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模板:世事
10
12
440864
440783
2026-05-11T05:08:39Z
一室幽蘭
105415
440864
wikitext
text/x-wiki
<div class="center">今{{儒略日轉中國曆/年|{{西洋曆轉儒略日|{{ #time: xNY | +8 hours }}|{{ #time: xNm | +8 hours }}|{{ #time: xNd | +8 hours }}}}}}{{儒略日轉中國曆/月|{{西洋曆轉儒略日|{{ #time: xNY | +8 hours }}|{{ #time: xNm | +8 hours }}|{{ #time: xNd | +8 hours }}}}}}{{儒略日轉中國曆/日|{{西洋曆轉儒略日|{{ #time: xNY | +8 hours }}|{{ #time: xNm | +8 hours }}|{{ #time: xNd | +8 hours }}}}}}<small>(合西曆{{CURRENTYEAR}}年{{Num2Chinese|{{#time: xNn }}}}月{{Num2Chinese|{{#time: xnj }}}}日)</small> {{農曆節日}} {{今日節氣}} <small><small>※<span class="plainlinks" id="purgelink">[{{fullurl:{{FULLPAGENAME}}|action=purge}} 新之]</span></small></small></div>
{{候}}
[[二〇二六年|是歲]]乃[[平年]],[[日本]]紀為[[令和]]八年,[[中華民國]]紀為百十五年。
*三月十八{{按|西曆五月四日}},[[世界衛生組織]]通告天下:有[[遊輪]]名「洪迪厄斯」者,驟作[[洪迪厄斯號漢坦之疫|漢坦之疫]],亡者數人。[[維基大典:世事/荷蘭遊輪罹漢坦之疫|📰]]
*二月初六{{按|西曆三月廿四日}}巳刻,[[日本|日]][[自衛隊|軍]]少尉懷刃潛犯[[中華人民共和國|華]]使館,傔從執之。夜,付其警。無傷。
*正月十五{{按|西曆三月三日}},[[月]]有食之,既,色赤如血,[[天竺]]、[[北美|北美利加]]等地皆見之。此為是歲初食。
*正月十四{{按|西曆三月二日}},自[[伊朗]]見伐,[[北朝鮮|朝鮮]]主金正恩雖倡言益修[[核武]],實陰存和議之機。《[[朝日新聞]]》度之,謂季春之交,[[美國總統|美主]]川普適將使[[中華人民共和國|華]],[[美國|美]]、朝兩主或得於斯時相晤云。
*正月十二{{按|西曆二月廿八日}},美利堅會[[以色列]]襲伊朗,其主[[哈梅內伊]][[阿里·哈米尼之死|死]]之。
*正月初十{{按|西曆二月廿六日}},先是,中國禁軍民兩需之器東輸。日本首相高市言曰:「決不可許容,極遺憾。」<noinclude>
<!--編者須知:時聞日新,若有更替,當庋藏舊稿(如[[維基大典:丙午天下事]]、[[二〇二六年]]),以備查考。-->
[[Category:卷首模板]][[分類:簡訊]]</noinclude>
ngdd82wt2qlxt2eimcfa8pdhdq2vurn
維基大典討論:世事
5
8090
440842
440681
2026-05-10T13:37:55Z
Sheminghui.WU
98785
/* 廢主體紀年 */ 答
440842
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text/x-wiki
==議名==
稱“天下事”即可。--[[User:水水|水水]] 14:41, 15 十二月 2006 (UTC)
“近闻”可好?
== 哥本哈根之會也,天下大事者也,請加之! ==
西曆12月7日,'''己丑年[[聯合國]]氣候變化大會'''也,舉於[[丹麥]]之[[首都]]哥本哈根,此乃天下萬國之大會集也,所論之事,全[[地球]]人民之所以安存者也,豈非大事?何不加之!!--[[Special:Contributions/140.122.245.55|140.122.245.55]] 二〇〇九年一二月一二日 (六) 〇七時四六分 (UTC)
此言善也。--[[User:种梨|種梨]] 二〇一〇年一月二二日 (五) 一六時〇八分 (UTC)
==議析是文==
甚謝諸君不時前來添文。今「天下事」日增,愚以為夫「天下大事」,
存之六月即足矣。<BR>故議可析是文為:
<big><nowiki>==今部==</nowiki></big><BR>
列之天下大事,歸溯至六月前。
<big><nowiki>==典部==</nowiki></big><BR>
<big><nowiki>* [[</nowiki></big>二零零八年一月至六月之天下大事。<big><nowiki>]]</nowiki></big><BR>
<big><nowiki>* [[</nowiki></big>二零零七年七月至十二月之天下大事。<big><nowiki>]]</nowiki></big><BR>
<big><nowiki>* [[</nowiki></big>二零零七年一月至六月之天下大事。<big><nowiki>]]</nowiki></big><BR>
<big><nowiki>[[</nowiki></big>'''Category:天下大事<big><nowiki>]]</nowiki></big><BR>
::::<big><big>OR:</big></big></font>
::::<big><nowiki>* [[</nowiki></big>丁亥年之天下大事。<big><nowiki>]]</nowiki></big><BR>
::::<big><nowiki>* [[</nowiki></big>丙戌年之天下大事。<big><nowiki>]]</nowiki></big><BR>
::::
::::<big><nowiki>[[</nowiki></big>'''Category:天下大事<big><nowiki>]]</nowiki></big><BR>
農曆紀日,愚見以為當紀干支。如公曆2008年10月1日,可紀為戊子九月初三甲戌--[[User:方林|江南布衣]] 二〇〇八年一一月一四日 (五) 〇四時五一分 (UTC)
:「世事」之名不及「天下事」。且今導覽用語多二、四之數,非古習也。--[[User:水水|水水]] 二〇〇九年一月二二日 (四) 一一時〇八分 (UTC)
== 劉建超使菲國 ==
以劉君持節者,蓋因中菲以彈丸礁之權屬其紛爭之故也。劉君亦稱領土其出使之首務也。且近日,釣魚島之爭又起,夫坊間多以議中國之海軍建設之題,豈非大事哉?[[User:夏侯韬|夏侯 韜]] 二〇〇九年三月七日 (六) 〇七時〇九分 (UTC)[[
== 總統用崩乎==
薨乎?崩乎?總統者,外王也,愚以為宜用薨。[[User:夏侯韬|夏侯 韜]] 二〇〇九年八月三一日 (一) 〇一時二九分 (UTC)
:[[總統]]雖居一國元首,實則為民所推舉,豈不稱民乎?「崩」「薨」皆記作[[天子]]、[[諸侯]]、后妃之死,而總統與民眾同,宜採「卒」字。 [[用戶:Shunshen Lee|觀月]]([[用戶討論:Shunshen Lee|議]]) 二〇二六年五月三日 (日) 一一時三五分 (UTC)
== 海地地震、日食之事 ==
近日地震、日食,予以為天下大事,可否增之?--[[User:种梨|种梨]] 二〇一〇年一月二二日 (五) 一四時三九分 (UTC)
== uk:Вікіпедія:Поточні події ==
Please add to interwiki [[:uk:Вікіпедія:Поточні події]].--[[User:Dƶoxar|Dƶoxar]] 二〇一一年一月六日 (四) 一六時〇三分 (UTC)
== 南周賀辭事 ==
此事已大明,欲記自應詳其始末。--[[User:方林|江南布衣]] ([[User talk:方林|talk]]) 二〇一三年三月一三日 (三) 〇九時四七分 (UTC)
==議更「伊斯蘭國」為「達伊沙」==
伊斯蘭國,巴格達迪所建偽號也。用之,則不可,有污回教之嫌。回回列國、美利堅皆呼曰「達伊沙」,宜用之。
== 中華民國將許同性婚事,請加之 ==
中華民國啟亞洲同性婚事之先,無愧亞洲首個共和國,實乃大事,請加之。--[[用戶:S7w4j9|S7w4j9]] ([[用戶討論:S7w4j9|對話]]) 二〇一七年五月二五日 (四) 一一時四〇分 (UTC)
==議行文==
原:丁酉年五月十一(西曆六月初五),沙特阿拉伯、埃及、巴林、阿拉伯聯合酋長國、利比亞、也門等國與卡塔爾斷交。
*改:丁酉年五月十一(西曆六月初五),沙特、埃及等國絕交卡塔爾。
原:丁酉年五月初九(西曆六月初三),英國倫敦博羅市場和倫敦橋又遇暴徒襲擊,七死,二十八傷。
*改:丁酉年五月初九(西曆六月初三),英博羅市場及倫敦橋暴襲,死七人,傷二十八。
原:丁酉年五月初七(西曆六月初一),中國行新網絡安全法。
*改:丁酉年五月初七(西曆六月初一),中國新行網絡安全法。
原:丁酉年五月初四(西曆五月廿九),巴拿馬前總統曼紐爾·諾列加逝於巴拿馬城。
*改:丁酉年五月初四(西曆五月廿九),巴國前總統諾列加氏卒。
原:丁酉年五月初二(西曆五月廿七),谷歌社阿爾法與柯潔對弈於浙江烏鎮,阿爾法三戰三勝。
*改:丁酉年五月初二(西曆五月廿七),谷歌造阿伐棋挑戰中國棋手柯潔於烏鎮,阿伐棋全勝。
原:丁酉年四月廿九(西曆五月廿四),二〇一七年歐洲聯賽決賽於瑞典索爾納,阿賈克斯不敵曼聯。
*改:丁酉年四月廿九(西曆五月廿四),歐聯決賽於索爾納,曼聯勝,阿賈克斯負。
——[[用戶:勝爲士|勝爲士]] ([[用戶討論:勝爲士|對話]]) 二〇一七年六月八日 (四) 〇五時一七分 (UTC)
:感謝。--[[用戶:逆襲的天邪鬼|逆襲的天邪鬼]] ([[用戶討論:逆襲的天邪鬼|對話]]) 二〇一七年六月八日 (四) 〇五時二五分 (UTC)
*【再改】丁酉年五月初四(西曆五月廿九),巴拿馬先總統諾列加氏歿。(改用歿字)——[[用戶:勝爲士|勝爲士]] ([[用戶討論:勝爲士|對話]]) 二〇一七年六月八日 (四) 一二時〇三分 (UTC)
== 李學勤逝 ==
可入。--[[用戶:Bobo alcazar|Bobo alcazar]] ([[用戶討論:Bobo alcazar|對話]]) 二〇一九年三月三日 (日) 一三時〇五分 (UTC)
:{{Ping|Bobo alcazar}}公直增無妨。—[[用戶:Davidzdh|<font color="#008B8B">关山</font>]] ([[User talk:Davidzdh|修書]]) 二〇一九年三月六日 (三) 二三時二八分 (UTC)
==維新==
世事一欄,大典蓋莫古之乎。敘事於一句,而鏈接以條目,統合資訊,允稱有功。今議維新,試許文言新聞稿,如有適者,納諸條目。於是復可鼓勵撰述,復收琢磨共進之效。諸公以為如何?—[[用戶:Davidzdh|<font color="#008B8B">关山</font>]] ([[User talk:Davidzdh|修書]]) 二〇一九年三月六日 (三) 二三時三四分 (UTC)
*{{可也}}。當效他語維基新聞。--[[用戶:丁子君|丁子君]] ([[用戶討論:丁子君|對話]]) 二〇一九年三月六日 (三) 二三時三六分 (UTC)
*{{可也}}。摘錄世情,古今貫通,以益文章。--[[用戶:Itsmine|孔明居士]] ([[用戶討論:Itsmine|對話]]) 二〇一九年三月六日 (三) 二三時四二分 (UTC)
*{{可也}},甚善。--—[[user:WAN233|<span style="color: #007FFF;">启明</span>]][[user talk:WAN233|(留言)]] 二〇一九年六月九日 (日) 一三時五二分 (UTC)
== 商議世事名目 ==
世事之名,襲用久之。今既維新,名宜易乎?翳唯諸君參酌。
案,維基新聞一名,嫌其太新耳。昔大典之肇造,亦自謀其號,不從百科。今宏猶是謀,安不效諸?—[[用戶:Davidzdh|<font color="#008B8B">关山</font>]] ([[User talk:Davidzdh|修書]]) 二〇一九年九月二一日 (六) 〇三時一七分 (UTC)
=== 世事 ===
是名之沿用也久矣。雖曰維新,亦不必棄舊邦之名,是以無庸改之。—[[用戶:Davidzdh|<font color="#008B8B">关山</font>]] ([[User talk:Davidzdh|修書]]) 二〇一九年九月二一日 (六) 〇三時一七分 (UTC)
*{{可也}}。--[[用戶:丁子君|丁子君]] ([[用戶討論:丁子君|討論]]) 二〇一九年九月二一日 (六) 〇三時二四分 (UTC)
此既為文言之維基新聞,何不名曰‘維基世事’?當冠其名以“維基”二字。 —[[用戶:Sheminghui.WU|Sheminghui.WU]]([[用戶討論:Sheminghui.WU|留言]]) 二〇二五年一一月一三日 (四) 〇六時二九分 (UTC)
:知會:@[[用戶:Davidzdh|关山]] @[[用戶:丁子君|丁子君]] —[[用戶:Sheminghui.WU|Sheminghui.WU]]([[用戶討論:Sheminghui.WU|留言]]) 二〇二五年一一月一三日 (四) 〇六時三四分 (UTC)
::是議實已寢。吾輩曩者欲別立文言文版之維基新聞,不果。然君所遺之言,猶可為後人鑒。 —[[用戶:Davidzdh|<font color="#008B8B">关山</font>]] ([[User talk:Davidzdh|修書]]) 二〇二五年一一月一三日 (四) 〇九時四八分 (UTC)
:::@[[用戶:Davidzdh|Davidzdh]]既有「[[維基大典:維基爾雅]]」之先例,宜先移作「維基世事」。若無異議,可先移之,并循例列于首頁,冀以廣招賢士。又,今文維基新聞(中文维基新闻)受文言之稿,亦可並載於此。待他日文言專部既立,亦可併入。 ~ [[用戶:Sheminghui.WU|Sheminghui.WU]]([[用戶討論:Sheminghui.WU|留言]]) 二〇二六年二月二三日 (一) 〇二時一八分 (UTC)
::::大典「世事」一目,名之已久,姑且仍舊,無庸遽易。若欲彰之卷首以廣招賢士,按[[#維新|今之成軌]],本許於「世事」句下增設超鏈接,以達[[:分類:既刊|新聞本條]],[[維基大典:己亥天下事#己亥年/西洋曆二〇一九年|前例具在,可覆按也]]。
::::今與其膠柱於定名,莫若先於大典擇善地(若今之[[WP:世事]],或別闢[[WP:維基世事]]、[[WP:世事/門戶]]等等)特立[[:zh:门户网站|門戶]]。使備獨立新聞[[:zh:網站|處]]之用,舉凡[[:en:n:|覽新事、閱圖影、索舊聞,暨撰稿、刊發之制]],皆集於斯,以利秉筆。如是,方可冀採編之[[:zh:社群|人羣]]漸興,而後事有可圖也。
::::案:曩時[[:meta:Requests for new languages/Wikinews Literary Chinese|文言世事之立議]]既見沮,吾輩殘留於孵育處之舊葉,亦遭[[:incubator:Incubator:Requests_for_deletions/Archive/3#h-Wn/lzh-2021-2021-05-19T07:33:00.000Z|芟夷殆盡]]。時主孵育者有言:「維基新聞之事,維繫尤難,故語委會殊不欲為之破例。」復云:「若此目於文言大典之中果能蕃息壯大,至有當自立門戶之勢,語委會屆時或可通融議之。」
::::尋繹其言,欲破此局,其策有二:一曰推翻文言乃「歷史語言」之定讞,若是,則滿盤皆活;二曰即於大典之中,黽勉培植,使新聞一目暢茂。歷歲既久,揆諸時勢,僕以為後者尤為務實也。
::::至若投文言於今語維基新聞,足下謂其「受文言之稿,亦可並載於此」,未知何所據耶?縱彼見允,僕亦期期以為不可。蓋「中文維基」之「中文」二字,其意包舉。惡文言者,近二十年來屢有之,每倡廢絕[[文言維基大典|大典]],其辭輒曰:既有中文站,則無勞另立文言,「中文」一詞足囊括之。然稽諸實務,苟操文言以投,必遭當軸勒令易稿,以求「得體」。而「得體」與否,權操其手,實即[[官話白話文]]耳。此無異招撫、吞併而後消滅也。故若舉文言以投彼邦,必致受制於人,而陷無可挽回之勢矣。 —[[用戶:Davidzdh|<font color="#008B8B">关山</font>]] ([[User talk:Davidzdh|修書]]) 二〇二六年二月二三日 (一) 〇六時〇六分 (UTC)
:::::某,中文維基新聞之主事者之一(然某身亦難代表社群),敢言文言可為投稿之用,於彼無不可也。彼處自有規範,雖未定為成規,然歷時既久,無復異議,實已成維基新聞同人之慣例矣。然「招撫吞併」之憂,亦非杞人之思。
:::::維基世事諸版、他子項目,多有依附同語之維基者,此可為範式之一。至若首頁之名,二字稱謂雅正合舊例,可沿而弗改,亦有維基爾雅之前矩。今若折衷其策,於「維基諸策」下設維基世事重定向之頁,以招賢納士,則「蕃息壯大、自立門戶」之望庶幾可致,且契語委之建議。此頁之名,姑仍其舊可也。 -- [[用戶:Sheminghui.WU|Sheminghui.WU]]([[用戶討論:Sheminghui.WU|議]]) 二〇二六年三月九日 (一) 〇一時〇一分 (UTC)
::::::@[[用戶:Sheminghui.WU|Sheminghui.WU]]:竟不知足下乃主其事者,失敬之至。曩者,吾儕治文言之士,於大典及文庫兩策,與治官話者屢生齟齬,輒遭攻訐。維基世事之議所以見廢,殆亦罹曩昔之池魚。愚坐是妄生疑竇,私加揣測。今蒙足下推誠相示,曲盡其詳,良用深謝。—[[用戶:Davidzdh|<font color="#008B8B">关山</font>]] ([[User talk:Davidzdh|修書]]) 二〇二六年三月一五日 (日) 〇六時〇四分 (UTC)
::::又按,世事之[[project|策]],其根分類為[[:分類:維基世事]],似可愜君意矣。 —[[用戶:Davidzdh|<font color="#008B8B">关山</font>]] ([[User talk:Davidzdh|修書]]) 二〇二六年二月二三日 (一) 一六時二二分 (UTC)
::::案計畫、篇頁定名之事,幸與足下所見略同。僕竊思之,世事一版,今後當理者有四:
::::# 蓋[https://lzh.wikinews.org n:lzh]之徯,本指[[維基大典:世事]],故宜拓此頁爲「維基世事」之總門。使覽客既可閱「簡訊」(即卷首「世事」欄目),亦可讀[[:分類:既刊|「世事」長文]]。復附以[[:分類:各類新聞]]之綱目,及輔佐創文之嚮導(即條目創建精靈)。諸事既備,門戶乃成,可謂粗具規模矣。
::::# 宜布告於大典[[WP:會館|會館]],以招徠好錄新事之士。向者徒試行於內,未嘗明告,故知者寥寥,誠無足怪。大典文士,每每技癢,好爲奇筆,好作論贊,大典體例不容,世事庶幾容之。
::::# 當於[[WP:卷首#世事|卷首「世事」欄]]下,增設津逮,以引導眾人循嚮導(即條目創建精靈)撰文。僕嘗思於[[維基大典:卷首#維基諸策|卷首「諸策」欄]]下,並列「維基世事」之徯,然恐與既有之「世事」相左。此節當如何區處,尚未熟籌。
::::# 宜走告諸語維基世事,具陳原委,請於其卷首增列[https://lzh.wikinews.org <nowiki>[[lzh]]</nowiki>]之他山,以廣視聽。然此舉必居其末。若躁進而行,彼眾視吾境荒蕪,百廢未舉,必不見允,徒留不善之名,日後圖謀同作亦難矣。前僕未及知會,[https://ja.wikinews.org/w/index.php?title=%E7%9F%AD%E4%BF%A1%3A2026%E5%B9%B4&diff=192861&oldid=192857 輒於日文版添附他山,旋遭刪除]。此固與彼邦性情有關,然亦足見先脩備而後通報,方爲妥當。
:::: 至若[[WP:世事]]一頁,今繫於維基數據之[[:wikidata:Q4597488]],與他語大典之門(<nowiki>[[Portal:......]]</nowiki>)及世事簡訊(若[[ja:n:短信]])相通。是故,恐須移今之「WP:世事」至「門:世事」,修理取佐(既存內部鏈接)及維基數據,而後仍以「WP:世事」之名,別建維基世事之正門。所以執守此名者,蓋緣沿用既久,語委會復定[https://lzh.wikinews.org n:lzh]徑指「維基大典:世事」,故於更易其名未取也。—[[用戶:Davidzdh|<font color="#008B8B">关山</font>]] ([[User talk:Davidzdh|修書]]) 二〇二六年三月一五日 (日) 〇七時〇〇分 (UTC)
:::::足下所言,某大抵贊同。首頁當以[[維基大典:維基爾雅|維基爾雅]]為範,於維基諸策下置維基世事重定向。至若第三事,似無須過慮,蓋諸大典如中文維基百科者,皆於新聞動態欄並置維基世事之鏈。
:::::至若第二事,某以為確可納不拘一格之投稿,包括以個人名義所發之評論、讚語型文章。跨語言鏈接之事,某可即刻於中文維基世事添加;英文維基世事,若足下願,某亦可添加。
:::::實言相告,維基新聞諸語言版本,流量與貢獻者皆不多,中文維基世事社群近日亦不甚活躍。某不望其速成具規模(然亦非無此機),正因此故,先善此門戶何樂而不為
:::::順及一言,歡迎閣下及其他貢獻者蒞臨[[:w:n::zh:Wikinews:茶馆#中文维基新闻20周岁留言板|中文維基新聞二十週年慶留言板]](或以文言)留言!
:::::有勞足下 --[[用戶:Sheminghui.WU|Sheminghui.WU]]([[用戶討論:Sheminghui.WU|議]]) 二〇二六年三月一五日 (日) 二三時四四分 (UTC)
===邸報===
取其雅古,為報章濫觴。--[[用戶:Itsmine|孔明居士]] ([[用戶討論:Itsmine|討論]]) 二〇一九年九月二一日 (六) 〇三時三三分 (UTC)
===叢報===
法梁任公《新民叢報》先例,以示維新改革之意--[[用戶:Itsmine|孔明居士]] ([[用戶討論:Itsmine|討論]]) 二〇一九年九月二一日 (六) 〇三時三三分 (UTC)
:果必更易,斯名亦善。—[[用戶:Davidzdh|<font color="#008B8B">关山</font>]] ([[User talk:Davidzdh|修書]]) 二〇一九年九月二一日 (六) 一〇時四六分 (UTC)
== 廢主體紀年 ==
朝鮮已廢主體紀年,當從之。——[[User:魔琴|<span style="color:#080">魔琴</span>]] <small>[ [[User talk:魔琴|議]] [[Special:Contribs/魔琴|績]] ]</small> 二〇二六年四月一〇日 (五) 一四時一一分 (UTC)
:不爲不可。 —[[用戶:Davidzdh|<font color="#008B8B">关山</font>]] ([[User talk:Davidzdh|修書]]) 二〇二六年四月一一日 (六) 一一時二六分 (UTC)
:{{畢}} —[[用戶:Davidzdh|<font color="#008B8B">关山</font>]] ([[User talk:Davidzdh|修書]]) 二〇二六年五月三日 (日) 〇八時三七分 (UTC)
:朝鲜未尝正式废除主体纪年。今之状况显然未明(犹新宪法然,近岁朝鲜外泄之信息甚少),且予所接触之朝鲜友好组织亦仍沿用之,予不以为当即删除。除非有官方明示废止,宜再观望少待。今朝鲜文维基百科之条目,亦未去其未来数年之主体历纪法。 ~ [[用戶:Sheminghui.WU|社明]]([[用戶討論:Sheminghui.WU|議]]) 二〇二六年五月六日 (三) 〇二時五七分 (UTC)
::@[[用戶:Sheminghui.WU|Sheminghui.WU]]君雅鑒:吾於大典中文本,即所謂中文維基百科,見朝鮮廢除主體紀年若干文言,乃以爲真。倘若方便,可否示以根據,若網頁、外部截圖之屬? —[[用戶:Davidzdh|<font color="#008B8B">关山</font>]] ([[User talk:Davidzdh|修書]]) 二〇二六年五月八日 (五) 一三時五九分 (UTC)
:::抱歉用现代官话。官方属于是静默状态的,官方出版物实务上几乎未见使用了,但情况不明朗,依据常理民间各处暂时应该还会有使用,不过没有相关的研究和报道(毕竟连宪法内容都几年流不出来),总的来说就是都不太明朗。官方也没有明示废止,先保留也行,不过不保留也谈不上什么大问题。宪法内容这两天开始往外流了,也许不久之后也能有新的消息。~ [[用戶:Sheminghui.WU|社明]]([[用戶討論:Sheminghui.WU|議]]) 二〇二六年五月一〇日 (日) 一三時三七分 (UTC)
0hniogfqywfe1a9g3xx4kb1wdci2d7h
塔羅牌
0
88462
440865
440533
2026-05-11T05:12:30Z
CharonOfPluto
82982
小祕有「元」則無「一」,「九」「十」之間無句讀,今正。又增「小祕五十六牒」表。
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'''塔羅'''{{按|tarot}}者,[[泰西]]紙牌也。古戲,或所以[[筮]]。
西元十五世紀,[[意大利|義]]人好為局戲曰「大勝{{按|trifono}}」,後謂之「塔羅楚{{按|tarocchi}}」,「'''塔羅'''」二字由此。<ref>Vitali, Andrea, ''Tarot: the true meaning of a word'', in TAROT FOCUS, International Magazine of Symbolism, Tarology and Occulture, number 0, January 2025</ref>三百年,[[法國|法]]有祝以之筮,言其古方也。然其方不見經傳,蓋[[法國|法]]祝造之耳。今所以戲者,曰「馬賽塔羅」,所以筮者,分「韋特」「托特」二流。<ref name="Jensen">{{cite journal|last1=Jensen|first1=K. Frank|title=A Century with the Waite–Smith Tarot (and all the others...)|journal=[[The Playing-Card]]|date=2010|volume=38|issue=3|pages=217–222}}</ref>
== 牒具 ==
牒凡七十有八,分大小兩祕{{按|arcana}},大祕二十有二,小祕五十有六。又設小祕四門,錢、桮、劍、杖。
=== 大祕 ===
大祕者:癡、幻、巫、媓、帝、祝、情、乘、公、蟄、回、力、牲、死、戒、魔、危、星、月、日、辨、世。
=== 小祕 ===
小祕者:元、二、三、四、五、六、七、八、九、十、侍、騎、后、王。錢桮劍杖,各具十四。
{| class="wikitable" border="1" cellpadding="3" cellspacing="0"
|+ style="font-size:105%"|'''小祕五十六牒'''
|- align="center"
! ||colspan=14| 由小至大 →
|- align="center"
!'''錢<br />門'''
|元<br />錢||二<br />錢||三<br />錢||四<br />錢||五<br />錢||六<br />錢||七<br />錢||八<br />錢||九<br />錢||十<br />錢||錢<br />侍||錢<br />騎||錢<br />后||錢<br />王
|- align="center"
!'''桮<br />門'''
|元<br />桮||二<br />桮||三<br />桮||四<br />桮||五<br />桮||六<br />桮||七<br />桮||八<br />桮||九<br />桮||十<br />桮||桮<br />侍||桮<br />騎||桮<br />后||桮<br />王
|- align="center"
!'''劍<br />門'''
|元<br />劍||二<br />劍||三<br />劍||四<br />劍||五<br />劍||六<br />劍||七<br />劍||八<br />劍||九<br />劍||十<br />劍||劍<br />侍||劍<br />騎||劍<br />后||劍<br />王
|- align="center"
!'''杖<br />門'''
|元<br />杖||二<br />杖||三<br />杖||四<br />杖||五<br />杖||六<br />杖||七<br />杖||八<br />杖||九<br />杖||十<br />杖||杖<br />侍||杖<br />騎||杖<br />后||杖<br />王
|}
==據==
[[分類:信仰]]
jvwutmwrs6j5wrvj8erea5ta5ejfk7l
用戶討論:Madison sky
3
109949
440877
382638
2026-05-11T11:42:03Z
SHB2000
89404
SHB2000遷頁[[用戶討論:T11M03M10O05]]至[[用戶討論:Madison sky]]:當重新命名使用者「[[Special:CentralAuth/T11M03M10O05|T11M03M10O05]]」至「[[Special:CentralAuth/Madison sky|Madison sky]]」時自動移動頁面
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{{Template:Welcome|realName=|name=T11M03M10O05}}
-- [[用戶:Itsmine|孔明居士]] ([[用戶討論:Itsmine|對話]]) 二〇二二年九月二五日 (日) 〇四時三五分 (UTC)
5spauf6ue2vowivmfunxgy88kv3ytu5
方位
0
135500
440848
433953
2026-05-10T17:30:07Z
~2026-28321-34
118092
中國方位是「坐南向北」的,就如「明代航海羅盤嗰24方位圖」般
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{{辨|方向}}
[[file:Osakatenman-gu Osaka Japan07-r.jpg|thumb|[[十二支]]之方位盤{{按|於[[大阪天滿宮]]撮影}}]]
凡言'''方位'''者,乃據定點而辨四方之名也。
==概說==
測位之準,必以[[子午線|子午正線]]為度。視標與測者、正線所交之角,謂之「真方位」<ref name="佐藤"> {{Citation|last=佐藤|first=新一|title=誰にもわかる地文航法|publisher=[[海文堂出版]]|year=1958}}</ref>{{rp|第九頁}}。測者所立之處,謂之「中央」。若於平地,則凖以[[南]][[北]][[東]][[西]],分為八方,或十六向。若論[[立體|太虛]],則以南北東西上下六合為度。譬如人直視一物,若正北子午線在其右二十二度有半,則知物在北北西也。
==測==
凡測方位,多用[[羅盤]]。然磁針所指,特[[磁北]]耳,非極星之正北也{{按|兩者之差,謂之「偏角」}}。磁針所成之南北線,曰「磁子午線」。此線與物標相交之角,謂之「磁位」<ref name="佐藤"/>{{rp|第六、九頁}}。
至若[[航海|海舶]]所用[[羅針]],又為舟中鐵石所擾,其指復異{{按|謂之「自差」}}。此實指之線與物標相交之角,謂之「羅盤位」<ref name="佐藤"/>{{rp|第六、九頁}}。酌量偏角、自差之數,以羅盤位推求真方位,或以真方位反求羅盤位,是為方位改正之法<ref name="佐藤"/>{{rp|第十八頁}}。
今世之[[地圖|輿圖]],例以首為北。然懸壁之[[地圖|圖]],多與地之實向相合。又[[地形圖]]中註有磁位之度,[[海圖]]亦繪[[羅針圖|羅盤之象]],俾人易知正磁之差焉。
==據==
<references/>
[[分類:方位|*]]
8hnhlnuyggrdtd4frg3m93g3x5c4s5d
約翰柏格
0
138011
440832
2026-05-10T12:27:42Z
Itsmine
5
新文「'''約翰柏格'''({{lang-en|John Clifton Bogle}}),約翰其名,柏格其氏,小字'''傑克'''(Jack),美利堅紐澤西州蒙特克萊人也。生於一九二九年五月八日。殖貨之雄,實業之傑,好施之士。創[[先鋒集團]]於賓州,倡[[指數型基金]]於宇內。主投資而抑投機,貴恒久而黜倉卒。務減經紀之費以厚生民,恒守低廉之道以利後世。立一基而涵全美之市,畢生持守不渝;獲息復……」
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'''約翰柏格'''({{lang-en|John Clifton Bogle}}),約翰其名,柏格其氏,小字'''傑克'''(Jack),美利堅紐澤西州蒙特克萊人也。生於一九二九年五月八日。殖貨之雄,實業之傑,好施之士。創[[先鋒集團]]於賓州,倡[[指數型基金]]於宇內。主投資而抑投機,貴恒久而黜倉卒。務減經紀之費以厚生民,恒守低廉之道以利後世。立一基而涵全美之市,畢生持守不渝;獲息復投而垂教不已。<ref name="Sommer2012">{{Cite news |title=A Mutual Fund Master, Too Worried to Rest |first=Jeff |last=Sommer |newspaper=[[紐約時報]] |date=August 11, 2012 |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2012/08/12/business/john-bogle-vanguards-founder-is-too-worried-to-rest.html}}</ref>一九九九年所撰《共同基金常識》,洛陽紙貴,業界奉為圭臬焉。<ref>{{cite news |title=A visit with John Bogle |newspaper=[[西雅圖時報]] |author=Scott Burns |date=March 13, 2010}}</ref>
==生平==
===家世與蚤歲===
其先蘇格蘭人也,徙美而蕃。曾祖菲蘭德·班尼斯特·阿姆斯壯(Philander Banister Armstrong),肇鳳凰互助火險之社。倡革火險之弊,亟正人壽之衰。柏格慕之,推為「神靈之祖」。<ref name=":0">{{Cite book |last=Balchunas |first=Eric |title=The Bogle Effect |publisher=BenBella Books |year=2022 |isbn=978-1-63774-072-9}}</ref>父曰威廉·葉慈·柏格次世(William Yates Bogle, Jr.),母曰約瑟芬·蘿琳·希普金斯(Josephine Lorraine Hipkins)。
一九二九年,[[大蕭條]]起,家道驟衰。富者旦夕而傾,盈者朝暮而盡。父染酒癖,遂與母離;母守苦心,獨持門戶。<ref name=":1">{{Cite book |last=Braham |first=Lewis |title=The House that Bogle Built |publisher=McGraw Hill Professional |year=2011 |isbn=978-0-07-174906-0}}</ref>柏格與孿弟大衛,依母居春湖鎮,並肄[[曼納斯寬中學]]。學績既著,工讀有資,得轉布雷爾。母氏雖貧不奪其志,雖困不墜其勤。俾兄弟同登庠序,使二子並啟前程。終其一生,相親無間。<ref>{{Cite web|title=John Bogle dies at 89; fought for lower fees for investors|url=https://www.seattletimes.com/business/john-bogle-dies-at-89-fought-for-lower-fees-for-investors/|website=西雅圖時報|date=2019-01-16}}</ref>
柏格在布雷爾,獨擅算術,沉酣數理。見一籌一策,輒析其本;遇一筭一數,必究其源。一九四七年,以優等卒業布雷爾,旋舉於普林斯頓,治經濟、殖貨之學。在校留心共同基金之業。三四載間,著論百三十頁,題曰〈投資公司之經濟功能〉。一九五一年,又以高榮等卒業普林斯頓。威靈頓基金之肇者華特·摩根(Walter L. Morgan),讀其文而嘉其志,遂延而納焉。<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.cnbc.com/2019/01/17/investor-jack-bogle-founded-company-based-on-princeton-senior-thesis.html|title=Investor Jack Bogle founded his legendary company based on his Princeton senior thesis|website=CNBC|date=January 17, 2019}}</ref>
===肇業威靈頓===
既膺摩根之延,一九五五年陞為輔佐。乃遍歷威靈頓諸司,盡察其得失。上則度投資之策,下則察主事之能。<ref name=":3">{{Cite book |last=Wigglesworth |first=Robin |title=Trillions: How a Band of Wall Street Renegades Invented the Index Fund and Changed Finance Forever |publisher=Penguin |year=2021 |isbn=978-0-593-08769-5}}</ref>柏格進言:守一基而不思廣,非永圖也;增新號以應萬流,乃長策也。摩根韙之,事遂以濟。新基既立,論者推為當時生平之巔。一九七〇年,遂代摩根而為威靈頓共同基金之主席。<ref>{{cite book|last=Ellis|first=Charles|date=2022|title=Inside Vanguard|publisher=McGraw-Hill|isbn=978-1264734832}}</ref>
未幾,主合併之議,所決未當,竟見黜免。柏格嘗自陳曰:「此誠生平最大之過。慚怍莫名。蓋我未及壯而過自負,所識實未足。然其大幸者,從中所得益多。」<ref>{{cite news|title=Fortune Magazine interview |url=https://money.cnn.com/magazines/fortune/fortune_archive/2007/12/24/101939724/index.htm|work=CNN |date=December 17, 2007}}</ref>失之東隅,收之桑榆。合議所禁,不得親理客戶之資。柏格遂循史坦普之指數,自設新基。不躬其事而能成之,誠非常人所能料也。
===別樹先鋒===
一九七四年九月二十有六日,柏格別樹一幟,立[[先鋒集團]]於賓夕法尼亞。<ref name=":2">{{Cite web |title=Bogle's Index Fund Strategy |url=https://www.investopedia.com/bogle-s-strategy-simplifies-investment-plans-11893621 |website=Investopedia}}</ref>其名所本,納爾遜尼羅河之役所乘旗艦「先鋒號」(HMS Vanguard)也。仰其破難,慕其先登。今日先鋒所掌之資以兆計,於投資之林,最受推重者一也。一九九九年,財富月刊舉柏格為「二十世紀殖貨四大巨擘」之一。<ref>{{Cite book |last=Rostad |first=Knut A. |title=The Man in the Arena |publisher=John Wiley and Sons |year=2013}}</ref>
一九七五年,首倡指數型共同基金。當世前所未見,舉世聞之愕然。譏者笑之曰「柏格之愚行」(Bogle's Folly),斥其守靜不動,貶其違美利堅進取之風。然柏格不為所動,志益堅而行益篤。<ref>{{Cite magazine |last=Sullivan |first=John |date=January 17, 2019 |title=John Bogle: Pioneer's Legacy and Impact |magazine=401k Specialist}}</ref>一九七六年,受[[薩繆爾森]]之啟,立「首期指數投資信託」(First Index Investment Trust)。是即後日先鋒五百指數基金(Vanguard 500 Index Fund)之祖也。仿史坦普五百之績,實當世首批向庶民開放之指數基金。<ref>{{Cite book |last=Cord |first=Robert A. |title=Paul Samuelson: Master of Modern Economics |publisher=Springer Nature |year=2020 |isbn=978-1-137-56812-0}}</ref>其初也,民間業界皆冷之;其久也,眾論咸翕服焉。股神巴菲特諸老,皆推崇備至。二〇〇五年,薩繆爾森演講有云:「柏格此舉,可與輪之發明、字母之創、古騰堡印術並列。」<ref name="BBC">{{cite news |title=Why the world's biggest investor backs the simplest investment |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/business-40189970 |work=[[英國廣播公司]] |author=Tim Harford |date=July 17, 2017}}</ref>一九八四年十一月,又與普萊姆凱普管理(Primecap)之眾共設「先鋒普萊姆凱普基金」。<ref name=":8">{{Cite web |last=Bogle |first=John |date=July 2015 |title=The Annals of Vanguard—The Story of PRIMECAP Fund |url=https://boglecenter.net/wp-content/uploads/PRIMECAP-30th-Anniversary.pdf}}</ref>
