दार्जीलिंग - विकिपीडिया

# दार्जीलिंग

### विकिपीडिया, एक मुक्त ज्ञानकोष से

दार्जीलिंग
दार्जीलिंग
प्रदेश - जिलाएँ | पश्चिम बंगाल - दार्जीलिंग
स्थान | 27.03° N 88.16° E

क्षेत्रफल
- समुद्र तल से ऊँचाई

10.57 स.की.मी

- 2,134 मीटर

समय मण्डल | IST (UTC+5:30)
जनसंख्या (2001) - घनत्व | 107,530 - 8548/स.कि.मी.
सभापति | सुभाष घिशिंग
संकेतक - डाक - दूरभाष - वाहन | - 734101 - +0354 - WB-73 से WB-74

दार्जीलिंग (नेपाली: दार्जीलिङ्ग सहायता·सूचना, बांग्ला: দার্জিলিং) भारत के पश्चिम बंगाल राज्य में एक नगर है। यह नगर दार्जीलिंग जिला का मुख्यालय है। यह नगर शिवालिक हिल्स मै लोवर हिमालय मै अवस्थित है। यहां की औशत उंचाई २,१३४ मिटर (६,९८२ फ़िट) है। दार्जीलिंग शब्द की उत्त्पत्ति दो तिब्बती शब्दौं, दोर्जे (बज्र) और लिंग (स्थान) से हुवा है। इस का अर्थ "बज्रका स्थान है।" [१] भारत मै बेलायती शासन के दौरान दार्जीलिंग की टेम्परेट मौसम के कारण से इस जगह को हिल स्टेसन बनाया गया। बेलायती रेसिडेन्ट्स यहां ग्रीष्म मौसम के गर्मी से छुट्कारा पाने के लिए आते थे।

दार्जीलिंग अन्तराष्ट्रिय स्तर पर यहां के दार्जीलिंग चाय के लिए प्रसिद्ध है। दार्जीलिंग की दार्जीलिंग हिमालयन् रेल्वे एक युनेस्को विश्व सम्पदा स्थल तथा प्रसिद्ध स्थल है। यहां की चाय खेती १८०० की मध्य से सुरु हुवा था। यहां की चाय उत्पादकौं ने काली चाय और फ़र्मेन्टिंग प्रविधि का एक समिश्रण तयार किया है जो विश्व के सर्वोत्कृष्ट मै एक है। [२] दार्जीलिंग हिमालयन रेल्वे जो दार्जीलिंग नगर को समथर स्थल से जोड्ता है, को विश्व सम्पदा स्थल १९९९ मै घोषित किया गया था। यह वाष्प से संचालित यन्त्र भारत मै ही बहुत कम देख्ने को मिलता है ।

दार्जीलिंग मै कुछ बेलायती शैली की पब्लिक विद्यालय भी है, जो भारत और नेपाल से बहुत विद्यार्थीऔं को आकर्षित करता है। यह सहर और इस के नजदीक की कालिम्पोंग सन् १९८० की गोरखाल्यांड राज्य की माग करने वाली प्रमुख स्थान थे। अभी यह राज्य की माग एक अटोनोमस हिल काउन्सिल के स्थापना से कुछ कम हुवा है। हाल की दिनौं मे यहां की वातावरण ज्यादा पर्यटक और अव्यवस्थित सहरीकरण के कारण से कुछ बिगड रहा है।

## [संपादित करें] इतिहास

मुख्य लेख: दार्जीलिंग की इतिहास

दार्जीलिंग की इतिहास नेपाल, भुटान, सिक्किम और बंगाल से जुडा हुवा है। १९वी शताब्दी के पूर्व तक इस जगह पर नेपाली और सिक्किमी राज्य राज करते थे,[३] with settlement consisting of a few villages of Lepcha woodspeople.[४] १८२८ मे एक बेलायती इस्ट इन्डिया कम्पनी की अफ़सरौं की टुकडी ने सिक्किम जाते समय दार्जीलिंग पहुंच गए और इस जगह मै वेलायती सेना के लिए एक स्यानिटरियम बनाने का संकल्प किया। [५][६] The Company negotiated a lease of the area from the Chogyal of Sikkim in 1835.[३] आर्थर क्याम्पबेल, कम्पनी का एक शल्य चिकित्सक और लेफ़्टिनेन्ट नेपियर (बाद मै रोबर्ट नेपियर, मग्दाला के प्रथम बेरोन) को यहां पर हिल स्टेसन बनाने की जिम्मेवारी सौंपा गया।

