Abjad Arab - Wikipedia

# Abjad Arab

### From Wikipedia

Abjad Arab
Bahasa: | Arab, Parsi, Urdu, Kurdish, Pashtu, dan lain-lain
Tempoh masa: | 600 M hingga kini
Sistem tulisan ibubapa: | Phoenicia Nabatea atau Syriak Abjad Arab

Sejarah Huruf

Zaman Gangsa Pertengahan 19–15 SM

- Canaan-Phoenicia 14 SM
  - Aramia 9 SM
    - Brāhmī & Indic, 6 SM
      - Tibet 7 c.
      - Khmer/Jawa, 9 c.
    - Ibrani 3 SM
    - Syriak 2 SM
    - Din Dabireh 3 c.
    - Arab 4 c.
  - Greek 9 SM
    - Etruscan 8 SM
      - Latin 7 SM
      - Rune 2 c.
    - Gothik 4 c.
    - Armenia 405
    - Glagolitik 862
    - Cyrillic 10 c.
  - Samaritan 6 SM
  - Iberia 6 SM
- Arab Selatan 9 SM
  - Ge'ez 5–6 SM

Meroitik 3 SM
Salasilah lengkap

Abjad Arab adalah skrip yang digunakan untuk menulis bahasa Arab.

Disebabkan oleh Al-Qur'an, buku suci Islam, ia ditulis dengan huruf ini, pengaruhnya tersebar dengan yakni Islam. Hasilnya, abjad Arab digunakan untuk menulis pelbagai bahasa lain — malahan bahasa yang tergolong kepada keluarga bahasa lain dari Semitik. Contoh bahasa bukan Semitik yang ditulis dengan abjad Arab termasuk Parsi, Urdu, Melayu dan Azeri (di dalam sempadan Iran Wilayah Azerbaijan). Bagi menampung fonetik bahasa lain, huruf ini telah disesuaikan oleh tambahan huruf dan simbol lain. (Lihat abjad Arab dari bahasa lain bawah).

Huruf ini persembahkan dirinya dalam pelbagai gaya seperti Nasta'līq, Thuluth, Kufik dan (lihat kaligrafi Arab), sama seperti pelbagai gaya tulisan tangan dan taipmuka untuk huruf Roman. Dengan tidak mendalam,gaya ini muncul agak berlainan, tetapi asas bentuk huruf adalah sama.

Abjad Arab
ﺍ | ﺏ | ﺕ | ﺙ | ﺝ | ﺡ | ﺥ
ﺩ | ﺫ | ﺭ | ﺯ | ﺱ | ﺵ | ﺹ
ﺽ | ﻁ | ﻅ | ﻉ | ﻍ | ﻑ | ﻕ
ﻙ | ﻝ | ﻡ | ﻥ | هـ | ﻭ | ﻱ
Sejarah · Transliterasi Diakritik · hamzah ء Angka · Perangkaan

## [Sunting] Struktur abjad Arab

Abjad Arab ditulis dari kanan ke kiri dan adalah terdiri dari 28 huruf asas. Penyesuaian skrip untuk bahasa lain seperti Parsi dan Urdu mempunyai huruf tambahan. Terdapat tiada kelainan diantara pengatas dan perendah kes mahupun diantara huruf yang ditulis dan huruf yang dicetak. Kebanyakan huruf ini adalah terikat kepada satu sama lain, walaupun apabila dicetak, dan kemunculan mereka berubah sebagai fungsi samada mereka berhubung kepada mendahulukan atau mengikut huruf. Sesetengah gabungan bentuk huruf sambungan.

Abjad Arab adalah abjad yang "tidak tulen"—vokal pendek adalah tidak ditulis, walaupun panjang sesuatu ada—jadi pembaca mesti tahu suatu bahasa untuk memulihkan vokal. Bagaimanapun, dalam edisi dari Al-Qur'an atau dalam kerja didaktik tanda vokalisasi adalah geminasi/penduaan/penjarakan konsonan (šadda).

Nama abjad Arab boleh menjadi diingat sebagai akstraksi dari versi lebih kuno dimana nama huruf menunjukkan kata bermakna dalam bahasa Proto-Semitik.

Terdapat dua susunan huruf Arab dalam huruf ini. Yang asli Abjadī أبجدي susunan sepadan dengan penyusunan huruf dalam semua huruf yang dipemerolehan dari huruf Phoenicia, termasuk ABC Inggeris. Susunan piawai digunakan kini, dan ditunjukkan dalam jadual, adalah susunan Hejā'ī هجائي, dimana huruf adalah dikumpulkan mengikut bentuk mereka.

### [Sunting] Susunan abjadi

  Rencana utama: susunan abjadi

Susunan Abjadī khas (atau dua sedikit pelbagaian susunan) telah difikirkan dengan memadankan abjad Arab dari konsonan penuh-dititik 28-aksara abjad Arab kepada setiap dari 22 huruf dari abjad Aramia (dalam Phoenicia kuno mereka berhuruf susunan) - meninggalkan enam tinggalan abjad Arab pada akhir.

