膚而令人嫌惡者,皆坐以「非禮」之重條。<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.clic.org.hk/zh/topics/sexual_offences/I_Non-consensual_Sexual_Offences/A_Indecent_Assault|title=A. 猥褻侵犯罪(非禮罪)|website=社區法網|language=zh-Hant}}</ref>
[[File:禁止性騷擾Logo.svg|thumb|臺灣標誌,云「禁止性騷擾」]]
若夫「性騷擾」一詞,實泰西譯語。其行雖自古中外皆有,然以此為專名者,實始於近世。西元[[一九七三年]],泰西[[麻省理工書院]]總管羅瑪麗{{按|Mary Rowe}}撰《土星環》{{按|''Saturn's Rings''}}一札,歷陳男女相處之弊,始見此語<ref>Rowe, Mary, "Saturn's Rings," a study of the minutiae of sexism which maintain discrimination and inhibit affirmative action results in corporations and non-profit institutions; published in Graduate and Professional Education of Women, American Association of University Women, 1974, pp. 1–9. "Saturn's Rings II" is a 1975 updating of the original, with racist and sexist incidents from 1974 and 1975. Revised and republished as "The Minutiae of Discrimination: The Need for Support," in Forisha, Barbara and Barbara Goldman, Outsiders on the Inside, Women in Organizations, Prentice-Hall, Inc., New Jersey, 1981, Ch. 11, pp. 155–171. ISBN 978-0-13-645382-6.</ref>。羅氏自謂此詞非其首創,蓋彼邦女流之會,早有論及;然以黌宮重地而明立規條、禁絕斯弊者,實自麻省始。當是時,院議明言:凡以膚色乃至[[種族|種界]]、[[性別|形界]]而故相輕薄者,皆為凌虐;院長亦嚴申斯旨,謂性騷擾與偏私,皆悖黌舍作育之本旨,法所不容也。
迨[[一九九九年]],西儒蘇珊·布朗米{{按|Susan Brownmiller}}著《吾輩之時代》一書,追述[[一九七五年]][[康奈爾書院]]{{按|Cornell}}[[女權]]之士創制此詞之始末。其言曰:「昔吾儕八人聚於一室,欲張榜以伸女權,苦無切當之詞。初擬『淫威』{{按|sexual intimidation}}、『逼淫』{{按|sexual coercion}}、『挾淫以役人』{{按|sexual exploitation on the job}}等語,皆病其未安。蓋吾儕所求者,乃一言以蔽之,無論行跡顯晦,凡屢行輕薄而不輟者,皆在其中。忽有人唱『騷擾』二字,眾皆撫掌曰:『性騷擾!得之矣!』」
此輩數人,有{{tsl|en|Lin Farley|林·法利}}、蘇珊·梅耶{{按|Susan Meyer}}、卡倫·索維尼{{按|Karen Sauvigne}}等,遂結「婦女力作會」;越明年,復有克氏{{按|Freada Klein}}等,結爲同盟,以拒逼淫。七〇年代之末,倡明騷擾之弊天下,大啟民智者,皆斯數會之先驅也。
==據==
{{reflist}}
grbddex8qz05xvnjpeoyx0ccubs4wgu
438524
438523
2026-04-01T11:51:56Z
Davidzdh
30589
/* 辨名 */翻譯腳註爲漢文
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'''言動'''而'''非禮'''者,今[[漢語|華言]]謂之'''性騷擾'''{{按|英文{{lang|en|sexual harassment}}}},蓋指以淫言褻行相干,不論明挑暗喻,甚或利誘色求,而為人所疾者也<ref name=":21">{{cite book |last1=Paludi |first1=Michele A. |url=https://archive.org/details/academicworkplac0000palu/page/2 |title=Academic and workplace sexual harassment: a resource manual |last2=Barickman |first2=Richard B. |publisher=SUNY Press |year=1991 |isbn=9780791408308 |location=Albany, NY |pages=[https://archive.org/details/academicworkplac0000palu/page/2 2–8] |chapter=Definitions and incidence of academic and workplace sexual harassment |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Vx4qhVPOYUUC&pg=PA2}}</ref>。