இசுரேல் - தமிழ் விக்கிபீடியா (Tamil Wikipedia)

# இசுரேல்

### கட்டற்ற கலைக்களஞ்சியமான விக்கிபீடியாவில் இருந்து.

מדינת ישראל மெதிநத் இசுரேல் دولة إسرائيل தவ்லத் இசுரேல் இசுரேல் நாடு

கொடி | Coat of arms

குறிக்கோள்: none
நாட்டு வணக்கம்: ஃகடிக்வா
தலைநகரம் | ஜெரூசலம்[1] 31°47′N 35°13′E
பெரிய நகரம் | ஜெரூசலம்
ஆட்சி மொழி(கள்) | ஃஈபுரு மொழி, அராபிய மொழி
அரசு | Parliamentary democracy
- President | Moshe Katsav
- Prime Minister | எஃகூத் ஓல்மெர்ட்
விடுதலை | ஐ.இ. இடமிருந்து
- Declaration | 14 May 1948 (05 Iyar 5708)
பரப்பளவு |
- மொத்தம் | 22,145 கி.மீ.² (149th)
| 8,019 சதுர மைல்
- நீர் (%) | ~2%
மக்கள்தொகை |
- மே 2006 மதிப்பீடு | 7,026,0001 (99ஆவது)
- 1995 கணிப்பீடு | 5,548,523
- அடர்த்தி | 304/கிமி² (40ஆவது) 787/சதுர மைல்
மொ.தே.உ (கொ.ச.வே) | 2005 மதிப்பீடு
- மொத்தம் | $163.45 பில்லியன் (53ஆவது)
- ஆள்வீதம் | $23,416 (28th)
ம.வ.சு (2003) | 0.915 (23rd) – high
நாணயம் | New Israeli sheqel (₪) (`ILS`)
நேர வலயம் | இசுரேல் நேரம் (ஒ.ச.நே.+2)
- கோடை (ப.சே.நே.) | (ஒ.ச.நே.+3)
இணைய குறி | .il
தொலைபேசி | `+972`
1Includes Israeli population living in the West Bank

இசுரேல் நாடு (Israel) என்பது மேற்கு ஆசியாவில் உள்ள ஒரு சிறு நாடு. இது இஸ்ரேல் அல்லது இஸ்ரவேல் எனவும் தமிழில் அழைக்கப்படுகிறது. நடுநிலக் கடலின் தென்கிழக்கில் அமைந்துள்ளது. இந்நாடு யூதர்கள் நாடு என்று அறிவிக்கபடுகின்றது. மக்களாட்சி முறையில் நாடாளுமன்றம் அமைத்து நாட்டை ஆளுகின்றது.

## [தொகு] பெயர்

இசுரேல் என்னும் பெயர் ஃஈபுரு மொழி (ஹீப்றூ அல்லது ஹீப்ரூ) பைபிளில் உள்ள ஒரு நிகழ்வின் அடிப்படையில் உருவாகியது. ஃஈபுரு பைபிளில் சாக்கோபு (Jacob) என்பவர் ஒரு காலத்தில் தன் எதிரியிடம் இருந்து இன்று இசுரேல் என்று அழைக்கப்படும் இந்நிலத்தை போரிட்டு வென்றெடுத்தார். அப்படி இந்நிலத்தை மீட்டபின் அவரை எல்லோரும் இசுரேல் என அழைத்தனர். எனவே சாக்கோபு உருவாக்கிய நிலம் தான் இசுரேல். சாக்கோபுவின் மக்கள் இசுரேலியர்கள் எனப்படுபவர்.

## [தொகு] வரலாறு

முதன்மைக் கட்டுரை: இசுரேலின் வரலாறு

### [தொகு] இசுரேலின் அடிவேர்கள்

வரலாற்றில் முதன்முதலில் இசுரேலியர் என்று இம்மக்களைக் குறிப்பிட்டது எகிப்திய நினைவுச் சின்னமாகிய மெர்னெடாஃவ் ஸ்டீல் (கிரேக்கச் சொல் ஸ்டீல் = கல்) என்று குறிப்பிடப்படும் கல்லில் உள்ள ஒரு குறிப்புதான். இந்நினைவுக்கல் 10 அடி உயரம் கொண்டதாகும். இது கி.மு. 1211 ஆண்டினது என்று கணித்துள்ளனர்[2] மூவாயிரம் ஆண்டுகளுக்கு மேலாக யூதர்கள் இசுரேல் என்னும் நிலத்தைத் தங்கள் தாயகமாகவும் புனித நிலமாகவும் கருதி வந்துள்ளனர். மேலும் யூதர்கள் இந்நிலத்தைத் தங்கள் மூதாதையர்களாகிய ஆபிரகாம், ஐசாக்கு, சாக்கோபு (Abraham, Isaac, Jacob) ஆகியோருக்கு கடவுள் தருவதாக வாக்களித்த நிலமாக நம்புகின்றனர். கி.மு 1200ல் தொடங்கி தோராயமாக ஓராயிரம் ஆண்டுகள் சிறிதும் பெரிதுமாய் இடை விட்டு இடைவிட்டு பல யூத அரசர்கள் ஆண்டுவந்திருக்கின்றனர். முற்காலத்து சாலமன் கோயிலின் இடிபாடுகளும், பின்னர் கி.மு 515 முதல் .கி.பி. 70 வரையிலும் இருந்த இரண்டாவது கோயிலின் இடிபாடுகளும் இங்கே இருப்பதால் இந்நிலம் யூதர்களுக்கு மிகவும் புனிதமான நிலம் ஆகும்.

பின்னர் வந்த அசிரிய, பாபிலோனிய, பாரசீக, கிரேக்க, ரோமானிய, பைசாந்திய அரசுகளின் ஆட்சியில் சிறிதும் பெரிதுமாய் யூதர்கள் இசுரேலை விட்டு வெளியேறிவிட்டனர். இதனால் யூதர்களின் எண்ணிக்கை அங்கே மிகவும் அருகிவிட்டது. a

### [தொகு] சியோனிசம் அலியா

வார்ப்புரு:இசுரேலியர்கள் வார்ப்புரு:Main articles இசுரேல் அல்லது அலியா என்னும் இன்றுள்ள நாட்டின் நிலத்தில் தற்காலக் குடியேற்றம் 1881ல் தொடங்கியது. பிற நாடுகளில் சிறுபான்மையாராக வாழ்ந்து இனவேற்றுமையாலும் பிற துன்பங்களாலும் உழன்ற யூதர்கள் மோசசு ஃகெசு (Moses Hess) என்பவர் போன்ற கருத்துக்களைப் பின்பற்றி இசுரேல் நிலத்தைமீண்டும் பெறுவதற்காக மெள்ள் மெள்ள நிலங்களை ஆட்டோமன் மற்றும் அரேபியர்களிடமமிருந்து வாங்கத் தொடங்கினர்.