१९२१ मै दार्जीलिंग हिमालयन् रेल्वे

१८४१ मै बेलायतीऔं ने यहां एक प्रायोगिक चाय कृषि कार्यक्रम की संचालन किया। इस प्रयोग के सफ़लता के कारण यहां १९वी शताब्दी के दुसरी भाग मै इस सहर मै चाय बगान लगने लगे। [७] दार्जीलिंग को बेलायतीयौं ने सिक्किम से १८४९ मे छिन लिया था[५] इस समय मै प्रवासी विषेश करके नेपाली लोग को बगान, खेती, निर्माण आदि कार्य संचालन के लिए भर्ती किया गया।[६] स्कटिश मिसिनरीयौं ने यहां विद्यालय की स्थापना और बेलायतीयौं के लिए वेल्फ़ेर सेन्टर की स्थापना किया और यह जगह को विद्या के लिए प्रसिद्ध किया। दार्जीलिंग हिमालयन रेल्वे की १८८१ मे स्थापना के बाद यहां की विकास उच्च गति से हुवा।[८] १८९८ मै दार्जीलिंग मै एक बडा भूकम्प आया (जिसे "दार्जीलिंग डिज्यास्टर" भी कहते है) जिसने सहर और लोगों की बहुत क्षति की।[९] [१०]

बेलायती साशन के अधीन मै दार्जीलिंग पहले तो "नन-रेगुलेसन जिला" था [११]) — लेकिन १९०५ के बंगाल की बिभाजन के बाद से यह राजशाही विभाग के अन्तर्गत मे सम्मिलित हो गया। [१२] Later in 1919, the area was declared a "backward tract".[११] Darjeeling's elite residents were the British ruling class of the time, who visited Darjeeling every summer. An increasing number of well-to-do Indian residents of Kolkata (then Calcutta), affluent Maharajas of princely states and land-owning zamindars also began visiting Darjeeling.[१३] The town continued to grow as a tourist destination, becoming known as the "Queen of the Hills".[१४] The town did not see any significant political activity during the freedom struggle of India owing to its remote location and small population. However, there was a failed assassination attempt by revolutionaries on Sir John Anderson, the Governor of Bengal in the 1930s.[१२]

After the independence of India in 1947, Darjeeling was merged with the state of West Bengal. The separate district of Darjeeling was established consisting of the hill towns of Darjeeling, Kurseong, Kalimpong and some parts of the Terai region. When the People's Republic of China annexed Tibet in 1950, thousands of Tibetan refugees settled across Darjeeling district. A diverse ethnic population gave rise to socio-economic tensions, and the demand for the creation of the separate states of Gorkhaland and Kamtapur along ethnic lines grew popular in the 1980s. The issues came to a head after a 40-day strike called by the Gorkha National Liberation Front, during which violence gripped the city, causing the state government to call in the Indian Army to restore order. Political tensions largely declined with the establishment of the Darjeeling Gorkha Hill Council under the chairmanship of Subash Gishing.[१५] The DGHC was given semi-autonomous powers to govern the district. Later its name was changed to "Darjeeling Gorkha Autonomous Hill Council" (DGAHC). Though Darjeeling is now peaceful, the issue of a separate state still lingers.