此實[[欺凌]]之屬。[[受害者|受之者]]雖以[[女|婦女]]居多,然[[男|男子]]亦或遇之。其為害也,傷人形氣,亂人心志,敗人門風,礙人公事,誠不可忽也<ref name=":7">{{Cite journal |last1=Cortina |first1=Lilia M. |last2=Areguin |first2=Maira A. |date=2021 |title=Putting People Down and Pushing Them Out: Sexual Harassment in the Workplace |url=https://sites.lsa.umich.edu/liliacortina-lab/wp-content/uploads/sites/970/2021/12/Cortina-Areguin-2021-Annual-Review.pdf |journal=Annual Review of Organizational Psychology and Organizational Behavior |volume=8 |pages=287–288, 294|doi=10.1146/annurev-orgpsych-012420-055606 }}</ref>。
至若平交之際,發乎情,止乎禮,或為言笑,或為撫慰,本出善意者,固不違於律令<ref>[http://china.findlaw.cn/bianhu/gezuibianhu/qfgmrsqlmjqlz/weixieertongzui/1060932.html 猥亵罪的行为要怎么认定] {{Wayback|url=http://china.findlaw.cn/bianhu/gezuibianhu/qfgmrsqlmjqlz/weixieertongzui/1060932.html |date=20140812205614 }},找法网</ref>。然若{{tsl|zh|非禮|非禮|強觸人身}},犯其私隱,礙其行止,令人怨惡,縱未得逞,亦謂之非禮<ref name=":21"/><ref name="eeoc">{{cite web | url = http://www.eeoc.gov/laws/types/sexual_harassment.cfm | title = Sexual Harassment | publisher = U.S. Equal Employment Opportunity Commission | access-date = 16 July 2010 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20190513132253/https://www.eeoc.gov/laws/types/sexual_harassment.cfm | archive-date = 13 May 2019 | url-status = live }}</ref><ref>[http://www.apdnews.com/news/27108.html 如何应对“性骚扰”课程走进中国小学课堂] {{Wayback|url=http://www.apdnews.com/news/27108.html |date=20131203185745 }},亚太日报,2013年5月29日</ref>。其端不一:或出穢語,或露形體,或寄淫詞,或覘人私影而傳之,皆歸此類<ref name="auto">Dziech, Billie Wright; Weiner, Linda. ''The Lecherous Professor: Sexual Harassment on Campus''. Chicago Illinois: University of Illinois Press, 1990. {{ISBN|978-0-8070-3100-1}}; Boland, 2002.</ref>。其為害也,略有二端:一曰強索懽好;二曰求之不遂,反生毀謗,致令受者心神重創,[[人際關係|交遊]]道絕,復見[[歧視|擯]]於[[職場]]。
今世諸國,多立律以禁之,定為公罪,然多屬[[不告不理]]。此弊多生於官署、商肆之中,或居上者恃[[權力|權]]以脅下,或同儕相狎以戲侮。考其律意,言動而非禮者,大抵分爲兩端:一曰要挾,謂以利易色也;二曰滋擾,謂肆行褻狎,使人不堪其擾也。若乃言語微末之侮,偶一爲之,或尚不深究;若乃滋擾無已,使人生怨,甚而妨礙執事、橫遭黜退者,則難逃三尺之法矣<ref name=":15" />。
