# Darmstadt

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Huy hiệu | Vị trí Darmstadt
--- | ---
| Hình:Hessen DA.png.png
Số liệu cơ bản
Tiểu bang:: | Hessen
Diện tích: | 122,23 km²
Dân số: | 139.233 số liệu ngày 30/09/2006
Mật độ dân số: | 1.139 người/km²
Mã số bưu điện: | 64283–64297
Mã số điện thoại: | 06151, 06150
Mã số ô tô: | DA
Trang Web chính thức: | www.darmstadt.de

Hình:Darmstadt 1900.jpg
The market square in front of the Ducal Palace around 1900.

Darmstadt is a city in the Bundesland (federal state) of Hessen in Germany. The city is located in the southern part of the Rhine Main Metropolitan Area. It is also one of the small number of cities (as opposed to smaller communities) in Germany which do not lie close to a river or coast.

It is historically dominated by administration (being the seat of the former Landgraves of Hesse-Darmstadt), with industry (especially chemicals) as well as large science and tertiary education sectors becoming important from the early 20th century onwards.

## [sửa] History

### [sửa] Overview

The name Darmstadt first appears towards the end of the 11th century, then Darmundestat; Literally translated, the current German name Darmstadt means "City of the Lower Bowel", though this is just a coincidence, as the name derives from the the 'Darm'(bach), a small creek formerly running through the city (now mostly covered over).

Darmstadt was chartered as a city by the Holy Roman Emperor Ludwig the Bavarian in 1330 to the counts of Katzenelnbogen. When the house of Katzenelnbogen became extinct in 1479, the city was passed to Hesse. The seat of the ruling landgraves (1567-1806) and thereafter (to 1918) to the Grand Dukes of Hesse, the city grew in population during the 19th century from little over 10,000 to 72,000 inhabitants. A polytechnical school, which later became a Technical University now known as TU Darmstadt, was established in 1877.

In the beginning of the 20th Century Darmstadt was an important centre for the art movement of Jugendstil, the German variant of Art Nouveau. Annual architectural competitions led to the building of many architectural treasures of this period. Also during this period, in 1912 the chemist Anton Kollisch, working for the pharmaceutical company Merck, first synthesised the chemical MDMA (ecstasy) in Darmstadt.

Darmstadt's municipal area was extended in 1937 to include the neighbouring localities of Arheilgen and Eberstadt, and in 1938 the city was separated administratively from the surrounding district (Kreis). Its old city centre was largely destroyed in a British bombing raid of September 11 1944, which killed an estimated 11,500 inhabitants and rendered 66,000 homeless. Most of Darmstadt's 3000 Jews were killed or forced to exile by the Nazi regime between 1933 and 1945.

Throughout the 19th and 20th centuries, Darmstadt became home to many technology companies and research institutes, and has been promoting itself as a "city of science" since 1997. It is well known as a high-tech centre in the vicinity of Frankfurt Airport, with important activities in spacecraft operations, chemistry, pharmacy, information technology, biotechnology, telecommunications and mechatronics. The TU Darmstadt is one of the important technical institutes in Germany and is well known for its research and teaching in the Electrical, Mechanical and Civil Engineering disciplines.

### [sửa] Famous people

- Georg Büchner, famous poet, born nearby and grown up in Darmstadt
- Johann Wolfgang Goethe, famous poet who spent some of his early years working in Darmstadt
- Christoph Graupner, Baroque composer who worked over 50 years at the court in Darmstadt
- Dr Walter Köbel, politician, born in Darmstadt
- Justus von Liebig, chemist and scientist, born in Darmstadt
- Björn Phau, tennis player, born in Darmstadt
- Friedrich August Kekulé von Stradonitz, organic chemist, born in Darmstadt

## [sửa] Modern day

### [sửa] Sights

The ducal palace of Darmstadt is located in the city centre. It was the residence of the counts of Hesse-Darmstadt, later as Grand Dukes of Hesse by the grace of Napoleon. Its current look was established in the 18th century. The counts also owned a castle on the Langenberg above the city. This castle dates back to the 13th century, but it was acquired by the counts of Hessen-Darmstadt in 1662. The name of the castle is Frankenstein. Mary Shelley probably adopted the name for her novel Frankenstein; or, The Modern Prometheus (1818). Before writing the story, she had travelled through the region and visited Eberstadt (today a borough of Darmstadt), so the castle could have given her the inspiration.

The Luisenplatz, the largest square of the city, forms the centre of the town. Today it is surrounded by modern buildings. In 1844 the Ludwigsäule (called Langer Lui, meaning Long Ludwig), a 33-meter column commemorating Ludwig I, first Grand Duke of Hesse, was placed in the middle. The other large town square is the Marktplatz (see image) near the town hall.

Every year around early July the Heinerfest festival is held in the streets surrounding the old ducal palace. It is a traditional German festival with music acts, beer halls, amusement rides and booths selling trinkets and food. The similar 'Schloßgrabenfest', which is more live music-oriented, is held in the same location every year in May. These two festivals attract 700,000[1] and 400,000[2] visitors respectively.