Siri Abjad paling biasa adalah:

أ | ب | ج | د | ﻫ | و | ز | ح | ط | ي | ك | ل | م | ن | س | ع | ف | ص | ق | ر | ش | ت | ث | خ | ذ | ض | ظ | غ
ʼ | b | ǧ | d | h | w | z | ḥ | ṭ | y | k | l | m | n | s | ʻ | f | ṣ | q | r | š | t | ṯ | ḫ | ḏ | ḍ | ẓ | ġ

Ini adalah biasanya divokal seperti berikut:

  - ʼabǧad hawwaz ḥuṭṭī kalaman saʻfaṣ qarašat ṯaḫaḏ ḍaẓaġ.

Satu lagi vokalisasi adalah:

  - ʼabuǧadin hawazin ḥuṭiya kalman saʻfaṣ qurišat ṯaḫuḏ ḍaẓuġ

Satu lagi siri Abjad, utamanya membataskan kepada Magreb, adalah:

ﺃ | ﺏ | ﺝ | ﺩ | ﻫ | ﻭ | ﺯ | ﺡ | ﻁ | ﻱ | ﻙ | ﻝ | ﻡ | ﻥ | ﺹ | ﻉ | ﻑ | ﺽ | ﻕ | ﺭ | ﺱ | ﺕ | ﺙ | ﺥ | ﺫ | ﻅ | ﻍ | ﺵ
ʼ | b | ǧ | d | h | w | z | ḥ | ṭ | y | k | l | m | n | ṣ | ʻ | f | ḍ | q | r | s | t | ṯ | ḫ | ḏ | ẓ | ġ | š

dimana yang boleh divokalkan seperti:

  - ʼabuǧadin hawazin ḥuṭiya kalman ṣaʻfaḍ qurisat ṯaḫuḏ ẓaġuš

Lihat juga: Angka Abjad.

## [Sunting] Persembahan huruf

Jadual berikut memberikan semua dari watak Unikod untuk Arab, dan tiada dari keperluan huruf yang digunakan untuk bahasa lain. Transliterasi yang diberikan adalah piawai DIN 31635 yang tersebar luas, dengan sesetengah alternatif biasa. Lihat rencana Transliterasi Arab untuk perincian dan pelbagai skim tranliterasi lain.

Tentang sebutan, nilai fonetik yang diberikan adalah yakni pada sebutan "piawai" dari bahasa fusha seperti yang diajar di unversiti. Sebutan sebenar diantara aneka Arab mungkin luas berbeza. Untuk lebih terperinci berkenaan sebutan Arab, rujuki rencana fonologi Arab.

### [Sunting] Huruf primer

Skrip Arab adalah kursif, dan semua huruf primer mempunyai bentuk bersyarat glyphs, bergantung pada samada mereka adalah pada permulaan, tengah atau akhir kata, jadi mereka mungkin mempamerkan 4 bentuk berbeza (mulaan, tengah, akhir atau diasing). Enam huruf, bagaimanapun, hanya diasingkan atau bentuk akhir, dan jika mereka adalah diikuti oleh huruf lagi satu, mereka tidak gabung dengan ia, dan jadi huruf seterusnya ini boleh hanya mempunyai mulaan atau bentuk terasing meskipun ia tidak menjadi sebagai huruf mulaan.

Untuk kesesuaian dengan piawai yang lalu, Unikod dikodkan semua bentuk ini secara terasing, bagaimanapun bentuk boleh disimpulkan dari konteks sambungan mereka, menggunakan pengkodian sama. Jadual di bawah menunjukkan penkodian biasa ini, dalam tambahan kepada kesesuaian pengkodian untuk bentuk kontekstual biasa mereka (teks Arab patut dikodkan kini menggunakan hanya pengkodian biasa, tetapi terjemahan mesti kemudian simpulkan jenis sambungan untuk menentukan bentuk glyph betul, dengan atau tanpa ligasyen).