===晚節===
柏格自少病心。年三十有一,初罹心搏暫絕;年三十有八,又診右心室發育不良性心律失常之罕疾。一九九六年,年六十有六。醫者初疑越常齡而不宜換心,然手術竟成,柏格復生。<ref>{{Cite web|first=Erin |last=Arvedlund|title=Vanguard founder Bogle and surgeons gather for a heart-transplant reunion|url=https://www.inquirer.com/philly/business/personal_finance/87-Yr-Old-Vanguard-Founder-John-Bogle-Hearts-His-Heart-Transplant.html|website=費城詢問報|date=February 21, 2017}}</ref>是年讓主席之位於手擇之繼布倫南。布倫南乃一九八二年所納之屬,初為其副。
未幾復歸先鋒,銜「資深主席」之號。柏格、布倫南之間,遂生齟齬。一九九九年,柏格出先鋒,徙居「柏格金融市場研究中心」。所雖小而號獨立,地仍倚先鋒之舊。乃自闢講壇,效素慕之西奧多·羅斯福,力陳所見而不倦焉。<ref name="Sommer2012"/>
==投資之道==
夫[[指數投資|被動投資]]之議,肇於一九六〇年代芝大諸儒。其論有二:一謂連年擇勝股以勝大市,難而幾不可能;二謂交易管理之費,乃長期殖貨之蠹。<ref>Justin Fox (2011). ''The Myth of the Rational Market''. Harper Business, ISBN 9780060599034</ref>一九七三年,[[雷克斯·辛奎菲爾德]]首立面向公眾之指數基金。未數載而所管之資逾百億,足見庶眾於新念並不卻步。<ref name="wsj-interview">{{cite web|url=https://www.wsj.com/articles/SB10001424052970203897404578078551936968168|title=The Weekend Interview with Rex Sinquefield|work=華爾街日報|date=October 26, 2012}}</ref>
柏格初業,以親理之術為主,然素重儉費。所掌之金,較其競者省殺甚多。<ref name=Wiggleworth2021/>逮夫學界之論漸傾於指數,柏格遂為之鼓吹。其言曰:指數於長程,能仿全市之績;其報酬高於親理之基金,所費反殺於彼。
柏格嘗辨投資與投機之異。曰:投資者,圖長久之獲,本金之耗為輕;投機者,逐須臾之利,本金之危至重。投機之徒,唯顧證券之價,不問業之本;殖貨之士,唯重業之本,不憂價之動。業雖現金穩固,市價隨投機者之希、懼、貪而升降。柏格憂短線高危之風充溢於市,故著論以箴之。<ref>{{Cite book|title=The Clash of the Cultures: Investment vs. Speculation|last=Bogle|first=John|publisher=John Wiley and Sons, Inc.|year=2012}}</ref>
於文章傳媒,柏格屢力陳指數之勝於親理。其言曰:擇親理之基金而望其長期勝低費指數者,實愚行也,蓋手續之費所累故。<ref name="BBC"/>又重市場估值之察,創一簡明之術以推十年之獲:取股息之率,益盈利之長,量本益之比,校通貨之騰。<ref>Christine Benz (2017). [https://www.morningstar.com/articles/830763/bogles-reasonable-expectations-for-market-returns Bogle's 'Reasonable Expectations' for Market Returns]. 晨星</ref>又主:以債券分配不下二成,以減波動。股市過熱者宜增其債之分,年壽既長者亦宜增其債之分;然股之分亦不下二成。<ref>Bogle, John C. ''[[The Little Book of Common Sense Investing]]'' (John Wiley & Sons, 2007), ISBN 978-0-470-10210-7</ref>
世紀之交,網絡泡沫方熾。柏格鬻股大半,預十年股弱債強。事後驗之,其言不爽。<ref>[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=k6ra5POdsYg Part 6 of Bogle 2014 interview with professor Mark Witte]</ref>
其投資之說,後成「柏格信徒」(Bogleheads)論壇之根本。<ref>{{Cite web|title=About Us {{!}} Bogleheads |url=https://www.bogleheads.org/AboutUs.php}}</ref>今復有「柏格金融教育中心」翼護之,年開大會以議論,又著三書以廣其義焉。
晚年,柏格憂指數之風日熾。三大基金之公司:曰先鋒,曰貝萊德([[BlackRock]]),曰道富環球([[State Street Global Advisors|State Street]]),其主將集表決之權於一身。柏格曰:「吾不信此種集中可服國家之利也。」<ref>{{Cite news|last=Bogle|first=John C.|date=2018-11-29|title=Bogle Sounds a Warning on Index Funds|work=華爾街日報|url=https://www.wsj.com/articles/bogle-sounds-a-warning-on-index-funds-1543504551}}</ref>
==義舉==
一九六八年,立「柏格兄弟獎學金」於布雷爾中學。自爾以還,凡資二百學子之教。<ref>{{Cite web|title=Blair Community Mourns the Loss of John C. Bogle '47|url=https://www.blair.edu/about-blair/publications-news/post/~board/news/post/blair-community-mourns-the-loss-of-john-c-bogle-47|website=Blair Academy|date=2019-01-31}}</ref>一九九一年,又立「阿姆斯壯基金會」(Armstrong Foundation)。所助者,皆其少時受恩之地:母校以報啟蒙之德,療心之院以謝活命之恩,所禮之教會、所襄之勸募,靡不周焉。<ref>{{Cite web|title=Armstrong Foundation - Nonprofit Explorer|url=https://projects.propublica.org/nonprofits/organizations/232642354|website=ProPublica}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|last=Gerken |first=Matthew|title=John Bogle, Boring Philanthropist|url=https://philanthropydaily.com/john-bogle-boring-philanthropist/|date=2019-01-24}}</ref>
二〇一二年,於訪談有言:「吾於財貨之事,唯一之憾者,所予未足耳。」二〇一六年,其子小約翰於普林斯頓立「柏格學者獎學金」,每屆資新生二十人。歿前所積,估約八千萬美元。<ref>{{Cite news |last=Wyatt |first=Edward |date=2019-01-16 |title=John C. Bogle, Founder of Financial Giant Vanguard, Is Dead at 89 |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2019/01/16/obituaries/john-bogle-vanguard-dead.html |work=紐約時報}}</ref>
==身世==
柏格平日從妻往長老會堂禮拜,然自守[[聖公會]]徒之教焉。<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.friendsjournal.org/john-bogle/|title=My Favorite Non-Quaker Quaker, Remembering John C. Bogle|date=23 January 2019|publisher=[[Friends Journal]]}}</ref>少而病心,前後屢仆。年三十有一,初遭心搏暫絕;年三十有八,被診以右心室發育不良性心律失常之罕疾;至一九九六年,年逾耳順之六,乃換心而後生。<ref name="Sommer2012"/>
嘗長年任[[費城]]國立憲政中心理事。自一九九九年至二〇〇七年,為其主席。獲普林斯頓大學名譽博士於二〇〇五年,<ref>{{cite web|last1=Quiñones|first1=Eric|title=Princeton awards six honorary degrees|url=https://www.princeton.edu/news/2005/05/31/princeton-awards-six-honorary-degrees|website=普林斯頓大學}}</ref>獲維拉諾瓦大學名譽博士於二〇一一年。
於政自稱「[[西奧多·羅斯福]]派之共和黨人」。然嘗投[[比爾·柯林頓]]、[[奧巴馬]]、[[希拉里·柯林頓]]之票。<ref name="Sommer2012"/>素主沃爾克規則之嚴,又主貨幣市場基金之嚴管,憂美國於金融之督察甚疏。其言曰:「今美之制已失其平。」乃倡:增稅以遏短線之投機,限槓桿以制過張之勢,明衍生之金融以杜其晦,嚴金融之罪以儆其亂,立統一受託之則以正其守。二〇一七年又謂:[[特朗普|川普]]之策,於市場短利,於國治長害。<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.cnbc.com/2017/01/12/vanguard-founder-jack-bogle-says-near-term-trumps-agenda-good-for-stocks-but-bad-long-term.html|title=Vanguard founder Jack Bogle says near-term Trump agenda good for stocks, but bad long term|date=2017-01-12|website=CNBC}}</ref>
==辭世==
二〇一九年一月十六日,卒於賓州布林莫爾家中,享年八十有九。<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2019/01/16/obituaries/john-bogle-vanguard-dead.html|title=John C. Bogle, Founder of Financial Giant Vanguard, Is Dead at 89|date=2019-01-16|website=紐約時報}}</ref>巴菲特悼之曰:「惠及美利堅之投資者,傑克之功,吾平生所未見也。」<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.cnbc.com/2019/01/16/warren-buffett-says-jack-bogle-did-more-for-the-individual-investor-than-anyone-hes-ever-known.html|title=Warren Buffett says Jack Bogle did more for the individual investor than anyone he's ever known|date=2019-01-16|website=CNBC}}</ref>前此波克夏二〇一六年年報,業已言及柏格塑造投資之功焉。<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.berkshirehathaway.com/letters/2016ltr.pdf|title=Berkshire Hathaway Inc. 2016 Annual Report|date=2017-02-25}}</ref>
==榮銜==
* 一九九九年,財富月刊舉為「二十世紀四大投資巨擘」之一。<ref>{{cite web|url=http://fortune.com/2019/01/16/john-bogle-vanguard-founder-created-index-funds-dies-89/|title=John Bogle, Vanguard Founder Who Created Index Funds, Dies at 89|website=財富}}</ref>
* 二〇〇四年,時代雜誌列入「世界百大有權勢人物」。<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://content.time.com/time/specials/packages/completelist/0,29569,1970858,00.html|title=The 2004 Time 100|website=[[時代 (雜誌)|時代]]}}</ref>
* 二〇〇四年,獲機構投資人雜誌「終身成就獎」。
* 二〇〇四年,膺[[美國哲學會]]會員。
* 二〇〇五年,獲普林斯頓大學名譽博士。
* 二〇一一年,獲維拉諾瓦大學名譽博士。
==著作==
柏格生平著書十餘種,列其要者:
* 《柏格論共同基金:智者新觀》(''Bogle on Mutual Funds'',[[麥格勞-希爾]],一九九三){{ISBN|1-55623-860-6}}
* 《[[共同基金常識]]:智者新務》(''Common Sense on Mutual Funds'',[[約翰威立]],一九九九){{ISBN|0-471-39228-6}}
* 《柏格論投資:前五十年》(''John Bogle on Investing: The First 50 Years'',麥格勞-希爾,二〇〇〇)
* 《品格至要:先鋒集團之創建》(''Character Counts'',麥格勞-希爾,二〇〇二)
* 《資本之魂之爭》(''The Battle for the Soul of Capitalism'',[[耶魯大學出版社]],二〇〇五)
* 《[[常識投資小書]]》(''The Little Book of Common Sense Investing'',約翰威立,二〇〇七){{ISBN|978-0-470-10210-7}}
* 《知足:金錢、業、人生之真諦》(''Enough'',約翰威立,二〇〇八)
* 《毋恃焉:投資假象之反思》(''Don't Count on It!'',約翰威立,二〇一〇)
* 《文化之衝突:投資與投機》(''The Clash of the Cultures'',約翰威立,二〇一二)
* 《守恒不渝:先鋒與指數革命》(''Stay the Course'',約翰威立,二〇一八)
==考據==
{{Reflist|30em}}
==它典==
{{wikiquote}}
* {{official website|https://www.johncbogle.com/}}
* [https://www.boglecenter.net 柏格金融教育中心]
* [https://findingaids.princeton.edu/catalog/MC206 柏格遺稿藏於普林斯頓大學西利·G·穆德手稿圖書館]
[[Category:美國列傳]]
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'''約翰柏格'''({{lang-en|John Clifton Bogle}}),約翰其名,柏格其氏,小字'''傑克'''(Jack),美利堅紐澤西州蒙特克萊人也。生於一九二九年五月八日。殖貨之雄,實業之傑,好施之士。創[[先鋒集團]]於賓州,倡[[指數型基金]]於宇內。主投資而抑投機,貴恒久而黜倉卒。務減經紀之費以厚生民,恒守低廉之道以利後世。立一基而涵全美之市,畢生持守不渝;獲息復投而垂教不已。<ref name="Sommer2012">{{Cite news |title=A Mutual Fund Master, Too Worried to Rest |first=Jeff |last=Sommer |newspaper=[[紐約時報]] |date=August 11, 2012 |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2012/08/12/business/john-bogle-vanguards-founder-is-too-worried-to-rest.html}}</ref>一九九九年所撰《共同基金常識》,洛陽紙貴,業界奉為圭臬焉。<ref>{{cite news |title=A visit with John Bogle |newspaper=[[西雅圖時報]] |author=Scott Burns |date=March 13, 2010}}</ref>
==生平==
===家世與蚤歲===
其先蘇格蘭人也,徙美而蕃。曾祖菲蘭德·班尼斯特·阿姆斯壯(Philander Banister Armstrong),肇鳳凰互助火險之社。倡革火險之弊,亟正人壽之衰。柏格慕之,推為「神靈之祖」。<ref name=":0">{{Cite book |last=Balchunas |first=Eric |title=The Bogle Effect |publisher=BenBella Books |year=2022 |isbn=978-1-63774-072-9}}</ref>父曰威廉·葉慈·柏格次世(William Yates Bogle, Jr.),母曰約瑟芬·蘿琳·希普金斯(Josephine Lorraine Hipkins)。
一九二九年,[[大蕭條]]起,家道驟衰。富者旦夕而傾,盈者朝暮而盡。父染酒癖,遂與母離;母守苦心,獨持門戶。<ref name=":1">{{Cite book |last=Braham |first=Lewis |title=The House that Bogle Built |publisher=McGraw Hill Professional |year=2011 |isbn=978-0-07-174906-0}}</ref>柏格與孿弟大衛,依母居春湖鎮,並肄[[曼納斯寬中學]]。學績既著,工讀有資,得轉布雷爾。母氏雖貧不奪其志,雖困不墜其勤。俾兄弟同登庠序,使二子並啟前程。終其一生,相親無間。<ref>{{Cite web|title=John Bogle dies at 89; fought for lower fees for investors|url=https://www.seattletimes.com/business/john-bogle-dies-at-89-fought-for-lower-fees-for-investors/|website=西雅圖時報|date=2019-01-16}}</ref>
柏格在布雷爾,獨擅算術,沉酣數理。見一籌一策,輒析其本;遇一筭一數,必究其源。一九四七年,以優等卒業布雷爾,旋舉於普林斯頓,治經濟、殖貨之學。在校留心共同基金之業。三四載間,著論百三十頁,題曰〈投資公司之經濟功能〉。一九五一年,又以高榮等卒業普林斯頓。威靈頓基金之肇者華特·摩根(Walter L. Morgan),讀其文而嘉其志,遂延而納焉。<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.cnbc.com/2019/01/17/investor-jack-bogle-founded-company-based-on-princeton-senior-thesis.html|title=Investor Jack Bogle founded his legendary company based on his Princeton senior thesis|website=CNBC|date=January 17, 2019}}</ref>
===肇業威靈頓===
既膺摩根之延,一九五五年陞為輔佐。乃遍歷威靈頓諸司,盡察其得失。上則度投資之策,下則察主事之能。<ref name=":3">{{Cite book |last=Wigglesworth |first=Robin |title=Trillions: How a Band of Wall Street Renegades Invented the Index Fund and Changed Finance Forever |publisher=Penguin |year=2021 |isbn=978-0-593-08769-5}}</ref>柏格進言:守一基而不思廣,非永圖也;增新號以應萬流,乃長策也。摩根韙之,事遂以濟。新基既立,論者推為當時生平之巔。一九七〇年,遂代摩根而為威靈頓共同基金之主席。<ref>{{cite book|last=Ellis|first=Charles|date=2022|title=Inside Vanguard|publisher=McGraw-Hill|isbn=978-1264734832}}</ref>
未幾,主合併之議,所決未當,竟見黜免。柏格嘗自陳曰:「此誠生平最大之過。慚怍莫名。蓋我未及壯而過自負,所識實未足。然其大幸者,從中所得益多。」<ref>{{cite news|title=Fortune Magazine interview |url=https://money.cnn.com/magazines/fortune/fortune_archive/2007/12/24/101939724/index.htm|work=CNN |date=December 17, 2007}}</ref>失之東隅,收之桑榆。合議所禁,不得親理客戶之資。柏格遂循史坦普之指數,自設新基。不躬其事而能成之,誠非常人所能料也。
===別樹先鋒===
一九七四年九月二十有六日,柏格別樹一幟,立[[先鋒集團]]於賓夕法尼亞。<ref name=":2">{{Cite web |title=Bogle's Index Fund Strategy |url=https://www.investopedia.com/bogle-s-strategy-simplifies-investment-plans-11893621 |website=Investopedia}}</ref>其名所本,納爾遜尼羅河之役所乘旗艦「先鋒號」(HMS Vanguard)也。仰其破難,慕其先登。今日先鋒所掌之資以兆計,於投資之林,最受推重者一也。一九九九年,財富月刊舉柏格為「二十世紀殖貨四大巨擘」之一。<ref>{{Cite book |last=Rostad |first=Knut A. |title=The Man in the Arena |publisher=John Wiley and Sons |year=2013}}</ref>
一九七五年,首倡指數型共同基金。當世前所未見,舉世聞之愕然。譏者笑之曰「柏格之愚行」(Bogle's Folly),斥其守靜不動,貶其違美利堅進取之風。然柏格不為所動,志益堅而行益篤。<ref>{{Cite magazine |last=Sullivan |first=John |date=January 17, 2019 |title=John Bogle: Pioneer's Legacy and Impact |magazine=401k Specialist}}</ref>一九七六年,受[[薩繆爾森]]之啟,立「首期指數投資信託」(First Index Investment Trust)。是即後日先鋒五百指數基金(Vanguard 500 Index Fund)之祖也。仿史坦普五百之績,實當世首批向庶民開放之指數基金。<ref>{{Cite book |last=Cord |first=Robert A. |title=Paul Samuelson: Master of Modern Economics |publisher=Springer Nature |year=2020 |isbn=978-1-137-56812-0}}</ref>其初也,民間業界皆冷之;其久也,眾論咸翕服焉。股神巴菲特諸老,皆推崇備至。二〇〇五年,薩繆爾森演講有云:「柏格此舉,可與輪之發明、字母之創、古騰堡印術並列。」<ref name="BBC">{{cite news |title=Why the world's biggest investor backs the simplest investment |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/business-40189970 |work=[[英國廣播公司]] |author=Tim Harford |date=July 17, 2017}}</ref>一九八四年十一月,又與普萊姆凱普管理(Primecap)之眾共設「先鋒普萊姆凱普基金」。<ref name=":8">{{Cite web |last=Bogle |first=John |date=July 2015 |title=The Annals of Vanguard—The Story of PRIMECAP Fund |url=https://boglecenter.net/wp-content/uploads/PRIMECAP-30th-Anniversary.pdf}}</ref>
===晚節===
柏格自少病心。年三十有一,初罹心搏暫絕;年三十有八,又診右心室發育不良性心律失常之罕疾。一九九六年,年六十有六。醫者初疑越常齡而不宜換心,然手術竟成,柏格復生。<ref>{{Cite web|first=Erin |last=Arvedlund|title=Vanguard founder Bogle and surgeons gather for a heart-transplant reunion|url=https://www.inquirer.com/philly/business/personal_finance/87-Yr-Old-Vanguard-Founder-John-Bogle-Hearts-His-Heart-Transplant.html|website=費城詢問報|date=February 21, 2017}}</ref>是年讓主席之位於手擇之繼布倫南。布倫南乃一九八二年所納之屬,初為其副。
未幾復歸先鋒,銜「資深主席」之號。柏格、布倫南之間,遂生齟齬。一九九九年,柏格出先鋒,徙居「柏格金融市場研究中心」。所雖小而號獨立,地仍倚先鋒之舊。乃自闢講壇,效素慕之西奧多·羅斯福,力陳所見而不倦焉。<ref name="Sommer2012"/>
==投資之道==
夫[[指數投資|被動投資]]之議,肇於一九六〇年代芝大諸儒。其論有二:一謂連年擇勝股以勝大市,難而幾不可能;二謂交易管理之費,乃長期殖貨之蠹。<ref>Justin Fox (2011). ''The Myth of the Rational Market''. Harper Business, ISBN 9780060599034</ref>一九七三年,[[雷克斯·辛奎菲爾德]]首立面向公眾之指數基金。未數載而所管之資逾百億,足見庶眾於新念並不卻步。<ref name="wsj-interview">{{cite web|url=https://www.wsj.com/articles/SB10001424052970203897404578078551936968168|title=The Weekend Interview with Rex Sinquefield|work=華爾街日報|date=October 26, 2012}}</ref>
柏格初業,以親理之術為主,然素重儉費。所掌之金,較其競者省殺甚多。<ref name=Wiggleworth2021/>逮夫學界之論漸傾於指數,柏格遂為之鼓吹。其言曰:指數於長程,能仿全市之績;其報酬高於親理之基金,所費反殺於彼。
柏格嘗辨投資與投機之異。曰:投資者,圖長久之獲,本金之耗為輕;投機者,逐須臾之利,本金之危至重。投機之徒,唯顧證券之價,不問業之本;殖貨之士,唯重業之本,不憂價之動。業雖現金穩固,市價隨投機者之希、懼、貪而升降。柏格憂短線高危之風充溢於市,故著論以箴之。<ref>{{Cite book|title=The Clash of the Cultures: Investment vs. Speculation|last=Bogle|first=John|publisher=John Wiley and Sons, Inc.|year=2012}}</ref>
於文章傳媒,柏格屢力陳指數之勝於親理。其言曰:擇親理之基金而望其長期勝低費指數者,實愚行也,蓋手續之費所累故。<ref name="BBC"/>又重市場估值之察,創一簡明之術以推十年之獲:取股息之率,益盈利之長,量本益之比,校通貨之騰。<ref>Christine Benz (2017). [https://www.morningstar.com/articles/830763/bogles-reasonable-expectations-for-market-returns Bogle's 'Reasonable Expectations' for Market Returns]. 晨星</ref>又主:以債券分配不下二成,以減波動。股市過熱者宜增其債之分,年壽既長者亦宜增其債之分;然股之分亦不下二成。<ref>Bogle, John C. ''[[The Little Book of Common Sense Investing]]'' (John Wiley & Sons, 2007), ISBN 978-0-470-10210-7</ref>
世紀之交,網絡泡沫方熾。柏格鬻股大半,預十年股弱債強。事後驗之,其言不爽。<ref>[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=k6ra5POdsYg Part 6 of Bogle 2014 interview with professor Mark Witte]</ref>
其投資之說,後成「柏格信徒」(Bogleheads)論壇之根本。<ref>{{Cite web|title=About Us {{!}} Bogleheads |url=https://www.bogleheads.org/AboutUs.php}}</ref>今復有「柏格金融教育中心」翼護之,年開大會以議論,又著三書以廣其義焉。
晚年,柏格憂指數之風日熾。三大基金之公司:曰先鋒,曰貝萊德([[BlackRock]]),曰道富環球([[State Street Global Advisors|State Street]]),其主將集表決之權於一身。柏格曰:「吾不信此種集中可服國家之利也。」<ref>{{Cite news|last=Bogle|first=John C.|date=2018-11-29|title=Bogle Sounds a Warning on Index Funds|work=華爾街日報|url=https://www.wsj.com/articles/bogle-sounds-a-warning-on-index-funds-1543504551}}</ref>
==義舉==
一九六八年,立「柏格兄弟獎學金」於布雷爾中學。自爾以還,凡資二百學子之教。<ref>{{Cite web|title=Blair Community Mourns the Loss of John C. Bogle '47|url=https://www.blair.edu/about-blair/publications-news/post/~board/news/post/blair-community-mourns-the-loss-of-john-c-bogle-47|website=Blair Academy|date=2019-01-31}}</ref>一九九一年,又立「阿姆斯壯基金會」(Armstrong Foundation)。所助者,皆其少時受恩之地:母校以報啟蒙之德,療心之院以謝活命之恩,所禮之教會、所襄之勸募,靡不周焉。<ref>{{Cite web|title=Armstrong Foundation - Nonprofit Explorer|url=https://projects.propublica.org/nonprofits/organizations/232642354|website=ProPublica}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|last=Gerken |first=Matthew|title=John Bogle, Boring Philanthropist|url=https://philanthropydaily.com/john-bogle-boring-philanthropist/|date=2019-01-24}}</ref>
二〇一二年,於訪談有言:「吾於財貨之事,唯一之憾者,所予未足耳。」二〇一六年,其子小約翰於普林斯頓立「柏格學者獎學金」,每屆資新生二十人。歿前所積,估約八千萬美元。<ref>{{Cite news |last=Wyatt |first=Edward |date=2019-01-16 |title=John C. Bogle, Founder of Financial Giant Vanguard, Is Dead at 89 |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2019/01/16/obituaries/john-bogle-vanguard-dead.html |work=紐約時報}}</ref>
==身世==
柏格平日從妻往長老會堂禮拜,然自守[[聖公會]]徒之教焉。<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.friendsjournal.org/john-bogle/|title=My Favorite Non-Quaker Quaker, Remembering John C. Bogle|date=23 January 2019|publisher=[[Friends Journal]]}}</ref>少而病心,前後屢仆。年三十有一,初遭心搏暫絕;年三十有八,被診以右心室發育不良性心律失常之罕疾;至一九九六年,年逾耳順之六,乃換心而後生。<ref name="Sommer2012"/>
嘗長年任[[費城]]國立憲政中心理事。自一九九九年至二〇〇七年,為其主席。獲普林斯頓大學名譽博士於二〇〇五年,<ref>{{cite web|last1=Quiñones|first1=Eric|title=Princeton awards six honorary degrees|url=https://www.princeton.edu/news/2005/05/31/princeton-awards-six-honorary-degrees|website=普林斯頓大學}}</ref>獲維拉諾瓦大學名譽博士於二〇一一年。
於政自稱「[[西奧多·羅斯福]]派之共和黨人」。然嘗投[[比爾·柯林頓]]、[[奧巴馬]]、[[希拉里·柯林頓]]之票。<ref name="Sommer2012"/>素主沃爾克規則之嚴,又主貨幣市場基金之嚴管,憂美國於金融之督察甚疏。其言曰:「今美之制已失其平。」乃倡:增稅以遏短線之投機,限槓桿以制過張之勢,明衍生之金融以杜其晦,嚴金融之罪以儆其亂,立統一受託之則以正其守。二〇一七年又謂:[[特朗普|川普]]之策,於市場短利,於國治長害。<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.cnbc.com/2017/01/12/vanguard-founder-jack-bogle-says-near-term-trumps-agenda-good-for-stocks-but-bad-long-term.html|title=Vanguard founder Jack Bogle says near-term Trump agenda good for stocks, but bad long term|date=2017-01-12|website=CNBC}}</ref>
==辭世==
二〇一九年一月十六日,卒於賓州布林莫爾家中,享年八十有九。<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2019/01/16/obituaries/john-bogle-vanguard-dead.html|title=John C. Bogle, Founder of Financial Giant Vanguard, Is Dead at 89|date=2019-01-16|website=紐約時報}}</ref>巴菲特悼之曰:「惠及美利堅之投資者,傑克之功,吾平生所未見也。」<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.cnbc.com/2019/01/16/warren-buffett-says-jack-bogle-did-more-for-the-individual-investor-than-anyone-hes-ever-known.html|title=Warren Buffett says Jack Bogle did more for the individual investor than anyone he's ever known|date=2019-01-16|website=CNBC}}</ref>前此波克夏二〇一六年年報,業已言及柏格塑造投資之功焉。<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.berkshirehathaway.com/letters/2016ltr.pdf|title=Berkshire Hathaway Inc. 2016 Annual Report|date=2017-02-25}}</ref>
==榮銜==
* 一九九九年,財富月刊舉為「二十世紀四大投資巨擘」之一。<ref>{{cite web|url=http://fortune.com/2019/01/16/john-bogle-vanguard-founder-created-index-funds-dies-89/|title=John Bogle, Vanguard Founder Who Created Index Funds, Dies at 89|website=財富}}</ref>
* 二〇〇四年,時代雜誌列入「世界百大有權勢人物」。<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://content.time.com/time/specials/packages/completelist/0,29569,1970858,00.html|title=The 2004 Time 100|website=[[時代 (雜誌)|時代]]}}</ref>
* 二〇〇四年,獲機構投資人雜誌「終身成就獎」。
* 二〇〇四年,膺[[美國哲學會]]會員。
* 二〇〇五年,獲普林斯頓大學名譽博士。
* 二〇一一年,獲維拉諾瓦大學名譽博士。
==著作==
柏格生平著書十餘種,列其要者:
* 《柏格論共同基金:智者新觀》(''Bogle on Mutual Funds'',[[麥格勞-希爾]],一九九三){{ISBN|1-55623-860-6}}
* 《[[共同基金常識]]:智者新務》(''Common Sense on Mutual Funds'',[[約翰威立]],一九九九){{ISBN|0-471-39228-6}}
* 《柏格論投資:前五十年》(''John Bogle on Investing: The First 50 Years'',麥格勞-希爾,二〇〇〇)
* 《品格至要:先鋒集團之創建》(''Character Counts'',麥格勞-希爾,二〇〇二)
* 《資本之魂之爭》(''The Battle for the Soul of Capitalism'',[[耶魯大學出版社]],二〇〇五)
* 《[[常識投資小書]]》(''The Little Book of Common Sense Investing'',約翰威立,二〇〇七){{ISBN|978-0-470-10210-7}}
* 《知足:金錢、業、人生之真諦》(''Enough'',約翰威立,二〇〇八)
* 《毋恃焉:投資假象之反思》(''Don't Count on It!'',約翰威立,二〇一〇)
* 《文化之衝突:投資與投機》(''The Clash of the Cultures'',約翰威立,二〇一二)
* 《守恒不渝:先鋒與指數革命》(''Stay the Course'',約翰威立,二〇一八)
==考據==
{{Reflist|30em}}
==它典==
{{wikiquote}}
* [https://www.boglecenter.net 柏格金融教育中心]
* [https://findingaids.princeton.edu/catalog/MC206 柏格遺稿藏於普林斯頓大學西利·G·穆德手稿圖書館]
[[Category:美國列傳]]
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'''約翰柏格'''({{lang-en|John Clifton Bogle}}),約翰其名,柏格其氏,小字'''傑克'''(Jack),美利堅紐澤西州蒙特克萊人也。生於一九二九年五月八日。殖貨之雄,實業之傑,好施之士。創[[先鋒集團]]於賓州,倡[[指數型基金]]於宇內。主投資而抑投機,貴恒久而黜倉卒。務減經紀之費以厚生民,恒守低廉之道以利後世。立一基而涵全美之市,畢生持守不渝;獲息復投而垂教不已。<ref name="Sommer2012">{{Cite news |title=A Mutual Fund Master, Too Worried to Rest |first=Jeff |last=Sommer |newspaper=[[紐約時報]] |date=August 11, 2012 |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2012/08/12/business/john-bogle-vanguards-founder-is-too-worried-to-rest.html}}</ref>一九九九年所撰《共同基金常識》,洛陽紙貴,業界奉為圭臬焉。<ref>{{cite news |title=A visit with John Bogle |newspaper=[[西雅圖時報]] |author=Scott Burns |date=March 13, 2010}}</ref>
