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Shiva Samhita (also Siva Samhita) is a Sanskrit text on yoga, written by an unknown author[1]. The text is addressed by the Hindu god Shiva to his consort Parvati ("Shiva Samhita" means "Shiva's Compendium"). It is one of three major surviving classical treatises on hatha yoga, the other two being Gheranda Samhita and Hatha Yoga Pradipika[2]. The Shiva Samhita is considered the most comprehensive and the most democratic treatise on hatha yoga[3].
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[మార్చు] Date
Many believe that Shiva Samhita was written in 17th[4][5] or 18th[1][6] century, but in a 2007 translation, James Mallinson dates the text before 1500 CE[7], as it has been cited by many works believed to have been composed in 17th century. Based on the clues given in the text, Mallinson also believes that the Shiva Samhita was composed in or around Varanasi.
[మార్చు] Content
Shiva Samhita talks about the complex physiology, names 84 different asanas (only four of which are described in detail), describes five specific types of prana, and provides techniques to regulate them[3]. It also deals with abstract yogic philosophy, mudras, tantric practices, and meditation[8]. It emphasizes that even a common householder can practice yoga and benefit from it. There is a distinct Buddhist influence that runs throughout the text[1].
The first chapter mentions various methods of liberation and philosophical standpoints. The second chapter describes the nadis, the internal fire, and the working of the jiva. The third chapter describes the winds in the body, the importance of the guru, the four stages of the Yoga, the five elemental visualizations and four asanas in detail. The fourth chapter deals with the eleven mudras that can result in yogic attainments. The fifth chapter is the longest and most diverse -- it describes obstacles to the liberation, the four types of aspirants, the technique of shadow gazing, the internal sound, the esoteric centers and energies in the body (such as the kundalini), the seven lotuses, the "king of kings of yogas", and a global mantra[7].
[మార్చు] Translations
Many English translations of Shiva Samhita have been made. The earliest known English translation is by Shri Chandra Vasu (1884, Lahore) in the series known as "The Sacred Books of the Hindus" The translation by Rai Bahadur and Srisa Chandra Vasu in 1914, also in the series known as "The Sacred Books of the Hindus", was the first translation to find a global audience. However, it omits certain sections (such as vajroli mudra) and is considered inaccurate by some[7]. In 2007, James Mallinson made a new translation to address these issues. The new translation is based on the only available critical edition of the text — the one publshed in 1999 by the Kaivalya Dham Yoga Research Institute.
[మార్చు] External links
- Critical edition with English translation (2007) by James Mallinson (Free PDF)
- An English translation (PDF), based on the 1914 edition translated by Rai Bahadur/Srisa Chandra Vasu and another unidentified edition (registration required for download)
- An English translation (1887) by Srischandra Basu (PDF)
[మార్చు] References
- ↑ 1.0 1.1 1.2 Shiva Samhita. Retrieved on 2007-02-13.
- ↑ [http://www.jonnmumfordconsult.co The most fundamental text of Hatha Yoga is the Hatha Yoga Pradipika, a Sanskrit classic written by Swami Swatmarama, a disciple of Swami Goraknath. Said to be the oldest surviving text on the Hatha Yoga, it is one of the three classic texts of Hatha Yoga (the other two being the Gheranda Samhita and the Shiva Samhita). The book was written in 15th century CE. The work is derived from older Sanskrit texts and Swami Swatamarama's own yogic experiences. It includes information about asanas, pranayama, chakras, kundalini, bandhas, kriyas, shakti, nadis and mudras among other topics. Many modern English translations of the book are available. The book lists in great detail all the main asanas, pranayama, mudras and bandhas that are familiar to today's yoga student. It runs in the line of Hindu yoga (to distinguish from Buddhist and Jain yoga) and is dedicated to Lord Adinath, a name for Lord Shiva (the Hindu god of destruction and renewal), who is alleged to have imparted the secret of Hatha Yoga to his divine consort Parvati. It is common for yogins and tantriks of several disciplines to dedicate their practices to a deity under the Hindu ishta-devata concept (see Patanjali's Yoga Sutras) while always striving to achieve beyond that: Brahman. Hindu philosophy in the Vedanta and Yoga streams, as the reader will remember, views only one thing as being ultimately real: Satchitananda Atman, the Existence-Consciousness-Blissful Self. Very Upanishadic in its notions, worship of Gods is a secondary means of focus on the higher being, a conduit to realization of the Divine Ground. Hatha Yoga follows in that vein and thus successfully transcends being particularly grounded in any one religion. By balancing two streams, often known as ida (mental) and pingala (bodily) currents, the shushumna nadi (current of the Self) is said to rise, opening various chakras (cosmic powerpoints within the body, starting from the base of the spine and ending right above the head) until samadhi is attained. It is through the forging a powerful depth of concentration and mastery of the body and mind, Hatha Yoga practices seek to still the mental waters and allow for apprehension of oneself as that which one always was, Brahman. Hatha Yoga is essentially a manual for scientifically taking one's body through stages of control to a point at which one-pointed focus on the unmanifested brahman is possible: it is said to take its practitioner to the peaks of Raja Yoga. In the West, Hatha Yoga has become wildly popular as a purely physical exercise regimen divorced of its original purpose. Currently, it is estimated that about 30 million Americans practice hatha yoga. But it is still followed in a manner consistent with tradition throughout the Indian subcontinent. The traditional guru-disciple relationship that exists without sanction from organized institutions, and which gave rise to all the great yogins who made way into international consciousness in the 20th century, has been maintained in Indian, Nepalese and some Tibetan circles.
[మార్చు] See also
[మార్చు] External links
- A widely available translation.
- Hatha Yoga Pradipika in PDF format (A free sample containing the introduction and 10% of the text.)
- Complete online translation
- ↑ 3.0 3.1 Linda Sparrowe. The History of Yoga. Yoga Journal. Retrieved on 2007-02-13.
- ↑ Kurt Keutzer. Kundalini Bibliography. Retrieved on 2007-02-13.
- ↑ Hindu Timeline #4. Retrieved on 2007-02-13.
- ↑ Hinduism Dictionary: Siva Samhita. Himalayan Academy. Retrieved on 2007-02-13.
- ↑ 7.0 7.1 7.2 The Shiva Samhita, translated by James Mallinson. Yoga Vidya. Retrieved on 2007-02-13.
- ↑ Shiva Samhita. Satyananda Yoga Center, Kathmandu. Retrieved on 2007-02-13.
మూస:Yoga

