Linux/Test - Wikipedia

# Linux/Test

### Sa Wikipedije, slobodne enciklopedije

Linux
Pingvin Tux, baziran na slici koju je kreirao Larry Ewing 1996, je logo i maskota Linuxa.
Izdavač/ razvijatelj: | Različite kompanije i pojedinci
Skupina OSa: | Unixoliki
Zadnja stabilna verzija: | 2.6.18.2 (kernel) / 5. novembar, 2006
Tip kernela: | Monolitni
Licenca: | GPL
Stanje: | Razvija se

Linux (također znan kao i GNU/Linux) je Unixoliki računarski operativni sistem. Jedan je od najpoznatijih primjera open source besplatnog (en. free) softvera; za razliku od vlasničkih operativnih sistema kao Windows ili Mac OS X, sav njegov izvorni kôd je dostupan svakome da ga koristi, modificira, i slobodno redistribuira.

Linux su primarno razvijali i koristitli entuzijasti na osobnim računarima. Od tada, Linux je dobio podršku velikih kompanija kao IBM, Sun Microsystems, Hewlett-Packard, i podršku Novella za upotrebu na serverima, a dobija popularnost i na desktop računarima[1]. Koristi se na sistemima koji variraju od super računara do mobitela. Analitičari kažu da je za uspjeh Linuxa najviše zaslušna njegova sigurnost, niska cijena, sloboda mjenjanja i distribuiranja i mogućnost oslanjanja.[2][3]

## [izmijeni] Historija

Linus Torvalds, kreator Linux kernela.

U 1983. godini, Richard Stallman je osnovao GNU projekat, sa ciljem razvijanja kompletnog Unixolikog operativnog sistema sastavljenog isključivo od slobodnog softvera. Već početkom 1990tih, GNU je napravio i skupi većinu potrebnih komponenti ovog sistema - biblioteke, kompajlere, editote teksta, Unixoliki shell, osim najvažnije komponente, kernela. GNU projekat je počeo razvijati kernrel, Hurd, u 1990im, baziran na Mach mikrokernelu, ali razvoj ovog Mach-baziranog dizajna je bio težak i spor.

U to vrijeme, u 1991, drugi kernel je začet kao hobi Finskog studenta Linusa Torvaldsa dok je pohađao Helskinki univerzitet.[4] Torvalds je originalno koristio Minix na svom računaru, pojednostavljeni Unixoliki sistem napisan od strane Andrew Tanenbauma. Ipak, Tanenbaum nije dozvoliodrugima da nadograde njegov operativni sistem, tjerajući Linusa da napravi zamjenu za Minix.

Originalno, Torvalds je zvao svoj kernel "Freax" za "free" i"freak" sa često korištenim slovom X u Unixolikim sistemima. Ime "Linux" je smislio Ari Lemmke, koji je administrirao FTP server koji je pripadao Finskoj univerzitekstoj mreži; on je izmislio ime Linux za direktorij na kojem je Torvaldsov projekt prvi put postao dostupan.[5]

Grafička historija Unix sistema. Linux je Unixoliki sistem ali njegov izvorni kod nema porijeklo od originalnog Unixa.

U početku za konfiguraciju i instalaciju Linuxa je bio potreban računar sa Minixom. Inicijalne verzije Linuxa su također zahtijevale drugi operativni sistem da bi se pokrenule sa hard diska, ali ubrzo su se pojavili nezavisni boot loader programi kao što je npr. LILO (en. LInux LOader). Linux je ubrzo prešao Minix po funkcionalnosti; Torvalds i drugi programeri ranih verzija Linux kernela su spojili svoj rad i GNU komponente i korisničke programe da bi napravili kompletan, potpuno funkcionalan i slobodan operativni sistem.

Danas, Torvalds nastavlja direktni razvoj kernela, dok se drugi podsistemi kao GNU komponente nastavljaju razvijati odvojeno (razvoj Linux kernela ne spada u GNU projekat). Druge grupe i kompanije kombiniraju i distribuiraju ove komponente sa dodatnim aplikacijama u formi Linux distribucija.

### [izmijeni] Portabilnost

Linux kernel je originalno dizajniran samo za Intel 80386 mikroprocesore, ali sada podržava veliki broj računarskih arhitektura. Linux je najportaniji operativni sistem današnjice. Također postoje i specijalizirane distribucije za manje poznate arhitekture.