## [संपादित करें] भूगोल

कंचनजंघा और दार्जीलिंग टाइगर हिल से

दार्जीलिंग की औशत उंचाई २,१३४ मिटर वा ६,९८२ फ़िट है[१६]। यह जगह दार्जीलिंग हिमालयन हिल क्षेत्रमै दार्जीलिंग-जलपहर श्रृंखला मै अवस्थित है जो दक्षिण मै घुम, पश्चिम बंगाल से उठ्ता है। यह श्रृंखला Y-आकार की है जिसका जग कतपहर और जलपहर मै है और दो बाहु मे उत्तर मै अब्जर्भेटरी हिल के उत्तर से जाता है । उत्तर-पूर्वी बाहू लेबोङ मै अन्त्य होता है। उत्तर-पश्चीमी बाहू नर्थ पोइन्ट से जाकर तक्भेर चाय बगान के नजदीक अन्त्य होता है। [३]

Darjeeling is the main town of the Sadar subdivision and also the headquarters of the district. Most of the district, including the town of Darjeeling lies in the Shiwalik Hills (or Lower Himalaya). The soil is chiefly composed of sandstone and conglomerate formations, which are the solidified and upheaved detritus of the great range of Himalaya. However, the soil is often poorly consolidated (the permeable sediments of the region do not retain water between rains) and is not considered suitable for agriculture. The area has steep slopes and loose topsoil, leading to frequent landslides during the monsoons. According to the Bureau of Indian Standards, the town falls under seismic zone-IV, (on a scale of I to V, in order of increasing proneness to earthquakes)[१७] near the convergent boundary of the Indian and the Eurasian tectonic plates and is subject to frequent quakes. The hills are nestled within higher peaks and the snow-clad Himalayan ranges tower over the town in the distance. Mount Kanchenjunga (8,591 m or 28,185 ft) — the world's third-highest peak — is the most prominent peak visible. In days clear of clouds, Nepal's Mount Everest (8,850 m or 29,028 ft) can be seen.[१८]

There are several tea plantations in the area. The town of Darjeeling and surrounding region face deforestation due to increasing demand for wood fuel and timber, as well as air pollution from increasing vehicular traffic.[१९] Flora around Darjeeling includes temperate, deciduous forests of poplar, birch, oak, and elm as well as evergreen, coniferous trees of wet alpine. Dense evergreen forests lie around the town, where a wide variety of rare orchids are found. Lloyd's Botanical Garden preserves common and rare species of flora, while the Padmaja Naidu Himalayan Zoological Park is the only specialised zoo in the country conserving and breeding endangered Himalayan species.[२०]

## [संपादित करें] मौसम

दार्जीलिंग की टेम्परेट मौसम मै ५ ऋतु होते है: बसन्त, गृष्म, शरद, शीत, और मनसून। Summers (lasting from May to June) are mild, with maximum temperatures rarely crossing 25 °C (77 °F). The monsoon season from June to September is characterised by intense torrential rains often causing landslides that block Darjeeling's land access to the rest of the country. In winter temperature averages 5–7 °C (41–44 °F). Occasionally the temperatures drop below freezing; snowfalls are rare. During the monsoon and winter seasons, Darjeeling is often shrouded in mist and fog. The annual mean temperature is 12 °C (53 °F); monthly mean temperatures range from 5–17 °C (41–62 °F).[२१] The highest temperature ever recorded in the district was 26.7 °C (80.1 °F) on 23 August 1957; the lowest-ever temperature recorded was −5 °C (23 °F) on 11 February 1905.[२२] The average annual precipitation is 281.8 cm (110.9 in), with the highest incidence occurring in July (75.3 cm or 29.6 in).[२१]

