బంగ్లాదేశ్ - వికిపీడియా

# బంగ్లాదేశ్

### వికీపీడియా నుండి

ఈ వ్యాసాన్ని పూర్తిగా అనువదించి,తరువాత ఈ మూసను తీసివేయండి

The People's Republic of బంగ్లాదేశ్ (Bangla: গনপ্রজাতন্ত্রী বাংলােদশ) is a country in దక్షిణ ఆసియా that forms the eastern part of the ancient region of Bengal. బంగ్లాదేశ్ (বাংলােদশ) literally means "The Country of Bengal". Lying north of the Bay of Bengal, on land it borders India and మ్యాన్మార్, and it is a close neighbor to చైనా, థాయిలాండ్, Nepal and Bhutan.

গনপ্রজাতন্ত্রী বাংলােদশ
గాణో Projātontrī Bānglādesh

(In Detail) | (In Detail)

Official language | Bangla
Capital | Dhaka
President | Iajuddin Ahmed
Prime Minister | Begum Khaleda Zia
Area - Total - % water | Ranked 91st 144,000 km² 7.0%
Population - Total (July 2004 est.) - Density | Ranked 8th 141,340,476 1,055/km²
Independence | from Pakistan March 26 1971
Victory Day | December 16, 1971
Currency | Taka (BDT)
Unemployment Rate | 3.6%
Time zone | UTC +6
National anthem | Amar Sonar Bangla
National Fruit | Jackfruit
National Flower | Shapla (Water lily)
National Fish | Hilsa
National Animal | Bengal Tiger
National Bird | Doel(Magpie)
Internet TLD | .bd
Calling Code | 880

## [మార్చు] చరిత్ర

Main article: బంగ్లాదేశ్ చరిత్ర

There has long been advanced civilization in what is now బంగ్లాదేశ్, once the eastern part of a greater region called బెంగాల్. Buddhist monasteries provide evidence of civilizations dating back to 700 BC, and there are claims of social structures from around 1000 BC. Early civilizations had Buddhist and/or Hindu influences. ఉత్తర బంగ్లాదేశ్ has several sites of mass architecture, in the form of temples and monasteries, bearing proofs of such influences.

బెంగాల్ became Islamic starting in the 13th century and developed into a wealthy centre of trade and industry under the Mughal Empire during the 16th century. European traders had arrived in the late 15th century and eventually the British East India Company controlled the region by the late 18th century, from which the British extended their rule over all of India. When Indian independence was achieved in 1947, political motivations caused it to be divided into a predominantly Muslim Pakistan and a predominantly Hindu India.

The Partition of India saw బెంగాల్ divided between the two new countries: an eastern part called తూర్పు బెంగాల్ corresponding to what is now Bangladesh, and a western part, the Indian state of West బెంగాల్. The abolition of the Zamindari system (which divided the society into lords, owners of property, and commoners, users of property) in తూర్పు బెంగాల్ (1950) was a major landmark in బంగ్లాదేశ్'s movement to a "people's state". The Language Movement of 1952 established the rights of the Bengali community to speak in their own language. Worth mentioning, this was the only revolution that was done solely for preserving the rights to speak a language and for this reason, UNESCO recognized 21 February as International Mother Language Day. In 1955, the government of Pakistan changed the name of the province from తూర్పు బెంగాల్ to తూర్పు పాకిస్తాన్.

East పాకిస్తాన్ was dominated and neglected by West పాకిస్తాన్, which comprised the rest of పాకిస్తాన్ (West Punjab, Sindh, Baluchistan, and the Northwest Frontier Province). The frequent exploitation of the majority Bengalis by the minority non-Bengalis infuriated people on both sides of పాకిస్తాన్. The tensions peaked in 1971, following an open, non-democratic denial by పాకిస్తానీ president Yahya Khan, a military ruler, of election results that gave the Awami League an overwhelming majority in the parliament (167 out of 169 seats allocated for East పాకిస్తాన్) [1].