தியோடோர் ஹெர்ட்சு (1860–1904) என்னும் ஆஸ்டிரிய யூதர் சியோனிய இயக்கம் ஒன்றைத் தொடங்கினார் 1896ல் செருமானிய மொழியில் டெர் யூடென்ஸ்டாட் ("யூதர் நாடு) என்னும் வெளியீட்டைக் கொண்டு வந்தார். அதற்கு அடுத்த ஆண்டு முதல் உல்க சியோனியப் பேரவையைக் கூட்ட உதவினார்.

சியோனிய இயக்கம் தொடங்கிய பின்னர் இரண்டாவது அலியா அமைக்க வழி வகுத்தது. சுமார் 40,000 யூதர்கள் 1904-1914 ஆண்டுகளில் வந்துசேர்ந்தனர். 1917ல் பிரித்தானிய வெளியுறவுச் செயலாளர் ஆர்தர் பால்ஃவோர் அவர்கள் பால்ஃவோர் பேரறிவிப்பு எனப்படும் அறிவிப்பில் யூதர்களுக்கென தாயகமக ஒரு தனி பாலசுத்தீனம் அமைப்பதில் இசைவான நோகுடைய்வர்களாக இருக்கிறார்கள் என்று கூறியிருந்தார். 1920ல் பாலசுத்தீனம் உலகநாடுகள் குழுமத்தில் பிரித்தானியர் ஆட்சி செலுத்தும் ஒரு நிலமாக மாறியது.

முதலாம் போருக்குப் பின்னர், மூன்றாவது அலையாக 1919-123 ஆம் ஆண்டுகளிலும், நான்காவது அலையாக 1924-1929 ஆம் ஆண்டுகளிலும், யூதர்களின் குடியேற்றம் நிகழ்ந்தது. இவை அலியா-3 என்றும் அலியா-4 என்றும் அழைக்கப்படுவன. 1929ல் நிகழ்ந்த அரேபிய கலவரங்களில் 133 யூதர்கள் கொல்லப்பட்டனர். கொல்லப்பட்டவர்களில் 67 பேர் ஃஎபரானைச் (Hebron) சேர்ந்தவர்கள்.

1933 வாக்கில் எழத்தொடங்கிய நாசிசித்தால் (Nazism) ஐந்தாவது அலையாக யூதர்கள் குடியேறினர். இந்த அலியா-5 க்குப் பிறகு, 1922ல் அப்பகுதியில் இருந்த மக்கள் தொகையில் 11% யூதர்களாக இருந்தநிலை மாறி, 1940ல் யூதர்கள் மக்கள் தொகையில் 30% ஆக உயர்ந்தார்கள். நிலப்பகுதியில், 28% சியோனிச நிறுவனங்கள் வான்கியிருந்தன. இது தவிர யூதர்கள் தனிப்பட்ட முறையிலும் நிலங்களை வான்கி இருந்தனர். இசுரேலின் தென் பாதி வறண்ட பாலை நிலமாகவும், பெரும்பாலும் அதிக மக்கள தொகை இல்லாததாகவும் இருந்தது. இரண்டாம் உலகப்போருக்கு முன்னர் ஐரோப்பாவில் மிகப்பெரிய அளவில் நிகழ்ந்த இனப்படுகொலையில் எராளமான யூதர்கள் கொல்லப்பட்ட பின்னர், ஒப்புதலின்றி (சட்டமுரணாக) ஏராளமான வெளி நாட்டு யூதர்கள் வந்து இறங்கினர். இரண்டாம் உலகப் போரின் இறுதியில் பாலசுத்தீனத்தில் சுமார் 600,000 யூதர்கள் இருந்தனர்.

In 1939, the British introduced a White Paper of 1939, which limited Jewish immigration over the course of the war to 75,000 and restricted purchase of land by Jews, perhaps in response to the Great Arab Uprising (1936-1939). The White Paper was seen as a betrayal by the Jewish community and Zionists, who perceived it as being in conflict with the Balfour Declaration of 1917. The Arabs were not entirely satisfied either, as they wanted Jewish immigration halted completely. However, the White Paper guided British policy until the end of the term of their Mandate. வார்ப்புரு:See also

### [தொகு] யூதர்களின் தலைமறைவான குழுக்கள் (பாசறைகள்)

முதன்மைக் கட்டுரை: பாலஸ்தீனத்தீர்கான பிரித்தானிய உறுதிக் கோள்

பாலஸ்தீனர்களுக்கும், யூதர்களுக்கும் இடையே வலுவடைந்து வந்த முரண்பாடுகளாலும், பிரித்தானியரிடம் இருந்து யூதர்களுக்கான உறுதிகோள் ஏதும் வராததினாலும் யூதர்கள் தாங்களேதங்களை பாதுகாக முடிவெடுத்தனர்.

Arab nationalists, opposed to the Balfour declaration, the mandate, and the Jewish National Home, instigated riots and pogroms against Jews in Jerusalem, Hebron, Jaffa, and Haifa. As a result of the 1921 Arab attacks, the Haganah was formed to protect Jewish settlements. The Haganah was mostly defensive in nature, which among other things caused several members to split off and form the Irgun (initially known as Hagana Bet) in 1931. The Irgun adhered to a much more active approach, which included retaliation to attacks and initiation of armed actions against the British, while the Haganah often preferred restraint. A further split occurred when Avraham Stern left the Irgun to form Lehi, (also known as the Stern Gang) which was much more extreme in its methods. Unlike the Irgun, they refused any co-operation with the British during World War II and even attempted to work with the Nazis to secure European Jewry's immigration to Israel.

These groups had an enormous impact on events and procedures in the period preceding the 1948 Arab-Israeli War, such as Aliya Beth-the clandestine immigration from Europe, the forming of the Israel Defense Forces, and the withdrawal of the British, as well as to a great degree forming the foundation of the political parties which exist in Israel today.

### [தொகு] நாடு நிறுவப்படுதல்

டேவிட் பென்-குரியோன் டெல் அவீவில் மே 14, 1948ல் இசுரேல் நாட்டின் தோற்றத்தை அறிவித்தல்

முதன்மைக் கட்டுரை: இசுரேல் நாடு நிறுவப்பட்டதின் பேரறிவிப்பு

1947ல் யூதர்களுக்கும் அரேபியர்களுக்கும் இடையே மிகுதி பெற்று வந்த வன்முறை நிகழ்வுகளைக் தடுக்கவோ கட்டுப்படுத்தவோ இயலாத நிலையில், பிரிட்டன் நாடு தன் ஆட்சி உரிமையில் இருந்து விலகிக்கொள்ள முடிவெடுத்தது. 1947ல் உலகநாடுகளின் பேரவை (UN General Assemby), பாலசுத்தீனத்தை இருநாடுகளாகப் பிரிக்க ஒப்புதல் அளித்தது. யூதர்கள் இருக்க நிலப்பகுதியில் 55% யும், அராபியர்கள் இருக்க நிலத்தில் 45% யும் தருவதென இருந்தது. ஜெரூசலம் நகரம் உலகநாடுகள் நிர்வகிக்கும் நகரமாக இருக்கட்டும் என்றும் முடிவு செய்தது. ஜெரூசலத்தை ஈரின மக்களும் தமக்கே வேண்டும் என மிக வல்லுரிமையோடு கோருவார்கள் என்றும் அதனைத் தவிர்ப்பதற்காக இம்முடிவு என்று கூறப்பட்டது.