Unikod Umum | Bentuk kontekstual | Nama | Translit. | Nilai Fonetik (IPA)
--- | --- | --- | --- | ---
Diasing | Akhir | Tengah | Mulaan
0627 ا | FE8D ﺍ | FE8E ﺎ | — | ʼalif | ʾ / ā | pelbagai, termasuk [æː]
0628 ب | FE8F ﺏ | FE90 ﺐ | FE92 ﺒ | FE91 ﺑ | bāʼ | b | [b]
062A ت | FE95 ﺕ | FE96 ﺖ | FE98 ﺘ | FE97 ﺗ | tāʼ | t | [t]
062B ث | FE99 ﺙ | FE9A ﺚ | FE9C ﺜ | FE9B ﺛ | ṯāʼ | ṯ | [θ]
062C ج | FE9D ﺝ | FE9E ﺞ | FEA0 ﺠ | FE9F ﺟ | ǧīm | ǧ (juga j, g) | [ʤ] / [ʒ] / [ɡ]
062D ح | FEA1 ﺡ | FEA2 ﺢ | FEA4 ﺤ | FEA3 ﺣ | ḥāʼ | ḥ | [ħ]
062E خ | FEA5 ﺥ | FEA6 ﺦ | FEA8 ﺨ | FEA7 ﺧ | ḫāʼ | ḫ (juga kh, x) | [x]
062F د | FEA9 ﺩ | FEAA ﺪ | — | dāl | d | [d]
0630 ذ | FEAB ﺫ | FEAC ﺬ | — | ḏāl | ḏ (juga dh, ð) | [ð]
0631 ر | FEAD ﺭ | FEAE ﺮ | — | rāʼ | r | [r]
0632 ز | FEAF ﺯ | FEB0 ﺰ | — | zāī | z | [z]
0633 س | FEB1 ﺱ | FEB2 ﺲ | FEB4 ﺴ | FEB3 ﺳ | sīn | s | [s]
0634 ش | FEB5 ﺵ | FEB6 ﺶ | FEB8 ﺸ | FEB7 ﺷ | šīn | š (juga sh) | [ʃ]
0635 ص | FEB9 ﺹ | FEBA ﺺ | FEBC ﺼ | FEBB ﺻ | ṣād | ṣ | [sˁ]
0636 ض | FEBD ﺽ | FEBE ﺾ | FEC0 ﻀ | FEBF ﺿ | ḍād | ḍ | [dˁ]
0637 ط | FEC1 ﻁ | FEC2 ﻂ | FEC4 ﻄ | FEC3 ﻃ | ṭāʼ | ṭ | [tˁ]
0638 ظ | FEC5 ﻅ | FEC6 ﻆ | FEC8 ﻈ | FEC7 ﻇ | ẓāʼ | ẓ | [ðˁ] / [zˁ]
0639 ع | FEC9 ﻉ | FECA ﻊ | FECC ﻌ | FECB ﻋ | ʿayn | ʿ | [ʕ] / [ʔˁ]
063A غ | FECD ﻍ | FECE ﻎ | FED0 ﻐ | FECF ﻏ | ġayn | ġ (juga gh) | [ɣ] / [ʁ]
0641 ف | FED1 ﻑ | FED2 ﻒ | FED4 ﻔ | FED3 ﻓ | fāʼ | f | [f]
0642 ق | FED5 ﻕ | FED6 ﻖ | FED8 ﻘ | FED7 ﻗ | qāf | q | [q]
0643 ك | FED9 ﻙ | FEDA ﻚ | FEDC ﻜ | FEDB ﻛ | kāf | k | [k]
0644 ل | FEDD ﻝ | FEDE ﻞ | FEE0 ﻠ | FEDF ﻟ | lām | l | [l], [lˁ] (dalam Allah sahaja)
0645 م | FEE1 ﻡ | FEE2 ﻢ | FEE4 ﻤ | FEE3 ﻣ | mīm | m | [m]
0646 ن | FEE5 ﻥ | FEE6 ﻦ | FEE8 ﻨ | FEE7 ﻧ | nūn | n | [n]
0647 ه | FEE9 ﻩ | FEEA ﻪ | FEEC ﻬ | FEEB ﻫ | hāʼ | h | [h]
0648 و | FEED ﻭ | FEEE ﻮ | — | wāw | w / ū | [w] / [uː]
064A ي | FEF1 ﻱ | FEF2 ﻲ | FEF4 ﻴ | FEF3 ﻳ | yāʼ | y / ī | [j] / [iː]

Huruf kekurangan versi mulaan atau tengah tidak pernah terikat kepada huruf berikut, walaupun di dalam suatu kata. Sebagai kepada ﺀ hamza, ia adalah hanya grafik tunggal, sejak ia tidak pernah terikat kepada pendahuluan atau huruf berikut. Bagaimanapun, ia kadangkala 'diduduk' pada waw, ya atau alif, dan dalam kes duduk ini berkelakuan seperti waw biasa, ya atau alif.

#### [Sunting] Huruf diubahsuai

Berikut adalah huruf bukan sebenar, tetapi agak berlainan bentuk ortografikal untuk huruf.

Unikod Umum | Bentuk bersyarat | Nama | Translit. | Nilai Fonetik (IPA)
--- | --- | --- | --- | ---
Diasingkan | Akhir | Tengah | Mulaan
0622 آ | FE81 ﺁ | FE82 ﺂ | — | ʼalif madda | ʼā | [ʔæː]
0629 ة | FE93 ﺓ | FE94 ﺔ | — | tāʼ marbūṭa | h atau t / h / ẗ | [ɛ̈], [ɛ̈t]
0649 ى | FEEF ﻯ | FEF0 ﻰ | — | ʼalif maqṣūra (Arab) (lihat nota di bawah) | ā / ỳ | [ɛ̈]
06CC ی | FBFC ﯼ | FBFD ﯽ | FBFF ﯿ | FBFE ﯾ | yeh (Parsi, Urdu) (lihat nota di bawah) | ī / ỳ | [iː]

Nota

ʼalif maqṣūra, biasanya menggunakan Unikod 0x0649 (ى) dalam Arab, kadangkala digantikan dalam Parsi atau Urdu, dengan Unikod 0x06CC (ی), dipanggil "Parsi Yeh". Ini adalah sesuai kepada sebutannya dalam bahasa itu. Glyph adalah serupa dalam bentuk diasingkan dan akhir (ﻯ ﻰ), tetapi tidak dalam bentuk mulaan dan tengah, dimana Parsi Yeh naik dua titik di bawah (ﻳ ﻴ) manakala ʼalif maqṣūra mempunyai bukan bentuk mulaan mahupun tengah.

