Di seluruh dunia, terdapat banyak kota yang pernah menjadi ibukota negara, tetapi tidak lagi mendapatkan status tersebut karena negaranya sudah punah, ibukota-nya pindah atau berganti nama. Ini adalah sebuah daftar berbagai kota, disortir berdasarkan negara dan kemudian tanggal.
| ibu kota lama |
Negara, Kerajaan |
Dari |
Sampai |
Berubah, alasan |
| Aachen |
Holy Roman Empire Carolingian Empire |
800 |
814 |
became capital of Charlemagne as Imperator Augustus of the Holy Roman Empire and the Emperior of the Carolingian Empire |
| Vienna |
Holy Roman Empire |
1558 |
1806 |
became capital in Austrian Empire |
| Vienna |
Austrian Empire |
1806 |
1867 |
became capital in Austro-Hungarian Empire |
| Vienna |
Austro-Hungarian Empire |
1867 |
1918 |
became capital in Republic of Austria |
| Karlsruhe |
Baden |
1771 |
1918 |
Baden became part of the German Empire in 1871, and lost sovereignty fully in 1918. Karlsruhe remained the capital of the German state of Baden until 1945. |
| Munich |
Bavaria |
14th century |
1918 |
Bavaria became part of the German Empire in 1871, and lost sovereignty fully in 1918. Munich remains the capital of the German state of Bavaria. |
| Sainte-Adresse (in France) |
Belgium |
October 1914 |
November 1918 |
Belgian government in exile. |
| Roskilde |
Denmark |
c.1020 |
1443 |
moved to Copenhagen |
| Winchester |
England, Kingdom of Wessex |
519 |
1066 |
moved to London |
| Vichy |
France |
1940 |
1944 |
capital of Vichy France régime |
| Berlin |
German Empire |
1871 |
1945 |
Separation of Germany to occupation zones for the Allied powers |
| Flensburg |
German Empire |
1945 |
1945 |
Provisional seat of power after the fall of Berlin (see Flensburg government) |
| Bonn |
Germany, West |
1949 |
1990 |
moved to Berlin after re-unification of Germany |
| East Berlin |
Germany, East |
1949 |
1990 |
Berlin, country ceased to exist after re-unification of Germany |
| Granada |
Granada, Kingdom of |
1250 |
1492 |
Kingdom ceased to exist after the Reconquista and incorporated into Castile |
| Hill of Tara |
Ireland (under the High Kings |
6th century |
12th century |
Ireland conquered by England |
| Turin |
Italy |
1861 |
1865 |
moved to Florence |
| Florence |
Italy |
1865 |
1871 |
moved to Rome |
| Mdina |
Malta |
|
1566 |
pindah ke Valletta |
| Modena |
Modena, Duchy of |
1452 |
1860 |
menjadi bagian dari Italia |
| Naples |
Kingdom of Naples |
1282 |
1816 |
Kingdom of Naples merged into the Kingdom of the Two Sicilies |
| Trondheim |
Norwegia |
997 |
1070 |
moved to Bergen |
| Bergen |
Norwegia |
1070 |
1299 |
moved to Oslo |
| Oslo |
Norwegia |
1299 |
1624 |
renamed Christiania (also written Kristiania from ca. 1877) |
| Christiania |
Norwegia |
1624 |
1924 |
renamed Oslo |
| Heidelberg |
Palatinate |
14th century |
1720 |
moved to Mannheim |
| Mannheim |
Palatinate |
1720 |
1777 |
Palatinate inherited by the Electors of Bavaria. |
| Piacenza |
Piacenza and Parma, Duchy of |
1545 |
1547 |
moved to Parma, following the assassination of the Duke Pierluigi Farnese |
| Parma |
Parma and Piacenza, Duchy of |
1547 |
1860 |
Became part of united Italy. |
| Guimarães |
Portugal |
1095 |
1131 |
moved to Coimbra |
| Coimbra |
Portugal |
1131 |
1255 |
moved to Lisbon |
| Lisbon |
Portugal |
1255 |
1808 |
moved to Rio de Janeiro |
| Rio de Janeiro |
Portugal |
1808 |
1821 |
moved to Lisbon |
| Turin |
Kingdom of Sardinia |
1720 |
1861 |
Became part of unified Italy |
| Turin |
Savoy, Duchy of |
1563 |
1720 |
Became part of Kingdom of Sardinia. |
| Dresden |
Saxony |
1485 |
1918 |
Saxony became part of the German Empire in 1871, and Saxony lost its independence fully in 1918. Dresden remains the capital of the German state of Saxony. |
| Perth |
Scotland |
846 |
1452 |
moved to Edinburgh |
| Palermo |
Sicily |
1130 |
1816 |
Kingdom merged into the Kingdom of the Two Sicilies |
| Valladolid |
Spain |
1600 |
1606 |
moved to Madrid |
| Valencia |
