आंतरराष्ट्रीय उच्चारानुरूप अक्षर पद्धती - विकिपीडिया

# आंतरराष्ट्रीय उच्चारानुरूप अक्षर पद्धती

### Wikipedia कडून

- This is a priority article for updating IPA and ISO symbols.

## [संपादन] Sounds

The phoneme inventory of Marathi is similar to that of many other Indic languages. An IPA chart of all contrastive sounds in Marathi is provided below.

Consonants
| Labial | Dental | Alveolar | Retroflex | Alveopalatal | Velar | Glottal
--- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | ---
Voiceless stops | p pʰ | t̪ t̪ʰ |  | ʈ ʈʰ | tɕ tɕʰ | k kʰ |
Voiced stops | b bʱ | d̪ d̪ʱ |  | ɖ ɖʱ | dʑ dʑʱ | ɡ ɡʱ |
Voiceless affricates |  |  | ts tsʰ |  |  |  |
Voiced affricates |  |  | dz dzʱ |  |  |  |
Voiceless fricatives |  |  | s |  | ʃ |  | ɦ
Nasals | m mʱ | n̪ n̪ʱ |  | ɳ ɳʰ | ɲ | ŋ |

Liquids

w

wʰ

l

    r

lʱ

    rʱ

ɭ

     ɽ

j

Vowels
| Front | Central | Back
--- | --- | --- | ---
High | iː i |  | uː u
Mid | eː | ə | oː
Low |  | aː |

## [संपादन] en:Wikipedia:Indic transliteration scheme

All transliteration should be from the written form in the original script of the original language of the name or term. The original text in the original script should also be included near the start of the article for reference and checking.

All unpronounced 'a's should be removed if: the source script does not indicate the removal of the inherent 'a' AND if it is unpronounced in the original source language.

The scheme is based on ISO 15919 for Indic scripts. [1]. This is very close to IAST with minor differences to accommodate non-Devanagari scripts. The differences are:

- ए - IAST: e, ISO: ē
- ओ - IAST: o, ISO: ō
- अं - IAST: साचा:IAST, ISO: ṁ (ṃ is used to specifically represent Gurmukhi Tippi ੰ)
- ऋ - IAST: साचा:IAST, ISO: r̥
- ॠ - IAST: साचा:IAST, ISO: r̥̄

The advantages of using ISO 15919 is that it can be used equally across all Indic scripts.

## [संपादन] Inherent vowel

The inherent vowel is always transliterated as 'a' in the formal ISO 15919 transliteration. In the simplified transliteration, 'a' is also normally used except in Bengali where 'o' is used.

TODO Talk about differing IPAs for inherent vowels.

## [संपादन] Vowels

Vowels are presented in their independent form on the left of each column, and combined with the corresponding consonant ka on the right. An asterisk indicates that the letter or ligature exists, but has not been encoded in unicode or is archaic/obsolete.

The actual IPA slightly depends from language to language. So it has been mentioned within slashes in the respective language columns, wherever it is different from the Hindi phoneme, which is the IPA value in the IPA column.

ISO 15919 | Simplified | IPA | Devanagari1 | Bengali | Gurmukhi | Gujarati | Oriya | Tamil | Telugu | Kannada | Malayalam | Sinhala
--- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | ---
a | a | /ə/ | अ | - | অ /ɔ/ | - | ਅ | - | અ | - | ଅ | - | அ | - | అ | - | ಅ | - | അ | - | අ | -