### [izmijeni] Copyright, licenciranje i Linux kao tržna marka

The Linux kernel and most GNU software are licensed under the GNU General Public License. The GPL requires that all distributed source code modifications and derived works also be licensed under the GPL, and is sometimes referred to as a "share and share-alike" or "copyleft" license. In 1997, Linus Torvalds stated, "Making Linux GPL'd was definitely the best thing I ever did."[6] Other software may use other licenses; many libraries use the GNU Lesser General Public License (LGPL), a more permissive variant of the GPL, and the X Window System uses the MIT License.

In the United States, the name Linux is a trademark[7] registered to Linus Torvalds. Initially, nobody cared for registering it, but on August 15, 1994, William R. Della Croce, Jr. filed for the trademark Linux, and then demanded royalties from Linux distributors. In 1996, Torvalds and some affected organizations sued to have the trademark assigned to Torvalds, and in 1997 the case was settled[8]. The licensing of the trademark is now handled by the Linux Mark Institute. Torvalds has stated that he only trademarked the name to prevent someone else from using it, but was bound in 2005 by United States trademark law to take active measures to enforce the trademark. As a result, the LMI sent out a number of letters to distribution vendors requesting that a fee be paid for the use of the name, and a number of companies have complied.Šablon:Citeneeded

### [izmijeni] Izgovor

In 1992, Torvalds explained how he pronounces the word Linux: Šablon:Cquotetxt

An audio file of Torvalds saying "Hello, this is Linus Torvalds, and I pronounce Linux as Linux" can be found here. Note that in English, "Linux" and "Minix" are usually pronounced with a short i (IPA: /ɪ/) sound that is different from Torvalds' Finland-Swedish pronunciation of these words.

### [izmijeni] Linux i GNU projekt

Richard Stallman, founder of the GNU project for a free operating system.

The goal of the GNU project is to produce a Unix-compatible operating system consisting entirely of free software, and most general-purpose Linux distributions rely on GNU libraries and tools written to that effect. The Free Software Foundation views these Linux distributions as "variants" of the GNU system, and asks that such operating systems be referred to as GNU/Linux or a Linux-based GNU system. While some distributions make a point of using the combined form - notably Debian GNU/Linux - its use outside of the enthusiast community is limited, and Linus Torvalds has said that he finds calling Linux in general GNU/Linux "just ridiculous"Šablon:Citeneeded. The distinction between the Linux kernel and distributions based on it is a source of confusion to many newcomers, and the naming remains controversial.

### [izmijeni] SCO tužba

In March 2003, the SCO Group filed a lawsuit against IBM, claiming that IBM had contributed portions of SCO's copyrighted code to the Linux kernel in violation of IBM's license to use Unix. Additionally, SCO sent letters to a number of companies warning that their use of Linux without a license from SCO may be actionable, and claimed in the press that they would be suing individual Linux users. This controversy has involved lawsuits by SCO against DaimlerChrysler (dismissed in 2004), and AutoZone, and by Red Hat and others against SCO. Furthermore, whether SCO even owns the relevant Unix copyrights is currently disputed by Novell.

As per the Utah District Court ruling on July 3, 2006; 182 claims out of 294 claims made by SCO against IBM have been dismissed.[10]

To date, no proof of SCO's claims of copied code in Linux has been provided and SCO's claims have varied widely.

### [izmijeni] Napori na razvijanju

More Than a Gigabuck: Estimating GNU/Linux's Size, a 2001 study of Red Hat Linux 7.1, found that this distribution contained 30 million source lines of code.[11] Using the Constructive Cost Model, the study estimated that this distribution required about eight thousand man-years of development time. According to the study, if all this software had been developed by conventional proprietary means, it would have cost about 1.08 billion dollars (year 2000 U.S. dollars) to develop in the United States.

The majority of the code (71%) was written in the C programming language, but many other languages were used, including C++, Lisp, assembly language, Perl, Fortran, Python and various shell scripting languages. Slightly over half of all lines of code were licensed under the GPL. The Linux kernel was 2.4 million lines of code, or 8% of the total.

In a later study, Counting potatoes: The size of Debian 2.2, the same analysis was performed for Debian GNU/Linux version 2.2.[12] This distribution contained over fifty-five million source lines of code, and the study estimated that it would have cost 1.9 billion dollars (year 2000 U.S. dollars) to develop by conventional means.

## [izmijeni] Aplikacije

A KDE desktop on the SUSE distribution.

Linux has historically been used mainly as a server operating system, but its low cost, flexibility, and Unix background make it suitable for a wide range of applications. Linux is the cornerstone of the "LAMP" server-software combination (Linux, Apache, MySQL, Perl/PHP/Python) which has achieved popularity among developers, and which is one of the more common platforms for website hosting.