==生平==
===家世與蚤歲===
其先蘇格蘭人也,徙美而蕃。曾祖菲蘭德·班尼斯特·阿姆斯壯(Philander Banister Armstrong),肇鳳凰互助火險之社。倡革火險之弊,亟正人壽之衰。柏格慕之,推為「神靈之祖」。<ref name=":0">{{Cite book |last=Balchunas |first=Eric |title=The Bogle Effect |publisher=BenBella Books |year=2022 |isbn=978-1-63774-072-9}}</ref>父曰威廉·葉慈·柏格次世(William Yates Bogle, Jr.),母曰約瑟芬·蘿琳·希普金斯(Josephine Lorraine Hipkins)。
一九二九年,[[大蕭條]]起,家道驟衰。富者旦夕而傾,盈者朝暮而盡。父染酒癖,遂與母離;母守苦心,獨持門戶。<ref name=":1">{{Cite book |last=Braham |first=Lewis |title=The House that Bogle Built |publisher=McGraw Hill Professional |year=2011 |isbn=978-0-07-174906-0}}</ref>柏格與孿弟大衛,依母居春湖鎮,並肄[[曼納斯寬中學]]。學績既著,工讀有資,得轉布雷爾。母氏雖貧不奪其志,雖困不墜其勤。俾兄弟同登庠序,使二子並啟前程。終其一生,相親無間。<ref>{{Cite web|title=John Bogle dies at 89; fought for lower fees for investors|url=https://www.seattletimes.com/business/john-bogle-dies-at-89-fought-for-lower-fees-for-investors/|website=西雅圖時報|date=2019-01-16}}</ref>
柏格在布雷爾,獨擅算術,沉酣數理。見一籌一策,輒析其本;遇一筭一數,必究其源。一九四七年,以優等卒業布雷爾,旋舉於普林斯頓,治經濟、殖貨之學。在校留心共同基金之業。三四載間,著論百三十頁,題曰〈投資公司之經濟功能〉。一九五一年,又以高榮等卒業普林斯頓。威靈頓基金之肇者華特·摩根(Walter L. Morgan),讀其文而嘉其志,遂延而納焉。<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.cnbc.com/2019/01/17/investor-jack-bogle-founded-company-based-on-princeton-senior-thesis.html|title=Investor Jack Bogle founded his legendary company based on his Princeton senior thesis|website=CNBC|date=January 17, 2019}}</ref>
===肇業威靈頓===
既膺摩根之延,一九五五年陞為輔佐。乃遍歷威靈頓諸司,盡察其得失。上則度投資之策,下則察主事之能。<ref name=":3">{{Cite book |last=Wigglesworth |first=Robin |title=Trillions: How a Band of Wall Street Renegades Invented the Index Fund and Changed Finance Forever |publisher=Penguin |year=2021 |isbn=978-0-593-08769-5}}</ref>柏格進言:守一基而不思廣,非永圖也;增新號以應萬流,乃長策也。摩根韙之,事遂以濟。新基既立,論者推為當時生平之巔。一九七〇年,遂代摩根而為威靈頓共同基金之主席。<ref>{{cite book|last=Ellis|first=Charles|date=2022|title=Inside Vanguard|publisher=McGraw-Hill|isbn=978-1264734832}}</ref>
未幾,主合併之議,所決未當,竟見黜免。柏格嘗自陳曰:「此誠生平最大之過。慚怍莫名。蓋我未及壯而過自負,所識實未足。然其大幸者,從中所得益多。」<ref>{{cite news|title=Fortune Magazine interview |url=https://money.cnn.com/magazines/fortune/fortune_archive/2007/12/24/101939724/index.htm|work=CNN |date=December 17, 2007}}</ref>失之東隅,收之桑榆。合議所禁,不得親理客戶之資。柏格遂循史坦普之指數,自設新基。不躬其事而能成之,誠非常人所能料也。
===別樹先鋒===
一九七四年九月二十有六日,柏格別樹一幟,立[[先鋒集團]]於賓夕法尼亞。<ref name=":2">{{Cite web |title=Bogle's Index Fund Strategy |url=https://www.investopedia.com/bogle-s-strategy-simplifies-investment-plans-11893621 |website=Investopedia}}</ref>其名所本,納爾遜尼羅河之役所乘旗艦「先鋒號」(HMS Vanguard)也。仰其破難,慕其先登。今日先鋒所掌之資以兆計,於投資之林,最受推重者一也。一九九九年,財富月刊舉柏格為「二十世紀殖貨四大巨擘」之一。<ref>{{Cite book |last=Rostad |first=Knut A. |title=The Man in the Arena |publisher=John Wiley and Sons |year=2013}}</ref>
一九七五年,首倡指數型共同基金。當世前所未見,舉世聞之愕然。譏者笑之曰「柏格之愚行」(Bogle's Folly),斥其守靜不動,貶其違美利堅進取之風。然柏格不為所動,志益堅而行益篤。<ref>{{Cite magazine |last=Sullivan |first=John |date=January 17, 2019 |title=John Bogle: Pioneer's Legacy and Impact |magazine=401k Specialist}}</ref>一九七六年,受[[薩繆爾森]]之啟,立「首期指數投資信託」(First Index Investment Trust)。是即後日先鋒五百指數基金(Vanguard 500 Index Fund)之祖也。仿史坦普五百之績,實當世首批向庶民開放之指數基金。<ref>{{Cite book |last=Cord |first=Robert A. |title=Paul Samuelson: Master of Modern Economics |publisher=Springer Nature |year=2020 |isbn=978-1-137-56812-0}}</ref>其初也,民間業界皆冷之;其久也,眾論咸翕服焉。股神巴菲特諸老,皆推崇備至。二〇〇五年,薩繆爾森演講有云:「柏格此舉,可與輪之發明、字母之創、古騰堡印術並列。」<ref name="BBC">{{cite news |title=Why the world's biggest investor backs the simplest investment |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/business-40189970 |work=[[英國廣播公司]] |author=Tim Harford |date=July 17, 2017}}</ref>一九八四年十一月,又與普萊姆凱普管理(Primecap)之眾共設「先鋒普萊姆凱普基金」。<ref name=":8">{{Cite web |last=Bogle |first=John |date=July 2015 |title=The Annals of Vanguard—The Story of PRIMECAP Fund |url=https://boglecenter.net/wp-content/uploads/PRIMECAP-30th-Anniversary.pdf}}</ref>
===晚節===
柏格自少病心。年三十有一,初罹心搏暫絕;年三十有八,又診右心室發育不良性心律失常之罕疾。一九九六年,年六十有六。醫者初疑越常齡而不宜換心,然手術竟成,柏格復生。<ref>{{Cite web|first=Erin |last=Arvedlund|title=Vanguard founder Bogle and surgeons gather for a heart-transplant reunion|url=https://www.inquirer.com/philly/business/personal_finance/87-Yr-Old-Vanguard-Founder-John-Bogle-Hearts-His-Heart-Transplant.html|website=費城詢問報|date=February 21, 2017}}</ref>是年讓主席之位於手擇之繼布倫南。布倫南乃一九八二年所納之屬,初為其副。
未幾復歸先鋒,銜「資深主席」之號。柏格、布倫南之間,遂生齟齬。一九九九年,柏格出先鋒,徙居「柏格金融市場研究中心」。所雖小而號獨立,地仍倚先鋒之舊。乃自闢講壇,效素慕之西奧多·羅斯福,力陳所見而不倦焉。<ref name="Sommer2012"/>
==投資之道==
夫[[指數投資|被動投資]]之議,肇於一九六〇年代芝大諸儒。其論有二:一謂連年擇勝股以勝大市,難而幾不可能;二謂交易管理之費,乃長期殖貨之蠹。<ref>Justin Fox (2011). ''The Myth of the Rational Market''. Harper Business, ISBN 9780060599034</ref>一九七三年,[[雷克斯·辛奎菲爾德]]首立面向公眾之指數基金。未數載而所管之資逾百億,足見庶眾於新念並不卻步。<ref name="wsj-interview">{{cite web|url=https://www.wsj.com/articles/SB10001424052970203897404578078551936968168|title=The Weekend Interview with Rex Sinquefield|work=華爾街日報|date=October 26, 2012}}</ref>
柏格初業,以親理之術為主,然素重儉費。所掌之金,較其競者省殺甚多。逮夫學界之論漸傾於指數,柏格遂為之鼓吹。其言曰:指數於長程,能仿全市之績;其報酬高於親理之基金,所費反殺於彼。
柏格嘗辨投資與投機之異。曰:投資者,圖長久之獲,本金之耗為輕;投機者,逐須臾之利,本金之危至重。投機之徒,唯顧證券之價,不問業之本;殖貨之士,唯重業之本,不憂價之動。業雖現金穩固,市價隨投機者之希、懼、貪而升降。柏格憂短線高危之風充溢於市,故著論以箴之。<ref>{{Cite book|title=The Clash of the Cultures: Investment vs. Speculation|last=Bogle|first=John|publisher=John Wiley and Sons, Inc.|year=2012}}</ref>
於文章傳媒,柏格屢力陳指數之勝於親理。其言曰:擇親理之基金而望其長期勝低費指數者,實愚行也,蓋手續之費所累故。<ref name="BBC"/>又重市場估值之察,創一簡明之術以推十年之獲:取股息之率,益盈利之長,量本益之比,校通貨之騰。<ref>Christine Benz (2017). [https://www.morningstar.com/articles/830763/bogles-reasonable-expectations-for-market-returns Bogle's 'Reasonable Expectations' for Market Returns]. 晨星</ref>又主:以債券分配不下二成,以減波動。股市過熱者宜增其債之分,年壽既長者亦宜增其債之分;然股之分亦不下二成。<ref>Bogle, John C. ''[[The Little Book of Common Sense Investing]]'' (John Wiley & Sons, 2007), ISBN 978-0-470-10210-7</ref>
世紀之交,網絡泡沫方熾。柏格鬻股大半,預十年股弱債強。事後驗之,其言不爽。<ref>[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=k6ra5POdsYg Part 6 of Bogle 2014 interview with professor Mark Witte]</ref>
其投資之說,後成「柏格信徒」(Bogleheads)論壇之根本。<ref>{{Cite web|title=About Us {{!}} Bogleheads |url=https://www.bogleheads.org/AboutUs.php}}</ref>今復有「柏格金融教育中心」翼護之,年開大會以議論,又著三書以廣其義焉。
晚年,柏格憂指數之風日熾。三大基金之公司:曰先鋒,曰貝萊德([[BlackRock]]),曰道富環球([[State Street Global Advisors|State Street]]),其主將集表決之權於一身。柏格曰:「吾不信此種集中可服國家之利也。」<ref>{{Cite news|last=Bogle|first=John C.|date=2018-11-29|title=Bogle Sounds a Warning on Index Funds|work=華爾街日報|url=https://www.wsj.com/articles/bogle-sounds-a-warning-on-index-funds-1543504551}}</ref>
==義舉==
一九六八年,立「柏格兄弟獎學金」於布雷爾中學。自爾以還,凡資二百學子之教。<ref>{{Cite web|title=Blair Community Mourns the Loss of John C. Bogle '47|url=https://www.blair.edu/about-blair/publications-news/post/~board/news/post/blair-community-mourns-the-loss-of-john-c-bogle-47|website=Blair Academy|date=2019-01-31}}</ref>一九九一年,又立「阿姆斯壯基金會」(Armstrong Foundation)。所助者,皆其少時受恩之地:母校以報啟蒙之德,療心之院以謝活命之恩,所禮之教會、所襄之勸募,靡不周焉。<ref>{{Cite web|title=Armstrong Foundation - Nonprofit Explorer|url=https://projects.propublica.org/nonprofits/organizations/232642354|website=ProPublica}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|last=Gerken |first=Matthew|title=John Bogle, Boring Philanthropist|url=https://philanthropydaily.com/john-bogle-boring-philanthropist/|date=2019-01-24}}</ref>
二〇一二年,於訪談有言:「吾於財貨之事,唯一之憾者,所予未足耳。」二〇一六年,其子小約翰於普林斯頓立「柏格學者獎學金」,每屆資新生二十人。歿前所積,估約八千萬美元。<ref>{{Cite news |last=Wyatt |first=Edward |date=2019-01-16 |title=John C. Bogle, Founder of Financial Giant Vanguard, Is Dead at 89 |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2019/01/16/obituaries/john-bogle-vanguard-dead.html |work=紐約時報}}</ref>
==身世==
柏格平日從妻往長老會堂禮拜,然自守[[聖公會]]徒之教焉。<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.friendsjournal.org/john-bogle/|title=My Favorite Non-Quaker Quaker, Remembering John C. Bogle|date=23 January 2019|publisher=[[Friends Journal]]}}</ref>少而病心,前後屢仆。年三十有一,初遭心搏暫絕;年三十有八,被診以右心室發育不良性心律失常之罕疾;至一九九六年,年逾耳順之六,乃換心而後生。<ref name="Sommer2012"/>
嘗長年任[[費城]]國立憲政中心理事。自一九九九年至二〇〇七年,為其主席。獲普林斯頓大學名譽博士於二〇〇五年,<ref>{{cite web|last1=Quiñones|first1=Eric|title=Princeton awards six honorary degrees|url=https://www.princeton.edu/news/2005/05/31/princeton-awards-six-honorary-degrees|website=普林斯頓大學}}</ref>獲維拉諾瓦大學名譽博士於二〇一一年。
於政自稱「[[西奧多·羅斯福]]派之共和黨人」。然嘗投[[比爾·柯林頓]]、[[奧巴馬]]、[[希拉里·柯林頓]]之票。<ref name="Sommer2012"/>素主沃爾克規則之嚴,又主貨幣市場基金之嚴管,憂美國於金融之督察甚疏。其言曰:「今美之制已失其平。」乃倡:增稅以遏短線之投機,限槓桿以制過張之勢,明衍生之金融以杜其晦,嚴金融之罪以儆其亂,立統一受託之則以正其守。二〇一七年又謂:[[特朗普|川普]]之策,於市場短利,於國治長害。<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.cnbc.com/2017/01/12/vanguard-founder-jack-bogle-says-near-term-trumps-agenda-good-for-stocks-but-bad-long-term.html|title=Vanguard founder Jack Bogle says near-term Trump agenda good for stocks, but bad long term|date=2017-01-12|website=CNBC}}</ref>
==辭世==
二〇一九年一月十六日,卒於賓州布林莫爾家中,享年八十有九。<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2019/01/16/obituaries/john-bogle-vanguard-dead.html|title=John C. Bogle, Founder of Financial Giant Vanguard, Is Dead at 89|date=2019-01-16|website=紐約時報}}</ref>巴菲特悼之曰:「惠及美利堅之投資者,傑克之功,吾平生所未見也。」<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.cnbc.com/2019/01/16/warren-buffett-says-jack-bogle-did-more-for-the-individual-investor-than-anyone-hes-ever-known.html|title=Warren Buffett says Jack Bogle did more for the individual investor than anyone he's ever known|date=2019-01-16|website=CNBC}}</ref>前此波克夏二〇一六年年報,業已言及柏格塑造投資之功焉。<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.berkshirehathaway.com/letters/2016ltr.pdf|title=Berkshire Hathaway Inc. 2016 Annual Report|date=2017-02-25}}</ref>
==榮銜==
* 一九九九年,財富月刊舉為「二十世紀四大投資巨擘」之一。<ref>{{cite web|url=http://fortune.com/2019/01/16/john-bogle-vanguard-founder-created-index-funds-dies-89/|title=John Bogle, Vanguard Founder Who Created Index Funds, Dies at 89|website=財富}}</ref>
* 二〇〇四年,時代雜誌列入「世界百大有權勢人物」。<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://content.time.com/time/specials/packages/completelist/0,29569,1970858,00.html|title=The 2004 Time 100|website=[[時代 (雜誌)|時代]]}}</ref>
* 二〇〇四年,獲機構投資人雜誌「終身成就獎」。
* 二〇〇四年,膺[[美國哲學會]]會員。
* 二〇〇五年,獲普林斯頓大學名譽博士。
* 二〇一一年,獲維拉諾瓦大學名譽博士。
==著作==
柏格生平著書十餘種,列其要者:
* 《柏格論共同基金:智者新觀》(''Bogle on Mutual Funds'',[[麥格勞-希爾]],一九九三){{ISBN|1-55623-860-6}}
* 《[[共同基金常識]]:智者新務》(''Common Sense on Mutual Funds'',[[約翰威立]],一九九九){{ISBN|0-471-39228-6}}
* 《柏格論投資:前五十年》(''John Bogle on Investing: The First 50 Years'',麥格勞-希爾,二〇〇〇)
* 《品格至要:先鋒集團之創建》(''Character Counts'',麥格勞-希爾,二〇〇二)
* 《資本之魂之爭》(''The Battle for the Soul of Capitalism'',[[耶魯大學出版社]],二〇〇五)
* 《[[常識投資小書]]》(''The Little Book of Common Sense Investing'',約翰威立,二〇〇七){{ISBN|978-0-470-10210-7}}
* 《知足:金錢、業、人生之真諦》(''Enough'',約翰威立,二〇〇八)
* 《毋恃焉:投資假象之反思》(''Don't Count on It!'',約翰威立,二〇一〇)
* 《文化之衝突:投資與投機》(''The Clash of the Cultures'',約翰威立,二〇一二)
* 《守恒不渝:先鋒與指數革命》(''Stay the Course'',約翰威立,二〇一八)
==考據==
{{Reflist|30em}}
==它典==
{{wikiquote}}
* [https://www.boglecenter.net 柏格金融教育中心]
* [https://findingaids.princeton.edu/catalog/MC206 柏格遺稿藏於普林斯頓大學西利·G·穆德手稿圖書館]
[[Category:美國列傳]]
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-- [[user:WAN233|<span style="color: #007FFF;">启明</span>]][[user talk:WAN233|(留言)]] 二〇二六年五月一〇日 (日) 一二時四六分 (UTC)
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新文「'''先鋒集團'''(英語:'''The Vanguard Group, Inc.'''),泰西投資之雄、寰宇指數之祖也。一九七五年五月朔,[[約翰柏格]]肇基於[[賓夕法尼亞|賓州]]瑪爾文之地<ref name=AboutVang>{{引網|址=https://corporate.vanguard.com/content/corporatesite/us/en/corp/who-we-are/sets-us-apart/facts-and-figures.html|題=Fast Facts About Vanguard|出版=The Vanguard Group, Inc.|見=2025-04-12}}</ref>。創於受黜之餘,立於眾笑之中。……」
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'''先鋒集團'''(英語:'''The Vanguard Group, Inc.'''),泰西投資之雄、寰宇指數之祖也。一九七五年五月朔,[[約翰柏格]]肇基於[[賓夕法尼亞|賓州]]瑪爾文之地<ref name=AboutVang>{{引網|址=https://corporate.vanguard.com/content/corporatesite/us/en/corp/who-we-are/sets-us-apart/facts-and-figures.html|題=Fast Facts About Vanguard|出版=The Vanguard Group, Inc.|見=2025-04-12}}</ref>。創於受黜之餘,立於眾笑之中。歷四十餘載,統籌之資逾一十二萬億美元。冠絕[[共同基金]]之林,亞於[[貝萊德]][[安碩]]之列<ref>{{引網|址=http://www.etf.com/sections/etf-league-tables.html|題=ETF League Tables|出版=ETF.com|見=2017-03-22}}</ref>。與貝萊德、[[道富集團|道富]]鼎峙,世號「指數三雄」<ref>{{引刊|著=Bebchuk, Lucian; Hirst, Scott|題=Index Funds and the Future of Corporate Governance: Theory, Evidence, and Policy|刊=[[Columbia Law Review]]|卷=119|期=8|頁=2029–2146|歲=2019|址=https://columbialawreview.org/content/index-funds-and-the-future-of-corporate-governance-theory-evidence-and-policy/}}</ref>。業兼資產之理、財富之治,制秉客戶共有之奇。下啟散戶之門,上易華爾街之舊。費率至輕,當世罕匹。
== 沿革 ==
=== 肇始 ===
[[File:Photo of a John C. Bogle By Bill Cramer.jpg|thumb|柏氏約翰於二〇〇七年]]
柏氏者,[[普林斯頓大學|普林斯頓]]之俊彥也。一九五一年,撰學位之論,徧考基金之績<ref>{{引網|著=Armbruster, Mark|址=http://www.armbrustercapital.com/wp-content/uploads/2017/02/Comparing-Index-Mutual-Funds-10-14-2016.pdf|題=Comparing index mutual funds and active managers|出版=Rochester Business Journal|日=2016-10-14}}</ref>。乃悟主動之眾,多遜大盤之指;雖偶有勝出,亦為管費所噬<ref>{{引網|著=MacBride, Elizabeth|址=https://www.cnbc.com/2015/10/14/jack-bogle-follow-these-4-investing-rules-ignore-the-rest.html|題=Jack Bogle: Follow these 4 investing rules—ignore the rest|出版=CNBC|日=2015-10-14}}</ref>。指數之念,潛萌於少年之心;異日之機,已伏於蕘者之論。
既卒業,入[[威靈頓基金管理公司|威靈頓]]為僚<ref name=thinking>{{引網|著=Ferri, Rick|址=https://www.forbes.com/sites/rickferri/2014/02/10/what-was-john-bogle-thinking/|題=What Was John Bogle Thinking?|出版=Forbes|日=2014-02-10}}</ref>。由小吏而陞大員,自下流而躋上席。一九六七年為總裁,一九七〇年掌大計。然嘗主一併購,事敗而謗興,一九七四年遂遭黜逐<ref name=thinking/>。柏氏自陳曰:「斯舉之失,可恥而難恕;皆由童騃自負,不察事實所致。然非此一挫,則無先鋒之興也。」<ref>{{引網|著=Boyle, Matthew|址=https://money.cnn.com/magazines/fortune/fortune_archive/2007/12/24/101939724/index.htm|題=Be prepared for a lot of bumps|出版=Fortune|日=2007-12-17}}</ref>知者謂柏氏之厄,天所以玉成之者也。
=== 命名之由 ===
柏氏既被斥,乃於威靈頓內闢別部以自立。會古版書賈遺以《大不列顛海戰圖譜》一卷。展卷至[[尼羅河口海戰]]之章,覩[[納爾遜]]率[[皇家海軍|皇家艦隊]],殲法艦於水陸之交。獨損巡防一艘,幾沉敵之全師<ref>{{引網|著=Reklaitis, Victor|址=http://www.marketwatch.com/story/5-things-you-dont-know-about-vanguard-2014-10-31|題=5 things you don't know about Vanguard|出版=MarketWatch|日=2014-12-22}}</ref>。柏氏感其捷,乃取納爾遜旗艦之名「先鋒」(HMS ''Vanguard'')以名其業<ref>{{引書|著=Bogle, John C.|題=John Bogle on Investing: The First 50 Years|出版=John Wiley & Sons|歲=2015|頁=224|ISBN=978-1-119-08836-3}}</ref>。威靈頓諸老初有難色。柏氏告以「Vanguard」與「Wellington」於字典之中相鄰,可並陳而列之,諸老乃首肯之<ref name=firstindex>{{引網|址=http://www.bfjlaward.com/pdf/25975/42-59_bogle_jpm_0918.pdf|題=Lightning Strikes: The Creation of Vanguard, the First Index Mutual Fund, and the Revolution It Spawned|出版=Bogle Financial Markets Research Center|日=1997-04-01}}</ref>。名雖出於偶然,意實合於拓荒。
=== 草創 ===
威靈頓諸老禁先鋒涉諮議與管理之業<ref name=firstindex/>。柏氏因勢順為,思建被動之基,附驥於[[標準普爾五百指數|標普五百指數]]之後<ref name=tooworried>{{引網|著=Sommer, Jeff|址=https://www.nytimes.com/2012/08/12/business/john-bogle-vanguards-founder-is-too-worried-to-rest.html|題=A Mutual Fund Master, Too Worried to Rest|出版=The New York Times|日=2012-08-11}}</ref>。又得後膺[[諾貝爾經濟學獎]]之[[薩繆爾森]]為援。薩氏嘗於一九七六年八月《[[新聞週刊]]》撰文,謂散戶當有附指數而投之機<ref>{{引網|著=Mihm, Stephen|址=https://www.bloomberg.com/view/articles/2016-09-06/how-index-funds-prevailed|題=How Index Funds Prevailed|出版=Bloomberg|日=2016-09-06}}</ref>。
是年,得董事會之准,柏氏乃立「第一指數投資信託」,即今之[[先鋒五百指數基金]]也<ref>{{引網|著=Culloton, Dan|址=http://news.morningstar.com/articlenet/article.aspx?id=390749|題=A Brief History of Indexing|出版=Morningstar|日=2011-08-09}}</ref>。其先創指數之基者,有[[傑里米·格蘭瑟姆|格蘭瑟姆]]之Batterymarch於波士頓,有[[雷克斯·辛克菲爾德|辛克菲爾德]]之American National Bank於芝加哥,有麥誇恩之[[富國銀行]]於三藩<ref>{{引書|著=Fox, Justin|題=The myth of the rational market: a history of risk, reward, and delusion on Wall Street|出版=Harper Business|歲=2011|ISBN=978-0-06-059903-4}}</ref>。然皆以機構為的;以散戶為對象、廣傳於庶民者,先鋒實開其端。
初發之際,眾望募一億五千萬,僅獲一千一百萬而已<ref>{{引網|著=Bogle, John; Rafalaf, Andrew|址=https://money.cnn.com/magazines/fsb/fsb_archive/2002/10/01/330578/index.htm|題=A Wall Street Revolution|出版=Fortune|日=2002-10-01}}</ref>。承銷諸行勸柏氏罷議,柏氏弗從。時先鋒之眾,惟柏氏與分析二員。基金不付佣於經紀,商賈不樂為之售;所積甚遲,期年難滿。歲未周年,資不過一千七百萬。會威靈頓所轄一基金將併他基,柏氏說以併入指數基金,遂驟躍至近一億焉<ref name=firstindex/><ref name=tooworried/>。出師雖蹇,胎動已具勝兆。
=== 拓業 ===
一九八二年之後,[[牛市|騰湧之勢]]既起,指數之術漸為他家所效。然彼類者收費過昂,反失指數之本意。一九八四年十一月,與[[Primecap]]合創先鋒Primecap基金<ref>{{引網|著=Norton, Leslie P.|址=https://www.barrons.com/articles/primecap-in-the-spotlight-1460174680|題=Primecap in the Spotlight|出版=Barron's|見=2023-08-19}}</ref>。一九八六年十二月,創總債券基金,乃零售投資者所得之首支債券指數基金也<ref>{{引書|著=Bogle, John C.|題=The Clash of the Cultures: Investment vs. Speculation|出版=John Wiley & Sons|歲=2012|ISBN=9781118238219}}</ref>。或譏第一指數基金止隨標普五百,所及過狹。一九八七年十二月,乃創「擴展市場指數基金」,盡羅標普五百之外諸股<ref>{{引網|址=https://uk.finance.yahoo.com/news/quick-guide-vanguard-extended-market-130901563.html|題=Quick Guide to Vanguard Extended Market Index Investor Fund|出版=Yahoo Finance|日=2016-03-04}}</ref>。其後五年,小型有基,國際有基,總市有指。皆取分散之術,咸行低費之政。
九十年代,所出愈繁。先鋒五百與總市指數諸基,躋身寰宇之最大;先鋒亦冠絕共同基金之林<ref>{{引書|著=Godin, Seth|題=If You're Clueless about Mutual Funds and Want to Know More|出版=Dearborn Financial Publishing|歲=1997|頁=98|ISBN=9780793125548}}</ref>。一九九五年,[[約翰·內夫|內夫]]退隱於Windsor基金。其執掌三十年,歲均勝標普五百三百基點,世稱善理財者也<ref>{{引網|著=DiStefano, Joseph|址=https://www.inquirer.com/business/john-neff-obituary-vanguard-windsor-funds-university-pennsylvania-endowment-fidelity-20190605.html|題=Brilliant stock picker John Neff, who ran Vanguard's Windsor Fund|出版=The Philadelphia Inquirer|日=2019-06-05}}</ref>。
=== 嬗替 ===
一九九九年,柏氏屆懸車之年,依制退為閒職,由[[約翰·布倫南|布倫南]]繼之<ref>{{引網|著=Costello, Martine|址=https://money.cnn.com/1999/08/12/mutualfunds/funds_vanguard/|題=Vanguard's Bogle retires|出版=CNN|日=1999-08-12}}</ref>。二〇〇八年二月,麥納布為總裁;同歲八月,遂掌首席執事之印<ref>{{引網|址=https://www.forbes.com/2008/02/22/vanguard-mcnabb-brennan-face-markets-cx_pm_0222autofacescan02.html|題=McNabb To Succeed Brennan at Vanguard|出版=Forbes|日=2008-02-22}}</ref>。柏氏之後,諸繼者皆拓業於指數之外,廣涉[[交易所交易基金|上市指數基金]]與主動管理之基<ref>{{引網|址=https://investor.vanguard.com/index-funds/index-vs-active|題=Index funds vs. actively managed funds|出版=Vanguard|見=2020-05-19}}</ref>。柏氏於上市指數基金頗有所疑:其雖宜長線之持,恐害於買賣之差;雖便日中之交,又虞於朝暮之易<ref>{{引網|著=Benz, Christine|址=https://www.morningstar.com/articles/355645/bogle-buy-and-hold-dont-trade-etfs|題=Bogle: Buy and Hold, Don't Trade ETFs|出版=Morningstar|歲=2010}}</ref>。柏氏一生,倡守持之道,戒投機之習。門人拓業雖廣,本心始終如一。
二〇一七年五月,立基金平台於[[英國|不列顛]]<ref>{{引網|著=Ricketts, David|址=https://www.fnlondon.com/articles/vanguard-goes-direct-to-man-on-the-street-in-new-price-war-20170516|題=Hargreaves hit as Vanguard goes direct to man on the street|出版=Financial News London|日=2017-05-16}}</ref>。同歲七月,公議以首席投資長[[蒂姆·巴克利|巴克利]]繼麥納布之任。二〇一八年正月就職,麥氏退居董事會之首<ref>{{引網|著=Smith, Peter|址=https://www.ft.com/content/646dd648-67d2-11e7-8526-7b38dcaef614|題=Tim Buckley to succeed Bill McNabb as Vanguard chief|出版=Financial Times|日=2017-07-13}}</ref>。
