Koréa Kidul - Wikipédia

# Koréa Kidul

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대한민국
大韓民國
Daéhan Minguk
Républik Koréa

Bandéra | Lambang

Motto: 널리 인간 세계를 이롭게 하라 (Mawa kauntungan keur kamanusan sacara lega, 弘益人間)
Lagu: Aegukga
Ibukota | Seoul 37°35′N 127°0′E
Kota panggedéna | Seoul
Basa resmi | basa Koréa
Pamaréntahan | Républik
- Présidén | Roh Moo-hyun
- Perdana Mentri | Han Myung-sook
Ngadegna |
- Gojoseon | 3 Oktober 2333 SM (numutkeun legenda)
- Déklarasi jadi Républik | 1 Maret 1919 (de jure)
- Kamerdikaan | 15 Agustus 1945
- Républik Munggaran | 15 Agustus 1948
Wewengkon |
- Total | 99,646 km² (108th)
| 38,492 sq mi
- Cai (%) | 0.3%
Pangeusi |
- Perkiraan taun Juli 2005 | 47,817,000 (ka-25)
- Sénsus taun 2000 | 45,985,289 source
- Kapadetan | 480/km² (ka-19) 1,274/sq mi
GDP (PPP) | 2005 (éstimasi)
- Total | $994.4 miliar (ka-14)
- Perkapita | $20,590 (ka-33)
HDI (2003) | 0.901 (ka-28) – luhur
Mata Uang | Won Koréa Kidul (`KRW`)
Wewengkon wanci | Korea Standard Time (UTC+9)
Internét TLD | .kr
Kode telepon | `+82`

National flower mugunghwa (Hibiscus syriacus)

  Keur informasi leuwih detil ngeunaan sajarah Koréa, tempo Koréa.

Koréa Kidul, resmina dipikawanoh minangka Républik Korea, nyaéta nagara di Asia Wétan nu aya dina satengah bagian tina Semenanjung Koréa. Ka kalérna, diwatesan ku Koréa Kalér (Democratic People's Republic of Korea), nu saméméhna jadi kénéh hiji nagara Koréa nepi ka taun 1945. Ka kulonna, nyabrangan Laut Konéng, ngampar Cina, sarta ka wétan kidulna, meuntasan Selat Koréa, ngampar nagara Jepang. Ampir satengahna pangeusi Koréa hirup di atawa deukeuteun ibukota sarta kota panglegana, Seoul, wewengkon métropolitan kadua panglegana di dunya..

Ti saprak ngadegna taun 1948, nagara ieu geus berjoang salila 35 taun sanggeus aya pagawéan Jepang, Perang Koréa, sarta puluhan taun dina pangaturan militér, pinanggih jeung lima parobahan konstitusi nu utama. Démonstrasi pro démokrasi dina taun 1980 mawa kana pamilu bebas dina taun 1987. Koréa Kidul kiwari ngagem démokrasi multi-partai.

Ékonomi Koréa Kidul berkembang kacida gancangna ti taun 1950 sarta ayeuna mangrupa nagara nu ékonomina ka-10 panggedéna (nilai nominal) di dunya. Koréa Kidul ogé salasahiji nagara di dunya nu pangmajuna sacara téhnologi sarta kahubungkeun sacara digital. Koréa Kidul mangrupakeun nagara kalayan perkapita konéksi internét pita lega (broadband) kadua pangluhurna di dunya.[1] sarta mangrpakeun pamingpin global dina widang game komputer, display digital, wangunan kapal jeung telepon mobil.

Industri hiburan Koréa Kidul tumuwuh subur ti taun 1990, mroduksi kasuksésan Asia-wide dina musik, televisi, jeung film dina fénomena nu disebut Hallyu, atawa "galura Koréa". Tapi sanajan kitu, nagara ieu masih mertahankeun adat jeung tradisi baheula, saperti kadaharan jeung muja karuhun nu unik.

## [édit] Étimologi

  Artikel utama: Ngaran-ngaran Koréa

Dina basa Koréa, Koréa Kidul disebut Daehan Minguk (대한민국 kupingkeun, 大韓民國, nu hartina "Nagara Rayat Han nu Agung"). Ngaran pondokna nyaéta Hanguk (한국, "Bangsa Han," biasana ngarujuk kana Koréa) atawa Namhan (남한, "Koréa Kidul", ngarujuk ka koréa Kidul). Han ngarujuk ka konfederasi Semenanjung Koréa beulah kidul jaman baheula. Hanguk mangrupakeun istilah nu pangilaharna digunakeun ku urang Koréa.

