शिंकान्सेन
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साचा:Nihongo ही जपान रेल्वे ने चालवलेली जपान मधील अतिउच्च वेगाने धावणार्या रेल्वे गाड्यांची प्रणाली आहे. जपान रेल्वेज या प्रणालीचा कारभार सांभाळते. ताशी २१० कि.मी. (१३० मैल) या वेगाने धावणारी पहिली शिंकान्सेन - तोकाइदो शिंकान्सेन - १९६४ साली कार्यान्वयित करण्यात आली. आजच्या दिवसाला, एकूण २,४५६ कि.मी. (१,५२८ मैल) एवढ्या अंतराचे जाळे असलेली शिंकान्सेनची प्रणाली जपानच्या Honshu (होन्शू) आणि Kyushu (क्यूशू) या बेटांवरील जवळ जवळ सर्व मुख्य शहरांना जोडते. भूकंप आणि टायफून (वादळे) प्रवण प्रदेश असून सुद्धा शिंकान्सेन प्रणालीतील गाड्या ताशी ३०० कि.मी. (१८५ मैल) पर्यंतच्या वेगाने धावतात. परीक्षणाच्या वेळेस, परंपरागत रुळांवर धावणार्या गाड्यांनी १९९६ साली ताशी ४४३ कि.मी. (२७५ मैल) ची वेगमर्यादा गाठली, तर आधुनिक मॅगलेव्ह तंत्रज्ञानावर आधारित गाड्यांनी २००३ साली ताशी ५८१ कि.मी. (३६१ मैल) एवढी वेगमर्यादा गाठून जागतिक विक्रम प्रस्थापित केला आहे.
जपानी भाषेत शिंकान्सेन या श्ब्दाची अशी फोड होते - शिन् (Shin) अर्थात नवीन, कान् (Kan) अर्थात मुख्य (Trunk), सेन् (Sen) अर्थात मार्गिका - जो रुळांच्या मार्गिकेला संबोधतो तर त्यावरून धावणार्या गाड्याना अधिकृतरीत्या "Super Express" - 超特急 - चोऽतोक्क्यू) म्हणतात. परंतु खुद्द जपानम्ध्येदेखील हा भेदभाव न करता शिंकान्सेन या शब्दाने सर्व प्रणालीला संबोधले जाते. शिंकानसेन प्रणालीतील गाड्यांच्या मार्गिका स्टॅण्डर्ड गेज मापाच्या आहेत. अतिवेगाने धावता यावे म्हणून शिंकान्सेनचे मार्ग जेवढे आणि जिथे जमतील तिथे सरळ ठेवण्यात आले आहेत आणि वळणांची वक्रता जेवढी कमी ठेवता येईल तेवढी कमी ठेवण्यात आली आहे. सरळ मार्ग आखण्यासाठी डोंगरांमधून बोगदे आणि दर्यांवर वायाडक्ट (पूल) बांधण्यात आले आहेत. बहुतांशी हे मार्ग जनिनीपासून एक ते दोन मजले उंचीवरून जातात. अशा पद्धतीने शहरांमधील रस्ते, इतर रेल्वे मार्ग, घरे, शेते इत्यादींचा अडथळा टाळण्यात आला आहे.
अनुक्रमणिका |
[संपादन] History
Japan was the first country to build dedicated railway lines for high speed travel. Because of the mountainous terrain, the existing network consisted of साचा:3ft6in narrow gauge lines, which generally took indirect routes and could not be adapted to higher speeds. Consequently, Japan had a greater need for new high speed lines than countries where the existing standard gauge or broad gauge rail system had more upgrade potential.
[संपादन] Early proposals
The popular English name bullet train is a literal translation of the Japanese term dangan ressha (弾丸列車), a nickname given to the project while it was initially being discussed in the 1930s. The name stuck due to the Shinkansen locomotive's resemblance to a bullet and its high speed.
The "Shinkansen" name was first formally used in 1940 for a proposed standard gauge passenger/freight line between Tokyo and Shimonoseki, using steam and electric locomotives with a top speed of 200 km/h. Over the next three years, the Ministry of Railways drew up more ambitious plans to extend the line to Beijing (through a tunnel to Korea) and even Singapore, and build connections to the Trans-Siberian Railway and other trunk lines in Asia. These plans were abandoned in 1943, as Japan's position in World War II worsened. However, some construction did commence on the line; several tunnels on the present-day Shinkansen date to the war-era project.