Due to its low cost and its high configurability, Linux is often used in embedded systems such as television set-top boxes, mobile phones, and handheld devices. Linux has become a major competitor to the proprietary Symbian OS found in many mobile phones, and it is an alternative to the dominant Windows CE and Palm OS operating systems on handheld devices. The popular TiVo digital video recorder uses a customized version of Linux. Several network firewall and router standalone products, including several from Linksys, use Linux internally, using its advanced firewalling and routing capabilities.

Linux is increasingly common as an operating system for supercomputers. In the November 2005 TOP500 list of supercomputers, the two fastest supercomputers in the world ran Linux. Of the 500 systems, 371 (74.2%) ran some version of Linux, including seven of the top ten.

The Sony PlayStation 3 video game console, launched in 2006, will run Linux by default. Sony has previously released a PS2 Linux do-it-yourself kit for their PlayStation 2 video game console. Game developers like Atari and id Software have released titles to the Linux desktop. Linux Game Publishing also produces games for Linux, licensing and porting them from their Windows source code.

The One Laptop Per Child project, which aims to provide computing devices to all children in developing nations, uses Linux as the device's operating system.

### [izmijeni] Distribucije

  Glavni članak: Linux distribucija

Linux is predominantly used as part of a Linux distribution (commonly called a "distro"). These are compiled by individuals, loose-knit teams, and commercial and volunteer organizations. They commonly include additional system and application software, an installer system to ease initial system setup, and integrated management of software installation and upgrading. Distributions are created for many different purposes, including computer architecture support, localization to a specific region or language, real-time applications, and embedded systems, and many deliberately include only slobodni softver. Currently, over three hundred distributions are actively developed, with about a dozen distributions being most popular for general-purpose use.[13]

A typical general-purpose distribution includes the Linux kernel, some GNU libraries and tools, command-line shells, the graphical X Window System and an accompanying desktop environment such as KDE or GNOME, together with thousands of application software packages, from office suites to compilers, text editors, and scientific tools.

### [izmijeni] Desktop upotreba

A GNOME desktop running from the GNOME LiveCD.

Šablon:See also

The high level of access granted to Linux's internals has led to Linux users traditionally tending to be more technologically oriented than users of Microsoft Windows and Mac OS, sometimes revelling in the tag of "hacker" or "geek". Linux and other free software projects have been frequently criticized for not going far enough to ensure ease of use.

This stereotype has begun to be dispelled in recent years. Linux may now be used with a user interface that is very similar to those running on other operating systems. Users may have to switch application software, and there are often fewer "known" options (as in the case of computer games) but there exist replacements for all general-purpose software, and general applications like spreadsheets, word processors, and browsers are available for Linux in profusion. Additionally, a growing number of proprietary software vendors are supporting Linux.[14]

Linux's roots in the Unix operating system mean that while graphical configuration tools and control panels are available for many system settings and services, plain-text configuration files are still commonly used to configure the OS and may be exposed to users. In general, the command shell does not protect against accidents like file deletion, and the user interfaces of older programs are sometimes inconsistent.

The Berlin-based organization Relevantive concluded in 2003 that the usability of Linux for a set of desktop-related tasks was "nearly equal to Microsoft Windows XP."[15] Since then, there have been numerous independent studies and articles [16] which indicate that a modern Linux desktop using either GNOME or KDE is on par with Microsoft Windows in a business setting.

### [izmijeni] Linux na tržištu

According to the market research company IDC, 25% of servers and 0.36% of desktop computers ran Linux as of 2002.[17] For web-servers, on the other hand, Linux holds the larger market share, with over 70% of web servers running Linux.[18]

The Linux market is rapidly growing and the revenue of servers, desktops, and packaged software running Linux is expected to exceed $35.7 billion by 2008.[19] It is important to note that this figure represents only paid Linux shipments; since most Linux distributions are available for free download from the internet, the actual installed base is higher than may be indicated by this figure.

The paper Why Open Source Software / Free Software (OSS/FS)? Look at the Numbers![20] identifies many quantitative studies of open source software, on topics including market share and reliability, with many studies specifically examining Linux.

## [izmijeni] Instalacija

The most common method of installing Linux on a personal computer is by booting from a CD-ROM that contains the installation program and installable software. Such a CD can be burned from a downloaded ISO image, shipped for free by request, purchased alone for a low price, or can be obtained as part of a box set that may also include manuals and additional commercial software. Mini CD images allow Linux to be installed from a disk with a small form factor.

As with servers, personal computers that come with Linux already installed are available from vendors including Hewlett-Packard and Dell, although generally only for their business desktop line.