Dina basa Inggris, nagara ieu sering dirujuk kalayan basajan kana "Koréa", tina dinasti Goryeo, nu dirujukkeun deui kana karajaan Goguryeo. Basa Arab keur padagang nu mirip jeung Goryeo, "Cu'ree", mungkin geus miboga jalanna sorangan ka Italia salila Abad Panengah, ku sabab kitu "Corea" geus jadi istilah nu ilahar di keur urang Eropa. Dina abad 19 ahir, "Koréa" jadi digunakun leuwih luas.

## [édit] Sajarah

  Artikel utama: Sajarah Koréa

Peta Koréa Kidul

Dina ahir Perang Dunya II, tentara Amérika jeung Soviét geus nempatan beulah kidul jeung kalér Koréa, patuturut, nu nyababkeun kabagina semenanjung ieu dina 38th parallel. Despite promises of an independent and unified Korea in the 1943 Cairo Declaration, the United States and Soviet Union helped establish two separate governments in 1948; the communist North and the capitalist South.

On June 25, 1950, the North invaded the South, beginning a civil war that caused the deaths of more than 4 million civilians and soldiers alike, now referred to as the Korean War. The United Nations backed South Korea and the Soviet Union and China backed North Korea, eventually reaching a stalemate. The 1953 armistice split the peninsula along the demilitarised zone at about the original demarcation line. No peace treaty was ever signed, however, and therefore the two countries are technically still at war.

In 1960, a student uprising overthrew the autocratic government of Syngman Rhee and South Korea saw a brief period of democratic reforms. However, much to the disappointment of the people, the new government was disoriented, and political chaos ensued. Then, a military coup (5.16 Revolution) led by General Park Chung-hee, who thought that the communist reunification of the peninsula would be inevitable if the Korean government was kept at this state, toppled the weak government the following year. Park took over as president from 1962 until his assassination in 1979, overseeing rapid export-led economic growth as well as severe political repression.

Park's successor general Chun Doo-hwan launched a coup d'etat in 1980 to assume the presidency. Chun's seizure of power was greeted by widespread protests culminating in the 1980 Gwangju Massacre. In the aftermath of that incident, the movement for democracy gained strength and was ultimately successful in forcing Chun to allow free elections and a change to civilian democratic rule in 1988. That year, Seoul hosted the 1988 Summer Olympics.

In 1996, South Korea became a member of the Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development. Despite a severe setback caused by the Asian financial crisis in 1997, the country soon emerged as a major economic power. In 2004, South Korea joined the "trillion dollar club" of world economies and, today, its standard of living is equal to that of many countries in Western Europe.

In June 2000, as a part of South Korean president Kim Dae Jung's Sunshine Policy of engagement, a historic first North-South summit took place in North Korea's capital Pyongyang. That year, Kim won the Nobel Peace Prize for his work for democracy and human rights and efforts at reconciliation between the two Koreas. Since then, regular contacts have led to a slow thaw in relations and economic ties through trade and investment have increased dramatically. Kim, who is now retired, has made plans to visit Pyongyang again in June 2006.

## [édit] Government and politics

Citakan:Morepolitics

Gambar:43325.jpg
President Roh Moo-hyun

South Korea is a democratic republic with powers shared between the president, legislature, and judiciary. Since 1948, the constitution has undergone five major revisions, each signifying a new republic. The current Sixth Republic began with the last major constitutional revision in 1988.

The head of state and head of government is the president, who is elected by direct popular vote for a single five-year term. In addition to being the commander-in-chief of the armed forces, the president also has considerable executive powers. The president appoints the prime minister with approval of the National Assembly, as well as appointing and presiding over the State Council of chief ministers.

The South Korean legislature is the National Assembly, a unicameral body in which members serve a four-year term of office. This legislature currently has 299 seats, of which 243 are elected by regional vote. The remainder are distributed by proportional representation.

The South Korean judiciary is largely independent of the other two branches. The highest judiciary body is the Supreme Court, whose justices are appointed by the president with the consent of the National Assembly. In addition, the Constitutional Court oversees questions of constitutionality.

