Ausbausprache
Diwar Wikipedia, an holloueziadur digor
Ar pennad-mañ n'eo ket peurechu c'hoazh ; ma fell deoc'h labourat warnañ deuit da welout ha lakait hoc'h ali e pajenn ar gaozeadenn.
Un ausbausprache (distaget: [ˈaʊsbaʊˌʃpraːçə]; e brezhoneg: yezh savet) a zo un nevezc'her alamanek bet krouet gant Heinz Kloss e 1967 a-grevet gant an termenoù "abstandsprache" hag "dachsprache" evit komz eus ur yezh ganti un doare-skrivañ hag ur yezhadur unvan hag ur c'heriaoueg ledan ha sklaer a-walc'h. Damheñvel eo neuze ouzh ur yezh unvan. Ha koulskoude, daou doare yezhel hag a c'heller ober gante en un doare komprenus kenetreze a c'hell bezañ sellet e-giz div yezh disheñvel ma'z eo pep hini ur yezh ausbau hervez an termenadur a-us, da skwer : ar serbeg hag ar c'hroateg, an daneg hag an norvegeg, an izelvroeg hag an afrikaans, ar finneg hag an estoneg pe c'hoazh, met nebeutoc'h, an hindeg hag an ourdoueg.
A language may be an abstand language without being an ausbau language. This is often the case with minority languages used within a larger nation state, where the minority language is used only in private and all official functions are performed in the majority language. On the other hand, a language may be an ausbau language even when it has relatively little abstand from its neighbours. Examples are the Scandinavian languages Danish, Swedish and Norwegian, which are mutually intelligible to a large degree but nevertheless constitute three separate languages on criteria of ausbau. The concept of ausbau is particularly important in cases where the local spoken varieties across a larger region form a dialect continuum. In such cases, the question of where the one language ends and the other starts is often a question more of ausbau than of abstand. For instance, the Low German dialects of Dutch and German on some sides of the Dutch-German border are similar, with both languages merging to some degree; nevertheless, on the level of the ausbau standard languages Dutch and German clearly constitute two separate languages. In some instances, ausbau languages have been created out of dialects for purposes of nation building. This applies for instance to Luxembourgish vis-a-vis German, or to Macedonian vis-a-vis Bulgarian and Serbian. In some instances where ausbau languages have been created for political purposes on the basis of very little abstand, the separate-language status of the resulting variety may be quite controversial, as in the case of Moldovan vis-a-vis Romanian. Other examples of ausbau languages are Persian of Iran and Afghanistan (cf. Dari), Serbian and Croatian, Dutch and Afrikaans, and to some extent Hindi and Urdu.