Under the leadership of Sheikh Mujibur Rahman, also known as Bôngobondhu (Friend of బెంగాల్), బంగ్లాదేశ్ started its struggle for independence. The official onset followed one of the bloodiest genocides of recent times carried out by the పాకిస్తాన్ army on Bengali civilians on 25 March 1971. Virtually the entire Bengali intelligentsia was eliminated. There are unsubstantiated claims that the genocide was second only to the Holocaust. Owing to West పాకిస్తాన్'s effort to rid the country of foreign journalists, accurate numbers are difficult to get, but some estimates claim 50,000 deaths in the first three days of the so-called Operation Searchlight of the Pakistan Army [2]. More than ten million Bengalis fled to neighbouring India.

The Bangladeshi Liberation War took place during the Cold War period. The United States and the People's Republic of China, considering the war an internal affair of పాకిస్తాన్, preferred to back West Pakistan. However, India, the USSR and her allies and general masses in Japan, and Western countries stood solidly behind బంగ్లాదేశ్. To gain strategic advantage over the Sino-US-Pakistan axis, the Indo-Soviet Friendship Treaty was signed on 9 August 1971." [3]

India, owing to its geographical position and military antagonism towards Pakistan, vehemently backed the Liberation War, especially after the USSR backed its motives. Strategically, independence of Bangladesh would mean one fewer front to fight Pakistan on. Also worth mentioning is that certain regional governments gave support based on ethnic grounds. On 27 March 1971, Prime Minister of India, Mrs. Indira Gandhi, expressed full support of her Government to the struggle for freedom. The Bangladesh-India border was opened to allow the tortured and panic-stricken బెంగాలీలు to have safe shelter in India. The governments of West Bengal, Bihar, Assam, Meghalaya and Tripura established refugee camps along the border. These camps became ready ground for recruitment of the freedom fighters. The headquarters of the Bangladesh Forces was established at 8 Theatre Road, Calcutta which started functioning from 12 April 1971. Lieutenant Colonel M. A. Rab and Group Captain A. K. Khandaker were appointed as Chief of Staff and Deputy Chief of Staff respectively. [4]

Throughout the War, despite severe opposition from the West Pakistan government, the British Broadcasting Corporation continued to provide coverage through the BBC Bangla radio services in South Asia. Among international efforts to raise awareness was also the Concert for Bangladesh by former Beatle George Harrison.

Sheikh Mujibur Rahman, being identified as a major influencer of the బెంగాలీలు, was arrested by the Pakistani Government. Before he was arrested, Sheikh Mujibur Rahman made an formal and official declaration of Independence on 26 March. Hence 26 March is considered as the Independence Day of బంగ్లాదేశ్. First M A Hannan on 26 March and later on 27 March Ziaur Rahman, an army major then, and President of బంగ్లాదేశ్ much later, declared the Independence of బంగ్లాదేశ్, on behalf of the Father of the Nation Bangabandhu Sheikh Mujibur Rahman, using a makeshift radio transmitter from Kalurghat near the port city of Chittagong. (Although, some people of బంగ్లాదేశ్, particularly members of బంగ్లాదేశ్ Nationalist Party say that he was the man who declared independence of బంగ్లాదేశ్ first). With help of బెంగాలీ officers in the army, support of civilians and military/humanitarian aid from India, బంగ్లాదేశ్ quickly put together Mukti Bahini (Freedom Fighters), an armed group formed mostly of young students, workers, farmers and other civilians. Besides harassing attacks on the resident Pakistani army, the Mukti Bahini provided local intelligence and guidance of immense value to the three corps of the Indian army which attacked the occupying West పాకిస్తానీ army of 80,000 in early December 1971.

బొమ్మ:TIMEfreedomofBangladesh.jpg
A TIME magazine issue covering the newly independent బంగ్లాదేశ్.