The main political parties in South Korea are the Uri Party, the Grand National Party (GNP), the Democratic Labor Party (DLP), and the Democratic Party (DP). The Uri Party was formed in late 2003 from a liberal faction of the DP (then the Millennium Democratic Party). It gained a slim majority in the National Assembly after the April 2004 legislative elections, but lost it in subsequent by-elections. The conservative GNP and centrist DP form the dominant political opposition. The progressive DLP is aligned with labour unions and farmers' groups, and constitutes the left-wing opposition.

## [édit] Geography and climate

  Artikel utama: Geography of South Korea

Satellite image of South Korea.

South Korea occupies the southern portion of the Korean Peninsula, which extends some 680 miles (1,100 km) from the Asian mainland. This mountainous peninsula is flanked by the Yellow Sea to the west, and the Sea of Japan (East Sea) to the east. Its southern tip lies on the Korea Strait and the East China Sea. The country's total area is 38,462.49 square miles or 99,617.38 square kilometres.[2]

South Korea's land is mountainous, and most of it is not arable. Lowlands, located primarily in the west and southeast, constitute only 30% of the total land area. South Korea can be divided into four general regions: an eastern region of high mountain ranges and narrow coastal plains; a western region of broad coastal plains, river basins, and rolling hills; a southwestern region of mountains and valleys and a southeastern region dominated by the broad basin of the Nakdong River.

About 3,000 islands, mostly small and uninhabited, lie off the western and southern coasts. Jeju Island is located about 100 kilometres (about 60 mi) off the southern coast of South Korea. It is the country's largest island, with an area of 1,845 square kilometres (712 sq mi). Jeju is also the site of South Korea's highest point: Halla-san, an extinct volcano on Jeju, reaches 1,950 metres (6,398 ft) above sea level.

The local climate is relatively temperate, with precipitation heavier in summer during a short rainy season called jangma, and winters that can be bitterly cold. In Seoul the average January temperature range is -7 °C to 1 °C (19 °F to 33 °F), and the average July temperature range is 22 °C to 29 °C (71 °F to 83 °F). Winter temperatures are higher along the southern coast and considerably lower in the mountainous interior. Rainfall is concentrated in the summer months of June through September. The southern coast is subject to late summer typhoons that bring strong winds and heavy rains. The average annual precipitation varies from 1,370 millimetres (54 in) in Seoul to 1,470 millimetres (58 in) in Busan.

## [édit] Administrative Divisions

Gambar:South Korea divisions.png
Principal divisions of South Korea

  Artikel utama: Subdivisions of South Korea

South Korea is divided into 8 provinces, one special autonomous province, six metropolitan cities, and one special city. The names below are given in English, Revised Romanization, Hangul, and Hanja.

### [édit] Provinces

- 8. Gyeonggi-do (경기도, 京畿道)
- 9. Gangwon-do (강원도, 江原道)
- 10. Gyeongsangbuk-do (경상북도, 慶尙北道)
- 11. Gyeongsangnam-do (경상남도, 慶尙南道)
- 12. Jeollanam-do (전라남도, 全羅南道)
- 13. Jeollabuk-do (전라북도, 全羅北道)
- 14. Chungcheongnam-do (충청남도, 忠淸南道)
- 15. Chungcheongbuk-do (충청북도, 忠淸北道)

### [édit] Special Autonomous Province

- 16. Jeju Special Autonomous Province (제주특별자치도, 濟州特別自治道)

### [édit] Metropolitan Cities

- 2. Incheon Metropolitan City (Incheon Gwangyeoksi; 인천광역시; 仁川廣域市)
- 3. Daegu Metropolitan City (Daegu Gwangyeoksi; 대구광역시; 大邱廣域市)
- 4. Ulsan Metropolitan City (Ulsan Gwangyeoksi; 울산광역시; 蔚山廣域市)
- 5. Busan Metropolitan City (Busan Gwangyeoksi; 부산광역시; 釜山廣域市)
- 6. Gwangju Metropolitan City (Gwangju Gwangyeoksi; 광주광역시; 光州廣域市)
- 7. Daejeon Metropolitan City (Daejeon Gwangyeoksi; 대전광역시; 大田廣域市)

### [édit] Special City

- 1. Seoul Special City (Seoul Teukbyeolsi; 서울특별시; 서울特別市)

See also: Special cities of Korea and Provinces of Korea.