遇此等事,[[受害者|受之者]]往往顧全情面,隱忍不發,致令狂徒得寸進尺。故臨事之際,宜遽離其處,大聲峻拒,或呼人走救,方為明哲。然亦有懼遭構陷而不敢言者,據[[美國]]察士考證,言其事而遭報復者,達百分之七十五<ref name=":22">{{Cite book |url=https://www.nap.edu/catalog/24994 |title=Sexual Harassment of Women: Climate, Culture, and Consequences in Academic Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine |publisher=National Academies Press |others=National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine: Committee on the Impacts of Sexual Harassment in Academia; Committee on Women in Science, Engineering, and Medicine; Policy and Global Affairs |year=2018 |isbn=978-0-309-47087-2 |editor-last=Johnson |editor-first=Paula A. |location=Washington, D.C. |pages=24–27 |doi=10.17226/24994 |pmid=29894119 |bibcode=2018nap..book24994N |editor-last2=Widnall |editor-first2=Sheila E. |editor-last3=Benya |editor-first3=Frazier F.}}</ref>。是以今之公肆、學府與百司,皆務設法以防患未然,保民人之安,正職業之倫,此亦義理之當然,政制之所重者也<ref name=":15">{{Cite journal |last1=Heymann |first1=Jody |last2=Moreno |first2=Gonzalo |last3=Raub |first3=Amy |last4=Sprague |first4=Aleta |date=4 March 2023 |title=Progress Towards Ending Sexual Harassment at Work? A Comparison of Sexual Harassment Policy in 192 Countries |url=https://doi.org/10.1080/13876988.2022.2100698 |journal=Journal of Comparative Policy Analysis: Research and Practice |volume=25 |issue=2 |pages=172–193 |doi=10.1080/13876988.2022.2100698 |issn=1387-6988}}</ref>。
==辨名==
夫「非禮」者,本謂悖乎禮法之行也。《[[論語]]》載[[孔子]]之言曰:「非禮勿視,非禮勿聽,非禮勿言,非禮勿動。」然後世[[香港|香江]]律例,乃借此詞專指「猥褻侵犯」之罪。蓋猥褻者,乘人不備,或強拂人意,而肆其淫行也。其跡彰彰者,若探捫私處是已;其跡微者,若撫臀、強吻,雖難遽定為極惡,然統觀香江,凡強接肌膚而令人嫌惡者,皆坐以「非禮」之重條。<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.clic.org.hk/zh/topics/sexual_offences/I_Non-consensual_Sexual_Offences/A_Indecent_Assault|title=A. 猥褻侵犯罪(非禮罪)|website=社區法網|language=zh-Hant}}</ref>
[[File:禁止性騷擾Logo.svg|thumb|臺灣標誌,云「禁止性騷擾」]]
若夫「性騷擾」一詞,實泰西譯語。其行雖自古中外皆有,然以此為專名者,實始於近世。西元[[一九七三年]],泰西[[麻省理工書院]]總管羅瑪麗{{按|Mary Rowe}}撰《土星環》{{按|''Saturn's Rings''}}一札,歷陳男女相處之弊,始見此語<ref>羅瑪麗撰《土星環》一文,考究[[性別|形界]]偏見之微末,論其何以於商賈及公益會中,長養歧視而阻抑平權;載於Graduate and Professional Education of Women, American Association of University Women, 1974, pp. 1–9. 其《土星環之二》{{按|''Saturn's Rings II''}},乃一九七五年之增修本,臚列一九七四及一九七五兩年間[[種族|種界]]與形界歧視之行跡。後復經刪定重梓,易名《歧視之微末:亟須之援助》{{按|''The Minutiae of Discrimination: The Need for Support''}},收於Forisha, Barbara and Barbara Goldman, Outsiders on the Inside, Women in Organizations, Prentice-Hall, Inc., New Jersey, 1981, Ch. 11, pp. 155–171. ISBN 978-0-13-645382-6.</ref>。羅氏自謂此詞非其首創,蓋彼邦女流之會,早有論及;然以黌宮重地而明立規條、禁絕斯弊者,實自麻省始。當是時,院議明言:凡以膚色乃至[[種族|種界]]、[[性別|形界]]而故相輕薄者,皆為凌虐;院長亦嚴申斯旨,謂性騷擾與偏私,皆悖黌舍作育之本旨,法所不容也。