ā

a

/aː/

    or /ɑː/

आ

का

আ

কা

ਆ

ਕਾ

આ

કા

ଆ

କା

ஆ

கா

ఆ

కా

ಆ

ಕಾ

ആ

കാ

ක

කා

æ | ae | ? | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | ඇ | කැ
ǣ | ae | ? | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | ඈ | කෑ
i | i | /i/ or /ɪ/ | इ | कि | ই | কি | ਇ | ਕਿ | ઇ | કિ | ଇ | କି | இ | கி | ఇ | కి | ಇ | ಕಿ | ഇ | കി | ඉ | කි
ī | i | /iː/ | ई | की | ঈ | কী | ਈ | ਕੀ | ઈ | કી | ଈ | କୀ | ஈ | கீ | ఈ | కీ | ಈ | ಕೀ | ഈ | കീ | ඊ | කී
u | u | /u/ or /ʊ/ | उ | कु | উ | কু | ਉ | ਕੁ | ઉ | કુ | ଉ | କୁ | உ | கு | ఉ | కు | ಉ | ಕು | ഉ | കു | උ | කු
ū | u | /uː/ | ऊ | कू | ঊ | কূ | ਊ | ਕੂ | ઊ | કૂ | ଊ | କୂ | ஊ | கூ | ఊ | కూ | ಊ | ಕೂ | ഊ | കൂ | ඌ | කූ

ĕ

e

/ɛ/

ऍ (/æː/

    in Marathi) || कॅ || -  || -  || -  || -  || -  || -  || -  || -  || - || - || - || - || - || - || - || - || - || -

e | e | e | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | எ | கெ | ఎ | కె | ಎ | ಕೆ | എ | കെ | එ | කෙ
ē | e | /eː/ | ए | के | এ | কে | ਏ | ਕੇ | એ | કે | ଏ | କେ | ஏ | கே | ఏ | కే | ಏ | ಕೇ | ഏ | കേ | ඒ | කේ

ai

ai

/æː/

ऐ (/əi/

    in Sanskrit, Marathi)|| कै || ঐ || কৈ || ਐ || ਕੈ || ઐ || કૈ || ଐ || କୈ || ஐ || கை || ఐ || కై || ಐ || ಕೈ || ഐ || കൈ || ඓ || කෛ

ŏ | o | /ɔ/ | ऑ | कॉ | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | -
o | o | /o/ | ऒ | कॊ | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | ஒ | கொ | ఒ | కొ | ಒ | ಕೊ | ഒ | കൊ | ඔ | කො
ō | o | /oː/ | ओ | को | ও | কো | ਓ | ਕੋ | ઓ | કો | ଓ | କୋ | ஓ | கோ | ఓ | కో | ಓ | ಕೋ | ഓ | കോ | ඕ | කෝ

au

au

/ɔː/

औ (/əu/

    in Sanskrit, Marathi)|| कौ || ঔ || কৌ || ਔ || ਕੌ || ઔ || કૌ || ଔ || କୌ || ஔ || கௌ || ఔ || కౌ || ಔ || ಕೌ || ഔ || കൌ || ඖ || කෞ

r̥

ri

/ri/

ऋ (/ɻˌ/

    in Sanskrit, /ru/ in Marathi)|| कृ || ঋ || কৃ || -  || -  || ઋ || કૃ || ଋ || କୃ || -  || -  || ఋ || కృ || ಋ || ಕೃ || ഋ || കൃ || ඍ || කෘ

r̥̄

ri

/riː/

ॠ (/ɻˌː/

    in Sanskrit)|| कॢ || ৠ || কৢ || -  || -  || ૠ || -  || ୠ || -  || -  || -  || ౠ || -  || ೠ || -  || ൠ || * || ඎ || කෲ

l̥

lri

/lri/

ऌ (/ḷ/

    in Sanskrit)|| कॄ || ঌ || কৄ || -  || -  || -  || કૄ || ଌ || -  || -  || -  || ఌ || కౄ || ಌ || ಕೄ || ഌ || * || ඏ || කෟ

l̥̄

lri

lriː

ॡ (/ḷː/

    in Sanskrit)|| कॣ || ৡ || কৣ  ||-  || -  || -  || -  || ୡ || -  || -  || -  || ౡ || -  || ೡ || -  || ൡ || * || ඐ || කෳ