[संपादन] Construction
Following the end of World War II, high speed rail was forgotten for several years. By the mid-1950s, the Tōkaidō Main Line was operating at full capacity, and the Ministry of Railways decided to revisit the Shinkansen project. Government approval came in 1958, and construction of the first segment of the Tōkaidō Shinkansen between Tokyo and Osaka started in 1959. Much of the construction was financed by a US$80 million loan from the World Bank. A testing facility for rolling stock, now part of the line, opened in Odawara in 1962.
The Tōkaidō Shinkansen opened on October 11964, in time for the Tokyo Olympics. It was an immediate success, reaching the 100 million passenger mark in less than three years on July 131967 and one billion passengers in 1976. Sixteen-car trains were introduced for Expo '70 in Osaka.
The first Shinkansen trains ran at speeds of up to 210 km/h (130 mph)[1], later increased to 220 km/h (135 mph). Some of these trains, with their classic bullet-nosed appearance, are still in use, and a driving car from one of them is now in the British National Railway Museum in York.
[संपादन] Network expansion
This early success prompted an extension of the first line westward to Hiroshima and Fukuoka (the Sanyo Shinkansen), and was completed in 1975.
Prime Minister Kakuei Tanaka was an ardent supporter, and his government proposed an extensive network paralleling most existing trunk lines. Two new lines, the Tohoku Shinkansen and Joetsu Shinkansen, were built following this plan. Many other planned lines were delayed or scrapped entirely as the national railway went further into debt, largely due to the high costs of building the Shinkansen network. By the early 1980s, Japan National Railways was practically insolvent, leading to privatization in 1987.
Despite this, development of the Shinkansen continued. Several new models of train followed the first, generally each with its own distinctive appearance. Shinkansen trains now run regularly at speeds of up to 300 km/h (186 mph), putting them among the fastest trains running in the world, along with the French TGV Eurostar Thalys, Italian TAV, Spanish AVE, German ICE and South Korean KTX trains.
Since 1970, development has also been underway for the Chūō Shinkansen, a maglev train planned to run from Tokyo to Osaka. On December 22003, the 3-car maglev trainset JR-Maglev MLX01 reached a world speed record of 581 km/h (361 mph).
In 2003, JR Central reported that the Shinkansen's average arrival time was within six seconds of the scheduled time. This includes all natural and human accidents and errors and is calculated from all of about 160,000 trips Shinkansen made. The previous record was from 1997 and was 18 seconds. Japan celebrated 40 years of high speed rail in 2004, with the Tōkaidō Shinkansen line alone having carried 4.16 billion passengers. According to Japanrail.com, the network has carried over 6 billion passengers.
[संपादन] Safety record
During the Shinkansen's 40-odd year, 6 billion passenger history, there have been no passenger fatalities due to derailments or collisions (including earthquakes and typhoons). Injuries and a single fatality have been caused by doors closing on passengers or their belongings; attendants are employed at platforms to prevent this. Japan's earthquake detection system record led Taiwan to choose the Shinkansen over the ICE.[संदर्भ द्या]
There have been suicides by passengers jumping both from and in front of moving trains. This has resulted in some stations installing barriers preventing passengers from accessing the tracks, although an incident on January 9, 1999 at Sakudaira Station on the Nagano Shinkansen showed that even these would not stop determined suicides. A man climbed a safety barrier and was hit by a non-stop service.
The only derailment of a Shinkansen train in passenger service occurred during the Chūetsu Earthquake on October 23, 2004. Eight of ten cars of the Toki No. 325 train on the Jōetsu Shinkansen derailed near Nagaoka Station (JA) in Nagaoka, Niigata. There were no casualties among the 154 passengers. [2] In the event of an earthquake, an earthquake detection system can bring the train to a stop very quickly. The next generation FASTECH 360 trains will have ear-like air resistance braking flaps to assist emergency stops at high speeds.
