משתמש:H2O/פרוייקט המטאורולוגיה
מתוך ויקיפדיה, האנציקלופדיה החופשית
דף זה נועד כדי לאסוף ערכים בנושא מטאורולוגיה שלא קיימים או לא מורחבים מספיק. כך, אט אט למחוקם מן הרשימה.
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[עריכה] אירועים חשובים במטאורולוגיה
[עריכה] אירועים מוקדמים
- 350 BC - Aristotle wrote Meteorology.
- 25 - Pomponius Mela formalizes the climatic zone system.
- 1400s - Leone Battista Alberti develops first anemometer.
- 1494 Christopher Columbus experience a tropical cyclone, leads to the first written European account of a hurricane.
- 1606 - Galileo Galilei invents the thermometer.
- 1620 - Francis Bacon (philosopher) analyzes the scientific method in his Great Instauration of Learning.
- 1643 - Evangelista Torricelli invents the barometer.
- 1686 - Edmund Halley presents a systematic study of the trade winds and monsoons and identifies solar heating as the cause of atmospheric motions.
- 1686 - Edmund Halley establishes the relationship between barometric pressure and height above sea level.
- 1714 - Gabriel Fahrenheit creates reliable scale for measuring temperature with a mercury-type thermometer.
- 1716 - Edmund Halley suggests that aurorae are caused by "magnetic effluvia" moving along the Earth's magnetic field lines.
- 1735 - The first essentially correct explanation of global circulation was the study by George Hadley of the Trade winds.
- 1738 - Daniel Bernoulli publishes Hydrodynamics, initiating the kinetic theory.
- 1742 - Anders Celsius, a Swedish astronomer, proposed the Centigrade temperature scale which led to the current Celsius scale.
- 1743 - Benjamin Franklin is prevented from seeing a lunar eclipse by a hurricane, he decides that cyclones move in a contrary manner to the winds at their periphery. [1]
- 1772 - Black's student Daniel Rutherford discovers nitrogen, which he calls phlogisticated air, and together they explain the results in terms of the phlogiston theory.
- 1783 - Antoine Lavoisier discovers oxygen and develops an explanation for combustion; in his book Reflexions sur le phlogistique, he deprecates the phlogiston theory and proposes a caloric theory.
[עריכה] 19th century
- 1820 - John Herapath develops some ideas in the kinetic theory of gases but mistakenly associates temperature with molecular momentum rather than kinetic energy; his work receives little attention other than from Joule.
- 1822 - Joseph Fourier formally introduces the use of dimensions for physical quantities in his Theorie Analytique de la Chaleur.
- 1835 - Gaspard-Gustave Coriolis publishes theoretical discussions of machines with revolving parts and their effiency, for example the efficiency of waterweels. At the end of the 19th century, meteorologists recognized that the way the Earth's rotation is taken into account in meteorology is analogous to what Coriolis discussed: an example of Coriolis Effect.
- 1838 - Controversial "Law of Storms" work by William Reid, which splits meteorological establishment into two camps in regards to low pressure systems. It would take over ten years of debate to finally come to a consensus on the behavior of low pressure systems. [2]
- 1841 - Elias Loomis the first person known to attempt to devise a theory on frontal zones, and prepared some of the first known weather maps. The idea of fronts did not catch on until expanded upon by the Norwegians in the years following World War I. [3]Č
- 1843 - John James Waterston fully expounds the kinetic theory of gases, but is ridiculed and ignored.
- 1843 - James Joule experimentally finds the mechanical equivalent of heat.
- 1846 - Cup anemometer invented by Dr. John Thomas Romney Robinson.
- 1847 - Hermann von Helmholtz publishes a definitive statement of the conservation of energy, the first law of thermodynamics.
- 1849 - Smithsonian Institution begins to establish an observation network across the United States, with 150 observers, under the leadership of Joseph Henry. [4]
- 1849 - William John Macquorn Rankine calculates the correct relationship between saturated vapour pressure and temperature using his hypothesis of molecular vortices.
- 1850 - Rankine uses his vortex theory to establish accurate relationships between the temperature, pressure, and density of gases, and expressions for the latent heat of evaporation of a liquid; he accurately predicts the surprising fact that the apparent specific heat of saturated steam will be negative.
- 1854 - The French astronomer Leverrier showed that a storm in the Black Sea could be followed across Europe and would have been predictable if the telegraph had been used. A service of storm forecasts was established a year later by the Paris Observatory.
- 1860 - Robert FitzRoy uses the new telegraph system to gather daily observations from across England and produces the first synoptic charts. He also coined the term "weather forecast" and his were the first ever daily weather forecasts to be published in this year.
- 1860 - 500 U.S. telegraph stations are making weather observations and submitting them back to the Smithsonian Institution. The observations are later interrupted by the Civil War.
- 1865 - Manila Observatory founded in the Philippines. [5]
- 1869 - Joseph Lockyer starts the scientific journal Nature.
