Els Set Cims
De Viquipèdia
Els Set Cims són les més altes muntanyes de cadascun dels set continents (segons l'Enciclopèdia Britanica). Coronar-los tots en escalada és un dels reptes més apassionants per als alpinistes, i la seva consecució va ser proposada per primer cop per Richard Bass a la dècada del 1980 (Bass et al 1986).
Taula de continguts |
[edita] Definició de 'Set Cims'
Degut a les diferents interpretacions en el que fa referència a les línies divisòries continentals (geogràfiques, geològiques, geopolíques), existeixen diversos continents en funció d'aquestes interpretacions, i per tants diversos 'sostres continentals' possibles. El nombre de set continents emprat a Els Set Cims està basat en el model emprat a Europa occidental i els Estats Units.
[edita] Dualitat a Oceania
La muntanya més alta d'Austràlia és el Mont Kosciuszko (2.228 m), però la muntanya més alta del que entenem per Oceania és realment el Puncak Jaya, de 4.884 m .
[edita] Dualitat a Europa
Generalment es considera que la muntanya més alta d'Europa és el Elbrús (5.642 m), al Càucas. Però hi han altres interpretacions que consideren que aquesta part del món no pertany al 'concepte clàssic d'Europa', i consideren que el Mont Blanc (4.808 m) és la muntanya més alta del vell continent. (De fet si el Càucas és Europa, llavors hi han 5 muntanyes més altes que el Mont Blanc al continent ).
[edita] Les llistes de Bass i Messner
La primera llista dels Set Cimss va ser postulada per Bass (La llista de Bass o llista Kosciusko), que va triar la muntanya més alta de l'illa d'Australia com a representant del cim més lat del continent. Reinhold Messner va proposar una altra llista (la llista Messner o llista Carstensz/Puncak), idèntica excepte en el que fa referència a la muntanya més alta d'Oceania. Cap d'aquestes dues llistes inclou el Mont Blanc. Des del punt de vista de l'alpinisme, la llista Messner és la més seductora i la que implica més tècnica. Coronar el Puncak Jaya té el caracter d'una expedició, mentre que pujar al Kosciuszko és una fàcil excursió a peu.
| "Set" Cims (per continent) | |||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| "Bass" | "Messner" | Cim | Alçària m | Continent | Serralada | País | |
| X | X | Kilimanjaro (Cim Kibo) | 5.895 | Àfrica | Kilimanjaro | Tanzània | |
| X | X | Massís Vinson | 4.892 | Antàrtida | Muntanyes Ellsworth | Sobirania reclamada per Xile | |
| X | Kosciuszko | 2.228 | Oceania | Gran Serralada Divisòria | Austràlia | ||
| X | Puncak Jaya | 4.884 | Oceania | Serralada Sudriman | Indonèsia | ||
| X | X | Everest | 8.848 | Àsia | Himàlaia | Nepal, Xina | |
| X | X | Elbrús | 5.642 | Europa (Àsia) | Càucas | Rússia | |
| X | X | Mont McKinley (Denali) | 6.194 | Nord Amèrica | Serralada d'Alaska | Estats Units | |
| X | X | Aconcagua | 6.962 | Sud Amèrica | Andes | Argentina | |
[edita] Repte per als alpinistes
The mountaineering challenge to climb the Seven Summits is traditionally based on either the Bass or the Messner list. (It is assumed that most of the mountaineers who have completed the Seven Summits would have climbed Mont Blanc as well.) [1]
[edita] Història
Richard Bass, an American businessman and amateur mountaineer, set himself the goal of climbing the highest mountain on each of the seven continents, including mainland Australia. He hired David Breashears to guide him up Everest, the most difficult of his Seven, and completed his Everest summit on April 30 1985. He then co-authored the book Seven Summits, which covered the undertaking (Bass et al 1986).
Reinhold Messner revised Bass's list by substituting the Australia-New Guinea continent for mainland Australia. Pat Morrow first met Messner's challenge, finishing with climbing Carstensz Pyramid on May 7, 1986, shortly followed by Messner himself climbing Vinson on December 3rd, 1986. Morrow has also been the first to complete all eight summits from both lists.
In 1990, Rob Hall and Gary Ball became the first to complete the Seven Summits in seven months. Using the Bass list, they started with Mount Everest on May 10 1990 and finished with Vinson on December 12, 1990, hours before the seven-month deadline.