[संपादन] Future
Noise pollution concerns mean that increasing speed is becoming more difficult. Current research is primarily aimed at reducing operational noise, particularly the "tunnel boom" phenomenon caused when trains enter tunnels at high speed. Despite this, there are two planned speed increases, one to 350 km/h (217 mph) for new trains on the Sanyō line, and one to 360 km/h (223 mph) using derivatives of the FASTECH 360 trains currently being tested on the Tōhoku Shinkansen.
The Kyūshū Shinkansen from Kagoshima to Yatsushiro opened in March 2004. Three more extensions are planned for opening by 2010: Hakata-Yatsushiro, Hachinohe-Aomori, and by 2014: Nagano-Kanazawa. There are also long-term plans to extend the network, Hokkaidō Shinkansen from Aomori to Sapporo (through the Seikan Tunnel), Kyūshū Shinkansen to Nagasaki, as well as to complete a link from Kanazawa back to Osaka, although none of these are likely to be completed by 2020.
The Narita Shinkansen project to connect Tokyo to Narita International Airport, initiated in the 1970s but halted in 1983 after landowner protests, has been officially cancelled and removed from the Basic Plan governing Shinkansen construction. Parts of its planned right-of-way will be utilized by the Narita Rapid Railway link when it opens in 2010. Although the NRR will use standard gauge track, it will not be built to Shinkansen specifications and it would not be feasible to convert it into a full Shinkansen line.
[संपादन] List of Shinkansen lines
The main Shinkansen lines are:
- Tōkaidō Shinkansen (Tokyo – Shin-Osaka)
- Sanyō Shinkansen (Shin-Osaka – Hakata)
- Tōhoku Shinkansen (Tokyo – Hachinohe)
- Jōetsu Shinkansen (Ōmiya – Niigata)
- Hokuriku Shinkansen or Nagano Shinkansen (Takasaki – Nagano)
- Kyūshū Shinkansen (Shin-Yatsushiro – Kagoshima-Chūō)
Two further lines, known as Mini-Shinkansen (ミニ新幹線), have also been constructed by upgrading existing sections of line:
- Yamagata Shinkansen (Fukushima – Shinjō)
- Akita Shinkansen (Morioka – Akita)
There are two standard gauge not technically classified as Shinkansen lines but with Shinkansen services:
- Hakata Minami Line (Hakata – Hakata-Minami)
- Gala-Yuzawa Line – technically a branch of the Jōetsu Line – (Echigo-Yuzawa – Gala-Yuzawa)
[संपादन] Future lines
Many Shinkansen lines were proposed during the boom of the early 1970s but have yet to be constructed. These are called Seibi Shinkansen (整備新幹線) or "planned Shinkansen." One of these lines, the Narita Shinkansen to Narita Airport, has been officially cancelled, but a few remain under development.
- Tōhoku Shinkansen extension from Hachinohe Station to Shin-Aomori is under construction and will open by 2010.
- Hokuriku Shinkansen extension to Kanazawa is under construction and will open by 2014. The complete extension of the line to Osaka is under development, and only Fukui Station is under construction.
- Kyūshū Shinkansen extension to Hakata is under construction and will open by 2010.
- The second Kyūshū Shinkansen route from Shin-Tosu to Nagasaki section is under development.
- The Hokkaidō Shinkansen from Shin-Aomori to Shin-Hakodate is under construction and will open by 2015. A further extension of the line from Shin-Hakodate to Sapporo is under development.
[संपादन] Shinkansen technology outside Japan
Railways using Shinkansen technology are not limited to those in Japan.
- Taiwan High Speed Rail operates 700T Series sets built by Kawasaki Heavy Industries.
- China has ordered 60 eight-car 200 km/h EMUs based on the E2-1000 Series design named CRH-2 built by a consortium formed of Kawasaki Heavy Industries, Mitsubishi Electric Corporation, and Hitachi, for deliveries starting in March 2006.
- For the Channel Tunnel Rail Link, Hitachi-built EMUs based on Shinkansen technology will be exported for use on high-speed commuter services in Britain.
[संपादन] List of Shinkansen train models
Trains can be up to sixteen cars long. With each car measuring 25 m (82 ft) in length, the longest trains are 400 m (1/4 mile) from front to back. Stations are similarly long to accommodate these trains.