## [संपादित करें] नागरिक प्रशासन

दार्जीलिंग सहर मै दार्जीलिंग नगरपालिका और पत्ताबोंग चाय बगान सम्मिलित है।[२३] १८५० मे स्थापित दार्जीलिंग नगरपालिका यहां का नागरिक प्रशासन संभालता है, जिसका प्रशासन क्षेत्र १०.५७ वर्ग किलोमिटर (४.०८ वर्ग मील) है।[२३] The municipality consists of a board of councillors elected from each of the 32 wards of Darjeeling town as well as a few members nominated by the state government. The board of councillors elects a chairman from among its elected members;[३] the chairman is the executive head of the municipality. The गोर्खा नेसनल लिबरेसन फ़्रन्ट (GNLF) at present holds power in the municipality. The Gorkha-dominated hill areas of the whole Darjeeling district is under the jurisdiction of the Darjeeling Gorkha Autonomous Hill Council since its formation in 1988. The DGHC's elected councillors are authorised to manage certain affairs of the hills, including education, health and tourism. The town is within the Darjeeling Lok Sabha constituency and elects one member to the Lok Sabha (Lower House) of the Indian Parliament. It elects one member in the West Bengal state legislative assembly, the Vidhan Sabha. The Indian National Congress won the parliamentary election in 2004, while the state assembly seat was won by GNLF in the 2006 polls. Darjeeling town comes under the jurisdiction of the district police (which is a part of the state police); a Deputy Superintendent of Police oversees the town's security and law affairs.[२४] Darjeeling municipality area has two police stations at Darjeeling and Jorebungalow.[२५]

## [संपादित करें] Utility services

चित्र:DarjeelingSewageNew.jpg
A sewer running behind houses.

Natural springs provide most of Darjeeling's water supply – water collected is routed to Senchal Lake (10 km or 6.2 miles southeast of town), from where it is piped to the town. During the dry season, when water supplied by springs is insufficient, water is pumped from Khong Khola, a nearby small perennial stream. There is a steadily widening gap between water supply and demand; just over 50% of the town's households are connected to the municipal water supply system.[३] The town has an underground sewage system that collects domestic waste from residences and about fifty community toilets. Waste is then conveyed to six central septic tanks and ultimately disposed of in natural jhoras (waterways); roadside drains also collect sewage and storm water. Municipal Darjeeling produces about 50 tonnes (110,200 lb) of solid waste every day, which is disposed of in nearby disposal sites.[३] Electricity is supplied by the West Bengal State Electricity Board, and the West Bengal Fire Service provides emergency services for the town. The town often suffers from power outages and the electrical supply voltage is unstable, making voltage stabilisers popular with many households. Almost all of the primary schools are now maintained by Darjeeling Gorkha Autonomous Hill Council. The total length of all types of roads — including stepped paths within the municipality — is around 90 km (56 miles); these are maintained by the municipality.[३]

## [संपादित करें] अर्थतन्त्र

दार्जीलिंग चाय बगान

दार्जीलिंग की अर्थतन्त्र के दो प्रमुख क्षेत्र पर्यटन और चाय उद्योग है। दार्जीलिंग चाय संसार के सर्वोत्कृष्ट काली चाय मै एक माना जाता है और बहुत प्रख्यात है,[२] विशेष रुप से संयुक्त अधिराज्य और अन्य राज्यौं मे जहां बेलायतीयौं ने राज किया था। यह चाय की उद्योग मै हाल की समय मै भारत की दुसरे भाग और नेपाल की चाय बगान ने कडा प्रतिस्पर्धा कर रहे है। [२६] Widespread concerns about labour disputes, worker layoffs and closing of estates have affected investment and production.[२७] Several tea estates are being run on a workers' cooperative model, while others are being planned for conversion into tourist resorts.[२७] More than 60% of workers in the tea gardens are women. The remuneration of workers are often half in cash and half in other benefits like accommodation, subsidised rations, free medical benefits etc.[२८]

The district's forests and other natural wealth have been adversely affected by an ever-growing population.[२३] The years since independence have seen substantial advances in the area's education, communication and agriculture – the latter including the production of diverse cash crops like potato, cardamom, ginger, and oranges. Farming on terraced slopes is a major source of livelihood for the rural populace around the town and it supplies the town with fruits and vegetables.

Summer and spring seasons are most popular with tourists, keeping many of Darjeeling's residents employed directly and indirectly, with many residents owning and working in hotels and restaurants. Many people earn a living working for tourism companies and as guides. Darjeeling is a popular filming destination for Bollywood and Bengali cinema; films such as Aradhana, Main Hoon Na, Kanchenjungha have been filmed here. As the district headquarters, Darjeeling employs many in government offices. Small contributions to the economy come from the sale of traditional arts and crafts of Sikkim and Tibet.

