विश्व के सात आश्चर्य - विकिपीडिया

# विश्व के सात आश्चर्य

### विकिपीडिया, एक मुक्त ज्ञानकोष से

विश्व के सात आश्चर्य (बायें से दायें, ऊपर से नीचे): गीज़ा का पिरामिड, बेबीलोन के झूलते बाग़, अर्टेमिस का मन्दिर, ओलम्पिया में जियस की मू्र्ती, माउसोलस का मकबरा, रोडेस कि विशालमूर्ति व ऐलेक्जेन्ड्रिया का रोशनीघर

'विश्व के सात आश्चर्य' (या प्राचीन-विश्व के सात आश्चर्य) प्राचीन उच्च वास्तुकला का नमूना हैं। यह प्राचीन हेलेनिक । परन्तु यह सुची सिर्फ़ भूमध्यसागर के आस-पास की इमारतों को गौर कर्के बनायी गयी है।

सुची निम्न दी गयी है:

आश्चर्य | निर्माण तिथि | निर्माता | विशेष्तायेँ | टूटने कि तिथि | टुटने का कारण
--- | --- | --- | --- | --- | ---
गीज़ा का पिरामिड | 2650-2500 BC | मिस्रवासी | Built as the tomb of Fourth dynasty Egyptian pharaoh Khufu. | - | -
बेबीलोन के झूलते बाग़ | 600 BC | बेबीलोनियों | Diodorus described multi-levelled gardens reaching 22 metres (75 feet) high, complete with machinery for circulating water. Large trees grew on the roof. | प्रथम दशक बीसी के बाद | भूकम्प
एफेसस में अर्टेमिस का मन्दिर | 550 BC | Lydians, Persians, Greeks | Dedicated to the Greek goddess Artemis, it took 120 years to build. Herostratus burned it down in an attempt to achieve lasting fame. | 356 BC | Arson
ओलम्पिया में जियस की मू्र्ती | 435 BC | Greeks | Occupied the whole width of the aisle of the temple that was built to house it, and was 40 feet (12 meters) tall. | 5th-6th centuries AD | Unknown, presumed destroyed by fire or earthquake.
हालिकर्नासस में माउसोलस का मकबरा | 351 BC | Persians, Greeks | Stood approximately 45 meters (135 feet) tall with each of the four sides adorned with sculptural reliefs. Origin of the word mausoleum. | by AD 1494 | Damaged by an earthquake and eventually disassembled by European Crusaders
रोडेस कि विशालमूर्ति | 292-280 BC | Hellenistic Greece | A giant statue of the Greek god Helios roughly 3/4ths as large as today's Statue of Liberty in New York. | 224 BC | Earthquake
ऐलेक्जेन्ड्रिया का रोशनीघर | 3rd century BC | Hellenistic Egypt | Between 115 and 135 meters (383 - 440 ft) tall it was among the tallest man-made structures on Earth for many centuries. | AD 1303-1480 | Earthquake

यह पृष्ठ किसी और भाषा में लिखा गया है। आप इसका अनुवाद करके विकिपीडिया की मदद कर सकते हैं।

The Greek category was not "Wonders" but "theamata", which translates closer to "must-sees". The list that we know today was compiled in the Middle Ages—by which time many of the sites were no longer in existence. Since the list came mostly from ancient Greek writings, only sites that would have been known and visited by the ancient Greeks were included. Even as early as 1600 BC, tourist graffiti was scrawled on monuments in the Egyptian Valley of the Kings.

Antipater's original list replaced the Lighthouse of Alexandria with the Ishtar Gate. It was not until the 6th century AD that the list above was used. Of these wonders, the only one that has survived to the present day is the Great Pyramid of Giza. The existence of the Hanging Gardens has not been definitively proven. Records show that the other five wonders were destroyed by natural disasters. The Temple of Artemis and the Statue of Zeus were destroyed by fire, while the Lighthouse of Alexandria, Colossus, and Mausoleum of Maussollos were destroyed by earthquakes. There are sculptures from the Mausoleum of Maussollos and the Temple of Artemis in the British Museum in London.

## [संपादित करें] Seven Wonders lists about the Middle Ages

Seven Wonders lists about the Middle Ages are existing historical lists for which there is no unanimity of opinion about origin, content or name.[१] These historical lists go by names such as "Wonders of the Middle Ages" (implying no specific limitation to seven), "Seven Wonders of the Middle Ages", "Medieval Mind" and "Architectural Wonders of the Middle Ages". The lists are more properly seen as a continuing type or genre in the Seven Wonders tradition than a specific list.

It is unlikely the lists originated in the Middle Ages. Brewer's calls them "later list[s]"[२] suggesting the lists were created after the Middle Ages. This is supported because the word medieval was not even invented until the Enlightenment-era, and the concept of a "Middle Age" did not become popular until the 16th century. Further, the Romanticism movement glorified all things related to the Middle Ages, or more specifically anything pre-Enlightenment era, suggesting such lists would have found a popular audience in the late 18th and early 19th centuries. Some items found on some of the lists are not technically from the Middle Ages (according to modern historical standards), but we know the lists were not created by modern medieval historians, so such standards did not apply.

Typically representative of the seven:[१][३][४][२]

- Stonehenge
- Colosseum
- Catacombs of Kom el Shoqafa
- Great Wall of China
- Porcelain Tower of Nanjing
- Hagia Sophia
- Leaning Tower of Pisa

Other sites that have been mentioned include:

- Taj Mahal[५]
- Cairo Citadel[६]
- Ely Cathedral[७]
- Cluny Abbey[८]

## [संपादित करें] Modern lists

In the tradition of the Seven Wonders of the Ancient World, many other lists of wonders have been proposed, including both human feats of engineering and wonders of Nature. However, these lists are rather informal, and there is no consensus on any particular list.