Within two weeks of the Indian invasion the Lieutenant-General A. A. K. Niazi of the పాకిస్తాన్ army surrendered to the Indian army on 16 December 1971. India took 93,000 prisoners of war who were held in camps in India to avoid reprisals by an enraged బంగ్లాదేశీ population. The new nation of బంగ్లాదేశ్ effectively came into being and Sheikh Mujibur Rahman, who had been incarcerated in West పాకిస్తాన్ since March, returned triumphantly as the first Prime Minister of the new nation. India withdrew its troops from బంగ్లాదేశ్ within three months of the war. పాకిస్తాన్, aided by its supporters in బంగ్లాదేశ్, committed war crimes before and during the war and memories of బంగ్లాదేశీలు remain scarred to this day.

After the war, Sheikh Mujibur Rahman became the Prime Minister and later the President of బంగ్లాదేశ్. He along with most of his family were massacred by a group of disgruntled Army officers on 15 August 1975. Following his death, (Major General) Khaled Mosharraf led a military coup on 3 November 1975. Khaled Mosharraf was killed in a counter coup on 7 November 1975 in the Dhaka cantonment culminating in General Ziaur Rahman gaining power. He later gained the Presidency. But in 1981, he was killed in yet another coup, in Chittagong. In 1982 General Hossain Mohammad Ershad staged a bloodless coup and deposed the president Ahsan Uddin Choudhury, a former Supreme Court Justice. Ershad later declared himself President and started a new political party named Janadal, which he later renamed as Jatiya Party. The rule of Ershad continued until 1990. A popular uprising forced Ershad to resign and give way to a parliamentary democracy. Since then, బంగ్లాదేశ్ has been ruled by three democratically elected governments.

## [మార్చు] Politics

Main article: Politics of బంగ్లాదేశ్

The President, while head of state, holds a largely ceremonial post, with real power held by the Prime Minister, who is head of government. The president is elected by the legislature every five years and his normally limited powers are substantially expanded during the tenure of a caretaker government, mainly in controlling the transition to a new government.

The prime minister is appointed by the president and must be a member of parliament (MP) who the president feels commands the confidence of the majority of other MPs. The cabinet is composed of ministers selected by the prime minister and appointed by the president.

The unicameral Bangladeshi parliament is the House of the Nation or Jatiya Sangsad, whose 300 members are elected by popular vote from single territorial constituencies for five-year terms of office. The highest judiciary body is the Supreme Court, of which the chief justices and other judges are appointed by the president.

Begum Khaleda Zia is currently the Prime Minister of బంగ్లాదేశ్.

## [మార్చు] Divisions

బంగ్లాదేశ్ పటము

  ప్రధాన వ్యాసం: బంగ్లాదేశ్ డివిజన్లు

బంగ్లాదేశ్ is subdivided into ఆరు డివిజన్లు, all named after their respective divisional headquarters:

- బరిసాల్
- చిట్టగాంగ్
- ఢాకా
- ఖుల్నా
- రాజ్షాహీ
- సిల్హెట్

See List of cities in బంగ్లాదేశ్.

## [మార్చు] Geography

NASA satellite Image of బంగ్లాదేశ్'s physical features (click to enlarge and view national borders)

Main article: Geography of బంగ్లాదేశ్

బంగ్లాదేశ్ consists mostly of a low-lying river delta located on the Indian subcontinent with a largely marshy jungle coastline on the Bay of Bengal known as the Sundarbans, home to the (Royal) Bengal Tiger. The densely populated delta is formed by the confluence of the Ganges (local name Padma), Brahmaputra (Jamuna), and Meghna rivers and their tributaries as they flow down from the Himalaya. Bangladesh's alluvial soil is highly fertile but vulnerable to both flood and drought. Hills rise above the plain only in the Chittagong Hill Tracts (highest point: the Keokradong at 1230 m) in the far southeast and the Sylhet division in the northeast.