迨[[一九九九年]],西儒蘇珊·布朗米{{按|Susan Brownmiller}}著《吾輩之時代》一書,追述[[一九七五年]][[康奈爾書院]]{{按|Cornell}}[[女權]]之士創制此詞之始末。其言曰:「昔吾儕八人聚於一室,欲張榜以伸女權,苦無切當之詞。初擬『淫威』{{按|sexual intimidation}}、『逼淫』{{按|sexual coercion}}、『挾淫以役人』{{按|sexual exploitation on the job}}等語,皆病其未安。蓋吾儕所求者,乃一言以蔽之,無論行跡顯晦,凡屢行輕薄而不輟者,皆在其中。忽有人唱『騷擾』二字,眾皆撫掌曰:『性騷擾!得之矣!』」
此輩數人,有{{tsl|en|Lin Farley|林·法利}}、蘇珊·梅耶{{按|Susan Meyer}}、卡倫·索維尼{{按|Karen Sauvigne}}等,遂結「婦女力作會」;越明年,復有克氏{{按|Freada Klein}}等,結爲同盟,以拒逼淫。七〇年代之末,倡明騷擾之弊天下,大啟民智者,皆斯數會之先驅也。
==據==
{{reflist}}
25wcmxapgphsllpl41os3ggnqcm2ita
用戶討論:Are you ok hai
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-- [[用戶:丁子君|丁子君]] ([[用戶討論:丁子君|對話]]) 二〇二六年四月一日 (三) 〇〇時四一分 (UTC)
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-- <span style="text-shadow:0 1px 5px #66f9cf;">[[User:MintCandy|薄荷糖]]</span>敬上 <small>([[User talk:MintCandy|議]])</small> 二〇二六年四月一日 (三) 〇一時一六分 (UTC)
ckfo9sjvruy2izpdym82yeakjtby3t0
用戶討論:G00431851
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iq3sz1mwijwzaqtb2rgyfp9taw7tvqe
拿破崙三世
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Shunshen Lee
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{{Emperor
|圖 = [[File:Edouard Boutibonne (1816-97) - Napoléon III (1808-73), Emperor of the French - RCIN 406011 - Royal Collection.jpg|180px]]
|稱號 = 法蘭西皇帝<br>安道爾大公
|姓名 = Napoléon III
|廟號 =
|諡號 =
|陵墓 = [[英吉利]]聖米迦[[僧院]]
|政權 = [[法蘭西]]
|生卒 = [[西元]][[一八〇八年]]四月二十日<br>至[[一八七三年]]一月九日
|在位 = [[西元]][[一八五二年]]十二月二日<br>至[[一八七〇年]]九月四日
|年號 =
|先君 = 國王[[路易-菲利普一世|路易-菲利普]]
|嗣君 = 遜位
}}
'''拿破崙三世''' {{按|[[法文]] Napoléon III}},諱'''夏爾·路易·拿破侖''',姓'''波拿巴氏''',[[法蘭西]]人。[[荷蘭]]王路易第三子也,母曰奧坦絲;伯父[[拿破崙]],建國自號為法蘭西之主。帝自伯父拿破崙初御極時{{按|[[法文]] [[西元]][[一八〇八年]]四月二十日}},誕於[[巴黎]]。及拿破崙敗於滑鐵盧,遜位,安置[[聖赫勒拿島]],帝年七歲。[[一八四六年]]七月,路易卒,而拿破崙子{{按|拿破崙二世}}及其長兄約瑟夫皆早死,帝以鼎革故次當立,乃為嗣拿破崙矣。越[[一八四八年|二年]],國內變作,推[[總統]]。四月,帝固意在當國,還至巴黎,以法統重祚名果與之;十二月,帝入居愛麗舍宮為總統,聽決庶政。後[[一八五一年|三年]],帝遽發親衛兵數萬屯議會,乃矯立[[憲法]],罷立法院、內閣知政事,自以己總攝內外機務。[[一八五二年]]十二月,即皇帝位於[[巴黎聖母院|聖母院]],二日,百僚表上尊號曰「拿破崙三世」。
==引據==
{{reflist}}
[[分類:波拿巴氏本紀]]
ochw7n1pyir8b8dq3k307h0rmg6qi22
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2026-04-01T02:45:55Z
Shunshen Lee
68656
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{{Emperor
|圖 = [[File:Edouard Boutibonne (1816-97) - Napoléon III (1808-73), Emperor of the French - RCIN 406011 - Royal Collection.jpg|180px]]