## [संपादन] Consonants

ISO 15919 | Simplified | IPA | Devanagari | Bengali | Gurmukhi | Gujarati | Oriya | Tamil | Telugu | Kannada | Malayalam | Sinhala
--- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | ---
k | k | k | क | ক | ਕ | ક | କ | க | క | ಕ | ക | ක
kh | kh | kʰ | ख | খ | ਖ | ખ | ଖ | - | ఖ | ಖ | ഖ | ඛ
g | g | g | ग | গ | ਗ | ગ | ଗ | க | గ | ಗ | ഗ | ග
gh | gh | gʱ | घ | ঘ | ਘ[2]<noinclude> | ઘ | ଘ | - | ఘ | ಘ | ഘ | ඝ
ṅ | n | ŋ | ङ | ঙ | ਙ | ઙ | ଙ | ங | ఙ | ಙ | ങ | ඞ
c | ch | ʧ | च | চ | ਚ | ચ | ଚ | ச | చ | ಚ | ച | ච
ch | chh | ʧʰ | छ | ছ | ਛ | છ | ଛ | ச | ఛ | ಛ | ഛ | ඡ
j | j | ʤ | ज | জ | ਜ | જ | ଜ | ஜ | జ | ಜ | ജ | ජ
jh | jh | ʤʱ | झ | ঝ | ਝ[3]<noinclude> | ઝ | ଝ | - | ఝ | ಝ | ഝ | ඣ
ñ | n | ɲ | ञ | ঞ | ਞ | ઞ | ଞ | ஞ | ఞ | ಞ | ഞ | ඤ
ṭ | t | ʈ | ट | ট | ਟ | ટ | ଟ | ட | ట | ಟ | ട | ට
ṭh | th | ʈʰ | ठ | ঠ | ਠ | ઠ | ଠ | த | ఠ | ಠ | ഠ | ඨ
ḍ | d | ɖ | ड | ড | ਡ | ડ | ଡ | ட | డ | ಡ | ഡ | ඩ
ḍh | dh | ɖʱ | ढ | ঢ | ਢ[4]<noinclude> | ઢ | ଢ | - | ఢ | ಢ | ഢ | ඪ
ṇ | n | ɳ | ण | ণ | ਣ | ણ | ଣ | ண | ణ | ಣ | ണ | ණ
t | t | t̪ | त | ত | ਤ | ત | ତ | த | త | ತ | ത | ත
th | th | t̪ʰ | थ | থ | ਥ | થ | ଥ | த | థ | ಥ | ഥ | ථ
d | d | d̪ | द | দ | ਦ | દ | ଦ | ட | ద | ದ | ദ | ද
dh | dh | d̪ʰ | ध | ধ | ਧ[5]<noinclude> | ધ | ଧ | - | ధ | ಧ | ധ | ධ
n | n | n̪/n[6]<noinclude> | न | ন | ਨ | ન | ନ | ந | న | ನ | ന | න
ṉ | n | n | ऩ | ন় | ਨ਼ | ન઼ | - | ன | - | - | [7]<noinclude> | න.[8]<noinclude>
p | p | p | प | প | ਪ | પ | ପ | ப | ప | ಪ | പ | ප
ph | ph | pʰ | फ | ফ | ਫ | ફ | ଫ | - | ఫ | ಫ | ഫ | ඵ
b | b | b | ब | ব | ਬ | બ | ବ | ப | బ | ಬ | ബ | බ
bh | bh | bʱ | भ | ভ | ਭ[9]<noinclude> | ભ | ଭ | - | భ | ಭ | ഭ | භ