二〇二〇年,創數位諮詢之業,並籌投資之團於[[中國]]<ref>{{引網|著=Wigglesworth, Robin; Henderson, Richard|址=https://www.ft.com/content/9414052a-3142-11ea-9703-eea0cae3f0de|題=Vanguard and the US financial system: too big to be healthy?|出版=Financial Times|日=2020-01-12}}</ref>。同歲十月,慮乎法度之嚴、人事之繁、利潤之薄,遂退還在華所管之資二百一十億美元於官資<ref>{{引網|址=https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2020-10-09/vanguard-returns-21-billion-in-assets-to-china-s-state-funds|題=Vanguard Returns $21 Billion in Assets to China State Funds|出版=Bloomberg|日=2020-10-09}}</ref>。其後[[繁榮美國聯盟]]起而劾之,謂先鋒乃美元入華軍工與犯人權諸企之管道<ref>{{引網|著=Kynge, James; Sevastopulo, Demetri; Lockett, Hudson|址=https://www.ft.com/content/a37c6b7c-bec1-457b-8125-a3dbe2a8a275|題=Vanguard funds invest in China military groups, report says|出版=Financial Times|日=2023-10-12}}</ref>。
二〇二一年二月,始行碎股之計,散戶以一美元之微,亦得入上市指數基金之門<ref>{{引網|著=Lucchetti, Aaron|址=https://www.wsj.com/articles/SB945730607441550739|題=E-Tailers Allow Buyers to Add Fund Investments to Carts|出版=The Wall Street Journal|日=1999-12-22}}</ref>。二〇二二年十一月,於[[澳洲]]設「先鋒退休金」之業<ref>{{引網|址=https://www.smh.com.au/money/super-and-retirement/us-giant-looks-to-shake-up-australia-s-3-3-trillion-super-sector-with-low-fee-products-20221110-p5bx76.html|題=Vanguard looks to shake up Australia's $3.3 trillion super sector with low-fee products|出版=The Sydney Morning Herald|日=2022-11-11}}</ref>。
二〇二四年五月,公議聘[[貝萊德]]宿將拉姆吉繼巴克利為新首席執事,七月就職;乃先鋒外姓之首掌大計者也<ref>{{引網|著=Brush, Silla|址=https://www.bnnbloomberg.ca/vanguard-appoints-blackrock-veteran-salim-ramji-as-next-ceo-1.2073003|題=Vanguard Appoints BlackRock Veteran Salim Ramji as Next CEO|出版=BNN Bloomberg|日=2024-05-14}}</ref><ref>{{引網|著=Godbout, Ted|址=https://www.napa-net.org/news-info/daily-news/ramji-takes-helm-vanguard-ceo|題=Ramji Takes the Helm as Vanguard CEO|出版=National Association of Plan Advisors|日=2024-07-08}}</ref>。
二〇二五年,[[聯合國]]報告列資本之與[[以色列|以]]戰[[加沙地帶|加沙]]者,先鋒在焉<ref>{{引網|著=Marsi, Federica|址=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2025/7/1/un-report-lists-companies-complicit-in-israels-genocide-who-are-they|題=UN report lists companies complicit in Israel's "genocide": Who are they?|出版=Al Jazeera|日=2025-07-01}}</ref><ref>{{引網|著=Borger, Julian|址=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2025/jul/03/global-firms-profiting-israel-genocide-gaza-united-nations-rapporteur|題=Global firms 'profiting from genocide' in Gaza, says UN rapporteur|出版=The Guardian|日=2025-07-03}}</ref>。其所投之企,多有助以軍備者;[[卡特彼勒公司|卡特彼勒]]、[[雪佛龍]]、[[帕蘭提爾]]、[[洛克希德·馬丁]]、[[埃爾比特系統公司|埃爾比特]]之屬,並列其中<ref>{{引書|著=Mattei, Clara|題=Escape from Capitalism: An Intervention|出版=Simon & Schuster|歲=2026|頁=153|ISBN=978-1668085141}}</ref>。
== 體制 ==
夫先鋒之異於諸家者,蓋以本司為所管諸基金所有,而諸基金又為投資者所有<ref>{{引網|著=DiStefano, Joseph N.|址=https://www.inquirer.com/columnists/john-bogle-vanguard-scraps-plain-talk-no-profit-at-cost-20190207.html|題=Vanguard SEC Filings Drop 'At-Cost,' 'No Profit' Claims That Were Dear to Late Founder John Bogle|出版=The Philadelphia Inquirer|見=2019-10-04}}</ref>。故先鋒之真主,實天下投資者也,非外股東也。利歸於民,不歸於閥;權出於眾,不出於私。其基金多分二等:曰「投資者股」,曰「上將股」。上將股費率稍輕,入門資額較高,自三千及十萬美元不等<ref>{{引網|址=https://investor.vanguard.com/mutual-funds/admiral-shares|題=Admiral Shares Help Keep Your Costs Under Control|出版=Vanguard|日=2020-04-09}}</ref>。總部設於[[費城]]近郊瑪爾文,分號散布[[夏洛特 (北卡羅來納州)|夏洛特]]、[[達拉斯]]、[[華盛頓哥倫比亞特區|華府]]、[[斯科茨代爾]]諸地,旁及[[加拿大]]、[[澳大利亞]],東至[[亞細亞|亞洲]],西暨[[歐羅巴|歐陸]]<ref>{{引網|址=https://www.ft.com/content/74b8a59b-d596-46fa-83fd-e3702d057581|題=The Vanguard Group: Global Operations|出版=Financial Times|見=2025-12-13}}</ref>。
== 助碳排之議 ==
二〇二一年三月,先鋒從七十餘資產管理公司之約,誓使旗下諸企於二〇六〇年達[[淨零排放]]之境,與[[巴黎協定]]相應<ref>{{引網|址=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-climate-change-investors-idUSKBN2BL0AX|題=Investors BlackRock, Vanguard join net zero effort|出版=Reuters|日=2021-03-29}}</ref>。然同歲所統之資中,仍有助[[化石燃料]]之產、促氣候之變者;如智利之ENAP Sipetrol、[[中國石油天然氣集團公司|中國石油]]、Petroamazonas之屬,並列其中<ref name=":0">{{引網|著=Peterson, Laura|址=https://amazonwatch.org/assets/files/2021-investing-in-amazon-crude-ii.pdf|題=Investing in Amazon Crude II|出版=Amazon Watch|日=2021-06-01}}</ref>。
是歲,先鋒投煤業者至少八百六十億美元,居天下之首<ref>{{引網|址=https://www.urgewald.org/en/medien/groundbreaking-research-reveals-financiers-coal-industry|題=Groundbreaking Research Reveals the Financiers of the Coal Industry|出版=Urgewald e.V.|見=2022-09-03}}</ref>;投[[亞馬遜雨林]]內石油諸企者,債二十六億,股九十六億焉<ref name=":0"/>。倡淨零於前,資化石於後;前言後行,相違遠甚,識者議焉。
== 參見 ==
* [[共同基金]]
* [[指數基金]]
* [[交易所交易基金]]
* [[貝萊德]]
* [[道富集團]]
* [[約翰柏格]]
== 注釋 ==
{{reflist}}
== 它典 ==
* 先鋒集團 https://www.vanguard.com
[[Category:美國史]]
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'''先鋒集團'''(英語:'''The Vanguard Group, Inc.'''),泰西投資之雄、寰宇指數之祖也。一九七五年五月朔,[[約翰柏格]]肇基於[[賓夕法尼亞|賓州]]瑪爾文之地<ref name=AboutVang>{{引網|址=https://corporate.vanguard.com/content/corporatesite/us/en/corp/who-we-are/sets-us-apart/facts-and-figures.html|題=Fast Facts About Vanguard|出版=The Vanguard Group, Inc.|見=2025-04-12}}</ref>。創於受黜之餘,立於眾笑之中。歷四十餘載,統籌之資逾一十二萬億美元。冠絕[[共同基金]]之林,亞於[[貝萊德]][[安碩]]之列<ref>{{引網|址=http://www.etf.com/sections/etf-league-tables.html|題=ETF League Tables|出版=ETF.com|見=2017-03-22}}</ref>。與貝萊德、[[道富集團|道富]]鼎峙,世號「指數三雄」<ref>{{引刊|著=Bebchuk, Lucian; Hirst, Scott|題=Index Funds and the Future of Corporate Governance: Theory, Evidence, and Policy|刊=[[Columbia Law Review]]|卷=119|期=8|頁=2029–2146|歲=2019|址=https://columbialawreview.org/content/index-funds-and-the-future-of-corporate-governance-theory-evidence-and-policy/}}</ref>。業兼資產之理、財富之治,制秉客戶共有之奇。下啟散戶之門,上易華爾街之舊。費率至輕,當世罕匹。
== 沿革 ==
=== 肇始 ===
[[File:Photo of a John C. Bogle By Bill Cramer.jpg|thumb|柏氏約翰於二〇〇七年]]
柏氏者,[[普林斯頓大學|普林斯頓]]之俊彥也。一九五一年,撰學位之論,徧考基金之績<ref>{{引網|著=Armbruster, Mark|址=http://www.armbrustercapital.com/wp-content/uploads/2017/02/Comparing-Index-Mutual-Funds-10-14-2016.pdf|題=Comparing index mutual funds and active managers|出版=Rochester Business Journal|日=2016-10-14}}</ref>。乃悟主動之眾,多遜大盤之指;雖偶有勝出,亦為管費所噬<ref>{{引網|著=MacBride, Elizabeth|址=https://www.cnbc.com/2015/10/14/jack-bogle-follow-these-4-investing-rules-ignore-the-rest.html|題=Jack Bogle: Follow these 4 investing rules—ignore the rest|出版=CNBC|日=2015-10-14}}</ref>。指數之念,潛萌於少年之心;異日之機,已伏於蕘者之論。
既卒業,入[[威靈頓基金管理公司|威靈頓]]為僚<ref name=thinking>{{引網|著=Ferri, Rick|址=https://www.forbes.com/sites/rickferri/2014/02/10/what-was-john-bogle-thinking/|題=What Was John Bogle Thinking?|出版=Forbes|日=2014-02-10}}</ref>。由小吏而陞大員,自下流而躋上席。一九六七年為總裁,一九七〇年掌大計。然嘗主一併購,事敗而謗興,一九七四年遂遭黜逐<ref name=thinking/>。柏氏自陳曰:「斯舉之失,可恥而難恕;皆由童騃自負,不察事實所致。然非此一挫,則無先鋒之興也。」<ref>{{引網|著=Boyle, Matthew|址=https://money.cnn.com/magazines/fortune/fortune_archive/2007/12/24/101939724/index.htm|題=Be prepared for a lot of bumps|出版=Fortune|日=2007-12-17}}</ref>知者謂柏氏之厄,天所以玉成之者也。
=== 命名之由 ===
柏氏既被斥,乃於威靈頓內闢別部以自立。會古版書賈遺以《大不列顛海戰圖譜》一卷。展卷至[[尼羅河口海戰]]之章,覩[[納爾遜]]率[[皇家海軍|皇家艦隊]],殲法艦於水陸之交。獨損巡防一艘,幾沉敵之全師<ref>{{引網|著=Reklaitis, Victor|址=http://www.marketwatch.com/story/5-things-you-dont-know-about-vanguard-2014-10-31|題=5 things you don't know about Vanguard|出版=MarketWatch|日=2014-12-22}}</ref>。柏氏感其捷,乃取納爾遜旗艦之名「先鋒」(HMS ''Vanguard'')以名其業<ref>{{引書|著=Bogle, John C.|題=John Bogle on Investing: The First 50 Years|出版=John Wiley & Sons|歲=2015|頁=224|ISBN=978-1-119-08836-3}}</ref>。威靈頓諸老初有難色。柏氏告以「Vanguard」與「Wellington」於字典之中相鄰,可並陳而列之,諸老乃首肯之<ref name=firstindex>{{引網|址=http://www.bfjlaward.com/pdf/25975/42-59_bogle_jpm_0918.pdf|題=Lightning Strikes: The Creation of Vanguard, the First Index Mutual Fund, and the Revolution It Spawned|出版=Bogle Financial Markets Research Center|日=1997-04-01}}</ref>。名雖出於偶然,意實合於拓荒。
=== 草創 ===
威靈頓諸老禁先鋒涉諮議與管理之業<ref name=firstindex/>。柏氏因勢順為,思建被動之基,附驥於[[標準普爾五百指數|標普五百指數]]之後<ref name=tooworried>{{引網|著=Sommer, Jeff|址=https://www.nytimes.com/2012/08/12/business/john-bogle-vanguards-founder-is-too-worried-to-rest.html|題=A Mutual Fund Master, Too Worried to Rest|出版=The New York Times|日=2012-08-11}}</ref>。又得後膺[[諾貝爾經濟學獎]]之[[薩繆爾森]]為援。薩氏嘗於一九七六年八月《[[新聞週刊]]》撰文,謂散戶當有附指數而投之機<ref>{{引網|著=Mihm, Stephen|址=https://www.bloomberg.com/view/articles/2016-09-06/how-index-funds-prevailed|題=How Index Funds Prevailed|出版=Bloomberg|日=2016-09-06}}</ref>。
是年,得董事會之准,柏氏乃立「第一指數投資信託」,即今之[[先鋒五百指數基金]]也<ref>{{引網|著=Culloton, Dan|址=http://news.morningstar.com/articlenet/article.aspx?id=390749|題=A Brief History of Indexing|出版=Morningstar|日=2011-08-09}}</ref>。其先創指數之基者,有[[傑里米·格蘭瑟姆|格蘭瑟姆]]之Batterymarch於波士頓,有[[雷克斯·辛克菲爾德|辛克菲爾德]]之American National Bank於芝加哥,有麥誇恩之[[富國銀行]]於三藩<ref>{{引書|著=Fox, Justin|題=The myth of the rational market: a history of risk, reward, and delusion on Wall Street|出版=Harper Business|歲=2011|ISBN=978-0-06-059903-4}}</ref>。然皆以機構為的;以散戶為對象、廣傳於庶民者,先鋒實開其端。
初發之際,眾望募一億五千萬,僅獲一千一百萬而已<ref>{{引網|著=Bogle, John; Rafalaf, Andrew|址=https://money.cnn.com/magazines/fsb/fsb_archive/2002/10/01/330578/index.htm|題=A Wall Street Revolution|出版=Fortune|日=2002-10-01}}</ref>。承銷諸行勸柏氏罷議,柏氏弗從。時先鋒之眾,惟柏氏與分析二員。基金不付佣於經紀,商賈不樂為之售;所積甚遲,期年難滿。歲未周年,資不過一千七百萬。會威靈頓所轄一基金將併他基,柏氏說以併入指數基金,遂驟躍至近一億焉<ref name=firstindex/><ref name=tooworried/>。出師雖蹇,胎動已具勝兆。
=== 拓業 ===
一九八二年之後,[[牛市|騰湧之勢]]既起,指數之術漸為他家所效。然彼類者收費過昂,反失指數之本意。一九八四年十一月,與[[Primecap]]合創先鋒Primecap基金<ref>{{引網|著=Norton, Leslie P.|址=https://www.barrons.com/articles/primecap-in-the-spotlight-1460174680|題=Primecap in the Spotlight|出版=Barron's|見=2023-08-19}}</ref>。一九八六年十二月,創總債券基金,乃零售投資者所得之首支債券指數基金也<ref>{{引書|著=Bogle, John C.|題=The Clash of the Cultures: Investment vs. Speculation|出版=John Wiley & Sons|歲=2012|ISBN=9781118238219}}</ref>。或譏第一指數基金止隨標普五百,所及過狹。一九八七年十二月,乃創「擴展市場指數基金」,盡羅標普五百之外諸股<ref>{{引網|址=https://uk.finance.yahoo.com/news/quick-guide-vanguard-extended-market-130901563.html|題=Quick Guide to Vanguard Extended Market Index Investor Fund|出版=Yahoo Finance|日=2016-03-04}}</ref>。其後五年,小型有基,國際有基,總市有指。皆取分散之術,咸行低費之政。
九十年代,所出愈繁。先鋒五百與總市指數諸基,躋身寰宇之最大;先鋒亦冠絕共同基金之林<ref>{{引書|著=Godin, Seth|題=If You're Clueless about Mutual Funds and Want to Know More|出版=Dearborn Financial Publishing|歲=1997|頁=98|ISBN=9780793125548}}</ref>。一九九五年,[[約翰·內夫|內夫]]退隱於Windsor基金。其執掌三十年,歲均勝標普五百三百基點,世稱善理財者也<ref>{{引網|著=DiStefano, Joseph|址=https://www.inquirer.com/business/john-neff-obituary-vanguard-windsor-funds-university-pennsylvania-endowment-fidelity-20190605.html|題=Brilliant stock picker John Neff, who ran Vanguard's Windsor Fund|出版=The Philadelphia Inquirer|日=2019-06-05}}</ref>。
=== 嬗替 ===
一九九九年,柏氏屆懸車之年,依制退為閒職,由[[約翰·布倫南|布倫南]]繼之<ref>{{引網|著=Costello, Martine|址=https://money.cnn.com/1999/08/12/mutualfunds/funds_vanguard/|題=Vanguard's Bogle retires|出版=CNN|日=1999-08-12}}</ref>。二〇〇八年二月,麥納布為總裁;同歲八月,遂掌首席執事之印<ref>{{引網|址=https://www.forbes.com/2008/02/22/vanguard-mcnabb-brennan-face-markets-cx_pm_0222autofacescan02.html|題=McNabb To Succeed Brennan at Vanguard|出版=Forbes|日=2008-02-22}}</ref>。柏氏之後,諸繼者皆拓業於指數之外,廣涉[[交易所交易基金|上市指數基金]]與主動管理之基<ref>{{引網|址=https://investor.vanguard.com/index-funds/index-vs-active|題=Index funds vs. actively managed funds|出版=Vanguard|見=2020-05-19}}</ref>。柏氏於上市指數基金頗有所疑:其雖宜長線之持,恐害於買賣之差;雖便日中之交,又虞於朝暮之易<ref>{{引網|著=Benz, Christine|址=https://www.morningstar.com/articles/355645/bogle-buy-and-hold-dont-trade-etfs|題=Bogle: Buy and Hold, Don't Trade ETFs|出版=Morningstar|歲=2010}}</ref>。柏氏一生,倡守持之道,戒投機之習。門人拓業雖廣,本心始終如一。
二〇一七年五月,立基金平台於[[英國|不列顛]]<ref>{{引網|著=Ricketts, David|址=https://www.fnlondon.com/articles/vanguard-goes-direct-to-man-on-the-street-in-new-price-war-20170516|題=Hargreaves hit as Vanguard goes direct to man on the street|出版=Financial News London|日=2017-05-16}}</ref>。同歲七月,公議以首席投資長[[蒂姆·巴克利|巴克利]]繼麥納布之任。二〇一八年正月就職,麥氏退居董事會之首<ref>{{引網|著=Smith, Peter|址=https://www.ft.com/content/646dd648-67d2-11e7-8526-7b38dcaef614|題=Tim Buckley to succeed Bill McNabb as Vanguard chief|出版=Financial Times|日=2017-07-13}}</ref>。
二〇二〇年,創數位諮詢之業,並籌投資之團於[[中國]]<ref>{{引網|著=Wigglesworth, Robin; Henderson, Richard|址=https://www.ft.com/content/9414052a-3142-11ea-9703-eea0cae3f0de|題=Vanguard and the US financial system: too big to be healthy?|出版=Financial Times|日=2020-01-12}}</ref>。同歲十月,慮乎法度之嚴、人事之繁、利潤之薄,遂退還在華所管之資二百一十億美元於官資<ref>{{引網|址=https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2020-10-09/vanguard-returns-21-billion-in-assets-to-china-s-state-funds|題=Vanguard Returns $21 Billion in Assets to China State Funds|出版=Bloomberg|日=2020-10-09}}</ref>。其後[[繁榮美國聯盟]]起而劾之,謂先鋒乃美元入華軍工與犯人權諸企之管道<ref>{{引網|著=Kynge, James; Sevastopulo, Demetri; Lockett, Hudson|址=https://www.ft.com/content/a37c6b7c-bec1-457b-8125-a3dbe2a8a275|題=Vanguard funds invest in China military groups, report says|出版=Financial Times|日=2023-10-12}}</ref>。
二〇二一年二月,始行碎股之計,散戶以一美元之微,亦得入上市指數基金之門<ref>{{引網|著=Lucchetti, Aaron|址=https://www.wsj.com/articles/SB945730607441550739|題=E-Tailers Allow Buyers to Add Fund Investments to Carts|出版=The Wall Street Journal|日=1999-12-22}}</ref>。二〇二二年十一月,於[[澳洲]]設「先鋒退休金」之業<ref>{{引網|址=https://www.smh.com.au/money/super-and-retirement/us-giant-looks-to-shake-up-australia-s-3-3-trillion-super-sector-with-low-fee-products-20221110-p5bx76.html|題=Vanguard looks to shake up Australia's $3.3 trillion super sector with low-fee products|出版=The Sydney Morning Herald|日=2022-11-11}}</ref>。
二〇二四年五月,公議聘[[貝萊德]]宿將拉姆吉繼巴克利為新首席執事,七月就職;乃先鋒外姓之首掌大計者也<ref>{{引網|著=Brush, Silla|址=https://www.bnnbloomberg.ca/vanguard-appoints-blackrock-veteran-salim-ramji-as-next-ceo-1.2073003|題=Vanguard Appoints BlackRock Veteran Salim Ramji as Next CEO|出版=BNN Bloomberg|日=2024-05-14}}</ref><ref>{{引網|著=Godbout, Ted|址=https://www.napa-net.org/news-info/daily-news/ramji-takes-helm-vanguard-ceo|題=Ramji Takes the Helm as Vanguard CEO|出版=National Association of Plan Advisors|日=2024-07-08}}</ref>。
二〇二五年,[[聯合國]]報告列資本之與[[以色列|以]]戰[[加沙地帶|加沙]]者,先鋒在焉<ref>{{引網|著=Marsi, Federica|址=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2025/7/1/un-report-lists-companies-complicit-in-israels-genocide-who-are-they|題=UN report lists companies complicit in Israel's "genocide": Who are they?|出版=Al Jazeera|日=2025-07-01}}</ref><ref>{{引網|著=Borger, Julian|址=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2025/jul/03/global-firms-profiting-israel-genocide-gaza-united-nations-rapporteur|題=Global firms 'profiting from genocide' in Gaza, says UN rapporteur|出版=The Guardian|日=2025-07-03}}</ref>。其所投之企,多有助以軍備者;[[卡特彼勒公司|卡特彼勒]]、[[雪佛龍]]、[[帕蘭提爾]]、[[洛克希德·馬丁]]、[[埃爾比特系統公司|埃爾比特]]之屬,並列其中<ref>{{引書|著=Mattei, Clara|題=Escape from Capitalism: An Intervention|出版=Simon & Schuster|歲=2026|頁=153|ISBN=978-1668085141}}</ref>。
== 體制 ==
夫先鋒之異於諸家者,蓋以本司為所管諸基金所有,而諸基金又為投資者所有<ref>{{引網|著=DiStefano, Joseph N.|址=https://www.inquirer.com/columnists/john-bogle-vanguard-scraps-plain-talk-no-profit-at-cost-20190207.html|題=Vanguard SEC Filings Drop 'At-Cost,' 'No Profit' Claims That Were Dear to Late Founder John Bogle|出版=The Philadelphia Inquirer|見=2019-10-04}}</ref>。故先鋒之真主,實天下投資者也,非外股東也。利歸於民,不歸於閥;權出於眾,不出於私。其基金多分二等:曰「投資者股」,曰「上將股」。上將股費率稍輕,入門資額較高,自三千及十萬美元不等<ref>{{引網|址=https://investor.vanguard.com/mutual-funds/admiral-shares|題=Admiral Shares Help Keep Your Costs Under Control|出版=Vanguard|日=2020-04-09}}</ref>。總部設於[[費城]]近郊瑪爾文,分號散布[[夏洛特 (北卡羅來納州)|夏洛特]]、[[達拉斯]]、[[華盛頓哥倫比亞特區|華府]]、[[斯科茨代爾]]諸地,旁及[[加拿大]]、[[澳大利亞]],東至[[亞細亞|亞洲]],西暨[[歐羅巴|歐陸]]<ref>{{引網|址=https://www.ft.com/content/74b8a59b-d596-46fa-83fd-e3702d057581|題=The Vanguard Group: Global Operations|出版=Financial Times|見=2025-12-13}}</ref>。
== 贊煙之譏 ==
二〇二一年三月,先鋒從七十餘資產管理公司之約,誓使旗下諸企於二〇六〇年達[[淨零排放|淨零之境]],與[[巴黎協定]]相應<ref>{{引網|址=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-climate-change-investors-idUSKBN2BL0AX|題=Investors BlackRock, Vanguard join net zero effort|出版=Reuters|日=2021-03-29}}</ref>。然同歲所統之資中,仍有助[[化石燃料|煤油之產]]、促氣候之變者;如智利之ENAP Sipetrol、[[中國石油天然氣集團公司|中國石油]]、Petroamazonas之屬,並列其中<ref name=":0">{{引網|著=Peterson, Laura|址=https://amazonwatch.org/assets/files/2021-investing-in-amazon-crude-ii.pdf|題=Investing in Amazon Crude II|出版=Amazon Watch|日=2021-06-01}}</ref>。
是歲,先鋒投煤業者至少八百六十億美元,居天下之首<ref>{{引網|址=https://www.urgewald.org/en/medien/groundbreaking-research-reveals-financiers-coal-industry|題=Groundbreaking Research Reveals the Financiers of the Coal Industry|出版=Urgewald e.V.|見=2022-09-03}}</ref>;投[[亞馬遜雨林]]內石油諸企者,債二十六億,股九十六億焉<ref name=":0"/>。誓淨零於前,資煙煤於後;前言後行,相違遠甚,識者議焉。
== 參見 ==
* [[共同基金]]
* [[指數基金]]
* [[交易所交易基金]]
* [[貝萊德]]
* [[道富集團]]
* [[約翰柏格]]
== 注釋 ==
{{reflist}}
== 它典 ==
* 先鋒集團 https://www.vanguard.com
[[Category:美國史]]
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'''先鋒集團'''(英語:'''The Vanguard Group, Inc.'''),泰西投資之雄、寰宇指數之祖也。一九七五年五月朔,[[約翰柏格]]肇基於[[賓夕法尼亞|賓州]]瑪爾文之地<ref name=AboutVang>{{引網|址=https://corporate.vanguard.com/content/corporatesite/us/en/corp/who-we-are/sets-us-apart/facts-and-figures.html|題=Fast Facts About Vanguard|出版=The Vanguard Group, Inc.|見=2025-04-12}}</ref>。創於受黜之餘,立於眾笑之中。歷四十餘載,統籌之資逾一十二萬億美元。冠絕[[共同基金]]之林,亞於[[貝萊德]][[安碩]]之列<ref>{{引網|址=http://www.etf.com/sections/etf-league-tables.html|題=ETF League Tables|出版=ETF.com|見=2017-03-22}}</ref>。與貝萊德、[[道富集團|道富]]鼎峙,世號「指數三雄」<ref>{{引刊|著=Bebchuk, Lucian; Hirst, Scott|題=Index Funds and the Future of Corporate Governance: Theory, Evidence, and Policy|刊=[[Columbia Law Review]]|卷=119|期=8|頁=2029–2146|歲=2019|址=https://columbialawreview.org/content/index-funds-and-the-future-of-corporate-governance-theory-evidence-and-policy/}}</ref>。業兼資產之理、財富之治,制秉客戶共有之奇。下啟散戶之門,上易華爾街之舊。費率至輕,當世罕匹。
== 沿革 ==
=== 肇始 ===
[[File:Photo of a John C. Bogle By Bill Cramer.jpg|thumb|約翰柏格於二〇〇七年]]
柏氏者,[[普林斯頓大學|普林斯頓]]之俊彥也。一九五一年,撰學位之論,徧考基金之績<ref>{{引網|著=Armbruster, Mark|址=http://www.armbrustercapital.com/wp-content/uploads/2017/02/Comparing-Index-Mutual-Funds-10-14-2016.pdf|題=Comparing index mutual funds and active managers|出版=Rochester Business Journal|日=2016-10-14}}</ref>。乃悟主動之眾,多遜大盤之指;雖偶有勝出,亦為管費所噬<ref>{{引網|著=MacBride, Elizabeth|址=https://www.cnbc.com/2015/10/14/jack-bogle-follow-these-4-investing-rules-ignore-the-rest.html|題=Jack Bogle: Follow these 4 investing rules—ignore the rest|出版=CNBC|日=2015-10-14}}</ref>。指數之念,潛萌於少年之心;異日之機,已伏於蕘者之論。
既卒業,入[[威靈頓基金管理公司|威靈頓]]為僚<ref name=thinking>{{引網|著=Ferri, Rick|址=https://www.forbes.com/sites/rickferri/2014/02/10/what-was-john-bogle-thinking/|題=What Was John Bogle Thinking?|出版=Forbes|日=2014-02-10}}</ref>。由小吏而陞大員,自下流而躋上席。一九六七年為總裁,一九七〇年掌大計。然嘗主一併購,事敗而謗興,一九七四年遂遭黜逐<ref name=thinking/>。柏氏自陳曰:「斯舉之失,可恥而難恕;皆由童騃自負,不察事實所致。然非此一挫,則無先鋒之興也。」<ref>{{引網|著=Boyle, Matthew|址=https://money.cnn.com/magazines/fortune/fortune_archive/2007/12/24/101939724/index.htm|題=Be prepared for a lot of bumps|出版=Fortune|日=2007-12-17}}</ref>知者謂柏氏之厄,天所以玉成之者也。
=== 命名之由 ===
柏氏既被斥,乃於威靈頓內闢別部以自立。會古版書賈遺以《大不列顛海戰圖譜》一卷。展卷至[[尼羅河口海戰]]之章,覩[[納爾遜]]率[[皇家海軍|皇家艦隊]],殲法艦於水陸之交。獨損巡防一艘,幾沉敵之全師<ref>{{引網|著=Reklaitis, Victor|址=http://www.marketwatch.com/story/5-things-you-dont-know-about-vanguard-2014-10-31|題=5 things you don't know about Vanguard|出版=MarketWatch|日=2014-12-22}}</ref>。柏氏感其捷,乃取納爾遜旗艦之名「先鋒」(HMS ''Vanguard'')以名其業<ref>{{引書|著=Bogle, John C.|題=John Bogle on Investing: The First 50 Years|出版=John Wiley & Sons|歲=2015|頁=224|ISBN=978-1-119-08836-3}}</ref>。威靈頓諸老初有難色。柏氏告以「Vanguard」與「Wellington」於字典之中相鄰,可並陳而列之,諸老乃首肯之<ref name=firstindex>{{引網|址=http://www.bfjlaward.com/pdf/25975/42-59_bogle_jpm_0918.pdf|題=Lightning Strikes: The Creation of Vanguard, the First Index Mutual Fund, and the Revolution It Spawned|出版=Bogle Financial Markets Research Center|日=1997-04-01}}</ref>。名雖出於偶然,意實合於拓荒。
=== 草創 ===