#### [Sunting] Sambungan

Hanya sambungan wajib adalah lām + ʼalif. Semua sambungan lain (yāʼ+mīm, etc.) adalah pilihan.

- (diasingkan) lām + ʼalif (lā [læː]) :
    ﻻ
- (akhir) lām + ʼalif (lā [læː]) :
    ﻼ

Unikod mempunyai glyph khas untuk sambungan llāh, bentuk vokalik lepas dari Allāh (“Tuhan”).

- U+FDF2 BENTUK DIPISAHKAN SAMBUNGAN ARAB ALLAH:
    ﷲ

Bergabung dengan mulaan ʼalif, ini menjadi penuh allāh :

-   اﷲ

Huruf adalah kerja-sekitar untuk kedatangan pendek dari kebanyakan teks prosesor, dimana adalah tidak mampu menunjukkan tanda vokal betul untuk kata Allāh, sebab ia patut menggubah tanda ʼalif kecil di atas tanda penunasan šadda. Berbanding menunjukkan dari menggubah persamaan di bawah (kesudahan tepat akan bergantung pada peninjau anda dan konfigurasi fon):

- lām, (dinunaskan) lām (dengan disifatkan vokal-pendek), (vokal berbalik) hāʼ :
    لله
- ʼalif, lām, (dinunaskan) lām (dengan didsifatkan vokal-pendek), (vokal berbalik) hāʼ :
    الله

### [Sunting] Hamzah

  Rencana utama: hamzah

Permulaannya, huruf ʼalif menunjukkan glotal aklusif, atau glotal henti, ditranskribkan oleh [ʔ], mengesahkan huruf datang dari asalan Phoenicia yang sama. Kini ia digunakan dalam adab yang sama seperti dalam abjad lain, dengan yāʼ dan wāw, seperti mater lectionis, itulah yang hendak dikata, konsonan berdiri dalam untuk vokal panjang (lihat bawah). Pada hakikatnya, lebih jangka masa nilai konsonan asalnya telah kabur, sejak ʼalif kini berkhidmat samada sebagai vokal panjang atau sebagai sokongan grafik untuk sesetengah diakritik (madda atau hamzah).*****

Abjad Arab kini menggunakan hamzah untuk menunjukkan glotal henti, dimana boleh muncul mana-mana dalam kata. Huruf ini, bagaimanapun, tidak berfungsi seperti yang lain: ia boleh ditulis sendirian atau pada sokongan dalam dimana kes ia menjadi diakritik:

- sendirian: ء ;
- dengan sokongan إ, أ (atas dan bawah ʼalif), ؤ(atas wāw), ئ (atas tanpa titikyāʼ atau yāʼ hamza).

### [Sunting] Diakritik

#### [Sunting] Shadda

  Rencana utama: shadda

šadda ( ّ◌ ) menandakan penunasan (duaan) dari konsonan; kasra ( ِ◌ ) tanda vokal (apabila hadir) gerak ke antara menunas (diduakan) konsonan dan šadda.

Glyph bentuk-w šadda atas konsonan kedua yakni ia menunaskan, pada hakikatnya permulaan dari huruf kecil šīn.

Unikod Umum | Nama | Translit. | Nilai Fonetik (IPA)
--- | --- | --- | ---
0651 ّ◌ | šadda | (konsonan diduakan) | [◌◌]

### [Sunting] Atas Sukūn dan ʼalif

Suku kata Arab boleh buka (diakhir dengan vokal) atau ditutup (diakhir dengan konsonan).

- buka: CV[vokal-konsonan] (panjang atau vokal pendek)
- ditutup: CVC (vokal pendek sahaja)

Apabila suku kata ditutup, kita boleh menunjukkan yakni konsonan yang tutup ia tidak membawa vokal dengan menandakan ia dengan tanda dipanggil sukūn ( ْ ) untuk menghapuskan sebarang kekaburan, terutamanya apabila teks tidak divokalkan: ia perlu untuk ingat yakni teks piawai hanya diggubah dari siri konsonan; demikian, kata qalb, "hati", ditulis qlb. Sukūn juga digunakan untuk transliterasikan kata ke skrip Arab. Kata Parsi ماسك (topeng, dari kata Inggeris topeng), contohnya, kuasa ditulis dengan sukūn atas ﺱ untuk menunjukkan yakni terdapat tiada bunyi vokal antara huruf itu dan ك .

Sukūn membenarkan kita untuk mengetahui dimana tidak untuk meletakkan vokal: qlb boleh, dalam kesan, baca qalab (bermaksud "dia pusing sekitar"), tetapi ditulis dengan dengan sukūn atas l dan b, ia boleh hanya ditafsirkan sebagai bentuk /qVlb/; kita tulis ini قلْْب. Ini satu pentas dari vokalisasi penuh, dimana vokal a akan juga ditunjukkan dengan fatḥa: قَلْْب,

Qur’an tradisionalnya ditulis dalam vokalisasi penuh. Di luar Qur’an, meletakkan sukūn atas yāʼ dimana menunjukkan [i:], atau atas wāw dimana mewakili [u:] adalah teramat jarang, kepada pandangan yakni yāʼ dengan sukūn akan nyahkaburkan baca seperti diphthong[ai], dan wāw dengan sukūn akan dibaca [au].