m | m | m | म | ম | ਮ | મ | ମ | ம | మ | ಮ | മ | ම
y | y | j | य | য | ਯ | ય | ଯ | ய | య | ಯ | യ | ය
r | r | r/ɾ [10]<noinclude> || र || র/ৰ[11]<noinclude> || ਰ || ર || ର || ர || ర || ರ || ര || ර
ṟ | r | r | ऱ | - | ਰ਼ | ર઼ | - | ற | ఱ | ಱ | റ | ර.[12]<noinclude>
r̆[13]<noinclude> | r | r | र्‍ | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | -
l | l | l | ल | ল | ਲ | લ | ଲ | ல | ల | ಲ | ല | ල
ḷ | l | ɭ | ळ | - | ਲ਼ | ળ | ଳ | ள | ళ | ಳ | ള | ළ
ḻ | l | ɻ | ऴ | - | - | ળ઼ | - | ழ | - | - | ഴ | ළ.[14]<noinclude>
v | v | ʋ /w [15]<noinclude> || व || ৱ[16]<noinclude> || ਵ || વ || - || வ || వ || ವ || വ || ව
ś | sh | ɕ | श | শ | ਸ਼ | શ | ଶ | - | శ | ಶ | ശ | ශ
ṣ | sh | ʂ | ष | ষ | - | ષ | ଷ | ஷ | ష | ಷ | ഷ | ෂ
s | s | s | स | স | ਸ | સ | ସ | ஸ | స | ಸ | സ | ස
h | h | ɦ | ह | হ | ਹ[17]<noinclude> | હ | ହ | ஹ | హ | ಹ | ഹ | හ
q | q | q | क़ | ক় | ਕ਼ | ક઼ | କ଼ | - | - | - | - | -
ḵẖ | kh | x | ख़ | খ় | ਖ਼ | ખ઼ | ଖ଼ | - | - | - | - | -
ġ | g | ɣ | ग़ | গ় | ਗ਼ | ગ઼ | ଗ଼ | - | - | - | - | -
z | z | z | ज़ | জ় | ਜ਼ | જ઼ | ଜ଼ | - | - | - | - | -
ṛ | r | ɽ | ड़ | ড় | ੜ | ડ઼ | ଡ଼ | - | - | - | - | -
ṛh | rh | ɽʱ | ढ़ | ঢ় | ੜ੍ਹ | ઢ઼ | ଢ଼ | - | - | - | - | -
f | f | f | फ़ | ফ় | ਫ਼ | ફ઼ | ଫ଼ | - | - | - | ഫ | ෆ
ẏ | y | j | य़ | য় | ਯ਼ | ય઼ | ୟ | - | - | - | - | -
t̤ | t | t̪ | त़ | ত় | ਤ਼ | ત઼ | ତ଼ | - | - | - | - | -
s̤ | s | s | स़ | স় | - | સ઼ | ସ଼ | - | - | - | - | -
h̤ | h | ɦ | ह़ | হ় | ਹ਼ | હ઼ | ହ଼ | - | - | - | - | -
w | w | w | व़ | র[18]<noinclude> | ਵ਼ | વ઼ | ୱ | - | - | - | - | -
ṯ | t | t | t | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | റ്റ[19]<noinclude> | -