## [संपादित करें] यातायात

"टोय ट्रेन" दार्जीलिंग की तरफ बढ्ता हुवा
मुख्य लेख: दार्जीलिंग मै यातायात

दार्जीलिंग सहर ८० कि.मि. (५० मील) लम्बी दार्जीलिंग हिमालयन रेल्वे (उपनाम: "टोय ट्रेन") के माध्यम से सिलिगुडी से वा हिल कार्ट रोड भारतीय राष्ट्रिय राजमार्ग (जो रेलमार्ग के साथ जाता है) से पहुंच सकते है। दार्जीलिंग हिमालयन रेल्वे ६० से.मि. वा २ फ़िट की नैरो गज रेल्वे है। इस को युनेस्को ने विश्व सम्पदा स्थल के सूची मै सन् १९९९ मै सूचीकृत किया है, यह विश्व का दुसरा रेल्वे है जिसे यह सूची मै रखा गया है। [८] Regular bus services and hired vehicles connect Darjeeling with Siliguri and the neighbouring towns of Kurseong, Kalimpong and Gangtok. Four wheel drives, including Land Rovers, are the most popular means of transport, as they can easily navigate the steep slopes in the region. However, road and rail communications often get disrupted in the monsoons due to landslides. The nearest airport is in Bagdogra near Siliguri, located at an approximate distance of 93 km (58 miles) from Darjeeling. Indian Airlines, Jet Airways and Air Deccan are the three major carriers that connect the area to Delhi, Kolkata and Guwahati. The closest major railway station is in New Jalpaiguri, which is connected with almost all major cities of the country. Within the town, people usually traverse by walking. Residents also use bicycle, two-wheelers and hired taxis for travelling short distances.

## [संपादित करें] Demographics

चित्र:Darjeelinghillhouses.jpg
Concrete/brick and timber houses in the town.
मुख्य लेख: Demographics of Darjeeling

As per the 2001 census, the Darjeeling urban agglomeration (which includes Pattabong Tea Garden), with an area of 12.77 km² (4.93 mi²) has a population of 109,163, while the municipal area has a population of 107,530.[२३] The town has an additional average diurnal floating population of 20,500 – 30,000, mainly comprising of the tourists.[३] The population density of the municipal area is 10,173 per km².[२३] The sex ratio is 1,017 females per 1,000 males[२३] — which is higher than the national average. The women make a significant contribution as earning members of households and the workforce.[२९] The town houses approximately 31% of its population in the slums and shanty buildings — a consequence of heavy immigration.[३] The major religion is Hinduism, followed by Buddhism. Christians and Muslims form sizable minorities.[३०] The population's ethnic composition is closely linked with that of Bhutan, Nepal, Sikkim and Bengal. The majority of the populace is of ethnic Nepali background, having migrated to Darjeeling in search of jobs during the British rule. Indigenous ethnic groups include the Lepchas, Bhutias, Sherpas, Rais, Yamloos, Damais, Kamais, Newars and Limbus. Other communities that inhabit Darjeeling include the Bengalis, Marwaris, Anglo-Indians, Chinese, Biharis and Tibetans. The most commonly spoken language is Nepali (Gorkhali); Hindi, Bengali and English are also used.

Darjeeling has seen significant growth in its population during the last century, especially since the 1970s. Annual growth rates reached as high as 45% in the 1990s, far above the national, state, and district averages.[३] The colonial town had been designed for a mere population of 10,000, and subsequent growth has created extensive infrastructual and environmental problems. The region is relatively new in geological terms and unstable in nature, suffering from a host of environmental problems.[३] Environmental degradation, including denudation of the surrounding hills has adversely affected Darjeeling's appeal as a tourist destination.[१९]

## [संपादित करें] Culture

Colourful flags with Buddhist text around a Hindu temple. Such flags are believed to ward off evil spirits.