Huruf m-w-s-y-q-ā (موسيقى dengan ʼalif maqṣūra pada akhir kata) akan dibaca lebih semulajadinya sebagai kata mūsīqā (“muzik”). Jika anda yang tulis sukūns atas wāw, yāʼ dan ʼalif, anda dapat وْسيْقىْ, dimana akan dibaca sebagai *mawsaykāy (nota bagaimanapun yakni akhir ʼalif maqṣūra adalah ʼalif dan tidak pernah ambil sukūn). Kata, semuanya divokalkan, akan ditulis مُوْسِيْقَى dalam Qur’an (jika ia berlaku untuk muncul sana!), atau مُوسِيقَى lain-lain tempat. (Ejaan Al-Qur'an akan mempunyai tiada tanda sukūn atas akhir ʼalif maqṣūra, sebaliknya yang kecil ʼalif atas yang lepas konsonan qaf, dimana watak Unikod sah tetapi kebanyakan kompuer Arab tidak boleh pada hakikatnya menunjukkan kecil ʼalif seperti 2006.)

sukūn tidak diletakkan pada konsonan kata-akhir, walaupun jika tiada vokal yang disebut, sebab teks penuh yang divokalkan selalunya ditulis seperti ia vokal i`rab telah sebenarnya disebut. Contohnya, ʼaḥmad zawǧ šarr, bermaksud “Ahmed adalah suami teruk”, untuk tujuan tatabahasa Arab dan ortografi, adalah dilayan seperti ia masih disebut dengan penuh i`rab, c.t.h. ʼaḥmadu zawǧun šarrun dengan desinens lengkap.

Unikod Umum | Nama | Translit. | Nilai Fonetik (IPA)
--- | --- | --- | ---
0652 ْ◌ | sukūn | (tiada vokal dengan huruf konsonan ini atau diphthong dengan huruf vokal panjang ini) | [] / [a͡-]
0670 ٰ◌ | ʼalif above | (tiada vokal dengan huruf konsonan seterusnya atau diphthong dengan huruf vokal panjang akhir seterusnya) | [] / [a͡-]

Rencana ini diterjemahkan daripada sebahagian rencana Wikipedia bahasa Inggeris. Bantulah Wikipedia menterjemahkan lagi seperenggan dua. Bahan-bahan boleh didapati di en:Abjad Arab. |
Terima kasih kerana membaca rencana ini. Sumber bantuan: Kamus Dewan Bahasa

#### [Sunting] Vowels

  Rencana utama: Harakat

Arabic short vowels are generally not written, except in sacred texts (such as the Qurʼan, where they must be written) and sometimes in didactics, which are known as vocalised texts.

Before the introduction of printing, occasionally short vowels would be marked where the word would otherwise be ambiguous and couldn't be resolved simply from context, or simply wherever they looked nice. This custom has now all but disappeared, to the point that many Arabs believe (wrongly) that the use of vowel marks is forbidden outside of the Quran. Most software (such as most text editors and all mobile phones) doesn't allow the writer to add short vowels, and displays them illegibly if at all.

Short vowels may be written with diacritics placed above or below the consonant that precedes them in the syllable. (All Arabic vowels, long and short, follow a consonant; contrary to appearances: there is a consonant at the start of a name like Ali — in Arabic ʻAliyy — or a word like ʼalif.)

Note that when the acute-shaped fatḥa which denotes a short a is added on top of a geminated consonant (i.e. after a šadda), the fatha accent takes a vertical shape to make the composition more distinguishable from the tanwiin vowel sign fatḥatan (which marks a /-an/ ending with indeterminate nunation in fully vocalized texts, see below). For an example, see the encoded ligature for ʻAllah above.

Short vowels (fully vocalized text) | Name | Trans. | Value
--- | --- | --- | ---
064E َ◌ | fatḥa | a | [ɛ̈]
064F ُ◌ | ḍamma | u | [ʊ]
0650 ِ◌ | kasra | i | [ɪ]

Long "a" following a consonant other than hamzah is written with a short-"a" mark on the consonant plus an alif after it (ʼalif). Long "i" is a mark for short "i" plus a yaa yāʼ, and long u is mark for short u plus waaw, so aā = ā, iy = ī and uw = ū); long "a" following a hamzah sound may be represented by an alif-madda or by a floating hamzah followed by an alif.

In the table below, vowels will be placed above or below a dotted circle replacing a primary consonant letter or shadda. Please note, that most consonants (except 6 of them) do join to the left with ʼalif, wāw and yāʼ written then with their medial or final form. Additionally, the yāʼ letter in the last row may connect to the letter on its left, and then will use a medial or initial form. For clarity in the table below, the primary letter on the left used to mark these long vowels are shown only in their isolated form. Use the table of primary letters to look at their actual glyph and joining types.