- 1870 - Benito Vines becomes the head of the Meteorological Observatory at Belen in Havana, Cuba. He develops the first observing network in Cuba and creates some of the first hurricane-related forecasts. [6]
- 1873 - United States Army Signal Corp, forerunner of the National Weather Service, issues its first hurricane warning. [7]
- 1890 - Weather Bureau is created as a civilian operation under the U.S. Department of Agriculture.
- 1898 - Weather Bureau established a hurricane warning network at Kingston, Jamaica. [8]
[עריכה] 20th century
- 1904 - Vilhelm Bjerknes presents the vision that forcasting the weather is feasible based on mathematical methods.
- 1919 - Norwegian Cyclone Model introduced for the first time in meteorological literature. Marks a revolution in the way the atmosphere is conceived and immediately starts leading to improved forecasts. [9] Sakuhei Fujiwhara is the first to note that hurricanes move with the larger scale flow, and later publishes a paper on the Fujiwara Effect in 1921. [10]
- 1920 - Milutin Milanković proposes that long term climatic cycles may be due to changes in the eccentricity of the Earth's orbit and changes in the Earth's obliquity.
- 1922 - Lewis Fry Richardson organises the first numerical weather prediction experiment.
- 1937 - The U.S. Army Air Forces Weather Service was established (redesignated in 1946 as AWS-Air Weather Service).
- 1941 - Pulsed radar network is implemented in England during WWII. Generally during the war, operators started noticing echoes from weather elements suchs as rain and snow.
- 1943 - After flying into the Washington Hoover Airport on mainly instruments during the August 1933 Chesapeake-Potomac hurricane, J. B. Duckworth flies his airplaine into a Gulf hurricane, proving to the military and meteorological community the utility of weather reconnaissance. [11] [12]
- 1944 - The Great Atlantic Hurricane is caught on radar near the Mid-Atlantic coast, the first such picture noted from the United States. [13]
- 1948 - First correct tornado prediction by R. C. Miller and E. J. Fawbush. In the same year Eric Palmen publishes his findings that hurricanes require surface water temperatures of at least 26°C (80°F) in order to form.
- 1950 - Hurricanes begin to be named alphabetically with the radio alphabet.
- 1951 - WMO World Meteorological Organization established by the United Nations.
- 1953 - National Hurricane Center (NOAA) creates a system for naming hurricanes using alphabetical lists of women's names.
- 1954 - A United States Navy rocket captures a picture of an inland tropical depression near the Texas/Mexico border, which leads to a surprise flood event in New Mexico. This convinces the government to set up a weather satellite program. [14]
- 1955 - NSSP National Severe Storms Project and NHRP National Hurricane Research Projects established. The Miami office of the United States Weather Bureau is designated the main hurricane warning center for the Atlantic Basin. [15]
- 1957-1958 - International Geophysical Year coordinated research efforts in eleven sciences, focused on polar areas during the solar maximum.
- 1960 - The TIROS-1 weather satellite is launched, quickly discovering a tropical cyclone near New Zealand. [16]
- 1962 - Keith Browning and Frank Ludlam publish first detailed study of a supercell storm (over Wokingham, UK). Project STORMFURY begins its 10-year project of seeding hurricanes with silver iodide, attempting to weaken the cyclones. [17]
- 1968 - A hurricane database for Atlantic hurricanes is created for NASA by Charlie Newmann and John Hope, named HURDAT. [18]
- 1969 - Saffir-Simpson Hurricane Scale created, used to describe hurricane strength on a category range of 1 to 5. Popularized during Hurricane Gloria of 1985 by media.
- [1970s]] Weather radars are becoming more standardized and organized into networks. The number of scanned angles was increased to get a three-dimensional view of the precipitation, which allowed studies of thunderstorms. Experiments with the Doppler effect begin.
- 1970 - NOAA National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration established. Weather Bureau is renamed the National Weather Service.
- 1971 - Ted Fujita introduces the Fujita scale for rating tornadoes.
- 1975 - The first Geostationary Operational Environmental Satellite, GOES, was launched into orbit. Their role and design is to aid in hurricane tracking. Also this year, Vern Dvorak develops a scheme to estimate tropical cyclone intensity from satellite imagery. [19]
- 1980s onwards, networks of weather radars are further expanded in the developed world. Doppler radar is becoming gradually more common, adds velocity information.
- 1988 - WSR-88D type weather radar implemented in the United States. Weather surveillance radar that uses several modes to detect severe weather conditions.
- 1992 - Computers first used in the United States to draw surface analyses.
- 1998 - Improving technology and software finally allows for the digital underlaying of satellite imagery, radar imagery, model data, and surface observations improving the quality of United States Surface Analyses.
[עריכה] 21st century
- 2001 - National Weather Service beings to produce a Unified Surface Analysis, ending duplication of effort at the Tropical Prediction Center, Ocean Predicition Center, Hydrometeorological Prediction Center, as well as the National Weather Service offices in Anchorage, AK and Honolulu, HI. [20]
- 2003 - NOAA hurricane experts issue first experimental Eastern Pacific Hurricane Outlook.