- साचा:Note See special notes for Punjabi. Specifically voiced aspirates.
- साचा:Note In Indo-Aryan languages, this letter is theoretically pronounced as a dental nasal, but it is actually alveolar. In Tamil and Malayalam, it is a dental nasal and the alveolar nasal has a separate letter (n- see note below).
- साचा:NoteThis letter is obsolete. See the Malayalam language article for further details.
- साचा:NoteIn languages that contrast two rhotic consonants, this is generally [ɾ]

. In Indo-Aryan languages that do not make this distinction but have [ɾ]

    and [r] as allophones, the /r/ phoneme is generally pronounced [ɾ]

    when following a voiced consonant (although there are exceptions, such as the consonant j /ʤ/

) and [r] in most other environments.

- साचा:Note Use when the distinction between the reph and eyelash form of Ra is required; otherwise transliterate as 'r'.
- साचा:Note Used when writing Tamil in Sinhala script.
- साचा:Note Use র for Bengali and Manipuri, and ৰ for Assamese.
- साचा:Note Assamese and Manipuri only.
- साचा:Note May be pronounced 'w' in some languages.
- साचा:Note See special notes for Punjabi. Specifically 'ha'.
- साचा:Note Need further info on Ba + Nukta being used as Ra and Wa.
- साचा:Note This is the symbol for the geminate consonant - the letter for the single [t] has become obsolete.

### [संपादन] Sinhalese consonants

ISO 15919 | Simplified | IPA | Sinhala
--- | --- | --- | ---
n̆g | ng | ng | ඟ
jñ[20]<noinclude> | jn | ʤɲ | ඥ
n̆j | nj | nʤ | ඦ
n̆ḍ | nd | nd | ඬ
n̆d | nd | nð | ඳ
m̆b | mb | mb | ඹ

- साचा:Note This character is technically a conjunct, but is encoded separately in Unicode.

### [संपादन] Sindhi/Western Punjabi consonants

ISO 15919 | Simplified | IPA | Devanagari | Gurmukhi
--- | --- | --- | --- | ---
gg[21]<noinclude> | gg | ɠ | ग॒ | ੱਗ
jj[22]<noinclude> | jj | ʄ | ज॒ | ੱਜ
ḍḍ[23]<noinclude> | dd | ɗ̢ | ड॒ | ੱਡ
bb[24]<noinclude> | bb | ɓ | ब॒ | ੱਬ

- साचा:Note Represents Sindhi/Western Punjabi bbē (ٻ).
- साचा:Note Represents Sindhi/Western Punjabi jjē (ڄ).
- साचा:Note Represents Sindhi dd.ē (ڏ) or Western Punjabi dd.āl (ڋ).
- साचा:Note Represents Sindhi ggē (ڳ) or Western Punjabi ggāf (ڰ).

### [संपादन] Special notes for Punjabi

Punjabi is rather unique for an Indo-European language in that tones are a prominent feature of speech. As such, the IPA conversion is not accurate for Punjabi. Fortunately, there is a direct correlation between certain aspirated consonants and use of subscript /ha/ to represent different tones.

#### [संपादन] Voiced aspirates

The consonants that are employed for voiced aspirates in other Indian languages are not prounced as such in Punjabi. In Punjabi these consonants are used to mark changes in tone. The table below indicates how each consonant is pronounced based on its position within a word.

Consonant | Beginning of word | All other positions
--- | --- | ---
ਘ | ਕ [k] | ਗ [g]
ਝ | ਚ [ʧ] | ਜ [ʤ]
ਢ | ਟ [ʈ] | ਡ [ɖ]
ਧ | ਤ [t̪] | ਦ [d̪]
ਭ | ਪ [p] | ਬ [b]

At the beginning or middle of a word, a voiced aspirate indicates a low tone on the following vowel. Examples:

- ਘੋੜਾ [gʱoːɽaː]

    is actually pronounced [kòːɽaː]

- ਪਘਾਰਨਾ [pəgʱaːrnaː]

    is actally pronounced [pəgàːrnaː]

- ਮਘਾਣਾ [məgʱaːɳaː]

    is actually pronounced [məgàːɳaː]

At the end of the word (stem-final), the voiced aspirates indicates a high tone on the preceding vowel. Examples:

- ਕੁਝ [kuʤʱ]

    is actually pronounced [kúʤ]

#### [संपादन] Ha

At the beginning of a word, ਹ indicates [ha]

.

In the middle or at the end of a word, ha indicates a high tone on the preceding vowel. Examples:

- ਚਾਹ [ʧaːh]

    is actually pronounced [ʧáː]

Subscript ha also indicates a high tone on the preceding vowel. Examples:

- ਪੜ੍ਹ [pəɽʱ]

    is actually pronounced [pə́ɽ]

The following conventions apply apart from at the beginning of a word:

- ਿਹ converts into a high tone ੇ (e.g. ਸਿਹਤ is pronounced ਸੇਤ [séːt̪]

).