Alternatives to traditional desktop installation include thin client installation, where the operating system is loaded and run from a centralised machine over a network connection; and running from a Live CD, where the computer boots the entire operating system from CD without first installing it on the computer's hard disk.

On embedded devices, Linux is typically held in the device's firmware and may or may not be consumer-accessible.

## [izmijeni] Programiranje na Linuxu

GCC is by far the most commonly used compiler family on Linux, providing frontends for C, C++ and Java among others. Most distributions also come installed with Perl, Python and other language interpreters, and several now include C# via the Mono project.

There are a number of Integrated development environments available including KDevelop, Anjuta, NetBeans, and Eclipse while the traditional editors Emacs and Vim are also provided and remain popular. The two main toolkits for GUI programming are Qt and the Gimp Toolkit, known as GTK+.

As well as these free and open source options, there are proprietary compilers and tools available from a range of companies such as Intel,[21] PathScale[22] and the Portland Group.[23]

## [izmijeni] Podrška

Tehnička podrška je uglavnom dostupna na Internet forumima, IRCu, news grupama i mailing listama. Udruženja Linux Korisnika postoje širom svijeta u različitim zemljama da bi osigurale podršku za Linux u različitim gradovima i regionima.

## [izmijeni] Također vidi

| Linux portal Odjeljak isključivo posvećen Linux operativnom sistemu

- Spisak Linux distribucija

## [izmijeni] Reference

- Šablon:Cite book
- Gedda, R (2004). Linux breaks desktop barrier in 2004: Torvalds. Postavljeno 2004-01-16.
- Mackenzie, K (2004). Linux Torvalds Q&A. Postavljeno 2004-01-19.
- Greene, Thomas C. Mandrake 8.1 easier than Win-XP. The Register. Postavljeno 2005-12-22.

1. ↑ Red Hat prodaja
2. ↑ Uspjeh Linuxa
3. ↑ Zašto je Linux uspješan
4. ↑ Nastanak Linuxa
5. ↑ Ime "Linux"
6. ↑ Linus Torvalds interview. Postavljeno 2006-05-08.
7. ↑ U.S. Reg No: 1916230. Postavljeno 2006-04-01.
8. ↑ Linux Journal, 2006-06-31, Linux Timeline.
9. ↑ Torvalds explanation of how to pronounce Linux. Postavljeno 2006-04-01.
10. ↑ SCO Losing Linux Battle With IBM.
11. ↑ Wheeler, David A (2002-07-29). More Than a Gigabuck: Estimating GNU/Linux's Size. Postavljeno 2006-05-11.
12. ↑ González-Barahona, Jesús M; et al. (2002-01-03). Counting potatoes: The size of Debian 2.2. Postavljeno 2006-05-11.
13. ↑ The LWN.net Linux Distribution List. Postavljeno 2006-05-19.
14. ↑ The Global Desktop Project, Building Technology and Communities. Postavljeno 2006-05-07.
15. ↑ Relevantive Linux usability study. Postavljeno 2006-04-03.
16. ↑ Dulaney, Emmett (June 2005). Desktop Linux: Ready for Prime Time?. Postavljeno 2006-06-19.
17. ↑ Microsoft has 97% of OS market, says OneStat.com. Postavljeno 2006-08-25.
18. ↑ Netcraft Web Server Survey. Postavljeno 2006-08-27.
19. ↑ Linux To Ring Up $35 Billion By 2008. Postavljeno 2006-04-01.
20. ↑ Wheeler, David A. Why Open Source Software / Free Software (OSS/FS)? Look at the Numbers!. Postavljeno 2006-04-01.
21. ↑ http://www.intel.com/cd/software/products/asmo-na/eng/linux/index.htm
22. ↑ http://www.pathscale.com/ekopath.html
23. ↑ http://www.pgroup.com/

## [izmijeni] Vanjski linkovi

Wikimedia Commons ima kolekciju medijskih fajlova o temi:
Linux

### [izmijeni] Općenito

- Linux.org — sadrži raznovrsne informacije i resurse o Linuxu.
- Kernel.org — Web stranica Linux kernela
- The Linux Documentation Project — HOWTOi, FAQi i drugi vodiči.
- developerWorks Linux zone — Stotine Linux HOWTOa, priručnika, foruma i drugih resursa.

### [izmijeni] Distribucije

- Linux Online — distribucije i FTP stranice (poredane po kategorijama).
- DistroWatch.com — novosti i informacije o distribucijama.

Linux distribucije
CentOS | Debian | Fedora | Gentoo | Knoppix | Mandriva Linux | Red Hat Enterprise Linux | Slackware | SUSE Linux | Ubuntu | više…

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Kategorije: Operativni sistemi | Linux

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