|稱號 = 法蘭西皇帝<br>安道爾大公
|姓名 = Napoléon III
|廟號 =
|諡號 =
|陵墓 = [[英吉利]]聖米迦[[僧院]]
|政權 = [[法蘭西]]
|生卒 = [[西元]][[一八〇八年]]四月二十日<br>至[[一八七三年]]一月九日<br><small>(年六十四)</small>
|在位 = [[西元]][[一八五二年]]十二月二日<br>至[[一八七〇年]]九月四日
|年號 =
|先君 = 國王[[路易-菲利普一世|路易-菲利普]]
|嗣君 = 遜位<br><small>(改帝制復置[[共和]])</small>
}}
'''拿破崙三世''' {{按|[[法文]] Napoléon III}},諱'''夏爾·路易·拿破侖''',姓'''波拿巴氏''',[[法蘭西]]人。[[荷蘭]]王路易第三子也,母曰奧坦絲,皇后約瑟芬女<ref>{{cite book|title=Napoleon III: A Life|url=https://archive.org/details/napoleoniiilife0000fent|last=Bresler|first=Fenton|publisher=Harper Collins|location=London|year=1999|page=[https://archive.org/details/napoleoniiilife0000fent/page/20 20]|isbn=0-00-255787-8}}</ref>。伯父[[拿破崙]],建國自號為法蘭西之主。
帝自伯父拿破崙初御極時{{按|[[西元]][[一八〇八年]]四月二十日}},誕於[[巴黎]]。及拿破崙敗於滑鐵盧,遜位,安置[[聖赫勒拿島]],帝年七歲。[[一八四六年]]七月,路易卒,而拿破崙子{{按|拿破崙二世}}及其長兄約瑟夫皆早死,帝以鼎革故次當立,乃為嗣拿破崙矣<ref>[http://www.answers.com/topic/louis-bonaparte ''Columbia Encyclopedia'' – "Napoleon III"] {{Wayback|url=http://www.answers.com/topic/louis-bonaparte |date=20130512033231 }} Sixth edition (2004). Columbia University Press.</ref>。越[[一八四八年|二年]],國內變作,市民聚黨舉兵巴黎,襲[[路易-菲利普一世|法王]],王尋出奔於[[倫敦]],國人推[[總統]]。四月,帝固意在當國,還至巴黎,以法統重祚名果與之;十二月,帝繇是入居愛麗舍宮,為總統,聽決庶政。後[[一八五一年|三年]],帝遽發親衛兵數萬屯議會,乃矯立[[憲法]]<ref>{{Cite book|author=Ronald Aminzade|title=Ballots and Barricades: Class Formation and Republican Politics in France, 1830–1871|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=kTbybLDLPiAC&pg=PA299|year=1993|publisher=Princeton University Press|page=299|access-date=2013-05-17|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130622062747/http://books.google.com/books?id=kTbybLDLPiAC&pg=PA299|archive-date=2013-06-22|dead-url=no}}</ref>,罷立法院、內閣知政事,自命以己總攝內外機務。[[一八五二年]]十二月,即皇帝位於[[巴黎聖母院|聖母院]],二日,百僚表上尊號曰「拿破崙三世」。
==引據==
{{reflist}}
[[分類:波拿巴氏本紀]]
s9cv23nyo46bm1oga7kcpbt3xud9ryr
438494
438493
2026-04-01T03:03:04Z
Shunshen Lee
68656
438494
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{{Emperor
|圖 = [[File:Edouard Boutibonne (1816-97) - Napoléon III (1808-73), Emperor of the French - RCIN 406011 - Royal Collection.jpg|180px]]
|稱號 = 法蘭西皇帝<br>安道爾大公
|姓名 = Napoléon III
|廟號 =
|諡號 =
|陵墓 = [[英吉利]]聖米迦[[僧院]]
|政權 = [[法蘭西]]
|生卒 = [[西元]][[一八〇八年]]四月二十日<br>至[[一八七三年]]一月九日<br><small>(年六十四)</small>
|在位 = [[西元]][[一八五二年]]十二月二日<br>至[[一八七〇年]]九月四日
|年號 =
|先君 = 國王[[路易-菲利普一世|路易-菲利普]]
|嗣君 = 遜位<br><small>(改帝制復置[[共和]])</small>