### [संपादित करें] आधिनिक आश्चर्य

अमेरिकन सोसायटी फार सिविल इंजीनियर्स ने आधुनिक युग के आश्चर्यों की एक अलग सूची तैयार की है।

आश्चर्य का नाम | निर्माण आरम्भ तिथि | समाप्ति तिथि | कहां स्थित है
--- | --- | --- | ---
चैनेल टनेल | ०१ दिसम्बर, १९८७ | ०६ मई, १९९४ | इंग्लैण्ड और फ्रांस के बीच में
CN Tower | February 6, 1973 | June 26, 1976 | Toronto, Ontario, Canada
Empire State Building | January 22, 1930 | May 1, 1931 | New York, New York, USA
Golden Gate Bridge | January 5, 1933 | May 27, 1937 | Golden Gate Strait, north of San Francisco, California, USA
Itaipu Dam | January 1970 | May 5, 1984 | Paraná River, between Brazil and Paraguay
Delta Works | 1953 | May 10, 1997 | Netherlands, Europe
Panama Canal | January 1, 1880 | January 7, 1914 | Isthmus of Panama, Central America

### [संपादित करें] Tourist travel wonders

Noted travel writer Howard Hillman has compiled lists of the top man-made[९] and natural[१०] tourist travel wonders of the world:

#### [संपादित करें] Man-made travel wonders of the world

1. Great Pyramids of Giza
2. Great Wall of China
3. Taj Mahal
4. Machu Picchu
5. Bali
6. Angkor Wat
7. Forbidden City
8. Bagan Temples & Pagodas
9. Karnak Temple
10. Teotihuacán

#### [संपादित करें] Natural travel wonders of the world

1. Serengeti Migration
2. Galápagos Islands
3. Grand Canyon
4. Iguazu Falls
5. Amazon Rainforest
6. Ngorongoro Crater
7. Great Barrier Reef
8. Victoria Falls
9. Bora Bora
10. Cappadocia

### [संपादित करें] Natural wonders

Similar to the other lists of wonders, there is no consensus on a list of seven natural wonders of the world, as there has been debate over how large the list should be. One of the many lists was compiled by CNN:[११]

- Grand Canyon
- Great Barrier Reef
- Harbor of Rio de Janeiro
- Mount Everest
- Polar Aurora
- Parícutin volcano
- Victoria Falls

### [संपादित करें] Underwater wonders

This list of underwater wonders is of unknown origin but has been repeated sufficiently often to acquire a degree of notability:[१२] [१३]

- Palau
- Belize Barrier Reef
- Great Barrier Reef
- Deep-Sea Vents
- Galapagos Islands
- Lake Baikal
- Northern Red Sea

### [संपादित करें] New Seven Wonders

मुख्य लेख: New Seven Wonders of the World

Two "New Seven Wonders" lists have been promoted since 2000.

In 2001 an initiative was started by Swiss corporation New Open World Corporation (NOWC) to choose the New Seven Wonders of the World from a selection of 200 existing monuments for profit.[१४] Twenty-one finalists were announced January 1, 2006.[१५] The results were announced on July 7 2007[१६] and are:

Wonder | Date of construction | Builder | Notable features
--- | --- | --- | ---
Great Wall of China | 5th century BC – 16th century | China | longest human-made structure
Petra | unknown | Jordan |
Christ the Redeemer (statue) | Opened 12 October 1931 | Brazil |
Machu Picchu | c.1450 | Peru |
Chichen Itza | c.600 | Mexico |
Colosseum | Completed 80 AD | Italy |
Taj Mahal | Completed c.1648 | India |
Great Pyramid (Honorary Candidate) | Completed c.2560 BC | Egypt |

In November 2006 the American national newspaper USA Today in conjunction with the American television show Good Morning America revealed a list of "New Seven Wonders" as chosen by six judges.[१७] The wonders were announced one per day over a week on Good Morning America. An eighth wonder was chosen on November 24 from viewer feedback.[१८]

Number | Wonder | Location
--- | --- | ---
1 | Potala Palace | Tibet, China
2 | Old City of Jerusalem | Israel
3 | Polar ice caps | Polar regions
4 | Papahānaumokuākea Marine National Monument | Hawaii, United States
5 | Internet | N/A
6 | Mayan ruins | Yucatán Peninsula, México
7 | Great Migration of Serengeti and Masai Mara | Tanzania and Kenya
8 | Grand Canyon (viewer-chosen eighth wonder) | Arizona, United States

### [संपादित करें] वाह्य सूत्र

- विश्व के १०० महानतम् आश्चर्य - विख्यात पर्यटन-लेखक हार्वर्ड विलमैन द्वारा निर्मित विश्व के वास्तुशिल्प, अभियांत्रिक एवं प्राकृतिक आश्चर्यों की सूची
- WonderClub.com - यहां पर 'सूचियों की सूची' है जो लगभग सभी आस्चर्यों के बारे में जानकारी देती है।
- Seven Wonders of the Modern World - a list of modern wonders compiled by the American Society of Civil Engineers
- Video about the Seven Wonders of the Modern World, a virtual satellite tour made with Google Earth [02:38]
- Wonders of the World - a website with info and photographs, describing about 30 of the greatest human construction achievements.

"http://hi.wikipedia.org../../../%E0%A4%B5/%E0%A4%BF/%E0%A4%B6/%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B6%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B5_%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%87_%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A4_%E0%A4%86%E0%A4%B6%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9A%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF.html" से लिया गया

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