Apart from the major religious festivals of Diwali, Christmas, Dussera, Holi etc., the diverse ethnic populace of the town celebrates several local festivals. The Lepchas and Bhutias celebrate new year in January, while Tibetans celebrate the new year (Losar) with "Devil Dance" in February–March. The Maghe sankranti, Ram Navami, Chotrul Duchen, Buddha Jayanti, the birthday of the Dalai Lama and Tendong Lho Rumfaat are some other festivals, some distinct to local culture and others shared with the rest of India, Nepal, Bhutan and Tibet. Darjeeling Carnival, initiated by a civil society movement known as The Darjeeling Initiative, is a ten day carnival held every year during the winter with the high quality portrayal of the rich musical and cultural heritage of Darjeeling Hills as its central theme.[३१]

A popular food in Darjeeling is the momo, a steamed dumpling containing pork, beef and vegetables cooked in a doughy wrapping and served with watery soup. Wai-Wai is a packaged snack comprising of noodles which are eaten either dry or in soup form. Churpee, a kind of hard cheese made from cow's or yak's milk is sometimes chewed. A form of noodle called thukpa, served in soup form is also popular in Darjeeling. There are a large number of restaurants which offer a wide variety of traditional Indian, continental and Chinese cuisines to cater to the tourists. Tea is the most popular beverage, procured from the famed Darjeeling tea gardens, as well as coffee. Chhang is a local beer made from millet.

Colonial architecture characterises many buildings in Darjeeling; several mock Tudor residences, Gothic churches, the Raj Bhawan (Governor House), Planters' Club and various educational institutions are examples. Buddhist monasteries showcase the pagoda style architecture. Darjeeling is regarded as a centre of music and a niche for musicians and music admirers. Singing and playing musical instruments is a common pastime among the resident population, who take pride in the traditions and role of music in cultural life.[३२] Western music is popular among the younger generation, and Darjeeling is a major centre of Nepali rock music. Cricket and football are the most popular sports in Darjeeling. An improvised form of ball made of rubber garters is often used for playing in the steep streets.

Some notable places to visit include the Tiger Hill, the zoo, monasteries and the tea gardens. The town attracts trekkers and sportsmen seeking to explore the Himalayas, serving as the starting point for climbing attempts on some Indian and Nepali peaks. Tenzing Norgay, one of the two men to first climb Mount Everest, spent most of his adult life in the Sherpa community in Darjeeling. His success provided the impetus to establish the Himalayan Mountaineering Institute in Darjeeling in 1954. In the Tibetan Refugee Self Help Center, Tibetan crafts like carpets, wood and leather work are displayed. Several monasteries like Ghoom Monastery (8 km or 5 miles from the town), Bhutia Busty monastery, Mag-Dhog Yolmowa preserve ancient Buddhist scripts.

## [संपादित करें] शिक्षा

दार्जीलिंग के विद्यालय या तो राज्य सरकार, निजी, तथा धार्मिक संघ-संस्थाऔं द्वारा संचालित है। विद्यालयौं मै पढाने का माध्यम भाषा अंग्रेजी और नेपाली है, लेकिन राजभाषा हिंदी और राज्य भाषा बांग्लाको भी जोड देते है। विद्यालय या तो ICSE, CBSE, वा पश्चिम बंगाल बोर्ड अफ़ सेकेन्डरी एज्युकेसन से आबद्ध है। बेलायतीयौं के समर रिट्रिट होने के कारण से दार्जीलिंग मै इटन कलेज, ह्यारो स्कुल और रग्बी स्कुल के ढांचे के पब्लिक विद्यालय की स्थापना के जगह के रुप मै चुना गया। यह जगह मै भारत स्थित बेलायती अफ़्सर अप्ने बच्चौं को शिक्षा देने के लिए भेंज्ते थे। [३३] विद्यालय जैसे की सेन्ट जोसेफ़ कलेज , लोरेटो कन्भेन्ट,सेन्ट पलज् स्कूल और माउन्ट हर्मन स्कूल दक्षिण एसिया के बहुत स्थानौं से विद्यार्थीऔं को आकर्षित करते है। बहुत विद्यालय (कुछ सौ साल से भी पुराने) अभी भी बेलायती और कोलोनियल सम्पदाको जीवित कर रहे है। दार्जीलिंग मै ३ कलेज है — सेन्ट जोसेफ़ कलेज, लोरेटो कलेज और दार्जीलिंग सरकार कलेज — यह सभी उत्तर बंगाल विश्वविद्यालय, सिलिगुढी से आबद्ध है।