- 'ੁਹ converts into a high tone ੋ (e.g. ਸੁਹਣਾ is pronounced ਸੋਣਾ [sóːɳaː]

).

- 'ਹਿ converts into a high tone ੈ (e.g. ਸ਼ਹਿਰ is pronounced ਸ਼ੈਰ [ɕǽr]

).

- 'ਹੁ converts into a high tone ੌ (e.g. ਬਹੁਤ is pronounced ਬੌਤ [bɔ́t̪]

).

References

- Teach Yourself Panjabi ISBN 1-07143161-6 (p16, 19-21)
- [25]
- [26]
- [27]

## [संपादन] Nasalisation

ISO 15919 | IPA | Devanagari | Bengali | Gurmukhi | Gujarati | Oriya | Tamil | Telugu | Kannada | Malayalam | Sinhala
--- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | ---
ṁ[28]<noinclude> | ? | ं | ং | ਂ | ં | ଂ | ஂ | ం | ಂ | ം[29]<noinclude> | ං
ṃ[30]<noinclude> | ? | - | - | ੰ | - | - | - | - | - | - | -
m̐[31]<noinclude> | ? | ँ | ঁ | ਁ | ઁ | ଁ | - | - | - | - | -

- साचा:Note The signs ṁ and ṃ are essentially identical. However, Gurmukhi has two separate nasal characters and if this distinction is to be retained separate identifiers must be used.

- साचा:Note For Malayalam, it is transliterated as 'm' at the end of a word. There is no actual phonemic nasalisation in Malayalam. This symbol only indicates nasalisation when Malayalam script is being used to write Sanskrit. Otherwise, it represents either consonantal /m/ (without the inherent vowel) or consonantal /ŋ/

    (without the inherent vowel), mostly in borrowed Sanskrit words that originally had nasalisation.  Some of these borrowed words are pronounced with /m/ and others with /ŋ/

, and, because of analogy, this symbol has come to represent these phonemes (when the vowels are supressed - otherwise the normal letters would be used) in native words as well.

- साचा:Note

Should we include this point? When used with a semi-vowel (y, r, l, ḷ or v), candrabindu is placed before the semi-vowel. For example, यँ is written m̐ya

and not yam̐

.

The standard nasal signs (ṁ and ṃ) are only to be used at the end of words OR when it is crucial to keep the distinction between Bindi and Tippi use in Gurmukhi. Otherwise, the following rules should be enforced:

When followed by | ISO 15919 | IPA
--- | --- | ---
k, kh, g, gh or ṅ q, ḵẖ, or ġ | ṅ | ŋ
c, ch, j, jh or ñ z | ñ | ɲ
ṭ, ṭh, ḍ, ḍh, or ṇ | ṇ | ɳ
t, th, d dh, or n | n | n
p, ph, b bh, or m f | m | m
y, r, l, v, ś, ṣ, s, h ẏ | n | n

Not sure about ṛ and ṛh...

Also, should nasalisation always be written as /ⁿ/ ?

## [संपादन] Other Signs

Talk about Nukta on its own Visarga Avagraha Other Signs Om, Ek Onkar etc.

## [संपादन] References

- hi:अंतर्राष्ट्रीय ध्वन्यात्मक लिपि

- Transliteration of Non-Roman Scripts
- Transliteration of Indic scripts: How to use ISO 15919

Script specific resources

- The Sindhi Alphabet
- The Western Punjabi Alphabet
- Sinhala to International Phonetic Alphabet Transliteration Scheme

"http://mr.wikipedia.org../../../%E0%A4%86/%E0%A4%82/%E0%A4%A4/%E0%A4%86%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B7%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9F%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%AF_%E0%A4%89%E0%A4%9A%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9A%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%82%E0%A4%AA_%E0%A4%85%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B7%E0%A4%B0_%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A7%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%80.html" पासून मिळविले

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