- Passenger Trains
- 0 Series
- 100 Series
- 200 Series
- 300 Series
- 400 Series (Mini-Shinkansen)
- 500 Series
- 700 Series
- 700T Series (Taiwan Shinkansen)
- N700 Series (on Test)
- 800 Series
- E1 Series (Max)
- E2 Series
- E3 Series (Mini-Shinkansen)
- E4 Series (Max)
- Experimental Trains
- 1000 Type
- 951 Type
- 961 Type
- 962 Type
- 500-900 Series (WIN 350)
- 952/953 Type (STAR 21)
- 955 Type (300X)
- E954 Type (FASTECH 360 S)
- E955 Type (FASTECH 360 Z)(Mini-Shinkansen)
- Maintenance Trains
- 911 Type Diesel Locomotive
- 912 Type Diesel Locomotive
- DD18 Type Diesel Locomotive
- DD19 Type Diesel Locomotive
- 944 Type (Rescue Train)
- 921 Type 0 Numbers (Track Checking Car)
- 922 Type (Doctor Yellow Set T1, T2, T3)
- 923 Type (Doctor Yellow Set T4, T5)
- 925 Type (Doctor Yellow Set S1, S2)
- E926 Type (East i)(Mini-Shinkansen)
[संपादन] List of types of Shinkansen services
Originally intended to carry passenger and freight trains by day and night, the Shinkansen lines carry only passenger trains. The system shuts down between midnight and 06:00 every day for maintenance. The few overnight trains that still run in Japan run on the old narrow gauge network that the Shinkansen parallels.
- Tōkaidō Shinkansen and Sanyō Shinkansen
- Nozomi (のぞみ)
- Hikari (ひかり)
- Hikari Rail Star (in Sanyo area only) (ひかりレールスター)
- Kodama (こだま)
- Tohoku Shinkansen, Yamagata Shinkansen and Akita Shinkansen
- Hayate (はやて)
- Yamabiko, Max Yamabiko (やまびこ)
- Nasuno, Max Nasuno (なすの)
- Aoba (discontinued) (あおば)
- Komachi (Akita Shinkansen) (こまち)
- Tsubasa (Yamagata Shinkansen) (つばさ)
- Jōetsu Shinkansen
- Toki, Max Toki (とき)
- Tanigawa, Max Tanigawa (たにがわ)
- Asahi (discontinued), Max Asahi (あさひ)(discontinued)
- Hokuriku Shinkansen (Nagano Shinkansen)
- Asama, Max Asama (あさま)
- Kyūshū Shinkansen
- Tsubame (つばめ)
[संपादन] Speed records
| km/h (mph) | Train | Location | Date | Comments |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 200 (124.3) | 1000 Type Shinkansen | Odawara test track, now part of Tōkaidō Shinkansen | 31 October 1962 | |
| 256 (159.1) | 1000 Type Shinkansen | Odawara test track | 30 March 1963 | Former world speed record for EMU trains. |
| 286 (177.7) | 951 Type Shinkansen | Sanyō Shinkansen | 24 February 1972 | Former world speed record for EMU trains. |
| 319.0 (198.2) | 961 Type Shinkansen | Oyama test track, now part of Tōhoku Shinkansen | 7 December 1979 | Former world speed record for EMU trains. |
| 325.7 | 300 series test train | Tōkaidō Shinkansen | 28 February 1991 | |
| 352.0 | Class 952/953 test train | Jōetsu Shinkansen | 30 October 1992 | |
| 425.0 | Class 952/953 test train | Jōetsu Shinkansen | 21 December 1993 | |
| 426.6 | Class 955 (300X) test train | Tōkaidō Shinkansen | 11 July 1996 | |
| 443.0 (275.3) | Class 955 (300X) test train | Tōkaidō Shinkansen | 26 July 1996 |
[संपादन] Further reading
साचा:Cite book
[संपादन] See also
- Taiwan High Speed Rail
[संपादन] External links
साचा:Commons
- Biting the Bullet: What we can learn from the Shinkansen, discussion paper by Christopher Hood in the electronic journal of contemporary japanese studies, 23 May 2001
- Byun Byun Shinkansen, a comprehensive guide by D.A.J. Fossett
- Encyclopaedia Britannica Shinkansen
- East meets West, a story of how the Shinkansen brought Tokyo and Osaka closer together.
साचा:Shinkansen साचा:High-speed rail
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