## [édit] Economy

  Artikel utama: Economy of South Korea

Gambar:Currency-rok.jpg
South Korean won banknotes and coins

South Korea has the tenth largest economy in the world, and the third largest in Asia, behind only Japan and China. As one of the East Asian Tigers, it achieved rapid economic growth through exports of manufactured goods. This is in sharp contrast to the stagnation of North Korea's economy, which has turned for the worse since the disintegration of the Soviet Union. South Korea's per capita GDP is now roughly 12 times that of North Korea. [3]

In the 1950s, South Korea was one of the poorest countries in Asia.[4] At the end of World War II, the country inherited a colonial economic system designed solely for Japan's expansion policy.[5] Much of the country's infrastructure was destroyed during the Korean War that followed in 1950-1953.[6] After the war, South Korea became heavily dependent on U.S. aid.[7]

Following the military coup led by general Park Chung-hee in 1962, South Korea embarked on a series of ambitious five-year plans for economic development. Emphasis shifted to foreign trade with the normalization of relations with Japan in 1965 and a subsequent boom in trade and investment. Rapid expansion, first into light and then heavy industries, in the 1960s and 1970s followed. During this period, the South Korean economy grew at an average annual rate of 8.6%. [8]

This phenomenal growth is often called the "Miracle on the Han River", the Han River being the main river that runs through the nation's capital and largest city, Seoul. In the 1980s and 1990s, growth continued as South Korea transformed itself from an exporter of mostly textiles and shoes into a major global producer of automobiles, electronics, shipbuilding, and steel and later, high-technology fields such as digital monitors, mobile phones, and semiconductors.

Gambar:20060219114035907727601400.jpg
Administrative district centered around Sungnyemun in Seoul metropolitan area

The South Korean model of encouraging the growth of large, internationally competitive companies through easy financing and tax incentives led to the dominance of the family-controlled conglomerates. These companies, known as chaebol, flourished under the support of the Park regime.[9] Some such as Hyundai, Samsung, Daewoo, and LG became global corporations. Today, through all of this combined, South Korea is in the trillion dollar class, with a GDP of US$1.665 trillion.

Since the Asian financial crisis of 1997, however, the corporate landscape has changed considerably as a result of massive bankruptcies and government reforms. The crisis exposed longstanding weaknesses in South Korea's economy, including high debt/equity ratios, massive foreign borrowing, and an undisciplined financial sector. This led to two rounds of financial and industrial restructuring, in 1997 and again following the collapse of Daewoo in 1999.[10] Daewoo's collapse has been recorded as one of the world's largest bankruptcies in history.Citakan:Citation needed By 2003, just over one-half of the 30 largest chaebol from 1995 remained.[11]

Between 2003 and 2005, economic growth has moderated to about 4% per year.Citakan:Citation needed A downturn in consumer spending, attributed to massive personal credit card debt, was offset by rapid export growth especially to China. In 2005, the government proposed labor reform legislation and a corporate pension scheme to help make the labor market more flexible, and new real estate policies to cool property speculation.Citakan:Citation needed Moderate inflation, low unemployment, an export surplus, and fairly equal distribution of income characterize this economy.Citakan:Citation needed

a·s·é
Nagara jeung wewengkon di Asia

Afganistan • Arménia • Azerbaijan1 • Bahrain • Bangladesh • Bhutan • Brunéi • Cambodia • Républik Rayat Cina • Siprus • Timor Lésté2 • Mesir3 • Georgia1 • India • Indonésia2 • Iran • Iraq • Israél • Jepang • Yordania • Kazakhstan1 • Kuwait • Kyrgyzstan • Laos • Libanon • Malaysia • Maladéwa • Mongolia • Myanmar • Nepal • Koréa Kalér • Oman • Pakistan • Paléstina • Pilipina • Qatar • Russia1 • Saudi Arabia • Singapura • Koréa Kidul • Sri Lanka • Syria • Républik Cina (Taiwan) • Tajikistan • Thailand • Turki1 • Turkménistan • Républik Turki Siprus Kalér • Uni Émirat Arab • Uzbékistan • Viétnam • Yaman

Catetan Géografis: (1) Sabagian di Éropah; (2) sabagian atawa sakabéhna di Oséania tapi mibanda kakaitan sosiopolitik jeung Asia; (3) Kalolobaanana asup ka Africa.

Citakan:Asia Wétan

Disalin ti "http://su.wikipedia.org../../../k/o/r/Kor%C3%A9a_Kidul_0b7b.html"

Kategori: Artikel perlu ditarjamahkan tina basa Inggris | Nagara-nagara di Asia Wétan | Koréa Kidul | Babagian wewengkon

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