இரு நாடுகளாகப் பிரிப்பது என்னும் திட்டத்தை உலகநாடுகளின் பேரவை நவம்பர் 29, 1947ல் ஏற்ற உடன், யூதர்களின் சார்பாக டேவிட் பென்கூரியன் (David Ben-Gurion) தற்காலிகமாக ஏற்றுக்கொண்டார், ஆனால் அரேபியர்களின் குழு (Arab League) மறுத்தது. இதைத் தொடர்ந்து அரேபியர்கள் யூதர்களின் மீதும், யூதர்கள் அரேபியர்களின் மீதும் நடத்திய தாக்குதல்களின் விளைவாகப் பரவிய உள்நாட்டுப் போர், 1948க்கான இசுரேலிய விடுதலைப்போரின் முதல் கட்டமாக அமைந்தது.

பிரித்தானியரின் ஆட்சி உரிமை மே 15, 1948 பிற்பகல் 5 மணிக்கு முடிவடையும் முன்னரே, மே 14, 1948ல் இசுரேலிய நாடு தம் நாடு உருவானதை அறிவித்தது.

### [தொகு] விடுதலைப் போரும் மக்கள் திரண்டு வருவதும்

முதன்மைக் கட்டுரை: 1948 Arab-Israeli War

வார்ப்புரு:See also Following the State of Israel's establishment, the armies of Egypt, Syria, Jordan, Lebanon, and Iraq joined the fighting and began the second phase of the 1948 Arab-Israeli War. From the north, Syria, Lebanon, and Iraq, were all but stopped relatively close to the borders. Jordanian forces, invading from the east, captured East Jerusalem and laid siege on the city's west. However, forces of the Haganah successfully stopped most invading forces, and Irgun forces halted Egyptian encroachment from the south. At the beginning of June, the UN declared a one-month cease fire during which the Israel Defense Forces were officially formed. After numerous months of war, a cease fire was declared in 1949 and temporary borders, known as the Green Line, were instituted. Israel had gained an additional 26% of the Mandate territory west of the Jordan River. Jordan, for its part, held the large mountainous areas of Judea and Samaria, which became known as the West Bank. Egypt took control of a small strip of land along the coast, which became known as the Gaza Strip.

During and after the war, then Prime Minister David Ben-Gurion set about establishing order by dismantling the Palmach and underground organizations like the Irgun and Lehi. Those two groups were even classified as terror organizations after the murder of a Swedish diplomat.

Large numbers of the Arab population fled or were driven out of the newly-created Jewish State. (Estimates of the final refugee count range from 600,000 to 900,000 with the official United Nations count at 711,000.[3]) The continuing conflict between Israel and the Arab world resulted in a lasting displacement that persists to this day.

Immigration of Holocaust survivors and Jewish refugees from Arab lands doubled Israel's population within a year of independence. Over the following decade approximately 600,000 Mizrahi Jews, who fled or were expelled from surrounding Arab countries and Iran, migrated to Israel.

### [தொகு] 1950களிலும் 1960களிலும்

1954-1955 ஆண்டுகளில் தலைமை அமைச்சராய் இருந்த மோசே சாரெட் அவர்கள் எகிப்தில் குண்டு போடுவதில் தவறியதால் மதிப்பிழந்து நின்றது. 1956ல் ஆங்கிலேயரும், பிரான்சு நாட்டினருக்கும் பெரும் ஏமாற்றம் தரும் வகையில் எகிப்திய நாடு சூயெசு வாய்க்காலை(Suez Canal) நாட்டுடமையாக்கியது. Compounding this, in 1956, Egypt nationalized the Suez Canal, much to the chagrin of the United Kingdom and France. Following this and a series of Fedayeen attacks, Israel created a secret military alliance with those two European powers and declared war on Egypt. After the Suez Crisis, the three collaborators faced international condemnation, and Israel was forced to withdraw its forces from the Sinai Peninsula.

In 1955, Ben-Gurion once again became prime minister and served as such until his final resignation in 1963. After Ben-Gurion's resignation, Levi Eshkol was appointed to the post.

In 1961, the Nazi war criminal Adolf Eichmann, who had been largely responsible for the Final Solution, was captured and brought to trial in Israel. Eichmann became the only person ever sentenced to death by the Israeli courts.

On the political field, tensions once again arose between Israel and her neighbors in May 1967. Syria, Jordan, and Egypt had been hinting at war, and Egypt expelled UN Peacekeeping Forces from the Gaza Strip. When Egypt closed the strategic Straits of Tiran to Israeli vessels, Israel deemed it a casus belli for pre-emptively attacking Egypt on June 5. After the ensuing Six-Day War between Israel and its Arab neighbors, the Jewish State emerged triumphant. Israel had defeated the armies of three large Arab states and decimated their air forces. Territorially, Israel conquered the West Bank, Gaza Strip, Sinai Peninsula, and Golan Heights. The Green Line of 1949 became the administrative boundary between Israel and her Occupied Territories, also called Disputed Territories. However, Israel has spread its administrative domain to East Jerusalem and the Golan Heights. The Sinai was later returned to Egypt following the signing of a peace treaty.

In 1967 Israeli aircraft attacked the USS Liberty, killing 34 American servicemen. American and Israeli investigations into the incident concluded that the attack was a tragic accident involving confusion over the identity of the Liberty.

In 1969 Golda Meir, Israel's first and to date only female prime minister was elected. வார்ப்புரு:See also

### [தொகு] 1970களில்

1967ன் போருக்குப் பின் 1968-1972 ஆண்டுகளில் இசுரேல், சிரியா, எகிப்து ஆகிய நாடுகளுக்கிடையே பற்பல சண்டைகள் நிகழ்ந்தன. Furthermore, in the early-1970s, Palestinian terror groups embarked on an unprecedented wave of attacks against Israel and Jewish targets in other countries. The climax of this wave occurred at the 1972 Munich Olympic Games, when, in the Munich massacre, Palestinian terrorists held hostage and killed members of the Israeli delegation. Israel responded with Operation Wrath of God, in which agents of Mossad assassinated most of those who were involved in the massacre.

Finally, on October 6 1973, on the Jewish fast day of Yom Kippur, the Egyptian and Syrian armies launched a surprise attack against Israel. However, despite the expected blow dealt to Israel by this attack, Egypt and Syria failed to accomplish their goal of regaining the territories lost in 1967. Yet after the war, a number of years of relative calm ensued, which fostered the environment in which Israel and Egypt could make peace.