## [संपादित करें] Media

Newspapers in Darjeeling include English language dailies, The Statesman and The Telegraph, which are printed in Siliguri, and The Hindustan Times and the Times of India which are printed in Kolkata and are received after a day's delay. In addition to these one can also find Nepali, Hindi and Bengali publications. Nepali newspapers include "Sunchari", "Himali Darpan". The public radio station, All India Radio is the only one that can be received in Darjeeling. However, Darjeeling receives almost all the television channels that are received by the rest of the country. Apart from the state-owned terrestrial network Doordarshan, cable television serves most of the homes in the town, while satellite television is common in the outlying areas and in wealthier households. Besides mainstream Indian channels, the town also receives local Nepali language channels. Internet cafés are well established in the main market area, served through dial-up access. BSNL provides a limited form of broadband connectivity of up to 128 kbit/s with DIAS (Direct Internet Access System) connections. The area is serviced by local cellular companies such as BSNL, Reliance Infocomm, Hutch and Airtel.

## [संपादित करें] Notes

1. ↑ Eastern Himalayas DARJEELING : The Queen of Hills। Neptune Tours & Travels। अभिगमन तिथि: 2006-05-01।
2. ↑ २.० २.१ “Champagne among teas”, Deccan Herald, The Printers (Mysore) Private Ltd., 17 June 2005। 2006-07-18।
3. ↑ ३.०० ३.०१ ३.०२ ३.०३ ३.०४ ३.०५ ३.०६ ३.०७ ३.०८ ३.०९ ३.१० Khawas, Vimal (2003)। Urban Management in Darjeeling Himalaya: A Case Study of Darjeeling Municipality.। The Mountain Forum। अभिगमन तिथि: 2006-05-01। Now available in the Internet Archive in this URL (accessed on 7 June 2006)
4. ↑ Darjeeling Tea। h2g2, BBC (2005-05-12)। अभिगमन तिथि: 2006-08-17।
5. ↑ ५.० ५.१ The History of Darjeeling — The Queen of Hills। Darjeelingpolice। अभिगमन तिथि: 2006-04-30।
6. ↑ ६.० ६.१ History of Darjeeling। darjnet.com। अभिगमन तिथि: 2006-08-17।
7. ↑ Darjeeling Tea History। Darjeelingnews। अभिगमन तिथि: 2006-05-02।
8. ↑ ८.० ८.१ Mountain Railways of India। UNESCO World Heritage Centre। अभिगमन तिथि: 2006-04-30।
9. ↑ A Pride of Panners (PDF Format) पृष्ठ। 43। Baron Courts of Prestoungrange & Dolphinstoun। अभिगमन तिथि: 2006-04-30।
10. ↑ साँचा:Harv
11. ↑ ११.० ११.१ Chakraborty, Subhas Ranjan (2003)। Autonomy for Darjeeling: History and Practice। Experiences on Autonomy in East and North East: A Report on the Third Civil Society Dialogue on Human Rights and Peace (By Sanjoy Borbara)। Mahanirban Calcutta Research Group। अभिगमन तिथि: 2006-08-13।
12. ↑ १२.० १२.१ History of Darjeeling। exploredarjeeling.com। अभिगमन तिथि: 2006-05-02।
13. ↑ Shringla, T.T. (2003)। Travelogues: Toy Train to Darjeeling। India Travelogue। अभिगमन तिथि: 2006-06-08।
14. ↑ Chattopadhyay, S.S. (January 2005). "Return of the queen". Frontline 22 (01). Retrieved on 2006-07-30.
15. ↑ Sahadevan, P (1999)। Ethnic Conflict in South Asia। Joan B. Kroc Institute for International Peace Studies। Columbia International Affairs Online। अभिगमन तिथि: 2006-07-30।