}}
'''拿破崙三世''' {{按|[[法文]] Napoléon III}},諱'''夏爾·路易·拿破侖''',姓'''波拿巴氏''',[[法蘭西]]人。[[荷蘭]]王路易第三子也,母曰奧坦絲,皇后約瑟芬女<ref>{{cite book|title=Napoleon III: A Life|url=https://archive.org/details/napoleoniiilife0000fent|last=Bresler|first=Fenton|publisher=Harper Collins|location=London|year=1999|page=[https://archive.org/details/napoleoniiilife0000fent/page/20 20]|isbn=0-00-255787-8}}</ref>。伯父[[拿破崙]],建國自號為法蘭西之主。
帝自伯父拿破崙初御極時{{按|[[西元]][[一八〇八年]]四月二十日}},誕於[[巴黎]]。及拿破崙敗於滑鐵盧,遜位,安置[[聖赫勒拿島]],帝年七歲。[[一八四六年]]七月,路易卒,而拿破崙子{{按|[[拿破崙二世]]}}及其長兄約瑟夫皆早死,帝以鼎革故次當立,乃為嗣拿破崙矣<ref>[http://www.answers.com/topic/louis-bonaparte ''Columbia Encyclopedia'' – "Napoleon III"] {{Wayback|url=http://www.answers.com/topic/louis-bonaparte |date=20130512033231 }} Sixth edition (2004). Columbia University Press.</ref>。越[[一八四八年|二年]],國內變作,市民聚黨舉兵巴黎,襲[[路易-菲利普一世|法王]],王尋出奔於[[倫敦]],國人推[[總統]]。四月,帝固意在當國,還至巴黎,是年以法統重祚名果與之;十二月,帝繇是入居愛麗舍宮,為總統,聽決庶政。後[[一八五一年|三年]],帝遽發親衛兵數萬屯議會,乃矯立[[憲法]]<ref>{{Cite book|author=Ronald Aminzade|title=Ballots and Barricades: Class Formation and Republican Politics in France, 1830–1871|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=kTbybLDLPiAC&pg=PA299|year=1993|publisher=Princeton University Press|page=299|access-date=2013-05-17|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130622062747/http://books.google.com/books?id=kTbybLDLPiAC&pg=PA299|archive-date=2013-06-22|dead-url=no}}</ref>,罷立法院、內閣知政事,自命以己躬親乾綱,總攬內外威柄。[[一八五二年]]十二月,即皇帝位於[[巴黎聖母院|聖母院]],二日,百僚表上尊號曰「拿破崙三世」。
==引據==
{{reflist}}
{| border="center" align="center" width="center"
|-style="text-align:center"
| 先<br/><small>伯父[[拿破崙一世]]</small>
| [[法蘭西]]皇帝<br/><small>[[西元]][[一八五二年]]十二月至[[一八七〇年]]九月</small>
| 後<br/><small>帝國亡</small>
|}
[[分類:波拿巴氏本紀]]
sl95g8351trvkjkvl55n6834ide4171
438499
438494
2026-04-01T05:24:49Z
Shunshen Lee
68656
438499
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{{Emperor
|圖 = [[File:Edouard Boutibonne (1816-97) - Napoléon III (1808-73), Emperor of the French - RCIN 406011 - Royal Collection.jpg|180px]]
|稱號 = 法蘭西皇帝<br>安道爾大公
|姓名 = Napoléon III
|廟號 =
|諡號 =
|陵墓 = [[英吉利]]聖米迦[[僧院]]
|政權 = [[法蘭西]]
|生卒 = [[西元]][[一八〇八年]]四月二十日<br>至[[一八七三年]]一月九日<br><small>(年六十四)</small>
|在位 = [[西元]][[一八五二年]]十二月二日<br>至[[一八七〇年]]九月四日
|年號 =
|先君 = 國王[[路易-菲利普一世|路易-菲利普]]
|嗣君 = 遜位<br><small>(改帝制復置[[共和]])</small>
}}