The first woman to complete the Bass and Messner lists was Junko Tabei finishing on July 28 1992 by climbing Elbrus.
Samantha Larson, an 18-year-old California woman is believed to be the youngest climber to scale all seven after summiting Everest on May 17, 2007.
As of March 2007, more than 198 climbers have climbed all seven of the peaks from either the Bass or the Messner list; about 30% of those have climbed all of the eight peaks required to complete both lists. While the numbers of completions of the two lists are very close, two statistics suggest the difference in degree of effort:
- Even discounting both the 1985 completions using Kosciuszko (since they could be thought of as a head start before Messner's challenge was made), five more climbers completed the Sevens using Kosciuszko before the third climber completed the feat using Carstensz Pyramid.
- The shortest time span a person has made the seven ascents using Kosciuszko is 172 days.[2]
- The world record for the Carstensz Pyramid list is 187 Days, by Canadian climber Daniel Griffith in 2006. Griffith completed the summits in the following order: Everest-May 24, McKinley-June 15, Elbrus-July 4, Carstensz Pyramid-Sep 24, Kilimanjaro-Oct 3, Aconcagua-Oct 20 and Vinson-Nov 27.[3]
- In December 2006 Davo Karničar became the first person to have skied down all seven peaks.[4]
- On May 16, 2007, 18 year-old Samantha Larson became the youngest American to climb Mount Everest and also the youngest person to climb the Seven Summits.[1]
[edita] Crítiques a la 'realització de la gesta'
Many mountain climbers, beyond these one hundred and ninety eight, aspire to complete the seven ascents of one or both of these lists, but the expense, the demands placed on fitness, the physical hardship and the dangers involved are often greater than imagined. Popularization of the Seven Summits has not been without its detractors, who argue that it tempts the ambitious but inexperienced into paying large sums to professional guides who promise the "seven", and that the guides are therefore pressured to press on toward summits even to the detriment of their clients' safety.Plantilla:Fact
Alpinism author Jon Krakauer (1997) wrote in Into Thin Air that it would be a bigger challenge to climb the second-highest peak of each continent, knowns as the Seven Second Summits. This is especially true for Asia, as K2 (8,611 m) demands greater technical climbing skills than Everest (8,848 m), while altitude-related factors such as the thinness of the atmosphere, high winds and low temperatures remain much the same. Some of those completing the seven ascents are aware of the magnitude of the challenge. In 2000, in a foreword to Steve Bell et al., Seven Summits, Morrow opined with humility '[t]he only reason Reinhold [Messner] wasn’t the first person to complete the seven was that he was too busy gambolling up the 14 tallest mountains in the world.'
[edita] Referències
- Bell, Steve; et al. (2000). Seven Summits. Mitchell Beazley . ISBN 9024606063.
- Bass, Dick; Frank Wells, Rick Ridgeway (1986). Seven Summits. Warner Books. ISBN 0-446-51312-1.
- Morrow, Patrick (1986). Beyond Everest - Quest For the Seven Summits. Camden House. ISBN 0-920656-46-3.
- Krakauer, Jon (1997). Into thin Air. Villard. ISBN 0-385-49208-1.
- The Seven Summits. adventurestats.com. Data d'accés; 2006-08-08.
Note: statistics outdated, not updated since 2004
- Statistics, Facts & figures of all 7summiteers!. 7summits.com. Data d'accés; 2006-08-09.
Updated until March 2007, 198 summiteers.
- Carstensz Pyramid, the Summit of Oceania. 7summits.com. Data d'accés; 2006-08-08.
[edita] Notes
- ↑ The Seven Summits. adventurestats.com.
- ↑ Facts & figures of all 7 summiteers. 7summits.com.
- ↑ "Canadian man climbs highest mountains on seven continents in 187 days", CBC, 2006-11-28.
- ↑ Facts & figures of all 7 summiteers. 7summits.com.
[edita] Vegeu també
- Seven Second Summits
- Volcanic Seven Summits
[edita] Enllaços externs
| Els Set Cims |
|---|
| Àsia: Everest (8.848 m) • Sud Amèrica: Aconcagua (6.962 m) • Nord Amèrica: McKinley (6.194 m) • Àfrica: Kilimanjaro (5.895 m) Europa: Elbrús (5.642m) / Mont Blanc (4.808 m) • Antàrtida: Massís Vinson (4.892 m) • Oceania: Puncak Jaya (4.884 m) / Kosciuszko (2.228 m) |