In 1974, Yitzhak Rabin, with Meir's resignation, became Israel's fifth prime minister. Then, in the 1977 Knesset elections, the Ma'arach, the ruling party since 1948, created a storm by leaving the government. The new Likud party, led by Menachem Begin, became the new ruling party.

Then, in November of that year, Egyptian President Anwar Sadat, making an historic visit to the Jewish State, spoke before the Knesset — the first recognition of Israel by its Arab neighbors. Following the visit, the two nations conducted negotiations which led to the signing of the Camp David Accords. In March 1979, Begin and Sadat signed the Israel-Egypt Peace Treaty in Washington, DC. As laid out in the treaty, Israel withdrew from the Sinai Peninsula and evacuated the settlements established there during the 1970s. It was also agreed to lend autonomy to Palestinians across the Green Line.

வார்ப்புரு:See also

### [தொகு] 1980s

சூலை 7 ஆம் நாள் 1981ல் இசுரேலிய வானூர்திப் படை இராக் நாட்டில் ஓசிரிக் என்னும் இடத்தில் இருந்த (அணுக்கரு உலை உள்ள) அணுக்கரு நிலையத்தைத் தாக்கியழித்தனர். இராக்கியர்கள அணுகுண்டு தயாரிப்பதைத் தடுக்கவே இம்முயற்சி என்று கூறப்பட்டது.

1982ல் இசுரேல் லெபனான் மீது தாகுதல் தொடங்கியது., Israel launched an attack against Lebanon, which had been embroiled in the Lebanese Civil War since 1975. The official reason for the attack was to defend Israel's northernmost settlements from terrorist attacks, which had been occurring frequently. However, after establishing a forty-kilometer barrier zone, the IDF continued northward and even captured the capital, Beirut. Israeli forces expelled Palestinian Liberation Organization forces from the country, forcing the organization to relocate to Tunis. Unable to deal with the stress of the ongoing war, Prime Minister Begin resigned from his post in 1983 and was replaced by Yitzhak Shamir. Though Israel withdrew from most of Lebanon in 1986, a buffer zone was maintained until May 2000 when Israel unilaterally withdrew from Lebanon.

The rest of the 1980s were spent constantly shifting from the right, led by Yitzhak Shamir, to the left under Shimon Peres. Peres, for example, was prime minister from 1984, but handed the position over to Shamir in 1986. The First Intifadah then broke out in 1987 and was accompanied by waves of violence in the Occupied Territories. Following the outbreak, Shamir once again was elected prime minister, in 1988. வார்ப்புரு:See also

### [தொகு] 1990s

During the Gulf War, Israel was hit by a number of Iraqi missiles, which killed two Israeli citizens, even though Israel was not a member of the coalition and was not involved in the fighting.

The early 1990s were marked by a beginning of a massive immigration of Soviet Jews, who, according to the Law of Return, were entitled to become Israeli citizens upon arrival. About 380,000 arrived in 1990-91 alone. Although initially favouring the right, the new immigrants became the target of an aggressive election campaign by Labor, which blamed their employment and housing problems on the ruling Likud. As a result, in the 1992 elections the immigrants voted en masse for Labor, letting the left achieve a 61:59 majority in the 1992 Knesset elections.

Following the elections, Yitzhak Rabin became prime minister, forming a left-wing government coalition. During the election campaign his Labor party promised Israelis a significant improvement in personal security and achievement of a comprehensive peace with the Arabs "within 6 to 9 months" after the elections. By the end of 1993 the government abandoned the framework of Madrid and signed the Oslo Accords with the PLO. In 1994, Jordan became the second of Israel's neighbours to make peace with it.

The initial wide public support for the Oslo Accords began to wane as Israel was struck by an unprecedented wave of terror supported by the militant Hamas group, which opposed the accords. Public support slipped even further. On November 4, 1995, a Jewish nationalist militant named Yigal Amir assassinated Rabin.

Public dismay with the assassination created a backlash against Oslo opponents and significantly boosted the chances of Shimon Peres, Rabin's successor and Oslo architect, to win the upcoming 1996 elections. However, a new wave of suicide bombings combined with Arafat's statements extolling the terrorist mastermind Yahya Ayyash, made the public mood swing once again and in May 1996 Peres narrowly lost to his challenger from Likud, Benjamin Netanyahu.

Although seen as a hardliner opposing the Oslo Accords, Netanyahu withdrew from Hebron and signed the Wye River Memorandum giving wider control to the Palestinian National Authority. During Netanyahu's tenure, Israel experienced a lull in terrorist activity, but his government fell in 1999. Labor's Ehud Barak beat Netanyahu by a wide margin in the 1999 elections and succeeded him as prime minister.

### [தொகு] 2000s

வார்ப்புரு:Current-section Barak initiated a unilateral withdrawal from Lebanon in 2000. This process was intended to frustrate Hezbollah attacks on Israel by forcing them to cross Israel's border. The Israeli prime minister Ehud Barak and Yassir Arafat once again conducted negotiations with President Clinton in Camp David on July 2000. However, the talks failed to bring about anything new. Barak's offer to Palestinian State on 90% of the West Bank and Gaza Strip was rejected.

After the collapse of the talks, Palestinian officials began a second uprising, known as the Al-Aqsa Intifadah just after the leader of the opposition Ariel Sharon visited the Temple Mount in Jerusalem. The failure of the talks and the outbreak of a new war caused many Israelis on both the right and left to turn away from Barak and also discredited the peace movement.

Ariel Sharon became the new prime minister in March 2001 and was consequently re-elected, along with his Likud in the Knesset elections of 2003. Sharon initiated a plan to unilaterally withdraw from the Gaza Strip. This disengagement was executed between August and September 2005.

Israel also is building a West Bank Barrier to defend the country from terror attacks. The barrier, which is planned to measure 681 kilometers, meanders past the Green Line and effectively annexes 9.5% of the West Bank.[4] The barrier has been met with some criticism from the international community and numerous protest demonstrations by the Israeli left, though due to its importance for national security, it continues to be supported by a majority of the Israeli public.

After Ariel Sharon suffered a severe hemorrhagic stroke, the powers of the office were passed to Ehud Olmert, who was designated the "Acting" Prime Minister. On April 14, 2006, Olmert was elected Prime Minister after his party, Kadima, Hebrew for "forward," won the most seats in the 2006 legislative elections.

On June 28, 2006, after Hamas militants crossed the border from the Gaza Strip and captured an Israeli soldier, Israel began Operation Summer Rains and sent troops into the territory. On July 12, Hezbollah militants captured 2 Israeli soldiers, sparking the 2006 Israel-Lebanon crisis. Hezbollah has since declared "open war" on Israel. Both Hamas and Hezbollah said that they will only release the soldiers in a prisoner exchange with Israel; however, Israel has said that they will not engage in any prisoner exchanges and will only end the conflicts if they agree to suspend all rocket attacks into Israel and unconditionally release the soldiers.