Surviving examples of the Jugendstil period include the Rosenhöhe, the Mathildenhöhe with the Hochzeitsturm ('Marriage tower'), commonly known as the 'Five-Finger-Tower', the Russian Chapel and large exhibition halls as well as many private villas built by Jugendstil architects who had settled in Darmstadt. The Russian Chapel was built as a private chapel for the last Tzar of Russia, Nicholas II, whose wife Alexandra was born in Darmstadt.

The Hundertwasser building "Waldspirale" ("Forest Spiral") was built in Darmstadt between 1998 and 2000 by the famous Austrian sculptor and painter Friedensreich Hundertwasser.

The "Waldspirale" residence built by Hundertwasser.

### [sửa] Institutions

Darmstadt is the site of the famous Darmstadt University of Technology, renowned for its engineering departments, and of the Darmstadt University of Applied Sciences. Related institutes are four Institutes of the Fraunhofer Society, and the Gesellschaft für Schwerionenforschung (GSI, "Society for Heavy Ion Research") which operates a particle accelerator at its Wixhausen site.

The GSI has, amongst others, discovered the chemical element Darmstadtium (atomic number: 110), named after the city in 2003. This makes Darmstadt one of only seven cities with an element named after it (the other cities being Ytterby in Sweden (four elements); Strontian in Scotland; Copenhagen in Denmark (whose latin name gives Hafnium); Paris (whose latin name gives Lutetium); Berkeley, California; and Dubna in Russia). Various other elements, including Meitnerium (atomic number: 109) (1982), Hassium (atomic number: 108) (1984), Roentgenium (atomic number: 111) (1994) and Ununbium (atomic number: 112) (1996) were also synthesized in the Darmstadt facility.

The European Space Operations Center (ESOC) of the European Space Agency is located in Darmstadt, as is EUMETSAT, which operates meteorological satellites. Darmstadt is a centre for the pharmaceutical and chemical industry, with Merck, Röhm and Schenck RoTec (part of The Dürr Group) having their main plants and centres here.

The Jazz-Institut Darmstadt is Germany's largest publicly accessible Jazz archive.

The Internationales Musikinstitut Darmstadt, harboring one of the world's largest collections of post-war sheet music, also hosts the biannual Internationale Ferienkurse für Neue Musik, a summer school in contemporary classical music founded by Wolfgang Steinecke. A large number of avant-garde composers have attended and given lectures there, including Olivier Messiaen, Luciano Berio, Milton Babbitt, Pierre Boulez, John Cage, György Ligeti, Iannis Xenakis, Karlheinz Stockhausen and Mauricio Kagel.

The Deutsche Akademie für Sprache und Dichtung (German Academy for Language and Poetry) provides writers and scholars with a place to research the German language. The Academy's annual Georg-Büchner-Preis, named in memory of Georg Büchner, is considered the most prestigious literary award for writers of German language.

There are still U.S. Army personnel stationed in the Darmstadt area. Just outside the Darmstadt centre is the U.S. Army Garrison Darmstadt on Cambrai-Fritsch Kaserne. The barracks was originally built in the 1930s as two separate German Army barracks (Cambrai Kaserne and Freiherr von Fritsch Kaserne). The base has started deactivation and will be closed around 2008-2010, at that time AFN Europe, currently broadcasted from here, will be moved to Mannheim.

## [sửa] Twinning

Darmstadt is twinned with:

- Alkmaar, Netherlands
- Brescia, Italy
- Bursa, Turkey
- Chesterfield, UK
- Graz, Austria
- Liepaja, Latvia
- Logroño, Spain
- Płock, Poland
- Szeged, Hungary
- Trondheim, Norway
- Troyes, France
- Uzhhorod, Ukraine
- Saanen, Switzerland

## [sửa] References

1. ▲ Information about the Heinerfest (in German)
2. ▲ Schloßgrabenfest 2006 (in German)

## [sửa] External links

Wikimedia Commons có thêm hình ảnh và tài liệu khác về:
Darmstadt

- Official site of the city of Darmstadt (German, English)
- Darmstadt on Wikitravel
- Mathildenhoehe
- Details of Trams and Buses used in Darmstadt
- Public Transport in Darmstadt - Maps, Timetables, Fares
- War memorials in Darmstadt
- Webpage of the U.S. army in Darmstadt

### [sửa] Notable institutions

- Darmstadt University of Technology
- University of Applied Sciences Darmstadt
- Fraunhofer Institute for Computer Graphics
- Fraunhofer Institute for Secure Information Technology
- Fraunhofer Institute for Integrated Publication and Information Systems
- Fraunhofer Institute for Structural Durability
- Deutsche Akademie für Sprache und Dichtung
- Gesellschaft für Schwerionenforschung
- European Space Operations Centre (ESOC)
- European Organisation for the Exploitation of Meteorological Satellites (EUMETSAT)

Lấy từ “http://vi.wikipedia.org../../../d/a/r/Darmstadt.html”

Thể loại: Bài đang dịch | Bài cần trang định hướng | Cities in Hesse | Merck

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