威靈頓諸老禁先鋒涉諮議與管理之業<ref name=firstindex/>。柏氏因勢順為,思建被動之基,附驥於[[標準普爾五百指數|標普五百指數]]之後<ref name=tooworried>{{引網|著=Sommer, Jeff|址=https://www.nytimes.com/2012/08/12/business/john-bogle-vanguards-founder-is-too-worried-to-rest.html|題=A Mutual Fund Master, Too Worried to Rest|出版=The New York Times|日=2012-08-11}}</ref>。又得後膺[[諾貝爾經濟學獎]]之[[薩繆爾森]]為援。薩氏嘗於一九七六年八月《[[新聞週刊]]》撰文,謂散戶當有附指數而投之機<ref>{{引網|著=Mihm, Stephen|址=https://www.bloomberg.com/view/articles/2016-09-06/how-index-funds-prevailed|題=How Index Funds Prevailed|出版=Bloomberg|日=2016-09-06}}</ref>。
是年,得董事會之准,柏氏乃立「第一指數投資信託」,即今之[[先鋒五百指數基金]]也<ref>{{引網|著=Culloton, Dan|址=http://news.morningstar.com/articlenet/article.aspx?id=390749|題=A Brief History of Indexing|出版=Morningstar|日=2011-08-09}}</ref>。其先創指數之基者,有[[傑里米·格蘭瑟姆|格蘭瑟姆]]之Batterymarch於波士頓,有[[雷克斯·辛克菲爾德|辛克菲爾德]]之American National Bank於芝加哥,有麥誇恩之[[富國銀行]]於三藩<ref>{{引書|著=Fox, Justin|題=The myth of the rational market: a history of risk, reward, and delusion on Wall Street|出版=Harper Business|歲=2011|ISBN=978-0-06-059903-4}}</ref>。然皆以機構為的;以散戶為對象、廣傳於庶民者,先鋒實開其端。
初發之際,眾望募一億五千萬,僅獲一千一百萬而已<ref>{{引網|著=Bogle, John; Rafalaf, Andrew|址=https://money.cnn.com/magazines/fsb/fsb_archive/2002/10/01/330578/index.htm|題=A Wall Street Revolution|出版=Fortune|日=2002-10-01}}</ref>。承銷諸行勸柏氏罷議,柏氏弗從。時先鋒之眾,惟柏氏與分析二員。基金不付佣於經紀,商賈不樂為之售;所積甚遲,期年難滿。歲未周年,資不過一千七百萬。會威靈頓所轄一基金將併他基,柏氏說以併入指數基金,遂驟躍至近一億焉<ref name=firstindex/><ref name=tooworried/>。出師雖蹇,胎動已具勝兆。
=== 拓業 ===
一九八二年之後,[[牛市|騰湧之勢]]既起,指數之術漸為他家所效。然彼類者收費過昂,反失指數之本意。一九八四年十一月,與[[Primecap]]合創先鋒Primecap基金<ref>{{引網|著=Norton, Leslie P.|址=https://www.barrons.com/articles/primecap-in-the-spotlight-1460174680|題=Primecap in the Spotlight|出版=Barron's|見=2023-08-19}}</ref>。一九八六年十二月,創總債券基金,乃零售投資者所得之首支債券指數基金也<ref>{{引書|著=Bogle, John C.|題=The Clash of the Cultures: Investment vs. Speculation|出版=John Wiley & Sons|歲=2012|ISBN=9781118238219}}</ref>。或譏第一指數基金止隨標普五百,所及過狹。一九八七年十二月,乃創「擴展市場指數基金」,盡羅標普五百之外諸股<ref>{{引網|址=https://uk.finance.yahoo.com/news/quick-guide-vanguard-extended-market-130901563.html|題=Quick Guide to Vanguard Extended Market Index Investor Fund|出版=Yahoo Finance|日=2016-03-04}}</ref>。其後五年,小型有基,國際有基,總市有指。皆取分散之術,咸行低費之政。
九十年代,所出愈繁。先鋒五百與總市指數諸基,躋身寰宇之最大;先鋒亦冠絕共同基金之林<ref>{{引書|著=Godin, Seth|題=If You're Clueless about Mutual Funds and Want to Know More|出版=Dearborn Financial Publishing|歲=1997|頁=98|ISBN=9780793125548}}</ref>。一九九五年,[[約翰·內夫|內夫]]退隱於Windsor基金。其執掌三十年,歲均勝標普五百三百基點,世稱善理財者也<ref>{{引網|著=DiStefano, Joseph|址=https://www.inquirer.com/business/john-neff-obituary-vanguard-windsor-funds-university-pennsylvania-endowment-fidelity-20190605.html|題=Brilliant stock picker John Neff, who ran Vanguard's Windsor Fund|出版=The Philadelphia Inquirer|日=2019-06-05}}</ref>。
=== 嬗替 ===
一九九九年,柏氏屆懸車之年,依制退為閒職,由[[約翰·布倫南|布倫南]]繼之<ref>{{引網|著=Costello, Martine|址=https://money.cnn.com/1999/08/12/mutualfunds/funds_vanguard/|題=Vanguard's Bogle retires|出版=CNN|日=1999-08-12}}</ref>。二〇〇八年二月,麥納布為總裁;同歲八月,遂掌首席執事之印<ref>{{引網|址=https://www.forbes.com/2008/02/22/vanguard-mcnabb-brennan-face-markets-cx_pm_0222autofacescan02.html|題=McNabb To Succeed Brennan at Vanguard|出版=Forbes|日=2008-02-22}}</ref>。柏氏之後,諸繼者皆拓業於指數之外,廣涉[[交易所交易基金|上市指數基金]]與主動管理之基<ref>{{引網|址=https://investor.vanguard.com/index-funds/index-vs-active|題=Index funds vs. actively managed funds|出版=Vanguard|見=2020-05-19}}</ref>。柏氏於上市指數基金頗有所疑:其雖宜長線之持,恐害於買賣之差;雖便日中之交,又虞於朝暮之易<ref>{{引網|著=Benz, Christine|址=https://www.morningstar.com/articles/355645/bogle-buy-and-hold-dont-trade-etfs|題=Bogle: Buy and Hold, Don't Trade ETFs|出版=Morningstar|歲=2010}}</ref>。柏氏一生,倡守持之道,戒投機之習。門人拓業雖廣,本心始終如一。
二〇一七年五月,立基金平台於[[英國|不列顛]]<ref>{{引網|著=Ricketts, David|址=https://www.fnlondon.com/articles/vanguard-goes-direct-to-man-on-the-street-in-new-price-war-20170516|題=Hargreaves hit as Vanguard goes direct to man on the street|出版=Financial News London|日=2017-05-16}}</ref>。同歲七月,公議以首席投資長[[蒂姆·巴克利|巴克利]]繼麥納布之任。二〇一八年正月就職,麥氏退居董事會之首<ref>{{引網|著=Smith, Peter|址=https://www.ft.com/content/646dd648-67d2-11e7-8526-7b38dcaef614|題=Tim Buckley to succeed Bill McNabb as Vanguard chief|出版=Financial Times|日=2017-07-13}}</ref>。
二〇二〇年,創數位諮詢之業,並籌投資之團於[[中國]]<ref>{{引網|著=Wigglesworth, Robin; Henderson, Richard|址=https://www.ft.com/content/9414052a-3142-11ea-9703-eea0cae3f0de|題=Vanguard and the US financial system: too big to be healthy?|出版=Financial Times|日=2020-01-12}}</ref>。同歲十月,慮乎法度之嚴、人事之繁、利潤之薄,遂退還在華所管之資二百一十億美元於官資<ref>{{引網|址=https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2020-10-09/vanguard-returns-21-billion-in-assets-to-china-s-state-funds|題=Vanguard Returns $21 Billion in Assets to China State Funds|出版=Bloomberg|日=2020-10-09}}</ref>。其後[[繁榮美國聯盟]]起而劾之,謂先鋒乃美元入華軍工與犯人權諸企之管道<ref>{{引網|著=Kynge, James; Sevastopulo, Demetri; Lockett, Hudson|址=https://www.ft.com/content/a37c6b7c-bec1-457b-8125-a3dbe2a8a275|題=Vanguard funds invest in China military groups, report says|出版=Financial Times|日=2023-10-12}}</ref>。
二〇二一年二月,始行碎股之計,散戶以一美元之微,亦得入上市指數基金之門<ref>{{引網|著=Lucchetti, Aaron|址=https://www.wsj.com/articles/SB945730607441550739|題=E-Tailers Allow Buyers to Add Fund Investments to Carts|出版=The Wall Street Journal|日=1999-12-22}}</ref>。二〇二二年十一月,於[[澳洲]]設「先鋒退休金」之業<ref>{{引網|址=https://www.smh.com.au/money/super-and-retirement/us-giant-looks-to-shake-up-australia-s-3-3-trillion-super-sector-with-low-fee-products-20221110-p5bx76.html|題=Vanguard looks to shake up Australia's $3.3 trillion super sector with low-fee products|出版=The Sydney Morning Herald|日=2022-11-11}}</ref>。
二〇二四年五月,公議聘[[貝萊德]]宿將拉姆吉繼巴克利為新首席執事,七月就職;乃先鋒外姓之首掌大計者也<ref>{{引網|著=Brush, Silla|址=https://www.bnnbloomberg.ca/vanguard-appoints-blackrock-veteran-salim-ramji-as-next-ceo-1.2073003|題=Vanguard Appoints BlackRock Veteran Salim Ramji as Next CEO|出版=BNN Bloomberg|日=2024-05-14}}</ref><ref>{{引網|著=Godbout, Ted|址=https://www.napa-net.org/news-info/daily-news/ramji-takes-helm-vanguard-ceo|題=Ramji Takes the Helm as Vanguard CEO|出版=National Association of Plan Advisors|日=2024-07-08}}</ref>。
二〇二五年,[[聯合國]]報告列資本之與[[以色列|以]]戰[[加沙地帶|加沙]]者,先鋒在焉<ref>{{引網|著=Marsi, Federica|址=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2025/7/1/un-report-lists-companies-complicit-in-israels-genocide-who-are-they|題=UN report lists companies complicit in Israel's "genocide": Who are they?|出版=Al Jazeera|日=2025-07-01}}</ref><ref>{{引網|著=Borger, Julian|址=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2025/jul/03/global-firms-profiting-israel-genocide-gaza-united-nations-rapporteur|題=Global firms 'profiting from genocide' in Gaza, says UN rapporteur|出版=The Guardian|日=2025-07-03}}</ref>。其所投之企,多有助以軍備者;[[卡特彼勒公司|卡特彼勒]]、[[雪佛龍]]、[[帕蘭提爾]]、[[洛克希德·馬丁]]、[[埃爾比特系統公司|埃爾比特]]之屬,並列其中<ref>{{引書|著=Mattei, Clara|題=Escape from Capitalism: An Intervention|出版=Simon & Schuster|歲=2026|頁=153|ISBN=978-1668085141}}</ref>。
== 體制 ==
夫先鋒之異於諸家者,蓋以本司為所管諸基金所有,而諸基金又為投資者所有<ref>{{引網|著=DiStefano, Joseph N.|址=https://www.inquirer.com/columnists/john-bogle-vanguard-scraps-plain-talk-no-profit-at-cost-20190207.html|題=Vanguard SEC Filings Drop 'At-Cost,' 'No Profit' Claims That Were Dear to Late Founder John Bogle|出版=The Philadelphia Inquirer|見=2019-10-04}}</ref>。故先鋒之真主,實天下投資者也,非外股東也。利歸於民,不歸於閥;權出於眾,不出於私。其基金多分二等:曰「投資者股」,曰「上將股」。上將股費率稍輕,入門資額較高,自三千及十萬美元不等<ref>{{引網|址=https://investor.vanguard.com/mutual-funds/admiral-shares|題=Admiral Shares Help Keep Your Costs Under Control|出版=Vanguard|日=2020-04-09}}</ref>。總部設於[[費城]]近郊瑪爾文,分號散布[[夏洛特 (北卡羅來納州)|夏洛特]]、[[達拉斯]]、[[華盛頓哥倫比亞特區|華府]]、[[斯科茨代爾]]諸地,旁及[[加拿大]]、[[澳大利亞]],東至[[亞細亞|亞洲]],西暨[[歐羅巴|歐陸]]<ref>{{引網|址=https://www.ft.com/content/74b8a59b-d596-46fa-83fd-e3702d057581|題=The Vanguard Group: Global Operations|出版=Financial Times|見=2025-12-13}}</ref>。
== 贊煙之譏 ==
二〇二一年三月,先鋒從七十餘資產管理公司之約,誓使旗下諸企於二〇六〇年達[[淨零排放|淨零之境]],與[[巴黎協定]]相應<ref>{{引網|址=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-climate-change-investors-idUSKBN2BL0AX|題=Investors BlackRock, Vanguard join net zero effort|出版=Reuters|日=2021-03-29}}</ref>。然同歲所統之資中,仍有助[[化石燃料|煤油之產]]、促氣候之變者;如智利之ENAP Sipetrol、[[中國石油天然氣集團公司|中國石油]]、Petroamazonas之屬,並列其中<ref name=":0">{{引網|著=Peterson, Laura|址=https://amazonwatch.org/assets/files/2021-investing-in-amazon-crude-ii.pdf|題=Investing in Amazon Crude II|出版=Amazon Watch|日=2021-06-01}}</ref>。
是歲,先鋒投煤業者至少八百六十億美元,居天下之首<ref>{{引網|址=https://www.urgewald.org/en/medien/groundbreaking-research-reveals-financiers-coal-industry|題=Groundbreaking Research Reveals the Financiers of the Coal Industry|出版=Urgewald e.V.|見=2022-09-03}}</ref>;投[[亞馬遜雨林]]內石油諸企者,債二十六億,股九十六億焉<ref name=":0"/>。誓淨零於前,資煙煤於後;前言後行,相違遠甚,識者議焉。
== 參見 ==
* [[共同基金]]
* [[指數基金]]
* [[交易所交易基金]]
* [[貝萊德]]
* [[道富集團]]
* [[約翰柏格]]
== 注釋 ==
{{reflist}}
== 它典 ==
* 先鋒集團 https://www.vanguard.com
[[Category:美國史]]
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'''先鋒集團'''(英語:'''The Vanguard Group, Inc.'''),泰西投資之雄、寰宇指數之祖也。一九七五年五月朔,[[約翰柏格]]肇基於[[賓夕法尼亞|賓州]]瑪爾文之地<ref name=AboutVang>{{引網|址=https://corporate.vanguard.com/content/corporatesite/us/en/corp/who-we-are/sets-us-apart/facts-and-figures.html|題=Fast Facts About Vanguard|出版=The Vanguard Group, Inc.|見=2025-04-12}}</ref>。創於受黜之餘,立於眾笑之中。歷四十餘載,統籌之資逾一十二萬億美元。冠絕[[共同基金]]之林,亞於[[貝萊德]][[安碩]]之列<ref>{{引網|址=http://www.etf.com/sections/etf-league-tables.html|題=ETF League Tables|出版=ETF.com|見=2017-03-22}}</ref>。與貝萊德、[[道富集團|道富]]鼎峙,世號「指數三雄」<ref>{{引刊|著=Bebchuk, Lucian; Hirst, Scott|題=Index Funds and the Future of Corporate Governance: Theory, Evidence, and Policy|刊=[[Columbia Law Review]]|卷=119|期=8|頁=2029–2146|歲=2019|址=https://columbialawreview.org/content/index-funds-and-the-future-of-corporate-governance-theory-evidence-and-policy/}}</ref>。業兼資產之理、財富之治,制秉客戶共有之奇。下啟散戶之門,上易華爾街之舊。費率至輕,當世罕匹。
== 沿革 ==
=== 肇始 ===
[[File:Photo of a John C. Bogle By Bill Cramer.jpg|thumb|約翰柏格於二〇〇七年]]
約翰柏格者,[[普林斯頓大學|普林斯頓]]之俊彥也。一九五一年,撰學位之論,徧考基金之績<ref>{{引網|著=Armbruster, Mark|址=http://www.armbrustercapital.com/wp-content/uploads/2017/02/Comparing-Index-Mutual-Funds-10-14-2016.pdf|題=Comparing index mutual funds and active managers|出版=Rochester Business Journal|日=2016-10-14}}</ref>。乃悟主動之眾,多遜大盤之指;雖偶有勝出,亦為管費所噬<ref>{{引網|著=MacBride, Elizabeth|址=https://www.cnbc.com/2015/10/14/jack-bogle-follow-these-4-investing-rules-ignore-the-rest.html|題=Jack Bogle: Follow these 4 investing rules—ignore the rest|出版=CNBC|日=2015-10-14}}</ref>。指數之念,潛萌於少年之心;異日之機,已伏於蕘者之論。
既卒業,入[[威靈頓基金管理公司|威靈頓]]為僚<ref name=thinking>{{引網|著=Ferri, Rick|址=https://www.forbes.com/sites/rickferri/2014/02/10/what-was-john-bogle-thinking/|題=What Was John Bogle Thinking?|出版=Forbes|日=2014-02-10}}</ref>。由小吏而陞大員,自下流而躋上席。一九六七年為總裁,一九七〇年掌大計。然嘗主一併購,事敗而謗興,一九七四年遂遭黜逐<ref name=thinking/>。柏氏自陳曰:「斯舉之失,可恥而難恕;皆由童騃自負,不察事實所致。然非此一挫,則無先鋒之興也。」<ref>{{引網|著=Boyle, Matthew|址=https://money.cnn.com/magazines/fortune/fortune_archive/2007/12/24/101939724/index.htm|題=Be prepared for a lot of bumps|出版=Fortune|日=2007-12-17}}</ref>知者謂柏氏之厄,天所以玉成之者也。
=== 命名之由 ===
柏氏既被斥,乃於威靈頓內闢別部以自立。會古版書賈遺以《大不列顛海戰圖譜》一卷。展卷至[[尼羅河口海戰]]之章,覩[[納爾遜]]率[[皇家海軍|皇家艦隊]],殲法艦於水陸之交。獨損巡防一艘,幾沉敵之全師<ref>{{引網|著=Reklaitis, Victor|址=http://www.marketwatch.com/story/5-things-you-dont-know-about-vanguard-2014-10-31|題=5 things you don't know about Vanguard|出版=MarketWatch|日=2014-12-22}}</ref>。柏氏感其捷,乃取納爾遜旗艦之名「先鋒」(HMS ''Vanguard'')以名其業<ref>{{引書|著=Bogle, John C.|題=John Bogle on Investing: The First 50 Years|出版=John Wiley & Sons|歲=2015|頁=224|ISBN=978-1-119-08836-3}}</ref>。威靈頓諸老初有難色。柏氏告以「Vanguard」與「Wellington」於字典之中相鄰,可並陳而列之,諸老乃首肯之<ref name=firstindex>{{引網|址=http://www.bfjlaward.com/pdf/25975/42-59_bogle_jpm_0918.pdf|題=Lightning Strikes: The Creation of Vanguard, the First Index Mutual Fund, and the Revolution It Spawned|出版=Bogle Financial Markets Research Center|日=1997-04-01}}</ref>。名雖出於偶然,意實合於拓荒。
=== 草創 ===
威靈頓諸老禁先鋒涉諮議與管理之業<ref name=firstindex/>。柏氏因勢順為,思建被動之基,附驥於[[標準普爾五百指數|標普五百指數]]之後<ref name=tooworried>{{引網|著=Sommer, Jeff|址=https://www.nytimes.com/2012/08/12/business/john-bogle-vanguards-founder-is-too-worried-to-rest.html|題=A Mutual Fund Master, Too Worried to Rest|出版=The New York Times|日=2012-08-11}}</ref>。又得後膺[[諾貝爾經濟學獎]]之[[薩繆爾森]]為援。薩氏嘗於一九七六年八月《[[新聞週刊]]》撰文,謂散戶當有附指數而投之機<ref>{{引網|著=Mihm, Stephen|址=https://www.bloomberg.com/view/articles/2016-09-06/how-index-funds-prevailed|題=How Index Funds Prevailed|出版=Bloomberg|日=2016-09-06}}</ref>。
是年,得董事會之准,柏氏乃立「第一指數投資信託」,即今之[[先鋒五百指數基金]]也<ref>{{引網|著=Culloton, Dan|址=http://news.morningstar.com/articlenet/article.aspx?id=390749|題=A Brief History of Indexing|出版=Morningstar|日=2011-08-09}}</ref>。其先創指數之基者,有[[傑里米·格蘭瑟姆|格蘭瑟姆]]之Batterymarch於波士頓,有[[雷克斯·辛克菲爾德|辛克菲爾德]]之American National Bank於芝加哥,有麥誇恩之[[富國銀行]]於三藩<ref>{{引書|著=Fox, Justin|題=The myth of the rational market: a history of risk, reward, and delusion on Wall Street|出版=Harper Business|歲=2011|ISBN=978-0-06-059903-4}}</ref>。然皆以機構為的;以散戶為對象、廣傳於庶民者,先鋒實開其端。
初發之際,眾望募一億五千萬,僅獲一千一百萬而已<ref>{{引網|著=Bogle, John; Rafalaf, Andrew|址=https://money.cnn.com/magazines/fsb/fsb_archive/2002/10/01/330578/index.htm|題=A Wall Street Revolution|出版=Fortune|日=2002-10-01}}</ref>。承銷諸行勸柏氏罷議,柏氏弗從。時先鋒之眾,惟柏氏與分析二員。基金不付佣於經紀,商賈不樂為之售;所積甚遲,期年難滿。歲未周年,資不過一千七百萬。會威靈頓所轄一基金將併他基,柏氏說以併入指數基金,遂驟躍至近一億焉<ref name=firstindex/><ref name=tooworried/>。出師雖蹇,胎動已具勝兆。
=== 拓業 ===
一九八二年之後,[[牛市|騰湧之勢]]既起,指數之術漸為他家所效。然彼類者收費過昂,反失指數之本意。一九八四年十一月,與[[Primecap]]合創先鋒Primecap基金<ref>{{引網|著=Norton, Leslie P.|址=https://www.barrons.com/articles/primecap-in-the-spotlight-1460174680|題=Primecap in the Spotlight|出版=Barron's|見=2023-08-19}}</ref>。一九八六年十二月,創總債券基金,乃零售投資者所得之首支債券指數基金也<ref>{{引書|著=Bogle, John C.|題=The Clash of the Cultures: Investment vs. Speculation|出版=John Wiley & Sons|歲=2012|ISBN=9781118238219}}</ref>。或譏第一指數基金止隨標普五百,所及過狹。一九八七年十二月,乃創「擴展市場指數基金」,盡羅標普五百之外諸股<ref>{{引網|址=https://uk.finance.yahoo.com/news/quick-guide-vanguard-extended-market-130901563.html|題=Quick Guide to Vanguard Extended Market Index Investor Fund|出版=Yahoo Finance|日=2016-03-04}}</ref>。其後五年,小型有基,國際有基,總市有指。皆取分散之術,咸行低費之政。
九十年代,所出愈繁。先鋒五百與總市指數諸基,躋身寰宇之最大;先鋒亦冠絕共同基金之林<ref>{{引書|著=Godin, Seth|題=If You're Clueless about Mutual Funds and Want to Know More|出版=Dearborn Financial Publishing|歲=1997|頁=98|ISBN=9780793125548}}</ref>。一九九五年,[[約翰·內夫|內夫]]退隱於Windsor基金。其執掌三十年,歲均勝標普五百三百基點,世稱善理財者也<ref>{{引網|著=DiStefano, Joseph|址=https://www.inquirer.com/business/john-neff-obituary-vanguard-windsor-funds-university-pennsylvania-endowment-fidelity-20190605.html|題=Brilliant stock picker John Neff, who ran Vanguard's Windsor Fund|出版=The Philadelphia Inquirer|日=2019-06-05}}</ref>。
=== 嬗替 ===
一九九九年,柏氏屆懸車之年,依制退為閒職,由[[約翰·布倫南|布倫南]]繼之<ref>{{引網|著=Costello, Martine|址=https://money.cnn.com/1999/08/12/mutualfunds/funds_vanguard/|題=Vanguard's Bogle retires|出版=CNN|日=1999-08-12}}</ref>。二〇〇八年二月,麥納布為總裁;同歲八月,遂掌首席執事之印<ref>{{引網|址=https://www.forbes.com/2008/02/22/vanguard-mcnabb-brennan-face-markets-cx_pm_0222autofacescan02.html|題=McNabb To Succeed Brennan at Vanguard|出版=Forbes|日=2008-02-22}}</ref>。柏氏之後,諸繼者皆拓業於指數之外,廣涉[[交易所交易基金|上市指數基金]]與主動管理之基<ref>{{引網|址=https://investor.vanguard.com/index-funds/index-vs-active|題=Index funds vs. actively managed funds|出版=Vanguard|見=2020-05-19}}</ref>。柏氏於上市指數基金頗有所疑:其雖宜長線之持,恐害於買賣之差;雖便日中之交,又虞於朝暮之易<ref>{{引網|著=Benz, Christine|址=https://www.morningstar.com/articles/355645/bogle-buy-and-hold-dont-trade-etfs|題=Bogle: Buy and Hold, Don't Trade ETFs|出版=Morningstar|歲=2010}}</ref>。柏氏一生,倡守持之道,戒投機之習。門人拓業雖廣,本心始終如一。
二〇一七年五月,立基金平台於[[英國|不列顛]]<ref>{{引網|著=Ricketts, David|址=https://www.fnlondon.com/articles/vanguard-goes-direct-to-man-on-the-street-in-new-price-war-20170516|題=Hargreaves hit as Vanguard goes direct to man on the street|出版=Financial News London|日=2017-05-16}}</ref>。同歲七月,公議以首席投資長[[蒂姆·巴克利|巴克利]]繼麥納布之任。二〇一八年正月就職,麥氏退居董事會之首<ref>{{引網|著=Smith, Peter|址=https://www.ft.com/content/646dd648-67d2-11e7-8526-7b38dcaef614|題=Tim Buckley to succeed Bill McNabb as Vanguard chief|出版=Financial Times|日=2017-07-13}}</ref>。
二〇二〇年,創數位諮詢之業,並籌投資之團於[[中國]]<ref>{{引網|著=Wigglesworth, Robin; Henderson, Richard|址=https://www.ft.com/content/9414052a-3142-11ea-9703-eea0cae3f0de|題=Vanguard and the US financial system: too big to be healthy?|出版=Financial Times|日=2020-01-12}}</ref>。同歲十月,慮乎法度之嚴、人事之繁、利潤之薄,遂退還在華所管之資二百一十億美元於官資<ref>{{引網|址=https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2020-10-09/vanguard-returns-21-billion-in-assets-to-china-s-state-funds|題=Vanguard Returns $21 Billion in Assets to China State Funds|出版=Bloomberg|日=2020-10-09}}</ref>。其後[[繁榮美國聯盟]]起而劾之,謂先鋒乃美元入華軍工與犯人權諸企之管道<ref>{{引網|著=Kynge, James; Sevastopulo, Demetri; Lockett, Hudson|址=https://www.ft.com/content/a37c6b7c-bec1-457b-8125-a3dbe2a8a275|題=Vanguard funds invest in China military groups, report says|出版=Financial Times|日=2023-10-12}}</ref>。
二〇二一年二月,始行碎股之計,散戶以一美元之微,亦得入上市指數基金之門<ref>{{引網|著=Lucchetti, Aaron|址=https://www.wsj.com/articles/SB945730607441550739|題=E-Tailers Allow Buyers to Add Fund Investments to Carts|出版=The Wall Street Journal|日=1999-12-22}}</ref>。二〇二二年十一月,於[[澳洲]]設「先鋒退休金」之業<ref>{{引網|址=https://www.smh.com.au/money/super-and-retirement/us-giant-looks-to-shake-up-australia-s-3-3-trillion-super-sector-with-low-fee-products-20221110-p5bx76.html|題=Vanguard looks to shake up Australia's $3.3 trillion super sector with low-fee products|出版=The Sydney Morning Herald|日=2022-11-11}}</ref>。
二〇二四年五月,公議聘[[貝萊德]]宿將拉姆吉繼巴克利為新首席執事,七月就職;乃先鋒外姓之首掌大計者也<ref>{{引網|著=Brush, Silla|址=https://www.bnnbloomberg.ca/vanguard-appoints-blackrock-veteran-salim-ramji-as-next-ceo-1.2073003|題=Vanguard Appoints BlackRock Veteran Salim Ramji as Next CEO|出版=BNN Bloomberg|日=2024-05-14}}</ref><ref>{{引網|著=Godbout, Ted|址=https://www.napa-net.org/news-info/daily-news/ramji-takes-helm-vanguard-ceo|題=Ramji Takes the Helm as Vanguard CEO|出版=National Association of Plan Advisors|日=2024-07-08}}</ref>。
二〇二五年,[[聯合國]]報告列資本之與[[以色列|以]]戰[[加沙地帶|加沙]]者,先鋒在焉<ref>{{引網|著=Marsi, Federica|址=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2025/7/1/un-report-lists-companies-complicit-in-israels-genocide-who-are-they|題=UN report lists companies complicit in Israel's "genocide": Who are they?|出版=Al Jazeera|日=2025-07-01}}</ref><ref>{{引網|著=Borger, Julian|址=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2025/jul/03/global-firms-profiting-israel-genocide-gaza-united-nations-rapporteur|題=Global firms 'profiting from genocide' in Gaza, says UN rapporteur|出版=The Guardian|日=2025-07-03}}</ref>。其所投之企,多有助以軍備者;[[卡特彼勒公司|卡特彼勒]]、[[雪佛龍]]、[[帕蘭提爾]]、[[洛克希德·馬丁]]、[[埃爾比特系統公司|埃爾比特]]之屬,並列其中<ref>{{引書|著=Mattei, Clara|題=Escape from Capitalism: An Intervention|出版=Simon & Schuster|歲=2026|頁=153|ISBN=978-1668085141}}</ref>。
== 體制 ==
夫先鋒之異於諸家者,蓋以本司為所管諸基金所有,而諸基金又為投資者所有<ref>{{引網|著=DiStefano, Joseph N.|址=https://www.inquirer.com/columnists/john-bogle-vanguard-scraps-plain-talk-no-profit-at-cost-20190207.html|題=Vanguard SEC Filings Drop 'At-Cost,' 'No Profit' Claims That Were Dear to Late Founder John Bogle|出版=The Philadelphia Inquirer|見=2019-10-04}}</ref>。故先鋒之真主,實天下投資者也,非外股東也。利歸於民,不歸於閥;權出於眾,不出於私。其基金多分二等:曰「投資者股」,曰「上將股」。上將股費率稍輕,入門資額較高,自三千及十萬美元不等<ref>{{引網|址=https://investor.vanguard.com/mutual-funds/admiral-shares|題=Admiral Shares Help Keep Your Costs Under Control|出版=Vanguard|日=2020-04-09}}</ref>。總部設於[[費城]]近郊瑪爾文,分號散布[[夏洛特 (北卡羅來納州)|夏洛特]]、[[達拉斯]]、[[華盛頓哥倫比亞特區|華府]]、[[斯科茨代爾]]諸地,旁及[[加拿大]]、[[澳大利亞]],東至[[亞細亞|亞洲]],西暨[[歐羅巴|歐陸]]<ref>{{引網|址=https://www.ft.com/content/74b8a59b-d596-46fa-83fd-e3702d057581|題=The Vanguard Group: Global Operations|出版=Financial Times|見=2025-12-13}}</ref>。