Straddling the Tropic of Cancer, the Bangladeshi climate is tropical with a mild winter from October to March, a hot, humid summer from March to June, and a humid, warm rainy monsoon from June to October. Natural calamities, such as floods, tropical cyclones, tornadoes, and tidal bores affect the country almost every year, combined with the effects of deforestation, soil degradation and erosion. Dhaka is the country's capital and largest city. Other major cities include Chittagong, Rajshahi, and Khulna. Cox's Bazar, South of the city of Chittagong, has a sea beach that streches uninterrupted over 120 km; it is frequently quoted as the World's longest natural sea beach (although this claim is difficult to prove or disprove).

## [మార్చు] Economy

  ప్రధాన వ్యాసం: Economy of బంగ్లాదేశ్

Fishermen near the town of Cox's Bazaar in southern బంగ్లాదేశ్. Many industries in బంగ్లాదేశ్ are still primitive by modern standards.

Despite sustained domestic and international efforts to improve economic and demographic prospects, బంగ్లాదేశ్ remains a underdeveloped, overpopulated, and ill-governed nation. Although more than half of the GDP is generated through the service sector, nearly two-thirds of Bangladeshis are employed in the agriculture sector, with rice as the single most important product.

Major impediments to growth include frequent cyclones and floods, inefficient state-owned enterprises, mismanaged port facilities, a rapidly growing labour force that has not been absorbed by agriculture, inefficient use of energy resources (such as natural gas), insufficient power supplies, and slow implementation of economic reforms, caused by political infighting and corruption. In 2001, 2002, and 2003, Transparency International's surveys ranked Bangladesh as the World's most corrupt country.

Since June 2004 Bangladesh has been ravaged by its worst floods in six years, which have killed 628 people so far and covered about 60% of the country. About 20 million people are in need of food aid on account of damaged crops, and the textile industry which earns 80% of the country's export earnings has been disrupted. Officials estimate that the damage incurred could approach US$7 billion (Yahoo!News).

Basic economic indicators
GDP-purchasing power parity | $230 billion (2001 est.)
GDP-real growth rate | 5.6% (2001 est.)
GDP-per capita: purchasing power parity | $1,750 (2001 est.)
GDP-composition by sector
agriculture | 30%
industry | 18%
services | 52% (2000)
Population below poverty line | 35.6% (1995-96 est.)
Household income or consumption by percentage share
lowest 10% | 3.9%
highest 10% | 28.6% (1996)
Inflation rate (consumer prices) | 5.8% (2000)
Labour force | 64.1 million (1998)
Note: extensive export of labour to Saudi Arabia, Kuwait, UAE, Oman, Qatar, and Malaysia; workers' remittances estimated at $1.71 billion in 1998-99
Labour force-by occupation
agriculture | 65%
services | 25%
industry and mining | 10% (1996)
Unemployment rate | 3.6% (2002)
Budget
revenues | $4.9 billion
expenditures | $6.8 billion, including capital expenditures of $NA (2000)
Industries | jute manufacturing, cotton textiles, garments, tea processing, paper newsprint, cement, chemical, light engineering, sugar, food processing, steel, fertilizer
Industrial production growth rate | 6.2% (2001)
Electricity-production | 13.493 billion kWh (2000)
Electricity-production by source
fossil fuel | 92.45%
hydro | 7.55%
other | 0% (2000)
Electricity-consumption | 12.548 billion kWh (2000)
Electricity-exports | 0 kWh (2000)
Electricity-imports | 0 kWh (2000)
Industry and international trade
Agriculture-products | rice, jute, tea, wheat, sugarcane, potatoes, tobacco, pulses, oilseeds, spices, fruit; beef, milk, poultry
Exports | $6.6 billion (2001)
Exports-commodities | garments, jute and jute goods, leather, frozen fish and seafood
Exports-partners | US 31.8%, Germany 10.9%, UK 7.9%, France 5.2%, Netherlands 5.2%, Italy 4.42% (2000)
Imports | $8.7 billion (2001)
Imports-commodities | machinery and equipment, chemicals, iron and steel, textiles, raw cotton, food, crude oil and petroleum products, cement
Imports-partners | India 10.5%, EU 9.5%, Japan 9.5%, Singapore 8.5%, China 7.4% (2000)
Economic aid-recipient | $1.575 billion (2000 est.)
Exchange rates | Taka per US dollar - 57.756 (January 2002), 55.807 (2001), 52.142 (2000), 49.085 (1999), 46.906 (1998), 43.892 (1997)
Source:Discovery Bangladesh