## [தொகு] இசுரேலின் நில நாட்டு அமைப்பு

Map of Israel
Relief map of Israel
Beach of Tel Aviv at sundown

முதன்மைக் கட்டுரை: Geography of Israel

Israel is bordered by Lebanon in the north, Syria, Jordan and the West Bank in the east, and Egypt and the Gaza Strip in the south-west. It has coastlines on the Mediterranean in the west and the Gulf of Eilat (also known as the Gulf of Aqaba) in the south.

1967ல் நிகழ்ந்த ஆறுநாள் போரில் இசுரேல் சோர்டானைச்சேர்ந்த மேற்குக்கரை (West Bank) சிரியாவைச் சேர்ந்த கோலான் ஃகைட்சு (Golan Heights), எகிப்த்தைச் சேர்ந்த காசாப் பகுதி ஆகியவற்றைக் கைப்பற்றியிருந்தது It withdrew all troops and settlers from Sinai by 1982 and from the Gaza Strip by September 12 2005. The future status of the West Bank, the Gaza Strip, and the Golan Heights remains to be determined.

The total area of the sovereign territory of Israel — excluding all territories captured by Israel in 1967 — is 20,770 km² or 8,019 mi²; (1% water). The total area under Israeli law — including East Jerusalem and the Golan Heights — is 22,145 km² or 8,550 mi²; with a little less than one per cent being water. The total area under Israeli control — including the military-controlled and Palestinian-governed territory of the West Bank — is 28,023 km² or 10,820 mi² (~1% water).

### [தொகு] Metropolitan areas

வார்ப்புரு:See also As of 2004, The Israeli Central Bureau of Statistics defines three metropolitan areas: Tel Aviv (population 2,933,300), Haifa (population 980,600) and Beersheba (population 511,700).[5] Jerusalem may also be considered a metropolitan area, though its limits are hard to define since it spans communities in Israel proper and the West Bank, both Israeli and Palestinian, and even the boundaries of Jerusalem city itself are disputed. As of 2005, the official population of Jerusalem city is 706,368. Nazareth and its suburbs, with a Muslim Arab population majority, are sometimes considered to be an additional metropolitan area. [1].

## [தொகு] நாடாளுமை

வார்ப்புரு:Morepolitics

### [தொகு] சட்ட மன்றம்

The Knesset building, Israel's parliament

இசுரேலின் ஆட்சி ஒரேயொரு சட்டமன்றத்தின் அடிப்படையில் நிகழுகின்றது. இசுரேலின் நாடாளும் சட்டமன்றத்திற்கு கினெஸ்ஸெட் (Knesset ஃஈபுரு மொழியில் כנסת = கூட்டம், மன்றம், assembly) என்று பெயர். இதில் 120 கினெஸ்ஸெட் உறுப்பினர்கள் (நாடாளுமன்ற உறுப்பினர்கள்) உண்டு.

### [தொகு] ஆட்சி செலுத்துவோர்

இசுரேலியக் குடியரசுத் தலைவர் நாட்டின் தலைவர் எனினும் அதிக ஆட்சிப்பொறுப்புகளும் ஆணை மற்றும் கட்டளை இடும் உரிமையும் அற்றவர். தேர்தலில் பெரும்பானமை வெற்றி பெற்ற கட்சியின் தலைவரை தலைமை அமைச்சராய் தேர்ந்தெடுப்பது குடியரசுத் தலைவரின் முக்கியப் பொறுப்புகளில் ஒன்று. நாட்டை நடத்தும் பொறுப்பும் அதிகாரமும் தலைமை அமைச்சரைச் சேர்ந்தது. தலைமை அமைச்சர் தன் அமைச்சர் குழுவைக்கொண்டு நாட்டை நடத்துவார்.

## [தொகு] =நாடமைப்புச் சட்டமும் சட்ட விதிகளும் முறைகளும்

எழுத்து வடிவில் இசுரேல் இன்னமும் தன் நாட்டுஅமைப்பு சட்டத்தை முடிக்கவில்லை. Israel has not completed a written constitution. Its government functions according to the laws of the Knesset, especially the "Basic Laws of Israel" (currently there are 14). These are slated to become the foundation of a future official constitution. In mid-2003, the Knesset's Constitution, Law, and Justice Committee began drafting an official constitution. The effort is still underway as of early 2006. [6]

Israel's legal system mixes influences from Anglo-American, Continental and Jewish law, as well as the declaration of the State of Israel.

As in Anglo-American law, the Israeli legal system is based on the principle of stare decisis (precedent). It is an adversarial system, not an inquisitorial one, in the sense that the parties (for example, plaintiff and defendant) are the ones that bring the evidence before the court. The court does not conduct any independent investigation on the case.

As in Continental legal systems, the jury system was not adopted in Israel. Court cases are decided by professional judges. Additional Continental Law influences can be found in the fact that several major Israeli statutes (such as the Contract Law) are based on Civil Law principles. Israeli statute body is not comprised of Codes, but of individual statutes. However, a Civil Code draft has been completed recently, and is planned to become a bill.

Religious tribunals (Jewish, Sharia'a, Druze and Christian) have exclusive jurisdiction on annulment of marriages.

### [தொகு] அறமன்றங்கள் அமைப்பும் அறம் முறைகள் வழங்குதலும்

Frontal view of The Supreme Court building

Israel's Judiciary branch is made of a three-tier system of courts. At the lowest level are Magistrate Courts, situated in most cities. Above them are District Courts, serving both as appellate courts and as courts of first instance, situated in five cities: Jerusalem, Tel Aviv, Haifa, Be'er Sheva and Nazareth.

At the top of the judicial pyramid is the Supreme Court of Israel seated in Jerusalem. The current Chief Justice of the Supreme Court is Aharon Barak. The Supreme Court serves a dual role as the highest court of appeals and as the body for a separate institution known as the High Court of Justice (HCOJ). The HCOJ has the unique responsibility of addressing petitions presented to the Court by individual citizens. The respondents to these petitions are usually governmental agencies (including the Israel Defense Forces). The result of such petitions, which are decided by the HCOJ, may be an instruction by the HCOJ to the relevant Governmental agency to act in a manner prescribed by the HCOJ.

A committee composed of Knesset members, Supreme Court Justices, and Israeli Bar members carries out the election of judges. The Courts Law requires judges to retire at the age of seventy. The Chief Justice of the Supreme Court, with the approval of the Minister of Justice, appoints registrars to all courts.

## [தொகு] படைத்துறை

Israel's military consists of a unified Israel Defense Forces (IDF), known in Hebrew by the acronym Tzahal (צה"ל). Historically, there have been no separate Israeli military services. The Navy and Air Force are subordinate to the Army. There are other paramilitary agencies that deal with different aspects of Israel's security (such as Magav and Shin Bet). The IDF was based on paramilitary underground armies, chiefly Haganah.