== 贊煙之譏 ==
二〇二一年三月,先鋒從七十餘資產管理公司之約,誓使旗下諸企於二〇六〇年達[[淨零排放|淨零之境]],與[[巴黎協定]]相應<ref>{{引網|址=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-climate-change-investors-idUSKBN2BL0AX|題=Investors BlackRock, Vanguard join net zero effort|出版=Reuters|日=2021-03-29}}</ref>。然同歲所統之資中,仍有助[[化石燃料|煤油之產]]、促氣候之變者;如智利之ENAP Sipetrol、[[中國石油天然氣集團公司|中國石油]]、Petroamazonas之屬,並列其中<ref name=":0">{{引網|著=Peterson, Laura|址=https://amazonwatch.org/assets/files/2021-investing-in-amazon-crude-ii.pdf|題=Investing in Amazon Crude II|出版=Amazon Watch|日=2021-06-01}}</ref>。
是歲,先鋒投煤業者至少八百六十億美元,居天下之首<ref>{{引網|址=https://www.urgewald.org/en/medien/groundbreaking-research-reveals-financiers-coal-industry|題=Groundbreaking Research Reveals the Financiers of the Coal Industry|出版=Urgewald e.V.|見=2022-09-03}}</ref>;投[[亞馬遜雨林]]內石油諸企者,債二十六億,股九十六億焉<ref name=":0"/>。誓淨零於前,資煙煤於後;前言後行,相違遠甚,識者議焉。
== 參見 ==
* [[共同基金]]
* [[指數基金]]
* [[交易所交易基金]]
* [[貝萊德]]
* [[道富集團]]
* [[約翰柏格]]
== 注釋 ==
{{reflist}}
== 它典 ==
* 先鋒集團 https://www.vanguard.com
[[Category:美國史]]
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'''先鋒集團'''{{按|英語:'''The Vanguard Group, Inc.'''}},[[泰西]]投資之雄、寰宇指數之祖也。西元[[一九七五年]]五月朔,[[約翰柏格]]肇基於[[賓夕法尼亞州|賓州]]瑪爾文之地<ref name=AboutVang>{{引網|址=https://corporate.vanguard.com/content/corporatesite/us/en/corp/who-we-are/sets-us-apart/facts-and-figures.html|題=Fast Facts About Vanguard|出版=The Vanguard Group, Inc.|見=2025-04-12}}</ref>。創於受黜之餘,立於眾笑之中。歷四十餘載,統籌之資逾一十二萬億[[美元]]。冠絕[[共同基金]]之林,亞於[[貝萊德]][[安碩]]之列<ref>{{引網|址=http://www.etf.com/sections/etf-league-tables.html|題=ETF League Tables|出版=ETF.com|見=2017-03-22}}</ref>。與貝萊德、[[道富集團|道富]]鼎峙,世號「指數三雄」<ref>{{引刊|著=Bebchuk, Lucian; Hirst, Scott|題=Index Funds and the Future of Corporate Governance: Theory, Evidence, and Policy|刊=[[Columbia Law Review]]|卷=119|期=8|頁=2029–2146|歲=2019|址=https://columbialawreview.org/content/index-funds-and-the-future-of-corporate-governance-theory-evidence-and-policy/}}</ref>。業兼資產之理、財富之治,制秉客戶共有之奇。下啟散戶之門,上易華爾街之舊。費率至輕,當世罕匹。
== 沿革 ==
=== 肇始 ===
[[File:Photo of a John C. Bogle By Bill Cramer.jpg|thumb|約翰柏格於[[二〇〇七年]]]]
約翰柏格者,[[普林斯頓大學|普林斯頓]]之俊彥也。[[一九五一年]],撰學位之論,徧考基金之績<ref>{{引網|著=Armbruster, Mark|址=http://www.armbrustercapital.com/wp-content/uploads/2017/02/Comparing-Index-Mutual-Funds-10-14-2016.pdf|題=Comparing index mutual funds and active managers|出版=Rochester Business Journal|日=2016-10-14}}</ref>。乃悟主動之眾,多遜大盤之指;雖偶有勝出,亦為管費所噬<ref>{{引網|著=MacBride, Elizabeth|址=https://www.cnbc.com/2015/10/14/jack-bogle-follow-these-4-investing-rules-ignore-the-rest.html|題=Jack Bogle: Follow these 4 investing rules—ignore the rest|出版=CNBC|日=2015-10-14}}</ref>。指數之念,潛萌於少年之心;異日之機,已伏於蕘者之論。
既卒業,入[[威靈頓基金管理公司|威靈頓]]為僚<ref name=thinking>{{引網|著=Ferri, Rick|址=https://www.forbes.com/sites/rickferri/2014/02/10/what-was-john-bogle-thinking/|題=What Was John Bogle Thinking?|出版=Forbes|日=2014-02-10}}</ref>。由小吏而陞大員,自下流而躋上席。[[一九六七年]]為總裁,[[一九七〇年]]掌大計。然嘗主一併購,事敗而謗興,[[一九七四年]]遂遭黜逐<ref name=thinking/>。柏氏自陳曰:「斯舉之失,可恥而難恕;皆由童騃自負,不察事實所致。然非此一挫,則無先鋒之興也。」<ref>{{引網|著=Boyle, Matthew|址=https://money.cnn.com/magazines/fortune/fortune_archive/2007/12/24/101939724/index.htm|題=Be prepared for a lot of bumps|出版=Fortune|日=2007-12-17}}</ref>知者謂柏氏之厄,天所以玉成之者也。
=== 命名之由 ===
柏氏既被斥,乃於威靈頓內闢別部以自立。會古版書賈遺以《[[大不列顛海戰圖譜]]》一卷。展卷至[[尼羅河口海戰]]之章,覩[[納爾遜]]率[[皇家海軍|皇家艦隊]],殲法艦於水陸之交。獨損巡防一艘,幾沉敵之全師<ref>{{引網|著=Reklaitis, Victor|址=http://www.marketwatch.com/story/5-things-you-dont-know-about-vanguard-2014-10-31|題=5 things you don't know about Vanguard|出版=MarketWatch|日=2014-12-22}}</ref>。柏氏感其捷,乃取納爾遜旗艦之名「先鋒」{{按|HMS ''Vanguard''}}以名其業<ref>{{引書|著=Bogle, John C.|題=John Bogle on Investing: The First 50 Years|出版=John Wiley & Sons|歲=2015|頁=224|ISBN=978-1-119-08836-3}}</ref>。威靈頓諸老初有難色。柏氏告以「Vanguard」與「Wellington」於字典之中相鄰,可並陳而列之,諸老乃首肯之<ref name=firstindex>{{引網|址=http://www.bfjlaward.com/pdf/25975/42-59_bogle_jpm_0918.pdf|題=Lightning Strikes: The Creation of Vanguard, the First Index Mutual Fund, and the Revolution It Spawned|出版=Bogle Financial Markets Research Center|日=1997-04-01}}</ref>。名雖出於偶然,意實合於拓荒。
=== 草創 ===
威靈頓諸老禁先鋒涉諮議與管理之業<ref name=firstindex/>。柏氏因勢順為,思建被動之基,附驥於[[標準普爾五百指數|標普五百指數]]之後<ref name=tooworried>{{引網|著=Sommer, Jeff|址=https://www.nytimes.com/2012/08/12/business/john-bogle-vanguards-founder-is-too-worried-to-rest.html|題=A Mutual Fund Master, Too Worried to Rest|出版=The New York Times|日=2012-08-11}}</ref>。又得後膺[[諾貝爾經濟學獎]]之[[薩繆爾森]]為援。薩氏嘗於[[一九七六年]]八月《[[新聞週刊]]》撰文,謂散戶當有附指數而投之機<ref>{{引網|著=Mihm, Stephen|址=https://www.bloomberg.com/view/articles/2016-09-06/how-index-funds-prevailed|題=How Index Funds Prevailed|出版=Bloomberg|日=2016-09-06}}</ref>。
是年,得董事會之准,柏氏乃立「第一指數投資信託」,即今之[[先鋒五百指數基金]]也<ref>{{引網|著=Culloton, Dan|址=http://news.morningstar.com/articlenet/article.aspx?id=390749|題=A Brief History of Indexing|出版=Morningstar|日=2011-08-09}}</ref>。其先創指數之基者,有[[傑里米·格蘭瑟姆|格蘭瑟姆]]之Batterymarch於[[波士頓]],有[[雷克斯·辛克菲爾德|辛克菲爾德]]之American National Bank於[[芝加哥]],有麥誇恩之[[富國銀行]]於[[舊金山|三藩]]<ref>{{引書|著=Fox, Justin|題=The myth of the rational market: a history of risk, reward, and delusion on Wall Street|出版=Harper Business|歲=2011|ISBN=978-0-06-059903-4}}</ref>。然皆以機構為的;以散戶為對象、廣傳於庶民者,先鋒實開其端。
初發之際,眾望募一億五千萬,僅獲一千一百萬而已<ref>{{引網|著=Bogle, John; Rafalaf, Andrew|址=https://money.cnn.com/magazines/fsb/fsb_archive/2002/10/01/330578/index.htm|題=A Wall Street Revolution|出版=Fortune|日=2002-10-01}}</ref>。承銷諸行勸柏氏罷議,柏氏弗從。時先鋒之眾,惟柏氏與分析二員。基金不付佣於經紀,商賈不樂為之售;所積甚遲,期年難滿。歲未周年,資不過一千七百萬。會威靈頓所轄一基金將併他基,柏氏說以併入指數基金,遂驟躍至近一億焉<ref name=firstindex/><ref name=tooworried/>。出師雖蹇,胎動已具勝兆。
=== 拓業 ===
[[一九八二年]]之後,[[牛市|騰湧之勢]]既起,指數之術漸為他家所效。然彼類者收費過昂,反失指數之本意。[[一九八四年]]十一月,與[[Primecap]]合創先鋒Primecap基金<ref>{{引網|著=Norton, Leslie P.|址=https://www.barrons.com/articles/primecap-in-the-spotlight-1460174680|題=Primecap in the Spotlight|出版=Barron's|見=2023-08-19}}</ref>。[[一九八六年]]十二月,創總債券基金,乃零售投資者所得之首支債券指數基金也<ref>{{引書|著=Bogle, John C.|題=The Clash of the Cultures: Investment vs. Speculation|出版=John Wiley & Sons|歲=2012|ISBN=9781118238219}}</ref>。或譏第一指數基金止隨標普五百,所及過狹。[[一九八七年]]十二月,乃創「擴展市場指數基金」,盡羅標普五百之外諸股<ref>{{引網|址=https://uk.finance.yahoo.com/news/quick-guide-vanguard-extended-market-130901563.html|題=Quick Guide to Vanguard Extended Market Index Investor Fund|出版=Yahoo Finance|日=2016-03-04}}</ref>。其後五年,小型有基,國際有基,總市有指。皆取分散之術,咸行低費之政。
九十年代,所出愈繁。先鋒五百與總市指數諸基,躋身寰宇之最大;先鋒亦冠絕共同基金之林<ref>{{引書|著=Godin, Seth|題=If You're Clueless about Mutual Funds and Want to Know More|出版=Dearborn Financial Publishing|歲=1997|頁=98|ISBN=9780793125548}}</ref>。[[一九九五年]],[[約翰·內夫|內夫]]退隱於Windsor基金。其執掌三十年,歲均勝標普五百三百基點,世稱善理財者也<ref>{{引網|著=DiStefano, Joseph|址=https://www.inquirer.com/business/john-neff-obituary-vanguard-windsor-funds-university-pennsylvania-endowment-fidelity-20190605.html|題=Brilliant stock picker John Neff, who ran Vanguard's Windsor Fund|出版=The Philadelphia Inquirer|日=2019-06-05}}</ref>。
=== 嬗替 ===
[[一九九九年]],柏氏屆懸車之年,依制退為閒職,由[[約翰·布倫南|布倫南]]繼之<ref>{{引網|著=Costello, Martine|址=https://money.cnn.com/1999/08/12/mutualfunds/funds_vanguard/|題=Vanguard's Bogle retires|出版=CNN|日=1999-08-12}}</ref>。[[二〇〇八年]]二月,麥納布為總裁;同歲八月,遂掌首席執事之印<ref>{{引網|址=https://www.forbes.com/2008/02/22/vanguard-mcnabb-brennan-face-markets-cx_pm_0222autofacescan02.html|題=McNabb To Succeed Brennan at Vanguard|出版=Forbes|日=2008-02-22}}</ref>。柏氏之後,諸繼者皆拓業於指數之外,廣涉[[交易所交易基金|上市指數基金]]與主動管理之基<ref>{{引網|址=https://investor.vanguard.com/index-funds/index-vs-active|題=Index funds vs. actively managed funds|出版=Vanguard|見=2020-05-19}}</ref>。柏氏於上市指數基金頗有所疑:其雖宜長線之持,恐害於買賣之差;雖便日中之交,又虞於朝暮之易<ref>{{引網|著=Benz, Christine|址=https://www.morningstar.com/articles/355645/bogle-buy-and-hold-dont-trade-etfs|題=Bogle: Buy and Hold, Don't Trade ETFs|出版=Morningstar|歲=2010}}</ref>。柏氏一生,倡守持之道,戒投機之習。門人拓業雖廣,本心始終如一。
[[二〇一七年]]五月,立基金平台於[[英國|不列顛]]<ref>{{引網|著=Ricketts, David|址=https://www.fnlondon.com/articles/vanguard-goes-direct-to-man-on-the-street-in-new-price-war-20170516|題=Hargreaves hit as Vanguard goes direct to man on the street|出版=Financial News London|日=2017-05-16}}</ref>。同歲七月,公議以首席投資長[[蒂姆·巴克利|巴克利]]繼麥納布之任。二〇一八年正月就職,麥氏退居董事會之首<ref>{{引網|著=Smith, Peter|址=https://www.ft.com/content/646dd648-67d2-11e7-8526-7b38dcaef614|題=Tim Buckley to succeed Bill McNabb as Vanguard chief|出版=Financial Times|日=2017-07-13}}</ref>。
[[二〇二〇年]],創數位諮詢之業,並籌投資之團於[[中國]]<ref>{{引網|著=Wigglesworth, Robin; Henderson, Richard|址=https://www.ft.com/content/9414052a-3142-11ea-9703-eea0cae3f0de|題=Vanguard and the US financial system: too big to be healthy?|出版=Financial Times|日=2020-01-12}}</ref>。同歲十月,慮乎法度之嚴、人事之繁、利潤之薄,遂退還在華所管之資二百一十億美元於官資<ref>{{引網|址=https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2020-10-09/vanguard-returns-21-billion-in-assets-to-china-s-state-funds|題=Vanguard Returns $21 Billion in Assets to China State Funds|出版=Bloomberg|日=2020-10-09}}</ref>。其後[[繁榮美國聯盟]]起而劾之,謂先鋒乃美元入華軍工與犯人權諸企之管道<ref>{{引網|著=Kynge, James; Sevastopulo, Demetri; Lockett, Hudson|址=https://www.ft.com/content/a37c6b7c-bec1-457b-8125-a3dbe2a8a275|題=Vanguard funds invest in China military groups, report says|出版=Financial Times|日=2023-10-12}}</ref>。
[[二〇二一年]]二月,始行碎股之計,散戶以一美元之微,亦得入上市指數基金之門<ref>{{引網|著=Lucchetti, Aaron|址=https://www.wsj.com/articles/SB945730607441550739|題=E-Tailers Allow Buyers to Add Fund Investments to Carts|出版=The Wall Street Journal|日=1999-12-22}}</ref>。[[二〇二二年]]十一月,於[[澳洲]]設「先鋒退休金」之業<ref>{{引網|址=https://www.smh.com.au/money/super-and-retirement/us-giant-looks-to-shake-up-australia-s-3-3-trillion-super-sector-with-low-fee-products-20221110-p5bx76.html|題=Vanguard looks to shake up Australia's $3.3 trillion super sector with low-fee products|出版=The Sydney Morning Herald|日=2022-11-11}}</ref>。
[[二〇二四年]]五月,公議聘[[貝萊德]]宿將拉姆吉繼巴克利為新首席執事,七月就職;乃先鋒外姓之首掌大計者也<ref>{{引網|著=Brush, Silla|址=https://www.bnnbloomberg.ca/vanguard-appoints-blackrock-veteran-salim-ramji-as-next-ceo-1.2073003|題=Vanguard Appoints BlackRock Veteran Salim Ramji as Next CEO|出版=BNN Bloomberg|日=2024-05-14}}</ref><ref>{{引網|著=Godbout, Ted|址=https://www.napa-net.org/news-info/daily-news/ramji-takes-helm-vanguard-ceo|題=Ramji Takes the Helm as Vanguard CEO|出版=National Association of Plan Advisors|日=2024-07-08}}</ref>。
[[二〇二五年]],[[聯合國]]報告列資本之與[[以色列|以]]戰[[加沙地帶|加沙]]者,先鋒在焉<ref>{{引網|著=Marsi, Federica|址=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2025/7/1/un-report-lists-companies-complicit-in-israels-genocide-who-are-they|題=UN report lists companies complicit in Israel's "genocide": Who are they?|出版=Al Jazeera|日=2025-07-01}}</ref><ref>{{引網|著=Borger, Julian|址=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2025/jul/03/global-firms-profiting-israel-genocide-gaza-united-nations-rapporteur|題=Global firms 'profiting from genocide' in Gaza, says UN rapporteur|出版=The Guardian|日=2025-07-03}}</ref>。其所投之企,多有助以軍備者;[[卡特彼勒公司|卡特彼勒]]、[[雪佛龍]]、[[帕蘭提爾]]、[[洛克希德·馬丁]]、[[埃爾比特系統公司|埃爾比特]]之屬,並列其中<ref>{{引書|著=Mattei, Clara|題=Escape from Capitalism: An Intervention|出版=Simon & Schuster|歲=2026|頁=153|ISBN=978-1668085141}}</ref>。
== 體制 ==
夫先鋒之異於諸家者,蓋以本司為所管諸基金所有,而諸基金又為投資者所有<ref>{{引網|著=DiStefano, Joseph N.|址=https://www.inquirer.com/columnists/john-bogle-vanguard-scraps-plain-talk-no-profit-at-cost-20190207.html|題=Vanguard SEC Filings Drop 'At-Cost,' 'No Profit' Claims That Were Dear to Late Founder John Bogle|出版=The Philadelphia Inquirer|見=2019-10-04}}</ref>。故先鋒之真主,實天下投資者也,非外股東也。利歸於民,不歸於閥;權出於眾,不出於私。其基金多分二等:曰「投資者股」,曰「上將股」。上將股費率稍輕,入門資額較高,自三千及十萬美元不等<ref>{{引網|址=https://investor.vanguard.com/mutual-funds/admiral-shares|題=Admiral Shares Help Keep Your Costs Under Control|出版=Vanguard|日=2020-04-09}}</ref>。總部設於[[費城]]近郊瑪爾文,分號散布[[夏洛特 (北卡羅來納州)|夏洛特]]、[[達拉斯]]、[[華盛頓哥倫比亞特區|華府]]、[[斯科茨代爾]]諸地,旁及[[加拿大]]、[[澳大利亞]],東至[[亞細亞|亞洲]],西暨[[歐羅巴洲|歐陸]]<ref>{{引網|址=https://www.ft.com/content/74b8a59b-d596-46fa-83fd-e3702d057581|題=The Vanguard Group: Global Operations|出版=Financial Times|見=2025-12-13}}</ref>。
== 贊煙之譏 ==
二〇二一年三月,先鋒從七十餘資產管理公司之約,誓使旗下諸企於[[二〇六〇年]]達[[淨零排放|淨零之境]],與[[巴黎協定]]相應<ref>{{引網|址=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-climate-change-investors-idUSKBN2BL0AX|題=Investors BlackRock, Vanguard join net zero effort|出版=Reuters|日=2021-03-29}}</ref>。然同歲所統之資中,仍有助[[化石燃料|煤油之產]]、促氣候之變者;如智利之ENAP Sipetrol、[[中國石油天然氣集團公司|中國石油]]、Petroamazonas之屬,並列其中<ref name=":0">{{引網|著=Peterson, Laura|址=https://amazonwatch.org/assets/files/2021-investing-in-amazon-crude-ii.pdf|題=Investing in Amazon Crude II|出版=Amazon Watch|日=2021-06-01}}</ref>。
是歲,先鋒投煤業者至少八百六十億美元,居天下之首<ref>{{引網|址=https://www.urgewald.org/en/medien/groundbreaking-research-reveals-financiers-coal-industry|題=Groundbreaking Research Reveals the Financiers of the Coal Industry|出版=Urgewald e.V.|見=2022-09-03}}</ref>;投[[亞馬遜雨林]]內石油諸企者,債二十六億,股九十六億焉<ref name=":0"/>。誓淨零於前,資煙煤於後;前言後行,相違遠甚,識者議焉。
== 兼查 ==
*[[共同基金]]
*[[指數基金]]
*[[交易所交易基金]]
*[[貝萊德]]
*[[道富集團]]
*[[約翰柏格]]
== 注釋 ==
{{reflist}}
== 它典 ==
*[https://www.vanguard.com 先鋒集團]
[[Category:美國史]]
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'''先鋒集團'''{{按|英語:'''The Vanguard Group, Inc.'''}},[[泰西]]投資之雄、寰宇指數之祖也。西元[[一九七五年]]五月朔,[[約翰柏格]]肇基於[[賓夕法尼亞州|賓州]]瑪爾文之地<ref name=AboutVang>{{引網|址=https://corporate.vanguard.com/content/corporatesite/us/en/corp/who-we-are/sets-us-apart/facts-and-figures.html|題=Fast Facts About Vanguard|出版=The Vanguard Group, Inc.|見=2025-04-12}}</ref>。創於受黜之餘,立於眾笑之中。歷四十餘載,統籌之資逾一十二萬億[[美元]]。冠絕[[共同基金]]之林,亞於[[貝萊德]][[安碩]]之列<ref>{{引網|址=http://www.etf.com/sections/etf-league-tables.html|題=ETF League Tables|出版=ETF.com|見=2017-03-22}}</ref>。與貝萊德、[[道富集團|道富]]鼎峙,世號「指數三雄」<ref>{{Cite book|著=Bebchuk, Lucian; Hirst, Scott|題=Index Funds and the Future of Corporate Governance: Theory, Evidence, and Policy|刊=[[Columbia Law Review]]|卷=119|期=8|頁=2029–2146|歲=2019|址=https://columbialawreview.org/content/index-funds-and-the-future-of-corporate-governance-theory-evidence-and-policy/}}</ref>。業兼資產之理、財富之治,制秉客戶共有之奇。下啟散戶之門,上易華爾街之舊。費率至輕,當世罕匹。
== 沿革 ==
=== 肇始 ===
[[File:Photo of a John C. Bogle By Bill Cramer.jpg|thumb|約翰柏格於[[二〇〇七年]]]]
約翰柏格者,[[普林斯頓大學|普林斯頓]]之俊彥也。[[一九五一年]],撰學位之論,徧考基金之績<ref>{{引網|著=Armbruster, Mark|址=http://www.armbrustercapital.com/wp-content/uploads/2017/02/Comparing-Index-Mutual-Funds-10-14-2016.pdf|題=Comparing index mutual funds and active managers|出版=Rochester Business Journal|日=2016-10-14}}</ref>。乃悟主動之眾,多遜大盤之指;雖偶有勝出,亦為管費所噬<ref>{{引網|著=MacBride, Elizabeth|址=https://www.cnbc.com/2015/10/14/jack-bogle-follow-these-4-investing-rules-ignore-the-rest.html|題=Jack Bogle: Follow these 4 investing rules—ignore the rest|出版=CNBC|日=2015-10-14}}</ref>。指數之念,潛萌於少年之心;異日之機,已伏於蕘者之論。
既卒業,入[[威靈頓基金管理公司|威靈頓]]為僚<ref name=thinking>{{引網|著=Ferri, Rick|址=https://www.forbes.com/sites/rickferri/2014/02/10/what-was-john-bogle-thinking/|題=What Was John Bogle Thinking?|出版=Forbes|日=2014-02-10}}</ref>。由小吏而陞大員,自下流而躋上席。[[一九六七年]]為總裁,[[一九七〇年]]掌大計。然嘗主一併購,事敗而謗興,[[一九七四年]]遂遭黜逐<ref name=thinking/>。柏氏自陳曰:「斯舉之失,可恥而難恕;皆由童騃自負,不察事實所致。然非此一挫,則無先鋒之興也。」<ref>{{引網|著=Boyle, Matthew|址=https://money.cnn.com/magazines/fortune/fortune_archive/2007/12/24/101939724/index.htm|題=Be prepared for a lot of bumps|出版=Fortune|日=2007-12-17}}</ref>知者謂柏氏之厄,天所以玉成之者也。
=== 命名之由 ===
柏氏既被斥,乃於威靈頓內闢別部以自立。會古版書賈遺以《[[大不列顛海戰圖譜]]》一卷。展卷至[[尼羅河口海戰]]之章,覩[[納爾遜]]率[[皇家海軍|皇家艦隊]],殲法艦於水陸之交。獨損巡防一艘,幾沉敵之全師<ref>{{引網|著=Reklaitis, Victor|址=http://www.marketwatch.com/story/5-things-you-dont-know-about-vanguard-2014-10-31|題=5 things you don't know about Vanguard|出版=MarketWatch|日=2014-12-22}}</ref>。柏氏感其捷,乃取納爾遜旗艦之名「先鋒」{{按|HMS ''Vanguard''}}以名其業<ref>{{Cite book|著=Bogle, John C.|題=John Bogle on Investing: The First 50 Years|出版=John Wiley & Sons|歲=2015|頁=224|ISBN=978-1-119-08836-3}}</ref>。威靈頓諸老初有難色。柏氏告以「Vanguard」與「Wellington」於字典之中相鄰,可並陳而列之,諸老乃首肯之<ref name=firstindex>{{引網|址=http://www.bfjlaward.com/pdf/25975/42-59_bogle_jpm_0918.pdf|題=Lightning Strikes: The Creation of Vanguard, the First Index Mutual Fund, and the Revolution It Spawned|出版=Bogle Financial Markets Research Center|日=1997-04-01}}</ref>。名雖出於偶然,意實合於拓荒。
=== 草創 ===
威靈頓諸老禁先鋒涉諮議與管理之業<ref name=firstindex/>。柏氏因勢順為,思建被動之基,附驥於[[標準普爾五百指數|標普五百指數]]之後<ref name=tooworried>{{引網|著=Sommer, Jeff|址=https://www.nytimes.com/2012/08/12/business/john-bogle-vanguards-founder-is-too-worried-to-rest.html|題=A Mutual Fund Master, Too Worried to Rest|出版=The New York Times|日=2012-08-11}}</ref>。又得後膺[[諾貝爾經濟學獎]]之[[薩繆爾森]]為援。薩氏嘗於[[一九七六年]]八月《[[新聞週刊]]》撰文,謂散戶當有附指數而投之機<ref>{{引網|著=Mihm, Stephen|址=https://www.bloomberg.com/view/articles/2016-09-06/how-index-funds-prevailed|題=How Index Funds Prevailed|出版=Bloomberg|日=2016-09-06}}</ref>。
是年,得董事會之准,柏氏乃立「第一指數投資信託」,即今之[[先鋒五百指數基金]]也<ref>{{引網|著=Culloton, Dan|址=http://news.morningstar.com/articlenet/article.aspx?id=390749|題=A Brief History of Indexing|出版=Morningstar|日=2011-08-09}}</ref>。其先創指數之基者,有[[傑里米·格蘭瑟姆|格蘭瑟姆]]之Batterymarch於[[波士頓]],有[[雷克斯·辛克菲爾德|辛克菲爾德]]之American National Bank於[[芝加哥]],有麥誇恩之[[富國銀行]]於[[舊金山|三藩]]<ref>{{Cite book|著=Fox, Justin|題=The myth of the rational market: a history of risk, reward, and delusion on Wall Street|出版=Harper Business|歲=2011|ISBN=978-0-06-059903-4}}</ref>。然皆以機構為的;以散戶為對象、廣傳於庶民者,先鋒實開其端。
初發之際,眾望募一億五千萬,僅獲一千一百萬而已<ref>{{引網|著=Bogle, John; Rafalaf, Andrew|址=https://money.cnn.com/magazines/fsb/fsb_archive/2002/10/01/330578/index.htm|題=A Wall Street Revolution|出版=Fortune|日=2002-10-01}}</ref>。承銷諸行勸柏氏罷議,柏氏弗從。時先鋒之眾,惟柏氏與分析二員。基金不付佣於經紀,商賈不樂為之售;所積甚遲,期年難滿。歲未周年,資不過一千七百萬。會威靈頓所轄一基金將併他基,柏氏說以併入指數基金,遂驟躍至近一億焉<ref name=firstindex/><ref name=tooworried/>。出師雖蹇,胎動已具勝兆。
=== 拓業 ===
[[一九八二年]]之後,[[牛市|騰湧之勢]]既起,指數之術漸為他家所效。然彼類者收費過昂,反失指數之本意。[[一九八四年]]十一月,與[[Primecap]]合創先鋒Primecap基金<ref>{{引網|著=Norton, Leslie P.|址=https://www.barrons.com/articles/primecap-in-the-spotlight-1460174680|題=Primecap in the Spotlight|出版=Barron's|見=2023-08-19}}</ref>。[[一九八六年]]十二月,創總債券基金,乃零售投資者所得之首支債券指數基金也<ref>{{Cite book|著=Bogle, John C.|題=The Clash of the Cultures: Investment vs. Speculation|出版=John Wiley & Sons|歲=2012|ISBN=9781118238219}}</ref>。或譏第一指數基金止隨標普五百,所及過狹。[[一九八七年]]十二月,乃創「擴展市場指數基金」,盡羅標普五百之外諸股<ref>{{引網|址=https://uk.finance.yahoo.com/news/quick-guide-vanguard-extended-market-130901563.html|題=Quick Guide to Vanguard Extended Market Index Investor Fund|出版=Yahoo Finance|日=2016-03-04}}</ref>。其後五年,小型有基,國際有基,總市有指。皆取分散之術,咸行低費之政。
九十年代,所出愈繁。先鋒五百與總市指數諸基,躋身寰宇之最大;先鋒亦冠絕共同基金之林<ref>{{Cite book|著=Godin, Seth|題=If You're Clueless about Mutual Funds and Want to Know More|出版=Dearborn Financial Publishing|歲=1997|頁=98|ISBN=9780793125548}}</ref>。[[一九九五年]],[[約翰·內夫|內夫]]退隱於Windsor基金。其執掌三十年,歲均勝標普五百三百基點,世稱善理財者也<ref>{{引網|著=DiStefano, Joseph|址=https://www.inquirer.com/business/john-neff-obituary-vanguard-windsor-funds-university-pennsylvania-endowment-fidelity-20190605.html|題=Brilliant stock picker John Neff, who ran Vanguard's Windsor Fund|出版=The Philadelphia Inquirer|日=2019-06-05}}</ref>。
=== 嬗替 ===