16. ↑ GeneralInformation। zubin.com। अभिगमन तिथि: 2006-04-30।
17. ↑ Ray, Kalyan, “Mega physics project planned in India”, Deccan Herald, 2005-05-07। 2006-05-03।
18. ↑ Darjeeling। Encyclopædia Britannica। Encyclopædia Britannica Premium Service। अभिगमन तिथि: 2006-07-26।
19. ↑ १९.० १९.१ TERI (2001)। Sustainable Development in the Darjeeling Hill Area (PDF) पृष्ठ। 20। Tata Energy Research Institute, New Delhi. (TERI Project No.2000UT64)। अभिगमन तिथि: 2006-05-01।
20. ↑ Padmaja Naidu Himalayan Zoological Park। Darjeelingnews.net। अभिगमन तिथि: 2006-05-04।
21. ↑ २१.० २१.१ Weatherbase entry for Darjeeling। Canty and Associates LLC। अभिगमन तिथि: 2006-04-30।
22. ↑ geography। darjeelingnews.net। अभिगमन तिथि: 2006-04-30।
23. ↑ २३.० २३.१ २३.२ २३.३ २३.४ २३.५ Directorate of Census Operations, West Bengal (2003)। Table-4 Population, Decadal Growth Rate, Density and General Sex Ratio by Residence and Sex, West Bengal/ District/ Sub District, 1991 and 2001। अभिगमन तिथि: 2006-04-30।
24. ↑ Darjeeling Police (2004)। List of Senior Police Officers, Darjeeling Police। अभिगमन तिथि: 2006-05-04।
25. ↑ Directorate of Census Operations, West Bengal (2003)। Table-3 District Wise List of Statutory Towns ( Municipal Corporation, Municipality, Notified Area and Cantonment Board) , Census Towns and Outgrowths, West Bengal, 2001। अभिगमन तिथि: 2006-04-30।
26. ↑ “Darjeeling tea growers at risk”, BBC News, 27 July 2001। 2006-05-08।
27. ↑ २७.० २७.१ Haber, Daniel B, “Economy-India: Famed Darjeeling Tea Growers Eye Tourism for Survival”, Inter Press Service News Agency, 14 January 2004। 2006-05-08।
28. ↑ “Darjeeling Tea Facts”, Darjeelingmews.net। 2006-05-08।
29. ↑ Gurung J.D.। Mountain Women of the Hindu Kush-Himalayas: The Hidden Perspective। International Centre for Integrated Mountain Development। अभिगमन तिथि: 2006-05-06।
30. ↑ Darjeeling Festivals। darjeelingnews.net। अभिगमन तिथि: 2006-05-01।
31. ↑ Chattopadhyay, S.S. (December 2003). "The spirit of Darjeeling". Frontline 20 (25). Retrieved on 2006-05-01.
32. ↑ Rasaily DP, Lama RP। The Nature-centric Culture of the Nepalese। The Cultural Dimension of Ecology। Indira Gandhi National Centre for the Arts, New Delhi। अभिगमन तिथि: 2006-07-31।
33. ↑ Lal, Vinay। "Hill Stations: Pinnacles of the Raj." Review article on Dale Kennedy, The Magic Mountains : Hill Stations and the British Raj। UCLA Social Sciences Computing। अभिगमन तिथि: 2001-07-30।

## [संपादित करें] References

- साँचा:Harvard reference
- साँचा:Harvard reference
- साँचा:Harvard reference
- साँचा:Harvard reference
- साँचा:Harvard reference
- साँचा:Harvard reference
- साँचा:Harvard reference
- साँचा:Harvard reference
- साँचा:Harvard reference
- साँचा:Harvard reference

## [संपादित करें] External links

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- Map of Darjeeling
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- Darjeeling Himalayan Railway - UNESCO World Heritage List
- Darjeeling Himalayan Railway Society
- Darjeeling teas
- White Water Rafting

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साँचा:Darjeeling District

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