The IDF is one of the best funded military forces in the Middle East and ranks among the most battle-trained armed forces in the world, having been involved in five major wars and numerous border conflicts. In terms of personnel, the IDF's main resource is the training quality of its soldiers and expert institutions, rather than sheer numbers of soldiers. It also relies heavily on high-tech weapons systems, some developed and manufactured in Israel for its specific needs, and others imported (largely from the United States).

Most Israelis (males and females) are drafted into the military at age 18. Exceptions are Israeli Arabs, those who cannot serve due to injury or disability, women who declare themselves married, or those who are religiously observant. Compulsory service is three years for men, and 2 years for women. Circassians and Bedouin also actively enlist in the IDF. Since 1956, Druze men have been conscripted in the same way as Jewish men, at the request of the Druze community. Men studying full-time in religious institutions can get a deferment from conscription. Most Haredi Jews extend these deferments until they are too old to be conscripted, a practice that has fueled much controversy in Israel.

Following compulsory service, Israeli men become part of the IDF reserve forces, and are usually required to serve several weeks every year as reservists until their 40s.

The International Atomic Energy Agency believes Israel to be a state possessing nuclear weapons. The government has never confirmed nor denied this assertion. Israel has not ratified the Nuclear Non-Proliferation Treaty and the Chemical Weapons Convention (CWC) and is not a signatory to the Biological and Toxin Weapons Convention (BWC). வார்ப்புரு:Seealso

## [தொகு] பொருளாதாரம்

படிமம்:Natbag2000 from-the-air.jpg
Ben Gurion International Airport is an important hub for international trade and tourism

முதன்மைக் கட்டுரை: Economy of Israel

Israel has a technologically advanced market economy with substantial government participation. It depends on imports of fossil fuels (crude oil, natural gas, and coal), grains, beef, raw materials, and military equipment. Despite limited natural resources, Israel has intensively developed its agricultural and industrial sectors over the past 20 years. Israel is largely self-sufficient in food production except for grains and beef. Diamonds, high technology, military equipment, software, pharmaceuticals, fine chemicals, and agricultural products (fruits, vegetables and flowers) are leading exports. Israel usually posts sizable current account deficits, which are covered by large transfer payments from abroad and by foreign loans (although some economists would say the deficit is a sign of Israel's advancing markets). Israel possesses extensive facilities for oil refining, diamond polishing, and semiconductor fabrication.

Roughly half of the government's external debt is owed to the United States, which is its major source of economic and military aid. A relatively large fraction of Israel's external debt is held by individual investors, via the Israel Bonds program. The combination of American loan guarantees and direct sales to individual investors, allow the state to borrow at competitive and sometimes below-market rates.

The influx of Jewish immigrants from the former USSR topped 750,000 during the period 1989–1999, bringing the population of Israel from the former Soviet Union to one million, one-sixth of the total population, and adding scientific and professional expertise of substantial value for the economy's future. The influx, coupled with the opening of new markets at the end of the Cold War, energized Israel's economy, which grew rapidly in the early 1990s. But growth began slowing in 1996 when the government imposed tighter fiscal and monetary policies and the immigration bonus petered out. Those policies brought inflation down to record low levels in 1999.

High technology industries have taken a pre-eminent role in the economy, particularly in the last decade. Israel’s limited natural resources and strong emphasis on education have also played key roles in directing industry towards high technology fields. As a result of the country’s success in developing cutting edge technologies in software, communications and the life sciences, Israel is frequently referred to as a second Silicon Valley. Israel (as of 2004) receives more venture capital investment than any country of Europe, and has the largest VC/GDP rate in the world, seven times that of the United States. Outside the U.S. and Canada, Israel has the largest number of NASDAQ listed companies.

Israel produces more scientific papers per capita than any other nation - 109 per 10,000 people. It also boasts one of the highest per capita rates of patents filed. Twenty-four percent of Israel's workforce holds university degrees - ranking third in the industrialized world, after the U.S. and Netherlands - and 12 percent hold advanced degrees.[மேற்கோள் தேவை]

Another leading industry is tourism, which benefits from the plethora of important historical sites for Judaism and Christianity and from Israel’s warm climate and access to water resources. The important diamond industry has been affected by changing industry conditions and shifts of certain industry activities to the Far East.

As Israel has liberalized its economy and reduced taxes and spending, the gap between the rich and poor has grown. As of 2005, 20.5% of Israeli families (and 34% of Israeli children) are living below the poverty line, though around 40% of those are lifted above the poverty line through transfer payments.[மேற்கோள் தேவை]

Israel's GDP per capita, as of 28 July, 2005, was $20,551.20 per person (42nd in the world). Israel's overall productivity was $54,510.40, and the amount of patents granted was 74/1,000,000 people.

## [தொகு] மக்கள்

### [தொகு] மக்கள் வகைப்பாடு

Israeli Bedouin soldiers chat with Arab civilians in Galilee, 1978

இசுரேலின் நடுவண் புள்ளியியல் துறையின் மே 2006 ஆம் ஆண்டின் கணக்குப்படி இசுரேஇல் 7 மில்லியன் உள்ளனர். அவற்றில் 77% மக்கள் யூதர்கள், 18.5% அராபியர்கள், 4.3% மற்ற இனத்தவர்..[7] யூதர்களில் 68% மக்கள் இசுரேலில் பிறந்தவர்கள் (இவர்களை சபரா என்பர்), அல்லது ஐரோப்பாவில் இருந்து குடியேறியவர் (இவர்கள் ஓலிம் எனப்படுபவர்), 22% மக்கள் ஐரோப்பாவில் இருந்தும் அமெரிக்கவில் இருந்தும் வந்து குடியேறியவர், 10% ஆசியா-ஆப்பிரிக்காவில் இருந்து வந்து குடியேறியவர். [8]

Israel has two official languages; Hebrew and Arabic. Hebrew is the major and primary language of the state and is spoken by the majority of the population. Arabic is spoken by the Arab minority and by some members of the Mizrahi Jewish community. English is studied in school and is spoken by the majority of the population as a second language. Other languages spoken in Israel include Russian, Yiddish, Ladino, Amharic, Romanian and French. American and European popular television shows are commonly presented. Newspapers can be found in all languages listed above as well as others, such as Persian.

As of 2004, 224,200 Israeli citizens lived in the West Bank in numerous Israeli settlements, (including towns such as Ma'ale Adummim and Ariel, and a handful of communities that were present long before the 1948 Arab-Israeli War and were re-established after the Six-Day War such as Hebron and Gush Etzion). Around 180,000 Israelis lived in East Jerusalem, [9] which came under Israeli law following its capture from Jordan during the Six-Day War. About 8,500 Israelis lived in settlements built in the Gaza Strip, prior to their forcible removal by the government in the summer of 2005 as part of Israel's unilateral disengagement plan.

