Depression (illness) - Simple English Wikipedia

# Depression (illness)

### From Wikipedia, a free encyclopedia written in simple English for easy reading.

Depression (also called unipolar depression or clinical depression) is a mood disorder in which someone has sad feelings, and a loss of interest in life, and when these feelings do not go away.

Many people feel sad, discouraged, or "down" once in a while, but for some people, this mood does not go away. When these problems last two weeks or more, and are so bad that they get in the way of daily living, this is depression.

## [edit] How common depression is

Ten percent of people have depression at some time in their lives.

Depression happens most often in people between the ages of 24 and 44 years.

About two times as many women as men have depression.

## [edit] Signs and symptoms

The DSM-IV-TR (a book used to diagnose mental illness) says that the two main parts of depression are:

- depressed mood, or
- loss of interest or pleasure.
- feelings of much sadness, or no emotion
- less interest in things that are normally fun
- changing appetite (wanting to eat) and weight
- sleeping more, or less
- fatigue (feeling tired) of mind and body
- feelings of guilt, helplessness, anxiety (worry), and/or fear
- lowered self-esteem
- thinking about death or suicide
- drug or alcohol use.

Depression in children is harder to notice. Signs a child may have depression include:

- loss of appetite (wanting to eat)
- sleep problems such as nightmares
- problems with behavior or grades at school where there were none before.

In older children and adolescents (teenagers), another sign may be the use of drugs and alcohol.

Most people who have not had depression do not completely understand its effects. Instead, they see it as simply being sad. Since it is not understood, many people with depression are criticized by others for not helping themselves.

Depression is a syndrome of many symptoms that relate to each other, and is not just sad feeling. Medical measurements have shown that there are big changes in the chemicals in the brain, and that the whole brain slows down during depression.

Depression that is not treated may get worse.

## [edit] Types of depression

Major depression is also referred to as major depressive disorder or biochemical, clinical, endogenous, or biological depression.

There are many subtypes of depression:

- Melancholia is very severe (bad), and has a number of major physical symptoms, like sleep and appetite changes, weight gain, and withdrawal.
- Psychotic depression is like to melancholia, with hallucinations or delusions.
- Atypical depression causes anxiety and panic attacks.
- Chronic dysthymic disorder is a long-term, mild depression that lasts for at least two years. It often begins in adolescence and lasts several decades.

Major depression may also be called unipolar affective disorder.

## [edit] Causes of depression

No one cause for depression has been found, but there are some things that can be involved.

These things can cause depression, or make it worse:

- Heredity (someone's genes) Depression is known to be inherited (meaning that someone whose parent or parents are depressed would be more likely to get it).
- Physiology The amounts of some chemicals in the brain. Serotonin is the main chemical in the brain that has to do with happiness. Many antidepressant medication works to balance the amount of serotonin in the brain.
- Psychological factors Low self-esteem and harmful thinking
- Early experiences Events such as the death of a parent, abandonment or rejection, neglect, chronic illness, and severe physical, psychological, or sexual abuse
- Life experiences Losing a job, problems with money, death of a loved one, or other life problems can cause depression.
- Medical conditions Some illnesses such as hepatitis or mononucleosis may contribute to depression. Some medicine like as birth control pills and steroids
- Alcohol and other drugs Alcohol can make one more sad. The abuse of alcohol, benzodiazepine-based tranquillizers, sleeping medications, or narcotics

## [edit] Treatment

The ways of treating depression are different for each person. Many times, many different kinds of treatment are tried.

### [edit] Medication

Medication which can help the symptoms of depression has existed for several decades.

Tricyclic antidepressants are the oldest kind of medicine for depression. They are not used much now, because they do not work well, and they have many bad side-effects. An example is Nortriptiline (Allegron).

Monoamine oxidase inhibitors (MAOIs) may be used if other antidepressant medications do not work well. This kind of medicine can cause problems with many kinds of food and drugs. An example is Tranylcypramine.

Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs) are now the most commonly used family of antidepressant medicine. These drugs work by allowing the brain to have more serotonin. There are fewer side-effects with this kind of drug. An example is Fluoxetine (Prozac).

Sometimes, antidepressant medicine works better when it is used together with another drug that is not an antidepressant. These "augmentor" drugs are:

Tranquillizers and sedatives, may be used to ease anxiety (worries) and help sleep.

Antipsychotics are used to keep mood from changing.

Lithium is often used for bipolar disorder, but also can help people with depression.

If someone with depression does not take their medicine the right way, they can relapse. It can cause the depression to get worse. If someone with depression wants to change their medication, or stop using it, they should do so with help from a doctor.

### [edit] Psychotherapy

In psychotherapy, someone with depression is helped to understand and solve the problems with depression.

Psychotherapy can help a person make changes in thought, help with relationship problems, find and fix relapses, and understand what makes depression worse. The most effective psychotherapy for depression is Cognitive Behavioral Therapy (CBT). In CBT the depressed patient is taught how to think in a more rational, positive, realistic manner thus decreasing the negative distortions that produce depressed moods.

Probably the most effective single treatment for the vast majority of depressed patients of all ages is simple excercise. (See, Dunn, A., Exercise for Depression Rivals Drugs, Therapy, American Journal of Preventive Medicine, January 2005; vol 28: pp 1-8. National Institutes for Mental Health, "Depression." News release, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center at Dallas.)

### [edit] Electroconvulsive therapy

Electroconvulsive therapy, also called electroshock therapy, shock therapy, or ECT uses a small amount of electricity to cause an artificial epileptic seizure while the patient is sedated. It is the most succesful method for treating depression - about 70% improve after treatment. However some memory loss or amnesia may occur.

## [edit] See also

- Cyclothymia
- dysthymia
- mania
- bipolar disorder
- seasonal affective disorder (SAD)
- List of people who have suffered from depression

## [edit] External links

- Internet Mental Health: Major Depressive Disorder
- Depression Alliance website (UK charity) [useful information]
- Depression Fact Sheets [Facts about the causes, symptoms, and treatment of depressive disorders.]
- Detailed information [concerning Emil Kraepelin, who identified Manic Depression]

## [edit] Books

- Books by psychologists/psychiatrists:
  - Beck, A. T., Rush, A. J., Shaw, B. F., Emery, G. (1987). Cognitive therapy of depression. New York: Guilford.
  - Klein, D. F., & Wender, P. H. (1993). Understanding depression: A complete guide to its diagnosis and treatment. New York: Oxford University Press.
  - Weissman, M. M., Markowitz, J. C., & Klerman, G. L. (2000). Comprehensive guide to interpersonal psychotherapy. New York: Basic Books.
- Books by persons suffering or having suffered from depression:
  - Smith, Jeffery (2001). Where the roots reach for water: A personal and natural history of melancholia. New York: North Point Press.
  - Solomon, Andrew (2001). The noonday demon: An atlas of depression. New York: Sribner.
  - Styron, William (1992). Darkness visible: A memoir of madness. New York: Vintage Books/Random House.
  - Wolpert, Lewis (2001). Malignant sadness: The anatomy of depression. London: Faber and Faber.
- Self-help (bibliotherapeutic) Books:
  - Lewinsohn, P. M., Munoz, R. F, Youngren, M. A., Zeiss, A. M. (1992). Control your depression. New York: Fireside/Simon&Schuster.

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