Spain |
1936 |
1939 |
Government of the Second Spanish Republic in the Spanish Civil War |
| Aarau |
Switzerland (Helvetic Republic) |
1798 |
1798 |
moved to Lucerne |
| Lucerne |
Switzerland (Helvetic Republic) |
1798 |
1803 |
Helvetic Republic abolished |
| Trieste |
Trieste, Free Territory of |
1947 |
1954 |
Territory dissolved, integrated into Italy and Yugoslavia |
| Florence |
Tuscany |
1569 |
1860 |
became part of unified Italy |
| Naples |
Kingdom of the Two Sicilies |
1816 |
1861 |
became part of unified Italy |
| Venice |
Venice, Republic of |
fl. 9th century |
1797 |
annexed by Austria |
| Machynlleth |
Wales |
1404 |
1416 |
seat of Owain Glyndŵr's parliament until was Wales was annexed by England - capital moved to Cardiff in 1955 |
| Stuttgart |
Württemberg |
ca. 1300 |
1918 |
Württemberg became part of the German Empire in 1871, and lost sovereignty fully in 1918. Stuttgart remained the capital of the German state of Württemberg until 1947, and then became capital of the German state of Baden-Württemberg |
| ibu kota lama |
Negara, Kerajaan |
Dari |
Sampai |
Berubah, alasan |
| Kandahar |
Afghanistan |
1748 |
1772 |
moved to Kabul |
| Anyang |
China (Shang Dynasty) |
c.1600 BC |
c.1046 BC |
moved to Chang'an - end of Shang Dynasty |
| Chang'an |
China (Zhou Dynasty) |
c.1046 BC |
722 BC |
moved to Luoyang |
| Luoyang |
China (Zhou Dynasty) |
772 BC |
221 BC |
moved to Xianyang - fall of Zhou Dynasty |
| Xianyang |
China (Qin Dynasty) |
221 BC |
206 BC |
moved back to Chang'an - fall of Qin Dynasty |
| Chang'an |
China (Han Dynasty) |
206 BC |
25 |
moved back to Luoyang |
| Luoyang |
China (Han Dynasty) |
25 |
220 |
fall of the Han Dynasty marking the beginning of the Six Dynasties period |
| Chang'an |
China (Tang Dynasty) |
618 |
907 |
fall of the Tang Dynasty marking the beginning of the Five Dynasties and Ten Kingdoms period |
| Kaifeng |
China (Song Dynasty) |
960 |
1127 |
moved to Hangzhou |
| Hangzhou |
China (Song Dynasty) |
1127 |
1279 |
Kublai Khan integrated China into the Mongol Empire |
| Nanjing |
China (Ming Dynasty) |
1368 |
1421 |
moved to Beijing |
| Beijing |
China |
1421 |
1928 |
moved back to Nanjing |
| Nanjing |
China |
1928 |
1937 |
moved to Chongqing |
| Chongqing |
China |
1937 |
1945 |
moved back to Nanjing |
| Nanjing |
China |
1945 |
1949 |
moved to Beijing - After the proclamation of the People's Republic of China, the Republic of China government fled to Taiwan and made Taipei the provisional capital. However, Nanjing remains the official capital. |
| Malolos |
Filipina, República |
1898 |
1899 |
Headquarters of the Revolutionary movement (Note: Several other towns became capitals at a succeeding rate, namely San Isidro, Cabanatuan, Bamban, Tarlac, Bayambang and Palanan, to avoid capture from the Americans). Moved back to Manila after capture of Aguinaldo on 1901. |
| Calcutta |
India (British) |
1772 |
1912 |
moved to New Delhi |
| Simla |
India (British) |
fl.1850 |
1947 |
Summer capital |
| Yogyakarta |
Indonesia |
1946 |
1948 |
Allied invasion, moved to Bukittinggi |
| Bukittinggi |
Indonesia |
1948 |
1949 |
moved to Jakarta |
| Ecbatana |
Iran (Median Empire) |
7th century BC |
550 BC |
captured by Cyrus the Great |
| Pasargadae, Persepolis, and Susa |
Iran (Persian Empire) |
550 BC |
330 BC |
captured by Alexander the Great and incorporated into Macedonian Empire |
| Seleucia on the Tigris |
Iran (Seleucid Empire} |
305 BC |
240 BC |
moved to Antioch |
| Antioch |
Iran (Seleucid Empire) |
240 BC |
64 BC |
conquered by Parthia |
| Ctesiphon |
Iran (Parthian and Sassanid Empires) |
c. 64 BC |
637 |
fell in Islamic conquest of Persia |
| Nishapur |
Iran {Tahirid dynasty) |
821 |
873 |
conquered by Saffarid dynasty |
| Shiraz |
Iran (Saffarid dynasty) |
861 |
900 |
conquered by Samanid |
| Bukhara, Samarqand, and Herat |
Iran (Samanid) |
875 |
999 |
conquered by Karakhanids |
| Tabriz |