## [మార్చు] Demographics

Main article: Demographics of Bangladesh

Apart from very small countries such as Singapore and Bahrain, Bangladesh is the most densely populated country in the world. The nation, at 982 persons per km², has often been compared to Indonesia's Java.

Bangladesh is ethnically homogenous, with Bengalis comprising 98% of the population. The vast majority speak Bangla, or Bengali. The remaining two percent are mainly Urdu-speaking, non-Bengali Muslims from regions of India such as Bihar. A substantial number of non-Bengali tribal groups inhabit the Chittagong Hill Tracts in the southeast and the Northern regions Bangladesh, including parts of the districts of Mymensingh, Sylhet, Rangpur. Almost all non-Bengali Bangladeshis speak Bangla as a second language.

Most Bangladeshis (about 83%) are Muslims, but Hindus constitute a sizable (16%) minority. There are also a small number of Buddhists, Christians, and Animists. Bengali, an Indo-Aryan language, is written in a script similar to Devanagari. It is the official language, though English is accepted in official tasks and in (higher) education.

In the mid-eighties, the government began promoting birth control to slow population growth, but with limited success. However, the Government has gained considerable success in preventing the spread of many childhood diseases, through an effective nationwide immunisation policy.

Many are landless or forced to inhabit hazardous floodplains, with the consequence of rampant water-borne disease. In an effort to stem the spread of pathogens like cholera and dysentery, international organizations began to promote well-drilling throughout the nation. Several years after widespread implementation of the programme, over a quarter of the population exhibited symptoms of arsenic poisoning. High levels of naturally occurring arsenic in the water table of certain regions has not been accounted for. The effects of arsenic-tainted water still remain a problem.

## [మార్చు] Culture

Main article: Culture of Bangladesh

- Literature of Bangladesh
- Performing arts of Bangladesh
- Bangla language
- Islam in Bangladesh
- Hinduism in Bangladesh
- Buddhism in Bangladesh
- Kabaddi
- Music of Bangladesh

## [మార్చు] Sports

Main article: Sports in Bangladesh

Sports and games form an integral part of Bangladeshi's life. In the villages one might see a group of kids kicking a football, or in some dusty alley one might see kids playing cricket. Though Bangladesh is not a major sporting power in any sense, Bangladeshi athletes and sportspersons have brought her many laurels. Kabadi is the national game of Bangladesh. Recently, Cricket has gained popularity in the urban areas.

## [మార్చు] Education

Education in Bangladesh is highly subsidized by the Government, which operates many schools and colleges in the primary, secondary and higher secondary level as well as many public universities. The whole country is divided into seven education boards (Dhaka, Chittagong, Rajshahi, Jessore, Barishal, Sylhet and Comilla Education Boards) which oversee education from the primary to the higher secondary level, and conduct the primary and junior scholarship examinations, the Secondary School Certificate examination, and the Higher Secondary Certificate examination. The Government also provides a large portion of the salaries of the teachers in non-government schools. To promote literacy among women, education is free upto the higher secondery level for female students. There is also a Government-funded program which gives incentives like stipends and food for continuing education in the secondary level.