Long vowels (fully vocalized text) | Name | Trans. | Value
--- | --- | --- | ---
064E 0627 َا◌ | fatḥa ʼalif | ā | [æː]
064E 0649 َى◌ | fatḥa ʼalif maqṣūra (Arabic) | ā / aỳ | [ɛ̈]
064E 06CC َی◌ | fatḥa yeh (Persian, Urdu) | ā / aỳ | [ɛ̈]
064F 0648 ُو◌ | ḍamma wāw | ū / uw | [uː]
0650 064A ِي◌ | kasra yāʼ | ī / iy | [iː]

In an un-vocalised text (one in which the short vowels are not marked), the long vowels are represented by the consonant in question : ʼalif, ʼalif maqṣūra (or yeh), wāw, yāʼ. Long vowels written in the middle of a word of un-vocalized text are treated like consonants taking sukūn (see below) in a text that has full diacritics. Here also, the table shows long vowel letters only in isolated form for clarity.

Long vowels (un-vocalized text) | Name | Trans. | Value
--- | --- | --- | ---
0627 ا | (implied fatḥa) ʼalif | ā | [æː]
0649 ى | (implied fatḥa) ʼalif maqṣūra (Arabic) | ā / aỳ | [ɛ̈]
06CC ی | (implied fatḥa) yeh (Persian, Urdu) | ā / aỳ | [ɛ̈]
0648 و | (implied ḍamma) wāw | ū / uw | [uː]
064A ي | (implied kasra) yāʼ | ī / iy | [iː]

tanwiin letters:
ـًـٍـٌ | used to write the grammatical endings /-an/, /-in/, and /-un/ respectively for desinences with nunation in indefinite state (see I`rab) in Arabic. ًـً is most commonly written in combination with ا alif ‎ (ـًا) or taa' marbūta.

## [Sunting] Nombor

  Rencana utama: Eastern Arabic numerals

Terdapat dua jenis nombor yang digunakan dalam tulisan Arab; nombor piwaian dan nombor "Arab Barat", yang digunakan di Iran, Pakistan dan India. Dalam bahasa Arab, nombor ini dikenali sebagai "nombor India" (أرقام هندية arqām hindiyyah). Dalam kebanyakan Afrika Utara masa kini, nombor Barat biasa digunakan; pada masa medevial, set yang berlainan sedikit (dari mana, melalui Itali, "nombor Arabic" barat di ambil) digunakan. Tidak seperti huruf Arab, nombor Arab ditulis dari kiri ke kanan.

Nombor piwaian
٠ | 0
١ | 1
*٢ | 2
٣ | 3
٤ | 4
٥ | 5
٦ | 6
٧ | 7
٨ | 8
٩ | 9

Nombor Arab barat
۰ | 0
۱ | 1
۲ | 2
۳ | 3
۴ | 4
۵ | 5
۶ | 6
۷ | 7
۸ | 8
۹ | 9

*Standard form of number 2 in Egypt is slightly different

In addition, the Arabic alphabet can be used to represent numbers (Abjad numerals), a usage rare today. This usage is based on the Abjadi order of the alphabet. ʼalif is 1, ب bāʼ is 2, ج ǧīm is 3, and so on until ي yāʼ = 10, ك kāf = 20, ل lām = 30, ... ر rāʼ = 200, ..., غ ġayn = 1000. This is sometimes used to produce chronograms.

## [Sunting] History

  Rencana utama: History of the Arabic alphabet

The Arabic alphabet can be traced back to the Nabatean alphabet used to write the Nabataean dialect of Aramaic, itself descended from Phoenician. The first known text in the Arabic alphabet is a late fourth-century inscription from Jabal Ramm (50 km east of Aqaba), but the first dated one is a trilingual inscription at Zebed in Syria from 512. However, the epigraphic record is extremely sparse, with only five certainly pre-Islamic Arabic inscriptions surviving, though some others may be pre-Islamic. Later, dots were added above and below the letters to differentiate them (the Aramaic model had fewer phonemes than the Arabic, and some originally distinct Aramaic letters had become indistinguishable in shape, so in the early writings 15 distinct letter-shapes had to do duty for 28 sounds!) The first surviving document that definitely uses these dots is also the first surviving Arabic papyrus (PERF 558), dated April 643, although they did not become obligatory until much later. Important texts like the Qurʼan were frequently memorized; this practice, which survives even today, probably arose partially from a desire to avoid the great ambiguity of the script.

Yet later, vowel signs and hamzas were added, beginning sometime in the last half of the seventh century, roughly contemporaneous with the first invention of Syriac and Hebrew vocalization. Initially, this was done by a system of red dots, said to have been commissioned by an Umayyad governor of Iraq, Hajjaj ibn Yusuf: a dot above = a, a dot below = i, a dot on the line = u, and doubled dots gave tanwin. However, this was cumbersome and easily confusable with the letter-distinguishing dots, so about 100 years later, the modern system was adopted. The system was finalized around 786 by al-Farahidi.

## [Sunting] Arabic alphabets of other languages

Worldwide use of the Arabic alphabet
| → Countries where the Arabic script is the only official orthography
| → Countries where the Arabic script is used alongside other orthographies.

Arabic script has been adopted for use in a wide variety of languages other than Arabic, including Persian, Kurdish, Malay and Urdu. Such adaptations may feature altered or new characters to represent phonemes that do not appear in Arabic phonology. For example, the Arabic language lacks a [p] phoneme, so many languages add their own letter to represent [p] in the script, though the specific letter used varies from language to language. These modifications tend to fall into groups: all the Indian and Turkic languages written in Arabic script tend to use the Persian modified letters, whereas West African languages tend to imitate those of Ajami, and Indonesian ones those of Jawi. The modified version of the Arabic script originally devised for use with Persian is known as the Perso-Arabic script by scholars.