Iran (Safavid Dynasty) |
1501 |
1548 |
moved to Qazvin |
| Qazvin |
Iran (Safavid Dynasty) |
1548 |
1598 |
moved to Isfahan |
| Isfahan |
Iran (Safavid Dynasty) |
1598 |
1736 |
moved to Mashhad |
| Mashhad |
Iran {Afsharid dynasty) |
1736 |
1750 |
moved to Shiraz |
| Shiraz |
Iran (Zand dynasty) |
1750 |
1794 |
moved to Tehran in the Qajar dynasty |
| Heijō-kyō (Nara) |
Japan (Nara Period) |
710 |
784 |
moved to Nagaoka-kyō (Nagaoka) |
| Nagaoka-kyō (Nagaoka) |
Japan (Nara Period) |
784 |
794 |
moved to Kyoto |
| Kyoto |
Japan |
794 |
1868 |
moved to Tokyo (see also: Capital of Japan) |
| Hebron |
Israel, Kingdom of |
c.1007 BC |
c.1000 BC |
moved to Jerusalem when the kingdom was reunited under King David |
| Tel Aviv |
Israel, State of |
May 1948 |
Dec 1948 |
interim de facto capital, moved to Jerusalem after freed from siege in 1948 Arab-Israeli War |
| Jerusalem |
Jerusalem, Kingdom of |
1099 |
1187 |
moved to Acre (Jerusalem captured by Saladin) |
| Acre |
Jerusalem, Kingdom of |
1187 |
1291 |
Kingdom ceases to exist |
| Alma-Ata |
Kazakhstan |
1992 |
1993 |
renamed Almaty |
| Almaty |
Kazakhstan |
1993 |
1998 |
moved to Astana |
| Marawi |
Maguindanao Sultanate |
1205 (?) |
1800's (?) |
Annexed into the Spanish East Indies |
| Yangon |
Myanmar |
1948 |
2005 |
moved to Naypyidaw |
| Bacolod |
Negros, Federal Republic |
1898 |
1899 |
absorbed by the Philippines. |
| Karachi |
Pakistan |
1947 |
1959 |
moved to Rawalpindi |
| Rawalpindi |
Pakistan |
1959 |
1967 |
moved to Islamabad |
| Manila |
Philippine Commonwealth |
1934 |
1941 |
Japanese occupation. Moved back to Manila in 1945 after the liberation of the Philippines |
| Baguio |
Philippine Commonwealth |
1934 |
1941 |
Summer Capital. |
| Manila |
Philippine Republic, Japanese-sponsored |
1943 |
1945 |
Liberation of the Philippines from the Japanese |
| Manila |
Philippines |
1946 |
1948 |
Moved to Quezon City after the formation of Republic of the Philippines via Republic Act No. 333. |
| Baguio |
Philippines |
1946 |
1976 |
Summer Capital, moved back to Manila via Presidential Decree No. 940. |
| Quezon City |
Philippines |
1948 |
1976 |
Moved back to Manila via Presidential Decree No. 940. Quezon City, with Manila, became parts of Metro Manila. Several government offices remained in Quezon City, including the Batasang Pambansa, and ultimately the House of Representatives. Manila is the current capital. |
| Dariyah |
Saudi Arabia |
1744 |
1818 |
moved to Riyadh after the Turks destroyed the city. |
| Saigon |
South Vietnam |
1954 |
1975 |
Hanoi, country ceased to exist after unification of Vietnam |
| Aden |
South Yemen |
1967 |
1990 |
San'a, country ceased to exist after unification of Yemen |
| Cebu |
Spanish East Indies |
1562 (?) |
1578 (?) |
First Spanish settlement in the country. Moved to Manila (Formerly Maynilad) after capture. |
| Manila |
Spanish East Indies |
1578 (?) |
1762 |
Captured by the British during the Seven Years' War, returned to Spain after the Treaty of Paris. |
| Bacolor |
Spanish East Indies |
1762 |
1764 |
Capital of the exiled government Governor-general Simon de Anda during the Seven Years' War. Moved back to Manila |
| Manila |
Spanish East Indies |
1764 |
1901 |
Ceded to the United States via Treaty of Paris |
| Colombo |
Sri Lanka |
1815 |
1982 |
Capital moved to Kotte |
| Jolo |
Sulu Sultanate |
1450 (?) |
1899 |
Annexed by the United States |
| Sukhothai |
Thailand |
1238 |
1438 |
moved to Ayutthaya after sacked by Ayutthaya |
| Chiang Mai(Lanna) |
Thailand |
1259 |
1939 |
Annexed by Siam |
| Ayutthaya |
Thailand |
1350 |
1767 |
moved to Thonburi after the Burmese destroyed the city |
| Thonburi |
Thailand |
1767 |
1782 |
moved to Bangkok after King Taksin was declared mad |
| Samarkand |
Uzbekistan (SSR) |
1925 |
1930 |
moved to Tashkent |
| Tainan |
Kingdom of Tungning |
1662 |
1683 |
Fall of the Kingdom of Tungning |
| Taiz |
Yemen |
1948 |
1962 |
moved to San'a |