'''拿破崙三世''' {{按|[[法文]] Napoléon III}},諱'''夏爾·路易·拿破侖''',姓'''波拿巴氏''',[[法蘭西]]人。[[荷蘭]]王路易第三子也,母曰奧坦絲,皇后約瑟芬女<ref>{{cite book|title=Napoleon III: A Life|url=https://archive.org/details/napoleoniiilife0000fent|last=Bresler|first=Fenton|publisher=Harper Collins|location=London|year=1999|page=[https://archive.org/details/napoleoniiilife0000fent/page/20 20]|isbn=0-00-255787-8}}</ref>。伯父[[拿破崙]],建國自號為法蘭西之主。
帝自伯父拿破崙初御極時{{按|西元[[一八〇八年]]四月二十日}},誕於[[巴黎]]。及拿破崙敗績滑鐵盧,遜位,安置[[聖赫勒拿島]],帝年七歲。[[一八四六年]]七月,路易卒,而拿破崙[[拿破崙二世|子]]{{按|拿破崙二世}}及其長兄約瑟夫皆早死,帝以鼎革故次當立,乃為嗣拿破崙矣<ref>[http://www.answers.com/topic/louis-bonaparte ''Columbia Encyclopedia'' – "Napoleon III"] {{Wayback|url=http://www.answers.com/topic/louis-bonaparte |date=20130512033231 }} Sixth edition (2004). Columbia University Press.</ref>。越[[一八四八年|二年]],國內變作,市民聚黨舉兵巴黎,襲[[路易-菲利普一世|法王]],王尋出奔於[[倫敦]],[[共和]]肇基,國人推[[總統]]。四月,帝固意在當國,還至巴黎,是年以法統重祚名果與之;十二月,帝繇是入居愛麗舍宮,為總統,聽決庶政。先是波拿巴黨人悉附帝門下,帝內銜共和國體甚,必欲紹述其伯父拿破崙先志,又以時論多為保皇,益恣橫,遂有異謀。後[[一八五一年|三年]],帝遽發親衛兵數萬屯議會,乃矯立[[憲法]]<ref>{{Cite book|author=Ronald Aminzade|title=Ballots and Barricades: Class Formation and Republican Politics in France, 1830–1871|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=kTbybLDLPiAC&pg=PA299|year=1993|publisher=Princeton University Press|page=299|access-date=2013-05-17|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130622062747/http://books.google.com/books?id=kTbybLDLPiAC&pg=PA299|archive-date=2013-06-22|dead-url=no}}</ref>,昭示公論。帝既改共和置君主,罷立法團、內閣知政事,自命以己躬親乾綱,總攬內外威柄。[[一八五二年]]十二月,即皇帝位於[[巴黎聖母院|聖母院]],是為「第二帝國」;二日,帝迺御[[杜樂麗宮]],百僚表上尊號曰「拿破崙三世」。
==引據==
{{reflist}}
{| border="center" align="center" width="center"
|-style="text-align:center"
| 先<br/><small>伯父[[拿破崙一世]]</small>
| [[法蘭西]]皇帝<br/><small>[[西元]][[一八五二年]]十二月至[[一八七〇年]]九月</small>
| 後<br/><small>帝國亡</small>
|}
[[分類:波拿巴氏本紀]]
g4v8sdfxlwxn1fbzjm39q102llql0dj
用戶討論:Glfpes
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-- [[用戶:Itsmine|孔明居士]] ([[用戶討論:Itsmine|對話]]) 二〇二六年四月一日 (三) 〇四時〇一分 (UTC)
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-- [[用戶:Davidzdh|<font color="#008B8B">关山</font>]] ([[User talk:Davidzdh|修書]]) 二〇二六年四月一日 (三) 〇六時三三分 (UTC)
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-- [[用戶:Itsmine|孔明居士]] ([[用戶討論:Itsmine|對話]]) 二〇二六年四月一日 (三) 〇六時五五分 (UTC)
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用戶討論:主义主义