### [தொகு] Culture of Israel

முதன்மைக் கட்டுரை: Culture of Israel

வார்ப்புரு:Sect-stub

படிமம்:Israel-1948-prestate-stamps-Hebrew-mail.jpg
The first stamps, designed before the new state adopted its name, featured ancient Jewish coins and the text "Hebrew mail" in Hebrew and Arabic languages

Haifa, Tel Aviv, and Jerusalem are cultural centers, known for art museums, and many towns and kibbutzim have smaller high-quality museums. Israeli music is very versatile and combines elements of both western and eastern music. It tends to be very eclectic and contains a wide variety of influences from the Diaspora and more modern cultural importation: Hassidic songs, Asian and Arab pop, especially by Yemenite singers, and israeli hip hop or heavy metal. Folk dancing, which draws upon the cultural heritage of many immigrant groups, is popular. There is also flourishing modern dance. வார்ப்புரு:Seealso

### [தொகு] Religion in Israel

முதன்மைக் கட்டுரை: Religion in Israel

Young Haredi men on Purim in Jerusalem.

According to Israel's Central Bureau of Statistics, at the end of 2004, 76.2% of Israelis were Jews by religion, 16.1% were Muslims, 2.1% Christian, 1.6% Druze and the remaining 3.9% (including Russian immigrants and some ethnic Jews) were not classified by religion. [7]

Roughly 12% of Israeli Jews defined as haredim (ultra-orthodox religious); an additional 9% are "religious"; 35% consider themselves "traditionalists" (not strictly adhering to Jewish Halakha); and 43% are "secular" (termed "hiloni"). Among the seculars, 53% believe in God. However, 78% of all Israelis participate in a Passover seder. [10]

Israelis tend not to align themselves with a movement of Judaism (such as Reform Judaism or Conservative Judaism) but instead tend to define their religious affiliation by degree of their religious practice.

Among Arab Israelis, 82.6% were Muslim, 8.8% were Christian and 8.4% were Druze. [7] வார்ப்புரு:Seealso

The Baha'i world centre, which includes the Universal House of Justice, in Haifa attracts pilgrimage from all over the world. [11] Apart from a few hundred staff, Baha'is do not live in Israel.

## [தொகு] References and footnotes

1. ↑ ஜெரூசலம் is the official capital, and the location of the presidential residence, government offices and the Knesset, Israel's Parliament. In 1980, the Knesset asserted Jerusalem's status as the nation's "eternal and indivisible capital", by passing the Basic Law: Jerusalem — Capital of Israel. However, the United Nations does not recognize this designation. The bulk international community argues that the city is still legally an international Corpus separatum and the final issue of the status of Jerusalem will be determined in future Israeli-Palestinian negotiations. Most countries maintain their embassies in Tel Aviv (CIA Factbook). See the article on Jerusalem for more information.
2. ↑ The Stones Speak: The Merneptah Stele. இணைப்பு 2006-04-08 அன்று அணுகப்பட்டது.
3. ↑ General Progress Report and Supplementary Report of the United Nations Conciliation Commission for Palestine, Covering the Period from 11 December 1949 to 23 October 1950, published by the United Nations Conciliation Commission, October 23 1950. (U.N. General Assembly Official Records, Fifth Session, Supplement No. 18, Document A/1367/Rev. 1) The Committee believed the estimate to be "as accurate as circumstances permit", and attributed the higher number on relief to, among other things, "duplication of ration cards, addition of persons who have been displaced from area other than Israel-held areas and of persons who, although not displaced, are destitute".
4. ↑ B'Tselem separation barrier statistics
5. ↑ Central Bureau of Statistics, Government of Israel. Localities, population and density per sq. km. in the metropolitan areas of Tel Aviv, Haifa and Beer Sheva. இணைப்பு 2006-04-08 அன்று அணுகப்பட்டது. வார்ப்புரு:PDFlink
6. ↑ Constitution for Israel. இணைப்பு 2006-04-08 அன்று அணுகப்பட்டது.
7. ↑ 7.0 7.1 7.2 Central Bureau of Statistics, Government of Israel. Population, by religion and population group. இணைப்பு 2006-04-08 அன்று அணுகப்பட்டது. வார்ப்புரு:PDFlink
8. ↑ Central Bureau of Statistics, Government of Israel. Jews and others, by origin, continent of birth and period of immigration. இணைப்பு 2006-04-08 அன்று அணுகப்பட்டது. வார்ப்புரு:PDFlink
9. ↑ Settlements information, Foundation for Middle East Peace. East Jerusalem Population and Area, 2000-2002. இணைப்பு 2006-04-08 அன்று அணுகப்பட்டது.
10. ↑ Religion in Israel: A Consensus for Jewish Tradition by Daniel J. Elazar (JCPA)
11. ↑ Haifa - Carmel Mountain (video)

## [தொகு] See also

- List of Israelis
- List of cities in Israel|Cities in Israel
- Communications in Israel
- Transportation in Israel
- Israel Defense Forces
- Foreign relations of Israel
- Israeli-occupied territories

- Israel and the United Nations
- Terrorism against Israel
- List of universities in Israel
- Tel Aviv Stock Exchange
- Israel Academy of Sciences and Humanities
- Music of Israel
- Mechanical biological treatment - Israeli leading area of innovation in waste technology

## [தொகு] Annotated list of Israeli media sources

வார்ப்புரு:Col-2 General references to the Israeli media:

- The Printed Media: Israel's Newspapers Summary from the Israeli Ministry of Foreign Affairs
- List of Israeli newspapers

English-language periodicals:

- Azure [2] English edition of the quarterly journal offering essays and criticism on Israeli and Jewish public policy, culture and philosophy
- Globes [3] English-language website of Israel's business and technology daily
- Haaretz [4] Online English edition of the relatively highbrow Hebrew-language newspaper, Haaretz has a liberal editorial stance similar to that of The Guardian.
- IsraelInsider [5] - Independent, right wing outlet. Target audience is American Jewry.
- Jerusalem Newswire [6] Independent, right-wing Christian-run news outlet
- The Jerusalem Post [7] Israel's oldest English-language newspaper, considered to have a right-of-center editorial slant
- The Jerusalem Report [8] Left-of-center English weekly newspaper
- YNetNews [9] English-language website of Israel's largest newspaper Yedioth Ahronoth

Hebrew-language periodicals:

- Globes [10] business daily
- Haaretz [11] Relatively highbrow Israeli newspaper with a liberal editorial stance similar to that of The Guardian
- Hamodia Daily newspaper serving Israel's Haredi community. English editions are also published in the U.S. and the U.K. and serve local Jewish Orthodox communities in those countries. Hamodia is not available online.
- Hazofe [12] daily newspaper with a religious Zionist point of view
- Maariv [13] Second largest Israeli newspaper, centrist.
- Makor Rishon [14] highbrow conservative weekly newspaper, conceived as a right-wing alternative to Ha'aretz

வார்ப்புரு:Col-2 Hebrew-language periodicals (continued):