[[一九九九年]],柏氏屆懸車之年,依制退為閒職,由[[約翰·布倫南|布倫南]]繼之<ref>{{引網|著=Costello, Martine|址=https://money.cnn.com/1999/08/12/mutualfunds/funds_vanguard/|題=Vanguard's Bogle retires|出版=CNN|日=1999-08-12}}</ref>。[[二〇〇八年]]二月,麥納布為總裁;同歲八月,遂掌首席執事之印<ref>{{引網|址=https://www.forbes.com/2008/02/22/vanguard-mcnabb-brennan-face-markets-cx_pm_0222autofacescan02.html|題=McNabb To Succeed Brennan at Vanguard|出版=Forbes|日=2008-02-22}}</ref>。柏氏之後,諸繼者皆拓業於指數之外,廣涉[[交易所交易基金|上市指數基金]]與主動管理之基<ref>{{引網|址=https://investor.vanguard.com/index-funds/index-vs-active|題=Index funds vs. actively managed funds|出版=Vanguard|見=2020-05-19}}</ref>。柏氏於上市指數基金頗有所疑:其雖宜長線之持,恐害於買賣之差;雖便日中之交,又虞於朝暮之易<ref>{{引網|著=Benz, Christine|址=https://www.morningstar.com/articles/355645/bogle-buy-and-hold-dont-trade-etfs|題=Bogle: Buy and Hold, Don't Trade ETFs|出版=Morningstar|歲=2010}}</ref>。柏氏一生,倡守持之道,戒投機之習。門人拓業雖廣,本心始終如一。
[[二〇一七年]]五月,立基金平台於[[英國|不列顛]]<ref>{{引網|著=Ricketts, David|址=https://www.fnlondon.com/articles/vanguard-goes-direct-to-man-on-the-street-in-new-price-war-20170516|題=Hargreaves hit as Vanguard goes direct to man on the street|出版=Financial News London|日=2017-05-16}}</ref>。同歲七月,公議以首席投資長[[蒂姆·巴克利|巴克利]]繼麥納布之任。二〇一八年正月就職,麥氏退居董事會之首<ref>{{引網|著=Smith, Peter|址=https://www.ft.com/content/646dd648-67d2-11e7-8526-7b38dcaef614|題=Tim Buckley to succeed Bill McNabb as Vanguard chief|出版=Financial Times|日=2017-07-13}}</ref>。
[[二〇二〇年]],創數位諮詢之業,並籌投資之團於[[中國]]<ref>{{引網|著=Wigglesworth, Robin; Henderson, Richard|址=https://www.ft.com/content/9414052a-3142-11ea-9703-eea0cae3f0de|題=Vanguard and the US financial system: too big to be healthy?|出版=Financial Times|日=2020-01-12}}</ref>。同歲十月,慮乎法度之嚴、人事之繁、利潤之薄,遂退還在華所管之資二百一十億美元於官資<ref>{{引網|址=https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2020-10-09/vanguard-returns-21-billion-in-assets-to-china-s-state-funds|題=Vanguard Returns $21 Billion in Assets to China State Funds|出版=Bloomberg|日=2020-10-09}}</ref>。其後[[繁榮美國聯盟]]起而劾之,謂先鋒乃美元入華軍工與犯人權諸企之管道<ref>{{引網|著=Kynge, James; Sevastopulo, Demetri; Lockett, Hudson|址=https://www.ft.com/content/a37c6b7c-bec1-457b-8125-a3dbe2a8a275|題=Vanguard funds invest in China military groups, report says|出版=Financial Times|日=2023-10-12}}</ref>。
[[二〇二一年]]二月,始行碎股之計,散戶以一美元之微,亦得入上市指數基金之門<ref>{{引網|著=Lucchetti, Aaron|址=https://www.wsj.com/articles/SB945730607441550739|題=E-Tailers Allow Buyers to Add Fund Investments to Carts|出版=The Wall Street Journal|日=1999-12-22}}</ref>。[[二〇二二年]]十一月,於[[澳洲]]設「先鋒退休金」之業<ref>{{引網|址=https://www.smh.com.au/money/super-and-retirement/us-giant-looks-to-shake-up-australia-s-3-3-trillion-super-sector-with-low-fee-products-20221110-p5bx76.html|題=Vanguard looks to shake up Australia's $3.3 trillion super sector with low-fee products|出版=The Sydney Morning Herald|日=2022-11-11}}</ref>。
[[二〇二四年]]五月,公議聘[[貝萊德]]宿將拉姆吉繼巴克利為新首席執事,七月就職;乃先鋒外姓之首掌大計者也<ref>{{引網|著=Brush, Silla|址=https://www.bnnbloomberg.ca/vanguard-appoints-blackrock-veteran-salim-ramji-as-next-ceo-1.2073003|題=Vanguard Appoints BlackRock Veteran Salim Ramji as Next CEO|出版=BNN Bloomberg|日=2024-05-14}}</ref><ref>{{引網|著=Godbout, Ted|址=https://www.napa-net.org/news-info/daily-news/ramji-takes-helm-vanguard-ceo|題=Ramji Takes the Helm as Vanguard CEO|出版=National Association of Plan Advisors|日=2024-07-08}}</ref>。
[[二〇二五年]],[[聯合國]]報告列資本之與[[以色列|以]]戰[[加沙地帶|加沙]]者,先鋒在焉<ref>{{引網|著=Marsi, Federica|址=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2025/7/1/un-report-lists-companies-complicit-in-israels-genocide-who-are-they|題=UN report lists companies complicit in Israel's "genocide": Who are they?|出版=Al Jazeera|日=2025-07-01}}</ref><ref>{{引網|著=Borger, Julian|址=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2025/jul/03/global-firms-profiting-israel-genocide-gaza-united-nations-rapporteur|題=Global firms 'profiting from genocide' in Gaza, says UN rapporteur|出版=The Guardian|日=2025-07-03}}</ref>。其所投之企,多有助以軍備者;[[卡特彼勒公司|卡特彼勒]]、[[雪佛龍]]、[[帕蘭提爾]]、[[洛克希德·馬丁]]、[[埃爾比特系統公司|埃爾比特]]之屬,並列其中<ref>{{Cite book|著=Mattei, Clara|題=Escape from Capitalism: An Intervention|出版=Simon & Schuster|歲=2026|頁=153|ISBN=978-1668085141}}</ref>。
== 體制 ==
夫先鋒之異於諸家者,蓋以本司為所管諸基金所有,而諸基金又為投資者所有<ref>{{引網|著=DiStefano, Joseph N.|址=https://www.inquirer.com/columnists/john-bogle-vanguard-scraps-plain-talk-no-profit-at-cost-20190207.html|題=Vanguard SEC Filings Drop 'At-Cost,' 'No Profit' Claims That Were Dear to Late Founder John Bogle|出版=The Philadelphia Inquirer|見=2019-10-04}}</ref>。故先鋒之真主,實天下投資者也,非外股東也。利歸於民,不歸於閥;權出於眾,不出於私。其基金多分二等:曰「投資者股」,曰「上將股」。上將股費率稍輕,入門資額較高,自三千及十萬美元不等<ref>{{引網|址=https://investor.vanguard.com/mutual-funds/admiral-shares|題=Admiral Shares Help Keep Your Costs Under Control|出版=Vanguard|日=2020-04-09}}</ref>。總部設於[[費城]]近郊瑪爾文,分號散布[[夏洛特 (北卡羅來納州)|夏洛特]]、[[達拉斯]]、[[華盛頓哥倫比亞特區|華府]]、[[斯科茨代爾]]諸地,旁及[[加拿大]]、[[澳大利亞]],東至[[亞細亞|亞洲]],西暨[[歐羅巴洲|歐陸]]<ref>{{引網|址=https://www.ft.com/content/74b8a59b-d596-46fa-83fd-e3702d057581|題=The Vanguard Group: Global Operations|出版=Financial Times|見=2025-12-13}}</ref>。
== 贊煙之譏 ==
二〇二一年三月,先鋒從七十餘資產管理公司之約,誓使旗下諸企於[[二〇六〇年]]達[[淨零排放|淨零之境]],與[[巴黎協定]]相應<ref>{{引網|址=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-climate-change-investors-idUSKBN2BL0AX|題=Investors BlackRock, Vanguard join net zero effort|出版=Reuters|日=2021-03-29}}</ref>。然同歲所統之資中,仍有助[[化石燃料|煤油之產]]、促氣候之變者;如智利之ENAP Sipetrol、[[中國石油天然氣集團公司|中國石油]]、Petroamazonas之屬,並列其中<ref name=":0">{{引網|著=Peterson, Laura|址=https://amazonwatch.org/assets/files/2021-investing-in-amazon-crude-ii.pdf|題=Investing in Amazon Crude II|出版=Amazon Watch|日=2021-06-01}}</ref>。
是歲,先鋒投煤業者至少八百六十億美元,居天下之首<ref>{{引網|址=https://www.urgewald.org/en/medien/groundbreaking-research-reveals-financiers-coal-industry|題=Groundbreaking Research Reveals the Financiers of the Coal Industry|出版=Urgewald e.V.|見=2022-09-03}}</ref>;投[[亞馬遜雨林]]內石油諸企者,債二十六億,股九十六億焉<ref name=":0"/>。誓淨零於前,資煙煤於後;前言後行,相違遠甚,識者議焉。
== 兼查 ==
*[[共同基金]]
*[[指數基金]]
*[[交易所交易基金]]
*[[貝萊德]]
*[[道富集團]]
*[[約翰柏格]]
== 注釋 ==
{{reflist}}
== 它典 ==
*[https://www.vanguard.com 先鋒集團]
[[Category:美國史]]
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'''先鋒集團'''{{按|英語:'''The Vanguard Group, Inc.'''}},[[泰西]]投資之雄、寰宇指數之祖也。西元[[一九七五年]]五月朔,[[約翰柏格]]肇基於[[賓夕法尼亞州|賓州]]瑪爾文之地<ref name=AboutVang>{{引網|址=https://corporate.vanguard.com/content/corporatesite/us/en/corp/who-we-are/sets-us-apart/facts-and-figures.html|題=Fast Facts About Vanguard|出版=The Vanguard Group, Inc.|見=2025-04-12}}</ref>。創於受黜之餘,立於眾笑之中。歷四十餘載,統籌之資逾一十二萬億[[美元]]。冠絕[[共同基金]]之林,亞於[[貝萊德]][[安碩]]之列<ref>{{引網|址=http://www.etf.com/sections/etf-league-tables.html|題=ETF League Tables|出版=ETF.com|見=2017-03-22}}</ref>。與貝萊德、[[道富集團|道富]]鼎峙,世號「指數三雄」<ref>{{Cite book|last=Bebchuk|first=Lucian|coauthors=Hirst, Scott|title=Index Funds and the Future of Corporate Governance: Theory, Evidence, and Policy|work=[[Columbia Law Review]]|volume=119|pages=2029–2146|year=2019|url=https://columbialawreview.org/content/index-funds-and-the-future-of-corporate-governance-theory-evidence-and-policy/}}</ref>。業兼資產之理、財富之治,制秉客戶共有之奇。下啟散戶之門,上易華爾街之舊。費率至輕,當世罕匹。
== 沿革 ==
=== 肇始 ===
[[File:Photo of a John C. Bogle By Bill Cramer.jpg|thumb|約翰柏格於[[二〇〇七年]]]]
約翰柏格者,[[普林斯頓大學|普林斯頓]]之俊彥也。[[一九五一年]],撰學位之論,徧考基金之績<ref>{{引網|著=Armbruster, Mark|址=http://www.armbrustercapital.com/wp-content/uploads/2017/02/Comparing-Index-Mutual-Funds-10-14-2016.pdf|題=Comparing index mutual funds and active managers|出版=Rochester Business Journal|日=2016-10-14}}</ref>。乃悟主動之眾,多遜大盤之指;雖偶有勝出,亦為管費所噬<ref>{{引網|著=MacBride, Elizabeth|址=https://www.cnbc.com/2015/10/14/jack-bogle-follow-these-4-investing-rules-ignore-the-rest.html|題=Jack Bogle: Follow these 4 investing rules—ignore the rest|出版=CNBC|日=2015-10-14}}</ref>。指數之念,潛萌於少年之心;異日之機,已伏於蕘者之論。
既卒業,入[[威靈頓基金管理公司|威靈頓]]為僚<ref name=thinking>{{引網|著=Ferri, Rick|址=https://www.forbes.com/sites/rickferri/2014/02/10/what-was-john-bogle-thinking/|題=What Was John Bogle Thinking?|出版=Forbes|日=2014-02-10}}</ref>。由小吏而陞大員,自下流而躋上席。[[一九六七年]]為總裁,[[一九七〇年]]掌大計。然嘗主一併購,事敗而謗興,[[一九七四年]]遂遭黜逐<ref name=thinking/>。柏氏自陳曰:「斯舉之失,可恥而難恕;皆由童騃自負,不察事實所致。然非此一挫,則無先鋒之興也。」<ref>{{引網|著=Boyle, Matthew|址=https://money.cnn.com/magazines/fortune/fortune_archive/2007/12/24/101939724/index.htm|題=Be prepared for a lot of bumps|出版=Fortune|日=2007-12-17}}</ref>知者謂柏氏之厄,天所以玉成之者也。
=== 命名之由 ===
柏氏既被斥,乃於威靈頓內闢別部以自立。會古版書賈遺以《[[大不列顛海戰圖譜]]》一卷。展卷至[[尼羅河口海戰]]之章,覩[[納爾遜]]率[[皇家海軍|皇家艦隊]],殲法艦於水陸之交。獨損巡防一艘,幾沉敵之全師<ref>{{引網|著=Reklaitis, Victor|址=http://www.marketwatch.com/story/5-things-you-dont-know-about-vanguard-2014-10-31|題=5 things you don't know about Vanguard|出版=MarketWatch|日=2014-12-22}}</ref>。柏氏感其捷,乃取納爾遜旗艦之名「先鋒」{{按|HMS ''Vanguard''}}以名其業<ref>{{Cite book|last=Bogle|first=John C.|title=John Bogle on Investing: The First 50 Years|publisher=John Wiley & Sons|year=2015|pages=224|isbn=978-1-119-08836-3}}</ref>。威靈頓諸老初有難色。柏氏告以「Vanguard」與「Wellington」於字典之中相鄰,可並陳而列之,諸老乃首肯之<ref name=firstindex>{{引網|址=http://www.bfjlaward.com/pdf/25975/42-59_bogle_jpm_0918.pdf|題=Lightning Strikes: The Creation of Vanguard, the First Index Mutual Fund, and the Revolution It Spawned|出版=Bogle Financial Markets Research Center|日=1997-04-01}}</ref>。名雖出於偶然,意實合於拓荒。
=== 草創 ===
威靈頓諸老禁先鋒涉諮議與管理之業<ref name=firstindex/>。柏氏因勢順為,思建被動之基,附驥於[[標準普爾五百指數|標普五百指數]]之後<ref name=tooworried>{{引網|著=Sommer, Jeff|址=https://www.nytimes.com/2012/08/12/business/john-bogle-vanguards-founder-is-too-worried-to-rest.html|題=A Mutual Fund Master, Too Worried to Rest|出版=The New York Times|日=2012-08-11}}</ref>。又得後膺[[諾貝爾經濟學獎]]之[[薩繆爾森]]為援。薩氏嘗於[[一九七六年]]八月《[[新聞週刊]]》撰文,謂散戶當有附指數而投之機<ref>{{引網|著=Mihm, Stephen|址=https://www.bloomberg.com/view/articles/2016-09-06/how-index-funds-prevailed|題=How Index Funds Prevailed|出版=Bloomberg|日=2016-09-06}}</ref>。
是年,得董事會之准,柏氏乃立「第一指數投資信託」,即今之[[先鋒五百指數基金]]也<ref>{{引網|著=Culloton, Dan|址=http://news.morningstar.com/articlenet/article.aspx?id=390749|題=A Brief History of Indexing|出版=Morningstar|日=2011-08-09}}</ref>。其先創指數之基者,有[[傑里米·格蘭瑟姆|格蘭瑟姆]]之Batterymarch於[[波士頓]],有[[雷克斯·辛克菲爾德|辛克菲爾德]]之American National Bank於[[芝加哥]],有麥誇恩之[[富國銀行]]於[[舊金山|三藩]]<ref>{{Cite book|last=Fox|first=Justin|title=The myth of the rational market: a history of risk, reward, and delusion on Wall Street|publisher=Harper Business|year=2011|isbn=978-0-06-059903-4}}</ref>。然皆以機構為的;以散戶為對象、廣傳於庶民者,先鋒實開其端。
初發之際,眾望募一億五千萬,僅獲一千一百萬而已<ref>{{引網|著=Bogle, John; Rafalaf, Andrew|址=https://money.cnn.com/magazines/fsb/fsb_archive/2002/10/01/330578/index.htm|題=A Wall Street Revolution|出版=Fortune|日=2002-10-01}}</ref>。承銷諸行勸柏氏罷議,柏氏弗從。時先鋒之眾,惟柏氏與分析二員。基金不付佣於經紀,商賈不樂為之售;所積甚遲,期年難滿。歲未周年,資不過一千七百萬。會威靈頓所轄一基金將併他基,柏氏說以併入指數基金,遂驟躍至近一億焉<ref name=firstindex/><ref name=tooworried/>。出師雖蹇,胎動已具勝兆。
=== 拓業 ===
[[一九八二年]]之後,[[牛市|騰湧之勢]]既起,指數之術漸為他家所效。然彼類者收費過昂,反失指數之本意。[[一九八四年]]十一月,與[[Primecap]]合創先鋒Primecap基金<ref>{{引網|著=Norton, Leslie P.|址=https://www.barrons.com/articles/primecap-in-the-spotlight-1460174680|題=Primecap in the Spotlight|出版=Barron's|見=2023-08-19}}</ref>。[[一九八六年]]十二月,創總債券基金,乃零售投資者所得之首支債券指數基金也<ref>{{Cite book|last=Bogle|first=John C.|title=The Clash of the Cultures: Investment vs. Speculation|publisher=John Wiley & Sons|year=2012|isbn=9781118238219}}</ref>。或譏第一指數基金止隨標普五百,所及過狹。[[一九八七年]]十二月,乃創「擴展市場指數基金」,盡羅標普五百之外諸股<ref>{{引網|址=https://uk.finance.yahoo.com/news/quick-guide-vanguard-extended-market-130901563.html|題=Quick Guide to Vanguard Extended Market Index Investor Fund|出版=Yahoo Finance|日=2016-03-04}}</ref>。其後五年,小型有基,國際有基,總市有指。皆取分散之術,咸行低費之政。
九十年代,所出愈繁。先鋒五百與總市指數諸基,躋身寰宇之最大;先鋒亦冠絕共同基金之林<ref>{{Cite book|last=Godin|first=Seth|title=If You're Clueless about Mutual Funds and Want to Know More|publisher=Dearborn Financial Publishing|year=1997|pages=98|isbn=9780793125548}}</ref>。[[一九九五年]],[[約翰·內夫|內夫]]退隱於Windsor基金。其執掌三十年,歲均勝標普五百三百基點,世稱善理財者也<ref>{{引網|著=DiStefano, Joseph|址=https://www.inquirer.com/business/john-neff-obituary-vanguard-windsor-funds-university-pennsylvania-endowment-fidelity-20190605.html|題=Brilliant stock picker John Neff, who ran Vanguard's Windsor Fund|出版=The Philadelphia Inquirer|日=2019-06-05}}</ref>。
=== 嬗替 ===
[[一九九九年]],柏氏屆懸車之年,依制退為閒職,由[[約翰·布倫南|布倫南]]繼之<ref>{{引網|著=Costello, Martine|址=https://money.cnn.com/1999/08/12/mutualfunds/funds_vanguard/|題=Vanguard's Bogle retires|出版=CNN|日=1999-08-12}}</ref>。[[二〇〇八年]]二月,麥納布為總裁;同歲八月,遂掌首席執事之印<ref>{{引網|址=https://www.forbes.com/2008/02/22/vanguard-mcnabb-brennan-face-markets-cx_pm_0222autofacescan02.html|題=McNabb To Succeed Brennan at Vanguard|出版=Forbes|日=2008-02-22}}</ref>。柏氏之後,諸繼者皆拓業於指數之外,廣涉[[交易所交易基金|上市指數基金]]與主動管理之基<ref>{{引網|址=https://investor.vanguard.com/index-funds/index-vs-active|題=Index funds vs. actively managed funds|出版=Vanguard|見=2020-05-19}}</ref>。柏氏於上市指數基金頗有所疑:其雖宜長線之持,恐害於買賣之差;雖便日中之交,又虞於朝暮之易<ref>{{引網|著=Benz, Christine|址=https://www.morningstar.com/articles/355645/bogle-buy-and-hold-dont-trade-etfs|題=Bogle: Buy and Hold, Don't Trade ETFs|出版=Morningstar|歲=2010}}</ref>。柏氏一生,倡守持之道,戒投機之習。門人拓業雖廣,本心始終如一。
[[二〇一七年]]五月,立基金平台於[[英國|不列顛]]<ref>{{引網|著=Ricketts, David|址=https://www.fnlondon.com/articles/vanguard-goes-direct-to-man-on-the-street-in-new-price-war-20170516|題=Hargreaves hit as Vanguard goes direct to man on the street|出版=Financial News London|日=2017-05-16}}</ref>。同歲七月,公議以首席投資長[[蒂姆·巴克利|巴克利]]繼麥納布之任。二〇一八年正月就職,麥氏退居董事會之首<ref>{{引網|著=Smith, Peter|址=https://www.ft.com/content/646dd648-67d2-11e7-8526-7b38dcaef614|題=Tim Buckley to succeed Bill McNabb as Vanguard chief|出版=Financial Times|日=2017-07-13}}</ref>。
[[二〇二〇年]],創數位諮詢之業,並籌投資之團於[[中國]]<ref>{{引網|著=Wigglesworth, Robin; Henderson, Richard|址=https://www.ft.com/content/9414052a-3142-11ea-9703-eea0cae3f0de|題=Vanguard and the US financial system: too big to be healthy?|出版=Financial Times|日=2020-01-12}}</ref>。同歲十月,慮乎法度之嚴、人事之繁、利潤之薄,遂退還在華所管之資二百一十億美元於官資<ref>{{引網|址=https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2020-10-09/vanguard-returns-21-billion-in-assets-to-china-s-state-funds|題=Vanguard Returns $21 Billion in Assets to China State Funds|出版=Bloomberg|日=2020-10-09}}</ref>。其後[[繁榮美國聯盟]]起而劾之,謂先鋒乃美元入華軍工與犯人權諸企之管道<ref>{{引網|著=Kynge, James; Sevastopulo, Demetri; Lockett, Hudson|址=https://www.ft.com/content/a37c6b7c-bec1-457b-8125-a3dbe2a8a275|題=Vanguard funds invest in China military groups, report says|出版=Financial Times|日=2023-10-12}}</ref>。
[[二〇二一年]]二月,始行碎股之計,散戶以一美元之微,亦得入上市指數基金之門<ref>{{引網|著=Lucchetti, Aaron|址=https://www.wsj.com/articles/SB945730607441550739|題=E-Tailers Allow Buyers to Add Fund Investments to Carts|出版=The Wall Street Journal|日=1999-12-22}}</ref>。[[二〇二二年]]十一月,於[[澳洲]]設「先鋒退休金」之業<ref>{{引網|址=https://www.smh.com.au/money/super-and-retirement/us-giant-looks-to-shake-up-australia-s-3-3-trillion-super-sector-with-low-fee-products-20221110-p5bx76.html|題=Vanguard looks to shake up Australia's $3.3 trillion super sector with low-fee products|出版=The Sydney Morning Herald|日=2022-11-11}}</ref>。
[[二〇二四年]]五月,公議聘[[貝萊德]]宿將拉姆吉繼巴克利為新首席執事,七月就職;乃先鋒外姓之首掌大計者也<ref>{{引網|著=Brush, Silla|址=https://www.bnnbloomberg.ca/vanguard-appoints-blackrock-veteran-salim-ramji-as-next-ceo-1.2073003|題=Vanguard Appoints BlackRock Veteran Salim Ramji as Next CEO|出版=BNN Bloomberg|日=2024-05-14}}</ref><ref>{{引網|著=Godbout, Ted|址=https://www.napa-net.org/news-info/daily-news/ramji-takes-helm-vanguard-ceo|題=Ramji Takes the Helm as Vanguard CEO|出版=National Association of Plan Advisors|日=2024-07-08}}</ref>。
[[二〇二五年]],[[聯合國]]報告列資本之與[[以色列|以]]戰[[加沙地帶|加沙]]者,先鋒在焉<ref>{{引網|著=Marsi, Federica|址=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2025/7/1/un-report-lists-companies-complicit-in-israels-genocide-who-are-they|題=UN report lists companies complicit in Israel's "genocide": Who are they?|出版=Al Jazeera|日=2025-07-01}}</ref><ref>{{引網|著=Borger, Julian|址=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2025/jul/03/global-firms-profiting-israel-genocide-gaza-united-nations-rapporteur|題=Global firms 'profiting from genocide' in Gaza, says UN rapporteur|出版=The Guardian|日=2025-07-03}}</ref>。其所投之企,多有助以軍備者;[[卡特彼勒公司|卡特彼勒]]、[[雪佛龍]]、[[帕蘭提爾]]、[[洛克希德·馬丁]]、[[埃爾比特系統公司|埃爾比特]]之屬,並列其中<ref>{{Cite book|last=Mattei|first=Clara|title=Escape from Capitalism: An Intervention|publisher=Simon & Schuster|year=2026|pages=153|isbn=978-1668085141}}</ref>。
== 體制 ==
夫先鋒之異於諸家者,蓋以本司為所管諸基金所有,而諸基金又為投資者所有<ref>{{引網|著=DiStefano, Joseph N.|址=https://www.inquirer.com/columnists/john-bogle-vanguard-scraps-plain-talk-no-profit-at-cost-20190207.html|題=Vanguard SEC Filings Drop 'At-Cost,' 'No Profit' Claims That Were Dear to Late Founder John Bogle|出版=The Philadelphia Inquirer|見=2019-10-04}}</ref>。故先鋒之真主,實天下投資者也,非外股東也。利歸於民,不歸於閥;權出於眾,不出於私。其基金多分二等:曰「投資者股」,曰「上將股」。上將股費率稍輕,入門資額較高,自三千及十萬美元不等<ref>{{引網|址=https://investor.vanguard.com/mutual-funds/admiral-shares|題=Admiral Shares Help Keep Your Costs Under Control|出版=Vanguard|日=2020-04-09}}</ref>。總部設於[[費城]]近郊瑪爾文,分號散布[[夏洛特 (北卡羅來納州)|夏洛特]]、[[達拉斯]]、[[華盛頓哥倫比亞特區|華府]]、[[斯科茨代爾]]諸地,旁及[[加拿大]]、[[澳大利亞]],東至[[亞細亞|亞洲]],西暨[[歐羅巴洲|歐陸]]<ref>{{引網|址=https://www.ft.com/content/74b8a59b-d596-46fa-83fd-e3702d057581|題=The Vanguard Group: Global Operations|出版=Financial Times|見=2025-12-13}}</ref>。
== 贊煙之譏 ==
二〇二一年三月,先鋒從七十餘資產管理公司之約,誓使旗下諸企於[[二〇六〇年]]達[[淨零排放|淨零之境]],與[[巴黎協定]]相應<ref>{{引網|址=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-climate-change-investors-idUSKBN2BL0AX|題=Investors BlackRock, Vanguard join net zero effort|出版=Reuters|日=2021-03-29}}</ref>。然同歲所統之資中,仍有助[[化石燃料|煤油之產]]、促氣候之變者;如智利之ENAP Sipetrol、[[中國石油天然氣集團公司|中國石油]]、Petroamazonas之屬,並列其中<ref name=":0">{{引網|著=Peterson, Laura|址=https://amazonwatch.org/assets/files/2021-investing-in-amazon-crude-ii.pdf|題=Investing in Amazon Crude II|出版=Amazon Watch|日=2021-06-01}}</ref>。
是歲,先鋒投煤業者至少八百六十億美元,居天下之首<ref>{{引網|址=https://www.urgewald.org/en/medien/groundbreaking-research-reveals-financiers-coal-industry|題=Groundbreaking Research Reveals the Financiers of the Coal Industry|出版=Urgewald e.V.|見=2022-09-03}}</ref>;投[[亞馬遜雨林]]內石油諸企者,債二十六億,股九十六億焉<ref name=":0"/>。誓淨零於前,資煙煤於後;前言後行,相違遠甚,識者議焉。
== 兼查 ==
*[[共同基金]]
*[[指數基金]]
*[[交易所交易基金]]
*[[貝萊德]]
*[[道富集團]]
*[[約翰柏格]]
== 注釋 ==
{{reflist}}
== 它典 ==
*[https://www.vanguard.com 先鋒集團]
[[Category:美國史]]
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'''先鋒集團'''{{按|英語:'''The Vanguard Group, Inc.'''}},[[泰西]]投資之雄、寰宇指數之祖也。西元[[一九七五年]]五月朔,[[約翰柏格]]肇基於[[賓夕法尼亞州|賓州]]瑪爾文之地<ref name=AboutVang>{{引網|址=https://corporate.vanguard.com/content/corporatesite/us/en/corp/who-we-are/sets-us-apart/facts-and-figures.html|題=Fast Facts About Vanguard|出版=The Vanguard Group, Inc.|見=2025-04-12}}</ref>。創於受黜之餘,立於眾笑之中。歷四十餘載,統籌之資逾一十二萬億[[美元]]。冠絕[[共同基金]]之林,亞於[[貝萊德]][[安碩]]之列<ref>{{引網|址=http://www.etf.com/sections/etf-league-tables.html|題=ETF League Tables|出版=ETF.com|見=2017-03-22}}</ref>。與貝萊德、[[道富集團|道富]]鼎峙,世號「指數三雄」<ref>{{Cite book|last=Bebchuk|first=Lucian|coauthors=Hirst, Scott|title=Index Funds and the Future of Corporate Governance: Theory, Evidence, and Policy|work=[[Columbia Law Review]]|volume=119|pages=2029–2146|year=2019|url=https://columbialawreview.org/content/index-funds-and-the-future-of-corporate-governance-theory-evidence-and-policy/}}</ref>。業兼資產之理、財富之治,制秉客戶共有之奇。下啟散戶之門,上易華爾街之舊。費率至輕,當世罕匹。
== 沿革 ==
=== 肇始 ===
[[File:Photo of a John C. Bogle By Bill Cramer.jpg|thumb|約翰柏格於[[二〇〇七年]]]]
約翰柏格者,[[普林斯頓大學|普林斯頓]]之俊彥也。[[一九五一年]],撰學位之論,徧考基金之績<ref>{{引網|著=Armbruster, Mark|址=http://www.armbrustercapital.com/wp-content/uploads/2017/02/Comparing-Index-Mutual-Funds-10-14-2016.pdf|題=Comparing index mutual funds and active managers|出版=Rochester Business Journal|日=2016-10-14}}</ref>。乃悟主動之眾,多遜大盤之指;雖偶有勝出,亦為管費所噬<ref>{{引網|著=MacBride, Elizabeth|址=https://www.cnbc.com/2015/10/14/jack-bogle-follow-these-4-investing-rules-ignore-the-rest.html|題=Jack Bogle: Follow these 4 investing rules—ignore the rest|出版=CNBC|日=2015-10-14}}</ref>。指數之念,潛萌於少年之心;異日之機,已伏於蕘者之論。