### [Sunting] Current uses of the alphabet for languages other than Arabic

Today Iran, Afghanistan, and Pakistan are the only non-Arab states using the Arabic alphabet to write their official national language.

The Arabic alphabet is currently used for:

#### [Sunting] Middle East and Central Asia

- Kurdish and Turkmen in Northern Iraq. (In Turkey, the Latin alphabet is now used for Kurdish);
- Official language Persian and regional languages including Azeri, Sorani-Kurdish and Baluchi in Iran;
- Official languages Dari (which differs only to a minor degree from Persian) and Pashto and all regional languages including Uzbek in Afghanistan;
- Tajik also differs only to a minor degree from Persian, and while in Tajikistan the usual Tajik alphabet is an extended Cyrillic alphabet, there is also some use of Arabic-alphabet Persian books from Iran
- Uyghur (changed to Roman script in 1969 and back to a simplified, fully voweled, Arabic script in 1983), Kazakh and Kyrgyz by a minority of Kyrgyz in the Xinjiang Uyghur Autonomous Region in northwest China;

#### [Sunting] South Asia

- Official language Urdu and regional languages including Punjabi (where the script is known as Shahmukhi), Sindhi, Kashmiri, and Baluchi in Pakistan;
- Urdu and Kashmiri in India. Urdu is one of several official languages in the states of Jammu and Kashmir, Andhra Pradesh, Delhi and Uttar Pradesh; see List of national languages of India. Kashmiri also uses Sharada script;

#### [Sunting] Southeast Asia

- Malay in the Arabic script known as Jawi is co-official in Brunei, and used for religious purposes in Malaysia, Indonesia, Southern Thailand and Singapore;

#### [Sunting] Africa

- Comorian (Comorian) in the Comoros, currently side by side with the Latin alphabet (neither is official);
- Hausa for many purposes, especially religious (known as Ajami);
- Mandinka, widely but unofficially (known as Ajami); (another non-Latin alphabet used is N'Ko)
- Fula, especially the Pular of Guinea(known as Ajami);
- Wolof (at zaouias), known as Wolofal.
- Tamazight and other Berber languages were traditionally written in Arabic in the Maghreb. There is now a competing 'revival' of neo-Tifinagh.

### [Sunting] Former uses of the alphabet for languages other than Arabic

Speakers of languages that were previously unwritten used Arabic script as a basis to design writing systems for their mother languages. This choice could be influenced by Arabic being their second language, the language of scripture of their faith, or the only written language they came in contact with. Additionally, since most education was once religious, choice of script was determined by the writer's religion; which meant that Muslims would use Arabic script to write whatever language they spoke. This lead to Arabic script being the most widely used script during the middle ages. See also Languages of Muslim countries.

In the 20th century, Arabic script was generally replaced by the Latin alphabet in the Balkans,Sub-Saharan Africa and Southeast Asia, while in the Soviet Union, after a brief period of Latinization, [1] use of the Cyrillic alphabet was mandated. Turkey changed to the Latin alphabet in 1928 as part of an internal Westernizing revolution. After the collapse of the Soviet Union in 1991, many of the Turkic languages of the ex-USSR attempted to follow Turkey's lead and convert to a Turkish-style Latin alphabet. However, renewed use of the Arabic alphabet has only occurred to a limited extent in Tajikistan, whose language's close resemblance to Persian allows direct use of publications from Iran. [2]

Most languages of the Iranian languages family continue to use Arabic script, as well as the Indo-Aryan languages of Pakistan and of Muslim populations in India, but the Bengali language of Bangladesh is written in the Bengali alphabet.

#### [Sunting] Africa

- Afrikaans (as it was first written among the "Cape Malays");
- Berber in North Africa, particularly Tachelhit in Morocco (still being considered, along with Tifinagh and Latin for Tamazight);
- For the West African languages mentioned above - Hausa, Fula, Mandinka, and Wolof - the Latin alphabet has officially replaced Arabic transcriptions for use in literacy and education;
- Nubian;
- Swahili (has used the Latin alphabet since the 19th century);
- Somali (has used the Latin alphabet since 1972);
- Songhay in West Africa, particularly in Timbuktu;

#### [Sunting] Europe

- Albanian;
- Bosnian (only for literary purposes); (presently written in the Latin alphabet)
- Polish (among ethnic Tatars);
- Belarusian (among ethnic Tatars; see Belarusian Arabic alphabet);
- Mozarabic, when the Moors ruled Spain (and later Aragonese, Portuguese, and Spanish proper; see aljamiado);

#### [Sunting] Central Asia and Russian Federation

- Azeri in Azerbaijan (now written in the Latin alphabet and Cyrillic alphabet scripts in Azerbaijan);
- Bashkir (for some years: from October Revolution (1917) until 1928);
- Chaghatai across Central Asia;
- Chechen (for some years: from October Revolution (1917) until 1928);
- Kazakh in Kazakhstan;
- Kyrgyz in Kyrgyzstan;
- Tatar (iske imlâ) before 1928 (changed to Latin), reformed in 1880's, 1918 (deletion of some letters);
- Chinese and Dungan, among the Chinese Hui Muslims[3];
- Turkmen in Turkmenistan;
- Uzbek in Uzbekistan;
- All the Muslim peoples of the USSR between 1918-1928 (many also earlier), including Bashkir, Chechen, Kazakh, Tajik etc. After 1928 their script became Latin, then later Cyrillic.