- Tchelet [15] Hebrew edition of Azure, a quarterly journal covering Israeli public policy
- Yated Ne'eman Daily newspaper serving the Haredi community
- Yedioth Ahronoth [16] Israel's largest newspaper, centrist

German-language periodicals:

- Israel Nachrichten [17] The German-language daily from Tel Aviv for the 100,000 German-speaking Jews in Israel

Arabic-language periodicals:

- Al-Ittihad Arabic-language daily newspaper

Israeli broadcast media:

- Israel Broadcasting Authority, TV News in Hebrew, some English.
- Radio Israel
- Arutz Sheva news site representing the settler community, right-wing religious (English)
- Kol Israel - Voice of Israel Also produced by the IBA. In Hebrew, French, English, Spanish, Ladino, Russian, Persian, Yiddish, etc.
- IsraCast - Independent, multimedia broadcast and distribution network that focuses on Israeli foreign affairs and defense issues (English)

Notable Internet sources:

- DailyAlert [18] daily digest of Israeli and world media reports on Israel and the Middle East prepared by the Jerusalem Center for Public Affairs for The Conference of Presidents of Major American Jewish Organizations
- IsraPundit[19]Pro-Israel news and views from right-wing perspective.
- Israel Habara Committee

Relevant non-Israeli media:

- Jewish Telegraphic Agency [20], New York-based news agency covering worldwide Jewish news, centrist (English)

## [தொகு] வெளி இணைப்புகள்

- இஸ்ரேல் பாலஸ்தீன சரித்திரக் குறிப்புகள் (தமிழ்)

இசுரேல் பற்றிய மேலதிக தகவல்களை காண பார்க்க சகோதர திட்டங்கள்:

விக்சனரி விக்சனரி
நூல்கள் விக்கி நூல்
மேற்கோள்கள் விக்கிமேற்கோள்
மூலங்கள் விக்கி மூலம்
படிமங்கள் காமன்ஸ்
செய்திகள் விக்கி செய்திகள்

| இசுரேல் Portal

- வார்ப்புரு:Wikitravel

### [தொகு] பொதுவான தகவல்கள்

- The Jewish History Resource Center Project of the Dinur Center for Research in Jewish History, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem
- BBC News Country Profile - Israel and Palestinian Territories
- Jewish Virtual Library Israel articles including information on history, economics, and military issues. (From the American-Israel Cooperative Enterprise, an Israel-advocacy group)
- CIA World Factbook - Israel
- Encyclopaedia Britannica, Israel - Country Page
- US State Department - Israel includes Background Notes, Country Study and major reports
- Columbia University Libraries - Israel directory category of the WWW-VL
- Israel Lexicon, ynet news includes definitions of people, events and terms related to Israel
- Open Directory Project - Israel directory category
- SABRAnet - Where Israel comes alive on the Internet
- Yahoo! - Israel directory category

வார்ப்புரு:Col-2

### [தொகு] அரசு

- Government Portal of Israel
- Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Israel
- The President of the state of Israel
- Prime Minister's Office
- Bureau of Statistics
- Israel Defence Force site
- Israel Security Fence Project
- isayeret.com - The Israeli Special Forces Database
- Religion and State in Israel: a Discussion a three-way discussion between Anat Hoffman (executive director, Israel Religious Action Center), Professor Steven Mazie (author of Israel's Higher Law: Religion and Liberal Democracy in the Jewish State) and Rabbi Avi Shafran (director of public affairs, Agudath Israel of America)

வார்ப்புரு:Col-2

### [தொகு] The Knesset (பாராளுமன்றம்)

- The Knesset (Parliament)

### [தொகு] சட்டமும் சட்ட முறைமைகளும்

- The Courts
- Basic Laws, legal code of Israel
- Israeli Commercial, Banking, Tort and Insurance Laws - in English
- "You Say You Want a Constitution", New York Times Op-Ed piece by Professor Steven V. Mazie
- "Changing Israel's Marriage Law" Jewish Week Opinion piece by Professor Steven V. Mazie

வார்ப்புரு:Col-2

### [தொகு] வரலாறு

Please see main article History of Israel

- Resources > Modern Period > 20th Cent. > History of Israel > State of Israel The Jewish History Resource Center, Project of the Dinur Center for Research in Jewish History, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem
- The birth of Israel from the BBC
- Israel Museum, Jerusalem
- Historical documents from the Israeli Ministry of Public Affairs
- Authentic historical Recordings - UN Partition Vote of 1947, Arab Rejection, "First" Hatikva, David Ben-Gurion - On Independence, Arab Countdown to Six Day War, Moshe Dayan - Six Day War, Gen. Ariel Sharon - "Move forward!", Nasser's Infamous Phonecall, Gen. Yitzhak Rabin - Six Day War, Abba Eban's "Stalingrad" Speech

வார்ப்புரு:Col-2

### [தொகு] பொருளாதாரம், விஞ்ஞாணமும் தொழில் நுட்பமும்

- Standard and Poor's Israel Economic Information
- DUNS 100, the hundred largest companies in Israel
- Israel Science and Technology Homepage
- Translation of Israeli Laws to English
- IsraCast: Science and Technology News From Israel - Updated Weekly (English)
- Israel economy and business parameters Israel key Data on Israeli Taxes, Income Tax, Tax Rates in Israel.
- 100 Top Israeli LecturersSenior Media comentators, journalists, novelists, politicians and other Lecturers from Israel

வார்ப்புரு:Col-2

### [தொகு] வெளிநாட்டு உறவுகளும் தற்போதய பிரைச்சனைகளும்

For links on the Arab-Israeli conflict and the Israeli-Palestinian conflict, see Arab-Israeli Conflict: External Links

- Israel Ministry of Foreign Affairs
- Israel21c: A focus beyond the conflict
- India-Israeli Relations: The Imperatives for Enhanced Strategic Cooperation
- Le Monde diplomatique report on EU-Israeli relations
- European Union's relations with Israel
- US-Israeli Relations from the Jewish Virtual Library.
- Primary Source Documents for Israeli-Palestinian Conflict History

வார்ப்புரு:Col-2

### [தொகு] Society

- Israel Women's Network
- Gay Middle East - Israel section
- Israeli Arabs and Israeli Society, discussion with Ori Nir, correspondent for Haaretz and the Forward.
- Freedom of Religion in Israeli Society and Politics by Prof. Shimon Shetreet, former minister of Religious Affairs.
- Neve Shalom/Wahat al-Salam the Oasis of Peace, an experimental Arab-Jewish cooperative village.
- Israel Movement for Progressive Judaism, Reform Judaism in Israel
- The Guardian - Worlds apart

வார்ப்புரு:Col-2

### [தொகு] புகைப்படங்கள்

- Pictures of various holy sites and tourist destinations.
- Israel capital - Jerusalem. Portal of Jerusalem Photos

வார்ப்புரு:Col-2

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