既卒業,入[[威靈頓基金管理公司|威靈頓]]為僚<ref name=thinking>{{引網|著=Ferri, Rick|址=https://www.forbes.com/sites/rickferri/2014/02/10/what-was-john-bogle-thinking/|題=What Was John Bogle Thinking?|出版=Forbes|日=2014-02-10}}</ref>。由小吏而陞大員,自下流而躋上席。[[一九六七年]]為總裁,[[一九七〇年]]掌大計。然嘗主一併購,事敗而謗興,[[一九七四年]]遂遭黜逐<ref name=thinking/>。柏氏自陳曰:「斯舉之失,可恥而難恕;皆由童騃自負,不察事實所致。然非此一挫,則無先鋒之興也。」<ref>{{引網|著=Boyle, Matthew|址=https://money.cnn.com/magazines/fortune/fortune_archive/2007/12/24/101939724/index.htm|題=Be prepared for a lot of bumps|出版=Fortune|日=2007-12-17}}</ref>知者謂柏氏之厄,天所以玉成之者也。
=== 命名之由 ===
柏氏既被斥,乃於威靈頓內闢別部以自立。會古版書賈遺以《[[大不列顛海戰圖譜]]》一卷。展卷至[[尼羅河口海戰]]之章,覩[[納爾遜]]率[[皇家海軍|皇家艦隊]],殲法艦於水陸之交。獨損巡防一艘,幾沉敵之全師<ref>{{引網|著=Reklaitis, Victor|址=http://www.marketwatch.com/story/5-things-you-dont-know-about-vanguard-2014-10-31|題=5 things you don't know about Vanguard|出版=MarketWatch|日=2014-12-22}}</ref>。柏氏感其捷,乃取納爾遜旗艦之名「先鋒」{{按|HMS ''Vanguard''}}以名其業<ref>{{Cite book|last=Bogle|first=John C.|title=John Bogle on Investing: The First 50 Years|publisher=John Wiley & Sons|year=2015|pages=224|isbn=978-1-119-08836-3}}</ref>。威靈頓諸老初有難色。柏氏告以「Vanguard」與「Wellington」於字典之中相鄰,可並陳而列之,諸老乃首肯之<ref name=firstindex>{{引網|址=http://www.bfjlaward.com/pdf/25975/42-59_bogle_jpm_0918.pdf|題=Lightning Strikes: The Creation of Vanguard, the First Index Mutual Fund, and the Revolution It Spawned|出版=Bogle Financial Markets Research Center|日=1997-04-01}}</ref>。名雖出於偶然,意實合於拓荒。
=== 草創 ===
威靈頓諸老禁先鋒涉諮議與管理之業<ref name=firstindex/>。柏氏因勢順為,思建被動之基,附驥於[[標準普爾五百指數|標普五百指數]]之後<ref name=tooworried>{{引網|著=Sommer, Jeff|址=https://www.nytimes.com/2012/08/12/business/john-bogle-vanguards-founder-is-too-worried-to-rest.html|題=A Mutual Fund Master, Too Worried to Rest|出版=The New York Times|日=2012-08-11}}</ref>。又得後膺[[諾貝爾經濟學獎]]之[[薩繆爾森]]為援。薩氏嘗於[[一九七六年]]八月《[[新聞週刊]]》撰文,謂散戶當有附指數而投之機<ref>{{引網|著=Mihm, Stephen|址=https://www.bloomberg.com/view/articles/2016-09-06/how-index-funds-prevailed|題=How Index Funds Prevailed|出版=Bloomberg|日=2016-09-06}}</ref>。
是年,得董事會之准,柏氏乃立「第一指數投資信託」,即今之[[先鋒五百指數基金]]也<ref>{{引網|著=Culloton, Dan|址=http://news.morningstar.com/articlenet/article.aspx?id=390749|題=A Brief History of Indexing|出版=Morningstar|日=2011-08-09}}</ref>。其先創指數之基者,有[[傑里米·格蘭瑟姆|格蘭瑟姆]]之Batterymarch於[[波士頓]],有[[雷克斯·辛克菲爾德|辛克菲爾德]]之American National Bank於[[芝加哥]],有麥誇恩之[[富國銀行]]於[[舊金山|三藩]]<ref>{{Cite book|last=Fox|first=Justin|title=The myth of the rational market: a history of risk, reward, and delusion on Wall Street|publisher=Harper Business|year=2011|isbn=978-0-06-059903-4}}</ref>。然皆以機構為的;以散戶為對象、廣傳於庶民者,先鋒實開其端。
初發之際,眾望募一億五千萬,僅獲一千一百萬而已<ref>{{引網|著=Bogle, John; Rafalaf, Andrew|址=https://money.cnn.com/magazines/fsb/fsb_archive/2002/10/01/330578/index.htm|題=A Wall Street Revolution|出版=Fortune|日=2002-10-01}}</ref>。承銷諸行勸柏氏罷議,柏氏弗從。時先鋒之眾,惟柏氏與分析二員。基金不付佣於經紀,商賈不樂為之售;所積甚遲,期年難滿。歲未周年,資不過一千七百萬。會威靈頓所轄一基金將併他基,柏氏說以併入指數基金,遂驟躍至近一億焉<ref name=firstindex/><ref name=tooworried/>。出師雖蹇,胎動已具勝兆。
=== 拓業 ===
[[一九八二年]]之後,[[牛市|騰湧之勢]]既起,指數之術漸為他家所效。然彼類者收費過昂,反失指數之本意。[[一九八四年]]十一月,與[[Primecap]]合創先鋒Primecap基金<ref>{{引網|著=Norton, Leslie P.|址=https://www.barrons.com/articles/primecap-in-the-spotlight-1460174680|題=Primecap in the Spotlight|出版=Barron's|見=2023-08-19}}</ref>。[[一九八六年]]十二月,創總債券基金,乃零售投資者所得之首支債券指數基金也<ref>{{Cite book|last=Bogle|first=John C.|title=The Clash of the Cultures: Investment vs. Speculation|publisher=John Wiley & Sons|year=2012|isbn=9781118238219}}</ref>。或譏第一指數基金止隨標普五百,所及過狹。[[一九八七年]]十二月,乃創「擴展市場指數基金」,盡羅標普五百之外諸股<ref>{{引網|址=https://uk.finance.yahoo.com/news/quick-guide-vanguard-extended-market-130901563.html|題=Quick Guide to Vanguard Extended Market Index Investor Fund|出版=Yahoo Finance|日=2016-03-04}}</ref>。其後五年,小型有基,國際有基,總市有指。皆取分散之術,咸行低費之政。
九十年代,所出愈繁。先鋒五百與總市指數諸基,躋身寰宇之最大;先鋒亦冠絕共同基金之林<ref>{{Cite book|last=Godin|first=Seth|title=If You're Clueless about Mutual Funds and Want to Know More|publisher=Dearborn Financial Publishing|year=1997|pages=98|isbn=9780793125548}}</ref>。[[一九九五年]],[[約翰·內夫|內夫]]退隱於温莎基金,是基金也,隸屬先鋒,專取物美價廉之股票。其執掌三十年,歲均勝標普五百三百基點,世稱善理財者也<ref>{{引網|著=DiStefano, Joseph|址=https://www.inquirer.com/business/john-neff-obituary-vanguard-windsor-funds-university-pennsylvania-endowment-fidelity-20190605.html|題=Brilliant stock picker John Neff, who ran Vanguard's Windsor Fund|出版=The Philadelphia Inquirer|日=2019-06-05}}</ref>。
=== 嬗替 ===
[[一九九九年]],柏氏屆懸車之年,依制退為閒職,由[[約翰·布倫南|布倫南]]繼之<ref>{{引網|著=Costello, Martine|址=https://money.cnn.com/1999/08/12/mutualfunds/funds_vanguard/|題=Vanguard's Bogle retires|出版=CNN|日=1999-08-12}}</ref>。[[二〇〇八年]]二月,麥納布為總裁;同歲八月,遂掌首席執事之印<ref>{{引網|址=https://www.forbes.com/2008/02/22/vanguard-mcnabb-brennan-face-markets-cx_pm_0222autofacescan02.html|題=McNabb To Succeed Brennan at Vanguard|出版=Forbes|日=2008-02-22}}</ref>。柏氏之後,諸繼者皆拓業於指數之外,廣涉[[交易所交易基金|上市指數基金]]與主動管理之基<ref>{{引網|址=https://investor.vanguard.com/index-funds/index-vs-active|題=Index funds vs. actively managed funds|出版=Vanguard|見=2020-05-19}}</ref>。柏氏於上市指數基金頗有所疑:其雖宜長線之持,恐害於買賣之差;雖便日中之交,又虞於朝暮之易<ref>{{引網|著=Benz, Christine|址=https://www.morningstar.com/articles/355645/bogle-buy-and-hold-dont-trade-etfs|題=Bogle: Buy and Hold, Don't Trade ETFs|出版=Morningstar|歲=2010}}</ref>。柏氏一生,倡守持之道,戒投機之習。門人拓業雖廣,本心始終如一。
[[二〇一七年]]五月,立基金平台於[[英國|不列顛]]<ref>{{引網|著=Ricketts, David|址=https://www.fnlondon.com/articles/vanguard-goes-direct-to-man-on-the-street-in-new-price-war-20170516|題=Hargreaves hit as Vanguard goes direct to man on the street|出版=Financial News London|日=2017-05-16}}</ref>。同歲七月,公議以首席投資長[[蒂姆·巴克利|巴克利]]繼麥納布之任。二〇一八年正月就職,麥氏退居董事會之首<ref>{{引網|著=Smith, Peter|址=https://www.ft.com/content/646dd648-67d2-11e7-8526-7b38dcaef614|題=Tim Buckley to succeed Bill McNabb as Vanguard chief|出版=Financial Times|日=2017-07-13}}</ref>。
[[二〇二〇年]],創數位諮詢之業,並籌投資之團於[[中國]]<ref>{{引網|著=Wigglesworth, Robin; Henderson, Richard|址=https://www.ft.com/content/9414052a-3142-11ea-9703-eea0cae3f0de|題=Vanguard and the US financial system: too big to be healthy?|出版=Financial Times|日=2020-01-12}}</ref>。同歲十月,慮乎法度之嚴、人事之繁、利潤之薄,遂退還在華所管之資二百一十億美元於官資<ref>{{引網|址=https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2020-10-09/vanguard-returns-21-billion-in-assets-to-china-s-state-funds|題=Vanguard Returns $21 Billion in Assets to China State Funds|出版=Bloomberg|日=2020-10-09}}</ref>。其後[[繁榮美國聯盟]]起而劾之,謂先鋒乃美元入華軍工與犯人權諸企之管道<ref>{{引網|著=Kynge, James; Sevastopulo, Demetri; Lockett, Hudson|址=https://www.ft.com/content/a37c6b7c-bec1-457b-8125-a3dbe2a8a275|題=Vanguard funds invest in China military groups, report says|出版=Financial Times|日=2023-10-12}}</ref>。
[[二〇二一年]]二月,始行碎股之計,散戶以一美元之微,亦得入上市指數基金之門<ref>{{引網|著=Lucchetti, Aaron|址=https://www.wsj.com/articles/SB945730607441550739|題=E-Tailers Allow Buyers to Add Fund Investments to Carts|出版=The Wall Street Journal|日=1999-12-22}}</ref>。[[二〇二二年]]十一月,於[[澳洲]]設「先鋒退休金」之業<ref>{{引網|址=https://www.smh.com.au/money/super-and-retirement/us-giant-looks-to-shake-up-australia-s-3-3-trillion-super-sector-with-low-fee-products-20221110-p5bx76.html|題=Vanguard looks to shake up Australia's $3.3 trillion super sector with low-fee products|出版=The Sydney Morning Herald|日=2022-11-11}}</ref>。
[[二〇二四年]]五月,公議聘[[貝萊德]]宿將拉姆吉繼巴克利為新首席執事,七月就職;乃先鋒外姓之首掌大計者也<ref>{{引網|著=Brush, Silla|址=https://www.bnnbloomberg.ca/vanguard-appoints-blackrock-veteran-salim-ramji-as-next-ceo-1.2073003|題=Vanguard Appoints BlackRock Veteran Salim Ramji as Next CEO|出版=BNN Bloomberg|日=2024-05-14}}</ref><ref>{{引網|著=Godbout, Ted|址=https://www.napa-net.org/news-info/daily-news/ramji-takes-helm-vanguard-ceo|題=Ramji Takes the Helm as Vanguard CEO|出版=National Association of Plan Advisors|日=2024-07-08}}</ref>。
[[二〇二五年]],[[聯合國]]報告列資本之與[[以色列|以]]戰[[加沙地帶|加沙]]者,先鋒在焉<ref>{{引網|著=Marsi, Federica|址=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2025/7/1/un-report-lists-companies-complicit-in-israels-genocide-who-are-they|題=UN report lists companies complicit in Israel's "genocide": Who are they?|出版=Al Jazeera|日=2025-07-01}}</ref><ref>{{引網|著=Borger, Julian|址=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2025/jul/03/global-firms-profiting-israel-genocide-gaza-united-nations-rapporteur|題=Global firms 'profiting from genocide' in Gaza, says UN rapporteur|出版=The Guardian|日=2025-07-03}}</ref>。其所投之企,多有助以軍備者;[[卡特彼勒公司|卡特彼勒]]、[[雪佛龍]]、[[帕蘭提爾]]、[[洛克希德·馬丁]]、[[埃爾比特系統公司|埃爾比特]]之屬,並列其中<ref>{{Cite book|last=Mattei|first=Clara|title=Escape from Capitalism: An Intervention|publisher=Simon & Schuster|year=2026|pages=153|isbn=978-1668085141}}</ref>。
== 體制 ==
夫先鋒之異於諸家者,蓋以本司為所管諸基金所有,而諸基金又為投資者所有<ref>{{引網|著=DiStefano, Joseph N.|址=https://www.inquirer.com/columnists/john-bogle-vanguard-scraps-plain-talk-no-profit-at-cost-20190207.html|題=Vanguard SEC Filings Drop 'At-Cost,' 'No Profit' Claims That Were Dear to Late Founder John Bogle|出版=The Philadelphia Inquirer|見=2019-10-04}}</ref>。故先鋒之真主,實天下投資者也,非外股東也。利歸於民,不歸於閥;權出於眾,不出於私。其基金多分二等:曰「投資者股」,曰「上將股」。上將股費率稍輕,入門資額較高,自三千及十萬美元不等<ref>{{引網|址=https://investor.vanguard.com/mutual-funds/admiral-shares|題=Admiral Shares Help Keep Your Costs Under Control|出版=Vanguard|日=2020-04-09}}</ref>。總部設於[[費城]]近郊瑪爾文,分號散布[[夏洛特 (北卡羅來納州)|夏洛特]]、[[達拉斯]]、[[華盛頓哥倫比亞特區|華府]]、[[斯科茨代爾]]諸地,旁及[[加拿大]]、[[澳大利亞]],東至[[亞細亞|亞洲]],西暨[[歐羅巴洲|歐陸]]<ref>{{引網|址=https://www.ft.com/content/74b8a59b-d596-46fa-83fd-e3702d057581|題=The Vanguard Group: Global Operations|出版=Financial Times|見=2025-12-13}}</ref>。
== 贊煙之譏 ==
二〇二一年三月,先鋒從七十餘資產管理公司之約,誓使旗下諸企於[[二〇六〇年]]達[[淨零排放|淨零之境]],與[[巴黎協定]]相應<ref>{{引網|址=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-climate-change-investors-idUSKBN2BL0AX|題=Investors BlackRock, Vanguard join net zero effort|出版=Reuters|日=2021-03-29}}</ref>。然同歲所統之資中,仍有助[[化石燃料|煤油之產]]、促氣候之變者;如智利之ENAP Sipetrol、[[中國石油天然氣集團公司|中國石油]]、Petroamazonas之屬,並列其中<ref name=":0">{{引網|著=Peterson, Laura|址=https://amazonwatch.org/assets/files/2021-investing-in-amazon-crude-ii.pdf|題=Investing in Amazon Crude II|出版=Amazon Watch|日=2021-06-01}}</ref>。
是歲,先鋒投煤業者至少八百六十億美元,居天下之首<ref>{{引網|址=https://www.urgewald.org/en/medien/groundbreaking-research-reveals-financiers-coal-industry|題=Groundbreaking Research Reveals the Financiers of the Coal Industry|出版=Urgewald e.V.|見=2022-09-03}}</ref>;投[[亞馬遜雨林]]內石油諸企者,債二十六億,股九十六億焉<ref name=":0"/>。誓淨零於前,資煙煤於後;前言後行,相違遠甚,識者議焉。
== 兼查 ==
*[[共同基金]]
*[[指數基金]]
*[[交易所交易基金]]
*[[貝萊德]]
*[[道富集團]]
*[[約翰柏格]]
== 注釋 ==
{{reflist}}
== 它典 ==
*[https://www.vanguard.com 先鋒集團]
[[Category:美國史]]
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維基大典:世事/荷蘭遊輪罹漢坦之疫
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疫株為安地斯種,世所罕見,又能相染於人際。至西曆五月十日,實證罹疫者九,歿三。其間舟欲泊加那利群島,島主以民安為慮,拒不納,遂改泊烏斯懷亞、聖赫勒拿、培亞諸港,終得[[西班牙]]准,五月十日抵特內里費,得遣歸國者百四十七人。諸邦有司皆嚴備以待,然[[世界衛生組織|世衛]]謂疫本稀見,流衍之虞尚微。
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丙午二月{{按|西曆四月}},[[荷蘭|荷國]]遊輪洪狄厄斯號{{按|MV Hondius}}罹漢坦之疫。
疫株為安地斯種,世所罕見,又能相染於人際。至西曆五月十日,實證罹疫者九,歿三。其間舟欲泊加那利群島,島主以民安為慮,拒不納,遂改泊烏斯懷亞、聖赫勒拿、培亞諸港,終得[[西班牙]]准,五月十日抵特內里費,得遣歸國者百四十七人。諸邦有司皆嚴備以待,然[[世界衛生組織|世衛]]謂疫本稀見,流衍之虞尚微。
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{{Template:Welcome|realName=|name=Pascarthur}}
-- [[用戶:Itsmine|孔明居士]] ([[用戶討論:Itsmine|對話]]) 二〇二六年五月一〇日 (日) 一五時一九分 (UTC)
opkt9vdkrecv4xumgbsbr888i52z5ff
用戶討論:Watermlelon35666
3
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440846
2026-05-10T15:43:29Z
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{{Template:Welcome|realName=|name=Watermlelon35666}}
-- [[user:WAN233|<span style="color: #007FFF;">启明</span>]][[user talk:WAN233|(留言)]] 二〇二六年五月一〇日 (日) 一五時四三分 (UTC)
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用戶討論:山林有清
3
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440847
2026-05-10T17:20:58Z
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{{Template:Welcome|realName=|name=山林有清}}
-- [[用戶:Itsmine|孔明居士]] ([[用戶討論:Itsmine|對話]]) 二〇二六年五月一〇日 (日) 一七時二〇分 (UTC)
48osyfsfpdkpocixslyj7cczwvosxqd
用戶討論:Sillyeel
3
138021
440849
2026-05-10T19:45:50Z
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{{Template:Welcome|realName=|name=Sillyeel}}
-- [[用戶:Davidzdh|<font color="#008B8B">关山</font>]] ([[User talk:Davidzdh|修書]]) 二〇二六年五月一〇日 (日) 一九時四五分 (UTC)
84xhhdtxs76hmoxlnhx0gemyq19hfvd
用戶討論:Chinalaws
3
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2026-05-10T20:09:56Z
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{{Template:Welcome|realName=|name=Chinalaws}}
-- [[用戶:丁子君|丁子君]] ([[用戶討論:丁子君|對話]]) 二〇二六年五月一〇日 (日) 二〇時〇九分 (UTC)
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用戶討論:MissTortoise
3
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440851
2026-05-10T20:25:50Z
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在新使用者的討論頁上添加[[Template:Welcome|歡迎資訊]]
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{{Template:Welcome|realName=|name=MissTortoise}}
-- [[用戶:Itsmine|孔明居士]] ([[用戶討論:Itsmine|對話]]) 二〇二六年五月一〇日 (日) 二〇時二五分 (UTC)
bgbk5d7vi8jdrfkp85bg7juhmmjw8ro
用戶討論:Davidlau
3
138024
440852
2026-05-10T21:26:59Z
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{{Template:Welcome|realName=|name=Davidlau}}
-- [[用戶:Itsmine|孔明居士]] ([[用戶討論:Itsmine|對話]]) 二〇二六年五月一〇日 (日) 二一時二六分 (UTC)
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用戶討論:Limyx826
3
138025
440853
2026-05-10T23:06:09Z
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{{Template:Welcome|realName=|name=Limyx826}}
-- <span style="text-shadow:0 1px 5px #66f9cf;">[[User:MintCandy|薄荷糖]]</span>敬上 <small>([[User talk:MintCandy|議]])</small> 二〇二六年五月一〇日 (日) 二三時〇六分 (UTC)
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用戶討論:VoPhanYen
3
138026
440854
2026-05-10T23:09:46Z
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{{Template:Welcome|realName=|name=VoPhanYen}}
-- [[用戶:丁子君|丁子君]] ([[用戶討論:丁子君|對話]]) 二〇二六年五月一〇日 (日) 二三時〇九分 (UTC)
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用戶討論:Garriot
3
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440855
2026-05-11T00:43:25Z
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{{Template:Welcome|realName=|name=Garriot}}
-- <span style="text-shadow:0 1px 5px #66f9cf;">[[User:MintCandy|薄荷糖]]</span>敬上 <small>([[User talk:MintCandy|議]])</small> 二〇二六年五月一一日 (一) 〇〇時四三分 (UTC)
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用戶討論:Norarit Sae
3
138028
440856
2026-05-11T02:25:28Z
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{{Template:Welcome|realName=|name=Norarit Sae}}
-- [[用戶:丁子君|丁子君]] ([[用戶討論:丁子君|對話]]) 二〇二六年五月一一日 (一) 〇二時二五分 (UTC)
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用戶討論:Qake456
3
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2026-05-11T02:48:11Z
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{{Template:Welcome|realName=|name=Qake456}}
-- [[user:WAN233|<span style="color: #007FFF;">启明</span>]][[user talk:WAN233|(留言)]] 二〇二六年五月一一日 (一) 〇二時四八分 (UTC)
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用戶討論:Zues77
3
138030
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2026-05-11T03:22:38Z
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{{Template:Welcome|realName=|name=Zues77}}
-- [[用戶:Itsmine|孔明居士]] ([[用戶討論:Itsmine|對話]]) 二〇二六年五月一一日 (一) 〇三時二二分 (UTC)
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用戶討論:Milopclee
3
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2026-05-11T03:49:38Z
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{{Template:Welcome|realName=|name=Milopclee}}
-- [[用戶:丁子君|丁子君]] ([[用戶討論:丁子君|對話]]) 二〇二六年五月一一日 (一) 〇三時四九分 (UTC)
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用戶討論:中原故土
3
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440860
2026-05-11T03:53:30Z
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在新使用者的討論頁上添加[[Template:Welcome|歡迎資訊]]
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{{Template:Welcome|realName=|name=中原故土}}
-- [[用戶:Davidzdh|<font color="#008B8B">关山</font>]] ([[User talk:Davidzdh|修書]]) 二〇二六年五月一一日 (一) 〇三時五三分 (UTC)
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用戶討論:G.Mamedov
3
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440861
2026-05-11T04:51:19Z
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{{Template:Welcome|realName=|name=G.Mamedov}}
-- [[用戶:Itsmine|孔明居士]] ([[用戶討論:Itsmine|對話]]) 二〇二六年五月一一日 (一) 〇四時五一分 (UTC)
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用戶討論:Hua woo
3
138034
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2026-05-11T04:58:28Z
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{{Template:Welcome|realName=|name=Hua woo}}
-- [[用戶:丁子君|丁子君]] ([[用戶討論:丁子君|對話]]) 二〇二六年五月一一日 (一) 〇四時五八分 (UTC)
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用戶討論:MouFengcoo
3
138035
440867
2026-05-11T05:37:49Z
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{{Template:Welcome|realName=|name=MouFengcoo}}
-- [[用戶:丁子君|丁子君]] ([[用戶討論:丁子君|對話]]) 二〇二六年五月一一日 (一) 〇五時三七分 (UTC)
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二〇二七年
0
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2026-05-11T06:07:38Z
一室幽蘭
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新文
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{{年代|2020}}{{年|2027}}
==大事==
==生==
==歿==
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用戶討論:Dafeiji000
3
138037
440870
2026-05-11T07:06:50Z
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{{Template:Welcome|realName=|name=Dafeiji000}}
-- <span style="text-shadow:0 1px 5px #66f9cf;">[[User:MintCandy|薄荷糖]]</span>敬上 <small>([[User talk:MintCandy|議]])</small> 二〇二六年五月一一日 (一) 〇七時〇六分 (UTC)
pljwnpa7j34ubww9n2wq629qs1ptz09
用戶討論:Yuhaozhuangsoc
3
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440871
2026-05-11T07:24:15Z
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{{Template:Welcome|realName=|name=Yuhaozhuangsoc}}
-- [[用戶:Itsmine|孔明居士]] ([[用戶討論:Itsmine|對話]]) 二〇二六年五月一一日 (一) 〇七時二四分 (UTC)
bm8jzg4t4sk4whbuhfxxaq6huy46ff8
用戶討論:TranBao1111
3
138039
440873
2026-05-11T09:24:03Z
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{{Template:Welcome|realName=|name=TranBao1111}}
-- [[用戶:丁子君|丁子君]] ([[用戶討論:丁子君|對話]]) 二〇二六年五月一一日 (一) 〇九時二四分 (UTC)
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用戶討論:Lutato1219
3
138040
440874
2026-05-11T10:17:29Z
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{{Template:Welcome|realName=|name=Lutato1219}}
-- [[用戶:丁子君|丁子君]] ([[用戶討論:丁子君|對話]]) 二〇二六年五月一一日 (一) 一〇時一七分 (UTC)
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用戶討論:Davidsoomm
3
138041
440876
2026-05-11T11:38:28Z
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{{Template:Welcome|realName=|name=Davidsoomm}}
-- [[用戶:Davidzdh|<font color="#008B8B">关山</font>]] ([[User talk:Davidzdh|修書]]) 二〇二六年五月一一日 (一) 一一時三八分 (UTC)
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用戶討論:T11M03M10O05
3
138042
440878
2026-05-11T11:42:03Z
SHB2000
89404
SHB2000遷頁[[用戶討論:T11M03M10O05]]至[[用戶討論:Madison sky]]:當重新命名使用者「[[Special:CentralAuth/T11M03M10O05|T11M03M10O05]]」至「[[Special:CentralAuth/Madison sky|Madison sky]]」時自動移動頁面
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#重新導向 [[用戶討論:Madison sky]]
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