#### [Sunting] Southeast Asia

- Malay in Malaysia and Indonesia;

#### [Sunting] South Asia

- Sanskrit has also been written in Arabic script,Templat:Cite needed though it is more well known as using Devanagari - the script also currently used for writing the Hindi language.

#### [Sunting] Middle East

- Turkish in the Ottoman Empire was written in Arabic script until Mustafa Kemal Atatürk declared the change to Roman script in 1928. This form of Turkish is now known as Ottoman Turkish and is held by many to be a different language, due to its much higher percentage of Persian and Arabic loanwords;

## [Sunting] Computers and the Arabic alphabet

The Arabic alphabet can be encoded using several character sets, including ISO-8859-6 and Unicode, in the latter thanks to the "Arabic segment", entries U+0600 to U+06FF. However, neither of these sets indicate the form each character should take in context. It is left to the rendering engine to select the proper glyph to display for each character.

### [Sunting] Unicode

As of Unicode 4.1, the following ranges encode Arabic characters:

- Arabic (0600–06FF)
- Arabic Supplement (0750–077F)
- Arabic Presentation Forms-A (FB50–FDFF)
- Arabic Presentation Forms-B (FE70–FEFF)

The basic Arabic range encodes the standard letters and diacritics, but does not encode contextual forms (U+0621–U+0652 being directly based on ISO 8859-6); and also includes the most common diacritics and Arabic-Indic digits. U+06D6 to U+06ED encode qur'anic annotation signs such as "end of ayah" ۝ and "start of rub el hizb" ۞. The Arabic Supplement range encodes letter variants mostly used for writing African (non-Arabic) languages. The Arabic Presentation Forms-A range encodes contextual forms and ligatures of letter variants needed for Persian, Urdu, Sindhi and Central Asian languages. The Arabic Presentation Forms-B range encodes spacing forms of Arabic diacritics, and more contextual letter forms.

### [Sunting] Arabic keyboard

    Imej:Keyboard Layout Arabic.png

When one wants to encode a particular written form of a character, there are extra code points provided in Unicode which can be used to express the exact written form desired. The range Arabic presentation forms A (U+FB50 to U+FDFF) contain ligatures while the range Arabic presentation forms B (U+FE70 to U+FEFF) contains the positional variants. These effects are better achieved in Unicode by using the zero width joiner and non-joiner, as these presentation forms are deprecated in Unicode, and should generally only be used within the internals of text-rendering software, when using Unicode as an intermediate form for conversion between character encodings, or for backwards compatibility with implementations that rely on the hard-coding of glyph forms.

Finally, the Unicode encoding of Arabic is in logical order, that is, the characters are entered, and stored in computer memory, in the order that they are written and pronounced without worrying about the direction in which they will be displayed on paper or on the screen. Again, it is left to the rendering engine to present the characters in the correct direction, using Unicode's bi-directional text features. In this regard, if the Arabic words on this page are written left to right, it is an indication that the Unicode rendering engine used to display them is out-of-date. For more information about encoding Arabic, consult the Unicode manual available at http://www.unicode.org/

- MULTILINGUAL COMPUTING WITH ARABIC AND ARABIC TRANSLITERATION Arabicizing Windows Applications to Read and Write Arabic & Solutions for the Transliteration Quagmire Faced by Arabic-Script Languages

- A PowerPoint Tutorial (with screen shots and an English voice-over) on how to add Arabic to the Windows Operating System

## [Sunting] See also

- Arabic calligraphy - considered an art form in its own right
- Hindu-Arabic numerals
- Arabic transliteration
- Arabic Chat Alphabet
- ArabTeX - provides Arabic support for TeX and LaTeX
- Harakat
- Jawi - an adapted Arabic alphabet for the Malay language
- South Arabian alphabet

## [Sunting] External links

- Declan Software's Arabic alphabet learning software with audio and animations
- online Arabic Keyboard
- Arabic Writing and Reading never been Easier with MP3
- Arab writing and calligraphy
- Article about Arabic alphabet
- Arabic alphabet and calligraphy
- aralpha (freeware) to learn the characters
- Guide to the use of Arabic in Windows, major word processors and web browsers
- Learn the Arabic Script Online
- Muftah-Alhuruf.com: Write and send Arabic emails without having an Arabic keyboard or operating system.
- Madinaharabic.com: Free Arabic Reading and Language Course.

This article contains major sections of text from the very detailed article Arabic alphabet/from the French Wikipedia, which has been partially translated into English. Further translation of that page, and its incorporation into the text here, are welcomed.

Diperolehi daripada "http://ms.wikipedia.org../../../a/b/j/Abjad_Arab_db2f.html"

Kategori: Rencana yang memerlukan terjemahan | Abjad writing systems | Arabic alphabet

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