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-- <span style="text-shadow:0 1px 5px #66f9cf;">[[User:MintCandy|薄荷糖]]</span>敬上 <small>([[User talk:MintCandy|議]])</small> 二〇二六年四月一日 (三) 〇七時二八分 (UTC)
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-- [[用戶:Itsmine|孔明居士]] ([[用戶討論:Itsmine|對話]]) 二〇二六年四月一日 (三) 〇八時〇四分 (UTC)
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討論:帕爾加利易卜拉欣帕夏
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Davidzdh
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== 原文之私評 ==
條目原有論贊,今寘諸下以備考:
<blockquote>易卜拉欣之際遇,蓋前所未有。自賤役而至相位,位極人臣。善邦交,明西學,內理國政,外結盟好,可謂良相。然位極則危,恩深招忌,終以身死。古語云:「木秀於林,風必摧之」,其是之謂與。</blockquote> —[[用戶:Davidzdh|<font color="#008B8B">关山</font>]] ([[User talk:Davidzdh|修書]]) 二〇二六年四月一日 (三) 一〇時二七分 (UTC)
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用戶討論:Maoyuanxin
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-- [[用戶:丁子君|丁子君]] ([[用戶討論:丁子君|對話]]) 二〇二六年四月一日 (三) 一〇時三五分 (UTC)
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用戶討論:Frost2402
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{{Template:Welcome|realName=|name=Frost2402}}
-- [[user:WAN233|<span style="color: #007FFF;">启明</span>]][[user talk:WAN233|(留言)]] 二〇二六年四月一日 (三) 一〇時五九分 (UTC)
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性騷擾
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2026-04-01T11:10:15Z
Davidzdh
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渡至[[言動非禮]]
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#重定向 [[言動非禮]]
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用戶討論:Ihome6
3
136818
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2026-04-01T11:28:41Z
New user message
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在新使用者的討論頁上添加[[Template:Welcome|歡迎資訊]]
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{{Template:Welcome|realName=|name=Ihome6}}
-- [[用戶:丁子君|丁子君]] ([[用戶討論:丁子君|對話]]) 二〇二六年四月一日 (三) 一一時二八分 (UTC)
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用戶討論:Gulagresort
3
136819
438520
2026-04-01T11:42:17Z
New user message
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在新使用者的討論頁上添加[[Template:Welcome|歡迎資訊]]
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text/x-wiki
{{Template:Welcome|realName=|name=Gulagresort}}
-- [[user:WAN233|<span style="color: #007FFF;">启明</span>]][[user talk:WAN233|(留言)]] 二〇二六年四月一日 (三) 一一時四二分 (UTC)
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