## [మార్చు] General Universities

- University of Chittagong (চট্টগ্রাম বিশ্যবিদ্যালয়) - CU
- University of Dhaka (ঢাকা বিশ্যবিদ্যালয়) - DU
- Jahangirnagar University (জাহাঙ্গীরনগর বিশ্যবিদ্যালয়) - JU
- Khulna University (খুলনা বিশ্যবিদ্যালয়) - KU
- Rajshahi University (রাজশাহী বিশ্যবিদ্যালয়) - RU

### [మార్చు] Engineering/Technology Universities

- Bangladesh University of Engineering and Technology (বাংলাদেশ প্রকৌশল বিশ্যবিদ্যালয়) - BUET
- Chittagong University of Engineering and Technology (চট্টগ্রাম প্রকৌশল বিশ্যবিদ্যালয়) - CUET
- Khulna University of Engineering and Technology (খুলনা প্রকৌশল বিশ্যবিদ্যালয়) - KUET
- Rajshahi University of Engineering and Technology (রাজশাহী প্রকৌশল বিশ্যবিদ্যালয়) - RUET
- Shahajalal University of Science and Technology (শাহজালাল বিঞ্জান ও প্রযুক্তি বিশ্যবিদ্যালয়) - SUST

## [మార్చు] Political Parties

- Bangladesh Awami League - AL
- Bangladesh Nationalist Party - BNP
- Communist Party of Bangladesh - CPB
- Jamaat-e-Islami Bangladesh - Jamaat
- Jatiya Party - JP

## [మార్చు] Miscellaneous topics

- Communications in Bangladesh
- Foreign relations of Bangladesh
- List of Bangladeshis
- Military of Bangladesh
  - Bangladesh Air Force
- NGOs in Bangladesh
- Public holidays in Bangladesh
- Transportation in Bangladesh
  - Biman Bangladesh

## [మార్చు] See also

- Language Martyrs' Day
- West Bengal

## [మార్చు] External links

మూస:Commons

### [మార్చు] Further reading/Non-government sites

- Bangladesh Gateway
- Banglapedia - National Encyclopedia of Bangladesh
- Bangladesh Garment Manufacturers and Exporters Association
- Federation of Bangladesh Chambers of Commerce and Industry
- Institute of Statistical Research and Training

### [మార్చు] Government and government organizations

- Bangladesh Customs Home Page (National Board of Revenue)
- Bangladesh Government Official Web Page
- Bangladesh Telephone and Telegraph Board (BTTB/T&T)
- Dhaka City Corporation
- Election Commission Secretariat
- Legislative Information Centre - Official parliamentary site

### [మార్చు] Newspapers

#### [మార్చు] Bangla news papers

- Prothom Alo
- Ajker Kagoj
- Inqilab
- Ittefaq
- Janakantha
- Jugantor
- Jai Jai Din

#### [మార్చు] English newspapers

- The Daily Star
- The New Age
- The Daily Independent
- The Bangladesh Observer
- The Financial Express
- The News Today
- The New Nation
- The Weekly Holiday

### [మార్చు] Political parties

- Bangladesh Awami League - AL
- Bangladesh Nationalist Party - BNP
- Communist Party of Bangladesh - CPB
- Jamaat-e-Islami Bangladesh
- Jatiya Party - JP:Ershad

### [మార్చు] Public Universities

- Khulna University of Engineering & Technology
- Bangladesh Open University
- Bangladesh University of Engineering and Technology
- Chittagong University of Engineering and Technology
- Jahangirnagar University
- Rajshahi University
- Shahjalal University of Science and Technology
- University of Dhaka

### [మార్చు] Private Universities

- North South University
- Independent University, Bangladesh
- Darul Ihsan University
- International University of Business, Agriculture and Technology (IUBAT)
- International Islamic University Chittagong
- Ahsanullah University of Science and Technology
- American International University - Bangladesh
- Asian University of Bangladesh
- East - West University
- Queens University
- The University of Asia Pacific

### [మార్చు] Online Bangladeshi news sources

- The Bangladesh Journal
- Bangladesh News Archives
- Vinnomot
- Dak Bangla Intelligence Scan
- News from Bangladesh
- List of Bangladeshi Weblogs

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వర్గాలు: అనువాదము కోరబడిన పేజీలు | Bangladesh | Bengal | Members of the Commonwealth of Nations | South Asian countries | ప్రపంచ దేశాలు

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